omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Canal Lake Concrete Arch Bridge. Canal Lake Concrete Arch Bridge is an arch bridge in Ontario, Canada, spanning a portion of Canal Lake on the Trent–Severn Waterway between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe. It is north-northeast from the town of Bolsover.

The closed spandrel bridge is the earliest-known bridge in Canada to be constructed using reinforced concrete, and is based on a modified Melan System of bridge reinforcement. In 1988, it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada for representing a transitional period in bridge construction and a milestone in civil engineering in Canada.

Structure
Designed by the federal Department of Railways and Canals, the bridge was built in 1905. The original design was for a concrete arch bridge typical of its era. Before construction began, the design was updated by integrating reinforced concrete using a modified Melan System of bridge reinforcement, which had been pioneered by its namesake Josef Melan in the 1890s. Among the changes were the installation of struts underneath the arch, and a reduction in the mass of the arch and its abutments. The concrete mass is reinforced with curved steel girders.

The arch is a closed spandrel, in which the structural load of the deck is carried to the arch ribs via spandrel walls. It has a radius of , and its vertical clearance of  is sufficient for vessels to navigate underneath. The deck is  wide, and spans  over the lake, anchored by reinforced concrete abutments. The concrete spandrel walls are marked to imitate the voussoir layout common to stone arch bridges and the "coursed stonework of stone masonry bridge abutments".

The bridge was refurbished between April 2018 and February 2019 by GMP Contracting Ltd., the work included patching concrete, refacing the surface and replacing the road deck.

National Historic Site of Canada
The bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on 24 June 1988 for its early use of concrete in bridge construction, for being the earliest-known bridge in Canada to be constructed using reinforced concrete, and for its "close association with the Trent-Severn Waterway". It is one of only a few mass concrete bridges built in North America, as the bridge "represents a transitional structure" between earlier stone arch bridges and the advent of reinforced bridges.

On 30 August 2008, a plaque was unveiled by Bruce Stanton, Member of Parliament for Simcoe North, representing the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. The plaque, installed on the southwest side of the bridge, states that the Canal Lake Concrete Arch Bridge represents "an important milestone in the history of civil engineering in Canada", as it led to the development of large-span reinforced concrete bridges.

Notes

References

1905 establishments in Ontario
Deck arch bridges in Canada
Bridges completed in 1905
Road bridges in Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Trent–Severn Waterway
Image2Text. Image2Text technology was created by Cortica, an Israel-based startup whose technology simulates the performance of the human cortex so that computers recognize images with a high degree of accuracy.  Image2Text is the result of 10 years in research and development and is protected by more than 50 patents.

Product Differentiation

Cortica's engine processes and recognizes images based on patterns, as the brain does, providing accuracy purporting to be comparable with that of the human brain.

Previous image search solutions have relied on databases of images compiled through fingerprinting, modeling and crowdsourcing. Cortica differentiates itself from these other products; patterns are clustered into digital concepts, which are stored and mapped to keywords and contextual taxonomies that enable it to interpret the content appearing in the digital media.

Uses

Cortica's Image2Text technology associates images with concepts and enables a host of business opportunities. The technology has implications for augmented reality, a visual technology that experts say will improve when it incorporates computer vision and dynamic mapping of the real world environment. In addition, computer vision technologies, like those guided by Image2Text, have been integrated into self-driving cars to help identify road hazards.

References 

Image processing software
Proprietary software
Object recognition and categorization
Valeria Bertacco. Valeria Bertacco is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science as well as Vice Provost for Engaged Learning at the University of Michigan. She previously served as the Associate Dean for Academic Programs and Initiatives at the University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School.

Bertacco headed the Center for Applications Driving Architectures (ADA) at the University of Michigan. Her work at the center includes leading initiatives to design processors that are especially tailored to run specific algorithms. In 2017, she was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for her contributions to Computer-aided Verification and Reliable System Design.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Michigan faculty
American electrical engineers
American computer scientists
Fellows of the IEEE
Electronic design automation people
JL-3. The JL-3 (; NATO reporting name: CSS-NX-20) is a Chinese third-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). It arms the Type 094 submarine, and is expected to arm the future Type 096.

History
The first test flight occurred on 24 November 2018 in the Bohai Sea; it was likely a test of the launch tube's cold-launch ejection system. According to anonymous Chinese sources, the Type 032 submarine made the first three test launches, with a Type 094 making the fourth in December 2019.

In 2020, anonymous Chinese sources reported that development of the JL-3 and Type 096 had been decoupled to speed up missile development, and that it would take at least five years to integrate the missile with the submarine.

In November 2022, the United States Navy reported that the Type 094 was rearmed with the JL-3.

Description
The JL-3 is reported as a solid-fueled missile with ranges of over  or .

The Center for Strategic and International Studies reports the likely payload to be three MIRV nuclear warheads.

References 

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of the People's Republic of China
Nuclear weapons of the People's Republic of China
USA-273. USA-273, also known as SBIRS GEO-3, is a United States military satellite and part of the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).

Overview of SBIRS 
The SBIRS satellites are a replacement for the Defense Support Program (DSP) early warning system. They are intended to detect ballistic missile launches, as well as various other events in the infrared spectrum, including nuclear explosions, aircraft flights, space object entries and reentries, wildfires, and spacecraft launches.

The mission of SBIRS states that "The SBIRS program was designed to provide a seamless operational transition from DSP to SBIRS and meet jointly-defined requirements of the defense and intelligence communities in support of the missile early warning, missile defense, battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission areas."

Satellite description 

SBIRS-GEO 3 was manufactured by Lockheed Martin Space and was built upon the A2100M, a militarized, radiation hardened satellite bus that provides power, attitude control, command and control, and a communications subsystem with five separate mission data downlinks to meet mission requirements, including system survivability and endurability requirements.

SBIRS sensors 
The SBIRS sensors are designed to provide greater flexibility and sensitivity than the DSP infrared sensor, in addition to detecting short-wave and mid-wave infrared signals, allowing SBIRS to perform a broader set of missions. These enhanced capabilities result in improved prediction accuracy for global strategic and tactical warfighters. Improvements to the ground system processing software are on-going, resulting in increased event message accuracy and reduced manpower requirements for support and operations of the DSP and SBIRS.

The infrared payload consists of two sensors; a scanner and a step-starer. The scanning sensor continuously scans the Earth to provide 24/7 global strategic missile warning capability. Data from the scanner also contributes to theater and intelligence missions. The step-staring sensor provides coverage for theater missions and intelligence areas of interest. On-board signal processing allows detected events to be transmitted to the ground, but the raw, unprocessed data gathered by the infrared sensors are down-linked as well, so the same radiometric scene observed in space will be available for ground-based processing.

Launch 
USA-273 was launched on 21 January 2017 from Cape Canaveral (CCAFS) atop an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle.

References

External links 
 SBIRS GEO-1, -2, -3, -4 at Gunter's Space Page

Spacecraft launched in 2017
Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
USA satellites
Early warning satellites
2017 in the United States
Edward Anderson (chemist). Edward Alexander Anderson, known as Ed Anderson, is an organic chemist based at the University of Oxford. In 2016, the university awarded him the title of Professor of Organic Chemistry.

Life 
Ed Anderson attended Magdalen College, Oxford, and graduated from the university with Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry in 1997, having completed his research project on gold nanoparticles under the supervision of Harry Anderson. Between 1997 and 2001, he completed a doctorate at Gonville and Caius College in the University of Cambridge under the supervision of Andrew Holmes. His research focused on the applications and synthesis of medium-ring lactones and ethers. He took up a two-year post-doctoral research position assisting Erik J. Sorensen at The Scripps Research Institute and helped to synthesise furanosteriod viridin. In 2003, he was appointed a Junior Research Fellow at Homerton College, Cambridge, and then took up an EPSRC Advanced Research Fellowship at Oxford in 2007, moving over to Jesus College two years later as a lecturer, and subsequently a fellow and tutor. In 2016, the university awarded him with the title Professor of Organic Chemistry. In 2020, he was awarded the Bader Award by the Royal Society of Chemistry.

According to his Oxford University profile, Anderson's research has "a particular focus on the total synthesis of biologically active molecules, and the development of new reactions including cascade processes ... Within the theme of reaction development, we have particular interests in the use of metal-mediated reactions to rapidly construct complex functional molecules, and in new applications of organosilicon chemistry."

Anderson is married to Emma, a virologist at the University of Warwick, and they have two children.

References 

British organic chemists
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Living people
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of Homerton College, Cambridge
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford
1991 births
Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao. Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao (born 9 November 1944 in Krishna District) is an Indian materials engineer, known for his studies in the field of Structural mechanics. Focusing his researches on Finite element method, Structural analysis and Smart materials, he and his colleagues developed FEAST, a medium-sized program for laboratory research and industrial applications including design and analysis of rocket systems. An alumnus of the Indian Institute of Science from where he secured a PhD, his researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles and his work has been cited by several scientists. Google Scholar, an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed a number of his articles. The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 2003. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1989.

Notes

References 
 
 
 

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1944 births
Indian materials scientists
20th-century Indian engineers
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Living people
Telugu people
People from Andhra Pradesh
Diamond Oak Bridge. Diamond Oak Bridge is a concrete bridge across the River South Tyne near Coanwood in Northumberland.

History
The bridge links Coanwood on the east of the River Tyne and Lambley on the west and was completed in 1975. Although designed to remain open in all weathers, it is often impassible under snow conditions.

References

Bridges in Northumberland
Crossings of the River Tyne
Grace Bochenek. Grace Marie Bochenek (born June 15, 1961) is an American industrial engineer and the current director of the School of Modeling, Simulation and Training, and the Institute for Simulation and Training at the University of Central Florida. She is former Director of the National Energy Technology Laboratory within the United States Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy.  She also served as the acting United States Secretary of Energy in early 2017.  She previously had spent much of her career at the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center.

Education 
Bochenek earned a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering at Wayne State University in 1986, and a Master of Science in industrial and systems engineering from the University of Michigan–Dearborn in 1992. She did her doctoral work at the University of Central Florida earning her Ph.D. in industrial and systems engineering in 1998.  Her dissertation title was "Comparative Analysis of Virtual 3D Visual Display Systems: Contributions to Cross-functional Team Collaboration in a Product Design Review Environment".

Career 
After graduating, Bochenek worked in the Department of Defense for 25 years. In 2006, she became Director of U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command's Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center after having spent most of her career there. Subsequent to this, she was named the first Chief Technology Officer of the U.S. Army Materiel Command.

In 2014 Bochenek became Director of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), the research and development arm of the Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy.  NETL is a national laboratory focusing on efficient and sustainable use of fossil fuels, including carbon capture.  She cited the security aspects of energy when discussing her move from Defense to Energy, and encouraged students to specialize in engineering and sciences.  She advocated for greater collaboration between the laboratory and outside companies, saying that energy is more subject to market forces than defense.

She was named the acting United States Secretary of Energy on January 20, 2017, following the resignation of Ernest Moniz at the conclusion of the Obama administration.  She served until the confirmation of Texas Governor Rick Perry on March 2, 2017. Bochenek retired from NETL effective February 28, 2018.

References

Living people
Wayne State University alumni
University of Michigan–Dearborn alumni
University of Central Florida alumni
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories personnel
United States secretaries of energy
Trump administration cabinet members
1961 births
Women industrial engineers
Soil aeration. Soil aeration is the mechanism of improving the  exchange of gases between the atmosphere and soil. Through soil microbial activity and plant root respiration, certain gases such as oxygen will be depleted in the soil, while others, such as carbon dioxide, will build up in the soil. Lack of oxygen in the soil can impact plant growth. In addition to allowing the exchange of gases, soil aeration allows for water drainage and root growth. A common contributor to lack of soil aeration is soil compaction.

Mechanical aeration 
Soil aeration may be artificially enhanced by using mechanized or manual equipment to either puncture the soil with spikes (spike aeration) or remove approximately  cores of soil from the ground (core aeration).

Spike aeration involves the use of an aeration machine with spikes up to a foot or more in length. It is sometimes used to address drainage issues in areas with turf. Core aeration is done on turf areas as a means of reducing turf compaction, reducing thatch buildup, improving the infiltration of water/nutrients, encouraging deeper roots, and creating an environment where grass seed can have direct contact with the soil. 

There are many types of lawn aerators including walk behind models, ride on versions and tractor pulled versions, as well as spiked shoes.

Chemical aeration 
Liquid aeration involves applying a fortified liquid solution to the lawn. Commonly, the active ingredient is ammonium lauryl sulfate. The solution breaks down dense particles in the soil and loosens it up, decreasing compaction and allowing for aeration. Liquid aeration, in combination with liquid fertilizers, is more effective at controlling soil pH when compared to core aeration.

References 

Playing field surfaces
Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Somaliland). The Ministry of Energy and Minerals ()  () is one of the governmental bodies of Somaliland. The ministry has the function of developing and implementing policies related to electricity, minerals, petroleum and petroleum products. The current minister is Abdillahi Farah Abdi.

Scope of activities

Energy sector operations

DFID Somaliland has initiated a five-year programme (2014-2019) to improve access to electricity with the introduction of Mini hybrid grids in Somaliland. The programme will be implemented in two phases.

ADRA Somaliland launched a new three-year project (2015-2017) to contribute to poverty alleviation, fragility reduction, and climate change mitigation for rural and peri-urban people in Somaliland.

Somaliland oil blocks

Genel Energy

In August 2012, Genel Energy was awarded an exploration licence for onshore blocks SL-10-B and SL-13 in Somaliland, with a 75% working interest in both. Genel extended its presence in November 2012 with the acquisition of 50% participating interest in the Odwayne Production Sharing Agreement which covers blocks SL-6, SL-7, SL-10A.

Onshore Somaliland is a relatively unexplored region, with few exploration wells drilled. The total size of the blocks is approximately equivalent to the entire Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Genel took the opportunity because of encouraging indications including onshore oil seeps and existing geological data showing favourable conditions for hydrocarbons to have accumulated in numerous large tilted fault blocks and sub-basins. In addition, the basins of Somaliland were contiguous to Yemen prior to the opening of the Gulf of Aden in the Oligocene-Miocene - similar sedimentary sequences and structural styles are expected in Somaliland.

The ministry are targeting resources of over  in blocks SL-10B and SL-13. The Odewayne block has a similar resource potential to this, targeting in order of .

Gravity and aeromag has been acquired and interpreted over the entire 40,000 square km acreage.

DNO ASA
On 8 September 2014, DNO ASA, the Norwegian oil and gas operator, announced that it has been granted a two-year extension of the term of its production sharing agreement for Block SL18 in Somaliland. The first exploration period was set to end on 8 November 2017.

Block SL18, in which DNO has a 50 percent stake as operator, is a frontier exploration block. The partners completed a field survey and environmental assessment studies over the block and was scheduled to initiate a planned seismic acquisition program once the Government of Somaliland has put in place a planned Oil Protection Unit (OPU) to support the international oil companies operating in Somaliland. The OPU was expected to be operational in 2015.

In the interim, security conditions permitting, DNO will resume a development program focused on drilling water wells to provide local communities in the areas covered by Block SL18 with potable water.

Ministers

See also

Politics of Somaliland
Cabinet of Somaliland

References

External links 
 Official site of the ministry

Government of Somaliland
Energy and Minerals
Energy in Somaliland
Somaliland
John Tozer. John Carmichael Tozer (23 June 1922 – 23 April 1990) was an Australian public servant and politician who served as a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Council of Western Australia from 1974 to 1980, representing North Province.

Tozer was born in Perth to Evaline (née Carmichael) and Hubert John Harris Tozer. He attended Hale School and Perth Technical College, and in 1940 was accepted as an engineering cadet with Western Australian Government Railways. He enlisted in the Australian Army later in the year, however, and during the war served for periods with the Royal Australian Engineers, the 2/6th Commando Squadron, and the Parachute Training Centre. Tozer studied surveying after being discharged in 1946. He worked on Ocean Island from 1947 to 1952, as an employee of the British Phosphate Commission.

After a period working as a local government engineer, Tozer moved into administration. He held several senior public service positions in the North-West, including as assistant administrator at Derby from 1964 to 1967 and administrator at Port Hedland from 1970 to 1972. He was then a Department of Development and Decentralisation officer from 1972 to 1974. Tozer entered parliament at the 1974 state election, defeating John Hunt of the Labor Party. He served a single six-year term before being defeated by Peter Dowding (a future premier) at the 1980 election. Tozer retired to Perth, dying there in April 1990 (aged 67).

References

1922 births
1990 deaths
Australian Army officers
20th-century Australian engineers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Public servants of Western Australia
Ignacio Rodríguez (programmer). Ignacio Rodríguez (born 1999 in Montevideo) is an Uruguayan programmer, two-time winner of worldwide programming competition Google Code-in (in 2013 and in 2014) and a member of the Sugar Labs educational open-source organization. Rodríguez lives in Canelones.

References 

1999 births
Living people
One Laptop per Child
Free software programmers