omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermization. Thermization, also spelled thermisation, is a method of sanitizing raw milk with low heat. "Thermization is a generic description of a range of subpasteurization heat treatments (57 to 68°C × 10 to 20 s) that markedly reduce the number of spoilage bacteria in milk with minimal heat damage." The process is not used on other food products, and is similar to pasteurization but uses lower temperatures, allowing the milk product to retain more of its original taste. In Europe, there is a distinction between cheeses made of thermized milk and raw-milk cheeses. However, the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) places the same regulations on all unpasteurized cheeses. As a result, cheeses from thermized milk must be aged for 60 days or more before being sold in the United States, the same restriction placed on raw-milk cheeses by the FDA.

Thermization involves heating milk at temperatures of around  for 15 seconds, while pasteurization involves heating milk at  for 15 seconds or at  for 30 minutes. Thermization is used to extend the keeping quality of raw milk (the length of time that milk is suitable for consumption) when it cannot be immediately used in other products, such as cheese. Thermization can also be used to extend the storage life of fermented milk products by inactivating microorganisms in the product.

Thermization inactivates psychrotrophic bacteria in milk  and allows the milk to be stored below  for three days, or stored at  for seven days. Later, the milk may be given stronger heat treatment to be preserved longer. Cooling thermized milk before reheating is necessary to delay/prevent the outgrowth of bacterial spores. When the milk is first heated, spores can begin to germinate, but their growth can be halted or delayed when the milk is refrigerated, depending on the microorganisms' growth requirements. Germinated spores are sensitive to subsequent heating, however since germination is not a homogeneous process, not all spores will germinate or be inactivated by subsequent heating.

References

Food preservation
Ebbe power station. Ebbe power station (Swedish: Ebbes kraftstation) is a hydropower station on the Huskvarna River in Huskvarna, Sweden. It was in operation between 1906 and 1969 and served as an energy source for the Munksjö AB paper mill. Today, it is a technology museum maintained by Hakarps hembygdsförening. Parts of the buildings are heritage-listed and historically important.

References

External links

Hydroelectric power stations in Sweden
HMG Infosec Standard No.1. HMG Information Assurance Standard No.1, usually abbreviated to IS1, was a security standard applied to government computer systems in the UK.

The standard was used to assess – and suggest responses to – technical risks to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of government information.

The modelling technique used in the standard was an adaptation of Domain Based Security.
In confidentiality terms, IS1 did not apply to information which was not protectively marked, but it may still have been used to assess risks to the integrity and availability of such information.

The UK Cabinet Office Security Policy Framework requires that all ICT systems that manage government information or that are interconnected to them are assessed to identify technical risks. IS1 was the standard method for doing this and was mandated by previous versions of the Security Policy Framework, but other methods may now be used.

The results of an IS1 assessment, and the responses to risks, were recorded using  HMG Information Assurance Standard No.2, usually abbreviated to IS2, which concerned risk management and was relevant to the accreditation of government computer systems.

CESG provided IS1 risk assessment tools.

Example
An HMG IS2 Full Accreditation Statement based on an HMG IS1 ITSHC (IT Security Health Check) by Deloitte and subsequent remediation by Recipero of its interface between Recipero's NMPR and the UK government's PNC, which are systems used to track mobile devices for law enforcement purposes was posted publicly. A public HMG IS2 Full Accreditation Statement based on an actual ITSHC (by Deloitte in this case) puts the auditor's reputation on the line, in a way that a confidential statement does not.

See also
Cyber Essentials
Information assurance
Joint Services Publication 440
 Infosec Standard 5

References

Classified information in the United Kingdom
Computer security in the United Kingdom
Information assurance standards
IT risk management
Autodesk Toxik. Autodesk Toxik was an interactive node based, film compositing solution developed by Autodesk Media and Entertainment, a subsidiary of  Autodesk, Inc.

History 
Autodesk Toxic is a film compositing software first released in 2007.

Features 
Autodesk Toxik includes several features such as collaboration-based workflows, dynamic page zooming (that allows faster processing when working with larger video formats), a paint module, a motion path animation, and a "Master Keyer" module. Toxik is based on modules: small extensions that allow Toxik to be adaptive. All modules were installed in Toxik 2008 by default because the module selection system in Toxik 2007 was inefficient.

Current status 
Toxik was integrated in Autodesk Maya in 2010 under the name Composite. It is now free but discontinued.

References

External links 
 Autodesk
 Autodesk Maya

Autodesk discontinued products
Compositing software
Hawkboard. The Hawkboard is a low-power, low-cost Single-board computer based on the Texas Instruments OMAP-L138. Along with the usage of the OMAP ARM9 processor, it also has a floating point DSP. It is a community supported development platform.

As of date, Hawkboard project is closed because of common hardware issue.

External links
 An Open community portal for Texas Instruments AM1808 / OMAPL138 platform — hawkboard.org

References

Embedded systems
Project Second Storey. Project Second Storey, also known as Project Second Story, Project Flying Saucers and also Project Theta, was a committee set up on April 22, 1952 in Canada, to deal with material concerning Flying Saucers.

In 1952, in connection with the establishment of Project Magnet by Wilbert Brockhouse Smith at the Department of Transport, the committee was formed by members of other government agencies and dedicated solely to dealing with "flying saucer" reports. This committee was sponsored by the Defence Research Board. Its main purpose was to collect, catalogue and correlate data from UFO sighting reports.

References 

Ufology
Government responses to UFOs
The Roughs. The Roughs are an escarpment of the North Downs above Romney Marsh in Kent, on the south coast of England. The term is generally applied to the section between Hythe and West Hythe but the structure extends as far west as Bilsington, and the highest point is 106 m just west of Port Lympne Mansion

A concrete sound disk (or Sound mirror) has been built in the hillside. This was used to listen out for approaching aircraft during World War II.

References

Hills of Kent
Alpaero Exel. The Alpaero Exel is a French single seat, single engine pusher pod-and-boom kit-built ultralight motor glider. About 10 had been produced by 2005.

Design and development
The Exel was designed to be sold complete or as a rapid-assembly kit. It is a single seat motor glider with a single engine in pusher configuration mounted high behind the cockpit. A T-tail is carried on a low set boom that extends the bottom line of the nose and cockpit pod.

The mid-mounted wings have carbon fibre spar caps and are glass fibre skinned.  For most of the span the wings have constant chord, but the final 30% is straight tapered on both edges, with winglets an option. The aspect ratio is 16.5.  Flaperons extend from the wing root just into the trapezoidal tip; flap deflections are +5°, 0° and -5°.  Upper surface air brakes are placed at mid chord, halfway along the parallel wing region.

The fuselage is formed from two glass fibre half-shells and plywood bulkheads. The pod ends at the trailing edge of the wing; forward, the single piece canopy produces an almost linear profile to the nose.  Fin and rudder, the latter fabric covered, are straight edged and slightly tapered, carrying a parallel edged, high aspect ratio tailplane with a single piece elevator.  The Exel has a single main landing wheel mounted within an integral fuselage fairing, assisted by a tail wheel mounted in the base of the rudder.  A pair of small outboard wheels protect the wingtips.

The standard Exel is powered by an 18 hp (13.4 kW) JPX D-320 flat twin, two-stroke engine, driving a two bladed pusher carbon fibre propeller which can be folded so both blades point aft for gliding flight. Optionally, a 21 kW (28 hp) Hirth F-33 single cylinder two stroke engine, a four-stroke Briggs & Stratton 21 kW (28 hp) or a Zenoah G-25  single cylinder two stroke powerplant may be fitted. A ballistic recovery parachute is another option.

Operational history
The prototype flew in September 1998 and production started the following year.  By the end of 2005, 9 Exels had been delivered.

Specifications (JPX powered)

References

External links
 Alpaero website

1990s French sport aircraft
Motor gliders
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1998
Peter Arthur Cox. Peter Arthur Cox   (30 October 1922 – 17 November 2018) was a British civil engineer.

Early life
He was born in London in October 1922 and held a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering.

Military career
Cox served as a commissioned officer in the Royal Engineers during the Second World War, being promoted from cadet to lieutenant with 591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers, on 15 August 1943. He was wounded on 17 January 1945 when a pile of mines exploded. He served at the crossing of the Rhine (Operation Varsity) on 24 March 1945 when his glider was the only one to arrive at the correct position at the bridges over the River Issel. He and his small party of Sappers were engaged in heavy fighting before the infantry captured the bridge and they could prepare it for demolition. Cox's party then moved to another bridge, which was under fire and he had to crawl out on his stomach, carrying one explosive charge at a time. The bridge was successfully destroyed before a German armoured counter-attack reached it. Cox was Mentioned in dispatches for his exploits. His war emergency commission was confirmed on 17 November 1948 with seniority of 30 October 1945. He continued in the Territorial Army after the war, and reached the rank of Colonel in 1981.

Engineering career
Cox ended his career as the last senior partner of Rendel, Palmer and Tritton, the consulting firm which under his leadership designed the Thames Barrier.  The firm had been founded in 1838 by James Meadows Rendel and was re-established as Rendel Ltd within the Ingérop group (fr) in 2015. He was also a fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute. He was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the November 1980-1 session and was president of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers for 1999.

References

Bibliography 

        
        
        
        
        
        

1922 births
2018 deaths
British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Royal Engineers officers
Thermal response test. A thermal response test (TRT) is used to determine the thermal properties of the ground. There is no direct way to measure ground thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance. The TRT is vital for designing ground source heat pumps and seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) systems. A TRT is an indirect (in-situ) measurement method which is the simplest and most exact way to determine precise thermal properties (Gehlin 2002). Thermal response tests were first suggested by Mogensen (1983) at an international conference in Stockholm. Mogensen suggested a simple arrangement in which heat at constant power is injected into (or extracted from) a borehole while the borehole mean temperature is measured.

Equipment
The system consists of a borehole, pipe system, circulation pump, a chiller or heater with constant power rate, and continuous logging of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the heat carrier fluid. The equipment is normally contained within a single unit for ease of transport and efficient use. The thermal response data (i.e. temperature development in the borehole at a certain energy injection/extraction) allows estimation of the effective thermal conductivity of the ground and the thermal resistance of the borehole.

Recommendations
In order to fulfil the TRT properly, the following recommendations should be considered (Gehlin, 2002, Sanner et al., 2005 and Kharseh ):
 Use a power load as steady as possible,
 Monitor the development of the inlet and outlet temperature of the borehole,
 The duration of the test is a minimum of 50 hours.

Traditional response tests apply a constant heat flux to the pumped water, however the newer "constant temperature" method, which holds the outflow water at a constant temperature, has been shown to have many advantages, including shortening the test period and in improving the operating stability and test accuracy.

Preparation
Before the test is started, the undisturbed ground temperature must be determined. This can be measured in various ways: e.g., by temperature loggings of the borehole or by measuring the temperature of the circulated water through the borehole without heating over 20–30 minutes. The mean fluid temperature corresponds to the undisturbed mean temperature along the borehole. The next step is to switch on the heater and the monitoring system. During the test, the heat transfer into the ground surrounding the borehole is essentially radial and relatively constant along the borehole.

References

Geothermal drilling
Erkki Oja. Erkki Oja (born 22 March 1948) is a Finnish computer scientist and Aalto Distinguished Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Science at Aalto University School of Science. He is recognized for developing Oja's rule, which is a model of how neurons in the brain or in artificial neural networks learn over time.

Early life and education 
Oja was born in Helsinki and studied at Helsinki University of Technology, where he received his diploma engineer in 1972, licentiate in technology in 1975 and Doctor of Technology in 1977.

Career 
Oja was a research associate at the Center for Cognitive Science at Brown University between 1977 and 1978 and a research fellow at the Academy of Finland from 1976 to 1981. Since 1981, he took up a professorship in applied mathematics at Kuopio University (now University of Eastern Finland). He was a visiting research scholar at Tokyo Institute of Technology from 1983 to 1984. From 1987 to 1993, he was a professor in computer science at the Lappeenranta University of Technology. He moved back to the Helsinki University of Technology (now Aalto University) from 1993 as a professor in computer science. He retired in 2015.

Honors and awards 
Oja is a Fellow of the International Association for Pattern Recognition and the IEEE, and a member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences. He served as chairman of the European Neural Network Society between 2000 and 2005, and as the chairman of the Academy of Finland’s Research Council for Natural Sciences and Engineering between 2007 and 2012. He was awarded the Frank Rosenblatt Award for his contributions to artificial intelligence research in 2019.

Oja was a member of the Board of Governors for the International Neural Network Society (INNIS) in 2003. He received honorary doctorates from Uppsala University and Lappeenranta University of Technology in 2008.

Bibliography

References

1948 births
Living people
Aalto University alumni
Academic staff of Aalto University
Academic staff of Lappeenranta University of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Eastern Finland
Brown University people
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the International Association for Pattern Recognition
Finnish computer scientists
Machine learning researchers
Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
Professional Ethics (journal). Professional Ethics: A Multidisciplinary Journal was a peer-reviewed academic journal that examined ethical issues in the context of the practice of a profession. Established in 1992, the journal published original research on ethics issues in accounting, business, engineering, sports, the military, and other fields. Notable contributors include Carol G. Gould, R. M. Hare, and Daryl Koehn. The journal published special issues in cooperation with professional organizations in several countries, including the Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics, Canadian Society for the Study of Practical Ethics, International Association for the Philosophy of Sport, International Colloquium on Military Obedience, Maguire Center for Ethics and Public Responsibility, and the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. Professional Ethics was published at the Center for Applied Ethics at the University of Florida until 2003. Members of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum have online access to all issues of this journal as a benefit of membership.

Abstracting and indexing
Professional Ethics has been indexed by MEDLINE, The Philosopher's Index, Philosophy Research Index, PhilPapers, and Scopus.

Mergers
In 2004, Professional Ethics was merged with the Business and Professional Ethics Journal. The combined journal is published by the Philosophy Documentation Center, in cooperation with the Institute for Business and Professional Ethics at DePaul University.

See also 
 List of philosophy journals

References

External links 
 

English-language journals
Professional ethics
Academic journals established in 1992
Quarterly journals
Philosophy Documentation Center academic journals
Ethics journals
Publications disestablished in 2003
Defunct journals of the United States
IEC 61355. The standard IEC 61355-1 Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment describes rules and guidelines for the uniform classification and identification of documents based on their characteristic content of information.

It is applied for all documents within the life cycle of a technical products like plants, systems or equipment. It also includes non-technical documents. The main application is the construction, erection and operation of industrial plants where the number of documents of all engineering disciplines may sum up to some 100,000 documents.

During 2024, the new cross-standard ISO/IEC 81355 will be published and will replace the second edition of IEC 61355-1 published in 2008. The new standard will switch from "document classification" to "information classification" methods.

Classification code 

The standard provides with the document kind classification code (DCC) a structured letter-code for the classification of any kind of document.

A public access database IEC 61355 DB is available in order to facilitate the individuation of the correct code to be applied to a document

The document kind classification code consists of three code-letters A1, A2, A3, with the prefix "&".
 A1 Letter code for technical area class
 A2 Letter code for main class
 A3 Letter code for sub-class

The letter code A1 is optional, if all documents are from the same technical area. The letter codes A2 and A3 are identical for all technical areas.

Technical Areas 
The technical areas are:

Classes
The main classes are:

Main classes and subclasses

Table of main classes and subclasses

Source: IEC 61355–1

References

Designation codes for document kind classification codes in power plants (DCC key) published by VGB PowerTech e.V.

ISBN 978-3-86875-331-8

External links 
 

61355
Scanet. Scanet is a defunct, analog train radio system used by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) and later the Norwegian National Rail Administration. The system was developed by Ascom Radiocom and was installed on the primary railways in Norway between 1993 and 1996. The system allows radio communication between a train dispatcher, and train drivers and other users involved in railway operations. Scanet has three main components: the central traffic control, base stations which are located along the railway lines, and mobile station located in the trains. The system is further connected to the internal railway telephone network, where it functions like a regular telephone. Scanet is also connected to the automatic train control system.

However, several lines lack the system, including the Arendal Line, the Flåm Line, the Meråker Line, the Nordland Line, the Rauma Line, the Røros Line, the Eastern Østfold Line, the northern part of the Gjøvik Line, and several tunnels along the Bergen Line and the Sørlandet Line. The Åsta accident in 2000 spurred the need to give all parts of the railway coverage with train radio. On these lines, the dispatcher and drivers must communicate using the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) standard, which by 2002 was being planned terminated by Telenor.

Scanet was replaced by Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway (GSM-R) in 2007. The system, delivered by Nokia Siemens Networks, was on time and on budget, and made Norway one of the first countries to fully implement the system throughout Europe. After GSM-R was fully implemented on 1 November, Scanet was gradually closed. The new system has been characterized as simpler to use and giving better audio quality than Scanet.

See also
 Timeline of train radio in Norway

References

Railway signaling in Norway
Mobile telecommunications standards
Rail transport mobile telecommunications standards
Rail transport mobile telecommunications networks
Scale-invariant feature operator. In the fields of computer vision and image analysis, the scale-invariant feature operator (or SFOP) is an algorithm to detect local features in images. The algorithm was published by Förstner et al. in 2009.

Algorithm
The scale-invariant feature operator (SFOP) is based on two theoretical concepts: 
spiral model
feature operator

Desired properties of keypoint detectors:
 Invariance and repeatability for object recognition
 Accuracy to support camera calibration
 Interpretability: Especially corners and circles, should be part of the detected keypoints (see figure).
 As few control parameters as possible with clear semantics
 Complementarity to known detectors

scale-invariant corner/circle detector.

Theory

Maximize the weight
Maximize the weight = 1/variance of a point 

   

comprising:

1. the image model

2. the smaller eigenvalue of the structure tensor

Reduce the search space
Reduce the 5-dimensional search space by
linking the differentiation scale  to the integration scale

solving for the optimal  using the model

and determining the parameters from three angles, e. g.

pre-selection possible:

Filter potential keypoints

non-maxima suppression over scale, space and angle

thresholding the isotropy :eigenvalues characterize the shape of the keypoint, smallest eigenvalue has to be larger than threshold   derived from noise variance  and significance level :

Algorithm

Results

Interpretability of SFOP keypoints

See also

Corner detection
Feature detection (computer vision)

References

External links
 Project website at University of Bonn

Applications of computer vision
Learning in computer vision
Winging. Winging  may refer to:

 Scapula winging, a condition in which the medial border of a person's scapula is abnormally positioned outward and backward
 Winging, a type of Aerodynamic Flight by which an object moves either through the air by using surfaces to produce lift
 Shovel-shaped incisors, a particular orientation of human teeth
 Wing foiling, a wind powered water sport

Or see
wikt:whinging