omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of power stations in Zambia. Zambia has five large power stations, of which four are hydroelectric and one is thermal. A fifth hydroelectric power plant is under construction at Itezhi-Tezhi Dam (120MW) along with a coal powered power station at Maamba (300MW) as of 2015. There are also a number of smaller hydroelectric stations, and eight towns not connected to the national power transmission grid are served by diesel generators.

In 2014 the combined power generation from an installed capacity of 2,396MW was 14,453GWh, of which 91.2% came from hydroelectric plants.

The majority of the plants are owned and operated by ZESCO, the national power utility.

Hydroelectric

Operational

Under construction

Thermal

Operational

Solar

Other projects 
In March 2022, Chariot Limited of the United Kingdom together with Total Eren of France and Canadian mining giant First Quantum Minerals entered into a partnership to develop a 430MW solar and wind power project in Zambia.

References 

Zambia
 
Power stations
Rhaetian Railway ABe 8/12. The Rhaetian Railway ABe 8/12, which is also known as the Allegra, is a class of dual voltage metre gauge three car multiple unit trains of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB), which is the main railway network in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.

The class is so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, ABe 8/12 denotes an electric railcar train with first and second class compartments, and a total of 12 axles, eight of which are drive axles.

Technical details
The ABe 8/12 trains were delivered between 2009 and 2011.  They are used mainly on Rhaetian Railway routes with steep inclines: the Arosa line, the Bernina Railway, and the route from Landquart to Davos.  They are fitted with dual voltage electrical equipment, to enable them to operate on both the Rhaetian Railway's core network, which is electrified at 11 kV 16.7 Hz, and on the Bernina Railway, which is electrified at 1,000 V DC.

Each of the ABe 8/12s is equipped with comfortable air conditioned compartments for both first class and second class passengers.  The first class compartment at the front of each train offers a pleasant view of the track from directly behind the driver.  In the middle of the ABe 8/12s is a large low floor area, which also allows disabled passengers a comfortable ride. Most units entered regular service soon after delivery.

Metre gauge speed record 
On 5 December 2009, during regular pre-service shakedown trials in the Vereina Tunnel, an ABe 8/12 set a new speed record for metre gauge railways of 139 km/h.  The previous record had stood at 134 km/h, and had been held by the Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn (RBS).  The maximum speed previously registered on the RhB had been 110 km/h.

Train names 
On 1 May 2010, four trains were baptized in Landquart. The train 3501 got the name of Willem Jan Holsboer, the Dutch founder of the Rhaetian Railway; the train 3502 is called after Friedrich Hennings, an engineer who was the chairman of the building of the Albulabahn. The train 3503 is called after the Swiss alpine ski racer Carlo Janka (grown up in Obersaxen GR) who won the world championship and the olympic gold medal in the giant slalom and who is the overall winner in Men's Alpine Skiing World Cup. The train 3504 got the name of Dario Cologna (grown up in Mustair GR) who is the overall winner of Men's cross-country skier and also gold medal winner of Vancouver.

List of trains 

The trains in the class are named, and entered service, as follows:

References

External links 

 Official Rhaetian Railway website
 Manufacturer's site Website of the manufacturer of the ABe 8/12 Allegra
 Datasheet Comprehensive datasheet of the manufacturer (in German)
 Media release Media release about the new speed record (in German)

Stadler Rail multiple units
Multiple units of Switzerland

Rhaetian Railway multiple units
Isaac Chuang. Isaac L. Chuang is an American electrical engineer and physicist. He leads the quanta research group at the Center for Ultracold Atoms at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his undergraduate degrees in physics (1990) and electrical engineering (1991) and master's in electrical engineering (1991) at MIT.  In 1997 he received his PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Chuang is one of the pioneers of NMR quantum computing. Since 2003, Chuang has focused his attention on trapped ion approaches to quantum computing, as the field of liquid state NMR quantum computing fell out of favor due to limitations on its scalability beyond tens of qubits due to noise.

Chuang is also widely known for having authored Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, one of the primary reference books in the field with Michael Nielsen, cited by more than 60,000.

While employed at IBM in 1999, Chuang was to be featured in a film by Errol Morris, commissioned by IBM for an internal conference on the occasion of the year 2000.  The conference was cancelled and the film was never completed; however, excerpts including Chuang can be viewed at Morris's personal web site.

In 2015, he led a study showing that some students on the edX platform cheat by creating multiple accounts and "harvesting" correct answers.

Honors
 2010 Fellow of the American Physical Society
 In 1999, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

Selected bibliography

References 

Living people
21st-century American physicists
American electrical engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Quantum information scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
American people of Chinese descent
Whisper Aircraft Whisper. The Whisper Aircraft Whisper motor glider is a South African two-seat kit aircraft that was designed by Russell Phillips in 2004 and is produced by Whisper Aircraft of Port Elizabeth. Major assemblies are completed at the factory with assembly intended to be completed by the owner. It is powered by a four-cylinder Limbach L2000 aero engine with options for the  Jabiru 2200 and  Rotax 912 available.

The design was developed into the Whisper X350 Generation II kit aircraft in 2015.

Specifications

See also
Europa XS
Grob G 109

References

External links

Motor gliders
2000s South African sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rothemund reaction. The Rothemund reaction is a condensation/oxidation process that converts four pyrroles and four aldehydes into a porphyrin. It is based on work by Paul Rothemund, who first reported it in 1936. The method underpins more modern synthesis such as those described by Adler and Longo and by Lindsey. The Rothemund reactions is common in university teaching labs.

Method
The reaction employs an organic acidic medium such as acetic acid or propionic acid as typical reaction solvents.  Alternatively p-toluenesulfonic acid or various Lewis acids can be used with chlorinated solvents. The aldehyde and pyrrole are heated in this medium to afford modest yields of the meso tetrasubstituted porphyrins [RCC4H2N]4H2. The reaction entails both condensation of the aldehydes with the 2,5-positions of the pyrrole but also oxidative dehydrogenation of the porphyrinogen [RCC4H2NH]4.

Reaction history
The multi-step syntheses of hemin and chlorophyll by Hans Fischer were awarded by a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This has inspired the work of his student Paul Rothemund to develop a simple one pot synthesis of porphyrins. In 1935, Paul Rothemund reported the formation of porphyrin, from a simple reaction of pyrrole with gaseous acetaldehyde or formaldehyde in methanol followed by treatment with various concentrations of hydrochloric acid. One year later Paul Rothemund announced the applicability of his reaction to other aldehydes, by which he was able to explore large number of porphyrins. Here he detailed the synthesis of porphine, the fundamental ring system in all the porphyrins. He performed the porphin synthesis at a temperature of 90-95 °C and high pressure in sealed pyrex glass tubes, by reacting pyrrole, 2 % formaldehyde and pyridine in methanol for 30 hours. 

A simplified version of Rothemund porphyrin synthesis was described by Alan D. Adler and Frederick R. Longo in 1966. It utilizes mild organic acids as catalysts and reaction medium and is conducted in open air. Seventy aldehydes gave corresponding meso-substituted porphyrins. The reaction time was shortened to 30 minutes and yields improved to 20%. The Alder-Logo reaction protocol was further modified by Lindsey et al. Using Lewis acid catalyst (boron trifluoride) or strong organic acids (trifluoroacetic acid) in chlorinated solvents, yields improved to 30-40%.

Green chemistry variants have been developed in which the reaction is performed with microwave irradiation using reactants adsorbed on acidic silica gel or at high temperature in the gas phase.

References 

Name reactions
Condensation reactions
Oracle VDI. Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) software is a discontinued desktop virtualization product that provides desktop virtualization to replace personal computers with virtual machines (VMs) on a server. Desktops are accessed via Sun Ray Client, Oracle VDC Client (basically a software version of the Sun Ray, also using the same ALP protocol as the Sun Ray, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) client, or optionally through the web via Oracle Secure Global Desktop software.

The product features tight integration with LDAP and Active Directory for user authentication. When accessing a VM, the user is presented with an Oracle VDI login screen. Upon entering credentials, the connection broker determines the correct VM for the user based on customizable policies. Once the VM has been determined it will be made available (resuming when suspended, starting when shut down) and the user is then redirected to the client OS or, if VirtualBox is used as virtualization backend, the RDP server built into VirtualBox.
Multiple supported virtualization products were: Oracle VirtualBox (included), VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V and Remote Desktop Services.
Built-in vRDP support in VirtualBox can be used to remotely access operating systems that lack a built-in RDP server, such as Linux.

In 2013, Oracle announced that it was discontinuing all further development of Oracle VDI, although existing customers would continue to be supported for a transitional period. Full support of Oracle VDI ended in March 2017.

See also
 VirtualBox
 Sun Ray
 Sun xVM
 Sun Ops Center

References

Sun Microsystems software
Oracle software
Remote desktop
Constraint graph (layout). In some tasks of integrated circuit layout design a necessity arises to optimize placement of non-overlapping objects in the plane. In general this problem is extremely hard, and to tackle it with computer algorithms, certain assumptions are made about admissible placements and about operations allowed in placement modifications. Constraint graphs capture the restrictions of relative movements of the objects placed in the plane. These graphs, while sharing common idea, have different definition, depending on a particular design task or its  model.

Floorplanning

In floorplanning, the model of a floorplan of an integrated circuit is a set of isothetic rectangles called "blocks" within a larger rectangle called "boundary" (e.g., "chip boundary", "cell boundary").

A possible definition of constraint graphs is as follows. The constraint graph for a given floorplan is a directed graph with vertex set being the set of floorplan blocks and there is an edge from  block b1 to b2 (called horizontal constraint), if b1 is completely to the left of b2 and there is an edge from  block b1 to b2 (called vertical constraint), if b1 is completely below b2.

If only horizontal constraints are considered, one obtains the horizontal constraint graph. If only vertical constraints are considered, one obtains the vertical constraint graph.

Under this definition, the constraint graph can have as many as  edges, where n is the number of blocks. Therefore, other, less dense constraint graphs are considered. The horizontal visibility graph is a horizontal constraint graph in which the horizontal constraint between two blocks exists only if there is a horizontal line segment which connects the two blocks and does not intersect any other blocks. In other words, one block is a potential "immediate obstacle" for moving another one horizontally. The vertical visibility graph is defined in a similar way.

Channel routing

Channel routing is the problem of routing of a set of nets N which have fixed terminals on two opposite sides of a rectangle ("channel"). In this context, the horizontal constraint graph is the undirected graph with vertex set N and two nets are connected by an edge if and only if horizontal segments of the routing must  overlap. In the given example, only nets 5 and 6 do not have a horizontal constraint between them. The vertical constraint graph is the directed graph with vertex set N and two nets are connected by an edge  if and only if there are two pins from different nets on the same vertical line and the edge is directed from the net with pin on the upper edge of the channel. This direction means that this net must be routed on a horizontal track above the horizontal tracks of the second net. In the given example, only nets 1 and 3 have a vertical constraint.

References

Application-specific graphs
Electronic design
Communicating vessels. Communicating vessels or communicating vases are a set of containers containing a homogeneous fluid and connected sufficiently far below the top of the liquid: when the liquid settles, it balances out to the same level in all of the containers regardless of the shape and volume of the containers. If additional liquid is added to one vessel, the liquid will again find a new equal level in all the connected vessels. This was discovered by Simon Stevin as a consequence of Stevin's Law. It occurs because gravity and pressure are constant in each vessel (hydrostatic pressure).

Blaise Pascal proved in the seventeenth century that the pressure exerted on a molecule of a liquid is transmitted in full and with the same intensity in all directions.

Applications 
Since the days of ancient Rome, the concept of communicating vessels has been used for indoor plumbing, via aquifers and lead pipes. Water will reach the same level in all parts of the system, which acts as communicating vessels, regardless of what the lowest point is of the pipes – although in practical terms the lowest point of the system depends on the ability of the plumbing to withstand the pressure of the liquid.

In cities, water towers are frequently used so that city plumbing will function as communicating vessels, distributing water to higher floors of buildings with sufficient pressure.

Hydraulic presses, using systems of communicating vessels, are widely used in various applications of industrial processes.

See also 
 Artesian well
 Water level (device)

References 

Hydrostatics
Pressure
Aquifers
Water supply
Hydrology
Hans Weiss (aviator). Leutnant Hans Weiss was a German World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories.

Early life and service
Born on 19 April 1892, Weiss was a native of Hof, a Bavarian town which was situated on the Austrian/German border. He began school in Bayreuth in 1912, studying mechanical engineering. After several attempts to volunteer for service at the beginning of World War I, he was accepted by the pioneers at Ingolstadt. He trained in Darmstadt in 1916; one of his schoolmates from high school, Richard Wenzl, trained with him there and would also become an ace.

Weiss began his aerial service as an observer gunner in artillery cooperation units FA(A) 282, FA(A) 28, and FA(A) 68 during June 1916. At that time, he was a corporal.  During a reconnaissance flight, he was wounded in the foot by anti-aircraft fire though flying at nearly 9,000 feet. Upon recovery, he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class. On a later mission, on 26 May 1917, he bombed an enemy supply train, breaking it in half; he then continued the attack despite ground fire from machine guns and infantry. For this feat, he won the Iron Cross First Class and was promoted to sergeant.

Service as a fighter pilot
Then, in August 1917, he was sent to Jastashule in Valenciennes. By the following month, he was already flying a fighter for Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 41; he scored his first victory on the 17th. Weiss was then commissioned a leutnant in October 1917. He then went on a streak as a balloon buster, downing four observation balloons in a row. Weiss followed that with four triumphs over enemy aircraft, the last of which, his tenth win, occurred on 13 March 1918. He was transferred to Royal Prussian Jasta 10 which was part of Manfred von Richthofen's "Flying Circus", Jagdgeschwader 1. He scored a single victory there, on 28 March 1918, before being transferred to  another Flying Circus unit, Royal Prussian Jasta 11, as a Flight Leader. He scored his first win in his new unit on 2 April 1918. Six days later, he was selected to temporarily command Jasta 11, and did so until his death in action on 2 May 1918.

On that day, Weiss was flying his Fokker Triplane; although Richthofen's Jagdgruppe used scarlet as their identifying color, Weiss's plane was largely or entirely "Weiss" (white). Weiss died of a bullet through the head from the guns of No. 209 Squadron's Lt. Merrill Samuel Taylor's Sopwith Camel while attacking another Camel from Taylor's unit.

Sources of information

References

 Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1993. , .
 Fokker Dr I Aces of World War I. Norman Franks, Greg VanWyngarden. Osprey Publishing, 2001. , .

German World War I flying aces
1892 births
1918 deaths
People from Hof, Bavaria
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Military personnel from Bavaria
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
German military personnel killed in World War I
Aviators killed by being shot down
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Australian landing ship medium Vernon Sturdee (AV 1355). The Australian landing ship medium Vernon Sturdee (AV 1355) was a United States Navy landing ship medium which was later sold to Australia and operated by the Australian Army.

The ship was built by the Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company in Chicago, Illinois and was commissioned into the United States Navy (USN) as USS LSM-315 on 13 July 1944. She was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations and saw action during the liberation of the Philippines during 1944 and 1945. Following the war she was decommissioned on 14 June 1946 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

The ship was purchased by the Australian Army and was named Vernon Sturdee (AV 1355) in honour of the Australian World War II general Vernon Sturdee. The ship was one of four LSMs operated by the newly formed 32nd Small Ship Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers and was refitted in Japan before she arrived in Australia. From 1960 to 1970 she performed routine duties in support of the Australian Army, and carried equipment between ports in Australia, New Guinea, Malaysia and New Zealand.

The ship was deployed to Vung Tau in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, where she operated in South Vietnamese waters. Vernon Sturdee was decommissioned on 30 September 1971 when the 32nd Small Ship Squadron was disbanded.

Vernon Sturdee was sold in June 1970 to P. R. Wieland Pty. Ltd. By 1982 had been converted at Ballina, New South Wales, with a new flush deck, a new bridge, spanning the deck, and improved accommodation, and renamed Jack Spry. She was reported as sunk off the Solomon Islands in 1984.

References

Further reading
 

Ships built in Chicago
LSM-1-class landing ships medium of the Australian Army
1944 ships
Steve Reeves (computer scientist). Steve Reeves is a computer scientist based at the University of Waikato in New Zealand. He has been in the various roles of Associate Dean, Programme Co-ordinator and Head of Department of Software Engineering. He has undertaken research work on the Z notation, formal methods for GUI design, a general theory of refinement and logic for veracity.

Steve Reeves' academic work is in the area of formal methods to aid software engineering. In particular, he has undertaken research into the design and use of logics for specification. With Prof. Martin Henson, he has studied the formal semantics of the Z notation in detail, in relation to the international ISO standard for Z.

He has done work (initially with colleagues from Data61) on uses for blockchain. He has had a two seed grants awarded by the New Zealand Science for Technological Innovation fund SfTI.

More recently he has developed a logic for veracity, also under the SfTI scheme, but this time as part of a multi-university Spearhead grant Veracity project.

Reeves has delivered talks internationally, including as the opening talk in the BCS-FACS seminar series at the British Computer Society in London in 2005.

Steve Reeves is currently Chair of the (somewhat defunct) Z User Group, and the New Zealand member of the Australasian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC) Steering Committee and the Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC), held at Waikato in December 2016 .
He is a Fellow of the British Computer Society, a Fellow of the Institute of IT Professionals (formerly the New Zealand Computer Society), and is a Chartered IT Professional (CITPNZ).

Reeves has published a number of academic papers.

References

External links
 Steve Reeves home page
 
 
 

1957 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
English computer scientists
British expatriates in New Zealand
Formal methods people
Academics of the University of Essex
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Academic staff of the University of Waikato
Fellows of the British Computer Society
People from Brighton
ENDURANCE. ENDURANCE (Environmentally Non-Disturbing Under-ice Robotic Antarctic Explorer) is an autonomous underwater vehicle designed to map in three dimensions the geochemistry and biology of underwater terrains in Antarctica. The vehicle was built and designed by Stone Aerospace, and is the second incarnation of the DEPTHX vehicle, which was significantly reconfigured for the challenges particular to the Antarctic environment.

The principal investigator for the ENDURANCE project was Earth and environmental scientist Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago.  Bill Stone, CEO of Stone Aerospace, was a co-investigator, along with John Priscu of Montana State University, and Chris McKay of NASA Ames Research Center.  The project was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets program as well as by the National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program.

The name of ENDURANCE is a backronym in tribute to Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic exploration ship Endurance.

Lake Bonney 
The vehicle completed two field seasons in Lake Bonney in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica in 2008 and 2009.

Europa 
NASA hopes to build upon lessons learned during testing for exploring objects in the Solar System known to harbor sizable bodies of water, such as Jupiter's moon Europa. The future exploration of its internal ocean and search for life are compelling scientific endeavors. The legacy on ENDURANCE has informed the design of the SPINDLE cryobot.

See also

References 

NASA vehicles
Autonomous underwater vehicles
Leeu-Gamka Dam. Leeu-Gamka Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Leeuw River, near Beaufort West, Western Cape, South Africa. It was established in 1959 and it serves mainly for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3).

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa

References 

 List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)

Dams in South Africa
Dams completed in 1958