omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aeroflot Flight 6263. Aeroflot Flight 6263 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Krasnodar International Airport to Perm International Airport, with stopovers in Volgograd, Saratov, and Kazan. Shortly before the flight was scheduled to land in Perm on 21 January 1973, the aircraft entered a downward spiral and crashed in Bolshesosnovsky District approximately  from Perm International Airport, its intended destination. Of the 39 passengers and crew on board the aircraft, four survived the initial crash; however, all survivors had died by the time rescuers arrived at the scene.

Aircraft
The aircraft involved in the accident was an Antonov An-24B with registration CCCP-46276. The aircraft first flew in 1967.

Accident
Approximately 15 minutes before the aircraft was due to land in Perm, at an altitude of , the aircraft entered a downward spiral, reaching approximately . The aircraft subsequently broke up due to high g-forces at an altitude of approximately . The fuselage came to rest in an inverted position on deep snow in Bolshesosnovsky District, approximately  from Perm. Four of the 39 passengers and crew on board initially survived the crash; however, all of the initial survivors had died of exposure to the cold by the time rescuers arrived at the scene.

Investigators were unable to conclusively determine the cause of the crash. Some signs of a missile explosion were found, such as dots of green paint that were not from the aircraft. However, the Ministry of Defence denied that there had been any exercises in the area at the time of the crash.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1973
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
20th-century aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
6263
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24
January 1973 events in the Soviet Union
Halous acid. A halous acid, also known as a halogenous acid, is an oxyacid consisting of a halogen atom in the +3 oxidation state single-bonded to a hydroxyl group and double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Examples include chlorous acid, bromous acid, and iodous acid. The conjugate base is a halite.

Synthesis
One method is to add oxygen to the corresponding hypohalous acid. This can be done with another hypohalous acid—or even the same one.
HBrO + HClO → HBrO2 + HCl
2 HBrO → HBrO2 + HBr
The latter is a disproportionation reaction.

Another method of oxidizing hypobromous acid can be used:
HBrO + H2O - 2e− → HBrO2 + 2H+
The oxidized bromine-containing acid need not contain oxygen originally, as in this comproportionation reaction:
2 HBrO3 + HBr → 3 HBrO2
Bromous acid was originally prepared using another method of adding oxygen to hypobromous acid, where the free oxygen was freed from water when the free hydrogen was taken by NO3 (to form nitric acid) that was freed from silver nitrate when the silver was taken by elemental bromine to form silver bromide.
2 AgNO3 + HBrO + Br2 + H2O → HBrO2 + 2 AgBr
Chlorous acid may be generated from salts of the conjugate base, chlorite, which is more stable than chlorous acid.
Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 HClO2

Stability
Chlorous acid, bromous acid, and iodous acid are all unstable. Chlorous acid is the only isolatable halous acid, and while it has stable salts, they tend to decompose rapidly, some even explosively, upon heating. Neither bromous acid nor iodous acid has ever been isolated, and while a few salts of bromous acid have been isolated, the same is not true for iodous acid.

One method of decomposition of halous acids is disproportionating to the corresponding hypohalous acid and halic acid:
 2 HClO2 → HClO + HClO3
 2 HBrO2 → HBrO3 + HOBr
In acidic solutions, chlorous acid tends to decompose via another disproportionation reaction:
 5 HClO2 → 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2 H2O

References

Halogen oxoacids
Brăila Bridge. The Brăila Bridge () is a road suspension bridge in Romania over the Danube river, between Brăila, a major city in eastern Romania, and the opposite bank of the river in Tulcea County, on the DN2S national road and European route E87. It is the first bridge over the maritime Danube sector and the fourth bridge over the Romanian section of the river. At nearly 2 km in length, it is the largest bridge over the Danube, and the third longest suspension bridge in the European Union. The bridge improves road traffic accessibility of the Galați-Brăila area to Constanța and Tulcea, and connections of the Moldavia and Muntenia regions with Dobruja. The European Union co-funded the project with €363 million from Cohesion Policy funds.

Construction

First studies for a bridge in the Lower Danube region were done in 1986, but the first prefeasibility study was conducted in 1996. The final feasibility study was finished in 2016 by  and Pegaso Ingegneria. 

In 2017, the bridge project was awarded to the Astaldi (now Webuild) and IHI Infrastructure Systems association for an estimated cost of €434 million, and the construction works started in December 2018.

In May 2021, the construction of the two main pillars had finished, and preparations had been started to deploy the first cables across the bridge. On 20 August 2021, it was reported that the construction of the bridge is on schedule and that half of the bridge was already done.

The first of the 86 suspended segments of the roadway were installed in spring 2022, with the last one on 28 June 2022. The bridge was opened on 6 July 2023.

Specifications

The project consists of the construction of a suspension bridge of  length with a  main span, and two side spans of  long on the Brăila bank of the river and  long on the Tulcea bank of the river, two access viaducts of  length on both sides (which bring the total length of the bridge to ), and a connecting road with a total length of approximately .

See also
Roads in Romania
List of bridges in Romania
List of longest suspension bridge spans

References

External links

Presentation Memo: Suspended bridge suspended over the Danube in the Brăila area

Proposed roads in Romania
Bridges in Romania
Bridges over the Danube
Buildings and structures in Brăila County
Buildings and structures in Tulcea County
Brăila
Suspension bridges
Road bridges
HMS Crested Eagle. HMS Crested Eagle was a paddle steamer sunk in the Dunkirk evacuation. J. Samuel White built her in 1925 for the General Steam Navigation Company, and was requisitioned by the Admiralty during the World War II for anti-aircraft duties as part of the Thames Special Service Flotilla.

History
Crested Eagle was the first oil-burning paddle steamer built for the Thames. She was designed with a three-part telescopic funnel, hinged mast and low superstructure to enable her to pass underneath London Bridge, to allow her to compete with ships such as . She carried passengers from Old Swan Pier (just west of London Bridge), along the Thames to Margate. In 1932 General Steam Navigation Company  assigned Crested Eagle to new routes from London to Clacton-on-Sea and Felixstowe, while the newly launched  took over the old Margate route. With the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Crested Eagle was one of the ships tasked with evacuating children out of London, carrying them to Felixstowe.

On 29 May 1940, captained by Lieutenant Commander (Temporary) Bernard Booth RNR, Crested Eagle sailed from Sheerness to the east mole at Dunkirk. On the west side of the mole were some trawlers and , with  and Crested Eagle docked on the east wide. Troops were boarding the trawlers and the three ships in between bombing raids. But after Grenade and Fenella were both damaged by bombing raids, the survivors on both ships disembarked and boarded the Crested Eagle. She set sail with about 600 men aboard, but less than a mile from the mole a number of bombs hit her. With the aft of the ship on fire, including the lounges where large numbers of troops had been sheltering, the captain was advised by an engineer that the ship would not survive, so he ordered the ship beached. About 200 survivors of the Crested Eagle were picked up by other ships including ,  and . The Crested Eagle's second engineer and a stoker from the Grenade were rescued from the water by . About 300 soldiers were killed in the incident.

The ship is now still visible at low spring tide on Zuydcoote beach.

References

1925 ships
Little Ships of Dunkirk
Paddle steamers of the United Kingdom
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Peter Campbell (engineer). Peter Campbell (born January 1932 in Coulsdon, Surrey-died 1 May 2021) was a British structural engineer.

Early life and education 
Campbell grew up in Coulsdon, Surrey and went to Purley High School for Boys. He attended the Brixton School of Building (now London South Bank University) from 1948 to 1951. In 1951 he passed the graduate examination of the Institution of Structural Engineers and immediately joined Arup. After two years military service he studied for a DIC in concrete technology at Imperial College London

Career 
Campbell and Ian Reith formed Campbell Reith and Partners in 1960. Projects which he personally supervised were a new Government Centre in Mauritius, the IBRD 1st education project in Trinidad and Tobago, Slough Estates HQ, the West Stand at the Oval, the Japanese Embassy in London and the HQ for Southern Water in Worthing. From 1962 to 1968 Campbell taught the theory of structures at Regent Street Polytechnic London. He invented a flexible cladding device and in 1981 established a museum of concrete at the Chalk Pitts Museum at Amberley in West Sussex. Peter retired from Campbell Reith as a senior partner in 1992. He was Chairman of the Association of Consulting Engineers (now the Association for Consultancy and Engineering) 1991-92  and was President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1988-89.

Awards and honours 
Freeman of the City of London  and Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Paviors
Justice of the Peace in the Surrey Division of Reigate

Selected publications 
Learning from Construction Failures

References 

British structural engineers
Fellows of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Alumni of London South Bank University
20th-century British engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
21st-century British engineers
People from Coulsdon
1932 births
2021 deaths
Karen Casella. Karen Casella is a software engineer and advocate for inclusion in the technology industry. She is an engineering leader at Netflix and previously held leadership positions at eBay and SHOP.COM.  She was also named a Lesbians Who Tech LGBTQ Tech and Innovation fellow.

Early life and education 
Karen Casella grew up on the South Shore in Massachusetts. She attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1983 with a B.S. in mechanical engineering.

Career 
Casella began her career at Maxtor, a company that manufactured hard disk drives. In 1993, she became a software engineer and architect at Sun Microsystems. After 11 years at Sun, she served as Director of Application Architecture at eBay, Inc. and then became Vice President of Site Development at SHOP.COM in 2005. In 2008, she was promoted to Vice President of Engineering, and in 2010, she became Senior Vice President of Engineering, leading the SHOP.COM engineering team and managing software development, quality assurance, and worldwide site operations. She is currently the engineering leader of Netflix's Edge & Playback Access teams, which ensure that users are viewing content securely. In this position, she oversaw the implementation of the download feature, which allows users to download content onto their devices to watch without access to the Internet.

Advocacy work 
Casella also advocates for inclusion of women, the LGBTQ community, and other underrepresented groups in technology. In 2017, she hosted a panel on diversity and inclusion in technology at the QCon software architecture conference. She was also selected as an LGBTQ Tech and Innovation fellow by Lesbians Who Tech. In this fellowship, she served as an engineering lead for an app, funded by the Tegan and Sara Foundation, which helps young queer women find mentors in their career area of interest.

References

External links 
 LinkedIn profile

Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
American software engineers
LGBTQ people from Massachusetts
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Joe Kindregan. Joe Kindregan is an Irish structural engineer born in 1954 in the Republic of Ireland

Early life and education 
Kindregan read civil engineering at University College, Dublin. In 1978 he took a PGDip  in Computing followed by a PGDip in Project Management at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1985 he took a PGDip in Legal Studies at Dublin Institute of Technology

Career 
From 1976-80 Kindregan worked in the Dublin office of Arup. In 1980 he moved to Abalkhail Consulting Engineers  until 1984 working in Dublin, Riyadh and Los Angeles. He returned to Dublin as a lecturer at the Dublin Institute of Technology becoming Head of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering in 1992- a post he held until 2014. Since then Kindregan has been an independent consultant based in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. Kindregan is President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 2019.

Awards and honours 
Winner of Pierce Malone Scholarship [3] [2]. at National University of Ireland, 1976,
 Association of Consulting Engineers of Ireland President's Award 2019

References 

Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
Structural engineers
1954 births
Living people
20th-century Irish engineers
21st-century Irish engineers
Irish civil engineers
Irish expatriates in Saudi Arabia
Engineers from County Kildare
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of University College Dublin
Academics of Dublin Institute of Technology
Irish expatriates in the United States
Herbert Womersley. Herbert Womersley (1889–1962) was an entomologist whose works were especially concerned with mites and ticks, silverfish and flies. His research into the diversity of Australian resulted in descriptions of new insect taxa.

Biography 
Womersley was enlisted for wartime service in two English military sections, during 1915 to 1917 in the Royal Army Medical Corps and the Chemical Corps, Royal Engineers. 
After volunteering to join the chemical engineers, Womersley was engaged to transport tanks of poisons toward the frontlines of battle and release phosgene, chlorine and other weaponised gases when the prevailing wind became unfavourable to the enemy. 
Womersley was involved in the earliest chemical weapon attacks on German troops during the European conflict, including the first British use at the Battle of Loos.
He served next at the munitions factory,  H.M. Factory Gretna as a chemist until the end of the war. His later employment in Britain included a soap manufacturer and positions at the Entomological and  Linnean Society of London. He left England for Australia in 1930 and began his life's work on insects of the Australasian region. The first position he held was for a division of the CSIRO in Western Australia. His career included the role as resident entomologist and later honorary, and retroactively, Acarologist at the South Australian Museum and honorary positions and president of the Royal Society of South Australia.

Works 
Around 200 publications by Womersley gave the results of his work on the taxonomy of several orders of insects, the Acarina (mites and ticks), Apterygota (silverfish) and Diptera (flies), around three quarters of which concerned his eventual speciality, the Acarina.

Herbert Womersley was commemorated in the names of genera and species. The seven genera are Womersia, Womersleyessia, Womersleyia and Womersleyna of Acarina and Womersleya, Womersleyella and Womersleymeria of the Collembola.

References 

1889 births
1962 deaths
Australian entomologists
20th-century Australian zoologists
VSS Unity VF-01. VF-01 was a sub-orbital spaceflight of the SpaceShipTwo-class VSS Unity that took place on 22 February 2019, piloted by David Mackay and co-piloted by Mike Masucci. It was operated by Virgin Galactic, a private company led by Richard Branson that intends to conduct space tourism flights in the future. Following VSS Unity VP-03, VF-01 was a demonstration of the craft's ability to carry passengers. Virgin Galactic's chief astronaut trainer Beth Moses acted as a test passenger, evaluating the experience for potential customers.

Reaching an apogee of , the flight satisfied the United States definition of spaceflight (), but fell short of the Kármán line (), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale definition. It was the highest flight of Unity and the SpaceShipTwo ever.

Crew

Flight

On 22 February 2019, Unity's mother ship VMS Eve carried it into flight in a parasite configuration. Shortly before 9 a.m., Unity was drop launched. Pilots Mackay and Masucci flew Unity at a maximum Mach of 3.04 to a maximum altitude of over . This altitude surpassed the 50-mile limit used in the United States to denote the limit of space, but fell short of the Kármán line. Both craft landed safely afterwards. During flight, Moses unstrapped from her seat and experienced weightlessness. Per the U.S. convention, Moses was also the first woman aboard a commercial spacecraft.

References

2019 in California
2019 in spaceflight
2019 in aviation
SpaceShipTwo
Test spaceflights
Private space missions
Aviation history of the United States
History of the Mojave Desert region
Mojave Air and Space Port
Suborbital human spaceflights
February 2019 in the United States
Security locknut. A security locknut  is a type of industrial fastener composed of two steel threaded parts: a nut body and an elliptical spring steel lock ring. Security locknuts are fastened onto a mating bolt to form a bolted joint. Forces of friction (with elastic deformation), a stretching of the bolt, and compression hold the bolted joint firmly together. The lock ring, once assembled into a counterbore in the nut body, provides clamping force on the bolt while the nut body takes the load. This isolates the loading and locking functions and helps prevent the nut from backing off the bolt. Due to the durable spring steel alloy, the security locknut is fully reusable while maintaining prevailing torque in each application.

Security locknuts are found in a variety of industrial applications. They are most commonly used in high vibration environments where non-locking nuts could come loose. In the rail industry, security locknuts can be found most commonly on railroad fishplates, frogs, switches, and crosses. Mining equipment features security locknuts on conveyor systems, crushers, shakers, mining chains, among other applications. In addition, mills use security locknuts to hold mill liners in place. Heavy vibration equipment manufacturers use security lockouts on woodchippers, grinders, pulverizers, shakers, feeders, and more. 

The sole manufacturer of the security locknut is Security Locknut LLC, located in Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA.

References 

Nuts (hardware)
Robert Mullineux Walmsley. Dr Robert Mullineux Walmsley  FRSE (1854–1924) was a British electrical pioneer. He was one of the first to bridge the gap between academic theory and practical use of electricity in the working world.

Life 

He was born near Liverpool in 1854, the eldest of nine children. He studied Sciences at the University of London graduating BSc in 1882. He began teaching physics in London then took on a post as assistant Demonstrator to Prof Ayrton at Finsbury Technical College. He then worked under Prof Silvanus Thompson, receiving a doctorate (DSc) in 1886.

In 1890 he went to Edinburgh as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Heriot-Watt University.

In 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Francis Grant Ogilvie, William Henry Perkin, Alexander Bruce, and Sir Byrom Bramwell.

In 1895 he was living at 5 Seton Place in the Grange district in south Edinburgh.

In 1896 he relocated from Edinburgh to Northampton Polytechnic Institute in Clerkenwell as its very first principal. The college later evolved into City, University of London.

He was struck by a vehicle on a London street near his home in Islington on 12 June 1924 and never regained consciousness. He died in London on 14 June 1924.

Family 

In 1896 he married Emily Victoria Hicks.

Publications 
 Electric Current: How Produced and How Used (1894)
 Transatlantic Engineering Schools and Engineering (1904)
 Engineering Colleges and the War (1915)
 Electricity in the Service of Man (1921)
 Modern Practical Electricity

References 

1854 births
1924 deaths
Academics of Heriot-Watt University
British electrical engineers
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People associated with City, University of London
Scientists from Liverpool
David Hobart (RAF officer). Air Vice-Marshal David Anthony Hobart,  (born 24 December 1951) is a British executive, aeronautical engineer, and former Royal Air Force (RAF) officer. Having been commissioned into the RAF in 1972, he reached the rank of air vice-marshal and served as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Policy) from 2001 to 2004. Following retirement from the military, he was chief executive of the Bar Council from 2004 to 2011, and has been chief executive of the City of London Law Society since 2011. He also served as Gentleman Usher to Queen Elizabeth II.

Early life and education
Hobart was born on 24 December 1951. He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, graduating with a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree in 1991. He studied law with the Open University, graduating Bachelor of Laws (LLB): he is not qualified as a solicitor nor barrister.

Military career
On 25 February 1972, Hobart was commissioned into the Engineer Branch of the Royal Air Force as a pilot officer. He was promoted to flying officer on 25 February 1973, and to flight lieutenant on 25 August 1977. As part of the half-yearly promotions, he was promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1983, to wing commander on 1 July 1988, and to group captain on 1 January 1995.

Promoted to air commodore, Hobart served as Director of Defence Programmes at the Ministry of Defence between 1998 and 2001. He was promoted to air vice-marshal in 2001, and served as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Policy) from 2001 to 2004. He retired from the Royal Air Force on 10 January 2005.

He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2004 Birthday Honours and  Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) in the 2022 Birthday Honours.

References

1951 births
Living people
Aeronautical engineers
20th-century British engineers
Royal Air Force air marshals
British chief executives
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Open University
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
Alpina B5. The Alpina B5 and D5 are a series of high performance executive cars manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Alpina, which is based on the BMW 5 Series of the car manufacturer BMW.

First generation (E60; 2005-2011)

The E60 is the first generation of B5, which was produced from 2005 to 2011.

Second generation (F10; 2011-2016) 

The F10 is the second generation of B5, which was produced from 2011 to 2016. Alpina produced two variants of the F10/F11 5 Series, the petrol-engined B5 and diesel-engined D5.

Third generation (G30; 2017-present) 

The third generation of the B5 is based on the BMW 5 Series (G30) presented in October 2016. It was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2017 and was launched in September 2017 at prices starting at €112,000. The B5 features a 4.4-litre N63M30 V8 engine that generates a maximum power output of  and  of torque.

References 

B5
Cars introduced in 2005
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Euro NCAP executive cars
Station wagons
Sedans
Executive cars
2010s cars
2020s cars