omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Einheitsdiesel. The Einheitsdiesel (officially leichter geländegängiger Einheits-Lkw 2,5 t, or light standard off-road truck, 2.5 tonnes) is a standardised truck developed for the German Wehrmacht ahead of World War II. It was built until 1940 and used throughout the war.

Development 

After the Wehrmacht took over a wide variety of non-standardized vehicles from the Reichswehr, whose fleet consisted of all sorts of modified civilian models, the Heereswaffenamt (HWA) decided to procure a standardized, highly mobile off-road truck with high performance. By 1936, rearmament planning had advanced to the point where a standardized truck development program became possible. The HWA initially aimed to develop standardized vehicles with two, three and four axles but in the end only built the three-axle version in the 2½ ton class.

The engine, called the type HWa 526 D (80 PS), resulted from a joint development contract awarded to MAN, Henschel and Humboldt-Deutz while the chassis design came mainly from Henschel. In contrast to the planned medium offroad truck, all three axles of the Einheitsdiesel had single wheels. Because of its all-wheel drive, the truck proved very popular and highly mobile. Drawbacks included complex technology for the time and a small payload.

One of the main goals the HWA achieved with the HWA 526 D engine was that all components were interchangeable even though manufactured by a number of different companies.

Production 

Large manufacturers were involved in the production of the Einheitsdiesel:
 Büssing-NAG (3500 units)
 Daimler-Benz (550 units)
 FAUN (700 units)
 Henschel (1500 units)
 Magirus (2500 units)
 MAN (1795 units)

Other companies to support the program included Borgward, Krupp and Vomag. Production ran over four years from 1937 to 1940, during which about 12,300 units were built. In 1940, more modern trucks achieving the same payload with only two axles became available and Einheitsdiesel production was halted in favor of these new models.

Variants 

The Einheitsdiesel was used as a platform for a range of different bodies, with most receiving a simple truck bed made of sheet steel. Notable variants included a mobile field kitchen and a special measurement and equipment carrier version called Kfz. 63 with side access panels. There were also mobile workshops and a large number of communications vehicles such as radio and telephone trucks, antenna mast carriers and acoustic location / sound ranging trucks.

Literature

External links 

 Einheitsdiesel auf Fahrzeuge der Wehrmacht

References 

Einheitsdiesel
Einheitsdiesel
Einheitsdiesel
Zeekr X. The Zeekr X () is a battery electric luxury subcompact crossover SUV developed and produced by Zeekr, a premium NEV brand of Geely. It is the third production vehicle produced by the brand and was launched in April 2023. The model is based on the Geely developed Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) electric vehicle platform shared with the Smart #1, and the electric motors and batteries are made by VREMT (Viridi E-Mobility Technology), a company fully owned by Geely, which also produces the motors and batteries for Smart #1.

Overview
The production Zeekr X was unveiled on 12 April 2023. In China, the Zeekr X is available in three trim levels with either a single motor rear-wheel-drive or dual motor all-wheel-drive drivetrain. Two "YOU" trims are offered with a dual-motor setup paired with a 5-seater configuration or a single-motor setup paired with a premium 4-seater configuration. The single-motor YOU trim could be had with an optional dual-motor upgrade.

The interior of the Zeekr X features a small instrument panel and an AR-HUD in front of the steering wheel, with a 14.6-inch floating screen shared with other Zeekr models placed in the centre of the interior that can move towards the passenger side. The interior could also be had with a minifridge. The trunk volume of the Zeekr X varies from 12.8 cubic feet (362 liters) with all seats in default position to 41.7 cu ft (1,182 L) with the rear seats folded.

The model 2025 has a version with a 49 kWh LFP (short blades) battery that will be 25% cheaper in China than the previous entry model version.

Powertrain
The Zeekr X is solely powered by a 66 kWh NMC lithium-ion battery by produced by CATL Geely Sichuan, which is claimed to deliver  of range.

The dual motor powertrain produces up to  and  of torque, capable of a  acceleration in 3.7 seconds. It is also available as a 5-seater vehicle or a more premium 4-seater setup. The entry-level 5-seater rear-drive ME version produces , and has a CLTC range of . Acceleration from  is 5.8 seconds.

Safety

References

Cars introduced in 2023
Compact sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Production electric cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
X
Robyn Lutz. Robyn R. Lutz is an American computer scientist whose research involves software engineering, including modeling and checking software requirements and software system safety. She is a professor of computer science at Iowa State University.

Education and career
Lutz majored in English at the University of Kansas, graduating with the highest distinction in 1974, earned a master's degree in Spanish there in 1976, and completed a Ph.D. in Spanish in 1980, under the supervision of Raymond Souza. Despite this non-technical background, she became a member of the technical staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, associated with the California Institute of Technology, in 1983, and continued to hold an affiliation there until 2012.

Returning to graduate study, she earned a master's degree in computer science in 1990 from Iowa State University. She held an affiliate assistant professor title there from 1994 to 2000. In 2000 she became a regular-rank associate professor, and in 2005 she was promoted to full professor.

Recognition
Lutz was named a Distinguished Scientist in the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014. In 2021, she received the lifetime service award from the IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference. She was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2022, "for contributions to software requirements for safety-critical systems".

Personal life
Lutz is married to Jack Lutz, a professor of mathematics and computer science at Iowa State University; their son Neil Lutz is also a computer scientist and a visiting assistant professor of computer science at Swarthmore College. They have published together on algorithmic game theory in DNA computing.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
Software engineering researchers
University of Kansas alumni
Iowa State University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
F-35A Demonstration Team. The F-35A Lightning II Demonstration Team is a United States Air Force flight demonstration team under the 388th Fighter Wing currently stationed at Hill Air Force Base in Davis County, Utah. The team flies the USAF's F-35A fighter jet at airshows performing air maneuvers that demonstrate the supermaneuverability of the F-35A. Examples of these demonstrations include the minimum radius turn to high alpha loop, weapons bay door pass, pedal turn, slow speed to power climb and tactical pitch.

The demonstration team was founded in late 2018 and was originally stationed at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona, It moved to Hill Air Force Base in 2019.

The current demonstration pilot and commander of the team is Captain Melanie "Mach" Kluesner.  Captain Kluesner takes over for the former demonstration pilot and team commander, Major Kristin "Beo" Wolfe.

References

External links
 Team's official website

Squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations in Utah
American aerobatic teams
Bricklayer function. In cryptography, the bricklayer function is a part of a round function that can be decomposed into identical independent Boolean operations on the partitioned pieces of its input data, so called bundles. The term was introduced by Daemen and Rijmen in 2001.

If the underlying function transforming the bundle is nonlinear, it is traditionally called an S-box. If the function is linear, Daemen and Rijmen use for it the term D-box (after diffusion).

References

Sources
 
 

Cryptographic primitives
Center for AI Safety. The Center for AI Safety (CAIS) is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco,  that promotes the safe development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). CAIS's work encompasses research in technical AI safety and AI ethics, advocacy, and support to grow the AI safety research field.

In May 2023, CAIS published a statement on AI risk of extinction signed by hundreds of professors of AI, leaders of major AI companies, and other public figures.

Research 
CAIS researchers published "An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks", which details risk scenarios and risk mitigation strategies. Risks described include the use of AI in autonomous warfare or for engineering pandemics, as well as AI capabilities for deception and hacking.  Another work, conducted in collaboration with researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, described an automated way to discover adversarial attacks of large language models that bypass safety measures, highlighting the inadequacy of current safety systems.

Activities 

Other initiatives include a compute cluster to support AI safety research, an online course titled "Intro to ML Safety", and a fellowship for philosophy professors to address conceptual problems.

The Center for AI Safety Action Fund is a sponsor of the California bill SB 1047, the Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act.

See also 

 AI safety
 Center for Human-Compatible AI

References 

Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco
Artificial intelligence associations
Lev T. Perelman. Lev T. Perelman is an American biological physicist and bioengineer at Harvard. He holds the Mary Tolan and Edward Grzelakowski Endowed Chair, is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and is the Director of the Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He is known for his work on biomedical light scattering spectroscopy and application of optics and spectroscopy to life sciences and developmental and cell biology.

Background and education 
Perelman is the son of theoretical physicist Theodore L. Perelman, who solved the Conjugate convective heat transfer problem and made contributions in the development of a two-temperature model that describes electron and phonon temperature distributions in metals heated by ultrashort-pulsed lasers.

Perelman completed his undergraduate degree in theoretical physics from Belarus University and doctoral degree in physics from Institute of Physics in Minsk in 1989. He joined MIT in 1992 as a postdoctoral fellow in biological physics.

Career 
Perelman was appointed a principal scientist at MIT in 1995. In 2000, he joined the faculty at Harvard University, where he is currently a professor.

Perelman was a member of the United States Department of Health and Human Services Joint Working Group charged with setting up funding priorities in oncologic imaging in the U.S.

Research 
Perelman with Vadim Backman, an HST graduate student, introduced biomedical  light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) in 1998. This approach was later applied for detection of precancer in esophagus, colon, urinary bladder and oral cavity, cervix, pancreatic cysts, and bile duct. This technique was later extended to subcellular scales with development of confocal light absorption and scattering  spectroscopic microscopy for label-free subcellular functional imaging, sensing chromatin packing in live cells, and demonstrating that exosomes promote tumorigenesis.

Perelman's other contributions include demonstration of the world's first single-molecule detection with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), and explanation of the critical role of stress confinement in short pulse laser ablation and laser surgery. He also developed with John Marshall the first non-hydrostatic model of the ocean known as the MIT General Circulation Model.

References 

Biophysicists
Harvard University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Apply 300. The Apply 300 was a Brazilian clone of the Sinclair ZX81 introduced by CDSE - Centro de Desenvolvimento de Sistemas Elétricos Ltda.

It came out in 1983, at a time where several clones of popular computers were introduced on the Brazilian market. It competed with machines like the AS-1000, TK83, TK85, Ringo R470 or CP-200, being considered today as a rare machine by computer museums.

Features 
General features of the Apply 300 match those of the original ZX81 machine, with a few enhancements.

The power supply was internal and the machine featured a Z80A processor at 3.25 MHz, 8K ROM and 32 or 48 KB of RAM.

The keyboard was chiclet type, but offered 69 keys, including cursor keys and numeric keypad.

It offered an expansion slot at the black, a RS-232C serial port and a joystick port. There was a connection for a cassette tape recorder, with the machine being able to load and save data into tapes at 300 baud.

The Apply 300 could be connected to a standard television over an RF out or composite video connection, providing a monochrome TV signal. Graphics where the regular ZX81 text mode: 32 X 24 characters, with 64 x 44 semigraphics.

The machine was capable of producing simple beeper like sound effects.

References 

Sinclair ZX81 clones
Z80-based home computers
Computers designed in Brazil
Goods manufactured in Brazil
Computer-related introductions in 1983
List of Supermarine Spitfire topics. The following articles refer or relate to the subject matter of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft.

Variants

 Supermarine Spitfire
 Supermarine Spitfire (early Merlin-powered variants)
 Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants)
 Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)
 Supermarine Seafire
 Supermarine Spitfire prototype K5054
 Supermarine Aircraft Spitfire

History

 Supermarine Spitfire operational history
 Supermarine Spitfire variants: specifications, performance and armament

Spitfire-related lists

 List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires
 List of Supermarine Spitfire operators

Supermarine Spitfire
Anita Carleton. Anita D. Carleton is an American computer scientist and software engineer whose research concerns software measurement, the Capability Maturity Model, statistical process control, and their applications in managing and improving the software development process. She works in the Software Engineering Institute, associated with Carnegie Mellon University, as director of the Software Solutions Division.

Education and career
Carleton majored in applied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University; she has an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management. She worked on missile weapon systems software at GTE and on tire modeling and simulation at the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, before her move to the Software Engineering Institute in the late 1980s.

Book
Carleton is the coauthor, with William A. Floranc, of the book Measuring the Software Process: Statistical Process Control for Software Process Improvement (Addison-Wesley, 1999).

Recognition
Carleton was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2022, "for leadership in the advancement of software measurement and practices".

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
Software engineering researchers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Polniak LP Dedal. The LP Dedal human-powered aircraft was the project of Leon Polniak, a Franco-Polish engineer based in Kraków, Poland. Dedal is Polish for Daedalus.

Development 

Inspired by the Kremer prize, Polniak began the design of the aircraft in 1966, and construction commenced in 1967. Construction reportedly involved 6,000 hours.

The Dedal was a wire-braced parasol-wing monoplane of conventional configuration, and fitted with a tractor propeller. The fuselage was of the pod-and-boom type. The wing planform was located immediately above the fuselage, attached by a single pylon. The wing consisted of six panels, all of constant chord, with the two outermost panels set at a substantial dihedral angle. The pilot sat in a conventional cycling position, and powered the tractor propeller via a belt drive. The aircraft was primarily constructed from pine and balsa.

The aircraft was due to fly in 1972 but, according to Jane's all the world's aircraft 1973-74, when it was 50% complete, it was damaged while being transported, with Polniak then deciding to build an improved version, the LP Dedal-2.

Specifications (LP Dedal)

See also
SUMPAC
HMPAC Puffin
Malliga 1
Malliga 2
Polniak LP Dedal-2
List of human-powered aircraft

References

Human-powered aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1970s Polish ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Unflown aircraft
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear
Lingling Fan. Lingling Fan is a power engineer who is currently a professor of electrical engineering at the University of South Florida. Fan specializing in the dynamics, system identification, and control theory of electrical grids and electric power conversion, and especially on the integration into these systems of inverter-based resources connected to variable renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar power.

Education and career
Fan is originally from a small village on the coast of East China, the daughter of a teacher and a hydraulic engineer. She studied electrical engineering at Southeast University in Nanjing, earning bachelor's and master's degrees in 1994 and 1997 respectively. She came to the US as a doctoral student at West Virginia University, where she completed her Ph.D. in 2001.

After six years working for the industry at Midwest ISO, a nonprofit energy transmission organization based in St. Paul, Minnesota, Lingling joined North Dakota State University as an assistant professor in 2007. She moved to the University of South Florida in 2009, and is a full professor there.

In 2020, she became editor-in-chief of IEEE Electrification Magazine.

Books
Fan is the author or coauthor of books including:
Modeling and Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Systems (with Zhixin Miao, Academic Press, 2015)
Control and Dynamics in Power Systems and Microgrids (CRC Press, 2017)

Recognition
Fan was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2022, "for contributions to stability analysis and control of inverter-based resources".

References

External links
Smart Power Systems Laboratory, University of South Florida

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese women engineers
American electrical engineers
American women engineers
Southeast University alumni
West Virginia University alumni
North Dakota State University faculty
University of South Florida faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Dowlais Group. Dowlais Group plc is a British company operating in the automotive and powder metallurgy industries. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History
In March 2023, Melrose Industries announced that it would demerge GKN Automotive and GKN Powder Metallurgy from GKN as Dowlais Group. The name selected, "Dowlais Group", was intended to evoke the Dowlais Ironworks where GKN licensed the Bessemer process, using it to produce steel, in 1865.

GKN Automotive has its origins in the J. W. Garrington, which specialised in forgings; the forgings produced at the Garrington Darlaston plant, later supplemented by a large plant at Bromsgrove, enabled GKN to become a major supplier of crankshafts, connecting rods, half-shafts and numerous smaller forged components to the UK auto-industry, which had a period of massive expansion during the interwar period and beyond. A new plant was established near Wellington, Shropshire, which was devoted to wheel production, and in the 1960s, the company became a manufacturer of constant-velocity joints, which are used to transfer the engine's power to the wheels.

GKN Powder Metallurgy has its origins in Hoeganaes Corporation (HC) in North America, which GKN acquired in 1998.

The demerger was completed on 20 April 2023.

References

External links
 

Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 2023
2023 establishments in England
Chimera Linux. Chimera Linux is a Linux distribution striving for the minimum complexity of system configuration while retaining and expanding on the flexibility common to general purpose Linux based systems. The distribution has no upstream and defines itself as "independent" from this perspective.

A strict default security model, employing the in-development dinit init system and the FreeBSD userland are some of the more radical approaches. Such changes would have been very hard for a distribution with an existing user base.

Core userland from FreeBSD, the musl C library and the LLVM toolchain are employed. In this the distribution provides an alternative to the common GNU-based systems, without explicitly excluding GNU tools or GPL licensed software in general.

Re-thinking of the core components common across Linux distributions and re-thinking of their integration into an operating system are stated as intentionally pursued at the same time. This approach allows to skip the 'chicken and egg' problem of core system components development: If to interface a newly updated component to an "old" system or adapt a system to a "new" component instead.

Features 
 LLVM as the toolchain of choice (instead of the GCC toolchain)
 musl with mimalloc as the system C library (instead of glibc)
 dinit as the init system (instead of systemd)
 FreeBSD userland (instead of GNU coreutils)
 GNOME desktop environment using Wayland for display and PipeWire for the audio stack

References

External links 
 

Rolling release Linux distributions
Linux distributions
Piaggio X10. The Piaggio X10 is a scooter produced by the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Piaggio from the end of 2011 to 2017 in the Pontedera plant.

Description 

Previewed at the EICMA in Milan in November 2011 with three single-cylinder four-stroke engines of 125, 350 and 500 cm3.

The 350 cm3 models have the Piaggio Multimedia Platform (PMP) system, through which it is possible to check data on engine speed, odometer, average and maximum speed, fuel consumption and other scooter parameters via Bluetooth with a smartphone. Furthermore, sensors such as the gyroscope of the smartphone can also be used to measure and record the acceleration forces or the lean angle of the scooter as if it were telemetry.

All models are equipped with a single-cylinder four-stroke engine with four-valve overhead camshaft distribution and liquid cooling with indirect electronic injection in the intake manifold and approved according to Euro 3 standards, combined with a continuously variable automatic transmission.

Production ended at the beginning of 2017 with the simultaneous entry into force of the Euro 4 anti-pollution regulations.
The Piaggio X10 is now regarded as one of the most futuristic scooters of its time .

References

External links
Piaggio X10 web page

Piaggio motorcycles
Motor scooters
Maxi scooters
Single-cylinder motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2011