omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cathedral Green Footbridge. The Cathedral Green Footbridge is a pedestrian and cycle swing bridge in the centre of Derby, spanning the River Derwent.  It forms a third side to a triangle between The Cathedral and the Silk Mill Museum.

The bridge and adjacent re-landscaped Cathedral Green opened in March 2009 at a cost of £4.2m and is located in an area of World Heritage status.  It links the Cathedral Green to Stuart Street and has been designed to swing to one side when water levels are high.  It weighs 95 tonnes, with a  box steel section deck, supported by three cables, keeping the overall structural slender.  The bridge swings on a pintle bearing, with a central wheel to support its weight.

Construction began in August 2007 and the Bridge opened to the public on 20 March 2009, then was officially opened on 2 April 2009, a year behind schedule, by the Mayor of Derby.  The bridge, designed by Ramboll, was partly inspired by tailor's shears and has an iconic needle-shaped mast, to echo the heritage of the nearby Silk Mill. The silk theme of the needle is complemented by the nearby Saint Alkmunds Way Footbridge which includes silk bobbins as its design feature.

The Cathedral Green has landscaped gardens with a tiled pavement incorporating lighting effects, called The Mill Flume, designed by Nayan Kulkarni, representing the path the river took when it powered the waterwheel of the Silk Mill.  There is a statue of Bonnie Prince Charlie, as he was billeted near the site of the bridge during the Jacobite rising in December 1745.

The bridge was a finalist in the Prime Minister's Award for better public buildings following its completion in 2009. The judges said they were impressed by the design allowing the bridge to be turned with only a small amount of energy. The bridge, with its 38 degree kink, is supported on the central wheel with a wheel system being used on the counterweighted section.

See also
 List of crossings of the River Derwent, Derbyshire

References

External links
Derby CityScape
Pictures of the Cathedral Green & Footbridge
A 360° of the Cathedral Green Footbridge

Bridges completed in 2009
Bridges in Derby
Pedestrian bridges in England
Swing bridges in England
Bridges across the River Derwent, Derbyshire
Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen. The Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen (HITSZ; ) is a satellite campus of the Harbin Institute of Technology in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Departments 
Nine departments and one institute comprise the HIT Shenzhen Graduate School offering master's and doctoral programs:
School of Computer Science and Technology
School of Electronic and Information Engineering
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
School of Materials Science and Engineering
School of Architecture
School of Economics and Management
School of Sciences
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
The Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology

References

External links

Nanshan District, Shenzhen
Universities and colleges in Shenzhen
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in China
2002 in Shenzhen
Cryogenic engineering. Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the purview of cryogenic engineering.
Cryogenics may be considered as the recent advancement in the field of refrigeration. Though there is no fixed demarcation as to where refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, for general reference, temperatures below –150c(120k) are considered as cryogenic temperature. The four gases which mainly contribute for cryogenic application and research are (O2-B.P.90K), (N2-B.P.77K), (Helium-B.P.4.2k) & (H2-B.P.20K).
The word "cryogenic" is derived from Greek κρύο (cryo) - "icy cold" + γονική (genic) – "having to do with production".

References 

Cryogenics
Mechanical engineering
W0. W0 may refer to:
 Nominal day, ignoring the variation followed via the Equation of Time, a variable in the equations of Arthur Thomas Doodson
 A variable for a word in the PICAXE microcontroller
 Short Run Consumption Function, the initial endowed wealth level of a particular individual in the Life-cycle Income Hypothesis
 First step of the W0–W6 scale for the classification of meteorites by weathering
 W0 may refer to the principal branch of the Lambert W Function

See also
 0W (disambiguation)
Shun'ichi Amari. , is a Japanese engineer and neuroscientist born in 1936 in Tokyo, Japan.

Overviews 
He majored in Mathematical Engineering in 1958 from the University of Tokyo then graduated in 1963 from the Graduate School of the University of Tokyo.

His Master of Engineering in  1960 was entitled Topological and Information-Theoretical Foundation of Diakoptics and Codiakoptics.
His Doctor of Engineering in 1963 was entitled Diakoptics of Information Spaces.

Shun'ichi Amari received several awards and is a visiting professor of prestigious universities.

He is the author of more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and is best known for developing Information Geometry. He also independently invented the Hopfield network in 1972, a form of self-organized recurrent neural network.

He is currently holding a position of the prestigious RIKEN lab and is vice-president of Brain Science Institute, director of Brain Style Information Systems Group  and team leader of Mathematical Neuroscience Laboratory.

He was a winner of the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award (1997)

Key works
 A Geometrical Theory of Information (in Japanese), Kyoritsu, 1968
 Information Theory (in Japanese), Daiamondo-sha, 1971
 Mathematical Theory of Nerve Nets (in Japanese), Sangyotosho, 1978
 Methods of Information Geometry, in collaboration with Hiroshi Nagaoka, originally published  in Japanese in 1993 and published in English in 2000 with the American Mathematical Society (AMS).

Awards and honors
 Japan Academy Prize (1995)
 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award (1997)
 C&C Prize (2003)
 Person of Cultural Merit (2012)
 Order of Culture (2019)

References

External links
 Homepage at Riken lab
 Information Geometry and Its Applications presented during ETVC´08 - Paris in November 2008
 Unconventional Computation 2010 (UC10) at Toky, invited speaker
 ResearchMap profile

Japanese computer scientists
Japanese neuroscientists
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Academics from Tokyo
Living people
1936 births
Riken personnel
Persons of Cultural Merit
Recipients of the Order of Culture
List of B1 aircraft. This is a list of aircraft denominated B1, B-1, B.1 or B.I.

B-1
 Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a 1974 USAF heavy bomber aircraft
 Bensen B-1, a Bensen aircraft
 Blackburn B-1, a 1938 British twin-engined four-seat touring aircraft
 Boeing B-1, a 1919 seaplane
 Huff-Daland XB-1, a 1927 American biplane bomber

B.1 
 Sopwith B.1, a British Sopwith Aviation Company aircraft

B.I 
 AEG B.I, a German reconnaissance aircraft during World War I
 Albatros B.I, a 1913 German military reconnaissance aircraft
 Aviatik B.I, a 1914 German two-seat reconnaissance biplane
 Bavarian B I, an 1896 German steam locomotive model
 DFW B.I, a 1914 German aircraft
 Euler B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Fokker B.I (1915), an Austro-Hungarian observation aircraft
 Fokker B.I (1922), a German reconnaissance flying boat
 Halberstadt B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Hansa-Brandenburg B.I, a 1914 unarmed military reconnaissance biplane
 Kondor B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Lohner B.I, a KuKLFT B-class designation aircraft
 LVG B.I, a 1910s German two-seat reconnaissance biplane
 NFW B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Otto B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Rumpler B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft
 Sablatnig B.I, an Idflieg B-class designation aircraft

See also
 Fokker B.I (disambiguation)

B1
Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde. Minerals Separation v. Hyde, 242 U.S. 261 (1916), is a United States Supreme Court case on the patent protection of froth flotation.

Background 
Minerals Separation, Limited obtained U.S. Patent No. 835,120, issued on November 6, 1906, to Henry Livingston Sulman, Hugh Fitzalis Kirkpatrick-Picard and John Ballot.  As stated in the specification of the patent, the claimed discovery related "to improvements in the process for the concentration of ores, the object being to separate metalliferous matter from gangue by means of oils, fatty acids, or other substances which have a preferential affinity for such metalliferous matter over gangue."

Prior to the discovery, it was well known that oil and oily substances had a selective affinity or attraction for, and would unite mechanically with, the minute particles of metal and metallic compounds found in crushed or powdered ores, but would not so unite with the quartz, or rocky nonmetallic material, called "gangue".  It was also well known that this selective property of oils and oily substances was increased when applied to some ores by the addition of a small amount of acid to the ore and water used in process of concentration.

External links
 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
United States patent case law
1916 in United States case law
Develop (Apple magazine). Develop: The Apple Technical Journal was a quarterly magazine published by Apple for a total of twenty-nine issues between 1990 and 1997. The hardcover journal consisted of highly technical information written primarily by Apple engineers for Apple developers. As a result of Apple's acquisition of NeXT Computer and subsequent return of Steve Jobs in 1997, Develops' production was terminated within Apple. This action was done to return Apple to a state of profitability. Develop: The Apple Technical Journal lives on in a digital format as a guest column within MacTech to this day.

Content
Develop was written by Apple engineers for Apple developers and could almost be described as a textbook rather than a magazine. Every issue is packed full of detailed information regarding software and hardware tools relevant at the time of publishing, along with pages upon pages of example code. Most issues contained over one hundred pages of text, pictures, and diagrams, and each issue contained over ten articles and columns. These entries include a common theme of hardware and software troubleshooting, tips and tricks for all aspects of coding, tutorials for new software, and countless other computer-related instructions.

History
Apple Develop had twenty-nine quarterly issues between 1990 and 1997. It was one of many products Apple created in the absence of their co-founder, Steve Jobs, between 1985 and 1997. The products that this Cupertino, California-based technology giant released during that period of time had varying levels of success, leaving Apple in financially rocky territory. These products included the Apple Newton, Apple Pippin, Apple QuickTake, and, of course, Apple Develop. In 1997, Steve Jobs returned to Apple after Apple acquired his company, NeXT Computers, for its valuable resources. He took on the role of CEO and began making significant changes. These included the closure of many departments and the cancelation of several hardware and software products. Develop was one of the products affected by the massive restructuring of Apple that took place in 1997. The cancelation of Develop was likely done to assist in returning Apple to a state of profitability and focus its resources on quality over quantity of products. The magazine is now accessible through a few digital sources. They include vintageapple.org and mactech.com, which are both accessible through the external links section.

Chronology

References

External links
 "develop", Vintage Apple Develop Magazine Library
 "develop", Article Archives at MacTech

Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines disestablished in 1997
Magazines published in California
Works about Apple Inc.
Permeability (foundry sand). Permeability is a property of foundry sand with respect to how well the sand can vent, i.e. how well gases pass through the sand. And in other words, permeability is the property by which we can know the ability of material to transmit fluid/gases. The permeability is commonly tested to see if it is correct for the casting conditions.

Affecting factors
The grain size, shape and distribution of the foundry sand, the type and quantity of bonding materials, the density to which the sand is rammed, and the percentage of moisture used for tempering the sand are important factors in regulating the degree of permeability.

Significance
An increase in permeability usually indicates a more open structure in the rammed sand, and if the increase continues, it will lead to penetration-type defects and rough castings. A decrease in permeability indicates tighter packing and could lead to blows and pinholes.

Testing procedure

 On a prepared mould surface as a sample, permeability can be checked with use of a mould permeability attachment to permeability meter, readings such obtained are of relative permeability, and not absolute permeability. The relative permeability reading on a mould surface is only used to gauge sample-to-sample variation.
 On standard specimen as a sample
 For sands that can be compressed, e.g.: bentonite-bonded sand, also known as green sand, a compressed or rammed sample is used to check permeability.
 For sand that cannot be compressed, e.g.: Resin-coated sands, a freely filled sample is used. To check such a sample, user may have to use an attachment to the permeability meter called a core permeability tube.

The absolute permeability number, which has no units, is determined by the rate of flow of air, under standard pressure, through a rammed cylindrical specimen. DIN standards define the specimen dimensions to be 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm tall, while the American Foundry Society defines it to be two inches in diameter and two inches tall. rammed cylindrical specimen.

formula is

PN = (VxH)/PxAxT

where

 V = volume of air in ml passing through the specimen
 H = Height of the specimen in cm
 A = Cross sectional area of specimen in cm2
 P = Pressure of air in cm of water
 T = Time in minutes

American Foundry Society has also released a chart where back pressure (P) from a rammed specimen placed on a permeability meter is correlated with a Permeability number. The Permeability number so measured is used in foundries for recording permeability value.

References

Casting (manufacturing)
Metallurgy
Clapeyron's theorem. In the linear theory of elasticity Clapeyron's theorem states that the potential energy of deformation of a body, which is in equilibrium under a given load, is equal to half the work done by the external forces computed assuming these forces had remained constant from the initial state to the final state.

It is named after the French scientist Émile Clapeyron.

For example, consider a linear spring with initial length L0 and gradually pull on the spring until it reaches equilibrium at a length L1 when the pulling force is F.  By the theorem, the potential energy of deformation in the spring is given by:

The actual force increased from 0 to F during the deformation; the work done can be computed by integration in distance. Clapeyron's equation, which uses the final force only, may be puzzling at first, but is nevertheless true because it includes a corrective factor of one half.

Another theorem, the theorem of three moments used in bridge engineering is also sometimes called Clapeyron's theorem.

References

 Roger Fosdick & Lev Truskinovsky (2003) About Clapeyron's Theorem in Linear Elasticity, Journal of Elasticity 72(1–3): 145–72, Springer.

Structural analysis
Continuum mechanics
Eponymous theorems of physics
Theorem of three moments. In civil engineering and structural analysis Clapeyron's theorem of three moments (by Émile Clapeyron) is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam.

Let A,B,C-D be the three consecutive points of support, and denote by- l the length of AB and  the length of BC, by w and  the weight per unit of length in these segments.  Then the bending moments  at the three points are related by:

This equation can also be written as 

where a1 is the area on the bending moment diagram due to vertical loads on AB, a2 is the area due to loads on BC, x1 is the distance from A to the centroid of the bending moment diagram of beam AB, x2 is the distance from C to the centroid of the area of the bending moment diagram of beam BC.

The second equation is more general as it does not require that the weight of each segment be distributed uniformly.

Derivation of three moments equations 
Christian Otto Mohr's theorem can be used to derive the three moment theorem  (TMT).

Mohr's first theorem
The change in slope of a deflection curve between two points of a beam is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between those two points.(Figure 02)

Mohr's second theorem
Consider two points k1 and k2 on a beam. The deflection of k1 and k2 relative to the point of intersection between tangent at k1 and k2 and vertical through k1 is equal to the moment of M/EI diagram between k1 and k2 about k1.(Figure 03)

The three moment equation expresses the relation between bending moments at three successive supports of a continuous beam, subject to a loading on a two adjacent span with or without settlement of the supports.

The sign convention
According to the Figure 04,
 The moment M1, M2, and M3 be positive if they cause compression in the upper part of the beam. (sagging positive)
 The deflection downward positive. (Downward settlement positive)
 Let ABC is a continuous beam with support at A,B, and C. Then moment at A,B, and C are M1, M2, and M3, respectively.    
 Let A' B' and C' be the final positions of the beam ABC due to support settlements.

Derivation of three moment theorem
PB'Q is a tangent drawn at B' for final Elastic Curve A'B'C' of the beam ABC. RB'S is a horizontal line drawn through B'. 
Consider, Triangles RB'P and QB'S.

From (1), (2), and (3),

Draw the M/EI diagram to find the PA' and QC'.

From Mohr's Second Theorem 
PA' = First moment of area of M/EI diagram between A and B about A.

QC' = First moment of area of M/EI diagram between B and C about C.

Substitute in PA' and QC' on equation (a), the Three Moment Theorem (TMT) can be obtained.

Three moment equation

Notes

External links
CodeCogs: Continuous beams with more than one span

Structural analysis
Continuum mechanics
Physics theorems
Exeter Bridge. Exeter Bridge is a bridge in the centre of Derby spanning the River Derwent 200 metres south of the more modern Cathedral Green Footbridge.

History
Derby's original Exeter Bridge started life as a timber footbridge built by the Binghams of Exeter House, in order to access their gardens on the other side of the River Derwent.  Exeter House was eventually demolished because of cost and to allow improvements to the bridge to be made.

The old Exeter Bridge was demolished in 1929 and replaced by a single-span concrete bridge designed by Charles Herbert Aslin of the City Architect's Department, who was also responsible for Derby's now demolished Art Deco-style bus station. During construction a test was carried out to see if it would hold the weight of the traffic. Civil engineers ran a procession of traction engines, steam rollers and heavy lorries across the bridge to check it could take the strain. It was officially opened by the minister of transport, Herbert Morrison on 13 March 1931.

Exeter Bridge features bas relief sculptures of:

John Lombe, founder of the Silk Mill Museum, one of England's first modern factories, now a World Heritage site.
William Hutton, who worked at the Silk Mill as a child before becoming a bookseller and writing the first published history of Derby in 1791.
Herbert Spencer, born in Exeter Street, best known for coining the concept "survival of the fittest", which he did in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
Erasmus Darwin, physician, botanist and poet; Darwin lived in Derby for the last 20 years of his life, dying at Breadsall Priory. Like Hutton he was a radical thinker, supporting the American Revolution.

The sculptures were cast in Cheltenham by H.H. Martyn & Co.

See also
 List of crossings of the River Derwent, Derbyshire

References

Bridges completed in 1931
Bridges in Derby
Bridges across the River Derwent, Derbyshire
Easiteach. Easiteach is a suite of software programs mainly used in conjunction with interactive whiteboards in schools. The software is made by Research Machines Ltd, who provide ICT software and services to schools worldwide. An advantage of Easiteach is that it works with most popular brands of whiteboard, whereas many other popular packages work only with the whiteboard they are designed for.

Easiteach and related products, which include interactive whiteboards and such peripherals as a dance mat are seen as pivotal to RM, with the Investors' Chronicle commenting that its "near-term growth prospects hinge upon Easiteach, the interactive whiteboards, now installed in over 8,000 UK schools". Easiteach is also widely used outside the UK, with a 2006 estimate of 40,000 installations worldwide.

RM won four awards at the British Education and Training and Technology 2005 show, including two for Easyteach Literacy and Easyteach Maths.

References

Software for teachers
Main supply route. A main supply route (MSR) is the route or routes designated within an area of operations upon which the bulk of traffic flows in support of military operations and humanitarian operations. MSR is a term that is also used in insurgency and irregular war scenarios.

Because of the intense and predictable flow of constrained military traffic MSRs can often become targets for opposing forces, as was the case with the Airport Road in Baghdad, a short but dangerous route.

See also

 Line of communication
 Military logistics
 Humanitarian Logistics

References

Military strategy
Military terminology