omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Server Base System Architecture. The Server Base System Architecture (SBSA) is a hardware system architecture for servers based on 64-bit ARM processors.

Rationale 

Historically, ARM-based products have often been tailored for specific applications and power profiles.  Variation between ARM-based hardware platforms has been an impediment requiring operating system adjustments for each product.

The SBSA seeks to strengthen the ARM ecosystem by specifying a minimal set of standardized features so that an OS built for this standard platform should function correctly without modification on all hardware products compliant with the specification.

Features 

 CPU features
 Memory management
 Peripheral access
 Interrupts
 Watchdog (errant system detection)

Existing specifications for USB, PCIe, ACPI, TPM, and other standards are incorporated to solidify the specification.

Server Base Boot Requirements 
Firmware issues are addressed separately in the Server Base Boot Requirements (SBBR) specification.

Platform validation 

The Architecture Compliance Suite (ACS) checks whether an environment is compliant with the SBSA specification, and is provided under an Apache 2 open source license.  It is available at https://github.com/ARM-software/sbsa-acs.

Compliance levels 

The specification defines levels of compliance, with level 0 being the most basic, and successive levels building on prior levels.  In the words of the spec, "Unless explicitly stated, all specification items belonging to level N apply to levels greater than N."

Level 0, 1, and 2 

Levels 0, 1, and 2 have been deprecated and folded into level 3.

Level 3 

Level 3 contains base-level specifications for:

 PE (Processing Element--a core) features
 Memory map
 Interrupt controller
 PPI (peripheral interrupt) assignments
 MMU behavior
 Clock and timer subsystem
 Wake up semantics
 Power state semantics
 Watchdogs
 Peripheral subsystems

Level 4 

Extends level 3, e.g. with support for RAS fault recovery extensions of ARMv8.2 spec.

Level 5 

Extends level 4, e.g. with support for stage 2 translation control from hypervisor as specified in ARMv8.4.

Level 6 

Extends level 5, e.g. with support for speculative execution safety features.

Level 7 

Extends level 6, e.g. with support for Arm Memory System Resource Partitioning and Monitoring (MPAM) and Performance Monitoring Unit (PMU) features.

Versions

Initial public version 

Initial public version of the SBSA was announced on January 29, 2014.

SBSA Version 3.0 

SBSA Version 3.0 was released on February 1, 2016.

SBSA Version 5.0 

SBSA Version 5.0 was released on May 30, 2018.

SBSA Version 6.0 

SBSA Version 6.0 was released on September 16, 2019.

SBSA Version 6.1 

SBSA Version 6.1 was released on September 15, 2020.

SBSA Version 7.0 

SBSA Version 7.0 was released on January 31, 2021.

SBSA Version 7.1 

SBSA Version 7.1 was released on October 6, 2022.

See also 

 UEFI
 ACPI

References 

ARM architecture
Computer hardware standards
Water-jet printer. A water-jet printer (or waterjet printer) is a printer that makes use of paper coated with special dyes and ink cartridges filled with water to print paper copies of documents. Using paper treated with oxazolidine, the water jet changes the colour of the chemical to produce a print which fades in about a day, depending on temperature, and the paper can be re-used rather than being disposed of. The print fades away within about 22 hours at temperatures below 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) as the water evaporates.  While the chemical treatment makes the paper slightly more expensive, use of water instead of ink in the printer makes it much cheaper overall,  and the only change needed to the printer is to replace what's in the cartridge.

The technology for water-jet printing was developed by a team of Chinese scientists led by Sean Xiao-An Zhang, a chemistry professor at Jilin University in China.

To create rewritable paper the researchers used four oxazolidines. Some of the isomers of these oxazolidines are colourless in the absence of water but when the paper is wetted, the water changes the dyes’ absorption of visible light. The exact wavelengths absorbed vary with the compound used, which allows printing in a variety of colours. The rewriteable paper was made by first coating ordinary paper with a layer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prevent it reacting with the dye, before a second layer of PEG containing the chosen dye was laid on top. Finally, another layer of PEG was added to prevent the dye absorbing water from the air or, conversely, losing water too quickly. The team used a commercial inkjet printer and a cartridge filled with water to print trial documents.  The printed page is dry to the touch and the print can be rapidly ‘erased’ by heating it to 70 °C. The print remained legible for around 22 hours before evaporation wiped the page clean. Paper prepared in this way can be printed on and then erased more than 50 times.

References

Computer printers
Non-impact printing
Office equipment
Caratheodory-π solution. A Carathéodory- solution is a generalized solution to an ordinary differential equation. The concept is due to I. Michael Ross  and named in honor of Constantin Carathéodory.  Its practicality was demonstrated in 2008 by Ross et al.  in a laboratory implementation of the concept. The concept is most useful for implementing feedback controls, particularly those generated by an application of Ross' pseudospectral optimal control theory.

Mathematical background
A Carathéodory- solution addresses the fundamental problem of defining a solution to a differential equation,

when g(x,t) is not differentiable with respect to x. Such problems arise quite naturally in defining the meaning of a solution to a controlled differential equation,

when the control, u, is given by a feedback law,

where the function k(x,t) may be non-smooth with respect to x. Non-smooth feedback controls arise quite often in the study of optimal feedback controls and have been the subject of extensive study going back to the 1960s.

Ross' concept
An ordinary differential equation,

is equivalent to a controlled differential equation,

with feedback control,
. Then, given an initial value problem, Ross partitions the time interval  to  a grid,    with . From  to , generate a control trajectory,

to the controlled differential equation,

A Carathéodory solution exists for the above equation because  has discontinuities at most in t, the independent variable. At , set  and restart
the system with ,

Continuing in this manner, the Carathéodory segments are stitched together to form a Carathéodory- solution.

Engineering applications
A Carathéodory- solution can be applied towards the practical stabilization of a control system. It has been used to stabilize an inverted pendulum, control and optimize the motion of robots, slew and control the NPSAT1 spacecraft and produce guidance commands for low-thrust space missions.

See also
Ross' π lemma

References

Ordinary differential equations
Optimal control
Torleif Aasgaard. Torleif Aasgaard (29 April 1888 – 20 June 1953) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of Carl Johan Johnsen Aasgaard (1854–1929) and Anna Marie Jensen. He was a younger brother of judge Reidar Aasgaard. In 1914 he married teacher's daughter Alette Hesselberg.

He finished his secondary education in 1906 and graduated from Kristiania Technical School in 1909. He then spent some time in England and Germany to study the steel industry. His father owned and led the metal manufacturing company C. Geijer & Co, and Torleif Aasgaard was hired as manager in 1911. He later took over the company, as chief executive and chairman. Leadership was passed on to Tor and Iver Aasgaard in 1952.

He played football for SFK Lyn, and later chaired the club. He served as the first chairman of Oslo District Association of Skiing. He was also a board member of Jern- og Metallvarefabrikantenes Landsforening from 1939 to 1948. He died in June 1953 and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

References

1888 births
1953 deaths
Businesspeople from Oslo
Norwegian sports executives and administrators
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
Busch-Sulzer. The Busch-Sulzer Bros. Diesel Engine Company was founded by Adolphus Busch of the Anheuser-Busch brewing company in 1911 as a joint venture with Sulzer Brothers of Switzerland. The company manufactured diesel engines until 1946.

In 1897, Adolphus Busch acquired rights to build diesel engines in the United States, with Rudolph Diesel as a consultant. The first companies resulting from this were the Diesel Motor Company (1898–1902) of New York City and the American Diesel Engine Company (1902–1911), which relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 1908 and was succeeded by Busch-Sulzer. Although Busch acquired the rights to build Sulzer designs with the formation of Busch-Sulzer, the American joint venture preferred its own designs. The first submarines with Busch-Sulzer engines were the United States L-class submarines L-5 through L-8, designed by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company and launched 1916–17. Busch-Sulzer continued to produce engines for the US Navy and other customers through World War II, after which its assets were sold to the Nordberg Manufacturing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Then-Lieutenant (and future Admiral) Chester W. Nimitz studied Diesel engines in Germany for the United States Navy in 1913. Busch-Sulzer tried to hire him, but he turned them down.

References

 Busch-Sulzer-powered locomotives in the US

Manufacturing companies established in 1911
1911 establishments in Missouri
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Missouri
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Missouri
Malaysian Airline System Flight 684. Malaysian Airline System Flight 684 (MH684/MAS684) was a scheduled international passenger flight of Malaysian Airline System (now Malaysia Airlines) from Singapore Changi Airport in Singapore to Subang International Airport, in Subang (near Kuala Lumpur), Malaysia. On 18 December 1983, the Airbus A300B4-120 operating the flight crashed  short of the runway while landing at Subang International Airport. There were no fatalities among the 247 occupants.

Aircraft 
The aircraft involved was an Airbus A300B4-120, MSN 122, registered as OY-KAA, which was manufactured by Airbus Industrie in 1980. It had logged approximately 3907 airframe hours and was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney JT9D-59A engines.

Accident 
Malaysian Airline System Flight 684 departed Singapore Changi Airport on 18 December 1983 at 18:53 local time. As the flight approached Subang International Airport (now Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport) in Subang, Selangor, Malaysia at 19:20 local time, it was cleared for an instrument landing despite poor runway visibility of  due to rain. Airline policy required visibility of at least , but the pilot assumed control from the first officer and began his descent. Furthermore, the air crew did not turn on the Instrument Landing System on the aircraft due to increased workload which was exacerbated further due to the different cockpit switch configuration between the A300 owned by Malaysian Airline System and that of the crashed aircraft, which was on lease from Scandinavian Airlines System.

The altimeter warning sounded and within 30 seconds the aircraft struck trees  short of the runway. The plane slid along the ground for , skipped for , and finally struck a stream embankment where it slid another  before coming to a rest. The aircraft was still  short of the runway and had lost its landing gear and both of its engines. All 247 occupants managed to evacuate before the fire destroyed the aircraft. The accident was the second hull loss of an Airbus A300.

Probable cause
The probable cause was ascribed to pilot error in not monitoring descent rate during approach in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and continuing an approach below company minima without sighting the runway.

References

External links
 Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network

Malaysian Airline System 684
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
1983 in Malaysia
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1983
Aviation accidents and incidents in Malaysia
684
1980s in Kuala Lumpur
December 1983 events in Asia
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Lakester. A Lakester is a car with a streamlined body but with four exposed wheels. It is most often made out of a modified aircraft drop tank. The main attraction is the drop tank's excellent aerodynamics due to it being streamlined for its original use on aircraft. Building lakesters became popular after World War II when surplus drop tanks were available cheaply.

History 
During the late 1940s Bill Burke of the So-Cal Speed Shop built the first "Lakester" from a surplus aircraft drop tank.  
The idea of using a tank as an aerodynamic car body came to Burke when he saw some drop tanks on a barge being taken ashore at Guadalcanal.
Burke recalls thinking, "My god, what a beautiful piece of streamlining that is!" 
With a tape measure, Burke went aboard and measured one of the tanks. He knew the 
dimensions of a Ford rear end and engine block, and he could see that the automotive components would fit.

Production
After World War II, surplus tanks were sold for $35 or $40 apiece, and hundreds of them were stockpiled in surplus yards.
Burke's first Lakester was created from a 168-gallon tank used on the P-51 Mustang.
However, with experience it was found that the 315-gallon tank used on the P-38 Lightning was more practical due to its greater size. The tanks consisted of two halves bolted together, however since the top half had fuel openings and all the necessary hardware to fasten it to the aircraft, usually only two bottom halves were used to create a Lakester.

Racing
The Lakester's first race appearance was at Bonneville Salt Flats. Even today, Lakesters can still be seen racing there.

See also
 Drop tank
 So-Cal Speed Shop

References

External links 
2003 So-Cal Lakester

Vehicles by type
Vehicles
Diimine. Diimines are organic compounds containing two imine (RCH=NR') groups.  Common derivatives are 1,2-diimines and 1,3-diimines.  These compounds are used as ligands, but they are also precursors to other organic compounds.

Preparation
Diimines are prepared by condensation reactions where a dialdehyde or diketone is treated with amine and water is eliminated.  Many are derived from the condensation of 1,2-diketones and dialdehydes with amines, often anilines. The dialdehyde glyoxal is an especially common precursor. Similar methods are used to prepare Schiff bases and oximes.

1,2-Diimines

The 1,2-diimines are also called α-diimines and 1,4-diazabutadienes.  An example is glyoxal-bis(mesitylimine), a yellow solid that is synthesized by condensation of 2,4,6-trimethylaniline and glyoxal.
2,2'-Bipyridine is a 1,2-diimine.

1,2-Diketimines are “non-innocent ligands”, akin to the dithiolenes.

1,3-Diimines
For example, acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) and a primary alkyl- or arylamine will react, typically in acidified ethanol, to form a diketimine.  1,3-Diketimines are often referred to as HNacNac, a modification of the abbreviation Hacac for the conjugate acid of acetylacetone. These species form bidentate anionic ligands.

Uses
Substituted α-diimine ligands are useful in the preparation of post-metallocene catalysts, which are used for the polymerization of alkenes.

1,2-Diimines are precursors to NHC ligands by condensation with formaldehyde.  

Reduction of 1,2-diimines gives diamines.

References

Imines
Ligands
Chemical Engineering Science. Chemical Engineering Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of chemical engineering. It is published by Elsevier and was established in 1951. The editor-in-chief is A.P.J. Middelberg (University of Queensland).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 3.871.

References

External links

Chemical engineering journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1951
Semi-monthly journals
English-language journals
J.U.L.I.A.. J.U.L.I.A. is a 2012 indie video game developed by CBE Software. It is an adventure game with a heavy emphasis on puzzles, mini-games and menu-based interfaces. The game is set in 2430 when a scientific expedition is sent to a distant star system.

Story
The game centers on three characters – Astrobiologist Rachel Manners, the ship's artificially intelligent computer J.U.L.I.A. and a remote-controlled landing craft MOBOT. Rachel is awakened by J.U.L.I.A. from cryogenic sleep and finds out that other members of the expedition are dead. She starts to investigate what happened. It takes her all over the solar system. She is helped by MOBOT who provides an exploration on planets and by J.U.L.I.A. who helps her with multiple puzzles.

Reception
The game received mixed reviews from critics who praised the story, puzzles, graphics and music, but criticized its gameplay, which many found boring.

The game earned two Aggie Awards nominations in 2012. It was nominated in category for the best character (for character of MOBOT) and the best gameplay. It won neither.

Related games
A spin-off game, J.U.L.I.A. Untold, was later released. The game starts with discovering a partially destroyed backup database.

Developers later started to work on J.U.L.I.A. Among the Stars. It was originally planned to be the Enhanced Edition of the game but thanks to success on Indiegogo, it became a remake with  much different gameplay and story. The release date was 12 October 2014.

References

External links
 CBE Software site

2012 video games
Adventure games
CBE Software games
Indie games
Linux games
MacOS games
Puzzle video games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
Video games featuring female protagonists
Windows games
Ethylidene diacetate. Ethylidene diacetate is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CO2)2CHCH3. A colorless low-melting solid, it once served as a precursor to vinyl acetate.

Preparation
A major industrial route involves the reaction of acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride in the presence of a ferric chloride catalyst:
CH3CHO  +  (CH3CO)2O →  (CH3CO2)2CHCH3

It can be converted to the valuable monomer vinyl acetate by thermal elimination of acetic acid:
(CH3CO2)2CHCH3   →   CH3CO2CH=CH2  +  CH3CO2H

References

Acetate esters
Aerospace Data Facility-East. Aerospace Data Facility-East (ADF-E), also known as Area 58 and formerly known as Defense Communications Electronics Evaluation and Testing Activity (DCEETA), is one of three satellite ground stations operated by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) in the continental United States. Located within Fort Belvoir, Virginia, the facility is responsible for the command and control of reconnaissance satellites involved in the collection of intelligence information and for the dissemination of that intelligence to other U.S. government agencies.

Function 
ADF East is co-located with elements of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the agency responsible for the operation of the U.S. space-based imagery constellation. Authors James Bamford and Jeffrey Richelson report that the site manages the KH-11 imagery spacecraft and the Lacrosse radar imaging spacecraft. NASA engineer Ken Young, who visited the site as part of a plan for KH-11 to photograph STS-1, described its equipment as far more sophisticated than at his agency.

History

First use 
The first documented use of material downloaded at ADF East was on January 21, 1977, when the acting director of Central Intelligence E. Henry Knoche delivered reconnaissance satellite photographs that had been downloaded at ADF East to U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Y2K 
On the morning of January 1, 2000, ADF East experienced a technical glitch caused by the Y2K bug, which resulted in the facility being temporarily unable to capture any more than 70 percent of its planned imagery satellite coverage. At a press conference on January 4, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre stated, "The problem wasn't with the satellite system – they were under positive control at all times. The problem was on the ground in the processing station."

Declassification 

On October 15, 2008, the NRO declassified its three Mission Ground Stations: ADF-East, ADF-Colorado, and ADF-Southwest.

List of commanders

 Col B. Edwin Wilson, September 2006 – April 2008
 Col Anthony J. Cotton, April 2008 – July 2019
 Col Todd J. Benson, July 2019 – July 2021
 Col Nicholas Martin

See also
 Aerospace Data Facility-Colorado
 Aerospace Data Facility-Southwest
 Pine Gap
 RAF Menwith Hill
 Spy satellite

References

Further reading

1977 establishments in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Fairfax County, Virginia
Military installations of the United States
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
Mega Builders. Mega Builders is a documentary television series appearing on the Discovery Channel and Science Channel. Each episode takes a look into the people and the machines involved into the construction of many huge engineering projects.

Discovery Channel Taiwan broadcast a version of the series in 2022 that covered how the residential high-rise building Tao Zhu Yin Yuan was built over 11 years.

Episode list

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

Season 4

Season 5

Reception
Noting that the show covers the Bhumibol Bridge, Gotthard Base Tunnel, and North American and Madrid initiatives to reduce traffic congestion, The Daily Telegraphs Kirsty Heysen said, "This great series some of these hugely ambitious undertakings." Brad Newsome of The Age praised the show, writing, "It's not your average construction-telly yawn tonight as we follow the annual building of Sweden's famed ice hotel." The Sunday Mail stated, "Colourful characters and bigger-than Ben Hur projects fill this latest series about the world's largest and most mind-boggling engineering challenges." The Brazilian newspaper  wrote that Mega Builders "is quite enlightening about the reasons why Rio de Janeiro, the Olympic city, is currently left without any good-quality stadium in working order".

See also 
Extreme Engineering
Megastructures (TV series)
Ultimate Factories

References

External links
 
 

Engineering projects
Discovery Channel (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Documentary television series about industry
Construction in the United States
Channel 5 (British TV channel) documentary series
2005 Canadian television series debuts
2010 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian documentary television series
William F. Ballhaus Sr.. William F. Ballhaus Sr. (1918 – August 16, 2013) was an engineer who worked in the field of aircraft and manufacturing. He was educated at Stanford University and California Institute of Technology. He was employed at various posts in aircraft design and manufacture at Douglas, Convair, and Northrop (chief engineer). In 1965, he was appointed president of Beckman Instruments, where he gradually converted the manufacturing focus from defense to medical instruments. Ballhaus had a keen interest in economics, particularly in the relationship between tax policy and growth, and played a role in the lowering of capital gains taxes  by Congress in 1978. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1973 and, with the election of his son, William F. Ballhaus Jr., to the same institution, they became the first father-son members of NAE.

References

External links
National Academy of Engineering member page
William F. Ballhaus Prize at California Institute of Technology

2013 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
1918 births