omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NIAI SKh-1. The Skh-1 (SyelskolKhozyaistyennyi - agricultural), (a.k.a. LIG-10 (Leningradskii Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota-  Leningrad Institute civil air fleet)), was a transport/utility aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1936.

Development 
In 1930 the LIIPS ( - Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( - training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

The SKh-1 utility transport was designed by Anatolii Georgievich Bedunkovich as a multi-purpose utility transport biplane of mixed construction with wooden folding wings, fitted with slotted ailerons and flaps on all four trailing edges, a welded mild steel tubing fuselage and wooden tail-section with fabric covering. A fixed wide track tail-wheel undercarriage ensured stability when manoeuvring on the ground and for take-off and landing. The cabin accommodated eight, as a passenger transport, or four stretchers plus attendants in casevac (casualty evacuation), 690 kg of cargo or 600 kg of agricultural chemical powder with a ventral spreader. Flight testing was begun in 1937 and continued throughout the Finnish war from 1939-1940 in seed sowing, casevac and other roles. Production was authorised early in 1941 but the GAZ chosen to produce the Skh-1 was evacuated after the German invasion of 1941 (Operation Barbarossa). Although regarded by some as the ancestor of the An-2 the SKh-1/LIG-10 was not directly related to the later aircraft despite the prototype An-2 also carrying the SKh-1 designation.

Specifications ( SKh-1)

See also
 List of aircraft

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet civil utility aircraft
NIAI aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Intel Inspector. Intel Inspector (previously known as Intel Thread Checker) is a memory and thread checking and debugging tool to increase the reliability, security, and accuracy of C/C++ and Fortran applications.
 Reliability: Find deadlocks and memory errors that cause lockups & crashes
 Security: Find memory and threading vulnerabilities used by hackers
 Accuracy: Identify memory corruption and race conditions to eliminate erroneous results

The nondeterministic nature of threading errors makes it hard to reproduce. Intel Inspector detects and locates threading errors that include race conditions, deadlocks, depth configurable call stack analysis, diagnostic guidance, built-in knowledge of Threading Building Blocks (TBB), OpenMP, and POSIX or Win32 threads. 

Memory checking includes  memory leaks, dangling pointers, uninitialized variables, use of invalid memory references, mismatched memory, allocation and deallocation, stack memory checks, and stack trace with controllable stack trace depth. Intel Inspector finds these errors and integrates with a debugger to identify the associated issues. It also diagnoses memory growth and locates the call stack causing it.  

Intel Inspector has integration with debuggers (Microsoft VS debugger, GDB) so that Inspector automatically detects an error and places a debugger breakpoint at the problematic code location, allowing the user to investigate the details in a debugger.  

The tool also detects persistent memory errors. 3D XPoint is a new emerging persistent memory technology for the data centers. Inspector detects persistent memory errors such as redundant cache flushes, memory fences, out-of-order persistent memory stores, incorrect undo logging etc.   

Intel Inspector is available for free as a stand-alone tool, as part of Intel oneAPI HPC and IoT Toolkits. Optional paid commercial support is available for the Intel HPC and IoT Toolkits.

See also
 Intel Advisor - design and analysis tool for vectorization, threading, memory usage and accelerator offloading 
Intel VTune Profiler - performance profiler
 Intel Developer Zone (Intel DZ; support and discussion)
oneAPI (compute acceleration)
Memory debugger
Memory leak
Static program analysis

References

External links

Intel oneAPI HPC Toolkit - tools and libraries for HPC software development
Intel oneAPI IoT Toolkit - tools and libraries for IoT software development

Debuggers
Inspector
Memory management software
NIAI LEM-3. The LEM-3, (a.k.a. LIG-6 (Leningradskii Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota-  Leningrad Institute civil air fleet)), was a transport aircraft designed and built in the USSR from  1936.

Development 
In 1930 the LIIPS ( - Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( - training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

The LEM-3 was designed by  Yuri Vladimirovich Domrachayev & Leonid Sergeyevich Vild'grub as a very high efficiency transport akin to a motor-glider, with high aspect ratio wings and a low-powered engine. The all wood LEM-3 had a conventional tricycle undercarriage, long span wings were supported by a truss running from approx 1/3 span to the bottom of the u/c legs to the other wing. The initial version had a side-by-side open cockpit, for the two pilots, and an eight-seat cabin with four bench sets under hinged roof access panels with small windows as well as four cargo compartments in the enlarged  wing roots.  The engine drove a U-2 Propeller, with which the flight tests began in 1936. The factory testing was completed by early 1937 when the aircraft was flown to Moscow for testing at the NII GVF(Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Institoot Grazdahnskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota - scientific 	test institute for civil air fleet), unfortunately the aircraft suffered a forced landing on arrival at the NII GVF airfield and further work was abandoned. A modified version with a large enclosed cabin, trousered main undercarriage, anti nose-over skid and Townend ring cowling, was mooted in a contemporary drawing, but there is no evidence that this version was built, modified, or flown.

Specifications (LEM-3)

See also
 List of aircraft

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet airliners
NIAI aircraft
Motor gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1934
RD Amross. RD AMROSS, a limited liability company, is a U.S. joint venture between Pratt & Whitney of West Palm Beach, Florida and NPO Energomash of Khimki, Russia based in Jupiter, Florida.

NPO Energomash manufactures the RD-180 rocket engine for RD AMROSS, and provides designing, manufacturing, testing and other services for liquid propulsion rocket engines. The RD-180 provides the main thrust on the Atlas V launch vehicle made by the United Launch Alliance.

The first RD-180 engine, produced by NPO Energomash, was delivered to Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver, CO, in December
2000. Lockheed Martin completed testing of the engine in December 2001. The liquid oxygen and kerosene (RP-1) engine met all performance requirements for both government and commercial missions. The maiden launch of the Atlas V rocket equipped with the RD-180 engine occurred in 2002.

Energomash committed to delivering a total of 101 RD-180s for the fixed price of one billion dollars.

Under RD AMROSS, Pratt & Whitney is licensed to produce the RD-180 in the United States. Originally, production of the RD-180 in the US was scheduled to begin in 2008, but this did not happen. According to a 2005 GAO Assessment of Selected Major Weapon Programs, Pratt & Whitney planned to start building the engine in the United States with a first military launch by 2012.
This, too, did not happen.  In 2014, the Defense Department estimated that it would require approximately $1 billion and five years to begin US domestic manufacture of the RD-180 engine.

In late April 2014, SpaceX filed a complaint seeking an injunction against the continued import of the Russian made rocket motor as a result of the US sanctions against Russia over its policies and practices in Ukraine.  The US Federal Court of Appeals granted the injunction. On May 8, 2014, the injunction was lifted, and imports were again permitted.

See also
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
Atlas V

External links
 The Official Website

Notes

Companies based in Palm Beach County, Florida
Rocket engine manufacturers of the United States
Institute for Simulation and Training. The Institute for Simulation and Training (IST) is a research institute of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States.  Grace Bochenek was appointed director of IST in early 2021. She was previously the director of the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (2006-12) and the chief technology officer of the U.S. Army Materiel Command, and served as acting secretary of energy for the U.S. Department of Energy (2017). 

The Institute provides a wide range of research and information services for the modeling, simulation and training community of Central Florida. As well, the institute aids in undergraduate and graduate studies in modeling and simulation leading to bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, Professional Science Master's and doctoral degrees. IST is a member of the National Center for Simulation.

See also
University of Central Florida

External links
University of Central Florida
Institute for Simulation and Training
 Peter Hancock D.Sc, Phd

References

University of Central Florida
Simulation
1982 establishments in Florida
Research institutes in Florida
MWH Global. MWH Global Inc. was a global water and natural resources firm providing technical engineering, construction services and consulting services. In 2016, MWH was acquired by Stantec Consulting Inc. The firm provided planning, design and construction management for water and natural resources projects around the world. The firm was headquartered in Broomfield, a suburb of the Denver metropolitan area in the state of Colorado of the United States, with operations in 35 countries. As of May 2015, MWH Global had a global staff of approximately 7,000 employees including builders, engineers, architects, geologists, operators, project managers, business consultants, scientists, technologists, and regulatory experts. MWH was listed as the 15th-largest employee-owned company in the United States.

The MWH name is carried forward today at MWH Constructors, the water and wastewater construction branch of the former MWH Global.

History
MWH Global is the unification of three major engineering firms: James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers (JMM), Watson Hawksley, Ltd., and Harza Engineering Company. JMM was founded in Pasadena, California, in 1945 by James M. Montgomery following his work on the design (1936) and commencement (1941) of the 100-million gallon per day F. E. Weymouth Memorial Water Softening and Filtration Plant at La Verne, California for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California while with the firm Hoover and Montgomery.  JMM merged with Watson Hawksley, Ltd., of High Wycombe, United Kingdom, in 1990, combining JMM's specialization in water and wastewater engineering with Watson Hawksley's international operation, to become the global firm of Montgomery Watson. 

In 2001, Montgomery Watson merged with Harza Engineering Company, of Chicago, Illinois, best known for its work in the energy and environmental sectors and hydroelectric power development including the El Cajón Dam in Honduras (officially known as Central Hidroeléctrica Francisco Morazán), and operated under the new name of Montgomery Watson Harza. 

In 2003, the firm name was shortened to MWH. 

In 2010, MWH acquired Biwater Services Ltd., a water construction and engineering firm. With the acquisition, the firm's history can now be traced to 1820, when Ames Crosta Babcock (an acquisition of Biwater Services) was created.

References

External links
 MWH

Companies based in Broomfield, Colorado
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
2016 mergers and acquisitions
Sage Type 2. The Sage Type 2 was a prototype British two-seat fighter aircraft of the First World War. A single-engined biplane with an enclosed cabin for its crew, only a single example was built, as more advanced aircraft became available.

Development and design
The long-established woodworking company, Frederick Sage & Co, which specialised in shopfitting, set up an aircraft department in early 1915, hiring the well known test pilot and designer, Eric Gordon England, to lead the department, and recruiting Clifford Tinson, formerly deputy to Frank Barnwell at the Bristol Aeroplane Company early in 1916.

Tinson's first design for Sage was a two-seat fighter aircraft, the Sage Type 2. It was a small wood-and-fabric tractor biplane (in fact the two-seat Sage was smaller than many single-seaters of the time), with single-bay wings. The pilot and gunner sat in an enclosed, glazed cabin that filled the gap between the fuselage and upper wing. Because of the lack of effective gun synchronising gear to allow a fixed gun to fire through the propeller disc, a hole was cut in the upper wing above the gunners seat, so the gunner could stand with head and shoulders above the wing, giving him a good all-round field of fire for his Lewis gun, including forward over the propeller. The aircraft was powered by a Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine driving a four-bladed propeller.

The prototype first flew on 10 August 1916, and demonstrated good performance and manoeuvrability, being easy to fly. It was wrecked in a crash landing during a test flight at Cranwell on 20 September 1916 after the rudder post failed.  No further development was carried out, as by this time, effective synchronising gear was available to the British, and the Sopwith 1½ Strutter was already in service.

Specifications

See also

References

""Milestones" The Sage Machines". Flight, 24 July 1919. pp. 971–975.
Bruce, J. M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two Fighters. London:Macdonald, 1968. .
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Stroud, UK:Sutton Publishing, Second edition, 1995. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

1910s British fighter aircraft
Type 2
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Sesquiplanes
Random test generator. Random test generators (often abbreviated RTG or ISG for Instruction Stream Generator or Instruction Sequence Generator) are a type of computer software that is used in functional verification of microprocessors. Their primary use lies in providing input stimulus to a device under test.

In a simulation/testbench verification environment, the simulator processes input created by the RTG and coverage monitors may be used to verify that the generator is properly testing the design.

Random test generators range in scope from simple scripts and parameterized macros that can be created in a matter of weeks to full featured systems requiring extensive software development. Random test generators are most often created by the designing organizations.

Table Based Generators
Table based test generators are the simplest RTGs available. Creation of such generators can be accomplished relatively quickly, and maintenance requirements are often low. These generators work by capturing knowledge of the design's instruction set architecture and storing it in a relational database for later use. Because of their simplistic nature, table based generators may be used by less skilled personnel to create interesting tests. There is a drawback to these generators however, as their implementation is generally restricted to simple architectures. Usage on more complex ISAs may result in an inability to reach corner cases or create complex scenarios. Table based generators may also generate invalid tests at times.

Static Generators
Static generators are similar to table based generators with the exception that the majority of the instruction, operand and data selection reside in complex procedural code. Static generators are capable of producing more random behavior than table based generators, but still have trouble hitting many corner-cases. In addition, the skill level required to create and maintain such a tool rises sharply once this level of sophistication is reached.

Dynamic Generators
Dynamic generators incorporate significant knowledge about the architecture being tested. They enhance the ability of less-skilled users to generate complex tests that can hit hard-to-reach corner cases without stumbling on subtle programming pitfalls. This added knowledge, flexibility and ease-of-use is reflected in a more complex generator, and consequently the cost of creating and maintaining the generator are greater than for table-based or static generators.

References

External links
 IBM Genesys Pro
 Obsidian Software RAVEN
 MicroTESK, an open-source ISG developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences
 IEEE article - A universal random test generator for functional verification of microprocessors and system-on-chip

Electronic circuit verification
Tomoyo Linux. Tomoyo Linux (stylised as TOMOYO Linux) is a Linux kernel security module which implements mandatory access control (MAC).

Overview
Tomoyo Linux is a MAC implementation for Linux that can be used to increase the security of a system, while also being useful purely as a systems analysis tool. It was launched in March 2003 and was sponsored by NTT Data Corporation until March 2012.

Tomoyo Linux focuses on system behaviour. Tomoyo Linux allows each process to declare behaviours and resources needed to achieve their purpose. When protection is enabled, Tomoyo Linux restricts each process to the behaviours and resources allowed by the administrator.

Features
The main features of Tomoyo Linux include:

System analysis
Increased security through Mandatory Access Control
Automatic policy generation
Simple syntax
Ease of use

History and versions
Tomoyo was merged in Linux Kernel mainline version 2.6.30 (2009, June 10)/ It is currently one of four standard Linux Security Modules (LSM), along with SELinux, AppArmor and SMACK.

The Tomoyo Linux project started as a patch for the Linux kernel to provide MAC. Porting Tomoyo Linux to the mainline Linux kernel required the introduction of hooks into the LSM that had been designed and developed specifically to support SELinux and its label-based approach.

However, more hooks are needed to integrate the remaining MAC functionality of Tomoyo Linux. Consequently, the project is following two parallel development lines:

Naming
The name 'TOMOYO' is, officially speaking, a backronym for "Task Oriented Management Obviates Your Onus". According to one of the developers Tetsuo Handa, it's also a reference to the character Tomoyo Daidouji from Cardcaptor Sakura.

References

External links
Comparison chart of 1.x and 2.x
Comparison chart of Tomoyo 1.x, 2.x, and Akari
Tomoyo Linux project
Tomoyo Linux at Embedded Linux Wiki
LWN : Tomoyo Linux and pathname-based security
Tomoyo – Debian Wiki
Tomoyo Linux – ArchWiki

Linux security software
Linux kernel features
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Scout X-1. Scout X-1 was an American expendable launch system and sounding rocket which was flown seven times between August 1960 and October 1961. Four orbital and three suborbital launches were made, with four of the launches resulting in failures.

The Scout X-1 was similar to the Scout X test vehicle which was launched in April 1960, however it had live second and fourth stages, as opposed to the battleship versions used on the Scout X. It also featured an improved first stage, using an Algol 1B instead of the earlier Algol 1A used on the Scout X.

Several derivatives of the Scout X-1 were also flown. The United States Navy developed the Blue Scout, which was a three-stage sounding rocket, and the Blue Scout II which was almost identical to the Scout X-1. The Scout X-1A, a five-stage variant of the Scout X-1, was used for a single suborbital launch in March 1962. It featured an improved first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage.

Launches 
Scout X-1 was flown seven times between August 1960 and October 1961 from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility.

The maiden flight was a suborbital test of the rocket's systems, and was conducted on 2 July 1960, with the rocket launching at 00:04 GMT. Following this, a suborbital radiation experiment was successfully launched on 4 October 1960. The first orbital launch attempt, with the S-56 satellite, was made on 4 December 1960, and ended in failure after the second stage malfunctioned.

On 16 February 1961, a Scout X-1 successfully placed Explorer 9, a reflight of the failed S-56, into Earth orbit, in the first successful orbital launch to be conducted by a Scout rocket. The next launch attempt on 30 June 1961 carried the S-55 satellite, but this did not reach orbit because the third stage failed to ignite. A reflight of S-55, Explorer 13, was launched on 25 August 1961, but reached a lower than planned orbit, and was unusable. The final flight of the Scout X-1 was made on 19 October 1961, carrying plasma and aeronomy research payloads on a suborbital trajectory. This launch was successful.

See also 

 Scout
 Scout X-1A
 Blue Scout I
 Blue Scout II

References 

 
 

1960 in spaceflight
1961 in spaceflight
X-1
NIAI OSh. The Osh (Odnomotornyi Shturmovik – single-engined attack) was an attack aircraft designed in the USSR from 1939.

Development 
In 1930, the LIIPS (- Leningrad Institute for Sail and Communications Engineers) formed a UK GVF, a training centre for civil air fleet. In turn, the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

In 1939, Anatolii Georgievich Bedunkovich designed a large single-engined twin-boomed attack aircraft, it was to be constructed from stressed skin light-alloy. This large aircraft was to carry a heavy cannon armament including a turret in the rear of the fuselage nacelle, which also housed the single engine, driving propellers in the nose of each tail-boom, through shafts and gearboxes. There is no record of this interesting project having been built or flown.

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
Edison Sault Power Canal. The Edison Sault Power Canal supplies the Saint Marys Falls Hydropower Plant, a Cloverland Electric Cooperative hydroelectric plant, in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Excavation of the power canal began in September 1898 and was completed in June 1902.  The canal and hydroelectric complex were named a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983.

Physical features
The length of the canal from the headgates (intake) to the power house is approximately . The canal varies in width from  at water level and is approximately  in depth. The water velocity varies for various reasons but, at times, it can be up to . The entrance to the canal is located at the eastern end of Ashmun Bay and is controlled by four steel headgates. The upper quarter of the canal was excavated from rock while the remainder was dug into the earth and given a timber lining. The canal is designed to carry  of water per second.

Further reading

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1902
Buildings and structures in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan