omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Von Stahel und Eysen. Von Stahel und Eysen (English: On Steel and Iron) is the first printed book on metallurgy, published in 1532 by several publishers: Kunegunde Hergot in Nuremberg, Melchior Sachs in Erfurt, and Peter Jordan in Mainz. It has been suggested that Hergot was probably the first to publish the text, as the material seems to come from Nuremberg: its material on tempering and quenching is similar to the short treatise on hardening iron beginning 'Von dem herten. Nu spricht meister Alkaym' in the late fourteenth- or early fifteenth-century Nuremberg manuscript Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a.

About half the text is on how to harden iron and steel through tempering and quenching, mentioning water, but also a range of recipes of varying degrees of elaborateness. The recipe 'take clarified honey, fresh urine of a he-goat, alum, borax, olive oil, and salt; mix everything well together and quench therein' might, through the urea content of the urine (H2NCONH2), have helped to produce nitrated, 'case-hardened' iron. Less likely to have been efficacious is: 'take varnish, dragon's blood, horn scrapings, half as much salt, juice made from earthworms, radish juice, tallow, and vervain and quench therein. It is also very advantageous in hardening if a piece that is to be hardened is first thoroughly cleaned and well polished'.

A modern commentator on some of the more outlandish techniques in the book noted: "There isn't really much to say...except that perhaps it was meant to trip up rivals. However, this may not be the case because similar instructions were circulated in 1708 in Nuremberg."

The text also includes techniques for colouring, soldering, and etching. Etching was quite a new technology at the time, and Von Stahel und Eysen provides the first attested recipes.

Translations

 Williams, H. (trans.), 'A sixteenth-century German treatise: Von Stahel und Eysen. 1532', Technical studies in the field of the fine arts, 4.2 (October, 1935), 63-92.
 Smith, Cyril Stanley (ed.), Sources for the History of the Science of Steel, 1532-1786, Society for the History of Technology, 4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Society for the History of Technology, 1968), pp. 7–19.

References

Alchemical documents
Engineering textbooks
1532 books
German books
German non-fiction books
History of metallurgy
Intelligence engine. An intelligence engine is a type of enterprise information management that combines business rule management, predictive, and prescriptive analytics to form a unified information access platform that provides real-time intelligence through search technologies, dashboards and/or existing business infrastructure.  Intelligence Engines are process and/or business problem specific, resulting in industry and/or function-specific marketing trademarks associated with them.  They can be differentiated from enterprise resource planning (ERP) software in that intelligence engines include organization-level business rules and proactive decision management functionality.

History
The first intelligence engine application appears to have been introduced in 2001 by Sonus Networks, Inc. in their patent US6961334 B1. Applied to the field of telecommunications systems, the intelligence engine was composed of a database queried by a data distributor layer, received by a telephony management layer and acted upon by a facility management command & control layer. This combined standalone business intelligence tools like a data warehouse, reporting and querying software and a decision support system.

The concept was reinforced in 2002 in patent application US20030236689 A1 which applied predictive quantitative models to data and used rules to correlate context data at different stages of the business process with business process outcomes to be presented to end users.

LogRhythm Inc. advanced the concept in 2010 by adding event managers to the end of the intelligence engine's process to determine reporting, remediation and other outcomes.

Traits
As a system that combines human intelligence, data inputs, automated decision-making and unified information access, intelligence engines are an advancement in business intelligence tools because they: 
 integrate structured data and unstructured content in a single index
 provide advanced workflow automation that can trigger multiple business processes
 project future impact of data such as supply chain threats
 recommend best actions / highlight opportunities for process improvement
 leverage business intelligence from a variety of experts 
 scale data visualization capabilities with the number of users

Applications
 Attivio Active Intelligence Engine
 KPMG Spectrum Intelligence Engine(s)
 Salesforce Service Cloud Intelligence Engine 
 FireEye Threat Intelligence Engine
 Factiva Intelligence Engine
 Parasoft Process Intelligence Engine

See also
 Business intelligence (BI)
 Business intelligence tools 
 Business rule management system
 Data mining
 Data science
 Decision management 
 Enterprise information management 
 Predictive analytics 
 Prescriptive analytics

References

Data management
Information management
Big data
Business terms
Business intelligence
Information systems
A2B (brand). A2B is a brand of electric bicycles owned by Hero Eco Group. They have offices in the United Kingdom and the United States. Established in 2008, A2B designs and manufactures bespoke internal motor systems, and is a pioneering creator of eBikes. Their German design team has developed a range of 11 electric bike models, each of which is named after a prominent technical innovator, engineer or scientist. Primarily for urban/commuting users, their motors range from 250w up to 500w in capacities and there is a choice of pedal assistance or throttle power options. To complement the collection, A2B develops custom accessories including carriers and bags.

History
Established in 2008, A2B designs and manufactures bespoke internal motor systems for eBikes. The German design team has produced 11 electric bike models, each of which is named after an influential engineer, inventor, or scientist. The bikes are primarily tailored to riders of urban and commuting purposes. The eBike models have two power options, Pedal Assist and Throttle Assist, with motors of different levels of 250w, 350w, and 500w available.

The company is owned by Indian manufacturer Hero Eco, which acquired the British manufacturer of A2B electric bikes, Ultra Motor Ltd., in 2011 after it filed for Administration in the UK.

The A2B company launched the Metro model in 2009, the first specially-designed bike frame for electric motors. It was reviewed by Wired. In 2013, Hero Eco rebranded as A2B. The brand remained owned by Hero Eco Group.

In 2013, it released the electric bikes Kuo and Shima.

Hero Electric in 2018 released the e-bicycles A2B Speed and Kuo Boost.

In 2012, Hero Eco acquired the two-wheeler division of Ultra Motor. In 2013, A2B bikes were manufactured in Taiwan, and manufacturing moved to Europe in 2014 and 2015.

Between 2012 and 2013, Hero Eco sold around 9,000 units of A2B bike in 22 countries.

In 2014 A2B acquired the Electric Bicycle Network, an eBike rental company for tourists visiting UK national parks.

Models
A2B replaced the metro with the upgraded version now called the Octave. The Alva Plus is a lighter, sportier version. The Shima has speeds up to 28 mph. The lightest ebikes are the Ferber, Galvani, and the folding Kuo Plus.

In 2009, it released the Ultramotor A2B electric bicycle.

In February 2018, Hero Electric launched in India a new faster, range. This comprised an e-scooter codenamed the AXLHE-20, and two e-bicycles, the A2B Speed and Kuo Boost. The AXLHE-20 claims a top speed of 85 km/h along with a maximum range of 110 kilometres on one charge. The A2B Speed, that can be ridden both using electric or pedal power, has a maximum speed of 45 km/h.

See also
 Outline of cycling
 List of electric bicycle brands and manufacturers

References

Cycle manufacturers of the United States
Electric cycle manufacturers
Cycle types
Bicycle
History of cycling
Micromobility
Electric
Road cycles
Dragan Vulin. Dragan Vulin (born 1 May 1986) is a Croatian politician and scientist.

Early life and education
Vulin was born in Osijek in 1986. He graduated from secondary school in 2005. He studied electrical engineering at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek (FERIT). He obtained his first (BEng) degree in 2008, and second (MEng) degree in 2010. He received a PhD degree in electrical engineering from the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek (FERIT) in 2020.

During his studies, he won the University of Osijek Rector's Award as well as the Croatian Energy Association „Hrvoje Pozar“ award.

Career
Vulin was employed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek (FERIT) as a research assistant from 2010 to 2020 and now he is employed as a postdoctoral researcher. He authored several scientific papers in the field of electromagnetism, circuit theory, renewable energy sources, and power electronics.

He served as a deputy prefect of Osijek-Baranja County from 2013 to 2017 and as a president of the County Assembly of Osijek-Baranja County and as a member of the City Council of Osijek from 2017 to 2021. In 2021, he was elected as a deputy mayor of City of Osijek. He is a member of political party Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ).

He was an International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) participant on the project: "Current US Social, Political and Economic Issues for Young European Leaders" in 2019.

References

1986 births
Living people
Politicians from Osijek
Croatian politicians
Croatian scientists
Tech Safe Systems. Tech Safe Systems was a Norfolk-based company that are specialists in the design, engineering and manufacturing of launch and recovery systems (LARS), control cabins, workshops for ROVs, and electric and hydraulic winches, most commonly in the deep water industries. It was acquired by Outreach Ltd in 2014.

History 
Tech Safe began in 1996 when a gap in the market was identified to provide a complete package of LARS, winches, cabins and workshops, integrated and tested with the customer’s ROV as a complete system. This ensured all the equipment worked together prior to going offshore. Outreach Ltd acquired Tech Safe Systems on 31 July 2014.

Sectors 
Tech Safe Systems operated both nationally and, for some of its products, internationally.
 Oil and Gas,
 Offshore Renewables,
 Marine,
 and University and Educational.

Products 
Tech Safe Systems operated across the United Kingdom and, for many of its products, across the world and are specialists in the design, engineering and manufacturing of: 
 Launch and Recovery Systems (LARS), 
 Control Cabins,
 Workshops for ROVs,
 and Electric/Hydraulic Winches.
most commonly in the deep water industries. These products begin life with Autodesk Product Design Suite.

Projects 
OWF Project in Wikinger offshore wind farm in the Baltic Sea. Tech Safe developed a Lloyd's Register Certified solution for large diameter drilling (LDD). This included a package of three winches and two control cabins to facilitate the command and control package for their pre-piling template and bubble curtain system.

References

External links 
 Official Website

Defunct manufacturing companies of England
Companies based in Norfolk
Manufacturing companies established in 1996
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2014
2014 mergers and acquisitions
2014 disestablishments in England
Donald L. Turcotte. Donald Lawson Turcotte (born 22 April 1932) is an American geophysicist most noted for his work on the boundary layer theory of mantle convection as part of the theory of plate tectonics. He works at the University of California, Davis.

Education and career
Turcotte trained as an engineer, graduating with a PhD in aeronautics and physics from Caltech in 1958. After a year at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Turcotte took up a position at Cornell University, in the graduate school of Aeronautical Engineering. In 1965, Turcotte took a sabbatical at the University of Oxford, in the engineering department. Here he met Ron Oxburgh, who had recently arrived in the Department of Geology, and they began a collaboration in which they developed ideas about convective flow in the Earth's mantle, and its links to the newly emerging ideas of plate tectonics. In 1973, Turcotte moved to the geology department at Cornell where he worked for the next thirty years. After retiring from Cornell in 2003, Turcotte moved to University of California, Davis.

He has won awards including the Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, the William Bowie Medal and the Charles A. Whitten Medal of the American Geophysical Union. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2008, the American Geophysical Union's Nonlinear Geophysics committee established the Donald L. Turcotte Award, which is given annually to one honoree "in recognition of outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to nonlinear geophysics."

Books 
 Donald L. Turcotte and Gerald Schubert, Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition (2014),  (Hardback)  (Paperback)
 Donald L. Turcotte, Fractals and chaos in geology and geophysics, Cambridge University Press, 1997
 Gerald Schubert, Donald L. Turcotte, and Peter Olson, Mantle convection in the Earth and planets, Cambridge University Press, 2001

References

1932 births
Living people
American geophysicists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Cornell University faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
The Chemical Engineer. The Chemical Engineer is a monthly chemical engineering technical and news magazine published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE). It has technical articles of interest to practitioners and educators, and also addresses current events in world of chemical engineering including research, international business news and government policy as it affects the chemical engineering community. The magazine is sent to all members of the IChemE and is included in the cost of membership. Some parts of the magazine are available free online, including recent news and a series of biographies “Chemical Engineers who Changed the World”, although the core and the archive magazine is available only with a subscription.  The online magazine also has freely available podcasts.

History
The formal journal of the IChemE was the “Transactions” which was initially an annual publication.  In order to keep members informed a “Quarterly Bulletin- Institution of Chemical Engineers” was issued.  When the Transactions became quarterly, the Bulletin was issued as a supplement.  In 1956 both changed to bi-monthly and the title was changed to “The Chemical Engineer” with the sub-title “Bulletin of the Institution of Chemical Engineers". It kept the same numbering, so was issue 125. According to the editorial it would contain news and “articles and comments by members, handled less formally than in Transactions, relating both to practical matters arising from experience and to broader aspects of professional life.” 

From 2002 it was published as “TCE” but reverted to its original title with issue 894 in December 2015.

References

External links
 Official website

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical engineering journals
Magazines established in 1956
Professional and trade magazines
Institution of Chemical Engineers
JJ Electronic. JJ Electronic, s.r.o is a Slovak electronic component manufacturer, and one of the world's remaining producers of vacuum tubes. It is based in Čadca, in the Kysuce region of Slovakia.

Most of its products are audio receiving tubes, mainly used for guitar and hi-fi amplifiers. In technical terms, JJ produces triodes, beam tetrodes and power pentodes. Double diode vacuum tubes for full-wave AC-to-DC rectifiers are also produced. JJ also produces electrolytic capacitors for higher-voltage purposes, generally for use in audio amplifiers. JJ also manufactures its own line of high-end audio amplifiers and guitar amplifiers.
 
In 2015, the company sales amounted to EUR 8.5 million and net income came to EUR 3.8 million. Most production is exported to the United States.

History 

Before 1989, Tesla was the main Czechoslovak producer of electron tubes. While Tesla vacuum tubes were exported all over the world, and were known for their quality, the company did not survive the change of economic system after 1989 in combination with the downturn in the vacuum tube market. JJ Electronic was founded in 1993 by Jan Jurco, using the old Tesla machinery for the manufacture of vacuum tubes. Eventually, JJ Electronic started to produce its own line of vacuum tubes and electrolytic capacitors, mainly targeted at high-end audiophile and guitar amplifier applications.

Products 

Small signal vacuum tubes
ECC81/12AT7, dual triode
ECC82/12AU7, dual triode
ECC83/12AX7, dual triode
ECC88/6DJ8, dual triode
12BH7, dual triode
5751, low-noise dual triode
EF86, sharp-cutoff pentode
6SN7, dual triode

Power vacuum tubes
300B, directly heated power triode
2A3, directly heated power triode
EL34, power pentode
EL84, power pentode
6V6, beam tetrode
6L6GC, beam tetrode
5881, beam tetrode
6550, beam tetrode
6CA7, beam tetrode
KT66, beam tetrode
KT77, beam tetrode
KT88, beam tetrode

Rectifiers
GZ34, indirectly heated full-wave rectifier
5U4GB, directly heated full-wave rectifier
5Y3, directly heated full-wave rectifier
EZ81, indirectly heated full-wave rectifier (noval base)

References

External links 

Guitar amplification tubes
Manufacturing companies of Slovakia
Companies of Slovakia
Companies established in 1993
Slovak brands
Vacuum tubes
IEEE Computing Edge. ComputingEdge is a monthly magazine published by the IEEE Computer Society since 2015. It contains curated articles from 13 IEEE publications and also features original content related to hot technology topics, providing information regarding current research developments, trends, and changes in the computing technology. Subscriptions of the magazine are provided free of cost as printed copies in the United States and as electronic copies worldwide.

References

External links 

Computer magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
IEEE magazines
Magazines established in 2015
University of Sydney Design Lab. The University of Sydney Design Lab, formerly the Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, is a teaching and research centre of the University's School of Architecture, Design and Planning, established in 1968. The aim of the centre is to apply human-centred design to products, services and systems.

The Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition was founded in 1968 by John Gero (its Foundation Director) to research computers in design as a way of modeling and understanding designing. In 2007, after the departure of its co-directors John Gero and Mary Lou Maher, it changed its name to the Design Lab. During the intervening years its ambit grew to embrace teaching. The KCDC’s research is founded on the use of a scientific approach to the development of models, theories and methods to understand designs and designing.

Naming history 
 1968 Computer Applications Research Unit (Gero 1972)
 1973 Renamed Architectural Computing Unit
 1982 Renamed Design Computing Unit
 1990 Renamed Key Centre of Design Computing
 1998 Renamed Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition
 2007 Renamed Design Lab

Research 
The KCDC from 1968-2007 had four overlapping foci in its design research:

 The first phase (1968-1975) researched design via simulation (Gero 1970).
 The second phase (1972-1983) researched design via optimization.
 The third phase (1979-2007) researched design using artificial intelligence and knowledge-based approaches, with a focus on design theory, design synthesis and computational creativity (Gero and Maher 1996a; Gero and Maher 1996b).
 The fourth phase (1992-2007) researched cognitive aspects of designing as a basis for models of design and as foundations for design computing.

Teaching 
 Undergraduate architecture student teaching of computational approaches to design, introduced in 1966 (predating the establishment of the Centre)
 Professional courses for practicing designers on computational approaches to design, introduced in 1969
 PhD program in design research, introduced in 1969 (Gero 2004)
 Master of Architectural Computing, introduced in 1978
 Graduate Diploma in Architectural Computing, introduced in 1978 (Gero 1980)
 Master of Design Science (Design Computing), introduced in 1988
 Bachelor of Design Computing, introduced in 2003

Conferences 
The Key Centre was very active in organizing conferences and workshops as a means of both creating a research community and producing a broader impact.

References

External links
 
 University of Sydney website

Design Lab
1968 establishments in Australia
Metalliferous Mines Regulations 1961. The Metalliferous Mines Regulations 1961 replaces both the Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1926 and the Mysore Gold Mines Regulations, 1953 to prevent possible dangers, accidents and deaths from mining in India.

Important regulations
9: Notice of Accident.

10: Notice of disease

60, 61, 63, & 64: Mine plans and Sections

106 to 118: Method of working in mines

119 to 130: Danger from fire, dust gas and water

146, 148:  Standards of lighting in the mines

153 to 170: Use of explosive in mines

See also
 Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908

References 

Mining law and governance
Mine safety
Occupational safety and health organizations
Safety engineering
Indian legislation
1961 in Indian law
Mining in India
Chicago & North Western Railway Stone Arch Bridge. The Chicago & North Western Railway Stone Arch Bridge, also known as the Kinnikinnick Creek Railway Bridge, is a historic Chicago and North Western Railway bridge that crosses South Kinnikinnick Creek east of Roscoe, Illinois. The bridge was built in 1882 to replace a wooden bridge; the line it was on opened in 1853 as part of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad and originally connected Belvidere, Illinois and Beloit, Wisconsin. C&NW Chief Engineer Van Mienen designed the double arch dolomitic limestone bridge, which is  long,  wide, and  high. The railroad allowed the sand quarrying industry in Roscoe and South Beloit to ship its products to construction sites in Chicago; the bridge is one of the few surviving remnants of the railroad in Roscoe. The bridge is the only stone-faced rubble fill bridge with more than one arch in Winnebago County; the nearest bridge of the type is a five-arch bridge in Tiffany, Wisconsin.

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1993. It is now part of the Stone Bridge Trail, a rail trail built along the former railway.

References

Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Railroad bridges in Illinois
Bridges completed in 1882
National Register of Historic Places in Winnebago County, Illinois
Chicago and North Western Railway
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Winnebago County, Illinois