omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arcade Creek Project. The Mira Loma Arcade Creek Project was a project studying the riparian corridor of an urban watershed in Sacramento, California. It consisted of eleven studies which measured the health of Arcade Creek and was run entirely by students of Mira Loma High School and five faculty advisers. As of 2017, there were 346 students participating in the project.

The project was initiated in 1998 as part of the school's IB Group 4 project.
In 2004, the project was recognised by Governor Schwarzenegger when it was awarded the Governor's Environmental and Economic Leadership Award, California's most prestigious environmental honour.

The project was also awarded a $10,000 environmental excellence award from SeaWorld in 2010.

List of studies 

Bio Assay

Bio Assay tested the health of the creek's water using the indicator species Ceriodaphnia dubia which is highly sensitive to toxins and other changes in the creek's water.

Biological Assessment

Biological Assessment monitored populations of macroinvertebrates in the creek bed. Large populations of species in the insect orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera indicate good health of the creek.

Botany

The Botany Study monitored the populations of plant life in the riparian corridor of the creek with a special emphasis on controlling invasive species.

Chemistry

The Chemistry Study monitored the chemical content of the creek water. Measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and various metallic ions were taken. This data could then be used to determine if the water was chemically appropriate for most life at the creek.

Habitat

The Habitat Study measured various physical features of the creek to provide a general description of its health. The group measured water depth, vegetation density, and average tree diameters.

Long Mapping

The Long Mapping Study mapped the general shape and flow of the creek bed including creek bank height and soil build-up or erosion. The Long Mapping group provided a geographical reference for other studies to pinpoint locations at the creek.

Outreach

The Outreach group presents the tasks, results, and accomplishments of the Arcade Creek Project to the wider community and organizes events to educate schoolchildren, politicians, and environmentalists.

Restoration

The Restoration group removed garbage, toxins, and invasive species from Arcade Creek in hopes of restoring it to a more natural state.

Sediment

The Sediment Study monitored the composition of the benthic layer of the creek bed. The presence of an excess of rocks, clay, or silt indicates that the creek's soil is inappropriate for most life at the creek.

Technology

The Technology team was responsible for compiling creek data and publicizing the Arcade Creek Project through informational videos and the Arcade Creek Project website.

Vertebrates

The Vertebrate Study monitored the populations of vertebrate species at the creek. By tracking population changes over time, this study aimed to determine the ecological health of Arcade Creek.

References

External links 
  Website

Organizations based in Sacramento, California
Ecological restoration
Lindholme Gear. Lindholme Gear (also known as Air Sea Rescue Apparatus Mk 4) was a British air-dropped rescue equipment designed during the Second World War to aid survivors in the water and was still in use in the 21st century.

Design and development
The Lindholme Gear was developed at RAF Lindholme by Group Captain Waring during the 1940s to provide a simpler rescue system than the air-dropped lifeboats then in use. The Lindholme Gear is five cylinder-shaped containers joined together by lengths of floating rope. The centre container would house a nine-man inflatable dinghy with the other containers housing survival equipment such as emergency rations and clothing. The containers were discarded containers from the tail-units of 500lb and 250lb bombs.

Operation
The Gear would be carried in the weapons bay of the aircraft and dropped in a long line up-wind of the survivors. The Dinghy would inflate on impact and then drift towards the survivors. The survivors could then use the dinghy, haul in the containers of equipment, and await rescue.

The Lindholme Gear was originally designed to be carried by Handley Page Hampden aircraft but was mainly carried by Royal Air Force maritime patrol aircraft like the Vickers Warwick and later the Avro Lancaster, Avro Shackleton and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod. The Gear was also used by the Royal Canadian Air Force and the South African Air Force Avro Shackleton. Lindholme gear was also carried in the bomb bay by the Royal Australian Air Force maritime patrol aircraft Lockheed P-3B & P-3C Orions, consisting of two 10-man liferafts and two stores containers; this equipment was later replaced by ASRK (Air Sea Rescue Kits).

See also
CLE Canister air dropped container for various supplies

References

Rescue aviation
Rescue equipment
Wet strength. The wet strength of paper and paperboard is a measure of how well the web of fibers holding the paper together can resist a force of rupture when the paper is wet. Wet strength is routinely expressed as the ratio of wet to dry tensile force at break.  

With combined board such as corrugated fiberboard or with laminations, wet strength also includes the ability to stay intact under humid or wet conditions.   Wet strength adhesives are often needed.

Mechanism
The cellulose fibreweb of paper is mainly held together by hydrogen bonds. These are dependent on physical contact between the fibres and can be broken by wetting of the fibres. The residual strength of a wetted paper can be less than 10% of the original strength.

Various techniques, such as refining of the pulp and wet pressing on the paper machine can be used to reduce the strength loss of the paper upon wetting. To improve the wet strength it is common to use chemicals. The use of chemicals can retain as much as 10% to 30% of the original dry strength of the paper. The wet strength chemicals may improve the dry strength of the paper as well.

A Japanese research team found that the effect of humidity on cardboard differs depending on how it is dispersed. Ultrasonic mist reduces the wet strength of cardboard more so than nano-mist.

Wet strength chemicals

Wet strength chemicals improve the tensile properties of the paper both in wet and dry state by crosslinking the cellulose fibres with covalent bonds that do not break upon wetting.

Wet strength development should not be confused with sizing, the first representing the strength of the paper once wet, the latter being the speed and amount of water absorbed by the paper. Normal wet strength resins are: urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF) and polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE). 

Neutral sizing agents are alkylketene dimers (AKD) and alkenylsuccinic anhydride (ASA).

Coatings
Sometimes wet strength can be obtained by curtain coating a polymer onto a paper or paperboard.  Laminating a plastic film is also a method of providing wet strength.

Applications
A wide range of paper materials are wet strengthened:
 Tissue paper
 Filter paper
 Liquid packaging board
 Paper bag
 Paper chemicals

Environmental considerations
Recycling of wet strengthened paper requires higher intensity reworking conditions in the re-pulping process to break the fibre web. Some wet strength papers are not considered recyclable.

References

Papermaking
TargetLink. TargetLink is a software for automatic code generation, based on a subset of Simulink/Stateflow models, produced by dSPACE GmbH. TargetLink requires an existing MATLAB/Simulink model to work on.
TargetLink generates both ANSI-C and production code optimized for specific processors. It also supports the generation of AUTOSAR-compliant code for software components for the automotive sector.
The management of all relevant information for code generation takes place in a central data container, called the Data Dictionary.

Testing of the generated code is implemented in Simulink, which is also used for the specification of the underlying simulation models. TargetLink supports three simulation modes to test the generated code:
 Model-in-the-loop simulation (MIL): this mode allows the model design to be checked. An MIL simulation is also known as a floating-point simulation, since the variables are typically floating-point variables.
 Software-in-the-loop (SIL): the simulation is based on the execution of generated code, which runs on a PC system. The variables are typically plain or fixed point numbers.
 Processor-in-the-loop (PIL): in a PIL simulation, the generated code runs on the target hardware or on an evaluation board. So-called real-time frames are included, making it possible to transfer the simulation results as well as memory consumption and runtime information to the PC.

The Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) published official MISRA modeling guidelines for TargetLink in late 2007,
which are particularly important for functional safety of safety-critical applications. In 2009, TÜV SÜD certified TargetLink for use during the development of safety-critical systems to ISO DIS 26262 and IEC 61508.

References

Sources
 Overview of Embedded System Design Education at Berkeley 
 MISRA Autocode Forum - Real-life experience of using a modelling subset for TargetLink in safety-related work
 Working with TargetLink Models in Reactis

External links
 Official webpage

Programming tools
Kawasaki AR50. The Kawasaki AR50 is a  air-cooled two-stroke engined moped produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in "A" and "C" designations from 1981 until 1994 for the United Kingdom, and until 1996 or 1997 for other markets. It had five-speed transmission (overseas six-speed) and a weight of .

The "C" designation models were introduced in 1983 and were mechanically similar but the machine now had a sports handlebar fairing and a rear grab-handle in place of the previous sport tail. The "C" version remained in production (with only minor – mainly cosmetic – changes) for the remainder of the production run. There was a related AE model which was an off-road or "Enduro" style machine with cycle-style spoke wheels, rather than the five-spoke cast wheels of the AR models.

All models were equipped with Kawasaki's Uni-Trak rear suspension.

References

AR50
Motorcycles introduced in 1981
Mopeds
Two-stroke motorcycles
No. 1455 Flight RAF. No. 1455 (Fighter) Flight was formed at RAF Tangmere, West Sussex on 7 July 1941, equipped with Turbinlite Douglas Boston and Douglas Havoc aircraft. On operations they co-operated with the Hawker Hurricanes of 1 Squadron and 3 Squadron. The flight was replaced with 534 Squadron on 2 September 1942.

534 Sqn, which had taken over men and machines, carried on flying the Turbinlite Bostons and Havocs till the system was abandoned on 25 January 1943, when Turbinlite squadrons were, due to lack of success on their part and the rapid development of AI radar, thought to be superfluous.

Aircraft operated

Flight bases

Commanding officers

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. .
 Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
 Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). .
 Lake, Alan. Flying Units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. .
 Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). .
 Sturtivant, Ray, ISO and John Hamlin. RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. .

External links
 Aircraft and Markings of no. 511-598 sqn, amongst them 534 sqn, the successor of 1455 flt.

1455 Flight
Military units and formations established in 1941
No. 1301 Flight RAF. No. 1301 (Meteorological) Flight was formed at RAF Delhi, in India, on 31 July 1943, by re-designating 2 Meteorological Flight. The flight was disbanded on 1 June 1946 at RAF Nagpur, in India. this Flight was re-formed on 14 June 1949 at RAF Negombo in Ceylon, from elements of No. 45 Squadron RAF, where it disbanded on 30 November 1951.

Allocated Aircraft
 
(This is a partial list)

July 1943 - June 1946
Blenheim IV Z7350

Hurricane IID HW720

June 1949 - November 1951
Bristol Brigand MET.3 VS817 VS820 (see 1949 image)

Havard IIB FT186

References

Lake, Alan. "Flying Units of the RAF".Airlife Publishing. Shrewsbury. 1999. 

1301 Flight
Military units and formations established in 1943
Blackhawk (tools). Blackhawk is an American brand of hand tools. It is currently a sub-brand of the Proto division of the Stanley Black & Decker.

History 

Blackhawk Manufacturing was founded in 1919 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin as a subsidiary of the American Grinder Company (later named Applied Power Corporation). It made automotive tools, such as wrenches and sockets, and a number of specialty tools.

Blackhawk introduced a number of innovations to conventional drive tools, such as the "Lock-On" system of locking sockets, gearless ratchets, telescoping ratchet handles, and 7/16" drive tools. Many of these designs were developed by engineers Edward Pfauser and Sigmund Mandl (the latter notable for having founded the Husky Wrench Company prior to working for Blackhawk). Tools from the mid-20th century had distinctive art deco styling and remain highly collectible.

Blackhawk also partnered with the Armstrong Bros. Tool Company in the late 1920s through the late 1940s to produce a range of open-ended wrenches under the "Blackhawk–Armstrong" label.

Blackhawk also produced Blackhawk Jack brand floor jacks under the Blackhawk Mfg. Co. name including a handy 1-1/2 Ton heavy steel wheeled model.

In the early 1950s, the Blackhawk hand tool line was acquired by the New Britain Machine Company. In the 1970s, Litton Industries purchased New Britain. In the 1980s, National Hand Tool acquired parts of Litton's erstwhile hand tools division, including the Blackhawk and Husky brands. And in 1986, the Stanley Works acquired National Hand Tool, and with it, the Blackhawk brand.

Gallery

References

External links 

 Stanley Proto web site
 Alloy Artifacts: "Blackhawk Manufacturing: The Spirit of Innovation"

Tool brands
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Automotive tool manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1919
Stanley Black & Decker brands
American brands
1986 mergers and acquisitions
Walker H. Land. Walker Haden Land, Jr. (born May 29, 1932) is a former research professor in the Department of Bioengineering at Binghamton University. Land joined the faculty at Binghamton after a long career at IBM, and has publications in the fields of complex adaptive systems, statistical learning theory, bioinformatics, and cancer research.

With his background in creating code and years of work at companies like IBM, Land was instrumental in perfecting the weights and bias for codes that are capable of solving complex adaptive systems.

Early life 
Land worked at IBM for 27 years after being honorably discharged from the United States Air Force. He was responsible for research and development in statistical and stochastic processes, Bayesian inference, artificial intelligence, expert systems, coherent processing, neural networks, and guidance and location systems. Land also participated in development and evaluation of guidance systems for the Saturn and Apollo vehicles, as well as worked with post-Apollo space configurations, including the Space Shuttle. He made calculations for the original Apollo mission to circle the Moon and come back to Earth. The initial conditions in his calculation included the then-nine planets as well as all of their then-known moons.

References
 bioengineering people

External links 
 Binghamton University
 Department of Bioengineering at Binghamton University

Biological engineering
Binghamton University faculty
Aviatik D.II. The Aviatik D.II was a prototype German single-seat biplane fighter aircraft built by  during World War I. Only a single aircraft was built, but no production order followed. It later had its conventional wings replaced by bird-shaped wings and has been referred to as the Geest Fighter in this guise. Further development was discontinued.

Background and description
 had been building the Halberstadt D.II fighter under license as the Aviatik D.I, but decided to build a prototype of their own design in late 1916. The D.II was a single-bay, staggered-wing biplane with fabric-covered wooden wings and a single cockpit. The aircraft was powered by a single water-cooled,  Mercedes D.III six-cylinder inline engine using a two-bladed fixed-pitch propeller. The forward fuselage was built from steel tubes with a metal skin while the wooden rear fuselage was skinned with plywood. It was armed with a pair of fixed, synchronized  LMG 08/15 machine guns in the forward fuselage. The prototype's performance was mediocre and it was not ordered into production.

Geest Fighter
Before the war's beginning in 1914, Dr.  designed and built a series of six monoplanes using his Seagull () gull wing design that was intended to compensate for forward or lateral gusts of wind "by a varying angle of incidence and dihedral throughout the wing planform". In 1917, the conventional wings that had been fitted to the Aviatik D.II were replaced by staggered wings designed by Geest with curved leading edges and raked ailerons on the upper wing. During testing, the single-bay aircraft had a maximum speed of  and reached a height of  in 17.5 minutes, but further development was not continued.

Specifications

References

Bibliography
 
 

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
D.II
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Examining Board v. Flores de Otero. Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 (1976), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated a state law that excluded aliens from the practice of civil engineering. The Court invalidated the law on the basis of equal protection using a strict scrutiny standard of review.

Prior history
A Puerto Rico law permits only United States citizens to practice privately as civil engineers. Appellees are alien civil engineers residing in Puerto Rico, one of whom (Flores de Otero) was denied a license under this law, and the other of whom (Perez Nogueiro) was granted only a conditional license to work for the Commonwealth.  Each appellee brought suit for declaratory and injunctive relief against appellant Examining Board and its members in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, claiming jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) and alleging that the statute's citizenship requirement violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 426

References

External links
 

United States equal protection case law
United States Supreme Court cases
1976 in United States case law
Legal history of Puerto Rico
Civil engineering
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
No. 1311 Flight RAF. No. 1311 (Transport) Flight was first formed at RAF Llandow on 10 April 1944, equipped with Avro Anson I transport aircraft. The flight was disbanded on 21 July 1944 at RAF Thruxton, absorbed by No. 84 Group RAF's Support Unit. 

1311 Flight was re-formed at RAF Seletar with Auster VI and Pioneer CC.1 liaison aircraft, and dis-banded at Noble Field, Malaya, on 15 February 1954, to become the Supply Flight of No. 267 Squadron RAF.

Representative Aircraft

 Anson I - MG471
 Anson X - NK658
 Auster VI - TW535
 Pioneer CC.1 - XE512

References

Bibliography

1311 Flight
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1954
Orbital Maneuvering System. The Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) is a system of hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines used on the Space Shuttle and the Orion spacecraft. Designed and manufactured in the United States by Aerojet, the system allowed the orbiter to perform various orbital maneuvers according to requirements of each mission profile: orbital injection after main engine cutoff, orbital corrections during flight, and the final deorbit burn for reentry. From STS-90 onwards the OMS were typically ignited part-way into the Shuttle's ascent for a few minutes to aid acceleration to orbital insertion. Notable exceptions were particularly high-altitude missions such as those supporting the Hubble Space Telescope (STS-31) or those with unusually heavy payloads such as Chandra (STS-93). An OMS dump burn also occurred on STS-51-F, as part of the Abort to Orbit procedure.

The OMS consists of two pods mounted on the orbiter's aft fuselage, on either side of the vertical stabilizer. Each pod contains a single AJ10-190 engine, based on the Apollo Service Module's Service Propulsion System engine, which produces  of thrust with a specific impulse (Isp) of 316 seconds. The oxidizer-to-fuel ratio is 1.65-to-1, The expansion ratio of the nozzle exit to the throat is 55-to-1, and the chamber pressure of the engine is 8.6 bar. The dry weight of each engine is 118kg (260lb). Each engine could be reused for 100 missions and was capable of a total of 1,000 starts and 15 hours of burn time.

These pods also contained the Orbiter's aft set of reaction control system (RCS) engines, and so were referred to as OMS/RCS pods. The OM engine and RCS both burned monomethylhydrazine (MMH) as fuel, which was oxidized with MON-3 (mixed oxides of nitrogen, 3% nitric acid), with the propellants being stored in tanks within the OMS/RCS pod, alongside other fuel and engine management systems. When full, the pods together carried around  of MMH and  of MON-3, allowing the OMS to produce a total delta-v of around  with a  payload.

Proposed OMS Payload Bay Kit 
It was never built, but to augment the OMS an OMS Payload Bay Kit was proposed. It would have used one, two or three sets of OMS tanks, installed in the payload bay, to provide an extra 150 m/s, 300 m/s or 450 m/s( (500 ft, 1000 ft/s or 1500 ft/s) of delta-V to the orbiter. The orbiter control panels had related switches and gauges but they were nonfunctional.

Orion ESM Main Engine

Following the retirement of the Shuttle, these engines were repurposed for use on the Orion spacecraft's service module. This variant uses Monomethylhydrazine as fuel, with MON-3 Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen as oxidizer. It is planned to be used for the first six flights of the Artemis program, afterwards it would be replaced by a new "Orion Main Engine" starting Artemis 7.

References

Space Shuttle program
Artemis Technologies. Artemis Technologies is a maritime technology company that evolved from the successful Artemis Racing team, which competed in the America's Cup. The company is named after the ancient Greek goddess Artemis. Artemis Technologies focuses on the development of zero-emission maritime transport solutions, most notably the Artemis eFoiler, an electric hydrofoiling vessel.

History 

Iain Percy, an Olympic sailor and former Artemis Racing skipper, is the CEO of Artemis Technologies. In 2020, Artemis Technologies led the formation of the Belfast Maritime Consortium, a group of 13 partners that successfully secured £33 million from the UK Research and Innovation's Strength in Places Fund. This funding aims to develop zero-emission ferries in Belfast, with the total project investment expected to reach £60 million.

In 2024, Artemis Technologies plans to launch the first zero-emission hydrofoiling passenger ferry, named Zero, to operate between Belfast and Bangor. The EF-24 Passenger vessel is expected to carry 150 passengers and reduce fuel costs by 85% compared to traditional diesel-powered ferries.

References

External links 
 Official website

Technology companies
Companies based in Belfast