omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nylon 1,6. Nylon 1,6 (aka polyamide 1,6) is a type of polyamide or nylon. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 1,6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed by an acid-catalyzed synthesis from adiponitrile, formaldehyde, and water. The material was produced and studied by researchers at DuPont in the 1950s.  Synthesis can be performed at room temperature in open beakers.

Synthesis of nylon 1,6 
Nylon 1,6 is synthesized from adiponitrile, formaldehyde, and water by acid catalysis. Adiponitrile and formaldehyde (aqueous, paraformaldehyde, or trioxane) are combined with an acid (typically sulfuric acid) in a reactor. The reaction can be performed at room temperature.  However, the reaction is exothermic, and especially at high ratios of formaldehyde to adiponitrile, cooling may be required.

CH2O + NC-(CH2)4-CN + H2O → [-NH-CH2-NH-OC-(CH2)4-CO-]n

Addition of water to the reaction mixture readily precipitates the nylon 1,6 product, which can then be isolated and washed with water to afford high purity polymer.

Properties and applications 
The DuPont evaluations of the 1950s era indicated that polyamide-1,6 was less acid stable than nylon 66, and melts over 300–325 °C, with some decomposition.  However, films were reported to have been successfully pressed at 275–290 °C.  Molecular weight determined to be ~22,000–34,000 via an osmotic pressure method. The polymer was believed to be significantly branched and cross-linked owing to side reactions occurring during the acid catalyzed polymerization, but this was not conclusively established.

Similar to other formaldehyde-based thermoset resins, thermal behavior of the polymer is a function of the CH2O/ADN ratio employed in the synthesis.  

Melting point was found to increase with increasing synthesis CH2O/ADN ratio, along with apparent increase in cross-linking, and reduction in crystallinity.  Additionally, spectral features of 1H-NMR of nylon 1,6 samples were found to trend with CH2O/ADN synthesis ratio as well.  Collectively, these properties parallel those of other formaldehyde-based thermoset resins, and it is interesting that nylon 1,6 is a rare example of a polyamide thermoset resin rather than a thermoplastic material.

Nylon 1,6 has been reported to exhibit a high moisture absorbance owing to the significant density of amide residues in the polymer, >130% of its weight (compare to ~2–2.5% for nylon 66 and nylon 6).

References 

Polyamides
Frantone Electronics. Frantone Electronics is an American Philadelphia-based hand-made effects pedal manufacturer founded and run by Fran Blanche. Blanche operates a YouTube channel where she discusses the company's history and showcases various electronics projects.

History
Frantone Electronics was founded in 1994 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania by Fran Blanche, a self-taught electronic engineer. The company was one of the world's first boutique guitar effects companies. Over the years, the company's boutique pedals would be used by notable musicians including Lou Reed and R.E.M. The company's growth was never steady; Blanche moved Frantone repeatedly, being gentrified out of several NYC-area locations.

In the early 1990s, Blanche built an effects pedal for herself named the "Fuzzy-Wuzzy". She subsequently founded Frantone and designed the Hep Cat, the company's first commercial product, which was followed by more pedal designs in the years to follow. Blanche took a hiatus from operating Frantone and worked at Electro-Harmonix, from about 1997 through 2000, where she designed the company's 2000 version of the Big Muff pedal. Blanche also went on hiatus from Frantone in 2009, but revived the company in a 2016 Kickstarter campaign to restart production of her Cream Puff pedal.

After some years out of production, the company announced the release of new pedals in 2017 as well as reintroductions of the Peach Fuzz and Cream Puff designs as limited editions. In 2021, Fran announced in a video on her channel that she will no longer be manufacturing the pedals herself, although she is open to a licensing deal.

Fran Blanche 

Blanche is a trans woman and strong supporter of the LGBTQ+ community. In the video "When Google Calls you a Slur" in which she demonstrates Google's search engine auto populating the suggested term "Is Fran Blanche a tranvestite?"; she addresses this as a slur, prompting her subscriber and fanbase to mass contact Google to rectify the search results. The video got the attention of Google and as of May 1, 2022, this term no longer appears in Google searches for Fran Blanche or Frantone.

She is a Senior Member of the IEEE since April 2021.

She has two Youtube channels: One is FranLab, where she discusses and demonstrates vintage electronics, and the other is Frantone, which includes the making and maintenance of her Frantone guitar pedals, along with some music she and others have performed with them.

Fran has played guitar for many years and has previously performed as lead guitarist in a band called the Mysterons.

References

Further reading

External links 
 
 
 

Electronics companies of the United States
Guitar effects manufacturing companies
Manufacturing companies based in Philadelphia
Senior members of the IEEE
R-U-Dead-Yet. R.U.D.Y., short for R U Dead Yet, is an acronym used to describe a Denial of Service (DoS) tool used by hackers to perform slow-rate a.k.a. “Low and slow” attacks by directing long form fields to the targeted server. It is known to have an interactive console, thus making it a user-friendly tool. It opens fewer connections to the website being targeted for a long period and keeps the sessions open as long as it is feasible. The amount of open sessions overtires the server or website making it unavailable for the authentic visitors. The data is sent in small packs at an incredibly slow rate; normally there is a gap of ten seconds between each byte but these intervals are not definite and may vary to avert detection.

The victim servers of these types of attacks may face issues such as not being able to access a particular website, disrupt their connection, drastically slow network performance, etc.

Hackers can use such attacks for different purposes while targeting different servers or hosts; these purposes include, but are not limited to, blackmail, vengeance or sometimes even activism.

The RUDY attack opens concurrent POST HTTP connections to the HTTP server and delays sending the body of the POST request to the point that the server resources are saturated. This attack sends numerous small packets at a very slow rate to keep the connection open and the server busy. This low-and slow attack behavior makes it relatively difficult to detect, compared to flooding DoS attacks that raise the traffic volume abnormally.

See also 
 Fork bomb
 High Orbit Ion Cannon
 LAND
 Ping of death
 ReDoS
 Slowloris
 Zemra

References

External links
 r-u-dead-yet on google code
 r-u-dead-yet on sourceforge

Denial-of-service attacks
Linux Spike Trojan malware. Linux Spike Trojan malware, more widely known as MrBlack, is a type of malware that infects routers, and eventually spreads to other routers. Incapsula, an internet security firm, first saw this malware in December 2014. This tool is prone to attack devices that still use the default credentials. A "bot" is a type of malware that allows an attacker to take control over an affected computer. Also known as "Web robots," bots are usually part of a network of infected machines, known as a "botnet," which is typically made up of victim machines that stretch across the globe.

Once the router has been infected, the attack injects malware in order to configure DDoS attacks. It can be used for MITM attacks, cookie hijacking and other attacks after the targeted router has been infected.

MrBlack is regarded as one of the most widespread malware varieties infecting over forty thousand routers.

References

Spike Trojan malware
IoT malware
Denial-of-service attacks
Aero-Service Jacek Skopiński. Aero-Service Jacek Skopiński is a Polish aircraft manufacturer based in Warsaw, founded by Jacek Skopiński in 1999. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft. The company also produces electric vehicles, boats and carries out numerical controlled machining.

Among its electric vehicle line the company produces fully tracked, electric-powered off-road roller skates.

The company has been noted for its EV4, an articulated wheel, electric quadricycle that was designed by Skopiński for urban use.

The company has constructed two aircraft designs. The Panda is a two-seat, cantilever high-wing monoplane with fixed tricycle landing gear, while the Puma is a two-seat, low-wing monoplane with retractable landing gear.

The Panda commenced flight testing with a first flight on 28 September 2011. The prototype Puma was also under construction in September 2011, having been designed in 2008. There is no indication that the Puma prototype has yet flown. A fixed gear version of the Puma, named the Raptor, entered the preliminary design phase in 2010.

Aircraft 
Summary of aircraft built by Aero-Service Jacek Skopiński:
Aero-Service Panda
Aero-Service Puma

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Poland
Ultralight aircraft
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Poland
Polish brands
The Meaning of the 21st Century. The Meaning of the 21st Century: A Vital Blueprint for Ensuring Our Future is a 2006 nonfiction book by British technology consultant James Martin.

Synopsis 
It assesses technological challenges, dangers and opportunities facing the human race. The book lists and proposes solutions for 17 interlocked upcoming "megaproblems". Topics include nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, climate change and terrorism. Martin asserts that many global problems have been worsened by past technologies, but could be addressed by new ones. For example, he advocates for "electronic brain appendages" to help think  through to a solution to problems such as global warming.

Film 
Martin released a film based on the book, narrated by one of his Bermudan neighbors, Hollywood actor Michael Douglas. 

References

External links
 Full film

2006 non-fiction books
Futurology books
Neodymium(III) bromide. Neodymium(III) bromide is an inorganic salt of bromine and neodymium the formula NdBr3. The anhydrous compound is an off-white to pale green solid at room temperature, with an orthorhombic PuBr3-type crystal structure. The material is hygroscopic and forms a hexahydrate in water (NdBr3· 6H2O), similar to the related neodymium(III) chloride.

Preparation 
The direct reaction of neodymium with bromine can create neodymium(III) bromide:
2Nd + 3Br2 → 2NdBr3

In the presence of carbon, neodymium(III) oxide reacts with carbon tetrabromide to produce neodymium(III) bromide.

Structure 
Neodymium(III) bromide adopts the plutonium(III) bromide crystal structure. The neodymium ions are 8-coordinate and adopt a bicapped trigonal prismatic geometry. The neodymium–bromine bond lengths are 3.07 Å and 3.09 Å.

Related compounds 
Neodymium(III) bromide forms compounds with hydrazine, such as NdBr3·N2H4·2H2O, which is a pink crystal that is soluble in water but insoluble in benzene, with d20°C = 3.2376 g/cm3.

References 

Neodymium(III) compounds
Bromides
Lanthanide halides
Jerome I. Elkind. Jerome Elkind is an American electrical engineer and computer scientist. In 1988 he was co-founder of the Lexia Institute.

Biography
Elkind was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning his undergraduate degree in 1951 and Sc.D. in 1957. He went on to join BBN Technologies and participated for them in the 1960 Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization. He then was appointed head of the Computer Science Laboratory at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (1971-8). Here he held budgetary responsibility for new projects. He also worked with Bob Taylor on the Xerox Alto. He went on to become Vice President of Systems Integration at Xerox.

Personal life
In 1959, he married engineer Linda Starr Valenstein, daughter of advertising executive Lawrence Valenstein in a Jewish ceremony in Scarsdale.

References

American electrical engineers
Scientists at PARC (company)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Orion Autobus. The Orion Autobus is a bus from the Swiss manufacturer "Automobile Factory Orion" from Zurich.

History and technical data 
The Orion buses were built between 1899 and 1903 at the Orion factory at Zurich. They offered 12 seats for passengers. The entrance for the passenger compartment is at the rear. The vehicle is equipped with four solid rubber tires.

In August 1904, an automobile course was set up with Orion buses from the  Aktiengesellschaft für Automobilverkehr im Kanton Zug  from Zug via Hinterburg to Menzingen; An automobile course in the Ägerital was offered, which on 1 November 1905 took over also the post courses. The routes were extended to Zug - Baar - Menzingen and to Zug - Unterägeri - Oberägeri. However, in 1913, the tram canceled the automobile courses because the Orion buses were not yet reliable and with their solid rubber tires on the unpaved road not comfortable - the streetcar promised a quality increase.
An Orion bus was stored in the Swiss Museum of Transport, it was restored by the Orion Club and since 1 April 2000 it has been an exhibit in the Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte.

Data

References
 Der Omnibus «Orion»
 Sandro Sigrist: Elektrische Strassenbahnen im Kanton Zug. Prellbock, Leissigen 1997, 
 Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte
 Orion «Orion»

Transport in the canton of Zug
Geser F-250 4x4. The Geser F-250 4x4 is a fire-fighting vehicle from Switzerland.

History and development
Since 1975, the Geser F-250 4x4 fire brigade vehicles have been designed at Geser AG in Littau, Canton of Lucerne. Often specifically adapted to the different needs of Swiss fire brigades. The Geser F-250 4x4 model is based on the Ford F-250 and was widely used as a respirator, crew and material carrier. The vehicle has all-wheel drive with terrain reduction with compensation in the transfer case and automatic differential lock at the rear axle. It has a trailer hook for carrying various firefighter equipment on a trailer, if required. The tires consist of 4x 9.50 16.5 TC with a pneumatic pressure of 4.5 bar at the front and 5.0 bar at the rear. The braking system is based on vacuum-assisted hydraulic brakes. Various fire brigades in Switzerland have such vehicles still as oldtimer for partys and parades in the inventory. A Geser F-250 4x4 of the volunteer fire brigade of the city of Zug in the configuration as respiratory protection vehicle is located in the Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte (Zug depot of technical history).

Pictures

References
Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte
 Geser F-250 4x4 Einsatzfahrzeug Kolin 11
 Klaus Fischer: Feuerwehrfahrzeuge in der Schweiz.Feuerwehr-Archiv. Verlag Technik Berlin 2000, 

Fire service vehicles
KLW SE15B. The KLW SE15B is a low-emissions diesel switcher locomotive built by Knoxville Locomotive Works. It is powered by a single MTU Series 2000 engine which develops a total power output of . An unknown number SE15B locomotives is being produced for Chevron to be used in the refineries of Houston and Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX.

Original buyers

See also
 List of KLW locomotives
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links
  – Official KLW Website
  – Official Switcher Model Product Page

B-B locomotives
KLW locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2015
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
EPA Tier 4-compliant locomotives of the United States
Rebuilt locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
Conveyor bridge. A conveyor bridge is a piece of mining equipment used in strip mining for the removal of overburden and for dumping it on the inner spoil bank of the open-cut mine. It is used together with multibucket excavators, frequently bucket chain excavators, that remove the overburden which is moved to the bridge by connecting conveyors. Conveyor bridges are used in working horizontally layered deposits with soft overburden rock in areas where mean annual temperatures are above freezing. They are frequently used in lignite mining.

They are known for their gargantuan size, with the largest, the F60 series, being the largest vehicle by physical dimensions and one of the largest ground vehicles ever made.

Setup 

A conveyor bridge consists of girders resting on two or three supports mounted on rails, or sometimes on crawler tracks.  The bridge is set across the pit and moves along the mining face at a few metres per minute. If it runs on rails, the tracks are shifted in accordance with the progress of the mining. The rock is moved from the excavator to the bridge by connecting conveyors. The dumping support of a conveyor bridge may rest on the soil of the seam or on a dumping mound specially poured and packed by the bridge itself, depending on the stability of the rock.

History and examples 

The first conveyor bridge was built in Plessa lignite mine, Agnes according to plans of mine director Friedrich von Delius. It was scrapped in 1959 after exposure of clay beds made mining in the pit unsafe.

A large conveyor bridge with 200 m span and 50 m height, fed by a bucket-wheel excavator, was completed in 1930 in the Böhlen lignite mine. After it was toppled by a storm in 1937, a replacement went into service in 1939.

The conveyor bridge of Espenhain lignite mine with a total length of 545 m, which started operation in 1944, could remove an overburden of 45 m thickness.

Between 1969 and 1991, TAKRAF built five very large conveyor bridges of the type F60 of which four are still in operation in lignite mines in Lower Lusatia, and one has been preserved as a visitor attraction. These were constructed for removing overburden up to 60 m thick, are 502 m long and span 204 m. They could move originally up to 23000 m3/h, with additional excavators up to 34600 m3/h.

References 

Mining equipment
Engineering vehicles
Surface mining
KLW SE32C. The KLW SE32C is a low-emissions diesel road locomotive built by Knoxville Locomotive Works. It is powered by a single MTU Series 4000 16V R54 (TIER 3) diesel engine which develops a total power output of . To date, five SE32C locomotives have been produced with three such models being delivered to the Lancaster and Chester Railroad in November 2022.

Original buyers

See also
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References

External links
  – Official KLW Website
  – Official Road Locomotive Page

C-C locomotives
KLW locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2015
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
EPA Tier 3-compliant locomotives of the United States
Rebuilt locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel. The Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel was founded in 1949 after Glenn L. Martin gave a grant to the University of Maryland, College Park. This grant was used to expand the A. James Clark School of Engineering and build Glenn L. Martin Hall. The tunnel has served many clients over the years, conducting over 2000 tests. The tunnel is a low speed wind tunnel participating in testing ranging from automotive to aviation and more. The current director of the tunnel is Dr. Jewel Barlow . The tunnel is an auxiliary resource to the University of Maryland, generating all necessary income to continue operation of the tunnel. They work primarily with external clients interested in developing products with aerodynamics in mind.

History
The tunnel was built at the University of Maryland after a grant from Glenn L. Martin. The creation of the tunnel was to serve two purposes. First to create a facility where Martin could do testing for his company, Martin Aircraft. The second was to provide a space for students at the university to gain experience and instruction. At time of construction in 1948, the tunnel cost $1.25 Million to build. The tunnel was initially a top secret facility used for government testing. After it was declassified, the facility began working with a wide range of external clients, ranging from Boeing to Ford. During the 1970s, the tunnel aided in the creation of some revolutionary automotive designs. Both the Ford GT40 as well as the original Taurus were designed at the Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel. The GT40 went on to win four 24 Hours of Le Mans races. The Taurus was one of the first production cars designed with aerodynamics as a significant part of the design.

Technical Details

The Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel is the second largest university run tunnel in the United States. It has test section dimensions of 7.75' X 11.04' with corner fillets and a test section area of 85.04 sq. ft. The test section speed ranges from 2 mph to 230 mph. The propeller used has blades modified from that of a B29 Bomber and is driven by a 2250 HP AC synchronous electric motor. The tunnel uses a 6 component external yolk balance to measure the forces and moments acting on models being tested there.

References

Wind tunnels
University of Maryland, College Park facilities
1949 establishments in Maryland
Ladder polymer. In chemistry, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded polymer with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. polyethylene and polysiloxanes, the monomers form two bonds, giving a chain.  In a ladder polymer the monomers are interconnected by four bonds.  Inorganic ladder polymers are found in synthetic and natural settings. Ladder polymers are a special case of cross-linked polymers because the crosslinks exist only with pairs of chains.

According to one definition, a ladder polymer, adjacent rings have two or more atoms in common.

Organic ladder polymers
Organic ladder polymers are of interest because they can exhibit exceptional thermal stabilities and the conformation of the subunits is constrained.  Because they are less flexible, their processing can be challenging. An early example was derived from condensation of the 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene with naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.

Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) is a conjugated ladder polymer. Its backbone is composed of aromatic rings and the ladder structures enable the uninterrupted polymer chains with periodic linkages. However, conjugated ladder polymers additionally contain pi conjugation via strong pi-pi stacking interactions and charge transport. Traditionally, p-typed doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is used as conductive polymers, but BBL doped with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) can provide a n-type doped conductive properties for fabricating high-performance organic electronic devices. BBL's glass transition temperature (Tg) is estimated to be around 500 C based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements.   BBL is stable at higher temperatures. In addition to this, the stress-strain curves of BBL fibers were observed to be very high compared to other semiconductor fibers with a value around 105.8 MPa with the highest BBL polymer concentration.

Inorganic and organometallic ladder polymers
Some polysilicates are ladder polymers.  One example is provided by the mineral tremolite.

In the area of coordination chemistry, the ladder structure is seen in some coordination polymers.  Illustrative is the polymer [CuI(2-picoline]n.  When the 2-picoline is replaced by a tertiary phosphine, it forms a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, [CuI([[PR3]]4 (R = organic group_.  In both cases, the Cu(I) centers adopt tetrahedral molecular geometry.

References

Polymer chemistry