omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leopoldo Máximo Falicov. Leopoldo Máximo Falicov (June 24, 1933 – January 24, 1995) was an Argentine theoretical physicist, specializing in the theory of condensed matter physics.

Life
Falicov was born in Buenos Aires with both parents of Eastern European Jewish origin. His father, Isaías Félix Falicov, was Argentine and his mother, Dora Samoilovich, emigrated to Argentina as a child.

Falicov attended the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires and then attended the School of Engineering and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). In 1955 he entered the recently created Institute of Physics, later known, after 1962, as the Balseiro Institute and received his Bachelor's Degree in Physics in May 1958 as a member of the first class of Physicists. Meanwhile, in 1957, he received a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry from the UBA.

Simultaneously, he was working on his doctoral thesis at the Bariloche Institute of Physics under the direction of José Antonio Balseiro on the subject "Photon packets: their classification, dispersion and formation" which he defended in August 1958, 3 months after finishing his undergraduate degree. It was the first doctoral thesis at the Balseiro Institute.

He continued in 1959 with a scholarship from the British Council at Cambridge University England where he completed a second doctorate under the direction of Professor Volker Heine on the subject "The structure of metal bands", with a defense date of December 8, 1960. He then became a professor at the University of Chicago.

In 1959 he married Marta Puebla whom made his famous Magnesium Fermi Surface in his post doctoral thesis.

In 1969, he moved to Berkeley to work at University of California, Berkeley, heading the department from 1981 to 1983.

Falicov was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and the Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society, the  Institute of Physics and the Third World Academy of Sciences.

Honours 
A library, Biblioteca Leo Falicov, at the Balseiro Institute is named after him.

External links
Falicov's monster (Drawing by Marta Puebla)
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

References 

1933 births
1995 deaths
20th-century Argentine physicists
Argentine people of Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of Chicago faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
AEDC Range G. AEDC Range G is a two-stage light-gas gun owned by the United States Air Force.

History 
Constructed in 1962, the AEDC Range-G is the largest routinely operated light-gas gun in the United States.  It is located at Arnold Engineering Development Complex on Arnold Air Force Base.  The design of the range came from collaboration between German and American scientists after World War II.  Range-G has played a crucial role in lethality development for many defense programs.  The range has performed more than 7,000 high speed launches.

Capabilities
Range G is capable of launching projectiles up to speeds of 7 km/s (22,965 ft/s).  The gun has an interchangeable barrel that can accommodate projectile diameters of 3.3 inches, 4.0 inches, and 8.0 inches.  The projectile is launched into a 10 ft diameter test chamber that is approximately 1000 ft long.  This chamber can be conditioned to pressures from 0.2 torr (26.7 pascals) to 1.7 atmospheres (172 kilopascals). Sections of the tank can also be configured to simulate possible flight conditions such as rain or snow.

Currently the facility offers a wide variety of instruments for hyperballistic testing. Instruments are available for making measurements related to the flight of the projectile and the target impact event. Instrumentation includes shadowgraph cameras, high speed video cameras, and multiple plane digital x-ray sensors. The range personnel have in-depth experience with the design and analysis of projectiles under gun conditions.  AEDC also operates a fully staffed machine shop capable of fabricating complex projectiles for any of the available barrel sizes.

See also 
 Ballistics
 NASA Chicken Gun
 AEDC Ballistic Range S-3
 Ames Research Center

References

External links
 Arnold Engineering Development Center (official)
 Arnold Engineering Development Center at GlobalSecurity.org
 AEDC Hypervelocity Range Fact Sheet

Space guns
The Invention of Everything Else. The Invention of Everything Else is a 2008 novel written by American author Samantha Hunt.  The novel presents a fictionalized account of the last days in the life of Nikola Tesla, the Serbian-American electrical engineer.  Other fictionalized versions of historical characters include Thomas Edison (a rival), George Westinghouse, and Mark Twain.  Tesla is the novel's protagonist along with a chambermaid named Louisa with whom he shares some common interests including science and pigeons.  Much of the book takes place in the New Yorker Hotel.  The book also includes elements of science fiction, namely time travel.

The author, Samantha Hunt, received a National Book Foundation award for authors under 35, for her previous novel, The Seas.  The Invention of Everything Else was shortlisted for an award from Believer magazine  and shortlisted for the Orange Prize. She won the Bard Fiction Prize for 2010.

References like

External links 
 Audio recording of Samantha Hunt reading from The Invention of Everything Else at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
 Author's website
 New Yorker review
 San Francisco Chronicle review
 Globe and Mail review

2008 American novels
Works about Nikola Tesla
Novels set in hotels
Fiction set in 1942
Fiction set in 1943
Novels set in New York City
Biographical novels
Cultural depictions of Thomas Edison
Cultural depictions of Mark Twain
Pothigai Express. The Pothigai Express is an overnight Superfast train service operated between Chennai Egmore and Sengottai.

From November first, 2023 it has since operated as an electric locomotive. ROYAPURAM WAP7 30357 is the first electric locomotive to pull Pothigai express up to Sengottai after transitioning to an electric model.

Route 
The service traverses via Villupuram, Trichy, Madurai, Virudhunagar, Sivakasi, Rajapalayam and Sankarankovil on the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.

Coach composition

See also
Vaigai Express
Pandian Express
Kanniyakumari Express
Sethu Express
Pearl City Express
Rockfort Express
Pallavan Express
Nellai Express
Chendur Express
Cholan Express
Uzhavan Express
sethu Express

References

External links

Transport in Chennai
Named passenger trains of India
Rail transport in Tamil Nadu
Express trains in India
Optical interconnect. In integrated circuits, optical interconnects refers to any system of transmitting signals from one part of an integrated circuit to another using light. Optical interconnects have been the topic of study due to the high latency and power consumption incurred by conventional metal interconnects in transmitting electrical signals over long distances, such as in interconnects classed as global interconnects. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has highlighted interconnect scaling as a problem for the semiconductor industry.

In electrical interconnects, nonlinear signals (e.g. digital signals) are transmitted by copper wires conventionally, and these electrical wires all have resistance and capacitance which severely limits the rise time of signals when the dimension of the wires are scaled down. Optical solution are used to transmit signals through long distances to substitute interconnection between dies within the integrated circuit (IC) package.

In order to control the optical signals inside the small IC package properly, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology can be used to integrate the optical components (i.e. optical waveguides, optical fibers, lens, mirrors, optical actuators, optical sensors etc.) and the electronic parts together effectively.

Problems of the current interconnect in the package

Conventional physical metal wires possess both resistance and capacitance, limiting the rise time of signals. Bits of information will overlap with each other when the frequency of signal is increased to a certain level.

Benefits of using optical interconnection
Optical interconnections can provide benefits over conventional metal wires which include:
	More predictable timing
	Reduction of power and area for clock distribution
	Distance independence of performance of optical interconnects
	No frequency-dependent Cross-talk
	Architectural advantages
	Reducing power dissipation in interconnects
	Voltage isolation
	Density of interconnects
	Reducing the wiring layers
	Chips could be tested in a non-contact optical test set
	Benefits of short optical pulses

Challenges for optical interconnect
However, there are still many technical challenges in implementing dense optical interconnects to silicon CMOS chips. These challenges are listed as below:
	Receiver circuits and low-capacitance integration of photodetectors
	Evolutionary improvement in optoelectronic devices
	Absence of appropriate practical optomechanical technology
	Integration technologies
       Polarization control
       Temperature dependencies and process variation
       Losses and errors
       Testability
       Packaging

See also
 Organic light-emitting transistor
 Silicon photonics

References

Integrated circuits
SY4307A. The type SY4307A is the STC version of the Western Electric 307A, a power output pentode possessing a similar power rating, but significantly different characteristics to the far more common type 807 thermionic valve/vacuum tube. The "SY" prefix denotes the site of manufacture as being Sydney. The plant, operated by Standard Telephones and Cables Pty. Ltd. was located on Mandible Street in the suburb of Alexandria and existed under that corporate entity from 1937 to 1970.. Although the remaining structure postdates the depicted device, this device was likely assembled on an adjoining property upon which the structures have been demolished and site re-purposed.

Electrically equivalent devices marked "307A" were manufactured in North America by Western Electric and these possibly predate the Australian version.

Uses

Although the 807 is used for both audio amplification, (usually class AB), and radio frequency amplification in the 1-30 MHz range, (usually class C), this type was usually used for the latter.
This tube/valve is a pentode with a 'directly heated cathode', meaning that the cathode consists of an emissive oxide coated filament. These features suggest the 4307A could predate and is contemporary with, the 807 which is a beam power tetrode, a more advanced design with a more linear transfer characteristic and a more complex 'indirectly heated cathode'.

Similarity to 807

If the pinout of the 4307A is compared to that of the 807 the similarity is striking. All pins are assigned equivalent electrodes with the exception of pin 4, which is the suppressor grid, g3, in this type but in the 807 pin 4 is connected to the equivalent of a suppressor grid, the 'beam plates' and also the separate indirectly heated cathode.
It is possible to interchange the two with the relatively minor alteration involving the linking of pins 4 and 5 and ensuring the heater supply is floating (not connected to other heaters). If the heater is supplied from an A.C. source, linking pin 4 to the centre of that source and the cathode bootstrap minimizes hum pickup.

Historical significance

The STC/Brimar-made SY4307A was used extensively during World War II by the Australian armed forces and the example depicted is marked on the Bakelite collar of its base with the "D broad arrow D" commonwealth department of defense mark.

Two SY4307As were used, wired in parallel, as the output stage, or "final", in a transmitter constructed clandestinely by the Australian soldiers of Sparrow Force in Japanese occupied Portuguese Timor in 1942. This transmitter became known affectionately as "Winnie the War Winner", named after the British wartime Prime Minister, Winston Churchill.

See also
 List of vacuum tubes

References

Vacuum tubes
Technoavia SM-94. The Technoavia SM-94 series was developed in the early 1990s as a six-seat version of the Yakovlev Yak-18T, incorporating upgraded, modern avionics and aerodynamic refinements.

Design and development
The main changes in the Technoavia SM-94 series, besides the increase in fuselage capacity, were including all-metal wings and empennage with all surfaces re-profiled to give a squarer appearance, a three-blade propeller, increased tankage and two-piece windscreen replacing the original multipane design.

Operational history

In 1997, the SM94-1 development aircraft (RA-44486) was shown at MAKS, Moscow, but series production was subsequently halted by financial concerns.

The Technoavia SM-94 was further developed into the SM-2000 series. The prototype SM-2000P made first flight 21 March 2002 and was displayed at MAKS '03.

Designation SM-2000P differentiates it from the further developed SM-2000 turboprop, that became a separate variant. Since 2006, no further developments have been announced.

Specifications (SM-94)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Smolensk (Technoavia) SM-2000P (Russian Federation)

SM-94
1990s Soviet and Russian civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
USNS Howard O. Lorenzen. USNS Howard O. Lorenzen (T-AGM-25) is a Missile Range Instrumentation Ship built for the U.S. Navy by VT Halter Marine of Pascagoula, Mississippi. The keel was laid during a ceremony on August 13, 2008, and the vessel became operational in 2014. This ship carries a next-generation active electronically scanned array radar system named Cobra King. This system is the first use of a radar system that can be used to target, and then through phase change, overwhelm an adversary's electronic systems to force shut down.

Description

USNS Howard O. Lorenzen is ,  in length, and has a beam of . Crewed by a combined complement of 88 sailors and civilian mariners, the ship hosts embarked military and civilian technicians from other U.S. government agencies. It is operated by the Military Sealift Command and conducts missions sponsored by the U.S. Air Force.

History
The ship is named for the late Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) electrical engineer who was instrumental in the creation of the electronic intelligence capabilities of the United States. It was due to be delivered in 2010.

In May 2011, it was announced that the ship had failed its Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) inspection and was being sent back for repairs before the Navy would accept the ship. The ship was judged inadequate in the electrical, damage control and aviation inspections and also had problems with her anchor, steering and the temperature in her thrust bearings.

The U.S. Navy accepted delivery of Howard O. Lorenzen on 10 January 2012. Final contract trials were completed on 5 December 2013, with transfer of some responsibilities for the ship to the US Air Force expected to occur in 2014. On 31 March 2014, the Cobra Judy Replacement (Cobra King) program reached initial operational capability (IOC). According to the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), the U.S. Air Force also assumed operational and sustainment responsibilities for the ship with the goal of enhancing missile defense through the use of its powerful radar to create dead areas in low earth orbit to scramble a ballistic missile's electronics prior to last stage separation of MIRVs, thus rendering their proximity fuses inert.

The Howard O. Lorenzen and her Cobra King radar system were declared operational in August 2014. It replaced the , which was inactivated for dismantlement earlier in the year.

See also
Cobra Dane
Cobra Ball
Cobra Eye

References

Missile range instrumentation ships of the United States Navy
2010 ships
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
Maritime vessels related to spaceflight
SIA 9. The SIA.9 was an Italian reconnaissance-bomber built by Società Italiana Aviazione, a division of Fiat.

Development
The 9B began as the SIA.7B2 fitted with a much larger engine, the  Fiat A.14. The larger engine increased the aircraft's speed, but also its weight, resulting in only an overall slight increase in maximum speed.

The Italian Navy ordered 200, and received 62 by the end of World War I.

Fiat dropped its SIA name, and manufactured another 129 aircraft under the designation Fiat R.2. These aircraft served until 1925.

Operators

Regia Marina

Specifications

References

1910s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Boeing Model 203. The Boeing Model 203 was a three-seat biplane trainer build by Boeing in the late 1920s and used in the company training school.

Development and design
The 203 was a low-power biplane designed to compete with other standard training aircraft. Its front cockpit accommodated 2 passengers side-by-side, or 1 student with a second set of controls. Its fuselage was welded steel tubing (the last Boeing aircraft to be built this way) and its wings were made of solid wood spars and plywood ribs. Physically it resembled a combination of the Boeing Model 95 and Boeing P-12.

Initially five 203s were built. The first had a 145 hp engine, and first flew on 1 July 1929. The second aircraft was fitted with a 165 hp 5-cylinder Wright J-6-5 engine. It first flew on 29 August 1929 and was designated Model 203A. The final three aircraft had the original Axelson engine, upgraded to 165 hp. All aircraft were delivered to the Boeing School of Aeronautics in Oakland, California, and all were eventually converted into 203As.

After years of service, the vertical tails of the 203As were redesigned to align with those on the Boeing Model 218. Two more aircraft were built at the Boeing School, one in 1935 and one in 1936.

By 1941 the two new 203s and an original aircraft were converted to 203Bs. A larger 220 hp 9-cylinder Lycoming R-680 radial engine was installed, and more advanced training equipment was fitted for use by more advanced students.

When the Boeing School was closed due to the Second World War, the four 203As were transferred to United Air Lines at Cheyenne, Wyoming, two 203Bs were sold to a private owner, and the fate of the final 203B is unknown.

Variants
203prototype powered by a  Axelson A radial engine and four production aircraft powered by  Axelson B radial engines; 4 built.
203A  The second 203 produced with a  Wright J-6-5 engine and the three 203s converted, by replacing their Axelson engines. Also, two additional aircraft built in 1935 and 1936 :3 built + 3 converted.
203BThree 203As converted to 203Bs by installation of  Lycoming R-680 radial engines.

Operators

 Boeing School of Aeronautics
 United Air Lines

Specifications (203)

References

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
203
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Building Energy Rating. A Building Energy Rating (BER) is an energy performance certificate used in Ireland when selling and constructing buildings.

Description 
The Building Energy Rating label is an energy label rating. The label has a scale of A-G, with A-rated buildings the most energy efficient and G the least. In relation to dwellings, the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland states that a "BER is an indication of the energy performance of a home. It covers energy use for space heating, water heating, ventilation and lighting calculated on the basis of standard occupancy." The label is similar to the energy rating label for a household electrical appliances (examples of which include the U.S. EnergyGuide, the European Union energy label, and the Australia/New Zealand energy rating label).

Use 
A BER assessment and certificate may be compulsory to sell a building or shortly after its construction. Methods of calculations and legislations related to BER may be different from one country to another. BER was created as a tool to help monitoring and improving the overall building energy efficiency.

BER in Ireland 
The Statutory Instrument regulating the requirements for BER is "S.I. 666 of 2006". It is Ireland's implementation of the directive on the energy performance of buildings.

In Ireland, each new dwelling built from January 1, 2007, required a BER, unless planning application was lodged prior to December 31, 2006. From January 1, 2009, it became illegal to offer a dwelling for sale without BER. From July 1, 2008, a BER is necessary for new non-residential buildings where planning permission is required. From January 1, 2009, a BER is required for existing non-residential buildings, when offered for sale or to let. From 1 January 2019, a minimum BER of A2 has been required for all new residential buildings.

References 

 
Low-energy building
Multi-leaded power package. The multi-leaded power package is a style of electronic component package, commonly used for high power integrated circuits, especially for monolithic audio amplifiers. It was derived from single in-line package. The difference is the lead arrangement; multi-leaded power packages usually have the lead bent to zig-zag pattern. Multi-leaded power packages commonly have more than three leads; nine-, thirteen- and fifteen-lead units are common, units with five or seven leads with TO-220 style are also manufactured. A notable characteristic is a metal tab with a hole, used in mounting the case to a heatsink. The physical view of multi-leaded power packages are simply stretched TO-220 packages. Components made in multi-leaded power packages can handle more power than those constructed in TO-220 cases, or even TO3 cases with thermal resistance no less than 1.5 C/W.

One well-known STMicroelectronics brand of this type of package is Multiwatt.

Typical applications
Multi-leaded power packages are heatsinkable, and thus can be used in projects where a large amount of power is being drawn. The top of the package has a metal tab with a hole used in mounting the component to a heatsink. Thermal compound is also used to provide greater heat transfer.

The metal tab is often connected electrically to the internal circuitry; ground and supply connections are common. This does not normally pose a problem when using isolated heatsinks, but an electrically-insulating pad or sheet may be required to electrically isolate the component from the heatsink if the heatsink is grounded or otherwise non-isolated. The material used to electrically isolate the multi-leaded power package, like mica, needs to have a high thermal conductivity.

In applications where vertical clearance is at a premium (such as ISA cards in computers), it is often feasible to bend the leads at a right angle and mount the component flat to the printed wiring board using a screw and nut. This often provides enough surface area to heatsink the component when power dissipation is moderately high.

References

Chip carriers
Jorge Cortes. Jorge Cortés is a Spanish engineer and professor at the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego. He is the author of Geometric, Control and Numerical Aspects of Nonholonomic Systems.

Education and career
In 2001, Jorge Cortés received his Ph.D. in engineering mathematics from Charles III University of Madrid. He became a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Twente from 2001 to 2002, and continued his postdoctoral research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 2002 to 2004. He then worked as an assistant professor at University of California, Santa Cruz from 2004 to 2007. He subsequently joined the University of California, San Diego faculty as a professor.

Awards and honors
He was elected SIAM fellow in 2020. The IEEE granted him an equivalent honor in 2014.

References

External links

Fellows of the IEEE
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
University of California, San Diego faculty
Spanish expatriates in the United States
Spanish engineers
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Charles III University of Madrid alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people