omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
S-BASIC. S-BASIC (for Structured Basic) was a "structured" BASIC variant, distributed with Kaypro CP/M systems.  It was made by Topaz Programming is distributed by Micro-Ap (San Ramon, California).

SBasic was compatible with the syntax of BASIC, a programming language commonly used in the 1970s through the 1980s, as well as Fortran77.  However, the language relaxed many of the requirements of BASIC and had more flexibility than Fortran.  For instance, line numbers were optional, and permitted non-numeric characters.  In addition, SBasic offered developers structured programming concepts, including recursion and nesting. Many PL/I programs could be compiled with little modification, though SBasic did not offer an extensive function library.

Among the more advanced features was the ability to "base" a variable or array, making the memory location dynamic and modifiable during execution.  SBasic programs had the ability to access memory areas reserved for the operating system unless prohibited from doing so by the operating system itself.  (Kaypro's CP/M had no such prohibitions.)  This enabled direct utilization and modification of DMA and other memory areas.  This feature also permitted a program to modify itself at run-time.  This capability also allowed modifying the instruction pointer, so a program could effectively link other executable modules that were read during execution as data.

Unlike BASIC interpreters that stored "p-code" that was parsed by an execution module, SBasic was a two-pass compiler, ultimately producing .com files that were executable.  The language was written in a subset of itself and compiled using a .com kernel, then stored on diskette (or hard drive on the last KayPro model).  The source was distributed with some KayPro models.  This encouraged open-source-like modification of the language, with some early pre-Internet user groups exchanging physical diskettes by regular mail.

Not to be confused with the namesake SBasic (S for Spectral Basic) Programming Language for the commercial Spectral UV-Visible software.

Reception
Jerry Pournelle in 1983 wrote that S-BASIC "is quite nice", stating that it "rivals CB-80". He presumed that Kaypro users would "will begin by using Microsoft MBASIC, then start translating their programs into S-BASIC and learn more about structured programming". Pournelle added, "If I had to give an award for the most unreadable computer document I've ever seen, the original S-BASIC manual would win hands down"; however, Kaypro had rewritten it and "is a great deal more sensible".

References

Notes
  (reference)
  (reference)

BASIC compilers
Sbasic
Discontinued BASICs
BASIC programming language family
Illinois Central Electric Railway. The Illinois Central Electric Railway (ICE) was an interurban line in Fulton County in western Illinois, west of Peoria.

The company was founded on October 9, 1903. The line ran from Lewistown north to Farmington with a branch from Norris to Fairview. The line opened as follows:

1909 Canton–Brereton–Norris
1910 Norris–Fairview
1911 Norris–Gilchrist–Maplewood–Farmington
1912 Lewistown–Bryant–St. David–Dunfermline–Canton

The railroad lost the competition to the automobile and was abandoned on July 25, 1928.

References 

Interurban railways in Illinois
Defunct Illinois railroads
Railway companies established in 1903
Railway companies disestablished in 1928
Electric railways in Illinois
Classpad. Classpad is an Android-based educational tablet computer from Classteacher Learning Systems.

Features and specifications
The tablet comes with a version of the Android 4.0 operating system with some custom skins and applications provided by Classteacher Learning Systems.

Classpad, touted to be a competition for Aakash, the world's cheapest tablet, is conceptualised to customise education in a way that every student can be reached and participate in the process of learning. The Classpad claims a better battery life, 1.3 GHz processing speed and a built-in memory of 8 GB, which is expandable to 32 GB. The device is also equipped with artificial intelligence.

Students can enter text into the tablet with an on-screen keyboard.

The use of Classpads makes the teachers transfer class works to the students' tablets, share their own content instantly at ease, and conduct tests.

References 

Tablet computers
Ben Hur trailer. Ben Hur trailer was the nickname of the World War II U.S. Army Trailer, 1-ton payload, 2-wheel, cargo, and the Trailer, 1-ton payload, 2-wheel, water tank, 250 gallon ( U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Supply catalogue designations G-518 and G-527 respectively). Specialized variants were also manufactured.

The one-ton trailers were designed to be towed by vehicles rated -ton and upwards, like the Dodge WC series trucks, as well as -ton 4x4 trucks, and -ton 6x6 trucks, such as the Chevrolet G506 and the much used GMC CCKW trucks.

The G-518 trailers were among the Allies' most built and used models with a total of 259,064 units made.

Description

The Ben Hur trailer was nicknamed after its major manufacturer, the Ben–Hur Mfg. Co., although there were many other companies that produced it between 1941 and 1945. Its primary purpose was to transport general cargo; the Signal Corps modified it to carry several different generators.

Variants
K-52 equipped with a PE-95 generator
K-63 equipped with a PE-99 generator
K-63A equipped with a PE-197 generator
V-15 used for the AN/TPQ-2 radar
M24 ammunition trailer (used with M15 multiple gun motor carriage, auto 37mm & two .50 BMG)
M25 A-load carried a 25KW generator for the tire repair truck
M25 B-load carried spares and fuel for the tire repair truck
G527 water carrier, nicknamed "water buffalo",  capacity

Specifications

Weight (empty): 
Weight (loaded):  off-road;  on-road
Payload:  off-road;  on-road
Cargo volume: 
Length: 
Width: 
Height:  with canvas top
Axles: 1, with 2 wheels
Brakes: hand, parking only

Production
G-518 trailers were manufactured by over two dozen companies:

American Bantam
Ben Hur Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Century Boat Works
Checker Motors Corporation
Covered Wagon Co., Michigan 
Dorsey Trailer
Gerstenslager
Henney Motor Company
Hercules Body,
Highland Body & Trailer Mfg. Co, Cincinnati 
Hobbs Trailer & Equipment Inc, (then) Texas 
Hyde,
Keystone RV,
Mifflinburg Body Company, (were in) Pennsylvania
Naburs,
Nash-Kelvinator,
Omaha Standard Body,
Pke,
Queen City,
Redman's Trailers, Connecticut,
Steel Products,
Streich,
Strick Trailers, Indiana,
Transportation Equipment Corp, Missouri
Truck Engineering Corporation, Indiana
Willys Overland,
Winter Weiss Defense Trailers, Denver, Colorado

See also
List of U.S. Signal Corps Vehicles

Notes

References

General references
TM 9-883 1-Ton, 2-Wheel, Cargo and Water Trailers, 1943
TM 10-1395
TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles. dated 1 sept. 1943
TM 9-2800 Military vehicles dated Oct. 1947
TM 11-227 Signal Communication Directory. dated 10 April 1944
TM 11-487 Electrical Communication systems Equipment. dated 2 Oct. 1944

External links
GMC CCKW website, G-518 trailer page 
LIFE: Side view of cargo trailer for general u... - Hosted by Google
LIFE: Front view of cargo trailer for general ... - Hosted by Google

Military trailers of the United States
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
VGO. VGO may refer to:

 Vacuum gas oil, heavy oils left over from petroleum distillation that can be further refined in a catalytic cracking unit
 Vgo (stonemason)
 Vickers Gas Operated machine gun, a service name for the Vickers K machine gun
 Video Game Orchestra, a video game music arrangement group based in Boston
 Vigo-Peinador Airport (IATA: VGO), Province of Pontevedra, Spain
 VGo, a robotic telepresence device owned by Vecna Technologies
 A series of very large bomber aircraft produced by Gothaer Waggonfabrik; see Zeppelin-Staaken V.G.O.I
 New Gen Airways (ICAO: VGO), Bangkok, Thailand
Mahindra Xylo. The Mahindra Xylo was a compact MPV designed and manufactured by the Indian automobile manufacturer Mahindra & Mahindra from 2009 to 2019, for a period of a ten years.

History

Development
The project of the vehicle, codenamed "Ingenio", was first announced by Mahindra in 2006 and was designed to compete in the Indian market with the Toyota Innova and the Chevrolet Tavera. The project cost the company around Rs 550 crore. Production was started in Mahindra's Nashik plant in December 2008.

Pre-facelift (2009–2012)
The Xylo was launched in India on 13 January 2009, with sales started in March 2009. Prior to its launch, more than 3,000 units were sold in the first full month. However, since then, sales have slowly declined, it is widely believed that the sales have not lived up to Mahindra's expectations. The Xylo was loosely based on the ladder frame platform from the Mahindra Scorpio. The chassis was modified in order to take account of the Xylo's longer wheelbase and higher refinement requirements. It is available with a number of seating configurations, including a 8-seater with two up front and two benches, or a 7-seater with two up front, middle-row captain seats and a rear bench. For safety features, some trim levels may come standard with dual front airbags and ABS with EBD.

Originally, the Xylo was also rumored to have four-wheel-drive models, various test mules have been spotted on undergoing trials. However, none of the four-wheel-drive Xylos were ever being brought to the market. It might be likely due to the company's fears of cannibalization to the sales of the Mahindra Scorpio, as well to a reluctance to invest further in development costs of an underperforming model.

Facelift (2012–2019)
The Mahindra Xylo was comprehensively updated in 2012, featuring new transmissions and a modern 2.2-litre mHawk turbo-diesel engine for higher trim levels. Other changes includes a revised suspension tuning, a restyled front fascia, smoked rear taillights, blacked out window pillars, and leather interiors for the top-of-the-line H9 model. In June 2012, sales have crossed the mark of 100,000 units. The Xylo received some minor cosmetic changes again in late 2013, including side body decals and a bonnet chrome strip. As of January 2015, it is offered in five trim levels: D2, D4, H6, H8 and H9.

In addition to India, the Xylo was also sold in some selected international markets, including South Africa, Colombia, and a few various parts of Southern Asian and North African countries. It is rumored that the production of the Xylo might end in 2018, but Mahindra decides that they would keep the production of the Xylo until further notice. In June 2019, Mahindra announced that the Xylo will be discontinued due to the stricter crash safety and BS-VI emission standards, that would take place in March 2020. The Xylo will be eventually replaced by the Mahindra Marazzo.

Specifications

References

External links

Official site

Xylo
Cars introduced in 2009
2010s cars
Compact MPVs
Nitrogen tribromide. Nitrogen tribromide is a chemical compound with the formula NBr3. It is extremely explosive in its pure form, even at −100 °C, and was not isolated until 1975. It is a deep-red and volatile solid.

Preparation 
NBr3 was first prepared by reaction of bistrimethylsilylbromamine (bis(trimethylsilyl)amine bromide) with bromine monochloride (with trimethylsilyl chloride as byproduct) at −87 °C according to the following equation:

(Me3Si)2NBr + 2 BrCl → NBr3 + 2 

where "Me" is a methyl group.

NBr3 can be produced by the reaction of bromine or hypobromite and ammonia in a dilute aqueous buffer solution. It can also be prepared by the reaction of bromine and bromine azide. Ammonia and bromine undergo glow discharge, and after treatment, red NBr3·6NH3 can be obtained. Pure nitrogen NBr3 was only produced in 1975.

Reactions
Nitrogen tribromide reacts instantly with ammonia in dichloromethane solution at −87 °C to yield NBrH2.
NBr3 + 2 NH3 → 3 NH2Br

It also reacts with iodine in dichloromethane solution at −87 °C to produce NBr2I, which is a red-brown solid that stable up to -20 °C.
NBr3 + I2 → NBr2I + IBr

References

Inorganic amines
Bromides
Nitrogen halides
Substances discovered in the 1970s
Bromine(I) compounds
Dinitrogen difluoride. Dinitrogen difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a gas at room temperature, and was first identified in 1952 as the thermal decomposition product of the fluorine azide (). It has the structure  and exists in both cis and trans isomers, as typical for diimides.

Isomers 
The cis isomer has C2v symmetry and the trans isomer has C2h symmetry. These isomers can interconvert, but the process is slow enough at low temperature that the two can separated by low-temperature fractionation. The trans isomer is less thermodynamically stable but can be stored in glass vessels. The cis isomer attacks glass over a time scale of about 2 weeks to form silicon tetrafluoride and nitrous oxide:

Preparation 
Most preparations of dinitrogen difluoride give mixtures of the two isomers, but they can be prepared independently.

An aqueous method involves N,N-difluorourea with concentrated potassium hydroxide.  This gives a 40% yield with three times more of the trans isomer.

Difluoramine forms a solid unstable compound with potassium fluoride (or rubidium fluoride or caesium fluoride) which decomposes to dinitrogen difluoride.

It can also be prepared by photolysis of tetrafluorohydrazine and bromine:

Reactions 
The cis form of difluorodiazene will react with strong fluoride ion acceptors such as  antimony pentafluoride to form the linear  cation (fluorodiazonium cation) which forms a salt with the formula  (fluorodiazonium hexafluoroantimonate(V)).

Analogous reaction of cis-difluorodiazene with arsenic pentafluoride gives white solid salt with the formula  (fluorodiazonium hexafluoroarsenate(V)).

In the solid phase, the observed  and  bond distances in the  cation are 1.089(9) and 1.257(8) Å respectively, among the shortest experimentally observed N-N and N-F bonds.

References 

Inorganic nitrogen compounds
Nitrogen fluorides
Nonmetal halides
Kyösti Kylälä. Kyösti Kylälä (born Gustaf Georg Adrian Byström; 16 August 1868 in Salmi – 15 August 1936 in Vyborg) was a Finnish railroad engineer and self-taught inventor. In 1919 he patented in the UK an 'Improved means for increasing the draught in steam boilers, especially on locomotives.'

Kylälä's invention, sometimes known as the 'Kylala spreader' involved the insertion of four nozzles in the blastpipe of steam locomotives. The system was originally devised to reduce spark-throwing and later it was claimed that there was a more even draught over the tubeplate and that the need for tube-cleaning was reduced. It was tried out in 1922 by Lawson Billinton on a LB&SCR K class locomotive, but with only limited success.

Later the French engineer André Chapelon, developed and improved the invention by using a second-stage nozzle and adopted the name Kylchap for this design. Kylchap exhausts are found on many French and British locomotives notably the Flying Scotsman and the world record holding Mallard.

References

Further reading
 

20th-century Finnish engineers
Finnish people in rail transport
1868 births
1936 deaths
People from the Grand Duchy of Finland
French frigate Aconit (F65). Aconit was a unique frigate built for the French Navy during the Cold War, in commission from 1973 until 1997. She was named after the corvette  which fought in the Free French Naval Forces during World War II.

Development and design
The Type C65 corvette was built to counter the improved performance of submarines in the 1960s, and was designed around two recently developed systems: the DUBV43 towed active sonar, and the Malafon anti-submarine missile. Although considered to be the ultimate evolution of the , performance did not live up to expectations, and the development of the propulsion system took much longer than expected. The lack of facilities for landing helicopters was considered a significant drawback, and she was the last major warship built in France without them. Eventually the C65 programme, in which five ships were planned, was cancelled.

Service history
Aconit was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 22 March 1968, launched on 7 March 1970 and commissioned on 30 March 1973. She was initially based at Toulon before transferring to Brest in 1975, having changed her pennant number from F703 to D609 on 1 January 1974.

The ship received several upgrades during her lifetime. In the 1970s she was fitted with the ARBR-16 radar detector and two Syllex chaff launchers. In 1984–85 she underwent a Indisponibilité pour Entretien et Réparations ("Unavailability for Maintenance and Repairs") during which the 305 mm anti-submarine mortar was replaced by eight Exocet MM40 missiles, and the DRBV-13 radar in the radome upgraded to the DRBV-15A.

In 1988 she was re-designated a Type F65 frigate.

Another IPER in 1992 added the DSBV62C towed passive sonar, two Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, two 12.7 mm machine guns, and the Inmarsat and Syracuse satellite telecommunications systems. In addition, the Decca 1226 navigation radar was replaced with the DRBN34A, and the DRBC-32B radar was upgraded to the DRBC-32D.

Scheduled to be in service until 2004, she was decommissioned on 27 February 1997 as part of a Fleet Reduction Programme. As of 2010 she was laid up at the French Navy "graveyard" at Lanvéoc awaiting demolition.

Notes

References
 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .

Further reading

External links
 
 

1970 ships
Cold War frigates of France
Ships built in France
Piraeus Railway Works. Early development of railway transport in Greece involved a number of different companies, which had created their own workshops for maintenance and constructions. The most important were Railway Works in Piraeus, originally operated by Athens-Piraeus Railways (SAP, which later transformed into Hellenic Electric Railways, EIS), and Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways (SPAP, forerunner of OSE), which, in addition to maintenance, repair and rebuilding, have entirely constructed a significant number of railroad cars, mostly between 1880 and 1960. Other noteworthy constructions included a small number of electric trams (clearly copies of a Dick Kerr model) built by EIS in 1939, and one of Greece's first Diesel locomotives, designed and built by SPAP in 1961. 

The "crown jewel" of the Piraeus Works was the royal wagon, built in 1888 as a present to King George I of Greece. The luxurious vehicle was so admired, that an entire engineering project was organized in order to transport and present it in the 1888 "Olympia Fair" held in Zappeion. It survives to date, exhibited in the Railway Museum of Athens.

References 
I. Zartaloudis, D. Karatolos, D. Koutelidis, G. Nathenas, S. Fasoulas, A. Filippoupolitis, Οι Ελληνικοί Σιδηρόδρομοι (Hellenic Railways), Μίλητος (Militos), Alimos (1997) 
Ελληνικοί Ηλεκτρικοί Σιδηρόδρομοι (Hellenic Electric Railways) 1869-1969, ΕΗΣ (EIS), Athens (1970)

See also 
OSE (overview of railway development in Greece)

Rail transport in Attica
Parchment paper. Parchment paper, also known as baking paper, is a cellulose-based paper whose material has been processed so as to obtain additional properties such as non-stickiness, grease resistance, resistance to humidity and heat resistance. It is commonly used in baking and cooking as a disposable non-stick paper. It is greaseproof paper that can be used for several different applications, its surface prevents the food from sticking, and also is highly heat-resistant and can be used in temperatures up to 220°C. It should not be confused with waxed paper, which is paper that has been coated with wax.

Manufacturing
To get its non-stick properties, baking paper is coated either with a substance called "quilon" or with silicone; the former is considered less safe.

Applications in cooking and baking

A common use is to eliminate the need to grease sheet pans, allowing very rapid turn-around of batches of baked goods with minimal clean-up. Parchment paper is also used to cook en papillote, a technique where food is steamed or cooked within closed pouches made from parchment paper.

Parchment paper can be used in most applications that call for wax paper as a non-stick surface. The reverse is not true, as using wax paper would cause smoke in the oven and would adversely affect flavor.

Other bakery release papers
The non-stick properties can be also achieved by employing a coated paper, for which a suitable release agent—a coating with a low surface energy and capability to withstand the temperatures involved in the baking or roasting process—is deposited onto the paper's surface; silicone (cured with a suitable catalyst) is frequently used.

Other applications
Parchment paper also has relevant properties for other industries. In the textile tube industry, an outer layer of parchment confers the necessary resistance to abrasion, heat and oil. In other industries, parchment is used as a processing aid due to its release properties, whether for furniture laminate manufacturing and rubber vulcanization.

In creative forms such as origami thin uncoated parchment paper is often used for tessellations and complex models.

Disposal
Parchment paper is composed of cellulosic fibers and therefore is considered compostable both in an industrial setting (EN13432) and at home.

See also
 Coated paper
 Dough
 Greaseproof paper
 Release liner

References

Baking
Paper
Food preparation utensils
Coated paper
Alpino-class frigate. The Alpino class were a group of two frigates built for the Italian Navy during the Cold War.

Design 
The design was originally conceived as an enlarged version of the s. The design was however changed radically with a CODAG machinery suite comprising gas turbines and diesels. These ships introduced the use of ship-based helicopters and variable depth sonar into the Italian Navy.

The ships underwent significant modernisation in the 1980s with the fitting of new sonar and electronic warfare equipment.

Ships 
Initially four ships were planned to be ordered in 1959 to 1961. These ships were to be named Circe, Climene, Perseo and Polluce in honour of the World War II-era s of those names. These ships were postponed while the designs were updated and two ships were ordered in 1962. Both vessels were built by CNR in Riva Trigoso and named after types of soldiers and specifically after two World War II s.

The ships were used as auxiliary vessels from the mid-1990s. Carabiniere was used as a trials ship for new missiles (PAAMS) and radar.

Citations

Sources 
 Blackman, Raymond V.B. Jane's Fighting Ships 1971–72. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd, 1971. .
 Gardiner, Roger and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA, 1995. .
 Moore, John. Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. .

External links 
 Alpino (F 580 – A5384) Marina Militare website
 Carabiniere (F 581) Marina Militare website

 
Frigate classes
International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight. The International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight (ISPCS) is an annual conference held in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The conference (started in 2005) is organized by the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium a member of the congressionally funded National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program which is administered by NASA in  1989.

Day one each year starts with the Sugerman Forum, a public portion of the event that discusses and highlights the personal and commercial spaceflight industry. Other elements of ISPCS include workshops, tours and events at Spaceport America.

References 

Space organizations