omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gezähe. In German-speaking countries, the miner's toolset is known as a Gezähe (derived from gizouuun, zu zawen, gezawen – to be usable, advantageous) formerly also abbreviated to Gezäh. It is a set of personally-owned mining tools and equipment needed by the miner in his daily work.

In coal mining in central Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries, every miner had his own set of tools. So that they could not be stolen, before the end of his shift they were either locked in a tool chest (Gezähekiste) or threaded onto a tool ring (Gezähering) which was then locked. To that end, all tools had a hole or eyelet. Tools that were not part of a miner's personal equipment and were only needed now and then, could be issued to the miner in the tool store (Gezähekammer or Magazin) in return for a token (Gezähemarke). Most tools were marked with a number, which was either stamped or welded to the tool.

Typical implements 

 Abbauhammer or Boxer: a mechanical pick for mining by hand
 Bohrgezähe: blasting or shooting tools and accessories
 Dicker Hammer or Bello (colloquial): a 20 kg sledge hammer
 Grubenbeil: miner's hatchet, a special type of hatchet with a hammer head at the blunt end
 Kaukamm: a hatchet sharpened on one-side
 Gezähekiste: lockable tool chest
 Gezähering: lockable ring made of a circular iron ring
 Keilhaue: a pick (tool) with a single point
 Flügeleisen: a pick with two points, mainly used in historical coal mining to create the undercut and to extract coal 
 Breithaue: mattock adze or hoe with a wide blade for soft rock like clay or brown coal
 Kratze and Trog: paddle and basket or tub. The coal or ore material was shovelled into the basket using the paddle and then transported to the loading point
 Säge: historically a mechanical saw, in modern times a compressed air or electric chain saw used to cut wood for shoring
 Schlägel und Eisen: miner's hammer and chisel, also the symbol of mining hammer and pick
 Seifengabel: a type of fork, used open-cast tin mining, similar to a pitchfork. A washer (Seifner) diverted streams in order to wash out the granules of tin ore present in surface layers, a process called streaming or hushing. The fork was used to throw clumps of earth into the sluice or channel used. The names of the German towns of Seiffen (= "streaming") and Graupen (= "granules") were derived from this activity.

Schlackengabel or Firke: a slag fork, part of a smelter's tool set

Gallery

See also 
 Miner's habit
 Safety lamp

References

Literature 
 Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann: Das kleine Bergbaulexikon. Zusammengestellt am Studiengang Bergtechnik der Fachhochschule Bergbau. 7. neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, .
 Konrad Wiedemann: Deutsches bergmännisches Gezähe von 1500 bis 1850. Aus dem Mittelalter in die Neuzeit. Ein Bericht. In: Lapis. 34, 6, 2009, , pp. 19–24.

Mining equipment
Boron aluminum titanium hydride. Boron Aluminum Titanium Hydride (BATH) was developed as a radiation shielding material in the NERVA project for space nuclear thermal propulsion applications. It is a metal matrix composite, consisting of particles of boron carbide (29.5–30.8 wt%) and titanium hydride (4.7–5.1 wt%) embedded in an aluminium matrix (64.1 wt%).

References 

Space science
Metal matrix composites
PanCam. The PanCam (Panoramic Camera) assembly is a set of two wide angle cameras for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera for colour imaging that has been designed to search for textural information or shapes that can be related to the presence of microorganisms on Mars. This camera assembly is part of the science payload on board the European Space Agency Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures and biomarkers on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched in August–October 2022 and land on Mars in spring 2023.

Overview 

This instrument will provide stereo multispectral images, of the terrain nearby. PanCam are the "eyes" of the rover and its primary navigation system. PanCam will also provide the geological context of the sites being explored and help support the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies, as well as assist in some aspect of atmospheric studies.  This system will also monitor the sample from the drill before it is crushed inside the rover, where the analytical instruments will perform a detailed chemical analysis.

The Principal Investigator is Professor Andrew Coates of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London in the United Kingdom.

Description

PanCam design includes the following major components:
Wide Angle Camera (WAC) pair, for multispectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, using a miniaturized filter wheel. Both cameras have a focus range from 1 m to infinity.
High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution color images. It has a focus range from 0.98  m to infinity, and it uses a 1 megapixel (1024 × 1024) STAR1000 radiation resistant detector. Its active focus capability allows for an eight-fold better resolution than the WACs.
PanCam Interface Unit and DC-DC converter (PIU and DCDC) to provide a single electronic interface.
PanCam Optical Bench (OB) to house PanCam and provide protection.

See also 

 Astrobiology
 Life on Mars
 Planetary habitability

References 

ExoMars
Mars imagers
Astrobiology
Pancam. Each Pancam is one of two electronic stereo cameras on Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. It has a filter wheel assembly that enables it to view different wavelengths of light and the pair of Pancams are mounted beside two NavCams on the MER camera bar assembly.

According to Cornell University it can work with Mini-TES to analyze surroundings.

According to a paper about Mars by JPL, the Pancam system can achieve an angular resolution of 300 microradians, which is three times better than the human eye. It can observe 14 spectral bands, and with two side-by side cameras can generate stereoscopic views of Mars, supporting the creation of large Mars panoramas in excess of 10 Gbit uncompressed. Spirit rover took the highest resolution image ever taken on the surface of another planet up to that time when it landed in 2004.

Optics
The focal length of the camera is 43 mm with a field of view (FOV) of 16° x 16°. The two cameras are separated by 30 cm and are mounted upside-down relative to each other.

Charge-Coupled Device
A 1024 x 2048 frame transfer Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detector built by Mitel is used for both cameras. The CCD is front-side illuminated and does not use any anti-reflex or UV-enhancing coatings. Half of the chip is used for storage and readout and is therefore shielded from illumination.

Electronics
An Actel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) RT1280 provides the necessary computational abilities for the camera. The signal of the CCD is transformed into a 12-bit digital signal before data processing.

Filter wheel
The left camera has filters with the following wavelength: (739, 753, 673, 601,  535, 482, 432, 440 nm), while the
right camera has the filters for:(436, 754, 803, 864, 904, 934, 1009, 880 nm). Each filter wheel is driven by a stepper motor to provide rotation of the wheel.

Calibration target

The calibration target on the rover is also part of the camera system and contains several areas. Polished areas to reflect the Martian sky, areas with known reflectivity and at the four corners color targets made from silicone. The inorganic pigments for the corners were hematite, goethite, chromium oxide and cobalt aluminate.  The calibration target is part of the sundial assembly.

See also
Astrionics
Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers
Curiosity rover
Hazcam
List of NASA cameras on spacecraft
Mars
Navcam

References

External links
PanCam
Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation

Mars Exploration Rover mission
Mars imagers
Sopwith Bee. The Sopwith Bee was a small biplane built in 1916 as a personal aircraft for Harry Hawker, Sopwith's chief test pilot.

History
The Bee was a single-bay biplane powered by a  Gnome Omega rotary engine, intended for use by Hawker as a runabout and for aerobatics.  As with contemporary Sopwith fighter aircraft, great effort was made to concentrate the heaviest components as close to the aircraft's centre of gravity in order to optimise manoeverability: this necessitated a large semi-circular cutout in the trailing edge of the upper wing to accommodate the pilot. Lateral control was achieved by wing warping.

The Bee was subsequently fitted with a single synchronised Vickers .303 machine gun, possibly with a view to meeting the Admiralty's requirement for a small scout aircraft capable of operating from torpedo-boat destroyers, but this came to nothing and no further development of the type was carried out.

The aircraft was sometimes referred to as the Tadpole.

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter Since 1912. London: Putnam, 1992. 

1910s British fighter aircraft
1910s British experimental aircraft
Biplanes
Bee
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Rotary-engined aircraft
Bin Chen. Bin Chen is a Chinese-born American materials scientist who works at the NASA Ames Research Center and is an adjunct professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She earned a B.S. from Nanjing University and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University.

Biography
Bin Chen was born in China. After graduating from Nanjing University with a B.S. in Chemistry, she moved to the United States for graduate school. After briefly studying at Boston University and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, she moved to Pennsylvania State University and earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry. She then moved to Palo Alto, where she was hired by the University of California, Santa Cruz, and NASA Ames Research Center.

Research
Chen has worked on materials synthesis and applications for both sustainable energy and ultra-sensitive detection techniques. She has conducted over $3 million worth of federal projects (NASA, DARPA, and DTRA) on materials studies and device fabrication in the past five years. Her current interest is energy harvesting and storage devices based on hybrid nanocomposite materials. The Chen group conducts multidisciplinary research projects involving electrical engineers, physicists, material scientists, chemists, and planetary scientists ranging from undergraduates to postdoctoral researchers. Bin Chen has been profiled in both the Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Marquis Who’s Who in America. Her work has been highlighted at Technology Review by MIT (2007) and IEEE Nanotechnology Initiative recognition. Chen is a NASA TGER award recipient. Bin Chen's journal articles include Molecular Fiber Sensors Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Renewable Energy: Solar Fuels GRC and GRS.

References

External links 
 Bin Chen's Article in the Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Second Edition 

Chinese materials scientists
Living people
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Women materials scientists and engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Boston University alumni
Nanjing University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Steere Bodacious. The Steere Bodacious is an American single seat original design ultralight aircraft.

Design
The Bodacious was a project started as a Legal Eagle ultralight, but was redesigned to become an enclosed aircraft. The aircraft is a single engine, strut-braced, high wing ultralight with conventional landing gear. The aluminum spar wings use wooden ribs and fold rearward for towing or storage. The aircraft is covered with Oratex, a pre-colored covering used in model aircraft building.

Operational history
The prototype Bodacious won the Reserve Grand Champion Ultralight award at the 2012 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow.

Specifications (Bodacious)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Abderrahmane Sbai. Abderrahmane Sbai (; 1940 – 22 October 2010) was a Moroccan politician and civil servant who was Minister Delegate to the Head of Government, in charge of National Defense Administration from 1997 to 2010. He held a degree in "geographic engineering".

Born at Fes in 1940, he attended primary and secondary school in El Jadida. He died in Rabat in October 2010.

See also
Cabinet of Morocco

References

Defence ministers of Morocco
1940 births
Moroccan engineers
People from Fez, Morocco
People from El Jadida
2010 deaths
Arthur Davenport (aeronautical engineer). Arthur Davenport F.R.Ae.S (9 July 1891 – 31 August 1976) was a British aircraft engineer working for Westland Aircraft in Yeovil, Somerset.

When the Westland Aircraft Works was created by the Petter twins in 1915, Arthur was one of the first draughtsman to be recruited from Petter's Ltd. He was chief designer from 1919, working under the direction of Teddy Petter from May 1934 until 1944, when Petter left (to join English Electric) and Davenport became technical director. According to Harald Penrose, he was made the scapegoat for the late delivery of the Wyvern and headed into retirement in March 1952.

In the 1920s, when most aircraft were biplanes, Arthur was a strong proponent of the monoplane. Most of his monoplane designs were high-winged or parasol, culminating in the Lysander. During his career he was involved in the design of the following fixed-wing aircraft.

 Westland Limousine Chief draughtsman 
 Westland Wagtail Chief draughtsman/Designer
 Westland Weasel Chief draughtsman/Designer
 Westland Woodpigeon
 Westland Widgeon Chief designer
 Westland Wizard
 Westland Wapiti/Wallace
 Westland Interceptor
 Westland Wessex
 Westland PV.3
 Westland Wallace
 Westland PV.7
 Westland F.7/30
 Westland Lysander 
 Westland Whirlwind
 Westland Welkin 
 Westland Wyvern Technical director

In the early 1930s he worked with Juan de la Cierva to develop the Cierva C.29 and Cierva CL.20 autogyros. It was this interest in rotary winged aircraft that would lead Westland to manufacture Sikorsky helicopters in the early 1950s.

Patents

Notes

References 

 

English aerospace engineers
British aerospace engineers
1891 births
1976 deaths
Tapanee Pegazair-100. The Pegazair-100 STOL is a two-seat STOL homebuilt aircraft developed in Canada by Tapanee Aviation, Inc. of Mont-Saint-Michel, Quebec.

Development

Development of the Pegazair started in 1985 by Serg Dufour of Mont-Saint-Michel, Quebec. Originally it consisted of a new set of Pega-STOL wings with retractable leading edge slats to be installed on Zenair CH 701 STOLs to replace their wings which have fixed leading edge slots. Dufour went on to develop a new fuselage and tail to match the wings. The Pegazair is a two seats in side-by-side configuration, strut-braced, high-wing monoplane with conventional landing gear. Fuselage construction is welded steel tubing with aluminum skin. The wings employ full length flaperons and leading edge slats that deploy automatically. The tailplane is slotted for slow speed authority. The prototype was outfitted with a  Continental A-65 engine.

The design was later developed into the four-seat Tapanee Levitation 4.

Variants

Pegazair P80
Powered by an  Rotax 912UL
Pegazair P100
Powered by an  Continental O-200 or  Rotax 914

Specifications (Pegazair-100 STOL)

See also

References

External links

 Manufacturers web site

Homebuilt aircraft
Tapanee Aviation aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1991
Echologics. Echologics LLC is a Canadian engineering company based in Toronto that specializes in non-invasive acoustic detection of underground leaks and pipe condition assessment. It has completed projects in North America, Europe, Australia, South Africa, and Singapore that have minimized the loss of millions of gallons of drinking water via leaking infrastructure. Echologics and Mueller Systems are both part of Mueller Water Products' Mueller Technologies reporting segment.

Products and Services
Echologics specializes in utilizing acoustic technology for leak detection in underground plastic piping, eliminating the need for direct pipe access. In 2010, the company won a one-year contract to detect leaks in municipal piping in the City of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. During the initial two weeks of the project, Echologics successfully identified leaks amounting to 358,000 gallons daily. 

Other services include assessment of asbestos cement pipes, permanent leak monitoring systems, transmission main leak detection, and non-revenue water management. In 2012, Mueller Service Co., which provides assessment and remediation services to water utilities, was consolidated under the Echologics brand.

Projects

Water Transmission Main in Las Vegas
Echologics is monitoring a three-mile section of a critical water main beneath the Las Vegas Strip for the Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD). Installed in 1963, the 30-inch water main supplies up to 7.5 million gallons of water per day to resorts, casinos, and attractions, among other users. LVVWD is deploying Echologics' EchoShore-TX leak detection platform.

Bottling Plant in China
Echologics located a leak under a bottling plant in China,  which was losing approximately 40,000 gallons per day of treated supply water. An Echologics field crew with the LeakFinder correlator located the leak, underneath a section of concrete roadway surrounding the plant.

Partnership with American Water and Illinois Sustainable Technology Center
The Illinois Sustainable Technology Center collaborated with American Water and Echologics to conduct leak detection initiatives in the Chicago Metropolitan area, resulting in a conservation of 3.25 million gallons of non-revenue water..

City of Tampa Water Department
The City of Tampa Water Department secured a service agreement with Echologics in April 2012 to conduct widespread transmission main leak detection on approximately 7.5 miles of cast iron pipe in the city's water system.

United Water New Jersey
United Water New Jersey (UWNJ), a subsidiary of United Water, selected Echologics for a pilot survey to detect leaks in five miles of water mains composed of cast iron pipe, pre-stressed cylinder concrete, and reinforced concrete pipe.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of Canada
Companies based in Toronto
Willow Creek Dam (Montana). Willow Creek Dam () is a dam in Lewis and Clark County, Montana.

The earthen dam was originally constructed between 1907 and 1911 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, then modified and reinforced several times since. With a height of  and  long at its crest, it impounds Willow Creek for irrigation storage and flood control, part of the Bureau's larger Sun River Project. The dam is owned and operated by the Bureau.

The reservoir it creates, Willow Creek Reservoir, has a water surface of , another  of surrounding land, about  of shoreline, and a maximum capacity of .  Recreation includes fishing (for rainbow trout and kokanee salmon), camping, hunting, boating, and hiking.

References

Dams in Montana
Reservoirs in Montana
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Buildings and structures in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
Dams completed in 1911
Rivers of Lewis and Clark County, Montana
1911 establishments in Montana
Como Dam. Como Dam () is a dam in Ravalli County, Montana, in the far western part of the state.

Como Dam was originally constructed by local farmers around 1910, to impound a natural lake for irrigation storage; the United States Bureau of Reclamation enhanced and stabilized that structure in 1954, in 1976, and in 1992-1993. The dam is  high, with a length of  at its crest. As part of the larger Bitter Root Project, the dam and reservoir are both owned by the local Bitter Root Project Irrigation District.

The reservoir it creates, Lake Como, has a water surface of  and normal storage of . Recreation includes fishing, camping, and boating. The site is surrounded by the Bitterroot National Forest.

Concerns that the lack of an Early Warning System on the dam could lead to catastrophic loss of life in the Bitterroot Valley in the event of nighttime inundation led officials to take measures to ensure the safety of the dam in 2017.

References

External links

Dams in Montana
Reservoirs in Montana
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Buildings and structures in Ravalli County, Montana
Dams completed in 1910
Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
Landforms of Ravalli County, Montana
Sensory-motor map. In robotics one often combines external sensory input and motor kinematics. A Sensory Motor-Map(SMM) is a map between the perception system of the robot and an action performed by the robot. The map gives the robot an understanding of how certain motor actions affect the perceived reality by relating the kinematics and dynamics used by the robot to achieve the external sensory input.

See also 
 Asomatognosia – Neurological disorder characterized as loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body
 
 Context awareness – Ability of software to adjust to the situation of users or devices
 
 
 
 
 Spatial contextual awareness – Software utilizing information from sensors, a user's activity, and maps

Citations

References 
 

Robot control
FAP 1117. FAP 1117 was the predecessor of the latest FAP military truck version, FAP 1118. This is an all-terrain vehicle developed by VTI and scheduled for production by FAP factory in Priboj. It was not introduced in serial production, being only prototype, while its lightly improved successor, FAP 1118 is in full serial production.

It is designed for transport of personnel, weapons and material of up to 4t gross weight, as well as for towing of artillery pieces and trailers. Equipped with all-wheel drive, locking of all differentials and powerful diesel engine, the vehicle is able to negotiate cross-country gradients of 60%. Central regulation of tire pressure assures high mobility over soft soil and its well thought out body geometry enables easy negotiating of natural and man-made obstacles such as trenches, railway embankments, escarps etc.

Technical characteristics
Model	1117 BS/36 4x4
Gross vehicle weight[kg]	11.000
Front axle permissible weight[kg]	5200
Rear axle permissible weight[kg]	5800
Pay load[kg]	4000
Engine - type	MB OM 904 LA EU3
Number of cylinders	4
Bore/stroke [mm] 	102/130
Displacement [dm3]	4250
Power [kW (HP)/min-1]	130(174KS)/2200
Peak torque [Nm/min-1]	675/1200-1600
Electrical system [V]	24
Batteries	2 x 12 V/110 Ah
Clutch	GMF 330 X
Gearbox	FAP 5MS 60.075
Gear ratio 	8.02
Reverse 	6.92
Front axle	AL 3/1 D-6
Rear axle	  FAP NG 10 t
Total transmission ratio	 6.143
Steering	PPT 8042
Cabin	short
Size of cargo body [mm]	4000 x 2430 x 1700
Wheel	9,00 -  22,5
Rims	9.0 - 18	 
Tire	13 R 18 PR 12
Brakes 	Pneumatic dual circuit with ALB
Fuel tank capacity [1]	216
Max. speed [km/h]	93
Max. grading [%]	60

References

1117
Military trucks