omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Triethylene glycol dinitrate. Triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) is an, ether, nitrated alcohol ester of triethylene glycol. It is used as an energetic plasticizer in explosives and propellants. It is a pale yellow oily liquid. It is somewhat similar to nitroglycerin.

TEGDN is often used together with trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN).

Triethylene glycol dinitrate, diethylene glycol dinitrate, and trimethylolethane trinitrate are being considered as replacements for nitroglycerin in propellants.

References

Nitrate esters
Ethers
Explosive chemicals
Liquid explosives
Monopropellants
Plasticizers
Native Vegetation Management Framework. The Native Vegetation Management: A Framework for action 2002 is a Victorian strategy which aims to protect, enhance and revegetate Victoria's native vegetation. The Framework's main goal is to "achieve a reversal, across the entire landscape of the long-term decline in the extent and quality of native vegetation, leading to a net gain." . The framework is notable for the inclusion of offsets, which allow authorised land clearing, providing there is a net gain in biodiversity, and for the fact that a monetary value is being placed on biodiversity. The "habitat hectare" has been defined as the trading currency of the framework, and provides a reliable and repeatable measurement of the quality of the native vegetation when correctly administered by an experienced assessor.   The trading in "habitat hectares" is a form of biodiversity banking, which occurs in the private market responding to the supply and demand of the available remnant vegetation.

The act is administered by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE).

See also

Conservation in Australia
Environmental issues in Australia
Economics of biodiversity

External links
 Department of Sustainability and Environment
 ABC Background Briefing

Nature conservation in Australia
Biodiversity
Environment of Victoria (state)
Pazmany PL-4. 

The Pazmany PL-4A is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft developed in the United States and first flown in 1972. It is marketed for homebuilding from plans, and 686 sets had sold by 1985. The PL-4A is a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with an enclosed cabin and fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The design features a T-tail, chosen to facilitate folding the wings. Construction throughout is of metal, using standard extruded sections for the longerons and pop rivets as the basic fastener. The standard powerplant is a Volkswagen air-cooled engine of  Construction time is estimated to be around 1,000–1,500 hours.

The PL-4A won the "Outstanding New Design" and "Outstanding Contribution to Low-Cost Flying" awards at the 1972 EAA Fly-In.  By 2000 more than 50 had been built and flown.

Variants
Pazmany PL-4A Standard single seater, normally powered by a  Volkswagen air-cooled engine with V-belt drive reduction.
Denight 100 D2 Special Modified PL4A design to seat two side by side. Main differences are an increase in length by 17 in (450 mm) and in fuselage width by 12 in (305 mm), a more powerful 115 hp (86 kW) Avco Lycoming O-235  flat-four engine and a conventional tail. Maximum take-off weight is 1,250 lb (567 kg).

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
PL-04
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Rob Fyfe. Robert Ian Fyfe  (born 6 May 1961) is a New Zealand businessman and a former chief executive officer (CEO) of New Zealand national airline Air New Zealand.

Early life and education
Fyfe was born in Christchurch, joined the Royal New Zealand Air Force straight from high school, and earned a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) honours from the University of Canterbury in 1982.

Career 
Fyfe rose to be Flight Commander in charge of maintenance of the Air Force's Skyhawk Squadron at the age of 24.

He held positions at Telecom, and Postbank. He was General Manager of the Bank of New Zealand, Chief Operating Officer of ITV Digital in the UK (which went into bankruptcy while he was at the helm) and group general manager of Air New Zealand.

Fyfe succeeded Ralph Norris as Air New Zealand CEO in 2005. He resigned as the airline's CEO as of 31 December 2012.

Fyfe was on the board of clothing designer and manufacturer Icebreaker from July 2012, and its executive chairman from September 2013.

On 28 November 2012, Fyfe was appointed to the board of Antarctica New Zealand. He took up the position in February 2013.

Fyfe was awarded an honorary doctorate of commerce from the University of Canterbury in April 2015.

In late March 2020, he was appointed as a liaison between government and the private sector for the extent of the Covid-19 crisis.

In the 2021 New Year Honours, Fyfe was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to business and tourism.

Personal life 
He currently lives in Auckland, New Zealand.

References

1961 births
Living people
New Zealand chief executives
Air New Zealand
University of Canterbury alumni
People educated at Burnside High School
21st-century New Zealand engineers
20th-century New Zealand engineers
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand people in transport
Turkish Airlines Flight 158. Turkish Airlines Flight 158 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport to Ankara Esenboğa Airport, Turkey. On 16 January 1983, the aircraft operating the flight, a Boeing 727-200, landed about  short of the runway at its destination airport in driving snow, broke up, and caught fire. Of the 67 occupants on board, 47 died.

Aircraft
The aircraft, a Boeing 727-2F2 with three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15 turbofan jet engines, was built by Boeing with manufacturer serial number 21603/1389, and made its first flight in 1978.

Crew and passengers
The aircraft had 7 crew and 60 passengers on board. 47 passengers were killed. All members of the crew and 13 passengers survived the accident with injuries.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1983
Aviation accidents and incidents in Turkey
1983 in Turkey
158
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
History of Ankara Province
January 1983 events in Turkey
Valkenburg Naval Air Base. Valkenburg Naval Air Base (Dutch: Vliegkamp Valkenburg)  is a former air base located just south of Valkenburg, which is part of Katwijk and close to the city of Leiden, that was used by the Netherlands Naval Aviation Service until 2006, being their base for the Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft. The Orions were sold to the German naval air arm and the Portuguese air force, resulting in the closure of the air base.

Though officially closed as an airport, it still sees limited use for special events and by gliders and occasionally small piston aircraft, most from the local flying club Aeroclub Valkenburg. Current plans are to use the area for housing development, but part of the former air base may remain in use for glider flying.

History
Construction of the air base was commenced in 1939, but not completed before the start of the Second World War. Fights around the airfield during the Battle of the Netherlands resulted in significant losses on both sides. After Germany occupied the Netherlands, the German military completed construction of the air base for their own use, naming it Fliegerhorst Katwijk. It was used by the German Luftwaffe until 1943, when it was converted into a decoy airfield.   

On 25 October 1941, it was the airfield from which Franz Von Werra (famed as "the one who got away," the only captured Luftwaffe fighter pilot to escape from imprisonment in Canada and to return to flying with the Luftwaffe) departed on his last flight, from which he did not return.

After the war it briefly served as a home for the Royal Netherlands Air Force air transport wing, but in 1947 the Royal Netherlands Navy received control of the air base. After Ypenburg Airport was closed in 1992, many VIP flights for the government and the Royal Family moved to Valkenburg. The base closed in 2006 after the sale of the Navy's Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft. The former air base still sees limited general aviation, mostly by the local Aeroclub Valkenburg. The area is expected to be redeveloped for housing however, with flying activities most likely being suspended in 2016. One of the hangars of the base has been converted into a theatre, and is currently being used for the musical Soldier of Orange.

In March 2014 Valkenburg was used as the home base for both police and military helicopters providing security during the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit. The military stationed Eurocopter Cougar, AH-64 Apache and CH-47 Chinook helicopters at the former Naval Air Base for this purpose. For additional anti-aircraft protection, the NASAMS system was also deployed. To support the operation, temporary fuel and ammunition storage was created and a temporary air traffic control tower was established.

In January 2018 engineer Henk Hesselink announced that he plans to use the air base to launch drones using a circular runway.

References

External links

 Luchtsport Valkenburg 

Airfields of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Defunct airports in the Netherlands
Airports in South Holland
Katwijk
411th Flight Test Squadron. The 411th Flight Test Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron assigned to the 412th Operations Group of Air Force Materiel Command, stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It conducted the Advanced Tactical Fighter program flyoff competition between the Lockheed YF-22 and Northrop YF-23 prototypes. Following the completion of the competition, the squadron has conducted testing of the Lockheed Martin F-22.

History

The squadron was first activated as the 6511th Test Squadron in March 1989 to conduct the Advanced Tactical Fighter program. It began flying the Northrop YF-23 on 27 August and the Lockheed YF-22 on 29 September 1990, flying both through December 1990, though the airplanes were assigned to the manufacturers rather than to USAF. The YF-22 (and the Pratt & Whitney F119 engine) was declared the winner of the competition on 23 April 1991, and on 2 August 1991 both YF-22 prototypes were transferred to the Air Force.

Though the Number 1 YF-22 returned to the Lockheed Corporation plant to become a ground test bed for production designs, the Number 2 aircraft flew with the 6511th until 25 April 1992, when it was extensively damaged in a landing mishap. The 6511th (redesignated the 411th Test Squadron in October 1992) then spent the next few years planning for the F-22 test program and received the first Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor in February 1998.

Edwards flight testing was completed in December 2004 and the 27th Fighter Squadron at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia was the first squadron to transition to the Raptor, receiving the first operational aircraft 18 January 2005 from Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, where the 43d Fighter Squadron trained Raptor pilots.

On 25 March 2009 an F-22 operated by a squadron pilot, David P. Cooley, crashed 35 miles northeast of Edwards during a training flight.

The squadron successfully tested the F-22 flying on a 50/50 fuel blend of conventional petroleum-based JP-8 and biofuel derived from camelina, a weed-like plant not used for food, in March 2011. The overall test objective was to evaluate biofuel fuel blend suitability in the F-22. Testing consisted of air starts, operability, and performance at different speeds and altitudes throughout the flight envelope. The F-22 Raptor performed several maneuvers including a supercruise at 40,000 ft. reaching speeds of Mach 1.5.

Lineage
 Designated as the 6511th Test Squadron and activated on 10 March 1989
 Redesignated 411th Test Squadron on 2 October 1992
 Redesignated 411th Flight Test Squadron on 1 March 1994

Assignments
 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 10 March 1989
 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – present

Stations
 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 10 March 1989 – present

Aircraft
 Lockheed YF-22, 1989–1991
 Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor, 1998–present
 Northrop YF-23 Black Widow II, 1989–1991

Awards and campaigns

See also
 List of United States Air Force test squadrons

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links

411
Military units and formations in California
412th Flight Test Squadron. The 412th Flight Test Squadron was a United States Air Force squadron.  It was assigned to the 412th Operations Group, Air Force Materiel Command, stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Overview
Speckled Trout is the official name of a combined SAF/CSAF support mission and concurrent test mission.  It was also the official nickname given to a modified C-135C, serial number 61-2669, that was used by the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force for executive transport requirements. Fully equipped with an array of communications equipment, data links and cryptographic sets, the aircraft served a secondary role as a testbed for proposed command and control systems and was also used to evaluate future transport aircraft design.  The 412th Flight Test Squadron (412 FLTS) of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) at Edwards AFB, California operated the C-135 Speckled Trout airframe and managed its test mission.

The name Speckled Trout applies to both the organization and the aircraft. The name was chosen in honor of an early program monitor, Faye Trout, who assisted in numerous phases of the project. The word "speckled" was added because Trout apparently had "a lot of freckles."

Speckled Trout acquired the C-135C, serial number 61-2669, in 1974 and retired the aircraft on 13 January 2006.  An interim aircraft was in use for the Speckled Trout mission until the 2008 delivery of the current aircraft, a modified KC-135R Stratotanker serial number 63-7980 with a more modern communications architecture testbed.  The current KC-135R Speckled Trout also supports additional tests and air refueling requirements that the C-135C could not.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 412th Flight Test Squadron on 22 December 1993
 Activated on 1 January 1994
 Inactivated on 15 May 2015

Assignments
 412th Operations Group, 1 January 1994 – 15 May 2015

Stations
 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1 January 1994 – 15 May 2015

Aircraft
 C-135 61-2669 1974–2006
 KC-135E 57-2589 "Casey 01" 2004–2007
 KC-135R 63-7980 2007–2015
 C-20E/K 70139 "Speckled Minnow" 2008–2009

See also
 List of United States Air Force test squadrons

References

Bibliography

External links

411
Military units and formations in California
Bhāskara's wheel. Bhāskara's wheel was a hypothetical perpetual-motion machine design created around 1150 CE by the Indian mathematician Bhāskara II. The wheel consisted of curved or tilted spokes partially filled with mercury. Once in motion, the mercury would flow from one side of the spoke to another, thus forcing the wheel to continue motion, in constant dynamic equilibrium. 

Like all perpetual-motion machines,  Bhaskara's wheel is a long-discredited mechanism. To truly overbalance the wheel (so that torque in one direction is greater than the other) and cause motion, the radius of the spokes would have to be altered throughout the course of the wheel's motion. This would have to be done actively, thus consuming energy in the process — and so the machine would cease to be a perpetual-motion engine. It's also important to consider the wheel as it moves, as it can be placed into an overbalanced position so that the math makes it appear that there is an overall torque. It is perfectly possible for the wheel to exert a motion if it is placed off balance (much in the same way a pendulum will swing if moved out of a perfectly vertical position), but that motion does not continue indefinitely and will eventually be counteracted.

References

Indian inventions
Perpetual motion
SS Empire Archer. Empire Archer was a 7,031 ton cargo ship  which was built  in 1942. She was renamed Baron Murray in 1946. In 1959 she was renamed Cathay, serving until 1963 when she was scrapped.

History

Wartime
Empire Archer was built by Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Dundee as yard number 395. She was launched on 29 June 1942 and completed in August 1942. Empire Archer was built for the Ministry of War Transport and managed by Raeburn & Verel Ltd.

Empire Archer served in a number of convoys during the Second World War.

JW51B

Convoy JW 51B sailed from Liverpool on 22 December 1942 and arrived at the Kola Inlet on 4 January 1943. Empire Archer was carrying the convoy's Commodore, Captain R A Melhuish. Her cargo consisted of 21 fighter aircraft, 4,376 tons of general cargo, 18 tanks and 141 vehicles. This convoy was unsuccessfully attacked on 31 December by German heavy warships in the Battle of the Barents Sea

RA 53

Convoy RA 53 sailed from the Kola Inlet on 1 March 1943 and arrived at Loch Ewe on 14 March.

KMS 19

Convoy KMS 19 sailed from the Clyde on 25 June 1943 and passed Gibraltar on 6 July. The convoy was operating in support of Operation Husky. Empire Archer was bound for Malta, from where she sailed on 23 July as part of Convoy KMS 19T, arriving in Tripoli on 24 July.

RA 56

Convoy RA 56 sailed from the Kola Inlet on 3 February 1944 and arrived at Loch Ewe on 11 February.

OS 89

Empire Archer was listed as a member of Convoy OS 89, sailing from Liverpool on 15 September 1944 bound for Freetown, Sierra Leone. Empire Archer was due to sail from Aultbea, but did not sail in this convoy.

The reason that Empire Archer was not in the convoy was that on 13 September she had become stranded on Rathlin Island on her way from Sunderland to join the convoy prior to sailing to the United States. She was refloated and then beached off Bangor. Later she was towed to Belfast and then Glasgow for repairs, arriving on 25 September 1944.

JW 63
Convoy JW 63 sailed from Loch Ewe on 30 December 1944 and arrived at the Kola Inlet on 8 January 1945. Amongst Empire Archer's  cargo were Spifire LFIXs MJ188, MJ336, MJ337, MJ400, SM542, SM572, SM588, SM595, SM617, SM619, SM630, SM637 and SM663.

RA 64

Convoy RA 64 sailed from the Kola Inlet on 17 February 1945 and arrived at Loch Ewe on 28 February. Empire Archer was carrying the convoys Vice Commodore.

Postwar
In 1946, Empire Archer was sold to H Hogarth & Sons, Glasgow and renamed Baron Murray. She served with them until 1959 when she was sold to the Cathay Shipping Corporation, Panama and renamed Cathay. In 1963, she was sent to Yokosuka for scrapping, arriving on 24 July.

Official number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers.

Empire Archer and Baron Murray had the UK Official Number 166215. Empire Archer used the Code Letters BDZV.

References

External links
 Photo of SS Baron Murray .

1942 ships
Ships built in Dundee
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Steamships of Panama
Merchant ships of Panama
PDQ Aircraft Products PDQ-2. 

The PDQ Aircraft Products PDQ-2 is a very basic light aircraft originally built in 1973 in the United States, and marketed as plans for a homebuilt aircraft. It was a minimalist design, consisting of aluminum alloy tubes carrying the pilot's seat, a set of monoplane wings and a T-tail. The pilot's position was fully exposed at the front of the aircraft. Power is provided by a single engine mounted pusher-fashion on a pylon above the wings. Originally, this was a Rockwell JLO snowmobile engine, but Ison revised the design to use a converted Volkswagen engine, due to a lack of availability of the first choice of engine. The heavier Volkswagen engine required an increase in structural strength, and the design was revised accordingly. The wings have wooden spars with ribs, and skin of polyurethane foam, all coated in epoxy resin. Fixed, tricycle undercarriage was fitted.

The PDQ-2 uses a NACA 63A615 airfoil.

Plans for the design were still marketed in 2005.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973
Infrastructure Technology Institute. The Infrastructure Technology Institute (ITI) is a federally funded transportation research center at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. ITI was founded by an $18 million grant in 1992, and in 1998 was named one of six "top tier" university transportation centers in the nation and awarded a $12 million, six-year federal grant through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century.
 A primary focus of the work of ITI is structural health monitoring as well as advanced structural modeling methods. Currently, Professor Joseph Schofer is serving as a director of the institute.

References

External links
 ITI homepage 

Northwestern University
University and college laboratories in the United States
United States Department of Transportation
Infrastructure in the United States
Research institutes established in 1992
1992 establishments in Illinois
Academic and educational organizations in Chicago
Trimethylolethane. Trimethylolethane (TME) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(CH2OH)3. This colorless solid is a triol, as it contains three hydroxy functional groups. More specifically, it features three primary alcohol groups in a compact neopentyl structure. Its esters are known for their resistance to heat, light, hydrolysis, and oxidation. More important than TME and closely related is trimethylolpropane (TMP).

Production
Trimethylolethane is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation reaction of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde:
CH3CH2CHO  +  2 CH2O   →  CH3C(CH2OH)2CHO
The second step entails a Cannizzaro reaction:
CH3C(CH2OH)2CHO  + CH2O  + NaOH  →   CH3C(CH2OH)3 +  NaO2CH
A few thousand tons are produced annually in this way.

Applications
TME is an intermediate in the production of alkyd and polyester resins, powder coating resins, synthetic lubricants based on polyol esters, stabilizers for plastics, plasticizers, and pigment coatings based on titanium dioxide. Trimethylolethane based resins have superior weatherability and resistance to alkali and heat. Trimethylolethane is used in some phase change materials. The typical composition is then 63 wt.% TME with 37 wt.% water. The mixture has melting point of 29.8 °C and heat of fusion 218 kJ/kg.  Nitration of trimethylolethane gives trimethylolethane trinitrate, an explosive, monopropellant, and energetic plasticizer.

See also
 Pentaerythritol
 Neopentyl glycol
 Trimethylolpropane

References

External links
 MSDS
 TME

Triols
Alkanols
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate. Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) is a commonly used polymer phthalate in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets or capsules.  It is a vinyl acetate polymer that is partially hydrolyzed and then esterified with phthalic acid. Its main use in pharmaceutics is with enteric formulations and controlled release formulations.

See also
 Cellulose acetate phthalate

References

Vinyl polymers
Acetate esters