omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Allunkal Dam. The Allunkal Dam () is a concrete diversion weir built across the Kakkad River in Chittar panchayat of Ranni taluk in Pathanamthitta district of the Indian state of Kerala. The dam is  long and  tall above the bed. It is part of the Ullunkal Hydroelectric Project, a small-scale private hydroelectric project operated by EDCL Power Projects Limited, a subsidiary of Energy Development Company Limited (EDCL).

Access 
The dam is located about  from the nearest town of Chittar,  from Seethathodu and  from the district headquarters in Pathanamthitta. Chengannur is the nearest railway station, about  away.

Project history 
In 1994, the project was allotted to Travancore Electro Chemical Industries Limited (TECIL), and later, it was taken over by Energy Development Company Limited (EDCL). The project was commissioned in  by then-Electricity Minister A.K. Balan. The contract with the government is for 30 years. The electricity generated is paid by the company to Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). In addition to the Ullunkal project, EDCL has the Karikkayam Hydroelectric Project in the Kakkad River downstream of the Allunkal dam, with an installed capacity of 15 MW (3 × 5 MW). It is operated by Ayyappa Hydro Power Limited, which is a subsidiary of EDCL. The Ullunkal project site was heavily damaged during the 2018 Kerala floods, resulting in a loss of around ₹ 25 crore.

Power generation 
The power station is located near the dam on the bank of the Kakkad River. It has a total installed capacity of 7 MW with two 3.5 MW S-type Kaplan turbines. The annual production of electricity at the plant is about 32 million units (MU). The electricity generated at the Allunkal power house is distributed to KSEB's Kakkad power station switch yard at Seethathodu through a dedicated  long double-circuit transmission line. After the generation of electricity in the power house, water is released directly into the Kakkad River through a tailrace channel, and the tailwater is collected at the power house in Karikkayam for further power generation.

See also 

 List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala

References 

Dams in Pathanamthitta district
Dhaka Circular Railway. The Dhaka Circular Railway () is a proposed orbital suburban rail system which is expected to serve Dhaka and Greater Dhaka once completed, and reduce traffic marginally in the city. The project is being considered for investment by South Korea and implemented by Bangladesh Railway.

Background 
A survey conducted by a Chinese firm has determined the feasibility of an approximately 81-kilometer rail route in greater Dhaka for a circular railway. The project draft outlines plans for 24 stations along the route, with Tongi station serving as the central hub. Notably, 11 of these stations are designated as 'transfer stations,' linking to other modes of transport such as MRT, BRT, and the subway. Bangladesh Railway, under a public-private partnership, is currently executing the 80.89-kilometer circular rail line project from Tongi station through Demra, Chasara, Babubazar, Gabtoli, Birulia, and Dhour, back to Tongi, following a feasibility study. 

The estimated cost for this project is US$8.4 Billion.

Criticisms and concerns 
Concerns have been raised about the project's utility, given government plans to develop metro lines and a circular road in the same corridor earmarked for the circular railway. Because of the densely populated nature of Dhaka, attempting to construct circular, subway and metro rail simultaneously is deemed nearly impossible. Critics highlighted the challenges of investing vast resources and suggested that feasibility studies conducted by the railway and bridges division for subway and circular rail projects may ultimately result in wastage of resources.

References 

Rail transport in Dhaka
Proposed rail infrastructure in Bangladesh
Railway lines in Bangladesh
Computed torque control. Computed torque control is a control scheme used in motion control in robotics. It combines feedback linearization via a PID controller of the error with a dynamical model of the controlled robot.

Let the dynamics of the controlled robot be described by 

 where  is the state vector of joint variables that describe the system,  is the inertia matrix,  is the vector Coriolis and centrifugal torques,  are the torques caused by gravity and  is the vector of joint torque inputs. 

Assume that we have an approximate model of the system made up of . This model does not need to be perfect, but it should justify the approximations  and . 

Given a desired trajectory  the error relative to the current state  is then . 

We can then set the input of the system to be

With this input the dynamics of the entire systems becomes

and the normal methods for PID controller tuning can be applied. In this way the complicated nonlinear control problem has been reduced to a relatively simple linear control problem.

References 

Motion control
Robotics engineering
Germanium diselenide. Germanium diselenide is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of GeSe2.

Preparation 

Germanium diselenide is prepared by reacting stoichiometric amounts of germanium and selenium or by reacting germanium tetrachloride with hydrogen selenide:

Properties 

Germanium diselenide reacts with selenium and hydrazine to obtained yellow (N2H5)4Ge2Se6, a selenidogermanate.

It reacts with lead selenide and gallium(III) selenide at high temperatures to obtain PbGa2GeSe6.

References 

Germanium compounds
Selenides
Andrew Houck. Andrew A. Houck (born June 20, 1979) is an American physicist, quantum information scientist, and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Princeton University. He is director of the Co-Design Center for Quantum Advantage, a national research center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, as well as co-director of the Princeton Quantum Initiative. His research focuses on superconducting electronic circuits to process and store information for quantum computing and to simulate and study many-body physics. He is a pioneer of superconducting qubits.

Early life and education 
Andrew Houck grew up in Colts Neck, New Jersey, the son of David and Dennie Houck. He studied electrical engineering at Princeton, where he was valedictorian of the Class of 2000. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 2005.

Research 
As a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University, in Robert Schoelkopf's lab, Houck was part of the team that originally developed the transmon — a superconducting qubit that is insensitive to charge noise — now the basic unit of hardware for many of today's most mature quantum technologies. He later redesigned the transmon using tantalum, leading to a major improvement in this class of devices.

In 2019, Houck led a group that developed a microchip to simulate particle interactions in a hyperbolic plane, useful in investigating quantum phenomena.

He has called quantum computing an "enabling technology" to solve problems in national security, health and climate change.

References 

Quantum information scientists
1979 births
Living people
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Flying V Fire. The Flying V Fire is an active wildfire near Globe, Arizona. Ignited in the early afternoon at about 2:15 PM on July 5, 2023, the cause of the fire is still under investigation. , the fire had burned  and was 52% contained.

History
The fire began near U.S. Route 60 at mile marker 300. , it had burned  and was 52% contained. The Flying V fire is one of six fires that sparked along the highway on July 5, but the other five fires have been contained and only burned less than half an acre.

On July 8, the efforts to mitigate the fire by building containment lines achieved considerable success.

On July 10, 5% of the fire has been contained, and a plan to conditionally reopen U.S. Route 60 had been drawn up.

Cause
The BIA Forestry & Wildland Fire Management stated on their Facebook page that the fire is likely to be human-caused.

Impact
The fire caused U.S. Route 60 to be closed in both directions from mileposts 256 to 311, north of Globe, Arizona. As of July 7, no evacuations had been ordered, and no structures and communities had been threatened.

References

2023 Arizona wildfires
July 2023 in the United States
Wildfires in Arizona
History of Gila County, Arizona
Globe, Arizona
Synchronous impedance curve. The synchronous impedance curve (also short-circuit characteristic, SCC) of a synchronous generator is a plot of the output short circuit current as a function of the excitation current or field. The curve is typically plotted alongside the open-circuit saturation curve.

The SCC is almost linear, since under the short-circuit conditions the magnetic flux in the generator is below the iron saturation levels and thus the reluctance is almost entirely defined by the fixed one of the air gap. The name "synchronous impedance curve" is due to the fact that in the short-circuit condition all the generated voltage dissipates across the generator internal synchronous impedance .

The curve is obtained by rotating the generator at the rated RPM with the output terminals shorted and the output current going to 100% of the rated for the device (higher values are typically not tested to avoid overheating).

References

Sources 
 
 

Electrical generators
Rubidium germanium iodide. Rubidium germanium iodide is a ternary halide of rubidium and germanium, with the chemical formula RbGeI3. It is being considered as a potential counterpart to the toxic CH3NH3PbI3 for photovoltaic applications.

Preparation 

Rubidium germanium iodide can be prepared by reacting germanium(II) hydroxide and rubidium iodide in hydroiodic acid:

Properties 

Rubidium germanium iodide is polymorphic with various distorted perovskite-like structures, reflecting the influence of the "non-bonding" pair of electrons on the centre of Ge2+.

At room temperature, rubidium germanium iodide has a black, cubic perovskite form; between -29 °C and -52 °C a black rhombohedral form; a bordeaux-red orthrhombic perovskite form between -52 °C and -92 °C; and a lemon-yellow orthorhombic form below -92 °C.

References 

Rubidium compounds
Germanium compounds
Spectroswiss. Spectroswiss is a Swiss technology company developing and producing hardware components and software for Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The company was formed in 2014 as a spin-out from the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. The company's headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland, with subsidiary in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

References

Mass spectrometry
Technology companies of Switzerland
Balakumar Balachandran. Balakumar "Bala" Balachandran is an Indian-American mechanician and applied mathematician recognized for his contributions to the fields of nonlinear dynamics, experimental methodologies, and data-driven approaches. He is a Minta Martin Professor and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he served as Chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering from 2011 to 2023.

Balachandran has been recognized with the J.P. Den Hartog Award and the Lyapunov Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for his lifetime contributions to these fields, and has published 3 books on vibrations and nonlinear dynamics.

Education and career 
Bala Balachandran was born in the city of Nellore in Andhra Pradesh, India on February 4, 1963. He received his B.Tech. degree in Naval Architecture from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India, in 1985, and his M.S. in Aerospace Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (now Virginia Tech) in 1986. He completed his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1990 under the guidance of Ali H. Nayfeh. In 1993 he became an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland, where he received tenure in 1998 and was promoted to Full Professor in 2003. After serving as Associate Chair and Director of Graduate Studies from 2006 to 2010, and as Acting Chair from 2010-2011, he became Chair of the department in 2011. He was named a Minta Martin Professor in 2012 and Distinguished University Professor in 2022.

Research 
Balachandran's research spans the fields of applied mathematics, applied physics, mechanics, dynamics, control, and system identification, with an emphasis on the analysis and application of nonlinear phenomena and nonlinear dynamics in diverse systems ranging from rotating machinery, vehicle systems, and space structures to disease dynamics.

Awards 
Balachandran's contributions have been recognized with honors including the 2023 Pendray Literature Award from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the 2022 Robert H. Scanlan Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers, the 2021 J.P. Den Hartog Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the 2021 Lyapunov Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is also a recipient of the 2016 Melville Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the 2015 Hind Rattan Award bestowed by the NRI Welfare Society of India.

He is a member of diverse professional societies including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the International Society for Nonlinear Dynamics.  He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Royal Aeronautical Society of the United Kingdom.

References

External links 

 Balakumar Balachandran's University of Maryland homepage

1963 births
Living people
Robert Isom. Robert Isom (born 1967) is an American businessman and CEO of the American Airlines Group and its subsidiary American Airlines. He was president of the airline from 2016 to 2022 and became the CEO of the airline in March 2022.

Early life and education
Isom was raised outside of Detroit, Michigan. He attended the University of Notre Dame for his undergraduate studies where obtained a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering and a Bachelor of Arts in English. He began working at Procter & Gamble before returning to Michigan to earn a Master of Business Administration from the University of Michigan.

Career
After earning his MBA, Isom began his career in the airline industry at Northwest Airlines. He later worked at America West Airlines, before becoming the chief restructuring officer of GMAC, LLC. Isom then returned to America West, which had in 2005 merged with and was now named US Airways, to become Executive Vice President and COO.

Following the merger of US Airways and American Airlines in 2013, Isom retained his previous position in the newly combined airline. In 2016, Isom became president of American Airlines. On December 7, 2021, it was announced by the airline that Isom would be succeeding Doug Parker as CEO, and on March 31, 2022, following Parker's resignation, Isom became CEO and joined the board of directors.

Prior to officially becoming CEO, on March 17, 2022, it was announced by United States Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas that Isom had been named to the Homeland Security Advisory Council.

On January 29, 2025, Isom released a video statement following the Potomac River mid-air collision involving American Eagle Flight 5342. He also announced that he would be traveling to Washington, D.C. with an American Airlines team and joined a press conference at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport the following day.

Personal life
Isom has donated to both Democratic and Republican political campaigns as well as to the American Airlines PAC.

References

University of Michigan alumni
University of Notre Dame alumni
America West Holdings
American airline chief executives
American Airlines people
American chief operating officers
Living people
US Airways Group

1967 births
European Sky Shield Initiative. The European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) is a project to build a ground-based integrated European air defence system which includes anti-ballistic missile capability.  22 European states participate in the initiative.

Background 
The initiative was originally proposed by the Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz in August 2022. The proposal was made during the 2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure and amid increased concerns about the limited European capability to defend against such threats as the Russian 9K720 Iskander ballistic missile systems deployed in Kaliningrad. 

In October 2022, fifteen European states (Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, the United Kingdom) signed a declaration to join the German-led initiative. It would involve joint procurement of the air defence systems. As of 2024, all founding states are members of NATO, with Finland's accession into the alliance occurring in 2023. The initiative also aims to strengthen the NATO Integrated Air Defence System. In February 2024, the German government announced that Greece and Turkey would join the initiative.

In February 2023, Denmark and Sweden joined the project. In July 2023, neutral states Austria and Switzerland signed the declaration to join the initiative, the latter passed the application with supplement in October 2024, raising questions about the future and practicalities of their policy of neutrality. 

France has been challenging the initiative, citing too much reliance in current plans on non-European equipment and technology. It was suggested that the French government is dissatisfied that the French-Italian SAMP-T system is excluded from ESSI. In June 2023, France made a counter-proposal and has been calling for other countries to examine the alternatives.  several major European states, namely France, Poland, Italy, and Spain did not make a decision to join the ESSI. In April 2024, PM Donald Tusk expressed that Poland plans to join a project to develop a European-wide air defense system to deter potential drone and missile attacks.

Capability 
The ESSI will use multi-layered defence, with the following systems planned:
 Short range: Skyranger 30
 Medium range: primarily IRIS-T SLM
 Long range: MIM-104 Patriot
 Very long range (exoatmospheric): Arrow 3

In December 2022, the German Chancellor expressed a hope that the system will be developed in the next five years. In June 2023, the German Bundestag authorized nearly €4 billion for the acquisition of Arrow 3 anti-ballistic missile system from Israel. The contract was signed in November 2023.

See also 
 Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
 Iron Dome
 Strategic Defense Initiative
 National Missile Defence
 NATO missile defense system

References 

Anti-ballistic missiles
Air defence radar networks
Military in Europe
Missile defense
Alan Paller. Alan Paller (September 17, 1945 - November 9, 2021) was a cyber security expert, the founder of the SANS Institute, and the founder and former president of SANS Technology Institute.

Biography 
Alan Terry Paller was born on September 17, 1945 in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1967, he graduated from Cornell University with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. He received his masters in 1968 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

After graduation, he worked for the Institute for Defense Analysis where he learned of security risks in computer systems for missile-defense needs. Paller co-founded the SANS Institute in 1989 with his wife to promote efficient system management and secure operations. 

In 2005, he founded the SANS Technology Institute where he held the position of the President Emeritus. 

His influence on the industry was recognized through various accolades and appointments, including testifying before the US Senate and House of Representatives and receiving the Azimuth Award in 2005. In 2010, he was named as one of seven people “worth knowing in cyber security” by the Washington Post. In 2012, he was named, along with Jeff Moss, as co-chairs of the Department of Homeland Security task force on cyber skills.

Legacy 
Paller helped establishing of the National Cyber Scholarship Foundation, an organization that hosts hacking challenges aimed at high school and college students, promoting their participation in the field and held the title of president. The foundation awards students who have demonstrated their abilities through GFACT certification exam with the Alan Paller Honor Scholarship by giving both financial award and the status of Scholar with Honors.

Center for Internet Security honors his memory through the Alan Paller Laureate Program. The Program awards eligible organizations, academic institutions, or individuals.

References

1945 births
2021 deaths
People from Indianapolis
Chief executives of computer security organizations
Computer security specialists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Anna Peacock. Anna C. Peacock  is an electrical engineer specialising in photonics and fiber optics. Originally from New Zealand, she works in the UK as professor of photonics at the University of Southampton, where she heads the Nonlinear Semiconductor Photonics group of the Optoelectronics Research Centre.

Education and career
Peacock moved to Cambridge, New Zealand as a child, and became a student at Cambridge High School. She was a physics undergraduate at the University of Auckland, where she studied quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, and became interested in photonics through the mentorship of John Dudley. After earning bachelor's and master's degrees in Auckland, in 1999 and 2001, she completed a Ph.D. in 2004 at the Optoelectronics Research Centre of the University of Southampton, under the supervision of Neil Broderick.

She was an RAEng Research Fellow at Southampton from 2007 to 2012, when she obtained an associate professorship there. She has been professor of photonics since 2015.

She is the editor-in-chief of the journal Optics Communications.

Recognition
Peacock is an Optica Fellow, elected in 2017, "for outstanding contributions to nonlinear optics and the development of novel material optical fibers". She was elected as an IEEE Fellow, in the 2023 class of fellows, "for contributions to nonlinear fiber optics and materials". She is also a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. In 2024 she was elected a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand electrical engineers
New Zealand women engineers
21st-century New Zealand engineers 
21st-century New Zealand women engineers
British electrical engineers
21st-century British engineers 
21st-century British women engineers
Optical engineers
University of Auckland alumni
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Southampton
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering