omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bus and Tag. Bus and Tag is an "IBM standard for a computer peripheral interface", and was commonly used to connect their mainframe computers to peripheral devices such as line printers, disk storage, magnetic tape drives and IBM 3270 display controllers. The technology uses two sets of thick, multi-connector copper cables, one set, carrying data, called the bus, and the other set, carrying control information, called the tag.

Bus and Tag cables are "daisy chained"; and one interface can attach up to eight peripheral control units. The last control unit in the chain must have a terminator plug. Each control unit can attach a maximum number of devices, "sixteen is a typical number." There is an architectural limit of 256 devices per channel, and initially a limitation of , later extended to , between the mainframe and the control unit. Bus and Tag channels handle data rates up to 4.5 MB per second. Only one device can transfer data at a time.

Bus and Tag architecture  was also used by other computer manufacturers to attach IBM peripherals to their systems. It was later published by the US National Technical Information Service (NTIS) as FIPS PUB 60-2, I/O Channel Interface.

Bus and Tag  was introduced with System/360 in 1964, and was also used with System/370. With the introduction of serial, fiber optic ESCON in the 1990s Bus and Tag channels were re-christened "parallel channels", and were gradually superseded. "Parallel channels are not available on the newest mainframes and are slowly being displaced on older systems." Equipment is available to allow connection of older devices using Bus and Tag to mainframe FICON or ESCON channels.

Evolution

Originally the System/360 had two types of channel; the byte multiplexor channel and the selector channel. Since that time there have been several extension to the channel architecture.

In 1970, IBM announced the 2880 block multiplexor channel for the 360/85 and 360/195, in support of the IBM 2305 fixed head disk. This channel supports disconnected command chaining, which allows a high speed device to free the channel when performing a requested operation, without terminating the channel program. This channel also has an optional two-byte interface feature (bus extension feature), which allows a second bus cable in order to operate at 3.0 MB/S. In the same year, IBM announced the System/370, which included block multiplexor channels.

As DASD became faster, the original channel protocols could not support the required transfer rates and the two-byte interface was too expensive. As a solution, IBM offered data streaming initially supporting 3.0 MB/s and eventually supporting 4.5 MB/s.

Example
The following schematic shows a complex system with two CPUs and multiple peripherals connected using bus and tag cabling.

Notes

References

External links
OEMI
 

IBM System/360 mainframe line
Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic. Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic (FRCMA) is an American naval aviation maintenance and repair facility headquartered on board NAS Oceana. It is one of 6 main subsidiaries of the Fleet Readiness Centers. FRCMA currently has nearly 2,500 sailors, marines and civilian workers.

Services
Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic performs scheduled maintenance inspection and repair, unscheduled emergency in-service repair, structural and electronic system modifications on numerous carrier based aircraft.

The FRCMA Staff is located in Hangar 200. FRCMA also consists of five different sites: FRCMA Det Oceana, FRCMA Det Norfolk, FRCMA Det Patuxent River, Voyage Repair Team (VRT) Norfolk and Mayport, and FRCMA Aircraft Department (Oceana and Norfolk). These sites support the F/A-18, E-2, C-2, H-60, CH-46, AH-1, UH-1, EA-6B and H-53 aircraft/helicopters, ground support equipment, associated F-414, T-56, T-700, T-400, T-64 engine models, and ARLE.

Innovation
A FRCMA sailor won Athena Project DC, a yearly competition to test the most innovative, time saving and cost saving projects to help the Navy's goals.

See also
Fleet Readiness Center East
Fleet Readiness Center Northwest
Fleet Readiness Center Southeast
Fleet Readiness Center Southwest
Fleet Readiness Center West
Fleet Readiness Center Western Pacific

References

2006 establishments in North Carolina
United States naval aviation
Fleet Readiness Centers
Buildings and structures in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Electric motor brake. An electric motor brake (commonly referred to as an electric brake) is a safety feature incorporated into many modern power tools, such as circular saws, drills, and miter saws. Many manufacturers implement this feature into tools specifically with a spinning blade or cutter.

Usage in corded tools
An electric brake is commonly used in corded tools such as circular saws, miter saws, routers, bandsaws, angle grinders, and more recently, table saws. These mechanisms are designed to prevent injuries resulting from things like kickback or skin-to-blade contact. The way these mechanisms work are almost universally the same; when the trigger or switch is released, the polarity of the electricity running to the motor's brushes is reversed, which decelerates the motor to a stop much quicker than it otherwise would. In circular saws, this feature can reduce the risk of the saw jolting backwards when the saw is set down, as well as prevent damage to the cord or the user. In other tools (such as miter saws or table saws), the brake can reduce the risk of injury to an operator's fingers or hands when the saw is switched off (such as when grabbing a scrap piece off the table). The disadvantage of this feature is that it wears the brushes prematurely when compared to non-brake tools. The first use of an electric brake on a tool was that of the miter saw, invented in 1964 by Ed Niehaus, a tool engineer for Rockwell Tools. Since then, a number of manufacturers have incorporated brakes into their power tools.

Usage in cordless tools
Electric brakes on cordless tools have been prevalent since the invention of the first cordless drill by Makita in 1969. They are found on most cordless tools, with the exception of cordless vacuums and blowers, etc., where such a feature offers no benefit. The way the brake on cordless tools works is slightly different than in corded models; when the switch is released, the motor terminals are shorted together, causing the motor to stop almost instantly by dissipating the rotational energy in the windings. This method is practical for the small permanent-magnet motors in cordless tools, which have low inertia, and is applicable to both brushed and brushless variants. This would not work on corded tools, as they generally use wound field magnets instead of permanent magnets.

References

Power tools
Brakes
Akademik Ioffe. Akademik Ioffe is a research vessel, named after the Soviet physicist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe.

Built in 1988, the vessel has a displacement of 6,600 tons, and a length of . Akademik Ioffe  and Akademik Sergey Vavilov were built as a joint project. Both ships feature a vertical shaft about two meters in diameter, which opens from the main deck into a special room, from which an acoustic receiver or a transmitter can be lowered to below the waterline by means of a winch. The vessels were used for experiments on the long-range propagation of sound in the ocean.

The vessel belongs to the Institute of Oceanology. P. P. Shirshov, of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

She was chartered by One Ocean Expeditions until 2019.

2018 grounding

The vessel ran aground west of the Astronomical Society Islands in the Gulf of Boothia, Nunavut, Canada in August 2018. There were 126 people on board; none were lost. The Akademik is said to have remained aground for 12 hours. The salvage effort cost Canadian taxpayers $513,025.44, in addition to Canadian Coast Guard costs.

Research expeditions
 1st expedition - August - December 1989, together with the R/V Academik Vavilov. Six groups of researchers from the USSR Academy of Sciences. Included - attempts to measure neutrinos, to study the passage of ultra-low-frequency oscillations, etc.
 8th expedition - June - September 2000.
 10th expedition - October - November 2001. Geological studies in the equatorial part of the Atlantic Ocean.
 19th expedition - autumn 2005. Hydrological sections in the Drake Passage, Bransfield Strait and the Loper Strait.
 20th expedition - spring of 2006.
 21st expedition - summer of 2006. Hydrological section 59°30'; from the UK shelf to the southern tip of Greenland.
 22nd expedition - autumn of 2006.
 23rd expedition - summer of 2007. Hydrological section 59°30' from the UK shelf to the southern tip of Greenland, to the port of Iqaluit.
 24th expedition - the fall of 2007. Hydrological section through the Drake Passage.
 25th expedition - summer of 2008. A hydrological section of 59 ° 30 'from the UK shelf to the southern tip of Greenland - the Farwell metro station, ending in the port of St. John's (Newfoundland)
 29th expedition is from October to November 2009.

References 

 Советов Ю. Геологический форум под Южным Крестом // Наука в Сибири : Газета. — 2000. — № 48. — о 8-м рейсе судна
 Колобов В. 32 дня в Атлантике и четыре дебюта // Наука в Сибири : Газета. — 2002. — № 4-5. — о 10-м рейсе судна
 
— описание 29-го рейса судна со слов д-ра А. Переса (Бразилия)

Research vessels of Russia
Research vessels of the Soviet Union
1987 ships
Ships built in Rauma, Finland
Aircraft Industries L 410 NG. Aircraft Industries L 410 NG ("New Generation") is a twin-engine 19-seat aircraft manufactured by the Czech company, Aircraft Industries (formerly Let Kunovice). The aircraft is an upgraded version of the Let L 410 UVP-E20. The first flight took place on 29 July 2015. Serial production of the L 410 NG began in March 2018.

Development
The development of the modernized L 410 was launched in 2010. The first prototype L 410 NG was first presented to the public on July 15, 2015 at Kunovice Airport in Slovácko. The first flight took place on July 29, 2015 at Kunovice Airport. The basic flight characteristics and performance of the airplane, as well as proper operation of the airplane control system, propulsion unit, fuel system, avionics and navigation systems have been verified.

Design
Compared to previous models, the L 410 NG has significant changes. It comes with new, more powerful GE H85-200 engines, combined with quieter AV-725 propellers; a new wing design featuring an integrated fuel tank; a more modern cockpit from Garmin; and a bigger luggage compartment. 

With these improvements, the L 410 NG has doubled the maximum distance it can fly and can carry 500 kilograms in increased payload than the previous model. Like its predecessor  UVP-E20, it will be sold in all variations. It is intended for commercial airlines, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and armed forces. In addition to the passenger version, it can also be configured as a cargo plane. It can be used especially in island states where there is a problem of refueling in remote islands.

Operational history

A series of certification flights were done in accordance with the relevant regulations. Certified by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Russian Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK). Development started in April 2010, costs of the project is 568 million crowns, 237 million was paid by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Czech Republic.

In March 2018, serial production started. The first serial produced L 410 NG traveled to a customer in Russia. Production of 16 aircraft is planned for 2019, half of them will be flown to Russia, six aircraft will be delivered to Kazakhstan and two to Poland.

Specification (L 410NG)

See also

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2010s Czech aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2015
Let aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Ayodeji Karim. Ayodeji Ismail Karim (born December 18, 1970) is the managing director/CEO of Costain West Africa Plc.

Early life and education

Ayodeji Ismail Karim (born December 18, 1970) to the family of Dauda Adebayo Karim in Ibadan North East LGA, Oyo State.

He had his primary education at St George's Boys School, Falomo, Ikoyi, Lagos and his secondary education at the Metropolitan College, Isolo before proceeding to South Thames College, Wandsworth, London where he obtained a National Diploma in Electro/Mechanical Sciences. He also holds a degree in Bachelor of Materials Engineering and Engineering Design/Manufacturing both from the University of Wales, Swansea, UK.

Career and business

Ayodeji worked as a Manager at Le Pain Croissant Ltd, Southall UK, before advancing to Charles Walden & Associates Company Ltd UK as Projects Team Lead.
He served as chief executive officer at Fortis Construction Company Ltd and was employed by Costain West Africa Plc, in Feb. 2007 as Operations Director; He rose to become the managing director/chief executive officer of the construction giant in January 2010, a position he has held to date.

He is the President/CEO of Winchester Farms Ltd. He is one of the corporate leaders in the country.

Professional training and politics

Ayodeji had military training, which spanned through Territorial Army (4th Royal Green Jackets) Basic Infantry Training & Fitness, Senior Rifleman British Army, and Officer cadet, Royal Engineers Advanced Infantry Training, Military Qualification Part 2, UK. He is an Alumnus of the University of Wales Officer Training Corps Wales, British Army, UK. 

He is a candidate for the All Progressive Congress (APC) at the Oyo State Gubernatorial election for 2019.

Personal life
Ayodeji Ismail Karim is married and has children.

References

External links
 facebook page 
 website 

Nigerian politicians
Living people
Yoruba politicians
1970 births
20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Isabel Ellie Knaggs. Isabel Ellie Knaggs (2 August 1893 – 29 November 1980) was a Colony of Natal born crystallographer. She was educated and worked in the UK. She worked with Kathleen Lonsdale on the crystal structure of benzil.

Early life and education 
Knaggs was born in Durban. She may have attended a Froebel kindergarten in Hampstead. She attended North London Collegiate School and later attended Bedford College, London. In 1913 Knaggs joined Girton College at the University of Cambridge to study chemistry. She studied with William Pope on the determination of crystal structures. Arthur Hutchinson appointed her as a research assistant. She was elected as a member of the Geological Society of London in 1921. She completed her PhD, The Relation between the Crystal Structure and Constitution of Carbon Compounds, with Special Reference to Simple Substitution Products of Methane, in 1923 at Imperial College London. During her PhD Knaggs remained as a demonstrator in geology at Bedford College, London.

Research 
In 1925 she was awarded a two-year Hertha Ayrton fellowship to join the Royal Institution. Knaggs worked with William Henry Bragg and Kathleen Lonsdale. She looked at diffuse reflection of x-rays from single crystals. She secured a permanent position in 1927. She determined the crystal structure of cyanuric triazide.

Knaggs co-authored Tables of Cubic Crystal Structures with Berta Karlik and Constance Elam in 1932. She served as an advisor to Burroughs Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline). In her retirement, Knaggs was elected as a visiting scientist to the Royal Institution.

Personal life 
In 1979, Knaggs moved to Australia. On 29 November 1980, Knaggs died in Sydney, Australia.

References 

South African women chemists
1893 births
1980 deaths
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Emigrants from the Colony of Natal
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Lehigh Valley Railroad, Delaware River Bridge. The Lehigh Valley Railroad, Delaware River Bridge is an abandoned railway bridge originally built by the Lehigh Valley Railroad over the Delaware River between Easton, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey. It was constructed by the American Bridge Company in 1901 and 1902 on piers built in 1866.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Delaware River
Lehigh Line (Norfolk Southern)

References

External links

Bridges over the Delaware River
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Railroad bridges in New Jersey
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges in Warren County, New Jersey
Bridges in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Easton, Pennsylvania
Phillipsburg, New Jersey
Interstate railroad bridges in the United States
Lehigh Valley Railroad
Infrastructure of Pakistan. The infrastructure in Pakistan has made some progress over the last five decades. However, compared to other similar countries, the rate of improvement in Pakistan has been among the slowest for the majority of public infrastructure sectors.  Pakistan’s transportation infrastructure has suffered from government neglect. Infrastructure is a backbone of the economy and a well developed infrastructure is not only important to attract foreign investment, it also needed to maintain high growth rate but weak infrastructure has been one of the major factors restricting Pakistan’s economic growth and damaging its investment prospects.

Today, Pakistan is a low-middle-income country with about  242 million people. That not only places abysmally in the human development index, but also faces both rural and urban disparities in poverty, income, and development infrastructure.

Over the past four years, the Pakistani government has successfully staved off a balance-of-payments crisis, achieving some measure of macroeconomic stability. The comparatively poor infrastructural situation of Pakistan by international standards has negatively effected the lives of its citizens. The electricity shortages, lack of proper water and sanitation provisions, and above all else, the increase in population to an alarming level is lowering the standard of living. According to the World Economic Forum Survey (2006-07), of 125 countries, Pakistan ranked 67th in the basic infrastructure category. Historically, a continual imbalance between demand and supply of infrastructure facilities is seen. In The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) 2012-2013 released by the World Economic Forum, Pakistan is graded among the bottom 20 of the 144 economies around the world.

See also
 China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

References

Economy of Pakistan
Infrastructure in Pakistan
Transport infrastructure in Pakistan
Richard A. Jones (physicist). Richard Anthony Lewis Jones (born 1961) FInstP FLSW  is professor of Materials Physics and Innovation Policy at the University of Manchester having been professor of physics at the University of Sheffield until 2020.

Education 
Jones was educated at Denstone College and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he studied the Natural Sciences Tripos and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics 1983. He continued his study at the University of Cambridge where his PhD investigated diffusion in polymer blends.

Career and research 
After postdoctoral research at Cornell University, he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Cambridge based at the Cavendish Laboratory and in 1998 was appointed a professor at the University of Sheffield.

Jones' research investigates the physics of Polymers and Biopolymers at surfaces and interfaces, with implications for polymer blends. He pioneered the use of ion beam methods to study the segregation of one component to the surface of a blend. This in turn led to experiments on capillary wave broadening of interfaces, using neutron reflectivity. His experiments on the thickness-dependence of Glass transitions in thin films has stimulated a new research field. He has extended his studies to the denaturation of proteins at interfaces, demonstrating how the surface hydrophilicity has a strong effect, with implications for problems ranging from fouling to disease.

In 2018 he co-authored The Biomedical Bubble with , which argued that United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) needs a greater diversity of priorities, politics, places and people.

In 2020, Jones moved to Manchester.

Awards and honours 
Jones was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2006 for "substantial contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge".

In 2008 he won the Institute of Physics David Tabor Medal and Prize.

In 2021, Jones was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.

References 

1961 births
Living people
People educated at Denstone College
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Shelia Nash-Stevenson. Shelia Nash-Stevenson is an American physicist and engineer. Nash-Stevenson was the first Black woman in Alabama to earn a PhD in physics.

Early life and education 
Nash-Stevenson was born and raised in Lawrence County, Alabama. She graduated from Austin High School at the age of sixteen. She studied science and electronic and electrical engineering at Alabama A&M University in 1981. She was the first person to graduate from the Alabama A&M University physics masters program, where she was a NASA Fellow. She worked at Marshall Space Flight Center. Her professor, M. C. George, encouraged her to enter a PhD program. She was the first African-American woman to earn a doctorate in physics at the Alabama A&M University in 1994. During her postgraduate studies she had two children. She is three-times magna cum laude. At the time she was one of fewer than twenty African-American women with a physics PhD in the United States. She was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She worked on photon avalanche upconversion.

Career 
Nash-Stevenson joined the United States Army Ballistic Missile Defense Systems Command. She holds a patent for an optical fiber holder. She joined Nichols Research Corporation as a scientist, then Hughes Aircraft Company as a technical researcher. She joined the instrumentation group in Marshall Space Flight Center's avionics lab, where she worked for nearly ten years. She was awarded a NASA Fellowship in 1998, and eventually joined the space craft and vehicle systems group. During her fellowship she returned to Alabama A&M University as a professor. She was at Kennedy Space Center to watch the STS-95 launch. She spoke at the 2013 Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics.

In 2013 Huntsville, Alabama recognised her efforts for the community. She is the only African-American to serve on the Madison City School Board and she's a member of the Madison Rotary Club.

She won the Modern Figure award of NASA and was selected to attend the premiere of Hidden Figures. She took part in several panel discussions and interviews after the film was released. She gave the convocation talk at Elms College in 2017. In 2018 she was honoured by the WEDC Foundation Women Honoring Women program. She was featured in the AT&T Alabama African-American calendar.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Lawrence County, Alabama
Alabama A&M University alumni
NASA people
American women engineers
African-American engineers
School board members in Alabama
21st-century American physicists
American women physicists
21st-century women engineers
African-American school board members
African-American people in Alabama politics
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
African-American physicists