omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Institut aéronautique et spatial. Institut aéronautique et spatial (IAS) is the French aeronautical industry's education coordinator. IAS was created in 1980 and is located in Toulouse. It is directly under the supervision of GIFAS (French Aerospace Industries Association) international committee. IAS’members are the major aeronautics & space companies such as EADS Group, Safran Group, Thales Group, Dassault Aviation, Airbus, Eurocopter, and the aerospace equipment group, including SME’s. IAS is member of Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies.

Aim
The aim of IAS is to develop a network of international partners, major players in the aeronautical space field in their countries, using 3 main vectors:
 Academic training with graduation;
 Continuing education and professional trainings;
 Support for research cooperation.

See also
IAS (disambiguation)

References

External links 
 IAS website

Aviation organizations
Trade associations based in France
Technology trade associations
Companies established in 1980
Rhaetian Railway Ge 2/2. The Rhaetian Railway Ge 2/2 is a class of small metre gauge 1 kV DC electric locomotives operated by the Rhaetian Railway (RhB), which is the main railway network in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.

The class is so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, Ge 2/2 denotes a narrow gauge electric adhesion locomotive with a total of two axles, both of which are drive axles.  There are only two locomotives in the class, and they are numbered 161 and 162.

Both direct current locomotives were procured by the Berninabahn (BB) in 1911 for piloting duties. The then still brown liveried machines were given the numbers Ge 2/2 61 and 62, and were equipped with Lyra pantographs.  After the Rhaetian Railway takeover of the BB, they were given the new numbers they still bear.  Today, they work mainly as shunting locomotives in Poschiavo. 

On the Appenzeller Bahnen (AB), there is another locomotive, Te 49, that is of similar appearance, and dates from 1912.  Between 1955 and 1975, it operated as Ge 2/2 49.

Further reading 
 Patrick Belloncle, Gian Brünger, Rolf Grossenbacher, Christian Müller: Das große Buch der Rhätischen Bahn 1889-2001. 
 Wolfgang Finke, Hans Schweers: Die Fahrzeuge der Rhätischen Bahn 1889-1998. Band 3: Triebfahrzeuge, Verlag Schweers+Wall Aachen, heute Köln, 
 Claude Jeanmaire: Die elektrischen und Dieseltriebfahrzeuge Schweizerischer Eisenbahn - Die Gleichstromlinen der Rhätischen Bahn. Verlag Eisenbahn, 

Bo locomotives
Electric locomotives of Switzerland
Rhaetian Railway locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1911
Metre gauge electric locomotives
1000 V DC locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Concrete pavement restoration. Concrete pavement restoration (CPR) together with concrete pavement preservation (CPP) is a group of various techniques used to maintain concrete roadways.

Techniques
CPP and CPR techniques include slab stabilization, full- and partial-depth repair, dowel bar retrofit, cross stitching longitudinal cracks or joints, diamond grinding and joint and crack resealing. CPP and CPR methods, developed over the last 40 years, are used in lieu of asphalt overlays and bituminous patches to repair roads when longer lasting solutions are desired. When installing pavers over top of an existing asphalt of concrete pad, there are three installation options: sand set, bituminous set, and mortar set. Due to rising oil prices, these methods are often less expensive than an asphalt overlay and last three times longer in addition to providing a greener, more sustainable solution.

A recent study was conducted that shows that diamond grinding is an effective means of extending the service life of concrete by imparting a smooth pavement surface with desirable surface texture. The process can also be used to address faulting at joints or cracks, roughness, polished concrete surfaces exhibiting inadequate macrotexture, wheel path rutting, unacceptable noise levels, permanent upward slab warping and inadequate transverse slopes. The California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), a pioneer in the use of diamond grinding to preserve their concrete roadways, has determined that the average age of a diamond ground surface in California is between 16 and 17 years, and a pavement can be diamond ground up to three times.

Dowel bar retrofit (DBR) is a process that re-establishes load transfer capability on joints and cracks by installing epoxy-coated, round steel dowels into existing concrete pavement across transverse joints and/or cracks. Slots are cut using diamond-tipped saw blades; the existing concrete is removed and the dowels are placed in the slots across the joints or cracks. The slots are then backfilled with a non-shrink grout and the pavement is diamond ground to restore smoothness. The diamond grinding removes excess grout and any displacement of panels. The entire road is often diamond ground to remove bumps or dips and provide a safe, quiet riding surface. In Wisconsin, researchers found that the overall accident rate for diamond ground surfaces was only 60 percent of the rate for the non-ground surfaces.

See also
 International Grooving & Grinding Association
Sealcoat

References

Pavements
Road infrastructure
Space Environment Information System. The SPace ENVironment Information System (SPENVIS) is an ESA operational software developed and maintained at Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy since 1996. It provides a web-based interface for assessing the Space environment and its effects on spacecraft systems and crews. An international user community uses the system for various purposes, e.g. mission analysis and planning, educational support, and running models for scientific applications. SPENVIS also includes extensive background information on the space environment and the environment models.

References

External links
SPENVIS home page

European Space Agency
Tackifier. Tackifiers are chemical compounds used in formulating adhesives to increase tack, the stickiness of the surface of the adhesive.  They are usually low-molecular weight compounds with high glass transition temperature. At low strain rate, they provide higher stress compliance, and become stiffer at higher strain rates.

Tackifiers tend to have low molecular weight, and glass transition and softening temperature above room temperature, providing them with suitable viscoelastic properties. Tackifiers frequently represent most of both weight percentage and cost of hot melt adhesives and pressure-sensitive adhesives. In hot melt adhesives they can comprise up to about 40% of total mass.

Tackifiers are usually resins (e.g. rosins and their derivates, terpenes and modified terpenes, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic resins (C5 aliphatic resins, C9 aromatic resins, and C5/C9 aliphatic/aromatic resins), hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, and their mixtures, terpene-phenol resins (TPR, used often with ethylene-vinyl acetate adhesives)), novolacs.

Many pressure-sensitive adhesives are a blend of rubbers (natural or synthetic) and a tackifying resin. Some acrylic adhesives also include an additional tackifier.   Silicone rubber–based pressure-sensitive adhesives require special tackifiers based on "MQ" silicate resins, composed of a monofunctional trimethyl silane ("M") reacted with quadrafunctional silicon tetrachloride ("Q").

Tackifiers are also used in tyres.

In popular culture 

For Ghostbusters (2016 film), agricultural tackifier was a key ingredient in making the huge amounts of slime used during filming of the movie.

References

Further reading
 "Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Applications", Istvan Benedek, 2004, 
 "Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tapes", J. Johnston, PSTC, 2003, 
 "Pressure Sensitive Formulation", I. Benedek, VSP, 2000, 

Adhesives
Xpeak. Xpeak is a standard for device management, based on XML and platform agnostic, initially focused on financial applications but not restricted to it. It serves the same purpose that other APIs like CEN/XFS and J/XFS but is not restricted to one operating system or language, since it works in a client/server model using XML in a way to homogenise the communication between the application and the device services. Its flexibility allows different parts of the whole business to be implemented in different languages, having the application and the various devices, some implemented in Java, other in C++ and still others in the device's firmware.

It was designed based on the experiences had with CEN/XFS, J/XFS and JavaPOS, but instead of using a standards organization it uses and open source model to develop the architecture and tools used by the project, like its base the complete open source software solution named Xpeaker. This way  it can be updated, quickly and openly, by the users themselves, using the Internet as the means of communication rather than meetings requiring a physical presence.

Xpeak follows the open source model and participation in the project is totally free, but it is moderated by the R&D Open Source Foundation, participated in equal parts by Sun Microsystems and Intecna. The initial code contribution is the responsibility of Cashware, one of the leading companies in devices connectivity through the use of standards (CEN/XFS and J/XFS).

Xpeaker 
Xpeaker is a collection of software projects, integrally developed by Cashware, with the philosophy of Open Source and commercialized under a dual license the XPEAKER PUBLIC LICENSE and a commercial licence.
Xpeaker includes the following elements:

Xpeaker IDE
An Eclipse Plugin which permits: 
 Tests on the devices compatible with Xpeak to be carried out
 Designs Forms
 Deployment
 Shares code

Xpeaker Services
Made up of:
A set of basic classes for the development of Xpeak Services in Java.
A collection of real device Services, including cash dispensers and recyclers, card readers, cheque readers, printers, bar code readers, etc.

Xpeaking
High level API for access to Xpeak Services.
Xpeaking permits access to said services from different programming languages (Java, C, C++, C#, Pascal)

External links 
 Xpeak Home Page
 Documentation on Xpeaker Installation
 Xpeaking for Java Examples

References

Device drivers
Banking terms
Embedded systems
Application programming interfaces
Banking technology
XML software
Steven Morse. Steven, Stephen, or Steve Morse may refer to:

 A. Stephen Morse (born 1939), American electrical engineering professor
 Stephen A. Morse, inventor of the Morse taper
Stephen J. Morse, American professor of law
 Stephen P. Morse (born 1940), American computer specialist involved with Intel 8086, author of "One Step" genealogy tools
 Stephen Robert Morse, American documentary film maker
 Stephen S. Morse (born 1951), American scientist on emerging infectious diseases
 Steve Morse (born 1954), American musician
 Steven Morse (politician) (born 1957), American politician

See also 
 Morse (surname)
SimEvents. SimEvents is a discrete event simulation tool developed by MathWorks. It adds a library of graphical building blocks for modeling queuing systems to the Simulink environment. It also adds an event-based simulation engine to the time-based simulation engine in Simulink

Capabilities 
SimEvents provides a graphical drag-and-drop interface for building a discrete-event model.

It provides libraries of entity generators, random number generators, queues, servers, graphical displays and statistics reporting blocks.

Integration with MATLAB allows customization of the process flow in a SimEvents model. A MATLAB function can be developed to represent a task-scheduling sequence, routing of parts, or production recipes in a process flow. Since the two programs are within the same tools environment, it is straightforward to generate custom random distributions of input tasks, optimize a process, as well as to generate custom statistics.

SimEvents and Simulink can be used in the same simulation model to simulate hybrid or multi-domain systems that have both time-based and event-based components.

See also 
 Discrete event simulation
 List of discrete event simulation software

References 

Simulation software
Ernest Hayes (engineer). Eben Ernest Hayes (4 February 1851 – 27 June 1933) was a New Zealand engineer and inventor who founded the Hayes Engineering works in Oturehua, Central Otago.  He developed a wind turbine and manufactured wind pumps and agricultural tools for farms.

Early life
Eben Ernest Hayes was born at Monks Kirby, England, on 4 February 1851, the first of 10 children of Ebenezer Hayes and Hannah Jones. Ernest was educated locally, then apprenticed as a millwright, learning fitting and turning, remodelling machinery and dressing millstones. Hayes married Hannah Eleanora Pearson at Whitington, Norfolk, on 15 February 1881 and emigrated to New Zealand at Port Chalmers on 14 November 1882.

Hayes settled in Central Otago, running flour mills and developing a  farm with a small workshop, where he began to invent tools to help his farm work.

Inventor

In 1895, Hayes began to manufacture tools and agricultural equipment, establishing a workshop that became his engineering works. In 1910 Hayes built his first wind turbine to power the workshop; he replaced this with a Pelton wheel in 1927. Apart from windpumps, developed in 1912, Hayes' principal inventions are various types of wire strainer, used for applying tension to wire fences.

Hayes Engineering

The original Hayes Engineering works in Oturehua was powered by a series of mechanical shafts, pulleys and belts. The works was purchased by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga in 1975 and is maintained in a semi-working condition open to the public as an example of 19th century building and engineering.

Hayes' farming products are now marketed by Tru-Test Ltd and include wire strainers, wire dispensers, fence post tools, crimping tools, crimping sleeves and farm gates.

Later life
Hayes achieved a national reputation for his products and an export market, then retired in ill health in 1926. The works were at the peak of production when he died at his home on 27 June 1933. Hayes' wife Hannah Hayes died on 2 June 1946 and the business shifted to Christchurch in 1952.

E Hayes and Sons
The family firm's Invercargill store, E Hayes and Sons founded by Hayes' son Irving Hayes in 1932, still exists as a hardware store; memorabilia from Southland inventor and motorcyclist Burt Munro (depicted in The World's Fastest Indian) is displayed in the store's museum.

See also
Project Hayes, a wind power project named for Eben Ernest Hayes

External links
Hayes Engineering Works historic tourist attraction
Hayes Fencing Tools fencing tool manufacturer
E Hayes and Sons hardware store

References

1851 births
1933 deaths
19th-century New Zealand inventors
19th-century New Zealand engineers
20th-century New Zealand engineers
20th-century New Zealand inventors
NASA Puffin. The Puffin is a 2010 concept for a hover-capable, electric-powered, prone pilot personal vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) technology-concept proprotor aircraft. The concept design was projected to be capable of flying a single person at a speed of 150 miles per hour (241 km/h), with range expected to be less than 50 miles (80 km) with 2010-vintage Lithium-iron-phosphate battery technology. The design specified a 13.5 foot (4.1 m) wingspan, standing 12 feet (3.65 m) tall on the ground in its take-off or landing configuration.

A one-third scale model was built in 2010, and was briefly displayed including appearing in one episode of a Discovery network series on invention.

Development 
, NASA achieved the first flight of a one-third scale, hover-capable Puffin technology demonstrator by March 2010 as the first eVTOL (electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing) aircraft concept.  The concept was developed by Mark Moore, with several publications providing details of the design analysis and logic.  By mid-summer 2010, they hoped to "begin investigating how well it transitions from cruise to hover flight".
, the one-third scale model of the Puffin was briefly on display at the NASA Langley campus for the filming of the Discovery network series Dean of Invention. The Puffin simulator was also demonstrated.  The Puffin was slated to appear in the eighth and final episode of the show.  The aircraft was never built at full-scale nor extensively tested.

Concept specifications

See also

References

External links 
NASA.gov:  The Puffin: A Passion for Personal Flight, 2010-02-08.
Electric Icarus: NASA Designs a One-Man Stealth Plane: Could the Puffin, an electric-powered flying suit, change the way we use the sky in war and peace?, Charles Q. Choi, Scientific American, 2010-01-19
Meet the “Puffin,” NASA’s One-Man Electric Plane, Discover Magazine, 2010-01-20.
NASA’s Puffin Is Way Cooler Than a Jetpack, Jason Paur, Wired, 2010-01-21.
NASA Low Noise, Electric VTOL Personal Air Vehicle, computer graphic video.

Tailsitter aircraft
NASA aircraft
NASA programs
Electric aircraft
EVTOL aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Qubit fluorometer. The Qubit fluorometer is a laboratory instrument developed and distributed by Invitrogen, which is now a part of Thermo Fisher. It is used for the quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein.

Method 
The Qubit fluorometer method is to use fluorescent dyes to determine the concentration of either nucleic acids or proteins in a sample. Specialized fluorescent dyes bind specifically to the substances of interest. A spectrophotometer is used in this method to measure the natural absorbance of light at 260 nm (for DNA and RNA) or 280 nm (for proteins).

Fluorescent dyes 

The Qubit assays (formerly known as Quant-iT) were previously developed and manufactured by Molecular Probes (now part of Life Technologies). Each dye is specialized for one type of molecule (DNA, RNA, or protein). These dyes exhibit extremely low fluorescence until bound to their target molecule. Upon binding to DNA, the dye molecules assume a more rigid shape and increase in fluorescence by several orders of magnitude, most likely due to intercalation between the bases.

The Qubit fluorometer, a device designed to measure fluorescence signals from samples, operates by correlating these signals with known concentrations of probes. This process enables it to transform the fluorescence data into a quantified concentration measurement. The device uses this established relationship to accurately determine the concentration of a sample.

A specific instance of this technology is the Qubit 2.0 fluorometer, which is often used in conjunction with the "dsDNA BR Assay Kit." This kit, along with others in the Qubit quantification system, incorporates dyes. These dyes are sensitive to different biomolecules and their concentrations. In this context, "ds" denotes double-stranded and "ss" signifies single-stranded DNA, indicating the specific types of DNA that the dyes can detect.

Versions 
The second generation, the Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, was released in 2010, and the 3rd generation as Qubit 3.0 in 2014. The newest version is the 4th generation Qubit 4, introduced in 2017.

References

External links 
 Official Qubit Fluorometric Quantitation web site
 A review of the Qubit fluorometer

Laboratory equipment
Spectroscopy
Fluorescence
Robert Allan Ltd.. Robert Allan Ltd. is Canada's oldest privately owned consulting Naval Architectural firm, established in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1930. Their experience includes designs for vessels of almost all types, from small fishing boats to ocean-going ferries.  The firm is best known for its work in the fields of tug and barge transportation, ship-assist and escort tugs, fast patrol craft, fireboats and shallow-draft vessels. They provide professional marine consulting and design services to a worldwide client base.

History
 1930 - Robert Allan began private practice as a Consulting Naval Architect. He produced designs for the British Columbia fishing fleet and for coastal ferry services, among others.
 1946 - Robert F. Allan joined his father in the practice. The business developed specialized tugs and barges for the forestry and mining industries along the B.C. coast.
 1962 - Robert Allan Ltd. was incorporated.
 1973 - Robert G. Allan joined the company.
 1981 - Robert G. Allan succeeded his father as President, bringing computer-based design technology into use with a variety of designs for high-performance ship-assist and escort tugs, icebreakers, government service vessels, and high speed craft.
 2008 - The company was restructured with employee ownership, making eleven of Robert Allan Ltd.'s core group of senior employees shareholders in the firm. Robert G. Allan became Executive Chairman of the Board, remaining involved in the day-to-day operations and providing an advisory role to the new group of owners.

See also
Miscaroo and Ikaluk
Warner L. Lawrence
Three Forty Three
Fire Fighter II
Christopher Wheatley
American United
RCMP Marine Craft

References

External links
 
 Workboat.com articles on Robert Allan Ltd.
 MarinLink.com articles on Robert Allan Ltd.

Architecture firms of Canada
Companies based in Vancouver
Occum Hydroelectric Plant and Dam. The Occum Hydroelectric Plant and Dam is a historic hydroelectric plant and dam north of Bridge Street on the west side of the Shetucket River in Norwich, Connecticut.  The facility includes a rare surviving partial example of a large-scale dam built for a textile mill in 1865, and an early example of a hydroelectric power generation facility established in 1934.  It is one of a small number of surviving hydroelectric plants in the state which was built before 1940.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Description and history
The Occum Hydroelectric Plant and Dam is located on the Shetucket River in northern Norwich and southern Sprague, just north of the Bridge Street bridge.  The facilities include a dam, an intake structure on its western (Norwich) end, and a small brick powerhouse just below the intakes.  The dam is a combination of granite and concrete construction, standing 14 feet high, and impounds a maximum of 600 acre-feet of water.  The older portions of the dam are formed out of large granite blocks, now largely covered in gravel on the upstream side.  About  of the original 1865 dam survive (out of an original ), and the dam is now  long, the balance a concrete extension built in the wake of flooding attending the New England Hurricane of 1938.  The headgates and intake structures are, like the dam, a combination of older and newer components.  The brick powerhouse was built in 1934.

The dam was built in 1865 as part of a plan to provide water power to downstream textile mills.  It originally had intake structures on both the Norwich and Sprague sides, and provided power to mills on both sides of the river.  A mill operated on the Norwich (Occum) side of the river until 1980.  The city of Norwich acquired the dam and water rights in 1934, converting it to hydroelectric generation at that time.  After the dam was extensively damaged in the 1938 floods, its eastern end was rebuilt in concrete.  The power station is a late example of early hydroelectric power stations, and is one of the only ones of that age left in the state.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Dams completed in 1865
Energy infrastructure completed in 1865
Buildings and structures in New London County, Connecticut
Dams in Connecticut
Hydroelectric power plants in Connecticut
United States local public utility dams
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Norwich, Connecticut
Sprague, Connecticut