omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thampy Thomas. A. Thampy Thomas (born ) is an electrical engineer who contributed to microprocessor pipeline architecture and founded semiconductor company NexGen microsystems.

Elxsi 
In 1979, Thomas co-founded Elxsi, a semiconductor company in Silicon Valley. Thomas holds Ph.D. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University and B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani.

Thomas was the Senior Vice President of Engineering at Elxsi from 1979 to 1985. Elxsi was the first computer company to use more than one processor.  Elxsi investors included the Tata Group and Arthur Rock.

NexGen 
After Elxsi, Thomas founded NexGen Microsystems. Nexgen implemented the x86 architecture in its processors. Their processors translated code designed to run on the traditionally CISC-based x86 architecture to run on the chip's internal RISC architecture.  After the announcement of a competitor to Intel's i386 line of CPUs, journalist John C. Dvorak described Thomas as "a big-time defender of CISC architecture". Much of the underlying theory was developed during Thomas' doctorate work, under the supervision of his advisor, Ed Davidson. 

Thomas was president, CEO, and chairman at Nexgen.  He was succeeded as CEO by Atiq Raza in 1991 but remained chairman. Nexgen went public in 1995, and AMD acquired Nexgen later that year.

Other service 
Thomas has served as the chairman and CEO of PostX (now owned by Cisco), Director at Micro Linear Corporation (acquired by Sirenza), Director of Liquid Robotics,  board member at Jupiter Research Foundation, and Director at Vintners' Alliance.

References

1940s births
Living people
Engineers from Kerala
Indian electrical engineers
Electrical Trades Union (Ireland). The Electrical Trades Union was a trade union representing electrical technicians and engineers in Ireland.

The union was founded in 1923 when the electrical section of the Irish Engineering Industrial Union split away.  Initially, it was named the Electrical Trades Union (Dublin), but became the Electrical Trades Union (Ireland) in 1925.  It joined the Irish Trades Union Congress, then joined the group of unions which formed the rival Congress of Irish Unions.

The union was initially very small, with only 240 members in 1930, but grew to 1,000 in 1940.  From the 1960s onwards, the union began accepting workers in a wide variety of jobs only loosely connecting with electrical matters, and this enabled it to expand its membership above 6,000 by 1970.  In 1974, the British Electrical Trades Union became part of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union, and the Irish union took the opportunity to drop the disambiguator from its own name, officially becoming the "Electrical Trades Union" for this first time.

In 2001, the union merged with the National Engineering and Electrical Trades Union to form the Technical Engineering and Electrical Union.

General Secretaries
1923: Seán Duffy
1920s: Patrick Keogh
c.1930: J. M. O'Duffy
1933: Gerry Owens
1950: Patrick Keogh
1957: George Lynch
1966: James McConway
1969: Thomas Heery
1985: Frank O'Reilly

References

Defunct trade unions of Ireland
Engineering trade unions
1923 establishments in Ireland
Trade unions established in 1923
Trade unions disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in Ireland
Augustus De Butts. General Sir Augustus De Butts  (1770  28 November 1853) was an officer in the Royal Engineers. De Butts served during the French Revolutionary Wars, fighting in the Siege of Toulon, the Siege of Bastia, and the Siege of Calvi.

Biography

Early life 
He was the fourth son of Elias De Butts and was born in Ireland in 1770.

Military service 
He joined the Royal Engineers on 21 November 1792 as a first lieutenant. He became a captain on 3 March 1797. He served at the sieges of Toulon, Bastia and Calvi and was favourably mentioned in the despatches of Lord Hood after the surrender of Bastia. At Bastia, de Butts and Royal Artillery Lieutenant John Duncan were asked by Horatio Nelson to help him examine a landing site. On 1 July 1806, De Butts was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He became a colonel in the army on 4 June 1814 and in the Royal Engineers on 20 December. For some years, he commanded the Royal Engineers in Jersey. He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1821 and was appointed colonel commandant of the Royal Engineers in 1827. He lived in London. He was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1837 and made a lieutenant general. De Butts was made a general in 1851. De Butts died on 28 November 1853.

Personal life 
He married Anna Maria Minchin in 1804 and had 12 children, including Major General John Cromie Blackwood De Butts RE. He was the elder brother of Henry De Butts. His great great grandson was Brigadier Frederick Manus De Butts CMG OBE DL

References 

1770 births
1853 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Sylvia Anie. Sylvia Josephine Anie FRSC is a Ghanaian chemist known for her work in magnetic resonance imaging and international policy making.

Education 
Anie is a graduate of Aburi Girls’ Senior High School. She completed her doctoral dissertation in 1990 at the University of Manchester.

Career 
Anie's doctoral research developed a method for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which was subsequently patented. Using a polysiloxane contrast medium, Anie obtained images of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in a living organism. This method made it possible to perform MRI analysis of the gut without the side effects of metal-based contrast agents.

After receiving her doctorate, Anie left laboratory research to work in international policy formulation and strategic planning. While serving as the Director of the Social Transformations Programmes Division for Commonwealth Secretariat, she addressed the United Nations General Assembly in a statement on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in the Commonwealth of Nations.

Anie is currently the Head of Policy Advocacy for RESULTS, an organization working to eliminate global poverty.

Awards and recognition 

 Anie was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013.
 In 2015, she received an award from the Old Students Association of Aburi Girls’ Senior High School recognizing her contributions to scientific knowledge.
 Anie was named an African Science Hero by Planet Earth Institute for her research, public health work, and efforts to promote health and education access for women.

References 

Living people
Ghanaian chemists
21st-century Ghanaian scientists
Ghanaian women chemists
21st-century chemists
21st-century women scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Alumni of Aburi Girls' Senior High School
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ghanaian women scientists
Zuhair Nashed. M. Zuhair Nashed (born May 14, 1936, in Aleppo, Syria) is an American mathematician, working on integral and operator equations, inverse and ill-posed problems, numerical and nonlinear functional analysis, optimization and approximation theory, operator theory, optimal control theory, signal analysis, and signal processing.

Career
Zuhair Nashed received his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in  1958, and his  Doctor of Philosophy degree in mathematics, from the University of Michigan Ann Arbor in 1963.

He started his academic career in 1963 as an assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, and was promoted to associate professor in 1965 and to full professor in 1969. He moved to the University of Delaware in 1977 to hold the position of Professor of mathematics and electrical engineering. He moved to the University Central Florida, Orlando, in 2002, where he held the position of Professor and Chair 2002 – 2006. Since 2007 he is a professor  at  the University Central Florida, Orlando.

In 2012 he was inducted Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

References

1936 births
Living people
People from Aleppo
Syrian mathematicians
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
20th-century American mathematicians
University of Michigan alumni
21st-century American mathematicians
Bolt rope. A bolt rope (Variants: "bolt-rope" and "boltrope", French: ralingue, Spanish: relinga, Old Norse: *rár-línk, comprising rár genitive of rá "rope" and línk "edge of a sail "), is the rope that is sewn at the edges of the sail to reinforce them, or to fix the sail into a groove in the boom or in the mast.

Fore-and-aft sails often have bolt ropes on the leading edge (luff) where they attach to the mast and the bottom edge (foot) where they attach to the boom, which provide the terms,  "luff bolt rope" and "foot bolt rope". They also occur on the edges of sails suspended from a spar, such as for gaff, square and lateen rigs.

Attachment and characteristics

Bolt ropes were described as early as 1847, when Robert Kipping addressed "bolt-rope" attachment for a variety of sails, using sewing techniques appropriate to each, in his book, The Elements of Sailmaking. He addressed the tradeoff between stiffness and flexibility to provide reinforcement without distorting the intended shape of the sail. He emphasized the need for the bolt rope not to affect the degree of slack on the leech (trailing edge) of a sail. He further emphasized that the rope must retain its original twist, as it is sewn in place, to avoid distorting the edge of the sail. He observed that, "Many a well-cut sail is spoiled by the roping."

See also 
 Rigging
 Sail components
 Glossary of nautical terms (disambiguation)

References

Further reading
 

 at Internet Archive 

Sailing rigs and rigging
SAE J2450. SAE J2450 Translation Quality Metric is a quality assurance metric used in the automotive industry to grade the quality of translations of service information. It was developed by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to create a consistent standard to judge the quality of translation, regardless of the source or target language. The metric can be applied to either human translation or machine translation. To carry out an assessment, the analyst tallies pre-defined types of translation errors in the document then uses weighting and normalization to derive a score that can be compared across different documents.

History
The SAE J2450 Translation Quality Metric was developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) under the J2450 Task Force on a Quality Metric for Language Translation of Service Information. The task force formed in 1997 and contained representatives of General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. The first version of SAE J2450 was released in August, 2001 as a recommended practice.

At the end of 2001, a European SAE-2450-Committee was founded to fix problems in and improve the original metric. Members of this committee came from the language staffs at Volvo Trucks, Daimler-Chrysler, Audi and Volkswagen and other European translation agencies. After negotiations between the American and European car makers, J2450 became an SAE-Norm  in 2005.

As of 2024, the current version of the standard is J2450_201608.

Description
SAE J2450  bases quality scores on seven types of errors: wrong term, syntactic error, omission, word structure or agreement error, misspelling, punctuation error and miscellaneous error. Errors in each category can be classified as either major or minor, with a numeric score attached to each error and severity level. The composite score, which decides the translation quality of a text, is the weighted sum of the errors normalized by the number of words in the source text. 

As well as introducing a unified way to compare the quality of a variety different texts and translations, the method's categorization of errors can further assist in the identification of particular problem areas. It also speeds up post-translation review processes.

Quality benchmark
Since its publication, SAE J2450 Translation Quality Metric has become one of the most important measurements in judging the quality of translation in the automobile industry and has been adopted by many translation service providers and car manufacturers.

References

1997 establishments
Translation
Quality management
Automotive industry
Sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate. Sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate (also: sodium isethionate) is the sodium salt of 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic acid (isethionic acid), it is used as a  hydrophilic head group in washing-active surfactants, known as isethionates (acyloxyethanesulfonates) due to its strong polarity and resistance to multivalent ions. It is being studied as a high production volume chemical in the "High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program" of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Production
Sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate is formed by the reaction of ethylene oxide with sodium hydrogen sulfite in aqueous solution:

To avoid contamination and suppress the formation of  by-products (which are difficult to remove) the reaction must be performed under careful control of mass ratios and process conditions. Excess sulfite (SO32−) or bisulfite (HSO3−) lead to an unpleasant odor of the downstream product, higher levels of ethylene glycol or glycol ethers (formed by the hydrolysis and ethoxylation of ethylene oxide) give hygroscopic and greasy surfactants. Concentrated ethylene glycol-containing sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate solutions can subsequently mostly be freed from ethylene glycol by continuous extraction with e.g. isopropanol (<0.5%). Therefore, in the continuous industrial process an aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution is prepared in a first reactor by mixing a sodium hydroxide solution and sulfur dioxide. In a second reactor the sodium hydrogen sulfite solution is mixed with a slight excess of ethylene oxide to obtain sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate in almost quantitative yields at elevated temperature and pressure with a precise control of pH. The reaction has to take place under the exclusion of oxygen and under precise control of the stoichiometry of the reactants, the temperature, the pH and the throughput.

Properties
Solid sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate is a colorless, free-flowing, non-hygroscopic solid, which dissolves readily in water and has good biodegradability. Due to the method of synthesis samples often contain traces of sodium sulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite causing aqueous solution to possesses a mildly alkaline pH of about 10.

Use
The main use of sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate is the production of the isethionate class of surfactants. These are readily foaming and particularly mild, making them suitable for cleaning sensitive skin and are therefore mainly used in baby soaps and shampoos. Because of its pronounced skin compatibility  sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate is added to soaps and liquid skin cleansers with up to 15 parts by weight.

From sodium 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate the so-called biological buffers such as HEPES, MES, PIPES etc. are easily accessible.

The addition of 2-hydroxyethyl sulfonate to electroplating baths allows higher current densities and lower concentrations than the much more expensive methane sulphonic acid with improved appearance.

References

Primary alcohols
Sulfonates
Organic sodium salts
Middlebury Gorge Concrete Arch Bridge. The Middlebury Gorge Concrete Arch Bridge is a historic concrete arch bridge, carrying Vermont Route 125 over the Middlebury River in eastern Middlebury, Vermont.  The bridge was built in 1924, and is a well-preserved example of an early concrete bridge.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Description and history
The Middlebury Gorge Concrete Arch Bridge is located in the upland area of eastern Middlebury, carrying Vermont Route 125 across a narrow gorge en route to one of three passes across the Green Mountains in eastern Addison County.  The bridge consists of a basically semicircular arch made out of poured reinforced concrete.  Its span is , with a total structure length of .  It is  in height and has a width of , carrying two lanes of traffic.  The sides of the bridge are simply decorated, with a beltcourse running along the length of the top, and paneled pilastered pillars at the corners.

The bridge was built in 1924, and is one of the state's few such bridges to predate (and survive) its devastating 1927 floods.  The bridge's scenic siting was judged a better setting for a more monumentally appearing arch bridge than the then-common alternative, a metal truss bridge.  The bridge was built out of eight separately poured concrete sections, using locally sourced materials.  Its principal defect is the loss of one of the corner posts.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Bridges completed in 1924
Bridges in Addison County, Vermont
Buildings and structures in Middlebury, Vermont
Concrete bridges in the United States
Arch bridges in the United States
Offensive programming. Offensive programming is a name used for the branch of defensive programming that expressly departs from defensive principles when dealing with errors resulting from software bugs. Although the name is a reaction to extreme interpretations of defensive programming, the two are not fundamentally in conflict. Rather, offensive programming adds an explicit priority of not tolerating errors in wrong places: the point where it departs from extreme interpretations of defensive programming is in preferring the presence of errors from within the program's line of defense to be blatantly obvious over the hypothetical safety benefit of tolerating them. This preference is also what justifies using assertions.

Distinguishing errors 
The premise for offensive programming is to distinguish between expectable errors, coming from outside the program's line of defense, however improbable, versus preventable internal errors that shall not happen if all its software components behave as expected.

Contrasting examples:

Bug detection strategies 
Offensive programming is concerned with failing, so to disprove the programmer's assumptions. Producing an error message may be a secondary goal.

Strategies:
 No unnecessary checks: Trusting that other software components behave as specified, so to not paper over any unknown problem, is the basic principle. In particular, some errors may already be guaranteed to crash the program (depending on programming language or running environment), for example dereferencing a null pointer. As such, null pointer checks are unnecessary for the purpose of stopping the program (but can be used to print error messages).
 Assertions – checks that can be disabled – are the preferred way to check things that should be unnecessary to check, such as design contracts between software components.
 Remove fallback code (limp mode) and fallback data (default values): These can hide defects in the main implementation, or, from the user point of view, hide the fact that the software is working suboptimally. Special attention to unimplemented parts may be needed as part of factory acceptance testing, as yet unimplemented code is at no stage of test driven development discoverable by failing unit tests.
 Remove shortcut code (see the strategy pattern): A simplified code path may hide bugs in a more generic code path if the generic code almost never gets to run. Since the two are supposed to produce the same result, the simplified one can be eliminated.

See also
 Fail-fast system

References

Programming paradigms
Programming principles
Maciej Lasek. Maciej Grzegorz Lasek (born. 15 June 1967 in Elbląg) – is a Polish engineer, specializing in flight mechanics, PhD, Chairman of the Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents. He was the head of a commission that investigated the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash.

References

1967 births
Living people
Polish engineers
Polish civil servants
Members of the Polish Sejm 2019–2023
Members of the Polish Sejm 2023–2027
Biomaterials Access Assurance Act of 1998. Biomaterials Access Assurance Act of 1998 is a United States federal statute establishing liability exemptions for biomaterial suppliers selling chemical components and raw materials utilized in implantable devices for human recipients. The United States federal legislation sets forth rules limiting litigation costs or unwarranted lawsuits for biomaterial suppliers excluded from the design, production, and testing of implantable devices demonstrated as effective and safe to include adequate product warnings.

The H.R. 872 bill was passed by the 105th United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on August 13, 1998.

Provision of the Act
The 1998 Act was compiled as six sections establishing liability rulings for biomaterial elements sold by domestic and international suppliers to healthcare manufacturers located in the continental United States.

21 U.S.C. § 1601 ~ U.S. Congressional findings
21 U.S.C. § 1602 ~ Definitions
21 U.S.C. § 1603 ~ General requirements, applicability, and preemption
21 U.S.C. § 1604 ~ Liability of biomaterials suppliers
21 U.S.C. § 1605 ~ Procedures for dismissal of civil actions against biomaterials suppliers
21 U.S.C. § 1606 ~ Subsequent impleader of dismissed biomaterials supplier

Legislation of 1995
On January 31, 1995, the 104th United States House of Representatives and United States Senate introduced the initial liability exemption legislation for suppliers dealing in biomaterial bulk products.

See also
Biocompatibility
Biomaterial Surface Modifications
Biopolymer
Mechanical properties of biomaterials
Medical Device Regulation Act
Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins

References

External links
 
 
 

Acts of the 105th United States Congress
United States federal health legislation
Health care quality
1998 in American law
Food and Drug Administration
Regulation of medical devices