omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Doodlebug tractor. Doodlebug tractor is the colloquial American English name for a tractor home-made in the United States during World War II, when production tractors were in short supply.  The doodlebug of the 1940s was usually based on a 1920s or 1930s era Ford automobile which was then modified either by the complete removal or alteration of some of the vehicle body. The preservation of examples of the doodlebug tractor has become popular in New England and upstate New York where there are several clubs  holding monthly meet-ups in the summer months to put their contraptions to the test by pulling large stone boats in a tractor pull.

History
Doodlebugs had many names — Friday Tractors, Scrambolas, Jitterbugs, Field Crawlers, Ruxells and many others, as well as the most common, The DoodleBug, which was a nickname for the aftermarket tractor kit made by David Bradley, "The old DB". Initially, the idea of the homemade tractor came from several catalog and implement companies in the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, such as New Deal, Minnesota-based tractor company offering low priced tractors during the New Deal era, Peru Plow Co., Thrifty Farmer (offering Ford or Chevrolet auto to tractor conversions), Sears Roebuck & Co., Montgomery Ward, Pull Ford, and Johnson Mfg. Co.

The conversion kits were expensive, some as much as $300, and farmers, hit hard by the Great Depression were a resourceful lot.  Magazines like Popular Mechanics and Mechanix Illustrated provided instructions for building a "Handy Henry" from that "old Ford sitting in your back yard, using simple tools anyone would have". The cost to build a "Handy Henry" made from an old Model T car or truck was about $20, according to the 1936 edition of the Handy Man's Home Manual, and this provided a serviceable vehicle with rubber tires, a big truck rear end and two transmissions to make up for the gear reduction with which the kits came.

These doodlebugs were used to plow, make hay, haul logs, and pull out stumps. To do all this, the doodlebug needed good ground clearance for use in any conditions and climbing almost any terrain. For protection they had a hood, cowl radiator, a small seat, some had a small truck bed, and most had a hitching point with which to tow.

Sweden

In Sweden, tractors made from automobiles became popular among small farmers in the 1930s and remained so until small tractors became available in the 1950s. A government ordinance in 1940 (Kungörelse 1940: 440 om hänförande av vissa automobiler till fordonstypen motorredskap) was the first to set down rules for what modifications were necessary to change the class of vehicle from automobile to motorized farm implement, including a speed limit to 30 kilometers per hour (20 mph). Even though doodlebugs are no longer used for farming in Sweden, the age limit of 16 years (recently changed to 15 years) make them a popular hobby for teenagers in rural areas.

See also
 Automobile-conversion tractors and other homemade versions

References

External links

 Pictures of home-made tractors from USA
 Pictures of home-made tractors from Sweden
 Pictures of home-made tractors from the rest of the world

Tractors
Tractor pulling
École d'ingénieurs généralistes La Rochelle. L'Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Génie des Systémes Industriels, also known as EIGSI (can be translated into 'Industrial systems engineering school'), is an engineering school (grande école) situated in La Rochelle, a town on the Atlantic Ocean on the west coast of France.

The EIGSI is a generalist engineering school, meaning that all the students are given a truly multidisciplinary education. In their fourth year, out of five, a specialisation can be chosen between: mechanical engineering, mecatronics, information systems, energy and environment, industrial management.

Upon completion of the 5 years of study, and the required industry internships, a Master of Engineering is delivered (equivalent to 'diplôme d'ingénieur' in the French academic system).

History
1902: the 'Ecole d’Electricité et de Mécanique Industrielles de Paris' (also referred as 'Ecole Violet' due to its location on 'Violet Street') was established in Paris, at the time teaching a small class of students electricity and mechanical engineering for the industry.
1987: the school leaves Paris and the alumni association take upon the challenge of creating a generalist engineering school tailored to answer the needs of industrial companies.
1990: the EIGSI - Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Génie des Systèmes Industriels opens for the first time in La Rochelle.
1991: the EIGSI is officially accredited by the CTI Commission des titres d'ingénieur meaning that it is officially recognised as able to deliver engineering degrees that meet the French and European criteria.
2004: the EIGSI has opened an additional 6 months managerial training course called the 'MIND'. It can be completed upon graduation.
2006: the EIGSI has opened an additional campus in Casablanca in Morocco. Exchanges between the 2 campuses is made possible and students from Casablanca are welcomed to spend a semester in La Rochelle.
2007: the EIGSI participated as one of the major actor in the creation of the engineering school network IngéFrance.

Ranking and performance

The EIGSI was placed at the 25th position out of 67 in a 2009 survey comparing similar engineering school across France.

Notable alumni 
 Jorge Chávez, Peruvian aviator

References

Grandes écoles
Engineering universities and colleges in France
1901 establishments in France
Educational institutions established in 1901
1990 establishments in France
Educational institutions established in 1990
TPC-W. TPC-W was a web server and database performance benchmark, proposed by Transaction Processing Performance Council.

This benchmark defined the complete Web-based shop for searching, browsing and ordering books. The system under testing needed to provide the implementation of this shop. TPC-W standard describes all pages that must be present in the shop (including sample HTML code), interaction graphs (how the user navigates between the pages), transition tables (that is the probability that the user will move from page A to page B) and database schema. In addition, the standard provided generator to produce synthetic images (book covers) that the system under testing needed to show in the virtual shop. Standard also describes how random strings and random numbers must be generated.

During testing, the server was visited by a growing number of web-bots, each simulating individual customer. The pause between web interactions from the single customer and the number of total pages each customer visits per session are random numbers that must follow asymmetric distribution, specified by the standard. The navigation pattern is defined by three transition tables that differ in accordance with the preferred plans of the user (shopping mix, browsing mix and ordering mix). The main measured parameter was WIPS, the number of web interactions per second that the system is capable to deliver.

It was also possible to visit and actually use the virtual shop with the ordinary browser.

The official TPC-W page in the past included performance comparisons, providing information, how well the virtual shop performs when implemented with various development platforms and running on various web servers and operating systems. This is information that is no longer available from the web site.

While discontinued, TPC-W is still used in universities for teaching, requiring students to implement TPC-W - compliant shop and perform benchmarking .

Other web application benchmarks
 RUBBoS
 RuBiS

References 

 - Official page of TPC-W standard

Further reading 
 

Benchmarks (computing)
Thermawing. The ThermaWing ice protection system uses a flexible, electrically conductive, graphite foil attached to a wing's leading edge. Once activated the foil heats quickly, melting and then shedding any ice.

Background 

In 1998 NASA Glenn initiated the research and development of the Thermawing system for general aviation. Supported by the NASA SBIR (Small Business Innovative Research) program Kelly Aerospace Thermal Systems put the system into production. The FAA has certified the heater element configuration.

The original launch of the system was on Columbia Aircraft Manufacturing (now Cessna) 350 and 400 airframes. ThermaWing (formerly EVADE) employs 6 heaters, 3 heater control modules, one main electronic controller and one 7500 watt alternator.

Operation 

The outer layer of the laminate is made of heat-conducting polyvinyl chloride. It offers the durability of a fluoropolymer. A zoned heater system is controlled by a solid-state processor. The leading edge (the "impingement" area) is kept warm, continually melting ice as it begins to form. The area just aft, the shedding zone, is normally kept below freezing, causing the streaming water to freeze and collect as ice. During a de-ice cycle the voltage is increased, raising the temperature of this aft shedding zone, melting the ice bond and shedding the ice via aerodynamic force. Once power is removed from the heater, the shedding zone immediately refreezes and resumes collecting ice until the next de-ice cycle. This system takes as little as 1 second per surface and only 33 seconds to deice the entire aircraft using a 60-second cycle.

Once armed, the system is digitally controlled with automatic shedding cycles activating at 41 °F.

As of August 2024, the ThermaWing section of the Kelly Aerospace website is no longer active, and availability is uncertain.

See also 

 Icing conditions
 Ice protection

References

External links 
 Kelly Aerospace company home page
 ThermaWing Aircraft Deicing

Aircraft ice protection systems
Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter. is the third facility in Japan for interconnecting the power grid of eastern Japan, which operates at 50 hertz, and that of western Japan, which operates at 60 hertz.

The Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter Station is operated by Chubu Electric Power Co. and is located at 677-3 Tanakake, Hirose-aza, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka. It is fed via a 275 kV power line and a 154 kV power line. Its inverters operate at 125 kVDC and have a maximum transmission rate of 300 MW.

Japan's other converter stations are at Shin-Shinano in Nagano Prefecture, Sakuma Dam in Shizuoka Prefecture, and Minami-Fukumitsu in Toyama Prefecture.

See also
 Electricity sector in Japan#Transmission
 Energy in Japan

External links 

 http://www.chuden.co.jp/english/corporate/press2005/0323_1.html 

Converter stations
Electric power infrastructure in Japan
Chubu Electric Power
Energy infrastructure completed in 2003
Buildings and structures in Shizuoka (city)
Emergency Digital Information Service. Emergency Digital Information Service (EDIS) is a wireless datacast based emergency and disaster information service operated by the State of California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. In operation since 1990, the system was upgraded in 1999 to support image and sound capabilities via satellite broadcast. The system is an enhancement to the Emergency Alert System. Like the EAS, it is used for statewide and local emergencies such as severe weather warnings, AMBER Alerts, and civil emergencies. The EDIS system is compatible with CAP and IPAWS. It is also known as the Emergency News Network in Los Angeles.

EDIS uses two frequencies for reception: 37.0200 MHz and 37.3800 MHz

Notes

External links
 edis.oes.ca.gov

Disaster preparedness in the United States
Kita-Iwaki powerline. The Kita-Iwaki Powerline is the largest double-circuit powerline for three-phase electric power in the world. Built in 1999, it runs from Minami-Iwaki switch (Tamura, Fukushima) to Higashi-Yamanashi substation (Ōtsuki, Yamanashi) and has 2 circuits, which are operated at present with 500 kV, but can be switched over to 1100 kV if necessary equipment is installed. The conductors of the lines consist of 8*31.5 mm ACSR ropes providing for a total current capacity of 4000 amperes.
The line is supported by lattice towers with a typical height of 108 meters. These have three crossbars of spanning 31, 32 and 33 meters.

There are two such lines: the first one is 190 kilometers long and starts at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant and runs over Nishi-Gunma switch to Higashi-Yamanashi substation. It was built in 1993.
The second 240 kilometers long line, which was built in 1999 starts at Nishi-Gunma substation and runs over Higashi-Gunma substation to Minami-Iwaki switch, whereby it passes close to Shin-Imaichi switch, which is not connected to the line.

Sites

Sources
 http://old.life-needs-power.de/2008/24-04-2008_Donnerstag/24042008_16-30_LNP_Luxa_1100%20kV-V2%203.pdf#page=9

Electric power infrastructure in Japan
1999 establishments in Japan
High-voltage transmission lines
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
Substrate (vivarium). The substrate of a vivarium is the material used on the floor of the enclosure. It can affect humidity levels, filtration as well as the well-being of the inhabitants. The appropriate substrate depends on the type of animal in the enclosure.

Functions and considerations
A substrate is used in all types of vivarium and holds an important role in the well-being of the inhabitants. Although having an aesthetic factor, the substrate is an extremely important factor when keeping animals in a vivarium.

Some types of substrate can be used to hold humidity, which is essential when keeping certain types of rainforest dwelling species that require high humidity levels during shedding and food digestion. The substrate may also be used as a drainage system for excess water.

Substrate is also useful for burrowing species as they can dig into the substrate as they would in their natural habitat. It is also useful for egg laying species that would naturally bury their eggs in the earth floor.

The substrate also adds to the aesthetics of the enclosure and gives the vivarium a more natural feel and look.

Types
The type of substrate used depends on the natural habitat of the species kept, for instance a desert dwelling species should be kept on a slate tile substrate, whereas a rainforest dwelling species should be kept on soil or bark chips.

Some keepers may choose to use less aesthetic substrates such as paper towels, newspaper or even tiles and linoleum, especially for newly acquired or quarantined specimens. This is easier for the keeper to keep maintained and there is less risk of the substrate being consumed by the inhabitants.

See also
 Substrate (aquarium)

References

Pet equipment
Reptiles as pets
Bushing. Bushing may refer to:

Bushing (bearing), a type of plain bearing
Bushing (electrical), an insulated device that allows a conductor to pass through a grounded conducting barrier 
Bushing (isolator), a mechanical device used to reduce vibrational energy transfer between two parts
Drill bushing, a tool used to guide the placement of a hole when drilling in a workpiece
Threaded bushing, a metal sleeve with screw threads
Ben "bushing" Byer (1980-2016), former member of hacker group fail0verflow (formerly Team Twiizers) and the iPhone Dev Team

See also
 Büsching (disambiguation)
Borden Bridge. Borden Bridge is an abandoned arch bridge that spans across the North Saskatchewan River near Borden, Saskatchewan, Canada. The bridge used to carry vehicular traffic from Saskatchewan Highway 16, but is now open to foot traffic only.

History
The bridge 
 was constructed as a "make-work" project during the Great Depression. It was built in 1936 by the contractor R.J. Arrand Construction Co. and was designed by Chalmers Jack (C. J.) MacKenzie (on leave from being Dean of Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan). Plans from 1929 called for a steel segmental truss bridge, however these were abandoned for a more labour-intensive concrete bridge employing local farmers in the region.

In 1985 the bridge was closed to vehicles; a newer dual-span bridge built immediately north of the old bridge now carries the highway traffic. In 2007 the bridge was sold by the provincial government to Orville Middleton at a price of $33,000; he indicated that his plans were to turn the bridge into an open-air dance hall. The Saskatchewan Architectural Heritage Society expressed strong concern over this proposed use for the bridge. As of 2012, the bridge still had not been converted because the rural municipality would not approve this use. Middleton stated that he would donate the bridge and surrounding land to the Canadian Wildlife Federation if the dance hall idea would not happen. He also expressed interest in decorating the bridge with some of the salvaged LED lights taken from the Traffic Bridge in Saskatoon. Eight years after buying the bridge, Middleton put it up for sale in 2015 for $1 million, having never been granted approval for his dance hall. As of 2019, the bridge remains unsold.

See also
 List of bridges in Canada
 List of crossings of the North Saskatchewan River

References

External links 
 Historical Engineering Details

Bridges completed in 1936
Concrete bridges in Canada
Corman Park No. 344, Saskatchewan
Bridges over the North Saskatchewan River
Great Bend No. 405, Saskatchewan
Pedestrian bridges in Canada
Road bridges in Saskatchewan
Turnaround time. Turnaround time (TAT) is the amount of time taken to complete a process or fulfill a request. The concept thus overlaps with lead time and can be contrasted with cycle time.

Meaning in computing 
In computing, turnaround time is the total time taken between the submission of a program/process/thread/task (Linux) for execution and the return of the complete output to the customer/user. It may vary for various programming languages depending on the developer of the software or the program. Turnaround time may simply deal with the total time it takes for a program to provide the required output to the user after the program is started.

Turnaround time is one of the metrics used to evaluate an operating system's scheduling algorithms.

In case of batch systems, turnaround time will include time taken in forming batches, batch execution and printing results.

With increasing computerization of analytical instruments the distinction between a computing context and a "non-computing" context is becoming semantic. An example of a "non-computing" context of turnaround time is the time a particular analysis in a laboratory, such as a medical laboratory, other commercial laboratories or a public health laboratory takes to result.  Laboratories may publish an average turnaround time to inform their clients, e.g. a health care worker ordering the test, after what time a result can be expected. A prolonged turnaround time may give the requester a clue that a specimen was not received, that an analysis met with problems within the lab including that the result was unusual, and the test was repeated for quality control.

Comparisons with other metrics of time 
Lead Time vs Turnaround Time: Lead Time is the amount of time, defined by the supplier or service provider, that is required to meet a customer request or demand. Lead-time is basically the time gap between the order placed by the customer and the time when the customer get the final delivery, on the other hand the Turnaround Time is in order to get a job done and deliver the output, once the job is submitted for processing center according to the customer request.

Turnaround Time vs Response Time: Turnaround time is the amount of time elapsed from the time of submission to the time of completion whereas response time is the average time elapsed from submission until the first response is produced.

Turnaround Time vs Wait Time: Waiting time is amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue.

Reasons of Delays: In case of warehouses, there are several reasons, due to which TAT can increase. First of all, if laborers or equipment are not working properly, and if the maximum efficiency could not be reached, the process would be delayed. Secondly, the infrastructure, improper infrastructure could be an obstacle for the TAT reduction.

See also 
 Takt time
 Logistics
 Cycle time variation

References

Further reading 
 
 

Organizational performance management
Software performance management
K.C.T. Engineering College. K.C.T. Engineering College is an Engineering College in Gulbarga District of Karnataka, India. It was established in 2001 under HSMAKCT (Hazrat Shaik Minhajuddin Ansari Kallerawan Charitable Trust) under the Guidance of Qamar ul Islam. It is approved by AICTE and recognised by V.T.U. Belgam.

Campus
The college is located in the Qamar Colony of Dargah Area on Ring Road, Gulbarga, Karnataka. It contains separate hostels for boys and girls, a library, a playground, a workshop, a com lab, a sports department and a classroom.

Streams
The college currently offers four programs

Computer Science and Engineering .
Mechanical Engineering.
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Civil Engineering. 

Engineering colleges in Karnataka
Educational institutions established in 2001
Education in Kalaburagi
Universities and colleges in Kalaburagi district
Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University
2001 establishments in Karnataka
Companies based in Kalaburagi
Tadano. (commonly known as Tadano) is the main and largest Japan-based manufacturer of cranes and aerial work platforms, considered one of largest crane manufacturers in the world.

History
Masuo Tadano, the founder of the company, started as a steel fabricator in 1919 at Fujitsuka-cho, Takamatsu, Japan. In 1948, he founded TADANO Ltd. and set up the first manufacturing plant of cargo handling equipment, in the following years the company expanded manufacturing to include various industrial equipment. In 1955, Tadano introduced the first hydraulic truck crane with the capacity of 2 tonnage for the Japanese market. In 1960, Tadano successfully manufactured an export model of hydraulic truck crane and exported it to Indonesia.

From then, they have expanded into the worldwide market and established a solid international position in the field of hydraulic mobile cranes. From mid-term plan 2008, they are aiming to become the No.1 manufacturer of LE domain (LE means Lifting Equipment, machinery and equipment reflecting the concept of mobile, gravity-defying equipment for aerial work).
In 1972, Tadano listed company's shares on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

They are also known by the project to restore the Ahu Tongariki Moai Statues on Easter Island between 1992 and 1994.

TADANO has been accelerating its business worldwide since the early 2000s.
Starting with the establishment of a Middle East office in Dubai (2003), it has acquired US-based crawler crane manufacturer SpanDeck Inc. in 2008 (now Tadano Mantis Corp.), in addition to the launch of production base for truck loader cranes in Thailand (2013).

In May 2013, it has announced the launch of ATF-400G series, the all terrain cranes with 400 metric tons of lifting capacity, which had been developed with its main subsidiary TADANO Faun GmbH.

In August 2013, TADANO announced the new model of rough terrain crane with the largest lifting weight for its kind (145 metric tons), targeting markets in the Americas and the Middle East.

In 2014 the company acquired its UK product distributor. The distributor company, Cranes UK, changed its  name to Tadano UK.
In August 2019 Tadano Ltd. completed its $215 million acquisition of the Demag Mobile Cranes business from Terex. This acquisition expanded the Tadano product line offering for All-Terrain Cranes as well as added a line of Lattice Boom Crawler cranes.

In December 2023, Tadano acquired a Japanese aerial platform manufacturer, Nagano Industry, for an undisclosed amount.

Gallery

See also
 Arabian Machinery and Heavy Equipment Company

References

External links
 

TADANO Ltd. 
Tadano Group global portal 

Construction equipment manufacturers of Japan
Crane manufacturers
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies based in Kagawa Prefecture
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Japanese companies established in 1948
Japanese brands