omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Class rating. In aviation, a class rating is an allowance to fly a certain group of aircraft that require training common to all aircraft within the group. A type rating is specified if a particular aircraft requires additional specialized training beyond the scope of initial license and aircraft class training. Which aircraft require a type rating is decided by the local aviation authority. Almost all single-engine piston (SEP) or multi-engine piston (MEP) single pilot aircraft can be flown without a type rating, but are covered by a class rating instead.

United States

In the United States, all turbojets require a type rating. Aircraft with a maximum take-off weight of more than  typically require a type rating.

In the United States, there are seven categories of aircraft, which contain the following classes:

Class ratings may have limitations placed upon them. In the United States, if a pilot being examined for a multi-engine rating does not demonstrate the ability to control an aircraft under asymmetric thrust, their multi-engine rating will be endorsed as "Limited-to-Center Thrust". (In the European Union, a multi-engine centreline thrust aeroplane is considered a single-engine aeroplane when being used for an instrument rating skill test.)

Gallery

See also
Instrument rating

Notes

References 
 JAA official website - list of class and type ratings
 Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14: Aeronautics and Space; PART 61—CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTORS

Flight training
Aviation licenses and certifications
Ou Chin-der. Ou Chin-der (; born November 19, 1944) is a Taiwanese civil engineer.

Early life and education 
Ou was an immigrant who moved from the mainland China to the Taitung County of eastern Taiwan with his parents. He graduated and received his master's degree of civil engineering from National Cheng Kung University, and earned a Ph.D. in soil mechanics at Case Western Reserve University.

Career 
Ou became an official of the government of Republic of China, Taiwan in the late 1980s. He served as the director of Taiwan's National Expressway Engineering Bureau from 1990 to 1995, and the chairman of Public Construction Commission of Executive Yuan, the central government of Taiwan, from 1996 to 1998. Ou took part in several key public projects, such as the Sun Yat-sen Freeway, the No. 2 Northern Freeway and the Taipei-Yilan Freeway.

Later Ou transited to act as the political deputy mayor of Taipei City between 1998 and 2004. He gained public recognition and wide popularity for his effort during the 1999 Chichi earthquake and SARS outbreak, and has since become the leading expert of crisis management in Taiwan.

Ou left his post as the deputy mayor of Taipei in August 2004 and became the chairman of Taipei City Government owned Taipei Smart Card Corporation, a company which operates the EasyCard contactless smartcard system for use on the Taipei Metro. During his term, Ou successfully pushed the sales of EasyCard over 6 million in just a few years.

Due to his civil engineering background and political prestige, Ou became chief executive officer of Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation (THSRC),  a private company which holds and manages the Taiwan High Speed Rail, the high-speed rail system of Taiwan, and its related services, on October 1, 2006,  just a few months before operation began on January 5, 2007.

Although Ou left his public post to work in the private sector in 2004, he still has been widely anticipated as a potential candidate in several key elections and official posts, including the 2006 Taipei mayoral elections and the ROC presidential election of 2008, though Ou has expressed interest in the continued development of Taiwan High Speed Rail instead of returning to politics.

Ou became the chairman of the board of THSRC on September 22, 2009, while still holding the position of chief executive officer, following the takeover of the company's board by the Taiwanese government. Taiwan High Speed Rail was expected to achieve break-even cash flows for the first time in 2011.

Ou stepped down from the chairmanship of the THSRC in March 2014.

References

Taiwanese civil engineers
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States
Case Western Reserve University alumni
National Cheng Kung University alumni
Living people
Politicians from Sanming
Republic of China politicians from Fujian
Taiwanese people from Fujian
Deputy mayors of Taipei
1944 births
DRG Class 56.2–8. Between 1934 and 1941 the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) converted a total of 691 former Prussian-built Class 55.25–56 steam locomotives; the result was the DRG Class 56.2–8. The carrying axle enabled higher speeds and the engine could even be used as a passenger train locomotive. In addition the average axle load was lower, so that these locomotives could also be used on branch lines. The conversion entailed moving the boiler forward and raising it somewhat. The vehicles were given operating numbers between 56 201 and 56 891, although the numbering was not continuous.

The Deutsche Bundesbahn took over 368 of the 410 remaining engines after the Second World War and retired them by  1968. The last one was 56 241, that was to have been allocated the number 056 241–3. The East German Deutsche Reichsbahn retired their last locomotives (now called the DR Class 56.1) by the end of 1970.

Numbers 56 218, 258, 317, 543 and 598 remained in Austria after the war, locomotives 56 317 and 543 retiring as early as 1953. The remaining engines formed the Austrian ÖBB Class 656. All three were withdrawn by 1956.

The engines left in Poland after 1945 were given the PKP classification Tr5. One locomotive, the Tr5-65, ex 55 5607, is preserved at Wolsztyn.

Two engines of this type were 'forgotten' by the Germans in Winterslag, Belgium in 1944 and registered in November 1944 with the Belgian State Railways NMBS-SNCB as type 29, later type 82 (from 01.01.1946).
No 82.001, former 2901, ex-56 262, ex 55 5211 with DRG was retired in 1946 (and probably never saw any real service nor its new number 82.001)
No 82.002, former 2900, ex 56 205, ex 55 5005 with DRG was used in local goods trains around Schaerbeek. 
Both engines were given back to DB in May 1950. 
While 56 205 ran until 1957, 56 262 was withdrawn in 1951.

The vehicles were coupled with Prussian tenders of class 3 T 16.5, 3 T 20 or 2′2′ T 21.5.

See also
List of DRG locomotives and railbuses
List of Prussian locomotives and railbuses

References 

56.2-8
2-8-0 locomotives
56.2-8
Railway locomotives introduced in 1934
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
1′D h2 locomotives
Freight locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
JASON Project. The JASON Project is a  US K-12 science curriculum program that is designed to motivate and inspire students to pursue interests and careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

The JASON Project's approach to science education immerses students in real-world situations where they are mentored by scientists from organizations like NASA, NOAA, the U.S. Department of Energy, and parent company National Geographic Society. JASON creates these connections using educational games, videos, live interactivity and social networking to embed its partners' research in the curriculum.

History 

The JASON Project was started in 1989 by Dr. Robert Ballard, the oceanographer who discovered the wreck of the RMS Titanic. The JASON Foundation for Education was founded in 1990 as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization to administer the project. The Foundation became a subsidiary of the National Geographic Society in 2005.

The project won a scientific public engagement award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Computerworld's Smithsonian Award for its use of technology. The JASON curricula are available in print and free online, aligned to national and state standards. The JASON Mission Center contains all student and teacher content, communications systems, digital experiences, and tools to manage, assess and track student performance and online usage.

JASON curricula are available free online, free print-on-demand and in print editions for purchase.

References

External links 
 

Distance education institutions based in the United States
Science education in the United States
NASA programs
Arthur B. Metzner. Arthur B. Metzner (13 April 1927 – 4 May 2006) was a Canadian born  United States professor of chemical engineering and noted rheologist.

Life
Metzner was born 13 April 1927 in Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan and grew up in Barrhead, Alberta. He gained a B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta in 1948 and a doctorate Sc.D from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1951.  He joined the faculty of University of Delaware in 1953 and remained there until his retirement in 1993.  He became a full professor in 1961, and in 1991 the H. Fletcher Brown Professor of Chemical Engineering, which title he held emeritus until his death. He died on 4 May 2006, survived by his wife, Elisabeth.

Work
Metzner realised that conventional theories of heat and mass transfer  were very poor in designing many industrial processes with non-Newtonian fluids, and set about producing new design methods. His work had direct industrial relevance to the processing of composite materials, polymer processing, and fiber spinning. His studies of fluid mechanics produced the Otto-Metzner correlation for power consumption in mixing of non-Newtonian fluids  and the White-Metzner equation for stress which is used in computational fluid dynamics for polymer processing.  He was also renowned as an educator.

Honours and awards
Metzner was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and received awards from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Society for Engineering Education, the American Chemical Society and in 1977 the Bingham Medal from the Society of Rheology.

References

University of Delaware Daily, October 10, 2006 In Memoriam: Arthur B. Metzner

1927 births
2006 deaths
People from Barrhead, Alberta
People from Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan
Canadian chemical engineers
Rheologists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
RWTH Aachen Faculty of Civil Engineering. The Faculty of Civil Engineering is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It was founded in 1880 and produced several notable individuals like Philipp Forchheimer. Approximately 1,000 students are enrolled in the faculty.

Degrees awarded

The following Degrees are awarded in civil engineering and industrial engineering:

 Bachelor of Science
 Master of Science
 Diplom
 Doctor

External links
 Faculty of Civil Engineering (German version)

RWTH Aachen University
RWTH Aachen Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering is one of the nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University and is widely recognized as one of the foremosts of such a faculty in Europe and the world. It was established in 1880 and has produced several notable individuals including Wendelin Wiedeking, Hugo Junkers, and Jesco von Puttkamer. Theodore von Kármán, a pioneer of modern Aerodynamics, accepted a position as director of the Aeronautical Institute in 1912. Several projects are assisted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Union. Approximately 7,100 students are enrolled in the faculty. The faculty received a high amount of funds granted by third-party donors in the last years.

The faculty is closely affiliated with the German Universities Excellence Initiative as all the three lines of funding, including the institutional strategy, one graduate school, and three 'clusters of excellence', involve chairs and institutes from the faculty. No other similar faculties in Germany obtain such a distinction.

The faculty is divided in about 50 chairs and institutes. There are cooperations with the Jülich Research Centre and the four Fraunhofer Institutes in Aachen. The research activities of the faculty are organized according to the following several fields:

 Chemical and Process Engineering
 Control Engineering
 Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering
 Design Engineering and Development
 Plastics and Textile Technology
 Power Engineering
 Medical Engineering
 Computational Engineering Science
 Production Technology, Industrial Engineering, and Ergonomics

Rankings and Degrees awarded

The university was ranked 17th by QS World University Rankings and 23rd by US News in 2013 for mechanical engineering.

The following Degrees are awarded in mechanical engineering:

 Bachelor of Science (BSc RWTH)
 Master of Science (MSc RWTH)
 Diplom (Dipl.-Ing.) (discontinued due to Bologna Process)
 Doctor (Dr.-Ing.)

References

External links
 Faculty of Mechanical engineering (English version)

RWTH Aachen University
RWTH Aachen Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering. The Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It comprises three sections for Raw Materials and Waste Disposal Technology, Metallurgy and Materials Technology and Geoscience and Geology. The faculty was found in 1880 and produced several notable individuals, including Friedrich Robert Helmert. Approximately 3,000 students are enrolled in the faculty.

Degrees awarded

The following degrees are awarded in Geoscience and Geography, Raw Materials and Waste Disposal Technology, or Metallurgy and Materials Technology:

 Bachelor of Science
 Master of Science
 Diplom
 Doctor

History
Already with the establishment of the RWTH Aachen as the Königlich Rheinisch Westphälische Polytechnische Schule zu Aachen on October 10, 1870, the chairs for mining and metallurgy were set up beside the fields of building construction, hydraulic construction as well as road and railway construction. A chemistry laboratory was also among the facilities. Around the turn of the 20th century, the chair of metallurgy of iron () developed to a center of leading technology.

After the transformation of the institution into a technical university, the fourth faculty was formed as the Faculty of Mining, Chemistry and Metallurgy (). The department of Chemistry remained until 1940 within the faculty to be incorporated then into the Faculty of Natural Sciences. The faculty was later renamed Faculty of Mining, Metallurgy and Geosciences ().

The RWTH Aachen University was one of the only three technological institutions in Germany, the others being Technische Universität Berlin and Clausthal University of Technology, featuring the disciplines of mining and metallurgy.

References

External links
 Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering (English version)

RWTH Aachen University
RWTH Aachen Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology. The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology is one of nine faculties at the RWTH Aachen University. It was separated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in 1961. RWTH has produced several notable individuals. Nobel Prize laureate Peter Debye received a degree in electrical engineering. Furthermore Bodo von Borries, Professor of Electrical Engineering was a co-inventor of electron microscope. Traditionally, the faculty is recognized for its strength in research. Several projects are assisted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Union. Concerning funding by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), from 2011 to 2013 in its field of activity the faculty obtained the highest funding nationwide.

In 2014, more than 4,200 students were enrolled in the faculty.

Structure 
The faculty cooperates with the Jülich Research Centre. It is organized in more than 30 institutes and chairs. In the past, it included endowed chairs from Ericsson and Philips. The research activities of the faculty are organized according to the following four fields:

 Power Engineering and Environment
 Information and Communications Technology
 Micro- and Nanoelectronics
 Biomedical Engineering

Degrees awarded 

The following Degrees are awarded in electrical engineering and industrial engineering:

 Bachelor of Science
 Master of Science
 Doctor (Dr.-Ing.)
 Master of Education

Historical degrees 
Study programs had to be changed due to the Bologna Process which started in 1999. Therefore, these degrees are no longer being awarded:
 Diplom
 Magister

External links 
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (English version)

References 

RWTH Aachen University
Slash-and-char. Slash-and-char is an alternative to slash-and-burn that has a lesser effect on the environment. It is the practice of charring the biomass resulting from the slashing instead of burning it. Due to incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) the resulting residue matter charcoal can be utilized as biochar to improve the soil fertility.

In that context, charcoal can be made using numerous and varied methods. The simplest, used historically in charcoal production, involves burning a pile of biomass by lighting it on the top (known as "top down burn" or "conservation burn") or an earth cover on the pile of wood, with strategically placed vents. A more sophisticated modern method involves equipment that recuperates and processes strictly all exhaust gases into pyroligneous acid and syngas.

Slash-and-char offers benefits to the environment when compared to slash-and-burn.

It results in the creation of biochar, which can then be mixed with biomass such as crop residues, food waste, or manure and buried in the soil to bring about the formation of terra preta. Terra preta is one of the richest soils on the planet – and the only one known to regenerate itself.

It moreover sequesters considerable quantities of carbon safely and beneficially, as opposed to the adverse effects of the slash-and-burn. Switching to slash-and-char can sequester up to 50% of the carbon in a highly stable form.
The nascent carbon trading market that sponsors  sequestration projects could therefore help supplement the farmers' income while supporting a decrease in the pace of deforestation and the development of a more sustainable agriculture.

See also
Biomass, explaining some of these methods and advantages.

References

External links

Sustainable agriculture
Tropical agriculture
Deforestation
Forest management
Soil improvers
Terbium silicide. Terbium silicide is a chemical compound of the rare earth metal terbium with silicon having chemical formula TbSi2. It is a gray solid first described in detail in the late 1950s.

The metallic resistivity and low Schottky barrier of TbSi2 (on n-type doped silicon) make it a potential candidate for applications such as infrared detectors, ohmic contacts, magnetoresistive devices, and thermoelectric devices.

It exhibits antiferromagnetism at 16K.

References

Transition metal silicides
Terbium compounds
Mountain Valley Airport. Mountain Valley Airport  is a privately owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southeast of the central business district of Tehachapi, in Kern County, California, United States.

The airport is used for glider operations and training. It was established for its close proximity to various advantageous lift effects for soaring where the Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountains and the Mojave Desert meet.

The Skylark North Glider School performs glider flight training for civilians as well as for the US Air Force Test Pilot School (from Edwards AFB), the National Test Pilot School (from the Mojave Air & Space Port), NASA and others.  Due to the ongoing training contract with the US Air Force Test Pilot School, most NASA Space Shuttle pilots who came from the Air Force have probably received glider training at Mountain Valley Airport.

Facilities and aircraft 
Mountain Valley Airport covers an area of 170 acres (69 ha) at an elevation of 4,220 feet (1,286 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways designated 9L/27R and 9R/27L, each with an asphalt and dirt surface measuring 4,890 by 36 feet (1,490 x 11 m).

For the 12-month period ending May 24, 2023, the airport had 51,570 aircraft operations, an average of 141 per day: 97% general aviation and  2% military. At that time there were 98 aircraft based at this airport: 80 glider and 18 single-engine.

There is a sandwich shop and an RV park & campground on the field. The nearest fuel sales are at Tehachapi Municipal Airport two miles to the north.

See also
 Orographic lift
 Convergence zone
 Mountain wave
 List of airports in Kern County, California

References

External links 
 "Vintage Charmers" by Chad Slattery, March 2005, Air & Space Magazine, Smithsonian Institution
 Federal contracts by Skylark North Glider School, at fedspending.org
 Aerial image as of 4 October 1995 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Kern County, California
Gliderports in the United States
Tehachapi Mountains
List of model airplane fields. Model airplane fields are used for landings and takeoffs of model aircraft.

Facilities provided vary significantly.  They range from unimproved fields to paved runways.

Most model airfields in the United States have clubs chartered with the Academy of Model Aeronautics, similarly in Canada, their equivalent organization, the Model Aeronautics Association of Canada, provides the same function.

External links 
https://www.rcgroups.com/places/

References 

 
Entertainment lists
Paolo Pininfarina. Paolo Pininfarina (28 August 1958 – 9 April 2024) was an Italian engineer, designer and businessman, known as the manager, from 2008, of the Pininfarina design company.

Life and career
Pininfarina studied mechanical engineering at Politecnico di Torino before joining his father Sergio Pininfarina's firm in 1982, as a trainee stationed abroad with Cadillac and Honda (1983), and then as quality manager of the Cadillac Allanté project (1984–86) and program manager of the Engineering GM 200 at General Motors (1987–89) which led to Chevrolet Lumina APV, Oldsmobile Silhouette and Pontiac Trans Sport. Paolo Pininfarina became the first manager of the new  Pininfarina Extra S.r.l. (1987) which does design for non-automotive industries (furniture, appliances, maritime), while being in the upper management of the automobile firm as well (board member 1988, deputy chairman 2006) where he was chairman from 2008 until his death, succeeding his brother Andrea Pininfarina (1957–2008).

Pininfarina was member in the board of Turin's Istituto Europeo di Design (1996–2004) and was emeritus participating founder of the  Associazione per il Disegno Industriale of Milan.

Pininfarina died on 9 April 2024, at the age of 65.  One of the last interviews he did was with West Coast Midnight Run publication in 2018 in which he discussed the firm, the future of mobility and the European Union with Senior Editor Pierre Maertin, a small excerpt of which is profiled at their blog venue and the entire interview is included in their Art Book editions online.

References

1958 births
2024 deaths
Italian mechanical engineers
Italian chief executives
Italian designers
Pininfarina people
Polytechnic University of Turin alumni
Automotive engineers from Turin
21st-century Italian engineers
20th-century Italian engineers