omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Irem (construction company). IREM S.p.A. is an Italian construction contracting global company. It was founded in 1979 by a group of professionals with experience in the mechanical construction business. Giovanni Musso is the Managing director of IREM S.p.A.

2009 Lindsay Oil Refinery protests
IREM's contract with Total's Lindsey Oil Refinery in England prompted actions of protest which started in late January 2009.

On 28 January 2009, approximately 800 of Lindsey Oil Refinery's local contractors went on strike following the appointment of several hundred European contractors (mainly from Italy and Portugal) on the site to build a hydro desulphurisation unit at a time of high unemployment in the local and global economy. The action attracted considerable media interest in Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

Additional contractors at other sites in the United Kingdom also initiated industrial action as a result of the protests. On 30 January, around 700 workers at the Grangemouth Oil Refinery in central Scotland walked out in solidarity with the North Lincolnshire strikers. They have also been joined by 50 strikers in Aberthaw, in South Wales, and 400 at the ICI site in Wilton, Teesside.

See also 

List of Italian companies

References

External links
Official site

Engineering companies of Italy
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1979
Italian companies established in 1979
Wang Yongmin. Wang Yongmin (; born December 15, 1943) is a Chinese programmer, who developed Wubi, a very fast input method for entering Chinese characters using a standard Latin keyboard. Currently he is the president of Wangma, a Beijing-based software development company.

Wang's life
Wang Yongmin was born in 1943, in Nanyang, Henan province, China. 
In 1968, he graduated from  USTC, but soon after that he was sentenced to farm labour in the programme of "labour re-education" during the Chinese Cultural revolution.

In 1978, he undertook research on a system for decomposing Chinese characters into their constituent parts with minimal ambiguity.  This research ultimately resulted in Wubi, an input method patented in China and internationally.  Other structural methods, which first appeared around the same time, assumed a one-to-one mapping between components of Chinese characters and Latin keys (for example, Cangjie).  Instead, Wang Yongmin assigned several character components to each key relying on the inherent redundancy of Chinese characters.  For example, the U key can generate 13 different shapes (such as 立, 六, 辛 or 冫), but a sequence of at most four keys always disambiguates individual shapes, for example, pressing UEMC produces 毅, mapping U to 立 for this character.

The first PC version of Wubi appeared in 1984, and soon became the most popular method of entering Chinese characters in the PRC, becoming known as "China's first software" ().

In 1989, Wang Yongmin established his own company Wangma (lit. Wang Code).

In 1988, he received the title of National Model Worker ().

Intellectual property dispute
Wubi was also a party to the first legal case in China concerning intellectual property rights. The third version of Wubi was protected by a Chinese patent in 1986.  The majority of computer vendors in the PRC in the early 1990s were selling computers with Wubi preinstalled without paying royalties to Wangma. In April 1992, Wang Yongmin brought a lawsuit against Dongnan, a company producing Hanka, a clone of Wubi (with an adapted interface and key memorisation). In December 1993, Beijing Intermediate People's Court () ordered Dongnan to pay Wangma 240 thousand yuan for breach of its intellectual property rights. However, a new dispute brought by Lenovo in 1994 led to a decision by the Beijing High Court () to treat Wubi as "public knowledge" citing decomposition of Chinese characters by five basic strokes as going back millennia.

See also
Input method

References

External links
 Personal page of Wang Yongmin

Chinese computer scientists
1943 births
Computer programmers
Living people
People from Nanyang, Henan
Scientists from Henan
Electron-beam furnace. An electron-beam furnace (EB furnace) is a type of vacuum furnace employing high-energy electron beam in vacuum as the means for delivery of heat to the material being melted. It is one of the electron-beam technologies.

Use
Electron-beam furnaces are used for production and refining of high-purity metals (especially titanium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, etc.) and some exotic alloys. The EB furnaces use a hot cathode for production of electrons and high voltage for accelerating them towards the target to be melted.

Alternatives
An alternative for an electron-beam furnace can be an electric arc furnace in vacuum. Somewhat similar technologies are electron-beam melting and electron-beam welding.

References

Industrial furnaces
Electron beams in manufacturing
Jacobs R-915. The Jacobs R-915 or Jacobs L-6 is a seven-cylinder, air-cooled, radial engine for aircraft manufactured in the United States, production started in 1936.

Design and development
The R-915 was effectively an enlargement of the R-755 with strengthened stressed parts. With a bore and stroke of , for a displacement of .  Take-off power was around . The engine features steel cylinders with aluminum-alloy cylinder heads.

Variants
R-915A1Baseline  variant; an enlarged R-755
R-915A3Similar to the A1 but with Scintilla magnetoes
R-915A4With a power take-off for autogyros

Applications
 Avro Anson Mk II and Mk III
 Beechcraft Model 18D
 Beechcraft F-17D Staggerwing
 Fleet 50
 Howard DGA-15J
 Kellett KD-1
 Waco AQC, AGC, ARE, AVN

Engines on display
A preserved Jacobs R-915 is on display at the Nanton Lancaster Society.
A Jacobs L-6 is on display at the Canadian Museum of Flight

Specifications (R-915A1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989.

External links

Jacobs L-6 MB, Bomber Command Museum of Canada - Nanton Lancaster Society
FAA Type Data Certificate Sheet - R-915

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Jacobs aircraft engines
Jacobs R-830. The Jacobs R-830 or L-5 is a seven-cylinder, air-cooled, radial engine for aircraft manufactured in the United States by the Jacobs Aircraft Engine Company, beginning in 1935.

Design and development
The R-830 was effectively an enlargement of the R-755 with strengthened stressed parts. With a bore and stroke of 5.0 in × 5.5 in (140 mm × 127 mm) the displacement was 831 cu in (13.6 L), takeoff power was around 285 hp (212 kW). The engine features steel cylinders with aluminum-alloy cylinder heads.

Applications
 Beechcraft Model 18B & S18B Expeditor
 Beechcraft B17B and C17B Staggerwing
 Fleet 50J Freighter (prototype only)
 Fleetwings Sea Bird
 Howard DGA-9
 Spartan 7X Executive (prototype only)
 Waco ZKC-S, ZKS-6 & 7 Standard Cabins
 Waco YOC-1 ZQC-6 ZGC-7 Custom Cabins
 Waco ZVN-8 Custom Cabin
 Waco ZPF-6 and ZPF-7

Specifications (L-5)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.

External links
The Jacobs Engine - Nanton Lancaster Society

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Jacobs aircraft engines
The Re-Inventors. The Re-Inventors is a Canadian TV show based around exploring historic inventions and testing them.  The show follows the hosts, Matt Hunter and Jeremy MacPherson, as they discover and reconstruct inventions to see how ideas from the past hold up in the present world. In each episode, the hosts choose a historic invention and attempt to rebuild it.  The hosts would examine the original patent information, including blueprints, then, along with additional tradesmen as needed, build the prototypes, and test each of these, often strange, inventions to see if any could actually succeed.  Often, a few related inventions would be tested in the same episode.  Each invention was given a set of evaluation criteria before being tested.  At the end of the episode, the invention was graded and if the invention was considered to have met the evaluation criteria, it was granted the title of 'Patent Approved'.  If the invention proved to be less than effective, it was granted the title 'Patent Denied'.

The TV series was developed by Christopher Triffo, CSC; he directed all 35 episodes.

The show was hosted by Matt Hunter and Jeremy MacPherson.  Matt Hunter is an artist and craftsman, and played the on-screen contractor on the Canadian lifestyle program Colour Confidenetial for 65 episodes prior to co-hosting The Re-Inventors. Jeremy MacPherson is a special effects artist and carpenter who has worked on hundreds of film and television productions, most notably X-Men, Chicago, Resident Evil: Apocalypse and K-19: The Widowmaker.

On History Television, two half-hour episodes were typically broadcast back-to-back in a one-hour time slot. It aired on the Canadian French TV channel Historia as Absurde et breveté and was dubbed into French.  The series is airing in over 60 countries in 30 languages and is currently running on Smithsonian Channel, Charge!, and H&I in the USA.  The first season was also released on Netflix USA on February 1, 2014.

List of episodes

Note: Episode listing is based on the two seasons that aired on the Smithsonian Channel.  The episodes from 2008-2009 were not shown on the Smithsonian Channel, and the show is no longer associated with or listed on the History Channel website, where the 2008-2009 episodes were aired.

Season 1 (2010)

Season 2 (2011)

Unlisted Episodes (2008–2009)

See also
 Ancient Discoveries
 Ancient Inventions
 MythBusters
 Patent Bending
 Prototype This!

References

2008 Canadian television series debuts
2011 Canadian television series endings
2010s Canadian documentary television series
2000s Canadian documentary television series
Television series by Corus Entertainment
UMC (computer). UMC (Uniwersalna Maszyna Cyfrowa - Polish for Universal Digital Machine) is a family of computers produced by Elwro from 1962.
It consisted of vacuum-tube based UMC-1 and transistor-based UMC-10 (1964). UMC computers operated using negabinary (-2 base) numeral system invented by prof. Zdzisław Pawlak.

References

Early computers
Grammar systems theory. Grammar systems theory is a field of theoretical computer science that studies systems of finite collections of formal grammars generating a formal language. Each grammar works on a string, a so-called sequential form that represents an environment. Grammar systems can thus be used as a formalization of decentralized or distributed systems of agents in artificial intelligence.

Let  be a simple reactive agent moving on the table and trying not to fall down from the table with two reactions, t for turning and ƒ for moving forward. The set of possible behaviors of  can then be described as formal language

 

where ƒ can be done maximally k times and t can be done maximally ℓ times considering the dimensions of the table.

 
Let  be a  which generates language . The behavior of  is then described by this grammar. Suppose the  has a subsumption architecture; each component of this architecture can be then represented as a formal grammar, too, and the final behavior of the agent is then described by this system of grammars.

The schema on the right describes such a system of grammars which shares a common string representing an environment. The shared sequential form is sequentially rewritten by each grammar, which can represent either a component or generally an agent.

If grammars communicate together and work on a shared sequential form, it is called a Cooperating Distributed (DC) grammar system. Shared sequential form is a similar concept to the blackboard approach in AI, which is inspired by an idea of experts solving some problem together while they share their proposals and ideas on a shared blackboard.

Each grammar in a grammar system can also work on its own string and communicate with other grammars in a system by sending their sequential forms on request. Such a grammar system is then called a Parallel Communicating (PC) grammar system.

PC and DC are inspired by distributed AI. If there is no communication between grammars, the system is close to the decentralized approaches in AI. These kinds of grammar systems are sometimes called colonies or Eco-Grammar systems, depending (besides others) on whether the environment is changing on its own (Eco-Grammar system) or not (colonies).

See also
 Artificial life
 Agent-based model
 Distributed artificial intelligence
 Multi-agent system

References

Formal languages
Theoretical computer science
Combinatorics on words
Artificial intelligence
Formal sciences
IMAM Ro.5. The IMAM Ro.5 was a sport aircraft designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by IMAM in Italy in the late 1920s.

Design and development
The Ro.5 was a conventional, parasol wing monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage and two open cockpits in tandem. It proved popular with private owners and flying clubs, and was built in large numbers. Some Ro.5s were purchased by the Regia Aeronautica for use as trainers and liaison aircraft. A later version, the Ro.5bis, enclosed the cockpits under a long canopy.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Spanish Air Force

Specifications (Ro.5)

References

Ro.05
1920s Italian sport aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Rumpler B.I. The Rumpler B.I (factory designation 4A) was a military reconnaissance aircraft produced in Germany during World War I.

Design and development
The B.I was a conventional two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of unequal span. It featured two open cockpits in tandem and fixed, tailskid undercarriage. Its upper wing reflected the wing design of the Etrich Taube that Rumpler was building at the time.

Rumpler built 198 of these aircraft for the Luftstreitkräfte, plus 26 seaplane versions for the Imperial German Navy.

Variants
 4A - landplane with Mercedes D.I engine, military designation B.I
 4A13 - B.I with balanced, comma-style rudder
 4A14 - version with Benz Bz.III engine
 4B - seaplane
 4B1 - version with Mercedes D.I engine
 4B2 - version with Benz Bz.III engine
 4B11 - version with Benz Bz.I engine
 4B12 - version with Benz Bz.III engine

Operators

Royal Danish Air Force - Postwar.

Luftstreitkrafte
Kaiserliche Marine

Ottoman Air Force

Specifications

Notes

References

Further reading

B.I
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Rumpler. Rumpler-Luftfahrzeugbau GmbH, Rumpler-Werke, usually known simply as Rumpler was a German aircraft and automobile manufacturer.

History 
Founded in Berlin by Austrian engineer Edmund Rumpler in 1909 as Rumpler Luftfahrzeugbau.  The firm originally manufactured copies of the Etrich Taube monoplane under the Rumpler Taube trademark, but turned to building reconnaissance biplanes of its own design through the course of the First World War, in addition to a smaller number of fighters and bombers. 

The company, from the beginning a limited liability concern (GmbH), became a Aktiengesellschaft in the style of Rumpler-Werke AG on 21 September 1917 with a capitalization of 3,5 million Marks. 

In 1918, 3300 people worked for Rumpler at the Berlin headquarter and a subsidiary in Augsburg, the Bayerische Rumpler-Werke AG.
 
As a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles Germany was not allowed to manufacture aircraft. Rumpler instead attempted to secure a place in the post-war automobile market, which lead to the development of a vehicle with the first effective aerodynamic chassis, the Rumpler Tropfenwagen, on the premises of its Augsburg subsidiary. It was shown at the 1921 Internationale Automobil Ausstellung which then took place in Berlin. 

The car failed to attract sufficient sales and the Bayerische Rumpler-Werke AG went into receivership in 1923, followed by the  Rumpler-Werke AG in Berlin in 1925. The assets were liquidated in 1926, with the Augsburg premises bought 30 July 1926 by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, predecessor of BMW.

Aircraft

 Rumpler 6B
 Rumpler B.I
 Rumpler C.I
 Rumpler C.III
 Rumpler C.IV
 Rumpler C.V
 Rumpler C.VI
 Rumpler C.VII
 Rumpler C.VIII
 Rumpler C.X
 Rumpler D.I
 Rumpler G.I
 Rumpler G.II
 Rumpler G.III

See also
 List of aircraft manufacturers
 List of Rumpler Aircraft
 Rumpler Tropfenwagen

Notes

References
 
 
 

Companies of Prussia
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Berlin
Distillation (disambiguation). Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.

Distillation may also refer to:

Chemistry 
 Azeotropic distillation
 Batch distillation
 Continuous distillation
 Destructive distillation
 Dry distillation
 Entanglement distillation
 Extractive distillation
 Fractional distillation
 Multi-stage flash distillation
 Reactive distillation
 Salt-effect distillation
 Spinning band distillation
 Steam distillation
 Vacuum distillation

Computer science 
 Distillation (machine learning)

Environmental science 
 Global distillation, the process by which chemicals such as pollutants are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth

Publications 
 Distillation Design
 Distillations (magazine), a magazine published by the Science History Institute

Music 
 Distillation (Erin McKeown album), 2000
 Distillation (Wishbone Ash album), 1997

See also
 
 
 Distiller (disambiguation)
 Distillery (disambiguation)
Lakes Sea Bird. The Lakes Sea Bird was a two-seat floatplane built during 1912 by the Lakes Flying Company using the fuselage  of the Avro Duigan which had been built by Avro for John Robertson Duigan. It gave many visitors to Windermere their first flight in the summer of 1913

Development
After Duigan damaged his aircraft and returned to Australia  the fuselage and tail unit were sold to the Lakes Flying Co. based at Windermere, who rebuilt it as a two-seat floatplane. The straight parallel-chord high aspect ratio wings of irregular three-bay layout resembled those of Avro's Avro Type D. It was  originally fitted with a single central two-step float, later changed to a pair of narrower floats, and demountable so that the aircraft could readily be used as a landplane. It was powered by a rotary 7-cylinder Gnome of 50 hp (37 kW),

Operational history

The single Sea Bird carried many holiday makers in 1912-3.  Later, it was restored for training but was lost in 1915 when a student pilot spun it in.

Specifications

References

 
Lewis, P  RBritish Aircraft 1809-1914. London, Putnam: 1962

1910s British aircraft
Miroslav Hajn. Miroslav Hajn (21 September 1894 in Žamberk, Austria-Hungary – 6 September 1963 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a chief designer at ČKD-Praga, one of the largest engineering companies in the former Czechoslovakia and today's Czech Republic.

Hajn was first a founder and chief designer at Avia, along with Pavel Beneš, in 1919. The two began repairing planes in a workshop within the complex of an old sugar factory in Prague. One year later, they designed their first two-seater plane, the Avia BH-1. From 1923 to 1925, the two developed the Avia BH-7, BH-9, and BH-11 monoplanes, launching the era of biplane fighters. The BH-11 won the Coppa d' Italia prize. Three years later, their Avia BH-21 fighter was considered one of the world's best planes.

In 1930, Hajn and Beneš came to ČKD-Praga. The first aircraft they designed was the Praga E-39 in 1931.

References

1894 births
1963 deaths
Czech aerospace engineers
Aviation inventors
Aerodynamicists
Czech inventors
Pavel Beneš. Pavel Beneš (14 June 1894 in Prague – 31 May 1956 in Prague) was a chief designer at ČKD-Praga, one of the largest engineering companies in the former Czechoslovakia and today's Czech Republic.

Beneš was first a founder and chief designer at Avia, along with Miroslav Hajn, in 1919. The two began repairing planes in a workshop within the complex of an old sugar factory in Prague. One year later, they designed their first two-seater plane, the Avia BH-1. From 1923 to 1925, the two developed the BH-7, BH-9, and BH-11 monoplanes, launching the era of biplane fighters. The BH-11 won the Coppa d' Italia prize. Three years later, their BH-21 fighter was considered one of the world's best planes.

In 1930, Beneš and Hajn came to ČKD-Praga. The first aircraft they designed was the Praga E-39 in 1931.

In April 1935, he joined Jaroslav Mráz to form the Beneš-Mráz aircraft factory in Choceň.

References

Czech aerospace engineers
Aviation inventors
Aerodynamicists
Czechoslovak inventors
1894 births
1956 deaths
Engineers from Prague
Aircraft designers
Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the review section of Materials Science and Engineering and is published by Elsevier. It was established in 1993, when the journal Materials Science Reports was split into Materials Science and Engineering C and Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports has a 2020 impact factor of 36.214, ranking it 3rd out of 160 in the category Physics, Applied.

References

External links
 

Physics review journals
Materials science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1993
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Chaotics. CHAOTICS is a strategic business framework and platform for dealing with economic turbulence. Defined and developed in 2008 by marketing guru Philip Kotler of Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management and global business strategy expert John Caslione of GCS Business Capital, LLC.

Based on the concept that the world economy has entered into a new economic era of uncertainty, chaotics provides methods to allow companies to live with increased risk and uncertainty in an age of heightened turbulence and its consequent chaos. This involves creating and implementing a set of new strategic behaviors defined by Kotler and Caslione as well as building an early warning system, a scenario construction system, and a quick response system to manage and market during recessions and other turbulent economic conditions.

Chaotics advocates creating systems that are more resilient than traditionally used in business. John Caslione notes that the world economy makes companies close linked and interdependent on each other. While this is a benefit in good economic times, this interdependence increases the damage during times of recession. Caslione views the traditional business cycle, of 5-7 years of upturn followed by a year of recession, to be a thing of the past, and argues that companies can not rely on this. To respond to this, Chaotics recommends that business create systems that are responsive, robust, and resilient, to ensure that they can rapidly adapt to changing circumstances.

In reviewing Kotler and Caslione's book, Paul Gift agrees with their view of businesses being structured to rapidly adapt to turbulent times. However, he disagrees with their view that the world is entering an age of turbulence, an argument that Gift views as merely a scare tactic.

Books
CHAOTICS: The Business of Managing and Marketing in The Age of Turbulence (AMACOM Publishing May 2009)

References

External links
Marketing in the Age of Turbulence  BusinessWeek.
Marketing Strategy

Marketing strategy