omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Unrestricted algorithm. An unrestricted algorithm is an algorithm for the computation of a mathematical function that puts no restrictions on the range of the argument or on the precision that may be demanded in the result. The idea of such an algorithm was put forward by C. W. Clenshaw and F. W. J. Olver in a paper published in 1980.

In the problem of developing algorithms for computing, as regards the values of a real-valued function of a real variable (e.g., g[x] in "restricted" algorithms), the error that can be tolerated in the result is specified in advance. An interval on the real line would also be specified for values when the values of a function are to be evaluated. Different algorithms may have to be applied for evaluating functions outside the interval. An unrestricted algorithm envisages a situation in which a user may stipulate the value of x and also the precision required in g(x) quite arbitrarily. The algorithm should then produce an acceptable result without failure.

References

Numerical analysis

Theoretical computer science
Amalgamated Society of General Tool Makers, Engineers and Machinists. The Amalgamated Society of General Tool Makers, Engineers and Machinists, often known as the Amalgamated Toolmakers, was a trade union representing factory workers in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in 1882 as the National Society of General Tool Makers, Engineers and Machinists.  In 1891, it was a founder of the Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades.  It grew rapidly, reaching more than 4,500 members by 1910, and more than 21,400 in 1915.  In 1920, the union merged with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and several smaller unions to form the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

General Secretaries
1890s: Will Beston

References

Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Engineering trade unions
1882 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1882
Trade unions based in the West Midlands (county)
Ironfounding Workers' Association. The Ironfounding Workers' Association was a trade union representing foundry workers in the United Kingdom, principally in Scotland.

History
In 1888, there was a strike in Falkirk of un-unionised light casting moulders.  The strike was successful in obtaining a 5% pay rise, but many of its leaders were blacklisted.  They decided to form the Central Ironmoulders' Association of Scotland, established in April 1889 and initially having 256 members.  By the end of the year, it had five branches around Scotland, and 740 members.  Its leaders supported the new unionism approach, with low membership fees and very limited financial benefits for members, but instead a focus on campaigning for better pay and conditions at work.

Hugh Lyon became shop steward at the Carron Iron Works in Falkirk, where the union only had 12 members.  He eventually recruited all 500 workers at the plant.  In part due to Lyon's work, the union grew steadily, reaching 3,150 members in 1900.  In 1906, it began recruiting in England, and by 1914 it had 6,500 members.  To better reflect its membership, in 1926 it was renamed as the "Ironfounding Workers' Association".  In 1946, it merged with the National Union of Foundry Workers and the United Metal Founders' Society to form the Amalgamated Union of Foundry Workers.

Election results
The union sponsored a Labour Party candidate at the 1918 UK general election:

General Secretaries
1888: John Waddell
1897: Hugh Murdoch

References

Trade unions established in 1889
Trade unions disestablished in 1946
Foundry workers' trade unions
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Wuhu Rail Transit. Wuhu Rail Transit is a two-line monorail rapid transit system in Wuhu, Anhui, China. Both lines use Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300 trains manufactured under a joint venture with CRRC. Line 1 opened on 3 November 2021, with Line 2 opening on 28 December 2021.

History
In 2013, Wuhu initiated plans for the development of rail transit infrastructure. Subsequently, on 9 June 2015, the official website of the Wuhu Municipal Government unveiled the "Wuhu Urban Rail Transit Construction Plan (2016-2020)" to seek public feedback on the environmental impact assessment. By December that year the Wuhu Rail Transit Plan received approval from the National Development and Reform Commission.

On 2 February 2016 the State Council of the People's Republic of China sanctioned the "Wuhu City Rail Transit Construction Plan (2016-2020)." Concurrently, the National Development and Reform Commission greenlit the "Wuhu City Rail Transit Phase I Construction Plan (2016-2020), Anhui Province." Subsequent milestones included the acceptance of the "Environmental Impact Report of the Phase I Project of Wuhu Rail Transit Line 2" by the Anhui Provincial Environmental Protection Department in March, with the publication of the "Environmental Impact Report of the Wuhu Urban Rail Transit Line 1 Project."

From July to September, the Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission successively approved the feasibility study reports for the first phase of Rail Transit Line 2 and Line 1 respectively. A pivotal survey event for the initial phase of the Wuhu Rail Transit Project Lines 1 and 2 was conducted on 24 December, leading to the commencement of construction at Xilu Station. Following this, on 26 December, the Wuhu Municipal Government organized a construction survey initiative for the first phase of Wuhu Rail Transit Lines 1 and 2.

Progress continued as Wuhu Rail Transit Line 2 initiated drilling operations on 20 April 2017, while on 26 June that year the first pile of Wuhu Rail Transit Line 1 commenced drilling activities.

Lines in operation

Line 1

Line 1 started construction in December 2016. Line 1 opened on 3 November 2021. 

On 25 September 2021, Wuhu Rail Transit Line 1 launched a monthly long trial with 10,000 passengers per week expected to test the line for free.

Line 2

The first phase of Line 2 started construction in 2018. Line 2 opened on 28 December 2021.

Future development

Line 2 (Phase 2)
The second phase of Line 2 is under planning and will be completed by 2025. It will extend Line 2 to Wuhubei railway station.

Other plans
The system is planned to comprise five lines.

References

Wuhu
Wuhu Rail Transit
Rapid transit in China
2021 establishments in China

Monorails in China
Bohumil Shimek House. The Bohumil Shimek House is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States.  The two-story, frame, Folk Victorian structure was built sometime around 1890.  Its significance is its association with Bohumil Shimek.  Initially trained as a civil engineer, he is better known as a naturalist, conservationist, and botany professor at the University of Iowa.  He lived here from 1899 until his death in 1937. These dates coincide with his professional career.  Shimek contributions include establishing the state park system in Iowa, the Iowa Lakeside Laboratory, the American School of Wild Life Protection, and the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge.  He published over 190 scholarly works, and is credited with the discovery of the origins of the Loess Hills.

The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.  In 1994 it was included as a contributing property in the Brown Street Historic District.

References

Houses completed in 1890
Victorian architecture in Iowa
Houses in Iowa City, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa
Bonner Strassenbahn ROSWINDIS. Bonner Strassenbahn ROSWINDIS was a steam locomotive built by Hohenzollern in 1898. It was originally built for the Bonner Strassenbahn. It was bought for the construction of the MBS Nijmegen-Venlo line by C.P. Stuy (Nijmegen, Netherlands) in 1914.

In 1915 the locomotive was thoroughly repaired in the VMH workshops (Helden, Netherlands) and rented to the ZVTM, who gave it #3. The locomotive was sold to the VMH in 1917. It was renumbered #5 by the VMH. Before entering into service in 1919, it was once again thoroughly repaired. When the VMH was absorbed into the LTM in 1923, the locomotive was renumbered #17.

The cabin of the locomotive was later extended by the LTM to increase the very small room between the boiler and the front and rear walls of the cabin. The new front and rear of the locomotive were extended outside of the frame. At the same time, additional water storage was added between frame and axles.

The name Venlo was added to the locomotive by the LTM at some point in time. This name plate was taken from VMH locomotive #1. The MBS purchased all former VMH lines and equipment of the LTM in 1929. This locomotive retained #17 at that time. It was taken out of service in 1935, and sold for scrap in 1937.

References

Steam locomotives of the Netherlands
Steam locomotives of Germany
Hohenzollern locomotives
RMIT School of Engineering. The RMIT School of Engineering is an Australian tertiary education school within the College of Science Engineering and Health of RMIT University. It was created in 2016 from the former schools of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, and Electrical and Computer Engineering.

See also
RMIT University

References

External links
School of Engineering

Engineering
Aviation schools
Computer science departments
Information technology schools
Flaviu Cristian. Flaviu Cristian (25 June 1951 – 27 April 1999) was a Romanian-American computer scientist noted for his work in distributed systems and, in particular, the development of a method for clock synchronisation which bears his name, Cristian's algorithm.

Biography
He was born in 1951 in Cluj, in the Transylvania region of Romania, the son of Ilie and Rafila Cristian. After graduating from the Nicolae Bălcescu High School in his native city, he went in 1971 to France to study at the Grenoble Institute of Technology, in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science. After graduating in 1977 from both the Institute and the Grenoble School of Management, he pursued his graduate studies in computer science at the University of Grenoble, where he carried out research in operating systems and programming methodology, and received his Ph.D. in 1979.

Cristian went on to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in the United Kingdom, where he worked in the area of specification, design, and verification of fault-tolerant software. In 1982 he emigrated to the United States, joining the IBM Research Center in Almaden Valley, in San Jose, California. In 1991 he joined the University of California, San Diego as Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering.

He died in San Diego in 1999 after a long battle with cancer.

Publications

See also
 Cristian's algorithm

Notes

External links 
 UCSD Jacobs: Flaviu Cristian, Professor and Scientist, Dies at Age 48
 List of computer science publications by Cristian Flavius

1951 births
1999 deaths
Romanian computer scientists
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Scientists from Cluj-Napoca
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian expatriates in the United Kingdom
IBM Research computer scientists
Grenoble Institute of Technology alumni
Deaths from cancer in California
LSK489. The LSK489 is a monolithic N-Channel JFET designed and built by Linear Integrated Systems, Inc.LIS Inc, a Fremont, CA company.  The part was introduced in 2013 and was named by EDN Tech as one of the “2013 EDN Hot 100” electronics industry innovations for the year. In a product review published earlier that year, EDN noted:
This JFET is part of a family of ultra-low-noise, dual JFET.

Part characteristics
The LSK489 is an N-channel monolithic dual JFET with 1.8 nV per square root Hz noise at 1 kHz and low-capacitance  (Ciss= 4pF).  The part is not graded with respect to IDSS, with the typical value being 5 mA, a low of 2.5 mA and a high of 15 mA.  Characteristics include: 
Tight differential voltage match vs. current; 
Improved op amp speed settling time accuracy; 
Minimum Input Error trimming error voltage;
Lower intermodulation distortion.
The part achieves very low noise with respect to its transconductance, which is attributed to the producer's ability to eliminate almost all of the generation-recombination noise usually present in JFETs. 
The part is available in TO-71, SOIC-A, and SOT-23 packages, as well as bare die.

Related parts
The LSK489 (N-Channel Monolithic Dual JFET) and LSJ689  (P-Channel Monolithic Dual JEFT), also produced by Linear Integrated Systems, are complementary pairs. These two parts are the only complementary dual JFETs pair currently in production. The LSK489 is similar in electrical performance when compared to the LS843 series and the U401-403 series (Siliconix), the LSK489 has superior noise characteristics.  It has slightly higher noise than the LSK389 (1.8 nV vs. 0.9 nV) but lower CISS (4pF vs. 20pF).

Applications
The LSK489 is used in a wide range of front-end signal chain applications, including audio preamps, piezoelectric element preamps and photodiode preamps.  The part is also used in high-end sensor systems ranging from hydrophones to the front end of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) being developed by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

References

External links
Company Data Sheet
Company Application Note

Commercial transistors
Paul C. Paris. Paul Croce Paris (August 7, 1930 - January 15, 2017) was an American academic, engineering consultant and researcher in the field of mechanics and fatigue. He was known particularly for introducing fracture mechanics methods to the aviation industry, and for the empirical Paris' law relating crack growth rate to the amplitude of the stress intensity factor.

Career 
Paris was trained in applied mechanics at Lehigh University. He was a faculty associate at Boeing in the summer of 1955, where he investigated the Comet fatigue (material) failure. His first paper on fracture mechanics was famously rejected by top journals. Paris joined Washington University in St. Louis in 1976. In 2009 he became a professor emeritus and continued to teach.

Awards 
 Honorary Doctorate from Paris Nanterre University
 2003 Crichlow Trust Prize by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
 2009 George Irwin Gold Medal by the International Congress on Fracture at Ottawa, Canada
 2016 August Wöhler Medal by the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS)

References

External links
Parks College
Eulogy

1930 births
2017 deaths
Lehigh University alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Engineers from New York City
Academics from New York City
Korea Engineering Plastics. Korea Engineering Plastics (KEP) is a South Korean manufacturer of polyoxymethylene (POM). It is the fourth largest polyoxymethylene manufacturer in the world.

General information 

The company was founded in March 1987 as a joint venture from Tongyang Nylon Co., Ltd. in Korea, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company Inc. and Mitsubishi Corporation. It was the first producer of POM in Korea. In 1998, the Hyosung Corp. In the short term, 50 percent of the shares of the Tongyang Nylon Co. bought back in December 1999 by the Celanese AG.

The company has been headquartered in Seoul since 1987. Production facilities are located in Ulsan, Pyeongtaek (Korea) and Nantong (China). The company has locations in Europe, USA and China.

Position in the polyoxymethylene market 

Market leaders at the approx. 800 kt POM market are currently:

 Ticona (about 25%)
 DuPont (about 20%)
 Polyplastics (about 15%)
 KEP (about 12%)
 Mitsubishi (about 7%)
 BASF (about 5%)

The shareholders of KEP are active in this market with several subsidiaries: Mitsubishi Corporation with its subsidiary Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company Inc (Japan / Thailand) and its stake in KEP (South Korea), Celanese with its subsidiary Celanese Engineered Materials Ticona) and the Asian holdings in Polyplastics (Japan) and KEP (South Korea).

Products 

KEP sells polyoxymethylene (POM) under the brand name Kepital, Polyamide (PA) as kepamide and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) as Kepex.

References 

Plastics companies of South Korea
South Korean companies established in 1987
Chemical companies established in 1987
Manufacturing companies based in Seoul
Vic Hutfield. Victor Ernest Hutfield (26 May 1887 – 20 January 1966) was a British engineer and builder of aircraft, including The R.A.S. (Mr. Reader, Mr. Allen and Mr. Sheffield) monoplane in 1909.

Hutfield was born in born Gosport, Hampshire. In 1939, he bought the old military prison (Forton prison), in Lees Lane, Gosport, demolished it and built houses.
Hutfield Link road in Gosport is named after him. He operated Hutfield Coach's in Gosport.

He also manufactured the Hutfield JAP Motorcycle. 

Hutfield made an audio recording of his attempts to fly in 1958; the original is now stored in the Wessex Film and Sound Archive (WFSA) and uploaded to YouTube.

He died at Queen Alexandra Hospital in Cosham, Portsmouth.

References

External links
Wessex Film and Sound Archive

English mechanical engineers
People from Gosport
1887 births
1966 deaths
Zdeněk Herman. Zdeněk Herman (24 March 1934 – 25 February 2021) was a Czech physical chemist.

Life and work
Herman was born on 24 March 1934 in Libušín. He studied physical chemistry and radiochemistry at the School of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University, Prague (1952–1957). He then joined the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, to which he remained affiliated.

Herman's early work, with Vladimír Čermák concerned mass spectrometric studies of the kinetics of collision and ionization processes of ions (chemical reaction of ions, Penning and associative ionization). During his post-doctoral years (1964–1965), with Richard Wolfgang at Yale University, Herman built one of the first crossed beam machines to study ion-molecule processes.

Herman also built an improved crossed beam machine that was used in Prague with colleagues to investigate the dynamics of ion-molecule and charge transfer reactions of cations and dications, and ion-surface collisions by the scattering method (1970–2010).

Herman has published over 240 scientific articles in this field.

Awards
Herman's academic awards include the Ian Marcus Marci Medal (Czech Spectroscopic Society, 1989), the Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize (awarded in Germany in 1992, the first time the prize was awarded to a Czech natural scientist), the Česká hlava ("Czech Head") National Prize for lifetime achievements (2003), an Honorary Degree from the Leopold-Franzens University in Innsbruck (2007), and honorary membership of the Czech Mass Spectrometric Society.

Special honorary issues of The Journal of Physical Chemistry (1995) and The International Journal of Mass Spectrometry (2009) were issued to celebrate his 60th and 75th birthdays respectively. Since 2014 the Resonance Foundation awards "The Zdeněk Herman Prize" for the best PhD thesis in chemical physics and mass spectrometry. Since 2016 the international conference MOLEC (Dynamics of Molecular Systems) awards the "Zdeněk Herman Young Scientist Prize".

In his free time, Herman painted and sculpted, and has exhibited his work on several occasions. Busts by Herman of founders of several institutes of the Academy of Sciences are on display at those institutes. Three statues sculpted by Herman stand in the countryside around Rakovník (e.g., in the park in Pavlíkov).

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
Czech chemists
Physical chemists
Charles University alumni
People from Libušín
Perfluoropolyether. Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are a class of organofluorine compound. Some types are synthetic liquid lubricants that have been used in the aerospace industry for over 30 years. The main properties of PFPE are being temperature resistant between  and  (depending on specific composites), having very low outgassing compared to other fluids (vapour pressure of ) and having a dielectric strength of around 15.7 MV/m.

Perfluoropolyethers consists of a polymer chain in which monomers consisting of perfluoro-alkyl groups are joined by ether linkages. The bonds between carbon and oxygen or fluorine are strong. Perfluoropolyethers are a type of PFAS.

The thermal and chemical stability of PFPEs along with a vapor–liquid equilibrium of 230 °C when mixed with the right composites make it a suitable candidate for vapor phase soldering technologies.

History 
Perfluoropolyethers were developed in the early 1960s for the USAF, who needed a lubricant that would not react with liquid or gaseous oxygen (O2).

Manufacture
Each type of perfluoropolyether is synthesized differently: PFPE-K is obtained from HFPO by anionic polymerization. For PFPE-Y and PFBE-Z, photooxidation of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, respectively, is applied. PFPE-D is synthesized by anionic ring-opening polymerization of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane. PFPE-A is obtained by an initial esterification of polyethylene glycol with a perfluoroacyl fluoride. Then, it is converted into a fully fluorined polymer using direct fluorination.

Properties
PFPEs are chemically inert to many acids and oxidants (like fuming sulfuric acid (oleum, SO3), chlorine gas, oxygen) and solvents, etc.

PFPEs are non-toxic under normal conditions, nonflammable, and exhibit unusually high load carry capabilities.
PFPEs can withstand gamma ray degradation.

Electrical resistivity is 1014 ohm/cm ()

Applications 
Generally, PFPEs may be used as lubricant in all sorts of bearing, plug valves, gaskets, chains, and joint bearing applications, where oxygen inertness of a material is a requirement. Examples include aircraft fuel systems, mechanical components of devices used in airspace, deep space or high vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures.

PFPEs may be used in mold release agent for plastic injection molding.

As top coating lubricant on computer disc drives and Scanning Electron Microscope

As anti-galling compounds.

As fluid medium in ferrofluidic seals.

Semiconductor industry 
In the semiconductor industry, PFPEs may be used as a vacuum grease or in plasma etching equipment, or for robots used in semiconductor wafer handling, clean rooms, and other commercial environments.

See also 
 Krytox, a PFPE-based lubricant

References

Lubricants
Perfluoropolyethers
Shuming Nie. Shuming Nie () is a Chinese-American chemist. He is the Grainger Distinguished Chair in Bioengineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was the Wallace H. Coulter Distinguished Faculty Chair in Biomedical Engineering at Emory University. In 2007, Nie was elected as a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE). In 2012, Nie was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

He is a pioneer of single-molecular SERS. He is one of the pioneers of quantum dots for biomedical imaging.

Recent publications
 Shuming Nie. "Remembering Dr. Richard P. Van Duyne (1945–2019): Gentleman, Scholar, and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Pioneer". ACS Nano 2020, 14(1), 26-27. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.9b09759

 
 
 Warren C. W. Chan, Shuming Nie. Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Ultrasensitive Nonisotopic Detection. Science  1998. 281(5385): 2016-2018.https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5303.1102
 Shuming Nie, Steven R. Emory. Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Science  1997. 275(5303): 1102-1106. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5303.1102

See also 
 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
 Quantum dot
 Paul Alivisatos
 Warren Chan

References 

Living people
21st-century American chemists
Chinese chemists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Emory University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Nankai University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)