omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Daisie Boettner. Daisie Dawson Boettner (née  Wheeler) is an American mechanical engineer, retired United States Army brigadier general, and professor emerita in the United States Military Academy. She is known for her coauthorship of the textbook Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics and for her research on thermal energy storage, heat transfer, and fuel cells.

Education and career
Boettner's father worked for Emerson Electric, and moved with his family, including Boettner, to Paris, Tennessee, where she grew up and was educated. After becoming valedictorian of her high school, she graduated from the United States Military Academy (West Point) in 1981, the first female graduate of West Point from Tennessee. She earned a master's degree from the University of Michigan, and completed a Ph.D. at Ohio State University in 2001.

In the Army, she initially served as a platoon leader in the 50th Ordnance Company. She moved to the 89th Ordnance Company, in Germany, from 1982 to 1985, and then became an ammunition and logistics officer for the 24th Infantry Division from 1986 to 1989, before being assigned to West Point as an instructor and assistant professor in 1991. From 1995 to 1998 she served in Hawaii as a support operations officer and ammunition plans officer, before returning again to West Point.

She became a professor there, in 2008, becoming the first female professor in mathematics, science, and engineering at West Point. She was chair of the department of civil and mechanical engineering before retiring in 2017 after 36 years of service. She was promoted to brigadier general on the occasion of her retirement.

Recognition
Boettner was named as an ASME Fellow in 2017. In 2022, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers gave her their Kate Gleason Award, "honored for outstanding contributions as a mechanical engineer, military officer, role model, and mentor, and for the education development of students pursuing military and mechanical engineering careers".

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
United States Military Academy alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
Female generals of the United States Army
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Kathryn Toghill. Kathryn Toghill is a British chemist who is Professor of Sustainable Electrochemistry at Lancaster University. Her research considers the development of low-cost energy storage systems, with a particular focus on redox flow batteries.

Early life and education 
Toghill was an undergraduate student at Swansea University. She spent a year at the University of Waterloo, where she worked with Linda Nazar on new cathodes for batteries. Her undergraduate research with Nazar was published in Nature Materials. After earning her doctorate, Toghill moved to the University of Oxford, where she developed modified boron doped diamond electrodes and investigated their applications in analysis. At Oxford Toghill designed an electrochemical atomic force microscopy cell. Toghill moved to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, where she worked with Hubert Girault. At EPFL, she developed capabilities in hybrid energy storage, investigating batteries capable of conventional operation and hydrogen evolution.

Research and career 
In 2014, Toghill joined the faculty at Lancaster University. Her research considers low-cost electrochemical energy storage systems including redox flow batteries. This involves the design and synthesis of new batteries and flow cells, electrode materials, as well as the development of strategies for green hydrogen and water valorisation.

In 2022, Toghill was awarded funding from Horizon Europe to develop dual circuit flow batteries for value added chemical production. Dual circuit redox flow batteries can function both as a conventional battery and as a hydrogen fuel cell.

Selected publications

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British women chemists
21st-century British chemists
21st-century British women scientists
Alumni of Swansea University
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of Lancaster University
MIT BURD II. The BURD II was a two-place human-powered biplane, designed and built by graduates and undergraduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is very similar to the original BURD, which suffered a structural collapse during testing in 1975, but incorporated changes to its structure and its control systems.

Background 

Construction of the BURD II began in June 1976 and was completed by September of that year. It differed from the original BURD in several ways. While the wing spars of the original craft were box-beams made from balsa, for the new airplane they were made from carbon fiber. The secondary structure, in addition to balsa, incorporated new materials, such as polystyrene, carbon fiber, and bamboo. The undercarriage's rear wheel was fitted with a shock-absorber. For the control system, changes made included the foreplane being held in a neutral position by bungee cords and, for yaw control, spoilers being fitted to the wingtip endplates, in addition to those located on the lower wing. Further changes included the fuselage having a full frontal fairing, and the central vertical fin, located above the upper wing, being redesigned so that it had a new profile.

Flight attempts with the BURD proved unsuccessful and, when the £50,000 Kremer prize was won in August 1977, interest in the project waned. In October 1978, four MIT undergraduates (all members of the MIT Rocket Society) were given access to the BURD II, with the intention of modifying the craft so that it could be made to fly. In November, two model aircraft engines, rated at 1.50 hp (1.1 kW), powering 12 in (30.5 cm) propellers, were fitted on either side of the fuselage.  A series of taxiing trials, which continued through to late November, were conducted.  On the last test, with Harold Youngren acting as pilot, and also pedalling, the BURD II reached takeoff speed, at which point the foreplane collapsed and the craft veered off course, causing further structural damage. 

After that event, the aircraft was dismantled. Subsequent analysis by MIT graduate Bob Parks determined that the BURD design had fundamental deficiencies in its engineering, with its center of gravity being too far forward, and the wings' box-spars and wire trussing also being inadequate for the task.

Specifications

See also

References

1970s United States experimental aircraft
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear
Biplanes
Biplanes with negative stagger
Canard aircraft
Human-powered aircraft
MIT aircraft
Pusher aircraft
Twin-engined single-prop pusher aircraft
Unflown aircraft
Chandrika Kamath. Chandrika Kamath is a computer scientist and data scientist whose research involves information extraction from scientific data, including methods of digital image processing, video processing, dimension reduction, and feature extraction. Educated in India and the US, she works as a researcher at the Center for Applied Scientific Computing at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Education and career
Kamath is a 1981 graduate of IIT Bombay, where she earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering.  She studied computer science at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, earned a master's degree there in 1984, and completed her Ph.D. in 1986.

After working in the computer industry, including software engineering for the Digital Equipment Corporation, she joined the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1997. There, her research interests shifted from parallel algorithms for numerical computing to her current focus on scientific data mining. At LLNL, she is the team leader for Sapphire, a software tool for scientific data exploration. 

Kamath was one of the three founding co-editors-in-chief of the journal Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, first published in 2008.

Book
Kamath is the author of Scientific Data Mining: A Practical Perspective (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2009).

Recognition
Kamath was named as a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) in 2023, "for community leadership and contributions to data mining and its application to real-world problems in science and engineering".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian computer scientists
Indian women computer scientists
IIT Bombay alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
Bihar Engineering University. Bihar Engineering University is a collegiate public state university in Patna, Bihar, India. It was established by the Government of Bihar.

Nitish Kumar is its first Chancellor. The proposal to establish the University was finalized in 2021. In 2022, the government announced that the BEU would start operating from the campus of Aryabhatta Knowledge University in Mithapur, Patna. In March 2023, the government made it mandatory for all the engineering colleges in Bihar to be affiliated to the BEU.

See also
 List of institutions of higher education in Bihar
 List of educational institutions in Patna

References

Affiliate college 
 List of affiliated college

Bihar
Engineering colleges in Patna
Universities and colleges established in 2021
Pendulum wave. A pendulum wave is an elementary physics demonstration and kinetic art comprising a number of uncoupled simple pendulums with monotonically increasing lengths. As the pendulums oscillate, they appear to produce travelling and standing waves, beating, and random motion.

History 

Ernst Mach designed and constructed the first pendulum wave demonstration around 1867 at Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague. In the Czech Republic, the demonstration is called Machův vlnostroj (Mach's Wave Machine). Prof Eric J. Heller at Harvard University suggested the use of the demonstration to simulate quantum revival.

In 2001, two University of Minnesota Morris researchers have derived a continuous function explaining the patterns in the pendulums using an extension to the equation for traveling waves in one dimension, and showed that their cycling arises from aliasing of the underlying continuous function.

In 2020, illusionist Kevin McMahon, incorporated a massive pendulum wave apparatus, supposedly with flaming cannonballs, as a stunt in Britain's Got Talent (series 14) under the stage name Kevin Quantum.

Design

See also 

 Newton's cradle – a set of pendulums constrained to swing along the axis of the apparatus and collide with one another

References

Pendulums
Kinetic art
1st Surrey Volunteer Engineers. 1st Surrey Volunteer Engineers was an Engineer Volunteer Corps based in Southwark and formed in September 1861. by Major WM Hemming and commanded by Maj-Gen Sandham RE, although the Corps had requested General Sir Charles William Pashley, KCB to take command.

The Corps had approximately 200 enrolled members in October 1861 including a drum and fife band and a company of volunteer firemen to support the London Fire Brigade. The headquarters of the corps was at Prospect Place, St George's Road, Southwark.

Their uniform was very similar to that of the Royal Engineers. A scarlet tunic with blue facings, blue trousers with scarlet stripes, black busby, chain, and white belts.

The corps' first public appearance was on 11 January 1862 when a portion of them marched out, accompanied by their drum and fife band under the command of the acting adjutant.

References 

Engineer Volunteer Corps
Colloidal gold protein assay. The colloidal gold protein assay is a highly sensitive biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (~0.1 ng/μL to 200 ng/μL). It was first described in 1987 by two groups who used commercially available "Aurodye" colloidal gold solutions. Notably, the formulation of Aurodye changed between 1987 and 1990 such that it became incompatible with protein assays, however vendors such as Bio-Rad & Diversified Biotech starting offering colloidal gold formulations that were suitable for protein assays. These products have since been discontinued and there are no vendors that currently explicitly sell colloidal gold for the assay, however detailed synthetic procedures were published to produce the ~17-40 nm gold nanoparticles that are suitable for the assay, along with modifications to increase the shelf stability of the colloidal gold & adapt the assay to microplate format & increase its sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles in the ~17-40 nm size range that are presumably compatible with the assay are currently commercially available.

Mechanism
The total protein concentration is readout by an increase in absorbance at 565 nm, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques, including using microplate readers. Most common reagents, except thiols and SDS, are compatible with the assay. An optimized formulation for the assay to maximize sensitivity in microplate format was described.

Comparison to other assays
While the colloidal gold assay is the most sensitive in-solution colorimetric protein assay, it may be equally sensitive or surpassed in sensitivity by fluorescent protein assays such as the CBQCA,  FQ, NanoOrange, Quant-iT, and EZQ assays.

See also
 Colloidal gold
 Bradford assay
 BCA assay

References

Biochemistry methods
Chemical tests
Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane. Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is a chlorofluorocarbon known as Freon 112, CFC-112 or R-112. It has a symmetrical structure CCl2FCCl2F and so can be called symmetrical tetrachlorodifluoroethane. "Symmetrical" may also be abbreviated to "s-" or "sym-". In contrast an asymmetrical isomer has formula CCl3CClF2.

Production
CFC-112 can be made in a reaction with hydrogen fluoride with hexachloroethane or tetrachloroethane with extra chlorine. This reaction occurs with an aluminium fluoride catalyst with some extra iron, nickel and chromium at 400°C. With the extra metal in the catalyst  yield of the isomer can be 98% compared with the unsymmetrical isomer.

Mixed with perfluorooctane, it is a solvent for polydimethylsiloxane.

CFC-112 can be prepared as a mixture with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons from trichloroethylene and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride when electric current is passed through.

When CFC-11 is packaged with alcohol in a metal container, a free radical reaction can result in production of CFC-112.

Properties
Critical properties are critical temperature 278°C, critical pressure 4.83 MPa at a density of 0.754 g/cc.

Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not flammable.

Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane, like other chlorofluorocarbon compounds reacts violently with sodium, potassium or barium.

Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is not very toxic, and the lethal dose is estimated at 25 g/kg. It is not carcinogenic.

Use
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (mixture of isomers) has been used as a veterinary medicine to treat parasites such as liver fluke in sheep (Fasciola hepatica).

MIL-C-8638 is a military specification for a cleaning solvent that contained tetrachlorodifluoroethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, and isopropyl alcohol. It was used to clean aircraft oxygen systems.

Tetrachlorodifluoroethane can be used as an intermediate in the manufacture of tetrachloroethylene.

Atmosphere
In the atmosphere of Earth, anthropogenic tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane has been found to occur. Between 2017 and 2020 levels, were about 0.52 parts per trillion (ppt). Levels rose from the 1970s till about 1995.

References

Chlorofluorocarbons
Ozone-depleting chemical substances
The Entropy Centre. The Entropy Centre is a puzzle video game developed by Stubby Games and published by Playstack.

Gameplay 
The game's protagonist, Aria, wakes in a lunar facility.  An AI named Astra explains to her that the Earth is about to explode.  With Astra's help, Aria attempts to build up enough entropy that the facility can reverse time and prevent the Earth from exploding.  Aria does this by solving various puzzles on the facility using Astra's limited ability to reverse time.

Development 
Developer Daniel Stubbington was influenced by Portal and Tenet.  The Entropy Centre was released on Windows, PlayStation 4 and 5, Xbox One and Series X/S on November 3, 2022.

Reception 
On Metacritic, the Windows and PlayStation 5 versions of The Entropy Centre received positive reviews; the Xbox Series X version received mixed reviews.  Although Game Informer greatly enjoyed the puzzles, they felt that the narrative elements were not paced as well.  IGN reviewer enjoyed the first 10 hours, but subsequent puzzles struck her as not creative enough.  Conversely, Push Square felt "everything is constantly updated and feels fresh".  However, they criticized the game's asset reuse, which they felt made interiors look indistinguishable.

MCV/Develop nominated The Entropy Centre for most innovative gameplay of 2022.

References

External links 
 

2022 video games
Windows games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games
Single-player video games
Indie games
Puzzle video games
Video games about time travel
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set on the Moon
Playstack games
Johan de Kleer. Johan de Kleer is a computer scientist working as a Research Fellow at Xerox PARC.

Education 
De Kleer earned a Bachelor of Science in computer science and mathematics from University of British Columbia, and Master of Science in computer science and electrical engineering and PhD in artificial intelligence from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Career 
De Kleer is known for his work on qualitative reasoning, model-based diagnosis, design and truth maintenance systems. He won the Computers and Thought award from IJCAI in 1987 for his work in qualitative reasoning.  He is a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and the Association for Computing Machinery.

References

External links 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
University of British Columbia alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Scientists at PARC (company)
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Ruthenium(IV) fluoride. Ruthenium(IV) fluoride is a binary inorganic compound of ruthenium and fluorine with the formula .

Synthesis
The compound was first prepared in 1963 by Holloway and Peacock, who obtained a yellow solid by reducing ruthenium pentafluoride with iodine, using iodine pentafluoride as a solvent.

Subsequent studies have indicated that  produced by this way is impure. The pure, pink compound was isolated for the first time in 1992 by reacting  with  at 20 °C in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, with strict exclusion of water and oxygen. This synthesis exploits the very strong fluoride ion accepting capabilities of the Lewis acid .

Physical properties
 in the solid state is polymeric, with a three-dimensional structure of corrugated layers containing  octahedra joined by shared fluorine atoms. The crystalline structure is similar to that of vanadium tetrafluoride and is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with lattice constants a = 560.7 pm, b = 494.6 pm, and c =514.3 pm, β = 121.27°.

Ruthenium tetrafluoride is an extremely reactive compound which darkens immediately upon contact with moisture, and reacts violently with water to deposit ruthenium dioxide. The compound can be stored in glass containers, which are, however, attacked if the sample is heated above 280 °C.

References

Fluorides
Ruthenium(IV) compounds
Californium(III) oxide. Californium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and oxygen with the formula . It is one of the first obtained solid compounds of californium, synthesized in 1958.



Synthesis
The compound can be prepared by burning ionite in air, on which ions of trivalent californium are sorbed, at a temperature of 1400 °C. It can also be obtained by β-decay of berkelium(III) oxide.

Physical properties
Californium(III) oxide forms a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1750 °C and exists in three modifications. The body-centered cubic modification forms a crystal lattice with a = 1083.9 ± 0.4 pm. The transition temperature between body-centered cubic and monoclinic structures is about 1400 °C.

It is insoluble in water.

References

Californium compounds
Oxides
Joint Mission System. Joint Mission System is a USSF/USAF space command and control system. It has had a troubled development, through phases called Increment 2 and 3.

Also called, e.g. by ESA, the JSpOC (Joint Space Operations Center) Mission System (JMS).

Description

History

See also 
Space Operations Command (SpOC)

References 

United States Air Force
United States Space Force
Polyesteramide. Polyesteramides are a class of synthetic polymers connected by ester and amide bonds.

Types
Common polyesteramides can be separated in to two different types.

Nylon-type
According to Rainer Höfer, nylon-type polyesteramides can be synthesized through the polymerisation of caprolactam or caprolactone, or through polycondensation of synthetic alcohols like 1,4-butanediol. Nylon-type polyesteramides have been investigated for their use in drug delivery systems and smart materials.

Oil-based
Höfer described oil-based polyesteramides as "products of a fatty acid alkanolamide with a dicarboxylic acid (anhydride) such as terephthalic acid or pthalic acid anhydride". These polyesteramides are often manufactured from regional vegetable oils including neem oil.

See also
 Polyester
 Polyamide
 Self healing material

References

Polymers
List of bridges in the United Arab Emirates. 

Historical and architectural interest bridges

Major road and railway bridges 
This table presents a non-exhaustive list of the road and railway bridges with spans greater than  or total lengths longer than .

See also 

 Transport in the United Arab Emirates
 Arab Mashreq International Road Network
 Rail transport in the United Arab Emirates
 Geography of the United Arab Emirates
 List of wadis of the United Arab Emirates
 List of roads in Dubai
 List of bridges and tunnels in Dubai

Notes and references 
 Notes

 

 Others references

External links 
 

United Arab Emirates
 
Bridges
Bridges
Californium(IV) oxide. Californium(IV) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and oxygen with the formula .



Synthesis
Californium dioxide is produced by oxidizing californium with molecular and atomic oxygen at high pressure.

Physical properties
Californium(IV) oxide is a black-brown solid that has a cubic fluorite crystal structure with a lattice parameter, the distance between unit cells in the crystal, of 531.0 ± 0.2 pm. Crystals of californium(III) oxide normally have a body-centered cubic symmetry. They convert to a monoclinic form upon heating to about 1400 °C and melt at 1750 °C.

References

Californium compounds
Oxides
Fluorite crystal structure
Californium(II) iodide. Californium(II) iodide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and iodine with the formula .


Synthesis
It can be produced by reducing californium triiodide with hydrogen in a quartz thin tube at 570 °C:

Physical properties
The compound forms a dark purple solid. At slightly higher temperatures, it melts and reacts with the silica in the thin tube, producing CfOI.

Californium diiodide has two crystal structures, one is -type crystal structure, stable at room temperature, with lattice parameters a  = 743.4 ± 1.1 pm and α = 35.83 ± 0.07°; the other is metastable, of -type with lattice parameters a = 455.7 ± 0.4 pm and c  = 699.2 ± 0.6 pm. Californium diiodide has an absorption band in the wavelength range from 300 to 1100 nm, which proves the existence of Cf(II).

References

Californium compounds
Iodides
Actinide halides