omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Frog thermometer. The frog thermometer or - as the Cimento academicians defined it, the botticino [small-toad] thermometer - contained small glass spheres of different density, which were immersed in alcohol. The device was used as a clinical thermometer, tied to the wrist or the arm of the patient with the head of the frog facing upward. The variations in body temperature were registered by the movement of the spheres. The rise in temperature causes an increase in the volume of the alcohol, reflected in the movement of the small spheres (first the less dense, then the more dense). Because of the spheres' sluggish motion, this thermometer was also called infingardo [slothful, slow]. The invention of this model is attributed to Ferdinand II de' Medici.

See also

References

External links 

Thermometers
Luminous discharge tubes. The luminous discharge tube is part of an electric machine.

Two small tubes, known as "electric serpents" or "fulminating tubes", were popular in the late eighteenth century because of the spectacular effect that they produced in the dark.
The electric snake consists of two glass tubes, one inside the other. On the outside of the inner tube, a series of tin-foil patches are glued at short but equal intervals, forming a helical pattern. The outer tube is fitted with brass collars at both ends, which are in contact with the outermost patches of the helix.
When one end of the tube is held in the hand and the other approaches the prime conductor of an electrical machine, scintillating sparks appear between each of the tin-foil patches, producing a long helix of fire.

References

Bibliography

External links

Gas discharge lamps
Elastic and inelastic collisions apparatus. The elastic and inelastic collisions apparatus is a large apparatus to study elastic and inelastic collisions.

It consists of a large frame carrying two beams from which two rows of six and two wooden balls, respectively, are suspended from pairs of strings. The instrument was often used with two elastic balls (of ivory) or inelastic balls (of wet clay), of equal or different mass. By changing the parameters of the experiments such as height of fall and mass, one could conduct a systematic investigation of collision-related phenomena. For example, when the row of balls is struck by one of the outermost balls, the row of balls remains motionless and the impulse is fully transmitted to the ball at the opposite end, which rebounds. As it falls back, the cycle continues in the opposite direction. This apparatus was illustrated by Jean-Antoine Nollet in Leçons de physique expérimentale (Paris, 1743–1748). In his description, Nollet claims to have merely altered and developed a model previously used by Edme Mariotte. The most sophisticated devices for studying elastic and inelastic collisions were built by Willem Jacob 's Gravesande and Petrus van Musschenbroek.

The instrument is held in the Lorraine collections of the Museo Galileo in Florence.

References

Bibliography

External links 

Machines
Mechanical paradox. The mechanical paradox is an apparatus for studying physical paradoxes. It consists of a trapezoidal veneered wooden frame with two brass rails, and a pair of brass cones joined at their bases by a wooden disk which rests on the rails. When the double cone is placed at the low end of the frame, it automatically starts to roll upward, giving the impression of escaping the universal law of the gravitational force.

The device's unintuitive behavior is due to the fact that the natural motion of bodies depends on that of their center of gravity, which has a natural tendency to descend. Since the rails diverge, the center of gravity of the double cone—when placed on the rotation axis at its maximum diameter—does not rise when the entire body seems to be moving upward; rather, the center is shifting downward. In its travel, the resting-points of the double cone on the rails converge toward its two apexes. As a result, the distance of the center of gravity from the horizontal plane decreases as the double cone rises.

An example of the instrument is held in the Lorraine collections of the Museo Galileo in Florence, Italy.

It was first published by William Leybourne in 1694.

Bibliography

External links 

Machines
Physical paradoxes
Yuichi Motai. Yuichi Motai is a Japanese researcher, professor, and book author. He serves as director of the Sensory Intelligence Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) and as an associate professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Motai is a past professor at University of Vermont; He was a visiting faculty of Air Force Research Lab at Hanscom MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Motai received his Ph.D at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, after completing his MS and BS education in Japan. He is a leader in the fields of Engineering Data. He published four books including Data-variant kernel analysis, published in 2015 by John Wiley & Sons.

Published works

Research
Motai's papers address fundamental and applied problems of sensory intelligence, which relate to specific application domains such as medical imaging, pattern recognition, computer vision, sensory-based robotic and biomedical applications.  The majority of his 39 papers were published in IEEE Transactions, in 1) sensory Intelligence, focused on 2) adaptive prediction and 3) online classification methodologies:
Sensory Intelligence: Fundamentals of robotic vision and data-intensive computing.	
 Adaptive Prediction: Kalman filter bank, Optimized prediction, Time sequences signals.	
 Online Classification: Kernel feature analysis, Neural networks, Deep learning.	
 Radiation Oncology: Medical imaging, 4D Cone beam computed tomography, 4D MRI.
 Radiology: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, Distributed Database Network, Virtual colonoscopy.	
Specific applications such as Radiation Oncology and Radiology were chosen based on his collaborator's expertise.

Teaching
Motai has offered more than 10 different courses. The 4 fields he teaches in are Pattern Recognition, Automatic Control, Dynamic and Multivariable Systems, Signals and Systems I

Motai also taught at the University of Vermont, offering classes in the fields of Sensory-based robotics, Computer vision, and Ubiquitous computing.

Personal life 
Motai has two children, Yamato and Yurika.

See also 
Robotics
Machine Learning
Data Science
Medical Imaging

References

External links 
personal website for Yuichi Motai
Google Scholar page of publications for Yuichi Motai
VCU affiliated webpage for Yuichi Motai
Page for the Sensory Intelligence Lab at VCU
ResearchGate profile page for Yuichi Motai

American information theorists
Virginia Commonwealth University
Living people
Engineers from Virginia
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Purdue University alumni
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
Kyoto University alumni
Virginia Commonwealth University faculty
American biomedical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mathematicians from Virginia
Playment. Playment is an Indian data labeling platform which helps machine learning engineers build high quality ground truth datasets for training and validating machine learning models. It breaks down large problems into micro-tasks and distributes among its large community of trained annotators. It works on the principle of microwork, where a series of small tasks which together comprise a large unified project, and are completed by many people over the Internet.

Annotators can browse through existing tasks and complete them in exchange for points, the points can be further exchanged for vouchers on online e-commerce sites such as Flipkart, Amazon(India) and Paytm.

History 
Playment was founded in August 2015 by Siddharth Mall, Ajinkya Malasane, and Akshay Lal, alumnus of Indian Institute of Technology Kharagapur, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati and Indian Institute of Technology Kharagapur respectively. They worked at Flipkart.com as Senior Business Analysts, and left to create their new company Playment. On July 2, 2016, Playment run by Crowdflux Technology Pvt Ltd raised $700k Seed capital in funding from SAIF Partners

Playment was acquired by TELUS International in July 2021.

Services 

Training Data for Machine Learning, Image annotation & Data labeling for Computer Vision, and more.

See also 
 Amazon Mechanical Turk 
 CrowdFlower

References

Further reading 
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/venture-capital/SAIF-Partners-invests-Rs-4-7-Cr-in-Playment/articleshow/53022130.cms
https://inc42.com/flash-feed/playment-funding/
http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/saif-partners-invests-rs-4-7-cr-in-playment-116070200582_1.html
https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/13/playment-gives-companies-on-demand-workers-to-analyze-data-using-mobile-devices/

External links 
 

Crowdsourcing
Vulcanair Mission. The Vulcanair VF600W Mission is an Italian single-engined utility transport, under development by Vulcanair of Casoria.

Design and development
The Mission is based on the twin-engined Vulcanair Canguro but powered by a single Walter M601F-11 turboprop driving a five-bladed Avia propeller. It is a high-wing braced monoplane with a fixed tricycle landing gear and has seating for 10 to 16 passengers.

The prototype first flew on 4 December 2002. The aircraft was damaged in an incident at Casandrino on 19 December 2003.

In September 2006 VulcanAir's director of sales stated the VF600W was still an active programme, despite delays and a lack of company resources. He indicated that the aircraft was expected to resume test flying in August 2006 after which the company would provide a new estimate of when it would be certified.

In March 2019 the aircraft was not listed on the company website and no company updates had been released.

Specifications (performance estimated)

References

Notes

Sources

Mission
2000s Italian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2002
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
G. A. Mansoori. Gholam Ali Mansoori (born in 1943), G. Ali Mansoori also known as "GA Mansoori" is an Iranian-American scientist known for his research within energy, nanotechnology and thermodynamics. He is a professor at the Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering and also Physics at University of Illinois at Chicago.

Life and education 
Mansoori completed his PhD at the University of Oklahoma in 1969 with a dissertation on "A Variational Approach to the Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties of Simple Liquids and Phase Transitions". Mansoori did post-doctoral work at Rice University.

Career 
Mansoori contributed to over 550 publications including ten books, some of which became text-book references in thermodynamics and nanotechnology. The most cited work he has co-authored is Equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the mixture of hard spheres in The Journal of Chemical Physics in 1971 with more than 2000 citations as of February 2019.

Books
A list of Mansoori's books is:

Mansoori, G.A. and Enayati N., Agyarko L. B. (2015). Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State. World Scientific
Mansoori, G.A. (2015) Principles of Nanotechnology, Molecular-Based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems. World Scientific
Mansoori, G.A., Barros de Araujo Patricia Lopes, Silvano de Araujo, Elmo (2012) Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications in Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology & Petroleum Science. 
Mansoori, G.A. and Haile, J.M. (1983). Molecular-based Study of Fluids (ch. 1: Molecular Study of Fluids: A Historical Survey, pgs. 1-28). 
Mansoori, G.A. and Chom, Larry G. (1988). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. I: C7+ Fraction Characterization. New York: Taylor & Francis Pub. Co., 
Mansoori, G.A. and Matteoli, E. (1990). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. II: Fluctuation Theory of Mixtures. Taylor & Francis.
Mansoori, G.A., Sieniutycz, S. and Salamon, P. (1990). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. III: Nonequilibrium Theory and Extremum Principles. Taylor & Francis.
Mansoori, G.A. and Hoffman, E.J. (1991). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. V: Analytic Thermodynamics. Taylor & Francis.
Mansoori, G.A., Sieniutycz, S. and Salamon, P. (1992). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. VI: Diffusion and rate Processes. Taylor & Francis.
Mansoori, G.A., Sieniutycz, S. and Salamon, P. (1992). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. VII: Extended Thermodynamic Systems. Taylor & Francis.

References

External links
 Professor's Mansoori webpage on UIC

1943 births
Living people
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Iranian expatriate academics
Academics from Chicago
University of Oklahoma alumni
Rice University alumni
Thermodynamicists
American nanotechnologists
Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area. The Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area () is an environmental protection area in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

Location

The Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area (APA) covers parts of the municipalities of Ubaíra, Jiquiriçá, Teolândia, Wenceslau Guimarães, Nilo Peçanha, Taperoá, Cairu and Valença.
It has an estimated area of .
It covers an area to the south of Salvador along the Atlantic Coast, extending inland and including the Wenceslau Guimarães Ecological Station.
It adjoins the Baía de Camamu Environmental Protection Area to the south.

Environment

The APA is in the Atlantic Forest biome.
Vegetation includes restinga and mangroves along the coast and rainforest in the interior, rising to montane forest.
Fauna includes a wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles and so on, including endangered species such as the southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), sloth, coati and black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata).
The main threats are deforestation, poaching and squatting in the area of permanent preservation.

History

The Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area was created by state governor decree 8.552 of 5 June 2003.
It was to be administered by the Superintendency for Forest Development and Conservation Units (SFC).
The purpose was to maintain the environmental quality of the territory it covered and to act as a buffer zone for the Wenceslau Guimarães Ecological Station.
It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.

Notes

Sources

Environmental protection areas of Brazil
Protected areas of Bahia
2003 establishments in Brazil
Cyber risk quantification. Cyber risk quantification involves the application of risk quantification techniques to an organization's cybersecurity risk.  Cyber risk quantification is the process of evaluating the cyber risks that have been identified and then validating, measuring and analyzing the available cyber data using mathematical modeling techniques to accurately represent the organization's cybersecurity environment in a manner that can be used to make informed cybersecurity infrastructure investment and risk transfer decisions.  Cyber risk quantification is a supporting activity to cybersecurity risk management; cybersecurity risk management is a component of enterprise risk management and is especially important in organizations and enterprises that are highly dependent upon their information technology (IT) networks and systems for their business operations.

One method of quantifying cyber risk is the value-at-risk (VaR) method that is discussed at the January 2015 World Economic Forum meeting.  At this meeting, VaR was studied and researched and deemed to be a viable method of quantifying cyber risk.

Practical Implementations 
Cyber risk quantification has been used in a variety of practical applications, including: 

 Cyber insurance 
 Cyber Security Return on Investment 
 Software Mitigation Costs 
 Cybersecurity risk assessments

Mathematical definition
The mathematical definition of Cyber-Risk is as follows:
 Cyber-Risk = 1 - Cyber-Confidence

'Cyber-Confidence' is / are the actual executed tests which have passed. This value can be converted to a statistical probability & the associated Cyber-Risk calculated:
 Example-1: 'A certain number' of tests have been executed & passed. Let's imagine that it yields a Defect-Free Confidence of 97.43%. Answer: Cyber-Risk = 2.57%.
 Example-2: All 65,536 TCP ports & 65,536 UDP ports are confirmed to be dead or inactive on an asset; how resistant to penetration is it ? Answer: Cyber-Confidence = 99.83%, Cyber-Risk = 0.17%
Typically, this form of Cyber-Confidence &/or Cyber-Risk estimation is termed Testimation because:
 It can be applied to estimate the number of tests required for any desired level of Cyber-Confidence
 It can be applied to estimate the Cyber-Confidence (& Cyber-Risk) based upon the number of tests which have actually been executed & passed

See also
 Center for Internet Security
 Factor analysis of information risk
 Gordon–Loeb model
 ISO/IEC 27001
 ISO/IEC 27002
 NIST Cybersecurity Framework

References

External links
 World Economic Forum: Partnering for Cyber Resilience - Towards the Quantification of Cyber Threats

Risk management
Computer security
Risk analysis
Computational knowledge economy. The computational knowledge economy is an economy 'where value is derived from the automated generation of knowledge.

The term was coined by Conrad Wolfram to describe the extension to the knowledge economy caused by ubiquitous access to automated computation. Wolfram argues "The value- chain of knowledge is shifting. The question is not whether you have knowledge but know how to compute new knowledge from it, almost always applying computing power to help."

Impact on education
It has been argued that the skills needed by the computational knowledge economy are radically different, needing an emphasis on coding, math and computational thinking. In his book  Education in the Creative Economy  Daniel Araya has argued that "as this "computational knowledge economy expands and matures, it is facilitating deep structural changes in the U.S. labor force"

Projects such as Computer-Based Math are attempting to rethink school curricula to prepare for the computational knowledge economy

See also

Digital economy
Information economy
Smart city
Internet economy
Knowledge market
Knowledge organization
Knowledge Revolution
Knowledge tagging
Knowledge value chain
Learning economy
Network economy
Productivity improving technologies (historical)

References

Knowledge economy
Anji Khad Bridge. The Anji Khad bridge is a cable-stayed bridge connecting the Katra and Reasi sections of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla-Rail-Link (USBRL) in the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

The bridge lies south of the Chenab Bridge, near Reasi, where the railway line crosses the deep chasm ('Khad' in Hindi) of the Anji River. It is India's first cable-stayed railway bridge. It has been built by Hindustan Construction Company, and is widely regarded as an engineering marvel of modern India.

History

Arch Bridge design proposal: rejected 
The Anji Khad bridge was initially proposed to be an arch bridge. It was designed as a long steel arches span bridge. Its total length was to be , with a main arch span of , and a deck height of . Quality aspects, construction standards, indigenous materials, and the painting scheme were proposed to be similar to the Chenab Bridge. Later, a committee headed by a former railway board chairman recommended that the location was not suitable for an arch bridge. In particular, the unstable geology of the Himalayan mountains 
combined with the steepness of the sides of the gorge made an arch bridge impractical.

Cable-stayed bridge design proposal: accepted 
In October 2016, Indian Railways decided to build a cable-stayed bridge at
Anji Khad,

with a striking asymmetrical design supported by 96 cables anchored to a single pylon on the Reasi side, of height 193 m from its foundation.

The initial cost of the project was set at ₹458 crore.
As per the design, the bridge connects tunnels T34 and T35 on the Katra and Reasi sides respectively. It has  a 290 meter main span at a height of 331 m above the riverbed.
The main section has a length 473.25 meters out of a total length of over 1,300 meters, with a 120 meter long viaduct.

Status updates
 January 2017: [ITALFER] to construct cable-stayed Anji Khad Bridge. The work is planned to be completed in 36 months.

 March 2021: The construction of the single pylon to which the cables will be anchored is completed.

 January 2022: It is now proposed that the bridge will be completed within a year, i.e. by December 2022.

 April 2023: All 96 cables have been attached, and the bridge stands nearly completed with associated track laying and fine tuning work to be completed in the following few months. 

August 2023: A trial run was successfully completed.

December 2024: In anticipation of the commissioning of the railway line in early 2025, load testing of the bridge was performed, by moving a heavily loaded goods train onto the bridge, along with heavily loaded trucks onto the parallel service roadway on the bridge.

January 2025: Speed trials up to 110 kmph were carried out on the bridge on Jan. 8, 2025.

See also
 
 
 Chenab Bridge

References

Deck arch bridges
Bridges under construction
Railway bridges in India
Bridges in Jammu and Kashmir
Bridges over the Chenab River
Reasi district
India
SeaBubbles. SeaBubbles is a startup created by Alain Thébault and Anders Bringdal in 2016. They design and manufacture electric boats, called hydrofoils the size of small cars. It is proposed they could be used as water taxis in cities.

History

Founded by Alain Thébault, designer of the world record breaking Hydroptère, who conceived the idea and Anders Bringdal, a four-time windsurfing world champion. They brought together in France a team with skills in hydrodynamic designing. Finalizing a design in 2016 for a five-person SeaBubbles water taxi.

After testing a ⅛ scale prototype, in July 2016 they raised capital of €500,000 to fund the next stage. Full size prototypes were built and tested on the Seine in Paris in 2017, operating between two landing stages. , 40 units had been ordered.

Design
Designed to operate in a no-wake zone, the SeaBubbles rises after a few meters and reaches a speed of , on four skids. This reduces water drag by 40% and increases efficiency,  allowing speeds of up to a potential .

The SeaBubble is powered by two electrically driven propellers attached to the rear skids. The electric power is replenished at the landing stage by using a mixture of solar panels and turbines to charge the batteries.

A full size prototype was tested in March 2017 Prototype test.

Eco friendly

The Bubble is silent and as it makes no wake, it will not erode river banks. It uses electricity thus it has no emission on the trip.

References

External links
 

S
Shipping and the environment
Boat types
Weir formula. The Weir formula is a formula used in indirect calorimetry, relating metabolic rate to oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. According to original source, it says:

Metabolic rate (kcal per day) = 1.440 (3.9 VO2 + 1.1 VCO2)

where VO2 is oxygen consumption in litres per minute and VCO2 is the rate of carbon dioxide production in litres per minute. 
The formula can also be written for units of calories per day where VO2 is oxygen consumption expressed in millilitres per minute and VCO2 is the rate of carbon dioxide production in millilitres per minute.

Another source gives

Energy (kcal/min) = (respiration in L/min times change in percentage oxygen) / 20

This corresponds to:

Metabolic rate (cal per minute) = 5 (VO2 in mL/min)

References

Further reading

Calorimetry