omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Potassium formate. Potassium formate, HCO2K, HCOOK, or KHCO2, is the potassium salt of formic acid.  This strongly hygroscopic white solid is an intermediate in the formate potash process for the production of potassium.  Potassium formate has also been studied as a potential environmentally friendly deicing salt for use on roads. It has also been suggested for use in a less corrosive liquid desiccant. A 52% solution of potassium formate has a freezing point of .  Potassium formate brines are sometimes used for heat transfer, despite being much more corrosive than many other liquid coolants, especially to zinc and aluminum but even to many steels,
though some formulations are compatible with aluminum and steels.

Since 1995, potassium formate has been increasingly used in aqueous Drilling fluids to increase density, stabilize the hole, and improve drilling performance.

References

Formates
Potassium compounds
Sodium pyrosulfate. Sodium pyrosulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of Na2S2O7. It is a colorless salt. It hydrolyses in water to form sodium bisulfate with a chemical formula of NaHSO4 which has a pH of around 1.

Preparation
Sodium pyrosulfate is obtained by heating sodium bisulfate to 280 °C (536 °F) 

 2 NaHSO4 → Na2S2O7 + H2O

Temperatures above 460 °C further decompose the compound, producing sodium sulfate and sulfur trioxide:

 Na2S2O7 → Na2SO4 + SO3

Applications
Sodium pyrosulfate was used in analytical chemistry. Samples are fused with sodium  pyrosulfate to ensure complete dissolution before a quantitative analysis.

See also
Pyrosulfate
Potassium bisulfate
Potassium pyrosulfate

References

Sodium compounds
Pyrosulfates
Ian R. Johnston. Ian Ronald Johnston  (born 1943) is an Australian human factors engineer and road safety advocate. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.

Johnston was educated at the University of Melbourne. In 1991, he was appointed professor and director of the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) - the largest accident research centre in the Southern Hemisphere. Upon his retirement, he was praised by senior university and government figures as extremely influential in reducing road injuries in Victoria and worldwide. Johnston was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 2007 for service to the transport industry, particularly the promotion of road safety.

Prior to assuming his role at the MUARC, Johnston held a number of positions, including Director of Road Safety for the Government of Victoria under the John Cain II government.

Works

References

1949 births
Living people
Academic staff of Monash University
Engineers from Melbourne
Members of the Order of Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Munich Steam Locomotive Company. The Munich Steam Locomotive Company (Dampflok-Gesellschaft München or DGM) is a charitable society based in Munich, Germany, whose aim is to preserve the oil-fired steam locomotive, number 41 018, as an operational locomotive.

Society 

The society was founded in 1976 and was originally called the Interessengemeinschaft 41 018. e.V. ('41 018 Interest Group') as the DRG Class 41 steam locomotive, no. 41 018, was purchased. This steam engine is registered as a technological monument in the state of Bavaria, Germany.

The society has 11 members who are joint owners of the locomotives and who have succeeded in keeping and operating locomotive 41 018 for more than 30 years. The steam engine is homed at the Augsburg Railway Park where the necessary work is also carried out.

Locomotives 

The following locomotives are owned by the DGM and stored at the Augsburg Railway Park:
Steam locomotive, no. 41 018, since 1976 − operational − oil-fired
Steam locomotive, no. 41 364, since 1983 − rolling
Steam locomotive, no. 44 606, since 2003 − rolling
Köf II, no. 63 11, used for shunting duties

Purchase of 41 018 

No. 042 018-2 was bought, because she was the best of the 29 surviving Class 41s, having only had an L2/H2.8 overhaul in 1975. She had completed just die 66,000 kilometer since her overhaul and could therefore continue to be worked for a long time, both in terms of distance and time.

Events 

Special steam trains are hauled by 41 018 in cooperation with other organisations.

External links 
Munich Steam Locomotive Company website (German)
Augsburg Railway Park (German)
Ulmer Eisenbahnfreunde - a sister German railway society (German)

Tourist attractions in Munich
Buildings and structures in Munich
Railway museums in Germany
Heritage railways in Germany
Railway museums in Bavaria
Companies based in Munich
History of rail transport in Bavaria
1976 establishments in West Germany
Railway companies established in 1976
German companies established in 1976
DBAG Class 088. The Deutsche Bahn AG in Germany reserves classes 088, 188 and 288 for all historical motive power (locomotives, multiple-units, railcars and railbuses) that are no longer part of their active, commercial fleet, but are still in their inventory.  These classes are however, generally, 'virtual' because whilst they are used in the computerised database for management purposes, the running numbers are usually only recorded in the cab of the actual vehicle. Externally the original vehicle numbers are displayed.

These group classes have the following definitions:
 Class 088: historic steam locomotives
 Class 188: historic electric locomotives
 Class 288: historic diesel locomotives
 Class 488: historic electric railcars
 Class 688: historic diesel railcars

See also
List of preserved steam locomotives in Germany
List of DBAG locomotives and railbuses

External links
 There is an English-language discussion forum at Railways of Germany

088
Terminal Identifier – Address Resolution Protocol. Terminal Identifier – Address Resolution Protocol (TARP) is a protocol defined in Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) Generic Requirements document GR-253-CORE for SONET and used in OSS to resolve a TL1 TID to a CLNP address (NSAP) of a Network Element (NE). The protocol is used in a number of network devices. Steven R. Kim originally developed the protocol while working for Fujitsu Network Systems.

References 
 Telcordia GR-253-CORE, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria.

Network protocols
Virtual Control Program Interface. In computing, the Virtual Control Program Interface (VCPI) is a specification published in 1989 by Phar Lap Software that allows a DOS program to run in protected mode, granting access to many features of the processor not available in real mode. It was supplanted by DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) shortly after being introduced, due in large part to VCPI's inability to work in Windows 3.0's protected mode.

Overview 
Developed since 1987 in cooperation with Quarterdeck Office Systems and with support by A.I. Architects, Lotus Development Corp., Quadram, Qualitas and Rational Systems, VCPI is provided by an expanded memory manager in DOS (e.g. CEMM, QEMM, later EMM386) and does allow 80386 protected-mode DOS extenders to coexist with 80386 EMS expanded memory emulators. It was eclipsed by DPMI, most notably because it was not supported for DOS programs run in Windows 3.0's native protected mode (called 386 enhanced mode) and because VCPI runs programs in Ring 0, which defeated the purpose of x86 protection. It also did not work with OS/2 2.0 and later. VCPI was only supported in Windows 3.0 real mode, some programs could run in Windows 3.x standard mode. Standard mode (286 mode) Windows 3.1 (but not 3.0) itself was VCPI compliant (it was a VCPI client). Earlier Windows/386 2.1 was not compatible with DOS extenders at all. Windows NT DOS box did not support VCPI either.

VCPI also had a comparatively limited scope in that it allowed a protected mode DOS program to run only when the program was started from DOS already running inside a virtual 8086 mode task. (This was typically accomplished through a memory manager operating as a virtual [mode] control program for the processor.) Because the virtual 8086 mode isolates programs from the hardware, it is not possible for a program to switch to protected mode without some support from the control program.

Extended VCPI 
Between 1989 and February 1990 an alternative specification was proposed under the name Extended VCPI (XVCPI) by a number of companies including Intel's Software Focus Group, Lotus, Digital Research, Interactive Systems, Viewport International and others to address some of the shortcomings of VCPI and better exploit the memory management and multitasking capabilities of the 386 processor. It was used by a small number of products including operating systems like Interactive Unix and Concurrent DOS 386. Since February 1990 these efforts ultimately succumbed to the (parallel) development and publication of the DPMI specification in May 1990, which addressed similar problems, but was compatible with the implementation of Microsoft Windows 3.0 to be released the same year.
In February 1991, the Multiuser DOS Federation (MDOS), an initiative formed in July 1990, issued a statement regarding their support of DPMI.

See also 
 DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI)
 DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS)

Notes

References

Further reading
 

DOS technology
DOS memory management
DOS extenders
Bahnbetriebswerk Hermeskeil. Bahnbetriebswerk Hermeskeil is a small, Prussian locomotive depot at Hermeskeil, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany that dates from 1888. Until 1903, it was called a Maschinenstation (engine station).

The locomotive depot is directly opposite the station building at Hermeskeil station and has a six-road roundhouse (originally two-road) and a 16m turntable (originally 13m). From 1956, the depot became an outstation of Simmern locomotive depot but this was closed on 1 April 1959.  Today, it is privately owned and is used as a steam locomotive museum. Around 50 locomotives are stored here, the majority being large steam engines.

See also
Bahnbetriebswerk
Bahnbetriebswerk (steam locomotives)

References

External links
Hermeskeil Steam Locomotive Museum (formerly: Bahnbetriebswerk Hermeskeil) - German

Railway museums in Germany
Hermeskeil
Transport in Rhineland-Palatinate
History of Rhineland-Palatinate
Museums in Rhineland-Palatinate
IBM MTCS. MTCS (Minimum Teleprocessing Communications System) was a transaction processor that ran on IBM mainframe systems under OS/VS1 and DOS/VS.

MTCS was available from IBM and designed for rapid, low to medium-volume online processing. This process was entirely interactive (screen-oriented using 3270 display terminals).

The 'official' version of MTCS was a single thread only and was a forerunner of CICS before it was released.
An unofficial and multi-threaded version of MTCS was developed by Littlewoods Pools, UK at the same time as a multi-threaded "MTCS bridge" (middleware MTCS simulator) became available for running MTCS transactions directly under CICS. This version was also used by other customers including Granada Productions under a license agreement.

Transactions
An MTCS transaction is a set of operations which together perform a task. Usually, the majority of transactions are relatively simple tasks such as updating the balance of an account. 

MTCS applications comprise transactions which were written in IBM Basic Assembly Language and interfaced with 3270 terminals.

Each MTCS program  was initiated using a transaction identifier. MTCS screens were sent as native 3270 datastreams to the terminal.

History
The first release of MTCS was made available prior to the first release of CICS in the late 1960s.
A forerunner of MTCS was known as "FASTER" and was a higher level BTAM based product that controlled IBM 2260 display terminals

Further reading
According to IBM System/360 and System/370 Bibliography of September 1974 (GA22-6822-21, File No. S360/S370-00), MTCS is described by the following manuals:
 GB21-0061, MINIMUM TELEPROCESSING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (DOS) - FDP AVAILABILITY NOTICE, PROG. NO. 5798-AAY
 SB21-0062, MINIMUM TELEPROCESSING COMMUNICATIONS, SYSTEM MANUAL PROGRAM NUMBER 5798-AAY
 LB21-0063, MINIMUM TELEPROCESSING COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM: FDP SYSTEMS GUIDE, PROG. NO. 5798-AAY. FEATURE NO. 8021

See also
IBM 3270
CICS: a later teleprocessing monitor from IBM

References

MTCS
Transaction processing
IBM mainframe software
System prevalence. System prevalence is a simple software architectural pattern that combines system images (snapshots) and transaction journaling to provide speed, performance scalability, transparent persistence and transparent live mirroring of computer system state.

In a prevalent system, state is kept in memory in native format, all transactions are journaled and System images are regularly saved to disk.

System images and transaction journals can be stored in language-specific serialization format for speed or in portable formats for cross-language consumption.

The first usage of the term and generic, publicly available implementation of a system prevalence layer was Prevayler, written for Java by Klaus Wuestefeld in 2001.

Advantages
Simply keeping system state in RAM in its normal, natural, language-specific format is orders of magnitude faster and more programmer-friendly than the multiple conversions that are needed when it is stored and retrieved from a DBMS.
As an example, Martin Fowler describes "The LMAX Architecture" with a transaction-journal and system-image (snapshot) based business system at its core, which can process 6 million transactions per second on a single thread.

Requirement
A prevalent system needs enough memory to hold its entire state in RAM (the "prevalent hypothesis"). Prevalence advocates claim this is continuously alleviated by decreasing RAM prices, and the fact that many business databases are small enough already to fit in memory.

Programmers need skill in working with business state natively in RAM, rather than using explicit API calls for storage and queries for retrieval.

The system's events must be capturable for journaling.

See also
 Object-relational mapping

References

External links 
 "An Introduction to Object Prevalence", by Carlos Villela for IBM Developerworks. 
 "Prevalence: Transparent, Fault-Tolerant Object Persistence", by Jim Paterson for O'Reilly's OnJava.com 
 "Object Prevalence": Original Article by Klaus Wuestefeld published in 2001 on Advogato. 
 Madeleine: a Ruby implementation 

Persistence
Trek Aerospace. Trek Aerospace Inc is a small engineering company based in Folsom, California, United States.  Despite its name, Trek Aerospace currently manufactures only terrestrial ducted-fan-powered aircraft and watercraft.  The company's products have received some media attention,

particularly its ducted-fan based "jetpacks", an exoskeleton mounted with dual ducted-fan propulsion, such as the Springtail model.

See also
 SoloTrek XFV
 Trek Aerospace Dragonfly
 Trek Aerospace Springtail

References

External links
 Trek Aerospace website

Aerospace companies of the United States
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. The  is a Japanese institute specializing in the areas of electronic, information and communication engineering and associated fields. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo, Japan. It is a membership organization with the purpose of advancing the field of electronics, information and communications and support activities of its members.

History
The earliest predecessor to the organization was formed in May 1911 as the Second Study Group of the Second Department of the Japanese Ministry of Communications Electric Laboratory. In March 1914 the Second Study Group was renamed the Study Group on Telegraph and Telephone.

As the adoption of the telegraph and telephone quickly mounted, there was increased demand for research and development of these technologies, which prompted the need to create a dedicated institute for engineers working in this field. Thus the Institute of Telegraph and Telephone Engineers of Japan was established in May 1917. Soon after its formation the institute began to publish journals and host paper presentations showcasing the latest developments in the field.

As the institute's scope of research broadened to accommodate new technical developments, it was rebranded as the Institute of Electrical Communication Engineers of Japan in January 1937, and then once again as the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan in May 1967. Finally, in January 1987, the institute renamed itself to the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers to recognize the increasing research being conducted in computer engineering and information technology.

Organization
The institution is organized into five societies:

 electronics society
 communications society
 information and system society
 engineering sciences society
 human communication engineering society

Each society has its own president and technical committees. Volunteers helped run various activities
within the society, such as publications and conferences.

Membership
The institute admits people to two categories of membership: member and fellow. Most of its members are based in Japan.

References

External links 
  (English page)

Electronic engineering
Professional associations based in Japan
Telecommunications organizations
Yasca. Yasca is an open source program which looks for security vulnerabilities, code-quality, performance, and conformance to best practices in program source code. It leverages external open source programs, such as FindBugs, PMD, JLint, JavaScript Lint, PHPLint, Cppcheck, ClamAV, Pixy, and RATS to scan specific file types, and also contains many custom scanners developed for Yasca. It is a command-line tool that generates reports in HTML, CSV, XML, MySQL, SQLite, and other formats. It is listed as an inactive project at the well-known OWASP security project, and also in a government software security tools review at the U.S Department of Homeland Security web site.

Languages Scanned

Yasca has at least one scanner for each of the following file types:
.NET (VB.NET, C#, ASP.NET)
ASP
C/C++
COBOL
ColdFusion
CSS
HTML
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Raw HTTP Traffic
Visual Basic

Yasca 2.2

Version 2.2 was released in June 2010 and included a large number of minor updates over version 2.1, most notably, natively compiled plugins on Linux, reducing the need to use Wine. Version 2.2 contains some experimental modules, including a TCP packet logger and a rule to scan those logs for sensitive information. Additional rules for this are expected in the next update.

As with prior 2.x releases, Yasca comes packaged as a core bundle, plus separately downloadable plugins. No plugins are required, but best results occur when using all of the necessary plugins.

References

External links

Static program analysis tools
Software using the BSD license
Orme's law. Orme's law is a rule of thumb to assist modelers when they design an electric power system for their radio-controlled model.  Orme's law simply recommends the use of one NiMH rechargeable battery cell for every  of wing area for sport planes. One cell for every  of wing area for trainers. When using LiPo cells with higher voltage, the number of cells is cut in half, since a LiPo cell has double the voltage.

Origin
This rule is the work of Matthew Orme, who used to manage the sales of Aveox's line of motors to the hobby market, and later developed a small high performance line of brushless motors at RazorMotors. Matt wanted to come up with a simpler way to recommend systems to the many people who ask him for advice powering their models. Brushless motors are very versatile and it can be hard for newcomers to decide which system they should use.

Need for Orme's law
The main purpose was to demonstrate to the modeler that the electric motor was not the source of power like an internal combustion engine. With an IC engine, a particular sized engine will have a particular power output. Typically a model airplane manufacturer will recommend a 2-cycle glow plug motor by its size (typically .40-.60 cubic inch for the average sized plane) Since electric motors operate over a much wider range, there was no good way to recommend an electric motor for a plane.

Orme's law makes it clear that the battery pack is the power source, and it determines the available power, not the electric motor. Once the power requirements of any particular airplane model have been determined, an electric motor can be chosen to match the power source. i.e., a 10 cell NiMh battery pack produces approximately 1 volt per cell under load. At 30 amps, that translates to .4 HP.

System selection
Matt Orme's rule makes system selection easy. Orme's law assumes that the hobbyist will be using 1700 to 2000 mAH cells and will prop for 4 minutes of flight, or 30 amps. 2000 mAH = 2 amp hours or 120 amp minutes, hence the 4-minute flight time (120 amp-minutes /30 amps) at full throttle, with increasing flight times at reduced throttle settings.

Applying the rule using a hobbyist's Citabria Pro electric conversion, which has  of wing area, it needs exactly 16 cells according to Orme's law. Before Orme's law, much more work was needed to design the power for the system.

References 

Model aircraft
Rules of thumb
IBall (toy). iBall is a kinetic toy that displays Newton's Laws.  It consists of a plastic sphere with 7 metal balls.  The toy has numerous goals that can be accomplished (some are printed on the back of the packaging), such as launching one ball at a time into orbit in the plastic ball or trying to get three different balls into orbits in three directions at once.  It was released by Winning Moves Games USA in 2007 but is no longer in production.

Products introduced in 2007
Winning Moves games
Slingsby Kirby Cadet. The Slingsby T.7 Kirby Cadet is a British training glider designed and built by Slingsby that first flew in 1935 and saw service with the Royal Air Force for use by the Air Training Corps as the Cadet TX.1 throughout the 1950, 1960s and 1970s.

Design and development
The T.7 was developed to specification 20/43 from the civilian Kirby Kadet to meet an Air Ministry requirement for a training glider as part of the air cadet programme, and it entered service as the Cadet TX.1 with the Royal Air Force. It was further developed with a change of wing into the T.8 Kirby Tutor (service name Cadet TX.2) which in turn was developed into a two-seat version the T.31B Tandem Tutor (service name Cadet TX.3).
One saw service in SLAF from 1957-1959.

Former operators

Royal Air Force

Royal Ceylon Air Force

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Sailplane Directory

1930s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Kirby Cadet
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Parasol-wing aircraft
Next Generation Supersonic Transport. The Next Generation Supersonic Transport is a supersonic transport (SST) being developed by the Japanese Space Agency JAXA. By comparison to the Concorde this new design is intended to carry three times as many passengers and fly roughly at the same speed (Mach 2) . It also has twice the range. The goal is to achieve a ticket price comparable to that of subsonic business class. JAXA had expected to launch the plane by 2015. An 11.5-meter prototype was tested on October 10, 2005.

One of the most crucial factors in the commercial viability of a supersonic transport is the strength of the sonic boom it generates. The boom created by Concorde was powerful enough to prevent the aircraft from flying supersonically over land, which eliminated many possible passenger routes and contributing to the cancellation of Concorde's American rival, the Boeing 2707. Since the 1960's a number of techniques have been developed that may reduce the effect (see the sonic boom article). On May 9, 2008, JAXA announced it would collaborate with NASA to conduct joint research on sonic boom modeling.

JAXA is also researching hypersonic transport (Mach 5.0+) , though the goal is not use for commercial aircraft cost competitive with current aircraft.

See also
Supersonic transport
Sonic boom

Notes

References
 

Supersonic transports