omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Short-circuit test. The purpose of a short-circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer.

Method
The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low-voltage (LV) side (or the secondary) is short-circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the primary side. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is optional since the applied voltage is the same as the voltmeter reading. Now with the help of a variac, the applied voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter gives a reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. After reaching the rated current of the HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter, and wattmeter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the transformer, the iron losses in the transformer can be taken as negligible here.

Calculations
 is the full-load copper loss

 is the applied voltage

 is the rated current

 is the resistance as viewed from the primary

 is the total impedance as viewed from the primary

 is the reactance as viewed from the primary

High-power tests
A short-circuit test for determination of transformer impedance and losses is carried out with relatively low power applied to the transformer, and with winding currents of the same magnitude as in operation. A different form of short-circuit testing is done to assess the mechanical strength of the transformer windings, and their ability to withstand the high forces produced if an energized transformer experiences a short-circuit fault. Currents during such events can be several times the normal rated current. The resultant forces can distort the windings or break internal connections. For large utility-scale power transformers, high-power test laboratories have facilities to apply the very high power levels representative of a fault on an interconnected grid system.

See also
Open-circuit test
Blocked rotor test
Circle diagram

Electric transformers
Corcoran 65-1. The Corcoran 65-1 was a motor glider of very unusual configuration, a twin engine biplane.  It was designed and built in the United States in the 1960s; only two were completed.

Design and development

Since World War I almost all gliders have been monoplanes and almost all motor gliders have had a single engine.  The Corcoran 65-1 is one of very few twin engine biplane motor glider designs.

The 65-1 had straight tapered, square tipped wings of equal span. Each was built around a single spar and skinned with aluminium. It was a single bay biplane with, on each side, a single, faired vertical interplane strut and a long bracing strut from the lower fuselage to the upper wing near the top of the interplane strut.  The ailerons, fitted on piano hinges on both upper and lower wings, were made of aluminium and unbalanced.  Flaps were carried on the upper wing only, filling 60% of its span.  They had four positions, with a maximum deflection of 35°.

The flat sided, rectangular cross-section fuselage was aluminium framed and skinned.  Its cockpit was enclosed by a single frame canopy, hinged on the port side. Behind the cockpit there was an extended fairing, starting at canopy height and tapering away just behind the wing trailing edge. A short, thin, streamlined pylon reached above it to support the upper wing centre section.  Two 8 hp (6 kW) West Bend 82 go-kart engines were mounted behind the fairing on short struts, driving pusher propellers.  Fin and rudder were straight tapered and square topped, with the latter extending down to the keel. The constant chord, square tipped tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried separated elevators, cut away inboard to permit rudder movement. The landing gear comprised a monowheel, fixed but partially faired, a steerable tailwheel and two small balancing outrigger wheels on short, faired struts below the interplane struts.

The 65-1 flew for the first time in October 1965.  It was followed by a second prototype which was significantly modified by an increase in wing area of 80% and by moving the previously external engines to within the fuselage, at the same fuselage position as before. The propellers were mounted on outriggers and belt driven.

Specifications (first prototype)

Notes

References

1960s United States sailplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Motor gliders
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Aero Concepts Discovery. The Aero Concepts Discovery is an American amateur-built aircraft, produced by Aero Concepts of Florida. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Discovery is a three lifting surface aircraft that features a cantilever mid-wing, a twin boom high tail, a canard surface, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. Its  span wing employs a NASA NLF-0215 airfoil and has an area of . The canard uses the same airfoil, while the tailplane uses a NASA 63218. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and standard engines used include the  Lycoming O-360 four-stroke powerplant. Construction time from the supplied kit is 1200 hours.

The company plans to develop the design into a light-sport aircraft, a jet-powered version and four-seat variant as well.

Operational history
By the end of 2011 three examples had been reported as completed and flown.

Specifications (Discovery)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Canard aircraft
Cadi Ayyad University. Cadi Ayyad University (in Arabic transcription): jāmiʿat al-qāḍī ʿayyāḍ, ) is a university in Marrakesh and one of the largest universities in Morocco. One of its associated colleges, the École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech (ENSA Marrakech), was created in 2000 by the Ministry of Higher Education and specializes in engineering and scientific research. Cadi Ayyad University was established in 1978 and operates 13 institutions in the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco in four main cities, including Kalaa of Sraghna, Essaouira and Safi in addition to Marrakesh.

Branches of study 
Cadi Ayyad University has established, since 1978, 13 institutions, which are: 
 Faculty of Sciences Semlalia FSSM 
 Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences  
 Faculty of Law, Economic and Social Sciences FSJES 
 Faculty of Sciences and Techniques FST 
 Faculty of  Medicine and Pharmacie FMPM
 National School of  Applied Sciences ENSA-M
 National School of Commerce and Management ENCG 
 Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS in Marrakesh
 Ecole Supérieure de Technologie in Essaouira ESTE
 University Center CUKS (2007–08) in Kelaa of Essraghna
 Ecole Supérieure de Technologie (1992–93)
 Faculté Polydisciplinaire (2003–04)
 National School of Applied Sciences ENSA Safi (2003–04) in Safi
The number of students enrolled in Marrakesh is reported to be 41,669.

Astronomy 
Under the Morocco Oukaimeden Sky Survey (MOSS) Project, the University of Marrakesh discovered two major comets and one NEO, which resulted in the university gaining prestige by naming the asteroid 2007 NQ3 as Cadi Ayyad. The first discovery was comet P/2011 W2 (Rinner) on 25 November 2011 using a 500 mm telescope at the Oukaimeden Observatory. The second comet with the name  (MOSS) was discovered on 13 February 2011. A near-Earth asteroid was discovered on the night of 15 to 16 November 2011 using a MOSS telescope. A third comet was officially discovered in January 2013 was designated .

References

Bibliography

See also 

 List of universities in Morocco
 Education in Morocco

External links 
Official site

1978 establishments in Morocco
Universities and colleges established in 1978
Universities in Morocco
Buildings and structures in Marrakesh
20th-century architecture in Morocco
Nissan W64 engine. The W64 is a 6.4L V8 piston engine from Nissan. It was originally developed by the Prince Motor Company for use in the Prince Royal limousine, a limousine made for the Imperial Household of Japan.

History
Limited production, only 8 known units built.

Specifications
Aspiration: Naturally aspirated
Valvetrain: OHV
Displacement: 
Power:

See also
 List of Nissan engines
 Nissan Prince Royal
 Nissan Y engine
 Nissan 
 Prince Motor Company

W64
V8 engines
Gasoline engines by model
St. Peter's College of Engineering and Technology. St. Peter's College of Engineering and Technology (SPCET) is a co-educational engineering college located in Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. 

College is affiliated to Anna University, Chennai 

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi. 

College is accredited by NAAC with 'A+' Grade 

ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution

History
The college was started in the year of 2008 by Lakshmi Saraswathi Educational Trust, Trust was established in the year 1992.

References

External links
 

Engineering colleges in Chennai
Educational institutions established in 2008
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Christensen Zipper. The Christensen Zipper is an air racer that was built to compete in the Goodyear midget air races.

Design and development
The Christensen Zipper was developed by Harvey Christensen and was patterned after Steve Wittman's Bonzo and Buster midget racers.

The Zipper is a single-place, mid-winged aircraft with conventional landing gear. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tubing with fabric covering. The wing used two wooden spars with strut wire bracing and fabric covering.

Operational history
During the 1948 National Air Races the aircraft was disqualified due to a spar structure inspection.

In the 1949 National Air Races the Zipper flew with the race number 59, sponsored by Rich-O-Root Beer with a qualifying run of . Christensen flew to third place, but landed one lap early after seeing the checkered flag for a competitor who had lapped him. The Zipper fell to tenth place for landing early.

Specifications (Zipper)

See also

References

Racing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Greenfish recirculation technology. Developed in Sweden, the Greenfish recirculation technology is a water purification technology for sustainable aquaculture production in closed indoor freshwater systems. It was developed at Gothenburg University by Björn Lindén in collaboration with Chalmers associate professor Torsten Wik, under the supervision of professor emeritus Gustaf Olsson at Lund University of Technology.

Several published articles
,
,
,
have appeared as well as verification of the system in full-scale farming operations with wet feed and semi-moist fish feed. One of the most important describes the advanced simulator for full-scale recirculation in an aquaculture system with algorithms for complete mass balances calculations, involving: growth of fish, addition of fish feeds, production of waste, bacterial growth and the dynamics of the water purification system.

In the system no less than 28 different parameters of bacterial substrates are described to simulate the water purification dynamics of the system.

The microbial scientific basics and water purification technology and engineering rests on formidable scientific knowledge, as can be followed in further references
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References

Aquaculture
Water treatment
International Journal of Nanomedicine. The International Journal of Nanomedicine  is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. The journal was established in 2006 and is published by Dove Medical Press.

External links 
 

Dove Medical Press academic journals
English-language journals
Nanomedicine journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2006
Cybernetics and Systems. Cybernetics and Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of cybernetics and systems science, including artificial intelligence, computer science, cybernetics, human computer intelligence, information and communication technology, machine learning, and robotics. The journal was established in 1971 as Journal of Cybernetics and obtained its current title in 1980. It is published by Taylor & Francis in cooperation with the Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies and the editor-in-chief is Robert Trappl.

Abstracting and indexing 
Cybernetics and Systems is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.434, ranking it 12th out of 22 journals in the category "Computer Science, Cybernetics"

References

External links 
 

Cybernetics
Academic journals established in 1971
Taylor & Francis academic journals
English-language journals
Care and maintenance. Care and maintenance is a term used in the mining industry to describe processes and conditions on a closed mine site at which there is the potential to recommence operations at a later date.  During the care and maintenance phase, production is stopped but the site is managed to ensure it remains in a safe and stable condition.

Causes
The mine might be considered to be temporarily unviable, due to current economic conditions or unfavourable resource prices, which are expected to improve at a later date.

Declining ore grades at some mines can also be a reason for care and maintenance announcements.

In some cases controlling interest companies decide not to provide further funding for subsidiary operations.

During closure
While the mine is closed, a care and maintenance program will manage environmental risks associated with tailings dumps, hazardous materials and open and underground pits.  Care of idle plant and machinery will also be included in the program. Public health and safety considerations and emergency response plans continue during the care and maintenance phase.

Some countries have legislative frameworks to ensure care and maintenance programs are in place before granting mine "closure certificates".

A later decision to permanently close the mine may result in mine reclamation.

See also

Mine closure
Mine closure planning

References

Mining and the environment
Environmental impact of mining
Chlorographene. For inorganic compounds of carbon, chlorographene is fully chlorinated graphene with the chemical formula of (CCl)n. Upon reaction with chlorine, graphene's sp2 planar lattice structure is transformed to sp3 hybridized buckled structure, this structure is similar to hydrogenated graphene (graphane) and fluorinated graphene (fluorographene).

Early derivatives 

Although graphene is one of the most mechanically strong material having a wide range of extraordinary properties, practical device applications are limited by its metallic behavior and sensitivity to surface adsorbates. Efforts to synthesize chemically modified graphene composites with tailored electronic, optical, and chemical properties have presented new directions in graphene research. In particular, band gap engineering of graphene through chemical modification, such as oxygenation, hydrogenation and fluorination is appealing for electronic applications, since the scalable fabrication of graphene-based devices without disturbing the strong honeycomb lattice has become possible. However, due to the complex atomic structure of graphene oxides (GOs) and thermal instabilities of hydrogenated graphenes (CHs) even at low temperatures, search for the novel graphene-based materials is still continuing. Easy synthesis, high-quality insulating behavior and extraordinary mechanical strength of fluorographene (CF) have inspired intense research on other halogen decorated graphene derivatives.

Synthesis 

In addition to three known derivatives of graphene: graphene oxide, graphane and fluorographene, the successful synthesis of chlorinated graphene (chlorographene) was also achieved very recently. It is experimentally demonstrated that nondestructive and patternable conversion of graphene is possible by using various photochemical chlorination techniques. Theoretical investigations have revealed that the covalently bonded chair conformation of chlorographene (formulated as CCl) is found to be stable even at room temperature.

Electronic properties 

Chlorographene is a nonmagnetic semiconductor with 1.2 eV direct band gap.
Top of the valence band and bottom of the conduction band locate at gamma point (center of the Brillouin zone).
Its electronic properties are more sensitive to applied strain than other graphene derivatives such as graphane and fluorographene.

References

External links

 Properties of diamond: Ioffe database

Inorganic carbon compounds
Graphene
Organochlorides
RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH & Co KG. is an English contract law case, concerning how it will be judged whether an agreement is reached.

Facts
Molkerei was buying automated packaging machinery, to come from and be installed by RTS. They made a letter of intent, providing for the whole contract price, contemplating full contract terms would be based on MF/1 terms, i.e. using the Institute of Engineering and Technology's model form of contract for the design, supply and installation of electrical, electronic and mechanical plant. On 5 July 2005, a draft final contract was produced, which stated that it would not be effective until executed and exchanged. Work began anyway. On 25 August terms were varied. There was a dispute about which terms the contract was on.

The Judge held that after the letter of intent expired, they entered a contract for RTS to do the work for an agreed price, but that did not include the final draft version of the MF/1 terms. The Court of Appeal held no contract arose after the letter of intent expiry at all. Molkerei argued there was a contract of expiry, not on the MF/1 terms, and RTS argued there was no contract, or if there was it was on MF/1 terms, as amended through the negotiations.

Judgment
Lord Clarke held that it was too dogmatic to say the "subject to contract" terms would be the ones that were binding, because it always depends on the circumstances. They had reached a binding agreement on or about 25 August on the terms agreed on or before 5 July as subsequently varied, and that the agreement was not subject to contract. This case illustrated the perils of beginning work without a precise basis for payment.

See also

UK labour law

References

English contract case law
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom cases
2010 in United Kingdom case law
Aquarium Development. The Aquarium Garage Development, was a proposed supertall skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. It was intended to be tied with Trans National Place as the tallest building in Boston. If built, it would have surpassed the 60-story John Hancock Tower by 10 stories and about .

The project was cancelled in 2012.

See also 
 List of tallest buildings in Boston

References

Buildings and structures in Boston
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
American Patriot Supercruiser. The American Patriot Supercruiser, also called the Patriot II, is an American amateur-built aircraft, that was designed and produced by American Patriot Aircraft of Westfield, Wisconsin. The aircraft was intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

While the aircraft was still offered for sale in April 2011 the company appears to have gone out of business in late 2011, having completed only the prototype.

Design and development
The Supercruiser features a strut-braced high-wing, two-seats in side-by-side configuration in an enclosed egg-shaped cockpit accessed via doors, a twin tail, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from aluminum alloy sheet. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaperons. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and standard engines used include the  Subaru EA 81 automotive conversion four-stroke powerplant. The cabin width is  and construction time from the supplied kit was to be 400 hours.

The company had indicated that they were pursuing light-sport aircraft certification in 2011, but as of September 2016, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

By December 2011 only one example, the prototype, was listed as completed. The US Federal Aviation Administration indicates that its registration expired on 30 September 2012 and was not renewed.

Specifications (Patriot Supercruiser)

References

External links
Archives of the company website on Archive.org

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Thomas J. McCarthy. Thomas J. McCarthy (born February 20, 1956) is an American born researcher, Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Biography
Thomas 'Tom' McCarthy was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts on February 20, 1956. His father, James (Jim), was a draftsman and later a manager at the General Electric Company. His mother, Helen, was a nurse and later a high school English teacher. Tom was educated in the Pittsfield public school system and graduated from Pittsfield High School and Pittsfield Community Music School in 1974. He studied chemistry at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (UMass Amherst), earning his B.S. in 1978, and organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning his Ph.D. in 1982. His undergraduate and graduate advisors were C. Peter Lillya and George M. Whitesides. He has been a faculty member in the polymer science and engineering department at UMass Amherst since 1982 and was promoted to associate professor in 1986 and professor in 1991. He served as department head from 2000-2003. Since 2006 he has been a guest professor at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and has taught there each semester since 2005.

Publications
He has published 152 peer-reviewed papers, and has been awarded 10 U.S. patents. His earliest papers were on organic chemistry; subsequently, they were mostly on  polymer and surface chemistry. His most cited paper, written jointly with Didem Öner, is "Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces. Effects of Topography Length Scales on Wettability" (Langmuir, 2000, 16 (20), pp 7777–7782, DOI: 10.1021/la000598o  which has received 1224 citations according to Google Scholar  In all, 59 of his papers have had 60 or more citations.

Notable students
Catherine Coleman
Anthony J. Dias
Molly Shoichet

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1956 births
21st-century American chemists
University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty