omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tool steel 1.2344. Tool steel 1.2344 (also known as AISI H13 steel or just H13) is a tool steel grade standardised for hot working.  The main feature of this grade is the combination of alloyed elements of chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, Cr-Mo-V, which provides a high wear resistance to thermal shock.  It is well known as for its great strength, and heat resistance. It is heavily used for die casting  and the cold heading field.
The presence of high vanadium in DIN 1.2344 can handle the abrasion at both low and high temperatures.  It always provides a uniform and high level of machinability. This tool steel is mostly used for aluminum, magnesium and zinc die casting.

The material number 1.2344 has been issued by Stahlinstitut VDEh and is standardised according to EN 10027. Tha AISI specification has been issued by American Iron and Steel Institute. Also it was standardised as SKD 61 by Japanese Industrial Standards.

The surface can be nitrided to improve wear resistance.

Application

Tool steel 1.2344 is widely used in various places in both cold and hot working. In hot work processing it can be used for shear knives and dummy block extrusion. In cold work processing, this steel is used for punching, heading and inserting of die blocks.
Tool steel 1.2344 is a high hot-wear resistance and great strength, warm conductivity air hardening and invulnerability to hot cracking. It has a great resistance to abrasion at each low and high temperature due to the presence of high vanadium. The high level of toughness and ductility made it a useful material for die casting and the cold heading field.

Chemical composition

References

Extra reading

Steels
Robert E. Paaswell. Robert E. Paaswell is an American civil engineer and the current Distinguished Professor at the Grove School of Engineering, City College of New York. He previously served as the interim president of the City College of New York and CEO of the Chicago Transit Authority.

Education 
He graduated from Columbia College in 1956 and from Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1957. He received a M.S from Columbia in 1962 and a Ph.D. from Rutgers University.

Career 
From 1964 to 1982, he was a professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he helped establish the Center for Transportation Studies and Research. He was also the chair of SUNY-Buffalo's urban planning department. From 1982 to 1986 he chaired the Urban Transportation Center at the University of Illinois. From 1986 to 1989, he served as the CEO of the Chicago Transit Authority, the second largest public transportation system in the U.S.

From 2009 to 2010, he was the interim president of the City College of New York. From 1990, he has been a director of the University Transportation Research Center at City College of New York and is now director emeritus.

Personal life 
He is married to Rosalind Paaswell, Chicago's first deputy commissioner for economic development and the couple have a son and a daughter.

References

External links
 Who's Who in Engineering Academia:  Robert Paaswell

Living people
21st-century American engineers
City College of New York faculty
University of Illinois faculty
Rutgers University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American chief executives
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Chicago Transit Authority
University at Buffalo faculty
Rodney John Allam. Rodney John Allam, MBE (born 1940 in St Helens, Lancashire) is an English chemical engineer and fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers who is credited with inventions related to power generation, notably the Allam power cycle, which is a generation process for fossil fuels, with integrated carbon dioxide capture.

Career 

Allam was employed by Air Products & Chemicals for 44 years, most recently as Director of Technology Development. In 2004, he was appointed member of the Order of the British Empire for services to the environment. He has also been a visiting professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and a lead author of the IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage, released in 2005. In 2007, the IPCC, along with Al Gore, was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize.

His work has included new processes and equipment for production of gases and cryogenic liquids, such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and helium. Several of these gases are generally produced through air separation, which is also a necessary step in the practical application of the Allam cycle, in which gaseous fossil fuels, for example natural gas or gasified coal, are combusted with pure oxygen. A 50 MW demonstration plant being built in Texas is expected to start operating in 2017.

In 2012, Allam was awarded the Global Energy Prize, for his work on processes and power generation, along with Russian scientists Valery Kostuk and Boris Katorgin. , he is chairman of the international award committee for the prize.

, Allam works for 8 Rivers Capital, with among other things the commercialisation of the Allam cycle.

See also 

 Allam power cycle

References

External links 

 Description of the Allam power cycle

1940 births
Living people
British chemical engineers
21st-century English engineers
20th-century British inventors
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Environmental engineers
People from St Helens, Merseyside
Bradford Hammerton Street Depot. Bradford Hammerton Street Depot was a traction maintenance depot located in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The depot was near Bradford Exchange station. 

The depot code was HS.

History 
Before its closure in 1984, the depot had an allocation of steam engines until 1958, when it closed to steam engines so it could concentrate in diesel engines. After that, it had an allocation of Class 03, 04, 05, 08 and 20 locomotives as well as Class 104 and 110 DMUs. After its closure in 1984, these locos and DMUs were either  sent to other depots or withdrawn. The site is now occupied by First Bradford as a bus depot.

References 
 

Railway depots in Yorkshire
Robert J. Mears. Robert J. Mears is an English physicist and engineer. In the 1980s, Dr. Mears invented and demonstrated the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) with the help of members of the Optoelectronics Research Group led by Alec Gambling and David Payne. In 2001 he founded Atomera, and as CTO led the invention and development of Mears Silicon Technology (MST), a method for improving the mobility and other characteristics of semiconductor devices. Mears has authored and co-authored more than 250 publications and patents, and is co-inventor of 46 granted US patents. He is an Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Education
Mears graduated with a BA(1982), MA(1986) in physics from Oxford University. In 1982, he moved to Southampton University to study for the PhD degree. There he conceived and demonstrated the first EDFA and various fibre lasers.  Mears was awarded the PhD degree in 1987 for his thesis entitled “Development of rare-earth doped fibre lasers and amplifiers”. He was elected to the Maudslay Research Fellowship at Pembroke College, Cambridge in May 1987 and the following year was elected to the faculty of Cambridge University Engineering Department, later being appointed Reader in Photonics. He founded Atomera (formerly known as Mears Technologies) in 2001. He remains an Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

EDFA

In 1986 and 1987, Mears co-authored two papers published in the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Journal “Electronics Letters” entitled "Low-threshold tunable CW and Q-switched fiber laser operating at 1.55μm" and “Low-noise Erbium-doped fibre amplifier at 1.54μm”. These two papers are the first on gain in erbium-doped single mode fibers and the EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier). Dr. Mears was a co-recipient of the 1986 IEE Electronics Letters Premium. Before these works were published, patents covering the fabrication of the fiber and the laser and amplifier were filed on the UK and US. The Book Patents, Inventions and the Dynamics of Innovation: A Multidisciplinary Study describes Dr. Mears invention as a “seminal invention”.

Atomera

In 2001, Mears founded the semiconductor company, Mears Technologies, which was later renamed Atomera. The firm developed the MST platform, a way to make silicon transistors to be more efficient without shrinking the manufacturing process.  This is achieved by inserting oxygen layers during silicon epitaxy of the channel layer.

Further reading
Optical amplifier

References

Living people
English physicists
Laser researchers
Academics of the University of Southampton
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people)
Automated flight attending. Automated flight attending involves the use of automation to replace some of the tasks, that are currently done by flight attendants.

Examples

Food delivery
In 1965, Martin Limanoff created one of the earliest automated food delivery systems, consisting of a square box that was designed to travel up and down the aisle along a monorail track on the cabin floor. However, it is not known if this was ever used on commercial flights. In 2015, Sell GMBH, a German division of aeroplane equipment company Zodiac Aerospace, filed a patent for a food delivery mechanism that would distribute food using automated conveyor belts, allowing passengers to access their food on demand by pressing buttons on the in-flight entertainment system, causing the food distributor to rise out of the floor.

Food order
Many In-flight entertainment systems, such as Virgin America's 'Red' playbook and Panasonic Avionics' eX2, allow passengers to order food or drink using the IFE touchscreens. A passenger selects one of the meal options available for purchase, swipes his or hers credit card through the in-seat ordering system, and then a flight attendant brings the meal to his or her seat.

Drink dispensing
Introduced in 2012, The SkyTender is a robot bartender which can dispense more than 30 different drinks, including soft drinks, coffee, wine, and cocktails, at the touch of a button or two. The SkyTender took its first flight on the German airline, WDL Aviation, going from Cologne to Palma, Majorca.

In popular culture
Premiered on May 2, 2015, comedy show Saturday Night Live featured fictional automated flight attendants on the airline company Virgin America.

See also
 Autonomous aircraft
 Autopilot
 Delivery drone
 Unmanned aerial vehicle

References

In-flight passenger facilities
Travel technology
Aircraft cabin components
Jianping Yao. Jianping Yao is currently a Distinguished University Professor and University Research Chair, and previously Director of the Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Electrical and Computer Engineering, at the University of Ottawa, and also an author of over 700 scientific papers. He was Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Photonics Technology Letters from 2017 to 2021. Dr. Yao is known for his original contributions to microwave photonics. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Optical Society, the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society of Canada.

References

Canadian engineers
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Nanyang Technological University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Golden sheen sapphire. Golden sheen sapphire, (or goldsheen sapphire) is a recently discovered variety of corundum. Goldsheen sapphire has been tested and confirmed in lab reports as "natural sapphire" by GIA, GIT, GRS, AIGS, Tokio gem labs and Lotus. 

Goldsheen sapphire has a golden shine, almost like gold. Translucent blue, green or yellow material is sometimes present together with the gold. Particularly prominent is hematite which will often result in the formation of geometric hexagonal patterns within the gemstone crystal.

Evidence
Several articles, including the Journal of Gemmology state that gold sheen sapphire is high in iron and titanium oxide. It has inclusions of ilmenite, hematite (gold color) and magnetite (black). It exhibits asterism and hexagonal growth, a lack of UV fluorescence, healed fractures and polysynthetic twinning (parallel lines). Golden sheen has a stronger golden shine and sometimes has blue and gold in the same stone.

Source

Previously, it was claimed in the Journal of Gemmology (JoG), that the source is a depleted mine in Kenya close to the border of Somalia. TJN Colors, GIT and In Color  also previously published that the origin was Kenya. However, GIA Tokyo  and Gems and Jewellery  stated in 2018 that the location is not known. GIA  and JoG  stated that golden sheen sapphires are reportedly mined in northeastern Kenya, there is no other published chemical data available from this region

References

Corundum gemstones
Naba Kishore Ray. Naba Kishore Ray (1940- 2013) was an Indian theoretical and computational chemist, known for his studies on structure of molecules. Born on 5 December 1940 in the Indian state of Odisha, he studied molecules using molecular orbital and floating spherical gaussian orbital methods and his work on the nature of electron density and momentum distribution in atoms and molecules as well as molecular reactivitity on surfaces are reported to have widened the understanding of the subjects. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1983, for his contributions to chemical sciences.

See also 
 Theoretical chemistry
 Computational chemistry

References

External links 
 

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science
1940 births
Scientists from Odisha
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
20th-century Indian chemists
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Indian theoretical chemists
Indian computational chemists
2013 deaths
Wings Museum. The Wings Museum is an aviation museum located in Sussex, United Kingdom.  It is housed in a  hangar-like former farm building in Brantridge Lane, between Handcross and Balcombe.  The museum displays mainly World War II-related flying memorabilia and equipment which have been donated, or which have been recovered and restored by volunteers.

History
The museum was originally located at Redhill Aerodrome.  By 2011 it had relocated to Brantridge Lane.

In 2013, the museum hosted a fundraiser for the upkeep of the Bomber Command Memorial in nearby Green Park.

In 2015, volunteers restored a Bristol Beaufighter Mk1f which had crashed 75 years earlier.

Aircraft collection
Visitors to the museum can walk inside a complete fuselage from a Douglas C-47 Dakota which was used on D-Day and later during the filming of the television series Band of Brothers.

There are some very rare aircraft from World War II and some of them are the only ones of their type in the UK.

Turbine engine aircraft
 Hawker Siddeley Kestrel XS694 (under restoration and parts in storage)

Piston engine aircraft
North American B-25J-25-NC 44-30861 (under restoration)
Bell P-63 King cobra - 43-11137 (under restoration); the museum has five more in storage
Douglas A-20 Boston (displayed as found)
Nakajima B5N2 Kate (very large fuselage and wing section)
Douglas C-47 Dakota (fuselage from Band of Brothers)
Hawker Hurricane (wreck)
Handley Page Hampden TB.1 P1273 (wreck)

Aircraft cockpits
Douglas A-26 Invader 43-22649
Bristol Beaufighter 1f
Curtis Helldiver SB2C-5 (in storage)
Jet Provost XM486 (in storage)
English Electric Canberra (in storage)
De Havilland Chipmunk WD377
North American B-25 Mitchell

Simulators
Link trainer

Piston engines
Rolls-Royce Merlin ×5 (one running as a living memorial)
Junkers Jumo 211
Daimler Benz 610

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

External links

Official website of the Wings Museum

Military aviation museums in England
Museums in West Sussex
Buxton TMD. Buxton TMD was a traction maintenance depot in Buxton, Derbyshire, England. The depot was situated on the west side of the Buxton line, to the immediate north of Buxton station.

The site has subsequently been cleared by DB Schenker, the operator of heavy freight in the area.  

The depot code was BX.

History 
Before its closure in the late 1990s, the depot had an allocation of 104 and 108 DMUs. Stabled locomotives included Classes 08, 20, 25, 31, 37, 45 and 47. Classes 101 and 102 DMUs could also be seen at the depot. The depot was used from 1994 to 1997 as a fuelling point until fuelling facilities were installed at Peak Forest where the stabling of the locos was transferred to.

References

Bibliography

 Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Derbyshire
Italian training vessel Stella Polare. Stella Polare (A 5313) is a yawl, active as a sails training vessel for the Italian Navy (Marina Militare).

History
Designed by Sparkman & Stephens Designs New York City (United States) as project 1505.1, Stella Polare was built for the Royal Ocean Racing Club as a first class a Bermuda-rigged yawl, built in wood. The vessel is the sister ship of Corsaro II, and was commissioned by Italian Navy to be used as a training ship for the students of the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno.

The original engine, a General Motors 471 rated at  was replaced by a FIAT AIFO engine. The original Arona generator was replaced by an Onan model. Stella Polare is a training vessel for cadets of the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno, spending regular periods aboard. Each year she embarks on a training cruise which often includes calls to various classic sailing rallies and regattas.

References

External links
Stella Polare (A 5313) Marina Militare website
 

Training ships of the Italian Navy
1965 ships
Sail training
Tall ships of Italy
Yawls
Italian training ship Corsaro II. Corsaro II is a yawl, active as a sail training vessel for the Italian Navy

Characteristics 
Designed by Sparkman & Stephens Designs New York City (United States), project 1505, Corsano II for the RORC 1st class, is a Bermudan-rig yawl, sister of Stella Polare, commissioned by Italian Navy to be used as a training ship for the cadets at the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno, Italy.
She is constructed of wood; iroko keelson, acacia frames and double planked of Philippine mahogany.
The ship's fasteners are silicon bronze, spars are of sitka spruce.
Original engine Mercedes-Benz OM/321 (96 HP) was then replaced by a FIAT AIFO engine.

Each year she embarks on a training cruise which often includes calls to various classic sailing rallies and regattas.

History
Corsaro II can accommodate 16 persons. First Commander of the ship was Agostino Straulino, who won the 1952 Olympic Games in the class Star. In 1961 Corsaro II was the only naval ship to join in the Los Angeles - Honolulu classifying sixth in real time. In 1962 participated in the Newport – Bermuda with 138 boats arriving at the sixth place, and in the Torbay – Rotterdam arriving first in the class. In 1963 participated in: Annapolis – Newport, Newport – Plymouth (second place), the Channel Race and the Fastnet Race. In 1964 took part in the Lisbon – Canaries – Bermuda reaching the first place. In 1965 participated in the Buenos Aires – Rio de Janeiro then sailed to Sydney racing in local regatta. The following year sailed from Sydney to San Diego coming to Italy. From then on the Corsaro II participated mainly in the Mediterranean sea with home port in La Spezia.

References

External links
Corsaro II (A 5316) Marina Militare website

Ships built in Italy
Training ships of the Italian Navy
1960 ships
Sail training
Tall ships of Italy
Yawls
Rock Falls Bridge. The Rock Falls Bridge is a historic structure located in Rock Falls, in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Iowa. The span carries Spring Street over the Shell Rock River for . The Iowa State Highway Commission prepared the plans for this bridge in September 1928, and they were revised in February 1929. While they designed riveted steel trusses for medium-span bridges in rural areas, they used concrete open spandrel arches like this one for several urban and small town structures in the 1920s. C.A. Holvik of Mason City was awarded the contract to construct the bridge, which they completed later in 1929. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa

References

Bridges completed in 1929
Arch bridges in Iowa
Bridges in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Concrete bridges in the United States
Srinivasan Sampath. Srinivasan Sampath (born 1961) is an Indian electrochemist, nanotechnologist and a professor of the department of chemistry at Indian Institute of Science. He is known for his studies on supercapacitors and nano bimetallics. He is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2006, for his contributions to chemical sciences.

Biography 
Srinivasan Sampath, born on 25 February 1961, is a professor at the department of chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science where he is involved in researches on the interfacial properties of materials and surfaces. He is reported to have done extensive work on the development of supercapacitors and nano bimetallics as well as on the investigation of their applications. He has documented his researches in several peer-reviewed articles; the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 78 f them. He received the Bronze Medal of the Chemical Research Society of India in 2005 The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2006 He was elected as a fellow by the Indian Academy of Sciences in 2009 and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2015.

See also 
 Supercapacitors

References

External links

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science
1961 births
Scientists from Bengaluru
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
20th-century Indian chemists
Living people
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Electrochemists
Indian nanotechnologists
Bury EMU Depot. Bury EMU Depot was an Electric Traction Depot located in Bury, England. The depot was located on the west side of the line to the south of Bury railway station.

The depot code was BQ.

History 
Originally a steam facility known as Buckley Wells depot, it was closed between 1965 and 1973. By 1983, Class 504 EMUs had been allocated to the depot. The depot is now used by the East Lancashire Railway.

References

Bibliography

Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Greater Manchester