omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Christopher Grigson. Christopher William Baisely "Grig" Grigson (1 December 1926 – 19 February 2001) was a British naval architect and electronics engineer who is credited with the invention of scanning electron diffraction.

Early life and education
Grigson was born in Hoshangabad, India, to Sir Wilfrid Grigson, Deputy Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar, and his wife, Lady Phyllis Grigson. Grigson and his sister Claudia (who later married Henry Chilver) were both educated at a prep school in Sussex. While visiting his uncle and aunt in Cambridge he became ill with osteomyelitis of the hip, which left him bedridden for two years. Unable to leave, he was brought up by his uncle and aunt, and in 1946 won a place to study mechanical science at Trinity College, Cambridge. Despite still being ill he gained Firsts in both the Part I and Part II mechanical science triposes. After his health improved he took a PhD in electronics at Cambridge.

Career
Grigson began to work at the university, becoming a demonstrator in 1953, and lecturer in 1957. During the 1950s he worked on the team of Charles Oatley developing the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which is still used today. He became a  Fellow of Trinity College in 1962, and in the same year married a Norwegian student at Bell School named Helle Bang. During a sabbatical year at Bell Laboratories in 1964–1965 he continued work on improving SEM technology. The scanning diffraction system that he developed for scanning transmission electron microscopes was known for many years as the "Grigson coil."

In 1968 he moved to Kristiansand, Norway to begin working at his father-in-law's naval firm, A/S Athene. He ran the company for several years from his father-in-law's death in 1974 until the company closed due to oil crises of the 1970s. After the business closed he worked as an independent consultant in hydrodynamics, including investigation of the sinking of the bulk ore carrier Derbyshire. In 1992 he and his family moved to Grimstad, and Grigson began lecturing at the University of Agder Engineering College, teaching hydrodynamics and basic physics. He published nearly 20 papers in the journal of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects before his death of cancer in Grimstad on 19 February 2001.

Grigson was a fellow of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.

References

1926 births
2001 deaths
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Agder
British naval architects
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People from Sussex
People from Grimstad
20th-century British businesspeople
EMD GM6W. The EMD GM6W diesel–electric locomotive was introduced by Electro-Motive Diesel as an export model switcher in 1960.

The prototype unit spent its entire life at the General Motors LaGrange, Illinois, plant. It wound up life at the Pielet Brothers Scrap yard next to EMD's plant and was eventually scrapped.

It inspired limited sales. Four went to the Chemin de Fer de l'Etat Libanais in Lebanon One known unit, built January 1961, was bought by the Buffelsfontein Gold Mine at Stilfontein in North West Province, South Africa.

Original Owners

References 

G06MW
C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Lebanon
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Africa
Railway locomotives introduced in 1960
Standard gauge locomotives of Lebanon
Cape gauge railway locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Erwin Sick. Erwin Sick (3 November 1909 – 3 December 1988) was a German inventor and entrepreneur who was born in Heilbronn.

Life and career 

Erwin Sick began his professional career in 1924 with an apprenticeship in optometry and then attended the College of Optics and Precision Mechanics in Göttingen. In 1932 he got a job at Siemens & Halske, where he initially worked in the computer lab. From 1934 to 1939 Erwin Sick held various positions at Siemens, Bosch and Askania Werke AG initially as a designer and later as an engineer. There he was involved in development projects on color film, cinema technology, astronomical and physical devices.

In 1939 he became head of the Laboratory of Optical Works A&C Steinheil & Söhne, Munich. In 1945 he quit the job and ventured into self-employment. Because he was politically unencumbered, Erwin Sick received his license to "Practice his profession as an engineer"  on 26 September 1946 by the American military government. That was the birth of the company that later became known as Sick AG.

In June 1951 "German Inventors and Innovations Fair" was held in Munich where Sick presented his first finished wooden model of a photoelectric sensor and received a certificate "for creative performance". The successful patent application of the invented photoelectric sensors and autocollimation on 20 October was a breakthrough in technical devices and lead to the development of an entire equipment program.

In 1972 Sick patented the light curtain, a factory safety device.

Sick died on 3 December 1988 of a heart attack.

Honors and awards

 In 1971, Erwin Sick received Federal Cross of Merit 1st Class at the 25th anniversary of Sick AG.
 In 1980, the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Munich awarded Erwin Sick an honorary Doctor of Engineering in recognition of his contribution "to scientific and constructive development of optical devices with electronic signal evaluation".
 In 1982, he was awarded the Rudolf-Diesel-Medaille "for his numerous inventions in optoelectronics".

Literature

References

External links
 70 Years of Innovation, a short biographical video

Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Heilbronn
20th-century German inventors
1909 births
1988 deaths
Place of death missing
Siemens people
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Chipmunk (software). Chipmunk2D is a 2-dimensional real-time rigid body physics engine written by Scott Lembcke that is designed to be portable, lightweight, fast, and easy to use. Prior to version 7, two main versions of the library existed. Chipmunk2D Free was written purely in C99, and freely available under the terms of the MIT License. Chipmunk2D Pro was a proprietary upgrade designed for development on mobile devices. It included several high-level subroutines in Objective-C, and floating-point optimizations for the ARM processor. However, after version 7 the project was fully open-sourced.

Aside from Objective-C, there are official bindings for Ruby, and third party interfaces exist for Python, Haskell, OCaml, and others. Chipmunk is endorsed by a number of game libraries, including Aerosol, Gosu, and Cocos2d.

Features
Chipmunk supports multiple collision primitives attached to one rigid body, and bodies may be joined by constraints. It has a flexible collision detection system with layers, exclusion groups and collision callbacks. Callbacks are defined based on user definable "collision types" and may reject collisions and even override the calculation of friction and elasticity coefficients.

Version 7 of the library introduced "Autogeometry", an image tracing feature that transforms a raster graphic into a polygonal shape usable by the library. This feature is currently only available in the Objective-C version of the library.

Chipmunk has been widely used on the iPhone, Mac/Windows/Linux, and other platforms, including Nintendo Wii and Sony PSP.

See also
 Box2D

References

External links
 
 Chipmunk Forums
 Chipmunks Ruby Bindings, with more functionality wrapped.
 chipmunk-ffi, a more up-to-date Ruby interface using Nice-FFI.
 Demos of Chipmunk on YouTube

Computer physics engines
Free computer libraries
Software using the MIT license
Programmation Automatique des Formules. Programmation Automatique des Formules is a programming language designed in 1957-1959 by Dimitri Starynkevitch at SEA, a small French computer company. PAF was similar to FORTRAN. It ran on a drum computer, the CAB 500. The title is French for Automatic Programming of Formulae.

External links
 Programmation Automatique des Formules

Information technology companies of France
Programming languages created in 1957
Magech River. The Magech River () is a river of Ethiopia. It rises just off the city of Gondar, and flows south into Lake Tana in two branches. Its tributaries include the Dmaza, the Lesser Angereb, and the Ahyamezoriya.

The Magech is known for two bridges over it, which were built either by Portuguese artisans or during the reign of Fasilides: one of these bridges has five arches, and the other three arches upstream near Gondar.

On 21 June 2007, the World Bank announced that it had approved an International Development Association credit of US$100 million for an Irrigation and Drainage project covering the Magech and Reb rivers, as part of the Nile Basin Initiative. With the goal of increasing irrigated agricultural output, this proposed project will develop incrementally a total area of 20,000 hectares.

See also 
 List of rivers of Ethiopia

References 

Tributaries of Lake Tana
Rivers of Ethiopia
Modjo River. The Modjo is a river of central Ethiopia. A tributary of the Awash River, its own tributaries include the Wedecha and Belbela.

A report by Action Professionals Association for the People, a non-governmental organization, claimed that laboratory analyses of toxic industrial chemicals in the river waters and clinical data of people in the watershed revealed that the Modjo is one of the two most polluted rivers in Ethiopia.

See also

List of rivers of Ethiopia
List of most-polluted rivers

References

Further reading 
 Mario Sagria, et alia, "Latest Pleistocene and Holocene river network evolution in the Ethiopian Lakes Region", Geomorphology, 94 (2008), 79–97.

Rivers of Ethiopia
Jardine Engineering Corporation. Jardine Engineering Corporation (JEC) is a subsidiary of Jardines. Originally established in Shanghai in 1923 to support the group's engineering operations in China. Previously, this had been done by the group's engineering department.

Offices have been established in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines.

The company now employs more than 4,000 staff across the Asia Pacific region; a third of these staff are working in Hong Kong where JEC has its headquarters and the remainder work from other offices in Asia. The JEC headquarters is in Manulife Financial Centre, Kwun Tong, which housed three main business units (Electrical and Mechanical Contracting, Maintenance and Renovation and Building Equipment and Products), finance, IT, administration, EHS and human capital and communications.

Notable projects
JEC has been involved in the construction of various major projects in Hong Kong and around the region.

Electrical and mechanical related
 Hong Kong International Airport Baggage Handling Systems
 Hong Kong Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
 MTR's Airport Express and Tung Chung lines platform screen doors
 MTR's Siu Ho Wan, Wong Chuk Hang Depot Equipment
 MTR's Ma On Shan line Extension
 HACTL's SuperTerminal 1 at Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
 T. Park, Hong Kong's First Self-Sustaining Sludge Treatment Facility
 City of Dreams Manila in the Philippines
 BITEC 2 in Bangkok
 Bangkok MRT Blue Line and Red Line

Service related
 Two IFC MVAC
 Tamar Government Headquarters
 The Link Operation and Maintenance
 Main Contract Works for Data Centre in Hong Kong
 Hongkong Land's Grade A Properties 
 HKIA North Satellite Concourse and Midfield Development
 JLL in the Philippines
 Ayala Property Management Corporation in the Philippines

Building technologies related
 Tung Chung Super-Oxygenation System (Hong Kong's first Super-oxygenation system at the Tung Chung Sewage Pumping Station)
 Lo Wu Correctional Institute
 Stonecutters Bridge
 Kowloon Hospital Solar-Wind Turbine System
 Hong Kong Science Park Green Building Technologies
 Chek Lap Kok Fire Station PV Power
 Cheung Sha Wan Sewage Pumping Station PV

References

External links 
Official website

Engineering companies of Hong Kong
1923 establishments in Hong Kong
AlloSphere. The AlloSphere is a research facility in a theatre-like pavilion in a spherical shape, of opaque material, used to project computer-generated imagery and sounds. Included are GIS, scientific, artistic, and other information. Located at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) the AlloSphere grew out of the schools of electrical engineering and computer science, and the Media Arts & Technology program at UCSB.

The AlloSphere is housed at UCSB California NanoSystems Institute building, "CNSI," or Elings Hall, a  facility that opened in 2007. The AlloSphere is intended to integrate technology and media.

The AlloSphere includes a three-story cube that has been insulated extensively with sound-absorbing material, making it one of the largest echo-less chambers in the world. Within the chamber are two hemispheres of 5 meter radii, made of perforated aluminum. These are opaque and acoustically transparent.

There are 26 video projectors, to create as much of a field of vision as possible.

The loudspeaker real-time sound synthesis cluster (140 individual speaker elements plus sub-woofers) is suspended behind the aluminum screen resulting in 3-D audio. Computation clusters include simulation, sensor-array processing, real-time video processing for motion-capture and visual computing, render-farm/real-time ray-tracing and radiosity cluster, and content and prototyping environments.

The AlloSphere was developed by a team of scientists, led primarily by Professor JoAnn Kuchera-Morin, a professor in the field of Composition, of the Media Arts & Technology Program of UCSB.

Selected publications 
 The AlloSphere Offers an Interactive Experience of Nano-sized Worlds https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=121535&WT.mc_id=USNSF_1
 Research at the AlloSphere Facility https://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.jsp?med_id=73444
 Equipping the AlloSphere, an Environment for Immersive Data Exploration https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0855279
 Big Data's People-Changing Machine https://www.forbes.com/sites/quentinhardy/2011/07/11/big-datas-people-changing-machine/
 Marriage of Science & Art https://web.archive.org/web/20160302151948/http://www.ucsbalum.com/Coastlines/2011/Summer/feature_allosphere.html
 Living Data: The Three-Story-High AlloSphere Creates Unique Visualizations http://www.technologyreview.com/photoessay/420413/living-data/
 Sensory Overloader: 3-D Tower Lets Researchers Climb Inside Their Data https://www.wired.com/2010/05/st_allosphere/?pid=2039
 A 360-Degree Virtual Reality Chamber Brings Researchers Face to Face with Their Data https://www.wired.com/2010/05/st_allosphere/?pid=2039
 Enter the AlloSphere: Inside UCSB's Three-Dimensional Immersive Theater, the 21st Century Face of Our Discipline-Bending University http://www.independent.com/news/2008/nov/06/enter-allosphere/

References

External links
 
 Video: Talks Demo: Stunning data visualization in the AlloSphere, JoAnn Kuchera-Morin lecture at TED Talks

Nanotechnology institutions
University of California, Santa Barbara buildings and structures
UPILEX. Upilex is a heat-resistant polyimide film  that is the product of the polycondensation reaction between biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) monomers and a diamine. Its properties include dimensional stability, low water absorption, high chemical resistance and high mechanical properties (up to 550 MPa depending on film thickness), high heat and chemical resistance. It was developed by UBE Industries. 
Upilex-S is the standard grade but other grades include Upilex-RN, VT, CA and SGA. Upilex-S is used when excellent mechanical properties are required. Upilex-RN possesses excellent molding processability, while Upilex-VT has superior heat bonding characteristics. General applications of Upilex include their use in flexible printed circuits, electric motor and generator insulation, high temperature wire and cable wrapping, and specialty pressure sensitive tapes. Polyimides have also been extensively studied in gas and humidity sensors, where the concentration is determined by monitoring the capacitance of modified Upilex films. With advantages of flexibility and easy functionalization, Upilex films are often used as substrate materials in biosensor platforms. For instance, it is possible to electropolymerize onto these films or attach enzymes to it for the detection of glucose.

Upilex-S, along with other polyimides Kapton HN and Kapton E, have been investigated by NASA with respect to their radiation durability for possible use in the Next Generation Space Telescope (later renamed the James Webb Space Telescope), where polymer film layer sunshields must operate at low temperatures and in the presence of cosmic rays. Flexible superstrate solar cells have been directly grown on commercially available Upilex foils, which makes for lightweight solar cells with a high specific power. Micro-heating elements can be integrated on polyimide sheets, which gives it the benefit of robustness and low-power consumption required for high temperatures. Upilex membranes are not transparent because of their aromatic C-H stretching band, but this can be altered by substituting hydrogen atoms by deuterium atoms.

See also
 James Webb Space Telescope sunshield
 Kapton
 Polyamide
 Polyamide-imide
 Polyimide
 Polyimide film

References

External links
 UBE America 

Dielectrics
Flexible electronics
Mike Bossy the Scoring Machine. Mike Bossy the Scoring Machine is a pinball machine manufactured by Game Plan, Inc. as a prototype in 1982, featuring New York Islanders hockey star Mike Bossy. There was only one machine produced. It was designed by Ed Cebula.

Gameplay
A warm up period prior to the actual gameplay is a unique feature that allows the player to test the functionality and features of the pinball machine gameplay. Up to four players can play. The score is kept between players up to nine goals. A red light flashes and a siren sounds when a score or a goal is made. 

At the time of the goal, the player can then try to work the flippers to get the ball to go through the MIKE BOSSY lights or gates. When hit while lighted, these give the players extra bonus points. When a player makes eight goals, a special light goes on which means extra bonus points. Up to 180,000 bonus points can be made. The game is over when the picture of Mike Bossy on the back glass lights up.

Technical features
The machine has self-diagnostic features to test sequences and input-output and memories prior to play. These tests can also be made manually. There are actual recordings of crowd noise, and the United States and Canadian national anthems.

References

 Mike Bossy pinball never released
 Arcade Flyer of pinball machine at Arcade Flyers website
   Game Plan Pinball machines - Mike Bossy The Scoring Machine
  Arcade history entry

External links
 

Game Plan pinball machines
1982 pinball machines
Bedford TK. The Bedford TK was a truck manufactured by Bedford. Launched in 1960 to replace the Bedford S type, the TK was scheduled to be replaced by the Bedford TL in 1981, but manufacturing of the TK continued as a cheaper alternative. A military 4x4 version, the Bedford MK (later MJ), was also produced. After Bedford's Dunstable factory was sold in 1987 to AWD, the TK restarted production for military only use until 1992 when AWD was placed in receivership.

History and use
The TK range replaced the Bedford S type in 1960, and served as the basis for a variety of derivatives, including fire engines, military, horse carriers, tippers, flatbed trucks, and other specialist utilities. A General Post Office (later British Telecom) version used for installing telegraph poles was known as the Pole King.

Available with inline four or inline six cylinder petrol and diesel engines from Bedford, Leyland and Perkins, the TK was the quintessential light truck in the United Kingdom through most of the 1960s and 1970s, competing with the similar Ford D series. It was available in rigid form, and also as a light tractor unit normally using the Scammell coupling form of semi-trailer attachment.

In 1981, Bedford introduced turbocharging to the "Red Series" 3.6-litre and 5.4-litre diesel engines, now producing 72 bhp and 102 bhp respectively.

TKs were assembled for many years by General Motors New Zealand (GMNZ) at its Petone truck plant. The model was very popular and competed with the like of the also locally assembled Ford D series. It was succeeded by the TM series and GMNZ later switched source to launch a range of Bedford-by-Isuzu models assembled locally from kits shipped from Japan. Over 500,000 were produced. They were also assembled by Holden in Australia.

MK/MJ
The Bedford MK/MJ was a 4x4 variant of the TK used in large numbers by the British Armed Forces and others. The Bedford MK was introduced in 1970 to replace the Bedford RL. It was very successful with over 50,000 produced. The MK/MJ was produced in many variants. From April 1981, Bedford changed the designation of the MK to MJ as the K multi-fuel engine was superseded by the J diesel engine. It was confirmed in March 2014 that, with the exception of a handful of light recovery vehicles, all British Army Bedford MK/MJ trucks had been disposed of, replaced by RMMV HX60 4x4 trucks.

After Bedford's Dunstable factory was sold in 1987 to AWD, the MK restarted production for military only use until 1992 when AWD was placed in receivership.

References

External links

TK
Vehicles introduced in 1960
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s
Magnetolithography. Magnetolithography (ML) is a photoresist-less and photomaskless lithography method for patterning wafer surfaces. ML is based on applying a magnetic field on the substrate using paramagnetic metal masks named "magnetic masks" placed on either topside or backside of the wafer. Magnetic masks are analogous to a photomask in photolithography, in that they define the spatial distribution and shape of the applied magnetic field. The fabrication of the magnetic masks involves the use of conventional photolithography and photoresist however. The second component of the process is ferromagnetic nanoparticles (analogous to the photoresist in photolithography, e.g. cobalt nanoparticles) that are assembled over the substrate according to the field induced by the mask which blocks its areas from reach of etchants or depositing materials (e.g. dopants or metallic layers).

ML can be used for applying either a positive or negative approach. In the positive approach, the magnetic nanoparticles react chemically or interact via chemical recognition with the substrate. Hence, the magnetic nanoparticles are immobilized at selected locations, where the mask induces a magnetic field, resulting in a patterned substrate. In the negative approach, the magnetic nanoparticles are inert to the substrate. Hence, once they pattern the substrate, they block their binding site on the substrate from reacting with another reacting agent. After the adsorption of the reacting agent, the nanoparticles are removed, resulting in a negatively patterned substrate.

ML is also a backside lithography, which has the advantage of ease in producing multilayer with high accuracy of alignment and with the same efficiency for all layers.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

Lithography (microfabrication)
Nanotechnology
Viking B-8 Kittyhawk. The Viking B-8 Kittyhawk was an American single-engine open-cockpit biplane of the early 1930s.

Development
The Viking B-8 Kittyhawk was developed from the Bourdon B-4 Kittyhawk, 31 examples being built during 1930 and 1931 at Viking's factory in New Haven, Connecticut. Some aircraft were fitted with EDO floats for operation from water.

Operators
The Viking B-8 was flown by private pilot owners and by barnstorming firms who utilised the three-seat layout with a twin-passenger cockpit located ahead of separate pilot's cockpit.

Survivors
In 2015 Viking Kitty Hawk Serial #28 was undergoing restoration to airworthiness following a landing accident in 1973. Viking Kitty Hawk Serial #30 is in storage at New England Air Museum.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930