omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biodilution. Biodilution, sometimes referred to as bloom dilution, is the decrease in concentration of an element or pollutant with an increase in trophic level. This effect is primarily observed during algal blooms whereby an increase in algal biomass reduces the concentration of pollutants in organisms higher up in the food chain, like zooplankton or daphnia.

The primary elements and pollutants of concern are heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and lead. These toxins have been shown to bioaccumulate up a food web. In some cases, metals, such as mercury, can biomagnify. This is a major concern since methylmercury, the most toxic mercury species, can be found in high concentrations in human-consumed fish and other aquatic organisms.

Numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zooplankton found in eutrophic (nutrient-rich and highly productive) as compared to oligotrophic (low nutrient) aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) reduce the input of mercury, and other heavy metals, into aquatic food webs through this biodilution effect. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells. The higher the population of phytoplankton, the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells. Once consumed by primary consumers, such as zooplankton, these phytoplankton-bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer’s cells. Higher phytoplankton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zooplankton, and so on up the food web. This effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web. That is, the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zooplankton than the phytoplankton in a high bloom condition.

Although most biodilution studies have been on freshwater environments, biodilution has been shown to occur in the marine environment as well. The Northwater Polynya, located in Baffin Bay, was found to have a negative correlation of cadmium, lead, and nickel with an increase in trophic level Cadmium and lead are both non-essential metals that will compete for calcium within an organism, which is detrimental for organism growth.

Most studies measure bioaccumulation and biodilution using the δ15N isotope of nitrogen.  The δ15N isotopic signature is enriched up the food web. A predator will have a higher δ15N as compared to its prey. This trend allows the trophic position of an organism to be derived. Coupled to the concentration of a specific pollutant, such as mercury, the concentration verses trophic position can be accessed.

While most heavy metals bioaccumulate, under certain conditions, heavy metals and organic pollutants have the potential to biodilute, making a higher organism less exposed to the toxin.

References 

Ecology terminology
Pollutants
GTRI Cyber Technology and Information Security Laboratory. The Cybersecurity, Information Protection, and Hardware Evaluation Research Laboratory (CIPHER) is one of eight labs in the Georgia Tech Research Institute. It was created on October 1, 2010 and focuses on cyber security. Along with the GTRI Information and Communications Laboratory, it is part of the Information and Cyber Sciences directorate. GTRI CIPHER is known for its commitment to Open Source Software It will feature existing business areas such as secure information systems and resilient command and control with emerging areas such as cyberwarfare. The laboratory will additionally be a part of the Georgia Tech Information Security Center.

References

External links
 CIPHER official website

CIPHER
Computer security organizations
Ortman key. An Ortman key is a coupling device used to secure two adjacent cylindrical segments of a pressure vessel common in tactical rocket motors.  An Ortman key is made of elongated rectangular metal bar stock, such as steel, and is inserted into juxtaposed annular grooves around the circumference of the mating parts.  The Ortman key assembly is used in high-pressure applications where packaging, strength and mass are important.

The Edmund key is a common variant of the Ortman key which is similar except has a feature added to the end of the key to aid in extraction of the key from the assembly.

References 

Google Patent Search Ortman Key G. Nathan 1961
Google Patent Search Rocket Motor 1961

Joinery
Mechanical engineering
Structural engineering
Edmund key. The Edmund key is a variant of the Ortman Key. It is a coupling device used to secure two adjacent cylindrical segments of a pressure vessel common in tactical rocket motors.  The key is made of elongated rectangular metal bar stock, such as steel, and is inserted into juxtaposed annular grooves around the circumference of the mating parts.  An Edmund key also provides a feature at the end of the key to allow the key to be extracted from the groove for disassembly.

Sources 

Patent number: 6729004 Nov 13, 2002

Joinery
Mechanical engineering
Structural engineering
Christopher Abad. Christopher Abad is an American hacker, museum curator, artist, network engineer and programmer. He is best known for his qualitative analysis of specialization stratification in the underground economies related to computer crime.

Academic publication and mainstream news coverage
While at UCLA, Abad discovered a method by which collisions in the hash function used in Internet Protocol datagrams may be leveraged to enable covert channel communications. His discovery was a centerpiece of covert communications methodology and was the primary citation for an Association for Computing Machinery paper on covert channel detection and another on a similar technique using TCP timestamps, the two most well-cited and widely republished papers on the subject.

In 2005 while working at Cloudmark, Abad spent six months examining the phishing underworld from the inside. Abad discovered that phishers were using IRC channels in order to trade personal information. He stalked and collected messages from thirteen chat rooms phishers use. Whereas past phishing researchers believed that phishing was coordinated by highly organized criminals, Abad discovered that phishing rings were decentralized. Abad published his findings in First Monday. This paper was the first examination of how the economy of phishing agents functioned, and highlighted the high degree of specialization within the economy.

20 GOTO 10
Abad was the founder and owner of 20 GOTO 10 (2008–2012), a former gallery which caters not only to fine art, but to "hacker" art, with an emphasis on technology as art, or exhibits which make the potentially criminal or unethical aspects of computer security accessible to the public. The gallery received many favorable reviews coverage for its airing of art related to the computer underground, including ANSI and 3D art.

References

American computer programmers
Hackers
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cybercrime
DynaRoad. DynaRoad is a project management software for heavy civil engineering projects. It is used for planning the mass hauls of an earthworks project, creating a construction schedule, and monitoring the progress of the project.

The program's development started in 1999, when Finnish earthworks contractors, the Construction Economics Lab of Helsinki University of Technology and the DynaRoad company started developing a new project management and earthmoving software. The program has been used in road projects between 3 and 60 km in length, such as the E18 Muurla-Lohja motorway in Finland and the E4 road in Hudiksvall, Sweden.

Features
The software has a Windows graphical user interface and it includes views such as the Gantt chart, resource graph, mass haul diagram, map view, time distance chart and text reports. The time-location method has strengths compared to Gantt charts and traditional scheduling. The map view indicates live tasks at any moment using different colors. For cut and fill operations, a haul plan based on quantities, bulking factors, possible haul routes and production rates can be calculated automatically.

Competition
LinearPlus and TILOS are examples of other software for linear scheduling.

Scetauroute Masster is a software used in France for mass haul optimization.

Microsoft Project and Primavera are popular project management software in the construction industry.

See also
Comparison of project management software
Civil engineering software

References

External links

Business software for Windows
Windows-only proprietary software
Project management software

Topcon blog on earthworks project management
Kirala Kelle wetlands. The Kirila Kelle wetlands are found a short distance inland from the southern Sri Lankan city of Matara. The wetlands are a part of the Nilwala River basin. They comprise some 750 acres of wetlands. Canals were built by Portuguese Colonialists to mitigate flooding of the Nilwala river into Matara township and aid in the cropping of a further surrounding 6000 acres of rice and other farming. A failed attempt at flood mitigation in the early 1990s has meant that the once arable 6000 acres has now become un-farmable. This reduction in historically arable land has resulted in widespread poverty and associated social and environmental problems for some 35,000 people.

The Kirila Kelle Wetlands are the focus for a sustainable Environmental Conservation Community Development program. This is being developed through Ecotourism and community development, by way of a provincial integrated development strategy, that is managed and implemented by the community for the community.

See also
 Muthurajawela wetlands
 Diyasaru Park

References

External links 
 Department of Wildlife Conservation Sri Lanka
 Ministry of Environment Sri lanka

Wetlands of Sri Lanka
Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology. Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology (fr. École des Mines, de l'Industrie et de la Géologie de Niamey, EMIG) is the only Institute of technology in Niger dedicated to the formation of engineers and technicians. EMIG's educational disciplines expend into fields such as mining, geology, mechanical and civil engineering.

EMIG is under the tutelage of the Ministry of Education.  Located on the right bank of the Niger River in Niamey, EMIG was established in 1982 as an international institution from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (fr. Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest). The first students were enrolled in January 1990. In July 1995 EMIG was retro-ceded to the Nigerien government. However EMIG still attracts students from other African countries. In 2010, 13% of EMIG students were foreigners. The current 20 ha campus includes laboratories, student dormitories and a restaurant.

EMIG is a fast-growing higher education institution: from less than 70 students in 1996 to more than 350 in 2010.

See also 

 List of universities in Niger
 Education in Niger

References 

Universities in Niger
Education in Niamey
1982 establishments in Niger
Science and technology in Niger
Universities and colleges established in 1982
Buildings and structures in Niamey
Lohr Fardier. The Lohr Fardier, introduced in 1976, is a French light general purpose 4x4 vehicle, capable of being transported by air, developed by Lohr Industrie for use by airborne troops.

History 
This light 4x4 vehicle was developed by SOFRAMAG (later Lohr Industrie) for the French Army airborne troops, which used 300 of these. Two versions were produced: FL 500 and FL 501, the latter with a 36 hp engine.

France has replaced its FL 500/501 with the Auverland A3F fast attack vehicle; while it can't be assured whether the vehicles supplied to Spain and Tunisia are still in service.

Description 

It has a chassis built of welded tubes, with the cargo area at the back (formed by aluminium panels), the engine in the middle (transversally positioned) and the driver at the front left (protected by a demountable U-shaped safety bar). Each axle has a transmission unit, with coil-spring suspension. Each rear wheel has an independent parking brake, while brakes in all 4 wheels are with discs. The vehicle has a dual lighting system for full lighting or for reduced "convoy" lighting.

The FL 501 can tow up to 800 kg, a typical cargo is a 120 mm mortar. Other loads include communication equipment, general cargo, or up to 2 stretchers.

It can be air transported either by cargo plane or by helicopter:
 A C-130 Hercules or C-160 Transall can carry up to 6 for air-dropping, or up to 12 as general cargo
 A Puma helicopter can carry a FL 500/501 and a 120 mm mortar.

Specifications 

The engine is a Citroen 602cc flat twin. This is the same unit that powered the militarised Citroen Mehari, which was a development of the Dyane engine. All the running gear is from the Citroen A series "family" except for the steering column which is from the H van. The vacuum carburettor limits the speed to about 35 km/h. There is a differential slip limiter worked by belts and levers.

Users

Current 
 Argentina

Former

See also
Luchtmobiel Speciaal Voertuig — Lohr VLA (Véhicule Légère Aeromobile)

References

Bibliography 
 Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics 2009

External links 
 Summary History and Description, Jane's website
 Brief description and walk-around images - Brightwheels Classic Cars website (accessed 2018-01-15)

Military light utility vehicles
Military equipment of Argentina
Military vehicles of France
Airborne fighting vehicles
Semantic analysis (computational). Semantic analysis (computational) within applied linguistics and computer science, is a composite of semantic analysis and computational components. Semantic analysis refers to a formal analysis of meaning, and computational refers to approaches that in principle support effective implementation in digital computers.

See also
 Computational semantics
 Natural language processing
 Semantic analytics
 Semantic analysis (machine learning)
 Semantic Web
 SemEval

References

Further reading
 Chris Fox (2010), "Computational Semantics", In Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and Shalom Lappin, editors. The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 394–428.
 Agirre, Eneko, Lluis Marquez & Richard Wincentowski (2009), "Computational semantic analysis of language: SemEval-2007 and beyond", Language Resources and Evaluation 43(2):97–104

Computational linguistics
Natural language processing
analysis (computational)
Computational fields of study
CubCrafters CC11-100 Sport Cub S2. The Cub Crafters CC11-100 Sport Cub S2 is a high-wing, tandem-seat, conventional landing gear–equipped, tube-and-fabric light-sport aircraft built by Cub Crafters. The aircraft certified to ATSM standards for the FAA's Light Sport Category and was in production as of 2010. The S2 was introduced in 2007 as an improvement to the Sport Cub of 2005.

Design and development
Cub Crafters started business as a heavy maintenance and overhaul shop for classic Piper aircraft. In 1998, Cub Crafters started production of all-new aircraft leading to the Sport Cub built to meet the FAA's Light Sport requirements.

The aircraft follows the same basic design and shape as the Piper Cub. Notable exceptions are a  fully cowled Teledyne Continental engine, an electrical system and a modified USA 35b airfoil from the SuperCub.

Operational history
In 2007, Scott Carson, CEO of Boeing, purchased an S2 for his own personal use.

Variants
CC11-100 Sport Cub
Base model.
Super Sport Cub
Uses engine components from a Lycoming O-340 engine capable of , and derated to .

Specifications (CC11-100 Sport Cub S2)

See also

References

2000s United States sport aircraft
Sport Cub S2
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Mirror Worlds. Mirror Worlds Technologies, Inc., was a company based in New Haven, Connecticut, that created software using ideas from the book Mirror Worlds: or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (1992) by Yale professor David Gelernter, who helped found the company with Eric Freeman and served as chief scientist.

Gelernter believed that computers could free users from being filing clerks, by organizing their data. The company's main product, Scopeware, was released in March 2001 and attempted to organize a user's files into time-based "streams" and make such data more easily accessible across networks and a variety of devices.
The company saw few sales, and announced it would "cease operations effective May 15, 2004."

On March 14, 2008, Mirror Worlds, LLC, of Tyler, Texas (a subsidiary of Plainfield Specialty Holdings I, Inc.), filed suit against Apple, Inc., for patent infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227 in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in Tyler, Texas. The infringement was alleged to occur in the Cover Flow, Time Machine, and Spotlight features found in Mac OS X and iOS software used for many of Apple's products.

On October 4, 2010, a jury awarded Mirror Worlds, LLC, $625.5 million in damages, but Apple appealed the award, citing various legal arguments, and the judge stayed the ruling to allow both parties to submit post-trial arguments. The initial ruling was "the second-biggest jury verdict in 2010, and the fourth-biggest patent verdict in U.S. history", according to Bloomberg News.

On April 4, 2011, "U.S. District Judge Leonard E. Davis of Tyler ruled that Apple did not infringe on (the) patent", and overturned the jury verdict.

On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the appeal by Mirror Worlds, thereby letting stand the district court ruling that Apple didn't infringe on any patents.

On May 9, 2017, Mirror Worlds filed a second patent infringement lawsuit against Facebook, Inc. (later renamed Meta Platforms, Inc.) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227 (the same patent in the previous Texas case against Apple), as well as related U.S. Patent Nos. 7,865,538 and 8,255,439, based primarily on the Facebook "News Feed" and "Timeline" features.  On March 8, 2022, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Facebook/Meta, based on non-infringement of the three asserted patents.  On December 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued a precedential decision affirming the district court's summary judgment ruling.

References

External links
Mirror Worlds, LLC v. Apple, Inc.

Software companies based in Connecticut
Defunct software companies of the United States
C++ Report. C++ Report was a bi-monthly professional computer magazine published by SIGS Publications Group. It was edited by Robert Murray, Stanley B. Lippman, Douglas C. Schmidt, Brad Appleton, Robert Cecil Martin, and Herb Sutter and aimed to cover various issues related to C++ programming language. It was recognized as an important publication related to C++.

Notable contributors 
 Douglas C. Schmidt
 Robert Cecil Martin
 Scott Meyers
 Tom Cargill
 Jim Coplien (a.k.a. James O. Coplien)
 David Abrahams
 Andrew Koenig

References

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
C++
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines disestablished in 2002
Magazines published in New York City
Degesch. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH (), oft shortened to Degesch, was a German chemical corporation which manufactured pesticides. Degesch held the patent on the infamous pesticide Zyklon, a variant of which was used to execute people in the gas chambers of German extermination camps during the Holocaust. Through the firms Tesch & Stabenow GmbH (Testa) and Heerdt-Linger (Heli), Degesch sold the poisonous gas Zyklon B to the German Army and the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Degesch was founded in 1919 as a subsidiary of Degussa. Its first director was Nobel laureate Fritz Haber. In 1936, Degussa and IG Farben each held 42.5% of the shares, while Th. Goldschmidt AG held the remaining 15%. During the years 1938 through 1943, Degesch was extremely profitable. For most of these years, IG Farben received dividends amounting to twice the value of their shares. After the Second World War Degesch continued production. In 1986, the company was sold to Detia Freyberg GmbH; the current name is Detia-Degesch GmbH.

Prosecution 
During the IG Farben trial the director of Degesch, Gerhard Friedrich Peters, implicated himself. He received information by Kurt Gerstein about the murder of people using Zyklon and was informed that the German army needed the gas without the usual additives that were added to warn people by smell of its poisonous nature (the Zyklon B variant).
In 1949, Peters was charged with murder in the court of Frankfurt and convicted and sentenced to five years imprisonment. The conviction was in 1952, legally confirmed in an appeal and set to six years. Peters went to prison but was acquitted in a new appeal in 1953. The law had changed; he was no longer considered guilty in assisting in murder. The chairman of the board of directors from 1939 to 1945, Hermann Schlosser, was arrested in February 1948, and acquitted in April 1948; later he took another job as chairman of the board.

The owner of Tesch & Stabenow, Bruno Tesch, and its director Karl Weinbacher were convicted and sentenced to death by a British tribunal and executed in Hamelin Prison on 16 May 1946. An employee Joachim Drosihn was acquitted.

In 1979, Testa, which was newly founded after the war, merged with Heerdt-Lingler GmbH (HeLi) with the financial participation of Degesch.

See also 
 German re-armament

References 

Chemical companies of Germany
Defunct companies of Germany
Chemical companies established in 1919
1919 establishments in Germany
Companies involved in the Holocaust
GWR 3201 Class. The 3201 or Stella Class was a class of standard gauge  steam locomotive, designed by William Dean and built at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway in 1884 and 1885.

Design
They were part of a standardisation scheme of Dean's, whereby he designed four classes with similar boilers, double frames, and cylinders, but of different wheel layouts. The 3201 class was close in design to the 3501 Class, ten of which were built initially as  "convertibles" for the broad gauge, and numbers 3511 to 3520 built as standard gauge condensing s.

Construction
Initially there were 5 members of the class. The prototype, No.3201, built in December 1884, was immediately sold to the Pembroke and Tenby Railway, who named it Stella. It returned to the GWR in 1896 and retained the nameplates until 1902. Nos. 3202-3205 were constructed in the summer of 1885. Between 1892 and 1895 the class was enlarged to 25 locomotives, as the  broad and standard gauge 2-4-0Ts were all eventually converted to standard gauge tender locomotives. Tabor notes that "... the uniformity was very short-lived, as the class soon acquired a remarkable variety of boilers."

Use
The original Stellas worked in the Bristol division but after the gauge conversion of 1892 all 25 locos were dispatched to Cornwall, where they worked the principal trains west of Newton Abbot until the arrival a few years later of the 3252 or Duke Class. The class then became widely dispersed; by 1915 many were at Chester or Croes Newydd, others at Birmingham or Stourbridge. Later some went to central Wales. Withdrawals took place between 1919 and 1933.

References

3201
2-4-0 locomotives
2-4-0T locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1884
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives