omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vensim. Vensim is a simulation software developed by Ventana Systems. It primarily supports continuous simulation (system dynamics), with some discrete event and agent-based modelling capabilities. It is available commercially and as a free "Personal Learning Edition".

Modeling environment 

Vensim provides a graphical modeling interface with stock and flow and causal loop diagrams, on top of a text-based system of equations in a declarative programming language. It includes a patented method for interactive tracing of behavior through causal links in model structure (the patent expired in 2012), as well as a language extension for automating quality control experiments on models called Reality Check.

The modeling language supports arrays (subscripts) and permits mapping among dimensions and aggregation. Built-in allocation functions satisfy constraints that are sometimes not met by conventional approaches like logit. It supports discrete delays, queues and a variety of stochastic processes.

There are multiple paths for cross sectional and time-series data import and export, including text files, spreadsheets and ODBC. Models may be calibrated against data using optimization, Kalman Filtering or Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Sensitivity analysis options provide a variety of ways to test and sample models, including Monte Carlo simulation with Latin Hypercube sampling.

Vensim model files can be packaged and published in a customizable read-only format that can be executed by a freely available Model Reader. This allows sharing of interactive models with users who do not own the program and/or who the model author does not wish to have access to the model's code base.

Applications 

Vensim is general-purpose software, used in a wide variety of problem domains. Common or high-profile applications include:
 Transportation and Energy
 Business Strategy
 Health
 Security and Terrorism
 Project Management
 Marketing Science in Pharmaceuticals and Consumer Products
 Logistics
 Environment

See also

 Comparison of system dynamics software
 Computer simulation
 List of computer simulation software
 Monte Carlo simulation

References

External links 
 Official Vensim web site
 Official Ventana Systems, Inc. web site
 Exploratory Modelling and Analysis (EMA) Workbench
 SDM-doc documentation tool
 Forio.com - host for online Vensim models

Environmental science software
Mathematical software
Numerical software
Probabilistic software
Risk management software
Science software for macOS
Science software for Windows
Scientific simulation software
Simulation programming languages
Simulation software
Swan 100. The Swan 100 was designed by German Frers and built by Nautor's Swan and first launched in 2002. Originally launched as th 100RS the S and FD version were later developed to use the hull moulding.

References

External links
 Nautor Swan
 German Frers Official Website

Sailing yachts
Keelboats
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailboat types built by Nautor Swan
Sailboat type designs by Germán Frers
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Elsevier. Established in 1975, the journal publishes review articles on all aspects of energy and combustion science. All contributions are by invitation of the editors-in-chief. The founding editor is Norman Chigier (Carnegie Mellon University). The current editors-in-chief are Hai Wang (Stanford University) and  Christof Schulz (University of Duisburg-Essen).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 32.0.

References

External links

Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1975
Bimonthly journals
L55. L55 or variation, may refer to:

 Aer Lualdi L.55, a helicopter
 Daihatsu L55, a kei-car
 Junkers L55, a V-12 engine
 Rheinmetall Rh-120, L55 subtype; a 120mm gun
 5.2 cm SK L/55 naval gun, a naval gun
 Scania-Vabis L55, a truck
 L55 train set (bullet train), an E3 Series Shinkansen
 , an L-class submarine of the British Royal Navy
 , a W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy

See also

 L5 (disambiguation)
 LLV (disambiguation)
 I55 
 155 
 55 (disambiguation)
Doomsday plane (Russia). The Doomsday plane is a planned Airborne Command Post to be operated by the Russian Air Force. It is based on the Ilyushin Il-96-400-M commercial aircraft airframe and is scheduled to replace the older Ilyushin Il-80 models introduced in the early 1990s.
 
The production of the aircraft was delayed multiple times and is now scheduled to be started in 2024.

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and/or era
 Boeing E-4
 Boeing E-6 Mercury
 Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A
 Ilyushin Il-80

See also
 Doomsday plane
 Dead Hand (nuclear war)

References

Ilyushin aircraft
Nuclear command and control
Strategic Rocket Forces
Monkey Hill railway station. Monkey Hill is a railway station on the Bhor Ghat in Maharashtra, India. It serves as technical halt at which trains stop to check brakes. Almost all trains traveling from Khandala to Palasdari stop at Monkey Hill. Formerly, a reversing station was located between Monkey Hill and Khandala. The remains of the reversing station can be seen near the Amrutanjan Bridge on the old Mumbai–Pune road (Mumbai–Chennai National Highway NH48).

Some of the trains halting at Monkey Hill are:
 11008 Deccan Express
 11010 Sinhagad Express
 11020 Konark Express
 11024 Sahyadri Express (Formal Poona Mail)
 11030 Koyna Express
 11302 Udyan Express
 17412 Mahalaxmi Express
 12124 Deccan Queen
 12126 Pragati Express
 12128 Mumbai–Pune Intercity Express
 12702 Hussainsagar Express
 17032 Hyderabad Mumbai Express
 16382 Kanyakumari–Mumbai Express
 22106 Indrayani Express

Catch siding
The station also has an inclined track () in case of train brake failure. This is called a catch siding. It was used if a train had problem with its brakes or was out of control, as the inclined track slowed the train. Today this is very rarely used.

References

 Monkey Hill (India Rail Info)

External links
 irfca.org Bhore Ghat gallery photos of Monkey Hill

Railway stations in Raigad district
Lonavala-Khandala
Cugir Arms Factory. Cugir Arms Factory is a Romanian state owned defence company that is one of the oldest defence companies of Romania. Cugir Arms Factory has a history that can be traced back to 1799 during the Austrian Empire. The steel manufacturing workshops were founded in Cugir, Romania which is one of the first metallurgical factories in Transylvania. Cugir Arms Factory now produces products compatible with NATO standards.

History
Facility expansion started in 1926 with construction of new production halls. Militarization of the plant began during wartime and was managed by modern weapons manufacturing specialists. During the cooperation period with Vickers Armstrong Ltd. of London artillery parts and assemblies were manufactured. Later Zbrojovka Brno of Czechoslovakia took over the factory which resulted redesigning the production for infantry weapons and ammunition. Hermann Göring took over the company’s shares in World War II.

Cugir produced the first Romanian-designed weapon 9mm caliber submachine gun, Parabellum, “Oriţa” type. SC Cugir Mechanical Plant SA was divided in 2004, SC Cugir Arms Factory SA, a subsidiary of the National Company ROMARM.

Production

The plant produced the Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 (PM md. 63), and GP 75 AKM rifles Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy (AKM) series of Kalashnikov rifles based on the Russian AKM design of 1959.
The factory also produces the popular AK style weapon the WASR-series rifles semi-automatic only variant of the AKM rifle.

See also
Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965
WASR series rifles
ROMARM
PSL

References

 Map sources:

External links 

 S.C. UZINA MECANICA CUGIR S.A. - History (Archive)

Romania–Soviet Union relations
Firearm manufacturers of Romania
Defence companies of Romania
Companies of Alba County
Tega Industries. Tega Industries Ltd. is an Indian  corporation, headquartered in Kolkata. A constituent of MM Group of Companies, it provides customized products and services for mining, mineral beneficiation, bulk material handling, and slurry transportation industries.

The company specializes in the manufacturing, distribution, and life cycle management of wear resistant lining components required for grinding, sizing and beneficiation of minerals, downstream equipment such as hydro-cyclones and flotation columns, fluid transportation and filtration systems used in the industry.

History 

Tega was started in 1976 by Madan Mohanka, an early alumnus of Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. The company was first promoted through a technical and financial collaboration with Skega AB (a Swedish firm) and later fully acquired by Mohanka family in 1998.

 
Its first manufacturing facility was built in 1978 at Kalyani (West Bengal, India) and later another plant was established at Joka, a suburb of Kolkata city (West Bengal, India). In 2014, Tega commissioned its manufacturing base at Dahej (Gujarat, India) under special economic zone. In 2006, Tega launched its manufacturing operations in South Africa, followed by Australia and Chile operations in 2011.

Currently, the company has manufacturing facilities in India, Australia, South Africa and Chile.

Expansion

 In 1991, Tega formed Hosch Equipment (India) Ltd, a joint venture with Hosch (GB) Ltd
 In July 2006, Tega acquired Beruc Equipments (Pty) Ltd, a South Africa based manufacturer and distributor of grinding mill liners.
 In January 2011 Tega made acquisition of Losugen Pty Ltd, an Australia based fabricator and distributor of  wear resistant liners.
 In February 2011 Tega acquired two more companies :
 Acotec S.A., a manufacturer of slurry transportation, pump and wear products
 Edoctum S.A, a host of mining trade Shows in Peru and Chile
In 2014, Tega bought a stake in Tega Scanning Solutions, Canada, a new company focused on laser scanning of Mill Liner.

Products 

Tega provides consulting services, product manufacturing, and on-site support to its customers for a wide range applications including the followings:
 Mill inner linings and reinforcement 
 Conveyor belt accessories and cleaners
 Wear resistant liners for chute management
 Screening panels
 Trommel structures
 Hydro cyclone systems for downstream application
 Pumps & liners for slurry transportation

References

Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata
1976 establishments in West Bengal
Indian companies established in 1976
Manufacturing companies established in 1976
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
DS2000. The DS2000 is a geostationary communications satellite bus designed and manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric of Japan. Designed to carry payloads between  and , with power requirements of up to 15 kW.  It is compatible with Ariane 5, Proton-M, Zenit-3SL, Atlas V, Falcon 9 and H-IIA.

According to Moog-ISP, the DS2000 platform uses its bipropellant thrusters.

List of satellites
Satellites using the DS2000 platform.

See also
 A2100 – Similar satellite bus made by Lockheed Martin Space Systems and popular with Japanese satellite operators
 NEXTAR - NEC's standard satellite bus
 SSL 1300 – Another comparable satellite bus used by Japanese satellite operators and made by SSL

References

External links
 MELCO DS2000 page

Communications satellites
Mitsubishi Electric
Satellite buses
Satellites of Japan
Metric Systems Corporation. Metric Systems Corporation (MSC) is an American company that develops, manufactures and sells  wireless networking equipment and systems. Based in Carlsbad, California, MSC focuses on White spaces (radio) and other equipment and systems for the commercial, industrial, and government market place.

History 
In the late 2000s Metric Systems Corporation was tasked by Microsoft to provide White Space test equipment for use by the Federal Communications Commission in its decision to allow unlicensed use of White Space. Following the FCC's release of final rules for the use of TV-band devices in late 2010, Metric Systems began developing its line of VHF/UHF White Space Broadband Radios.

Patents and technology 
Metric Systems Corporation holds several patents in the United States and Canada which focus on Dynamic Spectrum Management and wide area wireless networking. Key patents include methods and apparatuses  for adaptively setting frequency channels in a multi-point wireless networking system and maintain connectivity in the presence of noise and interference.

Product use and field trials 
MSC's White Space products have been evaluated by a number of domestic and international agencies and companies. In February 2013 MSC's first generation White Space VHF/UHF Broadband Radios were delivered to Brazil's CPqD for evaluation.

In July 2013, Metric Systems Corporation's White Space equipment was used by the Port of Pittsburgh for testing inland waterways.

The first carrier-class TV Band White Space Radio, the RaptorX, was certified by the FCC for unlicensed use in 2015.

In Summer 2016, MSC's production White Space Infrastructure Radio, the RaptorXR,  began field trials in the mid-western United States for educational, financial, and public safety applications.

References 

Wireless network organizations
Christos Kozyrakis. Christos (Christoforos) Kozyrakis (; born 1974) is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Stanford University, where he leads the multi-scale architecture & systems team (MAST). His current research interests are on resource efficient cloud computing, energy efficient compute and memory systems, and architectural support for security. Kozyrakis was the 2015 ACM Maurice Wilkes Award for outstanding contributions to transactional memory systems.

Kozyrakis holds a Ph.D. degree from UC Berkeley (advised by David A. Patterson) and a B.Sc. from University of Crete. He is an IEEE fellow and an ACM fellow.

References

External links
Christos Kozyrakis homepage
Christos Kozyrakis profile at Google Scholar
The Maurice Wilkes Award

Living people
Greek computer scientists
Computer designers
University of Crete alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Stanford University faculty
Stanford University Department of Computer Science faculty
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
2016 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Scientists from Heraklion
1974 births
Maurice Wilkes Award winners
IBM 2501. The IBM 2501 is a punched-card reader from IBM with models for the System/360 and System/370 mainframe systems and for the IBM System/360 Model 20, the IBM 1130 and IBM System/3 minicomputers. 2501 models can read 80-column cards at either 600 or 1000 cards per minute (CPM).

The 2501 is no longer sold, but is simulated in software on current IBM systems.

Models
The 2501 comes in four models depending on speed and attachment features.  Models for mainframe use come with an integrated control unit that performs the functions of a control unit required by other devices.

The A1 and A2 are for the IBM 1130.

Usage
The 2501 uses a photoelectric sensor to read the data punched in the card. Cards are read serially (column by column) and the reader uses a simplified "straight through" card path.  "Each column is read twice and the two readings are compared to check reading accuracy."

In a mainframe environment the 2501 was frequently used for mainframe input in an "open shop" environment where users submitted their own jobs.

On an 1130 system the 2501 can be used in addition to the IBM 1442.  Since the 1442 has a maximum speed of 300 or 400 CPM attaching a 2501 provides a significant increase in read speed and lower CPU usage.

The System/3 normally processes 96-column punched card; the 2501 provides alternative input for shops that require the ability to read 80-column cards.

Features
A special feature (RPQ) is available for all models to allow them to read optically marked (OMR) cards.

See also
 Punched card input/output
 Computer programming in the punched card era

References

Computer peripherals
IBM mainframe peripherals
2501
Harvey Railroad Bridge. The Harvey Railroad Bridge is a historic structure located east of Harvey, Iowa, United States. It spans an old channel of the Des Moines River for .  The Albia, Knoxville and Des Moines Railroad (AK&D) was planned to traverse the central part of Marion County.  Even though a special tax in the townships the tracks would pass through was approved in 1870, they were unable to complete the line.  The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) acquired the AK&D's assets in 1875 and completed the line.  Initially, the tracks did not cross the Des Moines River where the railroad employed ferries or a temporary bridge.  The CB&Q contracted with the American Bridge Company in 1878 to fabricate the wrought iron Pratt through truss span.  Stone abutments and piers support the bridge. It is not known whether the CB&Q or AmBridge built the span.  It remained in use as a railroad bridge until 1938 when the county acquired the bridge and the right-of-way for a county road.  The river itself has subsequently been rerouted, and now the bridge crosses a narrow stream.  The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

References

Bridges completed in 1878
Bridges in Marion County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, Iowa
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Truss bridges in Iowa
Wrought iron bridges in the United States
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Avibras Falcão. The Avibras Falcão is a Brazilian unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed for reconnaissance missions, target acquisition, support for firing direction, damage assessment, and land and maritime surveillance. Its design is the result of the work of several engineers, technicians and designers led by Eng. Alessandro L. Branco, Technical Manager to UAV and Aeronautical Systems at Avibras. The Falcão has an endurance of over 16 hours and a payload capability of , and it is configured to carry an electro-optical sensor and a radar with range of 1,500 km.

References

Unmanned military aircraft of Brazil
2010s Brazilian military reconnaissance aircraft
2010s Brazilian military aircraft
Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Function as a service. Function as a service is a "platform-level cloud capability" that enables its users "to build and manage microservices applications with low initial investment for scalability," according to ISO/IEC 22123-2.

Function as a Service is a subset of the serverless computing ecosystem.

Anti-patterns 
The "Grain of Sand Anti-pattern" refers to the creation of excessively small components (e.g., functions) within a system, often resulting in increased complexity, operational overhead, and performance inefficiencies. "Lambda Pinball" is a related anti-pattern that can occur in serverless architectures when functions (e.g., AWS Lambda, Azure Functions) excessively invoke each other in fragmented chains, leading to latency, debugging and testing challenges, and reduced observability. These anti-patterns are associated with the formation of a distributed monolith.

These anti-patterns are often addressed through the application of clear domain boundaries, which distinguish between public and published interfaces. Public interfaces are technically accessible interfaces, such as methods, classes, API endpoints, or triggers, but they do not come with formal stability guarantees. In contrast, published interfaces involve an explicit stability contract, including formal versioning, thorough documentation, a defined deprecation policy, and often support for backward compatibility. Published interfaces may also require maintaining multiple versions simultaneously and adhering to formal deprecation processes when breaking changes are introduced.

Fragmented chains of function calls are often observed in systems where serverless components (functions) interact with other resources in complex patterns, sometimes described as spaghetti architecture or a distributed monolith. In contrast, systems exhibiting clearer boundaries typically organize serverless components into cohesive groups, where internal public interfaces manage inter-component communication, and published interfaces define communication across group boundaries. This distinction highlights differences in stability guarantees and maintenance commitments, contributing to reduced dependency complexity.

Additionally, patterns associated with excessive serverless function chaining are sometimes addressed through architectural strategies that emphasize native service integrations instead of individual functions, a concept referred to as the functionless mindset. However, this approach is noted to involve a steeper learning curve, and integration limitations may vary even within the same cloud vendor ecosystem.

Portability issues  
Function as a service workloads may encounter migration obstacles due to service lock-in from tight vendor integrations. Hexagonal architecture can facilitate workload portability.

See also 
 as a service
 Serverless computing
 Serverless Framework
 AWS Lambda

References 

Serverless computing
As a service
Northrop N-204. The Northrop N-204 was a high altitude reconnaissance jet aircraft designed in the United States in the 1950s.

Development
In fall 1957, Northrop submitted a proposal to the United States Air Force for a subsonic high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, having capitalized on their earlier N-165 design study. The concerns by CIA pilots that the Lockheed U-2 was being tracked by radars on spy missions over the Soviet Union prompted Northrop to make low observable technology a part of the N-204 design, as was later done with the Lockheed A-12.

Although Northrop estimated that the N-204 could go into service in 1960, the N-204 project did not proceed to the hardware stage.

Design
The N-204 was similar to the Lockheed U-2 and Yakovlev Yak-25RV in having long, straight wings like an ordinary sailplane, and a v-tail. However, the engines of the aircraft were not buried in the wing roots or podded under the wings, but instead were buried in the outboard end of the wing center-section.

Specifications (estimated)

See also

References

N-204
N-204, Northrop
Eight-engined jet aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Ynyscedwyn Ironworks. Ynyscedwyn Ironworks is an industrial complex located in Ystradgynlais, near Swansea, Wales. Smelting was first established here in seventeenth century. In the 1820s, with the arrival of George Crane, production was expanded. Crane was the first ironmaster who successfully tried anthracite to a blast furnace in 1837.

In 1837, London bankers, Charles Price and Joseph Marryat, invested in the Ynyscedwyn Ironworks.

The remaining structures were built in 1872 to house a planned steel mill. Although not completed, the site housed the Ynyscedwyn Tinplate Works.

References

Bibliography

Industrial history of Wales
Ironworks and steelworks in Wales
Ystradgynlais