omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Qaha Chemical Industries. The Qaha Chemical Industries Company () or Military Factory 270 () is an Egyptian governmental joint-stock company, one of the companies of the National Authority for Military Production affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established on 23 May 1956 in the city of Qaha in Qalyubia Governorate on an area of 88 acres, with the aim of covering the needs of the Egyptian Armed Forces for weapons and ammunition.

History 
The company was opened on May 23, 1956, and it was opened at that time by Major General Abdel Hamid Nemat, Permanent Undersecretary of the Ministry of War at that time, on behalf of the Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces at that time.

The celebration was attended, according to al-Jumhuryah newspaper's opening news publication on May 24, 1956, by Major General Hassan Rajab, Undersecretary of War for Factories Affairs, and a number of officers and civilians. Major General Hassan Rajab said during the opening speech: “Today we are celebrating the opening of this factory, which is a new link added to the chain of military production.. This edifice is strengthening and flourishing over time to meet the growing needs of the armed forces and the heavy burdens placed on them in defending this part of the world.”

He added: "Today, military factories have begun to revolve in a broader orbit than the one in which they began their movement. Today, they are studying a project for close cooperation with the rest of the military factories and laboratories throughout the Arab nation, which will allow the nation to complete its unity and prepare for the important role that it will play in the near future, God willing, as one of the main forces with a loud voice in shaping the politics of the world in which we live.”

Engineer Ahmad Kamel al-Badry, founder of the factory and its first director, gave his speech explaining the method of production in the factory, and said: “All the workers who work in it are Egyptians.”

Products 

 Well water treatment plants, surface water purification, seawater desalination, and groundwater desalination.
 Wastewater treatment plants.
 Water meters for domestic use and industrial purposes.
 Dry batteries of all types.
 Liquid batteries used for industrial purposes in exchanges and satellite stations, as well as used for various lifting means.
 Shoe varnish (Qaha), liquid, all colors, (shiny) all colors.
 Adhesives (Art Fix).
 Aluminum tubes for filling pastes.

International quality certificates 

 ISO 9001 certification in the field of design, assembly, installation and after-sales service of water purification plants.
 ISO 9002 certification in the field of manufacturing, production and after-sales service of water meters.
 ISO 9002 certification in the field of manufacturing, production and after-sales service for dry batteries.
 ISO 14001 certificate.
 OHSAS 18001 certificate.

See also 

 Abu Zaabal Specialized Chemicals

References 

Chemical companies established in 1956
Defence companies of Egypt
Egyptian companies established in 1956
Qalyubiyya Governorate
Government-owned companies of Egypt
Russian patrol ship Ruslan. Ruslan () is a Soviet and later Russian Navy icebreaking patrol ship. It is one of eight Project 97P patrol ships built by Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad in 1973–1981.

Description 

In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began developing a new diesel-electric icebreaker design based on the 1942-built steam-powered icebreaker Eisbär to meet the needs of both civilian and naval operators. Built in various configurations until the early 1980s, the Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives became the largest and longest-running class of icebreakers and icebreaking vessels built in the world.

The patrol ship variant, Project 97P (), was developed as a response to the renewed interest of the Soviet Navy and Soviet Border Troops on icebreaking patrol vessels after United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers began appearing more frequently near the country's northern maritime borders. New icebreaking patrol vessels were needed because existing Soviet naval vessels could not operate in ice-covered waters and large icebreakers, in addition to being unarmed and operated by civilians, could not be distracted from their primary mission of escorting merchant ships.

Project 97P patrol ships are  long overall and have a beam of . Fully laden, the vessels draw  of water and have a displacement of . Their three  10-cylinder 13D100 two-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines are coupled to generators that power electric propulsion motors driving two propellers in the stern. In addition to being slightly bigger than the icebreakers they are based on, Project 97P lacks the bow propeller and features a bigger deckhouse built of aluminum-magnesium alloy to reduce weight as well as a helideck capable of receiving Kamov Ka-25 or Ka-27 helicopters.

Project 97P patrol ships were initially armed with a twin 76 mm AK-726 deck gun and two 30 mm AK-630 close-in weapon systems, but the ships operated by the navy were later disarmed.

History 

The third of eight Project 97P patrol ships was laid down at Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad on 26 December 1973, launched on 28 May 1974, and delivered on 26 September 1975. The ship was named after one of the main characters in Alexander Pushkin's poem Ruslan and Ludmila and joined the Soviet Navy Red Banner Northern Fleet.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ruslan was passed over to the Russian Navy. The vessel remains in service .

References 

Icebreakers of the Soviet Union
Icebreakers of Russia
1974 ships
Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard
Patrol vessels of the Soviet Navy
Patrol vessels of the Russian Navy
Russian patrol ship Volga. Volga () is a Soviet and later Russian icebreaking patrol ship in service with the Coast Guard of the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. It is one of eight Project 97P patrol ships built by Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad in 1973–1981.

Description 

In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began developing a new diesel-electric icebreaker design based on the 1942-built steam-powered icebreaker Eisbär to meet the needs of both civilian and naval operators. Built in various configurations until the early 1980s, the Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives became the largest and longest-running class of icebreakers and icebreaking vessels built in the world.

The patrol ship variant, Project 97P (), was developed as a response to the renewed interest of the Soviet Navy and Soviet Border Troops on icebreaking patrol vessels after United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers began appearing more frequently near the country's northern maritime borders. New icebreaking patrol vessels were needed because existing Soviet naval vessels could not operate in ice-covered waters and large icebreakers, in addition to being unarmed and operated by civilians, could not be distracted from their primary mission of escorting merchant ships.

Project 97P patrol ships are  long overall and have a beam of . Fully laden, the vessels draw  of water and have a displacement of . Their three  10-cylinder 13D100 two-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines are coupled to generators that power electric propulsion motors driving two propellers in the stern. In addition to being slightly bigger than the icebreakers they are based on, Project 97P lacks the bow propeller and features a bigger deckhouse built of aluminum-magnesium alloy to reduce weight as well as a helideck capable of receiving Kamov Ka-25 or Ka-27 helicopters.

All Project 97P patrol ships were initially armed with a twin 76 mm AK-726 deck gun and two 30 mm AK-630 close-in weapon systems, but the ships operated by the navy were later disarmed.

History 

The seventh of eight Project 97P patrol ships was laid down at Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad on 27 February 1979, launched on 19 April 1980, and delivered on 26 December 1980. The ship was named after the Volga River and, after sailing to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Russian Far East via the Northern Sea Route, joined the maritime unit of the KGB Border Troops.

In May 1990, Volga became the first Soviet vessel to visit the West Coast of the United States since the Second World War when it visited San Francisco during the bicentennial celebrations of the United States Coast Guard.

In 2003, Volga participated in Russian-American naval exercises.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Volga was passed over to the Coast Guard of the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. The vessel remains in service .

References 

Icebreakers of the Soviet Union
Icebreakers of Russia
1980 ships
Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard
Ships of the Border Guard Service of Russia
Steven Gao. Steven Shichang Gao (; born 1972) is a British Chinese. He is a Professor of Electronic Engineering. His research mainly includes antennas, MIMO, intelligent antennas and phased arrays for mobile and satellite communications, navigation and sensing.

He obtained a Doctorate degree at Shanghai University in 1999. He completed Post-Doctoral research at the National University of Singapore and subsequently moved to the United Kingdom in 2001 to work as a Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham. The following year, he began teaching at Northumbria University as a Senior Lecturer and was promoted to a Reader in 2006. In 2007, he moved to Surrey Space Center at the University of Surrey, and from 2013 to 2022, worked at the University of Kent as a Professor and Chair of RF and Microwave Engineering. Since Sep 2022, he joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, as a Professor and the Director of Center for intelligent Electromagnetic Systems. Since 2023, Prof. Gao serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

Prof Gao is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Institution of Engineering and Technology.

References

Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Academic staff of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Academics of the University of Surrey
Academics of the University of Kent
Academics of Northumbria University
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Scientific journal editors
Living people
1972 births
Chinese expatriates in Singapore
Shanghai University alumni
Gianluca Lazzi. Gianluca Lazzi is an Italian electrical engineer.

Lazzi graduated from the Sapienza University of Rome in 1994 with a Dr. Eng. in electrical engineering and completed a PhD in the same subject at the University of Utah in 1998. Lazzi began his teaching career at North Carolina State University in 1999 as an assistant professor, advancing to associate and full professor of electrical and computer engineering in 2003 and 2006, respectively. In 2008, Lazzi was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, and began his first year as chief editor of the journal IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. Beginning in 2009, he returned to the University of Utah as USTAR Professor and chair of the electrical and computer engineering department. Lazzi remained chief editor of AWPL through 2013, and was elected a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2014. At the University of Southern California, Lazzi is affiliated with the Keck School of Medicine, the Viterbi School of Engineering, and the Marshall School of Business. He holds the Provost Professorship of Ophthalmology, Electrical Engineering, Clinical Entrepreneurship and Biomedical Engineering alongside the Fred H. Cole Professorship in Engineering.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Fellows of the IEEE
Scientific journal editors
University of Utah faculty
University of Utah alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Italian expatriates in the United States
Italian electrical engineers
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
North Carolina State University faculty
Adrienn Ruzsinszky. Adrienn Ruzsinszky is an expert in computational density functional theory in chemical physics, and its application in computational materials science predicting the bulk properties of solids. Educated in Hungary, she works in the US as a professor of physics at Tulane University.

Education and career
Ruzsinszky earned a Ph.D. in 2004 from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. After postdoctoral research at Tulane University, and becoming a research assistant professor at Tulane in 2011, she moved to Temple University in 2013. She earned tenure there as an associate professor, before returning to her present position as a professor at Tulane.

Recognition
In 2023, Ruzsinszky was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Computational Physics, "for the development of electronic structure theory methods, especially density functional theory and the random phase approximation, and their application to materials and molecules, including two-dimensional materials under bending".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hungarian physicists
Hungarian women physicists
American physicists
American women physicists
Budapest University of Technology and Economics alumni
Temple University faculty
Tulane University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Caterina Vozzi. Caterina Vozzi is an Italian physicist, Professor and Director of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie. Her research considers the ultrafast dynamics of molecules and solids. She holds a European Research Council grant to develop spectroscopic probes for complex molecules. She was awarded the Millie Dresselhaus Professorship in 2020.

Early life and education 
Vozzi was an undergraduate student and graduate researcher at the University of Milan. She joined the National Research Council, where she spent four years as a postdoctoral researcher. She worked alongside Paul Corkum at the National Research Council Canada Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences.

Research and career 
In 2005 Vozzi was made Professor of Physics at the University of Milan. She joined the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie in 2009, where she was made Professor in 2012. She develops ultrafast techniques (X-ray and Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy) to understand biomolecules and materials. Based on table-top harmonic generation, she has created new sources for ultrashort (attosecond) pulses for transient absorption spectroscopy that are in the soft X-ray range. She uses table-top high harmonic generation. Measurements with these pulses give temporal and spatial information about dynamic processes, and are sensitive to specific oxidation/spin states or elements. X-ray measurements near specific absorption edges (e.g. the Carbon K-edge) provides information of the structural and electronic environment of atoms within the sample.

Single-cycle coherent terahertz pulses can be generated using nonlinear crystals and infrared laser pulses. THz pulses are detected (amplitude, phase) using electro-optic systems and the Pockels effect. These measurements provide information about the dielectric response (real and imaginary), uncovering physical and chemical information.

Vozzi has used optical parametric amplification to create high energy mid-IR light sources for attosecond science. These provide mJ energy, pulse durations equivalent to a few optical cycles and carrier–envelope phase stability, making them ideal for high harmonic generation. She has exploited high harmonic generation to create bright XUV sources. She showed that high harmonic generation tomography and laser-induced electron diffraction to perform time-resolved dynamic imaging of complex molecular materials. Single attosecond pulses in the few hundred eV spectral region) can be generated by manipulating the laser polarisation.

Select publications

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Italian women physicists
University of Milan alumni
Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is a hindered phenolic antioxidant commonly used as a polymer stabiliser.

Synthesis
Base catalysed Michael addition of methyl acrylate to 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol  forms the intermediate butyl-phloretic ester. High temperature transesterification of this with stearyl alcohol gives the final product.

Applications
Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is significantly less volatile than simpler phenolic antioxidants such as butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). This makes it more suitable to stabilising plastics, as it is not driven out by the high temperatures experienced during plastic extrusion and moulding, when they are heated to 150-320 °C (300–600 °F). It is widely used in the commodity plastics, particularly in polyethylenes and polypropylene. It has approval for use in food contact materials, such as plastic food packaging in the EU and US, amongst others.

It is one of the most common polymer antioxidants, in part because of its comparatively low price. The stearyl tail reduces volatility and gives good chemical compatibility with plastics but contributes nothing to antioxidant performance. When higher performance is needed pentaerythritol tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) a common alternative.

References

Phenol antioxidants
Gertrud Zwicknagl. Gertrud Zwicknagl is a retired German solid-state physicist whose research involved the development of renormalized band theory for intermetallic solids and its application to the theory of superconductors and heavy fermion materials, as well as the study of heavy quasiparticles in uranium compounds. Formerly a professor of physics at the Technical University of Braunschweig, she retired in 2020.

Education and career
After studying physics as an undergraduate at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1970 to 1975, Zwicknagl continued her studies at the University of Cologne, earning a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) in 1979.

She became a researcher at KFA Jülich (now the Forschungszentrum Jülich) from 1976 to 1980, at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart from 1980 to 1986, at the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University in the US from 1983 to 1984, and at the Institute of Solid State Physics at the Technische Universität Darmstadt from 1986 to 1991. While at Darmstadt she  completed a habilitation in 1991.

She returned to the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research as a senior researcher in 1991, and moved to the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden in 1996. In 1998 she took a professorship at the Technical University of Braunschweig, from which she retired in 2020.

Recognition
Zwicknagl was the 1993 recipient of the Walter Schottky Prize of the German Physical Society.

She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2023, after a nomination from the APS Division of Condensed Matter Physics, "for original and paramount contributions to the theory of emergent solid-state materials, in particular, for groundbreaking advances toward the quantitative microscopic understanding of strongly correlated systems on the basis of their atomistic and electronic structure".

References

External links
Interview with Zwicknagl (in German), German Physical Society

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
German physicists
German women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Cologne alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Soyuz 7K-T-AF. Soyuz 7K-T-AF  is a version of the Soyuz spacecraft and was the first spacecraft designed for space station flights, a dedicated science mission. Its only crewed flight was conducted in 1973 with Soyuz 13 of the Soyuz programme.

Design and flight 

The one craft of the Soyuz 7K-T-AF was modified from the original Soyuz 7K-T with the addition of observatory and solar arrays. This was the second test flight of the redesigned Soyuz 7K-T, the second generation of the Soyuz spacecraft. The Soyuz 7K-T-AF flew once on Soyuz 13. The Soyuz 7K-T-AF was in the 7K-TM Configuration. Soyuz 7K-T-AF propulsion was from a KTDU-35, two liquid rocket engines. Soyuz 13/7K-T-AF was the first manned space observatory. Soyuz 7K-T-AF/Soyuz 13 housed the Orion 2 Space Observatory, operated by crew member Valentin Lebedev. Orion 2 Space Observatory was an Ultraviolet (UV) Telescope. The first Soviet UV Telescope was Orion 1 used on orbital station Salyut 1. The other crew member was Pyotr Klimuk.

With the Orion 2 astrophysical telescope and camera, the crew made observations of stars in the ultraviolet light range. Also added to Soyuz 7K-T-AF was experiment that photographed spectrozonal areas of the earth's surface. Soyuz 7K-T-AF landed in snowstorm  Southwest Karaganda. The observatory equipment was added to the top of  nose cone of the spacecraft. The observatory equipment was mounted were the docking port is mounted on the Soyuz 7K-OKS version.  Soyuz 22/Soyuz 7K-MF6 spacecraft would be the next 7K-T with observatory equipment mounted at the craft's docking port.

See also
Comparison of crewed space vehicles

References

External links 
 RSC Energia: Concept Of Russian Manned Space Navigation Development
 Mir Hardware Heritage
 David S.F. Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage, NASA RP-1357, 1995
 Mir Hardware Heritage (wikisource)
 Information on Soyuz spacecraft 
 OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page
 Space Adventures circum-lunar mission - details

Crewed spacecraft
Soyuz program
Vehicles introduced in 1973
Neodymium(II) fluoride. Neodymium(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NdF2. It can be obtained by shock compression of neodymium(III) fluoride and neodymium at 1000 °C and above 200 kbar. It can also be obtained by reacting in a eutectic system of neodymium and lithium fluoride-neodymium(III) fluoride at 1100 °C.

References

External reading 
 

Neodymium compounds
Fluorides
Lanthanide halides