omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute. The Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI, ) is a non-profit government-funded research institute in Republic of Korea. Established in 1976, KERI contributes to research on electrotechnology and testing of power apparatus. The main office is in Changwon, Republic of Korea and two branches are in Ansan and Uiwang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. As of 2008, KERI has about 530 employees including 300 researchers.

History 
 December 29, 1976: Korea Electric Research and Testing Institute (KERTI) was established
 January 20, 1981: Korea Electrotechnology and Telecommunications Research Institute (KETRI) was established (Consolidation of KERTI and KTRI)
 June 17, 1985: Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) was separated from KETRI

Organization 
 Electric Power Research Division
 Industry Applications Research Division
 Advanced Materials & Application Research Division
 Medical Devices Research Division
 High Power High Voltage Testing & Evaluation Division
 Power Apparatus Testing & Evaluation Division
 Planning & Coordination Division
 General Administration Division

Presidents 
 Ko Chang-seok (1985–1986)
 Ahn U-hui (1986–1993)
 Byeon Seung-bong (1993–1996
 Youn Mun-su (1996–1999)
 Kwan Yeong-hwan (1999–2005)
 Bak Dong-uk (2005–2008)
 Yu Tae-hwan (2008–2011)
 Kim Ho-yong (2011–2014)
 Bak Gyeong-yeob (2014–2017)
 Choe Gyu-ha (2018–2021)
 Myeong Seoung-ho (2021–June 10, 2022)
 Kim Nam-kyun (January 12, 2023– )

Locations 
 KERI Changwon (HQ): 12, Bulmosna-ro 10 beon-gil, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51543, Korea
 KERI Ansan: 111, Hanggaul-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
 KERI Uiwang: 138, Naesonsunhwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do 16029, Korea

References

External links 
 KERI English-version website
 Ministry of Science and ICT
 National Research Council of Science and Technology

Research institutes in South Korea
Research institutes established in 1976
1976 establishments in South Korea
Trans-European Inland Waterway network. The Trans-European Inland Waterway network is one of a number of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) of the European Union.

According to Article 11 of the Decision No 1692/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 on Community guidelines for the development of the Trans-European Transport Network, the Trans-European Inland waterway network is made up of rivers and canals, and the various branches and links which connect them. In particular, it should render possible the interconnection between industrial regions and major conurbations and link them to ports.

The minimum technical characteristics for waterways forming part of the network should be those laid down for a class IV waterway in the classification of European Inland Waterways (CEMT), which allows the passage of a vessel or a pushed train  and . Where a waterway forming part of the network is modernized or constructed, the technical specifications should correspond at least to class IV, should enable class Va/Vb to be achieved at a later date, and should make satisfactory provision for the passage of vessels used for combined transport. Class Va allows the passage of a vessel or a pushed train of craft 110 m long and 11.40 m wide, and class Vb allows the passage of a pushed train of craft 172 to 185 m long and 11.40 m wide.

Inland ports

Inland ports are part of the network, as points of interconnection between the inland waterways.

Inland ports must be:

 open to commercial traffic; 
 located on the network of inland waterways as shown in the  outline (13 MB), p. 79; 
 interconnected with other trans-European transport routes as shown in the document above; and 
 equipped with trans-shipment facilities for inter-modal transport or with an annual freight traffic volume of at least 500 000 tonnes.

References

External links
 Inland Navigation Europe - inlandnavigation.eu

Trans-European Transport Network
Water transport in Europe
USA-205. USA-205, also known as Space Tracking and Surveillance System-Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (STSS-ATRR), and previously as Block 2010 Spacecraft Risk Reduction is a satellite formerly operated by the United States Missile Defense Agency. It was launched to demonstrate new technology for missile detection early warning systems (MDEWS). The technology demonstrated on STSS-ATRR was used in the development of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) part of the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS).

It was launched on a Delta II 7920-10C launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 2W (SLC-2W) at the Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in California, at 20:24:25 UTC on 5 May 2009 into a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). The launch was conducted by United Launch Alliance.

Operational and administrative control of the Space Tracking and Surveillance System-Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (STSS-ATRR) satellite was transferred to Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), effective 31 January 2011. In addition to successfully demonstrating required on orbit system performance parameters for a prototype sensor technology, STSS-ATRR conducted Space Situational Awareness and related operations on an as-capable basis.

References 

Spacecraft launched in 2009
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
USA satellites
Early warning satellites
Titanium sulfide. The titanium sulfides are a class of chemical compounds comprising titanium and sulfur in varying stoichiometries.  They include:
 Titanium(II) sulfide, a rare mineral
 Titanium(III) sulfide, a refractory
 Titanium(IV) sulfide, used in batteries or other electrochemical cells
 Titanium "trisulfide", technically a mixed-valence sulfide and disulfide salt
Jonah Walker-Smith. Sir Jonah Walker Walker-Smith (22 November 1874 – 23 February 1964) was an engineer and a Conservative Party politician in England who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow-in-Furness from 1931, when he took it from Labour, until his defeat at the 1945 general election, when a Labour candidate took the seat.

He was born at Watford, Hertfordshire, son of John Jonah Smith, and educated privately and at King's College, London.

He trained as an engineer, becoming Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers and of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers. He also qualified as a Barrister-at-law and became Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and honorary Associate Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

He was successively City Engineer of Edinburgh; Director of Housing and Town Planning at the Local Government Board of Scotland; Consulting Engineer to the Road Board in Scotland; Director of Housing at the Ministry of Health from 1919 to 1925. He was knighted in the latter year.
In later life he held positions as managing director and chairman of various engineering and other companies.

Personal life and death
He married, in 1905, Maud Coulton, daughter of Coulton Walker Hunter of Barrow-in-Furness and Barton Hall, Yorkshire, by whom he had a daughter, Joan, who predeceased him and two sons, one of whom Derek, also became an MP. His granddaughter by Joan is Lavender Patten, Hong Kong's final British 'first lady'.

Sir Jonah Walker-Smith died in February 1964, aged 89.

References

External links 
 

1874 births
1964 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Siddeley-Deasy Sinaia. The Siddeley-Deasy Sinaia, also known as the Armstrong Whitworth Sinaia was a twin-engined biplane day bomber with gunners in rearwards extensions of the engine nacelles.  Two examples were ordered by the Air Ministry but only one was completed.

Development
The Sinaia was the third and last aircraft design produced by the team led by John Lloyd and F. M. Green at Siddeley-Deasy before they were rebadged by merger as the Sir W. G. Armstrong Aircraft Company. Indeed, by the time it flew in 1921 this change had taken effect.  It was designed to meet an Air Ministry requirement for a day bomber.  A large twin-engined biplane, its most interesting feature was the arrangement of the defensive armament.  The Sinaia's engines were in nacelles mounted on the top of the lower wings and these nacelles were extended rearwards and upwards.  Each extension housed a gunner's cockpit at its extremity, fitted with a gun ring.  From these positions the gunners would have been able to defend both sides of the bomber independently.

The Sinaia was a three bay (with struts to the upper wings from the engine nacelles) biplane.  The wings carried no stagger and were of equal span, though the lower wing was narrower. There were horn balanced ailerons on all wings.  The empennage was of biplane configuration with a balanced elevator on the upper plane and containing three balanced rudders.  The square section fuselage placed the pilot's cockpit well forward of the engines and a third gunner's position in the extreme, slanted nose.  A two-wheeled main undercarriage unit was mounted under each engine.

The Sinaia was powered by two 500 hp Siddeley Tiger water-cooled engines, a new V-12 design produced by combining two straight-6 Siddeley Pumas onto a single crankshaft. Unsurprisingly this little-tested powerplant proved unreliable and frequent problems with it interrupted the flight trials of the Sinaia, which flew for the first time on 25 June 1921.  By October the airframe was showing signs of structural problems and the only Sinaia ever built was taken out of use.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

1920s British military aircraft
Siddeley-Deasy aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Abalone (molecular mechanics). Abalone is a general purpose molecular dynamics and molecular graphics program for simulations of bio-molecules in a periodic boundary conditions in explicit (flexible SPC water model) or in implicit water models. Mainly designed to simulate the protein folding and DNA-ligand complexes in AMBER force field.

Key features
 3D molecular graphics
 Automatic Force Field generator for bioelements: H, C, N, O
 Building and editing chemical structures
 Library of building blocks
 Force fields: Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) 94, 96, 99SB, 03; Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations (OPLS)
 Geometry optimizing
 Molecular dynamics with multiple time step integrator
 Hybrid Monte Carlo
 Replica exchange
 Interface with quantum chemistry - ORCA, NWChem, Firefly (PC GAMESS), CP2K
 GPU accelerated molecular modeling

See also

References

External links
 
 Benchmarking

Monte Carlo software
Computational chemistry software
Molecular dynamics software
Molecular modelling software
Science software
Zeldovich pancake. A Zel'dovich pancake is a theoretical condensation of gas out of a primordial density fluctuation following the Big Bang. In 1970, Yakov B. Zel'dovich showed that for an ellipsoid of gas on a supergalactic scale, an approximation can be used that will model the collapse as occurring most rapidly along the shortest axis, resulting in a pancake form. This approximation assumes that the ellipsoid of gas is sufficiently large that the effect of pressure is negligible and only gravitational attraction needs to be considered. That is, the gas will collapse without being significantly perturbed by outward pressure. This assumption is especially valid if the collapse occurs before the recombination era that resulted in the formation of hydrogen atoms.

In 1989, Zel'dovich and S. F. Shandarin showed that initial overlapping density fluctuations of random Gaussian fields would result in "dense pancakes, filaments, and compact clumps of matter". This model became known as a top-down model of galactic formation, with the supergalactic condensation fragmenting into protogalaxies. The formation of plane concentrations would compress the gas through shock waves generated during the collapse, increasing the temperature.

At a higher level, the collapse of larger structures according to the Zel'dovich Approximation is known as second-generation pancakes or superpancakes. At still higher levels there is a transition to a hierarchical clustering model in which a hierarchy of collapsing structures exist. The Truncated Zel'dovich Approximation allowed the method to be applied to these hierarchical, or bottom-up models of cosmological structure. This approach truncates the power law fluctuation spectrum at large values of k before applying the Zel'dovich Approximation. Generalizations of the Zel'dovich Approximation have also been shown to apply in the case of a non-zero cosmological constant.

The first example of a Zel'dovich pancake may have been identified in 1991 using the Very Large Array in New Mexico.

See also

References

External links
 

Large-scale structure of the cosmos
1970 in science
154CM. 154CM is a type of stainless steel developed and manufactured in the United States by Crucible Materials Corporation (now - Crucible Industries). Crucible 154CM is a modification of martensitic stainless steel type 440C to which molybdenum has been added. It was originally developed for tough industrial applications and combines three principal elements: carbon, chromium, and molybdenum.
Hitachi Corporation of Japan copied the properties of this steel for their own brand known as ATS-34.

Typical applications
 Cutlery
 Bearings
 Valve Ports
 Bushings

Composition
154CM contains the following:
 Carbon 1.05%  
 Chromium 14.00%  
 Manganese 0.50%  
 Molybdenum 4.00%   
 Silicon 0.30%
 Iron 80.15%

References

External links 
 Benchmade Blade Steels
 Is 154CM Steel Good for Knives?

Steels
Basin wrench. A basin wrench, sometimes called a sink wrench, is a plumbing tool which is used in confined spaces to turn fasteners and pipes that would be difficult or impossible to reach with a plumber wrench or other types of wrenches. For example, the threaded nuts used to secure faucets to sinks are often located in deeply recessed places that can only be accessed with a basin wrench.

Construction and operation
A basin wrench consists of a long shaft with a pair of asymmetrical jaws at one end and a transverse handle at the other end. The two jaws form an assembly in which the jaws are joined with a pivot pin. One of the jaws is fixed relative to the shaft, and the other is curved. In some basin wrenches, the curved jaw is spring-loaded relative to the fixed jaw so that it will automatically close and grip the object to be turned. When the shaft is rotated in the direction that causes the curved jaw to trail the pivot pin, the jaws will increase their grip on the object as shaft torque increases, thereby allowing the operator to apply torque to the fastener without slippage. The transverse handle passes through a loosely fitting hole in the shaft so that it can be shifted to conform to tight spaces or elongated to increase leverage.

The fixed jaw is attached to the shaft with a pivot pin so that the entire jaw assembly can rotate about an axis perpendicular to the shaft. This permits the jaw assembly to be rotated over the end of the shaft so that the jaws can be oriented to allow the tool to apply torque in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. Mechanical stops limit this rotation to 180° so that when the jaw assembly is resting at a stop, the jaws will be perpendicular to the shaft and thus aligned to the object. When the shaft is held in a vertical orientation, the jaws are automatically held against the stop by gravity. Basin wrenches are available with both fixed-length and telescopic shafts.

References

External links
 

Wrenches
Plumbing

de:Standhahnmutterschlüssel
nl:Sleutel (gereedschap)#Kraansleutel
Memory architecture. Memory architecture describes the methods used to implement electronic computer data storage in a manner that is a combination of the fastest, most reliable, most durable, and least expensive way to store and retrieve information. Depending on the specific application, a compromise of one of these requirements may be necessary in order to improve another requirement. Memory architecture also explains how binary digits are converted into electric signals and then stored in the memory cells. And also the structure of a memory cell.

For example, dynamic memory is commonly used for primary data storage due to its fast access speed. However dynamic memory must be repeatedly refreshed with a surge of current dozens of time per second, or the stored data will decay and be lost. Flash memory allows for long-term storage over a period of years, but it is much slower than dynamic memory, and the static memory storage cells wear out with frequent use.

Similarly, the data bus is often designed to suit specific needs such as serial or parallel data access, and the memory may be designed to provide for parity error detection or even error correction.

The earliest memory architectures are the Harvard architecture, which has two physically separate memories and data paths for program and data, and the Princeton architecture which uses a single memory and data path for both program and data storage.

Most general purpose computers use a hybrid split-cache modified Harvard architecture that appears to an application program to have a pure Princeton architecture machine with gigabytes of virtual memory, but internally (for speed) it operates with an instruction cache physically separate from a data cache, more like the Harvard model.

DSP systems usually have a specialized, high bandwidth memory subsystem; with no support for memory protection or virtual memory management.
Many digital signal processors have 3 physically separate memories and datapaths -- program storage, coefficient storage, and data storage.
A series of multiply–accumulate operations fetch from all three areas simultaneously to efficiently implement audio filters as convolutions.

See also 
8-bit
16-bit
32-bit
64-bit
Address generation unit
Cache-only memory architecture (COMA)
Cache memory
Conventional memory
Deterministic memory
Distributed memory
Distributed shared memory (DSM)
Dual-channel architecture
ECC memory
Expanded memory
Extended memory
Flat memory model
Harvard architecture
High memory area (HMA)
Lernmatrix
Memory hierarchy
Memory level parallelism
Memory model (addressing scheme)
Memory model
Memory protection
Memory-disk synchronization
Memory virtualization
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA)
PCI memory hole
Processor register
Registered memory
Shared memory (interprocess communication)
Shared memory architecture (SMA)
Stack-based memory allocation
Tagged architecture
Uniform memory access (UMA)
Universal memory
Video memory
von Neumann architecture
X86 memory segmentation

References

Computer memory
Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project. The Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project consists of the construction of several hydroelectric power dams in the Upper Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Construction work on the project was commenced by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) in April 2009 and various hydro dams will be constructed in phases over a span of 15–20 years.

The main dam is being constructed across Siang river and upon completion, the dam reservoir will hold 10 billion cubic meters of water. The hydro power project at Siang will alone generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW, making it the largest hydroelectric dam in the Indian Subcontinent.

Concerns

Concern on Upstream Flooding
In 2006, Indian media reported that the NHPC was planning to relocate and scale down the project due to concerns on flooding upstream by Chinese government. However, the Arunachal Pradesh government has awarded contracts and commenced work on the project as per initial plans.

The state government of Arunachal Pradesh signed deals with various Indian power companies to develop hydro projects. A total of 42 schemes are planned to generate electricity in excess of 27,000 MW with the Upper Siang project being one of them.

Environmental impact
In 2010, a student body appealed to India's Environment Ministry to scrap various hydroelectric projects (including Siang project) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh due to potential adverse environmental impact. However, the Ministry remarked that though the projects will not be cancelled, necessary precautions will be undertaken to ensure minimal environmental impact.

References

External links

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Hydroelectric power stations in Arunachal Pradesh
Dams in Arunachal Pradesh
Dams in the Brahmaputra River Basin
Upper Siang district
Proposed infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh
Taguchi loss function. The Taguchi loss function is  graphical depiction of loss developed by the Japanese business statistician Genichi Taguchi to describe a phenomenon affecting the value of products produced by a company.  Praised by Dr. W. Edwards Deming (the business guru of the 1980s American quality movement), it made clear the concept that quality does not suddenly plummet when, for instance, a machinist exceeds a rigid blueprint tolerance.  Instead 'loss' in value progressively increases as variation increases from the intended condition.  This was considered a breakthrough in describing quality, and helped fuel the continuous improvement movement.

The concept of Taguchi's quality loss function was in contrast with the American concept of quality, popularly known as goal post philosophy, the concept given by American quality guru Phil Crosby. Goal post philosophy emphasizes that if a product feature doesn't meet the designed specifications it is termed as a product of poor quality (rejected), irrespective of amount of deviation from the target value (mean value of tolerance zone). This concept has similarity with the concept of scoring a 'goal' in the game of football or hockey, because a goal is counted 'one' irrespective of the location of strike of the ball in the 'goal post', whether it is in the center or towards the corner. This means that if the product dimension goes out of the tolerance limit the quality of the product drops suddenly. 

Through his concept of the quality loss function, Taguchi explained that from the customer's point of view this drop of quality is not sudden. The customer experiences a loss of quality the moment product specification deviates from the 'target value'. This 'loss' is depicted by a quality loss function and it follows a parabolic curve mathematically given by L = k(y–m)2, where m is the theoretical 'target value' or 'mean value' and y is the actual size of the product, k is a constant and L is the loss. This means that if the difference between 'actual size' and 'target value' i.e. (y–m) is large, loss would be more, irrespective of tolerance specifications. In Taguchi's view tolerance specifications are given by engineers and not by customers; what the customer experiences is 'loss'. This equation is true for a single product; if 'loss' is to be calculated for multiple products the loss function is given by L = k[S2 + ( – m)2], where S2 is the 'variance of product size' and  is the average product size.

Overview 

The Taguchi loss function is important for a number of reasons—primarily, to help engineers better understand the importance of designing for variation.

See also
Taguchi methods
Taguchi also focus on Robust design of model.

References 

Loss functions
Conseil général des ponts et chaussées. The Conseil général des Ponts et Chaussées (CGPC  "Civil Engineering General Council") is one of the oldest institutions in France and the direct heir of the assembly of inspectors general of bridges and roads, which met regularly from 1747 under Daniel-Charles Trudaine. The Conseil was set up on 25 August 1804 by decree.

It has been reorganized into the Conseil général de l'environnement et du développement durable.

References

External links
 Conseil général des ponts et chaussées  (Archive)

1804 establishments in France