omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Renfe Class 120 / 121. The Renfe Class 120 are electric multiple units used on Alvia high-speed rail services in Spain.

The trainsets are dual-voltage, dual-gauge units capable of changing gauge without stopping at . Twelve units were ordered in 2001, and a further 45 units in 2004

29 units of the class Renfe Class 121 were ordered for medium-distance high-speed Avant services. The units are very similar to the Class 120 but include additional electrical equipment for redundancy (a requirement for trains using the Guadarrama Tunnel), and do not provide first class seating, raising the number of seats to 282.

Design

Class 120 
The trainsets are 4-unit multiple units capable of operating in pairs, designed for medium-distance high-speed services. The inner axle of each carriage bogie is powered by a body mounted three phase asynchronous traction motor via a cardan shaft final drive. The motors are driven by IGBT converters with one converter per carriage. The bogies are of welded steel construction with primary coil springs and secondary air suspension. Tractive forces are transmitted by a drag pivot pin.

The bogies incorporate CAF's BRAVA (Bogie de Rodadura de Ancho Variable Autopropulsado) system which allows gauge-changing without stopping and operating speeds of up to  The maximum axleload is .

The vehicles are air conditioned with one toilet per car. Passenger services include individual audio systems, and audio and visual information systems. One seat is reserved for disabled passengers, and wheelchair ramps are fitted. The driver's cab is also air conditioned, and the train is equipped with GSM-R systems.

There are 156 seats in 'standard' accommodation and 82 seats in 'first class'.

Class 121 
The 121 class are built to the same design as the original 120 Class but have additional electrical equipment (duplicated for redundancy). Additionally all the seating is in [2+2] formation increasing the capacity to 282.

Operations

Class 120 
The first trainset was produced in 2004 and began testing. Services on the Madrid to Barcelona line began in 2006.

The trainsets have operated on the Madrid-Pamplona-Hendaye, Madrid-Logroño, Barcelona-Vigo and Barcelona-Bilbao/Irun lines.

Class 121 
The first trains entered service on the Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid line on 26 January 2009. They are currently used for the Avant services Barcelona-Lleida, A Coruña-Ourense and Zaragoza-Calatayud and for the Intercity service Madrid-Gijón.

Related vehicles 
The 6-car TCDD HT65000 electric multiple units ordered from CAF by the Turkish State Railways for the Istanbul-Ankara high-speed line are based upon the Class 120 design.

See also 
 High-speed rail in Spain
 List of high-speed trains

References

Further reading 
 RENFE Class 120 and 121 in detail (spanish language) publisher: Via Libre, 11/2009, via www.caf.net

External links 

 Images of Renfe Class 120 trains fototrenes.tranvia.org

Renfe high-speed trains
Electric multiple units of Spain
25 kV AC multiple units
3000 V DC multiple units
Passenger trains running at least at 250 km/h in commercial operations
CAF multiple units
Alstom multiple units
Theodore Zoli. Theodore P. Zoli, III is an American structural engineer, and a leading designer of cable-stayed bridges.  He is currently the National Bridge Chief Engineer at HNTB Corporation and is a 2009 MacArthur Fellow.

Career
Zoli graduated from Princeton University with a B.S. in 1988 and from the California Institute of Technology with an M.S. in 1989.  Since 1990, he has worked for HNTB Corporation. He is a visiting lecturer at Princeton University and Adjunct Professor of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Columbia University.

In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, Zoli has focused on the retrofit of bridges across the United States.  He developed a novel composite material for lightweight, blast-resistant coverings for a broad array of construction applications stating, “Engineers learn from events, and what 9-11 taught us was that we have to design for unforeseen events; that’s what I’m interested in: designing for things we can’t anticipate.”  His blast-resistant bridge work helped earn him the 2009 MacArthur Foundation award. 

Zoli designed the new Lake Champlain Bridge connecting New York to Vermont, replacing an older structure and using a unique modified network tied-arch bridge design. Zoli led completion of the design of the Lake Champlain Bridge in an unprecedented 10 weeks in an effort to mitigate community impacts of the prior bridge closing due to structural deterioration of unreinforced piers. The modified network tied-arch bridge design, selected by local public from among five bridge alternatives presented by Zoli, allowed the main span to be constructed off site and lifted into place by barge, accommodating the replacement within two years of closure of the original bridge built in 1929. The project performed permitting, final design, and advertisement all occurring concurrently, coining the term dynamic design/bid/build. The new bridge was opened ty traffic on November 7, 2011 nearly two years after the original bridge was closed.
He designed the Squibb Park Bridge, a pedestrian bridge in Brooklyn, which opened in 2013. It was demolished in 2019 due to structural problems and following a lawsuit against his firm.

Awards
 2009 MacArthur Fellows Program
 2012 Engineering News-Record, Award of Excellence

Works
 Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge
 Blennerhassett Island Bridge
 Bob Kerrey Pedestrian Bridge
 Lake Champlain Bridge (2011-present)
 Jeremiah Morrow Bridge
 South Park Bridge

References

External links
Zoli's Curriculum Vitae via SUNY Buffalo's MCEER program

Hotchkiss School alumni
Princeton University alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Princeton University faculty
Columbia University faculty
American civil engineers
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives. Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI) is a decentralized global network founded by Gunter Pauli in 1994 at the United Nations University (UNU), with support from the Japanese government.  Initially headquartered at UNDP in Geneva and later at IUCN in Gland, ZERI now operates as a decentralized network with 34 project offices worldwide.

History

ZERI participated in the World Expo in 2000 in Hanover, Germany. For the event they built a bamboo pavilion. The pavilion was constructed almost entirely from Guadua, a local bamboo species in Colombia.

ZERI was recognized in 2009 by the Specialty Coffee Association of America for a 15-year project in Columbia that worked with coffee farms to use the unharvested plant material and trimmings to grow Shiitake mushrooms. The project was estimated to have created 10,000 jobs.

The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is a concept in climate science that explores how Earth's system processes may evolve after achieving net-zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and the potential effects on global surface temperatures. 

Gunter Pauli initiated The Blue Economy concept in 2009. The book was accepted on November 2, 2009, as a Report to the Club of Rome and was published in 2010.

At the 20th anniversary of ZERI's creation on November 12, 2014, at the UNU in Tokyo, it was reported that 34 organizations from around the world, associated with and inspired by this initiative of Gunter Pauli, had implemented 188 projects, mobilized €4 billion in capital, and generated approximately 3 million jobs.

ZERI International board

The board consists of the following people: 

The Rt Hon Anders Wijkman (Sweden)
Co-President of the Club of Rome
Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences
Former Member of the European Parliament and President of Globe Europe (2000–2009)
Prof. Dr. Ashok Khosla (India)
Chairman of Development Alternatives Group
Former Chairman of IUCN
Prof. Dr. Heitor Gurgulino de Souza (Brazil)
President of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences
Former Rector of the UNU (1988–1997)
Prof. Dr. Jorge Reynolds Pombo (Colombia)
Scientist and Inventor
Prof. Yasuhiro Sakakibara (Japan)
Entrepreneur and Philanthropist

References

External links
Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives
ZERI projects translated into fables for children
The ZERI Philosophy in Action
A cartoon presenting ZERI in action

Conservation and environmental foundations
Iowa River Railroad. The Iowa River Railroad (IARR) operates freight service from Ackley, Iowa to end of track 1.4 miles south of U.S. Highway 20, north of Steamboat Rock, Iowa, for a distance of about 9 miles. With its office located in Steamboat Rock, Iowa, IARR carries corn byproducts and ethanol from Pine Lake Corn Processors to the interchange with the Canadian National Railroad in Ackley, Iowa.

History 

In June 2006, the IARR purchased from the UP and started operations of the Marshalltown Industrial Lead from Marshalltown, Iowa to Steamboat Rock, Iowa.  In June 2006, the IARR also purchased from North Central Railway Association a rail line running between Steamboat Rock and Ackley, Iowa, which needed rehabilitation prior to operating over.  Rehabilitation has been completed and that portion of the line is currently in use.

In 2012, the Iowa River Railroad filed to abandonment of line running from Steamboat Rock to Marshalltown with the Surface Transportation Board.

The same year, a request for imposition of a public use condition and issuance of an interim trail use for the line was filed on behalf of the conservation boards of both Marshall and Hardin Counties, as well as the cities of Marshalltown, Union, Steamboat Rock, Liscomb, Eldora and Albion and the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation.  The action was approved by the Surface Transportation Board.

The abandoned line will be turned into the Iowa River Rail Trail.

Connection
The IARR connects with the Canadian National (formerly Illinois Central) at Ackley. Before abandonment the line also connected with the Union Pacific Railroad at Marshalltown.

Motive power
Current motive power had consisted of a single GP30, #3004, but has gained a recent addition GP38M, #3802.

References

External links
 UP Short Lines Directory

Iowa railroads
Switching and terminal railroads
Marshalltown, Iowa
Railway companies established in 2006
Pentazenium. In chemistry, the pentazenium cation (also known as pentanitrogen) is a positively-charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula  and structure . Together with solid nitrogen polymers and the azide anion, it is one of only three poly-nitrogen species obtained in bulk quantities.

History
Within the High Energy Density Matter research program, run by the U.S. Air Force since 1986, systematic attempts to approach polynitrogen compounds began in 1998, when Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB became interested in researching alternatives to the highly toxic hydrazine-based rocket fuel and simultaneously funded several such proposals. Karl O. Christe, then, a senior investigator at AFRL, chose to attempt building linear  out of  and , based on the proposed bond structure:

The reaction succeeded, and  was created in sufficient quantities to be fully characterized by NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy in 1999. The salt was highly explosive, but when  was replaced by , a stronger Lewis acid, much more stable  was produced, shock-resistant and thermally stable up to 60–70 °C. This made bulk quantities, easy handling, and X-ray crystal structure analysis possible.

Actually N5+ had been predicted by ab initio calculations as a member of the dicyanamide isoelectronic series by Pyykkö and Runeberg in 1991 and this was quoted as ref. [10] of Christe [2] in 1999.

Preparation
Reaction of  and  in dry HF at −78 °C is the only known method so far:

Chemistry
 is capable of oxidizing water, NO,  and , but not  or ; its electron affinity is 10.44 eV (1018.4 kJ/mol). For this reason,  must be prepared and handled in a dry environment:

Due to stability of the fluoroantimonate, it is used as the precursor for all other known salts, typically accomplished by metathesis reactions in non-aqueous solvents such as HF, , , or , where suitable hexafluoroantimonates are insoluble:

The most stable salts of  decompose when heated to 50–60 °C: , , and , while the most unstable salts that were obtained and studied,  and  were extremely shock and temperature sensitive, exploding in solutions as dilute as 0.5 mmol. A number of salts, such as fluoride, azide, nitrate, or perchlorate, cannot be formed.

Structure and bonding 
In valence bond theory, pentazenium can be described by six resonance structures:
,
where the last three structures have smaller contributions to the overall structure because they have less favorable formal charge states than the first three.

According to both ab initio calculations and the experimental X-ray structure, the cation is planar, symmetric, and approximately V-shaped, with bond angles 111° at the central atom (angle N2–N3–N4) and 168° at the second and fourth atoms (angles N1–N2–N3 and N3–N4–N5). The bond lengths for N1–N2 and N4–N5 are 1.10 Å and the bond lengths N2–N3 and N3–N4 are 1.30 Å.

See also
 Pentazole
 Azide
 Pentazenium tetraazidoborate

References 

Cations
Nitrogen
Explosive chemicals
South African Academy of Engineering. The South African Academy of Engineering (S.A.A.E.) is a non-profit, independent institution with some 151 fellows (June 2009) drawn mainly from the engineering sector of the Republic of South Africa. The aims of the academy are to promote excellence in the science and application of engineering for the benefit of South Africa. The academy's membership is drawn from South Africa's engineers and related professions.

External links
http://www.saae.co.za/ SAAE home page

Engineering societies based in South Africa
National academies of engineering
Hugo Sack. Hugo Sack (10 October 1860 – 23 June 1909) was a German engineer and industrialist. He founded two engineering companies and was an inventor of industrial machinery.

Early life and education
Hugo Sack was born at Loeben, near Lützen, Saxony, in 1860, where his father, Rudolf Sack, owned an estate. In 1863 his family moved to Leipzig, where his father founded an engineering works for the manufacture of agricultural machinery, in which he gained his first practical experience as an engineer after completing his school education. He later went through a course of technical study in Mittweida and at the Karlsruhe Technical University. 

In 1882 Sack returned to his father's works, but left soon after to take up work in Westphalia and the Rhine Province. He was subsequently commissioned by a British firm to erect a wire-drawing plant in Spain, near Bilbao, where he continued for a year as manager.

Businesses
On returning to Germany, he and business partner Clemens Kießelbach founded and managed the Sack & Kiesselbach engineering works in Rath, near Düsseldorf in 1891, which soon developed into a well-known business. 

In 1899 he resigned from the management of these works and started the firm Sack, GmbH., also in Rath, devoting all of his energy to its development until the end of his life. Here he found scope for his remarkable talent as an engineer and ample opportunity to realise his inventive skill in the construction of machinery of all kinds, especially rolling-mills.

Invention of the Sack mill
Among other inventions, he perfected the construction of the Sack mill, a rolling-mill capable of producing both parallel and tapered wide-flange beams. Sack presented a paper before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 detailing his universal mill and its operation.

Professional institutions
Sack was elected a member of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1894, and was a member of the Association of German Engineers (VDI).

Death
Hugo Sack died suddenly on 23 June 1909 at Offdilln, near Düsseldorf.

References
 Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 80, 1909.

1860 births
1909 deaths
People from Lützen
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
German engineers
Covered carriage truck. Covered Carriage Truck was a type of railway van with end doors used for moving motor cars or parcel traffic. Four wheeled CCT were banned from Motorail services in the mid-1960s. These vans were designed to be used for carrying motor cars in Motorail but the tight clearances inside the body of the van and closing/opening of the end doors required much time and effort from staff. The vans were replaced by General Utility Vans (GUV) and car flats.

British Rail's Earlestown Works built 822 four-wheeled Covered Carriage Trucks; these were preceded by a prototype, number 94100, built at Doncaster. In addition, Doncaster Works rebuilt four former LNER passenger coaches as prototype bogie CCTs numbered 96200–96203.

Early years 
From the early days of railways, such as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway of 1830 road coaches were carried on flat waggons. This is illustrated in the Royal Mail 12 penny postage stamp of 1980. These were called "carriage trucks" but would later be called "open carriage trucks". The earliest open carriage trucks were basically flat waggons with fixtures for attaching ropes and chains. Covered-carriage trucks came later.

References

British Rail coaching stock
JO-ZERO. The JO-ZERO is an agile humanoid robot designed by manga artist Minoru Kamiya, who created the anime show Act On!. The robot, manufactured by Himeji Softworks, was presented at the International Robot Exhibition 2009.

References
 Nakamura's JO-ZERO robot sets a new performance standard (Video)
 Serkan Toto (December 30, 2009) JO-ZERO: Super-agile, super-cool mini humanoid (video)  CrunchGear
 JO-ZERO could be in next Transformers movie, as himself
 http://robot.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20090706_300316.html 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090713013033/http://journal.mycom.co.jp/articles/2009/07/10/jo-zero_debut/index.html 

Bipedal humanoid robots
2009 robots
Robots of Japan
Tim Leavitt. Timothy D. Leavitt (born 1971) is an American politician who served as the mayor of Vancouver, Washington. He was first elected in 2009 when he defeated 14-year incumbent Royce Pollard.

Early life and education
Leavitt was born in Yakima, Washington and has lived in Clark County, Washington since 1980. After graduating from Fort Vancouver High School, he earned an Associate's degree in pre-engineering from Clark College and a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering and Master of Science degree in environmental engineering, both from Washington State University. Leavitt was a member of Alpha Kappa Lambda fraternity.

Career
Since 1998, Leavitt has worked for civil and environmental engineering firm PBS Engineering + Environmental.

In January 2003, Leavitt was appointed to the Vancouver City Council to fill a vacancy and was elected to the seat in November of that year, 2003. While on the Council, Leavitt also served on the board of directors of C-Tran, including acting as its chair for several years.

In January, 2010 he succeeded 14-year mayor Royce Pollard after winning the 2009 election by nine percentage points. Most attribute the upset of Pollard's decade-plus dominance of the city's mayoral politics to an election divided over whether tolling will be used to pay for replacement of the Interstate Bridge, with Leavitt opposing tolls for Vancouver residents.

Shortly after he was elected, Leavitt revealed that the battle against tolls "is not winnable," and changed his stance. Leavitt was sworn in on January 4, 2010.

In late 2011, there was some speculation that Leavitt would run against Jaime Herrera Beutler for the 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives in 2012. In November, he released a statement saying, "After much conversation, advice/feedback and deliberation, I've decided now is not the right time for me, for our city council and for our community to pursue the WA 3rd Congressional District seat."

In 2013, Leavitt ran for reelection, opposed by City Councilor Bill Turlay. While Leavitt was endorsed by The Columbian and unions representing city employees, local firefighters, and others, Turlay was endorsed by the Clark County Republican Party. In the November election, Leavitt beat Turlay, 53% to 47%.
 
Leavitt was succeeded as mayor by Anne McEnerny-Ogle in January 2018.

See also
 List of mayors of Vancouver, Washington

References

External links
 Leavitt's campaign website

Living people
Mayors of Vancouver, Washington
1971 births
Washington State University alumni
21st-century mayors of places in Washington (state)
Clark College alumni
Yosef Rom. Yosef Rom (, 2 September 1932 – 19 November 1997) was an Israeli engineer and politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1977 and 1984.

Biography
Born Yosef Rabinovich in Warsaw in Poland in 1932, Rom made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1935. He attended high school in Tel Aviv, before studying mechanical and aeronautical engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology. He worked as a research associate at Caltech between 1957 and 1958, before returning to Israel to become a lecturer at the Technion. From 1964 until 1965, and again from 1968 until 1970 and in 1976, he served as Dean of the Aeronautical Engineering Faculty, and in 1976 won the Israel Prize, for technology and engineering.

In the same year he joined Herut, and chaired its Haifa branch between 1976 and 1977. He also chaired the party's Young Guard movement from 1977 until 1981. He was elected to the Knesset on the Likud list (an alliance of Herut and other right-of-centre parties) in the 1977 elections, and was re-elected in 1981. However, he lost his seat in the 1984 elections.

Rom was married to Yael Rom, one of the first female pilots of the Israeli Air Force. He died in 1997 at the age of 65.

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links

1932 births
1997 deaths
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Israeli Jews
20th-century Israeli engineers
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Israel Prize in technology and engineering recipients
Herut politicians
Likud politicians
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
Immigrants of the Fifth Aliyah
Heinkel P.1079. The Heinkel He P.1079 was a projected German V-tail all weather jet fighter designed by Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in the closing stages of World War II. The aircraft was only a design; it was not produced.

Design and development
In 1945, the German Air Ministry requested new designs for a new generation of jet fighters such as the Horten Ho 229 and Focke Wulf Ta 183. One of these designs was the Heinkel He P.1079. The initial design, known as the P.1079A, was a V-tail night fighter with wings that featured a 35 degree sweepback. The second and third designs were flying wings with a single vertical fin which replaced the V-tail of the P.1079A. The P.1079.B2 was a completely tailless flying wing. None of the three designs were ever produced, with development work ceasing at the end of World War II.

Variants
He P.1079A
Initial design with 35 degree swept wings and a V-tail. Intended to be powered by Heinkel HeS 011 turbojets.
He P.1079B
Second design had a vertical tail and gull wings. This was the single-seat, all weather, heavy fighter with the same intended engines as the P.1079A.
He P.1079B-2 (Entwurf II)
Last design of the He P.1079 and the tailless version; the wings were swept back sharply. This design could accommodate six fuel tanks in the wings. No evidence was found the design was submitted to the RLM.

Specifications (Projected - He P1079A)

See also

References

External links

P1079
World War II jet aircraft of Germany