omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Integrated Soldier System Project. The Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP) is Canada's program to equip dismounted soldiers with state-of-the-art equipment, using a combination of commercial, off-the-shelf technologies (COTS) and current-issue military gear. The equipment is designed to improve command execution, target acquisition and situational awareness by:
 Providing communications, command and control at the soldier level
 Integrating small arms with high-tech equipment
 Promoting a view of the individual soldier as a system rather than as a segment of a larger force
 Providing different variants for low level commanders, assaulters and supporters

Background
Canada's desire for a Soldier System dates back to November 1988 and closely follows efforts in many NATO countries.  The first research effort, called Integrated Protective Clothing and Equipment (IPCE), was initiated in 1995, but then was cancelled due to its high cost and its failure to meet the majority of requirements. Ongoing operations in the mid 1990s led to the creation of the Clothe the Soldier (CTS) Project, which directly addressed the NATO Soldier System Capability areas of Survivability and Sustainability. The Canadian Disruptive Pattern was implemented during the Clothe Soldier Project (CTS).

Integrated Soldier System Project
The Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP) is intended to provide an integrated suite of equipment that may include weapons and electronic devices. The $310 million project program will provide the Canadian Army with new equipment, not only to allow troops to track each other as they move throughout the battlefield, but to feed communication and targeting information to their Battle Management Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (BMC4I) systems. The project is expected to unfold over the next ten years. The Department of National Defence confirmed that approximately 17,000 integrated soldier systems would be bought by 2011. The ISSP will address the remaining NATO Soldier System capabilities of Lethality, Mobility and Survivability, while balancing the baseline needs.

Small Arms Replacement Project
In October 2007, the Department of National Defence approved the Small Arms Replacement Project II (SARP II), which will deliver integrated, direct fire, multi-effect, portable anti-personnel and anti-material capability through weapons, munitions, fire control systems, training systems and logistic support. The cost for SARP II exceeds $1 Billion for the 2012-2022 period.

References

Proposed military equipment
Future soldier programs
Canadian Army
Müller-Breslau's principle. In engineering and architecture, the Müller-Breslau principle is a method to determine influence lines. The principle states that the influence lines of an action (force or moment) assumes the scaled form of the deflection displacement.
OR,
This principle states that "ordinate of ILD for a reactive force is given by ordinate of elastic curve if a unit deflection is applied in the direction of reactive force."

This method is named after the German engineer Heinrich Müller-Breslau and it is one of the easiest way to draw the influence lines.

Example of using the Müller-Breslau principle to find qualitative influence lines 

Part (a) of the figure to the right shows a simply supported beam with a unit load traveling across it. The structure is statically determinate. Therefore, all influence lines will be straight lines.

Parts (b) and (c) of the figure shows the influence lines for the reactions in the y-direction. Releasing the vertical reaction for A allows the beam to rotate to Δ. Likewise for part (c). Δ is typically taken as positive upwards.

Part (d) of the figure shows the influence line for shear at point B. Using the beam sign convention and cutting the beam at B, we can deduce the figure shown.

Part (e) of the figure shows the influence line for the bending moment at point B. Again making a cut through the beam at point B and using the beam sign convention, we can deduce the figure shown.

The procedure for applying the Muller-Breslau principle is as follows:

 Remove the constraint at the point of interest for the function of interest. This means if the influence line for a reaction is asked for, simply start by pretending the beam is no longer attached to the reaction in question and is free to rotate about the other support. If the influence line for a moment is desired, pretend the point in question is a hinge and the subsequent two sides can rotate about their supports. If the influence line for shear is desired, again pretend the point in question is a shear release, again where both sides can rotate about their supports. 
 Consider the remaining portion of the beam to have infinite rigidity, so it is a straight line free to rotate about the support.
Lastly rotate whatever is free to rotate in its positive direction, but only enough to create a deflection of 1 unit total. This means if the moment IL is in question and an imaginary hinge is splitting the beam in two pieces, the two angles created between each rotated side and the original beam must add to equal 1. Similarly if the shear IL is in question the two sides will have opposite directions of rotation. So at the shear release the right side will typically be rotated upwards and the left side will be rotated downward, as this is the sign convention for shear. The total displacement between the two sides of the shear release must equal to 1.

See also
 Influence line
 Beam
 Shear and Moment Diagram
 Dead and Live Loads

References

Beam theory
Structural analysis
Project Icarus (photography). Project Icarus was a project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2009.

Project
Project Icarus was an experiment in 2009 to launch a camera into the stratosphere undertaken by MIT students, Justin Lee and Oliver Yeh.

The launch vehicle consisted of a weather balloon filled with helium and a styrofoam beer cooler that hung underneath the balloon. Inside the cooler was a Canon A470 compact camera, hacked using the Canon Hacker's Development Kit open-source firmware to shoot pictures in five-second intervals. To keep the temperature of the batteries high enough for the camera to work it was heated by instant hand warmers. In order to keep track of the vehicle's location a prepaid GPS-equipped cellphone was included.

The launch occurred in Sturbridge, Massachusetts at 11:45 am on September 2, 2009. The device traveled to around  before free falling back to Earth. It was eventually recovered in Worcester, Massachusetts. The mission was a success, and the pictures were retrieved. The project cost only $148.

"We looked at these photographs and thought wow, these are beautiful—this is artwork," said Lee. "This inspired us to sit down and really think deep about the relationships between science and art."

According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the launch was legal because the payload was under . However, they advised anyone interested in a future launch to contact the federal agency beforehand.

The MIT students were not the first to take pictures of the Earth using helium balloons, but this experiment is noteworthy because it used inexpensive consumer products and did not require specialized hardware.

See also
1566 Icarus
Icarus
Project Icarus (interstellar)

References

External links
Project Icarus

Spaceflight
2009 in science
2009 in the United States
2009 in Massachusetts
History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sturbridge, Massachusetts
History of Worcester, Massachusetts
Puente de los Franceses (Madrid). The Puente de los Franceses (Bridge of the Frenchmen) railway viaduct is located in Madrid, Spain. Comprising five semi-circular brick skew arches, it was built in the second half of the 19th century to carry the railway line from the north (Madrid - Venta de Baños - Irun) across the River Manzanares.

Toponymy 

The bridge is named after the nationality of the engineers who devised the project, who were of French origin. The bridge is also known as the French Bridge.

History 

The bridge was built between 1860 and 1862, along with other construction work on the railway line to the north, which began in 1856, by the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España.

References 

Bridges in Madrid
Crossings of the River Manzanares
Arch bridges in Spain
Skew bridges
Ethanol from coal. Ethanol from coal is the ethanol produced using coal as its carbon source.  The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii produces ethanol and acetic acid from CO, CO2, and H2 in synthesis gas. Early studies with C. ljungdahlii showed that relatively high concentrations of ethanol were produced. This process involves three main steps:
Gasification: Thermal gasification at temperatures of up to 2,200°F in a reducing, very low oxygen atmosphere transforms organic materials into simple CO, CO2 and H2 gases.
Fermentation: The acetogenic C. ljungdahlii convert the carbon monoxide into ethanol.
Distillation: Ethanol is separated from hydrogen and water.

Sources
 Green car
 Springerlink
 Resting cells
 Ethanol from coal advancing

Coal
Ethanol
Synthetic fuels
Ethanol fuel
Sarad. Sarad is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed by a group of Mechanical engineers (Sarad group) at Imam Khomeini International University.

Sarad could rank second in 2nd National UAV Design and Construction Contest held in Sharif University of Technology among 46 contestants from state and Azad universities.

See also
Unmanned aerial vehicle
List of unmanned aerial vehicles
Unmanned Aircraft System
Aerospace engineering
Imam Khomeini International University

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Iran
Aircraft manufactured in Iran
Sanvein. , known in North America as Shooter: Starfighter Sanvein, is a top-down, multidirectional shooter developed by Success in 2000. Players can select different floors of various complexes to do battle with various enemies and bosses. Although the story is very vague, the game involves the attempt to escape from, and ultimately destroy, a giant space station called St. Schutz, a suggestively corrupted utopia; the player controls the titular Sanvein on such an attempt by battling with the station's defense mechanisms.

Gameplay
The game is laid out in an arcade type format. The player's ship is modular, in that they can select a body and parts from three different types, the body determines their ship's movement and normal attack, while the latter defines their special weapon. The choices include Gluon, Photon and Graviton. The Gluon body fires attack patterns in spread-shots while Gluon parts launch a barrage of missiles, the Photon body fires concentrated shots and its parts unleashed a short-range laser blade. Finally, the Graviton body fires explosive bullets and its parts drop land mines.

The player can choose to start from one of three initial stages:, Stratum, Inner Wards and Outer Wards. Clearing these three stages, regardless of starting stage, allows the player to continue into the Mines and finally the station's Core.

Each stage is composed of a number of hexagonal floors, with difficulties ranging from 1 to 4, which are also reflected by their enemy types, and boss floors, which are the only ones which must be cleared to trigger the final stage boss.

Starting at the southernmost floor, the player is tasked with navigating their way to the stage's bosses, only being allowed to select floors adjacent to each cleared floor. However, in each stage, the player's attack power is also boosted by each adjacent cleared floor.

Combat is timed. Starting with a 600-second timer (more on easier difficulties) the time starts to run down once the player enters a floor, only halting once that floor is clear. Despite this reprieve, the player only has a few seconds to select the next floor before the timer starts again regardless. Whenever the player's ship is damaged, they lose time. Seconds are earned with the destruction of each boss. This, combined with the above power boost mechanic forces the player to choose between building up power to tackle each boss, at the expense of time, or try sacrificing power in an attempt to defeat a boss quickly with diminished power. When the final stage boss is triggered, the player carries over the power level from the last boss. 

When time runs out, the player has the option to continue, starting at the beginning of the stage again, but their score will be reset.

Reception

The game received mixed to unfavorable reviews in the United States. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 23 out of 40.

References

External links
 

2000 video games
A1 Games games
Midas Interactive Entertainment games
Multidirectional shooters
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Single-player video games
Success (company) games
Video games developed in Japan
IBTE Jefri Bolkiah Campus. IBTE Jefri Bolkiah Campus, formerly known as Jefri Bolkiah College of Engineering (, abbreviated as MKJB), is a campus of the Institute of Brunei Technical Education (IBTE), a post-secondary vocational institution in Brunei. It is located in Kuala Belait, the main town of Belait District. The institution offers vocational courses in the fields of engineering and information and communications technology.

History 
IBTE Jefri Bolkiah Campus was established in 1970 with the name  (Jefri Bolkiah College of Engineering) as an independent government technical college, nevertheless overseen by the then Department of Technical Education under the Ministry of Education. In 2014, it was subsumed under, and made a campus of, , the umbrella institution which effectively replaced the department. The campus acquired its present name two years later.

Academics 
The Jefri Bolkiah Campus houses three of IBTE's schools, namely the Brunei Maritime Academy, School of Energy and Engineering, and School of Information and Communication Technology. The schools offer programmes in the fields of engineering and information and communications technology, leading up to Diploma, Higher National Technical Education Certificate (HNTec) and National Technical Education Certificate (NTec).

References

External links
 Institute of Brunei Technical Education

Jefri Bolkiah Campus
Educational institutions established in 1970
1970 establishments in Brunei
Buildings and structures in Kuala Belait
Dprobes. Dprobes (Dynamic Probes) is a Linux kernel analysis framework built off of Kprobes, which features the ability to insert breakpoints and software probes dynamically into running code. It is licensed under the GNU GPLv2 licence.

History
The IBM Linux Technology Centre first announced Dprobes on 16 August 2000 and would later ship with SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) and continue to do so until SLES 9.

With the release of Linux 2.6.9-rc2, Kprobes became a part of the mainline kernel on 2 November 2004, while Dprobes remained a separate patch. With several other tracing options being added to subsequent kernel version, such as SystemTap, some commercial Linux distributions moved away from using Dprobes.

See also

DTrace
LTTng

References

External links
 

Debuggers
Linux kernel
Version vector. A version vector is a mechanism for tracking changes to data in a distributed system, where multiple agents might update the data at different times. The version vector allows the participants to determine if one update preceded another (happened-before), followed it, or if the two updates happened concurrently (and therefore might conflict with each other). In this way, version vectors enable causality tracking among data replicas and are a basic mechanism for optimistic replication.  In mathematical terms, the version vector generates a preorder that tracks the events that precede, and may therefore influence, later updates.

Version vectors maintain state identical to that in a vector clock, but the update rules differ slightly;  in this example, replicas can either experience local updates (e.g., the user editing a file on the local node), or can synchronize with another replica:

 Initially all vector counters are zero.
 Each time a replica experiences a local update event, it increments its own counter in the vector by one.
 Each time two replicas  and  synchronize, they both set the elements in their copy of the vector to the maximum of the element across both counters:  .  After synchronization, the two replicas have identical version vectors.

Pairs of replicas, , , can be compared by inspecting their version vectors and determined to be either: identical (), concurrent (), or ordered ( or ).  The ordered relation is defined as:  Vector  if and only if every element of  is less than or equal to its corresponding element in , and at least one of the elements is strictly less than.  If neither  or , but the vectors are not identical, then the two vectors must be concurrent.

Version vectors or variants are used to track updates in many distributed file systems, such as  Coda (file system) and Ficus, and are the main data structure behind optimistic replication.

Other mechanisms
 Hash Histories  avoid the use of counters by keeping a set of hashes of each updated version and comparing those sets by set inclusion. However this mechanism can only give probabilistic guarantees.
 Concise Version Vectors  allow significant space savings when handling multiple replicated items, such as in directory structures in filesystems.
 Version Stamps  allow tracking of a variable number of replicas and do not resort to counters. This mechanism can depict scalability problems in some settings, but can be replaced by Interval Tree Clocks.
 Interval Tree Clocks generalize version vectors and vector clocks and allows dynamic numbers of replicas/processes.
 Bounded Version Vectors   allow a bounded implementation, with bounded size counters, as long as replica pairs can be atomically synchronized.
 Dotted Version Vectors  address scalability with a small set of servers mediating replica access by a large number of concurrent clients.

References

External links 
 Why Logical Clocks are Easy (Compares Causal Histories, Vector Clocks and Version Vectors)

Data synchronization
Logical clock algorithms
Distributed computing problems
Technological University, Taungoo. The Technological University(Toungoo) is located on Toungoo, Bago Region, Myanmar. It was founded as  a Technical High School on 30 June 1982. It was known as Government Technical Institute and then changed to Government Technical College, and it was upgraded to the university Level in 2007.

Departments
Civil Engineering Department
Electronic Engineering Department
Electrical Power Engineering Department
Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechatronic Engineering Department
Information Technology Department
Myanmar Department
Engineering English Department
Engineering Mathematics Department
Engineering Physics Department
Engineering Chemistry Department

Programs

Technological University (Taungoo) offers the following degree programs. These are
Undergraduate Degree Program
Graduate Degree Program

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20111005202232/http://www.most.gov.mm/taungootu/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

Universities and colleges established in 1982
Universities and colleges in Taungoo
Universities and colleges in Bago Region
Arts and Science universities in Myanmar
Technological universities in Myanmar
1982 establishments in Burma
Federal Virtual World Challenge. The Federal Virtual Challenge, formerly The Federal Virtual Worlds Challenge is a competition led by the Simulation and Training Technology Center (United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command). The event is conducted in order to reach a global development community that will create innovative and interactive training and analysis solutions in virtual worlds. The inaugural event began in 2009 with the awards being conducted during March 2010 GameTech conference in Orlando, Florida.

Description 
The focus of the challenge is training or analysis capability conducted wholly in a virtual environment. The training and analysis audience includes all United States Federal Agencies including, Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, and Department of Health and Human Services, NASA, DOT, and many more.

Further reading 
 U.S. Army RDECOM STTC. SFC Paul Ray Smith Simulation and Training Technology Center. U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command .
 Team Orlando. Gametech 2010. Defense User's GameTech. [Online] August 2009.
 Smith, Roger. Technical Papers on Modeling and Simulation - U.S. Army PEOSTRI. ModelBenders.
 Adams, Rick. Training Technology: Real Training in Virtual Worlds. MS&T Magazine. Feb 2009, 2/2009, p. 2009.
 Federal Virtual Worlds Challenge Winners Announced, United States Army Research Laboratory, 5/2011.

References

Artificial intelligence competitions
Research installations of the United States Army
Transonic Combustion. Transonic Combustion Inc. is a Los Angeles-based cleantech company that is developing supercritical fuel injection systems that enable injection ignition in internal combustion engines.

On October 25, 2010, Transonic presented a technical paper detailing its novel injection ignition combustion process at the SAE 2010 Powertrain Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in San Diego CA.

On September 1, 2010, the World Economic Forum announced the company as a Technology Pioneer for 2011.

As of March 2015, Transonic's website was defunct, and in April 2015 the facilities were up for auction.

References

"10 Green Car Technologies to Watch". Forbes 19 March 2008
"Companies to watch in green tech transportation". CNET 21 April 2008
Brian Ahlborn Joins Transonic Combustion as President and CEO. Business Wire 11 December 2008
"Governor Granholm Announces New Investing and Jobs in Michigan". MEDC 14 April 2009
"Shaping the Future: 40 Years of Innovation". Venrock 19 May 2009
Transonic Combustion Completes New Round of Venture Funding. Business Wire 6 May 2009
"Beyond Detroit: On the Road to Recovery, Let the Little Guys Drive". Wired Magazine 22 May 2009
"New Technology Innovation for Two Liter Car". Wirtschaftswoche (German) 17 July 2009
Video: Transonic board member Vinod Khosla equates cleantech with the internal combustion engine. Washington Post 28 July 2009
“Capps, local leaders push clean energy bill”. Ventura County Star 16 September 2009
“Disruptive Technologies in Transport Fuels: Transonic Combustion Case Study” (available on Transonic's website). Accenture 10 November 2009
“How Greener Cars & Smarter Transit Fit Into COP15”. Earth2Tech 1 December 2009
Highlighting Transonic Combustion, “It will be easier, cheaper, and more globally beneficial to cut the fuel consumption of the internal-combustion engine in half”. Motor Trend January 2010
"Supercritical fuel injection and combustion". SAE Automotive Engineering International 11 January 2010
"Top Picks from the ARPA-E Summit: Novel technologies from the energy agency's first conference". MIT Technology Review 3 March 2010
“Transonic Exhibits at Department of Energy’s ARPA-E Innovation Summit; Supercritical Fuel System Can Improve Fuel Economy Between 50-75%”. Green Car Congress 4 March 2010
“Ultra-Efficient Gas Engine Passes Test with a Novel Fuel Injection System”. MIT Technology Review 8 March 2010
“Local startup's aim is better use of fuel: Company has caught the eye of automakers”. Ventura County Star 3 April 2010
“Transonic Combustion Welcomes Powertrain Veteran Donald Runkle to its Board of Directors”. PR Newswire 20 May 2010
“Robert Lutz Joins Transonic Combustion's Board of Directors”. PR Newswire 24 May 2010
“Innovation: Taking Aim at Gas Guzzlers”. Inc. Magazine 1 June 2010

External links
 

Automotive companies of the United States