omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Slingsby Tandem Tutor. The T.31 Tandem Tutor is a British military training glider, designed and built by Slingsby and used in large numbers by the Air Training Corps between 1951 and 1986.

Design and development
The T.31 was a tandem two-seat development of the T.8 Tutor (RAF Cadet TX.2). The fuselage was based on that of the T.29 Motor Tutor, increased in length and widened slightly; the wings and tail were unchanged. A single T.31A prototype was flown in 1949, followed by the production T.31B, with spoilers and a small additional wing bracing strut.

Operational history
Chief customer for the T.31B was the Royal Air Force for Air Cadet training; its aircraft were designated as Cadet TX Mark 3. As it was so similar to their existing single-seaters, it allowed easy conversion to solo. The RAF took delivery of 126 TX.3s between 1951 and 1959.

It also found a market with civilian clubs in the UK, although most of these were built from kits and spares, using existing Tutor wings. T.31s were exported to Burma, Ceylon, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan and Rhodesia. In addition, small numbers were built in Argentina, Israel and New Zealand. The T.35 Austral was a one-off development with span increased to 15.64 m (51 ft 3¾ in), sold to the Waikerie Gliding Club in Australia in 1952

After the RAF Cadet TX.3s were replaced by GRP gliders in the mid-1980s, the fleet was sold off, but never gained the same popularity with civilian owners as the side-by-side T.21, being a cheaper glider designed for "circuits and bumps", and only marginally soarable. Some were instead converted to simple ultra-light aircraft as Motor Cadets, with the front cockpit replaced by a Volkswagen or similar engine, and a three-point undercarriage.

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum
Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon.

RAF Manston History Museum has Slingsby Cadet TX.3 VM791 on display marked up as XA312

Operators

Royal Air Force
Air Training Corps

Specifications (Slingsby T.31 Tandem Tutor)

See also

References

Citations

Cited sources

 
 Coates, Andrew. "Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders new edition". London, Jane's. 1980.

Other sources
 Simons, M. Slingsby Sailplanes. Airlife Publishing, 1996. 
 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29
 RAF Museum

External links

 Sailplane Directory

1940s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Tandem Tutor
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Saxon Steam Railway Company. The Saxon Steam Railway Company (Sächsische Dampfeisenbahngesellschaft mbH or SDG), formerly the BVO Bahn, is a German railway company in Saxony, that operates several Saxon narrow gauge railways. The SDG is a subsidiary of the BVO Verkehrsbetriebe Erzgebirge (BVO) and the Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO).

History 
The BVO Bahn was founded in 1998 when the Deutsche Bahn wanted to get rid of the narrow gauge Fichtelberg Railway (Fichtelbergbahn) from Cranzahl to the spa resort of Oberwiesenthal. On 4 May 1998 they took over the route. In order to gain more customers for this hitherto unprofitable line, daily steam locomotive services were implemented particularly to attract tourists. Initially it was even intended to extend the line to nearby Annaberg, but this plan could not be realised for financial reasons.

Since 2004 the SDG has also operated the Lößnitzgrund Railway (Lößnitzgrundbahn) from Radebeul to Radeburg. This route is particularly well known for its heritage trains that have run on Sundays and public holidays since 1974 and for the tourist attractions along the line, including the Karl-May Museum at Radebeul, and the hunting castle of Moritzburg.

The third Saxon narrow gauge railway that was taken over by the then BVO Bahn, is the Weisseritz Valley Railway (Weißeritztalbahn). This line was however destroyed in several places by the floods of 2002. It was partially reopened in 2008, but full reopening was in doubt because of budgetary cuts. Subsequently, funding was secured, and work on rebuilding the remainder of the line resumed in 2014; the remaining section from Dippoldiswalde to Kurort Kipsdorf reopened on 17 July 2017.

In accordance with the decisions of the VVO of 4 June 2007, Weißeritz district procured the route and the SDG took over the operation. At the same time the VVO took a 35% share in the SDG, because the Chemnitz city council insisted that the activities of companies formed by local communities should be restricted to a partnership role. The subsequent renaming of the BVO Bahn to the Saxon Steam Railway Company took place on 9 May 2007.

Routes 

 Fichtelbergbahn (Cranzahl–Oberwiesenthal)
 Lößnitzgrundbahn (Radebeul Ost–Radeburg)
 Weißeritztalbahn (Freital-Hainsberg–Kurort Kipsdorf).

References

External links 
 Company website
 Press reports in the Sächsischen Zeitung about the VVO

Heritage railways in Germany
Railway lines in Saxony
Transport in Saxony
Companies based in Saxony
Molly (fastener). A molly or molly bolt (often misspelled moly) is a type of screw fastener that fastens objects to plaster or gypsum board hollow walls by providing an anchor to be lodged inside a hole and expanded once in position. Larger sizes permit reasonably heavy objects, such as shelving, flatscreen-TV mounts or central-heating radiators, to be attached to drywall in locations where there is no stud behind the drywall. For heavy objects, multiple molly bolts may be required. 

The name Molly was formerly trademarked but is now often used in generic reference. Other names used for this same general type of fastener include hollow-wall anchor and hollow-door anchor, sometimes with design variations but always with the same design theme of expansion via deformation as the screw is tightened. The name drywall anchor sometimes is used in a way that includes both mollies and plastic deformable anchors, and sometimes it is used to distinguish the plastic type (wall plugs) from mollies.

History

The molly bolt was patented in 1934 by George Frederick Croessant. Although his patent acknowledges that expandable fasteners of this general kind were already known, Croessant's patent is intended to provide "an improved and adequate anchoring grip that may be retightened if necessary and that will permit repeated withdrawals and reengagements of the associated bolt." The same year, Croessant also registered the trademark "MOLLY".

Attaching
The fastener is an anchor, an expandable sleeve that slides into a hole drilled into the wall. A lip wider than the hole prevents it from falling behind the wall, and often features such as cleats/spikes prevent it from rotating when being compressed. A machine screw is screwed into the sleeve, causing the anchor to bend, expand, spread and grip against the inside of the hole or behind it (in hollow contexts such as drywall over stud cavities, or hollow doors).

Mollies come in various diameters and grip lengths (shank lengths) for different drywall thicknesses and to support different loads.

See also
 Toggle bolt, a bolt that has hinged flaps or wings

References

Home improvement
Wall anchors
Monnett Moni. 

The Monnett Moni is a sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s and marketed for homebuilding.

Designed by John Monnett, who coined the term "air recreation vehicle" to describe it, it is a single-seat motorglider with a low, cantilever wing and a V-tail. Construction is of metal throughout, and it is intended to be easy and inexpensive to build and fly. Like many sailplanes, the main undercarriage is a single monowheel, which in this case was mounted in a streamlined fairing beneath the fuselage and is not retractable, with a steerable tailwheel behind it. Builders are also given the option of constructing their example with fixed tricycle undercarriage. Power is provided by a small two-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled engine.

Examples of the Moni are on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum, and the EAA AirVenture Museum.

Variants
The Sonex Xenos motorglider is an evolution of the Moni, and provided much of the design foundation for the Sonex line of aircraft.

The all-electric-powered Electric Aircraft Corporation ElectraFlyer-C is a modified Monnett Moni in taildragger configuration.

Specifications (with tricycle gear)

Notes

References

 

Monnett aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
1980s United States sport aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1981
Jago (car). Jago is a British company which used to produce a range of kit cars principally Jeep styled between 1965 and 1997. The company is still based in Chichester, West Sussex and now manufactures for a number of industries including, concealment work for councils and telecommunications, theming and the arts.

Geoff Jago founded a company called Geoff Jago Custom Automotive in 1965 making Street Rod type vehicles. In 1971 he made the vehicle for which the company became most famous, the Geep. This used glass fibre panels moulded off an original World War II Willys Jeep and fitted to a chassis with Ford Anglia 105E mechanical parts. An alternative version using Morris Minor parts was added in 1974 and a Ford Escort version in 1976.

The company name was changed to Jago Automotive in 1979 and is now Jago Developments Ltd

The Ford Escort-based Samuri, a four-seat, beach buggy type vehicle costing £795 plus tax for the kit was announced in 1983.

The Geep name changed to Sandero in 1991 to avoid any copyright issues. The last Sandero kits were made around 1997. The Sandero 4x4 kit is still available from Belfield 4x4 Engineering; this version is based around a Land Rover Defender.

External links 
 Jago Developments website 
 Jago Geep (& others, but mostly Geep) Owners Facebook Group, active group as of 2021, including buy & sell
 Jago Owner's club  (Jago Owners Club, old website)
 Jago Owners Club new website (2008 to 2012)
 Belfield 4x4 engineering

References

Kit car manufacturers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Sussex
Powered skydiving. Powered skydiving is an activity where a skydiver jumps from some height (usually an airplane) wearing propulsion and small wings to fly their bodies. Efforts have been made by wingsuit flyers to sustain altitude, but the most successful was Yves Rossy who jumped out of an airplane wearing airplane-type rigid wings with four small jet motors attached to them.

See also
Powered paragliding alias paramotoring, where the person takes off from the ground.

External links
http://www.uspa.org U.S. Parachute Organization, all about skydiving
https://web.archive.org/web/20081129012138/http://www.jet-man.com/prod/index_en.html Yves Rossy powered skydiver website

Parachuting
GREET Model. R&D GREET (Research and Development Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies) is a full life cycle model developed by the Argonne National Laboratory (U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy). It fully evaluates energy and emission impacts of advanced and new transportation fuels, the fuel cycle from well to wheel and the vehicle cycle through material recovery and vehicle disposal. It allows researchers and analysts to evaluate various vehicle and fuel combinations on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis.

The GREET model is specified in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 §45V as the methodology to calculate the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions "through the point of production (well-to-gate)" when determining the level of tax credit for clean Hydrogen production until a successor is approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. The final 45V regulations determined 45VH2-GREET to be a “successor model” and required its use for the purposes of the 45V tax credit.

The original implementation of the model was made using Excel spreadsheets while a graphical version has also been made using .NET.

Content 
For a given vehicle and fuel system, R&D GREET separately calculates the following:

Consumption of total energy (energy in non-renewable and renewable sources), fossil fuels (petroleum, fossil natural gas, and coal together), petroleum, coal and natural gas;
Emissions of -equivalent greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide (), methane (), and nitrous oxide ();
Emissions of six criteria pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (), airborne particulate matter with sizes smaller than 10 micrometre (PM10]), particulate matter with sizes smaller than 2.5 micrometre (PM2.5), and sulfur oxides ().
Water consumption

R&D GREET includes more than 100 fuel production pathways and more than 70 vehicle/fuel systems.

External links
 http://greet.anl.gov/
 https://www.energy.gov/eere/greet

References

Vehicle emission controls
Emission standards
Transport and the environment
Standards of the United States
Industrial Minerals. Industrial Minerals (IM) publication is a specialist online service, supported by a monthly print magazine, covering all aspects of the non-metallic minerals industry, represented by its tagline: "from mine to market". It covers worldwide pricing, news, analysis and data on more than 70 minerals.

History 
Industrial Minerals was formed in 1967 as a spin-off from its parent publication, Metal Bulletin (MB), which had previously covered the industrial applications of mineral sands.

In 1995, IM launched Mineral PriceWatch (MPW) publication and North American Minerals News, a monthly newsletter which ceased in 2002.

Metal Bulletin PLC, owner of Industrial Minerals, was bought in 2006 by Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC, owned by Daily Mail and General Trust for 221 million British Pounds (408 million dollars).

References

External links 
 

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1967
New Horizon College of Engineering. The New Horizon College of Engineering (NHCE) is an autonomous private engineering college located near Marathahalli, in Bangalore, India. Established in 2001, the college is part of the New Horizon Educational Institution which was established in 1970.

New Horizon College of Engineering affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) & University Grants Commission (UGC). It is accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade & National Board of Accreditation (NBA).

Administration 
Mohan Manghnani is the chairman of New Horizon Educational Institute. Manghnani is also the Managing Trustee of New Horizon Educational and Cultural Trust (1970), New Horizon Education and Agricultural Research Trust and New Horizon Educational and Research Trust. He also manages the following schools:
New Horizon Public School – Indiranagar (established 1982) 
New Horizon Pre University College – Kasturinagar (established 1982)
New Horizon College – Kasturinagar (established 2009)
New Horizon College – Marathahalli (established 1998)
New Horizon College of Engineering – Marathahalli (established 2001)
New Horizon Gurukul- Marathahalli (established 2010)
New Horizon Vidya Mandir (established 2012) 
New Horizon International School (established 2022)

Student life 
SARGAM is one of the biggest fest in Bangalore; held by NHCE. It is an annual state-level inter-collegiate cultural fest where students from the best colleges in Karnataka participate to unleash their talent to its true potential. The much-awaited SARGAM lasts for two days. The campus is hustling, bustling and nutsling with energy and students are seen rejoicing, taking their time off academics and yet learning something new at every event.

Students get to learn new skills in event management and also work on their interpersonal, communication and team-building skills. This fest was started in the year 2008 and every year it gets bigger and better. The SARGAM team at NHCE specially allocates a theme for the event each year.

2010 - Arabian Nights - 11–13 October
2011 - Retro - 23–24 September
2012 - Go Green - 5–6 October
2013 - Carnival - 27–28 September
2014 - Super Heroes - 19–20 September
2015 - Voice Out - 14–15 September
2016 - Military - 10–11 September
2017 - Extraterrestrial - 22–23 September
2018 - Krishna Leela - 28–29 September
2019 - Pancha Bhootha - 20–21 September
2022 - Rudra Factor - 25–26 November

References

Engineering colleges in Bengaluru
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Karnataka
Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown. Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown (or time-dependent dielectric breakdown, TDDB) is a kind of transistor aging, a failure mechanism in MOSFETs, when the gate oxide breaks down as a result of long-time application of relatively low electric field (as opposed to immediate breakdown, which is caused by strong electric field). The breakdown is caused by formation of a conducting path through the gate oxide to substrate due to electron tunneling current, when MOSFETs are operated close to or beyond their specified operating voltages.

Models
The defect generation in the dielectric is a stochastic process. There are two modes of breakdown, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic breakdown is caused by electrical stress induced defect generation. Extrinsic breakdown is caused by defects induced by the manufacturing process. For Integrated circuits, the time to breakdown is dependent on the thickness of the dielectric (gate oxide) and also on the material type, which is dependent on the manufacturing process node. Older generation products with gate oxide thickness > 4nm are based on SiO2 and the advanced process nodes with gate oxide < 4nm are based on high-k dielectric materials. There are different breakdown models and thickness of the gate oxide determines the validity of the model. E model, 1/E model and power law exponential model are common models which depict the breakdown behavior. 

The failure types for integrated circuit (IC) components follow the classic bath tub curve. There is infant mortality, which is decreasing failure rate typically due to manufacturing defects. A low constant failure rate which is random in nature. Wear out failures are increasing failures due to aging semiconductor degradation mechanisms. TDDB is one of the intrinsic wear out failure mechanisms. Performance of the IC components can be evaluated for semiconductor wear out mechanisms including TDDB for any given operating conditions. The breakdown models mentioned above could be used to predict the time to fail for the component due to time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB).

Test method 
The most commonly used test for the investigation of TDDB behavior is "constant stress". Constant stress tests can be applied in form of constant voltage stress (CVS) or constant current stress. In the former, a voltage (that is often lower than the breakdown voltage of the oxide) is applied to the gate, while its leakage current is being monitored. The time it will take for the oxide to break under this constant applied voltage is called the time-to-failure. The test is then repeated several times to obtain a distribution of time-to-failure. These distributions are used to create reliability plots and to predict the TDDB behavior of oxide at other voltages.

See also
 QBD
 High-temperature operating life

References

Semiconductor device defects
Jeff S. Shamma. Jeff S. Shamma (born c. 1961) is an American control theorist. He is the Department Head and Professor of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Formerly, he was a Professor of Electrical engineering at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Before that, he held the Julian T. Hightower Chair in Systems & Control Systems and Controls at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is known for his early work in nonlinear and adaptive control, particularly on gain scheduling, robust control, and more recently, distributed systems.

Early life and education 
Shamma was born in New York City and raised in Pensacola, Florida. He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech in 1983 and a Ph.D. in Systems Science and Engineering from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1988. His Ph.D. thesis, Analysis and Design of Gain Scheduled Control Systems, was advised by Michael Athans.

Academic career 
After graduating from MIT, Shamma held faculty positions at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Texas, Austin, and University of California, Los Angeles. He also held visiting positions at the California Institute of Technology and MIT. Shamma returned to Georgia Tech to join the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2007, and held the Julian T. Hightower Chair in Systems & Control Systems and Controls. In 2014, he moved to the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Shamma was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the Center of Excellence for NEOM Research at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, where he was also the Principal Investigator of the Robotics, Intelligent Systems & Control laboratory. Since 2020, he has been the Department Head and a Professor of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Awards 
Shamma is a recipient of the NSF Research Initiation Award and the NSF Young Investigator Award. He received the American Automatic Control Council Donald P. Eckman Award in 1996 (32 years after his Ph.D. advisor Michael Athans received the award in 1964), and was made an IEEE Fellow in 2006.

References

External links
 Home page
 Faculty profile at Georgia Tech
 Mathematics Genealogy Project profile

1960s births
Living people
Control theorists
Georgia Tech alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Satok Bridge. Satok Bridge or Jambatan Satok is a suspension bridge in Kuching city, Sarawak, Malaysia. Originally built in 1923–1926, the bridge collapsed in 2004 during a storm. Because the bridge had many memories and was the first bridge to be built in Sarawak, the government decided to rebuild it in 2017 by choosing a local construction company, Pekerjaan Piasau Konkerit Sdn Bhd (PPK) as the main contractor. It was rebuilt in 2019, but work was suspended in October 2019 due to structural issues: an anchor block had become displaced. After structural correction and redesign, work resumed and the bridge was reopened 15 months later. The opening was officiated by then Chief Minister of Sarawak (now Premier), Abang Zohari Openg on 21 November 2021.

Near the bridge is the Datuk Patinggi Haji Abdul Rahman Bridge.

References

Bridges in Sarawak
Buildings and structures in Kuching
Tetrabromoethane. 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane, or simply tetrabromoethane (TBE), is a halogenated hydrocarbon, chemical formula C2H2Br4. Although three bromine atoms may bind to one of the carbon atoms creating 1,1,1,2-tetrabromoethane this is not thermodynamically favorable, so in practice tetrabromoethane is equal to 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, where each carbon atom binds two bromine atoms.

Uses
It has an unusually high density for an organic compound, near 3 g/mL, due largely to the four bromine atoms. TBE is a liquid at room temperature, and is used to separate mineral ores from its supporting rock by means of preferential flotation. Quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite and other minerals with low density will float in TBE, while minerals such as sphalerite, galena and pyrite will sink. A related compound, bromoform, is also sometimes used in these applications, however, TBE is more practical because of its wider liquid range and lower vapor pressure.

Safety
Permissible exposure limit is 1 ppm.  Cases of acute TBE poisoning are known as well.

References

Bromoalkanes