omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kompozit. OAO "Кompozit" (Open Joint Stock Company "Kompozit") () is a company in the field of materials science, famous for its role in several spacecraft and rocket projects. It is based in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast.

Overview 
OAO Kompozit carries out research, experimentation, development and production of materials for advanced and general applications. Its products include aluminum, beryllium, titanium, nickel alloys; intermetallics, constructional steels, carbon-carbon and ceramic-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites reinforced with boric and carbon fibers, constructional glass, organic and carbon fibers plastics, coverings, glues, compounds and enamels.

The company has been involved in several spacecraft programs, such as Salyut, Soyuz, Proton, Mir, Energiya‑Buran, Sojuz‑Apollon, Vega, Fobos and the International Space Station. It has also delivered some elements of the beryllium ion guide of CERN's Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland.

History 
OAO Kompozit's history dates back to 1947, when it was founded as the material science department of plant No 88. It later became a branch of the material science research institute-88. In 1975 the separate organization Central material science research institute under the General Engineering Ministry of the USSR was created. In 1987 it was reorganized into the scientific production association Kompozit (since July 1993 it has been a public corporation).

References

External links 
Company website

Space industry companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies of Russia
Soviet and Russian space institutions
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Metal companies of the Soviet Union
Sargur Srihari. Sargur Narasimhamurthy Srihari (7 May 1949 – 8 March 2022) was an Indian and American computer scientist and educator who made contributions to the field of pattern recognition. The principal impact of his work has been in handwritten address reading systems and in computer forensics. He was a SUNY Distinguished Professor in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Early life and education
 
Srihari received undergraduate degrees in Science and in Electrical Communication Engineering from the National College of Bangalore University and the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore respectively.  He received Master's and Doctoral degrees in Computer and Information Science from Ohio State University, Columbus.

Career

CEDAR
Srihari is the founding director of Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) which was established with support from the United States Postal Service.  Work at CEDAR led to the first handwritten address interpretation system in the world, versions of which were deployed by the Internal Revenue Service, USPS, Australia Post and UK Royal Mail. His subsequent work led to the first handwriting verification and identification system known as CEDAR-FOX, which was granted a U.S. Patent in 2009.

Srihari had a leading role in establishing the international conferences on document analysis and recognition, frontiers of handwriting recognition and computational forensics. He also served on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Library of Medicine for six years.

Computational forensics
In 2002, Srihari published a landmark study establishing the individuality of handwriting.  This work was cited in Daubert standard and Frye standard hearings in United States courts leading to the admission of handwriting evidence in those cases. This research work was later extended to shoe-print and fingerprint recognition as well.  Srihari served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Identifying the needs of the Forensic Science Community which led to a highly influential report entitled "Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward" published in April 2009.

Personal life
Srihari died from complications of glioblastoma on 8 March 2022, at the age of 72.

Awards
Srihari became an IEEE Fellow in 1995 and an IAPR Fellow in 1996. He was the recipient of the Outstanding Achievements Award of IAPR/ICDAR for 2011.

References

External links
Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition
The Rise of Computational Forensics 
Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community
Evaluating the rarity of fingerprint, The New York Times, 10 December 2010

Year of birth missing
1940s births
2022 deaths
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
Indian Institute of Science alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
Indian computer scientists
Bangalore University alumni
Scientists from Bengaluru
TATP Benchmark. In transaction processing, the Telecommunication Application Transaction Processing Benchmark (TATP) is a benchmark designed to measure the performance of in-memory database transaction systems.

Benchmark
As database and microprocessor architectures change, so must the benchmarks that are employed to measure the combined performance of these critical components. While other industry standard throughput workloads already exist, none was designed specifically to exercise the relationship between in-memory database software and the memory processing subsystem in which it transacts. The TATP is a new open source workload designed specifically for high-throughout applications, well suited for in-memory database performance analysis and system comparison.

The TATP benchmark simulates a typical home location register (HLR) database used by a mobile carrier. The HLR is an application mobile network operators use to store all relevant information about valid subscribers, including the mobile phone number, the services to which they have subscribed, access privileges, and the current location of the subscriber's handset. Every call to and from a mobile phone involves lookups against the HLRs of both parties, making it is a perfect example of a demanding, high-throughput environment where the workloads are pertinent to all applications requiring extreme speed: telecommunications, financial services, gaming, event processing and alerting, reservation systems, software as a service (SaaS), and so on.

The benchmark generates a flooding load on a database server. This means that the load is generated up to the maximum throughput point that the server can sustain. The load is generated by issuing pre-defined transactions run against a specified target database. The target database schema is made to resemble a typical HLR database in a mobile phone network. The algorithm of what is known as the TATP Benchmark was originally published in a Master's Thesis. The benchmark was modeled after a real test program that was used by a telecom equipment manufacturer to evaluate the applicability of various relational database systems to service control programming in mobile networks. Another derivative of the original test is the Network Database Benchmark. TATP executes seven pre-defined transactions that insert, update, delete and query the data in the database. The TATP results show the Mean Qualified Throughput (MQTh) of the target database system, and the response time distributions per transaction type for all seven types of transactions.

The TATP benchmark has been used in industry and research.

References

External links
 SourceForge.net: Telecommunication Application Transaction Processing (TATP) Benchmark
 Antoni Wolski and Vilho Raatikka: "Performance Measurement and Tuning of Hot-Standby Databases", Third International Service Availability Symposium (ISAS 2006), May 15–16, 2006, Helsinki, Finland.
 Github.com: Implementation of TATP for Volt

Transaction processing
Food rheology. Food rheology is the study  of the  rheological properties of food, that is, the consistency and flow of food under tightly specified conditions.  The consistency, degree of fluidity, and other mechanical properties  are important in understanding how long food can be stored, how stable it will remain, and in determining food texture. The acceptability of food products to the consumer is often determined by food texture, such as  how spreadable and creamy a food product is. Food rheology is important in quality control during food  manufacture and processing. Food rheology terms have been noted since ancient times. In ancient Egypt, bakers judged the consistency of dough by rolling it in their hands.

Overview

There is a large body of literature on food rheology because  the study of food rheology entails unique factors beyond an understanding of the basic rheological dynamics of the flow and deformation of matter. Food can be classified according to its rheological state – such as a solid, gel, liquid, or emulsion – each with associated rheological behaviors, and  its rheological properties can be measured. These properties will affect the design of  food processing plants, as well as shelf life and other important factors, including  sensory properties that appeal to consumers. Because foods are structurally complex, often a mixture of fluid and solids with varying properties within a single mass, the study of food rheology is more complicated than  study  in fields such as the rheology of polymers. However, food rheology is something we experience every day with our perception of food texture (see below) and basic concepts of food rheology well apply to polymers physics, oil flow etc. For this reason, examples of food rheology are didactically useful to explain the dynamics of other materials we are less familiar with. Ketchup is commonly used an example of Bingham fluid and its flow behavior can be compared to that of a polymer melt.

Psychorheology
Psychorheology is the sensory judgement of rheological properties. It is a term used in the food industry, to describe how a food "feels" to the mouth. It is not necessarily straightforward to predict how a food will "feel" based purely on the true rheological properties.

The most important factor in food rheology is consumer perception of the product. This perception  is affected by how the food looks on the plate as well as how it feels in the mouth, or "mouthfeel". Mouthfeel is influenced by how food moves or flows once it is in a person's mouth.  This determines how desirable the food is judged to be.

See also

 Aseptic processing
 Cosmetics
 Dietary supplement
 Food and Bioprocess Technology
 Food chemistry
 Food Engineering
 Food fortification
 Food grading
 Food microbiology
 Food packaging
 Food preservation
 Food safety
 Food science
 Food storage
 Food supplements
 Food technology
 Nutraceutical
 Nutrification (aka food enrichment or fortification)
 Pharmaceuticals

Notes

References
 
 
 

Rheology
Food science
Food industry
Model-based specification. Model-based specification is an approach to formal specification where the system specification is expressed as a system state model. This state model is constructed using well-understood mathematical entities such as sets and functions. System operations are specified by defining how they affect the state of the system model.

The most widely used notations for developing model-based specifications are VDM and Z (pronounced Zed, not Zee). These notations are based on typed set theory. Systems are therefore modelled using sets and relations between sets.

Another well-known approach to formal specification is algebraic specification.

See also 
 Model-based design
 Model-based testing

References 

Formal methods
Formal specification
SCHEMA (bioinformatics). SCHEMA is a computational algorithm used in protein engineering to identify fragments of proteins (called schemas) that can be  recombined without disturbing the integrity of the proteins'  three-dimensional structure.  The algorithm calculates the  interactions between a protein's different amino acid residues to determine which interactions may be disrupted by swapping structural  domains of the protein.  By minimizing these disruptions, SCHEMA can be used to engineer  chimeric proteins that stably  fold and may have altered function relative to their parent proteins.  SCHEMA algorithm has been applied in the recombinant libraries of distantly related β-lactamases.

References

Bioinformatics algorithms
SS Empire Baxter. Empire Baxter was a  cargo ship which was built by Vickers Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness in 1941. Postwar she served as Paris City, Westford, Severn River and Hüseyin Kaptan before she was scrapped at Haliç, Turkey in June 1963.

Career
Empire Baxter was built by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire. She was launched on 8 October 1941 and completed in December that year. She was built for the Ministry of War Transport and placed under the management of Haldin & Phillips Ltd. Her port of registry was Barrow in Furness.

War service
Empire Baxter was a member of a number of Convoys during the Second World War.

KMS 2

Convoy KMS 2 sailed from Loch Ewe on 25 October 1942 and Liverpool and the Clyde on 26 October. The convoy arrived at Gibraltar on 10 November, Oran on 11 November and Algiers on 12 November. Empire Baxter was carrying 8 tons of stores and ten troops.

ON 158

Convoy ON 158 sailed from Liverpool on 2 January 1943 and arrived at New York on 23 January. She was carrying the convoy commodore, Henry S Allan RNVR and was bound for Portland. The convoy encountered a severe gale off Sable Island with Empire Baxter losing two lifeboats and two others being badly damaged. Her radio and other signalling equipment was damaged by ice accretion. She arrived at Portland on 24 January.

In 1943, Empire Baxter was placed under the management of Sir William Reardon Smith & Sons Ltd.

MKS 56

Convoy MKS 56 sailed from Port Said, Egypt on 18 July 1944 and arrived at Gibraltar on 29 July. Empire Baxter was carrying a general cargo and was bound for Algiers.

KMS 88

Convoy KMS 88 sailed from Liverpool on 3 March 1945 and arrived at Gibraltar on 11 March. Empire Baxter was carrying a general cargo from the Clyde and was bound for Algiers.

Postwar service

In 1946, Empire Baxter was purchased from the MoWT by Sir William Reardon Smith & Sons Ltd and renamed Paris City, the second ship to carry that name for Reardon Smith's. Her port of registry was changed to Bideford She was sold in 1954 to Duff Herbert & Mitchell Ltd and renamed Westford. Her port of registry was changed to London. In 1957 she was sold to Tidewater Commercial, Liberia and renamed Severn River. In 1959 she was sold to R & A Sadikoğlu, Turkey and renamed Hüseyin Kaptan. She was scrapped in Haliç in June 1963.

Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Baxter had the UK Official Number 167740 and used the Code Letters BCSJ.

References

1941 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of Liberia
Merchant ships of Liberia
Steamships of Turkey
Cargo ships of Turkey
Plugless Power. Plugless Power is a family of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) products manufactured by Plugless Power, Inc. that enable wireless (inductive) charging for electric vehicles (WCEV). The Plugless Power EVSE wirelessly delivers electrical power to the on-board EV battery charger using electromagnetic induction without a physical connection (cable) to the vehicle. An EV equipped with a Plugless Vehicle Adapter can be charged by parking it over an inductive Plugless Parking Pad. The active step of plugging a cord into the vehicle is eliminated.

History and development

In 2009, Evatran began development of Plugless Power, an inductive charging system for charging Electric Vehicles without plugging in.  Field trials were begun in March 2010. The first system was sold to Google in 2011 for employee use at the Mountain View campus.  Evatran began selling the Plugless L2 Wireless charging system to the public in 2014.

In simple terms, inductive charging works by separating the two halves of an electric transformer with an air gap – one half, the Plugless Power Vehicle Adapter, is installed on the vehicle and the other half, the Plugless Power Parking Pad, is installed on the floor of a garage or in a parking lot. When a car with an Adapter drives over a Pad, the two pieces are brought into close proximity, , then current from the electrical grid flows through the coils in the Power Pad to create magnetic fields and these fields induce current flow in the Vehicle Adapter's coils to charge the battery.

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) testing in 2013 found the system had a power delivery efficiency between 84%-90%, compared to 95%-99% for corded charging systems.

In 2014, Popular Science included the Plugless L2 charging system as Best of What's New 2014.

As of October 2016, the Plugless L2 was being sold for use with the Nissan LEAF, Chevrolet Volt, Cadillac ELR and Tesla Model S. In 2020, support for BMW i3 had been added, while the original plans were much more ambitious: targeting 80% of EVs by 2017.

Manufacturer

Founded in 2009, Evatran was formed as a clean technology subsidiary of MTC Transformers, an award-winning American manufacturer of high-quality, precision-engineered transformers and rewind services based in Wytheville, Virginia.

See also 
 Charging station
 GridPoint
 Inductive charging
OpenEVSE
 Vehicle-to-grid

References

External links 
 Plugless Power website

Charging stations
Electric vehicles
Wireless energy transfer
Privately held companies based in Virginia
Renewable energy organizations based in the United States
Design 1013 ship. The Design 1013 ship (full name Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1013), also known as the Robert Dollar type, was a steel-hulled cargo ship design approved for mass production by the United States Shipping Boards Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFT) in World War I. Like many of the early designs approved by the EFT, the Design 1013 did not originate with the EFT itself but was based on an existing cargo ship design, in this case one developed by the Skinner & Eddy Corporation of Seattle, Washington.

Some of the vessels were oil-fired and others coal-fired. They were produced by a variety of shipyards on the west coast of the United States. Most of them were given names starting with the word West (or in some cases, Western), indicating their west coast origins.

A total of 111 of the type were completed—106 for the EFT and an additional five completed later for private contractors. All of them entered service between 1918 and 1920, with the majority probably being completed in 1919. About 37 of the completed ships were acquired by the U.S. Navy either during or shortly after the war for service as auxiliaries, but most of these were quickly decommissioned in 1919 after only a few months' service.

Lend-Lease
As per the Lend-Lease Agreement, several ships were purchased by the USSR in 1942–1945, as the USSR needed ships for its merchant fleet during World War II and in the first years after the war. In total, the Soviet Union purchased 25 ships of design 1013. All purchased ships of that design were counted as Belorussia-class cargo ships by the Soviet Union and sometimes referred to as West-class cargo ships due to their manufacture on the West Coast of the US. All purchased ships were renamed.

References

Bibliography

McKellar, Norman L. (September–October 1962): "Steel Shipbuilding under the U.S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921 - Design 1013", The Belgian Shiplover, No. 89, September–October 1962, as reproduced at shipscribe.com.

 Design 1013 ships
Design 1013 ships
Standard ship types of the United States
Synthetic programming (HP-41). 
Synthetic programming (SP) is an advanced technique for programming the HP-41C and Elektronika B3-34 calculators, involving creating instructions (or combinations of instructions and operands) that cannot be obtained using the standard capabilities of the calculator.

Some HP-41C instructions are coded in memory using multiple bytes. Some of these sequence of bytes correspond to instructions the calculator is able to execute, but these cannot be entered in the program memory using conventional program entry methods (i.e. using the calculator as described in the user's manual). Synthetic programming uses a bug in the calculator firmware to enter those byte sequences as a sequence of other instructions, then partially skipping halfway through the first instruction, so that the calculator believes the end of the first instruction is actually the beginning of a new one. This was called byte jumper or byte grabber.

It is not clear if the creators behind the HP-41 were aware of all these "black holes". HP did not officially support these techniques, but probably was intrigued by the strange operations and in some cases allowed enthusiasts to practice in their offices and helped to improve it among a whole sense of curiosity.

HP-15C
Synthetic programming is also possible on the (original) HP-15C.

See also
 Casio FX-602P series
 Illegal opcode
 Logic synthesis
 NOMAS (support)
 Overlapping instructions
 Self-modifying code
 Side effect (computer science)
 Variable-length instruction set
 Yeggogology (Cyrillic: "Еггогология")

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 
 
 http://www.jeffcalc.hp41.eu/divers/files/ppcjt-v1n3.pdf

 Synthetic programming
Wilhelm T. Unge. Baron Wilhelm Theodor Unge was a military engineer who invented a telemeter and various improvements to artillery. He was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1845. He worked with Alfred Nobel to improve the range and accuracy of Hale rockets, by using improved propellants and launching from cannons. It is possible that one of his rockets carried the Nobel camera that made the first aerial photograph from a rocket in April 1897.

After Nobel died in 1896, Unge obtained patents for improved rockets, with some sold to several countries. In 1908 he sold his patents to Friedrich Krupp.

In 1977, Unge was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.

See also
Hale rockets
Aerial photography
Aerial reconnaissance

References

1845 births
1915 deaths
Early rocketry
5601 Squadron (Israel). 5601 Squadron, also known as Manat (, an acronym for Merkaz Nisu'ey Tisa, , lit. Flight Test Center), is the Israeli Air Force unit responsible for flight and weapons testing, airframe modification and avionics integration.
It is based at Tel Nof Airbase.

History 
Although formed in 1978, Manat may have its origins in a flight test unit established as early as March 1950. Manat comprises a flight section, including test pilots and flight testing engineers, a technical section charged with aircraft maintenance, an avionics section, and a UAV section operating from Palmachim. The squadron operates a fully instrumented example of every Israeli Air Force frontline combat aircraft type on strength at any time. It operates a number of UAVs and will utilize helicopter and transport types from other squadrons when necessary.

Among the aircraft currently operated by Manat are three F-16 Fighting Falcons, representing the different variants of the aircraft in service: F-16D Block 30 #020, F-16D Block 40 #601 and F-16I Block 52+ #401. F-16D #601, designated CK-1, was designed by Lockheed to meet specific flight test requirements. Another aircraft operated by the squadron is F-15I #201 (94-0286), the very first F-15I built. 

Manat has participated in the evaluation of foreign aircraft types, including the Syrian MiG-23 whose pilot defected to Israel in October 1989 and a pair of MiG-29s loaned from a European air force in 1995. During its stay in Israel, one of the MiG-29s even carried the squadron emblem.

The squadron works closely with Israel's defence industries and participates in product testing. Among the projects the squadron was involved with are the various Python missiles, the Popeye II, and the Rafael Spice.

See also 
 List of aerospace flight test centres
 Shimshon Rozen

External links 
Flight Test Center photo gallery by Nir Ben-Yosef

References 

Israeli Air Force squadrons