omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Web data services. Web data services refers to service-oriented architecture (SOA) applied to data sourced from the World Wide Web and the Internet as a whole. Web data services enable maximal mashup, reuse, and sharing of structured data (such as relational tables), semi-structured information (such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents), and unstructured information (such as RSS feeds, content from Web applications, commercial data from online business sources).

In a Web data services environment, applications may subscribe to and consume information, provide and publish information for others to consume, or both. Applications that can serve as a consumer-subscriber and/or provider-publisher of Web data services include mobile computing, Web portals, enterprise portals, online business software, social media, and social networks. Web data services may support business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) information-sharing requirements. Increasingly, enterprises are including Web data services in their SOA implementations, as they integrate mashup-style user-driven information sharing into business intelligence, business process management, predictive analytics, content management, and other applications, according to industry analysts.

To speed development of Web data services, enterprises can deploy technologies that ease discovery, extraction, movement, transformation, cleansing, normalization, joining, consolidation, access, and presentation of disparate information types from diverse internal sources (such as data warehouses and customer relationship management (CRM) systems) and external sources (such as commercial market data aggregators). Web data services build on industry-standard protocols, interfaces, formats, and integration patterns, such as those used for SOA, Web 2.0, Web-Oriented Architecture, and Representational State Transfer (REST). In addition to operating over the public Internet, Web data services may run solely within corporate intranets, or across B2B supply chains, or even span hosted software-as-a-service (SaaS) or Cloud computing environments.

See also
 Data Integration
 Data Virtualization
 Web data integration

References

Web services
Waggott Engineering. Waggott Engineering was an Australian automotive engineering company which gained fame for the engines which it produced for motor sport applications from the 1950s through to the 1970s.
The company had its origins in a machine shop opened in 1948 by Merv Waggott. Initially concentrating on commercial refrigerator repairs and general engineering it later diversified into the production of after-market parts for automotive and motor sport applications. This was followed in the mid-1950s by the development and production of the Waggott TC engine. Although based on the six-cylinder Holden “Grey” motor it was extensively modified with twin overhead camshafts, a special crankshaft and three twin choke Weber carburettors. As fitted to the Centaur Waggot in which John French won the 1962 Australian GT Championship, the engine was producing 202 bhp, over three times the 62 bhp output of the standard Holden unit.

The Waggott TC4V engine followed in 1968. This was developed from the four-cylinder Ford Cortina engine block with the addition of  a new head design featuring twin overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder. The TC4V saw success in 1600cc form in Australian Formula 2 racing and in 2000cc form in Australian Formula 1. A 1600cc variant with two valves per cylinder was produced to meet new, more restrictive Australian Formula 2 regulations which applied from 1971.

At this time Waggott Engineering were specialising in camshaft development but also offered automotive “balancing, boring and dyno tuning services”. Although founder Merv Waggott was to die in a plane crash in 1982, the company continued and is now trading as Waggott Cams and headed by Merv’s son Peter.

Championships

The following Australian motor racing championships were won with Waggott powered cars.

References

Motorsport in Australia
Engine manufacturers of Australia
DRB Class 19.10. The steam motorised locomotive no. 19 1001 was a German express train steam locomotive with the Deutsche Reichsbahn during World War II. Manufactured by Henschel, this streamlined trials locomotive with factory number 25000 was an experimental design featuring a single-axle drive to each axle, a method commonly used in electric locomotives. The locomotive's four driving axles were each driven by a separate steam-driven motor, showcasing innovative technology for its time.

At the end of the war, the locomotive remained in the vicinity of Göttingen and was subsequently transferred to the manufacturer on the orders of the American occupying forces for repair. After the necessary repairs were completed, a short test run was conducted between Kassel and Wabern. Recognizing the locomotive's special nature and innovative technology, the U.S. Army decided to ship the 19 1001 to the United States. The locomotive was then exhibited alongside the class 52 2006 condensing locomotive at Fort Monroe in Virginia, starting in March 1946. Subsequently, the locomotive was used in the U.S. for a number of test runs.

References

External links 
Description and many photos by André Schneider

19.10
2-8-2 locomotives
19.10
Henschel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1941
Individual locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Streamlined steam locomotives

Passenger locomotives
Pixel shifting. Pixel shifting refers to various technical methods, either to diminish damage to displays by preventing "burn in" of static images or to enhance resolution of displays, projectors, and digital imaging devices. The term is often used synonymously with the more specific term pixel shift.

Purposes

Avoid burn-in 
See Pixel shifting avoids burn-in explained in detail for both analogue and digital screens.

Enhance character display resolution on terminals 
Computer terminals such as the HP 2645A used a half-shift algorithm to move pixel positions by half a screen pixel in order to support the generation of multiple complex character sets.

Increase projection resolution 
Pixel shifting has been implemented in video projectors to expand the native 1080p resolution to produce an effectively 4K image on the screen. An exemplary implementation by the electronics corporation JVC is referred to as "e-shift".

Increase capture and/or tonal resolution 

Pixel shifting by movement of one or more sensors is a technique to increase resolution and/or colour rendering of image capturing devices. 
 The image at right displays the visible gain both in detail and in colour resolution produced by the Sony α7R IV 16-shot pixel shift mode, which results in a 240 Mpixel image, as compared to a single shot with the standard sensor resolution of 61 Mpixel. The crops taken from each image display the coat of arms at exactly the same size, albeit with different pixel counts.

One or more separate color channel sensors  
Some camcorders and digital microscopes employ separate color channel sensors (usually RGB = red, green, blue) sensors. 
 Pixel shifting may be implemented for one or more of these sensors by moving such a sensor by a fraction of a pixel (or even a whole pixel value) in both x- and y-direction.  
 For example, early high-definition camcorders used a 3CCD sensor block of 960 × 540 pixels each.  Shifting the red and blue sensors (but not the green sensor) by 0.5 pixel in both vertical and horizontal directions permitted the recovery of a 1920 × 1080 luminance signal.

One multi colour channel sensor 
Currently most consumer imaging devices (cameras, camcorders, smartphones) employ a single multi colour channel sensor, on which the RGB (red, green, blue) pixels are usually arranged in a Bayer pattern. Thus any mode of pixel shifting movement either by fractional or by whole pixel values, whether to obtain a more detailed image or to improve tonal resolution, must necessarily engage the whole sensor.
 More detailed information is to be obtained on page Pixel shift.

Other implementations

Related features 
 The first stabilization mechanism for a still-camera sensor was implemented by Minolta in 2003 as a new feature of the DiMAGE A1. The purpose of this implementation was only to counteract camera shake. The first consumer still-camera that utilized sensor movement to enhance detail and/or tonal resolution was the K-3 II, released by Pentax in 2015.
 Also see Image stabilization, section 'Sensor-shift'.

References 

Display technology
Television technology
Imaging
JMAG. JMAG is a simulation software used to develop and design electric devices. JMAG was originally released in 1983 as a tool to support the design of devices such as motors, actuators, circuit components, and antennas.

JMAG incorporates simulation technology to accurately analyze a wide range of physical phenomena that include complicated geometry, various material properties, structure at the center of electromagnetic fields and thermal properties. JMAG has an interface capable of linking to third-party software and a portion of the JMAG analysis functions can also be executed from many of the major CAD and CAE systems.

JMAG is actively used to analyze designs at a system level that includes drive circuits by utilizing links to power electronic simulators. Engineers use JMAG for the development of drive motors for electric vehicles.

History
1983 – JMAG Version 1 was released as a 3D static magnetic field analysis software.
1986 – JMAG DYN was released including 3D transient magnetic field analysis.
1994 – JMAG-Works was released integrating electromagnetic and thermal analysis.
1998 – JMAG-Studio was released as an integrated electromagnetic analysis software native to Windows.
2000 – Coupled analyses were implemented for control simulation.
2002 – JMAG-Designer was developed as an add-on for SolidWorks.
2004 – JMAG RT-Solutions was developed for model-based development of motor drive systems.
2007 – JMAG Motor Template 2 was developed for creating motor templates by specifying basic parameters such as the geometry and the windings.
2009 – JMAG Motor Bench and JMAG Transformer Design and Evaluation tools were developed to improve the manufacturing of devices.
2018 – JMAG-Express Online was released as a Free tool for designing and evaluating motor on a web browser.

See also
Computer-aided engineering
Finite element analysis
List of finite element software packages

External links
 jmag-international.com, official website

Notes
 Not officially supported

References

 JMAG Application Catalog
 JMAG-Express Online

Simulation software
Finite element software
Finite element software for Linux
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
1983 software
HVDC Lehrte–Misburg. HVDC Lehrte–Misburg was an experimental high-voltage direct current transmission line between Hannover-Misburg and Lehrte-Ahlten substation. It was designed by Erwin Otto Marx and served to assess the reliability of its components in continuous service, namely the converters which were based on arc discharges in air in contrast to other projects which use mercury vapour rectifiers. At this time, PreussenElektra had installed a second cable between their transformer stations near Lehrte and Misburg. This was used for the experiments which initially only ran for a few hours at night time due to the requirements for a steady supply of electrical power, and which were extended to two or three days in 1944. The plant went into service in 1942 and was designed for the transmission of up to 16 MW at a voltage of 80 kV. The experiments were conducted at a voltage of 75 kV, and a power of 6 to 7 MW on average and 12 MW at maximum was transmitted. They ceased after the Misburg transformer station suffered bomb damage on 18 June 1944. The setup was dismantled after World War II.

References

External links 

 Aus der Geschichte der Elektrizität (in German)

HVDC transmission lines
Research and development in Nazi Germany
Electric power transmission systems in Germany
Energy infrastructure completed in 1942
1942 establishments in Germany
William Joseph Stern. William Joseph Stern OBE, ARCS, BSc, DIC (1891–1965) was a physicist who worked closely with the early development of the jet engine.

In 1920, Stern reported to the Royal Air Force that there was no future for the turbine engine in aircraft. He based his argument on the extremely low efficiency of existing compressor designs. Stern's paper proved to be so convincing there ceased to be any official interest in gas turbine engines in Britain for several years.

Authorship
He was the author of many scientific papers relating to combustion.

Order of the British Empire

Stern was ethnically German and a close friend of Hugo Junkers. The latter (when Junkers was under Nazi control), and Messerschmitt, made him several very lucrative offers of employment. Despite this, he worked for the British government during the Second World War. After the War he was awarded the Order of the British Empire (Civilian).

Personal life

He was married to Anna Werner of Frankfurt, Germany. One of his daughters, Ann Marguerite, married the British artist and television director John Crockett (1918–1986).

References

1891 births
1965 deaths
British physicists
Gilad Bracha. Gilad Bracha (Hebrew: גלעד ברכה) is a software engineer at F5, and formerly at Google, where he was on the Dart programming language team. He is creator of the Newspeak language, and co-author of the second and third editions of the Java Language Specification, and a major contributor to the second edition of the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

Between 1994 and 1997, he worked on the Smalltalk system developed by Animorphic Systems, a company that was bought by Sun in 1997. From 1997 to 2006, he worked at Sun Microsystems as computational theologist and, as of 2005, distinguished engineer, on various aspects of the specification and implementation of Java. Following that, he was distinguished engineer at Cadence Design Systems from 2006 to 2009, where he led a team of developers designing and implementing Newspeak.

Bracha received his B.Sc. in mathematics and computer science from Ben Gurion University in Israel and his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Utah. 
Bracha won the Senior Dahl–Nygaard Prize in 2017.

BGGA closures
In 2006, Bracha, with Neal Gafter, James Gosling, and Peter von der Ahé (collectively BGGA), drafted a specification for adding closures to the Java language, version 6. The proposal has been criticized by Joshua Bloch on terms of being needlessly complex (adding function types and non-local returns) while providing little benefit for the average Java programmer over other simpler proposals. Closures were added to Java 8, but based on a different proposal than the BGGA one.

Pluggable type systems
Bracha proposed that choice of type system be made independent of choice of language; that a type system should be a module that can be "plugged" into a language as needed. He believes this is advantageous, because what he calls mandatory type systems make languages less expressive and code more fragile. The requirement that types do not affect the semantics of the language is challenging to fulfill; for example, constructs like type-based overloading are disallowed.

In practice, pluggable type systems are variously called optional typing, type hinting, type annotations, or gradual type checking. They tend to be constructed by adding a static type system to an extant dynamically typed language without changing its semantics and usually its syntax. Examples include Smalltalk, Python 3, Ruby, Clojure, and PHP 5. For most of the languages there is only one implementation of the type system. The exception is Python 3 where the type system is truly pluggable, because there are several implementations and the programmer can use the one that is the best fit. The only language designed with a pluggable type system from the start is Newspeak. Java 8 provides the ability to extend the type system, but does not allow flexibility in the basics of the type system, such as choosing between static and dynamic typing.

References

External links

 
 Bracha’s blog
 Bracha’s old blog at Sun

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer programmers
American software engineers
Sun Microsystems people
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
University of Utah alumni
Dahl–Nygaard Prize
Sheath current. A sheath current is a form of charge transfer in wires. Sheath currents can run along the outer sheath of a coaxial cable. This can be caused by a geographically proximate or remote ground potential. 

Sheath currents may lower the efficiency of transmission and can interfere with nearby electronic devices. In addition, sheath currents caused by differences in ground potential at the ends of a coaxial cable to common mode signals that are superimposed on the useful signal as a noise voltage. Sheath currents can be caused by ground loops.

Countermeasures against sheath currents

High-frequency signal lines may attenuate or prevent sheath currents using a sheath current filter which is applied to a coaxial cable in or near the device. In the simplest case, this is a ferrite bead, it includes the coaxial inner and outer conductor and acts as a common-mode choke. At the same time, a ferrite bead has a transformer effect, so that a useful signal is confirmed as differential-mode. To increase the inductance compared to the unwanted common mode signal component, the cable can also be repeatedly passed through or wound around the bead.

In addition, higher frequency signals are often used with a capacitive coupling filter. More information is available in the article sheath current filter. 

With a balun, sheath currents can be avoided when a balanced line is connected to an unbalanced line. Without the use of baluns, sheath currents will occur on the unbalanced line. A use for this is the combination of a symmetric dipole antenna with a coaxial line.

References

Electric current
Electromagnetic compatibility
ta:உறை மின்சாரம்
Keith Hodgson. Keith O. Hodgson (born 1947 in Virginia) is a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and formerly director of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.

Education 
He received his B.S. in 1969 from the University of Virginia and his Ph.D. in 1972 from University of California at Berkeley.

Research 
He joined Stanford's chemistry department in 1973 and then he became a full-time chemistry professor in 1984. His principal research interests include inorganic, bioinorganic, structural and biophysical chemistry. His research group focuses on questions relating to how structure at different organizational levels relates to function.  His research is done using a number of different x-ray spectroscopic and scattering techniques such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).

One of his main area of focus is the active site of the enzyme nitrogenase, which is responsible for conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia.  Using XAS studies at the S, Fe and Mo edge, his group has worked to understand the electronic structure as a function of redox in this cluster.  Other projects include the study of iron in dioxygen activation and oxidation and the role of copper in electron transport and in dioxygen activation.

Over his career he has earned the following awards: NATO Postdoctoral Fellow, E.T.H. (Zurich) 1972-73, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1976–78; Sidhu Award for Contributions to X-ray Diffraction, 1978; World Bank Lecturer, 1984, and the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 2002.

Keith Hodgson was previously the Deputy Director of the Synchrotron Division of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Professor of Chemistry and SSRL. Hodgson and his students began work at SSRL in 1974 where they quickly made important fundamental discoveries in the utilization of synchrotron x-rays for studies of chemical and biological structure. He became the Division Director on July 1, 1998.

References

External links
Keith O. Hodgson, Stanford University faculty page

Living people
1947 births
Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Integrated Genome Browser. Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) (pronounced Ig-Bee) is an open-source genome browser, a visualization tool used to observe biologically-interesting patterns in genomic data sets, including sequence data, gene models, alignments, and data from DNA microarrays.

History 
Integrated Genome Browser was first developed at Affymetrix for their scientists and public sector collaborators to visualize data from genome-wide tiling arrays. The first iterations of IGB were developed using funding from NIH awarded to company scientists Gregg Helt and Tom Gingeras. In 2004, Affymetrix released IGB as open source software, along with the Genoviz SDK, a graphics library for building genome browser applications. The first release of the code base was done as a compressed file archive. Soon after, the code was imported into a new repository at SourceForge. Since then, all development has proceeded in public under an open source model. In early 2008, a group led by former Affymetrix employee Ann Loraine began developing and maintaining IGB, supported by funding from the National Science Foundation and new investigator funds from UNC Charlotte. Since then, Loraine, her students, and collaborators have added many new features and capabilities, notably support for visualizing high-throughput sequencing data from Illumina and other platforms. In 2014, they migrated the source code to a git repository at Bitbucket.

In 2020, Oracle's Java Magazine named the Integrated Genome Browser as one of the 25 greatest Java apps ever written.

Description 
IGB is built on top of the Genoviz SDK, a Java library that implements key visualization features such as dynamic, real-time zooming and scrolling through a genomic map, a feature of the IGB browser that sets it apart from many similar tools.

IGB is also distinguished by the ease with which individual labs can set up data source servers to share data, notably, via REST-style Web services (Distributed Annotation System) and a simple file-system based approach called QuickLoad.

Supported formats 

IGB reads data in dozens of formats, including BAM, BED, Affymetrix CHP, FASTA, GFF, GTF, PSL, SGR, and WIG. The most up-to-date list is available at the BioViz Wiki.

IGB can output visualized data in dozens of formats via the FreeHEP library. These include EPS, PostScript, PDF, EMF, SVG, SWF, CGM, GIF, PNG, and PPM.

References

External links
 Genoviz SDK at Bitbucket
 IGB installer download site 

Free bioinformatics software
Ioannis Vardoulakis. Ioannis Vardoulakis (; 22 March 1949 - 19 September 2009) was an eminent scientist who is known for his major contributions in the modeling of geomaterials, geo-hazards and geotechnical processes. He was the pioneer of the bifurcation theory of geomechanics, which has led to a better understanding of the long-standing problem of mesh-dependency in the Finite Element Modeling. He also contributed to the enriched continuum modeling, which allowed for the first time the constitutive modeling of shear bands and worked extensively in experimental geomechanics, having developed ingenious devices to test geomaterials.

Biography

Vardoulakis was born in Chania, Crete, in 1949. He obtained his Diploma of Civil Engineering in Structural Engineering (1972) from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece, and the Doctor of Engineering (1977, Dr.-Ing., 'Mit Auszeichnung', with the Highest Honors) in Soil Mechanics. University of Karlsruhe, W. Germany. He was Chair of Technical Committee 34 (TC34) on Deformation of Earth Materials, of ISSMGE. He was awarded the Bishop Medal 1996 (Geotechnical Research Award of the Institution of Civil Engineers U.K.) and the Medal of the Japanese Geotechnical Society (2002) for "fundamental contributions to Geomechanics".

See also
Continuum Mechanics
Geotechnical engineering
plasticity

References

External links
Obituary from the ALERT - Geomaterials Network
Personal web page at NTUA

Greek scientists
1949 births
2009 deaths
People from Chania