omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Claudia Mazzà. Claudia Mazzà is a professor of biomechanics at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Sheffield. Her research centres on biomechanics of human movement. She is the director of the EPSRC funded MultiSim project and a leading scientist in the Mobilise-D research project.

Education and career 
Mazzà studied biomechanics at the University of Bologna where she completed her PhD in 2004. She then continued her research at the Department of Human Movement Sciences at the Foro Italico University of Rome where she was appointed assistant professor in 2006. She became a reader in Sheffield in 2013 and was promoted to professor in 2019.

Research 
Mazzà's research encompasses a range of topics including biomechanics, gait analysis, techniques for human movement analysis and musculoskeletal modelling. This includes work on the influence of certain illnesses such as Parkinson's disease on the posture and motion of patients.

Awards and honours 
 Life Sciences Award – Suffrage Science awards 2020

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bioengineers
Women bioengineers
University of Bologna alumni
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Argonaut Pirate. The Argonaut Pirate was a 1930s, U.S., three place, single-engined pusher configuration amphibious aircraft. Only two were built.

Design and development

The H.20 Pirate was Argonaut aircraft's first product, flying in 1935. Its wire-braced high wing was rectangular in plan out to blunted tips. It had solid spruce spars and wooden ribs and was fabric-covered apart from plywood-covered leading edges. Its ailerons were relatively short but broad.

The hull was also wooden, a semi-monocoque structure with ply planking, ply frames and spruce stringers. It had a single step planing bottom. Pilot and co-pilot sat side by side in an enclosed cabin forward of the wing leading edge. The third seat was just behind them on the centreline and was more like a jump-seat than a true passenger seat. The H.20 Pirate's inverted, air-cooled,  Menasco C-4 was mounted close to the top of the fuselage above the wing, its four-bladed propeller just clearing the central wing trailing edge. The steel tube engine mounting ran down through the fuselage to the main landing gear mountings. The vertical tail was rather straight-edged in profile, with its tailplane mounted about halfway up carrying lobate plan elevators.

The Pirate was stabilized on water with a pair of rather bulky, flat-bottomed, strut-mounted floats at about two-thirds span. Its retractable landing gear was narrow track, with wheels on short, rubber ring-damped legs that were manually retracted into a horizontal position with a wheel in the cabin. The mainwheels had brakes and the tailwheel swivelled for ground manoeuvrability.

The Pirate prototype H.20 first flew in 1934. Its development programme was successfully concluded in late 1935; by then it was described more realistically as a two place aircraft. This programme led to a second aircraft, the H.24, intended as the production prototype. Its span was increased to  and the Menasco was strut-mounted  well above the fuselage, in clearer air, allowing a  diameter, two-bladed propeller to be fitted. Long, V-form struts from the top of the engine mounting to the spars replaced the earlier wire bracing. More refined, V-bottom, floats were used. Its tail was revised with more rounded fixed surfaces and a deeper and more rounded rudder and the elevators had more area with only a small cut-out for rudder movement. These and other production aircraft related changes increased the empty weight of the H.24 by 45%. By 1937 it was once again described as a three-seater, though little is known about the cabin and there was no glazing aft of the cockpit. It was on display at the National Aviation Show held in New York from 28 January 1937 but no production followed.

Development continued after Argonaut's acquisition by the (Donald G) White Aircraft Co. in 1938, as the White A-R 3-seat amphibian and the White Gull 4-seat amphibian. Only a single White A-R was registered as NX77Y and further work was halted due to lack of market.

Specifications (H.24 Pirate)

See also

References

Amphibious aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1930s United States sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
J. H. Campbell Generating Plant. J. H. Campbell Generating Plant is a 1,420 MW, three-unit coal-fired generating plant in West Olive, Michigan which uses sub-bituminous coal. It is owned and operated by CMS Energy.

Generating capacity
The plant has three units: unit 1 produces 265 MW, unit 2 produces 385 MW, and unit 3 produces 848 MW. All units are planned to be closed in May 2025 as per CMS Energy's plan to eliminate coal use by 2040.

Environmental impact 
In 2018, the plant released 7,917,510 tons of CO2, 4,547 tons of SO2, and 2,572 tons of NOx.

There are three ponds at the plant which are used to store coal ash. Environmental groups like the Michigan Environmental Council claim that heavy metals and other residuals from these ponds have been leaking into groundwater. In response, CMS Energy is now emptying these ponds and transferring the coal ash to landfills.

See also 

Coal-fired Power plant
Coal Mining in the United States
Coal Power in the United States
Electricity Sector of the United States
Energy in the United States
List of coal-fired power stations in the United States
List of natural gas-fired power stations in the United States
List of power stations in Michigan
List of power stations in the United States

References

External links 
Plant owner website

Buildings and structures in Ottawa County, Michigan
Coal-fired power stations in Michigan
49m stealth fast attack craft. The 49m stealth fast attack craft (Project-PB-049) are a class of locally made fast attack craft of the Myanmar Navy. Unlike the previous class of 5-series class fast attack craft, the design of the 49m stealth fast attack craft utilizes stealth technology.

History
The hull number 491 is the lead ship of this class, and it was completed in 2013. The second ship 492 was completed in 2019, and commissioned on 24 December 2020.

Design
The 492 is fitted with three waterjet propulsers. The hull design and armaments are slightly altered.

Ships of the class

References 

Fast attack craft
Ships of the Myanmar Navy
Ship classes built by Myanmar Navy
2013 ships
China–India railway. China–India Railway or Sino Indian Railway () are a number of planned railways between China and India:

 Most advanced in plans, technically not entering India but still bearing the name, 460 km standard gauge 120-160 km/h railway to link Yadong on Indo-Chinese border with current railhead Shigatse Railway Station, Tibet, and possibly onward with break of gauge (broad gauge) and continuing to Sikkim and beyond, pending politics. Land ports and trans-shipment is more likely. This line may share a good part of its routing with China-Nepal railway towards Gyirong and Kathmandu. Following 2020 China–India skirmishes, China seems keen to hasten Tibet rail projects. The Indian government is constructing a rail link which is planned to be extended up to the border at Nathu La (Sivok–Rangpo line).
 Another different (conventional) line would begin in Kunming, through Ruili, Myitkyina, and end in Ledo, India, final construction on 160 km/h standard gauge line toward Ruili Station is finishing up, this u/c section of it is called Dali–Ruili railway, while international points beyond on this routing have yet to commit. Myanmar has expressed interest to extend Ruili route to Mandalay in its place, all points beyond pending.
 Farther fetched proposals for high speed trains between China and India have been floated as generic abstract concepts without feasibility study.

See also 

 China–Nepal railway
 Sivok–Rangpo line
 Indian geostrategic rail lines
 Sichuan–Tibet railway (Lhasa–Nyingchi railway) - passes within 50km of border with India
 India–China Border Roads

References

Rail transport in China
Rail transport in Tibet
Mountain railways
China–India relations
Rail transport in India
Rail transport in Arunachal Pradesh
Rail transport in Assam
Rail transport in West Bengal
Italian destroyer Audace (D 551). Audace (D 551) is the lead ship of the Audace-class destroyer of the Italian Navy.

Development  
The design of these ships was related to the previous Impavido-class, but they were meant as a decisive improvement over these older vessels. They hull was more capable to resist high sea conditions, incorporating an aft superstructure used to accommodating two AB-212 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters. This gave the vessels an ASW capability, with improved sonars and torpedo tubes.

The superstructures were built with aluminium alloys in two blocks with one mack (this is the combination with the funnels supporting metallic, short trees used for radar equipment) each. The distance between the two superstructure blocks was high, as both the propulsion systems were located at midships and over this, the 76 mm gun battery. The aft superstructure was dedicated to the Tartar/SM-1 missiles and hangar.

Due to its anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and anti-ship characteristics, the Ardito was the most modern that had been conceived and built up to then in the field of military naval construction. type, entered service in December 1973.

Construction and career 
She is laid down on 17 April 1968 and launched on 2 October 1971 by Cantiere navale di Riva Trigoso. Commissioned on 16 November 1972 with the hull number D 551 and decommissioned on 28 September 2006.

Audace was the pride of the Navy in the 1970s, it served for 35 years until 2006, it was sent to Aliaga to be demolished on 7 May 2018.

Gallery

References

External links
 Audace (D 551) Marina Militare website

Audace-class destroyers
1971 ships
Destroyers of the Cold War
Italian destroyer Ardito (D 550). Ardito (D 550) is the second ship of the Audace-class destroyer of the Italian Navy.

Development  
The design of these ships was related to the previous Impavido-class, but they were meant as a decisive improvement over these older vessels. They hull was more capable to resist high sea conditions, incorporating an aft superstructure used to accommodating two AB-212 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters. This gave the vessels an ASW capability, with improved sonars and torpedo tubes.

The superstructures were built with aluminium alloys in two blocks with one mack (this is the combination with the funnels supporting metallic, short trees used for radar equipment) each. The distance between the two superstructure blocks was high, as both the propulsion systems were located at midships and over this, the 76 mm gun battery. The aft superstructure was dedicated to the Tartar/SM-1 missiles and hangar.

Due to its anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and anti-ship characteristics, the Ardito was the most modern that had been conceived and built up to then in the field of military naval construction. type, entered service in December 1973.

Construction and career 
She is laid down on 19 July 1968 and launched on 27 November 1971 by Cantiere Navale di Castellamare di Stabia. Commissioned on 5 December 1972 with the hull number D 550 and decommissioned on 28 September 2006.

After leaving service in 2006, after more than 10 years of mooring at the docks of the La Spezia base, in December 2017 the two ships were sold, by the Agenzia Industrie Difesa (AID), by means of an international public auction. within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), at Aliaga.

Gallery

References

External links
 Destroyer Ardito Marina Militare website
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiere_navale_di_Castellammare_di_Stabia

https://www.naveardito.it/

Audace-class destroyers
1971 ships
Destroyers of the Cold War
Metals (journal). Metals is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering related scientific research and technology development. It was established in 2011 and is published by MDPI in affiliation with the Portuguese Society of Materials and the Spanish Materials Society. The editor-in-chief is Hugo F. Lopez (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, short communications, and book reviews. There are occasional special issues.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: 
Chemical Abstracts 
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology 
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences 
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus

References

External links
Official Website

Academic journals established in 2011
Open access journals
Materials science journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals
IRIS Separ (P234). Separ () is a  serving in the Northern Fleet of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.

Construction and commissioning 
She was commissioned into service on 5 December 2017.

Service history 
Separ, along with her sister Joshan, left home on 22 April 2019 for a training and flag mission. The two made a visit to Aktau, Kazakhstan, before returning on 29 April 2019.

See also

 List of current ships of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy

References 

Missile boats of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Ships built at Shahid Tamjidi shipyard
Processes (journal). Processes is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering process/systems related research in chemistry, biology, materials, and allied engineering fields. It was established in 2013 and is published by MDPI. The journal publishes regular research papers, communications, letters, short notes, and reviews. The founding editor-in-chief was Michael A. Henson (University of Massachusetts Amherst), who was succeeded in 2020 by Giancarlo Cravotto (University of Turin).

In September 2021 the journal was among the initial 13 journals included in the official Norwegian list of possibly predatory journals, known as level X.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
Inspec
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.5.

References

External links

Monthly journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Engineering journals
MDPI academic journals
Academic journals established in 2013
English-language journals
Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment. DOPE, short for Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment, was a simple programming language designed by John Kemény in 1962 to offer students a transition from flow-charting to programming the LGP-30. Lessons learned from implementing DOPE were subsequently applied to the invention and development of BASIC.

Description
Each statement was designed to correspond to a flowchart operation and consisted of a numeric line number, an operation, and the required operands:
  7 + A B C
 10 SIN X Z

The final variable specified the destination for the computation. The above program corresponds in functionality to the later BASIC program:

DOPE might be the first programming language to require every statement to have a line number, predating JOSS and BASIC.

The language was case insensitive.

Variable names were a single letter A to Z, or a letter followed by a digit (A0 to Z9). As with Fortran, different letters represented different variable types. Variables starting with letters A to D were floating point, as were variables from I to Z; variables E, F, G, and H each were defined as vectors with components from 1 to 16.

The language was used by only one freshman computing class. Kemeny collaborated with high school student Sidney Marshall (taking freshman calculus) to develop the language.

Legacy
According to Thomas Kurtz, a co-inventor of BASIC, "Though not a success in itself, DOPE presaged BASIC. DOPE provided default vectors, default printing formats, and general input formats. Line numbers doubled as jump targets."

The language had a number of other features and innovations that were carried over into BASIC:
 Variable names were either a letter or a letter followed by a digit
 Arrays (vectors) did not have to be declared and had a default size (16 instead of 10)
 Every line required a numeric label*
 Lines were sorted in numeric order*
 Every line begins with a keyword*
 Function names were three letters long*
 The only loop construct was a for-loop
Unlike either Fortran or Algol 60.

See also
 DARSIMCO, 'Dartmouth Simplified Code', a 1956 assembler macro language
 Dartmouth ALGOL 30, a compiler developed by Dartmouth for the LGP-30

References

Programming languages
Ablation (artificial intelligence). In artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML), ablation is the removal of a component of an AI system. An ablation study aims to determine the contribution of a component to an AI system by removing the component, and then analyzing the resultant performance of the system. 

The term is an analogy with biology (removal of components of an organism), and is particularly used in the analysis of artificial neural networks by analogy with ablative brain surgery. Other analogies include other neurological systems such as that of Drosophila, and the vertebrate brain. 

Ablation studies require that a system exhibit graceful degradation: the system must continue to function even when certain components are missing or degraded. According to some researchers, ablation studies have been deemed a convenient technique in investigating artificial intelligence and its durability to structural damages. 

Ablation studies damage or remove certain components in a controlled setting to investigate all possible outcomes of system failure; this characterizes how each action impacts overall system performance and capability. The ablation process can be used to test systems that perform tasks such as speech recognition, object detection, and robot control.

History
The term is credited to Allen Newell, one of the founders of artificial intelligence, who used it in his 1974 tutorial on speech recognition, published in . The term is by analogy with ablation in biology. The motivation was that, while individual components are engineered, the contribution of an individual component to the overall system performance is not clear; removing components allows this analysis. 

Newell compared the human brain to artificial computers. With this in thought, Newell saw both as knowledge systems whereas procedures such as ablation can be performed on both to test certain hypotheses.

See also 
Muntzing

References

Further reading
 

 

Artificial neural networks
Alton Gas & Electric Power House. The Alton Gas & Electric Power House is a former hydroelectric power plant at 700 W. Broadway in Alton, Illinois.

History 
Built in 1913–14, the plant was a substation for the hydroelectric power system which had recently been built in Keokuk, Iowa. Alton had gotten its electricity from coal power until this point, and the hydroelectric plant helped lower energy costs in the city. The plant went online in 1915 and served as the city's primary power plant until 1928, when a series of mergers and reorganizations resulted in the Union Electric Company, which had also bought the Keokuk hydroelectric plant, purchasing the plant from Alton Gas & Electric. After 1928, the station only served as an emergency backup for Union Electric's other substations, and it closed for good in 1937. 

The building has since been used for machining operations and briefly served as an automobile dealership; it has been owned by the Abbott Machine Company since 1950.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 2019.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Illinois
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Industrial buildings completed in 1914
Alton, Illinois
Hydroelectric power plants in Illinois
Former hydroelectric power plants in the United States
Former power stations in Illinois
Vestfyn Line. The Vestfyn Line is a planned high-speed rail line on the Danish island of Funen, to be built between Odense and Middelfart.

Background
The Copenhagen–Ringsted Line, Denmark's first high-speed rail line, opened in 2019. As part of plans for high-speed rail in Denmark under the Hour Model, speed increases and sections of new line have been planned between the cities of Copenhagen, Odense, Aarhus, Esbjerg and Aalborg. In 2013, this was outlined further in the Togfond plan, which estimated the cost of a new Odense to Middelfart/Fredericia railway at DKK4.5 billion in 2017.

Approval for the construction of the line was given in November 2019, with construction to begin in 2023. The Vestfyn Line is proposed to shorten the route between Odense and Middelfart by 4 km and reduce journey times by 5 minutes.

Route
The new high-speed is planned to roughly follow the boundary of the E20 Fynske Motorvej road. The line will free up capacity on the existing line; a commuter rail service on this line is planned similar to the S-train in Copenhagen.

In 2022, NIRAS estimated that the construction would be completed by 2028.

See also
High-speed rail in Denmark

References

High-speed railway lines in Denmark
Proposed railway lines in Denmark
Erik Bratt. Erik Gustaf Bratt (1 January 1916 – 13 February 2010) was a Swedish engineer and pilot. Erik Bratt was the brother of Colonel Lars Bratt.

Biography 
Erik Bratt was responsible for the construction of Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen by Saab AB, Linköping Sweden. Bratt personified in Sweden the concept of the development and vast expansion of the Swedish Air Force in the shadow of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race.

Personal 
Bratt took his flight certificate 1937 and underwent flight training in the Swedish Air Force  from 1940 to 1942. He graduated in 1942 with a master's degree in engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology. He was employed at Skandinaviska Aero (later a part of Scandinavian Airlines) from 1942 to 1945 and from 1945 until his retirement in 1981 at Saab AB. In 1962 he became chief engineer, in 1964 became the head of the design department for aircraft and in 1974 director.

Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen 
By Saab AB, Bratt was the leader of the construction team of Bertil Dillner, Hermann Behrbohm, Einar Bergström and Olof Ljungström. The project included as key parts development of supersonic flight and the delta wing concept.

 The client, the Swedish Air Force's desire (the Defence Act of 1958) in the 1950s to the 1970s was to swiftly attack strategic nuclear weapons-bombers such as Tupolev Tu-16 before they reached their targets. This with fast supersonic-delta wing-fighter aircraft such as Saab 35 Draken, where speed and preparedness were the key factors. 
 The Swedish Air Force's need were also landing operation-defenses over the surrounding seas with attack aircraft and ultra-fast reconnaissance aircraft planes such as the Saab 37 Viggen. 
 Economy and materials engineering for friction heat of the atmosphere set the limit for speed. This generated large orders to build a very large air force and resources for development.

Awards 
Bratt was awarded the Swedish Aeronautical Society's Thulin Medal in gold in 1972.

He was promoted in 1984 to technology honorary doctor at Linköping University and was awarded the 1986 Söderberg plaque. In 2002, he was appointed an honorary member of the Swedish Aviation History Association (Svensk Flyghistorisk Förening).

His autobiography is called Silvervingar (Silver Wings). (Bratt was a reserve pilot at the Swedish Air Force and received Silvervingar.)

See also 
 Delta wing
 Supersonic flight
 Saab 32 Lansen
 Saab 35 Draken
 Saab 105
 Saab 37 Viggen
 Tore Gullstrand

References 

1916 births
2010 deaths
Aircraft designers
Aerodynamicists
Saab aircraft
Swedish civil engineers