omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ashok Leyland 12M. The 12M is a bus chassis range manufactured by Indian vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland. The "12M" denotes the chassis length which is 11.7 meters. This chassis is primarily aimed at Inter state bus operators has a good presence in Indian roads. The front engine rear wheel driven bus was introduced in 2000s. Currently this chassis is provided with diesel engine only. The chassis has various options like air conditioner, retarder, full air suspension, automated transmission.

BS II 
In the BS II range the bus had 4 engine options, , ,  and . All the engines were turbo charged and inter-cooled.  All variants had 6 speed synchromesh gearbox with overdrive and radial tyres except the  variant which had 5 Speed synchromesh gearbox and cross-ply tyres. The top end  chassis provided with optional air conditioning, retarder and air suspension.

 ALPSV 4/106
 ALPSV 4/107
 ALPSV 4/114
 ALPSV 4/86

BS III 
The company offered the model with 3 engine options when BS III norms become mandatory. 164 hp,  and . The 225 hp variant ALPSV 4/225, was the early bus chassis apart from Volvo buses, to offer common rail diesel engines in BS III platform. The buses also featured 'H' Series engines. The 165 engine came with inline fuel injection pump (FIP) while 180 hp version had electronic diesel control (EDC). All variants came with 6 speed synchromesh overdrive gearbox and optional anti braking system (ABS). The 225 hp engine variant had electromagnetic retarder with an optional Leymatic automated manual transmission.

 ALPSV 4/157
 ALPSV 4/160
 ALPSV 4/169
 ALPSR 3/33 Rear Engine

BS IV 
In BS IV lineup all engines featured common rail with the addition of SCR and i-EGR to meet BS IV norms. The low end 165 hp engine featured Ashok Leyland's indigenous i-EGR while 177 hp, 221 hp had SCR. ABS become a standard fitment. Tyre can be chosen between radials and tubeless radials.

References 

Bus chassis
 
Bus transport in India
Bis-oxadiazole. Bis-oxadiazole, or more formally known as bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) dinitrate, is a nitrated heterocyclic compound of the oxadiazole family.

Bis-oxadiazole is related to bis-isoxazole tetranitrate (BITN), which was developed at the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL). With a high nitrogen content, these compounds are poised to release a large volume of very stable N2. It is a “melt-cast” explosive material that is potentially both more powerful and environmentally friendly alternative to TNT.

Synthesis 
Glyoxal condenses with hydroxylamine to yield diaminoglyoxime (DAG). Treating DAG with  in the presence of base at high temperature, followed by nitration, yields bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole).

Replacement for TNT 
TNT is attractive explosive because it is a melt-castable. A low melting point of about 80 °C and high decomposition temperature of 295 °C allows manufacturers to safely pour TNT into molds. The production of TNT generates hazardous waste, e.g. red water and pink water.

Bis-oxadiazole, which is also melt-castable, is about 1.5 times more powerful than TNT and yet produces less hazardous wastes.

A major challenge in the production of bis-oxadiazole is its low yield.

References 

Military technology
Explosive chemicals
Oxadiazoles
Nitrate esters
Graaff Electric Lighting Works. The Graaff Electric Lighting Works power station is a decommissioned Hydro-electric and steam power plant located in Cape Town, South Africa at the site of the Molteno Dam.

History 
The plant was the first hydro-electric plant in South Africa and first power plant in Cape Town. It was the second electric power plant in South Africa.  The city of Kimberly had power to light up its street lights in 1882. The Graaff Electric Lighting Works power plant was commissioned by the Cape Town City Council in April 1895 after the completion of the Molteno Reservoir that was constructed to help supply potable water to the rapidly growing city.

The plant was named after David de Villers-Graaff who was mayor of Cape Town from 1891 to 1892 and personally funded the construction of the power plant.  Costing £75,000 in 1895, equivalent to £ in . Graaff was a big proponent of the then relatively new technology of electricity, especially for public lighting.  Demand for electricity was driven by the need for street lights to help reduce crime in the city.

The plant had two 150 kW generators which could be driven either by steam or water power.  Water to power the generators was supplied from the Woodhead Reservoir on Table Mountain.  For the twelve months before 30 June 1896 the plant ran for 2590 hours on water power and for 691 hours on coal fired steam power. The plant powered 775 public street lights throughout the city of Cape Town.

The plant was decommissioned in 1920 and declared a national monument in 1993.

Current status 

The power plant building still stands at the west of the Molteno Dam and is a registered national monument.  In 2015 plans were announced to renovate the building so as to house a “Museum for ‘water heritage’”.  However officials also stated that since the site sits close to the reservoir it is unlikely that the site will ever be open to the public due to security concerns.

References

External links

Water supply infrastructure in South Africa
Former buildings and structures in Cape Town
Economy of Cape Town
Former power stations in South Africa
Graaff family
1895 establishments in the Cape Colony
1920 disestablishments in South Africa
Energy infrastructure completed in 1895
19th-century architecture in South Africa
Environmentally friendly red light flare. An environmentally friendly red-light flare was a pyrotechnic (firework) flare which used lithium-based formulations that emitted red light. A flare is used for signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian or military applications. It is based on a non-hygroscopic (not absorbing air) dilithium nitrogen-rich salt that served as an oxidizer and red colorant. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory and the Ludwig Maximilian Institution were credited as the research facilities for developing this product announced in January 2018.

Formulation
As of 2018, this is the first documented red-light flare compound that is based on lithium and does not contain any perchlorates, halogenated materials, or strontium-based materials. This formulation was assessed as having high color quality. To achieve the red-light emission from the flare, the authors report a formulation mixture of powdered magnesium and hexamine as fuels, nitrocellulose, an epoxy binder system, and lithium-based nitrogen salts as the oxidizer and color agent. When burned, users could observe a cool burning flame emitting a deep red color.

Previously, many formulations for red-light-emitting pyrotechnics depended on a chemical reaction involving strontium chloride (SrCl). SrCl emits the red color after the flare is ignited. This chemical compound is known as a metastable molecular emitter, meaning, it is not stable at low temperatures but stable in excited high-temperature combustion processes.

History

Before 2018, the formulations for red-light emitting pyrotechnic formulations included powdered metal fuels like magnesium, aluminum, strontium nitrate and perchlorate oxidizers, as well as carbon-based chlorinated organic materials such as poly(vinyl) chloride.

In 2014, the EPA made a decision to develop regulations on the amount of strontium present in drinking water. Strontium had been detected in 99% of all public U.S. water systems and at levels of concern in 7%. The agency reported that strontium is potentially harmful to human health. This chemical replaces calcium in the bone, interferes with bone strength, and affects skeletal development. The U.S. military training grounds were not included in the above study; therefore, the presence or percentage of strontium in their water systems were unknown. However, strontium was identified to be present in the red flares and signaling fireworks available in 2014. Due to these finding, the developers of the environmentally friendly red-light flare concluded that the development of environmentally safer flares was a necessity for users.

See also

 Colored fire
 Pyrotechnic colorant

References 

Products introduced in 2018
Lithium compounds
Pyrotechnic compositions
Torgeir Moan. Torgeir Moan (born 1944) is a Norwegian engineer and professor of marine technology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

Career
Born on 2 June 1944, Moan graduated as a construction engineer in 1968 and as a doctorate in 1975. He was appointed professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology from 1978.

He has worked with design and analysis of marine constructions such as ships, oil platforms, wind turbines and floating bridges often with specific focus on aspects of safety. He has published around 700 scientific publications.

Moan is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

References

External links
Curriculum vitae

1944 births
Living people
People from Malvik
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Golden Bridge (Vietnam). The Golden Bridge () is a  pedestrian bridge in the Bà Nà Hills resort, near Da Nang, Vietnam. It is designed to connect the cable car station with the gardens (avoiding a steep incline) and to provide a scenic overlook and tourist attraction. The bridge loops nearly back around to itself and has two giant hands, constructed of fibreglass and wire mesh, designed to appear like stone hands that support the structure.

The client for the project was the Sun Group. The bridge was designed by TA Landscape Architecture (under Ho Chi Minh City University of Architecture), based in Ho Chi Minh City. The company's founder, Vu Viet Anh, was the project's principal designer, with Trần Quang Hùng as the bridge designer and Nguyen Quang Huu Tuan as design manager. Construction began in July 2017 and was completed in April 2018; the bridge opened in June 2018.

References

External links
 
 Project description

2018 establishments in Vietnam
Bridges completed in 2018
Bridges in Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Da Nang
Outdoor sculptures in Vietnam
Pedestrian bridges in Vietnam
Stone sculptures in Vietnam
Tourist attractions in Da Nang
Ishikawa Aviation Plaza. is an aerospace museum in the city of Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It is located next to Komatsu Airport.

Aircraft on display
 Sikorsky S-61 (HSS-2B)
 Fuji KM-2
 F-104J Starfighter
 Lockheed T-33A
 Pilatus PC-6 Porter
 Dornier Do 28
 Hughes OH-6J Cayuse
 Hughes TH-55J Osage
 Beechcraft E33 Bonanza
 Bell 47G
 Mitsubishi F-2 (mockup)
 Mitsubishi T-2
 Pitts Special S-2B

See also
List of aviation museums

References

External links

Ishikawa Sightseeing Guide

Museums in Ishikawa Prefecture
Aerospace museums in Japan
Prefectural museums
Komatsu, Ishikawa
Offshore transmission owner. Offshore Transmission Owners (OFTOs) operate and maintain offshore electric power transmission infrastructure in Great Britain, delivering electrical power from offshore wind farms to the National Grid. OFTOs may design and build this transmission infrastructure, but in most cases wind farm developers construct the electrical transmission assets and then sell them to an OFTO once complete.

Operation
In the British electricity market, different functions of the electricity system are separated, with this practice beginning in the 1980s. The activities of generators, transmission operators, system operators, distribution operators and suppliers are separately licensed by Ofgem, with a single business unable to perform multiple functions due to UK Competition Law.

The groundwork for the offshore transmission regime was laid by the Energy Act 2004, with the first offshore transmission license being awarded in 2011. , all the offshore transmission infrastructure in Great Britain has been built by wind farm developers, who are then required to sell their transmission assets to a separately licensed Offshore Transmission Owner.  The divestment must take place before the Generator Commissioning Clause date, on which the exemption from this requirement lapses.

Divestment is managed via a regulated tender process administered by the energy regulator Ofgem.  Qualifying bidders are required to conduct due diligence before submitting a bid to purchase the assets for transfer value determined by Ofgem and receive their bid Tender Revenue Stream (TRS) for a fixed license period. Ofgem then appoints a Preferred Bidder who negotiates the purchase terms with the Developer, after which Ofgem awards a transmission license and the transfer takes place.

Offshore transmission operators

References

External links
 Offshore Transmission (OFTO) regime, now fully in place, set to achieve further savings
 https://www.4coffshore.com/news/race-bank-ofto-merger-approval-nid11189.html
 https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/041219-five-bidders-shortlisted-for-uk-offshore-transmission-assets
 https://www.offshorewind.biz/2019/04/12/five-remain-in-gbp-2-7-billion-ofto-race-in-uk/

Energy companies
Kakogawa Steel Works. Kakogawa Steel Works () is Kobe Steel, Ltd.'s ironworks in Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan, established in 1969. It is responsible for about 80 percent of the company's iron and steel production.

In general
Kakogawa Steel Works started in 1969 in the reclaimed land on the Inland Sea, in the south of Kakogawa City, with the plate mill, using the hot slabs shipped from Kobe Steel Works, its main ironworks at that time, located in Kobe City. Iron plates mainly for the shipbuilding industry were important to the company because it is also a large producer of welding rods at its Fujisawa works.

In 1970, a blast furnace was added in Kakogawa. (Kobe Steel Works stopped its last remaining blast furnace in 2017.) Later, a hot rolling mill, a cold rolling mill, and iron bar/iron pipes mills were added. It is an "integrated" steel works. Titanium processing mill is also located here, Kobe Steel having handled Titanium since 1954.

Currently, about 80 percent of Kobe Steel's iron and steel production is done in Kakogawa. Since 2007, only two of the three blast furnaces are in service.

Environmental concern
Since Kakogawa compared to the city 50 years ago is now a big city with population of about 300,000, and has expanded to the coastal areas at the mouth of the Kakogawa River, next to the ironworks, pollution from the material yards of iron ore and coal has become serious, depending on the direction of the wind. Dust-prevention nets have recently been installed in the neighboring residential area.

Data
Space: 510 hectares
Employees: about 2,500
Annual pig iron production: 6,000,000 tons (the fifth largest in Japan)

Transportation
Twenty minutes by taxi from West Japan Railway Company 's Kakogawa Station
Ten minutes by taxi from Sanyo Electric Railway's Befu Station
Twenty minutes from Japan National Route 2's Kakogawa Bypass (exit at Kakogawa-Higashi Interchange)

See also
Kobe Steel
Japan's Steel Works

References

External links
Official site

Iron and steel mills of Japan
Buildings and structures in Hyōgo Prefecture
Companies based in Hyōgo Prefecture
Titanium companies of Japan
Kakogawa, Hyōgo
1969 establishments in Japan
EETAA 722. EETAA 722 is the French acronym for . It is a well known training school for mechanic apprentices of the French Air and Space Force. Its motto is "Honor, Work and Discipline".

Created in 1949 and located in Saintes, the school provides two years of demanding studies in Aviation and Aerospace.

Students are recruited from the tenth to 12th grade of high school through a national examination. Each year around 200 candidates are accepted and since 1999 it includes girls as well.

Students are aged from 16 to 18 and are nicknamed "s”.  They follow a rigorous training program for either the Baccalaureate or the certificate of professional aptitude (CAP, level V in National classification of levels of training (1969)).

The streams of study offered are:
Baccalaureate in Sciences, option Engineering (SI)
Technological Baccalaureate STI.2D - SIN (Science and Technology of Industry and Sustainable Development, specialty Information Systems and Digital).
Baccalaureate in Aeronautics, specialty MSC (cell system mechanic);
Certificate of Professional Aptitude  "Aircraft Systems Electrician".

Upon graduation most students are admitted to Air Base 721 the next school in Rochefort for non-commissioned officers (NCOs) where they receive further specialized advanced technical training.

Some graduates of the sciences stream with option engineering may attend a preparatory class for the French Air Force Academy.

References

Military training establishments of France
Military units and formations established in 1949
Military units and formations of the French Air and Space Force
Saintes, Charente-Maritime
Secondary schools in France
1949 establishments in France
Educational institutions established in 1949
Aircraft maintenance
Aviation schools in France
Training establishments of the French Air and Space Force
Geoffrey J. Gordon. Geoffrey J. Gordon is a professor at the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and director of research at the Microsoft Montréal lab. He is known for his research in statistical relational learning (a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning) and on anytime dynamic variants of the A* search algorithm. His research interests include multi-agent planning, reinforcement learning, decision-theoretic planning, statistical models of difficult data (e.g. maps, video, text), computational learning theory, and game theory.

Gordon received a B.A. in computer science from Cornell University in 1991, and a PhD at Carnegie Mellon in 1999.

References

Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Cornell University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Microsoft employees
Machine learning researchers
Living people
Odd Hoftun. Odd Hoftun (27 December 1927 – 15 March 2023) was a Norwegian engineer and missionary.

Biography
Hoftun was born in Ål to power station operator Erik Hoftun and schoolteacher Martha Indergaard. He was educated as electrical engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, and subsequently worked at  and Drammen’s elektrisitetsverk (electric power plant). From 1958 to 1995 he worked in Nepal, sent by HimalPartner. Hoftun's first assignment was to lead the construction of a Mission hospital in Tansen, for United Mission to Nepal (UMN). During the construction of the hospital Hoftun found that there was a lack of skilled workers in Nepal and he became the driving force establishing a vocational training centre in Butwal called Butwal Technical Institute (BTI), that opened in 1963.  

Hoftun was further a pioneer and key person in the early development of hydropower in Nepal, through Butwal Power Company Ltd., Himal Hydro Ltd., and Nepal Hydro and Electric (P) Ltd. all initiated by Hoftun under UMN. 

Hoftun was instrumental in the design, development and construction of Tinau Hydropower Plant, not far from Butwal. The power plant is the first run-of-the-river plant in Nepal. Walking the distance from Butwal to Tansen during the construction of Tansen Mission Hospital, he thought of the possibility to develop a watering channel and a tunnel for power. The idea materialized as the Andhi Khola Hydropower Station. The community project which was developed around it received the United Nations Blue Planet Prize in 2004. 

Hoftun was also important in the development of Jhimruk Khola Hydropower Station and the Khimti I Hydropower Plant. 

Hoftun received several decorations from the King of Nepal, and was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit in 1990.

Hoftun died on 15 March 2023, at the age of 95.

Selected works
Fjellandet Nepal (1963)

References

1927 births
2023 deaths
People from Ål
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Norwegian missionaries
Expatriates in Nepal
Norwegian expatriates
People from Butwal
National Highway 122A (India). National Highway 122A, commonly called NH 122A is a national highway in  India. It is a spur road of National Highway 22. NH-122A traverses the state of Bihar in India.

Route 
Vishwanathpur Chowk - Koili - Nanpur.

Junctions  

  Terminal near Vishwanathpur Chowk.
  Terminal near Nanpur.

See also 
 List of National Highways in India
 List of National Highways in India by state

References

External links 

 NH 122A on OpenStreetMap

National highways of India
National highways in Bihar
Flying Nightmares. Flying Nightmares is a flight simulator published by Domark for the Power Macintosh running classic Mac OS. It was a port of the almost identical IBM PC version, SVGA Harrier. It was one of the first commercial PPC native games. It was later ported to the 3DO by Lifelike Productions.

Released on compact disk, it was notable for having a 10 MB introduction video that was not based on actual in-game footage, while the game itself was only 3 MB and was based on SVGA graphics ported from the PC.

Gameplay
Flying Nightmares is a combat flight simulator in a Harrier jump jet. It is combined with a theatre-scale strategic layer.

Reception

Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "this is as good as the 3DO is likely to see, but still not recommended for everyone."

Reviews
GamePro (Nov, 1995)
Electronic Gaming Monthly (Nov, 1995)
Power Unlimited - Mar, 1996
All Game Guide - 1998

References

External links
 Flying Nightmares at GameFAQs
 Flying Nightmares at Giant Bomb
 Flying Nightmares at MobyGames

1994 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Cancelled Sega CD games
Classic Mac OS games
Combat flight simulators
Domark games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Aurora Williams. Aurora Elvira Williams Baussa (born 13 August 1962) is a Chilean business engineer. She was the Chilean Minister of Mining from 11 March 2014 to 11 March 2016.  In an August 2023 Cabinet reshuffle, Boric re-appointed Williams as Minister of Mining, where she would replace Marcela Hernando.

Education
Williams studied commercial engineering at the Catholic University of the North and earned a master's degree from the University of Lleida in Business Administration and Management.

Career
During  from 2006 to 2010, Williams served as a regional ministerial secretary of public works in Antofagasta. This role made her the official responsible for the reconstruction in the area of the city following the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. Later, she worked as an administrative and financial manager for the Antofagasta Terminal International (ATI), a mining company that handled 60% of all mining shipments in Antofagasta Region.

In March 2014, Williams became Minister of Mining, making her the second woman to hold the post since Karen Poniachik. In this capacity, she immediately became president of the board of directors of the state-owned  (ENAMI) and the  (COCHILCO).

During her term as Minister of Mining, Williams repealed the Ley Reservada del Cobre, approved capital funding for the COCHILCO from Codelco, and passed legislation for small copper mining businesses. She was also responsible for the closure of the controversial Chilean-Argentine Pascua Lama and the Dominga projects, and for the rescue of two miners following a flood in a mine in Chile Chico.

Boric re-appointed Williams as Minister of Mining in August 2023, where she would replace Marcela Hernando.

Citations

Living people
1962 births
Catholic University of the North alumni
Ministers of mining of Chile
Radical Social Democratic Party of Chile politicians
Radical Party of Chile politicians
University of Lleida alumni
People from Antofagasta
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit