omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Junkers A 32. The Junkers A 32 was a mail plane built in prototype form in Germany in the late 1920s, and later developed as a prototype reconnaissance-bomber under the designation K 39. The design was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage. Construction was metal throughout, with corrugated duralumin skin. Three open cockpits were provided in tandem; the third seat intended from the outset to accommodate a tail gunner for a military version of the aircraft. In fact, the militarised version developed in Sweden by AB Flygindustri featured a fourth crew position as well, for a bombardier. This version featured twin machine guns built into the engine cowling, and a trainable machine gun for the tail gunner.

Only two A 32s were built, and the first prototype was destroyed in a crash on 2 November 1927 that killed Junkers engineer Karl Plauth. The sole K 39 constructed may have been modified from the second prototype. No sales of either the civil or military version ensued.

Specifications (K 39)

References
 
 The Hugo Junkers Homepage
 Уголок неба

Further reading

 

1920s German mailplanes
A 32
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
15th Transport Aviation Brigade. The 15th Transport Aviation Brigade "Aircraft Designer Oleg Antonov" is a formation of the Ukrainian Air Force.

History

In 1995, the regiment received Antonov An-30B aircraft and personnel from the disbanded 86th Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Squadron.

On February 17, 1997, the 1st ATR was reformed as the 15th Transport Aviation Brigade.

In 2001 the brigade was known as 15th Aviation Special Purpose Brigade.

In 2008, officers of the unit restored the children's aircraft modeling laboratory from scratch.

Russo-Ukrainian war

Since the spring of 2014, the unit's servicemen have taken part in the war in eastern Ukraine.

On August 22, 2018, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine, the 15th Transport Aviation Brigade was awarded the honorary title "after the aircraft designer Oleg Antonov".

Components
1st Transport Squadron - Antonov An-26, a single Antonov An-24 and a single Tupolev Tu-134A-3. Its tasks are the transportation of cargo, personnel and senior members of the armed forces and the state.
2nd Aerial Photography Squadron “Blakytna stezha” - An-30B aircraft which carry out international observation missions under the “Open Skies” Treaty, performing aerial inspections.
3rd Helicopter Squadron - Mil Mi-8 of various versions for transportation of high-command officers and leaders of the state.

Aircraft
An-24
An-26
An-30
Tu-134
Mi-8

Operations
Participated in the war in Afghanistan from 1981, and performed both standard tasks, aerial photography of the territory for mapping and special tasks: visual monitoring of Mujahideen groups, vectoring of combat aircraft on weapon caravans and assistance in SAR operations. 
Brigade was involved in response Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster.
Supported Ukrainian operations in UN missions in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq), and Africa (Angola, Sierra Leone.
Brigade have actively participated in anti-terrorist operations in East Ukraine.
International observation missions under the “Open Skies” Treaty, performing aerial inspections.

Accidents
On June 6, 2014, An-30B, airframe number 80, was shot down by Russian separatists over Slavyansk, Donetsk Oblast.
On March 20, 2017, 38-year-old warrant officer of the 15th brigade Ruslan Bondar died near Novotroitske, Donetsk region.

References 

Air force brigades of Ukraine
Junkers K 47. The Junkers K 47 was a two-seater fighter aircraft developed in Sweden by the Swedish subsidiary of the German firm Junkers during the late 1920s, a civil development of which was designated the A 48.

Design and development
Designed to meet a requirement of the Turkish government for a new fighter, the K 47 was a strut-braced, low-wing monoplane of conventional design. Two open cockpits accommodated the pilot and tail-gunner, and the empennage was designed with twin vertical surfaces to maximise the rearward field of fire. The main units of the fixed, tailskid undercarriage shared part of the truss structure that braced the wings. The design was originally undertaken by Karl Plauth, but completed after his death by Hermann Pohlmann. The aircraft had to be built at first in Sweden, because it was patently a military-type aircraft and therefore banned in Germany according to the terms of the Versailles Treaty.

Operational history
By the time the K 47 prototype was complete, Turkey had already lost interest in the type, but with the Soviet Union indicating interest, work continued. Eventually, however, the Soviet government only purchased two or three examples. 

The only operational use of the type was China (Nanking government), which bought ten aircraft in 1931, and was presented one more in 1934 (the last one was named the T'ien C'hu No.1, after the factory, which had funded it). With the flare-up of the Shanghai Incident of 1932, the Chinese Air Force dispatched various fighter-attack planes to the Shanghai Hongqiao Aerodrome and the Hangzhou Qiaosi Airbase, while the Imperial Japanese Navy dispatched planes from aircraft carriers Hōshō and Kaga. A surprise attack by a 15-aircraft formation composed of Nakajima Type 3 fighters and Mitsubishi Type 13 attack-bombers saw a Chinese Junkers K 47 with pilot Shi Bangfan and his rear-seat gunner Shen Yanshi just managing to take off from Qiaosi as the Japanese raid commenced. Although gunner Shen's gun jammed, pilot Shi continued to dogfight the Japanese until he had to force-land his Junkers after he was shot and the engine damaged.

Demonstrations were also carried out in Romania, Portugal, and Latvia without any resulting orders, although one aircraft may have been purchased by Japan. Three aircraft were used by the Reichswehr clandestine training facility at Lipetsk and a small number of the unarmed civil version were purchased by the DVS.

K 47s were also used in trials to investigate dive bombing, experiments that would be formative of Pohlmann's thinking in designing the Ju 87. Indeed, the second Ju 87 prototype was fitted with a K 47 tail.

Operators

Soviet Air Force - Two or three aircraft, used for tests and trials.
 Republic of China
Chinese Nationalist Air Force - eleven used since 1931.

Specifications (K 47)

References

Bibliography
 Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7.

External links
 The Hugo Junkers Homepage
 German Aircraft Between 1919-1945 
 Уголок неба

External links

 Early Chinese aircraft (in Chinese) 

1920s German fighter aircraft
K 47
Air Transat Flight 961. Air Transat Flight 961 was an Air Transat flight from Varadero, Cuba to Quebec City, Canada on March 6, 2005.  The aircraft experienced a structural failure in which the rudder detached in flight.  The flight crew were able to regain enough control of the aircraft to return safely to Varadero. , the Airbus A310-308 is no longer in service.

The investigation that followed determined that the manufacturer's inspection procedure for the composite rudder was not adequate. Inspection procedures for composite structures on airliners were changed because of this accident.

Event 

Flight 961 was a routine scheduled commercial flight carrying 262 passengers and 9 crew from Varadero, Cuba to Quebec City on March 6, 2005. At 2:48 am EST, flight 961 took off from Cuba. The flight climbed to its initial cruising altitude of  and the flight attendants began the inflight service. Then, suddenly, at 3:02 am, the aircraft began a dutch roll after a bang shuddered the aircraft violently. The plane climbed until the crew overcame the aircraft upset by descending. The crew attempted to divert to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport but Air Transat operations told the crew that returning to Varadero would be the more prudent option. There were no warnings on the flightdeck indicating a rudder problem or a yaw damper problem. The plane landed safely at 4:19 am. Upon parking at the gate, the crew did another walk around inspection to narrow down the cause of the accident. The inspection revealed that the entire rudder had broken away from the vertical stabilizer of the aircraft.

Cause 
Although most of the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were erased due to the long span of time in which the accident occurred, there were several findings as to the cause of the accident. The aircraft probably had a stress fracture in the tail that went unnoticed for several flights prior to the accident flight and the A310 does not have a mechanism in the tail that suspends the growth of the fracture(s).

The Transportation Safety Board found that inspection program of composite rudders was inadequate. In particular, the durability of the rudder was questioned. Air Transat Flight 961 provided new insights into rudder problems on Airbus A300-600, Airbus A300-600R, and Airbus A310 aircraft.

Aftermath 
The aircraft was repaired and operated until its ultimate retirement. The accident aircraft, fin number 303, is currently retired by Air Transat. The dated aircraft was replaced by the airline with the more modern and efficient Airbus A321neo. All Airbus A310 aircraft were retired from Air Transat as of March 31, 2020.

See also 

 American Airlines Flight 587

References

External links 
 
 

Flight 961
Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A310
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2005
Aviation accidents and incidents in Cuba
Air Transat accidents and incidents
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
2005 in Cuba
March 2005 in North America
Lars Lallerstedt. Lars Lallerstedt (born 1938) is a Swedish designer and industrial designer, one of the pioneers within Swedish industrial design. Grandson of professor Erik Lallerstedt, son of architect Lars-Erik Lallerstedt and brother of Erik Lallerstedt, Swedish chef and restaurateur.

Lallerstedt has been active within a number of different areas: design concepts for barn constructions for Alfa Laval since 1984, medical appliances, consumer products, hi-fi systems, telephones, radio and telecommunication equipment, open stoves etc. He was engaged by Sonab 1969–74 and designed minimalistic loud-speakers and amplifiers with a trend-setting character.

Lars Lallerstedt was among those who founded the industrial design education at the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design (Konstfack) in Stockholm, where he lectured since 1976. He was the first professor in industrial design in Sweden, 1986–92, and the head of Konstfack 1999–2003.

Lars Lallerstedt is engaged in the Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship, a cooperation organization between different educations in Stockholm. He has designed several exhibitions, such as the Design: Stockholm at the Stockholms Stadsmuseum and the world's largest design archive, created by the center for business and industry history in Stockholm och Svensk Form.

References

1938 births
Living people
Swedish industrial designers
Efficiency of food conversion. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food to unit of body substance (ECI, also termed "growth efficiency") is an index measure of food fuel efficiency in animals. The ECI is a rough scale of how much of the food ingested is converted into growth in the animal's mass. It can be used to compare the growth efficiency as measured by the weight gain of different animals from consuming a given quantity of food relative to its size.

The ECI effectively represents efficiencies of both digestion (approximate digestibility or AD) and metabolic efficiency, or how well digested food is converted to mass (efficiency of conversion of digested food or ECD). The formula for the efficiency of food fuel is thus:

These concepts are also very closely related to the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency.

References

Food science
Metabolism
Glasnik RV i PVO. Glasnik RV i PVO (Air Force and Air Defence Force Courier) was published by the Yugoslav Air Force, i.e. Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo i Protivvazdušna Odbrana - (RV i PVO).

Published from 1970 to 1991, the bi-monthly publication was oriented towards expert analysis of diverse aviation topics. Considering the quality and sourcing of data in aircraft aerodynamics, flight mechanics, guidance and control, materials, construction, propulsion systems, ground aids, aviation medicine, aviation law and regulations, as well as, news from other air forces, it gathered a substantial expert base.

The publishers address was: Glasnik RV i PVO, 11082 Zemun, Maršala Tita 1.

Subscriptions address: Vojnoizdavaćki zavod, Svetozara Markovića 70, Beograd, (za Glasnik RV i PVO).

On May 8, 1970 (nr. 70), by edict of the President of the Republic, Marshal Josip Broz - Tito, the publication "Glasnik RV i PVO" was awarded the Order of military merits with the great star (I. rank).

On May 21, 1975, by decision on SSNO (Saveznog Sekretarijata Narodne Odbrane, i.e. Defence Department) Glasnik RV i PVO was awarded the Grand Plaque of the Yugoslav People's Army - (JNA).

See also
 Yugoslav People's Army
 Yugoslav Air Force
 SFRJ
 Krila Armije
 Aerosvet

References

1970 establishments in Yugoslavia
1991 disestablishments in Yugoslavia
Bi-monthly magazines
Defunct magazines published in Yugoslavia
Magazines established in 1970
Magazines disestablished in 1991
Military magazines published in Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Air Force
Beriev R-1. The Beriev R-1 (known in-house as 'product R') was the first Soviet turbojet-powered flying boat.

Design and development
At the end of World War II, design work began on a request from the Soviet Navy for a jet-powered flying boat. Starting with the wing design of the Be-6, Beriev began in-house design work in May 1947, even before the official specifications were issued in June 1948. The specifications called for a radar-equipped aircraft with a three-man crew, capable of a speed of 800 km/h, and with a range of 2000-2500 kilometers. The aircraft was to be armed with 2,000 kg of bombs and four 20 mm cannons.

Beriev completed a mock-up by 10 June 1950, using Klimov VK-1 engines instead of the originally planned Rolls-Royce Nene engines.  The first prototype was completed in November 1951. However, the prototype experienced severe vibrations and hydrodynamic instability at 165 km/h and was nearly destroyed in testing. After much modification, flight testing began at the end of 1951. The prototype crash landed on 3 October 1953 and was again repaired.

Extensive testing continued to 1956, however, the development of land-based long-range reconnaissance aircraft put the project into jeopardy. After another crash in February 1956, the R-1 was never repaired and subsequently scrapped. The R designation is  believed to have stood for Reaktivnyy (jet-propelled).
Experience gained during the test programme with the R-1 was used in the development of the Beriev Be-10.

Specifications (R-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Yefim Gordon, Andrey Sal'nikov and Aleksandr Zablotskiy (2006) Beriev's Jet Flying Boats. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. 

R-1
Flying boats
1950s Soviet experimental aircraft
Jet seaplanes and flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Mann Egerton Type H. The Mann Egerton Type H, also known as the Mann Egerton H.2, was a British ship-borne fighter aircraft of the 1910s.

Development
The Type H was the first original design by Mann Egerton, and was designed by J W Carr to Air Ministry specification N.1a in 1916. Its 2-bay biplane wings could be folded manually (a feature first introduced in 1913 on the Short Folder), due to its intended use as a naval fighter. Other features were the use of flotation chambers and a float attached to the underside of the fuselage for extra buoyancy. An innovation was that the undercarriage could be jettisoned if the aircraft needed to land on water. However, in autumn 1917, the aircraft failed flotation tests, and a new aircraft prototype, the Type H Mk I with single bay wings was drawn up.

The Mark II version had inflatable flotation bags in place of the large float on the Mk I, a more conventional undercarriage and a horn-balanced rudder. This aircraft was tested in December 1917, however it was deemed as unfit for use in the Fleet Air Arm and further development was discontinued.

Specifications (Type H Mk II)

References

  
 

1910s British fighter aircraft
Type H
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Nielsen & Winther Type AA. The Nielsen & Winther Type AA was a Danish fighter aircraft of the 1910s manufactured by Nielsen & Winther in Copenhagen.

Development
The first Danish fighter aircraft to be conceived and built, the single seat Type AA was of wooden construction and powered by a 90 hp Thulin rotary engine. It was armed with one 8 mm Madsen machine gun.

Operational history
The first flight took place on 21 January 1917. The plane was tested again in 1918, this time with synchronising gear for its single Madsen machine gun. During 1917 six Type AA aircraft were delivered to the Danish Army, though they saw little service and were retired in 1919 owing to engine unreliability.

Variants
 Type AB
 Two-seat reconnaissance version, prototype
 Type AC
 Floatplane version of the Type AA, prototype

Operators

Danish Army (Royal Danish Army Air Corps)

Royal Norwegian Air Force

Aircraft on display
Danmarks Flyvemuseum, Helsingør: Replica Type AA

Specifications (Type AA)

References

1910s Danish fighter aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Plunger pump. A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal. This makes them different from piston pumps and allows them to be used at higher pressures. This type of pump is often used to transfer municipal and industrial sewage.

History
The invention of the plunger pump is attributed to Samuel Morland based on a patent of 1675.

Operation
Piston pumps and plunger pumps are positive displacement pumps that use a plunger or piston to move media through a cylindrical chamber. The plunger or piston is actuated by a steam powered, pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric drive. 

Rotary piston and plunger pumps use a crank  mechanism to create a reciprocating motion along an axis, which then builds pressure in a cylinder or working barrel to force gas or fluid through the pump. The pressure in the chamber actuates the valves at both the suction and discharge points.  Plunger pumps are used in applications that could range from . Piston pumps are used in lower pressure applications. The volume of the fluid discharged is equal to the area of the plunger or piston, multiplied by its stroke length. The overall capacity of the piston pumps and plunger pumps can be calculated with the area of the piston or plunger, the stroke length, the number of pistons or plungers and the speed of the drive. The power needed from the drive is proportional to the pressure and capacity of the pump.

Seals are an integral part of piston pumps and plunger pumps to separate the power fluid from the medium that is being pumped. A stuffing box or packing is used to seal the joint between the vessel where the medium is transferred and the plunger or piston. A stuffing box may be composed of bushings, packing or seal rings, and a gland.

Plunger pumps' component materials are chosen for wear and contact with the type of medium. Component materials include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, iron, nickel alloy, or other material.  For example, plunger pumps that function in general service or oil service applications often have an iron cylinder and plunger.  The plunger, discharge valves, and suction valves come in contact with the transferred medium, and material choices are based on the fluid transferred. In power applications where continuous duty plunger pumps are needed, solid ceramic plungers may be used when in contact with water and oil, but may not be compatible for use with highly acidic media types.

See also
 Piston pump

References

 A History of Mechanical Inventions, Abbott Payson Usher, Courier Dover Publications, 1988, , 9780486255934

Pumps
Hubert Shirley-Smith. Sir Hubert Shirley-Smith, CBE, BSc, MICE (13 October 1901 – 10 February 1981) was a British civil engineer.

Shirley-Smith is perhaps most famous for helping to design the Howrah Bridge in Calcutta for the Indian Public Works Department in 1943. He also served in the Engineer and Railway Staff Corps, an unpaid, volunteer Territorial Army unit which provides engineering expertise to the British Army and was gazetted as a major of that corps on 6 October 1953 In 1962 he worked as site agent for the ADC bridge company during construction of the Forth Road Bridge.

He served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1967 to November 1968, during the 150th anniversary of that institution, and was made a Fellow of Imperial College, London in 1966 Shirley-Smith was a consulting engineer and worked for W.V. Zinn & Associates of London from 1969 to 1978. During 1968 Shirley-Smith was president of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering and helped to arrange the first joint-conferences of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Shirley-Smith was honoured with an appointment as a Knight Bachelor on 1 January 1969 in the Queen's New Year Honours, being knighted by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 7 March 1969. He was appointed a first class engineer member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers in 1969. Shirley-Smith was also an author and wrote The World's Great Bridges and the Encyclopædia Britannica article on bridges. In 1971 he lived in Orpington in Kent. Shirley-Smith died on 10 February 1981.

References 

        
        
        
        
        
        

British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1901 births
1981 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Engineer and Railway Staff Corps officers
People from Orpington