omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Target Motion Analysis. Target Motion Analysis (TMA) is a process to determine the position of a target using passive sensor information. Sensors like passive RADAR and SONAR provide directional and occasionally frequency information. TMA is done by marking from which direction the sound comes at different times, and comparing the motion with that of the operator's own ship. Changes in relative motion are analyzed using standard geometrical techniques along with some assumptions about limiting cases. There are two different ways to execute TMA: manual and automated.

Manual TMA 
Manual TMA methods involve computation executed by humans instead of computers. There exist several manual TMA methods such as: Ekelund Ranging, 1934 Rule, Spears Wheel etc.

Ekelund ranging 

One of the best known TMA techniques is Ekelund ranging.
It is a method that is specifically designed for a 2leg-1zig scenario. This method works by first estimating the bearing rates during the first  and second leg . Secondly, one calculates the speed of advance along the line of sight with the target on the first and second leg . The rule then states that the range of the target at the moment of maneuver is given by:

To check the solution of an Ekelund Ranging solution there is also an iPhone app available.

Automated TMA 
Automated TMA methods involve computations executed by computers. This allows for the simultaneous tracking of multiple targets.  There exist several automated TMA methods such as: Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), etc.

Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) 
The MLE method tries to fit the directional measurements (bearings) to a theoretical linear motion model of the target. The bearing function to be fitted is:

If  measurements of  have been collected, the problem reduces to an overdetermined system of  non-linear equations. The state vector associated is

and can be solved by numerical estimation procedures like Gauss-Newton.

References

Tracking
Military technology
Mack NJU 5-ton 4x4 truck. The Mack NJU 5- to 6-ton 4x4 Ponton tractor (G639) was a semi-tractor designed to haul bridging equipment during World War II. Of the 700 built 119 were supplied to the British in Egypt, 8 were built with van bodies, and the rest were used as a substitute standard by the US Army.

History
In 1940 the US Army ordered 700 Mack 4 x 4 truck tractors, intended to tow pontoon-carrying semi-trailers. 694 were delivered in 1941 and the last 6 in 1942. An Autocar design was standardized by the US Army and only 700 NJUs were built.

692 NJU-1 tractors and 8 NJU-2 vans designed to tow topographical trailers were delivered.

In November 1941 119 semi-tractors were delivered to the British army in Egypt, where they bore War Department H-numbers.

Some NJU-1's went into French Army service post war.

Design

The design was a militarized version of a civilian Cab Over Engine (COE) model, partly redesigned to make it 4WD. A Mack engine and transmission were matched with a Timken 2-speed transfer case and double-reduction axles. The EN532 engine was a   L-head inline 6 cylinder gasoline engine developing  at 2500 rpm. The 5-speed transmission drove the separate transfer case.

A ladder frame had two live beam axles on leaf springs with a  wheelbase. There was a  winch behind the front bumper and a pintle hitch at the rear. A civilian type closed cab was used, right behind the cab was an open cargo box used to carry engineer tools, outboard motors, and other equipment.

Early semi-tractors and all vans used 9.75x20 tires, later semi-tractors had 12.00x20 tires. All trucks had dual rear tires. All trucks had full-air brakes.

Gallery

References

 
 
 TM-10-1704 NJU-1
 TM 10-1705 NJU-1, -2, August 1941

External links

Olive Drab-article
Trucks'Planet-article

Military trucks of the United States
NJU
World War II military vehicles
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
HackerNest. HackerNest is a not-for-profit organization and global movement founded on January 11, 2011. The organization unites local technology communities around the world through community events and socially beneficial hackathons to further its mission of economic development through technological proliferation. It is Canada's largest, most prolific technology community with growing international reach.

Background
HackerNest was founded on the belief that the fastest, most permanent way to improve the world is to build supportive local technology and innovation communities characterized by trust, sharing, and respect. The rationale is that the technology community is the cornerstone of economic development enabling collaboration, innovation, knowledge-sharing, recruiting, and scientific progress. Growing and strengthening the community lets businesses hire better, perform better, and create more jobs, which ultimately increases economic prosperity.

The organization's ideology is  rooted in  the idea that minor tweaks at the start of a process in a dynamic system can have a major impact on the result. . HackerNest "splinter cells" (chapters) regularly host "Tech Socials" open to anyone interested in technology. The events vary slightly by city, but maintain the same core tenets: all are friendly and down-to-earth.

The first Tech Social was held in Toronto on Monday, January 31, 2011. HackerNest Toronto is currently the world's largest Meetup group for programmers and Canada's largest technologist community.

As of July 2017, HackerNest splinter cells have run over 550+ events in 34 cities across 14 countries on 5 continents.

Activities 

In 2014, HackerNest produced Construct, Canada's largest hardware hackathon and DementiaHack for the British government, the world's first hackathon dedicated to helping people with dementia and their caregivers.

In 2015, the organization produced Deloitte's first internal innovation hackathon as well as DementiaHack Facebook as  lead sponsor and support from the UK government, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.

In 2016, HackerNest produced CourtHack with the   National Center for State Courts in Salt Lake City at t ) and the Hack4Equality> LGBTQ hackathon with Grindr in Los Angeles which heavily featured White House Promise Zone and Opportunity Project data.

Awards 
 Boryana Damnyanova Award for Corporate and Social Responsibility - Tufts University
 Contributions to the technology community - City of Toronto government
 Finalist - Canadian Global Impact Competition

References

External links 
 
 GOV.UK British High Commission Ottawa
 Wall Street Journal
 Betakit
 HackerNest Toronto Splinter Cell

International non-profit organizations
Social movements in Canada
Technology organizations
Software development events
Hackathons
Non-profit organizations based in Toronto
CNEL. Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) is a weighted average of noise level over time. It is used to compare the noisiness of neighborhoods. CNEL is frequently used in regulations of airport noise impact on the surrounding community.
A CNEL exceeding 65db is generally considered unacceptable for a residential neighborhood.

See also 
 National Council for Economics and Labour, CNEL in Italy

References 

Noise pollution
WaferCatalyst. WaferCatalyst is a Multi-Project Wafer (MPW) consolidation service by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia. WaferCatalyst is a concept to silicon service and provides a number of tools for community building in the field of integrated circuit (IC) design. These include Multi-project wafer service fabrication, multi-layer mask (MLM), design support, consultancy services and fabrication support.

History 
Microsystems Infrastructure Development initiative (MIDI) was launched by Micro-Sensors Division (MSD) under the National Center of Electronics, Communications and Photonics in early 2012 and was chartered to create and develop integrated circuit ecosystem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The service developed as a result of this initiative is called 'WaferCatalyst' which has been chartered to serve Saudi Arabia, greater Middle East & North Africa region as well as the global community in semiconductor design. It was formally launched on 28 April 2013 by H.H. Prince Dr. Turki bin Saud bin Mohammad Al Saud, Vice President for Research Institutes of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Programs 
WaferCatalyst has a number of programs to enhance the ecosystem in IC development area. These include support services through its Support and Design Portal, support on process development kits, support for universities in taping out of ICs, project titles for undergraduate/post-graduate students and partners program.

WaferCatalyst has been working to develop close coordination and partnerships among the various institutions, research and commercial organizations to add value for themselves while also contributing to the development of a virtual cluster ecosystem.

Related links 
Multi-project wafer service

External links
WaferCatalyst Website www.wafercat.com

WaferCatalyst Portal http://portal-wafercat.com 

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology www.kacst.edu.sa

References 

2013 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Science and technology in Saudi Arabia
Semiconductor device fabrication
Process performance qualification protocol. Process performance qualification protocol is a component of process validation: process qualification. This step is vital in maintaining ongoing production quality by recording and having available for review essential conditions, controls, testing, and expected manufacturing outcome of a production process. The Food and Drug Administration recommends the following criteria be included in a PPQ protocol:
Manufacturing conditions: Operating parameters, equipment limits, and component inputs
What data should be recorded and analyzed
What tests should be performed to ensure quality at each production step
A sampling plan to outline sampling methods both during and between production batches
Analysis methodology that allows for data scientific and risk oriented decision making based on statistical data. Variability limits should be defined and contingencies in the event of non-conforming data established
Approval of PPQ protocol from relevant departments
Deviations from the standard operation procedures should be made within the framework of the protocol and at the approval of relevant quality control departments. The FDA further recommends a documentation of the protocol be published internally. The report should include:
A summation of relevant data and analysis from the protocol
An explanation of unexpected data and any other results not mandated by the protocol and its effects on production quality
Identify correlating effects and suggest changes to existing processes
Conclude if the process performance is adequately qualified to meet performance standards. Should production standards not be met appropriate changes should be outlined

References

External links

 casss.org
 Process Validation Guidance

Formal methods
Enterprise modelling
Business process management
Validity (statistics)
Drug manufacturing
Håvard Jostein Haugen. Håvard J. Haugen (born January 23, 1975) is a Norwegian professor. He is Head of the Department of Biomaterials in Faculty of Dentistry at University of Oslo, Norway.

Education 
In 2021, Haugen completed his Master in Chemical Engineering at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, United Kingdom. Haugen earned a doctoral engineering from the Technische Universitat Munchen in 2004. His PhD thesis title was "Development of an implant to heal gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases."

Career 
Haugen worked as a researcher in the biological group: "bioloeart gical hvalves" at Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen in Germany. He worked as a researcher at the Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London in UK. Between 2001 and 2004, he worked at the Central Institute for Medical Engineering at the Technical University of Munich.

He was a Postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo from 2005 to 2009. Since 2014, he has been a professor and Head of Department of Biomaterials at University of Oslo.

Research 
Haugen`s research interest focuses on biomaterials and bone regeneration. His research areas include biomaterials science, medical devices, bone graft, dental materials and orthopaedics.

Awards 
In 2000, Haugen received The British Petroleum Prize in Chemical Engineering, London, UK. Three years later, he received The City and Guild Associateship Award in Chemical Engineering, London, UK. He won the German Innovation Award in Germany, in 2009.

Organizational affiliations and recognition 
Between 2012 and 2016, Haugen was the President of the Scandinavian Society for Biomaterials. He is the project manager and recipient of the Research Council of Norway funded research grant between 2022 and 2027, with project title: "Multispecies biofilm for investigate non-antibiotic therpies in dentistry (MISFAITH)".

References

External links 
 
 ResearchGate profile
 Speaker profile
 Department of Biomaterials (University of Oslo) - official website
 

Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Living people
Biotechnologists
1975 births
Yasuhiko Arakawa. Yasuhiko Arakawa (Japanese , Arakawa Yasuhiko; born 6 November 1952) is a Japanese physicist.

His research focuses on semiconductor physics, including growth of nanostructures and their optoelectronic applications. Among his main achievements are the proposal of the concept of quantum dots and their application to quantum dot lasers, the observation of exciton-polariton Rabi-splitting in a semiconductor microcavity, or, recently, the first 3D photonic crystal nanocavity lasers with quantum dot gain.

Biography
Yasuhiko Arakawa received a B.S. degree in 1975 and a Ph.D. degree in 1980, respectively, from the University of Tokyo, both in electronics engineering. In 1981 he became an assistant professor at the University of Tokyo and in 1993, was promoted full professor there. He is now at the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo and is also the director of Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics. He has been a visiting scientist of the California Institute of Technology in the period 1984–1986 and visiting professor at the Technical University of Munich in the period 2009–2011.

He has been a member of the Science Council of Japan since 2009.

He was also elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for contributions to quantum dot lasers and related nanophotonic devices.

Awards
Niwa Memorial Award
Excellent Paper Award des IECE
Young Scientist Award
International Symposium on GaAs and Related Compound Semiconductors
IBM Award
Distinguished Achievement Award des IEICE
Hattori Hoko Award
Sakura-Kenjiro Award von OITDA
Electronics Award from IEICE
Nissan Science Award
2004 Esaki Award (with Hiroyuki Sakaki)
2009 IEEE David Sarnoff Award
2010 NEC C&C Foundation Awards 2010 C&C Prize
2011 Nick Holonyak Jr. Award
2019 IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal
2023 Person of Cultural Merit

References

External links
University of Tokyo: Arakawa & Iwamoto Laboratory
Entry on Tech Heroes

Living people
Japanese physicists
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Persons of Cultural Merit
Optical physicists
1952 births
Code protection. Code protection may refer to:
 In computing, source code protection in which proprietary code is compiled, encrypted or obfuscated to conceal its inner workings from end users or competitors.
 In embedded microprocessors, hardware copy protection schemes by which firmware programmed into a microcontroller may be executed internally but is not readable or easily duplicated.
 In telephony, exchange code protection to prevent the same number being assigned in two small border communities on opposite sides of a telephone area code boundary. This allows local calls between the two communities without dialling the area code.
Smedes York. George Smedes York (born February 22, 1941) is an American politician and real estate developer. He served as mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina from 1979 to 1983. After graduating from Needham Broughton High School he went on to attend  North Carolina State University where he also played on the basketball team. He earned a degree in civil engineering there in 1963, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1968. He then worked for his family construction company, York Construction. He also sat on the Raleigh City Council from 1977 to 1979. He was inducted into the Raleigh Hall of Fame in 2007.

From 1989 until 1991 York served as chairman the Urban Land Institute.

References

20th-century mayors of places in North Carolina
Living people
Mayors of Raleigh, North Carolina
1941 births
Ravenscroft School alumni
North Carolina State University alumni
UNC Kenan–Flagler Business School alumni
Commodore Computing International. Commodore Computing International was a magazine for the Commodore range of computers, including the Commodore 64, Amiga, and Commodore PC range. The magazine was in circulation from 1980 to 1990.

History and profile
Commodore Computing International was established by Nick Hampshire in 1980. The publisher was Nick Hampshire Publications. Later issues were published by Croftward Limited. The magazine had its headquarters in London. It folded in 1990.

References

Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Home computer magazines
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines disestablished in 1990
Magazines published in London
Ten times annually magazines
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom
Commodore 8-bit computer magazines
Amiga magazines
Njål Hole. Njål Hole MBE (15 November 1914 – 6 February 1988) was a Norwegian chemical engineer and nuclear physicist. His is research was primarily in the field of nuclear physics.

Biography
He was born in Hjørundfjord. He graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1938. 
From 1938 he was an assistant at Norwegian Institute of Technology.
 
During the German occupation of Norway, he participated in resistance activities, and had to flee to Sweden. In Stockholm he was appointed at the same laboratory as exiled Austrian nuclear physicist Lise Meitner, who had been part of the team that discovered nuclear fission. Hole had contacts with the British Secret Intelligence Service, reporting to Norwegian intelligence officer Leif Tronstad (1903–1945) in London. He was decorated Member of the Order of the British Empire after the war.

He was appointed professor in physics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim from 1947 and took  his doctorate in 1950. In 1954 he became professor of experimental physics. In 1964, he took over a new professorship in general physics, which he managed until his retirement in 1981.

References

Related reading
Per F. Dahl (1999)  Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy (Taylor & Francis: London)  

1914 births
1988 deaths
People from Ørsta
Norwegian physicists
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Norwegian resistance members
Members of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Norwegian engineers
20th-century Norwegian scientists
OpenBCI. OpenBCI is an open-source brain–computer interface platform, created by Joel Murphy and Conor Russomanno, after a successful Kickstarter campaign in late 2013.

OpenBCI boards can be used to measure and record electrical activity produced by the brain (EEG), muscles (EMG), and heart (EKG), and is compatible with standard EEG electrodes. The OpenBCI boards can be used with the open source OpenBCI GUI, or they can be integrated with other open-source EEG signal processing tools.

Hardware 
The OpenBCI 32-bit board uses the ADS1299, an IC developed by Texas Instruments for biopotential measurements. The OpenBCI uses a microcontroller for on-board processing — the 8bit version (now deprecated) uses an Arduino-compatible ATmega328P IC, while the 32bit board uses a PIC microcontroller — and can write the EEG data to an SD card, or transmit it to software on a computer over a bluetooth link.

In 2015, OpenBCI announced the Ganglion board with a 2nd Kickstarter campaign. It has 4 input channels for measuring EEG, EMG, and EKG, and is also Bluetooth enabled. Initially it was offered on Kickstarter at $99, before later being listed at $249.99, and subsequently increasing in price to $499.00.

Software 

OpenBCI has released an open-source application for use with the OpenBCI, written with Processing. Display and processing software written in NodeJS and Python are also available.

3D Printed Headset 

Design files for a 3D printed headset for pre-production OpenBCI boards have been released on GitHub. The headset, known as the Ultracortex, holds the electrodes in place, and makes it easy to configure their placement using the 10–20 System. A headset design files are available for download from OpenBCI's GitHub account, or the headset can be purchased from the OpenBCI online store. The headsets are manufactured and produced by Voodoo Manufacturing.

Applications 
The OpenBCI has been used to control a HexBug robot using SSVEPs (Steady State Visually Evoked Potentials). Locked in graffiti artist Tempt One has used the OpenBCI and the low-cost Eyewriter eye-tracking system to continue to draw after being diagnosed with the degenerative nerve disorder ALS.

See also 
 List of open-source hardware projects

References

External links 
 

Brain–computer interface
Computing input devices
Open hardware electronic devices
Open hardware and software organizations and companies
Electroencephalography
Open science
Design space verification. Design space verification is defined by the European Medicines Agency as the verification that material inputs and processes are able to scale to commercial manufacturing levels while maintaining a standard of quality. Therefore, it is difficult to conduct design space verification while not operating at target levels and should be conducted over the manufacturing lifecycle. Changes in manufacturing output within the design space should not present any risks. Should the manufacturing load exceed the boundaries defined as normal operating ranges unanticipated scale-dependent issues can occur.

Design space verification is a part of process validation as defined by the EMA in conjunction with the FDA. Its purpose is to guarantee end product quality within a range of manufacturing boundaries. The effects of scale up activities should be fully understood by the manufacturer. Most initial design space conclusions are based upon laboratory testing or pilot batches with scale up effects being inferred by experimentation or based on statistical evidence, simulations, or studies. Ongoing design space verification should be dependent upon the results of an assessment of risk involved with scale up activities. More specifically, how scaling up production affects scale-dependent variables. 
Design space verification is much more focused in scope than overall process validation. Design space verification specifically aims to confirm output quality within a given operating range. This allows for changes in operating level flexibility while guaranteeing production quality, and allows for changes in production quantities without necessitating a reevaluation of the production process.

References

External links
 NSF Health Sciences 
 BioPharm International

Quality management
Formal methods
Drug manufacturing