omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition. The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) is an annual international robotics competition for teams of undergraduate and graduate students. Teams may compete in either the AutoNav or Self Drive challenges. The competition is well suited to senior design capstone courses as well as extracurricular design projects.

The competition has taken place each year since 1993 with the exception of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The competition is normally held on the campus of Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan, although it has occasionally moved to other venues within the state of Michigan.

The competition is often sponsored by Oakland University, the U.S. Army DEVCOM Ground Vehicle Systems Center, and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) in addition to other sponsors.

Competition Overview
The details of the competition change each year and has featured several different challenges. The 2024 challenges are AutoNav, Self Drive, and Design. Previous challenges include the Cyber Security Challenge, IOP Challenge, Spec 2 Challenge, and the JAUS challenge.

The AutoNav challenge requires teams to design and build autonomous ground robots that are between 3 feet and 7 feet long. The challenge tasks the robots with navigating a complex course featuring lanes, obstacles, and a ramp. The course was placed on grass from 1993 to 2019 but was changed to asphalt in 2021. Teams are ranked by the time it took to complete the course or by distance traveled for teams that did not complete the course.

The Self Drive challenge features two-seat electric passenger vehicles that must autonomously complete a variety of challenges. The Self Drive challenge began in 2017 as the Spec 2 Challenge. Unlike the AutoNav challenge, most teams acquire a complete vehicle and then modify it to complete the challenge.

References

Robotics competitions
Recurring events established in 1993
Vandenberg Launch Facility 2. Vandenberg Space Force Base Launch Facility 02 (LF-02) is a former US Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility on Vandenberg SFB, California, USA.  It was a launch site for the land-based Minuteman and Peacekeeper missile series.  In the 2000s the silo was remodeled into a launch site for an Interceptor for the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System.

Launches at LF-02

References

Vandenberg Space Force Base
Vandenberg Launch Facility 3. Vandenberg Space Force Base Launch Facility 03 (LF-03) is a former US Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility on Vandenberg SFB, California, USA.  It was a launch site for the land-based Minuteman missile series.  In the 2000s the silo was remodeled into a launch site for an Interceptor for the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System.

See also
Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 02

References

Vandenberg Space Force Base
Vandenberg Launch Facility 21. Vandenberg Space Force Base Launch Facility 21 (LF-21) is a former US Air Force Intercontinental ballistic missile launch facility on Vandenberg SFB, California, USA.  It was a launch site for the land-based Minuteman missile series.  In the 2000s the silo was remodeled into a launch site for an Interceptor for the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System.

See also
Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 02

Vandenberg AFB Launch Facility 03

References

Vandenberg Space Force Base
DeepFlight Merlin. DeepFlight Merlin is a personal submarine by Hawkes Ocean Technologies, part of the DeepFlight line of submersibles. The positively buoyant submersible was designed by Graham Hawkes. The Merlin was the first winged open-cockpit submarine (a wet sub) available on the market, and first three-man submarine in the "aero submarine" class, representing a major advance in scuba diving technology.

It travels up to 5 knots, has an operating time of one hour, and an open cockpit, requiring the use of scuba gear by occupants, and giving them 360-degree views of the space around them. The sub carries three, two passengers and one pilot. The occupants have "windshields" to protect them from the water stream. It is capable of hydrobatic maneuvers and 360-degree turns. It weighs 750 kg, is 4.6 m long, 3.0 m wide, 1.2 m tall, and runs off battery power. It is available as either a single-seater or two-seater. The design work on the sub started in July 2009.

Necker Nymph
The first example of the Merlin, the Necker Nymph, was sold to Richard Branson's Virgin Hotel Group. It cost US$670,000 and is operated by Virgin Aquatic from the 32-metre yacht Necker Belle, which is based at the Virgin Limited Edition resort Necker Island in the British Virgin Islands.

References

External links
 DeepFlight, Merlin (official webpage)

See also
 Innespace Seabreacher

Personal submarines
Submarine classes
Wet subs
Tamarugite. Tamarugite (NaAl(SO4)2·6H2O) is a colorless monoclinic sulfate mineral.

Deposits containing tamarugite are geographically dispersed with occurrences of the mineral on all seven continents (Antarctica, Oceania, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa). The mineral's name comes from the Tamarugal Pampa locality in Chile. It is also known as lapparentite.

See also
List of minerals

References

 Handbook of Mineralogy

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 466–468.

Sodium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
NCK. NCK (Newton Chambers Koehring), started as a subsidiary of Newton, Chambers & Company, a large engineering company based in Sheffield, England. They produced the range of agricultural equipment, skimmers, excavators, cranes and draglines that were renowned for high quality and long life, typically over 20 years. Many NCK machines continue to operate worldwide.

History

The company started as iron founders in 1794 and expanded in Victorian times to include coal and iron mining. They diversified into equipment manufacture and in 1947 the company started producing the American brands of Koehring excavators under the Newton Chambers Koehring name, and in 1958 they took over Ransomes & Rapier building excavators, drag-lines, port cranes and other construction equipment under the NCK-Rapier brand. With the decline in coal and the improvements in hydraulic machines, the company diversified into light fabrication. The company was taken over in 1972 by the holding company Central and Sheerwood. NCK later was sold to Robert Maxwell's media group as part of a wider deal, but Maxwell was not interested in cranes and NCK became inactive. Cliffe Holdings then bought the company, later Staffordshire Public Works bought the company in 1997 after it fell again into receivership. NCK launched a new model, the 90T HC90 Astra crane in 2000 but it was not successful, 3 units were manufactured and are owned by Delden CSE Ltd as part of their hire fleet.  The only other UK crawler crane business, Ruston-Bucyrus, also stopped manufacture in 2009. The last crawler crane supplied by NCK was a Nova in 2001. SPW now runs an active spares and overhaul business for its cranes and fabricates NCK plant to order as well as manufacturing traffic control and filtration equipment.

In February 2012, the business of NCK Cranes was acquired by Delden Cranes Ltd, and will continue to supply spare parts and offer machine overhauls from its facilities in Selston, Nottinghamshire, UK. The acquisition of NCK follows the acquisition of RB Cranes Ruston-Bucyrus by Delden Cranes Ltd in October 2009.

See also
Crane (machine)
Dragline excavator
Excavator
Heavy equipment
Ransomes & Rapier
Ruston-Bucyrus

References

External links
 Delden CSE Website

Agricultural machinery manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Construction equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Crane manufacturers
British companies established in 1794
1794 establishments in England
British brands
Port operations simulator. Port operations simulators are applications of simulation technology used to determine the outcomes of potential changes to factors affecting ports, security policies, traffic patterns, port expansion or growth, natural disasters, inclement weather, or terrorist activity.

NISAC Port Operations Simulator

The National Infrastructure Simulation Analysis Center, a program within the Department of Homeland Security, has developed a Port Operations Simulator, which is designed to model, simulate, and analyze the effects on port economic health as a result of potential shipping container and port security policies. There is also a companion program, the Economic Simulator, which analyzes the long-term economic impact of security policies in the port. The simulator was originally designed specifically for ports in Portland, Seattle, and Houston, but it can be modified to apply to other ports as well. The Houston adaptation has built-in scenarios, including loss of electric power, loss of telecommunications, labor disruptions, and major security threats. Users have the ability to direct controls in order to determine the best response and recovery plans to these types of scenarios.

SimPort
SimPort is a serious game simulation in which the users must plan and manage a port expansion called the Second Maasvlakte at the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Each team in the game is given three laptops and each user is given a role from the options of General Director, Commercial Director, or Director of Infrastructure and Management. The game consists of four one-hour rounds: Round 1 consists of defining strategies and creating an allocation plan; the subsequent rounds each represent ten years of management of the site.

The game is targeted primarily at actual Port of Rotterdam staff, but is considered applicable to others in training and education settings.

According to the official website, the Port of Rotterdam has three aims in the use of this game:

 Gain better insight into any unforeseen, undesirable and unintentional effects of one or more development strategies and design variations in the medium term (10–30 years) as a result of exogenous uncertainties (economic, market, technological) and due to strategic behavior of the parties involved.
 Stimulate holistic and multidisciplinary thinking within the Port of Rotterdam on commercial and technical/infrastructural considerations, interests and choices. 
 Improve the results of negotiations with respect to contracts (customers) and equipment (infrastructure) in the port area.

See also
 Simulation
 Military simulation
 Simulated reality
 Serious game

References

Ports and harbours
Simulation
John Southern (engineer). John Southern (c.1758–1815) was an English engineer, son of Thomas Southern of Derbyshire. In 1796 he and his employer James Watt co-invented the Indicator, an instrument for measuring and recording the pressure inside a steam engine cylinder through its stroke. This data was crucial for assessing an engine's efficiency. Southern became a partner of the firm of Boulton & Watt in 1810. The use of the instrument was kept as a trade secret for a generation, only becoming public in the 1830s.

References

English engineers
18th-century English engineers
People from Derbyshire
1815 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering. Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering (HGCE) is a private degree engineering and degree management college located near Vahelal village, district Ahmedabad in Gujarat state, India. The college is affiliated to the GTU and all of the courses are approved by the AICTE.

The college motto is 'Teaching Technology for Mankind'.

The college offers four bachelor's degree courses:
 Computer Engineering,
 Mechanical Engineering,
 Electronics and Communications,
 Information Technology.
 
The college offers a master's degree in Business Administration - MBA.

Admissions are done through the Admission Committee for Professional Courses (ACPC).

References

External links 
 
 Video of College Anthem " HGCE laya naya savera " 

Engineering colleges in Gujarat
Educational institutions established in 2007
Ahmedabad district
2007 establishments in Gujarat
Thread restorer. A thread restorer is a tool used to fix threads on nuts or bolts that have become damaged. One type of thread restorer is a thread restoring file or thread file. There are other types of thread restoring tools as well, for example a chaser tap or chaser die.

Normal taps and dies can also be used to clean up a thread, which is called chasing. However, using an ordinary tap or die to clean threads generally removes some material, which results in loose threads. Because of this, machinists generally clean threads with special taps and dies—called chasers—made for that purpose. Chasers are made of softer materials and don't cut new threads. However they still fit tighter than actual fasteners, and are fluted like regular taps and dies so debris can escape. Car mechanics, for example, use chasers on spark plug threads, to remove corrosion and carbon build-up.

See also 
 Threaded insert, sometimes used for replacing damaged threads

References 

Metalworking hand tools
British Polar Engines. British Polar Engines is a manufacturer of diesel engines based in Glasgow, Scotland. The company has over seventy years' experience in the manufacture and supply of spare parts for diesel engines. The engine and company take their name from the engine supplied to Amundsen's Fram, from which he conquered the South Pole.

Company

British Polar Engines manufactures, supplies and installs  medium speed marine diesel engines and industrial generating sets. Their engines are in a variety of vessels, including ferries, warships, fishing boats and small tugs. They supply suitable replacement parts for a variety of engines, including all E, I, M, N and T ranges of Polar engines and former NOHAB and Wärtsilä engines. They also supply a full range of parts for the Admiralty Standard Range ASR1 engines found in s and - and s.

The works have been organised to provide a continuous flow of engine components through the machines to the assembly bays. Extended inspection, test bed and storage facilities contribute to increased output of finished engines. The company are specialists in the servicing and maintenance of diesel engines for all applications. It inspects, machines and overhauls all engine components, including crankshafts, cylinder heads, connecting rods, fuel equipment and engine pumps. There are in-house testing facilities for engines from  and generating sets up to 2 Megawatt.

Polar diesel engines
The first Polar two-cycle engine was installed in a seagoing vessel in 1907. In 1911, the first motor vessel to cross the Atlantic, the Swan Hunter-built ore-carrier Toiler, was powered by a Polar engine. At about the same time Roald Amundsen in  the Fram was conquering the South Pole, and it is from that successful expedition that the engine derives its name.

Other ships that have made history with Polar engines include the Girl Pat, the rescue tugs ,  and Canadian sealer, , chosen for the 1956 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition.

British Polar engines were of the two-cycle type, built under licence from Nydqvist & Holm, Trollhättan, Sweden. Their development has continued over the years. The basic design with airless injection was introduced in 1928. It was an immediate success: reliable, economic, easy to manoeuvre and remarkably simple in design and construction. This early design has been developed and extended to a wide range of engine sizes covering powers from  without supercharging.

In 2000, the company purchased Kelvin Diesels, concentrating engine production at Helen Street in Glasgow.

Footnotes

External links
 British Polar Engines

Manufacturing companies of Scotland
Companies based in Glasgow
Diesel engine manufacturers
Marine engine manufacturers
History of Glasgow
Engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
International Association for Life Cycle Civil Engineering. The International Association for Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE) is an international organization founded in October 2006. Its declared mission is "to be the premier international organization for the advancement of the state-of-the-art in the field of life-cycle civil engineering".

Activities

The activities of the IALCCE cover all aspects of life-cycle assessment, design, maintenance, rehabilitation and monitoring of civil engineering systems. Eight International Symposia have been organized since the foundation of IALCCE. The inaugural IALCCE Symposium was held in Varenna, Lake Como, Italy, in June 2008, under the auspices of Politecnico di Milano. Following IALCCE 2008, a series of Symposia have been organized in Taipei, Taiwan (IALCCE 2010), Vienna, Austria (IALCCE 2012), Tokyo, Japan (IALCCE 2014), Delft, Netherlands (IALCCE 2016), Ghent, Belgium (IALCCE 2018), Shanghai, China (IALCCE 2020), and Milan, Italy (IALCCE 2023). These events have been very successful, both technically and academically, and IALCCE Symposia have become established events in the field of Life-Cycle Civil Engineering and related topics. With IALCCE 2023 back to Italy, the 15th Anniversary of IALCCE Symposia has been celebrated where these events were initiated. The Ninth International Symposium on Life‑Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2025) will be held in Melbourne, Australia, on July 15-19, 2025.

Publications

The outcomes of the IALCCE International Symposia are collected in a Book Series "Life-Cycle of Civil Engineering Systems", published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. The proceedings published in this Series will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with life-cycle performance of civil engineering systems.

The extended version of selected papers included in the proceedings of IALCCE Symposia have been considered for publication in special issues of Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, an international peer-reviewed journal included in the ISI Science Citation Index and endorsed by IALCCE. Seven special issues have been published, with 80+ journal papers (about 5% of the papers presented at IALCCE Symposia) and 1000+ pages. A special issue dedicated to IALCCE 2023 is currently in progress.

External links
 Home Page

Civil engineering organizations
Engineering societies
Prodema. Prodema is a wood-based material used for the interior and exterior of buildings. It is made up of natural wood with a bakelite core. Also known as a composite wooden panel, it has been in use since the early 1900s.
It is renowned for its durability and versatility, ranging in thickness from 6-22mm. Due to its composite properties, Prodema is often used for the insulation to structures.

Uses
Prodema can be adapted to many forms, including flooring, walls, exterior of buildings, archways, doors, ceilings, and furniture. As it comes in panel form, the wood is treated with advanced machinery and chemicals to provide a longer life, and is supported with a selection of metals such as aluminum, stainless steel, and iron.

Composition
Prodema is a composite panel faced with a natural wood veneer and coated with a proprietary coating based on synthetic resins and PVDF which protect the panel from the effects of sunlight, chemical attack (anti-graffiti) and the damage caused by atmospheric agents.

Composite materials
Harold Sorgenti. Harold Sorgenti was an American engineer, businessman and investor, the former president and chief executive officer of ARCO Chemical and a key member of Ennovance Capital. He has served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Education

Sorgenti received a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from City College of New York and an M.S. in Chemical Engineering from Ohio State University.

Career
Sorgenti started his career as a scientist for ARCO Chemical company, a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield, where he developed several U.S. patents that led to the formation of new chemical industrial processes. He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of ARCO Chemical between 1979 and 1991, where he headed the transformation of ARCO Chemical that led to splitting the company into two entities: Lyondell Petrochemical (now LyondellBasell) and ARCO Chemical Company.

After serving for ARCO Chemical, he co-founded with Fred Rullo the Freedom Chemical Company, a company that made several lower middle-market acquisitions of specialty chemical companies, which sold to BFGoodrich for $375 million in 1998.

In 2003 Sorgenti received the Petrochemical Heritage Award from the Chemical Heritage Foundation.

In 2010, Sorgenti joined Ennovance Capital, a Philadelphia-based private equity firm, as an operating partner.

Sorgenti died on July 11, 2018.

Cultural activities
In 1980 Sorgenti joined the board of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and was chairman from 1986 to 1993. From 2005 to 2009 he served as chairman of the Philadelphia Orchestra.

References

20th-century American inventors
1934 births
2018 deaths
Lining (sewing). In sewing and tailoring, a lining is an inner layer of fabric, fur, or other material inserted into clothing, hats, luggage, curtains, handbags and similar items.

Linings provide a neat inside finish and conceal interfacing, padding, the raw edges of seams, and other construction details.  A lining reduces the wearing strain on clothing, extending the useful life of the lined garment.  A smooth lining allows a coat or jacket to slip on over other clothing easily, and linings add warmth to cold-weather wear.

Linings are typically made of solid colors to coordinate with the garment fabric, but patterned and contrasting-colored linings are also used.  Designer Madeleine Vionnet introduced the ensemble in which the coat was lined in the fabric used for the dress worn with it, and this notion remains a characteristic of the Chanel suit, which often features a lining and blouse of the same fabric.

In tailoring, home sewing, and ready-to-wear clothing construction, linings are usually completed as a unit before being fitted into the garment shell.  In haute couture, the sleeves and body are usually lined separately before assembly.

Some specialized types of lining include the following:

Interlining 
This is an additional layer of fabric between the lining and the outer garment shell.  Insulating interlinings for winter garments are usually sewn to the individual lining pieces before the lining is assembled.

Partial or half lining
This type lines only the upper back and front of the garment, concealing the shoulder pads and interfacings, with or without sleeves.

Zip-in, zip-out, snap-out or button-in lining (sometimes called a "liner") 
This is a warm removable lining for a jacket, coat, or raincoat that is held in place with a zipper, snap fasteners, or buttons.  Garments with removable linings are usually lined with a lightweight fabric as well, to provide a neat finish when the warm lining is not worn.

Notes

References
 
 
 

Sewing