omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Secure element. A secure element (SE) is a secure operating system (OS) in a tamper-resistant processor chip or secure component. It can protect assets (root of trust, sensitive data, keys, certificates, applications) against high-level software and hardware attacks. Applications that process this sensitive data on an SE are isolated and so operate within a controlled environment not affected by software (including possible malware) found elsewhere on the OS.

The hardware and embedded software meet the requirements of the Security IC Platform Protection Profile [PP 0084] including resistance to physical tampering scenarios described within it. More than 96 billion secure elements were produced and shipped between 2010 and 2021.

SEs exist in various form factors, as devices such as smart cards, UICCs, or smart microSD cards, or embedded, or integrated, as parts of larger devices. SEs are an evolution of the chips in earlier smart cards, which have been adapted to suit the needs of numerous use cases, such as smartphones, tablets, set-top boxes, wearables, connected cars, and other internet of things (IoT) devices. The technology is widely used by technology firms such as Oracle, Apple and Samsung.

SEs provide secure isolation, storage and processing for applications (called applets) they host while being isolated from the external world (e.g. rich OS and application processor when embedded in a smartphone) and from other applications running on the SE. Java Card and MULTOS are the most deployed standardized multi-application operating systems currently used to develop applications running on SEs.

Since 1999, GlobalPlatform has been the body responsible for standardizing secure element technologies to support a dynamic model of application management in a multi-actor model. GlobalPlatform also runs Functional and Security Certification programmes for secure elements, and hosts a list of Functional Certified and Security Certified products. GlobalPlatform technology is also embedded in other standards such as ETSI SCP (now SET) since release 7. A Common Criteria Secure Element Protection Profile has been released targeting EAL4+ level with ALC_DVS.2 and AVA_VAN.5 extension to standardize the security features of a secure element across markets.

References

Computer security
Computer hardware
Payra Bridge. Payra Bridge is a road bridge across the Burishwar River. It connects Barisal and Patuakhali, linking the southwest of the country to the northern regions.

History
A student from Patuakhali wrote a letter to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina requesting to build a bridge over the river on which the bridge is located. After reading the letter, the Prime Minister assured to build the bridge. In 2012, the Department of Roads and Highways adopted a plan to build the Payra Bridge. At that time its construction cost was estimated at Tk 4.58 billion. The bridge is funded by Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and OPEC Fund for International Development. On March 13, 2013, Sheikh Hasina laid the foundation stone of the bridge. Two years later, the budget for the bridge was doubled by revising the project. One year later, on July 24, the Longjian Road and Bridge Company was commissioned to build the bridge. In 2018, the construction work was delayed due to an error in the design of the bridge. However, in 2019, the final construction cost of the bridge was fixed at Tk 14.46 billion and the design of the bridge was changed. The four-lane bridge was scheduled to be completed in June 2020. But due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the work could not be completed on time. Later, the completion date was postponed to June 2022. The bridge was inaugurated on 28 October 2021.

Specifications
Payra Bridge is one of the first bridges in Bangladesh to have a bridge health monitoring system. The length of the bridge is 1.48 km. The bridge has been constructed at a height of 18.3 meters above the water level to facilitate navigation. Not more than one pillar of this bridge has been placed in the river.

Usage and benefits
Kuakata Beach is easily accessible from the bridge. Besides, this bridge connects Port of Payra with Dhaka.

References

External links

Road bridges in Bangladesh
Extradosed bridges in Bangladesh
Barishal Division
Toll bridges in Bangladesh
Bridges completed in 2021
STM 500. The STM 500 is a Turkish mini submarine of the 500-tonne class under construction since 2022. The shallow-water diesel-electric submarine is being built by Turkish defense company STM with completion of the first vessel not expected until 2026.

, the customer for the project had not yet been publicly released.

History 
The STM-500 was announced in 2021 at the 10th Naval Systems Seminar in August 2021 as a lower cost and more cost effective subsurface warfare option.  Construction began in 2022.  It is expected to require four years to complete construction, and up to six years to fully complete the project.

Description 
The STM-500 will displace approximately 500 tonnes, have a crew of 18, and be able to transport a squad of 6 special forces personnel. It is being designed to have an endurance of 30 days and a maximum dive depth of 250 meters.

Specifications
Specifications as of 2022 include:
 Displacement: 485 tonnes surfaced, 530 tonnes submerged
 Length:    Beam: 
 Diameter: 
 Speed:  cruise   max
 Endurance  on diesel power  on batteries
 Propulsion power: 
 Power generation: 2x diesel generator with Lithium-ion battery storage and optional air independent propulsion system
 Crew: 22 + 8 additional space for special forces personnel

Weapons include up to eight "modern heavy-weight torpedoes or guided missiles, delivered via four torpedo tubes. Torpedoes can be fired simultaneously. The submarine will be able to carry and launch underwater drones.

See also
Reis-class submarine
MILDEN project

References 

Submarines of Turkey
Hudson Fab. The Hudson Fab was a semiconductor fabrication factory in Hudson, Massachusetts, opened in 1979 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). For many years it produced some of the most complex integrated circuits in the world, as part of the microVAX and related product lines. It underwent a major upgrade in 1994, but DEC's fortunes were already in decline by this point. 

In 1997, DEC launched a lawsuit against Intel over the Intel Itanium design, which DEC claimed violated a number of their patents related to HyperThreading. The outcome was that Intel purchased the plant and rights to the DEC's current DEC Alpha and StrongARM designs for $700 million in October 1997. This was part of a wider breakup of DEC being carried out by DEC CEO Robert Palmer, completed in 1998 with the sale of the core of the company to Compaq.

Intel operated the factory as Intel Fab 17. They upgraded from 250 to 180 nm in 1999 as part of their Copy Exactly program to keep all of their fabs using identical equipment and allow them to shift production around their factories. It shifted to 130 nm at some later date. The plant was increasingly used to produce runs of specialty products that could use these older methods. It closed in 2014 as the  site did not have enough room to be rebuilt to use modern systems.

References

Further reading
 The Lost Engineering Paradise of DEC

Manufacturing plants in the United States
Digital Equipment Corporation
Zirconium(III) bromide. Zirconium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZrBr3.

Preparation
Almost all the trihalides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium can be prepared by the high-temperature reduction of the corresponding tetrahalide with the metal. Incomplete reaction and contamination of the product with excess metal often occurs.

Zirconium(III) bromide can thus be prepared from zirconium(IV) bromide and zirconium foil.

3 ZrBr4 + Zr → 4 ZrBr3

Alternatively, zirconium(III) bromide crystallises from a solution of zirconium(III) in aluminium tribromide. The solution is prepared by reducing a eutectic solution of ZrBr4 in liquid AlBr3 at a temperature of 230–300 °C with metallic zirconium or aluminium.

Structure and bonding
Zirconium(III) bromide has a lower magnetic moment than is expected for the d1 metal ion Zr3+, indicating non-negligible Zr-Zr bonding.

The crystal structure of zirconium(III) bromide is based on hexagonal close packing of bromide ions with one third of the octahedral interstices occupied by Zr3+ ions. The structure consists of parallel chains of face-sharing {ZrBr6} octahedra with equally spaced metal atoms. There is some elongation of the octahedra along the metal-metal axis, partly due to metal-metal repulsion.  ZrCl3, ZrBr3 and ZrI3 all adopt the β-TiCl3 structure, but the elongation of octahedra is most pronounced in the chloride, moderate in the bromide and negligible in the iodide.

References

Zirconium(III) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
Katherine Kuchenbecker. Katherine Julianne Kuchenbecker is the Director of the Haptic Intelligence department at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Germany and an Honorary Professor at the University of Stuttgart. She is an American researcher focussing on haptic technology and robot-assisted surgery, and a former high school and college volleyball player.

Education and career
Kuchenbecker became a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in 2017 , where she leads an interdisciplinary team that invents haptic interfaces for touching virtual and remote environments, studies human haptic interaction, and endows autonomous robots with an astute sense of touch. Her research blends robotics and human-computer interaction with particular foci in haptics, teleoperation, physical human-robot interaction, tactile sensing, and medical applications.

Kuchenbecker earned her Ph.D. in mechanical engineering at Stanford University in 2006 after earning a bachelor's degree in 2000 and a master's degree in 2002. Her dissertation, Characterizing and Controlling the High-Frequency Dynamics of Haptic Interfaces, was supervised by Günter Niemeyer. 

Kuchenbecker continued with her postdoctoral research at Johns Hopkins University. In 2007, she joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics as Skirkanich Assistant Professor of Innovation. She was tenured as an Associate Professor in 2013, and named to the Class of 1940 Bicentennial Endowed Term Chair in 2015.

She delivered a TEDYouth talk on haptics in 2012 and has been honored with a 2009 NSF CAREER Award, the 2012 IEEE RAS Academic Early Career Award, a 2014 Penn Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching, and various best paper, poster, demonstration, and reviewer awards. She co-chaired the Technical Committee on Haptics from 2015 to 2017 and the IEEE Haptics Symposium in 2016 and 2018. 

Kuchenbecker is the spokesperson for the International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems (IMPRS-IS), a large Ph.D. program jointly operated by MPI-IS and the University of Stuttgart and the University of Tübingen. 

Kuchenbecker grew up in Southern California, and played volleyball in high school for the Brentwood School Eagles, participating in two state championships. As an undergraduate, she played on the varsity volleyball team from 1996 to 1998, which had two national championship wins.

Recognition
In 2011, Popular Science named her to their "Brilliant 10" of 2010, for her work on haptics, including a haptic video-gaming vest. Kuchenbecker was named an IEEE Fellow in 2022, "for contributions to interactive haptic systems and robotic touch perception".

References

External links

Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
American roboticists
Women roboticists
Stanford University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Max Planck Institute directors
Hughes 48. The Hughes 48, also sold as the North Star 48, is a Canadian sailboat that was designed by Sparkman & Stephens as a cruiser and first built in 1970. The boat is Sparkman & Stephens' design 1956.

The Hughes 48 is a development of the Seafarer 48, which had been built by Seafarer Yachts on Long Island, New York. Fewer than five boats were built by Seafarer before production ended.

Production
The design was built by Hughes Boat Works in Canada, starting in 1970, but it is now out of production. When US Steel bought out Hughes and changed the company name to North Star Yachts the boat was sold as the North Star 48. It is not known how many were produced by Hughes and North Star.

Design
The Hughes 48 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. It has a centre cockpit, a masthead yawl rig; a raked stem; a raised counter, angled transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed, swept fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and is fitted with an inboard engine for docking and manoeuvring.

The design has sleeping accommodation for seven people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, four settee berths in the main cabin and an aft cabin with a berth on the starboard side. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is U-shaped and is equipped with a three-burner stove and a double sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. There are two heads, one just aft of the bow cabin on the port side and one on the starboard side in the aft cabin.

For sailing the design may be equipped with one of a number of jibs or genoas.

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Photo of a Hughes 48

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Sparkman and Stephens
Sailboat types built by Hughes Boat Works
Nageh Allam. Nageh Allam is an Egyptian Professor of materials science and engineering  at the American University in Cairo (AUC). He is the Director of the Nanotechnology graduate program of the institution. He is a receiver of the World Academy of Sciences Young Scientist Award, Obada Prize Award and an elected member of the African Academy of Sciences.

Education 
Nageh Allam obtained his B.Sc. and  M.Sc. degrees  from Cairo University he moved to Pennsylvania State University for his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering. In 2010, he joined Georgia Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for his post doctoral studies.

Career 
In 2011, Nageh Allam joined MIT as a research Scholar at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and in the same year, he returned to Egypt where he became assistant professor at American University in Cairo.

Memberships and awards 
In 2009, Allam biography was published by  the International Biographical Center, Cambridge, England as one of the top 100 scientists. In 2015, he received the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Young Scientist Award and was elected as a member of the African Academy of Sciences in 2020. He was a beneficiary of three years Ford Foundation international graduate fellowship, RAK-CAM postdoctoral fellowship, the Abdel-Hamid Showman Foundation Award in Applied Sciences, the State of Egypt Encouragement Award in Advanced Technological Sciences, the State of Egypt Excellence Award in Advanced Technological Sciences, and the AUC Excellence in Research and Creative Endeavors Award. In 2022, he won the Obada prize for distinguished scientists award.

References 

Egyptian physicists
Egyptian scientists
Scientists from Cairo
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of The American University in Cairo
Cairo University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Disodium enneaborate. Disodium enneaborate is the traditional name for a salt of sodium, boron, oxygen, and hydrogen, with elemental formula  or . It is the sodium borate with the highest boron/sodium ratio.

Structure

The correct formula has since been determined to be .  The anion is a linear polymer with repeating unit . Sodium cations, water molecules, and undissociated boric acid molecules  lie between the chains, held by numerous hydrogen bonds.

The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n.  The cell parameters are a = 1021.3 pm, b = 1294.0 pm, c = 1245.7 pm, β = 93.070°, V = 1.6440 nm3, and Z = 2. The sodium cations occur in groups of four with interatomic distances of 378.30 pm and 379.32 pm.

Reactions
Upon heating, disodium enneaborate initially becomes amorphous and then crystallizes as anhydrous disodium octaborate α- along with amorphous . Notably, the former contains octaborate fundamental building blocks that are topologically equivalent to those in the enneaborate.

References

Borates
Sodium compounds
Sodium pentaborate. Sodium pentaborate, more properly disodium decaborate, is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen; a salt with elemental formula , , or .  It is a colorless crystalline solid, soluble in water.

The compound is often encountered or traded as hydrates , , or  for n = 2, 4, 5, or other values. This formula is often misleading as some of the water molecules are actually hydroxyl groups covalently attached to boron atoms.  

The compound is used in agriculture as a boron supplement in fertilizer with various trade names such as Solubor and Aquabor. It has also been tested as an additive to improve plasma electrolytic oxidation of magnesium alloys. It is also used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber/poison . 

The name "sodium pentaborate" has also been used for a distinct compound with formula , better called trisodium pentaborate.

Structure and preparation

Dihydrate
Sodium pentaborate "dihydrate" has the elemental formula , which can be parsed as  or , however the correct formula seems to be either  or . The latter seems more likely, since under thermogravimetric analysis the material starts to decompose at about 130 °C with partial loss of water. 

It can be prepared by reacting water solutions of sodium carbonate  and boric acid  in mole ratio 1:10 and evaporating the resulting solution at 40 °C. It belongs to the monoclinic crystal system with symmetry group P21/c (C2h5) and parameters a = 1110.3 pm, b = 1643.7 pm, c = 1356.4 pm, α = 89.960°, β = 112.850° and γ = 89.9°, formulas per cell Z = 4.

References

Borates
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate). Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (variously abbreviated PPFPA, PolyPFPA, PPfpA, or PolyPfpA) is a highly fluorinated polymer. It features the pentafluorophenyl ester functionality, from which its properties and applications result. It is most commonly used in post-polymerization modification to synthesize functional polyacrylamides or polyacrylates. As such, it is advantageous to poly(N-acryloyl succinimide) due to its broader solubility in organic solvents as well as its higher stability towards hydrolysis.

Synthesis
Commonly poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) is synthesized by free radical polymerization of the monomer pentafluorophenyl acrylate. 

Additionally, pentafluorophenyl acrylate can be successfully polymerized by RAFT polymerization yield homopolymers, copolymers, or block copolymers.

It has been shown that poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) can also be prepared by pulsed plasma deposition.

Chemical properties

Reactivity
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) is a polymeric active ester and hence features an inherent reactivity towards nucleophiles such as amines. It is therefore used in the preparation of polyacrylamides by reacting it with amines. 

Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) can also be used in a transesterification by reacting it with alcohols when auxiliary DMAP and DMF are used, allowing for the synthesis of polyacrylate homopolymers and copolymers.

Low refractive index polymers
Polymers are known for featuring low refractive indices typically in the range from 1.3 to 1.8, with fluorinated polymers exhibiting refractive indices in the range from 1.3 to 1.4. 
As such, poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) has been explored as a crosslinkable cladding for optical fibers when copolymerized with glycidyl methacrylate.

Applications
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) finds application in the synthesis of functional polymers by post-polymerization modification. Applications of the resulting polyacrylamides can be found in drug delivery, functional surfaces, and nanoparticles.

References

Polymer chemistry
Acrylate polymers
Mobalytics. Mobalytics (incorporated as Gamers Net, Inc.) is an American Esports company based in Marina Del Rey, California. It specializes in providing visual analytics and performance data to competitive gamers, aimed at improving gaming performance. The software uses in-game data and machine learning algorithms to detect weaknesses of the players and provide methods of enhancing player performance through visual analysis and insights.

History 

Mobalytics was founded on August 1, 2016 by Amine Issa, Bogdan Suchyk and Nikolay Lobanov.

In 2016, Mobalytics won TechCrunch's Premiere Startup competition, Startup Battlefield, taking the $50,000 prize. The founding team entered the competition with only two hours to spare before the entries closed. Following the win and subsequent investment boost, the three founders formed the core team and began to expand their operations. In July 2020, Mobalytics announced it had raised $11.25 million. Investors included GGV Capital, Axiomatic and T1 eSports. During the investment round, the Mobalytics community was estimated to have reached over 7 million members.

In December 2020, Mobalytics announced content partnership with a broadcast channel GINX eSport TV.

Technology 
Mobalytics implemented a rating system called Gamer Performance Index (GPI) that evaluates the performance of the players. A visual map is provided with metrics that indicate the gaming skills in need of improvement, such as fighting, farming, vision, aggression, survivability, teamplay, consistency and versatility. The GPI analyzes gaming strengths and weaknesses, and provides insight for both players and their competitors. The Mobalytics software bases its analysis on recordings of the gaming matches. In 2019, the company partnered with a Swedish technology company Tobii to develop eye-tracking technology that is expected to provide a more complex behavioral analysis.

Game titles 
Since its launch, the Mobalytics platform has grown to currently support four game titles by Riot Games: League of Legends, Teamfight Tactics, Legends of Runeterra, and VALORANT.

References 

Companies based in California
Video game companies established in 2016
Video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
2016 establishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Trisodium orthoborate. Trisodium borate is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen, with formula , or . It is a sodium salt of the orthoboric acid .

The compound is also called trisodium orthoborate, sodium orthoborate, or just sodium borate. However, "sodium orthoborate" has been used also for a compound with formula , which would correspond to an equimolar mixture of sodium metaborate  and trisodium borate proper. and "sodium borate" is sometimes used in the generic sense, for a sodium salt with any of several other borate anions.

Preparation

Sodium carbonate  will react with sodium metaborate  or boric oxide  to form the orthoborate and carbon dioxide when heated between 600 and 850 °C:

Difficult to obtain in pure form from melts.

Properties

Reactions

When dissolved in water, the orthoborate anion partially hydrolyzes into metaborate  and hydroxide :

Electrolysis of a solution of sodium orthoborate generates sodium perborate at the anode.

References

Borates
Sodium compounds