omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Surface Science Reports. Surface Science Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by North-Holland that covers the physics and chemistry of surfaces. It was established in 1981. It is the review journal corresponding to the journals Surface Science and Surface Science Letters.

Abstracting and indexing 
This journal is abstracted and indexed by:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, Surface Science Reports has a 2020 impact factor of 12.267.

References

External links 
 

Physics review journals
Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 1981
Elsevier academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Headlong (Ings novel). Headlong is a 1999 science fiction novel by English author Simon Ings. It is Ings's fourth novel and depicts the struggle of a man trying to find his humanity after his previously enhanced senses have been removed. A review of the novel in New Scientist praised it as "mature and thoughtful".

Plot summary 
Headlong is set England in the mid-21st century. There has been a civil war and reconstruction after a period of corporate excess. Advances in nanoelectronics and robotics have led to the hybridization of human and artificial intelligence (AI). These expensive interfaces have only been installed on a few architects to facilitate their direction of nanobots that are constructing beautiful cities on the Moon. However, a few years before the novel begins, the AIs take over the Moon and precipitate an economic collapse on Earth by subtle market manipulations.

The novel's posthuman protagonist Christopher Yale and his wife Joanne have enhanced senses and are telepathically linked. Christopher has lived on the Moon for years. When his interfaces are removed following the economic collapse, he struggles with Epistemic Appetite Imbalance (EAI), a disorder precipitated by the loss of his enhanced senses. Christopher and his wife divorce, and she is killed a few months later. Christopher is pursued by both his wife's murderers and the police.

References 

1999 British novels
British science fiction novels
Voyager Books books
Ernest Wilkinson. Ernest Wilkinson may refer to:

 Ernest L. Wilkinson (1899–1978), American academic administrator, lawyer, and prominent figure in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Ernest Berdoe Wilkinson (1864–1946), British Army officer
 Ernie Wilkinson (born 1947), English footballer
 Ernest J. Wilkinson, published on the Wilkinson power divider, a specific class of power divider circuit
Rumpler C.III. The Rumpler C.III (factory designation 6A 5) was a biplane military reconnaissance aircraft built in Germany during World War I.

Development

It was a development of the Rumpler C.I design incorporating many aerodynamic refinements, including wing planform, airfoil section, and horn-balanced ailerons, revised empennage, and new rear fuselage decking with compound curves. This latter feature was later removed and replaced with a simplified structure, at which point the factory designation was changed to 6A 6. Performance was improved over that of the C.I, and the C.III was  selected for limited production, thought to be about 75 aircraft. The Frontbestand table of C-type aircraft at the front shows a maximum of 42 C.III aircraft at the front on 28 February 1917. With the introduction of the more powerful Rumpler C.IV based on a refined C.III airframe, the number of operational C.III aircraft at the front dropped rapidly and by the autumn of 1917 only one was at the front. The C.III was a qualified success, but its design served mainly as a stepping stone to the further refined C.IV.

Specifications (C.III)

Notes

References

 

 
 
 

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
C.III
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Mark Borodovsky. Mark Borodovsky () is a Regents' Professor at the Join Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering of Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and Director of the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics at Georgia Tech. He has also been a Chair of the Department of Bioinformatics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in Moscow, Russia from 2012 to 2022.

Borodovsky is a Founder of the Georgia Tech graduate Program in Bioinformatics (M.Sc. and Ph.D.), a Member of Educational Committee of the International Society of Computational Biology, as well as organizer of eleven International Conferences in Bioinformatics held at Georgia Tech starting 1997.

Research 
Borodovsky started research in Bioinformatics at the Institute of Molecular Genetics USSR Academy of Sciences in 1985. In 1986 he introduced use of inhomogeneous Markov chain models for efficient modeling of protein-coding regions; this approach became a standard feature of gene finding algorithms. In 1990 he established a bioinformatics lab at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. Borodovsky has made many contributions in the area of development of gene finding algorithms, notably the GeneMark program (1993) that made an impact in the field and was used for annotation of the first completely sequenced genomes of Haemophilus influenzae and Methanococcus jannaschii. First hand experience in a number of genome projects motivated further development of advanced algorithms applicable to viral, prokaryotic, eukaryotic genomes and metagenomes. These algorithms are currently in use in many research labs in the US and abroad as well as at the major sequencing and annotation centers, such as the Broad Institute, DOE Joint Genome Institute and NIH National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Education 
Borodovsky received his Master of Science in Physics and Operation Research and PhD in Applied Mathematics (1976) from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

Honours 
Borodovsky was elected a Fellow of the International Society for Computational Biology in 2020.

References

External links 
 Gene prediction in novel fungal genomes using an ab initio algorithm with unsupervised training, Genome Research
 Gene identification in novel eukaryotic genomes by self-training algorithm, Nucleic Acids Research
 GeneMark: web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses Nucleic Acids Research
 GeneMarkS: a self-training method for prediction of gene starts in microbial genomes. Implications for finding sequence motifs in regulatory regions, Nucleic Acids Research
 Heuristic approach to deriving models for gene finding, Nucleic Acids Research
 GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding, Nucleic Acids Research
 GenMark: Parallel Gene recognition for Both DNA Strands Computers and Chemistry

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
21st-century American biologists
Georgia Tech faculty
John Haswell. John Haswell (20 March 1812 – 8 June 1897) was a Scottish engineer and locomotive designer.

Biography
Haswell was born on 20 March 1812 in Lancefield, Glasgow, Scotland, studied at Anderson's University in Glasgow and worked for 22 years in the shipbuilding office of William Fairbairn & Co.

In 1837 at the prompting of Matthias Schönerer, who was also heavily involved in the Budweis–Linz–Gmunden Horse-Drawn Railway, he drew up plans for the repair shop of the Wien-Raaber railway (later Lokomotivfabrik der StEG), and in 1839 became entrusted with carrying them out, along with the mechanical engineer Kraft. When the workshop had been built, the first of its kind in Austria, he took over its management and oversaw, not just repair work, but also the construction of new rolling stock for the railway.

Inter alia he was responsible for:
 the first six-coupled steam locomotive in Austria FAHRAFELD (1846)
 participating in the Semmering competition in 1851 with the locomotive VINDOBONA, a model for the subsequent Engerth mountain locomotives 
 the first eight-coupled, steam locomotive in Austria WIEN–RAAB (1855), the pattern for heavy freight locomotives on the continent for many years
 the steam brake first used on the STEYERDORF (1861)
 the first four-cylinder locomotive, the DUPLEX (1861)
 the hydraulic forging press (1862), that first enabled the forging of heavy machine components in dies (today at the Vienna Museum of Technology)
 Corrugated iron firebox (1872)

In 1882 Haswell resigned from his position. He died on 8 June 1897 in Vienna and rests in a grave dedicated to his honour at the Döbling Cemetery (Group 10, number 1) in Vienna.

See also
 List of railway pioneers

References

Sources 
 Karl Gölsdorf: Lokomotivbau in Alt-Österreich 1837–1918. Verlag Slezak, Vienna 1978, .

1812 births
1897 deaths
Austrian railway mechanical engineers
British emigrants to Austria
Engineers from Glasgow
Burials at Döbling Cemetery
ST Empire Ace. Empire Ace was a 275-ton tug which was built in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was transferred to the Admiralty in 1947 and renamed  Diligent. She was transferred to the Ministry of Defence in 1961 and reverted to Empire Ace. She ran aground in 1968 and was scrapped in 1971.

History
Empire Ace was built by Cochrane & Sons Ltd, Selby as yard number 1255. She was launched on 12 September 1942 and completed on 22 December 1942.
 She was built for the MoWT. Empire Ace was sent to Malta. 

She was member of Convoy RS 3 in March 1943. She was a member of Convoy KMS 25 which passed Gibraltar on 19 September 1943. She had sailed from Algiers with an unrecorded destination, but likely to have been Malta. Empire Ace was sunk in an air raid on Malta on 15 March 1944. On the 10 May she was salvaged and repairs were carried out. In 1947 she was transferred to the Admiralty and renamed Diligence. In 1961, Diligence was transferred to the Ministry of Defence and reverted to Empire Ace. She was loaned to the US Navy from December 1961 to December 1964, serving in Scotland. On 11 November 1968, she ran aground at Campbeltown in heavy seas and was abandoned. Empire Ace was refloated in June 1969 but declared a constructive total loss. She was scrapped at Campbeltown in 1971.

Official number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Ace had the UK official number 1690781 and call sign MFLY.

References

1942 ships
Ships built in Selby
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Ships sunk by aircraft
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Tugboats of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in March 1944
Maritime incidents in 1968
ST Sea Alarm. ST Sea Alarm was a 263-ton tug which was built as
Empire Ash in 1941 for the British Ministry of War Transport  (MoWT). She was sold in 1947 and renamed  Flying Fulmar. She was sold in 1956 and renamed Sea Alarm. On retirement in 1973 she became an exhibit at the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff, but was controversially scrapped in 1998 after the closure of the museum.

History

Empire Ash was built by John Crown & Sons Ltd, Sunderland as yard number 201. She was launched on 13 August 1941 and completed on 17 October 1941. She was built for the MoWT. On 15 May 1946, Empire Ace was sold for £18,750 to Clyde Shipping Co. Ltd, Glasgow and renamed Flying Fulmar. In May 1956 she was sold to C. J. King & Sons, Bristol, and renamed Sea Alarm. She was operated under the management of the Alarm Steam Tug Co. Ltd. In January 1973 she was sold to Thos. W. Ward, Briton Ferry, for scrapping, but was resold the following month to the Welsh Industrial and Maritime Museum in Cardiff. She was restored by 1978 and was dry-docked for many years at Roath Dock. The museum closed on 1 June 1998 and Sea Alarm was scrapped apart from her engine. Questions were asked by the Select committee on Welsh Affairs about the scrapping of the tug as there was public outcry at the time.

Official Number and code letters
Empire Ash had the UK Official Number 168694 and used the Code Letters BCRK. Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Sea Alarm was subsequently assigned IMO number 5315943.

References

External links
 Ships Nostalgia thread about Sea Alarm

Ships built on the River Wear
1941 ships
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Tugboats of the United Kingdom
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
History of Cardiff
Electricidad de Caracas. Electricidad de Caracas (BVC: EDC) is the integrated electricity company for Caracas, Venezuela and surrounding areas, with more than 1 million connections. It was acquired by AES Corporation in 2000 and sold to the state-owned oil company PDVSA in 2007, which now owns 93.62%. Paul Hanrahan, president and CEO of AES said the deal had been a fair process that respected the rights of investors. Since 2007 and the nationalization of the electricity generation and transportation, it has been incorporated into Corpoelec.

For that year the president of Electricity of Caracas was Eng. Javier Alvarado Ochoa who would become vice minister to the Ministry of Popular Power for Electric Energy by presidential decree No. 7,241  on February 12, 2010 this would serve as a link with other public officials who would be implicated in the contracts of Derwick Associates without adequate experience and accused of receiving bribes.

See also

 Energy policy of Venezuela

References

External links
 Connecting low-income consumers: AES in Venezuela

PDVSA
Caracas
Companies listed on the Caracas Stock Exchange
Electric power companies of Venezuela
Companies based in Caracas
Klaus Lackner. Klaus S. Lackner is the Founding Director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions (CNCE) and a professor in School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment at Arizona State University. He is scientific advisor to Carbon Collect Limited (name changed from Silicon Kingdom Holdings Limited in April 2021), and senior science advisor to Aircela Inc. He is a pioneer in carbon management and is the first to suggest capturing carbon dioxide from air in the context of addressing climate change.

His works include demonstrating and improving passive methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, integrating air capture technology with applications for using carbon dioxide, exploring safe and permanent disposal options for carbon dioxide, and identifying opportunities for automation and scaling. his publications have been cited 12771 times and his h-index is 53.

Previously, he was the director of the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at the Earth Institute. and Faculty in the Earth and Environmental Engineering department at Columbia University from 2001-2014. Along with CNCE executive director Allen Wright, he co-founded one of the first privately held air capture companies—Global Research Technologies (GRT)—in Tucson, Arizona where they demonstrated the moisture swing.

Prior to his academic work he held appointments at the theoretical division of Los Alamos National Laboratory for nearly 17 years.

His idea of the self-replicating machines along with his colleague, Christopher Wendt, was featured in 1995 by Discover Magazine as "One of the 7 Ideas that can Change the World."

He has also invented the Mechanical Tree which is designed to soak up passively the carbon dioxide from the air.

Mechanical trees
Klaus designed the prototype Mechanical Tree (also referred to as a Synthetic Tree or Fake Tree,) which was on display at the 'Our Future Planet' temporary exhibition at the Science Museum, London from May 2021 until September 2022.  The technology consists of sorbent tiles which cyclically are extended into the air and then retracted for regeneration.  The sorbent tiles passively soak up the carbon dioxide from the air using 'passive direct air capture' (PDAC) technology and are claimed to be 1,000 times more efficient than natural trees that use photosynthesis.  Subsequently the carbon dioxide captured can be either sequestered in underground geological formations or sold for industrial use.

The PDAC and Mechanical Tree technology has been licensed to Carbon Collect Limited by CNCE.

See also
Carbon Collect’s MechanicalTree™

Articles

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Arizona State University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Heidelberg University alumni
Electronic quantum holography. Electronic quantum holography (also known as quantum holographic data storage) is an information storage technology which can encode and read out data at unprecedented density storing as much as 35 bits per electron.

Research 
In 2009, Stanford University's Department of Physics set a new world record for the smallest writing using a scanning tunneling microscope and electron waves to write the initials "SU" at 0.3 nanometers, surpassing the previous record set by IBM in 1989 using xenon atoms. This achievement also set a record for the density of information. Before this technology was invented the density of information had not exceeded one bit per atom. Researchers of electronic quantum holography however were able to push the limit to 35 bits per electron or 20 bits nm−2.

Technology 
A copper chip is placed in a microscope and cleaned. Carbon monoxide molecules are then placed on the surface and moved around. When the electrons in copper interact with the carbon monoxide molecules, they create interference patterns that create an electronic quantum hologram. This hologram can be read like a stack of pages in a book, and can contain multiple images at different wavelengths.

References 

Holographic data storage
ARM Cortex-A9. The ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore is a 32-bit multi-core processor that provides up to 4 cache-coherent cores, each implementing the ARM v7 architecture instruction set. It was introduced in 2007.

Features 

Key features of the Cortex-A9 core are:
 Out-of-order speculative issue superscalar execution 8-stage pipeline giving 8.50 DMIPS/MHz/core.
 NEON SIMD instruction set extension performing up to 16 operations per instruction (optional).
 High performance VFPv3 floating point unit doubling the performance of previous ARM FPUs (optional).
 Thumb-2 instruction set encoding reduces the size of programs with little impact on performance.
 TrustZone security extensions.
 Jazelle DBX support for Java execution.
 Jazelle RCT for JIT compilation.
 Program Trace Macrocell and CoreSight Design Kit for non-intrusive tracing of instruction execution.
 L2 cache controller (0–4 MB).
 Multi-core processing.

ARM states that the TSMC 40G hard macro implementation typically operates at 2 GHz; a single core (excluding caches) occupies less than 1.5 mm2 when designed in a TSMC 65 nanometer (nm) generic process and can be clocked at speeds over 1 GHz, consuming less than 250 mW per core.

Chips 

Several system on a chip (SoC) devices implement the Cortex-A9 core, including:
 Altera SoC FPGA
 AMLogic AML8726-M
 Apple A5, A5X
 Broadcom BCM11311 (Persona ICE)
 Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000
 Entropic EN7588, EN7530
 NXP Semiconductors (Formerly Freescale) QorIQ Layerscape LS1024A
 Freescale Semiconductor i.MX6
 HiSilicon K3V2 -Hi3620
 Marvell Avastar 88W8787, used in the Sony PlayStation Vita
 MediaTek MT6575 (single core), MT6577 (dual core)
 Mindspeed Technologies Mindspeed Comcerto 2000
 Nufront NuSmart 2816, 2816M, 115
 Nvidia Tegra 2 (without NEON extensions), Tegra 3 and Tegra 4i
 Trident Microsystems 847x/8x/9x SoC family
 Renesas Electronics RZ/A1H, M, L, LU Family
 Samsung Exynos 4210, 4212, 4412, 4415
 Rockchip RK3066, RK292x, RK31xx
 STMicroelectronics SPEAr1310, SPEAr1340
 ST-Ericsson Nova A9500, NovaThor U8500, NovaThor U9500
 Texas Instruments OMAP4 processors
 Texas Instruments Sitara AM437x
 WonderMedia WM8850, WM8950 and WM8980
 Xilinx Extensible Processing Platform
 ZiiLABS ZMS-20

Systems on a chip

See also

 ARM architecture
 List of ARM cores
 List of applications of ARM cores
 Comparison of ARMv8-A cores
 JTAG

References

External links 
ARM Holdings
 
 ARM Cortex-A9 Technical Reference Manuals
Other
 White paper - The ARM Cortex-A9 Processors
 RISC vs. CISC in the mobile era
 TI OMAP4440 specs
 STMicroelectronics SPEAr1310 Data brief
 RM Cortex-A9
 Popular ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore & Multi-core processor videos, YouTube.
 ARM Assembly language

ARM processors
ARM Holdings IP cores
Polyhalogenated compound. A polyhalogenated compound (PHC) is any compound with multiple substitutions of halogens.  They are of particular interest and importance because they bioaccumulate in humans, and comprise a superset of which has many toxic and carcinogenic industrial chemicals as members.  PBDEs, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs) and PFCs are all polyhalogenated compounds.  They are generally non-miscible in organic solvents or water, but miscible in some hydrocarbons from which they often derive.

Uses
PHCs are used in a vast array of manufactured products, from wood treatments to cookware coatings, to non-stick, waterproof, and fire-resistant coatings, cosmetics, medicine, electronic fluids, food containers, and wrappings, in everything from furniture and furnishings, automobiles, airplanes, plastics, clothing and cloth, surgery, insulation, adhesives, paints, sealants, lubricating oils, polyurethane foams, cancer therapy, and medical imaging.  They are also heavily used in pest control.

Safety
PHCs include notoriously dangerous substances, including Agent Orange, DDT, and other pesticides.  Many non-pesticide PHCs have the same safety issues as pesticides.

Types
 Polycholorinated, e.g. PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs), hexachlorophene, dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychloro phenoxy phenols (PCPPs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs).
 Polybrominated, e.g., PBDEs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
 Perfluorinated compounds
 Polyiodinated compounds

Breakdown of compounds
Despite bioaccumulating in humans, it has been claimed that a method during manufacture using anaerobic bacteria may be efficacious

References

Organohalides
Cloud (operating system). Cloud was a browser-based operating system created by Good OS LLC, a Los Angelesbased corporation.  The company initially launched a Linux distribution called gOS which is  heavily based on Ubuntu, now in its third incarnation.

Overview 
The Cloud was a simplified operating system that ran just a web browser, providing access to a variety of web-based applications that allowed the user to perform many simple tasks without booting a full-scale operating system. Because of its simplicity, Cloud could boot in just a few seconds. The operating system is designed for Netbooks, Mobile Internet Devices, and PCs that are mainly used to browse the Internet. From Cloud the user can quickly boot into the main OS, because Cloud continues booting the main OS in the background.

Combining a browser with a basic operating system allows the use of cloud computing, in which applications and data "live and run" on the Internet instead of the hard drive.

Cloud can be installed and used together with other operating systems, or act as a standalone operating system. When used as a standalone operating system, hardware requirements are relatively low.

In 2009, Cloud was only officially available built into the GIGABYTE M912 Touch Screen Netbook.

Early reviews compared the operating system's user interface to OS X and noted the similarity of its browser to Google Chrome, although it is actually based on a modified Mozilla Firefox browser

See also 
 ChromeOS
 Mozilla Firefox
 EasyPeasy
 Joli OS
 EyeOS

References

External links 

 Netbooks running new 'Cloud OS' rumored for CES
 Good OS introduce quick boot Cloud OS for netbooks 

Cloud applications
Distributed data storage