omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tin triphosphide. Tin triphosphide is a binary inorganic compound of tin metal and phosphorus with the chemical formula .

Structure

X-ray crystallography reveals that tin triphosphide is not a triphosphide.  It is a hexaphosphide, with P66- rings. These ruffled P6 rings form three short (2.66 Å) and three long (2.95 Å) Sn-P bonds. The result is that Sn(II) adopts highly distorted octahedral geometry. The structure of tin triphosphide resembles that of gray arsenic, which also features corrugated, linked six-membered (As6) rings, wherein each arsenic atom has a highly distorted octahedral geometry.  Germanium triphosphide and tin triphosphide are similar structurally as well.

Tin triphosphide forms triclinic crystals, spatial group R3m with six formula units in a unit cell of dimensions a = 7.378 Å and c = 10.512 Å.

Preparation and occurrence
Tin triphosphide can be formed from the fusion of stoichiometric amounts of both elements at 580 °C: 

 has been evaluated for use in energy storage devices.

Related compounds
SnP, which has the sodium chloride structure.
Sn4P3

References

Tin compounds
Phosphorus compounds
Phosphides
Trigonal crystals
Adora Nwodo. Adora Nwodo is three-time cloud engineering author, public speaker, founder of NexaScale, and an experienced software engineer working at the intersection of cloud infrastructure and developer platforms.

Education 
Nwodo holds a bachelor's degree (First Class) in computer science from the University of Lagos  and is also an alumnus of Stanford LEAD from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Career 
Nwodo's first interaction with computers was early on in her childhood. This sparked an interest in computers and technology in general. She started writing code in Visual Basic and later on discovered HTML & CSS.

Nwodo is the Founder of NexaScale, a social enterprise connecting entry-level technologists to simulated work experience, apprenticeships, and other opportunities that help them start and scale their careers.

Nwodo currently works at the intersection of Cloud Infrastructure and Developer Platforms. Prior to her current role, she worked on Microsoft Mesh, a Mixed Reality collaboration and communications platform. Prior to Microsoft Mesh, Nwodo worked on the team building Azure Object Anchors, a mixed reality service that helps you create immersive experiences by automatically aligning 3D content with physical objects. Before Microsoft, she was a Software Developer building web experiences at Neukleos.

In 2021, Nwodo released her first book, "Cloud Engineering for Beginners," which introduces people to the concept of cloud computing, viable career paths in cloud engineering, and how to navigate a cloud engineering career. In 2023, she released her second book, "Beginning Azure DevOps," which is a detailed guide on how to plan, build, test, and release applications on Azure. In 2024, she released her third book, "Confident Cloud," which is a detailed guide into the world of cloud computing.

References

External links 
 Twitter

Software engineers
Nigerian writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sarah Wakes. Sarah Jane Wakes is an English-born New Zealand applied mathematician and engineer, and is a full professor at the University of Otago. She is the first woman to be head of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the university.

Academic career

Wakes was born in England. Wakes completed a PhD titled The development of a sand wave at the University of Nottingham in 1991. Wakes was a chartered engineer and marine engineer in the UK, and through the UK Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology is also a chartered engineer in New Zealand. Wakes joined the University of Otago in 2002, initially in the design department, then in applied sciences. Wakes has also been the director of the university's Clothing and Textile Sciences programme. In 2021 Wakes was appointed as the head of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. She was the first woman to lead the department in the university's 150-year history. Wakes was appointed a full professor in 2024, and as of 2024 is a member of the university Senate.

Wakes is considered an expert on computational fluid dynamics, and has researched coastal management, engineering design and wind flow over geomorphology such as dunes. She is also interested in sedimentation effects. Wakes is part of a Plant & Food Research-led MBIE-funded project researching design of aquaculture structures for the open ocean. She also works on the sustainability of materials.

In 2022 Wakes was elected as a Fellow of Engineering New Zealand, in recognition of her contribution to engineering education.

Selected works

References

External links
 Adventures (not) on the beach: Wind flow over coastal dune systems Seminar by Wakes, 10 March 2022, via YouTube

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand academics
New Zealand women academics
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Academic staff of the University of Otago
New Zealand engineers
New Zealand women engineers
English emigrants to New Zealand
Fracture critical bridge. A fracture critical bridge is a bridge or similar span that is vulnerable to collapse of one or more spans as a result of the failure in tension of a single element. While a fracture critical design is not considered unsafe, it is subject to special inspection requirements that focus on the tension elements of its structure.

Definition
For a bridge to be defined as fracture critical:
 It must possess structural members that  are subject to tensile stresses from bending or axial forces.
 The members must be non-redundant, lacking alternate load paths or means of safely redistributing  forces in the event of a tensile failure.

While members subject to compressive stress may also fail catastrophically, they typically do not fail from crack initiation.

Examples of bridge designs that would typically be considered fracture critical are:

 Most truss bridges with two main load-bearing assemblies
 Two-beam girder bridges (three-beam bridges in California)
 Two-cell steel box girder bridges (three-beam bridges in California)
 Main suspension cables and hanger cables of suspension bridges
 Cable-stayed bridges
 Steel ties in tied-arch or tied-truss bridges
 Pin-and-hanger assemblies in two-beam bridges
 Steel floor beams and cross girders
 Steel bent assemblies under tensile stress
 Movable and pontoon bridges

History
The designation and inspection protocols for fracture critical bridges were developed following the failure of an eyebar at the Silver Bridge at Point Pleasant, West Virginia, which precipitated the bridge's collapse into the Ohio River in 1967, resulting in 46 deaths. The disaster resulted in the establishment of the National Bridge Inventory, using the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) (CFR Title 23, Part 650).

In May 2022 new NBIS guidance established additional terminology to describe new forms of redundancy.  These are:

 System redundancy, in which the fracture of a primary member will not result in collapse
 Internal redundancy, in which a fracture will not propagate through a member that is not system redundant, the member being itself redundant
 Load path redundancy, where three or more primary load-carrying elements are present

See also
Fracture mechanics
Single point of failure
Jesus nut

References

Bridge design
Westair Helicopters. Westair Helicopters S.r.l. is a European based commercial helicopter operator, specialized in offshore transportation services for Oil & Gas Industry.

The airline headquarter is located Via Gabriele D’Annunzio, 4, 21010 Vizzola Ticino (Malpensa Business Park), Italy and operates as per EASA and IOGP standards a fleet of Leonardo AW189, AW139 and AW169 in Africa and Europe.

Airline permanent bases are located in Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Namibia and Romania, with temporary based in Mauritania and Sao Tome.

History 

Westair Helicopters S.r.l. was founded in 2018 in Italy under Weststar NDD brand by Weststar Aviation Services, Malaysia, to offer helicopter services in Africa to the Oil & Gas Industry.

Two new partners, Westair Aviation, Namibia and Avico Group, France have invested together in 2023 to take the lead of this company and it has been renamed Westair Helicopters accordingly.

Fleet was initially based on Leonardo AW139 and AW169 units.

Super medium Leonardo AW189 has been added to the fleet in 2022, and a first Airbus H225 will be operated from end of 2024.

Fleet 
Westair Helicopters operates 14 aircraft in Africa and Europe, all of them being dedicated to Oil and Gas segment.

References

External links 

 Official website

Helicopter airlines
Companies based in Milan
2018 establishments in Italy
Jonathan B. Hopkins. Jonathan Brigham Hopkins is a professor of mechanical engineering at UCLA where he serves as Director of the Flexible Research Group and Vice-Chair for Graduate Affairs. Hopkins created the Freedom and Constraint Topologies (F.A.C.T.) system of mechanical design, especially for the design of compliant mechanisms.

Honors 
In February 2016 Hopkins was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers by President Barack Obama as part of the award class of 2013.

In 2021 Hopkins was elected a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Hopkins' publication "Compliant Mechanisms That Use Static Balancing to Achieve Dramatically Different States of Stiffness" was selected for the 2021 Best Paper Award by the ASME Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics.

FACT 

Hopkins introduced his Freedom and Constraint Topology (FACT) design paradigm in his 2007 Masters thesis. The paradigm was further refined in his 2010 PhD thesis. The paradigm synthesizes concepts from screw theory and projective geometry along with Maxwell's criterion for structural rigidity. FACT establishes a finite set of exactly 50 topologies which describe every possible configuration of flexure systems except for hybrid interconnected systems.

FACT is featured in chapter 6 of the Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms edited by Hopkins' mentor Larry Howell.

YouTube Channel 
Dr. Hopkins recorded his graduate level compliant mechanisms design course to offer virtual instruction to his students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hopkins self-published the course as a free lecture series on YouTube. His channel is called "The FACTs of Mechanical Design", named after his FACT design paradigm. As of 2024, the channel contains a wide range of content on the principles and applications of compliant mechanisms, along with an additional free lecture series on traditional rigid body mechanisms.

Selected Patents 
"Array directed light-field display for autostereoscopic viewing"

"Compliant mechanisms for orthopaedic joint replacement and implanted prostheses"

"Compliant self-anchoring screw with auxetic properties"

Selected Publications 
Hopkins has well over 50 academic publications. Only a subset is included here.
"Design, material, function, and fabrication of metamaterials"

"Compliant Mechanisms That Use Static Balancing to Achieve Dramatically Different States of Stiffness"

"Phase-Changing Metamaterial Capable of Variable Stiffness and Shape Morphing"

References 

Living people
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nexchip. Nexchip () is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company based in Hefei, Anhui.

In terms of revenue, it is currently mainland China's third largest semiconductor foundry behind SMIC and Hua Hong Semiconductor. It is also one of the largest semiconductor foundries in the world based on the same metric.

Background 

In May 2015, Nexchip was originally established as a joint venture between Taiwanese company Powerchip and the Hefei City Construction and Investment Holding Group, a state-owned enterprise. Its founder, Michael Tsai had previously served as President of Powerchip and had also held senior position at other Taiwanese technology companies. According to Tsai, Nexchip was founded on the advantages of the local industrial supply chain, driven by BOE Technology to become the world's leading Display Driver ICs (DDI) chip foundry.

In response to the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to China, anonymous sources have reported that Nexchip was purchasing everything it could including second-hand tools to keep its fabs running.

On 5 May 2023, Nexchip held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the  Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market. The offering was 1,160x oversubscribed due to popular demand and raised 9.96 billion yuan making it one of the largest IPOs in 2023.

In October 2023, Nexchips opened a new fab in Hefei that specialized in manufacturing car chips. As China's leading DDI foundry, it wanted to expand into the automotive power chip market. According to Nexchip, overconcentration on the DDI sector was a potential risk due to order fluctuation and bargaining power. Therefore, it wanted to diversify into other areas. Its five largest customers accounted for 66.47% of sales. In the same month, Nexchip and Himax signed a memorandum of understanding to supply integrated circuits for the automotive display industry.

As of 2023, Nexchip has achieved mass production for 12-inch wafer foundry platforms of the 90nm to 150 nm process nodes. It is now in the risk-taking phase of mass production of 55 nm nodes  Apart from the DDI sector, Nexchip is also involved in microcontrollers, CMOS Image sensors and Power Management ICs. Nexchip's 2023 half-year report showed DDI accounted for 87.84% of sales and its process nodes with the most sales were the 90 nm platform followed by the 110 nm platform.

See also
Powerchip
Semiconductor industry in China
List of semiconductor fabrication plants

References

External links
 

2015 establishments in China
2023 initial public offerings
Companies based in Hefei
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2015
Foundry semiconductor companies
Government-owned companies of China
Semiconductor companies of China
2015 in Hefei
Indium(I) iodide. Indium monoiodide is a binary inorganic compound of indium metal and iodine with the chemical formula .

Preparation
Indium(I) iodide can be obtained by reacting indium with iodine or indium(III) iodide in vacuum at 300 °C to 400 °C or with mercury(II) iodide at 350 °C.

Physical properties
Indium(I) iodide forms a brown-red diamagnetic solid. Its melt is black. The compound has an orthorhombic crystal structure in the space group Cmcm (space group no. 63) with the lattice parameters a = 475 pm, b = 1276 pm, c = 491 pm.

Chemical properties
Decomposes slowly with hot water:

 
Reacts with water in the presence of oxygen:

References

Indium compounds
Iodine compounds
Iodides
Orthorhombic crystals
Denbigh Hall railway bridge. Denbigh Hall railway bridge carries the West Coast Main Line railway across Watling Street just north of Bletchley, Milton Keynes, in southern England. It dates from the opening of the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838 and was designed by Robert Stephenson though it has been heavily modified. It is a Grade II listed building.

Design
The bridge is of an unusual design. It is an acutely skewed, cast-iron arch. The deck girders are at right angles to the track. It has a width of  and a square plan of  between broad buttress walls in brick with stone abutments. The original curved cast-iron girders were replaced with straight ones when the line was quadruple-tracked in 1892 and again in 1946, the second time with reinforced concrete beams. The decorative ironwork, including the latticed parapet over the road, was preserved. The alterations and surviving original parts demonstrate all four construction techniques for such bridges developed during the bridge's lifetime.

History
Robert Stephenson, the chief engineer of the London and Birmingham Railway surveyed the route and designed the bridge. The bridge crosses Watling Street, an historical route north-west from London, at Denbigh Hall. The area is now an industrial zone on the outskirts of Milton Keynes but in the 1830s was largely open land with an inn which served as a stopping point for stagecoaches on the Holyhead Road. The road was part of Thomas Telford's A5 road when the bridge was built but has since been bypassed. The London and Birmingham Railway opened in April 1838 but construction difficulties at Kilsby Tunnel to the north meant the line could not open as a through route. For the first five months, trains from London terminated at Denbigh Hall station, adjacent to the bridge; passengers were transferred to stagecoaches which took them to , where they resumed their journeys by train. The full route opened in September 1838 and the station closed. A plaque on the south-east side of the bridge records the temporary station's role.

The bridge was designated a Grade II listed building in 1975. Listed status provides legal protection against unauthorised modification or demolition and recognises structures of historical or architectural interest.

References

Bibliography

Footnotes

Bridges in Buckinghamshire
Grade II listed buildings in Buckinghamshire
Grade II listed bridges in England
1837 establishments in England
Bridges completed in 1837
Bletchley
Buildings and structures in Milton Keynes
Railway bridges in Buckinghamshire
London and Birmingham Railway
Isabel Mendes Lopes. Isabel Rendeiro Marques Mendes Lopes (born 28 February 1982) is a Portuguese civil engineer, politician and member of the Assembly of the Republic, the national legislature of Portugal. A member of the LIVRE party, she has represented Lisbon since March 2024.

Early life
Lopes was born on 28 February 1982 in the United Kingdom. She moved to Portugal at the age of two and lives in Lisbon. She has a degree in civil engineering (2005) from the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST). She also has a master's degree (2008) in mobility and transport from IST.

Career
Lopes is a civil engineer by profession, specialising in transport and planning. She worked for Infraestruturas de Portugal until 2022. She has been a storyteller of children's books since 2018 and has also done theatrical work.

Interested in building a more just and dignified society and strengthening democracy, Lopes was involved with the Congresso Democrático das Alternativas (Democratic Congress of Alternatives) and similar organisations. She has been a member of the LIVRE party since its foundation in 2013 and was part of the Contact Group, the party's executive body, from 2015 to 2022. She was a political advisor to LIVRE's parliamentary office from 2022 to 2024. She has been a member of Lisbon City Council since 2021. At the 2022 legislative election Lopes was placed second on LIVRE's list of candidates in Lisbon but the party only won a single seat in the constituency. She was elected to the Assembly of the Republic at the 2024 legislative election. After the election the party's parliamentary group unanimously chose Lopes to be its leader.

Electoral history

References

1982 births
Instituto Superior Técnico alumni
Living people
LIVRE politicians
Local politicians in Portugal
Members of the 16th Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Politicians from Lisbon
Portuguese civil engineers
Portuguese women engineers
Storytellers
Women members of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Cane Creek Reservoir. Cane Creek Reservoir is a reservoir in Orange County, North Carolina serving the Carrboro-Chapel Hill area. It is operated by the Orange Water and Sewer Authority (OWASA).

History 
Proposals to build a reservoir on Cane Creek were made as the area's population was growing too large to be sustained by University Lake. In the 1950s, Daniel Okun, professor of environmental sciences and engineering at UNC, tasked his students with determining the best potential water source for UNC. They identified Cane Creek as the best source, which as confirmed by an independent engineering consultant.

Several other possible water sources were discussed. One possibility was expanding University Lake by building a larger dam, which was deemed too expensive, or tapping into the Haw River or Jordan Lake which both had inferior water quality. The proposed construction of Cane Creek Reservoir was controversial with locals, who lost homes and farmland when the reservoir was made.

Objections to Cane Creek Reservoir resulted in a "a protracted, statewide discussion". The Cane Creek Conservation Association lobbied to block the reservoir's construction, while OWASA lobbied to build it. Eventually, the courts forced local landowners to sell their land in the watershed under eminent domain, and the reservoir was built. The dam was completed in 1977, and the reservoir was filled in 1989. It is about 11 miles west of Carrboro.

The reservoir is fed by Cane Creek, Tom's Creek, Watery Creek, and Turkey Hill Creek. The Cane Creek Reservoir Dam is 72 feet high. It has an area of 540 acres, and a volume of 2.9 billion gallons. Swimming is not permitted on the lake but boating and fishing are allowed, provided the boats do not use gasoline engines.

References 

Reservoirs in North Carolina
Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina
1989 establishments in North Carolina
Bodies of water of Orange County, North Carolina