omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mineral painting. Mineral painting or Keim's process, also known as stereochromy, is a mural or fresco painting technique that uses a water glass-based paint to maximize the lifetime of the finished work.

The name "stereochromy" was first used in about 1825 by Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs and Schlotthaurer. In the original technique, pigments were applied to plaster or stone and sealed with water glass to preserve and enhance the colors. The method was then improved in the 1880s by Adolf Wilhelm Keim and renamed mineral painting or Keim's process.

Keim's process
Keim's process was reported in 1884 at the Royal Society of Arts in London, by chemist and craftsman Adolf Wilhelm Keim of Munich, as an improvement on the earlier stereochromy technique of Schlotthaner and von Fuchs.

The process
First, the surface to be painted is prepared by removing any damp bricks, overly burnt bricks, or decayed wood, and replacing these, and also removing any existing traces of stucco.
The surface is then coated with a mixture of quartz sand, infusorial earth (calcined fossil meal), and powdered marble, mixed four parts to one with quicklime slaked with distilled water. The purpose of this layer is to ensure adhesion of the subsequent layers to the surface. Next, a layer of lime-sand mortar is applied to even the surface, with care taken to avoid cracking. This layer is allowed to dry for up to a year.
Once dry, a painting ground composed of white quartz sand, marble sand, marble meal, and infusorial earth is combined eight parts to one with slaked lime, and applied to the surface at a thickness of one eighth to one quarter inch. This layer dries for several days, at which point a crust of carbonate has formed on the surface. This crust is removed with a mixture of one part hydrofluosilicic acid to three parts distilled water, which is brushed on and allowed to dry for 24 hours, after which the surface is rinsed with distilled water.
A hardening fluid of one part potassium silicate to two parts water is then brushed on and allowed to dry for 24 hours, before a second layer is applied and allowed to dry again. This surface may be painted immediately, or may sit unpainted for several years.
Pigments (selected from a set of thirty-eight) are treated with alkaline solutions of potash or ammonia to prevent color change caused by the alkaline fixative to come. Alternative pigments are best for those that cannot be used with an alkaline fixative.
Finally, the completed painting is fixed with an application of "waterglass" (sodium silicate) treated with ammonium carbonate, applied in a fine spray in several layers, until no more is absorbed. The chemical interaction of the fixative with the underlying pigments and ground create a material analogous to marble, and highly resistant to chemical corrosion.

Keim's focus on carefully preparing the painting ground came from his study of older frescos and their state of preservation. Keim reportedly labored for twelve years to refine his process.

See also
Silicate mineral paint

References

Painting techniques
Fresco painting
Conservation and restoration of paintings
Murals
Roger Needham Award. The Roger Needham award is a prize given scientists who are recognised for important contributions made to computer science research The British Computer Society established an annual Roger Needham Award in honour of Roger Needham in 2004. It is a £5000 prize is presented to an individual for making "a distinguished research contribution in computer science by a UK-based researcher within ten years of their PhD." The award is funded by Microsoft Research. The winner of the prize has an opportunity to give a public lecture.

Laureates
Since 2004, laureates have included:
 2004 Jane Hillston on Tuning Systems: From Composition to Performance
 2005 Ian Horrocks on Ontologies and the Semantic Web
 2006 Andrew Fitzgibbon on Computer Vision & the Geometry of Nature
 2007 Mark Handley on Evolving the Internet: Challenges, Opportunities and Consequences
 2008 Wenfei Fan on A Revival of Data Dependencies for Improving Data Quality
 2009 Byron Cook on Proving that programs eventually do something good
 2010  on Timing is Everything
 2011 Maja Pantić on Machine Understanding of Human Behaviour
 2012  on Memory Safety Proofs for the Masses
 2013  on Theory and Practice: The Yin and Yang of Intelligent Information Systems
 2014  on Mining Biological Networks
 2015  on Linking Form and Function, Computationally
 2016 Sharon Goldwater Language Learning in Humans and Machines: Making Connections to Make Progress
 2017  on Many-Core Programming: How to Go Really Fast Without Crashing
 2018 Alexandra Silva
 2019 
 2020 Jade Alglave

See also 

 List of computer science awards

References 

Awards established in 2004
British Computer Society
British science and technology awards
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Computer science awards
Alexandra Silva. Alexandra Silva (born 1984) is a Portuguese computer scientist and Professor at Cornell University. She was previously Professor of Algebra, Semantics, and Computation at University College London.

Awards and honours 
Silva won a Philip Leverhulme Prize in engineering in 2016. She won the Presburger Award, awarded each year to "a young scientist for outstanding contributions in theoretical computer science, documented by a published paper or a series of published papers", in 2017, and the Roger Needham Award in 2018.

References 

1984 births
Living people
Portuguese computer scientists
Portuguese women computer scientists
Women logicians
University of Minho alumni
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
Model V. The Model V was among the early electromechanical general purpose computers, designed by George Stibitz and built by Bell Telephone Laboratories, operational in 1946.

Only two machines were built: first one was installed at National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, later NASA), the second (1947) at the US Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL).

Construction
Design was started in 1944. The tape-controlled (Harvard architecture) machine had two (design allowed for a total of six) processors ("computers") that could operate independently, an early form of multiprocessing.

The Model V weighed about .

Significance 
 Inspired Richard Hamming to investigate the automatic error-correction, which led to invention of Hamming codes
 One of the early electromechanical general purpose computers
 First American machine and first George Stibitz design to use floating-point arithmetic
Had an early form of multiprocessing
Had a very primitive form of an operating system, albeit in hardware. A separate hardware control unit existed to direct the sequence of computer operations.

Model VI 
Built and used internally by Bell Telephone Laboratories, operational in 1949.

Simplified version of the Model V (only one processor, about half the relays) but with several improvements, including one of the earliest use of the microcode.

Bibliography 
 

 pdf

Further reading

References

External links 

Bell Labs
1940s computers
AT&T computers
Computer-related introductions in 1946
Electro-mechanical computers
Myron Seiliger. Мирон Павлович Зейлигер  (1874–1952), (English transcription: Miron Pavlovich Zeyliger), birthname: Меер Пинхусович Зейлигер (English transcription: Meer Pinkhusovich Zeyliger), known as: Myron Seiliger, was a Russian physicist and university professor who developed the Seiliger cycle, a hypothetical model that describes how the Diesel engine works.

Life and career 

Seiliger, who was born in Odessa, studied at the Institute of Technology in Saint Petersburg. Later, he became a professor there and lectured in thermodynamics and internal combustion engines. In 1910, Seiliger developed the dual cycle, which was later named Seiliger cycle after him. After the Russian Revolution, Seiliger left Russia; in October 1924, he moved to France, where he became a professor of the RWTI Paris and continued lecturing. Also, Seiliger was a member of the Society of Russian Engineers.

Published works 

Graphische Thermodynamik und Berechnen der Verbrennungs-Maschinen und Turbinen, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1922, 
Die Hochleistungs-Dieselmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1926, 
Kompressorlose Dieselmotoren und Semidieselmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1929,

References 

1874 births
1952 deaths
Scientists from Odesa
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Scientists from Paris
Call-to-gate system. A call-to-gate system is an airport terminal design in which passengers are kept in a central area until shortly before their flight is due to board, rather than waiting near their gate. The international terminal at Calgary International Airport was the first terminal in North America to use this system, which is also used by European airports such as London Heathrow. The system is used to decrease the amount of time that passengers spend around the gate area, thereby increasing the amount of time they spend in the retail areas of the terminal.

References

Airport infrastructure
Aerocon Dash 1.6 wingship. The Aerocon Dash-1.6 wingship was a proposed American ground-effect vehicle intended to carry large cargos and thousands of passengers over long distances at near-aircraft speeds.

The vehicle was claimed to be able to carry a combination of  of cargo and 2,000 passengers a distance of  at speeds close to those of commercial airliners.

The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) evaluated the Aerocon design, along with submissions from several other manufacturers, as part of a preliminary study of the concept during the 1990s to determine whether a billion-dollar program was viable, to develop a wingship for military uses. By the end of 1994, the Department of Defense decided that the design was too high a risk and did not offer further funding.

Specifications

See also 

 Beriev Be-2500
 Boeing Pelican
 Caspian Sea Monster
 HCA-LB
 Lun-class ekranoplan
 Spasatel

References

Notes

Bibliography 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Abandoned military projects of the United States
Ekranoplans

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
V-tail aircraft
FREMO. The Friendship of European railway modellers (, FREMO) is a modular rail transport modelling standard. Individual track and scenery modules are built to a common standard and are joined together to make larger model railway layouts.
The FREMO standards were created following a meeting in Europe in 1981.

Single track modules are  wide, of variable length, viewable from both sides.  Each module comes with adjustable legs, to create a uniform top-of-rail height of  above floor level.  Modules are physically joined together using three  holes and hand-tightened M8 bolts with washers and wingnuts. The electrical inter-connection uses two Banana connectors per track bus, over which Digital Command Control (DCC) signalling running at 14 volts is used for train control.  Track uses Code 83 rails ( high), with a minimum curve radius of ; representing  at 1:87) and fixed track centre-line spacing of ; representing  separation at 1:87 scale).

Some general aspects, such as rigid construction of modules, are derived from the  NEM 900 standards published by MOROP.
In 1995, the North American Free-mo standards were based on those of FREMO, with a number of changes made.

North American standards 
In 1994 Chris Palomarez and Art Armstrong at the San Luis Obispo Model Railroad Club (SLOMRC) developed the Free-mo Standard based on the European FREMO concept.

N-scale variant 
In 2004, the traditional Free-mo standard was adapted for N scale (1:160). It uses Code 55 rail at a nominal height of . Curves should not have a radius of less than  on the main line and use turnouts sized  6 or larger.

NMRA British Region Freemo standard  
In 2011 the NMRA British Region released a set of standards called Freemo, Recommended Specifications For HO Scale Modules.

Australian Model Railway Association standard  
The Australian Model Railway Association has a set of standards based on FREMO called the "AMRA Free Form Module Standard." Version 2.4 of the standard was published in July 2024. , there are standards for HO and N Scales, with an O Scale version under development in collaboration with the Aus7 O Scale Modeller's Group. The AMRA standard is similar to the FREMO standard, but uses a slightly lower rail height of 1,200 mm and uses M6 wing bolts.

See also
 List of rail transport modelling scale standards

References

External links
 
 
 

Rail transport modelling
Clary DE-60. The Clary DE-60 was an early transistorized digital computer made by Clary Corporation.  It was a compact (desk-sized) general-purpose computer intended for both scientific and business applications.  It operated on 18-digit binary-coded decimal words used fixed-point arithmetic. Main memory was a 32-word magnetic drum memory. Input and output devices included a console keyboard, printer, paper tape and punched card system. For programming, the system used sequential instructions from the keyboard and plug-boards.
 Custom modules for trigonometric and other functions could be installed.

The system was introduced in 1959.  By 1961, about 18 systems were operating or on order. Clary Corporation was founded by Hugh L. Clary in 1939. Today the company manufactures products such as uninterruptible power supply systems.

References

External links

Photos: 

1950s computers
Transistorized computers
Takele Uma Banti. Takele Uma Banti (Oromo: Takala Umaa Bantii) is an Ethiopian politician who is currently serving as the CEO of Ethio-Djibouti Railways since 2024. He was the Minister of Mines and Petroleum from 2020 to 2023.  He also served as Mayor of Addis Ababa from 2018 to 2020.

Early life and education
Takele was born in the town of Ambo, located in Shewa, Ethiopia. He holds a Master's in Business Administration from Harvard University. He then possessed a Master's in Environmental Engineering and a Bachelor's in Chemical Engineering, both obtained from Addis Ababa University. He has certifications from Harvard University and the Galilee International Management Institute, as well as a Master of Science in Economics from Addis Ababa University.

Career

Mayor of Addis Ababa 
Takele worked for several years as an associate partner in political offices of Ethiopia and others. On 17 July 2018, he was elected as Mayor of Addis Ababa by Addis Ababa City Council saving as deputy mayor. The election was made during the 5th extraordinary session in accordance with the revised proclamation by the House of people's Representatives and was succeeded by Diriba Kuma.

On 16 October 2019, he formed new cabinet which approved by the administration council where 19 officials  from head of different offices were appointed. The session was attended by 89 members, three of the nominees were women, 79 members  favor of nomination while the three were against and seven were abstained.

Minister of Mines and Petroleum 
Takele was appointed as Minister of Mines and Petroleum of Ethiopia from 18 August 2020 to 14 January 2023. As a minister of mines and Petroleum, his strategic leadership led to increase in gold exports, solidifying the mining sector as a major contributor to Ethiopia's foreign exchange earnings, from there he established a partnership between the Colorado School of Mines and Addis Ababa Institute of Technology to offer a dual Masters program in Mining and Petroleum Engineering.

Ethio-Djibouti Railway 

On 16 July 2024, Takele was appointed as chief executive officer of the Ethio-Djibouti Railways by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed.

References 

Living people
21st-century Ethiopian politicians
Mayors of Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Ministers of Mines and Petroleum
1981 births
Hans Koenigsmann. Hans-Jörg Königsmann (born 1963) is a German aerospace engineer who was Vice President of Flight Reliability for SpaceX until his retirement in 2021.

Education and career 
Hans Königsmann obtained his aerospace engineering diploma at Technische Universität Berlin in 1989, followed by a PhD in Aerospace Engineering and Production Technology at the University of Bremen in 1995.

He began working at the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity at the University of Bremen, where he was in charge of avionics and later management of the BremSat satellite. After successful launch and the end of the project one year later, he emigrated to California to work for the satellite manufacturer Microcosm Inc. He met Elon Musk at a rocket launch in the Mojave Desert.

In 2002 Königsmann became the fourth technical employee for the newly-founded SpaceX. He was part of the launch team starting as VP of Avionics, then from the third Falcon 1 flight forward was the Launch Chief Engineer. SpaceX promoted him to Vice President of Flight Reliability in 2011 making him responsible for the safe completion of SpaceX missions. Koenigsmann announced his retirement from SpaceX in January 2021.

Königsmann has been a member of Bremen based space and technology company OHB SE's Supervisory Board since June 24, 2022. Königsmann is also operating as an advisor for the Seattle based rocket company startup Stoke Space.

Honors 
 Hans Königsmann was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal in 2014. It is the highest form of recognition by NASA for  non-Government individuals.

Published works

References

External links 

 Hans Koenigsmann. Interviewed by Rebecca Hackler NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Office. Edited Oral History Transcript.  Hawthorne, California on January 15, 2013
 Pre-launch conference for SpaceX CRS-4. Video of Hans Koenigsmann talking about the mission during 14:30–20:19 and 22:04–36:39

Living people
German aerospace engineers
German emigrants to the United States
SpaceX people
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
University of Bremen alumni
Engineers from Bremen (state)
1963 births
EA-2192. EA-2192 is an extremely toxic degradation product of the VX, a very potent nerve agent. It is a white solid that is very soluble and stable in water.

EA-2192 is an extremely potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is almost as toxic as VX itself.

EA-2192 behaves similar to aged soman as it is the dealkylated form of VX and cannot be reversed with common oxime reactivators.

See also
Nerve agent

References

V-series nerve agents
Phosphonothioates
Phosphonic acids
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Diisopropylamino compounds
Elmer and Elsie (robots). Elmer and Elsie (ELectroMEchanical Robot, Light-Sensitive) were two electronic robots that were built in the late 1940s by neurobiologist and cybernetician William Grey Walter. They were the first robots in history that were programmed to "think". Elmer and Elsie were often labeled as tortoises because of how they were shaped and the manner in which they moved. They were capable of phototaxis, which is the movement that occurs in response to light stimulus.

Description 
Elmer and Elsie, or the "tortoises" as they were known, were constructed between 1948 and 1949 using war surplus materials and old alarm clocks. They had a single light or touch sensor hooked up to two different paths that ran two different motors acting as two separate neuron brains. The robots had a plastic shell which was phototropic in that it could follow light and act as a bumper sensor. 

The robots were designed to show the interaction between both light-sensitive and touch-sensitive control mechanisms which were basically two nerve cells with visual and tactile inputs. These systems interacted with the motor drive in such a way that the tortoises were actually finding their way around obstacles.

In one experiment a light was placed on the nose of one of the tortoises.  It appeared that the robot was looking at itself in a mirror. Its light began flickering and the robot started shaking as if excited to see itself in the mirror.  Walter argued that if this behavior were seen in an animal it "might be accepted as evidence of some degree of self-awareness."

Legacy 
Elmer and Elsie inspired later generations of robotics researchers such as Rodney Brooks, Hans Moravec and Mark Tilden. Rodney Brooks' "Intelligence without Representation" is in many ways a modern take on Elmer and Elsie. Modern replicas of the tortoises may be found in the form of BEAM robotics.  An original tortoise is on display in London UK in the Science Museum's Making the Modern World gallery. In 1995, one was replicated by Owen Holland, of the University of the West of England, which used some of the original parts. An original tortoise as seen at the Festival of Britain is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

See also
Robotic vacuum cleaner
Turtle (robot)

References

Robots
Cybernetics
Genghis (robot). Genghis was a six legged insect-like robot that was created by roboticist Rodney Brooks at MIT around 1991. Brooks wanted to solve the problem of how to make robots intelligent and suggested that it is possible to create robots that displayed intelligence by using a "subsumption architecture" which is a type of reactive robotic architecture where a robot can react to the world around them. His paper "Intelligence Without Representation", which is still widely respected in the fields of robotics and Artificial Intelligence, further outlines his theories on this.

Design

The design of the Genghis robot was inspired by insects who have limited brain functions yet possess tremendous functionality. In order to mimic this trait found in insects Brooks "removed all cognition processors from Genghis and left only the sensors and the code/hardware to allow it to walk".  This enabled Genghis to link sensation to an action taken where the robot did not have any pre-planned path to follow but took action as each sensor detected an obstacle. With Genghis, Brooks pioneered his "sensation-action theory of intelligence which was to bypass explicit cognition hubs in favor of pairing perception more directly with action".

Genghis was not designed to have a central controller to direct all possible functions in the robot, particularly in the legs.  Instead, each leg had its own built-in sensors that would sense the various obstacles in its path. Each leg was programmed with a few basic behaviors and knew how to react under different scenarios based on sensor feedback.  The act of walking became a coordinated effort between all of the legs resulting in the robots movement. These processes exist independently, run at all times and fire whenever the sensory preconditions are true.

Genghis was designed to navigate difficult terrain with many obstacles and elevations. In order to achieve this type of functionality while reducing overall complexity Brooks created a method of finite-state machine thought that relied on "layered processing"; a basic layering of new traits over older ones. In Genghis the control system was organized into "eight incremental layers: Stand up, Simple Walk, Force Balancing, Leg Lifting, Whiskers, Pitch Stabilization, Prowling and Steered Prowling". On a processing level the complexity of each of the eight layers of the final movement are addressed separately by each layer, reducing the burden of complex processing from the processors at each level.

Genghis now resides in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.

References

Robots