omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM 608. The IBM 608 Transistor Calculator, a plugboard-programmable unit, was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the world's first all-transistorized calculator to be manufactured for the commercial market. Announced in April 1955, it was released in December 1957. The 608 was withdrawn from marketing in April 1959.

History 
The chief designer of the circuits used in the IBM 608 was Robert A. Henle, who later oversaw the development of emitter-coupled logic (ECL) class of circuits. The development of the 608 was preceded by the prototyping of an experimental all-transistor version of the 604. Although this was built and demonstrated in October 1954, it was not commercialized.

To spur the adoption of transistor technology, shortly before the first IBM 608 shipped, Tom Watson directed that a date be set after which no new vacuum-tube-based products would be released. This decision constrained IBM product managers, who otherwise had the latitude to select components for their products, to make the move to transistors. As a result, the successor to the IBM 650 used transistors, and it became the IBM 7070—the company's first transistorized stored-program computer.

It was similar in nature of operation to the vacuum-tube IBM 604, which had been introduced a decade earlier. Although the 608 outpaced its immediate predecessor, the IBM 607 by a factor of 2.5, it was soon rendered obsolete by newer IBM products and only a few dozen were ever delivered.

Overview
The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors. The use of transistors was a significant departure from the previous IBM calculators of this line. The 608's transistors made possible a 50 percent reduction in physical size and a 90 percent reduction in power requirements over comparable vacuum tube models. The 608 also used magnetic core memory, but was still programmed using a control panel. The main memory of the 608 could store 40 nine-digit numbers, and it had an 18-digit accumulator. In raw speed terms, it could perform 4,500 additions per second, it could multiply two nine-digit numbers, yielding an 18-digit result in 11 milliseconds, and it could divide an 18-digit number by a nine-digit number to produce the nine-digit quotient in 13 milliseconds. The 608 could handle 80 program steps.

The 608 was supplied with a type 535 card reader/punch which had its own control plugboard.

See also 
 Unit record equipment
 History of IBM

References 
 IBM Transistor Calculator Type 608 Manual of Operation – Preliminary Edition

External links
IBM Archives: IBM 608 calculator

IBM transistorized computers
608
Programmable calculators
Computer-related introductions in 1957
Fluoroacetyl chloride. Fluoroacetyl chloride is an acyl chloride.

In 1948, William E. Truce of Purdue University described a synthesis of fluoroacetyl chloride which was undertaken "because of its potential value for introducing the group, —COCH2F, into organic molecules." In this synthesis, he reacted sodium fluoroacetate with phosphorus pentachloride to obtain the desired compound.

See also
Fluoroacetic acid
Methyl fluoroacetate

References

Acyl chlorides
Organofluorides
Fluoroacetyl compounds
Adetoye Oyetola Sode. Adetoye Oyetola Sode is a retired Rear Admiral of the Nigerian Navy and the Military Administrator of Oyo State, Nigeria from December 1993 to September 1994 during the military regime of General Sani Abacha.

Sode gained a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
He became a member of the Nigeria Society of Engineers, and worked in the Federal Ministry of Mines and Power before enlisting in the Nigerian Navy.
He attended the Royal Naval Engineering College, Manadon, Plymouth, England for a course in Marine Engineering, then  served as Engineering Officer in various naval vessels and also commanded the Naval Shipyard in Port Harcourt.

Navy Captain Adetoye Sode was posted to Oyo State as Military Administrator on 9 December 1993.
He was criticized for not including enough Muslims in his cabinet and for allowing Christian religious activity in schools. Sode responded by imposing a statewide ban on religious activities, precipitating a minor crisis.

Sode was awarded the Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) in 1998.
He became Commander of the Fleet Maintenance Corps before his retirement in June 1999.
After retiring from active service Sode established a Marine Engineering Consultancy company, Sabita Nigeria.
He was appointed to the board of directors of other companies including Intercontinental Engineering & Homes Development (construction and real estate development), ScanHomes Nigeria (construction), Lottoj Oil and Gas (marine fuel logistics and petroleum products) and Eterna Plc (petroleum products manufacturing and distribution).

References

Nigerian Navy admirals
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Governors of Oyo State
Commanders of the Order of the Niger
Yoruba military personnel
Yoruba politicians
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Acicular (crystal habit). 
Acicular, in mineralogy, refers to a crystal habit composed of slender, needle-like crystals. Crystals with this habit tend to be fragile. Complete, undamaged acicular specimens are uncommon. 

The term "acicular" derives from the Late Latin "acicula" meaning "little needle". Strictly speaking, the word refers to a growth habit that is slender and tapering to a point.  Prismatic crystals are not acicular; however, colloquial usage has altered the commonly understood meaning of the word. When writing for mineralogical publications, authors should restrict their usage of "acicular" to crystals with the tapering growth habit.

To add to the confusion, some minerals are described with various morphological terms.  For example, natrolite is often described as slender prismatic and millerite is often described as filiform or capillary.

Examples
Minerals with an acicular habit include mesolite, natrolite, malachite, gypsum, rutile, brochantite and bultfonteinite. Crystals of dimethyltryptamine have an acicular habit, but this substance is not regarded as a mineral by the International Mineralogical Association.  A acicular phase of steel is bainite.

Differences from other habits
Some minerals like creedite form prismatic crystals that appear to be acicular, but are instead prismatic in a bladelike form; these can be told apart by the fact that all prismatic crystals are less sharp, sometimes are tipped with a pyramidal shape, and keep a standard cross-section shape with straight edges. Acicular crystals differ from fibrous crystals in their thickness; crystals with a fibrous habit are much thinner, sometimes to the point of being flexible like hair, while acicular crystals are thicker and more rigid.

See also
Abnormal grain growth
Zeolite

References

 galleries.com - WHAT ARE DESCRIPTIVE CRYSTAL HABITS? - Aciclar

 mindat.org - Definition of acicular

External links

"Skeletal microstructure of Galaxea fascicularis exsert septa: a high-resolution SEM study", Biological Bulletin

Mineral habits
Free the Robots. Free the Robots (born Christopher Mark Alfaro) is an underground hip hop producer from Los Angeles, California.

Style
Free the Robots pulls together jazz, dubstep, psychedelic music, electronic music and hip hop.

History
Free the Robots started as a side project by Chris Alfaro in 2003, while also playing with different bands, DJing, and producing tracks for MC's with the use of samples, controllers, and other live instruments. He is known as one of the pioneering artists to come out of LA's beat movement and has shared stages with the likes of Prefuse 73, Flying Lotus, DJ Shadow, Afrika Bambaataa and more. His second album Ctrl Alt Del, which features Isaiah "Ikey" Owens, was released on Alpha Pup Records in 2010.

Discography

Albums
 Prototype (2005)
 Japanese exclusive (2008)
 Ctrl Alt Delete (2010)
 The Balance (2013)
 Sempervirens w/ Opio (2015)
 KARAVAN w/ Lefto (2017)
 DATU (2019)
 Kaduwa (2022)

EPs

 Free The Robots EP (2007)
 Free The Robots EP 2 (2010)
 Free The Robots EP 3 (2010)
 The Killer Robots (2008) w/ The Gaslamp Killer
 The Mind's Eye (2011)
 Free the Robots EP Vol. II (2012)
 Free the Robots EP Vol. III (2012)
 In Other Worlds (2013)
 The Balance (2014)
 Two Snakes EP (2015) 
 Subconscious Mind EP (2015) w/ Opio

Productions
 "Least Favorite Rapper" by Busdriver on Jhelli Beam (2009)
 "DSD2" by Nocando on Jimmy the Lock (2010)
 "Unibrow" by Busdriver on Computer Cooties (2010)
 "10 Haters" by Flash Bang Grenada on 10 Haters (2011)
 "Free the Robots" by Capital Steez on AmeriKKKan Korruption (2012)
 "Strange Light" collaboration DJ Krush on Butterfly Effect (2016)
 "Sallem" collaboration Emel Mathlouthi on Ensenity (2018)
 "Sweetness of the New" remix Gray on Limited 7" (2018)

References

External links
 
 
 Free the Robots on Alpha Pup Records
 Free The Robots Interview by VibeRated.com 
 Free The Robots mix for the-chemistry.net

American electronic musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
ROF Blackburn. Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF, Blackburn was part of the Ministry of Defence organisations producing components for the manufacture of armaments and arms related equipment from the late 1930 until after WWII. Commonly known locally as the "Fuse" or "Fuze", because the majority of components in production related to the fuse mechanisms used on most explosive devices at the time, bombs.

Providing local employment, the factory was known as a good employer and provided one of the best and respected apprenticeship schemes in the region.

Along with mass production of fuse mechanisms, it also developed Safety and Arming Mechanisms, S&A Units for many more of the sophisticated weapons in development during and after World War II. These S&A units provided safe handling for missiles whilst under transit conditions and safety for operator personnel up to the time of having to be armed. Bombs and missiles need specific launch conditions to be fulfilled to stop injury and fatalities to handlers during pre-launch.

Most well known missiles from the UK after World War II had S&A units from ROF Blackburn, including Blue Streak, and other weapons used during the Falklands Crisis.

During the Second World War over 5,000 worked at ROF.

The brochure gives a fascinating snippet into life at ROF immediately after the war reporting that beyween 1946 and 1948 the factory produced over one million alarm clock movements before production once again switched back to the large-scale manufacture of mechanical fuses.

Women were a key to the factory’s prodigious output. During the war around 3,500 women worked there producing 15,000 fuses every week, working 50-hour weeks. Even by 1957, the workforce was predominantly female with over 700 of them on the production lines and more than 250 involved in inspecting completed orders.

The photos show the factory to be a combination of heavy industrial processes and delicate, precision engineering with row upon row of desks, each with their own task lighting as more and more electronics were introduced into the manufacturing process.

References

Medium-range ballistic missiles
Blackburn
Buildings and structures in Blackburn
Tarball (oil). A tarball is a blob of petroleum which has been weathered after floating in the ocean. Tarballs are an aquatic pollutant in most environments, although they can occur naturally and as such are not always associated with oil spills.

Distribution 
Tarballs may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents. The density of tarballs depends on the solids picked up in the weathering process. They can range in density with some being more dense than seawater, which, at 1.025 g/ml, is more dense than the density of fresh water. When the tarballs are less dense than seawater, they can travel over great distances.

They can also be contained like oil and picked up using a variety of methods. Containment booms can be used to isolate tarballs similar to methods used to isolate oil.

Concentration and decomposition 
Tarball concentration and features have been used to assess the extent of oil spills and their composition can also be used to identify their sources of origin. They are slowly decomposed by microorganisms such as Chromobacterium violaceum, Cladosporium resinae, Bacillus submarinus, Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida marina, and Saccharomyces estuari.

References

Further reading 

 
 

Tarball
Ocean pollution
Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
Petroleum geology
Quicklaunch. Quicklaunch is an inactive US company attempting to use a type of space gun to launch payloads into low Earth orbit. It is a university spin-off of the SHARP project which ended 2005.

Quicklauncher

The Quicklaunch proposed firing apparatus was a light-gas gun using hydrogen as the working gas and natural gas as the explosive heat source. Heating and pre-pressurizing the hydrogen working gas takes 10 minutes before the shot and most of the hydrogen is recovered by a muzzle muffler at the end of the launch tube to be reused for subsequent launches.

The  gun would be, for the most part, submerged in the ocean. Its horizontal and vertical direction (azimuth and elevation) could be adjusted based on customer launch requirements.

The proposed launcher was designed to give projectiles an initial speed of  while the Earth orbital speed is . The projectile design therefore included a one-stage rocket which ignites some time after launch. The designed payloads could include spacecraft, satellites, consumable, water or fuel to supply a propellant depot in orbit.

Projected costs to orbit were .

Project phases
 A one-year 2 million dollar project to break the record height of  for a projectile fired from a space gun, which was achieved in Project HARP. 
 A two-year 10 million dollar project to launch to orbit a  payload each time. 
 A two-year 50 million dollar project to launch to orbit a  payload each time. 
 A three-year 500 million dollar project to build and operate multiple  long Quicklaunchers called the QL-1000 that are capable of launching  propellant payloads to orbit. The goal is to supply  of fuel to orbital propellant depots yearly.

Hiatus
In a 2016 article, Hunter remarked that the work had been put in stasis due in part to Elon Musk's company, SpaceX, taking up the challenge of reducing costs to orbit. Hunter however invited someone with a similar level of money and motivation, to take a fresh look at the approach. Later, Hunter ran a new start-up called Green Launch that is also developing a space light-gas gun.

See also 

 Non-rocket spacelaunch
 Super High Altitude Research Project

References

External links 
Shooting right for the stars with one gargantuan gas gun - Excerpt from 1996 Smithsonian Magazine on Hunter's work with SHARP. The final paragraph contains the financial assessment.
SHARP Gun Accelerates Scramjets to Mach 9", by William B Scott, Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 9, 1996, page 63.
Encyclopedia Astronautica - SHARP
Video Interview of John Hunter - Gas Station In Space  moonandback 2011
Audio Interview of John Hunter on The space show
 detailed PDF of a land based version

Space guns
Aerospace companies of the United States
Private spaceflight companies
Space access
Bernd Büchner. Bernd Büchner (born 26 May 1961) is, since 2003, Director of the Institute for Solid State Research, IFW Dresden and Professor for Experimental Physics at the Dresden University of Technology. Büchner is known for contributions to the field of high-temperature superconductivity,
recent work on iron-based superconductors 

and authored over 1000 scientific papers.

Born in Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, Bernd Büchner graduated at the University of Cologne, where he obtained a PhD in 1993 and was habilitated in 1999. From 2000 to 2003, Büchner was Professor for Experimental Physics at the RWTH Aachen University.

References

External links
 Web page of IFW Dresden

Living people
21st-century German physicists
1961 births
Academic staff of TU Dresden
Engineering Council of India. Engineering Council of India (ECI) is a public society established on 4 April 2002 by large number of professional institutions to work for the advancement of engineering profession in various disciplines and for enhancing the image of engineers in society, by focusing on the quality and accountability of engineers. The headquarters of ECI is in New Delhi, India.ECI has mandate from Government of India to work  as an Apex body of engineering profession and to maintain National register for Professional engineers

References

External links 
Official site

Organisations based in Delhi
Professional associations based in India
List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Sweden. Electric railways in Sweden are powered from a single-phase AC supply of 15 kV at  Hz, as used in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.  Unlike these countries, the 132 kV traction current grid covers only part of the country,  approximately north of Stockholm. This grid is fed by frequency converters and has no generation nor transmission lines from Norway, which uses the same traction current system. Formerly, the Porjus Hydroelectric Power Station provided electric power to the traction network. In the future the Älvkarleby Hydroelectric Power Station may be connected to the traction network, as this would increase stability of the power grid of the railway system.
Separate from the 132 kV grid is a 30 kV line connection between Mon and Varp substation north of Gothenburg.

Also the overhead wire system has some differences. It is common, that the pylons for the overhead wire also carry a three phase AC system. In order to reduce counts of substations, the voltage at the substations for the overhead wire is 32 kV at some lines (AT-System). However trains require 16 kV and therefore auto transformers are used, which have a central connection connected with the grounded railway, while the other connections are connected to the 32 kV output. The voltage between this central connection to the phase is 16 kV. The other pole to ground is also 16 kV, but with opposite polarity and runs along the track on the overhead wires until separation section. Other lines are fed directly with 16 kV from the substations. However differential transformers are used for feeding, in order to eliminate jamming signals.

Sites

Decentralized Converter Stations 
Converter Stations only feeding power into overhead wire.

Centralized Converter Stations 
Converter Stations, which also feed power into 132 kV single phase AC grid.

Substations 
Substations fed from 132 kV single phase AC grid.

30 kV-line Mon-Varp 
Endpoints of 30 kV-interconnection Mon-Varp.

Other remarkable points 
Crossing-point of traction current power line and HVDC Fenno-Skan 2 (only crossing point of HVDC overhead line and single-phase AC overhead powerline in the world): .

The railway on the Öresund bridge is fed with Danish standard voltage, 25 kV 50 Hz AC, along around 6 km within Swedish borders. The power is supplied from Denmark. The system limit is at Lernacken, near the bridge abutment.

Two local railways in Stockholm County, Roslagsbanan and Saltsjöbanan, as well as Stockholm Metro and all tramways are run on DC power.

External links 
 Explanation 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110719062453/http://www.ee.kth.se/php/modules/publications/reports/2010/IR-EE-ES_2010_006.pdf
 http://www.nth.se/nb/banmatningssystem_nb_web.pdf

Electric power distribution
Electric power infrastructure in Sweden
Electric railways in Sweden
Sweden
Traction power networks
Sweden
Rail transport-related lists
Sweden transport-related lists

sv:Matning av kontaktledning
M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering. M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering (MKCE) is located in Thalavapalayam on the way to Karur and Salem. The college was founded by M. Kumarasamy, the correspondent and also the management trustee of M. Kumarasamy Health & Education Trust in the year of 2001. The college is affiliated to the Anna University, Chennai and also approved by the All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi. Mr. Raja Subramanian is the college's general manager.

MKCE (autonomous) history 

MKCE established in the year 2000 by the M. Kumarasamy Health and Educational Trust. 
In November 2011 upgraded as Autonomous Institution and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.
Accredited by NAAC.

Value added courses 
Value added courses are designed and offered by each department. These courses are conducted after the regular college hours. In addition to the above other course offered are, BEC Course, C Language, Catia, Embedded Systems, Fundamentals of Computer Programming, Infosys Campus Connect Programme, Lab View, MAT Lab, Rational Suite (IBM), Solid Works, Spoken English, Tele – logic, TV Assembly & Servicing Courses, VLSI Design,

College library 
The Library started its service in 2000 as a part of MKCE. The fully computerized Library Information Systems helps the staff and students tremendously in day-to-day operations.

The Library uses LIPS-i-NET software system with barcode scanning facility. Every document in the Library bears a barcode tag that is used for its circulation.

Science and humanities

Maths 
The Mathematics Department was established in the year 2000 with the destination of offering basic knowledge to the undergraduate students in Science and Technology. It fulfills the basic needs of undergraduate students and strengthens their knowledge in mathematics.

Physics 
The physics department was established in the year 2000 with the destination of offering basic knowledge to the undergraduate students in Science and Technology. It fulfills the basic needs of undergraduate students and strengthens their knowledge in physics.

Facilities available (physics) 
 Physics Laboratory as per the specification of Anna University, Coimbatore
 Laboratory to conduct physics practicals to I Year B.E / B.Tech.
 Faculty members

Chemistry 
The Department of chemistry was established in the year 2000 with the destination of offering basic knowledge to the undergraduate students in Science and Technology. It fulfills the basic needs of undergraduate students and strengthens their knowledge in Chemistry.

English

Lab facilities (English)
 The Language Lab is equipped with 61 computer systems loaded with self-language learning software.
 In addition to that visual aids like Television, DVD player and LCD projector are used to hone the soft skills.

Rankings 
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.

Mkce library collections 
 Total number of books :33,000
 Total number of titles :16,297
 Non-book materials :2750
 Total number of journals  :22

References

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Karur
Local Data Manager. The Local Data Manager (LDM) is a suite of programs for the distribution of near real-time atmospheric earth data to researchers and educators free of charge as it becomes available.  The system is specifically focused with passing, receiving, and managing arbitrary data products accessed through event-driven (push) technologies via the Internet.  Data products mostly include GOES satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model output from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the Canadian Meteorological Centre, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center. 

LDM is provided freely, including source code by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under the Unidata Program Center and via the developer's GitHub.  It is widely used in the meteorological community, and is a product of the Internet Data Distribution (IDD) Program which has brought together over 160 universities in the Unidata community to build a means for publicizing and accessing data from observing systems as soon as the data becomes available.

References 

Earth sciences graphics software