omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
USNS Walter S. Diehl. USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO-193) is a  of the United States Navy. She was named after Captain Walter Stuart Diehl, USN, a career naval officer and aeronautical engineer.

Design
The Henry J. Kaiser-class replenishment oilers were preceded by the shorter s. Walter S. Diehl has an overall length of  and a beam of , with a draft of . The oiler has a displacement of  at full load. It has a capacity of  of aviation fuel or fuel oil. She can carry a dry load of  and can refrigerate 128 pallets of food. The ship is powered by two 10 PC4.2 V 570 Colt-Pielstick diesel engines that drive two shafts; this gives a power of .

The Henry J. Kaiser-class oilers have maximum speeds of . They were initially built without armaments, but are equipped with small arms and can be fitted with close-in weapon systems if required. The ship has a helicopter platform but not any maintenance facilities. Walter S. Diehl is fitted with five fuelling stations; these can fill two ships at the same time and the ship is capable of pumping  of diesel or  of jet fuel per hour. She has a complement of 89 civilians (nineteen officers), 29 spare crew, and 6 United States Navy crew.

Construction and delivery
Walter S. Diehl, the seventh ship of the Henry J. Kaiser-class, was laid down at Avondale Shipyard, Inc., at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 7 August 1986 and launched on 2 October 1987. She entered non-commissioned U.S. Navy service under the control of the Military Sealift Command with a primarily civilian crew on 13 September 1988.

Service history
Walter S. Diehl was assigned to the United States Pacific Fleet, serving in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Persian Gulf regions.

On 23 April 2008, Walter S. Diehl was passing through the Strait of Hormuz when six small motorboats sped alongside in an aggressive and threatening manner. Walter S. Diehl fired flares to warn the boats off, but they did not move away. She then opened fire with a .50-caliber (12.7-mm) machine gun and the boats sped off.

On 20 November 2014, Walter S. Diehl collided with the  during an underway replenishment operation. No injuries were reported. 

She was taken out of service and placed in reserve on 1 October 2022.

References

External links

 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive: USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO-193)
 USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO 193)

Henry J. Kaiser-class oilers
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Bridge City, Louisiana
1987 ships
Simbiosys. SimBioSys (short for Simulated Biological Systems) is a technology company  deploying a combination of artificial intelligence and biophysical simulations to improve the personalized and patient-specific understanding of cancer.   
 
SimBioSys developed a simulation engine, TumorScope, which utilizes current standard of care diagnostic data (imaging & pathology) to create spatially resolved virtual replicas of an individual tumor and microenvironment and uses mechanistic models to incorporate the major hallmarks of cancer including drug sensitivity & delivery, metabolism, mechanical forces. The simulations enable precise & comprehensive predictions of response to therapy while providing researchers and clinicians keys insights into mechanisms of resistance. By virtualizing cancer, clinicians and patients are empowered with a better understanding of the disease and can assess all available options computationally to truly individualize treatment. 

In the crowded world of genomics, new approaches have many barriers to becoming a new standard of care. SimBioSys complements and/or supersedes current precision medicine techniques while only relying on readily available and previously acquired datasets.

Products
The first indication to market will be Early Stage Breast Cancer where there is significant opportunity to improve outcomes by selecting the right first line therapy while de-escalating care and lowering costs and side effects.

A retrospective study across 800 patients demonstrated volumetric errors under 4%. A recent pivotal study at University of Chicago, TumorScope™ produced  91% sensitivity and 93% specificity rates of predicting complete response to the physician's choice of therapy at the time of diagnosis. SimBioSys collaborates with over 130 oncologists across the country representing 16  premier cancer centers such University of Chicago, University of North Carolina, OHSU, among others.
 
SimBioSys anticipates FDA clearance for its breast cancer surgical planning tool in late 2023 with an expansion to other solid tumors to follow. Validation to lung and prostate cancer is already underway. While awaiting FDA approval, SimBioSys is commercializing the technology for use in patient education and drug development.

See also
 Precision Medicine
 Clinical Trial Optimization
 Virtual Trials
 Drug design

References

External links
 

Life sciences industry
Companies based in Champaign County, Illinois
American companies established in 2018
2018 establishments in Illinois
Wan Chien. The Wan Chien () is an air to ground cruise missile developed and produced by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) of Taiwan.

Design and development
It partly resembles the AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon and the Storm Shadow. Serial production was expected to start in 2015. Full operational capability was declared in 2018. It is functional in both a ground strike role and a naval strike role. The codename for the development and initial production of the Wan Chien was "Project God’s Axe" (神斧).

After the completion of initial production NCSIST began working on a long range variant with a 400km range.

Service history 
The Wan Chien entered service in 2011. The primary launch platform is the AIDC F-CK-1 C/D.

In 2022 annual production was approximately 50 missiles a year. Production was expected to end in 2024 but in 2023 funds were allocated to extend production of the improved version through 2028.

General characteristics 
 Platform: Aircraft launched
 Engine: Turbine
 Range: 200 km, 240 km
 Guidance: GPS enabled

See also

References

Air-to-surface missiles
Cruise missiles of the Republic of China
Anti-ship cruise missiles of the Republic of China
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2011
NCSIST missiles
Bowieite. Bowieite is a rhodium-iridium-platinum sulfide mineral , found in platinum-alloy nuggets from Goodnews Bay, Alaska. It was named (by the IMA in 1984) after the British scientist Stanley Bowie (1917–2008), in recognition of his work on identification of opaque minerals.

The mineral crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system (space group Pbcn).

References

New mineral 1984

Iridium minerals
Platinum minerals
Rhodium minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
Minerals described in 1984
Power processing unit. A power processing unit (PPU) is a circuit device that convert an electricity input from a utility line into the appropriate voltage and current to be used for the device in question.  They serve the same purpose as linear amplifiers, but they are much more efficient, since the use of linear amplifiers results in much power loss due to the use of a resistor to change the voltage and current.  Instead of using a resistor, PPUs use switches to turn a signal on and off quite rapidly in order to change the average current and voltage.  In this way, they could be conflated with DC-AC converters, but the frequency at which they switch the signal on and off is a few orders of magnitude higher than that of AC signals. They are used to convert the current and voltage of both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) signals.

Spacecraft
In the context of spacecraft, the power processing unit (PPU) is a module containing the electrical subsystem responsible for providing electrical power to other parts of the spacecraft.  The PPU needs to be able to cope with varying demands for power output and provide that power in the most efficient manner possible.

There are two main constraints placed on PPUs:

 Power generation from, for instance, a solar array or radioisotope thermoelectric generator where power generation can vary based on external conditions.
 Power utilization, which varies depending on the current internal activities performed by the spacecraft such as burst radio transmission or external demand factors like outside temperature and the need to provide heat to maintain constant internal temperature.

Major considerations in building PPUs are weight, size and efficiency.

Most PPUs process and supply direct current because that is what is generated by a solar array.

The PPU is also responsible for voltage conversion and supplying the required voltage to other subsystems of the spacecraft.

References 

Spacecraft components
Electrical engineering
Kidnapped robot problem. In robotics, the kidnapped robot problem is the situation where an autonomous robot in operation is carried to an arbitrary location.

The kidnapped robot problem creates significant issues with the robot's localization system, and only a subset of localization algorithms can successfully deal with the uncertainty created; it is commonly used to test a robot's ability to recover from catastrophic localization failures.

See also 
 Exploration problem
 Wake-up robot problem

References 

Robot control
Kinodynamic planning. In robotics and motion planning, kinodynamic planning is a class of problems for which velocity,  acceleration, and force/torque bounds must be satisfied, together with kinematic constraints such as avoiding obstacles.  The term was coined by Bruce Donald, Pat Xavier, John Canny, and John Reif. Donald et al. developed the first polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTAS) for the problem. By providing a  provably polynomial-time ε-approximation algorithm, they resolved a long-standing open problem in optimal control. Their first paper considered time-optimal control  ("fastest path") of a point mass under Newtonian dynamics, amidst polygonal (2D) or polyhedral  (3D) obstacles, subject to  state  bounds on position, velocity, and acceleration. Later they extended the technique to many other cases, for example, to 3D open-chain kinematic robots under full Lagrangian dynamics.
 More recently, many  practical heuristic algorithms  based on stochastic optimization and iterative sampling were developed, by a wide range of authors, to address the kinodynamic planning problem. These techniques for kinodynamic planning have been shown to work well in practice. However,  none of these heuristic techniques can guarantee the optimality of the computed solution (i.e., they have no performance guarantees), and  none can be mathematically proven to be faster than the original PTAS algorithms (i.e., none have a provably lower computational complexity).

References

Robot control
Automated planning and scheduling
Robot kinematics
Algorithms
Sprengel pump. The Sprengel pump is a vacuum pump that uses drops of mercury falling through a small-bore capillary tube to trap air from the system to be evacuated. It was invented by Hanover-born chemist Hermann Sprengel in 1865 while he was working in London. The pump created the highest vacuum achievable at that time, less than 1 μPa (approximately 1×10−11 atm).

Operation
The supply of mercury is contained in the reservoir on the left. It flows over into the bulb B, where it forms drops which fall into the long tube on the right. These drops entrap between them the air in B. The mercury which runs out is collected and poured back into reservoir on the left. In this manner practically all the air can be removed from the bulb B, and hence from any vessel R, which may be connected with B. At M is a manometer which indicates the pressure in the vessel R, which is being exhausted.

Falling mercury drops compress the air to atmospheric pressure which is released when the stream reaches a container at the bottom of the tube. As the pressure drops, the cushioning effect of trapped air between the droplets diminishes, so a hammering or knocking sound can be heard, accompanied by flashes of light within the evacuated vessel due to electrostatic effects on the mercury.

The speed, simplicity and efficiency of the Sprengel pump made it a popular device with experimenters.  Sprengel's earliest model could evacuate a half litre vessel in 20 minutes.

Applications
William Crookes used the pumps in series in his studies of electric discharges. William Ramsay used them to isolate the noble gases, and Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison used them to evacuate their new carbon filament lamps. The Sprengel pump was the key tool which made it possible in 1879 to sufficiently exhaust the air from a light bulb so a carbon filament incandescent electric light bulb lasted long enough to be commercially practical. Sprengel himself moved on to investigating explosives and was eventually elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Thompson, Silvanus Phillips, The Development of the Mercurial Air-pump (London, England: E. & F. N. Spon, 1888) pages 14–15.
  

Vacuum pumps
Johann Culemeyer. Johann Culemeyer (16 October 1883 - 20 January 1951) was a German engineer.

Culemeyer was born in Hanover in 1883 and, in 1936, he became a director of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and in that capacity was responsible for the construction, procurement and running of road vehicles, railway wagons and heavy transporters.

As early as 1931, he had designed a transportation system which was subsequently named after him, the "Culemeyer heavy trailer". This heavy road trailer enabled the transportation of goods wagons on the road. These trailers initially had four axles with 16 solid rubber wheels. From 1935, a six-axle, 24-wheel version was also produced.

Under the slogan Die Eisenbahn ins Haus ('The Railway to Your Door')  goods wagons were brought to factories and other places that did not have their own railway links from the nearest loading station. It was patented on 29 November 1931 under the name Fahrbares Anschlussgleis ('Rail Link on Wheels') and demonstrated to the public for the first time on 24 April 1931 at the Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin.

In the Deutsche Bundesbahn the trailers were hauled by Kaelble tractors; the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR) in East Germany used Tatra tractors.

Whilst Culemeyer heavy trailers have been largely superseded on the roads by lorries, in some factories and firms they are still used occasionally.

On 4 November 1976 a private road belonging to the management of the former Reichsbahn authority (VdeR) in Berlin-Marienfelde (Tempelhof) was named after Johann Culemeyer. The road is open to public traffic and is a cul-de-sac with several industrial sites along it, including the Berliner Werk der Converteam Deutschland that in 1984 moved there as the AEG-Stromrichterfabrik. In the vicinity, there is also the Schwechtenstrasse, named after the architect of the Anhalter Bahnhof.

Culemeyer died in 1951 in Nordholz, Cuxhaven, in north Germany.

References

Sources 
:de:Johann Culemeyer

Businesspeople from Hanover
1883 births
1951 deaths
German railway mechanical engineers
Engineers from Hanover
Hackle (wig making). A hackle is a metal plate with rows of pointed needles used to blend or straighten hair (or flax, for which see heckling comb).

This tool is used as a preliminary step in the process of custom wig making. It is typically clamped firmly to a table before use.

The pointed needles are very sharp. This is paramount, because the hackle is used for three main purposes: mixing or blending hairs in special blends of colours, untangling wigs or hair extensions, and preparing the hair in a single or double draw. For single drawn, the shortest hairs in the bundle at the root area are removed. For double drawn, the hackle is drawn with one bundle in it, separating their different lengths. Any double drawn (DD) hair tends to be far more expensive than any other hairs because for four ounces of DD, over a kilogram of single drawn, especially long lengths, of hair is used. In DD, all hairs have the same length, typical wigs with DD hairs are Sheitels.

See also
 Heckling (flax)

References

Hand tools
Charles Horace Watkins. Charles Horace Watkins (1887–1976) was an inventor and aviation pioneer who built the first engine-powered aeroplane in Wales, a red monoplane called the Robin Goch (Welsh for "Red Robin").

Watkins was born in 1887 to Samuel and Lydia (Dutton) Watkins of Cardiff. He designed and constructed a small monoplane between 1907–09 at Maindy in Cardiff and claimed he flew the plane over short distances in 1910, followed by longer flights later, although none of these claims have official verification. As William Frost's own flight at Saundersfoot in 1896 was never officially recorded, then Watkins effort may have been the first official heavier-than-air flight in Wales. The plane is now preserved at the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea.

References

1887 births
1976 deaths
Welsh aviators
Lloyd C.II. The Lloyd C.II and its derivatives, the C.III and C.IV were reconnaissance aircraft produced in Austria-Hungary during the First World War.  They were based on the Lloyd company's pre-war C.I design, and like it, were conventional biplanes with swept-back wings.

Design and development
After the outbreak of World War I, the original aircraft was refined somewhat by Lloyd designers Wizina and von Melczer, featuring a reduced wingspan and wing area but increased weight. An 8 mm Schwarzlose machine gun was added on a semi-circular mount for an observer.

Beginning in 1915, one hundred examples of this type were built – fifty by Lloyd at their plant in Aszód, and another fifty by WKF in Vienna.

Apart from their service with the Austro-Hungarian flying service, ten C.IIs saw service with Poland. These were captured in Malopolska in November 1918 and were used as trainers until being withdrawn from service in 1920.

The C.III was almost identical except for the use of a 120 kW (160 hp) Austro-Daimler engine, which increased the top speed to 133 km/h (83 mph). Production again was by both Lloyd and WKF, with total production amounting to 50-60 machines.

The C.IV also used the Austro-Daimler engine, and small batches were produced by both Lloyd and WKF.

Variants
 C.II with Heiro engine and 14.00 m wingspan (100 built)
 C.III with Austro-Daimler engine and 14.00 m wingspan (8 or 16 built by Lloyd, 43 by WKF)
 C.IV with Austro-Daimler engine produced by Lloyd with 14.52 m (47 ft 8 in) wingspan (47 built, plus one converted)

Operators

KuKLFT

Specifications (C.II)

Notes

References

 
 
 
 

Lloyd aircraft
1910s Austro-Hungarian military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Electric Joy. Electric Joy is the third studio album by guitarist Richie Kotzen, released in 1991 through Shrapnel Records.

Track listing

Personnel
Richie Kotzen – guitar, bass, tubular bell, arrangement, engineering, mixing, production
Atma Anur – drums, percussion
Mark Rennick – engineering, mixing
Shawn Morris – engineering
Tom Coyne – mastering

References

External links
In Review: Richie Kotzen "Electric Joy" at Guitar Nine Records

Richie Kotzen albums
1991 albums
Shrapnel Records albums
XM1219 armed robotic vehicle. The XM1219 armed robotic vehicle was an unmanned ground combat vehicle based on the MULE Platform. The ARV-A-L MULE Vehicle (XM1219) would feature integrated anti-tank and anti-personnel and reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) systems remotely operated by network linked soldiers. The armed robotic vehicle was canceled in July 2011 over mobility concerns.

Design
 The MULE platform is controlled by a modified Xbox 360 controller for ease of training recruits familiar with console controllers.

Mobility
Transportable inside a C-130 Hercules and CH-47 Chinook.
Transportable, slung under a UH-60 Black Hawk.
Climb more than a  step.
Cross a  gap.
Traverse side slopes of 40 percent.
Ford water obstacles over .
Cross obstacles as high as .

Variants

Assault
The only production variant of this vehicle was the assault light (ARV-A-L).

See also
 
 
 
 MGM-166 LOSAT, a canceled U.S. Army line-of-sight missile
 Mobile Protected Firepower, an ongoing U.S. Army light tank acquisition program
 XM1202 mounted combat system, a U.S. Army Future Combat Systems 20-ton tank canceled in 2011
 M1134 anti-tank guided missile vehicle, a Stryker tank destroyer variant

References

Lockheed Martin: ARV-A-L

Future Weapons and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qDo6ehxKds 5:30 into video.

Abandoned military projects of the United States
Military robots
United States Army vehicles
Unmanned ground combat vehicles
Lloyd C.V. The Lloyd C.V was a reconnaissance aircraft produced in Austria-Hungary during the First World War.  It was a departure from Lloyd's previous reconnaissance types, which had all been based on a pre-war design. The C.V was a more compact and streamlined aircraft with an unusual wing structure.

Design and development
The design was largely conventional overall, except for the interplane struts. These were arranged in two sets, front and rear, with the rear sets consisting of two struts per wing, and the forward sets of only one strut per wing. When viewed from the front of the aircraft, rather than standing vertically, the rear struts formed a V-shape, converging to the point where they met the lower wings. From bottom wing to top, the single forward struts sloped inwards towards the centreline, matching the angle of the inboard rear struts. The fin was triangular and similar to the unit on earlier Lloyd designs, but featured an extension at the top of the rudder that reached over the top of the fixed part of the fin. With its curved leading edge and scalloped trailing edge, this rudder resembled the tail of a rooster, and gained the aircraft the nickname Kikeriki (German: "Cock-a-doodle-doo").

The wings departed from the usual structure of one or more spars surrounded by airfoil-shaped ribs and were built instead from ribs surrounded by longerons that stretched span-wise along the wings. This was all then covered in plywood sheeting. While this made for a strong, light structure, it also meant that repairs to damaged wings were difficult, and proved impossible to carry out in the field - damaged aircraft instead being sent back to depots for exchange. Another problem was identified in that moisture trapped inside the wings could have no way to escape easily and would cause the plywood skin to buckle or even delaminate.

Lloyd built 96 C.Vs in 1917, powered by Austro-Daimler engines, while WKF built another 48 with Benz engines. The type saw only brief front-line service before being relegated to secondary duties. A number of continued in service after the war with the military forces of Poland, Hungary, and Ukraine.

Variants
 C.Vs built by Lloyd with Austro-Daimler engine (96 built)
 C.Vs built by WKF with Benz engine (48 built)

Operators

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

Polish Air Force operated six aircraft (1918-1919), nicknamed Fornir ("Veneer").

Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet

Hungarian Air Force (postwar)

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 
 

Lloyd aircraft
1910s Austro-Hungarian military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917