omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Biomagnetics. Biomagnetics is a field of biotechnology. It has actively been researched since at least 2004. Although the majority of structures found in living organisms are diamagnetic, the magnetic field itself, as well as magnetic nanoparticles, microstructures and paramagnetic molecules can influence specific physiological functions of organisms under certain conditions. The effect of magnetic fields on biosystems is a topic of research that falls under the biomagnetic umbrella, as well as the construction of magnetic structures or systems that are either biocompatible, biodegradable or biomimetic. Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic microparticles are known to interact with certain prokaryotes and certain eukaryotes.

Magnetic nanoparticles under the influence of magnetic and electromagnetic fields were shown to modulate redox reactions for the inhibition or the promotion of animal tumor growth. The mechanism underlying nanomagnetic modulation involves the convergence of magnetochemical and magneto-mechanical reactions.

History

In 2014, biotechnicians at Monash University noticed that "the efficiency of delivery of DNA vaccines is often relatively low compared to protein vaccines" and on this basis suggested the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to deliver genetic materials via magnetofection because it increases the efficiency of drug delivery.

As of 2021, interactions have been studied between low cost iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the main groups of biomolecules: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. There have been suggestions of magnetically-targeted drug delivery systems, in particular for the cationic peptide lasioglossin. 

Around May 2021 rumours abounded that certain mRNA biotech delivery systems were magnetically active. Prompted by state-owned broadcaster France24, :fr:Julien Bobroff who specialises in magnetism and teaches at the University of Paris-Saclay debunked the claims of Covid-19 conspiracy theorists using an ad verecundiam argument, as follows: "A vaccine against Covid-19... that would make magnets stick to the skin once injected is absolutely impossible from a scientific standpoint."

References

Biotechnology
Magnetism
Physiology
Biomagnetics
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Radioelektronika. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Radioelektronika is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published in Ukraine that covers electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and electronics. An English translation is published as  Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. The Russian-language version is published by the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and is one of several journals from the series Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii published by different institutes of the Soviet Union.

Scope 
The journal covers theoretical problems of radio-engineering, results of research, materials of scientific conferences and meetings, information on scientific work in higher educational institutions, news, and bibliographic materials.

The journal contains the following sections:

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Academic OneFile, Inspec, SCOPUS, Russian Science Citation Index, VINITI, Gale, OCLC, SCImago, Summon by Serial Solutions and EI-Compendex.

History 
The journal was established in 1958 as Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education USSR. Radiotekhnika, with S. I. Tetel'baum as editor-in-chief. It was renamed in 1967 as Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education USSR. Radioelektronika with Yaroslav K. Trokhimenko as editor-in-chief. The journal obtained its current title in 1992. Fedor F. Dubrovka succeeded Trokhimenko as editor-in-chief in 2009.

In 1992, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the Kiev Polytechnic Institute took over the publication of the journal.

English version 
In 1968, Faraday Press (United States) published the first issue of the English version of the journal, which was published as Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. From 1977, translation and publication of the journal moved to Allerton Press. Since 2007, the English version is distributed by Springer Science+Business Media.

External links 
 

Academic journals established in 1958
Academic journals established in 1968
English-language journals
Russian-language journals
Semiconductor journals
Monthly journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Hybrid open access journals
Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
Academic journals published in Ukraine
Garland Aircraft Company. The Garland Aircraft Company was a British aircraft manufacturer that operated in the late 1950s and 1960s.

History
Patrick Garland and Doug Bianchi built a version of the French Piel Emeraude light aircraft that would meet British airworthiness requirements. Named the Garland-Bianchi Linnet it was built at White Waltham Airfield and first flown on 1 September 1958 from Fairoaks Airfield. The Garland Aircraft Company was formed to put the Linnet into production. The company built two Linnets, although the second was not completed and it was sold to Fairtravel Limited to continue production as the Fairtravel Linnet II.

Aircraft
 1958 – Garland-Bianchi Linnet

Notes

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Jerry Lin. Dr. Jerry Y.S. Lin is a Regents' Professor of Chemical Engineering in School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy at the Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, US.  He publishes papers under the names “Y.S. Lin” or "Jerry Y.S. Lin".  From 2006 to 2009, he served as the Chemical Engineering Department Chair at Arizona State University, and now directs the Membrane and Energy Laboratory at ASU.

Career
Dr. Lin is co-editor-in-chief for the Journal of Membrane Science, and Journal of Membrane Science Letters. He was Cheung Kong Distinguished Guest Professor of Industrial Catalysis at Tianjin University, Guangbiao Distinguished Guest Professor of Chemical Engineering at Zhejiang University, Piercy Distinguished Visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, and JSPS visiting professor at the University of Tokyo.

Dr. Lin works in the field of  inorganic membrane science, separation technologies and energy storage.  As of 2019, he has published over 310 papers in chemical engineering and material science journals, and holds 9 patents, and  his papers have received over 28000 [google scholar citation, with h-index of 81). Lin has been a technical consultant for membrane, chemical, petroleum and energy utility companies.

Lin received his B.S. (1982) from Zhejiang University in China, M.S. (1985) and his Ph.D. (1988) from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the US, all in chemical engineering. He was a post-doctoral staff member at the University of Twente in the Netherlands (1988-1991).  He joined the faculty of chemical engineering at University of Cincinnati as an assistant professor in 1991 and was promoted to full professor in 1998, where he was co-director of the National Science Foundation Center for Membrane Applied Science and Technology.  He joined ASU in January 2005 after serving at the University of Cincinnati.

Awards
NSF Career Award (1995)
Cheung Kong Scholar  (2001)
AIChE Institute Award for Excellence in Industrial Gases Technology (2009)   for "his sustained fundamental research in advancing inorganic membrane science for gas separations, and pioneering work on high temperature adsorption separation technologies"
Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (2009)
Regents’ Professor, Arizona State University (2012) 
Fellow of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) (2013) 
Fellow of North American Membrane Society (NAMS)(2020) 
AIChE Gerhold Award (2021)

Lin co-chaired the 2013 and 1998 North American Membrane Society Annual Meetings, the 1994 MRS Symposium on Materials for Separation Technology, and 2001 ACS Symposium on Advanced Membrane Materials.  He was the conference chairman of the 2004 International Conference on Inorganic Membranes and chair of the 2010 Gordon Research Conference on Membrane Materials and Processes.

References

American chemical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stefano Levialdi Ghiron. Stefano (or Esteban) Levialdi Ghiron (1936–2015) was an Italian computer scientist who was a full professor at the Sapienza University of Rome.  His research areas included visual programming languages, image processing, pattern recognition, and human-computer interaction.

Stefano Levialdi graduated in Telecommunications Engineering from the University of Buenos Aires in 1959. He lectured in Electronics at the University of Genova and was a researcher of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) for 13 years, working on parallel image processing.  In 1981 he became full professor at the University of Bari, and moved to the Sapienza University of Rome in 1983.    He was founder and co-Editor, together with Shi-Kuo Chang, of the Journal of Visual Languages and Computing.

References

2015 deaths
1936 births
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
National Research Council (Italy) people
Security Airster S-1. 

The Security Airster S-1 is an American two-seat single-engined monoplane designed by Bert Kinner and built by his Security National Aircraft Corporation later named the American Aircraft Corporation.

Development
The Airster S-1 appeared in 1933 after the designer Bert Kinner had started the Security National Aircraft Corporation to build it. The Airster S-1-A was a side-by-side two-seat single-engined low-wing braced monoplane, it had folding wings and a fixed tailwheel landing gear. The aircraft was powered by one of Kinners engines the 100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5 radial. A coupe option was available to enclose the open cockpit. The economic situation in the United States of the early 1930s was not a good time to launch a light aircraft and only 15 were built when production of the S-1A stopped in January 1935. One of the purchasers of the aircraft turned out to be Edgar Rice Burroughs, author of the Tarzan series.
 
In 1939 with the company renamed the American Aircraft Corporation, Kinner attempted to restart production with a revised Airster S-1-B, again powered by his own engine a 125 hp (93 kW) Security S5-125 radial. Times were no better and only about five were built before the factory and assets were bought in 1942 by the National Airplane & Motor Company.

Variants
Airster S-1
Prototypes powered by 100hp (75kW) Kinner K-5 radial engine, two built.
Airster S-1-A
Production version, 12 built.
Airster S-1-B
Revised 1939 variant with a 125hp (93kW) Security S5-125 radial engine, five built.

Specifications (S-1-A)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Kinner Airster. The Kinner Airster is an American two-seat single-engined biplane designed by Bert Kinner and built by his Kinner Airplane & Motor Corporation.

Development

The Airster appeared in 1920 designed by Bert Kinner, it was a one or two seat open-cockpit single-engine biplane. The first single-seat Airster was powered by a  Lawrance L-4 radial engine. When the prototype crashed on a test flight it was rebuilt as a two-seater with a wider cockpit. One Airster named The Canary was bought by Amelia Earhart while she was learning to fly. Later production aircraft had slab-sided plywood fuselages and were powered by a variety of  engines.

In 1927  the company produced a three-seat variant powered by a  Kinner K-2 engine, with the last Airster being built in 1927. Design rights were sold to the Crown Carriage Works in 1929 who produced a version designated the Crown B-3.

Specifications

References

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Melchior (alloy). In metallurgy, melchior is an alloy of copper, mainly with nickel (5–30%). Its name originates from , which in turn is distorted , honoring the French inventors of the alloy, Maillot and Chorier. The term melchior sometimes refers not only to the copper-nickel alloys, but also ternary alloys of copper with nickel and zinc ("nickel silver") and even a silvered brass. Melchior is easily deformable by application of pressure, both in the hot and cold state. After annealing, it has a tensile strength of about 40 kg/mm2. The most valuable property of melchior is its high resistance to corrosion in air, freshwater and seawater. Increasing the amount of nickel, iron or manganese improves corrosion and cavitation resistance, especially in sea water and atmospheric water vapor. The alloy of 30% Ni, 0.8% Fe, 1% Mn and 68.2% Cu is used in maritime shipping, in particular for the manufacture of condenser tubes. Nickel gives melchior, unlike brass and bronze, a silver color, and that property, combined with its high corrosion resistance, made it popular for the manufacture of household utensils in the Soviet Union.

See also
 Cupronickel
 Monel

References

Copper alloys
Nickel alloys
Coinage metals and alloys

fr:Maillechort
Xijin Bridge. Xijin Bridge (), is an ancient Chinese covered bridge or lángqiáo (廊桥) located in Yongkang, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China. It is the largest covered bridge in Zhejiang Province, and one of the largest in China.

History
The bridge was constructed during the Ming dynasty as a wooden bridge. In the 57th year of the Kangxi Era (1718), the bridge was rebuilt, and in the early period of the Yongzheng Era, the bridge's piers were replaced with stones to improve its load capacity. At the beginning of the Qianlong Era, the construction of the bridge was finished. During the Jiaqing Era, the bridge was repaired once and in the 12th year (1807), a stone stele (cenotaph) was erected to praise bridge builders and to summarize the history of the bridge.  The inscription on the stele is known as Xijin Qiao Zhi ().

Structural parameters
The bridge is a mixed stone and wooden bridge; the piers are made of stone and its upper structures are mostly wooden. When it was a completely wooden bridge, it had a length of 206.3 meters distributed over 15 piers and 16 spans. After the piers were replaced with stone, it was changed to 12 piers and 13 spans and shortened to 166 meters. Each pier has a length of 5.6 meters, a width of 3.3 meters, and height of 4.6 meters. Between every two piers, there are 6 or 7 girders spanning the tops of piers. Each girder has an average length of 13 meters.

See also
 Covered bridge
 Chengyang Bridge, another large lángqiáo (廊桥) in Guangxi, China
 List of bridges in China

References
《永康县志》 (Archive of Yongkang County), official/governmental archive of Yongkang (Qing Dynasty version). Now Yongkang is no longer a county, but a city.
《西津橋志》 (Inscript of Xijin Bridge), a Jiaqing-Era article about the bridge.
《中国桥梁建筑史》 (History of Chinese Bridges), a book on the history of Chinese bridges, written by Mao Yisheng.

Tourist attractions in Zhejiang
Chinese architectural history
Bridges in Jinhua
Covered bridges in China
Reykjanes power station. The Reykjanes power station (known as Reykjanesvirkjun ) is a geothermal power station located in Reykjanes at the south-western tip of Iceland.

As of 2012, the power plant generated 100MWe from two high pressure 50MWe turbines, using steam and brine from a reservoir at , which is extracted from 12 wells that are  deep. This was the first time that geothermal steam of such high temperature had been used for electrical generation.

In May 2023 a low pressure 30 MWe turbine started operation, bringing the power output of the plant to 130 MWe. The turbine uses medium and a low pressure steam at about  and  coming from the separation station that separates steam from geothermal fluid. The residual heat from the cooling water is used to heat sea water for fish farming.

The power plant was open to the public and housed the Power Plant Earth interpretative exhibition. However, the exhibit was closed in June 2018.

From December 2023 staff based at the Reykjanes power station controlled remotely the geothermal Svartsengi power station which was threatened by volcanic activity.

See also 

 Geothermal power in Iceland
 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of power stations in Iceland
 Renewable energy in Iceland

References

External links 

 Photo Gallery from islandsmyndir.is

Geothermal power stations in Iceland
Reykjanes
Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station. The Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is an experimental project in Kislaya Guba, Russia.

The station is the world's 4th largest tidal power plant in operation since the Annapolis Royal Generating Station ceased operation. With an output capacity of . Station began operating in 1968, but was later shut down for 10 years until December 2004, when funding resumed. The old  French-built generation unit was dismantled. In 2004 was installed first new  generation unit, and in 2007 – second, . The site was originally chosen because the long and deep fjord had a fairly narrow outlet to the sea which could easily be dammed for the project. There are plans for two larger scale projects based on this design near Mezen, on the White Sea and Tugur on the Sea of Okhotsk.

See also 

 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of power stations in Russia
 List of tidal power stations

References 

Energy infrastructure completed in 1968
Tidal power stations in Russia
Tidal barrages
Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union
Cornwerdermolen. The Cornwerdermolen is a smock mill in Cornwerd, Friesland, Netherlands, which has been restored to working order. The mill is listed as Rijksmonument number 39329.

History

The Cornwerdermolen was built in 1907 by millwright J H  Westra of Franeker. The mill originally drained two polders, each via a separate Archimedes' screw. Five windmills were put out of work by the construction of the Cornwerdermolen and were demolished. The smaller of the two screws was later removed. The mill was restored in 1969. it worked until 13 November 1972, when it lost two sails in a storm. Thereafter the work of the mill was done by an Archimedes' screw driven by a tractor. The tractor was later replaced by an electric motor. The mill was restored in 1999. It is the most westerly windmill in Friesland.

Description

The Cornwerdermolen is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to the ground. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The four Patent sails, which have a span of , are carried in a cast-iron windshaft which was cast by H J Koning, Foxham, Groningen in 1907. The mill in winded by a tailpole and winch. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 59 cogs. This drives the wallower (34 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel (103 cogs) drives the Archimedes' screw via a gearwheel with 37 cogs. The axle of the Archimedes' screw is  diameter and the Archimedes' screw is  diameter. It is  long, inclined at 19½°. Each turn of the screw lifts  of water.

Public access
The Cornwerdermolen is open to the public by appointment.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1907
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Súdwest-Fryslân
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Nut driver. A nutdriver or nut driver is a hand tool for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts. It essentially consists of a socket attached to a shaft and cylindrical handle and is similar in appearance and use to a screwdriver. They generally have a hollow shaft to accommodate a shank onto which a nut is threaded. They are typically used for lower torque applications than wrenches or ratchets and are frequently used in the appliance repair and electronics industries.

Variations include T-shaped handles for providing the operator with a better grip, ratcheting handles, sockets with recessed magnets for holding fasteners, and flex shafts for bending around obstructions.

Indexable bits with the same purpose, to be held either in indexable handles or in power tool chucks, are called nutsetters.

A spinner handle is a shaft and handle with a drive fitting—most commonly  square axle at the end for attaching interchangeable sockets. This allows one to use a single handle with a number of sizes instead of having a separate nut driver for each size. However, a spinner lacks the benefit of a hollow shaft; thus, a common alternative system is a single handle with interchangeable shafts in each size.

See also 
Socket wrench
Can wrench

References

External links 
 

Mechanical hand tools
Device ecology. A device ecology refers to a collection of devices with relationships among each other, that is, these devices can communicate with one another and are aware of each other's presence. The word "ecology" refers to the relationship between an organism and its environment, which may include other organisms. Devices in a future living room, devices in a kitchen, or devices in a factory might collectively form device ecologies (a living room device ecology, a kitchen device ecology, etc.) to cooperatively perform tasks for a user. Imagine a user introducing a new device to the living room device ecology (i.e., bringing home a new device). Ideally, the user simply places the device in the living room, and there is an automatic "orientation" of the new device with subsequent integration into the living room device ecology.

It is possible that devices have different roles within a device ecology. The word "ecology" is used as a metaphor but also emphasises the idea of devices in relationship. We may even speak of devices in symbiotic relationships, where devices are somehow "helping" each other in their goals. The notions of mutualism, commensalism, endosymbiosis and ectosymbiosis may then be interpreted for a device ecology with devices of different forms, functionalities and sizes; other relationships can be defined. This also means that devices within a device ecology can affect each other through their behavior.

Device ecology relates to the notion of social devices, using the word "social" to describe devices that are capable of interacting with one another, and relates to smart devices, which refers to devices with capabilities to interact with one another and with users in an intelligent context-aware manner. Typically, with a user in an environment, the devices in the environment and on the user can form a device ecology.

A research problem is how a user might interact with device ecologies, and another is how devices might keep track of each other, even as new devices might join the ecology or devices leave. A European project talks about networked societies of artifacts.

See also
 Information ecology
 Universal Plug and Play

Notes

References 
 

 

 

Ubiquitous computing
Optical force. The optical force is a phenomenon whereby beams of light can attract and repel each other. The force acts along an axis which is perpendicular to the light beams. Because of this, parallel beams can be induced to converge or diverge. The optical force works on a microscopic scale, and cannot currently be detected at larger scales. It was discovered by a team of Yale researchers led by electrical engineer Hong Tang.

See also
 Optical lift

References

Force
Spacecraft propulsion
Aerospace engineering