omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dwight Isbell. Dwight Isbell was a radio engineer, IEEE antennas and propagation fellow, and co-inventor of the Log-periodic antenna while a student at the University of Illinois under Raymond DuHamel. The log periodic antenna made possible broadband reception of color television signals. He is notable  for the invention of antenna, and the resulting lawsuits regarding the antenna.

The invention of the antenna and the patents were widely ignored by Channel Master and Blonder-Tongue, and resulted in the precedent setting Blonder-Tongue doctrine of "judicial economy", which bars defendants of patents from that have been previously ruled invalid (changing the Triplett v. Lowe precedent).

References 

1929 births
2011 deaths
American engineers
American inventors
People from Seattle
Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich. The Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG (SWS, Swiss Railcar and Lift Factory Corporation, known colloquially as "Wagi"), which was based at Schlieren in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, was a manufacturer of railway rolling stock and lifts.

The company was founded in 1895 as Firma Geissberger & Cie., which opened a wagon factory at Schlieren railway station. In 1899, the company became Schweizerische Wagen- und Wagons-Fabrik AG, based in Zürich.  Just one year later, the company moved its base back to Schlieren, and in 1901, there was another renaming, to Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG in Schlieren-Zürich (SWS).

In 1903, the newly formed Swiss Federal Railways (SBB-CFF-FFS) ordered passenger cars from SWS.  As early as 1906, the 1,000th item of rolling stock left the SWS workshop, and in 1909 the 2,000th vehicle was delivered to SBB-CFF-FFS.

In 1917, SWS took over the lift manufacturing business from the firm Aufzüge- und Räderfabrik Seebach AG and in 1928 the firm name was changed to Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG, Schlieren-Zürich.

In 1956 it was announced that Pars Finanz AG – the then holding company of the Schindler Group, which was involved in lift manufacturing and wagon building – had purchased 30% of SWS's share capital. In 1958, Schlieren installed the fastest lift at the time - with speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s), in Atomium building in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. The Schindler Group took the "Wagi" over completely in 1960, and integrated the company into the group as a subsidiary company.

When the Swiss rolling stock manufacturing industry was restructured in 1980–1981, SWS changed its rolling stock specialisation to component manufacturing, as well as alterations and revisions. In lift manufacture, the company focused on standard doors and standard cabins. In 1983, Schindler Group announced that SWS would be closed. At the end of August 1985, the closure took place, amidst vehement protests by employees and the public.

At the former premises of SWS, which were demolished very soon afterwards, a large new building was constructed, to house a new printing works for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ). Other new buildings constructed on the site were, for the most part, taken up by new small businesses.

Schindler continues to manufacture lifts today, and is the core product of that company, along with escalators and moving walkways. Railway division was divested in 1997 and became part of ADtranz; Schindler's Altenrhein plant (formerly Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein) wasn't included in the transaction and instead was sold to Stadler Rail.

References

External links 
 WAGI Museum Website 
 Official Heritage Website
 bahnarchiv.ch – Image database with partial SWS- photo archive

This article was translated from the German-language version as at August 2010.

Defunct manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Rolling stock manufacturers of Switzerland
Tram manufacturers
Elevator manufacturers
Escalator manufacturers
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Zürich
S&S 34. S&S 34 is a cruising and racing fibreglass monohull sailboat class.  It was based on a design by Olin Stephens from Sparkman and Stephens after a commission from British yachtsman Michael Winfield.

The design features a skeg-hung rudder and a Bermuda rig with a large, overlapping headsail.

Production history

The prototype was a 36' wooden one-tonner which Winfield named Morningcloud. From this Sparkman and Stephens were asked to develop a production design which became the S&S 34.  The design was established as a new class in 1968 and quickly achieved great racing success.

Two sets of moulds were built, with Winfield building several boats before the first set were sold to UK boatbuilder Acquafibre. The second set went to Australia and changed hands several times before finally coming to Perth, Western Australia boatbuilder Swarbrick and Swarbrick.

About 200 boats have been built, approximately 50 in the United Kingdom and the remainder in Australia, and mainly by Swarbricks who continue to build S&S 34 boats to order from the original moulds.  Since 2004 a new generation of boats have been built using advanced construction materials and techniques.  These newer boats use foam-sandwich construction, vinylester resins and multiaxial glass.  They are 25% lighter, as well as being much stronger and stiffer.  In 2011, pre-1980 boats sell for between $15,000 and $22,000 and new Constellation class boats cost from about $200,000 fully rigged.

Racing achievements

The first production S&S 34 built was Morning Cloud, owned by Sir Edward Heath. Heath had seen the boat at the 1969 London Boat Show and sailed it to win the 1969 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race as well as a class win in the Fastnet Race off Cowes.  S&S 34 designs were overall or prize winners in every Sydney-Hobart race from 1969 to 1974, they were placed 1st and 2nd in the 1979 Parmelia Race, and won the 1996 Lord Howe Island Race.  Other notable racing successes were Deerstalker which won the 1989 North Sea Race, another Fastnet class win in 1991, and a win in the 1992 Round Britain and Ireland Race.

S&S 34s racing performance is similar to UFO 34s with both rated the same and slightly faster than a Contessa 32.

Notable voyages

A proven cruising yacht which is well suited for short-handed sailing, the design is also notable for being used for several single-handed sailing circumnavigations:  Jon Sanders in Perie Banou (1981–82), David Dicks in Seaflight (1996–97) and Jesse Martin in Lionheart (1998-1999).  Sixteen-year-old Australian Jessica Watson completed a round the world trip in the S&S 34 Ella's Pink Lady on May 15, 2010. Dafydd Hughes began a circumnavigation attempt in ‘’Bendigedig’’ in August 2023 as part of the Global Solo Challenge.

Quadriplegic sailor Jamie Dunross completed a circumnavigation of Australia in his S&S 34 Spirit of Rockingham on 25 July 2010.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Contessa 32
Express 34
Rustler 36
Sea Sprite 34
Tartan 34 C
Tartan 34-2
UFO 34 (yacht)
Viking 34

References

External links

S&S 34 Courtesy of sailboatdata.com

Sailing yachts
Sailing in Australia
1960s sailboat type designs
Nygårds Hydroelectric Power Station. Nygårds Power Station is a hydroelectric power plant in Storelva in Narvik Municipality. It has a power output of  generated by three vertical Francis turbines. Originally, it was used also for the generation of single phase AC for the railway, but today only three phase AC is produced.

See also

 Nygårdsfjellet Wind Farm
 Rombaksfjorden

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110719062453/http://www.ee.kth.se/php/modules/publications/reports/2010/IR-EE-ES_2010_006.pdf

Buildings and structures in Nordland
Hydroelectric power stations in Norway
Narvik
Älvkarleby Hydroelectric Power Station. Älvkarleby Hydroelectric Power Plant () is a hydroelectric power plant with 5 Francis turbines at Älvkarleby, Sweden. It was built in 1911. From 1988 to 1991 a new power plant with a single Francis turbine was added, increasing its generation power from 70 MW to 126 MW.

See also 

 List of hydroelectric power stations in Sweden

Hydroelectric power stations in Sweden
Vattenfall
John Benjamin Henck. John Benjamin Henck (October 20, 1815 Philadelphia – January 3, 1903 Montecito, California) although educated as a classical scholar and graduating as valedictorian of the Harvard class of 1840 yet, during his career, transitioned to a practicing civil engineer. As an engineering educator, Henck required a strict knowledge of classical literature" and a "thorough and accurate knowledge of science". One of his notable students was Arthur M Wellington, author of The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways.(1877, first edition.)

Biography
Henck was the son of George Daniel and Caroline (Spiess) Henck.  He was prepared for college mainly by home study, and graduated from Harvard University, valedictorian, in 1840. He was principal of Hopkins Classical School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1840-1841, professor of Latin and Greek at the University of Maryland, 1841-1842, and professor of Latin and Greek at Germantown Academy, Philadelphia, where he remained until 1847.

The need to provide for a growing family prompted him to turn his attention to the more lucrative field of civil engineering. He began by studying in the office of Felton and Parker, Charlestown, Massachusetts. In 1848, he opened his own consulting practice and immediately had charge of the building of a railroad from Charlestown, New Hampshire, to Windsor, Vermont. In 1849 he was in charge of the construction of the Fitchburg Railroad near Boston, after which he established an office in Boston with William S. Whitwell (Whitwell & Henck) and was frequently called upon as an expert to decide on the work of others.

He was appointed engineer to the Massachusetts State Commission on Public Lands, and continued in that position, with an interruption of two or three years, until 1881. (In 1877, the State Commission on Public Lands was abolished and its tasks became those of the Massachusetts Board of Land Commissioners.) He had charge of the laying out and filling up of new lands of the state of Massachusetts and Boston Water Power Company, now known as the Back Bay district in Boston.  He was probably the engineer with the most responsibility for that project.

When the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began offering classes in 1865, he was the head of the department of civil engineering, a post he retained until 1881. But meanwhile he continued his oversight of the laying out of streets and lots in the Back Bay.  He was engineer for the Metropolitan and other street railroads in Boston and vicinity, 1856-1861. As an engineering educator, Henck required a "thorough and accurate knowledge of science," just as he once had advocated a strict knowledge of classical literature".

Works
He wrote numerous poems, mathematical papers, and a Field-Book for Railroad Engineers (1854; revised and enlarged, 1881 and 1896).

Notes

References

External links
 

1815 births
1903 deaths
American classical scholars
American civil engineers
American railroad pioneers
American people in rail transportation
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Harvard University alumni
Engineers from Philadelphia
Educators from Philadelphia
University of Maryland Global Campus faculty
Decomposed granite. Decomposed granite is a kind of granite rock that is weathered to the point that the parent material readily fractures into smaller pieces of weaker rock. Further weathering yields material that easily crumbles into mixtures of gravel-sized particles known as grus that further may break down to produce a mixture of clay and silica sand or silt particles. Different specific granite types have differing propensities to weather, and so differing likelihoods of producing decomposed granite. It has practical uses that include its incorporation into roadway and driveway paving materials, residential gardening materials in arid environments, as well as various types of walkways and heavy-use paths in parks. Different colors of decomposed granite are available, deriving from the natural range of granite colors from different quarry sources, and admixture of other natural and synthetic materials can extend the range of decomposed granite properties.

Definition and composition

Decomposed granite is rock of granitic origin that has weathered to the point that it readily fractures into smaller pieces of weak rock. Further weathering produces rock that easily crumbles into mixtures of gravel-sized particles, sand, and silt-sized particles with some clay. Eventually, the gravel may break down to produce a mixture of silica sand, silt particles, and clay. Different specific granite types have differing propensities to weather, and so differing likelihoods of producing decomposed granite.

The parent granite material is a common type of igneous rock that is granular, with its grains large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye (i.e., it is phaneritic in texture); it is composed of plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase feldspar, quartz, mica, and possibly other minerals. The chemical transformation of feldspar, one of the primary constituents of granite, into the clay mineral kaolin is one of the important weathering processes. The presence of clay allows water to seep in and further weaken the rock allowing it to fracture or crumble into smaller particles, where, ultimately, the grains of silica produced from the granite are relatively resistant to weathering, and may remain almost unaltered.

Uses

Decomposed granite, as a crushed stone form, is used as a pavement building material. It is used on driveways, garden walkways, bocce courts and pétanque terrains, and urban, regional, and national park walkways and heavy-use paths. DG can be installed and compacted to meet handicapped accessibility specifications and criteria, such as the ADA standards in the U.S.  Different colors are available based on the various natural ranges available from different quarry sources, and polymeric stabilizers and other additives can be included to change the properties of the natural material. Decomposed granite is also sometimes used as a component of soil mixtures for cultivating bonsai.

See also
 Crushed rock
 Chipseal

References

Granite
Building stone
Pavements
Road construction
Earthworks (engineering)
Natural materials
Stone (material)
2-Chloropyridine. 2-Chloropyridine is an aryl chloride with the formula C5H4ClN. It is a colorless liquid that is mainly used to generate fungicides and insecticides in industry. It also serves to generate antihistamines and antiarrythymics for pharmaceutical purposes. It is one of three isomers of chloropyridine.

Preparation 

2-Chloropyridine is produced by direct reaction of pyridine with chlorine.  The initially formed 2-chloropyridine reacts further to give 2,6-dichloropyridine.

Alternatively, 2-chloropyridines can be conveniently synthesized in high yields from pyridine-N-oxides.

2-Chloropyridine was originally prepared by the chlorination of 2-hydroxypyridine with phosphoryl chloride.

Main reactions and applications 
2-Chloropyridine reacts with nucleophiles to generate pyridine derivatives substituted at the second and fourth carbons on the heterocycle.  Therefore, many reactions using 2-chloropyridine generate mixtures of products which require further workup to isolate the desired isomer.

Some commercial products include pyrithione, pyripropoxyfen, chlorphenamine, and disopyramide.  In these conversions, chloride is displaced.  Pyrithione, the conjugate base of 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide, is a fungicide found in some shampoos.  Oxidation 2-chloropyridine gives 2-chloropyridine-N-oxide.  The antihistamine pheniramine may be generated via the reaction of phenylacetonitrile with 2-chloropyridine in the presence of a base.

Environmental properties
Although pyridine is an excellent source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for certain microorganisms, introduction of a halogen moiety significantly retards degradation of the pyridine ring.  With the exception of 4-chloropyridine, each of the mono- and di-substituted chloropyridines were found to be relatively resistant to microbiological degradation in soil or liquid media.  Estimated time for complete degradation was > 30 days.  2-Chloropyridine exhibits extensive volatilization losses from water, less so when present in soil.

Toxicity
The LD50 is 64 mg/kg (dermal, rabbit).

References 

Chloropyridines
2-Pyridyl compounds
Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III). Tris(acetylacetonato) iron(III), often abbreviated Fe(acac)3, is a ferric coordination complex featuring acetylacetonate (acac) ligands, making it one of a family of metal acetylacetonates.  It is a red air-stable solid that dissolves in nonpolar organic solvents.

Preparation
Fe(acac)3 is prepared by treating freshly precipitated Fe(OH)3 with acetylacetone.
Fe(OH)3 + 3 HC5H7O2 → Fe(C5H7O2)3 + 3 H2O

Structure and properties
Fe(acac)3 is an octahedral complex with six equivalent Fe-O bonds with bond distances of about 2.00 Å. The regular geometry is consistent with a high-spin Fe3+ core with sp3d2 hybridization. As the metal orbitals are all evenly occupied the complex is not subject to Jahn-Teller distortions and thus adopts a D3 molecular symmetry. In contrast, the related metal acetylacetonate Mn(acac)3 adopts a more distorted octahedral structure. The 5 unpaired d-electrons also result in the complex being paramagnetic, with a magnetic moment of 5.90 μB.

Fe(acac)3 possesses helical chirality. The Δ- and Λ-enantiomers slowly inter-convert via Bailar and Ray–Dutt twists. The rate of interconversion is sufficiently slow to allow its enantiomers to be partially resolved.

Reactions
Fe(acac)3 has been examined as a precatalyst and reagent in organic chemistry, although the active iron-containing species is usually unidentified in these processes.  In one instance, Fe(acac)3 was  shown to promote cross-coupling a diene to an olefin. Fe(acac)3 catalyzes the dimerization of isoprene to a mixture of 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene and 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene.

Fe(acac)3 also catalyzes the ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-benzoxazine. Beyond the area of polymerization, Fe(acac)3 has been found to catalyze the reaction of N-sulfonyl oxaziridines with olefins to form 1,3-oxazolidine products.

References

Iron(III) compounds
Acetylacetonate complexes
Iron complexes
Stig Hagström. Stig B. Hagström (1932–2011) was a Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University.

Career
He was trained at Uppsala University under the Nobel Laureate Kai Siegbahn. He received his B.Sc. (filosofie kandidat) in 1957, his M.Sc. (filosofie magister) in 1958, his licentiate (filosofie licentiat) in 1961 and his Ph.D. in 1964. After a period in 1964–1966 as a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, he was appointed university lecturer (universitetslektor) and docent at Chalmers University of Technology in 1966. In 1969 he was appointed as a chaired full professor in Physics and vice chancellor at Linköping Institute of Technology, which was founded the very same year, and which received full university status in 1975 and thus became Linköping University, Sweden's sixth university. Thereafter he moved to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in California, US. In 1987 he was appointed professor at Stanford University. In 1992–1998 he was the chancellor of the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education.

Awards
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1983)
 Honorary Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1999)
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1992)
 Member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
 Member of Royal Physiographic Society in Lund
 Fellow of the American Physical Society
 Honorary Doctorate in Engineering, Linköping University
 Honorary Doctorate in Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology
 Knight of the Order of the Polar Star
 Recipient of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, a Swedish Royal Order of Chivalry created in 1748
 Royal Swedish Medal
 John Ericsson Gold Medal

References

Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Academic staff of Linköping University
Uppsala University alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund
1932 births
2011 deaths
OSAMI-F. The research project OSAMI-F is the French subproject of the European ITEA 2 project OSAMI (Open Source AMbient Intelligence).

The aim of the international project OSAMI is the design of a basic, widely applicable SOA-oriented component platform, its development, test and its provision as open-source software. The project consists of a number of national sub-projects, each focusing on a certain field of application.

OSGi and Web Services forms the technical basis of the OSAMI platform in order to implement distributed, dynamically configurable, vendor-neutral and device-independent solutions.

The French sub-project OSAMI-F, funded by the Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment, contributes to different transversal areas such as engineering, architecture, tools and security and with demonstrators in the fields of sensor networking and efficient energy.

Project data
Supporting organisations: ITEA2, Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment
Duration: 01.01.2009 - 30.06.2011

General information
The main objective of OSAMI is to connect technologically vertical markets on the basis of an open platform and, hence, to facilitate the market entry for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME).

Technical and Scientific Objectives of OSAMI-F
 Establishment of common engineering principles
 Establishment of common architecture for interoperability
 Linking vertical domains through the common platform
 Demonstrate the platform
 Elaborate policy and acquisition recommendations

Participants
Bull
EDF
Grenoble Institute of Technology
Thalès Communications
University of Grenoble I

Work Packages and Tasks
WP 1: Coordination and Dissemination
WP 2: Business, Trust and Processes
WP 3: Organisation, Tools and Training
WP 4: Vertical Domains
WP 5: OSAMI Interface & Architecture
WP 6: Security, Assets and User interface issues
WP 7: Demonstrators

External links
OSAMI
ITEA 2
Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment

Information technology organizations based in Europe
Jeroen van den Brink. Jeroen van den Brink (born November 18, 1968) is a theoretical condensed matter physicist, director at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden and professor at the Dresden University of Technology in Germany. Van den Brink is known for contributions to the field of strongly correlated materials, in particular for proposals on magnetic and orbital ordering,  mechanisms for multiferroicity and the theory of Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering (RIXS).

He obtained a PhD from the University of Groningen in 1997, was a professor of theoretical condensed matter physics working at Leiden University from 2002–2009 and in 2009 visiting professor at the
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science.

References

External links
  IFW Dresden
 Lorentz Institute, Leiden University

Living people
Theoretical physicists
1968 births
Academic staff of Leiden University