omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Armstrong Whitworth Ara. The Armstrong Whitworth Ara was an unsuccessful British single-seat biplane fighter aircraft of the First World War built by Armstrong Whitworth.

Design and development
In early 1918, the British Air Ministry wrote RAF Specification Type 1 for a single-seat fighter to replace the Sopwith Snipe. The specified engine was the ABC Dragonfly, a new radial engine which had been ordered into production based on promised performance before any testing had been carried out. To meet this specification, Armstrong Whitworth's chief designer, Fred Murphy, produced the Armstrong Whitworth Ara, three prototypes being ordered.

The Ara was a two-bay biplane. It had a square fuselage, the engine was covered in a pointed cowling, but with the cylinder heads exposed. The upper wing was low to give the pilot a better upwards view.

As with the other fighters built to meet the Type 1 specification, the Dragonfly engine proved to be the Ara's undoing, demonstrating hopeless reliability.  Two of the three prototypes were completed, the first flying in mid-1919.  The Ara was abandoned towards the end of the year when Armstrong Whitworth closed down its aircraft department.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
  
  
 

1910s British fighter aircraft
Ara
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Austin Greyhound. The Austin Greyhound was a British two-seat biplane fighter aircraft of World War I built by car manufacturer Austin. Owing to the end of the War and an unreliable engine, it was unsuccessful, only three being built.

Development and design
In 1918, Britain's Royal Air Force issued the Type III specification for a replacement for the Bristol F.2 Fighter to be powered by the new ABC Dragonfly radial engine. The Austin Motor Company, who had produced large numbers of aircraft, including 800 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s, submitted a design by J Kenworthy, formerly of the Royal Aircraft Factory, which was named the Austin Greyhound.  An order for three prototypes was placed on 18 May 1918.

The Greyhound was a two-bay biplane of all-wooden construction. The Greyhound's engine was covered by a conical cowling, with the cylinder heads protruding. The circular shape of the cowling continued down the fuselage. The upper and lower wings were almost the same size.

While the first prototype was quickly built, problems with the Dragonfly engine, which was found to be overweight and underpowered, and to have unsolvable reliability problems, meant that testing was delayed, with the second prototype being delivered to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath in January 1919, being followed by the first prototype in May and the third in February 1920.  Although performance was good no production was ordered of any of the competitors, with the Bristol Fighter remaining in service until 1932.  The last Greyhound remained in use as a flying test bed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough until June 1922.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Austin & Longbridge Aircraft Production

Greyhound
Biplanes
1910s British fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Liquid Jungle Lab. The Liquid Jungle Lab (LJL) is a tropical marine research station on the island of Canales de Tierra on the western coast of Pacific Panama along a primary marine biological corridor. The LJL research campus was completed in 2004 and is part of a private 3,500 hectare reserve composed of primary forest, mangroves, tide pools, and a rocky inter-tidal zone that transitions into fringing coral reefs.

The island laboratory is adjacent to two large coastal bays, Bahia Honda, Veraguas Province and Pixvae Bay, which are important mangrove, estuarine and riparian (stream) habitats. The island and laboratory serve as a strategic base for ecologic research of the Coiba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Panama's largest marine protected area. The tremendous biodiversity of the marine and terrestrial environments surrounding Isla Canales de Tierra allows visiting scientists to conduct multidisciplinary ecologic research in a pristine area and has even inspired a designer perfume fragrance, Fleur de Liane. The LJL was founded by Jean Pigozzi, a Swiss venture capitalist, photographer and art collector.

Research

A multi-disciplinary approach to research in Terrestrial and Marine Tropical Ecology are conducted between a consortium of scientists and researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid. These organizations and visiting scientists and students use the marine lab facilities and experimental farm to conduct primary and applied research in the fields of tropical island ecology, marine biology, physical oceanography, marine biogeochemistry, aquaculture, genetics, molecular biology, herpetology, botany, ornithology, entomology, ecosystem conservation, island biogeography, geology, fisheries management, tropical forest ecology, agro-forestry, veterinary science, and organic agriculture.

Current areas of marine research at the Liquid Jungle include plankton community dynamics and marine larval ecology and transport, modeling internal waves and benthic structure, coral community architecture and diversity, synoptic chemical mapping, invasive sessile invertebrate species, mangrove and estuarine watersheds, and the effects of natural and anthropogenic nutrient input on primary production and fisheries along Pacific coastal zones.

References

External links
 
 PLUTO website (The Panama Liquid Jungle Laboratory Underwater Tropical Observatory)

Science and technology in Panama
Research stations
Buildings and structures completed in 2004
5N. 5N, 5-N, or 5°N may refer to:

5N or 5°N, the 5th parallel north latitude
5N Plus Inc., Canadian metals manufacturer
 Saturn C-5N, a rocket
 Nigeria, aircraft registration code; ITU callsign prefix
 Aeroflot-Nord (IATA airline designator)
NJ 5N, renamed New Jersey Route 53
F-5N, a model of Northrop F-5
MP-5N, a model of Heckler & Koch MP5
SSH 5N (WA) Washington State Route 161
F4U-5N, a model of Vought F4U Corsair
F6F-5N, a model of Grumman F6F Hellcat
AD-5N, a model of Douglas A-1 Skyraider
8A-5N, a model of Northrop A-17
M-5N, a model of Suunto protractor compass
5N, a model of HP LaserJet 5
HP 5N, ISO/IEC 8859-9 (Latin 5) character set on printers by Hewlett-Packard
5N, the production code for the 1980 Doctor Who serial The Leisure Hive

See also
N5 (disambiguation)
Satoshi Kawata. is a scientist based in Japan who is active in nanotechnology, photonics, plasmonics, and other areas of applied physics. He is a Professor of Department of Applied Physics at Osaka University. He is also a Chief Scientist at RIKEN. Kawata was the 2022 president of Optica.

Biography

Career
Kawata studied under Tatsuro Suzuki and received his bachelor's degree in 1974, his master's degree in 1976 and his doctorate from Osaka University in 1979.

After his experience as a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science post-doctoral fellow at Osaka University and as a Research associate at the University of California, Irvine, he joined the Department of Applied Physics at Osaka University as a faculty member and studied under Shigeo Minami. In 1993, he was promoted to full professor, and served as the Director of Frontier Research Center, from 2001 to 2003, and is currently the Director of the Photonics Advanced Research Center. Since 2002, Kawata is jointly at RIKEN as a Chief Scientist of the Nanophotonics Laboratory.
Kawata is known for his work in nanophotonics (study of the interaction between photons and nanostructures).  He has contributed to the community via a number of inventions, publications, and conference organizations in fields including near-infrared spectroscopy, laser-scanning microscopy, near-field optics, plasmonics, biophotonics, laser nanofabrication and signal recovery.

Kawata has served as the President of the Spectroscopical Society of Japan from 2004 to 2007, President of the Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP) from 2014-2015, an Editor for Optics Communications from 2000 till present, a Program Officer of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a joint professor at the Department of Physics at Gakushuin University. He is a fellow of Optica, Institute of Physics (IOP), the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) and the Japan Society of Applied Physics.

Awards
Kawata received one of the Medals of Honour (Japan) with purple ribbon, which is awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 2007, the Minister's Award for Science and Technology by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan in 2005.

In 2024, he was designated a Person of Cultural Merit.

References

External links
 Prof. Kawata's Cyber Lab - Official Website
The Japan Society of Applied Physics. 
Laboratory for Scientific Instrumentation and Engineering, Osaka University
Nanophotonics Laboratory & Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN
Photonics Advanced Research Center Osaka University
Optics Communications, Elsevier

1951 births
Living people
Japanese nanotechnologists
Japanese physicists
Osaka University alumni
Academic staff of Osaka University
Riken personnel
Academic staff of Gakushuin University
Persons of Cultural Merit
Stock Windmill. Stock Windmill is a grade II* listed tower mill at Stock, Essex, which has been restored.

History

Stock Windmill was built circa 1816 joining an existing post mill. In 1845, a second post mill was moved to a site close by. By 1862, the mill had four shuttered sails. The two post mills were demolished c.1890, about which time the millstones were moved down a floor and the drive converted from underdrift to overdrift. A steam engine was added in 1902 and the mill was working by wind until 1930 and afterwards by an internal combustion engine until c.1936. The mill was bought by Essex County Council in 1945 and although preserved, by 1977 it was without the fantail and associated supporting timbers, and down to only one pair of sails. Major repairs were started in 1991 by Vincent Pargeter. A grant from English Heritage part-funded the work. The Friends of Stock Mill were formed in 1993 on completion of the restoration.

Description

The mill is a five-storey tower mill with four single Patent sails It has a boat-shaped cap winded by a six-bladed fantail. The tower is  internal diameter at ground level and  internal diameter at curb level. The walls are  thick to first floor level and  thick above that. The tower is  high overall and the mill is  to the top of the cap.

As built, the mill had a stage at first-floor level, four common sails and was winded by hand. It originally drove two pairs of overdrift millstones.

The cast-iron windshaft was probably not made for the mill originally. It carries a  diameter composite brake wheel with 81 cogs which has been converted from clasp arm construction. This drives a cast-iron wallower with 25 teeth. The cast-iron upright shaft is  diameter and in three parts, with dog clutches at the fourth and fifth floor. The cast-iron great spur wheel is  diameter with 76 cogs. It drove three pairs of underdrift millstones of ,  and  diameter.

Millers
William Moss Sr 1816–
William (Jr) & John Moss –1838
William Moss Jr –1853
John Pertwee 1863–66
Joseph Clover 1870–90
Mary Clover 1894–98
William Mayes 1902–17
Frank Semmens 1926–29

References for above:-

Public access

Stock Windmill is open on the second Sunday of the month between April and September.

External links
Essex Country Parks webpage on Stock Tower Mill 
Windmill World webpage on Stock Mill

References

Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Industrial buildings completed in 1816
Grade II* listed buildings in Essex
Museums in Essex
Stock, Essex
Grade II* listed windmills
Mill museums in England
1816 establishments in England
V15. V15 may refer to:

 Bell XV-15, an American experimental tiltrotor aircraft
 DR Class V 15, a German diesel locomotive
 Laffly V15, a French artillery tractor
 Vanguard 15, an American sailing dinghy
 V15, a grade in bouldering
 V15, other personal history presenting hazards to health, in the ICD-9 V codes
 V-15, a Shure phonograph cartridge
David K. Ferry. David Keane Ferry (born 1940) is the Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering at Arizona State University (ASU), notable for his research in semiconductor devices.

Education
He received his BSEE, 1962, and MSEE, 1963, both from Texas Technical College. Ferry obtained his PhD under Arwin A. Dougal, 1966, from the University of Texas at Austin with a thesis entitled Anomalous Microwave Emission from Bulk Semiconductors.

Career
Following a postdoctoral year in Vienna (1966–67) under Karl-Heinz Seeger, he spent time at Texas Tech University (1967–73), the Office of Naval Research (1973–77), Colorado State University (1977–83), and then joined
Arizona State University in 1983.

Honors
He has received a number of honours including the IEEE Cledo Brunetti Award, 1999; IEEE (Phoenix) Engineer of Year, 1990; 
Fellow of the IEEE, 1987; Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1974; and Fellow of the Institute of Physics, 2008. His research involves the physics and simulation of semiconductor devices and quantum effects and transport in mesoscopic device structures.

Books by Ferry
 The Copenhagen Conspiracy (CRC, Taylor & Francis, 2019)
The Wigner Function in Science and Technology (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2018)
An Introduction to Quantum Transport in Semiconductors (Pan Stanford, Singapore, 2018)
 Semiconductors: Bonds and bands (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2013)
 Quantum Mechanics (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1995), 2nd Edition (Inst. Physics Publ., London, 2000)
 Quantum Transport in Ultra-small Devices (Plenum, New York, 1995), Edited with Hal Grubin, Carlo Jacoboni, and Antti-Pekka Jauho
 Transport in Nanostructures (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997), with Steve Goodnick
 Semiconductor Transport (Taylor and Francis, London, 2001)
 Electronic Materials and Devices (Academic Press, San Diego, 2001), with Jon Bird.

See also 

 Quantum Aspects of Life (book)

Notes

External links 
 Ferry's homepage
 Ferry's ASU profile
 

1940 births
Living people
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American physicists
American electrical engineers
Arizona State University faculty
American quantum physicists
Texas Tech University alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Photosensitive glass. Photosensitive glass, also called photostructurable glass (PSG) or photomachinable glass, is a glass in the lithium-silicate family of glasses onto which images can be etched using shortwave radiations, such as ultraviolet.  Photosensitive glass was first discovered by S. Donald Stookey in 1937.

Exposure process
When the glass is exposed to UV light with wavelengths between 280–320 nm, a latent image is formed. The glass remains transparent at this stage, but its ability to absorb UV light increases. This increased absorption is only detectable using UV transmission spectroscopy and is caused by an oxidation reduction reaction that occurs inside the glass during exposure. This reaction causes cerium ions to oxidize to a more stable state, and silver ions are reduced to silver.

Post-exposure heat treatment
The latent image captured in the glass is made visible by heating. This heat treatment is done by raising the temperature to about 500 °C to allow the oxidation-reduction reaction to form silver nanoclusters. Following this, the temperature is raised to 550–560 °C and lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) forms on the silver nanoclusters. This material forms in the crystalline phase.

HF chemical etching
The lithium metasilicate in the exposed regions of the glass can be etched by hydrofluoric acid (HF). This forms glass microstructures with a roughness in the range of 5 μm, resulting in a three-dimensional image of the mask to be produced. to 0.7 μm.

See also
 Photochromic lens

References

Bibliography
 Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, v.8 Macropaedia Ge-Hu, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974, 
 Parker, Sybil P., Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., (2003) - "photosensitive glass," ,
 Maluf, Nadim et al., Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Artech House, 2004, 
 Paul, Amal, Chemistry of Glasses, Springer, 1990, 
 Stookey,  S. Donald, Journey to the Center of the Crystal Ball : An Autobiography, American Ceramic Society (1985), 
 Stookey,  S. Donald, Explorations in Glass: An Autobiography, Wiley-Blackwell (2000),

External links

Glass chemistry
Photography equipment
Ceramic materials
American inventions
National hydrogen energy road map. The National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) is a program in India initiated by the National Hydrogen Energy Board (NHEB) in 2003 and approved in 2006 for bridging the technological gaps in different areas of hydrogen energy, including its production, storage, transportation and delivery, applications, safety, codes and standards and capacity building for the period up to 2020. The program is under direction of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).

The project aims to reduce India's dependence on the import of petroleum products, promote the use of diverse, domestic, and sustainable new and renewable energy sources; to provide electricity to remote, far‐flung rural and other electricity deficient areas and promote use of hydrogen as a fuel for transport and power generation; to reduce carbon emissions from energy production and consumption, to increase reliability and efficiency of electricity generation; to generate 1000 MW electricity using fuel cells by 2020 and 1 Million vehicles running on Hydrogen based IC Engines and fuel cells by 2020.

See also

Hydrogen economy
Electricity sector in India
Renewable energy in India

References

External links
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy homepage
International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen economy
Renewable energy in India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Razee plane. A razee plane is a style of wooden hand plane which has a section of its rear cut away, so that the plane has a lower handle. This design makes the plane lighter, with a lower centre of mass, and puts the handle closer to the workpiece and cutting edge – giving the user greater control.

Use 
Historically, because they are lighter and easier to control, razee planes were often used in school and training workshops.

Despite their advantages razee planes are not as common, likely because they were originally slightly more expensive to buy.

Etymology 
The name razee may be derived from the historic razee ship conversion, in which a wooden sailing ship is modified by removing upper decks to lower the ship's centre of mass.

References 

Planes
Woodworking hand tools
USS Nicollet. USS Nicollet (AK-199/AG-93/AVS-6) was an  acquired by the U.S. Navy shortly before the end of World War II. She was converted into a  to carry aviation parts and spares, and to issue them to the US Pacific Fleet and activities as needed.

Construction
Nicollet was laid down 9 February 1944, for the US Maritime Commission, MC hull 2153, by Globe Shipbuilding Corporation; named Nicollet 25 February 1944; launched 31 July 1944, as AK-199; sponsored by Mrs. F. C. Hanson; converted for Navy use by Samuelson Shipyard, Beaumont, Texas, and Brown Shipyard, Houston, Texas; redesignated AG–93 on 12 March 1945; and commissioned 27 April.

Service history

World War II-related service
After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico Nicollet was reclassified AVS–6 effective 25 May 1945. Steaming to the Pacific Ocean, she arrived in the forward area and was assigned to Commander, Air Forces, Subordinate Command Forward, Pacific Fleet. She operated out of Apra Harbor, Guam.

Nicollet followed closely behind the invasion forces to supply newly acquired airstrips and aviation activities with spare parts and other needs. She salvaged goods, returned materials for repair and eventual re-use, and supplied aircraft carriers at sea.

Post-War and decommission
At the end of hostilities she continued to support naval and marine air groups, both carrier and land-based. In April 1946 she returned to the U.S. West Coast via Pearl Harbor. Following a cruise to the Gulf of Mexico, she sailed again to the western Pacific Ocean.

Returning to San Francisco, California, she decommissioned and was returned to the War Shipping Administration 17 June. She was struck from the Navy Register.

Merchant service
Nicollet was sold to the Republic of France on 24 July 1947. She was reflagged for France and renamed Djerada. In 1959 she was transferred to Morocco and reflagged. She was eventually scrapped in 1970

Notes 

Citations

Bibliography 

Online resources

External links

Alamosa-class cargo ships
Ships built in Superior, Wisconsin
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Nicollet County, Minnesota

Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ships
Van Rensselaer Richmond. Van Rensselaer Richmond (January 1812 in Preston, Chenango County, New York – November 20, 1883 in Lyons, Wayne County, New York) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Oliver Richmond (died 1853). He was educated at the Oxford Academy, and in 1834 began work as a chainman at the construction of the Chenango Canal. In 1837 he married Anna A. Dennison (died 1854), and they had four children.

In 1837, he was appointed resident engineer of the Erie Canal at Lyons, New York. In 1842, he was appointed division engineer of the Middle Division of the State Canals at Syracuse. In 1848, he resigned and began to work for the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, but soon after returned to canal work as chief engineer of the construction of the canal from Jordan, New York to the Cayuga Marshes. In 1850 he left the canal works and became division engineer of the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad. In 1852, he was appointed again division engineer of the Middle Division of the State Canals by William J. McAlpine, was maintained in office by Whig state engineer John T. Clark, but was removed in 1856 by the American Party majority of the Canal Board.

He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1858 to 1861, and from 1868 to 1871, elected four times on the Democratic ticket.

He died from a "sudden stroke of apoplexy." on November 20, 1883 in Lyons, New York.

His son Dennison Richmond (–1888) was also division engineer of the Middle Division.

References

 Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature in the State of New York in 1859 by Wm. D. Murphy (pages 29ff; C. Van Benthuysen, Albany NY, 1859)

1812 births
1883 deaths
New York State Engineers and Surveyors
People from Chenango County, New York
People from Lyons, New York
New York (state) Democrats