omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peters four-step chemistry. Peters four-step chemistry is a systematically reduced mechanism for methane combustion, named after Norbert Peters, who derived it in 1985. The mechanism reads as

The mechanism predicted four different regimes where each reaction takes place. The third reaction, known as radical consumption layer, where most of the heat is released, and the first reaction, also known as fuel consumption layer, occur in a narrow region at the flame. The fourth reaction is the hydrogen oxidation layer, whose thickness is much larger than the former two layers. Finally, the carbon monoxide oxidation layer is the largest of them all, corresponding to the second reaction, and oxidizes very slowly.

Peters-Williams three-step chemistry
A three-step mechanism was derived in 1987 by Peters and Forman A. Williams by assuming steady-state approximation for the hydrogen radical. Then,

See also
Zeldovich–Liñán model

References

Chemical kinetics
Combustion
Reaction mechanisms
Chemical reactions
Methane
Economic optimization of electric conductors. Economic optimization of electric conductors (also known as economic cable sizing - ECS) is the process of selecting cable based on both safety and economic analysis.
The objective of ECS is to minimise lifetime costs of cables and to reduce emissions due to loses in cables.

Cable selection criteria 
Four criteria are typically used for cable selection:
 Current-carrying capacity;
 Voltage drop;
 Short-circuit temperature rise; and
 Economic optimization.

Until recently, energy costs were sufficiently low that the ongoing cable losses were not significant. 
However, there are two recent effects that have changed this situation:
 The increased cost of energy; and 
 The increased allowable operating temperature of cables.

Principles of economic optimization 
There are two primary lifetime costs associated with power cables:

 Upfront costs: the larger the cable the more costly the cable is to purchase and install (the cost of installation is usually not a significant factor).  
 Ongoing costs: electrical energy losses in the cable while it is carrying current. The larger the cable, the smaller the losses – hence the lower the ongoing costs. 
The total lifetime cost is the sum of the costs, all of which are related to cable size. 
The objective of economic cable sizing is to find the lowest overall total cost while maintaining safety standards.
There are several approaches to this which are all based upon these fundamental principles. The following standards cover the economics sizing of cables:
 IEC 60287-3-2.Electric cables - Calculation of the current rating - Part 3-2.
 JCS 4521-1 Calculation of the Environmental Current Rating for the Electric Cables,  Part 1.
 AS/NZS 3008.1.1:2017 Electrical installations—Selection of cables.

Australia
In New South Wales, Australia it is permissible to use the calculated energy savings that are due to implementing ECS in BASIX (Building Sustainability Index) applications. Each ECS based application is assessed on a case-by-case basis.

References 

Electrical conductors
Ricoh Synchrofax. Ricoh Synchrofax is a Japanese dictating machine from 1959, reissued in 1974 as the 3M Sound Page (model 627AA and 627AG) as official teaching material in the US-state of Oklahoma. It is also known as sound paper. Inventor Sakae Fujimoto filed the patents US3074724A and US3046357A in 1959.

Technology 
The device produced by Ricoh uses bottom side magnetic coated paper, positioned by three perforations on three pins on device. A tape head on a rotating disc is spirally moved from outside to inside while the recording material (paper) stays still. Up to four minutes can be recorded per sheet. Microphone, headphones and monitor jacks are 3.5mm plugs.

The device is 12 lb 9 oz or 5.7 kg, has 11 transistors and dimensions of 10.6×5.5×14.8 inch, which equal 270×140×375 mm.

In 1973, the 3M device for schools cost US$299, which would be around $ today.

This technology dates back to 1959 but the idea of coating paper in magnetic materials like ferric oxide and recording on them wasn't new at the time. Some of the first open reel recorders used paper reels of tape with special coating.

References

External links 
 Techmoan: RetroTech: Recordable Paper - The 3M Sound Page, YouTube, 12 April 2018

Audio storage
Discontinued media formats
Sound recording technology
Office equipment
Educational technology
Ricoh products
3M
1959 in technology
Products introduced in 1959
Products introduced in 1974
Harvey Rosten. Harvey Ivor Rosten (3 October 1948 – 23 June 1997) was an English physicist of London University (Queen Mary College) and Cambridge University (Dept. of Applied and Theoretical Physics).

Career
He spent 14 years working for CHAM Ltd as a Project Engineer, in this time he was the manager responsible for the development of the world's first commercial general–purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, PHOENICS.

In 1988, Rosten co-founded Flomerics with colleague Dr. David Thatchell of Imperial College London where he assumed the role of Technical Director of FloTHERM. In this position he developed Flomerics involvement with DELPHI (DEvelopment of Libraries of PHysical models for an Integrated design environment).

Legacy
The Harvey Rosten Award for Excellence was established in 1998 in celebration of Rosten's contributions to CFD and the electronics cooling industry.

References 

English physicists
Academics of the University of Cambridge
1948 births
1997 deaths
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
THK Co., Ltd.. THK Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that offers machine elements and modules in the field of mechanical engineering, robotics and automation. The headquarters are in Tokyo. Since it was founded in April 1971, the company has developed into an international company. THK shares have been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange's first segment since 2001.

As 2022, THK has 37 manufacturing facilities in Japan, Europe, North and South America and Asia including associated companies.

History
In 1972, THK became the first company in the world to develop a method of linear motion with rolling contact and began manufacturing and selling linear guides (profiled rail guides) under the LM Guide brand. In mechanical engineering and in the production of mechatronic systems and plants, these linear guides enable a significant improvement in accuracy and speed while at the same time reducing assembly and energy costs. With the linear guides, machine tools and industrial robots can perform ultra-precise movements, and devices for manufacturing semiconductors can be operated in the submicron range. In recent times, the linear guides are not only used in mechanical engineering and automation, but also in rail technology, aerospace, medical devices, and amusement equipment. In addition, special linear guides are offered for protection against earthquakes in cultural monuments, data centers, and residential buildings.

In fiscal year 2019, THK generated sales of around 274.5 billion yen (approx. 2.2 billion EUR) with 13,260 employees worldwide. Furthermore, THK holds more than 603 patents in Japan and 1,174 patents abroad (December 31, 2019).

THK America, based in Schaumburg, Illinois, was named the top company in Quality Magazine's annual Quality Leadership rankings for 2022. The facility manufactures linear motion (LM) guide systems used in the manufacturing of semiconductors, liquid crystals, amusement devices, and medical equipment.

References

External links
 THK CO., LTD. | Japanese Corporate Website
 THK CO., LTD. | English Corporate Website

Japanese brands
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1971
Japanese companies established in 1971
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Industrial machine manufacturers
Muhammad Sanusi Liman. Muhammad Sanusi Liman is a distinguished Nigerian academic, a professor of plasma physics and the second substantive Vice Chancellor of Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa state.

Education

Muhammad Sanusi Liman went to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, in Bauchi state where he studied and received his B.Tech certificate in (1991) he  proceeded for his M.Sc in the University of Jos in the year (1997) and he went to Okayama University, in Japan for his PhD in the year (2004).

Professional bodies
Muhammad Sanusi Liman is a part of various professional bodies some of which are listed below
 Nigeria Association of Theoretical Physicists (MNATP),
 Nigerian Institute of Physics (MNIP), 
 Nigeria Association of Medical Physicists (MNAMP),
 African Society of Plasma Technology (MASPT), 
 Japan Physical Society (MJPS).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nigerian physicists
University of Jos alumni
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University alumni
George H. Garrey. George Henry Garrey (June 29, 1875 – July 23, 1957) was an American mining geologist and engineer.

Born in Reedsville, Wisconsin, to parents Harriet and John Garrey, George Garrey grew up in Stockbridge and Wausau before his family moved to Aurora, Illinois, where he graduated from West Aurora High School. He then entered the University of Chicago, where he played on the football and basketball teams for three years, and earned a bachelor's degree in 1900. From 1898 to 1900 he taught science at West Aurora High School, and in the summer of 1900, accompanied by Eliot Blackwelder, he worked with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in western Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington. This work was used as the basis for his master's degree in geology from the University of Chicago, conferred in 1902. Carrey was an assistant coach for the 1902 Chicago Maroons football team.  In 1904 he received the degree in mining engineering from the Michigan College of Mines, and joined the USGS as an economic geologist to assist Josiah Edward Spurr.

In 1906 Garrey resigned from the USGS to act as first assistant to Spurr, who then held the position of chief geologist to the American Smelting and Refining Company (Asarco) and allied companies.  In 1911 Garrey became chief geologist for Asarco, the American Smelters Securities Co., the Guggenheim Exploration Co., and the allied companies. As this involved examination of mines in Mexico at various periods of the Madero and Huerta revolutions, Garrey and the engineers who were assisting him underwent some trying times and upon two occasions had difficulty in getting out of Mexico. Early in 1914 he again opened an office as consulting mining geologist and engineer, and continued on this general consulting work until 1916, when he accepted the position of consulting geologist and engineer in charge of the exploration department of the Tonopah Belmont Development Co. This work involved the examination of numerous mining properties presented for purchase and also the outlining of development work for the company and its subsidiaries. He was a member of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Society of Economic Geologists, Washington Academy of Science, and the Geological Society of Washington.

Garrey married Anna Reynolds Morse in 1938, and died on July 23, 1957.

References

External links
 

1875 births
1957 deaths
19th-century players of American football
20th-century American geologists
American football ends
American football quarterbacks
American mining engineers
Chicago Maroons football coaches
Chicago Maroons football players
Chicago Maroons men's basketball players
Michigan Technological University alumni
People from Reedsville, Wisconsin
People from Stockbridge, Wisconsin
People from Wausau, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Aurora, Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
Kerstin Eckert. Kerstin Eckert (born August 25, 1966) is a scientist. She is the head of the new Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces, a combined chair of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and TU Dresden created in October 2016.

Publications
List of publications at Google Scholar
List of publications at ORCID

References

https://tu-dresden.de/ing/maschinenwesen/ifvu/tpg/die-professur/inhaber-in
https://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pNid=425

1966 births
Living people
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg alumni
Kim Pickering. Kim Louise Pickering is a New Zealand composite materials engineer. She is currently a full professor at the University of Waikato.

Academic career

After a BSc(ENG) at Imperial College London, three years at Plessey Research Caswell and a PhD at the University of Surrey, Pickering started working at the University of Waikato in 1994 and rose to full professor in 2014.

Much of Pickering's research involves 3D printing of "recyclable, biodegradable and bio-derived composite materials" and she has been a major proponent of recycling.

In 2017 she won the RJ Scott Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand. Also in 2017, Pickering was selected as one of the Royal Society Te Apārangi's "150 women in 150 words", celebrating the contributions of women to knowledge in New Zealand.

Selected works

References

External links
  
 

Living people
New Zealand women academics
New Zealand engineers
New Zealand women engineers
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academic staff of the University of Waikato
21st-century women engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Xeon W. Xeon W is a brand of x86 processors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the workstation market.  The brand has been used for processors under several architectures:
  Intel Skylake workstation processors (first released 2017)
  Intel Cascade Lake workstation processors (first released 2019)
  Intel Comet Lake  workstation processors (first released 2020)
  Intel Rocket Lake  workstation processors (first released 2021)
  Intel Ice Lake  workstation processors (first released 2021)
  Intel Sapphire Rapids workstation processors (first released 2023)

See also
 List of Intel Xeon microprocessors
Proxi. Proxi is an upcoming game designed by video game designer Will Wright and developed by Gallium. The independent Gallium Studios was co-founded by Wright (creator of the SimCity franchise) and Lauren Elliott (designer of Carmen Sandiego). It will be the first game created by Wright in over 10 years.

The game was announced in a video at Unity's keynote talk at the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco on March 19, 2018. According to its official website, the game is "a simulation of an Artificial Intelligence based on your memories and interaction with the game". Players will be able to create and control the memories of their "proxi", an A.I.

In collaboration with the developer Gallium Studios and the game engine company Unity Technologies, Wright launched the Proxi Art Challenge, allowing artists to submit their work for the chance to be one of two winners flown to San Francisco and interviewed by Wright and the Proxi development team. The contest ended on May 14, 2018, and the grand prize winners, Rebecca Harrison and Pavel Novak, were chosen on May 29, 2018. Rebecca Harrison went on to become the team's artist in late 2018.

In December 2023 the game was showcased at Intel's AI Everywhere event in New York.

References

External links 
 Official website
 Proxi Art Challenge

Upcoming video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
AEConnect. AEConnect (AEC-1) is a submarine communications cable privately owned by Aqua Comms linking the United States and Ireland. The cable has extended connectivity via the CeltixConnect cable to London. Originally the cable project was called Emerald Express managed by Emerald Networks, and was intended to include a cable landing in Iceland, however after being unable to secure funding the project ownership was transferred to the current owner.

The cable began construction in April 2015. The cable spans 5536 km between landing stations in Shirley, USA and Killala, Ireland. The cable's final splice was made in November 2015 and was declared to be ready for service in January 2016

References

Transatlantic communications cables
Submarine communications cables in the North Atlantic Ocean
Infrastructure completed in 2016
Ireland–United States relations
Coastal construction
Telecommunications equipment
History of telecommunications
2016 establishments in Ireland
2016 establishments in New York (state)
Electronics (journal). Electronics is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that covers the study of electronics, including the design, development, and application of electronic devices, systems, and circuits.

The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2012. The editor-in-chief is Flavio Canavero 'Politecnico di Torino).

The journal covers a wide range of topics related to electronics, including: electronic devices, electronic materials, electronic circuits, electronic systems, communication electronics, power electronics, and biomedical electronics. The journal also includes articles on the application of electronics in various fields, such as consumer electronics, industrial electronics, automotive electronics, and military electronics.

The journal publishes original research articles, review articles, and short communications.

Abstracting and indexing 
 EBSCO databases
 ProQuest databases
 Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.690.

References

External links 

Electronics
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals
Academic journals established in 2012
Journal of Functional Biomaterials. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering various aspects of biomaterials research. It is published by MDPI and was established in 2012. The editor-in-chief is Pankaj Vadgama (Queen Mary University of London).

The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and commentaries related to research, including nanomedicine, nanotechnology, and sensors for health.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed, for example, in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.8.

References

External links

English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2010
Materials science journals
MDPI academic journals
Continuous journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Nanomaterials (journal). Nanomaterials is an interdisciplinary scientific journal that covers all aspects of nanomaterials. The journal publishes theoretical and experimental research articles and studies about synthesis and use of nanomaterials. 

It was founded in 2010. The journal is published by MDPI, as of 2022 editor in chief is Shirley Chiang, an American microscopist from University of California, Davis, the Department of Physics and Astronomy.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

 DOAJ
 EBSCO
 Scopus
 Science Citation Index Expanded

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.3.

References

External links 
 
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals
Nanotechnology journals
Jones model. The Jones model (also known as the semi-endogenous growth model) is a growth model developed in 1995 by economist Charles I. Jones.

The model builds on the Romer model (1990), and in particular it generalizes or modifies the description of how new technologies, ideas, or design instructions arise by taking into account the criticism of the Romer model that the long-term growth rate depends positively on the size of the population (economies of scale). This is problematic because empirically larger countries have not necessarily grown faster than smaller ones; and as total human population increased during the 20th century, growth did not speed up. Furthermore, the extent of influence from the current state of knowledge on new inventions (standing on shoulders effect).

Model Structure
For a single company i According to the following modeling applies to the emergence of new ideas or design instructions:

With

:: Number of employees in the research sector

: Technology level

 refers to the derivation of the variables  A after the time, so  

where the parameters take the following values: , For parameter values of  results in the Romer model (). After aggregation across all companies results:

.

Here the parameters have the following meaning:

  lambda restricts the effect of additional labor input in the research sector. Although more researchers are producing more ideas , each researcher is contributing less and less. This relationship is also called standing-on-shoes effect (step on your feet, see also yield law ). This parameter reflects a possible negative externality of the duplication. For a single company, however, this problem does not exist because within a research department, all researchers know about the work of their colleagues.
 : A negative value aims at giving only finitely many potential new ideas for a given time. This case is also referred to as a fishing-out effect: over time, the relatively "simple" inventions are made first; Today, it is becoming increasingly difficult to develop a new drug.
 : Here, productivity in the research sector would be independent of existing knowledge. For example, a physicist should be able to develop the same new ideas, whether he lives today or 100 years ago (an unrealistic case).
 : Describes in principle a positive externality and the case encountered in reality. The current state of the art is to a certain extent involved in research. The standing-on-shoulders effect is only weakened compared to the Romer model.

Growth rate
In the Jones model, growth in steady state is given by:

 n for the growth rate of persons working in the research sector.

Further reading

References

Links
 Jones model - Article in the Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon.

Economics models
2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid. 2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC2H4O2CC6H4CO2H.  It is the monoester of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The compound is a precursor to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a polymer that is produced on a large scale industrially. 2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is a colorless solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. Near neutral pH, 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid converts to 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate, HOC2H4O2CC6H4CO2−.

Occurrence and reactions
2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is an intermediate in both the formation and hydrolysis of PET.  It is produced on a massive scale as the first intermediate in certain routes to PET.  Specifically, it is produced in the course of the thermal condensation of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol:
HOC2H4OH  +  HO2CC6H4CO2H → HOC2H4O2CC6H4CO2H + H2O
Further dehydration of 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid gives PET.

It is also produced by the partial hydrolysis of PET, as catalyzed by the enzyme PETase:
H[O2CC6H4CO2C2H4]nOH  +  (n−1) H2O   →  n HO2CC6H4CO2C2H4OH

References

Primary alcohols
Terephthalate esters