omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Plan Toys. PlanToys is a toy manufacturer located in Trang,Thailand. It was founded in 1981 by Vitool Viraponsavan. They are a sustainable toy manufacturer and use rubberwood, a sustainable by-product of the latex industry's harvesting of trees used for natural rubber production once their productivity declines. as their primary manufacturing material.  Using the trees as a resource in this way for wooden toys made by PlanToys is environmentally responsible. Plan Toys uses preservative-free rubberwood and non-formaldehyde glues, as well as recyclable packaging and water-based inks. Their products are marketed as "green", and are recognized as such by various buying guides endorsing green products for children.

Distribution
Starting in January 2002, PlanToys products were distributed worldwide by Swedish company BRIO. After the downfall of BRIO US in 2006, Plan Toys opened its own distribution unit in the US.  Distribution in the whole of Europe is by PlanToys Europe (PTE). PlanToys is present in Japan with a company called PlanToys Japan.

Products
In 2009, PlanToys collaborated with French design school École Camondo to produce two toys that promote the discovery of nature: Louis the Elephant and Tsu Tsu the rolling rattle.

References

External links
 Plan Toys

Toy companies of Thailand
Companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in Thailand
MECS. MECS is the Multi-Element Code System, a markup system developed by the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen. It is very similar to SGML and XML except that it allows elements to overlap.

MECS supports limited overlap, in that a given type of element (for example a quotation), may overlap other types, but no element may overlap another of the same type.

MECS has been influential in the theory of non-hierarchical markup systems, and is discussed in many articles by Michael Sperberg-McQueen and Claus Huitfeldt, among others.

Other systems for representing overlapping markup include the Layered Markup and Annotation Language, CLIX, JITTS, EARMARK and features of the Text Encoding Initiative and the Open Scripture Information Standard.

See also
Markup overlap

References

Markup languages
Universal Communication Format. Universal communication format is a communication protocol developed by the IEEE for multimedia communication. Y. Hiranaka, H. Sakakibara and T. Taketa of Yamagata University proposed UCF in 2005.

From the abstract:

Various intelligent equipments and software are gradually designed to communicate with other equipment or software. However, any data format that can be considered as universal and almost eternally usable is not available. In this paper, we present UCF as a candidate bidirectional communication data format, and show its typical application for multimedia data. UCF is formed with the object address and the data to be forwarded. Communications can be simply performed by sending UCF data in required directions.

UCF is a proprietary format used by Cisco for their WebEx Web conferencing application.

Notes

See also
 UCF FAQ

Network protocols
Thoreau Center for Sustainability. Tides' Thoreau Center for Sustainability are green nonprofit centers that house more than 70 nonprofit organizations in San Francisco and New York City. Thoreau Centers for Sustainability are operated by Tides Shared Spaces, a Tides initiative.

History
In 1994, the Thoreau Center for Sustainability was proposed to The Presidio Trust in San Francisco, California and opened in 1996. It is an adaptive reuse of the Letterman Army Hospital.

In 2006, a Thoreau Center for Sustainability opened in Lower Manhattan, New York.

References

External links
Thoreau Centers for Sustainability homepage
Tides homepage

Sustainability organizations
Environmental organizations based in California
Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco
Environmental organizations established in 1994
1994 establishments in California
Environmental organizations established in 2006
2006 establishments in New York City
Floris Nollet. Floris Nollet (16 September 1794 – 11 January 1853) was a Belgian physicist, engineer, inventor.

Nollet was a grandnephew of Jean-Antoine Nollet. He became professor of physics at the École Militaire in Brussels. He also founded the British-French company Société de l'Alliance.

Nollet designed plans for large-scale generators for the galvanization industry, for limelight, and for electric arcs, an improvement on the work of Hippolyte Pixii. His magneto-electric generator design for decomposing water by electrolysis using steam power was patented in England in 1850.

1794 births
1853 deaths
Belgian physicists
Wind erosion equation. A wind erosion equation is an equation used to design wind erosion control systems, which considers soil erodibility, soil roughness, climate, the unsheltered distance across a field, and the vegetative cover on the ground.

The Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) is a mathematical model used to estimate the potential average annual soil loss (E) from a field due to wind erosion. This equation incorporates several key variables: the Soil Erodibility Index (I), which measures the susceptibility of soil to erosion; the Soil Ridge Roughness Factor (K), reflecting the surface roughness and its impact on wind flow; the Climatic Factor (C), representing the influence of wind speed and frequency on erosion; the Unsheltered Median Travel Distance (L), indicating the distance over which wind can travel unimpeded across a field; and the Equivalent Quantity of Vegetative Cover (V), accounting for the protective effect of vegetation in reducing soil erosion. Together, these variables enable a comprehensive assessment of the risk and severity of wind erosion in agricultural and environmental planning.

The study of wind erosion involves understanding the factors influencing the wind's capacity to mobilize soil. The potency of wind in causing soil movement is notably correlated with the cube of the wind's speed and its persistence. Research indicates that soil movement commences when wind speeds surpass a critical threshold and the rate of erosion aligns with the cube of the friction velocity. Friction velocity, denoted as , is a meteorological term for wind speed at the Earth's surface and can be quantified using the equation:

In this equation,  represents the wind velocity measured at height , and  is the von Kármán constant, roughly valued at 0.4. This relationship is indicative of the logarithmic wind profile, which describes the variation of wind speed with altitude, influenced by surface texture and atmospheric conditions.

Historically, acquiring precise wind data to study these phenomena has been challenging. Records of detailed wind velocities and directions are predominantly sourced from strategic locations such as airports or military bases. The scarcity of these records, often limited in both geographical scope and historical range—frequently dating back to the World War II era—poses significant limitations to the research. Methodological inconsistencies, such as the lack of standardized measurement heights, introduce variables that may affect the accuracy of correlating wind speed with height, which is critical for predicting erosion accurately. Additionally, local environmental factors like temperature gradients, structural barriers, and ground conditions can further obscure precise erosion forecasting.

References 

Geomorphology
Water service contract. A water service contract is a contract between the owner of water supply resources or facilities (generally a government body, such as a national state or a municipality) and a water services provider (which may be either a public or a private company).

United States 
In the United States, a water service contract is a type of contract, authorized by the Reclamation Project Act of 1939, whereby water is furnished for irrigation or municipal or miscellaneous purposes at rates to produce revenue sufficient to cover charges reimbursable to the federal government.

References 

Water supply and sanitation in the United States
Water supply
Water Quality Initiative. The Water Quality Initiative is a multi-agency effort, initiated by USDA in 1990, to determine relationships between agricultural activities and water quality, and develop and implement strategies that protect surface and groundwater quality. This program, which builds on earlier USDA water quality protection efforts, includes research activities, projects involving landowners, and information and data development. Landowners participate in demonstration projects, hydrologic unit area projects, water quality special projects, and water quality incentive projects.

References

Further reading
 ; progress reports from the USDA Working Group on Water Quality.

United States Department of Agriculture
Water banking. Water banking is the practice of forgoing water deliveries during certain periods, and “banking” either the right to use the forgone water in the future, or saving it for someone else to use in exchange for a fee or delivery in kind.  It is usually used where there is significant storage capacity to facilitate such transfers of water.

Spain
In Spain water banking was given a legislative basis by the 1999 Water Law. The socialist government elected in 2004 planned to create a public water bank in each hydrographical basin as part of its AGUA programme. This would allow historical water resources to be re-allocated according to "criteria of equity, efficiency, and sustainability".

United States
In the United States, water banking is typically regulated and managed at the state level.

References 

Water supply and sanitation in Spain
Water supply and sanitation in the United States
Recycled glass countertop. A recycled glass countertop is composed of 100% recycled glass (post consumer and pre-consumer) in a cement- or petroleum-based binder. A finished recycled glass countertop often ranges from 70 to 85 percent in recycled content.

Environmental concerns 
The glass used in recycled glass countertops is sourced from both post-consumer and pre-consumer sources. Post-consumer recycled glass sources are numerous, but the most common sources are curbside recycling and salvaged glass from demolished buildings.

Curbside recycled glass from homes and businesses is the largest source of post consumer recycled glass (California recycled 79% of its glass bottles in 2008), but salvage glass is an emerging new source. Many more state and municipal governments have begun to mandate the separation and recycling of the glass pulled from demolished buildings. Some companies are now processing locally sourced glass into aggregate to more closely meet the LEED, USGBC specifications.

Where the recycled glass countertops are made is another variable that is taken into account when determining the sustainability of a recycled glass countertop. At this time most of the companies manufacture their products in the United States, but recycled glass countertops have gained international interest. Now some foreign companies have begun to export recycled glass countertops to the US. This practice of importing heavy (14.5 lbs/sqr ft) recycled glass countertops from overseas when there is such a large quantity of recycled glass in the US has quickly come under scrutiny. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program has begun to put increasing weight on the importance of regional manufacturing to reduce the carbon footprint of building materials. This focus on materials made in the USA has the secondary effect of encouraging the support of US business in a time of economic downturn.

Criticism 
Heavy weight, loaded near a corner of a countertop, may cause it to crack.

Additionally, acidic foods and cleaners that are not immediately wiped off of a recycled glass countertop may permanently mar the surface.

References 

Kitchen
Concern Tractor Plants. Concern Tractor Plants (CTP, ) is a leading Russian machine building company. CTP is  one of the largest heavy mechanical engineering companies in the world.

Overview
The company produces machinery for the industrial, military, agricultural, municipal building and railway sectors, including tractors, harvesting machinery, components and spare parts. CTP consolidates 14 industrial enterprises, three trading-service companies, a number of specialized Research and development offices and a Scientific Research Institute. The total number of employees is approximately 45,000 people. CTP operates in more than 40 countries worldwide. In 2007, the cumulative annual sales volume exceeded $1.35 billion, having increased 31.5 percent for the year. The company's headquarters are located in Cheboksary. Most of the company's factories are located in Russia.

In 2009, the holding company Machinery & Industrial Group N.V. placed shares on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the form of Global Depositary Receipts issued by Deutsche Bank. However, as of 2014, the sole shareholder of the company is Vnesheconombank.

Structure
Companies of the holding:
 Altai Motor Plant, JSC
 Vladimir Motor and Tractor Plant, Ltd.
 Volgograd Machine Building Company, Ltd.
 Zauralsky Blacksmith’s Foundry, Ltd.
 Krasnoyarsk Combine Harvester Plant, JSC
 Kraslesmash, JSC
 Kurganmashzavod, JSC
 Lipetsk Caterpillar Tractor Plant, Ltd.
 Onezhsky Tractor Plant, Ltd.
 Promtractor, JSC
 Promtractor-Wagon, CJSC
 Promtractor-Promlit, Ltd
 SAREX, JSC
 Cheboksary Aggregate Works, JSC and Cheboksary Industrial Tractor Plant ChETRA
 Silvatec Skovmaskiner A/S
 Vogel&Noot Landmaschinen GmbH
 MIKONT, Ltd.
 Scientific Research Institute of Steel, JSC
 Special Machine Building Design Bureau, JSC
 Innovative Product Plant KTZ, Ltd.

References

External links
 
 
Tractor manufacturers of Russia
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Russia
Military vehicle manufacturers
Russian brands
Holding companies of Russia
Companies based in Chuvashia
Swampbuster. Swampbuster is a provision officially titled the Wetland Conservation provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99–198) that discourages the conversion of wetlands to cropland use. The purpose was a balance between attempting to reduce crop subsidies, and conserving wetlands (1985 Conference Report).

USDA program participants, defined as "persons" in 7 CFR 12 Highly Erodible Land and Wetland Conservation, converting a wetland not provided an exemption in 7 CRR 12.5(b), after December 23, 1985, to make production on an annually tilled (crop) production lose eligibility for most federal farm program benefits. Wetland conversions include drainage or removal of woody vegetation (7 CFR 12.2).  As is provided in 7 CFR 12.4, benefits are lost when wetlands are converted until they have been restored. Several types of wetlands and activities are exempt. Exceptions are provided in 7 CFR 12.5(b) and include conversions and array of actions including, but not limited to, conversions that began before December 23, 1985, conversions of wetlands that had been created artificially, crop production on wetlands that became dry through drought, and conversions that USDA has determined have minimal effect on wetland values. Swampbuster provisions (Wetland Conservation provisions) were amended in the 1990, 1996, 2002 and subsequent farm bills to provide greater flexibility for producers and landowners. The most significant amendment in the 1990 farm bill was directing that when USDA issues a wetland determination, that determination is certified by signature of USDA that the determination is accurate and sufficient.  Certified determinations remains valid by law and regulation unless the person requests a review.  USDA cannot proactively change any determination issued as certified after November 23, 1990 (date the 1990 amendments were signed into law).  In 1996, the most significant amendments to the Food Security Act of 1985 was making plain that once certified, always certified.  Also of significance is the statutory change that once determined a Prior Converted Wetland, that determination is not subject to abandonment.  Both changes were codified in the federal register in 1996 (7 CFR 12).

Although not provided by statute, the USDA in their effort to protect wetlands, added stronger wetland protections by internal agency policy (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service's National Food Security Act Manual (NFSAM)) and eventually by regulation in 1996 (7 CRR 12.2-Definitions).  These additional protections, provided by agency policy and Departmental regulation, without statutory authority, were provided to certain wetland types that provide habitat to migratory waterfowl. These wetland types are (prairie potholes, playa lakes and pocosins) and are provided special protections under what NRCS identifies as a Farmed Wetland (FW).

See also 

 Converted wetland
 Farmed wetlands

References 

7 CFR 12 - Highly Erodible Land and Wetland Conservation.

USDA NRCS Food Security Act Manual.

Law of the United States
Wetland conservation in the United States
Miller Camera Support Equipment. Miller Camera Support Equipment is the commercial name of R. E. Miller Pty Ltd, an independent Australian manufacturer of tripods, fluid heads and various accessories for professional camera systems (dollies, spreaders and other camera supports such as monopods and pedestal systems).
The company supplies ENG/EFP equipment to broadcast and government.

Miller is also the distributor of Lowel lighting equipment in Australia.

History 
Robert Eric Miller, an Australian engineer from Sydney, invented the fluid head for motion picture cameras for which he was granted an Australian patent in 1946 and US patent in 1949. He founded Miller Camera Support Equipment in 1954, manufacturing fluid heads and tripods. The same year, he developed the Miller Viscosity Drag. This invention greatly improved image quality in films by applying user-variable dampening to the pan and tilt movements of the camera.

Miller products are widely used in Australia, and since 1958, have been exported to the US, Europe and Asia.

Location
Miller Camera Support Equipment headquarters and manufacturing are based near Sydney, Australia. The company also has service facilities in London and in New York, plus branch offices in Canada, California, Hong Kong, China, and various European countries.

Main current products

Fluid heads
75mm bowl
 DS range: DS5, DS10 and DS20. Introduced in 1992. 
 Compass range: Compass 12, Compass 15 and Compass 20. Introduced in 2009.
100mm bowl
Arrow range: Arrow 25, Arrow 40 and Arrow 50.
150mm bowl
Skyline 70

Tripods
 Toggle : lightweight tripods with traditional locks and 75mm bowls.
 Solo : spreaderless lightweight tripods with concentric locks and 75mm or 100mm bowls.
 Sprinter : fast setup lightweight tripods with 100mm bowls
 HD (Heavy Duty): sturdy tripods with 100mm or 150mm bowls

References

External links
 MILLER Official website
 Statement of significance on Power House Museum

Photography equipment
Astronautic Technology (Malaysia). Astronautic Technology Sdn Bhd or better known as ATSB was established on 1 May 1995 and is wholly owned by the Minister of Finance Inc under the supervision of the Malaysian Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC).

As a wholly owned company under the Ministry of Finance Inc., ATSB is mandated to focus on research and development in the area of design and development of space-qualified systems employing advanced and innovative technologies.

Unfortunately, the company ceased its operations and closed its business in 2019.

Space projects

ATSB was entrusted with the design, development, launch and operation of TiungSAT-1, Malaysia's first microsatellite that was launched aboard a Dnepr rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on 26 September 2000.

The technical expertise and experience gained in handling TiungSAT-1 served as a stepping stone for the second microsatellite, RazakSAT, which was successfully launched on 14 July 2009. RazakSat failed after a year, and never became fully operational.

ATSB developed the cubesat InnoSAT-2 that was launched on 29 November 2018 by ISRO. InnoSAT-2 carried a dosimeter, a CMOS camera and an experimental reaction wheel. The satellite bus was locally developed.

Other projects

Differential Global Navigation Satellite System or DGNSS was developed and deployed worldwide in response to the resolution A.915(22) by the International Malaysia Marine Department Organisation. The Peninsular Malaysia Marine Department has established a network of DGNSS broadcasting stations that are supported by monitoring stations and a national control center.

Products
TiungSAT
RazakSAT
InnoSAT
Pipit
Differential Global Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS)

See also
Independence-X Aerospace
Borneo SubOrbitals

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20191224182918/https://www.atsb.my/
https://www.mestecc.gov.my/web/ 
https://web.archive.org/web/20090724100826/http://www.angkasa.gov.my/welcome/index.html

Government-owned companies of Malaysia
Spacecraft manufacturers
Science and technology in Malaysia
Engineering companies of Malaysia
Scientific organisations based in Malaysia
Companies established in 1995
1995 establishments in Malaysia
Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment (Malaysia)
Minister of Finance (Incorporated) (Malaysia)
Privately held companies of Malaysia
Malaysian brands
Aerospace companies of Malaysia
Aircraft engineering companies
Rocket engine manufacturers of Malaysia
Soil and Water Conservation Act. The Soil and Water Conservation Act (RCA) is a 1977 law (P.L. 95-192) that requires the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to periodically prepare a national plan for soil and water conservation on private lands based on an inventory and appraisal of existing resource conditions and trends. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is the lead agency in this effort, and completed appraisals in the early 1980s and late 1980s; a third appraisal was initiated in the early 1990s but was not completed. Only one national plan was adopted by USDA in 1982. Many of the activities envisioned when the RCA was enacted are being carried out, but it has not resulted in a single omnibus plan addressing conservation needs and priorities on private lands yet.

United States federal agriculture legislation
Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program. Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program – The Grain Standards and Warehouse Improvement Act of 2000 (P.L. 106–472, Sec 313) authorized cost-sharing to rehabilitate aging structural measures that are part of water resources projects (including structures built under the watershed and flood prevention operations program area of the Natural Resources Conservation Service).  The 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 2505) authorizes mandatory funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) of $45 million in FY2003, rising by $5 million each year through FY2007, and appropriations of $45 million in FY2003, increasing by $10 million each year through FY2007.

References 

United States federal environmental legislation
Average rectified value. In electrical engineering, the average rectified value (ARV) of a quantity is the average of its absolute value. The ARV of an alternating current indicates which direct current would transport the same amount of electrical charge within the same period of time. On the other hand the RMS describes which direct current delivers the same amount of power within the same time period.

The average of a symmetric alternating value is zero and it is therefore not useful to characterize it. Thus the easiest way to determine a quantitative measurement size is to use the average rectified value. The average rectified value is mainly used to characterize alternating voltage and current. It can be computed by averaging the absolute value of a waveform over one full period of the waveform.

While conceptually similar to the root mean square (RMS), ARV will differ from it whenever a function's absolute value varies locally, as the former then increases disproportionately. The difference is expressed by the form factor

See also 
 Average absolute deviation
 Root mean square
 Form factor (electronics)
 True RMS converter

References

Electric power conversion