omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Boston Metal. Boston Metal is a company developing a technology known as molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) to decarbonize steelmaking and recover high-value metals from mining waste. The company is based in Woburn, Massachusetts, with its Brazilian subsidiary, Boston Metal do Brasil, based in Coronel Xavier Chaves, Minas Gerais.

History 
Boston Metal's core technology was developed by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology after professor Donald Sadoway demonstrated the use of electrical currents to break down metal oxides in an electrolytic cell to produce molten metal and oxygen gas. Laboratory tests revealed that Sadoway's anode material could produce steel. The team published a paper in Nature in 2013. Boston Metal was founded that year.

Tadeu Carneiro joined the company as CEO in 2017 adding more than 40 years of experience and leadership in the metals industry. He was named a Boston Globe Tech Power Player in 2023.

In 2022, Boston Metal completed the first test of its semi-industrial 25,000-amp (MOE) cell, a key step in commercializing the technology.

The company launched its Brazilian subsidiary focused on high-value metals production in 2022 and began construction in Brazil in Coronel Xavier Chaves.

Boston Metal currently has more than 200 employees. In 2024, the company was selected for the TIME100 Most Influential Companies list, and its green steel solution, MOE, was recognized as one of Fast Company’s World Changing Ideas. Boston Metal was named North American Company of the Year by the Cleantech Group in 2023, a 2023 Norrsken Impact/100 nominee, received the S&P Platts Global Metal Award in 2021, a Bloomberg New Energy Finance Technology Pioneer in 2020, and is currently on the Global Cleantech 100 list by the Cleantech Group. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) announced in November 2023 that it would provide the company with funding to support the building of a new facility in Weirton, West Virginia. The plant will manufacture critical materials needed for clean power, fuel cells, and green steel supply chains.

Boston Metal has raised over $370,000,000 as of January 2024.

Technology 
Boston Metal's MOE technology offers an approach to steelmaking that does not involve direct carbon emissions. For a century electrolysis has been the primary method of producing aluminum. Boston Metal is applying a variant of the technique to iron. In the MOE cell, an inert anode is immersed in an electrolyte containing iron ore. An electric current is applied to the electrolyte. When the cell reaches 1600C, the iron is reduced, yielding liquid iron. The MOE platform differs from traditional steelmaking in that it can be powered by renewable electricity and eliminates many steps in the production process, including the use of coal/coke.

The technology can also be applied to extract valuable metals from low-concentration materials conventionally considered waste, reducing financial and environmental impacts.

References

External links 

 

American companies established in 2013
Technology companies based in Massachusetts
Krypton tetrafluoride. Krypton(IV) fluoride is a hypothetical inorganic chemical compound of krypton and fluorine with the chemical formula . At one time researchers thought they had synthesized it, but the claim was discredited. The compound is predicted to be difficult to make and unstable if made. However, it is predicted to become stable at pressures greater than 15 GPa. Theoretical analysis indicates  would have an approximately square planar molecular geometry.

Synthesis
The claimed synthesis was by passing electric discharge through krypton-fluorine mixture:

Physical properties
The claimed compound formed white crystalline solid. Thermally, it is less stable than .

References

Krypton compounds
Fluorides
Nonmetal halides
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Bilge pollution. Bilge pollution is a type of water pollution that occurs when the bilge water in a ship's hull is discharged into the ocean. In a research published in 2019, it was estimated that up to 3000 cases of bilge dumping happen in Europe every year. According to another estimate, approximately 52.8 million gallons of pollutants are discharged into the ocean annually.

Treatment of bilge water, in which all contaminants are removed, is the preferred method of dealing with bilge water pollution. Due to increased operational costs, companies mostly dump waste directly into the ocean without properly processing it. Due to the presence of carcinogenic chemicals, bilge water waste is considered a threat to marine life and human health.

References

Ocean pollution
Anthony J. Dias. Anthony J. Dias is a retired ExxonMobil materials scientist known for scientific contributions in polyolefins and elastomers which led to commercialized products.

Education 

Dias earned a B.S. in chemistry from Kean College in 1982.  He earned a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1987 under Prof. Thomas J. McCarthy.

Career 

Dias joined ExxonMobil Chemical Company in 1988 and has held both research and management responsibilities.  His most cited scientific work concerned the development of metallocene catalysts on a nonreacting polystrene support to replace reactive silica supports.  Dias retired in June 2021 as Chief Scientist.

Awards and recognition
 1998 - Sparks–Thomas award from the ACS Rubber Division
 2015 - Fellow of the American Chemical Society
 2018 - Division Fellow, Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering

References 

Polymer scientists and engineers
ExxonMobil people
Living people
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
Kean University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American chemists
21st-century American chemists
Begoña Vitoriano. Begoña Vitoriano Villanueva (born 1967) is a Spanish applied mathematician and operations researcher whose work concerns the logistics of humanitarian aid and disaster relief. She is an associate professor in the Department of Statistics and Operational Research at the Complutense University of Madrid, and the president of the Spanish Statistics and Operations Research Society.

Education and career
Vitoriano, who is Spanish, was born in 1967. She studied mathematics and operations research at the Complutense University of Madrid. Despite difficulties caused by the death of her father in the first year of her studies, the need to support herself through private tutoring, and the birth of two children during her studies, she earned a bachelor's degree there in 1990 and completed her Ph.D. in 1994.

She became an assistant professor in the Department of Statistics and Operational Research at the Complutense University of Madrid from 1990 to 1997. In 1995, when she traveled to El Salvador as part of an international collaboration to set up a master's program there, and witnessed the devastation and poverty caused in part by the recently ended Salvadoran Civil War. From 1997 to 2006 she worked as an assistant and then associate professor in the Department of Industrial Organisation and Institute for Technological Research at Comillas Pontifical University in Madrid, a private Jesuit school conflicting with her belief in public education, but with an emphasis on social justice that fit well with her research agenda. It was during this time that she changed her research focus from the management of electrical grids to disaster relief. She returned to Complutense University as an untenured associate professor in 2006, and was granted tenure in 2009.

In 2021, she was elected president of the Spanish Statistics and Operations Research Society for a three-year term, beginning in 2022.

Selected publications

References

External links
Home page

1967 births
Living people
Spanish mathematicians
Spanish women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
Academic staff of the Complutense University of Madrid
Academic staff of Comillas Pontifical University
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Palladium hexafluoride. Palladium hexafluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of palladium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula . It is reported to be a still hypothetical compound. This is one of many palladium fluorides.

Synthesis
Fluorination of palladium powder with atomic fluoride at 900–1700 Pa.

Physical properties
Palladium hexafluoride is predicted to be stable. The compound is reported to form dark red solid that decomposes to . Palladium hexafluoride is a very powerful oxidizing agent.

References

Palladium compounds
Fluorides
Hexafluorides
Metal halides
Oxidizing agents
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Theoretical chemistry
IWI ARAD. The ARAD is an assault rifle designed in 2019 by Israel Weapon Industries, named after the Israeli city of Arad. It is primarily designed for export purposes, and is not intended to replace the IWI Tavor X95 currently in service with the Israel Defense Forces. However, the Arad was adopted by the YAMAM, Israel's National Counter-Terror Unit, after it was found best in tests held by the unit.

Design 
The ARAD is an assault rifle visually similar to the AR-15, though it uses a short-stroke gas piston, rather than the direct impingement system seen in the AR-15. It is chambered in either 5.56×45mm NATO or .300 AAC Blackout and is designed to be modular, allowing a change of caliber through a quick-change barrel. All of its metal parts are corrosion-resistant.

Variants

Arad 5 
The IWI Arad is a modular assault rifle designed and manufactured by Israel Weapon Industries. 

 Caliber: 5.56×45mm NATO and .300 BLK.
 Weight: 2.85–3.07 kg empty, depending on barrel length.
 Barrel length: 11.5 inches, 14.5 inches 
 Rifling twist: 1:7 twist rate
 Effective range: 300–500 meters.

Arad 7 
The IWI Arad 7 is a heavier battle rifle variant of the Arad.

 Caliber: 7.62×51mm NATO or 6.5mm Creedmoor.
 Weight: 4.15–4.55 kg empty, depending on barrel length.
 Barrel length: 14.5 inches, 16 inches, 18 inches, and 20 inches.
 Rifling twist: 1:12 twist rate.
 Effective range: 300–1000 meters.

Arad 7 DMR 
The IWI Arad 7 DMR is a semi-automatic designated marksman rifle variant of the Arad 7.

 Caliber: 7.62×51mm NATO or 6.5 Creedmoor.
 Weight: 4.27–4.46 kg empty, depending on barrel length.
 Barrel: The Arad features a quick-change barrel system. Available barrel lengths are 16 inches and 20 inches. The barrel is cold hammer-forged and chrome-lined for improved accuracy and lifespan (approximately 20,000 rounds). The barrel is free-floated for enhanced accuracy.
 Rifling twist: 1:10 twist rate.
 Effective range: 500–1000 meters.

Users 

 : São Paulo military police, Military Police of Rio de Janeiro StateMilitary Police of Espírito Santo State
 : Special forces units
 : Special forces units, Ecuadorian Army
 : Yamam (Israel's National Counter-Terrorism Unit)
 : 17th Raiders Wing
 : Presidential Security Group - 358 units procured and registered for the performance of their duties. Some units distributed to 10th Infantry Division aka Task Force Davao.

See also 

IWI Tavor
IWI Carmel
IWI Galil ACE
IMI Galil

References 

Assault rifles of Israel
Designated marksman rifles
5.56×45mm NATO assault rifles
.300 BLK firearms
7.62×51mm NATO rifles
ArmaLite AR-10 derivatives
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2019
Leanne Cushing. Leanne Cushing is a mechanical engineer in the field of Robotics and Technology. She spent her high school years competing in FIRST Robotics competitions which sparked her interest in doing robotics in her adult life.  Throughout her career she has worked as a mechanical engineer at several note-worthy companies such as Husqvarna, Toyota, and Apple and co-founded a company called Domovi. In her adult life she became captain of the BattleBots Team Valkyrie where she designed and managed her team until she gave her captain role to Lucy Du in 2022.

Education and career
From 2005 to 2010, Cushing attended the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) where she obtained a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering with a focus in Aerospace. From December 2008 to May 2010, Cushing worked as an author for Reporter Magazine where she wrote magazine articles. From October 2010 to December 2011 Cushing worked as a Chassis Design Engineer at Husqvarna in Charlotte, NC. As part of her work at Husqvarna, Cushing was issued a patent for a front-mounted stand-on lawn care vehicle. Cushing is currently working full-time as a mechanical engineer at Bellwether Coffee.

Awards and honors

 Cushing was awarded the Rev 3 Top 20 Women in Tech award in 2017 from Rev Boston.
 Cushing's Battlebot, Valkyrie, received the Most Destructive award in 2020. Valkyrie is the first robot with a female-led team to win Most Destructive.

References

American mechanical engineers
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mimi Dai. Mimi Dai is a mathematician who specializes in partial differential equations, fluid dynamics, and complex fluids. She is a professor at the University of Illinois Chicago.

Education and career

Dai received her PhD in applied mathematics from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2012. Her dissertation, Nematic liquid crystal systems and magneto-hydrodynamics system: The properties of their solutions, was supervised by her advisor, Maria E. Schonbek. She is currently an associate professor for the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science at the University of Illinois Chicago. She specializes in partial differential equations, fluid dynamics, complex fluids.

Awards and honors

Dai became an American Mathematical Society (AMS) Centennial Fellow in 2022. In 2021 Dai also became an Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) von Neuman Fellow in 2021.  Dai has been an IAS Scholar since 2022. In 2018 Dai was awarded a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant for Mathematical Studies of Magnetohydrodynamic Flows with Hall Effect, and another grant from the NSF for Mathematical Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Flows with Hall Effect in 2020.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
21st-century American mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians
Fluid dynamicists
Nandi Olive Leslie. Nandi Olive Leslie is an applied mathematician and senior engineering fellow at Raytheon Technologies.

Early life and education 
Leslie grew up in Evanston, Illinois where her father, Joshua Leslie, was a professor of mathematics at Northwestern University. She enrolled in university math programs at Northwestern and would accompany her father to various math conferences and speeches around the United States.

Leslie graduated magna cum laude with a B.S. in Mathematics from Howard University and then a M.A. and PhD in Applied and Computational Mathematics and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from Princeton University. Her thesis at Princeton was Spatial Stochastic Models for Forest Degradation and Deforestation in Bolivia and Brazil.

Professional career 
Leslie serves as a Senior Engineering Fellow at Raytheon Technologies and currently serves as the Raytheon Intelligence and Space Internal Research Development Chief Engineer and Chief Data scientist. Her research interests include machine learning, stochastic processes, cybersecurity, and sensor performance. In 2019, Leslie became the first African American woman at Raytheon to achieve the distinction of engineering fellow. She currently serves on five different scientific advisory boards and was received the Black Engineer of the Year Award for Outstanding Technical Contribution in Industry in 2020.

Beginning in 2020, Leslie has served as a Lecturer and Research Advisor for Master's Degree Theses and Computational Mathematics and Data Science Programs at Johns Hopkins University.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African-American mathematicians
African-American women mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American applied mathematicians
Howard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
RTX Corporation people
Aerospace engineers
Cumyl alcohol. Cumyl alcohol, also called 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol, is a liquid, hydroxy functional, aromatic organic chemical with formula C10H14O. It has the CAS Registry Number of 536-60-7 and the IUPAC name of (4-propan-2-ylphenyl)methanol. It is REACH registered with the EC number of 208-640-4.

Uses
The most common use is as a food additive to add flavor. The material also has insect repellent properties.

Manufacture
Hydrogenation of cuminal can produce cumyl alcohol.

Other
Cumyl alcohol is an undesired side reaction product when LDPE is crosslinked. LDPE is used as a plastic electric insulator for electrical power cables. The cumyl alcohol reduces the insulating properties.

Alternative names
Main sources of information.
 p-Cymen-7-ol
 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol
 Cumic alcohol
 Cuminol
 Cuminyl alcohol
 (4-Isopropylphenyl)methanol
 Cuminic alcohol

Toxicology
The toxicity of the material has been studied and is reasonably well understood.

References

Primary alcohols
Food additives
Ofeq-13. Ofeq-13, also known as Ofek-13, is an Israeli synthetic-aperture radar observation satellite. It is part of the Ofeq intelligence satellite family, designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) for the Israeli Ministry of Defence and IDF, and is operated by Unit 9900.

Launch 
Ofeq-13 was launched on 29 March 2023, 02:10 IST (28 March, 23:10 UTC) from the Palmachim Airbase in Israel. It was delivered using a Shavit 2 launcher. Ofeq-13 was launched westward in a retrograde orbit.

References 

Synthetic aperture radar satellites
Reconnaissance satellites of Israel
Spacecraft launched in 2023
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering. Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS () is a scientific organization in Sovetsky District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1958.

History
In 1957, the Institute of Economics and Statistics established. In 1958, it was renamed the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering. The founder of the organization was G. A. Prudensky.

In early 2002, the institute employed 329 people, including 3 members of the RAS, 27 doctors of sciences, 89 candidates of sciences.

References
Mauro Longobardo. Mauro Longobardo is a Chief Executive Officer of ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih. 

Longobardo is also Vice-Chairman of ArcelorMittal Tubular Products in Saudi Arabia, Vice-President of the European Business Association in Ukraine, and Member of the Supervisory Board at RMHC's Ukraine.

Early life and education 
Mauro Longobardo was born in the Lombardian town of Gallarate. He graduated of the Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy, majoring in Materials Engineering He obtained a degree from MIT Sloan School of Management in Boston. Longobardo received further executive education at IAE, the Management and Business School of the Austral University (Argentina).

Career 
From 2002 to 2006, Mauro Longobardo worked for Tenaris Dalmine (Italy) in quality and product development. He then moved to Argentina, overseeing different manufacturing sites at the Tenaris Siderca plant, located near Buenos Aires. 

In 2010, he moved to Dubai to become worldwide coordination director for Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG). He also worked as commercial director and regional manager in Iraq, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Pakistan, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. From 2013 to 2015, Longobardo joined PJSC Chelpipe as Deputy CEO. After 2015, he joined Interpipe Group, becoming the chief operating officer in Ukraine. 
Longobardo joined the ArcelorMittal Group in February 2018 as CEO of ArcelorMittal Tubular Products Jubail, a joint venture between ArcelorMittal and Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF). He held this position up to July 31, 2021 and was then appointed Member of the Board and Vice-Chairman.

Since February 18, 2020, he has been the CEO of ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih company part of ArcelorMittal international corporation).

Since 2021 Mauro has been the vice president of the European Business Association in Ukraine.

ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih was shut down for security reasons in February 2022, at the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, but resumed production at 20-25 % in fall 2022.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Italian chief executives
People from Gallarate
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
21st-century Italian businesspeople
Italian industrialists
3Sun. 3Sun is a photovoltaic panel factory established in 2010 in Catania, Italy. In 2015, Enel Green Power became the company's sole shareholder. 3Sun was established as a joint venture by Enel Green Power, Sharp Corporation, and STMicroelectronics, each owning 33% of 3Sun. Between 2011 and 2014, 3Sun built a photovoltaic cell and module plant in Catania that employed thin-layer technology.  Sharp contributes the amorphous silicon multi-junction thin-film technology, Enel Green Power manages the commercial distribution, and STMicroelectronics provides personnel specialized in processes and research and development. On March 6, 2015, Enel Green Power has been the sole owner of 3Sun.

In August 2018, the manufacturing of Heterojunction Technology (HJT) bifacial panels began, making 3Sun the world's most automated plant in the sector, with the ability to operate continuously. The first HJT cells were produced in February 2019 and mass production began in August 2019.

In April 2022, Enel Green Power signed a grant agreement with the European Commission for subsidized financing, as part of the EU's first Innovation Fund call for large-scale projects, contributing to the development of the TANGO (iTaliAN pv Giga factOry) project. This involves the construction of an industrial-scale production facility for the manufacturing of innovative, sustainable and high-performance photovoltaic (PV) modules at the 3Sun solar panel factory in Catania.

See also

 Renewable energy in the European Union
 Energy policy of the European Union
 Energy in Italy

References

External links

Renewable energy companies of Italy
Enel
Energy companies established in 2010
Renewable resource companies established in 2010
Italian companies established in 2010
Osmium octafluoride. Osmium octafluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of osmium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula . Some sources consider it to be a still hypothetical compound. An early report of the synthesis of  was much later shown to be a mistaken identification of . Theoretical analysis indicates  would have an approximately square antiprismatic molecular geometry.

Potential synthesis
Rapid cooling of fluorine and osmium reaction products:

References

Osmium compounds
Fluorides
Metal halides
Hypothetical chemical compounds