omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Potassium picrate. Potassium picrate, or potassium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate, is an organic chemical, a picrate of potassium. It is a reddish yellow or green crystalline material. It is a primary explosive. Anhydrous potassium picrate forms orthorhombic crystals.

History 
Potassium picrate was first prepared in impure form in the  mid 17th century by Johann Rudolf Glauber by dissolving wood in nitric acid and neutralizing with potassium carbonate. It is commonly made by neutralizing picric acid with potassium carbonate. It has been used in industry since the 1860s.

Potassium Picrate and picric acid were formerly used in pyrotechnics to produce whistle effects, but since mixes that don't involve primary explosives have since been developed it is no longer used in that industry.  Its chief applications were as a component of explosives (with potassium nitrate and charcoal), propellants (with the same substances in the poudre Dessignole of the 1870s French Navy), and in explosive primers (with lead picrate and potassium chlorate).

Description 
Potassium picrate is not a very powerful explosive. It is somewhat shock-sensitive. In contact with flame it deflagrates with a loud sound. If ignited in confined space, it will detonate. It is more sensitive than picric acid. 

In contact with metals (e.g. lead, calcium, iron), potassium picrate, like ammonium picrate and picric acid, forms picrates of said metals. These are often more dangerous and more sensitive explosives. Contact with such materials therefore should be prevented.

Potassium picrate is used to determine the concentration of nonionic surfactants in water; materials detectable by this method are called potassium picrate active substances (PPAS).

Synthesis 
As with other picrates, potassium picrate may be produced by the neutralization of picric acid with the corresponding carbonate.
As picric acid is barely soluble in water the reaction must be done in an appropriate solvent like methanol.
First dissolving the picric acid in methanol and then adding potassium carbonate will result in potassium picrate. Temperature control is important to prevent detonation or excessive methanol evaporation.

Sensitivity 
According to Urbanski, Potassium picrate detonated 10% of the time when struck by a mass of 2kg dropped from the height of 21cm.
By comparison, the more sensitive anhydrous lead picrate detonated 10% of the time when struck by the same mass dropped from the height of 2cm.

See also 
 Dunnite
 Picric acid
 Lead picrate

References 

 Urbanski, Tadeusz (1964), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Volume 1, New York: Pergamon Press.

Picrates
Potassium compounds
Explosive chemicals
RV St. Barbara. RV St. Barbara was a research vessel belonging to the Cypriot Mili Shipping Company, Ltd. Measuring 78.9 m in length with a 13.7 m beam, the St. Barbara is most noted for discovering the 265 meter long wreck of the famed Graf Zeppelin on 12 July 2006 near the port of Łeba. She was last engaged in geotechnical and exploratory work for the Polish oil company Petrobaltic and was scrapped in Liepāja on 16 August 2017.

References

Research vessels
1977 ships
Pottier P.50. 

The Pottier P.50 Bouvreuil ("Bullfinch") was a single-seat, single-engine racing aircraft developed in France in the late 1970s and marketed for homebuilding. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with an enclosed cockpit. The undercarriage was of tailwheel configuration, and the P.50 was designed from the outset to offer the builder the alternative of fixed or retractable main units. Construction throughout was of wood, except for the engine cowling and main wheel spats, which were fibreglass mouldings.

Variants
 P.50 - version with fixed undercarriage
 P.50R - version with retractable undercarriage

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 

1970s French sport aircraft
p.050
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Armstrong Siddeley Typhoon. The Armstrong Siddeley Typhoon is a two-door, four-seat fixed-head coupé automobile produced by the British company Armstrong Siddeley from 1946 until 1949. It was based on the Armstrong Siddeley Lancaster saloon and continued the company's theme of naming cars after Hawker Siddeley World War II aircraft.

The chassis had independent front suspension using longitudinal torsion bars and a live rear axle with leaf springs. A Girling hydro-mechanical braking system was fitted, with the front drums hydraulically operated while those at the rear used rod and cable. 

At first the Typhoon were fitted with a 70 bhp 1991 cc, six-cylinder, overhead-valve  engine, carried over from the pre-war 16 hp model, but from 1949 this changed to 2309 cc and 75 bhp by increasing the cylinder bore from 65 to 70 mm. Hydraulic tappets were fitted to most engines, but towards the end of production there was a change to solid tappets. There was a choice of manual four-speed with synchromesh on the top three ratios or pre-selector gearbox. 

The four-seat, two-door body was made of steel and aluminium panels fitted over a wood-and-aluminium frame with a fabric roof. The doors were rear hinged, an arrangement that got the name of suicide doors.

At launch, the car cost £1214 on the UK market.

Armstrong Siddeley Tempest

The Tempest was a very rare four-door variant and the prototype for the Whitley.  

Six were built in 1949, but 5 were later recalled and destroyed by Armstrong Siddeley.  The remaining one (registered JHP 113) passed into the private ownership of the late Les Clark of Ilkeston in Derbyshire, UK.  It has a 2309cc engine, with a 4-speed pre-select gearbox.  It is a 4-door saloon, the front doors being of a "suicide" design.  The car is painted in midnight blue over grey (originally all black), and was in regular use until the early 1990s.  Its whereabouts are now unknown, but is believed to be in storage in the UK, its ownership changing in June 2022.

References

External links
 Armstrong Siddeley 16–18 hp model range
Picture of a Typhoon

Typhoon
Cars introduced in 1946
Edward Drobyshevski. Edward Mikhailovich Drobyshevski () (1936-2012), was a Russian astro- and plasma physicist.

Career
E.M. Drobyshevski was born in 1936. In 1959 he graduated the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute as an engineer-researcher. He was a Candidate of Physico-Mathematical sciences in 1965 and Doctor of Physico-Mathematical sciences in 1982. His scientific/research career has been connected with the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences where his posts have been senior laboratory assistant (1959), junior scientist (1960), senior scientist (1979), leading scientist (1986), laboratory head (1991–2004) and major scientist (1993–gainward).

Contributions
He has authored many theoretical and experimental studies on plasma physics, MHD, different branches of astrophysics (magnetic and binary stars, Solar System evolution, origin of asteroids and comets, astrobiology, dark matter, etc.), EM launch technology with industrial applications (for ~ 1 g projectiles, world record velocities achieved), and the like.

He has put forward several novel and at times provocative scientific paradigms. The areas studied include (1) generation of magnetic fields in celestial bodies by MHD processes without positive feedback—"semi-dynamo"; (2) close-binary Solar System cosmogony; (3) short-period comets and some other minor bodies as product of global explosions of electrolyzed massive icy envelopes of distant moon-like bodies; (4) origin of life due to magneto-electrochemical processes in the Galilean satellites’ ensemble; (5) daemon paradigm considering the dark matter objects to be electrically charged (Ze ≈ 10e) elementary Planckian black holes (m ≈ 2×10−5 g, rg ≈ 3×10−33 cm).

Academic publications, membership of scientific societies and recognition
He has more than 250 scientific publications, including about 120 in peer-reviewed journals, plus 3 inventions. He is a member of Hypervelocity Impact Society and European Astronomical Society. The
In 1992, the International Astronomical Union named the Themistian asteroid 4009 Drobyshevskij after him, in honor of his original cosmogonical ideas and theories of the origin of the planets and the minor bodies of the Solar System.  It also noted that he was also known for his research on the magnetic fields of the Sun and other stars.

Coverage in the media
Some of his more controversial work has been noted in the popular press: His work on the Tunguska event has been noted in Popular Mechanics and Ria Novosti  as well as in The British Interplanetary Society's publication Spaceflight. His work on Giant pieces of Jupiter's satellites as a threat to life on earth has been documented in Pravda.

Publications
ADS NASA
ADS NASA
SPIRES
Arxiv
Biblus

References

Russian physicists
2012 deaths
1936 births
SKIM. Sea surface kinematics multiscale monitoring (SKIM) was one of the two candidate missions for the 9th Earth Explorer mission of in the Living Planet Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA).  SKIM and the other candidate (FORUM) were pre-selected for a detailed study in November 2017. Only one of the two candidates was to be selected in 2019 for immediate implementation and a possible launch by the year 2025, and FORUM was chosen.

Context 
SKIM builds on the technological heritage of the SWIM instrument now flying on the China-France Ocean Satellite, with the important addition of Doppler measurement and changing from Ku to Ka-band. SKIM also inherits experience with Ka-band altimetry from the Indian-France SARAL-AltiKa mission.

Scientific Objectives 
The mission's science goals are to 
determine how the dynamics of the ocean total surface current velocity influence the integrated Earth system
more specifically, 
Determine the transport by waves and currents of material at the ocean surface including plankton, nutrients, heat, carbon, oil, and marine plastic debris
Map and apply currents and its components to generate better estimates of atmosphere–ocean exchanges of heat, gas, momentum and energy accounting for the full interplay between the surface ocean and the lower atmosphere (including upper ocean mixing) 
The satellite will overfly Earth from 83°S to 83°N, covering at least 97 percent of the globe.

References

External links 
SKIM hosted by LOPS

Earth satellite radar altimeters
Cosmic Vision
European Space Agency satellites
Cancelled spacecraft
Nishi-Meihan Expressway. is a national expressway in the Kinki region of Japan. It is owned and operated by West Nippon Expressway Company.

Naming 
Meihan is a kanji acronym of two characters. The first character represents Nagoya (名古屋) and the second character represents Osaka (大阪). Nishi (西) means west; together with the Meihan Expressway and Higashi-Meihan Expressway, it forms a corridor linking the greater Nagoya and Osaka areas.

Passage cities 
Osaka Prefecture
Matsubara - Fujiidera - Habikino - Kashiwara
Nara Prefecture
Kashiba - Kanmaki - Kawai - Ando - Yamatokōriyama - Ando - Yamatokōriyama - Tenri

Interchange list

External links 
 West Nippon Expressway Company

Expressways in Japan
Proposed roads in Japan
1969 establishments in Japan
BFW M.19. The BFW M.19, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M 19, was the first in a line of German low-wing single-engine sports planes, designed by Willy Messerschmitt while he worked for Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW).

Development
The M.19 was developed to compete in the Sachsenflug competition for single-seat lightplanes, to requirements set down by the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL). It was Messerschmitt's first low-wing cantilever monoplane, though the fuselage and empennage were clearly related to that of the high-wing two-seat M.17 of 1925. This fuselage had five main longitudinal members, four defining the lower rectangular part and a raised, central dorsal member that made the upper cross-section triangular. These members tapered strongly together towards the tail unit, where the fuselage was very slim. The rudder and fin assembly wae noticeable for being extremely rectangular, higher than wide and dominated by the rudder; the fin chord was very narrow and amounted to little more than a streamlined rudder post. It had a single-axle undercarriage with a tailskid.

It was powered by an 18 kW (24 hp) ABC Scorpion engine.

Operational history
The M.19 was entered into the Sachsenflug competition, flown by Theo Cronweiss and won both the technical prize and the overall award, winning Messerschmitt 60,000 RM which he invested in BFW.

Only two were built, but the low-wing, aerodynamically clean M.19 lead to a series of two-seat developments: the successful M.23, the M.27, the M.31 and the M.35.

Specifications

References
Citations

Cited sources

1920s German sport aircraft
M 19
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Functional Materials. Functional Materials is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute for Single Crystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The journal was established in 1994 and covers fundamental and applied research on organic and non-organic functional materials. Functional Materials has been included in the list of scientific journals recognized by the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine.

External links 
 

Materials science journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1994
Quarterly journals
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Ferdinand Bjerke. Ole Jacob Ferdinand Bjerke (1874 – 26 June 1946) was a Norwegian railway engineer. He graduated from Christiania Technical School in 1893, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways.

Bjerke first worked on the Gjøvik Line, then on the Bergen Line and the Dovre Line. From 1911 to 1918, he was in charge of the rebuilding of Trondheim Central Station. During his period in Trondheim, he was involved in the plans for the Gråkallen Line of the Trondheim Tramway, and made the plans for the route, and sat on the board. His main achievement was participating as senior engineer with the work on the Flåm Line. Before the construction could begin, he had been dispatched to study different railway types in the Alps.

References

1874 births
1946 deaths
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people
Trondheim Tramway people
Service layer. In intelligent networks (IN) and cellular networks, service layer is a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providing middleware that serves third-party value-added services and applications at a higher application layer. The service layer provides capability servers owned by a telecommunication network service provider, accessed through open and secure Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) by application layer servers owned by third-party content providers. The  service layer also provides an interface to core networks at a lower resource layer. The lower layers may also be named control layer and transport layer (the transport layer is also referred to as the access layer in some architectures).

The concept of service layer is used in contexts such as Intelligent networks (IN), WAP, 3G and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). It is defined in the 3GPP Open Services Architecture (OSA) model, which reused the idea of the Parlay API for third-party servers.

In software design, for example Service-oriented architecture, the concept of service layer has a different meaning.

Service layer in IMS
The service layer of an IMS architecture provides multimedia services to the overall IMS network.  This layer contains network elements which connect to the Serving-CSCF (Call Session Control Function) using the IP multimedia Subsystem Service Control Interface (ISC).  The ISC interface uses the SIP signalling protocol.

Elements of the IMS service layer
The network elements contained within the service layer are generically referred to as 'service platforms' however the 3GPP specification (3GPP TS 23.228 V8.7.0) defines several types of service platforms:

 SIP Application Server
 OSA Service Capability Server
 IM-SSF

SIP Application Server
The SIP Application Server (AS) performs the same function as a Telephony Application Server in a pre-IMS network, however it is specifically tailored to support the SIP signalling protocol for use in an IMS network.

OSA Service Capability Server
An OSA Service Capability Server acts as a secure gateway between the IMS network and an application which runs upon the Open Services Architecture (this is typically a SIP to Parlay gateway)

IM-SSF
The IM-SSF (IP Multimedia Service Switching Function) acts as a gateway between the IMS network and application servers using other telecommunication signalling standards such as INAP and CAMEL.

Service layer in SOA
In service-oriented architecture (SOA), the service layer is the third layer in a five-abstraction-layer model. The model consists of Object layer, Component layer, Service layer, Process layer and Enterprise layer. The service layer can be considered as a bridge between the higher and lower layers, and is characterized by a number of services that are carrying out individual business functions.

See also
 Service layers pattern
 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
 Open Services Architecture (OSA)
 Hierarchical internetworking model
 Multitier architecture

References

Application layer protocols
Service-oriented (business computing)
Middleware
List of Harvey Mudd College people. This is a list of notable alumni and faculty of Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, United States.

Academia 
 James Enstrom, 1965, physicist, epidemiologist
 Robert L. Smith, 1966, engineer
 Jerrold B. Tunnell, 1972, mathematician

Astronauts and aeronautics 
 Stan Love, 1987, astronaut, crew member for Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-122, "capcom" or communications officer with the International Space Station
 George "Pinky" Nelson, 1972, astronaut, flew on three Space Shuttle program missions, second American to walk in space without a tether to a spacecraft

Entertainment 
 Sean "Day9" Plott, 2008, professional StarCraft player and commentator who represented the United States in the 2004 and 2005 World Cyber Games Grand Finals; won the 2007 WCG Pan American Championship
 Scott Stokdyk, 1991, Academy Award winner for best visual effects for Spider-Man 2; Visual Effects Supervisor at Sony Pictures Imageworks
 Gregory Rae, 2000, Producer at Martian Entertainment LLC. Notable productions include Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2014 Tony Award), Kinky Boots (2013 Tony Award, 2016 Olivier Award), and The Normal Heart (2011 Tony Award).
 Michael Tapper, 2000, former member of the band We Are Scientists
 Michael G. Wilson, 1963, producer of the James Bond series of films

Software and engineering 
 Donald D. Chamberlin, 1966, co-inventor of SQL (database query language) and IBM representative to the working group developing the XQuery language
 Joseph Costello, 1974, chairman and CEO of think3, former president and CEO of Cadence Design Systems
 Ned Freed, 1982, co-author of the MIME email standard (RFCs 2045-2049)
 Robert Freitas, 1974, Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology (2009)
 Nabeel Gareeb, CEO of MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.
 Jonathan Gay, 1989, creator of Adobe Flash software
 Bruce Nelson, 1974, inventor of the remote procedure call for computer communications
 Tom Preston-Werner (dropped out), co-founder of GitHub, creator of Gravatar
 Sage Weil, 2000, co-founder of WebRing, DreamHost, Inktank, and Ceph

Politics 
 Richard H. Jones, 1972, former US Ambassador to Israel, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, and Chief Policy Officer and Deputy Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq
 Amanda Simpson, 1983, Executive Director of the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force, Department of Defense

Business 
 Eric B. Kim, 1976, chief marketing officer of Intel, former CMO of Samsung Electronics

Miscellaneous 
 Joe Pelton, 2000, professional poker player, winner of 2006 Legends of Poker tournament

Notable faculty
William B. Allen
Arthur T. Benjamin
Nathaniel Davis
Weiqing Gu
Maria Klawe
Ran Libeskind-Hadas
Lisette de Pillis
Nick Pippenger
Francis Su
Talithia Williams

References

Harvey Mudd College people
Eric-Campbell. The Eric-Campbell was a British car made from 1919 to 1924 by Eric-Campbell & Co Limited of Cricklewood, London. The company was formed by H Eric Orr-Ewing and Noel Campbell Macklin.

Manufacturing
Eric-Campbell was formed by H Eric Orr-Ewing and Noel Campbell Macklin. Macklin subsequently founded Silver Hawk, Invicta and Railton car manufacturers. Manufacturing took place in the factory of the Handley Page aircraft company in Cricklewood London. It is estimated that as many as 500 cars might have been made.

Demise
Macklin left the company in 1920 to concentrate on his Silver Hawk car and by 1921 Eric-Campbell were in financial difficulties. In 1922 production was taken over by Vulcan Iron & Metal Works Limited of Southall, Middlesex. Prices were reduced and a wider range of bodies offered. In its last year of 1924, Anzani engines could be ordered as well as the Coventry-Simplex.

The new owners failed to make a success of the company and the receivers were called in during January 1926.

Eric-Campbell 10
The Eric-Campbell 10 (10/22 in 1924) was assembled from bought-in components with a Coventry-Simplex 1498 cc, four cylinder, side valve engine driving the rear wheels through a cone clutch and three speed Moss gearbox. The engine was tuned with a special camshaft and lightened pistons. Half elliptic leaf springs were fitted at the front whilst at the rear cantilever springing was used. A top speed of 55 mph was guaranteed and 60 mph claimed as possible. Two seat polished aluminium bodies were fitted with a simulacrum of a Rolls-Royce radiator.

Competition
Two cars were entered in the tenth Targa Florio race in Sicily, held on 23 November 1919 and comprising 4 laps of the 108 kilometre Madonie circuit. The drivers were Cyril Snipe, who had won the 1912 event driving a SCAT 25/35, and Jack Scales (29 January 1886 – 23 October 1962) who subsequently raced for the Italian marque Chiribiri where he was known as l'Inglese Scalese (The Englishman Scales).  Scales, driving car number 23 retired after 1 lap due to a broken steering arm, whilst Snipe did not complete a single lap in car number 24.

In April and May 1920 Violette Cordery took part in two British Motor Cycle Racing Club handicaps driving an Eric-Campbell.

Eric-Campbell 8
An 8 hp car, the 8/20, with 1075 cc engine was announced in 1924 but it seems not to have reached production.

References 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Cars introduced in 1919
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Tor Tank-Nielsen. Tor Tank-Nielsen (9 July 1918 – 8 March 2010) was a Norwegian businessperson.

He was born in Kristiania. He studied chemical engineering and graduated in 1940. In 1941 he was hired in the company M. Peterson & Søn, and after a series of promotions he became CEO in 1981.

He is one of two honorary members in the Industrial Association of the city of Moss, the other one being Erik Mollatt.

References

1918 births
2010 deaths
People from Moss, Norway
20th-century Norwegian engineers
20th-century Norwegian businesspeople