omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Budhiganga Hydropower Project. Budhiganga Hydropower Project is a peaking run-of-river type located at the Achham and Bajura districts of Nepal. The headworks of the project is located in a narrow gorge below Rakse Khand. All major project structures are located on the left bank of the river. The project site is about 890 km west of Kathmandu. The design flow is 27.63 m3/s and gross head is 90 m giving an output of 20 MW and annual average energy of 106.28 GWh. The peaking capacity is 0.236 Mm3. The waterways consist of 5.6 km long tunnel.

The project is owned by Nepal Government. The total project cost is NPR 6 Billion.

Progress
The project is under construction. The project was scheduled to be completed in 2019, but has been delayed.
As of 2020, the access road construction, staff quarters and land acquisition have been completed. Budget of NPR 2.2 Billion has been allocated for the fiscal year of 2020/21.

Funding
The Saudi Fund for Development and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development are assisting for the project development.

See also 

 Department of Electricity Development

External links
Salinet Features 
Official website

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Nepal
Gravity dams
Run-of-the-river power stations
Dams in Nepal
Buildings and structures in Achham District
Buildings and structures in Bajura District
Harald Alfsen. Harald Didrik Alfsen (October 6, 1873 – August 24, 1949) was a Norwegian engineer and writer.

Alfsen graduated from the Kristiania Technical School in 1894. In the following years he was employed at the Kristiania Reinforced Concrete and Concrete Products Factory (), and he was then a city engineer in Porsgrunn. He participated in the development of the Grenland municipal power company. He was in charge of programming for the radio station in Porsgrunn in 1927. For the University of Oslo, he served as the technical head for the excavation of Rakni's Mound. Alfsen was a teacher at the Oslo Technical School for a time, and he published several textbooks. He also wrote novels, plays, and children's books. In 1899 he made his debut with the science fiction novel Jernmennesket (The Iron Man), published under the pseudonym Finn Fare.

Bibliography
 Jernmennesket (The Iron Man), 1899
 Betonskibsbygning (Concrete Ship Construction), 1917 
 Veslefrikk med fela (Little Freddy and His Fiddle), 1923
 Småfortellinger (Short Stories) 1926 
 Porsgrunns kommunale elektrisitetsverk 1901–1931 (The Porsgrunn Municipal Power Station, 1901–1931), 1931 
 Oppgaver i praktisk regning (Exercises in Applied Mathematics) 1945 
 Teknisk skrift (Technical Writing), 1945, reprints: 1963, 1972, 1977, 1979

References

1873 births
1949 deaths
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Norwegian science fiction writers
Engineers from Oslo
20th-century Norwegian writers
Space Force Delta. The Space Force Delta is the official logo of the U.S. Space Force, the space warfare service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. The delta itself was unveiled on 22 July 2020.

Symbolism
 First used in 1961, the Delta symbol honors the heritage of the United States Air Force and Space Command.
 The silver outer border of the delta signifies defense and protection from all adversaries and threats emanating from the space domain.
 Inside the delta, the two spires represent the action of a rocket launching into the outer atmosphere in support of the central role of the Space Force in defending the space domain.
The four beveled elements symbolize the joint armed forces supporting the space mission: Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
 In the center of the delta is the star Polaris, which symbolizes how the core values guide the Space Force mission.

History

The Space Force Delta was officially unveiled by the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Space Force, CMSgt Roger A. Towberman on 22 July 2020, alongside the Space Force's motto Semper Supra, which translates to "Always Above". The delta symbol has a strong historical tradition in the Space Force, being first used by military space units in 1961 and also being used to identify the second highest echelon of Space Force units, as well as holding a central position in the Space Operations Badge, Space Force seal, and Space Force flag.

The seal and delta quickly gained social media notoriety, as individuals compared it to the seal of Starfleet from Star Trek; however, the Space Force refuted the notion, stating that the central delta insignia was first used in 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces, and then adopted by the Air Force's early space program in 1961, years before Star Trek debuted in 1966. A number of military commentators noted that it was likely that Star Trek derived its logo from Air Force Space Command, rather than the other way around.

See also
Ranks and insignia of space forces
Prop and Wings
Eagle, Globe, and Anchor
NASA insignia

References

United States Space Force
Heraldry of the United States military
Symbols introduced in 2020
Logos
Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy. The Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy (MPI-SP) is a computer science research institute founded in May 2019 and located in Bochum, Germany. The institute mission is to study and develop the technical foundations and interdisciplinary aspects of cyber security and privacy.

The institute is one of six researching computer science as a part of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. The founding directors are Gilles Barthe and Christof Paar with the intention to recruit further tenure-track faculty each year. In 2024, Cha Meeyoung joined as the scientific director making her the first South Korean to be a Max Planck director.

References

External links 
 Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy
 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Homepage

Computer science institutes in Germany
Security And Privacy
Research institutes in North Rhine-Westphalia
Li Yanrong. Li Yanrong is a Chinese chemist and materials scientist who is currently the President of Sichuan University. Previously, he was President of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). He is a chemical and materials engineer.

Early life
Li was born in Shehong, Suining, Sichuan province in 1961. He graduated with a PhD degree from Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China in 1992. From 1978 - 1983, he studied his undergraduate degree at Sichuan Normal University, China in chemistry.

Career
In 1993, he joined UESTC as a faculty member. From 1998 - 2001, he became Dean of the School of Material Engineering.
Thereafter, he became Dean of the School of Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics. From 2013 - 2017, he became
President of UESTC. Since December 2017, he has been the President of Sichuan University, China. In 2019, he was appointed the 
President of Sichuan Association of Science and Technology.

Awards
Li was elected to the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2011.

References 

1961 births
Living people
Chinese chemists
Academic staff of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Conceptual question. Conceptual questions or conceptual problems in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education are questions that can be answered based only on the knowledge of relevant concepts, rather than performing extensive calculations. They contrast with most homework and exam problems in science and engineering that typically require plugging in numerical values into previously discussed formulas. Such "plug-and-chug" numerical problems can often be solved correctly by just matching the pattern of the problem to a previously discussed problem and changing the numerical inputs, which requires significant amounts of time to perform the calculations but does not test or deepen the understanding of how the concepts and formulas should work together. Conceptual questions, therefore, provide a good complement to conventional numerical problems because they need minimal or no calculations and instead encourage the students to engage more deeply with the underlying concepts and how they relate to formulas.

Conceptual problems are often formulated as multiple-choice questions, making them easy to use during in-class discussions, particularly when utilizing active learning, peer instruction, and audience response. An example of a conceptual question in undergraduate thermodynamics is provided below:

During adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, its temperatureincreases
decreases
stays the same
Impossible to tell/need more information

The use of conceptual questions in physics was popularized by Eric Mazur, particularly in the form of multiple-choice tests that he called ConcepTests. In recent years, multiple websites that maintain lists of conceptual questions have been created by instructors for various disciplines. Some books on physics provide many examples of conceptual questions as well.

Multiple conceptual questions can be assembled into a concept inventory to test the working knowledge of students at the beginning of a course or to track the improvement in conceptual understanding throughout the course.

References 

Science education
Technology education
Engineering education
Mathematics education
Educational evaluation methods
Rajat Moona. Rajat Moona (born 28 March 1965) is the Director of Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar from October 2022 onwards. He has also served as Director of Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara on additional Charge Basis from 2023 till 2024. He has served as director at Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai from March 2017 to September 2022. He is also a professor of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Kanpur from April 1991 and was Director General of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing from May 2011 to March 2017.

Early life
He completed his BTech in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. He earned his doctoral degree from the Department of Computer Science and Automation at Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, in 1989, under the supervision of Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman.

Work
He joined at IIT Kanpur as a faculty member in 1991. Between 1994 and 1995, he was a visiting scientist at the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Later he was also associated with Mentor Graphics as Senior Engineering Manager. Here was involved in developing methods of translating software codes of electronic systems into hardware.

During his tenure at IIT Kanpur, he was involved in development of a smart card operating system for Electronic Passports. At C-DAC, he was instrumental on the SCOSTA compliant operating system development, and the technical improvements behind the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) in India and Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) that uses RFID.

Honor and awards
Indo-US Science and Technology Fellowship (1994)
Poonam and Prabhu Goel Chair Professorship (2008)
VASVIK Industrial Research Award in Information and Communication Technology (2010)
National Award for Best Electoral Practices, Election Commission of India (2016, 2020-21)

Selected bibliography

Articles

Patents
Compiling memory dereferencing instructions from software to hardware in an electronic design (2004)
Methods and systems for secured access to devices and systems (2006)
Method and system for using personal devices for authentication and service access at service outlets (2009)

Books

References

Living people
IIT Kanpur alumni
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Indian Institute of Technology directors
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
Year of birth missing (living people)
BioTech Foods. BioTech Foods is a Spanish biotechnology company dedicated to the development of cultured meat from the cultivation of muscle cells previously extracted from animals. It is a subsidiary of Brazilian company JBS S.A.

History

Origins 
The company is based in Donostia–San Sebastián, Basque Country and was co-founded in 2017 by the CTO of the project, Mercedes Vila, and CEO Iñigo Charola.

This project is based on the construction of tissues from the natural proliferation of animal cells in a controlled environment of humidity and temperature, without genetic modification or antibiotics. Cultured meat based on tissue engineering aims to help alleviate three serious sustainability problems: the high increase in global demand for animal proteins, the environmental impact of factory farming, associated with the production of greenhouse gases and deforestation and animal welfare.

Development 
The start-up obtained the support of the CIC Nanogune, a research centre promoted by the Basque government. In 2019 BioTech Foods received the Entrepreneur XXI Award and came first in Expansión's Start Up awards in the Food and Agrotech category.

By February 2020, BioTech Foods was in the development phase of Ethicameat, its brand of pig protein products for the general public and the meat sector. BioTech Foods was one of the first companies to emerge in the global cultured meat sector which could help increase food safety and prevent zoonotic diseases.

Pilot plant and JBS investment 
As of July 2019, one of the main challenges of the cultivated meat was the high production costs of products. BioTech Foods stated it sought 'to reach pilot scale by 2021'. By the end of 2019, BioTech had opened its first pilot plant.

In November 2021, BioTech Foods announced an agreement by which JBS S.A. was going to acquire a majority of shares in the company, including the pilot plant it operated in San Sebastián. JBS was going to invest in the construction of a new production plant to help BioTech achieve commercial production capacity in mid-2024.

References

External links
 

Cellular agriculture
Food technology organizations
Biotechnology companies of Spain
Tissue engineering
Spanish companies established in 2017
Spanish subsidiaries of foreign companies
JBS S.A. subsidiaries
Dehradun canals. Dehradun canals refers to the heritage network of canals that was once spread across Dehradun in Uttarakhand, India, with the earliest, Rajpur Canal, dating back to early 17th century. After the city became the state capital in 2000, rapid and unchecked road-widening schemes led to the covering, or in some cases demolition, of most of the historic canals. One of the last remaining canals was covered in 2007. 

Despite public protests and advisories from environmentalists about the ecological benefit of the canals, they were covered to make room for ever-increasing traffic. Many environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the historic network, citing its aesthetic value and positive effects on the city's urban environment and microclimate. Currently, the Government of Uttarakhand has not announced any plans of reviving or restoring the canal network.

History
The construction of the first canal, Rajpur Canal, in the early 17th century has been attributed to Rani Karnavati of Garhwal. The next phase of canal development occurred during the British Raj, when the engineer Proby Cautley expanded five canals in the 1850s.

Significance
The canals ensured natural drainage flow of the city that prevented waterlogging, which is regularly seen in the city today. They also irrigated the paddy fields where Dehradun basmati rice were grown. Because of the water streams criss-crossing the city, a cooler microclimate was produced. The canals that were demolished or covered include Kalapathar, Bijapur, Rajpur and Jakhan canals. Kalanga canal, being on the outskirts of the city, survives and parts of Bijapur canal are still visible.

References

External links
Uttarakhand Irrigation Department - Historic Canals

Dehradun
Geography of Uttarakhand
Canals in India
Buildings and structures in Uttarakhand
Buildings and structures in Dehradun
History of Uttarakhand
History of Dehradun
Tourist attractions in Dehradun
Protein Engineering Design & Selection. Protein Engineering Design & Selection is a publication of Oxford University Press. Created in 1986, the Journal covers topics related the engineering, design and selection of proteins for use in biotechnology and therapy, and for understanding the fundamental link between protein sequence, structure, dynamics, function, and evolution.

Abstracting and indexing
Protein Engineering Design & Selection is indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Abstracts, Biotechnology Citation Index, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, EMBASE, Environmental Science and Pollution Management, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Journal Citation Reports, ProQuest, and Science Citation Index. According to the latest Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 1.774, ranking it 247th out of 297 in the category "Biochemistry & Molecular Biology" and 120th out of 156 in the category "Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology".

References

External links 
 Journal homepage
 Submission website

Oxford University Press
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Hybrid open access journals
Academic journals established in 1980
Oxford University Press academic journals
Monthly journals
Italian Federation of Metalworkers. The Italian Federation of Metalworkers (, FIOM) is a trade union representing workers in the metal and engineering industries in Italy.

The union was founded at a conference in Livorno, on 16 June 1901.  In 1906, it was a founding affiliate of the General Confederation of Labour.  Membership grew steadily, and by 1916, it had reached 22,445.  In 1919, the union signed an agreement limiting working hours to a maximum of 48 a week.  It was banned by the fascist government in 1924.

The union was re-established in 1944, and affiliated to the new Italian General Confederation of Labour.  By 1946, it had 638,697 members. Although both the social democratic and Christian democratic groups soon split away, by 1949, the union still claimed 609,094 members.  By 1998, membership had declined to 365,942.

General Secretaries
1901: Ernesto Verzi
1907: Silla Coccia and Cleobulo Rossi
1908: Bruno Buozzi
1924: Union banned
1944: Giovanni Parodi
1945: Antonio Negro
1946: Giovanni Roveda
1955: Agostino Novella
1957: Luciano Lama
1961: Bruno Trentin
1977: Pio Galli
1985: Sergio Garavini
1987: Angelo Airoldi
1991: Fausto Vigevani
1994: Claudio Sabattini
2002: Gianni Rinaldini
2010: Maurizio Landini
2017: Francesca Re David

References

External links

Metal trade unions
Trade unions established in 1901
Trade unions in Italy
Mission Delta 4. Mission Delta 4 (MD4) is a United States Space Force unit responsible for providing strategic and theater missile warning and tracking to the United States and its international partners. It operates three constellations of Overhead Persistent Infrared (OPIR) satellites and two types of Ground-Based Radars (GBRs) for the purpose of conducting strategic and theater missile warning and tracking. Additionally, DEL 4 provides tipping and cueing to missile defense forces, battlespace awareness to combatant commanders and technical intelligence for further analysis and manages weapon system architectures and ensures operations are intelligence-led, cyber-resilient, and driven by innovation, while postured to operate in a contested, degraded, and operationally-limited environment.

Activated on 24 July 2020, the delta is headquartered at Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado. On 31 October 2024 it was redesignated Mission Delta 4 and gained sustainment responsibilities, along with organic cyber defense and intelligence forces.

History 
DEL 4 was based on the previous 460th Operations Group, 460th Space Wing and 21st Operations Group, 21st Space Wing.

In lineage terms, the delta was originally established as 460 Operations Group (460 SW) on 2 August 2004. It was activated on 19 August 2004. It was redesignated as Space Delta 4 on 24 July 2020. Its status changed officially from a unit of the United States Air Force to a unit of the United States Space Force on 21 October 2020.

In 2023, Space Delta 4 assumed control of the U.S. Army's Joint Tactical Ground Station. On 31 October 2024 it was redesignated Mission Delta 4 and gained sustainment responsibilities, along with organic cyber defense and intelligence forces.

Structure

List of commanders

References 

Deltas of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations established in 2020
Zheng Shouren. Zheng Shouren (; January 30, 1940 – July 24, 2020) was a Chinese engineer and chief designer of the Three Gorges Dam. He had been engaged in the planning and design of the Yangtze River Basin and major water conservancy projects for a long time and had published more than 60 papers and 4 books.

Biography
Zheng was born in Yingshang County, Anhui, on January 30, 1940. After graduating from East China University of Water Resources (now Hohai University) in September 1963, he was assigned to the Yangtze River Basin Planning Office, where he was promoted to deputy chief engineer in 1991 and to chief engineer in 1994. He was chief designer of the Three Gorges Dam. He died of illness in Wuhan, Hubei, on July 24, 2020.

Contributions
He successively participated in the designs of Lushui Hydropower Project of Hubei, Wujiangdu Hydropower Project of Guizhou and Yangtze River Gezhouba Hydropower project, and took responsibilities for diversion design of the Wujiangdu as well as river closure design and cofferdam design of the Gezhouba Dam. He also joined and took charge of the designs of Qingjiang Geheyan Hydropower Project and Three Gorges Dam.

Works

Honours and awards
 1997 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 2004 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation 
 2017 ICOLD Award

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
People from Yingshang County
Engineers from Anhui
Hohai University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Chinese civil engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
Alexandra Techet. Alexandra Hughes Techet is an American mechanical and marine engineer whose work involves experimental and image-based studies of hydrodynamics. She is a professor of mechanical and ocean engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology department of mechanical engineering.

Education and career
Techet grew up as a sailor and diver in coastal North Carolina.
She studied mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton University, graduating in 1995. She then studied oceanographic engineering through a joint graduate program between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, earning a master's degree in 1998 and completing her Ph.D. in 2001.

After postdoctoral research at Princeton, she returned to MIT as Doherty Assistant Professor of Ocean Utilization in the department of ocean engineering. In 2005 she became an assistant professor of mechanical engineering, as part of a broader merger of MIT's ocean engineering and mechanical engineering departments. She was promoted to full professor in 2019.

Contributions
Techet's research contributions include a study of the ability of archerfish to jump out of water in search of prey, and high-speed video capture of sneezes.

During the COVID-19 lockdown, she has also been active in providing home gardening advice to the MIT community through the MIT Office of Sustainability.

Recognition
Techet was named a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2018.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American marine engineers
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
Princeton University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American women academics
21st-century American women