omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hook. A hook is a tool consisting of a length of material, typically metal, that contains a portion that is curved/bent back or has a deeply grooved indentation, which serves to grab, latch or in any way attach itself onto another object. The hook's design allows traction forces to be relayed through the curved/indented portion to and from the proximal end of the hook, which is either a straight shaft (known as the hook's shank) or a ring (sometimes called the hook's "eye") for attachment to a thread, rope or chain, providing a reversible attachment between two objects.

In many cases, the distal end of the hook is sharply pointed to enable penetration into the target material, providing a firmer anchorage. Some hooks, particularly fish hooks, also have a barb, a backwards-pointed projection near the pointed end that functions as a secondary "mini-hook" to catch and trap surrounding material, ensuring that the hook point cannot be easily pulled back out once embedded in the target.

Variations

 Bagging hook, a large sickle or reaping hook used for harvesting grain
 Bondage hook, used in sexual bondage play
 Cabin hook, a hooked bar that engages into an eye screw, used on doors
 Cap hook, hat ornament of the 15th and 16th centuries
 Cargo hook, different types of hook systems for helicopters
 Crochet hook, used for crocheting thread or yarn
 Drapery hook, for hanging drapery
 Dress hook, fashion accessory
 Ear hook, to attach earrings
 Fish hook, used to catch fish
 Flesh-hook, used in cooking meat
 Grappling hook, a hook attached to a rope, designed to be thrown and snagged on a target
 Hook and chain coupler, mechanical part for the coupling for railway vehicles
 Hook (hand tool), also known as longshoreman's hook and bale hook, a tool used for securing and moving loads
 Hook-and-eye closure, a clothing fastener
 Hook-and-loop fastener, a type of textile fastener
 Hook hand, also called prosthesis, an artificial hand replacement made from a hook
 Lifting hook, for grabbing and lifting loads
 Mail hook, for grabbing mail bags without stopping a train
 Meat hook,  for hanging up meat or carcasses of animals in butcheries and meat industry
 Prosthetic hook or transradial prosthesis, part of a prosthetic arm for amputees
 Purse hook, used to keep a woman's purse from touching the floor
 Shepherd's hook, a staff used in herding sheep or other animals
 Siege hook, an Ancient Roman weapon used to pull stones from a wall during a siege
 Tailhook, used by aircraft to snag cables in order to slow down more quickly

References

Tools
Ironmongery
Z111 Factory. The Z111 Factory (), formally registered as the 11 Precise Mechanical One Member Liability Company (), is a state-owned firearms and precision mechanics factory located in Thanh Hoá, Vietnam.

The Z111 Factory was built in 1957, and was originally called "Z1 Factory". A part of this factory named Factory 1 was built by the Israeli firearms company, Israel Weapon Industries (IWI). 

It is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence, and the factory produces arms for the People's Army of Vietnam.

History
Built in 1957 under the name "Z1 Factory", the factory became a cradle of the small arms industry in Vietnam. Z1 factory specialized in producing small arms for the Vietnam People's Army during the Vietnam War, and created locally modified firearms for its army, such as the K-50M submachine gun based on the PPSh-41 and MAT-49.

One of the weapons to come from the Z111 Factory is the M18, reconditioned since 2010 from XM177E2s seized during the Vietnam War. They are known to be used by Vietnamese special forces personnel and officers from the Vietnam Coast Guard due to its compact size.

On February 3, 2014, IWI entered into an agreement with Vietnam to produce the IWI ACE under license. Production was made in a joint production facility.

An improved version of the K-54 pistol is locally produced under the name of "K14-VN". They are upgraded with an increased capacity of 13 rounds, and a wider grip to incorporate a double stack magazine. Research and development started in 2001. The K14-VN began to see service with PAVN forces on May 10, 2014.

In 2015, the Z111 Factory announced that they would produce the new STL-1A rifle. This would mainly be done through converting and upgrading the old AKMs under the new name, but they would also produce entirely new STL-1A rifles. The updated rifle included new polymer handguards, a folding buttstock, a new ergonomic pistol grip, and an updated muzzle brake similar to those found on the AK-74. A notable change was that it also allowed the use of M203 grenade launchers that are also being produced in Vietnam, replacing the GP-25/GP-34 grenade launchers on the original AKMs. The rifle, however, still uses the dovetail side-mount for attaching sights. Overall, the rifle highly resembles an AK-103.

In January 2018, the OSV-96 was reported to be made under license in Vietnam.

In 2019, the factory revealed the new STV rifles, the STV-215 and the STV-380. Both of them were designated to be the new standard-issue rifles for the Vietnam People's Army. IWI Jericho 941 pistols were also reported being manufactured.

In 2020, the factory revealed two more variants of the STV rifles, called the STV-410 and the STV-416.

Products

See also 

 List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces

Notes

References

Military installations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Thanh Hóa province
Defence companies of Vietnam
Manufacturing plants
Vietnamese companies established in 1957
Government-owned companies of Vietnam
MS Schwabenland (1925). MS Schwabenland was a German catapult ship owned by the Deutsche Luft Hansa. It took part in the 1938-1939 Third German Antarctic Expedition.

Characteristics
Schwabenland was a Hansa liner of , built in 1925. It was converted into a catapult ship in 1934; a Heinkel-built K-9 catapult was installed on the ship's stern, along with a crane for lifting aircraft.  The K-9 could accelerate a 15-ton aircraft to . Schwabenlands twin diesel screws gave it a speed of .

Lufthansa air mail
Lufthansa sought to engage in air mail service to the Americas using seaplanes launched off catapult ships, with Schwabenland being the second of those ships. The craft flew with a payload of  over ; each flight carried 100,000 air mail letters.

Two Dornier Do 18 Lufthansa seaplanes christened Zephir and Aeolus were used for air mail flights from the Azores to the United States and from Fernando de Noronha to Natal.

Third German Antarctic Expedition

Schwabenland was borrowed from Lufthansa for the 1938-1939 Third German Antarctic Expedition. The ship sailed in secret from Hamburg on 17 December 1938, carrying a complement of 82 men and two Dornier Wal seaplanes. The ship contacted the German whaling fleet off Bouvet Island, then anchored near the edge of the pack ice at 69°14′S, 4°30′W.  After the expedition had completed its work, Schwabenland headed north on 6 February 1939, reaching Germany again on 11 April.

World War II and fate

In October 1939 Schwabenland entered Luftwaffe service and used Blohm & Voss BV 138 seaplanes. After the fall of France it was stationed off the coast of Occupied France, based from the ports of Le Havre and Boulogne.

In August 1942 it was transferred to Tromsø, Norway.

The ship was damaged and forced to beach by the British submarine  in 1944 which was attacking a convoy off Flekkefjord, Norway. Schwabenland was then run aground at Sildeneset in Abelnes Harbour, and later refloated. When the war ended, the ship was taken by the British, and on 31 December 1946 it was loaded with poison gas ammunition, and scuttled in the Skagerrak.

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Interesting History of the Lufthansa Catapult Ships
 Wreck site
 Photos

1925 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Steamships of Germany
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Scuttled vessels
Maritime incidents in March 1944
World War II naval ships of Germany
Seaplane tenders
Maritime incidents in 1946
Antarctica during World War II
College of Naka-nippon Aviation. is a vocational school in Seki, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the largest colleges in the aviation field in Japan. It is run by the education foundation, Jinno Institute (神野学園).

History 

It opened in 1970 in Konan and moved its campus to Seki in 1982.

Departments

Aviation Maintenance Engineering (three-year program)
Aircraft Production Engineering (three-year program)
Airport Service (two-year program)

External links
 Official website 
 Official Jinno Institute website

References

Educational institutions established in 1970
Private universities and colleges in Japan
Universities and colleges in Gifu Prefecture
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
DEG monobutyl ether. Diethylene glycol butyl ether (2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol) is the organic compound with the formula .  A colorless liquid, it is common industrial solvent. It is one of several glycol ether solvents.   It has low odour and high boiling point. It is mainly used as a solvent for paints and varnishes in the chemical industry, household detergents, and textile processing.:

Production and use
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGBE) is produced from butanol by ethoxylation, i.e., the reaction of ethylene oxide in the presence of a basic catalyst.

References

Glycol ethers
Commodity chemicals
Chemical synthesis
Butyl compounds
IFET College of Engineering. IFET college of Engineering is an Autonomous college of Engineering, Technology  and Management located in Valavanur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India known for its predominant ranking by the university and placements in the rural region of Tamil Nadu. It was established in 1998 by the Indo French Educational Trust. It is an ISO 9000:2008 certified institution and is permanently affiliated to Anna University, Chennai and approved by All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi. It was accredited by National Board of Accreditation and awarded B grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

External links
 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Viluppuram district
Educational institutions established in 1998
1998 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Open Network Install Environment. The Open Network Install Environment (ONIE) is an open-source "install environment", that acts as an enhanced boot loader utilizing facilities in a Linux/BusyBox environment.

Environment
This small Linux operating system allows end-users and channel partners to install a network operating system as part of data center provisioning, similar to the way servers are provisioned with an operating system of choice.

ONIE enables network switch hardware suppliers, distributors and resellers to manage their operations based on a small number of hardware stock keeping unit (SKUs). This in turn creates economies of scale in manufacturing, distribution, stocking, and return merchandise authorization (RMA) enabling an ecosystem of both network hardware and operating system alternatives.

ONIE was created by Cumulus Networks (now a part of NVIDIA) in 2012 before it was adopted by the Open Compute Project in 2013.

See also 

 Open-source computing hardware
 Pica8
 Preboot Execution Environment (PXE)
 Software-defined networking

References

External links 
 
 

 
Free boot loaders
Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section. The Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section is a railway line connecting Patna to Hajipur in the Indian state of Bihar. The  line passes through the Digha–Sonpur rail–road bridge, connecting South Bihar and North Bihar, and the Gangetic Plain in Bihar. The electrification work in Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section was completed by July 2016.

References

5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Railway lines in Bihar
Transport in Hajipur
Société Nouvelle d'Aviation Sportive. Société Nouvelle d'Aviation Sportive (SNAS) () was a French aircraft manufacturer and flight school based in Noillac. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

SNAS produced a line of powered parachutes under the Stryke-Air brand. These included the Stryke-Air Bi and the Stryke-Air Monoplace. Their aircraft designs were noted for their fixed fin to reduce propeller torque effects and also for seating the pilot behind the passenger on their two-place aircraft.

In addition to aircraft manufacturing, the company also conducted ultralight aircraft flight training for both three axis control and powered parachute aircraft types and operated an ultralight aircraft maintenance facility.

The company seems to have been founded in 2001 and gone out of business in 2004.

Aircraft

References

External links
Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Ultralight aircraft
Powered parachutes
Sodium triethylborohydride. Sodium triethylborohydride is an organoboron compound with the formula NaBH(C2H5)3.  It is a colorless, pyrophoric solid that is commercially available in toluene solution, unlike the related LiBH(C2H5)3 which is typically sold as a THF solution. It is commonly used for the reductive activation of homogeneous catalysts, converting metal halides to hydrides.  Sodium triethylborohydride has been prepared by treating a hot toluene slurry of sodium hydride with triethylborane. The trimethylborohydride analogue, which is assumed to be structurally similar to the triethylborohydride, adopts a tetrameric structure in toluene solution.  NaBHEt3 forms a dimeric adduct with tmeda.

References

Sodium compounds
Borohydrides
Reducing agents
Shelby Gem Factory. The Shelby Gem Factory was the production facility of ICT Incorporated, a company in Shelby, Michigan, United States, that manufactured artificial gemstones through proprietary processes. ICT began operations in 1970 and closed in December 2019.

History

Larry Paul Kelley established ICT (International Crystal Technology) in 1970 with Craig Hardy and Tom VanBergen. Kelley had worked for Dow Chemical in Ludington and at a factory in Ann Arbor that produced laser crystals. The facility was sited in Shelby because the town had a new industrial park. By 2015, Kelley was ICT's sole owner.

The Shelby Gem Factory initially produced only synthetic ruby, with ruby lasers being the principal application, primarily sold to firms in California. However, laser technology was in its infancy, and the far greater profit potential of converting ruby rods into a variety of artificial gemstones of various colors led to a change in the factory's focus. Larry Kelley built on Soviet research into cubic zirconia and became its first commercial producer, having solved issues of temperature control that had impeded its production. For a time, cubic zirconia was a lucrative product line; Shelby opened factories outside the United States to keep up with demand. However, the value of cubic zirconia soon declined to the point that it was used as fill when the factory was expanded. In 1983, ICT opened a faceting factory in southern China to create gemstones for jewelry use from the crystals produced in Shelby; this closed in 1991, and separate companies in China and South Korea were contracted to continue faceting. The South Korean market represented up to 40 percent of the factory's sales until a precipitous decline caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In 1994, the factory entered the business of recrystallizing rubies, buying low-grade gems from Myanmar to be melted down in the process.

A 50-seat theater ran a presentation for visitors, and jewelry was sold on site.

The factory closed in 2019 after Kelley was diagnosed in 2017 with Alzheimer's disease. Other issues that contributed to the closing were worldwide competition and online markets. Larry Kelley died on October 24, 2020.

Manufacturing 

Some of the furnaces burned at . Factory tours were discontinued due to liability concerns attendant to the "very high temperatures and extremely bright light" and the unavailability of affordable insurance to cover the risk.

The gems were synthesized in a furnace. The Shelby Gem Factory's diamonds were simulants. The factory also manufactured simulated citrine and topaz, along with other birthstone substitutes.

See also 

 Czochralski method
 Skull crucible

References

Further reading

External links 

 
 Shelby Gem Factory visit
 ICT YouTube video on explanation of semiconductor invention for making solar cells

Defunct technology companies of the United States
American inventions
Economy of Michigan
Gemological laboratories
Oceana County, Michigan
Physical chemistry
Science and technology in Michigan
Solar cells
Synthetic minerals
1970 establishments in Michigan
2019 disestablishments in Michigan
Manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Perfluorocyclohexane. Perfluorocyclohexane or dodecafluorocyclohexane is a chemical which belongs to the class of fluorocarbons, sometimes referred to as perfluorocarbons or PFCs. Fluorocarbons and their derivatives are useful fluoropolymers, refrigerants, solvents, and anesthetics.

Synthesis
Perfluorocyclohexane can be synthesized by fluorination of cyclohexane.

Properties
Perfluorocyclohexane is chemically inert and thermally stable. It is a relatively non-toxic, clear, waxy solid, which has a high vapor pressure and therefore sublimes readily at room temperature.

The molecule predominantly exists in its chair conformation, in which it possesses D3d molecular symmetry.

References 

Fluorocarbons
Halogenated solvents
Coolants
Sun Flightcraft Air-Chopper. The Sun Flightcraft Air-Chopper is an Austrian powered parachute that was designed by Herbert Hofbauer and produced by Sun Flightcraft of Innsbruck. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

The aircraft was introduced before 2003 and production ended in about 2008 when the model was discontinued. The company no longer manufactures powered parachutes.

Design and development
The Air-Chopper was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It employs a  Cruiser 26 Elan rectangular canopy or, optionally, a Chiron Sycon-Aircraft elliptical parachute-style wing. Features include two-seats-in-tandem accommodation with dual throttles, tricycle landing gear and a single  Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration with a 2.62:1 "E" gearbox driving a contra-rotating Coax-P aircraft propeller to eliminate torque effects.

The aircraft carriage is built from bolted 6082-T6 aluminium tubing with 7075-T6 aluminium hardware, plus steel bolts. In flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has handlebar-controlled nosewheel steering similar to a motorcycle. The main landing gear incorporates fibreglass spring rod suspension. Factory options included balloon tires, leather seats, a front wheel brake,
front headlight, side panniers and dual control canopy steering.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for crew and baggage is .

Specifications (Air-Chopper)

References

External links

Air-Chopper
2000s Austrian sport aircraft
2000s Austrian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
Coax-P. The Coax-P is a contra-rotating propeller developed by NeuraJet of Senftenbach, Austria and Sun Flightcraft of Innsbruck, Austria for the Rotax 503 and Rotax 582 aircraft engines for use on ultralight aircraft.

Design and development
The Coax-P was designed by Hans Neudorfer of  NeuraJet and Herbert Hofbauer of Sun Flightcraft. The propeller increases thrust by 15-20% over single propellers and reduces noise levels, especially low frequency noise, while eliminating torque effects.

The propeller system was designed for ultralight trikes and powered parachutes. The latter are especially sensitive to torque effects and the propeller design addresses that issue.

The design has two propellers, each with two composite, ground adjustable blades and uses a 3.7:1 gear box type reduction drive. The two propellers are powered by two meshing and counter-rotating shafts, powered by helical gear wheels running in an oil bath.

The gap between and the pitch of the two propellers must be exactly right. Neudorfer explains, "when the setting is not exactly right, the air stream from the second propeller meets the retrograde air stream from the first propeller at the wrong angle and all this does is to produce more noise and more turbulence. The correct agreement of the setting angle and the hub gaps for the different propeller hub forms can only be established by doing the finest of setting work. Should the propeller be out of place by only two millimeters the effectiveness declines and the noise level increases dramatically."

Applications
Sun Flightcraft Air-Chopper

Specifications (Coax-P)
Source: Sunflight
Propeller blades: composite, ground adjustable
Number of blades: four (two on each propeller)
Reduction drive: 3.7:1 gear box                                   
Weight:

See also
List of aircraft propeller manufacturers

References

External links
Photo of the Coax-P

Propellers
Sun Flightcraft. Sun Flightcraft (formally Pro-Design & Sun Flightcraft) is a former Austrian aircraft manufacturer based in Innsbruck, founded by Herbert Hofbauer. The company at one time specialized in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

Founded in the early 2000s as a division of Hofbauer GmbH, the company stopped production of its powered parachute design, the Sun Flightcraft Air-Chopper, in about 2008, although it still supplies parts for the design.

The Air-Chopper was noted for its innovative use of the contra-rotating Coax-P aircraft propeller design to eliminate torque effects.

The company continues as an aircraft importer for Airborne Windsports ultralight trikes from Australia as well as a dealer for the Aeropro Eurofox, B&F Fk9, B&F Fk14 Polaris, Evektor Eurostar, TL Ultralight TL-2000 Sting and the Flight Design CT series of aircraft designs, in addition to Rotax aircraft engines.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Austria
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Powered parachutes
Damasko. Damasko is a manufacturer of mechanical wristwatches and chronographs based in Barbing, Germany.

History
Damasko was formed in 1994 using high-performance materials technology that the founder, Konrad Damasko, had developed for applications including the aerospace industry. Until their partnership ended in 2002, Damasko was a supplier of hardened watchcases to Sinn. In 2014 Damasko released its first models based on a movement designed themselves. Prior to this time its watches had relied upon movements sourced from companies such as Swiss ETA SA.

Technology
Damasko holds patents in the use of polycrystalline silicon for components, including the spring. Damasko has also developed a nickel-free, nitrogen enriched  martensitic alloy that is hardened up to 64 HRC/800 Vickers.

Awards and certifications
The Damasko DC56 has been certified as an official wristwatch for Eurofighter test pilots.
In 2015 the Damasko DA38 was nominated one of the best men's watches under €2000 by GQ magazine.

See also
 List of German watch manufacturers

References

German  companies established in 1994
Companies based in Bavaria
Watch brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Germany
German brands