omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Laser schlieren deflectometry. Laser schlieren deflectometry (LSD) is a method for a high-speed measurement of the gas temperature in microscopic dimensions, in particular for temperature peaks under dynamic conditions at atmospheric pressure.  The principle of LSD is derived from schlieren photography: a narrow laser beam is used to scan an area in a gas where changes in properties are associated with characteristic changes of refractive index. Laser schlieren deflectometry is claimed to overcome limitations of other methods regarding temporal and spatial resolution.

The theory of the method is analogous to the scattering experiment of Ernest Rutherford from 1911. However, instead of alpha particles scattered by gold atoms, here an optical ray is deflected by hot spots with unknown temperature.
A general equation of LSD describes the dependence of the measured maximum deflection of the ray δ1 on the local maximum of the neutral gas temperature in the hot spot T1:

 

where T0 is ambient temperature and δ0 is a calibration constant depending on the configuration of the experiment.

Laser schlieren deflectometry has been used for investigation of the temperature dynamics, heat transfer and energy balance in a miniaturized kind of atmospheric-pressure plasma.

See also
 Moire deflectometry
 Schlieren
 Schlieren photography
 Shadowgraph

References

Plasma diagnostics
Thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
Bartini T-117. The Bartini T-117, was a twin-engined cargo aircraft designed by Robert Ludvigovich Bartini in the USSR from 1944-1948.

Development
From 1944 to 1948 Bartini devoted much effort to the development of the T-117 heavy transport aircraft. Work on the project started whilst Bartini was working at TsKB 29 NKVD as a detainee. Initially designated P-7, the aircraft, designed in both passenger and cargo versions, was a high-wing monoplane with triple vertical tails powered by two Shvetsov ASh-73 18-cylinder radial engines, with take-off rating of .

A peculiarity of the project was the fuselage of elliptical cross-section with the larger axis horizontal. The basic assault transport version was designed to carry a load of , carrying self-propelled guns, lorries, motorcycles, mortars, artillery pieces of up to  calibre and other items loaded through a rear cargo hatch with detachable loading ramps. Because of the wide fuselage, it was possible to transport two GAZ-67 jeeps side by side. Alternatively, 80 troops could be carried on 4 lengthwise rows of seats. There were several passenger versions with different cabin layouts, allowing the carriage of up to 50 passengers over a distance of  at a cruising speed of .

Construction of a prototype started in 1946, but in 1948 work was halted due to a shortage of ASh-7 engines which were needed for the Tupolev Tu-4 strategic bomber, which had been given priority on the personal directive of Joseph Stalin. There were several projected variants of the T-117 with alternative powerplants, including the Shvetsov ASh-82FN, the experimental Shvetsov ASh-2 four-row radial and the  Klimov VK-2 turboprop, but this did not save the project. The uncompleted T-117 prototype never had engines fitted and was scrapped.

Specifications

See also 
 Antonov An-8
 Bartini Stal-6
 Bartini Stal-7
 Bartini Beriev VVA-14

References

Further reading

External links
 Pictures of the T-117

1940s Soviet military transport aircraft
T-117
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Triple-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Unflown aircraft
Penetrator (aircraft). A penetrator is a long-range bomber aircraft designed to intrude against and penetrate enemy defenses. The term is mostly applied to aircraft that fly at low altitude to avoid radar, a strategic counterpart to the shorter-ranged tactical interdictor designs like the TSR-2 and F-111 Aardvark. The term can be applied to any aircraft that is designed to survive over enemy airspace, and has been used for the penetration fighter designs intended to escort bombers.

The classic penetrator design is the Rockwell B-1 Lancer, where the term was first widely used. The larger Tupolev Tu-160 is also a member of this class. Other aircraft, like the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress and some versions of the F-111 have also been adapted to this role. More modern designs, like the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, can be technically classified as penetrators, but the term is not generally applied to these aircraft. The mission for the Next-Generation Bomber has been described as "penetrate and persist".

Notes

References

Bomber aircraft
Rufus Oldenburger. Rufus Oldenburger (6 July 1908, Grand Rapids, Michigan – 22 November 1969) was an American mathematician and mechanical engineer.

Education and career
Oldenburger received an A.B. degree from the University of Chicago in 1928, a master's degree in mathematics in 1930, and a Ph.D. in 1934. After teaching mathematics at the University of Michigan, at the Case Institute of Technology, at Illinois Institute of Technology, and at DePaul University, he changed the focus of his research from pure mathematics to mechanical engineering and automatic control. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 at Oslo. For the academic year 1937–38 he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

His 1939 paper, "Exponent trajectories in symbolic dynamics", introduced the integer sequence now known as the Oldenburger–Kolakoski sequence.

In 1968, he was the first recipient of the Rufus Oldenburger Medal, an annually awarded medal named in his honor by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Selected publications

Articles

 (See also: Kolakoski sequence.)

with Arthur Porges: 

with C. C. Liu: 
with Rangasami Sridhar: 
with R. E. Goodson: 
with Javeed S. Ansari:

Books
 
as editor: 

as editor:  
with R. C. Boyer:

Patents
"Non-linear speed and load governor for alternators." U.S. Patent No. 2,908,826. 13 Oct. 1959.
"Method and apparatus for controlling a condition." U.S. Patent No. 2,960,629. 15 Nov. 1960.
with Forrest Drake George: "Method and apparatus for hydraulic control systems." U.S. Patent No. 2,931,342. 5 Apr. 1960.
with F. D. George: "Hydraulic differentiation." U.S. Patent No. 2,992,650. 18 Jul. 1961.
"Hydraulic governors." U.S. Patent No. 3,051,138. 28 Aug. 1962.
"Automatic control system." U.S. Patent No. 3,163,813. 29 Dec. 1964.
"Hydraulic governor mechanism having plural error detecting means." U.S. Patent No. 3,238,956. 8 Mar. 1966.

References

1908 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American engineers
Mechanical engineers
University of Chicago alumni
Purdue University faculty
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
SGS Genesis. SGS Genesis (previously SectCAD, BlkCAD, PolyCAD, Geostat) is the fruit of more than 30 years of expertise in software development for the modelling of mineral resources. Indeed, in 1981, SGS S.A., formerly Gamma Geostat International Inc. was among the pioneers in computer based geostatistical methods and had created one of the first geological modeling software for the first generation of supercomputers (CDC Cyber mainframe). This software is used by SGS Canada Inc., among other things, for the production of National Instrument 43-101 reports in requirement with the Canadian securities regulation. Genesis offers all the tools necessary so that mineral resources are estimated in accordance with the rules of art in conformity with generally accepted CIM Estimation of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Best Practices Guidelines.

The first programs were developed by one of the company founders, Michel David, Professor of Geostatistics at École Polytechnique of Montréal and Fellow of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada. He has established the first regular courses for future mining engineers and geologists in the Americas.

A brief outline of the methodology 

Genesis allows modeling with a legacy sectional method using polygons (longitudinal polygons and polygons by benches) following the previously modelized mineralized intervals in drill holes as well as the modern modelling using the creation of meshed envelopes by connecting polygons or using implicit modelling.

The resource estimate can then be performed by rapid and traditional methods like the grade of a prism given by the average grade of the mineralized intervals weighted by their intersecting lengths. The grade of a figure given by the  average grade of the prisms weighted by  the volume of the intersections. Or by using the polygonal method using the decomposition of a polygon in several Voronoi polygons having each the grade and the projected thickness of their composite.

It is also possible to use an estimation by block models using several methods for estimating from  the inverse of the square of the distance to more sophisticated as kriging or conditional simulation. Powerful tools for automatically generating statistical charts, variable ellipsoids or QKNA  help the estimators to produce an efficient estimation  and ensure his quality.

A free drill holes and model viewer 

The demo version can open drill holes (boreholes) from csv files or SGS-GeoBase to visualize 3D hole traces with associated data. Surfaces, 3D envelopes, data points (composites), lines and polygons and also block models can be also  imported. Since June 2017, the logging software SGS-Geobase is free under GPL licence.

See also 
Geologic modelling
Geostatistics
Mineral resource estimation
Mineral resource classification
Mineral exploration
Exploration logging
Well logging
Economic geology
National Instrument 43-101

References

External links
Genesis website

Geology software
Methodology
Renuka Rowel. Major General Renuka Rowel, RWP, USP was a Sri Lankan Army general. He was the 10th Colonel Commandant of the Sri Lanka Signals Corps and the Chief Signal Officer of Sri Lanka Army.

Education 
Rowel holds a bachelor's degree in electronics engineering from University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. In addition to that he became the first in the Order of Merit at the Army Command and Staff Course conducted at the Army Command and Staff College, Sri Lanka. Further, he is an alumnus of the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the National Defense University, Pakistan.
In addition, he has followed the Senior Command Course in India, Mid Career Course in Pakistan, Signal Officers’ Advance Course in US and the Signal Young Officers’ Course in India. Rowel received his school education from Athurugiriya Maha Vidyalaya, Vidyaloka College, Galle, Richmond College, Galle and Tissa Central, Kalutara.

Military career 
He was enlisted to the Army in October 1981 and commissioned to the Sri Lanka Signal Corps as a Second Lieutenant having completed his Bachelor of Science Engineering Degree in Electronics at the Sir John Kotelawala Defence Academy and University of Moratuwa. Rowel who counts over 33 years of distinguished service in Sri Lanka Army and well recognized for his outstanding performances in military; Command, Staff and Instructional appointments and in the field of Information and Telecommunication engineering. He is one of the driving figures for the present infrastructure development of the Sri Lanka Army Trunk Communication Network, initiation of Cyber Security Framework and introducing the Sri Lanka Army Data Network (SLADN).

References 

 COLONEL COMMANDANT OF THE REGIMENT - Sri Lanka Signal Corps
 http://www.army.lk/details.php?type=article&id=240
 http://www.vivalanka.com/newspage/320233ai-dfcc-vardhana-bank-kilinochchi
 http://www.jesaonline.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=591%3Aa-new-pre-school-for-the-war-affected-children-in-sri-lanka&catid=46%3Ajesa&Itemid=202
 http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/item/8217-farewell-to-outgoing-chief-of-defence-staff
 http://np.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1804:kilinochchi-shops-handed-over-to-the-owners-24-june-2012&Itemid=101
 http://www.nation.lk/epaper/sunday/2014/11/09/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html
 HighBeam

Sri Lankan Buddhists
Sri Lankan major generals
Sinhalese military personnel
Alumni of Richmond College, Galle
Living people
Sri Lanka Signals Corps officers
Alumni of Vidyaloka College
Year of birth missing (living people)
Delamere Air Weapons Range. Delamere Air Weapons Range is a bombing range operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), located in the Northern Territory of Australia. The facility is located about  south of the town of Katherine and RAAF Base Tindal, Australia's largest airbase.

The Delamere facility is managed round-the-clock by a detachment of eight members of the No. 322 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron RAAF. Its large area——and  of vertical airspace clearance allow virtually unrestricted freedom of tactical testing and training using any conventional weapons. In addition to its large mass inert weapon range, Delamere also has two practice ranges for smaller weapons testing, a simulated airfield complex, and a simulated township constructed from shipping containers named "Tac Town".

Delamere is  east of the larger Bradshaw Field Training Area which has an area of , and the Department of Defence has considered acquiring land between the two facilities to merge them. Both areas are used for joint military exercises such as the Australia–United States Exercise Talisman Saber. Delamere is electronically linked with Bradshaw Field and  Mount Bundey Training Area to form the North Australian Range Complex.

The range is served by its own airfield, Delamere Range Facility Airport .

See also

List of Royal Australian Air Force installations
List of airports in the Northern Territory

References

Military installations in the Northern Territory
Bombing ranges
1988 establishments in Australia
Airports in the Northern Territory
Katherine, Northern Territory
Royal Australian Air Force bases
Military installations established in 1988
Dimension X (video game). Dimension X is a first-person vehicular combat game for Atari 8-bit computers released in 1984 by Synapse Software. It was designed by Steve Hales, who previously wrote Slime and Fort Apocalypse for Synapse. Dimension X has gameplay similar to Atari's Battlezone and Novagen's Encounter (the latter of which was distributed in the US by Synapse). The player controls an attack craft hovering over a checkerboard-patterned landscape while to destroy enemy ships.

The game was advertised far in advance of its release, emphasizing the 3D effect of the flat terrain. Magazine ads included features which did not exist or were not as impressive in the final game which contributed to a negative reception. The manual includes instructions for a Commodore 64 version of the game, but it was never completed nor released.

Gameplay

The game is played from a first-person perspective, where the player sits inside the cockpit of a flying vehicle and fires missiles at "Regillian" enemies. Many elements of Dimension X have analogs in Star Raiders. The game world consists of a 5x5 grid of sectors which need to be cleared of Regillians. In Star Raiders the enemies attempt to surround and destroy sectors containing motherships; here the Regillians attempt to surround and destroy a sector containing the capitol. Systems of the player's ship can be damaged by enemy fire, such as the scanner and map. Moving between sectors requires holding a crosshair steady in addition to moving over and under obstacles.

Development
Dimension X was advertised over nine months before being available, the ads featuring what appeared to be a texture-mapped ground plane using a technique promoted as "altered perspective scrolling". The printed ad also showed a 64 sector map on its own screen, which was not in the final game. In Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers, designer Steve Hales said:

When the game was eventually released, it was met with generally poor reviews.

Reception
In a new product overview in ANALOG Computing, Lee H. Pappas wrote: "The only outstanding feature of the game is the scroll-in-any-direction moire pattern landscape". In the review in the same issue, Robert T. Martin found the game didn't live up to the developer's standards:
He also criticized the box art for showing features that don't exist in the game, such as tanks and spaceships.

The June 1984 issue of ROM magazine was more positive, giving the game an 8.8 out of 10. It was reviewed alongside Encounter, as the reviewer compared both games with Atari's Battlezone.

References

External links
 Dimension X at Atari Mania

Synapse Software games
1984 video games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Atari 8-bit computer-only games
First-person shooters
Science fiction video games
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Wojciech Szpankowski. Wojciech Szpankowski (born February 18, 1952, in Wapno) is the Saul Rosen Professor of Computer Science at Purdue University. He is known for his work in analytic combinatorics, analysis of algorithms and analytic information theory. He is the director of the NSF Science and Technology Center for Science of Information.

Biography
Szpankowski received his MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Technical University of Gdańsk in 1970 and 1980 respectively.

Awards and honors
 Fellow of IEEE
 The Erskine Fellow
 Flajolet Lecture Prize
 Humboldt Research Award

References

Living people
Polish computer scientists
Polish mathematicians
Theoretical computer scientists
Information theorists
Combinatorialists
Gdańsk University of Technology alumni
Purdue University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
1952 births
BCN nanotube. BCN nanotubes are tubular structures with a sub-micrometer diameter and a length much longer than diameter. They are composed of comparable amounts of boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms.

First made in 1994, synthesis methods have included: arc-discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), template route, and pyrolysis techniques. Single-walled B–C–N nanotubes have been made with a hot-filament method.

Solvothermal synthesis
Vertically aligned arrays of ~BC2N nanotubes can be produced by solvothermal synthesis in a stainless steel autoclave from a mixture of sodium azide (NaN3), ammonium fluoroborate (NH4BF4) and methyl cyanide (CH3CN). The mixture, together with the solvent and other additives is heated to 400 °C for ~14 h. The final composition was approx B19C55N26.

Potential applications
The vertically aligned BCN nanotubes (made as above) exhibit a high and stable specific capacitance (>500 F/g), which exceeds that of alternative carbon nanomaterials, and therefore have potential applications in supercapacitors.

Facile synthesis
Another method produced nanotubes of composition :  B45%,C31%,N24% 
The method was grow them on stainless steel by reacting boron, zinc oxide (ZnO), and ethanol in nitrogen and hydrogen at 1150 °C. The resulting nanotubes had an average diameter of about 90 nm.

References

Nanotubes by composition
Boron compounds
Pagefield. Pagefield Vehicles was a British company manufacturing trucks and tipping gear. It was in business from 1904 to 1966, based with the Walker Brothers engineering firm at the Pagefield Iron Works in Wigan, Lancashire.

History 

The firm was established in 1904 as a general engineering company. In 1907 it produced 2-ton trucks. Between 1913 and 1931 it produced 4 ton trucks and 3.5 ton patented engine-operated tipping gear. A refuse collection vehicle of the 1930s, known as the "Pagefield Prodigy", featured a special short wheelbase chassis designed for operating in restricted spaces. 5-ton trucks were introduced in 1922, and 12-ton trucks, known as "6-trucks", in 1931.

In 1948, the company was reorganised and the name was changed to "Walkers and County Cars". The company ceased trading in 1966.

See also 

 List of truck manufacturers

Notes

External links
 Transport truck lorry wagon Pagefield
 Pagefield history

Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1904
British brands
Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions. The Commission for Organizing the Fortified Regions ( (CORF)) is a French military organization created on 30September 1927 by the Minister of War Paul Painlevé to study and carry out border fortification. Its creation was not a spontaneous decision but the result of a long and deep reflection on how best to defend the borders of France.

The acronym CORF also refers to a type of fortification, be it ouvrage (earthwork), bunker, observatory or shelter, whose plans were drawn up by the commission and form the most powerful part of the Maginot Line.

See also
Maginot Line

References

Interwar France
Maginot Line
Historic defensive lines
Fortifications
France
Ethyl octanoate. Ethyl octanoate, also known as ethyl caprylate, is a fatty acid ester formed from caprylic acid and ethanol. A colorless liquid at room temperature, it has the semi-developed formula of CH3(CH2)6COOCH2CH3, and is used in food industries as a flavoring and in the perfume industry as a scent additive. It is present in many fruits and alcoholic beverages, and has a strong odor of fruit and flowers. It is used in the creation of synthetic fruity scents.

Synthesis 
Ethyl octanoate can be synthesized from caprylic acid and ethanol via a classic Fischer–Speier esterification.

Equilibrium can be shifted towards the right side of the equation through removal of water.

Uses 
Ethyl octanoate does not see widespread use due to the greater availability of reasonably similar esters such as ethyl acetate. However, there are certain applications where it fills a niche. Ethyl octanoate has a strong odor of fruit and flowers and a taste of apricot, and as such it can be used as a flavoring or to create scents. It sees some use as a cleaning agent.

Ethyl octanoate also sees incidental use. It is found in some wines, where overall ester concentration and composition is considered important to the flavor and aroma profile.

Safety 
Like many esters, ethyl octanoate is not considered to be toxic. LD50 in rats is 25.96 g/kg. Though it has a low explosive limit of only 0.67 vol%, it is also weakly volatile, with a vapor pressure of only 0.2 mbar at room temperature. Ethyl octanoate is combustible.

References

Octanoate esters
Ethyl esters