omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Washington A. Roebling II. Washington Augustus Roebling II  (March 25, 1881 – April 15, 1912) was an American businessman and early automobile manufacturer who perished in the sinking of RMS Titanic.

Early life and education
Born in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1881 into the prominent Roebling family of American Industrialists, to Charles (1849–1918) Roebling and Sarah Mahon Ormsby (1856–1887), he was named after his famous uncle, the Civil War officer and supervising engineer for the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, Washington Roebling. He attended the elite Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, where he was an adept football player. After working with his father in the family business, John A. Roebling Sons Company, he began working with the Walter Automotive Company as its secretary.

Automotive career
In 1909, Washington Roebling II arranged to take over the Walter Automobile Company from William Walter because of its mounting financial issues. The company was moved to an abandoned brewery owned by the Kuser family in Hamilton, New Jersey, outside of Trenton. Washington Roebling II’s father, Ferdinand Roebling was made president, John Louis Kuser, the twin brother of prominent New Jersey businessman Anthony R. Kuser was made secretary-treasurer, and Washington was made general manager of the new enterprise, Mercer Automobile Company. 

The company marketed itself to the high end and racing markets. He worked with noted French auto designer Etienne Planche, designing the Roebling-Planche Racing Car which performed well in auto races of the time. Roebling tested all Mercer Models before they entered market, and participated in racing. He finished second at the Savannah Trophy Race for Light Cars in November 1911.

Titanic
In early 1912, he took a long European road trip with his friend and Trenton native, Stephen Weart Blackwell, and chauffeur Frank Stanley in a Mercer Fiat. While touring Italy and France, Blackwell and Roebling met the Bonnell and Wick families, and decided to join them on their return trip to the United States on the new ocean liner . Because of illness, Frank Stanley stayed behind in Europe with Roebling’s car. Both Blackwell and Roebling stayed in first-class accommodations, When the ship struck an iceberg and sank Washington was seen helping the Bonnell and Wick family women into a lifeboat, and telling them reassuredly “you will be back with us on the ship soon”. Blackwell and Roebling’s bodies were never found. Because of a miscommunication his Roebling cousins traveled to Halifax believing him to be among the survivors picked up by the RMS Carpathia. The Mercer Motor Company was taken over by outside investors in 1919, going into receivership in 1925 and folding not long after.

References

Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Roebling II, Washington
Tahani Amer. Tahani Amer is an Egyptian aerospace engineer who is the executive for the Earth Science Division of NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate. She was awarded the 2022 Award for Science from the U.S. Council of Muslim Organizations.

Early life and education 
Tahani was born in a suburb of Cairo, where her father encouraged her to pursue a career in engineering. She attended high school in Africa, and, despite mathematics being her favorite subject, had intended on attending medical school. She was married at the age of seventeen, and moved to the United States with two children. When she first moved to the United States she couldn't speak any English. Despite that, she excelled in mathematics, and took engineering courses alongside looking after her children. Amer eventually completed her undergraduate studies at Old Dominion University, where she specialized in mechanical engineering. During her undergraduate studies, she completed an internship with NASA and worked on computational fluid dynamics. This experience motivated Amer to remain at Old Dominion University for graduate studies, with a focus on aerospace engineering. Her doctoral research considered risk factors in NASA missions.

Research and career 
Amer returned to NASA, where she developed instruments to measure fuselage drag in wind tunnels. She was eventually appointed an executive in the Science Mission Directorate where she oversaw several missions, including Surface Water and Ocean Topography, CLARREO and GeoCarb (the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory).

Amer was awarded the 2014 NASA Public Service Award for her commitment to improving public awareness about NASA and encouraging people from historically marginalized groups to take part in science. In 2022, she was honored by the U.S. Council of Muslim Organizations for her contributions to science.

Personal life 
Amer is a Muslim, and has campaigned to improve the representation of women in engineering.

References 

Living people
Scientists from Cairo
Old Dominion University alumni
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
NASA people
American engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women aerospace engineers
Egyptian women scientists
No. 122 Expeditionary Air Wing. No. 122 Expeditionary Air Wing is a former deployable Expeditionary Air Wing of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Cottesmore, Rutland, England.

The current wing was established on 1 April 2006 the wing has history dating back to May 1944:

Second World War

No. 122 (Rocket Projectile) Wing within No. 15 Sector RAF, No. 83 Group RAF, RAF Second Tactical Air Force was formed on 12 May 1944 at RAF Gravesend operating North American Mustangs controlling:
 No. 19 Squadron RAF
 No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF
 No. 122 (Bombay) Squadron RAF

The wing moved to RAF Funtington on 13 May 1944 then to RAF Ford on 18 June 1944. It moved to France on 23 June 1944, going to B.2 Bazonville, B.7 Martragny, B.12 Ellon, No.24 St Andre-De-L'Eure, B.24 Beauvais and B.60 Grimbergen before moving to England and RAF Matlaske on 28 September 1944. Where the wing was disbanded and became No. 150 Wing RAF.

No. 122 Wing was reformed on 28 September 1944 at Grimbergen, it moved to B.80 Volkel, B.112 Rheine-Hopsten, B.152 Fassberg, B.160 Kastrup and finally B.166 Flensburg where the unit was disbanded on 7 September 1945.

History of No. 122 Airfield
No. 122 Airfield Headquarters was formed on 15 February 1943 at RAF Zeals, moving shortly afterwards to RAF Chilbolton on 24 February 1943. The HQ then moved to back to Zeals on 13 March 1943 and moved to RAF Eastchurch on 4 April 1943, moving to RAF Bognor on 1 June 1943. The HQ moved to RAF Kingsnorth on 1 July 1943m then to RAF Gravesend on 20 October 1943. On 15 April 1944 it had a four day stay at RAF Ford before returning to Gravesend. Finally it moved to RAF Funtington on 29 April 1944 and was disbanded there on 12 May 1944.

Squadrons:
 No. 19 Squadron RAF (15 February 1943 to ?)
 No. 132 (City of Bombay) Squadron RAF (1 March 1943 to 18 May 1943) replaced by No. 122 (Bombay) Squadron RAF (18 May 1943 to 12 May 1944)
 No. 174 (Mauritius) Squadron RAF (1 March 1943 to 3 May 1943) replaced by No. 181 Squadron RAF (3 May 1943 to 12 May 1944)
 No. 184 Squadron RAF (1 March 1943 to 12 June 1943) replaced by No. 174 (Mauritius) Squadron RAF (12 June 1943 to 1 July 1943) replaced by No. 65 (East India) Squadron RAF (1 July 1943 to 12 May 1944)
 No. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron RAuxAF (31 May 1943 to 13 August 1943) replaced by No. 184 Squadron RAF (14 August 1943 to 18 August 1943) replaced by No. 19 Squadron RAF (18 August 1943 to 12 May 1944)

Post war

The wing was reformed on 1 April 1953 at RAF Jever, it controlled:
 No. 4 Squadron RAF
 No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF
 No. 98 Squadron RAF (1 April 1953 to 15 July 1957)
 No. 118 Squadron RAF (6 May 1955 to 22 August 1957)

It was disbanded on 1 January 1960 stil at Jever.

References

Citations

Bibliography

E 122
Four Seasons Private Residences Bangkok. Four Seasons Private Residences Bangkok is a 73-floor residential skyscraper in the Sathon District in Bangkok, Thailand. The tower has a total structural height of 299.5 m (983 ft)

History 

The building is the 4th tallest building in Bangkok and Thailand, the 13th tallest building in Southeast Asia, and the 23rd tallest residential building in the world.

It has a waterfront view of Chao Phraya River and stands out among other residential buildings for its height. The architectural style is modern and it has a unique shape. The tower is owned by Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts and is designed to be a permanent or temporary living space for people. The construction material used was mainly glass and concrete.

It is one of the newer buildings in Bangkok which is another reason why it is easily noticeable due to the facade.

The building is part of a residential boom in Bangkok as more tourists and citizens come to the city. It has been called "one of the last golden sites in Bangkok," due to the huge population and little room to build structures.

The project was worth 32 billion baht. As of September 2020, 70% of units were already sold, despite that point in time also being the COVID-19 pandemic.

See also 

 List of tallest buildings in Bangkok
 List of tallest buildings in the Thailand
 List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia
 List of tallest residential buildings

References

External links 

 Official website

Buildings and structures on the Chao Phraya River
Sathon district
Four Seasons hotels and resorts
Hans Lorenz. Hans Lorenz (24 March 1865 – 4 July 1940) was a German engineer and mathematical physicist. He was an influential professor at the University of Göttingen and at Danzig where he was involved in establishing the training of engineers with sound mathematical and physics foundations. 

Lorenz was born in Wilsdruff, Kingdom of Saxony, the son of a teacher. He studied in Leipzig and then at the Dresden Polytechnic Institute where he studied under Gustav Zeuner. Graduating in 1889 he went to work with the firm of L. A. Riedinger in Augsburg and three years later he worked with Escher-Wyss of Zurich on refrigeration. In 1894 he became an industrial consultant for refrigeration technology and also received a doctorate from the University of Munich for his work on the thermodynamic limits of cooling. He also founded the journal Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte-Industrie. It was unusual at the time for engineers to be able to conduct scientific research. He was appointed a professor of applied physics at Halle in 1896 and in 1900 he succeeded Eugen Meyer as director of the institute for technical physics. He wrote a textbook on mathematical physics which included work on vibrations, oscillations and damping. During this period he also worked on the hydrodynamics and turbines although his mathematical approach was criticized by Richard von Mises. In 1904 he moved to the Technische Hochschule at Danzig, retiring in 1934. Lorenz's work included the mathematics and physics of refrigeration, the strength of materials, vibrations, fluid dynamics, ballistics and even astrophysics.

References 

1865 births

1940 deaths

German physicists
Brookings station. The Chicago and North Western Railway Depot was built by the Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) in the early 1900s. It is located at the south end of the business district in Brookings, South Dakota. The building is a rectangular single-story brick patternbook style building with some classical features.

The C&NW first entered Brookings in 1879. The depot opened February 1, 1905 and functioned as a passenger station until 1960.

The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of its architecture and also because of its association with the development of Brookings.

References
French, Edith. Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot at Brookings National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1975.

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Brookings, South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1905
Transportation in Brookings County, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Brookings County, South Dakota
Former railway stations in South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1960
Sioux Falls station (Illinois Central Railroad). The Illinois Central Passenger Depot is a historic railroad station located at the Big Sioux River at 8th St in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The Illinois Central was the fourth railroad to reach Sioux Falls on December 19, 1887. The station was designed by L.A. Hill and opened in 1888. The stone building has a Queen Anne design utilizing local Sioux quartzite with a light purple color as the principal building material. The tower room contained the ticket office while the rear projection contained the wash rooms. On either side of the ticket office were the passenger waiting rooms and beyond them, separated by solid masonry walls were the baggage rooms. The depot represents an unusual example of the Queen Anne style in railroad architecture.

The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1983.

References

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Queen Anne architecture in South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1888
National Register of Historic Places in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
1888 establishments in Dakota Territory
Sioux Falls
Former railway stations in South Dakota
Midland station (South Dakota). The Midland Depot was built by the Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) in 1907 as part of an extension from Pierre to Rapid City. It is located on Main Street in Midland, South Dakota. The building is a two-story wooden depot, built to the C&NWs' plan number 4 design, of a standard combination depot with living rooms overhead. In 1939, the Midland Depot had a single daily departure in each direction, to Chicago or Rapid City via the Minnesota & Black Hills Express. Passenger service ended October 24, 1960, with the discontinuance of the Dakota 400. Today the depot houses the Pioneer Museum.

The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 because of its architecture and also because of its association with the development of Midland.

References 

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1907
1907 establishments in South Dakota
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Midland, South Dakota
Transportation in Haakon County, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Haakon County, South Dakota
Former railway stations in South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1960
Causal AI. Causal AI is a technique in artificial intelligence that builds a causal model and can thereby make inferences using causality rather than just correlation. One practical use for causal AI is for organisations to explain decision-making and the causes for a decision.

Systems based on causal AI, by identifying the underlying web of causality for a behaviour or event, provide insights that solely predictive AI models might fail to extract from historical data. An analysis of causality may be used to supplement human decisions in situations where understanding the causes behind an outcome is necessary, such as quantifying the impact of different interventions, policy decisions or performing scenario planning. A 2024 paper from Google DeepMind  demonstrated mathematically that "Any agent capable of adapting to a sufficiently large set of distributional shifts must have learned a causal model". The paper offers the interpretation that learning to generalise beyond the original training set requires learning a causal model, concluding that causal AI is necessary for artificial general intelligence.

History 

The concept of causal AI and the limits of machine learning were raised by Judea Pearl, the Turing Award-winning computer scientist and philosopher, in 2018's The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Pearl asserted: “Machines' lack of understanding of causal relations is perhaps the biggest roadblock to giving them human-level intelligence.”

In 2020, Columbia University established a Causal AI Lab under Director Elias Bareinboim. Professor Bareinboim’s research focuses on causal and counterfactual inference and their applications to data-driven fields in the health and social sciences as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Technological research and consulting firm Gartner for the first time included causal AI in its 2022 Hype Cycle report, citing it as one of five critical technologies in accelerated AI automation.            

One significant advance in the field is the concept of Algorithmic Information Dynamics: a model-driven approach for causal discovery using Algorithmic Information Theory and perturbation analysis. It solves inverse causal problems by studying dynamical systems computationally. A key application is causal deconvolution, which separates generative mechanisms in data with algorithmic models rather than traditional statistics.  This method identifies causal structures in networks and sequences, moving away from probabilistic and regression-based techniques, marking one of the first practical Causal AI approaches using algorithmic complexity and algorithmic probability in Machine Learning.

References 

Applications of artificial intelligence
Causal inference
CFMoto UForce. The CFMoto UForce is a line of side-by-side vehicles produced by CFMoto since 2016.

History
The UForce entered production in 2016 with the UForce 500 and 800 models. In 2021, CFMoto introduced the UForce 600. In 2022, the company introduced the six-seated UForce 1000 XL.

References 

ATVs
María Teresa Estevan Bolea. María Teresa Estevan Bolea (born 26 October 1936 Huesca) is a Spanish engineer and politician.  She was the first woman in the State Corps of Industrial Engineers, and the third woman in Spain to obtain the title of Industrial Engineer (in 1968). In 2018, she received the "Women in Engineering" global award, from the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)

Life 
She graduated from the School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona, where she specialized in welding and environmental engineering.

From 1968 to 1975, she worked in the General Directorate of Energy, beginning  the process of the construction of nuclear power plants in Spain.

She joined the People's Party; she was elected deputy for Madrid, in the 1986 and 1989 Spanish general elections. In 1994, she was elected to the European Parliament.

From 2012 to 2016, she was Dean of the Official College of Industrial Engineers of Madrid.

References 

1936 births
Spanish engineers
Living people
De Smet station. The Chicago Northwestern Depot in De Smet, South Dakota was built by the Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW). It began construction in June 1905 and was finished in August 1906. The depot is consistent with other small depots built during the early 1900's with its hip roof, red horizontal wood siding, trackside bay window and floor plan. Limestone blocks from Lime Siding, Minnesota, serve as the building's foundation. The depot features two waiting rooms, one for the men and one for the women, separated by the agent's office as well as a freight portion on one end.

The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of its architecture and also because of its association with the development of De Smet. Passenger service ceased with the end of the Dakota 400 in 1960. Today, the former depot serves as a museum.

References
Gerloff, Scott. Chicago Northwestern Railroad Depot at De Smet National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1975.

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
De Smet, South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1906
Transportation in Kingsbury County, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Kingsbury County, South Dakota
Former railway stations in South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1960
Pipestone station. The Burlington Cedar Rapids and Northern Depot is a historic railroad depot in Pipestone, Minnesota, United States, constructed by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway in 1890. Later, the line would become a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad. The depot consists of a freight room, a ticket office and separate men's and women's waiting rooms.

The depot is constructed of buff colored brick with detailing of locally quarried quartzite stone. The interior partitions are of brick. The stone is used to cap the gable
ends of the building. A stepped brick cornice and segmental arched windows and doors are distinct features. Window sills are of quartzite. 

In plan, the Rock Island depot is fairly typical, though the separate men's and women's waiting rooms are not too common. The use of local stone in detailing distinguishes the Rock Island station. The structure is a replacement depot built on the site of the earlier 1884 frame depot. Pipestone paid $25,000 in bonds for the line, and the local Close brothers donated the right-of-way.

The Pipestone depot was located on the line between Ellsworth, Iowa and Watertown, South Dakota and by 1935 had already lost dedicated passenger trains. The 1935 and 1949 timetables both show mixed train service to the station, but this too was gone by the 1955 timetable.

References

Pipestone
Pipestone
Former railway stations in Minnesota
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1890
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
1890 establishments in Minnesota
Bangladesh Navy Hydrographic & Oceanographic Center. BN Hydrographic & Oceanographic Center (BNHOC) is an agency for producing, procuring and distributing navigational charts, publications, Electronics Navigational Charts(ENC), BN Tide Table, BN BM Book to BN ships and establishments as well as maintenance of hydrographic, oceanographic, cartographic, meteorological and data processing instrument/equipment. It is the core establishment of the Hydrographic Department and are located in New Mooring, Chattogram. Commodore Commodore Sheikh Firoz Ahamed  is the Chief Hydrographer of Bangladesh Navy Hydrographic & Oceanographic Center.

History 
In 1983 BN Hydrographic Department was established as the Hydrographic School at BNS Issa Khan. After that in 1996, the Bangladesh Navy with support from the French government has modernized under the Hydro Bangla Project-1. After 5 years, Hydro Bangla Project-2 was completed and Bangladesh Navy Hydrographic & Oceanographic Center was established in 2001. BNHOC received prestigious membership of International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in the year of 2001.

References 

National hydrographic offices
Bangladesh Navy
Shore establishments of the Bangladesh Navy
1983 establishments in Bangladesh
Lakhdar Rakhroukh. Lakhdar Rakhroukh (born 13 November 1958 in Algiers) is the Algerian Minister of Public Works, Hydraulics and Basic Infrastructure. He was appointed on 9 September 2022.

Education 
Rakhroukh holds a Diploma in Civil Engineering (1984) from the National Polytechnic School.

References

External links 

 Ministry of Public Works, Hydraulics and Basic Infrastructures

Living people
21st-century Algerian politicians
Government ministers of Algeria
Public works ministers of Algeria
1958 births