omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
The Muster Point. The Muster Point is a monumental public sculpture in Newcastle, Australia that commemorates the Newcastle Steelworks of BHP and its workers. The plant closed after 84 years in operation. One former worker estimated that "from 1915 to 1961 over 67,000 people had worked on the site". It was fabricated of steel and bronze by sculptor Julie Squires and BHP workers in the Fabrication Shop before the plant closed down. The seventy tonne monument is eight metres high, sixteen metres long and twelve metres wide, and demonstrates the significance of steel making to the city of Newcastle. It was installed on Industrial Drive, in the suburb of Mayfield in 1999.

Site 
The land on which the work is installed is part of the site of the steelworks, originally chosen for its proximity to coal. The art work site in Muster Point Park was important to the members of the Newcastle Industrial Heritage Association and to former employees, who wanted to build the memorial. The nearby Newcastle Steelworkers Memorial by artist/ blacksmith Will Maguire which specifically "honours those who lost their lives in the steelmaking industry in Newcastle from 1915 to 1999" was dedicated on 2 June 2015.

Artist 
Sculptor Julie Squires was born in Newcastle in 1966. She trained at the Hunter Institute of Technology and Newcastle University and has created other works in bronze and other public art works in Newcastle, including Destiny at Dyke Point, which was commissioned by the Newcastle Port Corporation to mark 200 years of operation as Australia's first commercial port.

Design 

The Muster Point is designed as a "walk-through" steel and bronze sculpture with gates that are locked but can be opened to allow access. The sculptor described the Muster Point work "as a visual analogy to reflect the real life experiences of the employees of the Newcastle Steelworks, prior to the closure of the plant".

Items associated with work at the steelworks are included in the design. For example, there is a whistle and a clock as well as a locomotive driver to represent the rail that moved all the steel. The images of four men on the gates represent friendship and the four walls create a skyline profile that references the one seen when looking at the plant. The cats are in recognition that the animals were dumped in the area.

The relevant trade unions associated with steel manufacture are acknowledged by their initials, incorporated into one wall. Among them are the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia, the Maritime Union of Australia, the Transport Workers Union of Australia, the Electrical Trades Union of Australia, the Building Workers Industrial Union, the Operative Painters and Decorators Union, the Federated Clerks Union of Australia, the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union.

A cross is incorporated into the design to honour the people who lost their lives doing dangerous work for BHP.

See also 

 Memory Lines (2004) in List of public art in the city of Sydney
 National Workers Memorial (Australia)

References 

Steel industry of Australia
Public art in New South Wales
Buildings and structures in Newcastle, New South Wales
James Ashwell. James Ashwell (1799-1881) was an engineer and director, working in the coal, iron, and railway industries.  In 1836 he helped in the formation of the Blaenavon Iron and Coal Company and was appointed resident managing director.

Early life

James Ashwell was born in 1799 in Nottingham. He attended Nottingham Grammar School and later Edinburgh University. As a school boy he showed an interest in his father's businesses in iron and coal. A visit to Manchester and Leeds in 1816, where he was fascinated by steam mills and machinery, particularly steam locomotives, led to his decision to be an engineer.

Training

He trained as an engineer with Bryan Donkin, and became friends with Henry Robinson Palmer, who was often employed by Thomas Telford to make surveys.  Ashwell assisted Palmer on surveys in East Anglia. While still training he was involved in starting what is now the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Work

After completing his training Ashwell worked at ironworks in Derbyshire and Scotland. In 1836 he helped in the formation of the Blaenavon Iron and Coal Company and was appointed resident managing director. Ashwell started to build a new ironworks, to be called Forgeside, on a pocket of freehold land, so that the new company would be free of the rents, royalties, and insecurity of the leasehold of the old ironworks. Foundations were built for blast furnaces, forges and rolling mills.

While at Blaenavon Ashwell was responsible for the magnificent water balance tower (known locally as the guillotine because of the sight of two cages passing the oval openings) at Blaenavon Ironworks, which is now a Grade I listed building. He was also responsible for other water balance lifts at coal pits and quarries associated with the company.

Within a few years there was a downturn in the industry, Ashwell was forced to resign in 1841, and the new works at Forgeside abandoned (although it was later restarted in 1859). Ashwell moved to Cambridge, where his sons studied, and himself studied for an MA and BA.

His health deteriorated and his doctor, Benjamin Brodie, advised him not to return to his studies but to travel abroad. When travelling he was commissioned to report on the Great Luxembourg Railway Company and became Managing Director and Engineer in Chief of the company from 1847 to 1852. The company was embroiled in a dispute with the Belgian government resulting in a lawsuit. The company was acquitted but Ashwell suffered financially and his health deteriorated.

Retirement

Ashwell returned to England to study Hebrew and harmony and died on 2 July 1881 at his home, Mildway Lodge, in Weston-super-Mare

References

1799 births
1881 deaths
People from Nottingham
People educated at Nottingham High School
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
The Citadel School of Engineering. The Citadel School of Engineering is one of the five schools comprising The Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina.  The school offers bachelor's and master's degrees as well as graduate certificates in several Engineering specialties. Having been established in 2002, The Citadel later reorganized its existing departments into five schools.  Engineering has been a part of The Citadel's educational program since the founding of the school in 1842, and so ranks as the 5th oldest engineering program in the nation.  The civil and mechanical engineering programs are housed in Letellier Hall while electrical engineering and engineering leadership are in Grimsley Hall.

U.S. News & World Report ranked The Citadel's School of Engineering 22nd among all undergraduate engineering programs without doctoral degrees in the United States in 2015, the fifth straight year that the school has been in the Top 25.

The School of Engineering consists of four departments: Civil and Environmental Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering; Engineering Leadership and Program Management; and Mechanical Engineering.  These departments offer 3 undergraduate majors, four master's degree programs, and a series of graduate certificates.  The Program Management master's was added in 2010 and is unique in South Carolina.  Additionally, the Mechanical Engineering program was added in 2014.

In cooperation with the Zucker Family School of Education and Swain Family School of Science and Mathematics, the school in 2009 established and supports The Citadel's STEM Center for Excellence, to prepare students for STEM careers through a variety of programs, including the "Storm the Citadel" Engineering week, summer camps, and scholarships.

References

Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
2002 establishments in South Carolina
Canadian National Electric Railways. The Canadian National Electric Railways (CNER) was a subsidiary of the Canadian National Railways created to operate a few electric lines. It was formed in November 1923, with headquarters in Toronto.

Acquired lines
The CNER inherited the following lines or systems from the Canadian Northern Railway and unified them under one management:
 Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway - an interurban system operating on the Niagara Peninsula
 Toronto Suburban Railway - Guelph and Woodbridge lines only
 Toronto Eastern Railway - a line never completed

Associated lines
The CNER was closely associated with three railways which Canadian National Railways inherited from the Grand Trunk Railway. These railways never became a corporate part of the CNER:
 Oshawa Railway - a passenger and freight operation in Oshawa, Ontario
 Thousand Islands Railway - a shortline in Gananoque, Ontario - never electrified
 Montreal and Southern Counties Railway - an interurban between Montreal and Granby, Quebec with a branch to Longueuil

Radial network
With the creation of the CNER, CNR president Henry Thornton was enthusiastic to develop Canadian National's own network of electric railways. This followed setbacks that Adam Beck had in promoting an Ontario Hydro radial network with its subsidiary the Hydro-Electric Railways.

Thornton planned to link the unfinished Toronto Eastern Railway to the Toronto Suburban Railway's Guelph line via the Toronto Belt Line Railway running through northern Toronto. There was also another plan to extend the Guelph line from its "temporary" terminal at Keele Street and St. Clair Avenue to downtown via the nearby CNR line. The CNER's Toronto Suburban district never turned a profit, and its abandonment in 1931 was the result of huge deficits from that line.

See also

 Hydro-Electric Railways was another organization intended to promote radials in Ontario.
 Interurban
 List of defunct Canadian railways

References

External links
  on Trainweb.org

Canadian National Electric Railways
Canadian National Railway subsidiaries
Railway companies established in 1923
Interurban railways in Ontario
Electric railways in Canada
Aeroneer 1-B. The Aeroneer 1-B is an all-metal light aircraft built in the United States in 1936. It did not reach production, despite an attempt to interest the USAAC in it as a trainer, but it appeared in three Hollywood films.

Design

The Aeroneer 1-B was initially developed by the Aero Engineering Corp, which named it. Its later development was taken up by the Phillips Aviation Company, so it appears as the Aeroneer 1-B in contemporary publications, though later sources may refer to it as the Phillips Aeroneer 1-B.

The Aeroneer is a low wing cantilever design. Its wing is in five separate parts: a short span, rectangular centre section, trapezoidal panels over most of the span and rounded tips. The outer panels carry some dihedral.  It is built around a single spar placed at 30% chord.  Torsional loads are resisted by a torsion  box formed by the riveted Alclad skin that covers the whole wing and an auxiliary spar at 65% chord. Its ailerons are metal framed but fabric covered, mounted on piano hinges from the upper surface.  Split flaps with an area of  run under the trailing edge from aileron to aileron.

The engine is a  Menasco C-4, an air-cooled, inverted four-cylinder inline, though other  Menasco engines could also have been fitted. The fuselage is all-metal, Aclad skinned and stiffened, though immediately behind the engine and around the cockpit the structure is reinforced with chrome-molybdenum steel tubes. The enclosed cockpit, under a sliding canopy and seating two side-by-side with dual controls, is over the wing.  The empennage is conventional, with the tailplane set at mid-fuselage; its elevators are balanced and fitted with trim tabs.  The fin is straight-edged but the short, broad, balanced rudder is curved.

The Aeroneer has a tailwheel undercarriage.  Its mainwheels are on parallel, forward-raked oleo strut legs.  The wheels have hydraulic brakes and both they and the legs are faired-in.  The tailwheel, also fitted with a shock absorber, is free to caster.  Floats or skis can replace wheels.

Development

The date of the Aeroneer's first flight is not known but by February 1937 it had completed "extensive tests" and was "ready for production". Nonetheless, it did not receive its Approved Type Certificate until the summer of 1938.

In the absence of civil orders, Phillips slightly increased the span as well its power, in the hope that USAAC would order it as a basic trainer. A  Menasco B-6 six-cylinder inline installation was planned, though another six-cylinder, inverted inline, a  Ranger 6-410, was finally installed.

Operational history

No order was placed and the Aeroneer may have been sold to MGM; it appears in several films including The House Across the Bay (1940), where it took the rôle of the Crane X-PT, Power Dive (1941), and Sky Raiders (1941).

The Aeroneer is reported to have survived in storage in Arizona until at least 2005. In 2007 it was advertised as for sale and its current state is unknown.

Specifications (Menasco C-4 engine)

References

1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Flood embankment. A flood embankment is traditionally an earth wall used to shore up flood waters.

Most flood embankments are between 1 metre and 3 metres high. A  flood embankment is rare.

Modern improvements to this design include constructing an internal central core made from impermeable substance like clay or concrete, some even use metal pilings.

Some authorities call man-made structures levees.

Problems

Examples 

Clifton, Rawcliffe, Poppleton and Leeman ings in York

River Gowan, Cumbria

River Trent

Animation 

This is an animation showing a flood event overwhelming neighbouring properties and the added construction of a flood embankment and flood warning and protection status.

References 

Flood control
Tetrachloronickelate. Tetrachloronickelate is the metal complex with the formula [NiCl4]2−.  Salts of the complex are available with a variety of cations, but a common one is tetraethylammonium.

When concentrated lithium chloride and nickel chloride solution in water is mixed, only a pentaaquachloro complex is formed: [Ni(H2O)5Cl]+.  However in other organic solvents, or molten salts the tetrachloronickelate ion can form. Nickel can be separated from such a solution in water or methanol, by partitioning it into a cyclohexane solution of amines.

Organic ammonium salts of the type (R3NH)2[NiCl4] are often thermochromic (R = Me, Et, Pr).  Near room temperature, these salts are yellow , but these solids become blue when heated to near 70 °C. The bright blue color is characteristic of tetrahedral [NiCl4]2−, the intensity being a consequence of the Laporte selection rule.  The yellow color results from a polymer consisting of octahedral Ni centers. The corresponding tetrabromonickelates are also thermochromic with a lower transition temperatures.

History
The blue colour due to the tetrachloronickelate ion was first observed in 1944 when Remy and Meyer melted caesium chloride and caesium nickel trichloride together.

Compounds

Related substances
tetrabromonickelates

References

Nickel complexes
Inorganic chlorine compounds
Chlorometallates
William Tongamp. Dr. William Tongamp (born 23 November 1973) is a member of parliament in Papua New Guinea. He won the governor seat of Papua New Guinea's Jiwaka Province in 2012 General Elections. Prior to that he was an Association Professor and Postdoctoral research fellow at Akita University in Japan after completing his PhD in Mineral Processing in Tohoku University in Japan.

Tongamp, while a Postdoctoral Research fellow published several articles, with other research fellows, in Mineral and Chemical engineering and Hydrometallurgy, Mechanochemical Route for Synthesizing Nitrate Form of Layered Double Hydroxide, Precipitation of arsenic as Na 3AsS 4 from Cu 3AsS 4–NaHS–NaOH leach solutions, A Mechanochemical Approach to Generate Hydrogen for Cellulose, Generation of hydrogen from polyvinyl chloride by milling and heating with CaO and Ni(OH)2 and several others.

He left Japan in 2011 to contest for elections in Papua New Guinea which he won the governor seat and to this day he is a member of parliament.

References 

Living people
1973 births
Governors of Jiwaka Province
Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
Academic staff of Akita University
Railway Workshop, Mysore. Central Railway Workshop, Mysore is a repair facility of Indian Railways situated at Mysore in Karnataka province of India.

History
The central workshop in Mysore was established as a base workshop of the old Mysore state railway in 1938. The workshop celebrated Golden Jubilee during the year 1988. Initially, the Workshop was headed by Works Manager till the year 1988. Thereafter, the Post of Workshop head was upgraded as Dy.Chief Mechanical Engineer. The first Dy.CME was Sri.K. Subramanyam. During the year 1992-93, the workshop was headed by Chief Workshop Manager for brief period as the workshop was being upgraded to cater to Periodic Overhauling of Broad Gauge Coaches. During the year 2004, the post of Workshop head was finally upgraded to Chief Workshop Manager and Sri.Sushil Chandra was the first incumbent to the post of CWM of Mysore Workshops under the new regime of South Western Railway.

South Western Railway
This workshop has been a part of the South Western Railway since 2003.

Activities
The workshop conducts regular overhauling of all types of coaches and also manufactures toy trains.

See also
 Indian Railways

References

Indian railways articles needing expert attention
Transport in Mysore
Railway workshops in India
List of equipment of the Singapore Army. This is the list of equipment of the Singapore Army, the land service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). It is subdivided into infantry weapons, vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs), and radars.

Ground vehicles

Infantry weapons

Radars

Attire

Retired equipment
 AMX-13 SM1
 Light Strike Vehicle Mk.I 
 Soltam M-68 towed 155mm Howitzer
 Soltam M-71 towed 155mm Howitzer
 M114 155mm Howitzer
 AMX-10P 25 / PAC-90
 M40 recoilless rifle
 M2 Browning Heavy Machine Gun
 L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle
 Soltam M66 160mm Mortar

See also
 List of equipment of the Republic of Singapore Navy
 List of equipment of the Republic of Singapore Air Force

References

Singapore Army
Singaporean Army
Equipment
Photostatin. Photostatins are inhibitors that can be switched on and off in vivo by visible light, to optically control microtubule dynamics. Photostatins are a form of photopharmacology. 

As a cell prepares to divide, its microtubules, arrange themselves into a spindle that permits its chromosomes to split into two bundles. These bundles become the nuclei of the daughter cells, Out-of-control cell replication is the underlying cause of cancer, developing drugs that interfere with microtubule activity offers one potential therapeutic approach. They can operate microtubule dynamics with a subsecond response time and control mitosis in living organisms with single-cell spatial precision.

Most microtubule inhibitors affect both cancerous and healthy cells, requiring lower doses to avoid severe side effects. Because photostatins are inactive in the absence of light, they only affect cells that are illuminated. Focusing light on tumors directs their activities to appropriate targets with fewer side effects.

Combretastatin A-4 

One phostatin is combretastatin A-4, one of several combretastatins found in the bark of the South African bushwillow. It comes in two isomers, that share a single composition, but different shapes. One isomer is a poor disrupter of tubule activity while the other is effective.

Replacing two adjacent carbon atoms in the molecule with nitrogen atoms changes the non-toxic isomer, which does little to disrupt tubules, into the toxic one in the presence of blue light. This transformation is reversed simply by switching the light off. The drug proved 200 times more toxic when exposed to light in this way than in the dark. The effect increased to 250 times under violet light and decreased to 75 times when exposed to cyan.

See also
 Photopharmacology

References

External links 

 

Cancer treatments
Günther Laukien Prize. The Günther Laukien Prize is a prize presented at the Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference "to recognize recent cutting-edge experimental NMR research with a high probability of enabling beneficial new applications". The prize was established in 1999 in memoriam to Günther Laukien, who was a pioneer in NMR research. The prize money of $20,000 is financed by Bruker, the company founded by Laukien. The recipients of the Günther Laukien Prize have been:
 2023 Lyndon Emsley and Anne Lesage
 2022 Michael Garwood
 2021 Gareth Morris
 2020 Simon Duckett, Konstantin Ivanov, and Warren S. Warren
 2019 Geoffrey Bodenhausen, and Christian Griesinger 
 2018 Gerhard Wagner
 2017 Kurt Zilm and Bernd Reif
 2016 Robert S. Balaban and Peter van Zijl
 2015 Arthur Palmer III
 2014 Marc Baldus, Mei Hong, Ann McDermott, Beat H. Meier, Hartmut Oschkinat, and Robert Tycko
 2013 Clare Grey
 2012 Klaes Golman and Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
 2011 Daniel Rugar, John Mamin, and John Sidles
 2010 Paul Callaghan
 2009 Daniel Weitekamp
 2008 Malcolm Levitt
 2007 Robert G. Griffin
 2006 Thomas Szyperski, Eriks Kupce, Ray Freeman, and Rafael Bruschweiler
 2005 Stephan Grzesiek
 2004 Lewis E. Kay
 2003 Jacob Schaefer
 2002 Ad Bax, Aksel Bothner-By and James Prestegard
 2001 Peter Boesiger, Klaas Prüßmann and Markus Weiger
 2000 Lucio Frydman
 1999 Konstantin Pervushin, Roland Riek, Gerhard Wider, and Kurt Wuthrich

See also

 List of physics awards

References

External links
European Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference

Physics awards
American science and technology awards
Nuclear magnetic resonance