omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Schleicher ASH 31. The ASH 31 is a single seat Open Class glider which can also be flown in the 18 metre class configuration.

Design and development
The ASH 31 was announced at the end of 2008 by Alexander Schleicher. The glider was developed as a replacement for the ASH 26. The self-launching Mi version is powered by a  Wankel engine.

The improvements over the ASH 26 and ASG 29 are given as:
 Extended ailerons
 Redesigned wing structure

Variants
ASH 31
Production aircraft with a wingspan of either 18-metres or 21-metres.
ASH 31 Mi
Production aircraft with a retractable engine and propeller for self-launching. It can be flown with a wingspan of either 18-metres or 21-metres.

Specifications (21-metre)

See also

Notes

References

External links

Schleicher website

2000s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
Motor gliders
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2009
Wankel-engined aircraft
SecuriLock. SecuriLock, also known as Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS), is an immobilizer technology that Ford began using select Ford as well as Lincoln, and Mercury models. Each key have a radio frequency transponder embedded in the plastic head with a unique electronic identification code.

Operation
When the a key is inserted and turned to start the vehicle, the on-board computer sends out an RF signal which is picked up by the transponder in the key. In less than one second, the transponder then returns a unique RF signal to the vehicle's computer, giving confirmation to start and continue to run. If the on-board computer does not receive the correct identification code, certain components, such as the fuel pump and on some the starter, will remain disabled.

Replacement keys
Replacement keys, which can be purchased through the dealer or a 3rd party, must be compatible with the vehicle. Before the key can be used to start the vehicle it must be programmed, done by inserting the original key(s) as well as the new key into the ignition.

With PATS I, programming of a new key can be done with just one working key.
With PATS II, two working keys are required for reprogramming. This helped ensure that only the owner of the vehicle can make duplicate keys. If a second working key is not available programming will need to be performed by the dealer.

History
For the 1999 model year, all Ford Motor Company vehicles equipped with the Passive Anti-Theft System use the PATS II system.  The PATS II system was introduced on roughly half of the PATS equipped vehicles for the 1998 model year. The other half of the PATS equipped vehicles for the 1998 model year were equipped with the PATS I system. Many 2000 and later Ford vehicles use the E-PATS system, which uses an encrypted transponder in the key.

List of equipped vehicles
PATS I equipped vehicles include the following.
1998 Contour V6 Duratec
1997-1998 Expedition
1997 Mark VIII
1996-1997 Mustang
1998 Mystique LS
1997-1998 Navigator
1996-1997 Sable (Not all were included.)
1996-1997 Taurus LX and SHO

PATS II equipped vehicles include the following:
2003-2005 Aviator
2002-2003 Blackwood
1998-2002 Continental
1999-2000 Contour V6
1999-2002 Cougar
1998-2006 Crown Victoria
2001-2013 Escape
1999-2006 Expedition
1998-2007 Explorer
2000-2005 Excursion
1999-2014 F150 and F250 LD
2010 Ford Figo
2005-2007 Five-Hundred
2000-2007 Focus
2004–present Freestar
2005–present Freestyle
2006–present Fusion
1998-2006 Grand Marquis
2005-2006 GT
1999-2006 LS6 and LS8
2006 Mark LT
1997-1998 Mark VIII
2003-2004 Marauder
2005-2006 Mariner
2006 Milan
2005-2006 Montego
2004-2006 Monterey
1998-2007 Mountaineer
1998-2007 Mustang
1999-2000 Mystique LS
1999-2006 Navigator
1999-2004 Ranger V6  (In 2006, all Rangers were included.)
1998-2005 Sable
2006-2019 Taurus
1998-2006 Taurus LX, SE, and SHO
2002-2005 Thunderbird
1998-2006 Town Car
1999-2004 Windstar
2006 Zephyr/MKZ

References 
 http://www.simple-talk.com/community/blogs/damon_armstrong/archive/2006/08/30/1906.aspx

Ford Motor Company
Crime prevention
Phosphate glass. Phosphate glass is a class of optical glasses composed of metaphosphates of various metals. Instead of SiO2 in silicate glasses, the glass forming substrate is P2O5.

Discovery 

Dr. Alexis G. Pincus of the American Optical Company supplied aluminium phosphate glass samples for Manhattan Project-era Oak Ridge researchers, and was anecdotally called the inventor in 1945 in a Columbia University researcher's note by Aristid V. Grosse.

Physical properties 
P2O5 crystallizes in at least four forms. The most familiar polymorph (see figure) comprises molecules of P4O10. The other polymorphs are polymeric, but in each case the phosphorus atoms are bound by a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms, one of which forms a terminal P=O bond. The O-form adopts a layered structure consisting of interconnected P6O6 rings, not unlike the structure adopted by certain polysilicates.

Phosphate glasses are highly resistant to hydrofluoric acid. With an addition of iron oxide, they act as efficient heat absorbers.

Iron phosphate and lead iron phosphate glass are alternatives to borosilicate glass for immobilization of radioactive waste.

Unique properties 
Phosphate glasses can be advantageous over silica glasses for optical fibers with high concentration of doping rare earth ions.

A mix of fluoride glass and phosphate glass is fluorophosphate glass.

Silver-containing phosphate glass is used in phosphate glass dosimeters. It emits fluorescent light when irradiated by ultraviolet light, when previously exposed to ionizing radiation, in an amount proportional to the dose.

Some phosphate glasses are bio-compatible and water-soluble and are suited for use as degradable tissue and bone scaffolds within the human body.

References 

Glass compositions
Phosphates
Piel Beryl. The Piel CP.70 Beryl is a French twin-seat, single-engine sport aircraft designed by Claude Piel. It was first flown in France in the 1960s and marketed for amateur construction.

Design and development

Designed by Claude Piel, the Beryl uses the same wing design as the Piel Emeraude but with a new fuselage, exchanging the Emeraude's side-by-side configuration seating for seating in tandem. As originally designed, the aircraft is fitted with fixed, tricycle undercarriage with a steerable nosewheel. Construction throughout is of doped fabric-covered wood.

An aerobatic version, designated the CP.750 was also developed. This differs from the basic CP.70 in having a reduced wingspan, fixed tailwheel undercarriage and a slightly longer fuselage. It retains the CP.70's wooden wings, but the fuselage is built of welded steel tube and still covered in fabric.

Operational history
The Beryl has been homebuilt by amateur constructors and in 2009 there were still four examples active on the French civil aircraft register. The prototype F-PMEQ, completed in 1965 with tricycle undercarriage, was still active in 2014 modified as a CP.703 with tail-wheel undercarriage. Examples of the design have also been completed in Brazil and the United States.

Variants
CP.70
Standard variant for homebuilding powered by a  Continental A65-8F or  Lycoming O-235 engine.

CP.750
a CP-70 with 150 hp Lycoming O-320 engine with a reduced wingspan, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and a slightly longer fuselage.
CP.751
CP-750 with 200 hp Lycoming O-360-A2A engine.

Specifications (CP.70)

Notes

References

 
 
 

1960s French sport aircraft
Piel aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
No. 109 Squadron RAF. No. 109 Squadron RAF was an aircraft squadron of the Royal Air Force.

History
The squadron first formed on 1 November 1917 as 109 Squadron Royal Flying Corps at South Carlton and began training on the de Havilland DH.9 bomber but was disbanded on 19 August 1918 without becoming operational.

Reformed on 10 December 1940 from the Wireless Intelligence Development Unit at RAF Boscombe Down operating a variety of aircraft. The main task was to identify German radio beams and to develop methods to jam them, its secondary role was to develop wireless and radar navigation aids for Bomber Command. In 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Stradishall with the twin-engined de Havilland Mosquito light bomber fitted with Oboe and then, soon, to RAF Wyton where it operated as part of the Pathfinder Force. The use of Oboe was worked out using Mosquitos of 109 Squadron. After four months work the device was put into service to mark the bomb aim point against Düsseldorf on 1 January 1943. The use of Oboe equipped Mosquitos to mark targets was crucial to the success of the RAF's campaign against the Ruhr. The squadron continued performing marking duties till the end of the war, including the last raid on Berlin on 21 April 1945. As the war finished it used its accurate navigation equipment to help drop supplies in the Netherlands. The squadron was disbanded on 30 September 1945 at RAF Little Staughton it had carried out 5,421 operational sorties with the Mosquito with the loss of 18 aircraft.

On 1 October 1945 it was reformed at RAF Woodhall Spa still as a Mosquito unit and provided a light bomber force for Bomber Commander in the post-war years. It eventually re-equipped with Canberras and saw action in the Suez campaign. With the increase of the V bomber force the squadron was no longer needed and was finally disbanded on 1 February 1957 at RAF Binbrook.

Aircraft operated

References
Notes

Bibliography

  
  
 

109
109
Telecommunications in World War II
STARBASE. Science and Technology Academies Reinforcing Basic Aviation and Space Exploration, STARBASE Department of Defense Youth Program is a nonresidential American military educational program for students (grades K-12) that provides them with real-world applications of math and science.  It was created in 1991 through a grant from the Kellogg Foundation.  The first STARBASE program began at Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan.  The STARBASE program provides an innovative approach to addressing three critical problems facing America’s youth: poor preparation in math and science, lack of personal direction, and drug abuse. The STARBASE mission is accomplished through exciting hands-on curriculam and positive caring role models provided by the STARBASE team and military personnel. Beginning in the fiscal year 1993 (FY93), Congress appropriated $2 million to the Air National Guard (ANG) to establish five STARBASE sites. Today the program is authorized pursuant to , as a science and mathematics education improvement program. The Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Navy, and Marine Corps participate in this program.

Program description

STARBASE is a nonresidential program for students (grades K-12, though the main focus is grades 4-8) that provides them with real-world applications of math and science through experiential learning, simulations, and experiments in aviation and space-related fields. The program utilizes instruction modules that can integrate state math and science objectives. A motivational module is included to teach children how to set and achieve goals, take positive action in their lives, and build strong self-esteem.

Students and teachers attend the STARBASE school year program for five complete days.  During the school year, these days may be consecutive or spread over five weeks; teachers use STARBASE-generated material to reinforce learning during regular school days.  In addition to written materials, facilities, simulators, and trainers are made available to the students.

The STARBASE acronym originally stood for "Science and Technology Academies Reinforcing Basic Aviation and Space Exploration". At this time, STARBASE is simply the title of the program, not an acronym.

References

External links

 DoD STARBASE
 DoD STARBASE Youth Program, Manpower & Reserve Affairs, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
 

United States educational programs
American military youth groups
Charles Soret. Charles Soret (born 23 September 1854, Geneva, Switzerland; died 4 April 1904) was a Swiss physicist and chemist. He is known for his work on thermodiffusion (the so-called Soret effect).

Life
Charles Soret was the son of Jacques-Louis Soret, professor of physical medicine at University of Geneva, and Clémentine Odier.  In 1872, Charles  graduated from an art college in Geneva and, two years later, he added a degree in mathematics. In addition, he also attended lectures in physics and other sciences.  He continued studies in mathematics at the Sorbonne, where he received his MA in 1876.  He believed that a good physicist is first of all a good mathematician; therefore, only afterwards he focused on physics in which he obtained a master's degree two years later.

Soon, he was offered a place in the Department of crystallography and mineralogy at the University of Geneva. There, in 1879, he became a lecturer and a full professor in 1881.

In 1879, he published his first discussion on thermodiffusion on the basis of experiments with solutions of NaCl and KNO3 in pipes with heated or cooled ends. He noticed higher concentrations at the cooler end of the pipe. His experiments confirmed the results of C. Ludwig (published 20 years earlier) of which Soret probably did not know.

In addition to thermal migration, he also conducted research on refractometry.

In 1898, he became the rector of the University of Geneva. He died in April 1904 due to gastrointestinal illness, a few days after a successful operation.

Sources

Swiss chemists
Swiss mineralogists
Swiss physicists
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Geneva
Rectors of the University of Geneva
1854 births
1904 deaths
Trimethylolpropane. Trimethylolpropane (TMP) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3. This colourless to white solid with a faint odor is a triol.  Containing three hydroxy functional groups, TMP is a widely used building block in the polymer industry.

Production
TMP is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation of butyraldehyde with formaldehyde:

The second step entails a Cannizaro reaction:
CH3CH2C(CH2OH)2CHO  + CH2O  + NaOH  →   CH3CH2C(CH2OH)3 +  NaO2CH
Approximately 200,000,000 kg are produced annually in this way.

Applications
TMP is mainly consumed as a precursor to alkyd resins.  Otherwise, acrylated and alkoxylated TMP's are used as multifunctional monomers to produce various coatings,  Ethoxylated and propoxylated TMP, derived condensation of from TMP and the epoxides, are used for production of flexible polyurethanes.  Allyl ether derivatives of TMP, with the formula CH3CH2C(CH2OCH2CH=CH2)3-x(CH2OH)x are precursors to high-gloss coatings and ion exchange resins.  The oxetane "TMPO" is a photoinduceable polymerisation initiator. It is may also be reacted with epichlorohydrin to produce the triglycidyl ether.

See also
 Pentaerythritol
 Neopentyl glycol
 Trimethylolethane

References

Triols
Alkanols
Universal memory. Universal memory refers to a computer data storage device combining the cost benefits of DRAM, the speed of SRAM, the non-volatility of flash memory along with infinite durability, and longevity. Such a device, if it ever becomes possible to develop, would have a far-reaching impact on the computer market. Some doubt that such a type of memory will ever be possible.

Computers, for most of their recent history, have depended on several different data storage technologies simultaneously as part of their operation. Each one operates at a level in the memory hierarchy where another would be unsuitable. A personal computer might include a few megabytes of fast but volatile and expensive SRAM as the CPU cache, several gigabytes of slower DRAM for program memory, and 128 GB-8 TB  of the slow but non-volatile flash memory or 1-10 terabytes of "spinning platters" hard disk drive for long-term storage.  For example, a university recommended students entering in 2015–2016 to have a PC with:

- a CPU with a 4×256 KB L2 cache, and a 6 MB L3 cache
- 16 GB DRAM
- 256 GB solid-state drive, and
- 1 TB hard disk drive

Researchers seek to replace these different memory types with one single type to reduce the cost and increase performance. For a memory technology to be considered a universal memory, it would need to have best characteristics of several memory technologies. It would need to:

- operate very quicklylike SRAM cache
- support a practically unlimited number of read/write cycleslike SRAM and DRAM 
- retain data indefinitely without using powerlike flash memory and hard disk drives, and 
- be sufficiently large for common operating systems and application programs, yet affordablelike hard disk drives.  

The last criterion is likely to be satisfied last, as economies of scale in manufacturing reduce cost. Many types of memory technologies have been explored with the goal of creating a practical universal memory. These include:

 low-voltage, non-volatile, compound-semiconductor memory (demonstrated) 
 magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) (in development and production)
 bubble memory (1970-1980, obsolete)
 racetrack memory (currently experimental)
 ferroelectric random-access memory (FRAM) (in development and production)
 phase-change memory (PCM)
 programmable metallization cell (PMC)
 resistive random-access memory (RRAM)
 nano-RAM
 memristor-based memory

Since each memory has its limitations, none of these have yet reached the goals of universal memory.

References

Solid-state computer storage media
Computer memory
Non-volatile memory
Appearance energy. Appearance energy (also known as appearance potential) is the minimum energy that must be supplied to a gas phase atom or molecule in order to produce an ion. In mass spectrometry, it is accounted as the voltage to correspond for electron ionization.  This is the minimum electron energy that produces an ion. In photoionization, it is the minimum photon energy of a photon that produces some ion signal. For example, the indene bromide ion (IndBr+) only loses bromine at an incident photon energy of 10.2 eV, so the product, indenyl, has an appearance energy of 10.2 eV.

See also
Ionization energy

References

Mass spectrometry
Fixation agent. A fixation agent is a chemical that is capable to fixate one substance to another substance that the first substance have little affinity to.

Applications

Pulp and paper production
In pulp and paper production fixation agents are used to fixate pitch or stickies to the paper fibers to transport the problems out of the production process and have a cleaner production plant.

As fixation agents used in pulp and paper production are minerals like talc and bentonite or different cationic polymers like polyDADMAC. The polymer based fixation agents are often called detackifiers as they reduce the tackiness of the pitch and stickies.

Process chemicals
Retention agent. A retention agent is a chemical process that improves the retention of a functional chemical in a substrate. The result is that totally fewer chemicals are used to get the same effect as the functional chemical and fewer chemicals go to waste.

Applications
Retention agents (retention aids) are used in the papermaking industry. These are added in the wet end of the paper machine to improve retention fine particles and fillers during the formation of paper. Retention aids can also be used to improve the retention of other papermaking chemicals, including sizing and cationic starches. The improved retention of papermaking furnish components improves the operational efficiency of the paper machine, reduces the solids and organic loading in the process water loop, and can lower overall chemical costs.  Typical chemicals used as retention aids are: polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethyleneimine (PEI), colloidal silica, and bentonite.

Retention Agents or Retention Aids are often used along with the addition of drainage aids on paper machines. This is done because while retention is enhanced the forming fabrics get choked, resulting in slower removal of water from the paper web. Research done at a manufacturing laboratory in India signifies that over use of flocculants falling under this category can also result in problems during the runnability of machine.

See also
Colour retention agent

Process chemicals
Papermaking
Helicopter Rope Suspension Technique. Helicopter Rope Suspension Technique (HRST) is a military term for techniques and methods of rappelling, fast roping, Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction (SPIE) and Jacob's Ladder operations.  Helicopter Rope Suspension was developed as a means to insert and/or extract, by helicopter, ground forces (primarily reconnaissance teams) into or from rough terrain, urban areas or water.  HRST is designed to be used in situations wherein aircraft landings are impractical due to terrain or tactical situation.

See also
Fulton surface-to-air recovery system
STABO vest

References

Military education and training in the United States
Duality (mechanical engineering). In mechanical engineering, many terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging force (stress) and deformation (strain) in an expression.  

Here is a partial list of mechanical dualities:

 force — deformation
 stress  — strain 
 stiffness method — flexibility method

Examples

Constitutive relation 

 stress and strain (Hooke's law.)

See also
 Duality (electrical circuits)
 Hydraulic analogy
 List of dualities
 Mechanical–electrical analogies
 Series and parallel springs

References

 Fung, Y. C., A First Course in CONTINUUM MECHANICS, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1977

Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering