omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Judd–Ofelt theory. Judd–Ofelt theory is a theory in physical chemistry describing the intensity of electron transitions within the 4f shell of rare-earth ions in solids and solutions.

The theory was introduced independently in 1962 by Brian R. Judd of the University of California, Berkeley, and PhD candidate George S. Ofelt at Johns Hopkins University. Their work was published in Physical Review and the Journal of Chemical Physics, respectively.
Judd and Ofelt did not meet until 2003 at a workshop in Lądek-Zdrój, Poland.

Judd and Ofelt's work was cited approximately 2000 times between 1962 and 2004. Brian M. Walsh of NASA Langley places Judd and Ofelt's theory at the "forefront" of a 1960s revolution in spectroscopic research on rare-earth ions.

Theory
The theory is a powerful theoretical framework used to predict and analyze the intensities of electronic transitions within the 4f electron shell of rare-earth ions in solid-state materials. The transitions, which are parity forbidden in free ions, are made partially allowed in a solid matrix due to the effects of the crystal field. This field induces a mixing of electronic states, allowing transitions that would not occur in an isolated ion. The theory quantitatively describes this mixing using three phenomenological parameters, denoted as  (where ). These parameters account for the asymmetric nature of the crystal field and enable the calculation of transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and radiative lifetimes of excited states, which are crucial for the development of various photonic devices such as lasers and optical amplifiers.

The theory is named after Brian G. Judd and George S. Ofelt, who independently developed it in 1962. It has become a standard tool in the field of lanthanide spectroscopy, providing insights into the optical properties of rare earth-doped materials and aiding in the design of materials for color display systems, fluorescent lamps, and lasers.

Application software
Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters from absorption spectrum of any lanthanide can be calculated by the RELIC application software.
Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters and derived quantities (oscillator strengths, radiative transition probabilities, luminescence branching ratios, excited state radiative lifetimes, and estimates of quantum efficiencies) from the emission spectrum of Eu3+ doped compounds, can be obtained by the JOES application software. Theoretical Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters for Eu3+ can be obtained using the LUMPAC software. Additionally, the JOYSpectra web platform provides these parameters for all Ln3+ ions.

Bibliography of the research by Judd and Ofelt supporting the theory

See also
Parity (physics)
Bert Broer
Otto Laporte
Giulio Racah
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
Eugene Wigner
Brian Garner Wybourne

References

Atomic physics
Electron states
Physical chemistry
1962 introductions
Japanese destroyer Momi (1919). The Japanese destroyer {{nihongo|Momi|樅}} was the lead ship of her class of 21 second-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the late 1910s. She was converted into an experimental ship in 1932 and later scrapped.

Design and description
The Momi class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding  second-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of  and were  between perpendiculars. They had a beam of , and a mean draft of . The Momi-class ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. Momi was powered by two Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce  to give the ships a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 110 officers and crewmen.

The main armament of the Momi-class ships consisted of three  Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the well deck, one between the two funnels, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '3' from front to rear. The ships carried two above-water twin sets of  torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the bow gun and the other between the aft funnel and aft superstructure.

Construction and career
Momi, built at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, was launched on 10 June 1919 and completed on 27 December. She was stricken from the Navy List on 1 April 1932 and became an experimental hulk at Yokosuka before being broken up at an unknown date.

Notes

References

1919 ships
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Momi-class destroyers
Perettiite-(Y). Perettiite-(Y) is a complex silicate–borate mineral with the formula Y2Mn4FeSi2B8O24. It was first discovered in 2015 by Adolf Peretti of the Gemresearch Swisslab (GRS). It was found as inclusions in a phenakite crystal from Mogok, Myanmar.

Perettiite-(Y) was approved for IMA (International Mineralogical Association) status in 2015.

References

Silicate minerals
Borate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 53
Borosilicates
Yttrium minerals
Manganese minerals
Japanese destroyer Kaya (1919). The Japanese destroyer {{nihongo|Kaya|榧|}} was one of 21 s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. She was decommissioned in 1939 and subsequently scrapped.

Design and description
The Momi class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding  second-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of  and were  between perpendiculars. They had a beam of , and a mean draft of . The Momi-class ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. Kaya was powered by two Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce  to give the ships a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 110 officers and crewmen.

The main armament of the Momi-class ships consisted of three  Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the well deck, one between the two funnels, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '3' from front to rear. The ships carried two above-water twin sets of  torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the bow gun and the other between the aft funnel and aft superstructure.

Construction and career
Kaya, built at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, was launched on 10 June 1919 and completed on 28 March 1920. She was stricken from the Navy List in 1939 and subsequently broken up at an unknown date.

Notes

References

1919 ships
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Momi-class destroyers
Japanese destroyer Nire (1919). The Japanese destroyer {{nihongo|Nire|楡|}} was one of 21 s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. She survived the Pacific War and was subsequently scrapped by mid-1948.

Design and description
The Momi class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding  second-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of  and were  between perpendiculars. They had a beam of , and a mean draft of . The Momi-class ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. Nire was powered by two Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce  to give the ships a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 110 officers and crewmen.

The main armament of the Momi-class ships consisted of three  Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the well deck, one between the two funnels, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '3' from front to rear. The ships carried two above-water twin sets of  torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the bow gun and the other between the aft funnel and aft superstructure.

Construction and career
Nire, built at the Kure Naval Arsenal, was launched on 22 December 1919 and completed on 31 March 1920. She was disarmed in 1939 and became a tender the following year. The ship became a training ship on 15 December 1944 and was renamed Tomariura No. 1. The ship was scrapped at Uraga by 15 August 1948.

Notes

References

1919 ships
Ships built by Kure Naval Arsenal
Momi-class destroyers
Rivers & Robots. Rivers & Robots were an English worship band from Salford, England. The group formed in 2010, and released five independently-made studio albums.

Background
They were formed by Jonathan Ogden, lead vocalist, when he started recording under the name in 2010 in City of Salford, Greater Manchester, North West England. The group members who joined him were guitarist, David Hailes, bassist, Nathan Stirling, and drummer, Kelani Koyejo. Kelani left the group in February 2016 and was replaced by Caleb Choo in September 2017. David also decided to leave the band in August 2017, so the band was searching for a new guitarist for a while.
In October 2018 Rivers and Robots announced the joining of Philip Shibata as guitarist.

Music history
The band started musical recording in 2010, with their first album, The Great Light, that was released on 12 August 2011. Their subsequent album, Take Everything, was released on 20 July 2012. They released an extended play, Rivers & Robots, in 2013. Their third album, All Things New, was released on 8 July 2014. Their fourth studio album, The Eternal Son, was released on 20 May 2016, by Set Sail Records. Their fifth and last to date album, Discovery, was released on 14 September 2018, by Running Club Records.

In early 2021, Rivers and Robots officially announced a hiatus for the band on their website.« (...) We’ve learnt to recognise the times we’re sailing with the wind of God’s power and blessing, and to know when we’re sailing against it. And so, after much prayer and conversation, we believe the season is changing again and that it’s time for Rivers & Robots to take a hiatus. This isn’t a break-up, we’re all still friends and love and support each other just as much as ever. But after 10 years of Rivers & Robots as a project, we feel like it’s time to take a break from recording and touring for the foreseeable future. This is never an easy decision to make, and we know it will be sad news for many of our listeners. (...) »   (from riversandrobots.com)

Discography
Studio albums
 The Great Light (12 August 2011)
 Take Everything (20 July 2012)
 All Things New (8 July 2014)
 The Eternal Son (20 May 2016)
 Still Vol. 1 (13 January 2017)
 Discovery (14 September 2018)
EPs
 Rivers & Robots (2013)

References

External links
Official website

Performers of contemporary worship music
Electronica music groups
English electronic rock musical groups
English Christian musical groups
English folk musical groups
English techno music groups
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in England
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry association CropLife to be able to provide a coordinated industry response to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance in insect, mite and nematode pests. IRAC strives to facilitate communication and education on insecticide and traits resistance as well as to promote the development and facilitate the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies.

IRAC is recognised by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations as an advisory body on matters pertaining to insecticide resistance.

Pesticideresistance.org is a database financed by IRAC, US Department of Agriculture, and others.

Sponsors
IRAC's sponsors are: ADAMA, BASF, Bayer CropScience, Corteva, FMC, Mitsui Chemicals, Nihon Nohyaku, Sumitomo Chemical, Syngenta and UPL.

Mode of action classification
IRAC publishes an insecticide mode of action (MoA) classification that lists most common insecticides and acaricides and recommends that "successive generations of a pest should not be treated with compounds from the same MoA Group". IRAC assigns a mode of action (MoA) to an insecticide, based on sufficient scientific data. They then update the mode of action (MoA) classification. Several insecticides and classes of insecticide may act through the same mode of action.

Classes of Insecticide 
If an insecticide is successful, follow-on insecticides, based on the chemical structure of the first in class (prototype) insecticide, may be developed either by the original company or by competitors. Sought after are insecticides which have improved properties or which kill different orders or species of insect. The resulting classes of insecticides are named by IRAC after common usage has been established, although alternative names may be found in the scientific literature.

Table of modes of action and classes of insecticide 
In the table the number of insecticides listed in each class is given, and an example of each class. The number of insecticides in the IRAC class listing  is given in column Nr (A). The number in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names (insecticide + acaricide) is given in column Nr (B), although the name given there to the class historically is often different to the IRAC class name.

See also
 HRAC classification
 List of insecticides

Further reading

References

External links
 IRAC website home page

Biotechnology advocacy
Insecticides
Organizations established in 1984
Pesticide organizations
Electricity theft in Pakistan. Electricity theft, also known as hooking, or kunda system in local language, is a chronic issue throughout Pakistan. Street protests in Pakistan for power outages and poor grid performance are common. Despite public pressure, the government of Pakistan has failed to resolve the issue, and has been criticised for its responses to victims of electricity supply shortages.

Electricity theft

In 2013, it was declared in the Senate of Pakistan, that Pakistan had lost Rs90 billion (equivalent to ₨ billion in ) in the last 5 years to electricity theft and line losses.

Power supply to Karachi
K-Electric is a successor to KESC which was its original name for more than 70 years. It is integrated in generation, transmission and distribution to the whole Karachi city and its surroundings. Post 1990 it was placed under WAPDA control with the company's share price at Rs.160/- in stock market. According to the Pakistan Observer, WAPDA poorly managed KESC, resulting in its later privatisation.

Lack of access to power
According to estimates published in 2012-13, there were approximately 483 Katchi Abadis (informal settlements) in Karachi prior to 1990; residents of such localities do not have legal right to have civic facilities and basic living provisions such as electricity/water from government departments.  According to the Chairman of Standing Committee on Urban Development of the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry, this has now grown to over 4,700 settlements.

Monopoly and international competition

Artificial reasons of theft
Difference in time of load-shedding

Many illegal ‘Kunda’ connections are overloading K-Electric's network, as well as causing financial losses. One method of getting electricity into the Kunda system is accessing a nearby area where timing of two neighborhoods are different for load shedding.

More consumption versus higher cost

One reason for electricity theft is that, whilst usage is increasing, costs have also risen. In 2009 a religious decree was issued in prohibiting theft of electricity.

Anti-theft measures

In 2014 the President of Pakistan issued an ordinance defining punishments for electricity thieves, with context specific punishments.

K-Electric has introduced technologies that it says will remove "Kunda system and electricity theft".  This program known as the Area Bundle Cable (ABC) System, has so far been installed in Kiamari area of Karachi and there are plans for the entire city is to be covered in the future.

See also

Theft of electricity
Electricity sector in Pakistan

References

Electric power in Pakistan
Crime in Pakistan
Theft
Dinesh Agarwal. Dinesh Agarwal (born 19 February 1969) is an Indian entrepreneur, founder and CEO of IndiaMART, an online B2B marketplace in India.

Early life and education

After completing an engineering degree with a specialization in computer science from Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, he worked with several firms.

Early career

Dinesh first started working at CMC (now part of TCS) where he worked on the first Railway reservation system and later joined Sam Pitroda and his team at the Center for Development of Telematics to develop an indigenous digital telephone exchange for India.

In 1992, Dinesh moved to HCL in the US, to set up offices on the East Coast. There he saw the birth of the internet in America, realized the potential of the internet and the impact it could have on Indian masses.

1995 and after

In August 1995, he resigned from HCl, returned to India with his wife and child, and started looking for internet related opportunities to become an internet entrepreneur.

Agarwal decided to make a website that would be an online marketplace for exporters and importers. India had around 15,000 internet users at that time. When he did not receive government permission to get the directories of exporters and sellers online, he decided to have a free listing form and sent it to all the sellers in the directories. "My whole family, including my mother and wife, would help with the mailers.”IndiaMART's first tagline was:  'The global gateway to Indian marketplace'.

In 2007–2008 when recession hit the US, Agarwal and his cousin Brijesh decided to pivot the focus from export oriented business to India-focused B2B market and raised $10 million from Intel Capital.

Other domain ventures by Agarwal include www.indiangiftsportal.com and www.abcpayments.com. He later became an investor, providing funding to Tolexo, and Innerchef, a Gurgaon-based ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook meals delivery startup.

An Angel Investor
Dinesh Agarwal has turned into a big-time investor in recent years, putting in money in a number of start-ups. His portfolio includes companies such as medical app Curofy, crowdfunding platform Wishberry, marketing platform SilverPush, fintech startup MoneyyApp, food tech start-up InnerChef, developer startup AppVirality and others.

Awards and recognition
 He has been recognized by various media houses and industry associations for his contribution to the Indian business environs. He has been recognized by CNBC as a Young Turk, and as The Market Maker by The Economic Times.

References

External links
 

Indian business executives
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1969 births
Harcourt Butler Technical University alumni
Japanese destroyer Aoi (1920). The Japanese destroyer {{nihongo|Aoi|葵|}} was one of 21 s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. She was converted into a patrol boat in 1940 and was lost during the Battle of Wake Island shortly after the beginning of the Pacific War in December 1941.

Design and description
The Momi class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding  second-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of  and were  between perpendiculars. They had a beam of , and a mean draft of . The Momi-class ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. Aoi was powered by two Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce  to give the ships a speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 110 officers and crewmen.

The main armament of the Momi-class ships consisted of three  Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the well deck, one between the two funnels, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '3' from front to rear. The ships carried two above-water twin sets of  torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the bow gun and the other between the aft funnel and aft superstructure.

In 1940, Aoi was converted into a patrol boat. Her torpedo tubes, minesweeping gear, and aft 12 cm gun were removed in exchange for two triple mounts for license-built  Type 96 light AA guns and 60 depth charges. In addition one boiler was removed, which reduced her speed to  from . These changes made her top heavy and ballast had to be added which increased her displacement to .

Construction and career
Aoi, built at the Kawasaki Dockyard Co. shipyard in Kobe, was laid down on 1 April 1920, launched on 9 November 1920 and completed on 20 December 1920. During 1940, she was converted into a patrol boat and was renamed Patrol Boat No. 32 on 1 April 1940. The ship was deliberately run aground on 23 December 1941 during the second Battle of Wake Island at coordinates  to allow her Special Naval Landing Force troops to disembark. Nearby United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft guns then set her on fire. Patrol Boat No. 32 was struck from the Navy List on 15 January 1942.

Notes

References

1920 ships
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Momi-class destroyers
Maritime incidents in December 1941
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Confined liquid. In condensed matter physics, a confined liquid is a liquid that is subject to geometric constraints on a nanoscopic scale so that most molecules are close enough to an interface to sense some difference from standard bulk liquid conditions. Typical examples are liquids in porous media, gels, or bound in solvation shells.

Confinement regularly prevents crystallization, which enables liquids to be supercooled below their homogeneous nucleation temperature even if this is impossible in the bulk state. This holds in particular for water, which is by far the most studied confined liquid.

Liquids under sub-millimeter confinement (e.g. in the gap between rigid walls) exhibit a nearly solid-like mechanical response and possess a surprisingly large low-frequency elastic shear modulus, which scales with the inverse cubic power of the confinement length.

Further reading

References

Condensed matter physics
Liquids
Lightning machine. A lightning machine was a special effects device used in the film industry to simulate lightning flashes. It is part of the array of devices used to reproduce weather, exterior scenes, and other natural phenomena. These include the fog machine, wind machine, and storm towers. These devices were also employed in live showings of some cinemas, and in popular science exhibits. Accounts cited that the lightning machine requires a considerable amount of electricity, causing a noticeable drain on the lights. There was an incident when the enormous flashes it produced was interpreted as desperate calls for assistance by the fire department.

One of the earliest forms of lightning machines was recorded in ancient Greece. A list of stage contraptions, for instance, was described by Julius Pollux in his Onomasticon and part of this was the keraunoskopeion, which was a lightning machine.

References

Special effects