omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wang Chuanfu. Wang Chuanfu (; born 8 April 1966) is a Chinese chemist, billionaire entrepreneur, and the founder, chairman and CEO of BYD Company.

Early life
Wang was born in Wuwei County, Anhui province to a family of poor farmers. While in high school he was cared for by his elder brother and sister because both of his parents had died. 

After high school, he studied metallurgical physical chemistry at the then Central South Industrial University (nowadays the Central South University) and graduated in 1987. He went on to earn a master's degree in 1990 from the Beijing Non-Ferrous Metal General Research Institute (now GRINM Group).

Career
He spent several years as a government-sponsored researcher, but in 1995 he entered the private sector and founded his own company, BYD Company, outside of Shenzhen. Founded with his cousin Lu Xiangyang when he was 29 years old, BYD Company is currently the world's largest mobile phone batteries manufacturer. In early 2009, he was reportedly worth US$3.4 billion, placing him 408th on Hurun Report's Global Rich List 2014. In late 2009, his net worth grew to $5.1 billion and was crowned China's richest man on the Hurun Report. This was due largely to a five-fold increase in his company's value after Berkshire Hathaway bought 225 million new shares of BYD in 2008.

In November 2021, Forbes reported that Wang's wealth had increased to $23.5 billion, making him the 14th richest person in China, this was due to a two-fold increase in BYD's share price over the previous year.

Politics 
Wang is a member of the Chinese Communist Party.

Personal life
Wang is married and lives in Shenzhen.

References

1966 births
Living people
Chinese billionaires
People from Wuwei, Anhui
Businesspeople from Anhui
Chemists from Anhui
Chinese chief executives in the automobile industry
BYD Company people
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Chinese founders of automobile manufacturers
Central South University alumni
Automotive businesspeople
Nectar Inc.. Nectar, Inc. is an American company that develops medical devices. It is headquartered in Long Beach, California, USA.

History

The company was founded in 1992 by Darren Saravis, a known figure in the medical device industry. Saravis has a background in design and engineering and has developed various projects for the company, including the BDR-19 Critical-Care Ventilator that received emergency use authorization during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. He is also the CEO of Nectar and has founded other companies, like BreathDirect and X-Naut.

Nectar received the IDEA award from BusinessWeek for devices it designed for Belkin International in 2002 and 2007. It again received an award from IDEA in 2012 for developing Pure Rain, a brand for oxygenating watering systems with a nano bubble generator, for Bluemark Industries. In 2019, Nectar became an ISO 13485:2016 certified company. In the same year, it was named a Top Product Design Firm by Clutch.co, a leading B2B ratings and reviews platform. The company has also been recognized for its workplace culture, including being named a Best Place to Work by the Los Angeles Business Journal.

In 2023, the company partnered with the California State University, Long Beach (CSULB).

Notable products

Seca Medical Scale - medical scales that enable the user interface to be mounted on either side of the measuring rod. 
Smardii - a connected smart diaper that detects wetness and soiling, reads body temperature, location, and positioning, and performs real-time urine analysis.
Limb Lengthener – a non-invasive limb lengthener device consisting of an intramedullary nail, locking screws, and reusable instruments, controlled by an External Remote Controller (ERC).
Releef Initiative’s Drug Dispenser, a specialized medicine dispenser for use in poor and third world countries. This pro bono effort in conjunction with the Releef Initiative was covered in an article in the Long Beach Press-Telegram.
The Elemental Line of Kitchen Products, a collaboration with SinoGlass.
Collaborated with medical manufacturer Benechill on its new Rhinochill system, which induces therapeutic hypothermia during emergencies.
The Desktop Factory 3-D Printer, according to Nectar's website, a "3-dimensional printer with a footprint of 25 x 20 and stands 20 inches tall that weighs less than 90 pounds."

References

Engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Long Beach, California
Industrial design firms
Carsten Lund. Carsten Lund (born July 1, 1963) is a Danish-born theoretical computer scientist, currently working at AT&T Labs in Bedminster, New Jersey, United States.

Lund was born in Aarhus, Denmark, and received the
"kandidat" degree in 1988 from the University of Aarhus and his Ph.D.
from the University of Chicago in computer science. His thesis, entitled The
Power of Interaction, was chosen as an ACM 'Distinguished Dissertation'.

Lund was a co-author on two of five competing papers at the 1990 Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science characterizing complexity classes such as PSPACE and NEXPTIME in terms of interactive proof systems;
this work became part of his 1991 Ph.D. thesis from the University of Chicago under the supervision of Lance Fortnow and László Babai, for which he was a runner-up for the 1991 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award.

He is also known for his joint work with Sanjeev Arora, Madhu Sudan, Rajeev Motwani, and Mario Szegedy that discovered the existence of probabilistically checkable proofs for NP-hard problems and used them to prove hardness results for approximation problems; in 2001 he and his co-authors received the Gödel Prize for their share in these discoveries.

More recently he has published highly cited work on internet traffic engineering.

He has been working for AT&T Laboratories since August 1991.

References

External links
AT&T Labs Homepage

1963 births
Living people
Theoretical computer scientists
Scientists at Bell Labs
Aarhus University alumni
People from New Jersey
Gödel Prize laureates
Danish computer scientists
2-Fluoroethanol. 2-Fluoroethanol is the organic compound with the formula CH2FCH2OH. This colorless liquid is one of the simplest stable fluorinated alcohols. It was once used as a pesticide. The related difluoro- and trifluoroethanols are far less dangerous.

Synthesis
2-Fluoroethanol was originally synthesized by treating 2-chloroethanol with potassium fluoride, in a simple Finkelstein reaction. The product has a lower boiling point that the starting material and may be conveniently isolated by distillation.

ClCH2CH2OH + KF → FCH2CH2OH + KCl

Similar procedures start from (1,3)-dioxolan-2-one and from 2-bromoethanol.

Structure and reactivity
Hydrogen bonding stabilizes the gauche conformer.

In a basic solution, 2-fluoroethanol undergoes dehydrofluorination, giving acetaldehyde.

Reaction of 2-fluoroethanol with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of base gives the triflate ester.

PET radiotracers 
2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy group is a common moiety in the structures of radiotracers used with PET. Such radiotracers include fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine 1-(2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy)-4-nitrobenzene and [18F]-fluoroethyl 4-fluorobenzoate, being a [18F]fluoroalkyl ether and ester respectively.

Metabolism
It was patented as a rodenticide in Germany in 1935. In rats, it was found that fluoroethanol induced a similar toxicity as that of fluoroacetate, known to metabolize to fluorocitrate to exert the toxic effect.

2-Fluoroethanol is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as cofactor, ultimately leading to the formation of fluoroacetaldehyde and then fluoroacetate.

Fluoroacetate is a precursor to fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of aconitase, an enzyme that participates in the TCA cycle.

Toxicity
Reported effects of 2-fluoroethanol are epigastric distress effects, such as vomiting, and central nervous effects, such as auditory hallucinations, numbness feeling of the face or nose. Both these types of effects occur gradually after being exposed to 2-fluoroethanol for several hours. Some more severe reactions of the human body to 2-fluoroethanol can be respiratory failure and epileptiform convulsions or seizures, leading to dysfunctions in the heart mechanism. From the early 20th century, there are multiple reports of deaths caused by 2-fluoroethanol.

2-Fluoroethanol is also toxic to other animals with LD50 ranging from 7 to 1500 mg/kg bodyweight.

See also
 sodium fluoroacetate
 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
 4-Fluorobutanol

References

Rodenticides
Primary alcohols
Organofluorides
Fluoroethyl compounds
Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms
Fluoroethanols
Denaturation (food). Denaturation is the process by which foods or liquids are made unpleasant or dangerous to consume; it is done by adding a substance known as a denaturant. Aversive agents—primarily bitterants and pungent agents—are often used to produce an unpleasant flavor. For example, the bitterant denatonium might be added to food used in a laboratory, where such food is not intended for human consumption.

A poisonous substance may be added as an even more powerful deterrent. For example, methanol is blended with ethanol to produce denatured alcohol. The addition of methanol, which is poisonous, renders denatured alcohol unfit for consumption, as ingesting denatured alcohol may result in serious injury or death. Thus denatured alcohol is not subject to the taxes usually levied on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. Aniline was used to denature colza oil in the 1980s.

See also

Denaturation (biochemistry)

References

Cooking
Food additives
American Eagle A-129. The American Eagle A-129 was an American biplane first flown in 1929.

Design and development
The preceding American Eagle A-101 of 1926 had achieved some success, but its fierce spin characteristics had resulted in several crashes during training flights. Giuseppe Bellanca redesigned the biplane with a longer fuselage and narrower cowling to accommodate the five-cylinder Kinner K-5 100 h.p. radial engine, which had its cylinder heads exposed. To mark the year of its first appearance, the designation A-129 was applied.

Operational history
Initially designed to replace the Porterfield Flying Schools A-101s, the new biplane proved to have good flying characteristics and more than 400 were built. The aircraft were also flown by "barnstormers" and sports pilots.

Several A-129s remain airworthy and examples are preserved at the Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum at Old Rhinebeck in New York state and in the Kansas Aviation Museum Wichita, Kansas.

Variants
A range of engines was fitted to the A-129 without changing the type designation. They included the  Curtiss OX-5 straight engine and others up to the 200 h.p. Wright J-4.

The American Eagle A-229 was a two seat trainer version with a Curtiss OX-5 engine.

Specifications (100 h.p. Kinner K-5)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Aerofiles American Eagle page

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Mil Mi-X1. Mil Mi-X1 is a high-speed helicopter being proposed by Mil of Russia. The aircraft belongs to the same program as its competitor Kamov Ka-92 intended to create a new generation of middle-class helicopters cruising at about 500 km/h (312 mph). Its preliminary design and early specifications were unveiled at HeliRussia 2009 exhibition near Moscow.
The design is competing for a US$1.3 billion project by the Russian government and Kamov is the other competitor.

Design

The Mi-X1 is designed to have a take-off weight of just 10 tons, seat 25 passengers and fly to 1,500 km. It has one main rotor and a rear mount lift rotor. The helicopter's single main rotor means that in order to travel at high speeds it will have to overcome the retreating blade stall (RBS). This phenomenon occurs at airspeeds of some 300 km/h, and leads to vibrations that may ultimately destroy the rotor. Mil’s solution to fighting the onset of the RBS is to offload the rotor with the help of the proprietary Stall Local Elimination System (SLES). According to Mil Chief Designer Nikolay Pavlenko, the designers have already agreed to test SLES at Russia’s TsAGI Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute.

Earlier the manufacturer asserted that using SLES alone would give the Mi-X1 a speed of 450–500 km/h. According to the updated information made public at HeliRussia 2009, the helicopter will have a cruise speed of 475 km/h and a dash speed of 495 to 520 km/h. This will be possible through the use of a pusher propeller and a number of aerodynamic improvements, including a retractable landing gear and streamlined forward and rear fuselage sections.

The Mi-X1 may be powered by two uprated Klimov VK-2500 turboshafts or two future Klimov VK-3000 currently under development. Similar engines are installed on Mil Mi-28 and Kamov Ka-50 attack helicopters.

Development of the Mi-X1 and Ka-92 was switched from Ministry for Industry and Trade to Ministry of Defence in 2015 due to reduced government funding and high operating cost. A Russian Air Force general expects a prototype to fly in 2018, with production in 2022. Russia started a single seat "flying laboratory" based on the Mil Mi-24 in 2015, intended to go 400 kilometers per hour (248 miles per hour).

See also

References

Literature 
 Russia & CIS Observer May 2009

Mil aircraft
Soviet and Russian helicopters
Proposed aircraft of Russia
Twin-turbine helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
NERCO. NERCO was an American mining company headquartered in Portland, Oregon, with interests in coal, natural gas, and oil.  The company also had significant operations in gold and silver mining, and manufacture of gallium arsenide wafers.

NERCO was created in 1977 by Pacific Power & Light Company (now PacifiCorp) due to a change in United States federal law requiring the development of federal coal leases.  From its origins in coal, the company expanded into other mining ventures, including an unsuccessful foray into uranium mining.  In August 1984, the company went public, selling 10% of its shares and trading on the New York Stock Exchange.  By 1992, the company had grown to $920 million in annual revenues and employed 2,200.  NERCO was included in the Fortune 500 list of major American companies from 1985 to 1993, peaking at number 353 in 1992.

In 1993, NERCO was acquired for $470 million (and assumption of debt) by the Kennecott Corporation, a Utah-based subsidiary of the Rio Tinto Group.  PacifiCorp owned 82% of NERCO stock at the time.  Rio Tinto sold off NERCO's oil and gas operations later that year for $510 million.

Tom Albanese, the former chief executive officer of the Rio Tinto Group, joined that company when it acquired NERCO, which was his previous employer.

References

Defunct mining companies of the United States
Former Rio Tinto (corporation) subsidiaries
Defunct companies based in Oregon
Energy companies established in 1977
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1977
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1993
1977 establishments in Oregon
1993 disestablishments in Oregon
Aeronautica. Aeronautica may refer to:

 Aeronautica Militare, the air force of the Republic of Italy
 Italian Co-belligerent Air Force from 1943 until 1945 colloquially known as Aeronautica del Sud
 Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics, Colombian government agency also known as Aeronáutica Civil
 Aeronáutica Industrial S.A., a Spanish aeronautical company
 Aeronautica Macchi, the former name of Alenia Aermacchi
 Aeronáutica Agrícola Mexicana SA, a now defunct Mexican aircraft manufacturer
 Aeronáutica (Angola), an Angolan airline
 Aeronautica Imperialis, a tabletop miniature wargame
 Aeronáutica (Seville Metro)
Elastomeric connector. Elastomeric connectors, also known by the registered trademark ZEBRA connectors, consist of alternating conductive and insulating regions in a rubber or elastomer matrix to produce overall anisotropic conductive properties. The original version consisted of alternating conductive and insulating layers of silicone rubber, cut crosswise to expose the thin layers. They provide high-density redundant electrical paths for high reliability connections. One of the first applications was connecting thin and fragile glass liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) to circuit boards in electronic devices, as little current was required.

Because of their flexibility, they excel in shock and anti-vibration applications. They can create a gasket-like seal for harsh environments. Conductor material possibilities include carbon, silver, and gold.  The length, width and height may be specified as well as the stripe pitch. Frequently a recess with ribs is specified that captures and provides the elastomer reference surface for alignment (while allowing the lateral dimension of the elastomer to increase as it is compressed) with a deflection stop to control the final part separation, and alignment pins for substrate alignment.

.

They are used in two ways:
 spacing of rubber conductive strips equals PCB conductor spacing, with the connector precisely aligned;
 spacing of rubber conductive strips less than half the PCB conductor spacing, without precise alignment.

A "matrix" version consists of short, fine, metallic wires, 300 to 2,000 per square centimeter, aligned parallel but not touching each other, embedded in a rubber sheet.  The wires can either protrude slightly from the top and bottom of the rubber sheet, or be curved and flush with the top and bottom planes; the latter is used for repeated assembly or inspection.

Applications
 LCD and electroluminescent displays
 Board-to-board connections
 Chip-to-board connections
 Memory cards

See also
 Anisotropic conductive film, another connecting technology
 Silicone rubber keypad

References

Electrical signal connectors
Edward S. Davidson. Edward S. Davidson is a professor emeritus in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Research interests
His research interests include computer architecture, pipelining theory, parallel processing, performance modeling, intelligent caches, and application tuning. In the 1970s, he developed the reservation table approach to optimum design and cyclic scheduling of pipelines, designed and implemented an eight-node symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system in 1976, and developed a variety of systematic methods for modeling performance and enhancing systems, including early work on simulated annealing, wave pipelining, multiple instruction stream pipelines, decoupled access-execute architecture, and polycyclic scheduling (aka software pipelining). He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Education
1961 Harvard University, B.A. in Mathematics
1962 University of Michigan, M.S. in Communication Science
1968 University of Illinois, Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering

Teaching
1968–1973 Stanford University, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
1973–1987 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1988–present  University of Michigan, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering

Service
1984-1987 Hardware Design Director, Cedar Parallel Supercomputer at the University of Illinois Center for Supercomputing Research and Development 
1988-1990 Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
1994-1997 Director, Center for Parallel Computing, University of Michigan
1997-2000 Associate chair for Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan

Awards
1992 IEEE Harry H. Goode Memorial Award for "pivotal seminal contributions to the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of high performance computer systems." 
1996 Taylor L. Booth Education Award for "contributions to the establishment of computer engineering as an academic discipline and for nurturing many leaders of this field during their formative years in the profession."
2000 IEEE/ACM Eckert-Mauchly Award "for his seminal contributions to the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of high performance pipelines and multiprocessor systems"

References

External links

Official Michigan page

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvard College alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the IEEE
Head Buster. is a 1991 video game for the Game Gear handheld console. It involves robots fighting in combat sequences.

Gameplay

The object is to earn more gold by winning matches and spending that money on better weapons like rifles, missile launchers, and flamethrowers. Robots can be traded in for money (gold) if updating them is impossible. At the center of each starting point is a base (circle). Either the base must be destroyed or all the opponent's robots must be destroyed in order to clear the battlefield. There is a certain range to each weapon; opponents cannot be attacked if they are too close or too far away from the weapon's firing range.

There are ten different maps in the game. Each level has its own password. Players must deliver newspapers for a tiny stipend in order to resume competing after a loss.

Development
The beta version of Head Buster had a different readout of the battle along with more complicated terrain types. Stairs, for example, would have been used to climb up steep mountains. They were removed during the late development stages. Players would have to develop their robots literally from the ground up in the unfinished version while robot models were already fully assembled in the finished version.

References

1991 video games
Game Gear games
Game Gear-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Masaya Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Side-scrolling video games
Strategy video games
Top-down video games
Video games about mecha
Video games about robots
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Noriyuki Iwadare
ECOWAS rail. One of the goals of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the development of an integrated railroad network.

Aims include the extension of railways in member countries, the interconnection of previously isolated railways and the standardisation of gauge, brakes, couplings, and other parameters.

Proposed lines 
The first line would connect the cities and ports of Lagos, Cotonou, Lomé and Accra and would allow the largest container ships to focus on a smaller number of large ports, while efficiently serving a larger hinterland.  This line connects  gauge and  systems, which would require four rail dual gauge, which can also provide standard gauge.

Gauge (railway)

Standards 
 Brakes: Air brakes
 Electrification: 25 kV AC
 Couplings: vary

See also 
 AfricaRail

References 

Economic Community of West African States
Rail transport in Africa
Passive binding. In complexation catalysis, the term passive binding refers to any stabilizing interaction that is equally strong at the transition state level and in the reactant-catalyst complex.

Having the same effect on the stability of the transition state and the reactant-catalyst complex, passive binding contributes to acceleration only if the equilibrium between the unassociated reactant and catalyst and their complex is not completely shifted to the right. It was defined by A.J. Kirby in 1996 as opposed to the dynamic binding, i.e. the whole of interactions that are stronger at the transition state level than in the reactant-catalyst complex.

See also 
Catalysis

References 

Physical organic chemistry