omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hierapolis sawmill. The Hierapolis sawmill was a water-powered stone sawmill in the Ancient Greek city of Hierapolis in Roman Asia (modern-day Turkey). Dating to the second half of the 3rd century AD, the sawmill is considered the earliest known machine to combine a crank with a connecting rod to form a crank-slider mechanism.

The watermill is evidenced by a raised relief on the sarcophagus of a certain Marcus Aurelius Ammianos, a local miller. On the pediment a waterwheel fed by a mill race is shown powering via a gear train two frame saws cutting rectangular blocks by the way of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks (see diagram). The accompanying inscription is in Greek and attributes the mechanism to Ammianos' "skills with wheels".

Other sawmills 
Further Roman crank and connecting rod mechanisms, without gear train, are archaeologically attested for the 6th century AD water-powered stone sawmills at Gerasa, Jordan, and Ephesus, Turkey. A fourth sawmill possibly existed at Augusta Raurica, Switzerland, where a metal crank from the 2nd century AD has been excavated.

Literary references to water-powered marble saws in Trier, Germany, can be found in Ausonius' late 4th century AD poem Mosella. About the same time, they also seem to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire.

The three finds push back the date of the invention of the crank and connecting rod mechanism by a full millennium; for the first time, all essential components of the much later steam engine were assembled by one technological culture:

See also 
 List of Roman watermills
 Barbegal aqueduct and mill

References

Sources 
 Roman sawmill at Hierapolis

 Roman sawmill at Gerasa

 Roman sawmill at Ephesos

 Possible Roman sawmill at Augusta Raurica

Further reading

External links 
Traianus – The European Portal of Roman Engineering to download "La máquina de serrar piedras", Klaus Grewe's article translated into Spanish, one needs to register at the site for free
Reconstruction of the water-powered sawmill at Ephesos (pictures, videoclips, 3D simulation) 

Ancient Roman watermills
Watermills in Turkey
Ancient inventions
China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation. The China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation is a construction engineering company that builds refineries, pipelines, and other oil and gas related infrastructure. It is a subsidiary of the China National Petroleum Corporation.

Projects
 The US$3.29 billion Habshan–Fujairah oil pipeline was built with China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau, another subsidiary of CNPC. The construction work was carried out from March 2008 to March 2011. The pipeline extends from Habshan, Abu Dhabi to Fujairah and has a capacity of 1.5 million-barrel-per-day.

References

Oil companies of China
Naweed Syed. Naweed I. Syed is a Pakistani-born Canadian neuro-scientist. He is the first scientist to connect brain cells to a silicon chip, creating the world's first neurochip.

Syed has travelled worldwide giving lectures and presentations about the human mind and his mini-chip.
Dr. Naweed Syed is a professor at the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary. He also served for 10 years as the Department Head of anatomy and cell biology, Research Director HBI at the CSM and also the Postdoctoral Program Director – Office of the Vice President (Research) from 2012 – 2016. Syed has served and chaired almost all of the university's senior committees and was Special Advisor to Vice President Research for several years.

Research 
Syed's research is focused at cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain development and plasticity. Specifically, he studies how networks of brain cells assemble during development and are modified throughout life to form the basis for learning and memory. He also investigates how various anesthetic agents affect communications between brain cells and induce cytotoxicity.

After two decades of design, experiments, redesign and observations, Dr. Naweed's two-way brain-chip is almost ready for human trials. At first, the bionic chip will be used to manage patients with epilepsy – especially those who do not respond to any drugs present on our shelves.

Syed has written more than 130 highly cited research papers published in Nature (journal), Science (journal), Neuron (journal) and other prestigious journals and produced several dozen inventions and innovations.

Honours and recognition
Syed is the recipient of the following recognition awards: Outstanding Scientist Award from the Asian Community in Toronto (2004); Canadian Sensation Award from South Asian Media Express Network (2012); Distinguished Achievement Award for Outstanding Contributions to Biomedical Research by Pakistan-Canada Association (2012); Outstanding Collaboration Award, Schulich School of Engineering (2012); Canadians for Global Care Award of Recognition (2015).

Syed has received recognition both in Pakistan and abroad for his immense services to the field of neuroscience. He is the recipient of the prestigious and the highly distinguished Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Medal of Excellence) by the government of Pakistan, and Canada-150 Medal by the Canadian Senate which both of which he received in 2017.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian people of Pakistani descent
Canadian neuroscientists
Canadian academics of Pakistani descent
Canadian inventors
Pakistani neuroscientists
Pakistani inventors
Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz
Waspada-class fast attack craft. The Waspada class is a class of fast attack craft that was built for the Royal Brunei Navy by Vosper Thornycroft in the late 1970s. Three vessels were built, and as of 2009 all three remain in service.  

In 2011 it was announced that Brunei would donate  and  to Indonesia as patrol crafts and training vessels.

Ships of class

References

Classes
Minor warship classes
Small combat vessel classes
Gunboat classes
Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco. Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco is a biophysicist and a professor at The Rockefeller University.

He is known for his work on  thermal ratchets as models of biological motors, auditory biophysics, bailout embeddings, neural coding, other studies of biological networks such as leaf venation, and for placing the date of the solar eclipse mentioned in the Odyssey on April 16, 1178 B.C. together with Constantino Baikouzis of the National University of La Plata.

In 2013, Magnasco formed the m2c2 collaboration with cetacean researcher Diana Reiss in order to study marine mammal communication and cognition. Their interdisciplinary team is probing dolphin intelligence using an underwater interactive touchpad at the National Aquarium (Baltimore).

References

External links 
 Home Page at Rockefeller University 
 Lewis Clark Vanexum Lecture at Princeton on Homer's Eclipse 
 BigThink interview 

1963 births
Argentine biophysicists
Argentine expatriates in the United States
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine physicists
Living people
Rockefeller University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Catcher's Mitt. Catcher's Mitt is the name of a study conducted (beginning in 2009) by the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to "better understand the issues and challenges involved with removing man-made debris from earth orbit." DARPA's goal was to use the study to determine both if DARPA should invest more resources in orbital debris removal and, if so, how to best do so.

History
The study consisted of three primary aspects; an open Request for Information (RFI), an International Conference, and a series of utility studies conducted by DARPA, NASA, and the United States Air Force.

Request for Information
On 17 September 2009, DARPA released a public Request for Information (RFI) through the Federal Business Opportunities website. The RFI called for possible technical approaches to removing a wide range of low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) debris. The request looked for system level concepts that addressed several issues, including 	"Physics-based approaches to debris removal as a system level solution", "The response time of the removal concept", and "An estimate of an economic metric (e.g. $/kg removed or $/particle removed)".
The solicitation period ended on 30 October 2009.  The ASTROS concept was published the following August in Popular Science Magazine. Using Adhesive Synthetic Trash Recovery Orbital Spheres, presented at the conference by Sean Shepherd.

International Conference on Orbital Debris Removal
DARPA and NASA hosted the International Conference on Orbital Debris Removal December 8-10 2009 near DARPA headquarters in Chantilly, Virginia. Topics discussed at the conference ranged from tracking and predicting orbital debris to exotic removal techniques such as using tethers or solar sails to move debris to less populated orbits. The keynote speakers included both NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) program heads. While the conference addressed technical issues (what the earlier RFI focused on), the conference also considered wider concerns, like economic and legal issues.

See also
Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group

External references

Catcher's Mitt Final Report (2011)

References

Research projects
Research in the United States
DARPA projects
Velostat. Velostat, also known as Linqstat, is a packaging material made of a polymeric foil (polyolefins) impregnated with carbon black to make it somewhat electrically conductive. It is used for the protection of items or devices that are susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge. It was developed by Custom Materials, now part of 3M. Velostat is a U.S. registered trademark (4,964,564) of Desco Industries Inc. Desco Industries purchased the assets of the 3M Static Control business on January 2, 2015.

Velostat is piezoresistive; its resistance changes with flexing or pressure. For instance, 25 mm2 of 0.2 mm fresh Velostat sandwiched between two electrodes has a resistance around 9 kΩ without any force applied, but only 1 kΩ when 3 Newtons of force is applied. For material that has been used, those resistances are roughly halved.

Velostat's low cost and piezoresistive properties have made it popular for making inexpensive flex or pressure sensors for microcontrollers. One example is shoes which light up when the wearer steps. Since Velostat's resistance is reduced when pressure is applied, a voltage divider measuring that resistance can indicate when weight is applied or removed from the shoes.

See also
 ESD materials
 Force-sensing resistor (FSR)

References

External links
 Example (in German)

Packaging materials
Herbert C. Harrison. Herbert Champion Harrison (October 4, 1876 – March 6, 1927), is credited with the invention and development of the modern hexagon cellular "honeycomb" automotive radiator and was the founder of the Harrison Radiator Company in 1910. Born in Calcutta, India to British parents, his father was the Controller General of the Indian Civil Service in the British Empire.  One of 12 children, Harrison’s siblings included the British civil servant and MP Francis Capel Harrison, CSI.  Harrison was educated in England at the Rugby School and graduated from Oxford University in 1900 with an honours degree in Chemistry.  In 1907, Harrison moved to the United States as Vice President of the Susquehanna Smelting Company, which moved to Lockport, New York, where Harrison founded the Harrison Radiator Company (predecessor to Harrison Radiator Corporation) in 1910. Harrison Radiator operated as an independent supplier to the growing American automotive industry until sold to Alfred P. Sloan's United Motors Company in 1917.  United Motors was acquired one year later by its largest customer, General Motors. Harrison continued as President of the company until his death in London in 1927.  The company became Delphi Thermal Systems in 1999, but was repurchased by General Motors as part of its components holding company in October 2009. Today it makes radiators and air conditioners.

On  November 17, 1900, Harrison married Florence Maria Kemp in London, England, and they had three sons: Arthur Brydges Branfill Harrison, Charles Aylett Harrison and John H Harrison.  Following his death, Mrs. Harrison remained in Lockport and married the Rev. Henry (Harry) Zwicker, rector of Grace Church, Lockport, New York.

References

American businesspeople
1876 births
1927 deaths
British people in colonial India
British emigrants to the United States
MECIF Protocol. The MECIF Protocol (Medical Computer Interface Protocol), is a rare communications protocol originally developed by Hewlett-Packard to allow external devices (e.g. computers) to communicate with certain Hewlett-Packard patient monitors.  It is a client–server based protocol that uses a modified RS-232 cable to allow a client (e.g. a computer) to send commands to a server (e.g. patient monitor).  The protocol can be used to retrieve vital data from patient monitors, such as ECG, blood pressure and heart-rate signals.

Ownership of the protocol has changed hands many times and was most recently supported by Philips.

Due to the complexity of the protocol, very few software applications currently support it.

References

External links 
 MECIFView - Software application for acquiring data from patient monitors using the MECIF protocol
 MediCollector - Software application for collecting data from patient monitors
 record - Software tools for communicating using the MECIF protocol

Health standards
Cutter Boat – Over the Horizon. The  Cutter Boat – Over the Horizon (CB-OTH), is a cutter-deployed rigid-hulled inflatable boat in service with the United States Coast Guard. It is designed to pursue and interdict fast, non-compliant vessels. As of March 2018, 78 boats have been delivered, and deployed on a variety of cutters, including the Maritime Security Cutters, Hamilton-class High Endurance Cutters, and Famous and Reliance-class Medium Endurance Cutters, and the s. Eventually, at least 101 boats will be deployed.

Design

The Over the Horizon boat is  in length. Its fourth generation is manufactured by SAFE Boats International of Port Orchard, Washington. It is part of a 101-boat order worth up to $58.9 million. The hull is fabricated 5086 marine grade aluminum and it has a  foam collar. It is an inboard/outboard design powered by a  Cummins diesel inboard engine with a Hamilton jet drive.

The boats are equipped with radar, electronic compass, GPS, and other electronic navigation systems, loud-hailer, and both HF and VHF-FM radios.  The boats come equipped with five special shock-absorbing seats, necessary because proceeding at high speed, over waves, could injure crewmember's spines.

A version of the boat with an all-black sponson and forward machine gun mount is used by Maritime Safety and Security Teams and the Maritime Security Response Team.

Use
The Coast Guard's newer cutters, the National Security Cutter, Sentinel-class cutter, and the smaller  are designed with a stern launching ramp. Stern launching ramps permit the cutters to deploy and retrieve water-jet propelled boats, without first coming to a stop.  The Marine Protector-class cutters require just a single crew member to remain on deck to control the deployment and retrieval of its jet boat.

See also 
 USCG Defender-class boat

References

Inflatable boats
Boats of the United States Coast Guard
Vijay Chandru. Vijay Chandru Reddy is an Indian entrepreneur. He is a co-founder and chairman of Strand Life Sciences.

Biography 
Chandru received his bachelor's degree from BITS Pilani in Electrical Engineering, a Master of Science from UCLA in Engineering Systems and a PhD from the MIT Operations Research Center in 1982. He started his academic career in teaching and research in 1982. He served professor as Purdue University for 1982-1992. Later in 1992 he joined at the Indian Institute of Science. From 2003 to 2013 he served as Research Affiliate of the Lab for Information and Decision Systems at MIT.

He has co-authored the book Optimization Methods for Logical Inference, published by Wiley Interscience in 1999.  He is also a founder of the Association of Biotech led Enterprises (ABLE) and continues to serve as an executive council member. He is one of the inventors of the Simputer.

Awards 
Professor Chandru was elected as a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1996 and of the Indian National Academy of Engineers in 2010. Chandru has received the Dewang Mehta Award for innovation in information technology for the development of the Simputer in 2001. In 2006, Chandru received the President's Medal of INFORMS (Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences). Reddy was named a Technology Pioneer of the World Economic Forum in 2006 for his work with Strand Life Sciences and biotechnology. He received the Biospectrum Biotech Entrepreneur of 2007.

See also 
 Bharat Desai
 Gunjan Bagla
 List of Indian entrepreneurs

References 

Businesspeople from Bengaluru
Living people
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Purdue University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
FreeHAL. FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active.

Originally, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum. The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been renamed to FreeHAL because the programming language has changed. The name is related to the computer in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.

FreeHAL uses a semantic network and technologies like pattern recognition, stemming, part of speech databases and Hidden Markov Models in order to imitate a human behaviour. FreeHAL learns autonomously. While communicating by keyboard, the program extends its database.  Currently, English and German are supported.

By using the BOINC platform, new semantic networks for the program are built. FreeHAL@home appears to have terminated operations.

Awards
In 2008, the program won the first prize in the category "Most Popular" at the Chatterbox Challenge, a yearly competition between different similar chatbots.

Publications
There was an article about FreeHAL in the Linux Magazine, Issue 97 from December 2008. In the German magazine com!, the program was on the CD/DVD and in the list of the Top-10-Open-Source programs of the month.

References

External links
 Website archive
 Linux-Magazine Issue 97, p. 94f
 com! Magazine, Issues 4/08 and 5/08 

 Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Free simulation software
History of artificial intelligence
Chatbots
Software using the GNU General Public License
Free artificial intelligence applications
Oseberg South. Oseberg South () is an offshore oil field in the North Sea, located  from the coastline and  south of Oseberg oil field. Oseberg South was discovered in 1984. The field was developed with a fixed production, drilling and quarters (PDQ) facility and is operated by Statoil. The first stage phase processing is done at the Oseberg Øst platform. The second and third phase processing of oil is done at the Oseberg Field Center and it is then transported to Sture Terminal in Norway through the Oseberg Transport System. The development of Oseberg South was approved in 1977. Recent updates include approval of J structure which started producing in November 2006 and Oseberg Sør G Sentral which has been developed in 2009.

Technical features
The sea depth at location is . The platform at Oseberg South, which was built for drilling of 30 wells, includes a  tall steel jacket which supports a total topside dry weight of nearly 14,000 tonnes. It also includes a 100-bed capacity living quarters, first-stage processing facilities, power generation and utility systems and a high performance drilling package. The field produces up to  of oil,  of natural gas and  of water per day. The field consists of ten accumulations within Jurassic sandstones, all in separate structures. The reservoirs lie at a depth of . Production lifetime is estimated at 20 years. It is believed to contain a total of  of recoverable oil and up to  of recoverable gas.

See also

Grane oil field
Grane Oil Pipeline
North Sea oil
Oseberg East
Oseberg Transport System

References

External links
Picture of installation of topsides at Oseberg Sør
Statoil website
Map of Oseberg field from OLJEDIREKTORATET Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

ConocoPhillips oil and gas fields
Equinor oil and gas fields
ExxonMobil oil and gas fields
Oil fields in Norway
North Sea oil fields
TotalEnergies
Cindere Dam. Cindere Dam is a gravity dam on the Büyük Menderes River in Denizli Province, Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey

External links
DSI, State Hydraulic Works (Turkey), Retrieved December 16, 2009

References 

Dams in Denizli Province
Hydroelectric power stations in Turkey
Dams completed in 2007
Çatalan Dam. Çatalan Dam is an embankment dam on the Seyhan River dam in Adana Province, Turkey. It is  north of the city of Adana. Constructed between 1982 and 1997, the development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.

See also

Yedigöze Dam – upstream
Seyhan Dam – downstream
List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey

References

Dams in Adana Province
Hydroelectric power stations in Turkey
Dams completed in 1997
Dams on the Seyhan River
Çubuk-1 Dam. The Çubuk-1 Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Çubuk Stream near Çubuk in Ankara Province, Turkey. It is located 12 km north of the center of Ankara and was built to control floods and provide drinking water to the city. Its construction lasted from 1930 to 1936; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk attended its inauguration on November 3, 1936. It was the first concrete dam constructed in Turkey and the first constructed in Ankara, and is recognized by Turkey's Chamber of Civil Engineers as one of the country's top 50 engineering feats. It is owned and maintained by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works and was constructed at a cost of 2.32 million TRY.

The dam is  tall,  long and made of  of concrete. The aggregate for the concrete was derived from volcanic rock in nearby areas. It has a circular axis of  and its arch-like design was used for stability. Hardly used, its reservoir has a normal volume of  and surface area of . The dam's reservoir used to be a popular recreational area. Silt accumulation in the reservoir along with raw sewage being dumped upstream halted water supply from the dam in 1994. Since then, efforts have been ongoing to remove the polluted silt from the former reservoir bed. The area behind the dam will also be restored into a park once complete. Before being mostly emptied, the reservoir's elevations above sea level were  at full capacity,  at two-thirds capacity and  at half.

See also
Çubuk-2 Dam
List of dams and reservoirs in Turkey

References

Dams in Ankara Province
Gravity dams
Dams completed in 1936