omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Automated Maritime Telecommunications System. Automated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS) is a commercial mobile radio service used within the United States.  It operates within the VHF frequency range, just above the North American Band III television range, and offers both voice and data communications to maritime customers.  The system is operated by a network of private carriers across the country, with coverage primarily including coastal and inland waterways.

History
In 1981, the FCC proposed the Inland Waterways Communication System (IWCS), a commercial maritime radio service with the proposed purpose of expanding private maritime communication and that was to operate from 216 to 220 MHz.  Earlier reports had studied the feasibility of using this frequency band, but warned of the high probability of adjacent-channel interference with TV channel 13.  However, by the early 1980s, it had been estimated that radio tuner technology had advanced to the point that such interference could be minimized.

Final approval for auctioning of AMTS spectrum did not come until almost two decades later with the approval of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which required that the FCC auction licenses for such spectrum.

Technical specifications
Maximum base station transmit power: 1,000 watts ERP

Maximum mobile unit transmit power: 18 watts ERP

The AMTS spectrum may be used in Land Mobile Radio Systems subject to the above-mentioned regulations and TV interference considerations.  For example, under the conditions of the service, AMTS spectrum could be used in land-locked (e.g.) Denver to carry mobile radio traffic.

Bands bought at auction having Geographic licenses (use inside a defined region, vs. Site Licenses that are only for a point) may be divided into frequency channels per the owner or licensee's discretion.  Thus, if the user chooses to use Narrow Band spacings, the number of channels per block is 500 kHz / 12.5 kHz= 40 channels; with Very Narrow Band spacings, the number of channels per block is 500 kHz / 6.25 kHz = 80 channels.  Using technology that can support narrower bandwidths in general allows more efficient use of the licensed block.  Note that spectra do not have to be purchased in 500 kHz.  purchasing (e.g.) 375 kHz is allowed under FCC rules, although the seller may not be amenable to such a proposal.

Restrictions
The AMTS is unique to U.S. waters, having no compatible counterpart in Canada or Mexico.  Use is limited to a maximum of 12 nautical miles off the US coast.  Interference outside US territorial waters is possible.

When used within 105 miles (169 kilometers) of a TV transmitter operating on channel 13 or within 80 miles (129 kilometers) of a TV transmitter operating on channel 10, the FCC requires a plan to limit interference of such TV signals by both base stations and mobile units.  As such, maximum transmit power may be below 1,000 watts ERP.

Lastly, AMTS systems may not interfere with the SPASUR radar system which operates on the adjacent 216.88-217.08 MHz band.

References

Maritime communication
Middlesex Sampling Plant. The Middlesex Sampling Plant on Mountain Avenue in Middlesex, New Jersey, is a  site which was initially used to stockpile pitchblende uranium ore. From 1943 to 1955, under the direction of the Manhattan Project and its successor agency, the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), it was used to crush, dry, screen, weigh, assay, store, package, and ship uranium ore, along with thorium and beryllium ores, for the development of the atomic bomb.

Contamination
It was later discovered that radioactive waste had been disposed of a half mile away at the Middlesex Municipal Landfill. The site was used from 1955 to 1967 for the sampling and storage of thorium residues, and was decontaminated, certified, and released for unrestricted use in 1967. During the decontamination process, radioactive materials were carried away by wind and rain to the yards of nearby residents.

The facility was used by the United States Marine Corps as a reserve training center from 1969 until 1979, when the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) took over and cleaned up the residential properties. Excavated soil was stored at the site in a specially constructed pile, known as the Vicinity Properties (VP) pile. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) disposed of  of contaminated soil from the Middlesex Municipal Landfill pile in 1998 and  from the VP pile in 1999.

As of 2007, the USACE continues to do ground water testing and has proposed a remedial action plan with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Closure of the site is pending, and long-term surveillance and maintenance requirements will be determined once final site conditions are known.

Future use
In April 2024, the site was officially transferred to the Borough to build its public works facility and a warehouse with an adjoining road.

References

External links

Geography of Middlesex County, New Jersey
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
Superfund sites in New Jersey
Chewing (Input Method). The Chewing (酷音) input method is an intelligent Zhuyin input method. It is one of the most popular input methods among Traditional Chinese Unix users.

Chewing was a project established by Lu-Chuan Kung (龔律全) and Jeremy Kang-Pen Chen (陳康本), sponsored by Tsan-sheng Hsu (徐讚昇) from Academia Sinica.
Their research result (the program) was published under the GPL.

The Chewing core team extended their work and actively maintains the project.

Motivation 
Chewing was inspired by other proprietary intelligent Zhuyin input methods under Microsoft Windows, namely, Wang-Xin (忘形) by Eten, Microsoft New Zhuyin (微軟新注音), and Nature Zhuyin (自然注音).

Since Zhuyin-based input methods are the most popular among computer users who read and write Traditional Chinese, an intelligent Zhuyin method is a necessity for Unix-like systems in order to attract more users. There was a similar input method,  (詞音), which was bundled in XCIN. However, it does not have a convenient API for further development.

The original chewing (as developed by Kung and Chen) is no longer maintained, only works with XIM, and doesn't have a generic API for input frameworks. Jim Huang, et al. formed the Chewing core team and extended Gong and Chen's work. Thus the chewing core team renamed the project as "new" chewing (新酷音) to differentiate their work from the original. Nevertheless, the English name has remained "chewing".

Goals 
 Split logic and view.
 Support multiple operating systems, and input framework.
 Provide a universal API for input framework and further development.

Supported Systems 
Chewing has been adopted by various input frameworks in Unix-like systems.
On these systems, the chewing package is usually split into two parts:
libchewing, which handles the actual character selection logic; and
input framework interface for display and preference setting.
For examples:
 ibus-chewing for IBus.
 fcitx-chewing for Fcitx
 iiimf-chewing for IIIMF.
 scim-chewing for SCIM.
 uim-chewing for uim.

There are also chewing input method for Windows (win32-chewing) and Mac OS (SpaceChewing via OpenVanilla).

References 

CJK input methods
KIT College of Engineering. Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (an autonomous institute established in July 1983) popularly known as KIT (KIT College of Engineering), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, was granted autonomous status by UGC and AICTE New Delhi. KIT is re-accredited with A+ grade by NAAC Bengaluru.

Spread over 30 acres, the natural form of the landscape has been preserved. The campus houses the main building, hostels for boys and girls, workshops with a built-up area of around 23,500 sq. m. and an innovative waste recycling system, windmills, gardens dotted with solar powered lamps and also popular for CSE placements.

Facilities
The college has a campus of  500 m away from National Highway 48. The campus has a basketball court, a cricket ground, and a gymnasium.

Components of the college:
 Central Library
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
 Department of CSE( Artificial  Intelligence - Machine Learning)
 Department of CSE (Data Science)
 Department of Computer Science and Business Systems 
 Department of Environmental Engineering
 Department of Electrical Engineering
 Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
 Department of Civil Engineering
 Department of Biotechnology Engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
 KIT's Institute of Management Education & Research
 Boys hostel
 Girls hostel
 Moodle

The campus architecture gives a blend of old and modern. The main building built in stone masonry has green technologies like a waste recycling system, windmills, gardens dotted with solar powered lamps and is an Energy Park. The campus is surrounded by lush greenery.

The campus has classrooms, drawing halls, laboratories, seminar halls, library, canteen, an open-air auditorium, play ground and a gym.

Annual events include Pioneer (a national level paper presentation competition), and the annual social gathering.

References 

https://www.kitcoek.in/

Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Shivaji University
Kolhapur district
Universities and colleges established in 1983
1983 establishments in Kerala
Single-ended recuperative burner. A single-ended recuperative (SER) burner is a type of gas burner used in high-temperature industrial kilns and furnaces. These burners are used where indirect heating is required, e.g. where the products of combustion are not allowed to combine with the atmosphere of the furnace. The typical design is a tubular (pipe) shape with convoluted pathways on the interior, closed on the end pointed into the furnace. A gas burner fires a flame down the center of these pathways, and the hot combustion gases are then forced to change direction and travel along the shell of the tube, heating it to incandescent temperatures and allowing efficient transfer of thermal energy to the furnace interior. Exhaust gas is collected back at the burner end where it is eventually discharged to the atmosphere. The hot exhaust can be used to pre-heat the incoming combustion air and fuel gas (recuperation) to boost efficiency.

Such burners compete with electrical heating and can be more economical to operate than electric heat, particularly in larger furnaces and in most areas where the price of natural gas per unit of available energy is lower than that of electricity.

These particular furnaces are claimed to have a significant increase in efficiency over other types of furnaces, and are said to achieve efficiency up to 80 percent and higher.

References

Industrial equipment
Giulio Costanzi. Giulio Cesare Costanzi (25 April 1875 in Contigliano, Italy – 28 August 1965 in Rome, Italy), was an officer of the ITAF Engineers Corps and a pioneer of space studies in Italy. In 1914, he wrote a paper on space navigation that is regarded as the first Italian contribution to space flights on record.

Biography 
Costanzi started his career as a civil engineer, then entered the Army in the Artillery Corps. From 1911, he served as an officer in the Specialized Engineers Corps, the first nucleus of the future Italian Air Force. The Corps manned aerostatic balloons and airships and was equipped with a range of laboratories planned by Gaetano Arturo Crocco, plus a wind tunnel. In World War I, Costanzi headed a squadron of reconnaissance aircraft and in 1923 was put in charge of an experimental section of the Italian Air Force. In 1928, he left the service as a general, was named member of the State Council and from 1938 to 1945 served as president of the Italian Air Registry, the equivalent of the US Federal Aviation Agency.

The first Italian contribution to space exploration 
In 1914, in a specialized magazine, Costanzi published an article on navigation in space. It is the first scientific contribution by an Italian to space flight, anticipating many problems related to exploration of outer space. “After the conquest of the air through aircraft, it is high time to abandon Earth and found new colonies in space” he writes, and then expounds the problem of powering spaceships in the void, without any support from the atmosphere, as in the case of airplanes. He advocates space travel on the basis of action-reaction dynamics, plans a flight Earth-Moon and to overcome the force of gravity  he postulates the need for a new source of power. He identifies this source with radium and its yet unknown characteristics. In his article, Costanzi describes what would be the dangers and sensations experienced by an astronaut, such as suffering extreme heat, poisonous radiations, G-acceleration and weightlessness, the latter resulting in a feeling of falling. He concludes affirming hopefully that "the obstacles to this last dream are not beyond human reasoning, for the time being we are bound only by the lack of appropriate technology".

Bibliography 
 Giulio Costanzi "To Escape from the Planet", AER 5, 1914
 Smithsonian Annals of Flight n. 10

References

External links 
Costanzi entry in Treccani (Enciclopedia Italiana) (in Italian)
:it:Giulio Costanzi, article in the Italian Wikipedia

1875 births
1965 deaths
Italian Army generals
20th-century Italian scientists
20th-century Italian engineers
Early spaceflight scientists
People associated with spaceflight
Urban biosphere reserve. An urban biosphere reserve is an attempt to apply the biosphere reserve concept to urban areas by the MAB Programme of UNESCO. Through urban planning and ecosystem management, an urban biosphere reserve is expected to support sustainable development and conservation. Brighton and Hove is bidding to become the world's first urban biosphere reserve.

The need for urban biosphere reserves has arisen as the number of people living in the world's cities has reached three billion, nearly half of the total population. By 2050 two-thirds of the total population will be living in the cities. The rapid expansion of the cities and of their populations pose a challenge for a viable global environment. Although some of the existing biosphere reserves include cities and towns, entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves have yet to be included in the list.

Working definition
A possible working definition for urban biosphere reserve has been proposed:

Three main functions are expected from an urban biosphere reserve. They are conservation, development and logistic support. It is expected that an urban biosphere reserve would contribute to conservation of its landscape and ecosystem, and foster both economical and cultural development. It is also expected that it would support demonstration projects, environmental education and training, and research on sustainable development issues.

Initiatives
Brighton and Hove is one of many cities around the world that have taken steps towards this concept. Mornington Peninsula of Melbourne is endorsed by the Government of Victoria for submission as a biosphere reserve. New York City, Seoul, São Paulo and Cape Town have adopted different urban ecology initiatives. It is suggested that, because of the cultural and ecological values of Kandy, it should be given the consideration of becoming the first urban biosphere reserve in Sri Lanka.

Outcomes

The Brighton and Lewes Downs Biosphere Reserve, incorporating both chalk downland and the urban area of Brighton and Hove, was established in 2014.

References

Biosphere reserves
Protected areas
Urban planning
John Wyrill Christian. John Wyrill Christian FRS (9 April 1926 – 27 February 2001) was a British metallurgist.

Christian is worldwide recognized for his contribution on the foundation of modern understanding on Martensitic transformation.

His book The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, published in 1965, soon became the standard book for teaching phase transformation.

Life 

John graduated from Queen's College, Oxford. He later on became a research student in the laboratory of Dr. William Hume-Rothery, the founder of Oxford's metallurgy department. He received his doctorate in 1949 and became a university lecturer in 1955, a reader in 1958, fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1963, and professor of physical metallurgy in 1963.

References 

1926 births
2001 deaths
British metallurgists
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
People educated at Scarborough High School for Boys
BCT Modernization. The Brigade combat team Modernization was the United States Army's principal modernization program for Brigade combat teams (BCTs) from 2009–10. The program is the successor to Future Combat Systems (FCS) which was the modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. The Army BCT Modernization strategy planned to build a versatile mix of tailorable, networked BCTs operating on a rotational scale that would have leveraged mobility, protection, information and precision fires to conduct effective operations to succeed in current and future full spectrum military operations.
 
A key goal for modernizing the Army BCTs was to enable soldiers with increased Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Rather than making one modernization decision and then applying it across the Army over two or more decades as has been typical for the US Army in the past, the BCT Modernization Plan aimed to implement modernization decisions incrementally in order to stay ahead of the demands of the security environment and the needs of US soldiers.

References

External links
 Brigade Combat Team Modernization page, U.S. Army
Hochschule Mittweida. The Hochschule Mittweida () is a public university of applied science located in Mittweida, Germany, founded in 1867.

History
The University of Applied Sciences Mittweida is the second-largest public university of applied sciences in Saxony. It has had almost 80,000 alumni from almost 40 countries worldwide. Founded in 1867 as Technicum, the university first served the education of machine-building engineers, and it was one of the largest private schools in Germany at the turn of the century. After the takeover by the National Socialists, the Technicum lost its status as a private school, and in 1935 became the Engineering School Mittweida (Ingenieurschule Mittweida). In the 1960s, due to the success of the electrotechnical training program, the school became the Engineering College Mittweida. In 1980, it received the right to award the academic degree of doctor engineer. In 1992, after reunification, the college received a new start as a university of applied sciences.

Notable almuni
 August Arnold, co-founder of ARRI, developer of the first single-lens reflex camera
 , Dutch electrical pioneer who first studied at Mittweida and then at the Hannover Technische Hochschule (now Leibniz University Hannover) in the 1880s
 August Horch, founder of Audi
 Walter Bruch, inventor of the PAL color television system
 Florian Munteanu, actor
 Gerhard Neumann, developed the J-79 jet engine

See also 
Education in Germany
German universities
Free State of Saxony
Germany

References 

Notes
 brochure Mittweida Ingenieur in aller Welt, published by Hochschule Mittweida (FH) University of Applied Sciences
 brochure Hochschule Mittweida - University of Applied Sciences, published by Hochschule Mittweida University of Applied Sciences

External links 

Educational institutions established in 1867
Universities and colleges in Saxony
Mittweida
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
1867 establishments in the North German Confederation
Deflagration to detonation transition. Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) refers to a phenomenon in ignitable mixtures of a flammable gas and air (or oxygen) when a sudden transition takes place from a deflagration type of combustion to a detonation type of explosion.

Description
A deflagration is characterized by a subsonic flame propagation velocity, typically far below , and relatively modest overpressures, typically below . The main mechanism of combustion propagation is of a flame front that moves forward through the gas mixture - in technical terms the reaction zone (chemical combustion) progresses through the medium by processes of diffusion of heat and mass. In its most benign form, a deflagration may simply be a flash fire.

In contrast, a detonation is characterized by supersonic flame propagation velocities, perhaps up to , and substantial overpressures, up to . The main mechanism of detonation propagation is of a powerful pressure wave that compresses the unburnt gas ahead of the wave to a temperature above the autoignition temperature. In technical terms, the reaction zone (chemical combustion) is a self-driven shock wave where the reaction zone and the shock are coincident, and the chemical reaction is initiated by the compressive heating caused by the shock wave. The process is similar to ignition in a Diesel engine, but much more sudden and violent.

Under certain conditions, mainly in terms of geometrical conditions (such as partial confinement and many obstacles in the flame path that cause turbulent flame eddy currents), a subsonic flame front may accelerate to supersonic speed, transitioning from deflagration to detonation. The exact mechanism is not fully understood,
and while existing theories are able to explain and model both deflagrations and detonations, there is no theory  which can predict the transition phenomenon.

Examples
A deflagration to detonation transition has been a feature of several major industrial accidents:
 1970 propane vapor cloud explosion in Port Hudson
 Flixborough disaster
 Phillips disaster of 1989 in Pasadena, Texas
 Damage observed in the Buncefield fire
 2020 Beirut explosions

Applications
The phenomenon is exploited in pulse detonation engines, because a detonation produces a more efficient combustion of the reactants than a deflagration does, i.e. giving a higher yields. Such engines typically employ a Shchelkin spiral in the combustion chamber to facilitate the deflagration to detonation transition.

The mechanism has also found military use in thermobaric weapons.

Related phenomena
An analogous deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) has also been proposed for thermonuclear reactions responsible for supernovae initiation. This process has been called a "carbon detonation".

See also
Zeldovich spontaneous wave
Dust explosion
Pressure piling
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)

References

 

Combustion
Industrial fires and explosions
Explosives engineering
List of modern infrastructure failures. Infrastructure includes the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. This entry aggregates articles on and lists of modern infrastructure failures by category (type of infrastructure).

Structural 
 List of structural failures and collapses
 :Category:Collapsed buildings and structures
 List of bridge failures
 List of dam failures
 :Category:Dam failures
 Levee failures and breaches
 List of catastrophic collapses of radio masts and towers

Electrical and utility 
 Power outages
 2007 New York City steam explosion
 Electric power blackouts

Transportation 
 Lists of rail accidents
 Accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
 Airship accidents
 Accidents and disasters by death toll
 Road accidents
 Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
 Airliner accidents and incidents caused by mechanical failure

Nuclear 
 Nuclear accidents
 Nuclear and radiation accidents
 Military nuclear accidents
 Civilian nuclear power accidents
 Nuclear accidents and incidents

Space 
 Space Shuttle: Columbia disaster, Challenger disaster
 Space accidents and incidents

Other 
 Engineering failures
 Collapsed oil platforms

References

Lists of events
Infrastructure-related lists