omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saunders-Roe Queen. The Saunders-Roe P.192 Queen was a British jet-powered seaplane project designed by Saunders-Roe after the Second World War. It was intended for the carriage of passengers on intercontinental flights, especially between Great Britain and Australia. No prototype was built because of a lack of funding.

Design and development
Before the Second World War, the British aircraft manufacturer Saunders-Roe (often known as Saro) had initiated plans for transatlantic seaplanes. In 1939 the firm planned a machine of 85 to 90 tons, but the start of the war altered priorities.

When Saro resumed in 1943, the studies had grown to 150 tons and ultimately became the Saunders-Roe Princess, of which only three were built.

Despite this failure, Saro was contacted by J. Dundas Meenan, consulting engineer from the firm Heenan, Winn & Steel, on behalf of the Peninsular & Oriental (P & O) shipping company. He was interested in a plane that could carry at least 1,000 passengers under the conditions of comfort of an ocean liner. Saro proposed project P.192, a 670-ton seaplane powered by 24 Rolls-Royce RB.80 Conway jet engines with  of thrust each. The aircraft was designed to have flown at a cruising speed of  and an altitude between . Its range would have been . The route between London and Sydney had already been planned, via Cairo, Karachi, Calcutta, Singapore and Darwin (Australia).

The fuselage would have had 5 decks with passengers divided into 6 person compartments with seats that could convert into berths for the night, in a similar fashion to railway carriages. First class passengers would have had their own bars, dining rooms and washrooms. A galley would have served all decks via freight elevator. The crew was to have consisted of 7 flight crews with their own rest quarters, and 40 cabin crew, as well as a steward as on a liner.

The engines were installed away from the hull to avoid spray ingestion on takeoff and landing. They were to have been supplied with air 
through intakes in the leading edge of the wing during flight, and another set of intakes on the top of the wing while on the water.

Water rudders facilitated manoeuvring on the water.

Neither P & O nor the government were willing to finance the project, it did not go beyond the stage of the drawing board.

Specifications (Queen)

References

James Gilbert: Meistens flogen sie doch; Schweizer Verlagshaus Zürich 1978 (Seiten 221–223).

External links
Images
 
 
 

Princess
1950s British airliners
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Twenty-four-engined jet aircraft
Chlorine trifluoride oxide. Chlorine oxide trifluoride or chlorine trifluoride oxide is a corrosive liquid molecular compound with formula ClOF3. It was developed secretly as a rocket fuel oxidiser.

Production
Chlorine oxide trifluoride was originally made at Rocketdyne by treating dichlorine monoxide with fluorine. Other substances that could react with fluorine to make it includes sodium chlorite (NaClO2), and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). The first published production method was a reaction of dichlorine monoxide with oxygen difluoride (OF2). Yet other production methods are reactions between ClO2F or ClO3F and chlorine fluorides. A safer approach is the use chlorine nitrate with fluorine.

Reactions
As a Lewis base it can lose a fluoride ion to Lewis acids, yielding the difluorooxychloronium(V) cation (ClOF2+). Compounds with this include: ClOF2BF4, ClOF2PF6, ClOF2AsF6, ClOF2SbF6, ClOF2BiF6, ClOF2VF6, ClOF2NbF6, ClOF2TaF6, ClOF2UF6, ClOF2, (ClOF2)2SiF6, ClOF2MoOF5, ClOF2Mo2O4F9, ClOF2PtF6.

Functioning as a Lewis acid, it can gain a fluoride ion from a strong base to yield a tetrafluorooxychlorate(V) anion: ClOF4− ion. These include KClOF4, RbClOF4, and CsClOF4. This allows purification of ClOF3, as at room temperature a solid complex is formed, but this decomposes between 50 and 70 °C. Other likely impurities either will not react with alkali fluoride, or if they do will not easily decompose.

Chlorine trifluoride oxide fluoridates various materials such as chlorine monoxide, chlorine, glass or quartz.
ClOF3 + Cl2O → 2ClF + ClO2F;
2ClOF3 + 2Cl2 → 6ClF + O2 at 200 °C

Chlorine trifluoride oxide adds to chlorine fluorosulfate, ClOF3 + 2ClOSO2F → S2O5F2 + FClO2 + 2ClF. The reaction also produces SO2F2.

Chlorine trifluoride oxide can fluoridate and add oxygen in the same reaction, reacting with molybdenum pentafluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, tetrafluorohydrazine (over 100 °C), HNF2, and F2NCOF. From HNF2 the main result was NF3O. From MoF5, the results were MoF6 and MoOF4.

It reacts explosively with hydrocarbons. With small amounts of water, ClO2F is formed along with HF.

Over 280 °C ClOF3 decomposes to oxygen and chlorine trifluoride.

Properties
The boiling point of chlorine trifluoride oxide is 29 °C.

The shape of the molecule is a trigonal bipyramid, with two fluorine atoms at the top and bottom (apex) (Fa) and an electron pair, oxygen and fluorine (Fe) on the equator. The Cl=O bond length is 1.405 Å, Cl-Fe 1.603 Å, other Cl-Fa 1.713 Å, ∠FeClO=109° ∠FaClO=95°, ∠FaClFe=88°. The molecule is polarised, Cl has a +1.76 charge, O has −0.53, equatorial F has −0.31 and apex F has −0.46. The total dipole moment is 1.74 D.

References

Oxyfluorides
Chlorine(V) compounds
Joseph Oliger. Joseph E. Oliger (September 3, 1941 – August 28, 2005) was an American computer scientist and professor at Stanford University.  Oliger was the co-founder of the Science in Computational and Mathematical Engineering degree program at Stanford, and served as the director of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science.

Early life and education
Oliger was born in Indiana in 1941, the son of salesman Emmert Oliger and homemaker Catherine Oliger, and grew up on a farm in Greensburg, Indiana. Oliger graduated from the University of Colorado with a B.S. in mathematics in 1966, and later continued on to complete an M.S. in applied math in 1971.

From 1965 to 1973, Oliger worked as a computer programmer and analyst at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.  There, Oliger met Heinz-Otto Kreiss, who was a professor at Uppsala University at the time, and they began working together.   Kreiss became Oliger's PhD advisor, and Oliger completed his Ph.D. from Uppsala University in 1973.

Research focus
Oliger is known for his work on numerical methods to approximate solutions of partial differential equations, with applications to weather forecasting.  For example, in his early work with Heinz in 1972, for a model problem on wave propagation Oliger determined to what order of Fourier analysis was required to guarantee a desired level of accuracy. Along with Marsha Berger and Philip Colella, Oliger developed the technique of adaptive mesh refinement. One adaptive mesh refinement algorithm first developed by Berger and Oliger, and later refined by Berger and Colella, is taught today and referred to as the Berger-Oliger or Berger-Oliger-Colella method.

Stanford University
In 1974, Oliger joined the Computer Science department at Stanford University as an assistant professor. In 1987, Oliger co-founded the Science in Computational and Mathematical Engineering degree program at Stanford with three colleagues. As a professor at Stanford, Oliger graduated over 20 PhD students and currently has over 100 academic descendants.

Oliger was the author of the widely used textbook, Time-Dependent Problems and Difference Methods, with Bertil Gustafsson and Heinz-Otto Kreiss.

Oliger served as the director of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science in the 1990s.

In 2001, Oliger retired from Stanford.

References 

American computer scientists
Stanford University faculty
American expatriates in Sweden
1941 births
2005 deaths
People from Greensburg, Indiana
Uppsala University alumni
University of Colorado alumni
Scientists from Indiana
Spin echo small angle neutron scattering. Spin echo small angle neutron scattering (SESANS) measures structures from around 20 to 2000 nm in size. The information is presented as a real-space (similar to g(r)) as opposed to a reciprocal space (q(r)) mapping. This can simplify the interpretation for some systems. 
SESANS is useful for studying processes that occur over relatively long time scales, as data collection is often slow, but large length scales. Aggregation of colloids, block copolymer micelles, Stöber silica particles being a prime examples.

The technique offers some advantages over SANS but there are fewer SESANS instruments available than SANS instruments. Facilities for SESANS exist at TUDelft (Netherlands) and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK).

References

Materials science
Analytical chemistry
Scientific techniques
Kristian Kersting. Kristian Kersting (born November 28, 1973, in Cuxhaven, Germany) is a German computer scientist. He is Professor of Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning at the Department of Computer Science at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Head of the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Lab (AIML) and Co-Director of hessian.AI, the .

He is known for his research on statistical relational artificial intelligence, probabilistic programming, and deep probabilistic learning.

Life 
Kersting studied computer science at the University of Freiburg, where he received his Ph.D. in 2006. At the university he attended a course on artificial intelligence given by Bernhard Nebel and became interested in the topic. He was a visiting postdoctoral researcher at the KU Leuven and a postdoctoral associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His advisor at MIT was Leslie Pack Kaelbling. From 2008 to 2012, he led a research group at the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems IAIS. He then became a Juniorprofessor at the University of Bonn and associate Professor at the computer science department of the Technical University of Dortmund. From 2017 to 2019, he was professor of machine Learning and since 2019 professor of artificial intelligence and machine learning at the department of computer science of the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

He is also a researcher at ATHENE, the largest research institute for IT security in Europe.

He also leads a research department at the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence

Awards 
In 2006, he received the AI Dissertation Award of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence. In 2008, he received the Fraunhofer Attract research grant with a budget of 2.5 million euros over five years. He was appointed Fellow of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI) and Fellow of the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS) in 2019. In 2019 he received the "Deutscher KI-Preis" ("German AI Award"), endowed with 100,000 euros, for his outstanding scientific achievements in the field of artificial intelligence.

Publications 

 De Raedt L., Kersting K. (2008) Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming. In: De Raedt L., Frasconi P., Kersting K., Muggleton S. (eds) Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4911. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 
 Luc De Raedt, Kristian Kersting, Sriraam Natarajan and David Poole, "Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence: Logic, Probability, and Computation", Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning" Morgan & Claypool, March 2016 .

References

External links 
His website at the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Lab

1973 births
Living people
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
German artificial intelligence researchers
University of Freiburg alumni
German computer scientists
Fellows of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence
Machine learning researchers
People from Cuxhaven
Robert C. Armstrong. Robert Calvin Armstrong is the director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative and the Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineering. He has been a member of the MIT faculty since 1973, and served as head of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1996 to 2007. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for conducting outstanding research on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, co-authoring landmark textbooks, and providing leadership in chemical engineering education. In 2020, he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Armstrong finished a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Degree at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1970 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1973 from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, also in Chemical Engineering.

References

Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Georgia Tech alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Presidents of the Society of Rheology
Sycamore processor. Sycamore is a transmon superconducting quantum processor created by Google's Artificial Intelligence division. It has 53 qubits.

In 2019, Sycamore completed a task in 200 seconds that Google claimed, in a Nature paper, would take a state-of-the-art supercomputer 10,000 years to finish. Thus, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy. To estimate the time that would be taken by a classical supercomputer, Google ran portions of the quantum circuit simulation on the Summit, one of the most powerful classical computers in the world. Later, IBM made a counter-argument, claiming that the task would only take 2.5 days on a classical system like Summit. If Google's claims are upheld, then it would represent an exponential leap in computing power.

In August 2020, quantum engineers working for Google reported the largest chemical simulation on a quantum computer – a Hartree–Fock approximation with Sycamore paired with a classical computer that analyzed results to provide new parameters for the 12-qubit system.

In April 2021, researchers working with Sycamore reported that they were able to realize the ground state of the toric code, a topologically ordered state, with 31 qubits. They showed long-range entanglement properties of the state by measuring non-zero topological entropy, simulating anyon interferometry and their braiding statistics, and preparing a topological quantum error correcting code with one logical qubit.

In July 2021, a collaboration consisting of Google and multiple universities reported the observation of a discrete time crystal on the Sycamore processor. The chip of 20 qubits was used to obtain a many-body localization configuration of up and down spins. The configuration was stimulated with a laser to achieve a periodically driven "Floquet" system where all up spins are flipped for down and vice versa in periodic cycles which are multiples of the laser's cycles. No energy was absorbed from the laser so the system remained in a protected eigenstate order.

In 2022, the Sycamore processor was used to simulate traversable wormhole dynamics.

The German Forschungszentrum Jülich cooperated with Google in developing the Sycamore quantum computer, and it will be home to the first universal quantum computer developed in Europe as part of the OpenSuperQ project.

See also 
 Jiuzhang
 Quantum random circuits
 List of quantum processors

References 

Artificial intelligence laboratories
Quantum computing
Google hardware
Alexandra Tillson Filer. Alexandra Tillson Filer (July 1, 1916 – January 4, 2015) was an American metallurgist and collector. She was among the first women to earn a degree in metallurgy, in 1938.

Early life and education 
Alexandra Tillson was born in July 1916 in Franklin, near Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. Her father Benjamin Franklin Tillson, a Yale alumnus, was assistant superintendent of the New Jersey Zinc Company. Her mother, Florence Rutherford Smith Tillson, was an alumna of Smith College.

Tillson was a Girl Scout. She attended Pennsylvania State College, enrolled in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences as a metallurgy major.  She was the first woman to complete that course at Penn State, when her degree was granted in 1938.

Career 
After college, with her husband Russell Filer, she founded the Mineral of the Month Club, sending mineralogical samples to schools and libraries, with concise information sheets to help educators, students, and collectors learn more about minerals. They also ran a mineral shop in Redlands, California, and specialty bookshop in Yucaipa, California, Geoscience Books & Prints. In 1984, Filer was elected first president of the Geo-Literary Society at a Tucson meeting; the society was intended to gather those interested in "books, maps, drawings and related printed matter" about minerals, gems, and fossils.

Filer amassed a comprehensive collection of over three thousand Western stock certificates over thirty years; images of the certificates have been published for research purposes in recent years.

Personal life 
Alexandra Tillson married twice. In 1938 she married a fellow Penn State student, James Alonzo Taylor. She met geologist Russell Filer in California; they married in 1956. As of 2014, they were retired and living in Yucaipa, California. Tillson Filer died on January 4, 2015, at the age of 98.

References 

1916 births
2015 deaths
21st-century American women
Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences alumni
People from Franklin, New Jersey
People from Yucaipa, California
Scientists from New Jersey
American booksellers
American metallurgists
American women scientists
Schwäbisch Gmünd Prize. The Schwäbisch Gmünd Prize for Young Scientists is an annual award given by the European Academy of Surface Technology (EAST) to an early career researcher active in Europe on the grounds of originality, creativity and excellence in surface technology. The prize aims to promote science, research and education in the field of surface technology as part of EAST efforts to promote friendship and integration within the European scientific and technological community.

The award is named in honor of the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd and its long tradition of craftsmanship of precious metals. The town has also been the location of EAST headquarters since its foundation in 1989. The prize is presented in a public lecture during an event sponsored by or co-organised by EAST, such as electrochemistry, corrosion or surface finishing related conferences.

Recipients of the Schwäbisch Gmünd Prize

To the date, three early career researchers have received the prize:

 2017 - J. Zhang
 2018 - N. T. Nguyen
 2019 - L. F. Arenas
 2020 - M. Leimbach
 2021 - K. Eiler

See also

 List of engineering awards
 Electroplating

References

External links
The Schwäbisch Gmünd Prize for Young Scientists
The European Academy of Surface Technology
The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metal Chemistry
The International Union for Surface Finishing

European science and technology awards
Early career awards
Research awards
Awards established in 2017
2017 establishments in Europe
Safran EngineUS. The Safran ENGINeUS is a family of electric motors for aircraft propulsion developed by Safran, outputting up to .

Design 

The ENGINeUS 45 air-cooled direct-drive Smart Motor (integrating motor and power electronic converter) produces  maximum and  continuously, has a power-to-weight ratio of 2.5 kW/kg at 2,500 rpm and an efficiency over 94%.

Applications 
 SOCATA TBM-based EcoPulse: distributed hybrid-electric propulsion demonstrator, planned to fly in 2022; six ENGINeUS-driven propellers integrated into the wing.
 VoltAero Cassio: modified Cessna 337 Skymaster with two tractor ENGINeUS 45 on the wing, planned to fly in November 2019.

See also 
 MagniX
 Siemens SP90G
 Siemens SP260D

References 

Aircraft electric engines
Jürgen Rödel. Jürgen Rödel (born September 17, 1958 in Hof) is a German materials scientist and professor of non-metallic inorganic materials at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

He is particularly well known for his fundamental and pioneering work on the mechanical and functional properties of ceramics. This includes his research work on the sintering behaviour of ceramics and the development of lead-free piezoceramics. Until then, lead-free piezo materials were considered impossible. Through meticulous research, he found the first lead-free systems with "Giant" elongation. In 2008, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the highest award for German researchers, for his contributions to the development of ferroelectric functional ceramics, new lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and novel gradient materials.

Life 
From 1977 to 1983, Rödel studied materials science at the University of Erlangen and ceramics at the University of Leeds. Rödel received his diploma in materials science from the University of Erlangen. In 1988, he received his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1992, he habilitated in materials science at the TU Hamburg-Harburg. Since 1994 he has been professor of non-metallic inorganic materials at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Work 
In 2019, Rödel has acquired the research grant Reinhart-Koselleck project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). It was the first time for the Technische Universität Darmstadt that the grant was brought to the university. With the support he is currently working on improving ceramics by disrupting their atomic structure. His team is concentrating on a type of crystal defect that, although trivial for metals, has so far seemed unthinkable for hard ceramics. The mechanical deformation of ceramics takes place under controlled pressure and temperature.

Publications

Awards 

 1992: Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz-Preis
 2003: Fellow of the American Ceramic Society
 2008: Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Preis
 2013: Member of the German Academy of Science and Engineering (Acatech)
 2016: IEEE Ferroelectrics Recognition Award
2018: Robert B. Sosman Award
2020: Fellow of the Materials Research Society

References

External links 
His Website at the Technische Universität Darmstadt

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
German materials scientists
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
1958 births
Living people
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Fellows of the American Ceramic Society
Alumni of the University of Leeds