omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
KazKuat. KazKuat is a state-owned organization established in February 2005 to accelerate the development of the domestic hydro-electric sector in Kazakhstan. KazKuat's main goal is to construct and modernise electric power plants in the country The company is responsible for overlooking the building of the $81m Kerbulak Power Station on the Ili River to increase the capacity of the Kapshagai plant by 160 MW to provide peak-load power during the winter. KazKuat is also responsible for the modernisation plans, estimated at a cost of $47.9m, of Shardarin Power Station and a $270m project on the Bulak Power Station on the Irtysh River.

References

Hydroelectricity in Kazakhstan
Energy companies of Kazakhstan
Sydney Ernest Smith. Colonel Sydney Ernest Smith CBE (24 April 1881 – 11 June 1943) was an English pioneer aviator, soldier, airman and company director.

Early life
Smith was born on 24 April 1881 at Farnham, Surrey. In the 1901 Census of Bristol he was living with his widowed mother and was described as a Civil Engineer with Tramway Company. When the Bristol Aeroplane Company was founded by Sir George White Smith, Sir George's nephew was appointed manager. On 22 November 1910 Smith, flying a Bristol Boxkite at Brooklands, was awarded the 33rd Royal Aero Club aviators certificate. He then went to Australia to promote the use of aircraft on sheep farms.

First World War
During the First World War Smith re-joined his old battalion with the rank of major and by 1915 he was attached to the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force retiring with the rank of colonel.

Post war
Smith was a director of the Imperial Tramways Company between 1926 and 1930 and a director and general manager of the Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company until he retired in 1935. He was also a director of the Bristol Aeroplane Company until his death.

Family
Smith married Ethel Mary Ball in 1910 had they had two daughters – Alice G and Jean Mary and a son, the son was killed by enemy action in 1940.

Smith died at the Bristol Royal Infirmary on 11 June 1943.

References 

1881 births
1943 deaths
English aviators
British aviation pioneers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force officers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Gloucestershire Regiment officers
People from Farnham
Corris Railway
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Surrey
British colonels
Ronald Shephard. Ronald William Shephard (November 22, 1912 – July 22, 1982) was professor of engineering science at the University of California, Berkeley.

He is best known for two results in economics, now known as Shephard's lemma and the Shephard duality theorem.  Shephard proved these results in his book Theory of Cost and Production Functions (Princeton University Press, 1953), which Dale W. Jorgenson, in the preface of a reprint, called "the most original contribution to economic theory of all time."

References 

1982 deaths
1912 births
Fellows of the Econometric Society
20th-century American economists
Bloch MB.480. The Bloch MB.480 was a French twin-engined torpedo-bomber/reconnaissance floatplane designed just before the start of the Second World War by Société des Avions Marcel Bloch.  Only two were built, the French Navy deciding to use landplanes instead.

Design and development
In May 1937, the French Air Ministry placed an order with Société des Avions Marcel Bloch for two prototype floatplanes intended to fulfill a French Navy requirement for a twin-engined torpedo-bomber/reconnaissance floatplane.  Bloch's design, the Bloch MB.480 was a low-winged monoplane that closely resembled the earlier Bloch MB.131 reconnaissance/bomber landplane. It was powered by two 1,060 hp (791 kW) Gnome-Rhône 14N radial engines and carried a crew of five.  Defensive armament was a 7.5 mm Darne machine gun in the nose and a ventral bath, while a 20 mm cannon was fitted in a powered dorsal mounting. A heavy load of bombs, torpedoes or auxiliary fuel tanks could be carried in an internal bomb bay.

The first prototype made its maiden flight from Étang de Berre in June 1939. The aircraft's twin tail was raised to avoid spray on take-off and landing, and the tail fins were cropped to restore a good field of fire for the dorsal cannon after the tail assembly had been raised. The second prototype flew in October 1939.

Operational history
Although testing was relatively successful, the French Navy had meanwhile decided that the torpedo-bomber reconnaissance role could be better met by landplanes, with the much faster Lioré et Olivier LeO 451, already on order as a medium bomber for the French Air Force, being chosen.  On 9 September 1939, Bloch was told to suspend development trials, while on 10 December it was officially announced that no orders would be placed for either the MB.480 or its two competitors, the SNCAC NC-410 and the Loire-Nieuport 10.

The first prototype was destroyed after colliding with a pier on Étang de Thau on 23 June 1940, while the second prototype was placed into storage in July, and was not flown again.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

External links
Aviafrance
Photo

MB.480
1930s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Boom (containment). A containment boom  is a temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill. Booms are used to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, and to help make recovery easier. Booms help to concentrate oil in thicker surface rather than disperse across larger areas.

Tactics

Containment booming: placing a boom in a body of contaminated water for the purpose of holding or slowing the movement of contamination.
Diversion booming: placing a boom in a body of contaminated water for the purpose of diverting the contamination to a collection point.
Deflection booming: placing a boom in a body of water for the sole purpose of changing the course of the contamination. This method is used for contamination that is not intended to be recovered and so is not typically associated with oil spills.
Exclusion booming: placing a boom in a body of water for the purpose of blocking off a sensitive area from contamination. It is not recommended in fast water, and as diversion booming or deflection booming is better suited.  However, when diversion booming and deflection booming tactics are not suitable and resource protection is still needed, like because of a fast high tide in a sensitive estuary, an arrangement of booms with a decelerator is needed.

See also
Boom (navigational barrier)
Log boom

References

Engineering barrages
Oil spill remediation technologies
Kolb Aircraft Company. Kolb Aircraft Company  is an American aircraft manufacturer that produces kitplanes for amateur construction.

History
Homer Kolb first flew his initial commercial design, the Kolb Flyer, in 1970. The aircraft was ahead of its time and so Kolb waited until the ultralight aircraft boom of 1980 to incorporate his company, The Kolb Aircraft Company. Initially located in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania the company marketed a wide range of kit aircraft and achieved considerable commercial success, delivering over 3000 aircraft.

In 1999 the company was sold to a group of investors, moved to London, Kentucky and renamed The New Kolb Aircraft Company. The new company introduced a powered parachute model for a short time, the Kolb Flyer Powered Parachute.

In 2003 New Kolb Aircraft introduced the Canadian-designed Ultravia Pelican Sport 600 into the US market in partnership with Ultravia Aero from Canada and Brazil's Flyer Indústria Aeronáutica. When Ultravia went out of business in 2006 Kolb purchased Ultravia's assets, including the Pelican design. The company then improved and developed the Pelican into the Kolb Flyer Super Sport.

In March 2012 the company was sold to Bryan Melborn and renamed Kolb Aircraft Company, LLC.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in London, Kentucky
Manufacturing companies established in 1980
1980 establishments in Kentucky
Gyroflug. Gyroflug Ingenieurgesellscaft mbh was a German aircraft manufacturer specializing in light aircraft, whose major product was the Gyroflug Speed Canard.  It was founded in 1978, but ceased trading in 1992.

History
Gyroflug was founded in August 1978 to build and sell a two-seat canard light aircraft of composite construction, the Gyroflug Speed Canard.  The Speed Canard is similar in configuration to the popular American Rutan VariEze, but unlike the homebuilt VariEze, the Canard was intended to be factory built.

The first prototype made its maiden flight on 2 December 1980, with the second prototype following in April 1983. Initial certification followed in September 1983. Gyroflug was acquired by the Justus Dornier Group at the end of 1984, moving from Karlsruhe to Mengen in 1987.

Gyroflug was renamed FFT (Gesellschaft für Flugzeug- und Faserverbund-Technologie mbH) in 1990. It ceased trading on December 31, 1992. A letter to the FAA dated June 23, 1998 confirmed that FFT was defunct.

Aircraft 

The Speed Canard was certified in Germany in 1983, and in the United States in 1990.  The Eurotrainer 2000 was a single engined four seat light aircraft originally designed by the Swiss company Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein (FFA). Swissair was the launch customer. It first flew on 29 April 1991.

References

 Gunston Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, Second edition, 2005. .
 Lambert, Mark (ed.). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. .
Taylor John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. .
 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988. .
http://www.skytamer.com/2.1.G.htm
http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/KleinBernhard/9057.htm

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Middle-third rule. In civil engineering, the middle-third rule states that no tension is developed in a wall or foundation if the resultant force lies within the middle third of the structure.

The rule is covered by various standard texts in the field of civil engineering, for instance Principles of Foundation Engineering by B.M. Das.   The application of this rule is limited to foundations that are square or rectangular in plan.  (For circular foundations a different rule, known as the Middle Quarter Rule applies).

References

Structural engineering
102nd Street chemical landfill. The 102nd Street chemical landfill is a former chemical landfill located on the Niagara River in Niagara Falls, New York. It is almost immediately adjacent to the infamous Love Canal chemical landfill, which are split from each other by the LaSalle Expressway and Frontier Avenue. Hooker Chemical Company, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, and Olin Chemical, who were the original owners of the site, were ordered to clean up the site and pay $16,500,000 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is a designated Superfund site, and is closed to the public.

Site description
The 102nd Street landfill consists of two parcels, one owned by Olin Corporation and one owned by Hooker Chemical & Plastics Corporation at an area of  total. Unlike Love Canal, which it is directly south of, the facility is still owned by Hooker (Occidental) and Olin, which are in the process of cleaning it up. It is part of the original canal excavation from which the Love Canal landfill takes its name. It currently appears to be a large field, as the chemicals are sealed off and buried underneath the soil. Griffon Park lies directly west, and currently, little residential development lies on either side of the area. The area is monitored with air and ground monitoring devices to measure the toxicity of the site.

At an unknown date, chemicals began seeping into the Niagara River. A concrete bulkhead has been constructed on the shore to stop the seepage of chemicals into the river. The area is fenced off by a  chain-linked fence on all sides.

History
The landfill takes its name from 102nd Street, a street that ran through the area before residents were evacuated and homes demolished.

The larger portion owned by Hooker was operated from 1943 until 1971. In that time period,  of mixed organic and/or inorganic compounds, solvents and phosphates, and related chemicals were dumped here including brine sludge, fly ash, electrochemical cell parts and related equipment plus  of hexachlorocyclohexane process cake, including lindane.

The smaller portion owned by Olin Corp. operated from 1948 to 1970.  of compounds and elements and an additional  of mercury brine and brine sludge,  tons of hazardous chemicals,  of concrete boiler ash, fly ash and other residual materials were deposited.

See also
 Love Canal
 List of Superfund sites in New York

References

Niagara Falls, New York
Superfund sites in New York (state)
Love Canal
Materials (journal). Materials is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering materials science and engineering. It was established in 2008 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Maryam Tabrizian (McGill University). The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, short communications, and book reviews. There are currently hundreds of calls for submissions to special issues, a fact that has led to serious concerns.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.748.

References

External links

Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 2008
Monthly journals
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Measurement and verification. Measurement and verification (M&V) is the term given to the process for quantifying savings delivered by an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM), as well as the sub-sector of the energy industry involved with this practice.

Measurement and verification demonstrates how much energy the ECM has avoided using, rather than the total cost saved. The latter can be affected by many factors, such as energy prices. The measurement and verification process enables the energy savings delivered by the ECM to be isolated and fairly evaluated.

Various protocols for good practice in measurement and verification exist, including the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP), which defines common terminology and the key steps in implementing a robust M&V process.

A key part of the M&V process is the development of an M&V plan, which defines how the savings analysis will be conducted before the ECM is implemented. This provides a degree of objectivity that is absent if the savings are simply evaluated after implementation.

References

FEMP M&V Guidelines 3.0
LBNL's Measurement and Verification Portal

Energy conservation
Lpod. Lpod (also written lpOD) is a project's name acronym for languages & platforms for OpenDocument. The lpOD Project develops a set of multilanguage tools around the OpenDocument Format (ODF) standard.

The project was founded by four French companies and four French public laboratories in 2008. It received funding by the French National Research Agency and was awarded the official label of the Cap Digital competitivity cluster.

Technology 
The lpod project aims to develop a library implementing the ODF standard in extenso, that is, in the most complete way possible. On top of this library the project aims to build three high-level APIs, one in Python, another one in Perl and the third one in Ruby. In May 2010, the version 0,9 of the Python API and early versions of the Perl API were available.

Improvements to the ODF specification 
Several members of the project are working on improvement proposals for the ODF standard, mostly in two specific areas: security and accessibility.

Potential uses 
The three APIs and the ODF library are meant to be used in scientific and industrial contexts. As the library itself departs from the traditional productivity suite software it focuses on large volume data handling, enabling the development of tools for data mining specific to scientific and business intelligence uses. APIs already come with specific tools such as format conversion and styles inspection and manipulation.

Licenses 
Software developed by the lpod project is available under two free software licenses, namely the GPL v3 and the Apache v2. Copyright is owned collectively by the four companies.

References

External links
 Link to the official description of the project by the French National Research Agency (french)
 Description of the project by the Cap Digital competitivity cluster (french)
 Perl CPAN distribution
 Python Package Index distribution
 odfdo (derivative work of the lpod-python project)

OpenDocument
Open formats
Markup languages
Computer file formats
Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante. The Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), or 'Institute of Plant Protection', is part of the Food Department of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR; "Italian National Research Council"), an Italian government organization with the aim of supporting scientific and technological research. IPP has four bases in Italy: Turin, Florence, Portici, and Bari.

The mission of IPP is the study of stress factors in plants, to identify resistance mechanisms and methods of defence against biotic and abiotic stress protection in order to improve the quality and quantity of agricultural food production in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. The activities of IPP are divided into five orders:

 Biodiversity of hosts, pathogens, vectors, pests and symbiotic fungi in the rhizosphere.
 Host-organism-environment interaction: biology, epidemiology and functional genomics.
 Research and development of innovative strategies to fight for protection of plants.
 Economic impact and environmental stress factors on plants and ecosystems agroforestry production.
 Structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.

The IPP station in Florence is renowned for raising elm cultivars resistant to Dutch elm disease, several of which are now in commerce in western Europe.

References

External links
 , homepage of the IPP website. 
 www.cnr.it , homepage of the CNR website. 

Science and technology in Italy
Thermoplan. The Thermoplan is a given name of the prototype of Russian lenticular-shaped hybrid airship.

Design features 
The key feature of Thermoplan is its combined structure with primary section having a torus of revolution shape (one variant was to construct this section hermetic and fill with helium instead of the shell helium section). This section supports the shell which has two sections one filled with helium and second with air that can be heated by the airship engines exhaust gas or cooled naturally. This design, based on the concept of a "rozière", greatly improves the manoeuvrability compared to an all-helium type. The disc shape is also intended to improve manoeuvrability and to help resist winds up to .

Shell volume was 10660 cu. m. (376 450 cu. ft.) with its diameter of 40 m. The prototype had 2 Klimov GTD-350 engines (with 400 h.p. each), 1 Vedeneyev M14P motor (360 h.p.) and 2 electric power unit for vertical propulsion (50 h.p. each). Flight crew was 2 pilots.

Project history 

The project was started in the late 1970s in the Moscow Aviation Institute by a small team of students led by Yury Ishkov under scientific direction of . In the second half of 1980s with a help of then MAI rector Yuri Ryzhov they obtained  support from Gazprom for the start-up Design Bureau "Thermpolan" and first scaled prototype ALA-40 was constructed at the Ulyanovsk Aviation Production Complex and rolled-out in 1992. That was a rather small airship, and a full-scale model was not built at that time due to the economic crisis of the 1990s in the USSR.

In the late 2000s there was an attempt to revive this project under the new name Locomoskyner by the Russian company Lokomosky in Ulyanovsk. However, this was not successful and the programme was cancelled.

See also 
 EKIP
 Lockheed Martin P-791

References

External links 
 Historical video on hybrid airships with extensive Thermoplan coverage 

Airships of Russia
Russian inventions
Hybrid vehicles
Experimental aircraft
Moscow Aviation Institute
Frankdicksonite. Frankdicksonite is a halide mineral with the chemical formula BaF2 which corresponds to the chemical compound barium fluoride. It occurs in the Carlin gold deposit of Eureka County, Nevada as cubic crystals sized between 0.1 and 4 mm, and is of hydrothermal origin. Its only associated mineral is quartz and the frankdicksonite crystals are always completely encapsulated in it. Frankdicksonite has fluorite crystal structure with a cubic symmetry and the lattice constant a = 619.64 pm. Its Vickers hardness on the {111} cleavage crystal faces varies between 88 and 94 kg/mm2 and is close to that of the synthetic barium fluoride (95 kg/mm2). Its refractive index (1.475) is almost identical to that of BaF2 (1.474). Under electron irradiation, it emits strong blue cathodoluminescence. The major impurity in frankdicksonite is strontium with concentrations up to 0.5% by weight. Also present are silicon (0.02%) and magnesium (0.0015%); other impurities have concentrations below 0.0015%.

Although synthetic barium fluoride has been commonly known from at least 1846, it had not been found in nature. The natural existence of barium fluoride was predicted by Michael Fleischer in 1970. Later in the same year, the mineral was discovered by Arthur S. Radtke and named after Frank W. Dickson (born 1922), professor of Geochemistry at Stanford University in recognition of his contributions to geology and geochemistry of low-temperature ore deposits. Frankdicksonite was officially recognized by the Commission of New Minerals and Mineral Names in 1974.

References 

Barium minerals
Fluorine minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
A Visit to a Mine. "A Visit to a Mine" (German: "Ein Besuch im Bergwerk") is a short story by Franz Kafka. The story is told by a narrator who is planning the drilling of a mine. It opens with orders from above to the workers around the mine. The narrator details the elaborate rank and file system among the workers. There are ten engineers and nine of them have specified functions. For example, one measures the area of the tunnel, while another follows him, preparing to drill. There is a suggestion that within the bureaucratic structure there is a lack of efficiency. At least one engineer serves to answer the question that "another does not want to ask." The story ends with the narrator and the other engineers, taking notes, inspecting, and measuring.

At least one author has pointed to similarities between this story and Freudian analysis, interpreting each character as representing the various states of unconscious desires.

References

Short stories by Franz Kafka