omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cromarty Bridge. The Cromarty Bridge is a road bridge over the Cromarty Firth in Scotland.

History

Design
The bridge joins a junction with the B9163 to the south in Ross and Cromarty with a junction with the A862 to the north at Ardullie Point. It can clearly be seen from the north from the Far North Line.

Construction
The £4.5 million contract for the bridge was awarded in November 1976 from the Scottish Development Department.

The parapets were built by of Hi-Fab Ltd of Muir of Ord. The waterproofing was by Sifran Civil Engineering Ltd of Stourbridge. The site investigation was by Wimpey Laboratories of Broxburn, West Lothian.

A temporary structure was pushed out over the bridge piers, and from this, five pre-stressed concrete beams were placed between each pier. The temporary structure was removed and the road deck made with concrete.

Opening
The bridge was opened from the southern end on 12 April 1979. It became part of the A9 in 1982.

References

External links
 Cromarty Bridge

Video clips
 Construction

1979 establishments in Scotland
Bridges completed in 1979
Bridges in Highland (council area)
Concrete bridges in Scotland
Road bridges in Scotland
Ross and Cromarty
Black Isle
Charvet (fabric). A charvet fabric is woven of silk or acetate in warp-faced rib weave, of a reversed reps type with a double ridge effect. The fabric's name derives from its frequent and "clever" use in the 19th century by the Parisian shirtmaker Charvet. It is characterized by a soft handle and shiny appearance. It also drapes well. The bindings create a herringbone effect parallel to the warp, which make this weave suitable for creating faint diagonal stripe effects for ties, for which the fabric is cut on the bias. Patterns on this base are often made with supplementary weft. The fabric has also been used for mufflers, scarves and robes.

This weave is based on the Régence weave, a kind of reps with all weft raised on the backside, which was popular during the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (lasting from 1715 to 1723). In the United States, at the end of the 19th century, the term was used in a broader sense, to describe either fabrics "extremely dainty in construction and effect" or silk shirtings. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the weave is rather found in solid fabrics for semi formal wear.

By extension, the term is also used in knitting for a certain kind of bias striping, going up from left to right.

Sources

Woven fabrics
Bay of Bengal Cooperative Air Traffic Flow Management System. The Bay of Bengal Cooperative Air Traffic Flow Management System (BOBCAT) is the air traffic flow management (ATFM) of Asia. The CFMU (Central Flow Management Unit) was launched in 2007 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Aeronautical Radio of Thailand, Ltd (AEROTHAI).

BOBCAT is a secure web-based air traffic flow management (ATFM) system for westbound aircraft operating from South and Southeast Asia to Europe during the busy night time period. These aircraft transit Afghanistan airspace, which is limited in capacity in supporting air traffic. It allocates entry slots into the Kabul FIR and advises the aircraft while still at its flight departure point. BOBCAT also includes an in-house ATFM Information Support
System to better monitor regional load.

References

External links

 AEROTHAI news, dated 02 jun 2007

Air traffic control
Aviation in Asia
Bay of Bengal
Société Latham. The Société Latham was a French aeronautical construction company which built seaplanes for the French Navy.  It is best known for the prototype of the Latham 47 which disappeared in 1928 with Roald Amundsen on board during a rescue mission to the North Pole in search of Umberto Nobile (a memorial to which was set up in Caudebec-en-Caux in 1931, by the sculptor Robert Delandre and the architect Léon Rey).

The company was set up in 1916 at Caudebec-en-Caux, on the banks of the Seine by Jean Latham, cousin of Hubert Latham.  In August 1933 it launched the Blériot 5190 seaplane, christened Santos-Dumont, equipped with Hispano-Suiza motors with a total horsepower of 650 ch.  The company's work was based in Caudebec-en-Caux until a 1951 restructuring of the Latham, Bréguet and Potez companies, in which it was renamed REVIMA (Révision de Matériel Aéronautique) and merged into the Chargeurs Réunis group.

Aircraft
 Latham 43
 Latham 47

References

  (for the Latham 1919 trimotor)

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Kormoran 2-class minehunter. The Kormoran II (Cormorant class), formally Project 258, is a class of mine hunting vessels dedicated for the Polish Navy. The 2011 Defense Budget included a single vessel of this class. It was launched on 4 September 2015 and was predicted to enter service late 2016. Two more ships have been planned. Ships are built by Remontowa Shipbuilding Gdańsk and Naval Shipyard Gdynia consortium. It will be armed with a 35mm OSU-35K naval weapon station.

Construction 
Project 258 vessels are  long and  wide. The draft is  and the displacement is 830 tons. Contrary to previous construction concepts of this type, the hull was made of non-magnetic steel instead of plastic. The advantage of the steel hull was, among other things, lower operating costs and higher fire resistance. The hull itself is divided into 33 sections. The ship's superstructure has two floors in the fore section and one floor in the stern. The main deck has full bulwark. When constructing the ship, efforts were made to limit the unit's detectability by radars. It is powered by two combustion engines with a capacity of 1,360 hp each, which allows a maximum speed of . Additionally, the minesweeper has a bow thruster. The main armament of the ship is the OSU-35K naval weapon system armed with a 35mm Oerlikon KDA autocannon. The ship is equipped with the Integrated Combat System manufactured and supplied by CTM, including: SCOT combat management system, passive defense system, underwater observation system, including SHL-101 / TM and SHL-300 sonar stations and a system of remotely and wirelessly fired charges explosives for destroying sea mines "Toczek". On the other hand, Xblue Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) have been selected to provide critical navigation capabilities to the Polish Navy’s new-build Kormoran II class mine countermeasure vessels.

Description 
The main tasks of the Kormoran II type units include searching, classification, identification and fighting sea mines, identification of fairways, guiding units through mine hazard waters, putting mines and remote control of self-propelled anti-mine platforms.

Vessels 
A lead ship ORP Kormoran (601) was commissioned on 28 November 2017. In summer 2018 building of a second ship of this project - named ORP Albatros (602) - was initiated. Albatros was launched on 10 October 2019 and entered service on 28 November 2022. Construction of third ship, ORP Mewa (603), started on 10 October 2019. Mewa was launched on 17 December 2020 and entered service on 22 December 2022. It's planned to build another 3 ships till the end of 2027 (initially 2031), first of which, ORP Jaskółka (604), construction started on 23 March 2023  and it's planned to enter service in July 2026. Two last vessels of Kormoran-II class, ORP Rybitwa (605) and ORP Czajka (606), are scheduled to start construction in December 2023, October 2024 and to enter service in March and October 2027 accordingly.

References

Mine warfare vessels of Poland
Science and technology in Poland
Tmcft. Tmcft, (Tmc ft), (TMC), (tmc) is the abbreviation of thousand million cubic feet (1,000,000,000 = 109 = 1 billion), commonly used in India in reference to volume of water in a reservoir or river flow.

Conversion
1 tmcft is equivalent to:

 (approx)
 2,831 crore litres
 2.83168466×1010 litres
 2.83168466×107 cubic metres
 22,956.841139 acre feet
 6.228835459×109 imperial gallons

Alternatively, 35.32 tmcft = 1 cubic kilometer (km3) is the standard unit used by Central Water Commission of Government of India for reporting gross and effective storage capacities of dams in India in National Register of Large Dams (NRLD). The amount of water that can be discharged through a conduit per second in a cubic foot is described as a cusec.

In agriculture, a rough estimate by irrigation experts is that 1 TMC water is needed each year to irrigate 10,000 acres.

References

Units of volume
Imperial units
Customary units in India
Iain Cheeseman. Iain Cheeseman  investigates the role of the kinetochore, a group of proteins required for cell division and chromosome segregation. This core network of proteins facilitates the attachment of chromosomes to microtubule polymers—the spindle structures that attach to the ends of cells, pulling and dividing them during cell division.  The kinetochore is critical to ensuring duplication without loss or damage to the genetic material. Cheeseman is also investigating the activities of the individual molecular machines that make up this structure and how these proteins are controlled and regulated.

Career
Cheeseman is noted for discovering multiple new kinetochore proteins within yeast, the Caenorhabditis elegans worm and human cells. He has focused particularly on the proteins that are required to generate connections with spindle microtubules. He recently demonstrated a critical and direct role for a protein complex called Ndc80 (coded for by the gene NDC80) in directly associating with microtubules.

Because many cancers may be driven by errors in chromosome segregation, it is hoped that Cheeseman's studies will provide payoffs in cancer research. Certain cancer drugs target the connection between chromosomes and spindle microtubules, and some of the major proteins in the kinetochore complex have been implicated in leukemia and other diseases.

Cheeseman is currently a junior Faculty Member at Whitehead Institute and a professor at MIT.  He did his undergraduate training at Duke University, and his graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a doctorate in 2002. Cheeseman carried out his postdoctoral work in the lab of Arshad Desai at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in San Diego and the University of California, San Diego.

He is a member of the editorial board for Current Biology.

References

American cell biologists
Whitehead Institute faculty
Duke University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bluestone Wildlife Management Area. Bluestone Wildlife Management Area (also known as Bluestone Lake Wildlife Management Area) is a wildlife management area in southern West Virginia surrounding Bluestone Lake and the New River. The section of the lake from just upstream of the Bluestone River to Bluestone Dam is in Bluestone State Park; the rest of the lake in West Virginia basin comprises Bluestone WMA. All together, the WMA comprises  of land and water.

The wildlife management area is operated by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Section to provide hunting and fishing opportunities to the public and to protect the natural resources of the land. The land is owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and leased to WVDNR.

Recreation
With the exception of camping, there are no fees for using the Wildlife Management Area. Day-use recreational opportunities include:
 Fishing (with required state license), including stocked trout on Indian Creek
 Hunting (with required state license)
 Hiking with  of trails
 Horseback riding
 Canoeing
 Boating
 Rock climbing

Free boat launches provide access to Indian Creek, the New River, and Bluestone Lake.

Camping
There are seven camping areas spread along  of the New River and Bluestone Lake. All together, these sites provide 330 primitive campsites:
 Bertha – 55 lakefront sites
 Bull Falls – 15 lakefront sites
 Cedar Branch – 45 riverside sites
 Indian Mills – 15 sites
 Keatley – 15 sites
 Mouth of Indian Creek – 94 riverside sites
 Shanklin's Ferry – 91 riverside sites

Sherman Ballard Recreation Area
The Sherman Ballard Recreation Area has a cabin and barn which offers rustic accommodations. The cabin is an open air construction offering five bunk beds sets, a full kitchen, full enclosed bathroom, and covered porch.

The barn is the only one in the West Virginia State Parks system allowing users to bring their own horses rather than renting horses from a concessionaire. At one time, WVDNR biologists tried to ban horses from the WMA but were rebutted by a public outcry.

References

Campgrounds in West Virginia
Protected areas of Mercer County, West Virginia
Protected areas of Monroe County, West Virginia
Protected areas of Summers County, West Virginia
Wildlife management areas of West Virginia
IUCN Category V
Problem-Oriented Medical Information System. The Problem-Oriented Medical Information System, or PROMIS, was a hypertext system specially designed for maintaining health care records. PROMIS was developed at the University of Vermont in 1976, primarily by Jan Schultz and Dr. Lawrence Weed, M.D.

Apparently, the developers of Carnegie Mellon University's ZOG system were so impressed with PROMIS that it reinspired them to return to their own work.

PROMIS was an interactive, touchscreen system that allowed users to access a medical record within a large body of medical knowledge. At its peak, the PROMIS system had over 60,000 frames of knowledge. 

PROMIS was also known for its fast responsiveness, especially for its time.

References

External links
A History of the PROMIS Technology: An Effective Human Interface (PDF file)

Hypertext
Health informatics
PROMIS. PROMIS or Promis may refer to:
 Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, multi-institutional NIH initiative started in 2004
 Prosecutor's Management Information System (PROMIS), developed by Inslaw
 Problem-Oriented Medical Information System, developed at the University of Vermont
 Police Realtime Online Management Information System (PROMIS) a system used by the Australian Federal Police, Northern Territory Police Force, and Royal Australian Air Force Police.
 Program Resources and Outcome Management Information System (PROMIS) a system developed by Cleverex Systems for Head Start organizations.
 Promis, a wine by Italian producer Gaja from the Tuscany region.
 Promis (musician) (born 1973) is a musician and entertainer
 Carlo Promis, an Italian architect and architectural historian
Model-tower, 1811 type. A model tower (tour-modèle), also known as an Empire tower or a Napoleon tower, was a standardised defensive fortification created in 1811. Construction began along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines the following year but the project was abandoned in 1814 with only 12 towers being completed.

History
Napoleon I wished to organise France's coastal defences and so demanded the construction of a fortification combining powder magazines, food storehouses and gunners' lodgings in one building Napoleon's idea was that the cannons in coastal batteries were very vulnerable to enemy raids and so they could be made safer by combining these elements in a single building. As a coastal defensive chain, they can be compared to the United Kingdom's near-contemporaneous chain of Martello towers (built between 1804 and 1812).

This defence programme is known by the name "model towers and redoubts, 1811 type". Their construction programme was begun in 1812 and was originally intended to run for ten years, but it was abandoned on Napoleon's abdication in 1814. Of the 160 model works originally planned (106 on the Atlantic coast, and 54 in the Mediterranean), only 12 towers were completed by 1814, including six in Finistère around the roadstead of Brest (listed below). Louis-Philippe of France attempted to emulate Napoleon and complete this defence chain in 1846 with a set of standardised crenellated guardhouses.

Types

1 (model tower)
Model 1 is 16m wide and could house 60 men, along with four 24- or 18-pounder cannons.
 Pointe de Cornouaille, Roscanvel
 Pointe des Espagnols (parapet razed), Roscanvel

2 (model tower)
Model 2 is 10.5m wide and could house 30 men, 1 field gun and 2 caronades.

3 (model tower)
Model 3 is 9m wide and could house 18 men (or 12 men and a battery 'guardian') and 2 caronades.
 Pointe du Toulinguet, Camaret-sur-Mer
 Pointe du Créac'h Meur (second level and razed parapets), Plougonvelin
 Pointe du Grand-Minou, Locmaria-Plouzané
 Saint-Marzin, Plougonvelin

4 (defensive guardhouse)
9m wide, it was built on 2 levels.

5 (defensive guardhouse)
9m wide, it was only built on one level.

References

1811 establishments in France
Napoleonic Wars
Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary. The Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary (or the Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary) is a high-altitude wildlife sanctuary located in the Ladakhi adjunct of the Changthang plateau in the Changthang District of the union territory of Ladakh. It is important as one of the few places in India with a population of the Kiang or Tibetan Wild Ass, as well as the rare Black-necked Crane.
Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 4000 km2. (Wildlife Department Ladakh)

Wildlife sanctuaries in Ladakh
1987 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir
Protected areas established in 1987
Thomas-Morse MB-2. The Thomas-Morse MB-2 was an open-cockpit biplane fighter manufactured by Thomas-Morse Aircraft for the U.S. Army Air Service in 1918.

Development
The MB-2 was designed by B. Douglas Thomas at the same time he was building the MB-1. Powered by a Liberty 12 engine, the first of two two-seat biplanes flew in November 1918. The Army was unimpressed by the performance and did not order any for production. Both prototypes were then scrapped, the second one incomplete.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

1910s United States fighter aircraft
MB-2
Aircraft first flown in 1918
New South Wales Z24 class locomotive. The Z24 class (formerly B55 class) was a two-cylinder, non-condensing, saturated 2-6-0 ‘ Mogul‘ type steam engine built by Dübs & Company for the New South Wales Government Railways of Australia.

Order
Following the success of the B205 class, in 1889 the New South Wales Government Railways ordered an additional 25 locomotives of a basically similar design from Dübs & Company. These locomotives had a deeper firebox, steel cab and weighed an extra nine tonnes. They were pooled with the B205 class in general working. The first locomotive entered traffic on 10 March 1891 and all were in service by August that year.

Operation
They took a generally unobtrusive part in main line goods traffic until displaced by the D50/D53/D55 class locomotives. They then moved on to branch lines until displaced by the C30T class locomotives which arrived in the mid-1920s.

Demise and preservation
As boiler renewals became due between 1929 and 1960, their numbers were depleted through either scrapping or disposal. Representatives found their way on to the private lines of such organisations as Bunnerong Power Station, Nepean Sand & Gravel at North Richmond and Hunter Valley collieries.

The last locomotive withdrawn was 2413 in November 1960, following an enthusiast tour to Richmond. It joined 2408 and 2414 at Bunnerong Power Station until 1975.

References

External links

Dübs locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1889
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
24
2-6-0 locomotives
FX-55 (film developer). FX-55 is an 'eco-friendly' photographic developer for monochrome film devised by Geoffrey Crawley. It was first published in Amateur Photographer.

It provides an alternative to Phenidone with Hydroquinone developers. Hydroquinone, like other benzene, derivatives can cause skin problems and is undesirable in quantity effluent

General Characteristics

An exposure index of about 0.5-1EV over the ISO rating is usually possible.

FX-55 has good over and underexposure characteristics, with a low background fog level. The fine, even grain produced is beneficial for digital scanning. FX-55 is particularly suitable for high-tech grain films which normally have less underexposure latitude than the traditional types such as Ilford Pan F+, FP4+ and HP5+ films and Kodak Plus X and Tri-X Pan.

The creator did not assert copyright over this formula, which may be reproduced providing Amateur Photographer is cited as the source.

Formula

A

Potassium carbonate: 20g
Sodium bicarbonate: 1.5g
Sodium sulfite: 25g
Sodium metabisulphite: 12g
Water to 1000ml

Dilute 1+9 for the working solution (e.g., 30ml makes 300ml). Before use add B to the 1+9 diluted A solution to form the working strength developer.

B

Sodium L-ascorbate: 1.3g
Phenidone: 100mg (0.1g)

Add to 1,000ml of A, already diluted 1+9

Use

B is best added to working strength A shortly before use at around 20°C. The ascorbate dissolves immediately, the Phenidone more slowly; crush any small lumps before adding. If left standing for a few minutes, the powder is penetrated by water and dissolves more easily.

A keeps indefinitely in a closed container. The combined A+B has a short working life. Unused working solution will keep its properties for a maximum of 36 hours, if kept in a closed container. Use the working solution once, then discard.

Stock solution may be made up in tap water though 'purified water' is preferred as helps with the short stability of the working solution. Do not use battery top-up water.

Developing times

The following developing times (minutes at 20°C, four spiral tank inversions per minute) will yield negatives of enlarging quality (contrast index CI=0.58-0.60). Negatives intended for scanning can benefit from a higher CI. A CI of around 0.65 may be obtained by reducing the sodium metabisulphite in A to 10g, or by increasing the developing times by about 10%.

AGFA
APX 25: 9
APX 100: 10½
APX 400: 12

FUJIFILM
Acros 100: 11
Neopan 400: 16½
Neopan 1600: 15½

ILFORD
Pan F+: 7
FP4+: 8½
HP5+: 13½
Delta 100: 10
Delta 400: 12½
Delta 3200: 12½
SFX: 14

KODAK
Plus-X Pro: 8
Tri-X Pan: 12½
T-Max 100: 13
T-Max 400: 14½
T-Max 3200: 17½
High speed IR: 16
Tech Pan: 6

KONICA
Infra Red: 14

Notes

Photographic chemicals
Engineering sample. Engineering samples are the beta versions of integrated circuits that are meant to be used for compatibility qualification or as demonstrators. They are usually loaned to OEM manufacturers prior to the chip's commercial release to allow product development or display. Engineering samples are usually handed out under a non-disclosure agreement or another type of confidentiality agreement.

Some engineering samples, such as Pentium 4 processors were rare and favoured for having unlocked base-clock multipliers. More recently, Core 2 engineering samples have become more common and popular. Asian sellers were selling the Core 2 processors at major profit. 

While engineering sample CPUs do occasionally appear on secondhand markets such as eBay, they are generally not authorized for resale and can suffer from unpredictable performance issues, compatibility issues, and lack of warranty support options. This is due to their unfinished nature compared to the retail version of the chip.

References

See also

Integrated circuits