omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Curie–von Schweidler law. The Curie–von Schweidler law refers to the response of dielectric material to the step input of a direct current (DC) voltage first observed by Jacques Curie and Egon Ritter von Schweidler.

Overview
According to this law, the current decays according to a power law:

where  is the current at a given charging time, , and  is the decay constant such that . Given that the dielectric has a finite conductance, the equation for current measured through a dielectric under a DC electrical field is:

where  is a constant of proportionality. This stands in contrast to the Debye formulation, which states that the current is proportional an exponential function with a time constant, , according to:

.

The Curie–von Schweidler behavior has been observed in many instances such as those shown by Andrzej K. Jonscher and Jameson et al. It has been interpreted as a many-body problem by Jonscher, but can also be formulated as an infinite number of resistor-capacitor circuits. This comes from the fact that the power law can be expressed as:

where  is the Gamma function. Effectively, this relationship shows the power law expression to be equivalent to an infinite weighted sum of Debye responses which is mathematically correct but not quite useful for the purpose of modelling and simulation. Interestingly, the power-law nature of the Curie–von Schweidler law motivated the birth of the fractional capacitor in electrical modelling and in describing anomalous dielectric behaviour. The fractional capacitor displays an interplay between a resistor and capacitor for values of  lying between  and . 

The Curie-von Schweidler law corresponds to the time domain current response of the main dielectric models, such as the Cole-Cole_equation, the Cole-Davidson_equation, and the Havriliak–Negami_relaxation, for small time arguments.

Recently, Pandey gave a theoretical derivation of the Curie–von Schweidler law which also seems to be the first work that gave a physical interpretation to its parameters. Pandey assumed a series combination of a resistor, , and a capacitor with a linear time varying capacitance, , such that,

, , where  is the constant geometric capacitance. He found, 

, where  is the applied constant voltage. A key intermediate finding in this derivation is that the charge accumulation in a capacitor with a time-varying capacitance should not be described by the conventional charge-voltage relation of the capacitor, , because it is only applicable for the case of a constant-capacitance capacitor and therefore it leads to inconsistent results. Rather, for time-varying capacitors the appropriate relation is given by the convolution of the capacitance with the first time-derivative of the voltage, i.e., . Surprisingly, the convolution relation reduces to the conventional relation in the case of the constant-capacitance capacitor. The results obtained by Pandey satisfy the experimental data quite well. Consequently, a physical interpretation of the fractional derivatives and the fractional capacitor are now available.

References

Dielectrics
Keihan 800 series. The  is a class of electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter trains operated since 1997 by the privately owned Keihan Electric Railway on its Keihan Keishin Line and the Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line in Japan.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating in the intermediate cars and transverse seating in the end cars.

Formations
, the fleet consisted of eight four-car sets (801 to 815), formed with car 1 at the  end. All cars are motored.

The M1 and M2 cars each have one single-arm pantograph.

History
The first trains entered service in 1997.

Future developments
Between 2017 and March 2021, the entire fleet of 800 series trains is scheduled to be repainted in the standard corporate Keihan Electric Railway livery of "rest green" on the upper body and "atmos white" on the lower body separated by a "fresh green" stripe.

References

External links

  

Electric multiple units of Japan
800 series
Train-related introductions in 1997
Kawasaki multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Keihan 700 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Keihan Electric Railway on the Keihan Ishiyama Sakamoto Line in Japan since 1992.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of a longitudinal bench seating.

Formations
, the fleet consists of five two-car sets (701 to 709), formed as follows.  All cars are motored.

Each car has one lozenge-type pantograph.

History
The first trains entered service in 1992.

Future developments
Between June 2017 and March 2021, the entire fleet of 700 series trains is scheduled to be repainted in the standard corporate Keihan Electric Railway livery of "rest green" on the upper body and "atmos white" on the lower body separated by a "fresh green" stripe.

References

External links

  

Electric multiple units of Japan
700 series
Train-related introductions in 1992
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Keihan 600 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Keihan Electric Railway on the Keihan Ishiyama Sakamoto Line in Japan since 1984.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of a longitudinal bench seating.

Formations
, the fleet consists of ten two-car sets (601 to 619), formed as follows.  All cars are motored.

Each car has one lozenge-type pantograph.

History
The first trains entered service in 1984.

Future developments
Between 2017 and March 2021, the entire fleet of 600 series trains is scheduled to be repainted in the standard corporate Keihan Electric Railway livery of "rest green" on the upper body and "atmos white" on the lower body separated by a "fresh green" stripe.

References

External links

  

Electric multiple units of Japan
600 series
Train-related introductions in 1984
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
The MacRobertson Expedition 1928. The MacRoberston Expedition was the first motorised expedition to travel around the Australian mainland, completing the five month journey between 12 April and 12 September 1928.

The expedition was sponsored by Macpherson Robertson, a prominent Victorian industrialist and founder of MacRobertson Confectionery Company. The theme was to demonstrate the ability of new technology to bridge Australia’s great distances; powerful six wheeled trucks to traverse the road-less outback, wireless radio for transmitting progress reports, cinema projectors to screen footage of their journey in the towns visited along the route and a de Havilland aircraft to maintain contact with the ground party.

MacRoberston was a flamboyant, self-made businessman and philanthropist. After the MacRobertson Expedition, he funded Douglas Mawson’s expedition to the South Pole in 1930-1931 and the London to Melbourne Air Race in 1934.

Other expedition sponsors included Shell Oil, Dunlop Tires, Amalgamated Wireless and Exide Batteries.

Twelve men travelled approximately 13,000 km in two seven ton Karrier trucks, christened ‘Burke’ and ‘Wills’, and an Oldsmobile touring car. The expedition leader was William Dunkerley, a refrigeration engineer from Melbourne. Also accompanying the tour was William’s son Archie Dunkerley; a representative of Shell Oil and the expedition photographer. Archie had broken the Darwin to Melbourne driving record the previous year, completing the trip in 7 days, 16 hours and 34 minutes in the Oldsmobile that the MacRobertson Expedition took with them in 1928. Other members included an accountant, a mechanic, a wool classer, a cattle buyer, a surveyor, a wireless operator and a cook.

The expedition started and finished at Parliament House in Melbourne, with the route taken passing through Bendigo, Adelaide, Port Augusta, Kalgoorlie, Perth, Geraldton, Port Hedland, Broome, Wyndham, Darwin, Camooweal, Townsville and then down the East coast.

References 

1928 in Australia
History of road transport
History of transport in Australia
Probabilistic Action Cores. PRAC (Probabilistic Action Cores) is an interpreter for natural-language instructions for robotic applications developed at the Institute for Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bremen, Germany, and is supported in parts by the European Commission and the German Research Foundation (DFG).

Goals 
The ultimate goal of the PRAC system is to make knowledge about everyday activities from websites like wikiHow available for service robots, such that they can autonomously acquire new high-level skills by browsing the Web. PRAC addresses the problem that natural language is inherently vague and unspecific. To this end, PRAC maintains probabilistic first-order knowledge bases over semantic networks represented in Markov logic networks. As opposed to other semantic learning initiatives like NELL or IBM's Watson, PRAC does not aim at answering questions in natural language, but to disambiguate and infer information pieces that are missing in natural-language instructions, such that they can be executed by a robot. "This problem formulation is substantially different to the problem of text understanding for question answering or machine translation. In those reasoning tasks, the vagueness and ambiguity of natural-language expressions can often be kept and translated into other languages. In contrast, robotic agents have to infer missing information pieces and disambiguate the meaning of the instruction in order to perform the instruction successfully." In addition to probabilistic relational models, PRAC uses the principles of analogical reasoning and instance-based learning to infer completions of roles in semantic networks.

PRAC has been successfully applied to teach robots to conduct chemical experiments and to make pancakes and pizza from wikiHow articles.

References

External links 
Project homepage
Institute for Artificial Intelligence

Natural language processing software
Natural language processing toolkits
Data mining and machine learning software
Raymond Saulnier (aircraft manufacturer). Raymond Victor Gabriel Jules Saulnier (Paris 27 September 1881 – Chécy 4 March 1964) was a French aeronautical engineer. He was a graduate of the École Centrale Paris, and first collaborated with Louis Blériot on the Blériot XI used for the Channel crossing. In 1911, he founded the Morane-Saulnier company with the Morane brothers, where he designed many aircraft and for which he filed numerous patents. He also designed the aircraft in which Roland Garros made the first crossing of the Mediterranean on 23 September 1913.

He was chief editor of an aviation periodical, and wrote «Etude, centrage(sic) et classification des Aéroplanes», which was considered an authoritative work on aircraft.

He personally managed Morane-Saulnier until 1961. In 1962, the company filed for bankruptcy before being integrated firstly into Sud-Aviation, of which it became a subsidiary, then into SOCATA (Société de Construction d'Avions de Tourisme et Affaires).

He had the first idea of a device allowing the synchronization of the firing a machine gun through a propeller, before the developments and refinements of Fokker, to which this device is often attributed.

He designed the Morane 406, a fast fighter aircraft of the late 1930s, the MS-760 "Paris III" and the "Rallye Commodore". Between 1945 and 1964, under his direction, Morane-Saulnier produced over 1,000 aircraft and some 30 prototypes. ('Over 80 different aircraft models emerged from the Morane-Saulnier plants', according to one source).

Sources
Jean Riverain: Dictionnaire des aéronautes célèbres, Paris, Éditions Larousse, 1970

The Catalogue général de la librairie française contains the entry:

References

1881 births
1964 deaths
20th-century French engineers
Ayori Selassie. Ayori Selassie is an American software engineer who worked at Salesforce and founded Selfpreneur, a personal development company focusing on the "Life Model Canvas". She also worked with the U.S. State Department on the TechWomen initiative.

Biography 
Ayori Selassie was born and raised in Oakland, CA. Her mother was born in Charleston, MS and her father was born in Los Angeles. She was the seventh of eight children, raised by a single mother. Ayori Selassie got into technology because her mother gave her a computer programming book and made her read it. She went to a community college named Laney College and transferred to San Francisco State University, where she held a full-time job to support her family while she was learning software engineering. Selassie now works as a Platform Specialist at Salesforce, and founded her own company, Selfpreneur, for which she invented a personal development framework, the Life Model Canvas.

Initiatives

Black Women in Computing 
Selassie is one of the five co-founders of Black Women in Computing (BWiC), part of the Anita Borg Institute's community groups for women in technology and an "online community created to provide online support, resources" for black women working in tech". They created this initiative to encourage women of color to pursue careers in technology and study in STEM fields.

TechWomen 
She has also worked as part of the TechWomen U.S. Department of State initiative to support emerging leaders in the Middle East and Africa by pairing them with a Silicon Valley mentor.

Awards 
 Honored with GHC Women in Computing Award by the Anita Borg Institute of Women in Technology for her contributions to Underrepresented Groups
 Honored as Woman of the Month across the Salesforce organization (nominated by peers & leaders)
 Part of the "40 under 40: Tech Diversity" Silicon Valley awards

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American software engineers
Ply (layer). A ply is a layer of material which has been combined with other layers in order to provide strength. The number of layers is indicated by prefixing a number, for example 4-ply, indicating material composed of 4 layers.

Etymology
The word "ply" derives from the French verb plier, "to fold", from the Latin verb plico, from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω.

Examples
Yarn, where plying is a spinning technique to combine several fibres.
Vehicle tires
Plywood
Toilet paper

References

Structural analysis
Structural engineering
Nassar Ikram. Nassar Ikram,   is a retired two star admiral of the Pakistan Navy who was appointed as Pro-Rector, Research Innovation and Commercialization at NUST. He is currently serving as Vice chancellor of Iqra University.

Military career
Ikram joined Pakistan Navy in 1979 and was commissioned Weapon Engineering branch in December 1983 winning the sword of Honor.  He graduated in Electrical Engineering from Pakistan Navy Engineering College in 1985, then affiliated with NED University, Karachi. He did his Weapon Engineering Application Course from Royal Naval Engineering College UK in 1989.  He obtained Masters in Electronics Systems Engineering from Cranfield University, UK in 1995.  He is a graduate of National Defence University, Islamabad in  National Security and War Studies and holds Master's degree in National Security & War Studies from Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad and Doctorate Degree in Cryptography from Bradford University, UK in 1999.

Ikram served onboard PNS Tughril, PNS Dacca, PNS Shamsher and PNS Munsif as Weapon Engineering Officer / Deputy Weapon Engineering Officer.  He also served at PN Dockyard. He was an instructor at Electronic Warfare Training Centre, PNS Bahadur. His appointments include Deputy Director General Inter-Services Intelligence, Deputy Chief of Naval Staff at Naval Headquarters (NHQ),
Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff at Naval Headquarters (NHQ) and Commandant Pakistan Navy Engineering College. He served as Pro-Rector, Research Innovation and Commercialization at NUST and played a pivotal role in the establishment of Pakistan’s first Science and Technology Park the National Science and Technology Park (NSTP). He served as NSTP's founding Vice-President.

Academic career
Ikram has 83 publications in refereed journals and Conferences and three book chapters. He won the HEC Best University Teacher award in 2002. He led the team that authored Pakistan National Security Standard for testing of Crypto and IT products for Government of Pakistan. Ikram represents Pakistan in Asiacrypt and IT Security Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement (CCRA). A recipient of the President Technology Medal in 2015. In April 2021 he was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor at University of Central Punjab. He is currently serving as the President/Vice-Chancellor at Iqra University

Awards and decorations

References

Pakistan Navy rear admirals
Living people
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz
Year of birth missing (living people)
NED University of Engineering & Technology alumni
Alumni of Cranfield University
Alumni of the University of Bradford
Vice-chancellors of universities in Pakistan
Richard Berry (scientist). Richard M. Berry is a British–Canadian chemist who specializes in the production of nanocellulose. He is Vice-President, Technology & Chief Technology Officer at the CelluForce company in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He is a member of the Board of Directors (2016-2018) for TAPPI where he has been a fellow since 2005. Berry has published more than 100 articles and holds 24 patents.

Early life and education
Berry was raised  in the United Kingdom where his father was a member of the Royal Navy. He earned an undergraduate degree in geology and chemistry from Keele University. He received a PhD in chemistry at McGill University. Following his studies, Berry took a research position at the FPInnovations company.

Awards 
In 2014 Berry was named the first recipient of TAPPI's International Nanotechnology Division's Technical Award for his work on the industrial development of Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). In 2012, Berry was honored with the Purvis Memorial award. Berry was a co-recipient with Luc Lapierre and Jean Bouchard of the 2012 Howard Rapson Memorial Award for their paper Assessment of Pulp Machine White Water Quality of Market Kraft Pulp Mills.

References

External links

Living people
English chemists
English biochemists
Canadian biochemists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Computer Associates. Massachusetts Computer Associates (originally just Computer Associates), also known as COMPASS, was a software company founded by Thomas Edward Cheatham Jr. and based in Wakefield, Massachusetts from approximately 1961 to 1991, focusing primarily on programming language design and implementation, especially source-to-source transformation. It was acquired in the late 1960s by Applied Data Research.

Many well-known computer scientist were employed by, or consulted for, COMPASS at some point in their careers, including Michael J. Fischer, Stephen Warshall, Robert W. Floyd, and Leslie Lamport. Some of the systems they worked on include AMBIT/G and IVTRAN, a Fortran compiler for the ILLIAC IV.

Leslie Lamport wrote his influential "Time, Clocks" paper while he was at COMPASS.

The original vectorizing compiler for the ILLIAC IV was written at COMPASS with contributions by Lamport, who worked there part-time.

Robert Floyd's Treesort algorithm was published while Floyd was at COMPASS.

Corporate history

Applied Data Research (ADR) bought Massachusetts Computer Associates in the late 1960s. ADR was sold to Ameritech in 1986 and then by Ameritech to the (unrelated) Computer Associates of New York.  Shortly after ADR was sold to Computer Associates, Compass was in turn sold to SofTech.

Notes

1961 establishments in Massachusetts
1987 disestablishments in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1961
American companies disestablished in 1987
Computer companies established in 1961
Computer companies disestablished in 1987
Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 1961
Software companies disestablished in 1987
Maritime Launch Services. Maritime Launch Services (MLS) is a Canadian space transport services company founded in 2016 and headquartered in Nova Scotia, Canada. MLS will rely on Ukrainian Cyclone-4M rockets by Pivdenne Design Office to launch polar and Sun-synchronous orbit from Canso, Nova Scotia.  MLS is a joint venture of three U.S.-based firms.

Launch site
On March 14, 2017, MLS selected Canso, Nova Scotia as MLS's launch site. MLS has applied to lease 15 hectares of land outside the town from the provincial Department of Natural Resources, and construction was slated to begin in 2021. The $110 million rocket spaceport will be used to launch commercial satellites into space with a goal for up to eight launches annually. After further delays, MLS received final approval for construction in August 2022 and began work in September 2022. MLS President and CEO Stephen Matier claimed that MLS is aiming to conduct a suborbital launch NET Q2 2023, before further developing the site to accommodate Cyclone-4M. The site is slated to include a 10-15 metre-tall control centre and rocket assembly facility, with a launch pad positioned 2.4 kilometres away, linked by a custom rail system for rocket transportation. It will be the only operational spaceport in Canada, after the abandonment of the Churchill Rocket Research Range in the 1990s, and the first commercial spaceport for orbital launches in the country. It is estimated that construction of the spaceport will take three or four years to complete.

The proposed launch site is approximately 3.5 km south of Canso at , with the Vehicle Processing Facility located approximately 2 km south-west of Canso at .

Service
MLS hopes to launch eight rockets annually with two southward launch options. Option 1 is a Sun-synchronous orbit launch between 600–800 km, for smaller satellites, with a payload up to 3350 kg for US$45 million. Option 2 is a Low Earth Orbit launch, below 600 km in altitude, that will allow a payload up to 5000 kg also for US$45 million.

Rockets
MLS will rely on Ukrainian 2-stage Cyclone-4M rockets built by Pivdenne Design Office. The Cyclone-4M uses a Zenit-derived first stage powered by four Ukrainian-built RD-874 Kerosene/LOX engines and upper stage stack developed for the original hypergolic Cyclone 4 rocket. The first launch of the Cyclone-4M is expected to take place at Canso in 2025.

See also

List of spaceports
List of rocket launch sites

References

External links
 

2016 establishments in Nova Scotia
Aerospace companies of Canada
Canadian companies established in 2016
Transport companies established in 2016
Commercial launch service providers
Private spaceflight companies
Space industry companies of Canada
Companies based in Halifax, Nova Scotia