omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Surfliner (railcar). The Surfliner is a family of bi-level intercity railcars derived from the California Car. Like its predecessor, it is derived from the Superliner in design, and operated on Amtrak California's intercity routes in California. They are owned by both Amtrak and California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

Alstom delivered the first order of cars for Amtrak between 2000 and 2001. A second order for the Caltrans Division of Rail was delivered in 2002. While based on the Superliner, several changes were made to the design to make the car more suitable for corridor services with frequent stops.

History 
After the problematic delivery of the California Car in 1996, Amtrak set out to create a more advanced and reliable second-generation intercity car for use on the busy San Diegan route (which was re-branded as the Pacific Surfliner when these cars were delivered). Several design changes were made to the cars including moving one of the restrooms to the upper level, adding a power outlet at every seat pair, moving the checked baggage compartment into the lower level of the cab car and creating a smaller galley on the lower level of the café car, enabling the upper level to be used for revenue seating.

In February 1998, Amtrak ordered 40 Surfliner cars that were delivered by Alstom between 2000 and 2001 (all numbered in the 6xxx series). The first cars started operating on the Pacific Surfliner in April 2000.

In September 1999, Caltrans placed a smaller order for 22 cars. 10 cars (numbered in the 6x5x series) are used to supplement the Amtrak-owned cars on the Pacific Surfliner and the other 12 (numbered in the 6x6x series) are used to expand the fleet used on the Capitol Corridor and San Joaquin. These were the final Surfliner cars to be built and delivery was completed in 2002.

Description 

Surfliner cars were delivered in several types: coach cars, café/coach cars equipped for food sales on the lower level, business-class cars which have two small galleys to allow an attendant to offer complimentary beverage service, and coach/baggage/cab cars equipped with coach seating, a checked baggage space on the lower level, and engineer's operating cab and headlights on one end, allowing the train to be operated in push-pull mode. All Surfliner cars are equipped with overhead luggage racks, reclining seats with tray tables and footrests, reading lights, restrooms, AmtrakConnect WiFi, 120 V power outlets, and a wheelchair ramp. The Surfliner has a maximum speed of .

See also 
 California Car (railcar) – The first generation of Superliner derived bi-level intercity railcars.
 Next Generation Bi-Level Passenger Rail Car – Cancelled third generation of Superliner derived bi-level intercity railcars.

References

External links 
 Roster, including car names

Rail passenger cars of the United States
Amtrak rolling stock
Train-related introductions in 2000
Alstom rolling stock
Thomas Salter Pyne. Sir Thomas Salter Pyne  (1860–1921) was a British engineer based in Afghanistan.

Biography
He was born in Broseley, Shropshire, to John Pyne and Alice Salter. At the age of 15, he began an apprenticeship with an engineer and by 1879, had become the manager of a foundry and engineering works.

In 1883, Pyne moved to India, where he worked for the merchant Thomas Acquin Martin for a few years. In 1887, after Martin was appointed Agent by Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, Pyne was sent to Kabul to serve as Chief Engineer of Afghanistan. He became the first European to live in Afghanistan since the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–1881). In this capacity, he trained local Afghans in the production of guns, swords, ammunition, coins, soap, and candles. On behalf of Martin's firm, Pyne oversaw the construction of an arsenal, a mint, and various factories and workshops, employing approximately 4,000 workers.

In 1893, Pyne was sent by the Amir as a Special Ambassador to India. Upon concluding the negotiations, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) and knighted by the British government in recognition of his services. Pyne was also a key liaison with the Durand Mission, which was tasked with defining the borders of Afghanistan. 

Pyne left the Amir's service in 1899 due to ill health and was succeeded by Thomas Martin's younger brother, Frank. As a token of gratitude, the Amir presented Pyne with a diamond-inlaid watch.

He died in 1921. Reflecting on Pyne's contributions, Sir Mortimer Durand remarked, "Pyne has gained a remarkable position in Afghanistan... The more I have to do with him, the more respect I feel for his sagacity."

References

External links

1860 births
1921 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Star of India
19th-century English engineers
People from Broseley
Knights Bachelor
British people in colonial India
British expatriates in Afghanistan
Brianyoungite. Brianyoungite is a secondary zinc carbonate mineral. The Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) classifies it as a carbonate with the formula , but sulfate groups SO4 also occupy the carbonate CO3 positions, in the ratio of about one sulfate to three carbonates, so other sources give the formula as , and Gaines et al. classify the mineral as a compound carbonate.  It is 
similar in appearance to hydrozincite, another zinc carbonate.  It was discovered in 1991 and designated IMA1991-053.  In 1993 it was named "brianyoungite" after Brian Young (born 1947), a field geologist with the British Geological Survey, who provided the first specimens.

Appearance 

The mineral occurs as tiny rosettes less than 100 μm across, composed of thin blades just one or two micrometers across, elongated parallel to the b crystal axis, and tapering to a sharp point.  The crystals are white and transparent to translucent, with a vitreous lustre and a white streak.

Structure 
The mineral belongs in the orthorhombic crystal system, or the monoclinic with β (the angle between the a and c crystal axes) close to 90o.  The space group is unknown, but assumed to be either P21/m, P21 or P2221.  The structure is similar to that of hydrozincite.  There are four formula units per unit cell (Z = 4) and the lengths of the sides of the unit cell are a = 15.724 Å, b = 6.256 Å and c = 5.427 Å.

Physical properties 
Brianyoungite is a soft mineral with Mohs hardness similar to halite, only 2 to  according to some sources, but others say that the hardness is not determinable. It   is fairly dense, with specific gravity 3.93 to 4.09, similar to that of celestine. Cleavage is perfect perpendicular to the a crystal axis (perfect on {100}) and possible perpendicular to the c crystal axis (possible on {001}).  It is readily soluble with effervescence in acids.

Optical properties 
The mineral is biaxial, with refractive indices nω = 1.635 and nε = 1.650 and maximum birefringence δ = 1.635. It exhibits straight extinction.  It is not fluorescent.

Occurrence 
The type locality is the Bloomsberry Horse level of the Brownley Hill mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor District, North Pennines, North and Western Region (Cumberland), Cumbria, England.  The type material is conserved at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1992.17.1–8.
Brianyoungite occurs with gypsum on rubbly limestone in the oxidised zone of Brownley Hill Mine, and on specimens from the nearby Smallcleugh mine.  It may be a secondary post-mining mineral.
At the type locality it is associated with gypsum, smithsonite, pyrite and goethite.

References

Zinc minerals
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Minerals described in 1993
Vaagdevi College of Engineering. Vaagdevi College of Engineering (VCE) is an engineering college in Bollikunta, Warangal, Telangana, India.

History
VCE was established on 1998 by the Viswambhara Educational Society. It was conferred autonomous status in 2014. Vaagdevi group of colleges offers a wide range of courses to eligible students.

Departments
 Computer Science and Engineering - CSE
 Electronics and Communication Engineering - ECE
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering - EEE
 Computer Science and Engineering (DS) - CSE(DS)
Computer Science and Engineering (AI&ML) - CSE(AI&ML)
 Mechanical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Master of Business Administration - MBA
 Basic Sciences and Humanities - BSH
 Master of Computer Application - MCA

References 

Engineering colleges in Telangana
Education in Warangal
1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1998
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Raj Hamsa Clipper. The Raj Hamsa Clipper is an Indian ultralight trike, designed and produced by Raj Hamsa Ultralights since the 1990s. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Clipper was designed as a trainer for school use and complies with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit without a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The Clipper was developed into the longer range Raj Hamsa Voyager.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface Raj Hamsa-made wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 503 engine or the twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Hirth 2706 engine.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Specifications (Clipper)

References

External links

1990s Indian sport aircraft
1990s Indian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Dave and Lynn Frohnmayer Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge. The Dave and Lynn Frohnmayer Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge, formerly and still informally known as the Autzen Footbridge, is a bicycle and pedestrian bridge across the Willamette River, located in Eugene, Oregon, in the United States. Named after former University of Oregon president David B. Frohnmayer, the bridge connects Alton Baker Park and Autzen Stadium.

The bridge was originally proposed in 1970 by the Eugene Water & Electric Board (EWEB) to carry steam between EWEB's steam plant and a commercial greenhouse near Autzen Stadium.  The river's bedrock deterred installing a buried pipe. In proposing a bridge, EWEB offered the university and Lane County the option of incorporating a pedestrian bridge if they paid the extra cost.

See also
 Bicycle bridge
 List of crossings of the Willamette River

References

External links
 
 Frohnmayer Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge, University of Oregon Libraries

Bike paths in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Eugene, Oregon
Bridges in Lane County, Oregon
Bridges over the Willamette River
Concrete bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in Oregon
Transportation in Eugene, Oregon
Raj Hamsa Voyager. The Raj Hamsa Voyager is an Indian ultralight trike, designed and produced by Raj Hamsa Ultralights since the 1990s. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Voyager was designed as a cross country derivative of the Raj Hamsa Clipper trainer and complies with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit without a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with optional wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface Raj Hamsa-made wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type aerodynamically faired kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The wing is of a smaller area and faster design than the Clipper's wing and is mounted lower on a shorter mast. The landing gear has hydraulic suspension and large diameter wheels, to permit rough field operations. The powerplant is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 503 engine or the four cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Jabiru 2200 engine.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Specifications (Voyager)

References

External links

1990s Indian sport aircraft
1990s Indian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
RFB X-113. The RFB X-113 Aerofoil Boat was an experimental ground effect vehicle intended to work over water.  It was one of three such aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch in the 1960s and early 1970s. The X-113 first flew in 1970; only one was built.

Design and development

Lippisch's development of his Aerofoil Boat, a ground effect vehicle for use over water, began whilst he was working in the aviation division of the Collins Radio Company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, US. The first test of concept was the Collins X-112, flown in the mid-1960s.  In 1967 development was continued in collaboration with Rhein-Flugzeugbau (RFB) in Germany, funded by the German government. This resulted in the X-113.

The X-113 was an inverse delta aircraft; that is, it had a wing which was triangular in plan but with a straight, unswept leading edge. Combined with strong anhedral, this layout produces stable flight in ground effect. Specifically, it is claimed that it is stable in pitch and also that it can fly in ground effect at altitudes up to about 50% of its span, allowing it to operate over rough water.  This contrasts with the lower aspect ratio square wing of the Ekranoplans which leaves ground effect at only 10% of span, limiting them to the calmer waters of lakes and rivers.

The Aerofoil Boat was built using glassfibre sandwiches with foam or tube cores.  Its wing was set high on the fuselage, with swept fins at the tips inclined at about 60°, carrying short ailerons.  The tips also carried long, wide planing floats which projected a long way forward of the leading edge to support the fuselage stably above the surface when on water.  Forward of the wings the fuselage was flat sided and quite shallow, so the pilot was semi-recumbent under a long canopy. Aft, a long dorsal fin extends to a  T tail with rudder and horizontal stabiliser.

The Aerofoil Boat was powered by a Nelson flat four engine derated to , driving a two blade, wooden,  tractor propeller.  The engine was mounted uncowled over the fuselage near mid-chord on a pylon constructed from three pairs of narrow angle V-struts.

The first flight was made in October 1970 on Lake Constance and the initial tests to explore the performance of the Aerofoil Boat were also done there.  These were deemed satisfactory and later flights over the North Sea showed that it could be operated over rough water. It also demonstrated its ability to fly out of ground effect, reaching at least .  Flight tests continued at least until 1974 and possibly later.  The X-113 was displayed in public at the Paris Salon in May 1973.

Specifications (X-113 Am)

Video
"The aerofoil Boat", Lippisch research Corporation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnflnBF7jWk)

References

Patent US3190582, 1965

Ground effect vehicles
RFB aircraft
1970s German experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Carmen Hernández Brenes. Carmen Hernández Brenes is a Mexican professor and researcher at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Campus Monterrey (Tec de Monterrey). Her work has been recognized with Level II membership in Mexico's Sistema Nacional de Investigadores.

Hernandez Brenes earned her bachelor's degree in food engineering at the Tec de Monterrey in 1994, then a master's degree from Texas A&M University in 1996. She started her doctorate at the same university but moved to the University of Arkansas, but completed training in HACCP procedures at Texas A&M.

In 1993, she worked as an intern at Valley View Packing Company in San Jose, California, working with apricot and prune juice concentrates and dried fruit snacks. Hernández Brenes was a professor and researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, specializing in food processing, beginning in 2000.

See also
List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty

References

Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Yuneec International ETrike. The Yuneec International ETrike is a Chinese electric ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Yuneec International of Kunshan, Jiangsu. The aircraft was originally intended to be supplied complete and ready-to-fly, but does not seem to have progressed beyond a few prototypes.

By 2013 the ETrike was not offered for sale by either Yuneec International or its North American licensee, GreenWing International.

Design and development
The ETrike airframe is based upon the Avio Delta Thruster and designed to comply with the American FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit without a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear and a single electric motor in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a  Yuneec Power Drive 10 electric motor.

Specifications (ETrike)

References

2000s Chinese sport aircraft
2000s Chinese ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Electric aircraft
Ultralight trikes
ETrike
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Electrostatic discharge materials. Electrostatic discharge materials (ESD materials) are plastics that reduce static electricity to protect against damage to electrostatic-sensitive devices (ESD) or to prevent the accidental ignition of flammable liquids or gases.

Materials
ESD materials are generally subdivided into categories with related properties: Anti-Static, Conductive, and Dissipative.

Note that the sheet resistance quoted above depends on the thickness of the layer of material, and the value is the resistance of a square of the material for a current flowing from one edge to the opposite edge.

Conductive 
Conductive materials have a low electrical resistance, thus electrons flow easily across the surface or through these materials.  Charges go to ground or to another conductive object that the material contacts.

Dissipative
Dissipative materials allow the charges to flow to ground more slowly in a more controlled manner than with conductive materials.

Anti-Static
Anti-static materials are generally referred to as any material which inhibits triboelectric charging.  This kind of charging is the buildup of an electric charge by the rubbing or contact with another material.

Insulative 
Insulative materials prevent or limit the flow of electrons across their surface or through their volume.  Insulative materials have a high electrical resistance and are difficult to ground, thus are not ESD materials.  Static charges remain in place on these materials for a very long time.

See also

 Antistatic device
 Electrostatic discharge
 Electrical resistivity and conductivity
 Velostat

References

Further reading
 The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology; 1st Edition; Kit. L. Yam; John Wiley & Sons; 1353 pages; 2009; .
 Plastics Additives Handbook; 6th Edition; Zweifel, Maier, Schiller; Hanser Publications; 1222 pages; 2009; .
 Handbook of Conducting Polymers; 3rd Edition; Skotheim and Reynolds; CRC Press; 1680 pages; 2007; .
 Conductive Polymers and Plastics: In Industrial Applications; 1st Edition; Larry Rupprecht; Elsevier; 293 pages; 1999; .
 Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook ; 1st Edition; Jesse Edenbaum; Springer; 1136 pages; 1992; .
 Metal-Filled Polymers: Properties and Applications; 1st Edition; S.K. Bhattacharya; CRC Press; 376 pages; 1986; .

External links
 http://www.esda.org - ESD Association
 ESD packaging advice - Intel
 Workmanship Manual for Electrostatic Discharge Control  - NASA

Electrostatics
Digital electronics

de:Elektrostatische_Entladung#Klassifikation_der_Werkstoffe
SS Normannia (1890). SS Normannia was a German  ocean liner  owned by the Hamburg America Line and built by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Govan, Scotland. She was launched on 9 February 1890.

Career

Hamburg America Line
Normannia was the largest and most powerful vessel built by that yard at the time, and was the third in a quartet of similar vessels built to form Hamburg America Line's new weekly express service operating from Hamburg to New York via Southampton. A year earlier AG Vulcan in Stettin had built the first of the class, the slightly smaller ; while Laird Brother's at Birkenhead in the UK had built the second: Columbia. The last ship of quartet to be constructed was , also built in Stettin and launched towards the end of 1890.

The construction of the Normannia was supervised by a contingent of German representatives of the Hamburg American Line including marine superintendent Captain Meyer and superintendent engineer Mr. E. Ritschard. She had twin screws driven by two triple-expansion engines located in two separate engine-rooms, each set having three cylinders. Her electrical installation was by Siemans and comprised four dynamos and 1100 Edison-Swan lamps.

The design and construction of her interior was carried out by the Bembe Furniture Factory, of Mainz, Germany. As was typical of German liners of the period, her interior was lavish and gaudy, with her leading features being heavy gilt mouldings and wall and ceiling frescoes by eminent German artists.

On her official speed trials in the Firth of Clyde, she averaged just under , and on her maiden trip from Southampton to New York her average speed was . Her guaranteed speed was .

In January 1894, Normannia was hit and badly damaged by a freak wave en route from New York to Algiers. The wave was reported as being "mast high". Several deck houses were damaged, along with part of her promenade deck, and parts of steerage area were flooded with six feet of water. Seven men and the second officer were badly injured.

Later career
In 1898, she was purchased by the Spanish Navy for use in the Spanish–American War, and renamed Patriota. In service, her length was increased to . She was fitted with four 5.5-inch guns which were also armored with 3.5-inch thick gun shields. However, she did not see much service during the war. She was acquired in the following year by the French shipping company Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and was returned to commercial service under the name of L'Aquitaine, where she remained until she was scrapped in September 1906.

References

Steamships of Germany
1890 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Steamships of France
Steamships of Spain
Ships of the Spanish Navy
Passenger ships of Germany
Passenger ships of France
Passenger ships of Spain