omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Trap flag. A trap flag permits operation of a processor in single-step mode. If such a flag is available, debuggers can use it to step through the execution of a computer program.

Single-step interrupt
When a system is instructed to single-step, it will execute one instruction and then stop. The contents of registers and memory locations can be examined; if they are correct, the system can be told to go on and execute the next instruction. The Intel 8086 trap flag and type-1 interrupt response make it quite easy to implement a single-step feature in an 8086-based system. If the trap flag is set, the 8086 will automatically do a type-1 interrupt after each instruction executes. When the 8086 does a type-1 interrupt, it pushes the flag register on the stack.

Setting
The 8086 has no instruction to directly set or reset the trap flag. These operations are done by pushing the flag register on the stack, changing the trap flag bit to what the programmer wants it to be, and then popping the flag register back off the stack. The instructions to set the trap flag are:pushf                   ; Push flags on stack
mov bp, sp              ; Copy SP to BP for use as index
or word ptr [bp], 100h  ; Set TF flag
popf                    ; Restore flag RegisterThe Trap Flag is generally not used in this way, because programs are normally monitored from an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). Execution of the program is generally continued by an IRET.Int3ISR:              ; Stack: Ret, Flags
  pusha               ; Stack: Ret, Flags, AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI
  push ds             ; Stack: Ret, Flags, AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI, DS
  push es             ; Stack: Ret, Flags, AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI, DS, ES

  ; ... the ISR code using only integers (otherwise you must also store floating point registers)

  mov bp, sp          ; Stack: Ret, Flags, AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI, DS, ES
  mov bp, [bp+10]     ; Stored SP
  or word [bp], 100h  ; Set TF flag in the stored FLAGS register
  pop es
  pop ds
  popa
  iret                ; continue execution for one instruction, then calling the ISR again.

Resetting 
To reset the trap flag, simply replace the OR instruction in the preceding sequence with the instruction:and word ptr [bp], 0xFEFFThe trap flag is reset when the 8086 does a type-1 interrupt, so the single-step mode will be disabled during the interrupt-service procedure.

References

Central processing unit
Debugging
Flight Test Safety Committee. The purpose of the Flight Test Safety Committee (FTSC) is to initiate and sustain a flight test related safety organization intended to promote flight safety, reduce the risk of mishap, promote risk reduction management and continually improve the flight test profession's communication and coordination.

History
The Flight Test Safety Committee (FTSC) was formed in November 1994 by members of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP), the Society of Flight Test Engineers (SFTE) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Several other additional organizations presently comprise the FTSC.

Mission statement
To foster an interchange of information related to "flight test lessons learned", in order to reduce potential mishaps.
To promote an atmosphere of sharing "lessons learned" and "best practices" for risk reduction management.
To direct the effort of flight test safety through education.
To gather information to compile the database to accomplish the goals of the charter.
To assimilate the information in a user-friendly computer based system, provide worldwide access and update the database as information becomes available.
To ensure that the data collected, used and distributed from this effort does not reflect upon the prior actions, incidents or accidents of the members or associated organizations.

References

External links
Website Flight Test Safety Committee

Organizations based in California
Aviation safety
Occupational safety and health organizations

de:Flugsicherheit
fr:Sécurité aérienne
id:Keselamatan penerbangan
pt:Segurança aérea
fi:Lentoturvallisuus
sv:Flygsäkerhet
Håkan Samuelsson. Håkan Samuelsson (born 19 March 1951) is a Swedish businessman who was chairman of the executive board (CEO) of Volvo Cars Corporation AB from October 2012 to January 2022. Previously, he was CEO of MAN SE from January 2005 to November 2009.

Education 
Samuelsson began studying at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1972, obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering (M.Sc.M.E.).

Career 
In 1977 Samuelsson joined Scania AB, Södertälje, Sweden, in the field of braking systems design. He subsequently held various technical management positions, becoming director of Powertrain in 1988. In 1993 he took over as technical director of Scania Latin America and in 1996 was appointed to the executive board of Scania AB, with responsibility for development and production.

In July 2000 he was appointed chairman of the executive board of MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG and also a member of the executive board of MAN Aktiengesellschaft, both Munich.

Samuelsson was appointed chairman of the executive board of MAN in January 2005, a position he held until resigning on 24 November 2009.

Samuelsson was also Board Chair of Polestar, a Swedish automotive manufacturer. On 18th June 2024 Polestar announced Winfried Vahland is to be appointed Board Chair, as Samuelsson is to retire.

References 

Living people
1951 births
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
MAN SE
Swedish chief executives in the automobile industry
Volvo Cars
Volvo people
People from Motala Municipality
Renard R.17. The Renard R.17 was a Belgian four-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by Constructions Aéronautiques G. Renard. The high cantilever wing was an unusual feature when most contemporary aircraft still had braced wings. Designed as a high-speed transport for fresh flowers, no aircraft were ordered and the only R.17 was retained by the company until 1946.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

1930s Belgian civil utility aircraft
R.17
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Kbely Aviation Museum. Kbely Aviation Museum () is the largest aviation museum in the Czech Republic and one of the largest of its kind in Europe. It is located to the north-east of Prague, at the military airport Kbely.

Creation of the museum
During the mid-1960s, the Prague Military Museum commenced a programme to recover, restore and preserve historic aircraft from around the country for eventual display at Kbely. Initially, one hangar was used, and about fifty aircraft were placed on public display. The aircraft collection continued to grow, and one of the original Wagner-type hangars on the airfield was brought into use, and now contains the earliest aircraft types on display. Another Picha-type hangar has also been added to bring the number of hangars housing the large and varied collection to four.

The aircraft collection
The collection at Kbely now includes 275 aircraft, of which approximately 110 are on public display at any given time. The museum contains many Czech designed and Czech built aircraft dating from World War I through World War II and up to 1960's with a collection of supersonic jet fighters. Several unique types are on display, including the early 1920s-built Avia BH-11C L-BONK. The period before World War II is represented with aircraft such as the Avia B-534. World War II models include a Soviet-built Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik, Avia S-92 (Czech version of Messerschmitt Me-262A Schwalbe in typical Czech colour), Avia CS-92 (Messerschmitt Me-262B Schwalbe in typical German camouflage), Lavochkin La-7. The formerly displayed fully authentic Supermarine Spitfire LF.IX flown by a Czech squadron of the Royal Air Force was transferred to the National Technical Museum in Prague in 2008. The post-World War II period is represented by aircraft such as the Avia S-199 and double seated Avia CS-199 (Messerschmitt Bf 109G with Jumo engine) and the Aero C3A (Siebel Si-204).

In addition to the many military aircraft and helicopters on display, there are several Soviet-designed airliners, some of which were built under licence in Czechoslovakia. Airliners on display include the Avia 14M (Ilyushin Il-14), an Avia 14T, an ex-CSA Ilyushin Il-18 and a CSA Tupolev Tu-104. Light aircraft exhibited include the Czech-built Praga E-114 Air Baby of 1936, a Mraz Sokol, an Aero 45, an Orlican L-40 Meta Sokol and a Zlin 22 Junak. Helicopters on display include a HC-2 Heli-Baby designed by VZLU (Výzkumný a zkušební letecký ústav).

After 1 January 1993, when Czechoslovakia was divided, several aircraft were transferred from the collection to the Slovak Republic for inclusion in that country's aviation museums. Also, in recent years, the museum has exchanged several Czech, and Soviet-designed aircraft for aircraft from the US, UK, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries.

See also
List of aerospace museums
Kbely Airport
National Technical Museum (Prague)

References

Notes

Bibliography

Aerospace museums in the Czech Republic
Aviation in the Czech Republic
Museums in Prague
Museums established in 1968
1968 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Charles Walter Hart. Charles Walter Hart (July 6, 1872 — March 14, 1937) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, and businessman.  Together with Charles Henry Parr, he founded a company that produced a commercially successful line of gasoline-powered tractors. After being forced out of his company in 1917, he went on to work on further development of the tractor and later, started an oil refinery.

Biography
He was born in Charles City, Floyd County, Iowa in 1872. His company, Hart-Parr Gasoline Engine Company, known as the "founders of the tractor industry", coined the word tractor. First enrolling at the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts at the age of 20, he transferred to the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison). It was here that he met Charles H. Parr, and the two young men quickly became friends. Together they worked on their university thesis, which consisted of building three working internal combustion engines.  One of these engines is still on display at the school today.  Despite owning three farms near Charles City, Iowa, Hart's father considered his son's experiments "folly".

In April 1897, J.H. Bowman joined Hart and Parr on a three-member board of directors after his $3,000 investment in Hart-Parr.  In October 1897, Wisconsin Engineer featured Hart and Parr as they discussed their final draft of the thesis on the internal combustion engine.

In 1898, Hart married Jessie Case on February 14.

In 1916, Hart wrote an article in Farm Implement News, advocating for the 60-horsepower, 8-bottom plow tractor, versus the smaller 2-plow tractors.

By 1917, however, Hart left Hart-Parr after a disagreement with Charles City bankers. He then moved to Montana and created the Hart Refinery in Hedgesville. This company supplied gas and petroleum products to the ten filling stations owned by Hart. He expanded his refinery business in Missoula, Montana and remained in the oil refinery business until his death in 1937. Parr gave the eulogy at his funeral. Hart is buried in Riverside Cemetery, Charles City, Iowa.

In 1929, Hart-Parr was one of the four companies that merged to form Oliver Farm Equipment Company.

His home from 1914 through 1918, the Charles Walter Hart House, is on the US National Register of Historic Places.

References

1872 births
1937 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
People from Charles City, Iowa
Scheibe Falke. The Scheibe SF-25 Falke () is a German touring motor glider developed from the earlier Bergfalke glider by Scheibe Flugzeugbau. Since May 2006 the business has been run by Scheibe Aircraft GmbH.

Development
The company had produced the Motor Spatz but decided to produce a better light aircraft based on the Bergfalke glider. It had a new forward fuselage with an enclosed cockpit with two side-by-side seats and originally a Hirth F10A2a engine in the nose. It first flew in May 1963 as the SF-25A Motor Falke. After an initial batch of aircraft the wing was lowered and it was renamed as just the SF-25B Falke. A number of variants were built with various engines and the type was licence built by Sportavia-Putzer, Aeronautica Umbra (Italy), Loravia (France) and Slingsby (United Kingdom). The current model is the SF 25C. It is currently available with a choice of three engines: the Rotax 912 80 hp, the Rotax 912S (100 hp) and the Rotax 914F3 (115 hp).

Variants

SF-25A Motor Falke
First production batch with a Hirth F10A2a engine, 56 built.
SF-25B Falke
Improved variant with lower wing position and a 45hp Stark Stamo engine, 372 built.
SF-25C Falke
Same as a SF-25B but with an alternator and electric starter.  Sub-variants include:
Falke 1700
49 kW (65 hp) Limbach 1700 EA 1 IA, driving propeller at 3,450 rpm;
Falke 2000
60 kW (80 hp) Limbach 2000 EA, driving propeller at 3,450 rpm (about 512 Limbach powered Falkes built by 1998);
Rotax Falke 
(a) 60 kW (80 hp) Rotax 912 A running at 5,800 rpm and geared down to 2,500 rpm propeller speed; tricycle gear an option (about 130 Rotax powered Falkes built by 1998), or
(b) 75 kW (100 hp) Rotax 912S at 5,800 rpm and geared down to 2,500 rpm propeller speed, or
(c) 85 kW (115 hp) Rotax 914F3 at 5,800 rpm and geared down to 2,500 rpm propeller speed with 5 minute time limit; 75 kW (100 hp) continuous.
Falke 100PS
Glider tug.
SF-25CS Falke
A SF-25C with a feathering propeller; feathering was an option with the Falke 1700, 2000, and Rotax Falke.
SF-25D Falke
SF-25B converted with a Limbach 1700A engine.
SF-25E Super Falke
A SF-25CS with extended wing, a narrow-chord vertical tail. air brakes and a raised bubble canopy, first flown in 1974.
SF-25K K-Falke
A SF-25C with folding wings and large canopy.
Slinsgby T61 Falke/Slingsby Venture
Licence built variant of the SF-25B, 76 built

Operators

Royal Air Force of Oman

Specifications (Rotax Falke)

Byron Bay gliding club (Australia) have re-engined using a Jabiru 2200.
"We get a sound 500 ft/min climb rate measured with a logger and this aircraft will take an honest 190kg pay load with 1 hour of fuel"

Notes

References

 
 

 FLIGHT MANUAL SF25B 
 FLIGHT MANUAL SF25C 

1960s German civil utility aircraft
Falke
Motor gliders
High-wing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1963
Single-engined piston aircraft
Central Ammunition Depot. Central Ammunition Depot may refer to:

India
 CAD, Pulgaon, Wardha district, Maharashtra

United Kingdom
 CAD Bramley Camp, Hampshire
CAD Kineton, Warwickshire
 CAD Longtown, Cumbria
CAD Monkton Farleigh, Wiltshire, also known as CAD Corsham
 CAD Nesscliffe, Shropshire
Short Admiralty Type 166. The Short Type 166 was a 1910s British two-seat reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo-carrying folder seaplane, designed by Short Brothers.

Development
The Short Type 166 was designed as a 'folder' aircraft to operate from the Ark Royal as a torpedo-bomber. Six aircraft, known within Shorts as the Type A, were originally ordered before the outbreak of World War I, and were assigned the Admiralty serial numbers 161 to 166. As was normal at the time, the type was designated the Admiralty Type 166, after the naval serial number of the last aircraft in the batch. Sometimes, the aircraft are referred to as the Short S.90 (S.90 was the manufacturer's serial number of the first aircraft, naval serial 161).

The Type 166 was similar to the earlier Short Type 136, but slightly larger, and was designed from the start as a torpedo carrier, although it was never used in that rôle.

Design
The Type 166 was a two-bay biplane with twin wooden pontoon floats, with a water rudder fitted to the tail float, plus a stabilizing float mounted near the wingtip under each lower wing. It was powered by a nose-mounted 200 hp (149 kW) Salmson engine.

A follow-on order for 20 aircraft was assembled by Westland Aircraft at its Yeovil factory. The Westland-built aircraft did not have provision for a torpedo, but could carry three 112 lb bombs, and were fitted to carry radio equipment. There was also a Lewis gun in the rear cockpit, that was operated by the observer.

Operators

Hellenic Navy

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Flight International 1956

External links

Short Admiralty Type 166 at flyingmachines.ru

1910s British bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
Type 166
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Potez SEA VII. The Potez SEA VII, otherwise known simply as the Potez VII, was an early airliner developed in France shortly after the First World War.

Design and development
The SEA VII was a civil version of the SEA IV military aircraft that Henry Potez had developed with Louis Coroller and Marcel Bloch as the Société d'Etudes Aéronautiques. With the end of hostilities, the French military cancelled its orders for the SEA IV and the company dissolved. Potez, however, believed that the design had potential in peacetime and founded Aéroplanes Henry Potez in 1919 to refurbish war-surplus machines for civil use. This soon led to a revision of the design as the SEA VII. This differed from its predecessor in having an enclosed cabin for two passengers occupying the rear fuselage. The wings were enlarged to reduce their loading and therefore to allow for slower, gentler landings than the military aircraft had been capable of making.

Cie Franco-Roumaine purchased twenty-five examples to use on services to Eastern European destinations during the 1920s.

Operators

Imperial Iranian Air Force

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 

R07
1910s French airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Marcel Dassault
8974. 8974 / X-2159 is a power tetrode designed for megawatt power levels in industrial and broadcast applications.

Specifications 

The 8974 is an external anode tube made of metal and ceramic. It has an overall height of , a diameter of , and weighs . It contains two directly heated thoriated-tungsten filaments rated at 16.3 volts at approx. 1300 amperes for both filaments. The anode (plate) is designed to dissipate 1.5 MW. The tube may be operated as a class C amplifier in CW mode, where a single tube with an anode voltage of 22.5 kV DC can provide up to 2,158 kW of RF power.

Internal construction 

The thoriated-tungsten filament consists of two independent sections mounted on water-cooled supports. The two filaments may be excited in quadrature to reduce hum contributed by an AC power source. Each filament is rated at a nominal value of 18.5 V at approx. 650 A for a total of over 20 kW of filament power required when the tube is in operation.

History 
Experimental type X2159 was assigned to the development of a power tetrode by Eimac (then a division of Varian Associates) on May 28, 1970, and the design engineer was Sterling G. McNees. This electron tube was intended for use in very high power medium-frequency broadcast service and VLF communications equipment and as a pulse modulator (as a switch tube). The EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) designation 8974 was assigned to this as it became a standard product. The initial technical data sheet was printed in July 1971.

Continental Electronics of Dallas, Texas, designed two 8974s (one as PA and the other as modulator) into their D323 series 1 megawatt AM transmitters which were sold primarily into the middle East, where stations were built to cover large geographical areas. The 8974 is still used in the same transmitters , over 30 years later. The 8974 was also used as the basis for the development of several large tetrode switch tubes capable of operating at anode voltage up to 175 kV DC.

Cooling 
The anode is cooled by circulated water via two flanges located at the top of the tube. The heat is transferred to the outside environment using a radiator, or to a secondary cooling system using a heat exchanger. Controlling the purity of the water is important to prevent the formation of copper oxide which would reduce the cooling efficiency. Impurities could also cause electrolysis which could destroy the cooling passages.  The plumbing connections for the water inlet and outlet are made at the anode, where a high DC voltage (up to 22 kV DC) is present. Forced air is used to provide additional cooling to the filament and grid connections at the bottom of the tube.

References

External links 
 http://www.cpii.com/docs/datasheets/78/8974.pdf
 http://www.hawkins.pair.com/nss.shtml While not an exact match to the 8974, this page contains a pictures of similar tube installed in a high power radio transmitter.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130627034533/http://home.comcast.net/~n6jv/8974.html

Vacuum tubes
Energy Airforce Aim Strike!. Energy Airforce: Aim Strike! is a PlayStation 2 game that focuses on being an authentic flight simulator. All aircraft and weapons used in the game are either existing or prototypes used by the U.S. military. Realistic loads of weapons and fuel (although chaff and flares are unlimited) can be viewed from outside or from a realistic cockpit view. When flying the aircraft in cockpit view, the pilot's leg can be seen depressing appropriately.

Plot 
A small sandy desert country (whose capital is "Ad Barath") has a military coup d'état, resulting in a militarized dictatorship. The country uses its air superiority to invade a peaceful neighbor to the south. At this point, the player's organization steps in to combat the dictatorship and restore freedom to the besieged country. This involvement results in the city of "Ad Barath" falling in the final mission.

Unlike the previous game (Energy Airforce), in which the player was stated to be a mercenary and has a single wingman (but could have his single wingman fly a range of jets), Enery Airforce: Aim Strike! allows the player a range of new wing-man options, including two or three wingmen in various missions of the game's campaign.

References

External links
Energy Airforce Aim Strike! at MobyGames

2003 video games
Combat flight simulators
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan
505 Games games