omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Transistor aging. Transistor aging (sometimes called silicon aging) is the process of silicon transistors developing flaws over time as they are used, degrading performance and reliability, and eventually failing altogether. Despite the name, similar mechanisms may affect transistors made of any kind of semiconductor. Manufacturers compensate for this (as well as manufacturing defects) by running chips at slower speeds than they are initially capable of (underclocking).

Causes
The main causes of transistor aging in MOSFETs are electromigration and charge trapping.

Electromigration is the movement of ions caused by momentum from the transfer of electrons in the conductor. This results in degradation of the material, causing intermittent glitches that are very difficult to diagnose, and eventual failure.

Charge trapping is related to time-dependent gate oxide breakdown, and manifests as an increase in resistance and threshold voltage (the voltage needed for the transistor to conduct), and a decrease in drain current. This degrades the chip performance over time, until ultimately the thresholds collapse. Charge trapping occurs in several ways:
Hot carrier injection (HCI) is where electrons gain enough energy to leak into the oxide, becoming trapped there and possibly damaging it.
Random telegraph noise (RTN) can also result, where the drain current fluctuates between several discrete levels, and is worsened with increasing temperature.
Bias temperature instability (BTI) is where charge leaks into the oxide when voltage is applied to the gate, even with no current flowing through the transistor. When the voltage is removed from the gate, the charges gradually dissipate between milliseconds or hours.

Charge trapping was determined by John Szedon and Ting L. Chu to be a viable means of storing digital information, and was developed into the SONOS, MirrorBit, and 3D NAND flash memory technologies (charge trap flash).

See also
 High-temperature operating life
 Reliability (semiconductor)
 Underclocking
 Raptor Lake § Instability and degradation issue

References

Transistors
Semiconductor device defects
Mary Kendrick. Mary Patricia Kendrick MBE born Mary Patricia Boak (2 May 1928 – 8 June 2015) was a British tidal engineer who was an expert on silt. She worked on many projects but she is known for leading a team working on the Thames Barrier. She broke a 200 year long list of Admirals who looked after keeping the River Mersey navigable when she appointed Acting Conservator of the River Mersey - a role that dates back to 1625.

Life 
Kendrick was born in Nottingham in 1928. Her parents were Dorothy Ellen and Charles Manley Boak. Her father was a haulage contractor and they lived at 19 Curzon Street in Nottingham. In 1951 she graduated with a double first from Cambridge University in English and Geography.

Her first job was at the UK government's Hydraulics Research Station (HRS) at Wallingford. She modestly applied for a job as a secretary and it was the interviewer who decided she should be an Assistant Experimental Officer. Her first task was to study the increasing silt building up in the River Mersey.

In 1964 she was the only female senior manager at the Hydraulic Research Station where she had a team of ten people (all men). That year she won the Telford Medal given annually by the Institution of Civil Engineers for the paper ‘Field and model investigations into the reasons for siltation in the Mersey estuary’, co-authored in 1963 with her colleague (William) Alan Price and published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. She was the first woman to be given this honour.

In 1968 hydraulic studies were funded to understand how a barrier across the River Thames would affect the levels of the river and change the movement of silt, although at that time no particular site had been chosen. Kendrick was asked to lead the project, and credited for having had the idea of protecting London following the tidal surge of 1953, which killed 307 people. The research led to the creation of stations to monitor the measure and the studies were not complete until 1981.

During the 1980s the HRS won a contract to do work to support a Mersey barrage. Kendrick was asked to lead this work. She retired in 1988 but the work did not end. For two hundred years Admirals would be appointed to the position of the Acting Conservator of the River Mersey. Kendrick was to break this run when she became the acting conservator in 1988. It was her responsibility to keep the Mersey navigable for the port of Liverpool. She held that job for ten years.

In 1983 she gave the Verena Holmes Lecture of the Women's Engineering Society concerning her work, having joined the organisation in the early 1970s. (She repeated the talk in Madrid at the International Symposium on El Paisaje del Agua in 1986).

Kendrick died in Henley-on-Thames in 2015.

Private life 
Kendrick married Les Kendrick in 1951.

References 

1928 births
2015 deaths
People from Nottingham
British engineers
Women's Engineering Society
British women engineers
Bomber Restaurant. The Bomber Restaurant operated in Milwaukie, Oregon for 73 years.

In 1947, Art Lacey purchased a B-17 bomber for $13,000 and flew it from Oklahoma to Troutdale. He then disassembled it, transported it covertly, and placed it atop his 48-pump gas station. Lacey also opened the Bomber Restaurant and motel. The gas station was closed in 1991; Lacey died in 2000. The cockpit was removed for restoration, probably in the 2000s. The entire B-17 was disassembled and removed in 2014 for restoration.

The site was listed in Chuck Palahniuk's book Fugitives and Refugees (2003).

References

External links
 Google streetview showing plane minus cockpit section in 2009

2020 disestablishments in Oregon
Milwaukie, Oregon
Restaurants disestablished in 2020
Restaurants established in the 20th century
Restaurants in Oregon
Defunct restaurants in Oregon
Sonny Jiménez de Tejada. Sonny Jiménez de Tejada (1922 – 5 May 2014) was the first Colombian woman to earn an engineering degree in Colombia. Additionally, she held various political positions, such as Deputy of the Departmental Assembly of Antioquia in 1968, Secretary of Administrative Services of the Medellín municipal office in 1975 and executive director of the Prodevelopment Corporation of the Faculty of Mines.

Biography
Sonny Jiménez de Tejada was born  Sonny Jiménez Arbeláez in January 1922 in Medellín, Colombia. In 1941, she entered the Faculty of Mines of the National University of Colombia, where she graduated as a civil and mining engineer in 1946 as the first woman to do so. Later, she completed a Master of Science in Civil Engineering, at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1948. She went on to complete a masters in Urban Physical Planning at the National University of Colombia in Medellin in 1976. She worked with the Women's Professional Association encouraging women to study engineering.

Tejada was celebrated for her work and contribution to women's access to higher education in Colombia.

Personal life
Tejada married fellow engineer José Tejada Sáenz. They had five children, one of whom is a professor of mathematics Débora Tejada. He died in 2011.Tejada died on May 5, 2014, in Medellín.

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
Colombian civil engineers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Colombian expatriates in the United States
Colombian women engineers
National University of Colombia alumni
Hou Ho-shong. Hou Ho-shong (; born 1944) is a Taiwanese engineer and politician.

Career
Hou completed a master's degree in civil engineering at National Cheng Kung University and pursued a doctorate in civil and oceanographic engineering at the University of Florida. His dissertation, The Influence of Equivalent Sand Roughness on the Dispersion Coefficient in Laboratory and Natural Watercourses, was completed in 1976. Hou taught at the National Taiwan College of Marine Science and Technology, as well as National Taiwan University in an adjunct capacity. He joined the Kuomintang, and worked successively for the Taiwan Provincial Government, where he was affiliated with the Institute of Harbor and Marine Technology, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, where he became head of the Transportation Engineering Department, and Kaohsiung City Government, serving as deputy mayor under Frank Hsieh. While serving as deputy mayor of Kaohsiung, Hou was an adjunct professor at National Sun Yat-Sen University. Following Hsieh's reelection as mayor, Hou became a presidential adviser and was replaced as deputy mayor by Yao Kao-chiao. Hou was named vice minister of economic affairs in August 2005, succeeding Yiin Chii-ming. Hou took office the next month. In October 2007, legislator  alleged that Hou and Chen Che-nan suggested that work on 29 missile boats worth NT$15 billion for the Ministry of National Defense be shared between China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC) and Jong Shyn Shipbuilding Company, despite the fact that CSBC had won the bid and reached an agreement with the defense ministry on 24 June 2007. In August 2007, the Nantou District Court detained Hou on charges of influence peddling and bribery, suspecting him of involvement in seven flood control-related construction projects. Economic affairs minister Steve Chen suspended Hou from his duties on 8 August 2007. On 29 November 2007, Hou was indicted on corruption charges by the Nantou Prosecutors' Office. Hou retired from public service on 22 June 2009, before the Control Yuan voted 10–2 on 30 July 2009 to impeach him. The Supreme Court convicted him of corruption in April 2013. He was released on parole in 2015. Hou returned to teaching, at National Sun Yat-sen University, Feng Chia University, National Taitung University.

References

1944 births
Living people
Government ministers of Taiwan
Taiwanese civil engineers
Deputy mayors of Kaohsiung
21st-century Taiwanese politicians
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
University of Florida alumni
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States
National Cheng Kung University alumni
Taiwanese politicians convicted of corruption
1994 Indira Gandhi Airport collision. On 8 March 1994, a Sahara India Airlines Boeing 737 crashed shortly after takeoff. The plane slammed into an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-86, which led to both aircraft being destroyed. All 8 crew members on both planes were killed, along with one person on the ground. There were no passengers on either aircraft during the crash. The cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error.

Aircraft 
The aircraft was manufactured for Busy Bee in 1979. It had also made its first flight on April 25, 1979. The aircraft was sold to Sahara India Airlines in October 1993 and was almost 15 years old at the time of the accident. It was equipped with 2 Pratt & Whitney JT8D-17 engines.

Flight crew 
The flight crew consisted of a flight instructor and three trainee pilots.

Accident 
On Tuesday, March 8, 1994, the Boeing 737-200 took off from Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport, India. At the time of the accident, the Boeing 737-200 had completed five normal training exercises and landings. However, during the sixth training exercise, the aircraft climbed to  when it banked left and crashed at the International Terminal Apron. The wreckage of aircraft hit an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-86 aircraft, Flight 558, parked on Bay No. 45 as a result of which it also caught fire. All 4 crew members were killed, as well as all 4 crew members inside the Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-86 aircraft. Additionally, an employee of an airport oil company was killed when the plane impacted the tarmac.

Investigation 
An investigation by the India Commercial Pilot Association (ICPA) revealed that the accident occurred due to application of wrong rudder by a trainee pilot during engine failure exercise. The flight instructor did not guard or block the rudder control and give clear commands during his role to avoid the application of wrong rudder control by the trainee pilot.

References

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original
Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-86
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1994
Aviation accidents and incidents in India
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by loss of control
1994 disasters in India
Aeroflot
Sahara India Pariwar
March 1994 in India
Bangladesh Blade Factory Limited. Bangladesh Blade Factory Limited () is a Bangladesh government owned company, under the Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation, that manufactures razor blades. Md. Touhiduzzaman is the managing director.

History
In 1976, the Government of Bangladesh proposed an agreement with the proprietors of Wilkinson Sword, based in the United Kingdom, to establish a blade manufacturing factory in Bangladesh. In 1979, Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation passed the agreement for approval to the Ministry of Industry. After approval from the Planning Commission the construction of the factory began in 1980. The factory started commercial production in 1985.

In the 1980s, the company had one of the biggest shares of the double edged safety blade market in Bangladesh. Its market share declined after 2000 when private companies entered the market. Since then production and revenue have declined for the company as well. In the 2013-2014 financial year it produced 76 million blades but that number declined to 47 million by 2019. The Centre for Policy Dialogue recommended that the government close down the factory due to the large number of private producers. They also recommended that the government turn the factory lot into an industrial park with Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority.

Bangladesh government announced plans to off load shares of the company on the Dhaka Stock Exchange in 2010. By 2011, there some difficulties in off loading the shares. In December 2018, Bangladesh government announced plans to modernize Bangladesh Blade Factory Limited.

References

Organisations based in Dhaka
Government-owned companies of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi companies established in 1985
Manufacturing companies established in 1985
Sarala Sagar Project. Sarala Sagar is located in Wanaparthy District, Telangana, India,  away from National Highway 44.

History 
Sarala Sagar Project is the second biggest dam in Asia with siphon technology. It is the oldest project in India after independence Raja of Wanaparthy Raja Rameshwara Rao founded by the Sarala Sagar Dam Project that has incorporated siphon technology from California, United States. 1949 project was inaugurated by the military former Governor of Hyderabad General J.N Chowdary. The project construction stopped 9 years due to some unknown reasons and was later resumed in 1959. Presently this project provides irrigating a vast area of 4,182 Acres of agricultural land in the Wanaparthy district.

The project 
Sarala sagar Dam capacity is 0.5 tmcft. Construction of the dam was started on September 15, 1949. Most of the catchment area upstream of this dam is located in Mahabubnagar. Telangana Government has taken priority to construct Mission Kakatiya Phase-III work Rs 2.30 crore for desilting and repair of guide walls of the sarala sagar.

Gallery

References 

Dams in Telangana
Irrigation projects
Irrigation in India
Wanaparthy district
Pamela McCauley. Pamela McCauley (formerly McCauley-Bush; born 1963) is an American engineer. She was the first African-American woman granted an engineering Ph.D. in the state of Oklahoma.

Background
McCauley became a Martin Luther King, Jr. visiting associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McCauley is professor and director of the Ergonomics Laboratory in the University of Central Florida Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems since 1993. McCauley was the program director for the National Science Foundation's I-Core program from 2018-2020.

McCauley became a mother at the age of 15. In 2013, McCauley was invited to the Orlando BETA Center to speak to the teenage mothers to share her story and encourage them to pursue technical career.

McCauley founded T-STEM, which advocates for national STEM education, leadership, diversity and innovation initiatives in coordination with universities, colleagues and schools.

McCauley worked as chief technology officer of Bush Enterprises between 1999 and 2012, where is provided technical and analytic support, software development, and industrial engineering.

Books
McCauley has authored several books, including Winners Don't Quit: Today They Call Me Doctor published in 2010, Transforming Your STEM Career Through Leadership and Innovation: Inspiration and Strategies for Women published in 2012, and Ergonomics: Foundational Principles, Applications and Technologies (Ergonomics Design Mgmt Theory) (Ergonomics Design & Mgmt. Theory & Applications) published in 2011.

Awards
In 2012 McCauley was awarded a U.S. Fulbright Scholar for mathematically modeling human factors and related risks in disaster management.

References

1963 births
Living people
University of Oklahoma alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology people
University of Central Florida faculty
Scientists from Oklahoma
American women engineers
African-American engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American women writers
American women academics
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
Dan Zhang (academic). Dan Zhang (born 1978) is a Chinese-American operations researcher. He is professor of operations management in the Leeds School of Business of the University of Colorado Boulder.

Education and career
Zhang was born in 1978 in China, and is a naturalized citizen of the US. He received his Ph.D. in industrial engineering from University of Minnesota in 2005 after B.E. in mechanical engineering M.E. in manufacturing engineering, both from Chongqing University in China. Following completion of his Ph.D., Zhang was a visiting scholar at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. Zhang's first faculty position was as an assistant professor at the Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University. Zhang joined the University of Colorado-Boulder as an assistant professor of operations management in 2011, and became professor of operations management in 2018.

Service
Zhang served as chair of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Revenue Management and Pricing Section beginning in 2017. He was also president of the INFORMS Rocky Mountain Section for 2016–2017.

References

External links
Home page

1978 births
Living people
Operations researchers
Chongqing University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Academic staff of McGill University
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
William H. Robinson. William Hugh Robinson is an American engineer who is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Vice Provost for Academic at Vanderbilt University. His research considers sophisticated computer systems for consumer and industrial use. He is an advocate for improving access to engineering, and leads several investigations into programmes that better support people from marginalised groups.

Early life and education 
Robinson studied electrical engineering at the Florida A&M University. He was a graduate student at the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing, where he earned a master's degree and a doctorate. His doctoral research was in the portable image computation architecture group of D. Scott Wills. Robinson earned his PhD in 2003, where was made an Assistant Professor of Engineering.

Research and career 
Robinson leads the Security And Fault Tolerance (SAF-T) Research group at Vanderbilt University. In particular, his work focuses on the design and implementation of computing systems for industrial and medical applications. In these systems, Robinson makes use of information leakage to bridge the fields of computer networking and architecture. In 2010 Robinson was the first African-American to earn tenure in the department of engineering, and in 2018 became the first African-American to achieve tenure.  Robinson is a two-time winner of the Florida A&M University alumni awards, in both the Young and Outstanding categories.

Academic service 
Robinson has worked on several projects to improve diversity within science and engineering. He serves as chair of the 100 Black Men of Middle Tennessee, an organisation that looks to In 2016 he was awarded the Vanderbilt University Chancellor's Award for Research on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. That year he was made Associate Dean. Robinson contributed to the book Diversifying STEM, which studied the intersection of race, gender and participation in science and engineering. Robinson leads the Vanderbilt University Explorations in Diversifying Engineering Faculty Initiative, a multi-disciplinary research programme that looks to better understand the factors that impact recruitment and retention of engineers who have been marginalised because of their race or gender. He was elected Chair of the Vanderbilt University Diversity Council in 2019. In this capacity, he leads the Academic Pathways programme which offers postdoctoral positions to researchers from marginalised groups. In June 2020 he was made Executive Director of the Vanderbilt University Provost's Office for Inclusive Excellence.

Selected publications

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
African-American engineers
American computer scientists
American engineers
Florida A&M University alumni
Vanderbilt University faculty
Georgia Tech alumni
Beebe Lake (Ithaca, New York). Beebe Lake /bibi/ is a reservoir in Ithaca, New York, located on the campus of Cornell University.

History

Formation
Beebe Lake was once a forested swamp. A pond was formed when Ezra Cornell constructed a dam on Fall Creek in 1838, above Triphammer Falls, to provide power to the mills owned by Jeremiah S. Beebe. Cornell constructed a tunnel 200 feet long and 15 feet high to channel the water, raising the water level 18 feet. In 1898, the dam was raised an additional ten feet, turning the pond into a proper lake.

The lake is dredged approximately once a decade in order to prevent it from returning to its original wetland state.

Winter recreation

Beebe Lake became a major local destination for winter recreation starting in the 1890s. The space was maintained by the Cornell Athletic Association but open to the public for ice skating. Ithaca Street Railway trolleys would announce that the ice was open for skating by displaying a white banner with red ball. Trolley passengers with skates rode for half price. In the Spring when the ice melted, sometimes local children would break of chunks of ice with poles, and ride the ice rafts downstream. 

A toboggan slide was a popular attraction on Beebe Lake for the first half of the 20th Century. The first one was erected around 1900 and made of wood; it was replaced by a steel slide in the 1920s. Although dangerous and costly to operate, it remained enormously popular, until Cornell removed the slide in 1949. 

In the early 20th Century, Cornell fraternities held ice castle building competitions, creating intricate structures with decorated pillars.

The lake was also Cornell's primary venue for ice hockey matches during the first decades of the sport.  However, the ice would sometimes melt just before a scheduled contest, making it an unreliable venue. In 1957 Lynah Rink was constructed, freeing the hockey team from the unpredictability of the climate.

In recent decades, the lake remains a popular spot for paddling by organizations such as the Cornell Outing Club.

References 

Cornell University
Lakes of Tompkins County, New York
Artificial lakes of the United States
1838 establishments in New York (state)