omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bonomi BS.8 Biancone. The Bonomi BS.8 Biancone () was a single-seat training glider designed and built in Italy in the 1930s. It was developed from the Bonomi BS.7 Allievo Italia primary glider.

Design and development

The BS.8 Biancone was a higher performance version of the BS.7 primary trainer.  The two designs, both high-wing monoplanes, shared a fuselage boom, empennage and wing bracing struts, but the later type had a nacelle with a conventional open cockpit and a pedestal in place of the B.7's simple boom and open girder, together with a new wing of much higher aspect ratio.

The new wing was a wooden two spar structure, largely fabric-covered, like the old.  The forward spar was close to the leading edge; from it forward around the edge the wing was plywood covered, forming a torque-resistant D-box; aft the covering was fabric.  The rear spar was just behind mid-chord.  The central panel, occupying a little under half the span, was straight-edged and had constant chord.  Outboard the wing was straight tapered to rounded tips, ailerons occupying all the trailing edge.  The centre section was supported by the fuselage pedestal and braced on each side by steel asymmetric V-form struts.  These were fixed to the two spars close to the ends of the centre panels and to the fuselage boom directly below the leading edge.  It had both a greater span and a lower area than that of the BS.7, increasing the aspect ratio from 7.5 to 12.4.

Like the BS.7, the BS.8 had a fuselage based on a slender, triangular-cross-section, plywood-covered beam, sloping upwards aft from below the leading edge to place the strut braced triangular tailplane at the same height as the wing, on top of a trapezoidal fin.  The fin carried a deep, unbalanced rudder, rectangular except at the bottom where it was cropped to match the keel line of the boom.  It worked in a notch between the two otherwise rectangular elevators, also unbalanced.  The beam now extended to the nose, with a rubber-sprung landing skid attached below it, starting near the nose and reaching back almost to the wing trailing edge.  The BS.8 had a conventional, fabric-covered upper fuselage or nacelle on top of the beam from its nose to well behind the trailing edge.  The pilot's position was, as before, under the leading edge, but he was now in a "comfortable" cockpit with an "ovoid" seat.

The BS.8 flew for the first time in about 1933, having been first registered in July 1932. Six were built. For a time, one was fitted with floats so that it sat on water with its hull immersed and could be tow-launched behind a motor-boat.

Specifications

References

1930s Italian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Halide (programming language). Halide is a computer programming language designed for writing digital image processing code that takes advantage of memory locality, vectorized computation and multi-core central processing units (CPU) and graphics processing units (GPU). Halide is implemented as an internal domain-specific language (DSL) in C++.

Language
The main innovation Halide brings is the separation of the algorithm being implemented from its execution schedule, i.e. code specifying the loop nesting, parallelization, loop unrolling and vector instruction. These two are usually interleaved together and experimenting with changing the schedule requires the programmer to rewrite large portions of the algorithm with every change. With Halide, changing the schedule does not require any changes to the algorithm and this allows the programmer to experiment with scheduling and finding the most efficient one.

Sample source code 
The following function defines and sets the schedule for a 3×3 box filter defined as a series of two 3×1 passes:
Func blur_3x3(Func input) {
  Func blur_x, blur_y;
  Var x, y, xi, yi;

  // The algorithm - no storage or order
  blur_x(x, y) = (input(x-1, y) + input(x, y) + input(x+1, y))/3;
  blur_y(x, y) = (blur_x(x, y-1) + blur_x(x, y) + blur_x(x, y+1))/3;

  // The schedule - defines order, locality; implies storage
  blur_y.tile(x, y, xi, yi, 256, 32)
        .vectorize(xi, 8).parallel(y);
  blur_x.compute_at(blur_y, x).vectorize(x, 8);

  return blur_y;
}

Use
Google used Halide and TensorFlow for its Pixel 2 Pixel Visual Core. Adobe Photoshop also uses Halide. Both Google and Adobe have been involved in Halide research.

See also 
 Cuneiform (programming language)
 Algorithmic skeleton
 Parallel programming model

References

External links 
 
 Decoupling Algorithms from Schedules for Easy Optimization of Image Processing Pipelines
  (8,259 KB)

Image processing
Functional languages
Parallel computing
Lise Getoor. Lise Getoor is an American computer scientist who is a distinguished professor and Baskin Endowed chair in the Computer Science and Engineering department,  at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and an adjunct professor in the Computer Science Department at the University of Maryland, College Park. 
Her primary research interests are in machine learning and reasoning with uncertainty, applied to graphs and structured data. 
She also works in data integration, social network analysis and visual analytics. She has edited a book on Statistical relational learning that is a main reference in this domain.
She has published many highly cited papers in academic journals and conference proceedings. 
She has also served as action editor for the Machine Learning Journal, JAIR associate editor, and TKDD associate editor.

She received her Ph.D. from Stanford University, her M.S. from UC Berkeley, and her B.S. from UC Santa Barbara.
Prior to joining University of California, Santa Cruz, she was a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park until November 2013.

Recognition
Getoor has multiple best paper awards, an NSF Career Award, and is an Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Fellow. 
In 2019, she was elected as an ACM Fellow "for contributions to machine learning, reasoning under uncertainty, and responsible data science",

was selected as a Distinguished Alumna of the UC Santa Barbara Computer Science Department,

was awarded the UCSC WiSE Chancellor's Achievement Award for Diversity,

and was selected to give the UC Santa Cruz Faculty Research Lecture 2018-19, one of the highest recognitions given to UC faculty.
 She was named an IEEE Fellow in 2021, "for contributions to machine learning and reasoning under uncertainty". In October 2022, Getoor was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In 2024, she was named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAA&S).

Personal life
Getoor's father was mathematician Ronald Getoor (1929–2017).

References

Living people
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Machine learning researchers
American artificial intelligence researchers
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2019 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
Logic programming researchers
Women logicians
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Women systems scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Spoorijzer. Spoorijzer N.V., or shortened SIJ for NV Spoorwegmaterieel en IJzerconstructie, was a narrow gauge railway manufacturer in Delft, Netherlands.

History  

The company was set up on 4 November 1912 as J.C. Goudriaan's Industrie- en Exportmaatschappij.

The company built in the 1950s approximately 100 "Rail Tractors" which were commonly used in brick factories to replace horses. In total about 160 narrow rail locomotives were built. The last remaining SIJ buildings were closed after several re-organisations in 1977.

The company also imported locomotives from Ruston & Hornsby, for use within the Netherlands and its colonies.

Remaining locomotives 

 Spoorijzer RT 8, power: 8hp, gauge: , formerly Hollandsch-Duitsche Steenfabriek, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer RT 8, Serial No 221, 1962, power: 8hp, gauge: , formerly Betonfabriek De Ringvaart, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer RT 8, Serial No 106, 1952, power: 8hp, gauge: , formerly  Oving Spoor, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer RT 11, Serial No 248, 1963, power: 11hp, gauge: , formerly Betonfabriek De Ringvaart, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer RT 8, Serial No 107, 1952, power: 8hp, gauge: , formerly Oving Spoor, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer RT 11, Serial No 001, 1966, gauge: , formerly NBM Funderingstechniek Gorinchem, now: Nationaal Smalspoormuseum, Valkenburg
 Spoorijzer locomotive of 1956, Serial No 1252, now: Gendt, Lingewaard, Waaldijk

References 

Narrow gauge railways in the Netherlands
Locomotive manufacturers of the Netherlands
Wax argument. The wax argument or the sheet of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created in the second of his Meditations on First Philosophy. He devised it to analyze what properties are essential for bodies, show how uncertain our knowledge of the world is compared to our knowledge of our minds, and argue for rationalism.

The thought experiment
Descartes first considers all the sensible properties of a sheet of wax such as its shape, texture, size, color, and smell. He then points out that all these properties change as the wax is moved closer to a fire. The only properties that necessarily remain are extension, changeability and movability:

These properties are, however, not directly perceived through the senses or imagination (the wax can be extended and moved in more ways than can be imagined). Instead, to grasp the essence of the wax, it must be done through pure reason:

See also 
 Object permanence
 Ship of Theseus

References

 

Concepts in epistemology
Philosophical arguments
Rationalism
René Descartes
Thought experiments in philosophy
Afzal Husain. Afzal Husain was born in 1975 and received B.E. and MTech degrees in mechanical engineering with specialization in Thermal Sciences from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in 2003 and 2005, respectively. He received the PhD degree in Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics from Inha University, Incheon, South Korea, in 2010. He was a lecturer of Mechanical Engineering at Inha University from Mar. 2010 to Aug. 2012. Since Oct. 2012, he is Assistant Professor with Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department. He has published more than 30 articles in peer-reviewed international journals and conferences proceedings apart from a number of papers in domestic journals/conferences and workshops. His research interests are computational fluid engineering (CFE), heat transfer, optimization techniques, optimization of fluid and heat transfer systems using CFD and surrogate models, genetic algorithms, development of heat transfer augmentation techniques for conventional- and micro-systems, fluid flow and thermal analysis of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and electronic cooling. Dr. Husain received Best Researcher Award at Inha University in 2009 and his profile is included in Marquis Who's Who 2011 as engineering educator.

References

1975 births
Living people
Mechanical engineers
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Charles Thomas Brock Sangster. Charles Thomas Brock Sangster (16 May 1872 – 18 March 1935) was a British engineer and industrialist.

Sangster was born in Aberdeen and was named after his godfather, fireworks manufacturer Charles Thomas Brock. He attended school in Aberdeen before continuing his education at King's College London. He was apprenticed to Messrs. Linley & Biggs, noted cycle engineers and makers of "Whippet" spring frame cycles at Clerkenwell Road, London. Fellow employees included William Chater Lea, who would become noted for his Chater-Lea bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles, J.G.H. Browne, who would later build "North Road" cycles, and J. A. Poole, inventor of the expanding stem method of handlebar adjustment.

His early associations date to beginning of the safety bicycle. He worked with the New Howe Cycle Co., of Glasgow, and then with the Coventry Machinists Company a predecessor to the Swift concern. He then went to Components, Ltd., in 1895.

For more than thirty years Sangster was managing director of Components, Ltd., and occupied a similar office in the Ariel Company. He was also chairman of the Swift Company for a considerable period, and also owned or controlled the Rover Cycle Co., the Midland Tube & Forging Co., the Endless Rim Co., and other companies. Sangster was president of the Motor and Cycle Trades Benevolent Fund in 1921.

Charles's first born Fredrick Charles Sangster was killed in action during 1916. His second son Jack Sangster went on to become chairman of BSA.

1872 births
1935 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
People from Aberdeen
British automotive engineers
Dolittle (programming language). Dolittle (Japanese ドリトル doritoru) is a programming language developed at the Osaka Electro-Communication University . Unlike the majority of programming languages it uses keywords based on Japanese and is written in Japanese script. It is named after the character Dr. Dolittle. It is easier for learners whose native language is Japanese to make early progress in understanding programming.

Features
The language uses Japanese keywords, although Korean and English-based versions of the language also exist. The syntax is based on Japanese word order (Subject Object Verb), which is unnatural in English. The language is prototype-based and object-oriented. 

The language has native facilities for Turtle graphics, including easy-to-use collision detection, and musical output using the Sakura library and notation to generate Midi. The language has been ported to Arduino for robotic systems. 

The language is implemented in Java, and so runs on a range of systems. It is distributed for free, and in an online version

Example program
This example creates two turtles and two buttons for controlling them. 
  かめ太＝タートル！作る。
  カメ＝タートル！　作る。
  時計＝タイマー！　作る　0.1秒　間隔　500回　回数。 時計！　「かめ太！　１０　歩く」　実行。
  左＝ボタン！”左”作る。 左：動作＝「かめ太！　２０　左回り」。
  右＝ボタン！”右”作る。 右：動作＝「かめ太！　１０　右回り」。

References 

This page includes text from Japanese Wikipedia :ja:ドリトル (プログラミング言語)

Non-English-based programming languages
Methyldibromo glutaronitrile. Methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) is a widely used preservative.

It is made by reacting bromine with 2-methyleneglutaronitrile below 30 °C. An allergy to the chemical can be discovered by performing a patch test.

History and allergy
In the mid-1980s, a maximum concentration of 0.1% in stay-on and rinse-off cosmetics was allowed. It was discovered soon afterwards that it caused allergic contact dermatitis to people with eczema.

It has been in use since the 1990s as a preservative in skin care products such as lotions, wet wipes, shampoo, and liquid soaps. Industrial applications include its use in preserving oils, glues, and medical gels.

In 2005, the EU banned its use in stay-on products, and in 2007 banned it in rinse-off products.

In 2005–06, methyldibromoglutaronitrile/ phenoxyethanol was the ninth-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (5.8%).

References

External links
Patient information sheet

Preservatives
Nitriles
Organobromides
Mary Jean Harrold. Mary Jean Harrold (March 12, 1947 – September 19, 2013) was an American computer scientist noted for her research on software engineering. She was also noted for her leadership in broadening participation in computing. She was on the boards of both CRA and CRA-W and was Co-Chair of CRA-W from 2003 to 2006.

Biography
Harrold received a B.A. in Mathematics in 1970  and a M.S. in Mathematics in 1975, both from Marshall University. Harrold taught secondary mathematics in West Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania from 1970 to 1982. She then attended graduate school at the University of Pittsburgh. She received a M.S. in Computer Science in 1985 and a Ph.D in Computer Science in 1988, both from  University of Pittsburgh. Her dissertation adviser was Prof. Mary Lou Soffa.

She stayed at the University of Pittsburgh as a visiting assistant professor. Then in 1990 she started at Clemson University as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1995. In 1996 she started as an assistant professor at Ohio State University and was promoted to associate professor in 1998. In 1999, she moved to the Georgia Institute of Technology as an associate professor, and was promoted to professor in 2003.

Harrold was involved with the SIGSOFT community. She was General Chair of the conference SIGSOFT in 2008.

Awards

Mary Jean Harrold was named an ACM Fellow in 2003.

In 2004, as a current CRA-W co-chair, Harrold (along with Prof. Carla Ellis and Dr. Jan Cuny) accepted the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring (PAESMEM) award on behalf of CRA-W, for "significant achievements in mentoring women across educational levels".

Her other notable awards include:
 In 2011, she was named an IEEE Fellow "for contributions to software systems".
 She is currently listed as the third top software engineering author of all time.
 In 2007, ACM named her the top ranking software engineering researcher in the world.

References

External links
 Georgia Institute of Technology: Mary Jean Harrold, School of Computer Science

1947 births
2013 deaths
Marshall University alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Software engineering researchers
Georgia Tech faculty
2003 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American scientists
American women academics
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Clemson University faculty
Scientists from South Carolina
Ohio State University faculty
21st-century American women
Software testing people
Coolship. A coolship (Anglicized version of the Dutch/Flemish koelschip) is a type of brewing vessel traditionally used in the production of beer. It is a broad, open-top, flat vessel in which wort cools. The high surface to volume ratio allows for more efficient cooling. Contemporary usage includes any open fermenter used in the production of beer, even when using modern mechanical cooling techniques. Traditionally, coolships were constructed of wood, but later were lined with iron or copper for better thermal conductivity.

The word "coolship" was trademarked by Allagash Brewing Company in the United States. The company later decided to terminate the trademark, in the interests of maintaining good relations with others in the craft beer industry.

Modern use
Coolships are still used in traditional lambic brewing, where the wort is cooled and airborne yeasts and bacteria present in the brewery are allowed to inoculate the beer naturally, in order to create a spontaneous fermentation.

References

External links

Brewing
Andrew P. Sage. Andrew Patrick Sage (August 27, 1933 – October 31, 2014) was an American systems engineer and Emeritus Professor and Founding Dean Emeritus at the School of Information Technology and Engineering of the George Mason University.

Biography 
Born in Charleston, South Carolina Sage received his BA in 1955 in Electrical Engineering at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, his MA in 1956 in Electrical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his PhD also in Electrical Engineering in 1960 at the Purdue University.

After graduation Sage started his academic career in the early 1960s as Associate Professor at the University of Arizona, where he among other things did research on the electronic simulation of biological clocks, and bistable circuits. From 1964 to 1967 he was Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Florida, Gainesville From 1967 to 1974 he was chairman of the Information and Control Sciences Center at the Southern Methodist University in Dallas and Chair of the Electrical Engineering Department. From 1974 to 1984 at the University of Virginia he was Professor of Engineering Science and Systems Engineering, and finally in 1984 ended up at the George Mason University. Here he started as  Professor of Information Technology and Engineering, and Dean of the School of Information Technology and Engineering. In 1996 he retired as was elected as Founding Dean Emeritus of the school.

In 1976 Sage was elected Life Fellow of IEEE "for contributions to engineering education, and to the theory of systems, identification, estimation, and control", and in 2004 he was elected members of the National Academy of Engineering. He received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees from the University of Waterloo in 1987, and Honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees from the Dalhousie University in 1997. He also was awarded the IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award in 1994, the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal in 2000, and the INCOSE Pioneer Award in 2002.

Publications 
Andrew P. Sage published numerous books and articles in the field of systems engineering. Books, a selection:
 1981: Andrew P. Sage, Systems engineering: Fundamental limits and future prospects, Proc. IEEE, vol. 69, pp. 158–166, Feb. 1981 (Describes presently perceived limits in systems engineering along with contemporary and projected future efforts to reach, circum vent, or ameliorate the effects of these limits)
 1991, Andrew P. Sage, Decision Support Systems Engineering.
 1992. Andrew P. Sage. Systems Engineering. Wiley-IEEE, 1992. 
 1995, Andrew P. Sage, Systems Management for Information Technology and Software Engineering.
 1999, Andrew P. Sage, Handbook of Systems Engineering.

References

External links 
 Andrew P. Sage Biography at Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)

1933 births
2014 deaths
American electrical engineers
Systems engineers
The Citadel alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
University of Arizona faculty
University of Florida faculty
University of Virginia faculty
George Mason University faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Supratik Chakraborty. Supratik Chakraborty is an Indian computer scientist.  He is currently Bajaj Group Chair Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.

Supratik completed his undergraduate in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in 1993, where he was awarded the President of India Gold Medal.  Subsequently, he completed his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1995 and 1998 respectively, working on the design of polynomial time approximate algorithms for timing analysis of asynchronous systems.  He worked for a year in the Advanced CAD Research group at Fujitsu Laboratories of America before joining Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1999.

His current areas of research include both theoretical and practical aspects of formal methods, including formal verification of software and hardware systems,  constrained counting and sampling and their applications, automated synthesis, automata theory, logic, and systems biology.  In the past, he has also worked on design and analysis of asynchronous systems and on cellular automata.

He is an elected fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering, a Distinguished Member of Association for Computing Machinery, a Senior Member of IEEE and is a Distinguished Alumnus of Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

References

Indian computer scientists
Formal methods people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Academic staff of IIT Bombay
Stanford University alumni
People from Kharagpur