omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Havells. Havells India Limited is an Indian multinational electrical equipment company, based in Noida. The company manufactures home appliances, lighting for domestic, commercial and industrial applications, LED lighting, fans, modular switches and wiring accessories, water heaters, industrial and domestic circuit protection switchgear, industrial and domestic cables and wires, induction motors, and capacitors among others. Havells owns brands like Havells, Lloyd, Crabtree, Standard Electric, Reo and Promptec.

The company has 23 branches or representative offices with over 6,000 workers in over 50 countries. India's first Lloyd's exclusive outlet is acquired by businessman Rajan Bansal. The store is situated in western part of New Delhi, Paschim Vihar. As of 2016, it has 11 manufacturing plants in India located at Haridwar, Baddi, Noida, Faridabad, Alwar, Neemrana, and Bengaluru.

History
In 1958, Qimat Rai Gupta moved from Malerkotla to Old Delhi, where he set up an electrical equipment trading shop. In 1971, Haveli Ram Gandhi sold his switchgear company–Havells–to Gupta, who was his distributor at the time. The company subsequently entered other product segments such as cables, lightings, appliances, fans and geysers.

In 1983, it bought the loss-making Delhi-based Towers and Transformers Ltd and turned it around in a year. Between 1997 and 2001, Havells also bought ECS, Duke Arnics Electronics, Standard Electricals and Crabtree India. There was a 50:50 joint venture between Havells and the UK-based Crabtree, and Havells later acquired Crabtree's stake in the JV. In 2007, Havells acquired European lighting company Sylvania for about €200 million. In 2010, Havells introduced ceramic metal-halide lamp.

In April 2015, Havells acquired a 51% majority stake in Promptec Renewable before increasing its stake in the company to 100% in 2018. In December 2015, Havells sold 80% stake in Sylvania Malta and Havells Exim Hong Kong to Shanghai Feilo Acoustics for  and sold the remaining 20% two years later. In February 2017, it acquired the consumer durables business of Lloyd Electricals at an enterprise value of .

Recognition
In 2014, Havells was listed 125th among 1200 of India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.

References

External links

Electrical wiring and construction supplies manufacturers
Electrical equipment manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Noida
Electronics companies established in 1958
Electrical engineering companies of India
1958 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Wire and cable manufacturers
Indian brands
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Home appliance manufacturers of India
ISO 14555. ISO 14555 is an ISO standard for arc stud welding of metallic materials. It was incorporated as a European Norm as EN (ISO) 14555 and is referenced by Eurocode 4 in the evaluations of the design shear resistance of a headed stud which is automatically welded according to this standard.

ISO 14555 covers arc stud welding of metallic materials subject to static and dynamic loading. It specifies requirements that are particular to stud welding, in relation to welding knowledge, quality requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure qualification, qualification testing of operators and testing of production welds.

ISO 14555 is appropriate where it is necessary to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce welded construction of a specified quality.

ISO 14555 has been prepared in a comprehensive manner, with a view to its being used as a reference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certain requirements are not relevant to a particular construction.

See also 
 EN 1994

References

External links
 ISO 14555:2014 catalog page at iso.org

14555
Submarine aircraft carriers of Japan. Submarine aircraft carriers were developed by the Imperial Japanese Navy to a greater extent than any other navy, before and during World War II. In total, 42 were built, as listed below (other sources say 47). Although other navies had experimented with submarine aircraft carriers, by World War II the IJN was the only navy (aside from one fielded by the French Navy) using them. They had little effect on the war, although two were used to carry out attacks on the continental United States. 

They all carried floatplanes, with some carrying two or three floatplanes. All apart from the first (I-5) had a fixed catapult and hangar or hangars, generally on the forward deck.

List of submarine carriers  

 Type J1M scouting submarine (one built, I-5)  The first IJN submarine to carry a floatplane, completed 1 July 1932. No catapult was fitted, the I-5 aircraft was assembled on deck and lowered into the water for takeoff. Had two hangars.
 Type J2 scouting submarine (one built, I-6)  Carried one floatplane
 Type J3 scouting submarine (two built, I-7 and I-8)  Carried one floatplane, fitted with fixed catapult aft and twin hangars. Japanese submarine I-8 was the only submarine to complete a round-trip voyage between Japan and Europe during World War II.
 Type A1 headquarters submarines (three built, I-9, I-10, I-11)  Carried one floatplane, two more cancelled 1942.
 Type A2 headquarters submarine (one built, I-12)  Carried one floatplane, hangar and catapult fitted forward.
 Type A3 aircraft carrying submarine (two built, I-13, I-14)  Carried two floatplanes, catapult forward. Two not completed and three more cancelled.
 Type B1 scouting submarine (twenty built, numbered I-15 through I-39)  Carried one floatplane, hangar and catapult fitted forward). Japanese submarine I-25 launched the only plane that made an aerial bombing of the USA in wartime.
 Type B2 scouting submarine (six built, numbered I-40 through I-45)  Carried one floatplane, hangar and catapult fitted forward. Numbers 702 through 709 cancelled.
 Type B3/B4 scouting submarine (three built, I-54, I-56, I-58)  Carried one floatplane, hangar and catapult forward. 12 more cancelled) I-58 had aircraft and catapult replaced by Kaiten.
 I-400-class submarine ("Type Sentoku", three built, I-400, I-401, I-402)  Carried three floatplanes, catapult forward. Were designed specifically to launch floatplane bombers against the Panama Canal. Two not completed, others cancelled.

See also 
Submarine aircraft carriers 
Imperial Japanese Navy submarines
List of undersea-carried planes during World War II#Japan

References 
 Dorr Carpenter, Dorr B. & Polmar, Norman  Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1986, Conway Maritime Press)

External links 
Submarines of the IJN

  
 
Imperial Japanese Navy
Air-to-air photography. Air-to-air photography is the art of photographing aircraft in the air, by using another aircraft as a photo platform. It is especially popular among military aircraft photographers and aerobatic pilots flying at air shows.

Air-to-air photography requires special skills and experience, as the photo platform and target aircraft often fly low level while under moderate to high G-forces. Looking through his camera, the photographer usually sits looking sideways while the aircraft manoeuvres through the sky, often resulting in airsickness and making air-to-air photography even more challenging.

The subject aircraft is photographed while both aircraft are in flight. This allows the photographer to position the subject in specific locations and angles to get the most desirable shot. Some things that must be considered to achieve best results are lighting and background. Proper lighting is achieved through correct placement of the aircraft relative to the Sun, and is accomplished flying only at certain times of the day and/or by flying at a heading that lines the Sun up on the subject aircraft properly. The background can highlight or distract from the subject and must be carefully considered when taking shots. Air-to-air photography can be used for a variety of purposes, including commercial use and advertising. During World War II, air-to-air photographs were used in training members of the armed forces in aircraft recognition in publications such as the British journal Aircraft Recognition.

Notable air-to-air photographers include Mariusz Adamski and Katsuhiko Tokunaga.

References

Aerial photography
Knowledge arena. A knowledge arena is a virtual space where individuals can manipulate concepts and relationships to form a concept map. Individuals using a computer with appropriate software can represent concepts and the relationships between concepts in a node-relationship-node formalism. The process of thinking about the concepts and making associations between them has been called "off-loading" by Ray McAleese.

The concept map is a form of a semantic network or semantic graph. It is formally based on graph theory. In the concept map, concepts are represented by nodes. The relationship between nodes are represented by typed links (edges). In creating a map or graphic representation of what is known an individual intentionally interacts with the graphical interface or map and through a reflective process adds nodes (concepts) and/or adds relationships (edges or typed links) or modifies existing node-relationship-node instances. It is likely that the process of engaging with concepts and relationships between concepts brings about the creation of understandings as well as making the understandings explicit.

Many different claims have been made for the utility of the concept map. The interactive and reflective nature of map creation is highlighted by the use of the description knowledge arena. Although maps may represent what an individual knows at a point in time; it is likely that by interacting with the concepts and relationships in the knowledge arena individual continues to create and modify what that individual knows.

See also 
 Knowledge base
 Knowledge management
 Knowledge representation and reasoning

Notes and references 

Conceptual modelling
Let L-33 Solo. The Let L-33 Solo is a Czech shoulder-wing, single-seat, glider, designed by Marian Meciar and Vaclav Zajic, and produced by Let Kunovice. The L-33 first flew in 1992 and remained in production through 2012, supplied as a ready-to-fly aircraft.

Design and development
The L-33 was a developed as the single-seat "natural step" for early solo students to fly after dual training on the two-seat LET L-23 Super Blaník. The L-33 features a cantilever wing, a T-tail, a single-seat enclosed  cockpit under a bubble canopy and fixed monowheel gear.

The semi-monocoque design is made from flush riveted aluminum sheet. The rudder is covered with doped aircraft fabric. Its  span, semi-tapered wing employs a Wortmann FX-60-17A11-182 airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to an FX-60-126 at the wing tip. The wing has an area of  and mounts top surface Schempp-Hirth-style air brakes.

The L-33 was a competitor in the IGC World Class sailplane design competition, but lost to the Polish Politechnika Warszawska PW-5. The design is type certified to JAR 22 in Argentina, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Operational history
By November 2012, 92 examples had been produced. In December 2012, 49 examples had been registered with the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States, 12 with Transport Canada and one with the British Civil Aviation Authority.

Specifications (L-33 Solo)

See also

References

External links

Official website

1990s Czech and Czechoslovak sailplanes
L-33
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Shoulder-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Government spin-off. Government spin-off is civilian goods which are the collateral result of military or governmental research. One prominent example of a type of government spin-off is technology that has been commercialized through NASA funding, research, licensing, facilities, or assistance.  NASA spin-off technologies have been publicized by the agency in its Spinoff publication since 1976.

The Internet is a specific example of a government spin-off resulting from DARPA funding.
 

In some fields, such as computer hardware, private sector development has outpaced government and military research, and the government procures commercial off-the-shelf products for many applications.

References

Government
Research and development
Politics and technology
ESi-RISC. eSi-RISC is a configurable CPU architecture. It is available in five implementations: the eSi-1600, eSi-1650, eSi-3200, eSi-3250 and eSi-3264. The eSi-1600 and eSi-1650 feature a 16-bit data-path, while the eSi-32x0s feature 32-bit data-paths, and the eSi-3264 features a mixed 32/64-bit datapath. Each of these processors is licensed as soft IP cores, suitable for integrating into both ASICs and FPGAs.

Architecture 

The main features of the eSi-RISC architecture are:

 RISC-like load/store architecture.
 Configurable 16-bit, 32-bit or 32/64-bit data-path.
 Instructions are encoded in either 16 or 32-bits.
 8, 16 or 32 general purpose registers, that are either 16 or 32-bits wide.
 0, 8, 16 or 32 vector registers, that are either 32 or 64-bits wide.
 Up to 32 external, vectored, nested and prioritizable interrupts.
 Configurable instruction set including support for integer, floating-point and fixed-point arithmetic.
 SIMD operations.
 Optional support for user-defined instructions, such as cryptographic acceleration .
 Optional caches (Configurable size and associativity).
 Optional MMU supporting both memory protection and dynamic address translation.
 AMBA AXI, AHB and APB bus interfaces.
 Memory mapped I/O.
 5-stage pipeline.
 Hardware JTAG debug.

While there are many different 16 or 32-bit Soft microprocessor IP cores available, eSi-RISC is the only architecture licensed as an IP core that has both 16 and 32-bit implementations.

Unlike in other RISC architectures supporting both 16 and 32-bit instructions, such as ARM/Thumb or MIPS/MIPS-16, 16 and 32-bit instructions in the eSi-RISC architecture can be freely intermixed, rather than having different modes where either all 16-bit instructions or all 32-bit instructions are executed. This improves code density without compromising performance. The 16-bit instructions support two register operands in the lower 16 registers, whereas the 32-bit instructions support three register operands and access to all 32 registers.

eSi-RISC includes support for Multiprocessing. Implementations have included up to seven eSi-3250's on a single chip.

Toolchain 

The eSi-RISC toolchain is based on combination of a port of the GNU toolchain and the Eclipse IDE. This includes:

 GCC – C/C++ compiler.
 Binutils – Assembler, linker and binary utilities.
 GDB – Debugger.
 Eclipse – Integrated Development Environment.

The C library is Newlib and the C++ library is Libstdc++. Ported RTOSes include MicroC/OS-II, FreeRTOS, ERIKA Enterprise and Phoenix-RTOS

References

External links
 eSi-RISC homepage

Soft microprocessors
Fane F.1/40. The Fane F.1/40 was a 1940s British air observation post aircraft design by Captain Gerald Fane's Fane Aircraft Company (formerly C F Aircraft Ltd).

Design and development
In 1938, Nicholas Comper, the designer of the Comper Swift single-seat light aircraft, started work on the design of a two-seat light aircraft, intended for the recently announced Civil Air Guard, the Comper Scamp. The Scamp was a high wing monoplane with a pusher configuration, a tricycle undercarriage and with a single fin tail mounted on twin tail-booms, with a wingspan of  and a length of . It was intended to be powered by a single  Walter Mikron engine, but this engine was unavailable and instead a  2-cylinder Praga engine was selected, and the aircraft redesigned as a single-seater, the Comper Fly, as a result of the reduction in power. A prototype Fly was built at the College of Aeronautical Engineering at Brooklands Aerodrome but was incomplete when Comper died on 18 July 1939. In June 1940, the Fly was taken to Heston Aircraft Company for completion and testing, but it failed to become airborne, and the type was abandoned by Heston.

Captain Gerald Fane, a long-time customer of Comper, then took over development of the Scamp/Fly, redesigning it as a larger, two-seat aircraft with the tail mounted on a single tailboom, powered by a  Continental A80 flat-four engine and intended for the army co-operation role. The aircraft was initially called the Fane F.1, but was later known as the Fane F.1/40 after the Air Ministry specification F.1/40 for an army cooperation aircraft. It was of pusher configuration with a high wing set behind the pilot. A single example serial number T1788 was first flown on 21 in March 1941 and tested by the Air Ministry at Heston Aerodrome. It was in competition with the General Aircraft GAL.47 but neither were selected for service use. In September 1941 the F.1/40 was registered G-AGDJ to the builders, but was scrapped sometime during the war.

Specifications

Notes

References

External links
 – Flight article on Scamp 
 – Flight 22 January 1977 Letters p184
The Nick Comper Website 

1940s British military utility aircraft
F1 40
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Outside air temperature. In aviation terminology, the outside air temperature (OAT) or static air temperature (SAT) refers to the temperature of the air around an aircraft, but unaffected by the passage of the aircraft through it.

Aviation usage
The outside air temperature is used in many calculations pertaining to flight planning, some of them being takeoff performance, density altitude, cruise performance and go-around performance. In most texts, the abbreviation, "OAT" is used.

Units
Most performance and flight planning graphs and tables use either degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit or both. The Kelvin scale, however, is used for Mach number calculations. For example, the speed of sound in dry air is

where:
 is the speed of sound in knots,
 is the outside air temperature in kelvins.

Sources
Outside air temperature can be obtained from the aviation meteorological services, on the ATIS or measured by a probe on the aircraft. When measured by the airplane's probe in flight, it may have to be corrected for adiabatic (ram effect) rise and friction, particularly in high performance aircraft. Therefore, the outside air temperature is usually calculated from the total air temperature.

See also
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Hot and high

References

Aviation meteorology
Atmospheric temperature
Giubo. A giubo ( ; etymology: giunto Boschi, "Boschi joint"), also known as a 'flexdisc', and sometimes misspelled as guibo, is a flexible coupling used to transmit rotational torque between the drive shaft and the companion flange on mechanical devices, such as an automobile engine.

The giubo is made from flexible synthetic rubber and is designed to allow some angular and axial misalignment while reducing driveline vibration in mechanical power transmission applications.

How it works
Input and output shaft flanges are bolted to the giubo on either side using alternating hole positions, so that the flanges are not connected directly to one another but instead only through the rubber material of the coupling. The elasticity of the rubber absorbs vibration and flexes for alignment. It follows that the rubber must withstand the application's full transmitted torque, for which reason the rubber is often reinforced internally using moulded-in fibre material. The giubo may also have a harmonically "phased" design, typically requiring arrows that are marked on it to point to the corresponding flange arms.

Name
Giubo is a portmanteau of the Italian words giunto ('joint' or 'coupling') and boschi (the surname of the Italian engineer who designed and patented the first flex disc, Antonio Boschi (1896–1988)). Boschi later founded GIUBO SpA, a company solely dedicated to manufacturing flex discs.

Use
The giubo is believed first to have been used for this purpose on the Alfa Romeo model 1900, produced between 1950 and 1959. As used on several British cars, such as the Hillman Imp, Triumph GT6 MKII/GT6+, Lotus Elan and some early versions of the Land Rover Discovery, the item is known as a Rotoflex coupling. The Porsche 917 used a Giubo centered on the rear half-shaft, but in a manner that did not require the joint to laterally flex. Mercedes-Benz cars have used Giubos throughout the line, starting with the W114 and W115 chassis. The Saab 92, 93 and 96 use this type of joint in the drive shafts from the transmission to the front wheels, on the steering column connection to the steering housing, and on the gear change lever to the gear box connection.

See also 
Rag joint

References

Rotating shaft couplings
Automotive transmission technologies

de:Hardyscheibe
Fane Aircraft Company. The Fane Aircraft Company Limited was a British company formed by the aviator Captain Gerard Fane, DSC, and based at Norbury, London, England.

It was originally formed as Comper Fane Aircraft Limited (sometimes C.F. Aircraft) in August 1939, incorporating the name of his former collaborator and aircraft designer, the late Nicholas Comper. On 6 April 1940 the name was changed to the Fane Aircraft Company Limited.
 
The company's only aircraft was based on the Comper Scamp. The Scamp had been designed by Nicholas Comper as a two-seater but he had not built it, redesigning it as a single seater, the Comper Fly. Fane took the Scamp design and reworked it as the Fane F.1/40 which first flew in 1941; with no orders from the Air Ministry only one was built.

On 10 August 1944 the company changed its name to Fane Engineering Designs Limited.

Aircraft
Fane F.1/40

Notes

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
SM U-108. SM U-108 was a submarine in the Imperial German Navy in World War I, taking part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.

Construction
The building contract was confirmed 5 May 1916, and was awarded to Germaniawerft, Kiel. A Type 93 boat, she was launched 11 October 1917 and commissioned 5 December. She was under the command of Korvettenkapitän Martin Nitzsche.

Design
Type U 93 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type U 87 submarines. U-108 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two  engines for use while surfaced, and two  engines for use while submerged. She had two propeller shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-108 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four at the bow and two at the stern), twelve to sixteen torpedoes, one  SK L/45 deck gun, and one  SK L/30 deck gun. She had a complement of thirty-six (thirty-two crew members and four officers).

Fate
On 20 November 1918, U-108 was surrendered to France where she was commissioned as Léon Mignot and served until 24 July 1935.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

World War I submarines of Germany
German Type U 93 submarines
Ships built in Kiel
1917 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1917
Shipwrecks in the English Channel
U-boats sunk in 1918
Submarines lost with all hands