omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tinius Olsen. Tinius Olsen (December 7, 1845 – October 20, 1932) was a Norwegian-born American engineer and inventor. He was the founder of the Tinius Olsen Material Testing Machine Company, a maker of material testing machines. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1891 for his autographic testing machine.

Life and career
Tinius Olsen was born in Kongsberg, Norway. He was one of eight children. Olsen graduated from the  Horten Technical School (Horten tekniske skole) in 1866.

Employment and Immigration
Olsen first became the foreman of the machine department at a large naval machine shop. Olsen subsequently immigrated to the United States during 1869.

"Little Giant"
In 1880, he submitted a patent application for an improved testing machine and the patent was granted the same year, on June 1, 1880.

Later years
Olsen was awarded the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1907. Olsen retired from the company in 1929 and died during 1932 in Philadelphia. Olsen remembered his origin with gifts to his home land including awards to Horten Technical School and  Kongsberg Church as well grants to a retirement home in  his wife's home town  of Helsingborg, Sweden.

Personal life
In 1874, Olsen married Swedish-born physician, Amalie Charlotte Yhlen  (1839–1920). Olsen died during 1932 and his wife during 1920. Both   were buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. They were the parents of Thorsten Yhlen Olsen (1879- 1957) who succeeded his father  as president of the firm.

Selected list of patents
Improvement In Testing Machines – United States Patent # 213,586. Issue date: Mar 1879
Testing Machine – United States Patent # 228,214. Issue Date: June 1, 1880
Recording Testing-Machine – United States Patent # 445,476. Issue date: Jan 27, 1891

Tinius Olsen's School
The Tinius Olsen's School (Fagskolen Tinius Olsen) is a combined technical vocational college and secondary school in Kongsberg.

References

Other sources
 Lovoll, Odd Sverre  (1999) The Promise of America (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press)
 Bjork, Kenneth  (1947)  Saga in Steel and Concrete Norwegian Engineers in America (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association)
Tatnall, Francis G. (1925) Evolution of the Testing Machine (Philadelphia: Riehl Brothers Testing Machine Co.)

External links
Abstract of Tinius Olsen Testing Machine
Tinius Olsen Material Testing Machine Company
Fagskolen Tinius Olsen.  Kongsberg, Norway Norwegian

1845 births
1932 deaths
People from Kongsberg
Engineers from Philadelphia
Norwegian engineers
20th-century Norwegian inventors
American civil engineers
20th-century American inventors
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Johnson's figure of merit. Johnson's figure of merit is a measure of suitability of a semiconductor material for high frequency power transistor applications and requirements. More specifically, it is the product of the charge carrier saturation velocity in the material and the electric breakdown field under same conditions, first proposed by Edward O. Johnson of RCA in 1965.

Note that this figure of merit (FoM) is applicable to both field-effect transistors (FETs), and with proper interpretation of the parameters, also to bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).

Example materials 

JFM figures vary wildly between sources – see external links and talk page.

External links 
 Gallium Nitride as an Electromechanical Material. R-Z. IEEE 2014 Table IV (p. 5) lists JFM (relative to Si) : Si: 1, GaAs: 2.7, SiC: 20, InP: 0.33, GaN: 27.5, also shows Vsat and Ebreakdown.
 Why diamond? gives very different figures (but no refs):

References 

Semiconductors
Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg. Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg (28 April 1817 – 8 July 1882) was a Norwegian military officer and engineer.

He was a son of bailiff Johan Nicolai Klingenberg (1777–1865), and also the uncle of pianist Alf Klingenberg (1867-1944), and the maternal grandfather and paternal granduncle of Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg.

He worked in the country's capital Christiania. He organized the waterworks of the city in 1855, and had a national influence in this field. He became leader of the city fire department in 1861. In the military, he held the rank of major.

From 1860 to 1861 and 1872 to 1874 he was the chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society.

References

1817 births
1882 deaths
Norwegian Army personnel
Engineers from Oslo
Johannes
Norwegian military engineers
Octadecyltrimethoxysilane. Octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) is an organosilicon compound. This colorless liquid is used for preparing hydrophobic coatings and self-assembled monolayers.  It is sensitive toward water, irreversibly degrading to a siloxane polymer.  It places a C18H39SiO3 "cap" on oxide surfaces.  The formation of OTMS monolayers is used for converting hydrophilic surfaces to hydrophobic surfaces, e.g. for use in certain areas of nanotechnology and analytical chemistry.

See also
 Methyltrimethoxysilane
 Octadecyltrichlorosilane

References

Further reading 
 
 

Silanes
Methoxy compounds
Class 185. Class 185 may refer to:

Alstom Traxx, Deutsche Bahn Class 185 diesel locomotive
British Rail Class 185, A diesel multiple unit built by Siemens for the UK market

See also

 185 series, a Japanese electric-multiple-unit train type
 KiHa 185 series, a Japanese diesel-multiple-unit train type
 
 
 Class (disambiguation)
 185 (disambiguation)
Corvus Phantom. The Corvus Phantom is a Hungarian two-seat ultralight aircraft produced by Corvus Aircraft.

In the USA it is marketed as the Falcon LS, from 2008 until 2010 by T&T Aviation, since 2010 by Renegade Light Sport. In Germany the aircraft is called the Wild Angel and in the United Kingdom the Crusader.

Variants
Phantom UL
Production variant certified as an Ultralight.
Phantom RG
Variant with retractable landing gear.

Specifications (Phantom UL)

References

External links

 

2000s Hungarian civil utility aircraft
Phantom
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Boris Beizer. Boris Beizer (1934-2018) was an American software engineer and author. He received his B.S. degree in physics from the City College of New York in 1956, an MS in Electrical Engineering (1963) and a PhD in computer science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966. He wrote many books and articles on topics such as system architecture and software testing.  His books Software Testing Techniques and Software System Testing and Quality Assurance are frequently consulted references on the subject. He directed testing for the FAA's Weather Message Switching Center and several other large communications systems. He was a speaker at many testing conferences and was also known for his seminars on testing. He consulted on software testing and quality assurance with many organizations throughout the world.

Personal life

Boris Beizer was born in Brussels, Belgium. He emigrated to the United States in May, 1941.

List of publications (partial)
  Software Quality Reflections Essays, dialogues and poems, 2000
 Black-box testing: techniques for functional testing of software and systems (1995) ; Japanese edition, Nikei
 The frozen keyboard: living with bad software (1988) 
 Personal computer quality: a guide for victims and vendors (1986) 
 Software system testing and quality assurance (1984) 
 Software testing techniques (1983) ; expanded Second edition 1990; Japanese Edition Nikei
 Micro-analysis of computer system performance (1978) ; Russian Edition
 Communications Processor System (1977) with Kenneth Hagstrom
 The architecture and engineering of digital computer complexes, Volume 1 (1971), Volume 2; Polish and Russian Editions
 Engineering applications of Boolean algebra (1958) with Stephen W. Leibholz

Novels under pseudonym Ethan I. Shedley

References

External links
Software Development Quotations by Boris Beizer

University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Software testing people
City College of New York alumni
1934 births
2018 deaths
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Transmountain railroad. Transmountain railroads are railroads that need to cross dauntingly high mountain ranges to cross between countries on one side to the other. The Himalayan Mountains, Andes and the Alps would be cases in point. Because of construction difficulties, some such railways are yet to be built. With globalisation and trade liberalisation, the economic viability of constructing of these railways is improving.

Myanmar to China
In 2009, a railway was proposed to link Lashio, Myanmar and Jiegao, China and which also crosses the Himalaya Mountains.

There would be a break-of-gauge from  as used by Myanmar Railways to  as used in China.

Pakistan to China

The proposed trans-Himalayan railway from Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass could count as a transcontinental railroad due to the size of the mountains in the way.

There would be a break-of-gauge from  as used by the Pakistan Railways to . This line would be approximately  long.

See also

 Mountain railway
 List of railroad crossings of the North American continental divide
 Principal passes of the Alps
 Qinghai–Tibet Railway
 Trans-Andean railways
 Trans-Asian Railway
 Transcontinental railroad

References

Mountain railways
International rail transport
Semiconductor characterization techniques. Semiconductor characterization techniques are used to characterize a semiconductor material or device (p–n junction, Schottky diode, solar cell, etc.). Some examples of semiconductor properties that could be characterized include the depletion width, carrier concentration, carrier generation and recombination rates, carrier lifetimes, defect concentration, and trap states.

Electrical characterization techniques 
Electrical characterization can be used to determine resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility, contact resistance, barrier height, depletion width, oxide charge, interface states, carrier lifetimes, and deep level impurities.

 Two-point probe
 Four-point probe
 Differential Hall effect
 Capacitance voltage profiling
 Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
 Electron beam-induced current
 Drive-level capacitance profiling (DLCP)
 Current–voltage characteristic (I–V)
 Suns–VOC (Pseudo I–V)
 Photoconductance decay (PCD)

Optical characterization techniques 
 Microscopy
 Ellipsometry
 Photoluminescence
 Electroluminescence
 Absorption or transmission spectroscopy
 Raman spectroscopy
 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
 Reflectance modulation
 Cathodoluminescence

Physical and chemical characterization techniques 
 Electron beam techniques 
 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
 Electron microprobe (EMP)
 Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
 Ion beam techniques 
 Sputtering
 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
 Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS)
 X-ray techniques 
 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 
 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
 X-ray topography
 Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
 Chemical etching

Future characterization methods 
Many of these techniques have been perfected for silicon, making it the most studied semiconductor material. This is a result of silicon's affordability and prominent use in computing. As other fields such as power electronics, LED devices, and photovoltaics develop, characterization of a variety of alternative materials (including organic semiconductors will continue to increase in importance. Many existing characterization methods will need to be adapted to accommodate the peculiarities of these new materials.

References 
 Schroder, Dieter K. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization. 3rd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, 2006.
 McGuire, Gary E. Characterization of Semiconductor Materials: Principles and Methods. Vol 1. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1989.

Semiconductor analysis
Woodfree uncoated paper. Woodfree uncoated paper (WFU), uncoated woodfree paper (UWF) or uncoated fine papers are manufactured using wood that has been processed into a chemical pulp that removes the lignin from the wood fibers and may also contain 5–25% fillers. Both softwood and hardwood chemical pulps are used and a minor part of mechanical pulp might be added (often of aspen or poplar). These paper grades are calendered.

Properties
Woodfree uncoated papers are of high quality and have a natural look and feel. The properties are good strength, high brightness and good archival characteristics. They provide a non-glare surface suitable for reading and writing.

Special types
Offset paper is a WFU paper with ISO brightness > 80% and a basis weight of 40–300 g/m2. Surface strength and low linting are the main parameters, but brightness and opacity are also important.

Lightweight offset paper, also called onionskin, has a basis weight of 25–40 g/m2 and are normally used for bibles (hence the name Bible paper) and dictionaries.

References

Paper
HVDC Zhoushan. Zhoushan HVDC was the first HVDC scheme built in China and first put into service in July 2014. 

Construction started on Zhoushan HVDC in 1984 and completed in 1986.  It was built by Heavy Machine Factory, Beijing, Red Flag cable plant and Shanghai Relay Factory.

Zhoushan HVDC  went in-service on December 1, 1989.

Description 
Zhoushan HVDC is a bipolar HVDC connecting the power grid of Zhoushan island with the Chinese mainland. There is a submarine power cable (±200kV DC) that is 129 kilometers long and a transmission line (200kV) that is 11 kilometers long. The static inverters are equipped with thyristors and designed for a voltage of 200 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 50 MW. 

The  inverters are the six-pole type, giving the station more extended harmonic filters than others. As transformers on the mainland a three winding type  115/83/10kV is used and on Zhenshou island a three winding type 38.5±2×2.5%/81/10kV is used. The reactive power of the used harmonics filters is 23.5 MVAr at Ningbo station and 24.5 MVar at Gao Tongge station on Zhoushan.
The smoothing reactor has an inductance of 1.27H.

Coordinates 
The inverter plants are:
 Ningbo static inverter plant 
 Gao Tongge static inverter plant

See also 

 Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014542/http://hvdc.chinapower.com.cn/membercenter/sitebuild7/viewarticle.asp?user=hvdc&tempname=hvdc&articleid=10000240

Electric power infrastructure in China
HVDC transmission lines
Submarine power cables
Dicarbonate. A dicarbonate, also known as a pyrocarbonate, is a chemical containing the divalent  or  functional group, which consists of two carbonate groups sharing an oxygen atom. It is one of polycarbonate functional groups. These compounds can be viewed as derivatives of the hypothetical compound dicarbonic acid,  or . Three important organic compounds containing this group are:
 dimethyl dicarbonate 
 diethyl dicarbonate 
 di-tert-butyl dicarbonate , also known as Boc anhydride.

It is one of the oxocarbon anions, consisting solely of oxygen and carbon. The anion has the formula  or . Dicarbonate salts are apparently unstable at ambient conditions, but can be made under pressure and may have a fleeting existence in carbonate solutions.

The term dicarbonate is sometimes used erroneously to refer to bicarbonate, the common name of the hydrogencarbonate anion  or esters of the hydrogencarbonate functional group . It is also sometimes used for chemicals that contain two carbonate units in their covalent structure or stoichiometric formula.

Inorganic salts
 (lead(II) dicarbonate) can be formed at 30 GPa and 2000K from PbCO3 and CO2. It forms white monoclinic crystals, with space group P21/c and four formula units per unit cell. At 30 GPa the unit cell has a=4.771 b=8.079 c=7.070 Å and β=91.32°. The unit cell volume is 272.4 Å3 and density 7.59.

 (strontium dicarbonate) is very similar to the lead compound, and also has monoclinic structure with space group P21/c and four formula units per unit cell. At 30 GPa the unit cell has a=4.736 b=8.175 c=7.140 Å and β=91.34°. The unit cell volume is 276.3 Å3 and density 4.61. The double Sr=O bonds have lengths of 1.22, 1.24, and 1.25 Å. The single Sr-O bonds have lengths of 1.36 and 1.41 Å. The angles subtended at the carbon atoms are slightly less than 120°, and the angle at the C-O-C is larger.

See also
Tricarbonate
Peroxodicarbonate
Oxalate
Pyrosulfate
Peroxydisulfate
Dithionate
Trithionate
Tetrathionate
Pyrophosphate
Polyphosphate

References

Carbon oxyanions
Oxocarbon anions
Functional groups
Dicarbonates
SuperFabric. SuperFabric is a cut and abrasion resistant material, and a registered trademark of Higher Dimension Materials, Inc.  As a technical fabric, SuperFabric is created with a base fabric such as nylon, polyester, neoprene, crepe, etc. and is overlaid with tiny, hard guard plates in a specific pattern.  Spacings between the guard plates allow a degree of flexibility, breathability and are small enough to keep most sharp objects from penetrating.  This guard plate technology protects the base fabric and contributes to the durability of the material.  The geometry, thickness, and size of the guard plates, as well as the base fabric, vary depending on industry requirements.  Customized and optional properties include flame resistance and specialized grip.

Properties

Cut resistance

SuperFabric materials have tiny raised guard plates to deflect sharp objects that would otherwise tear the underlying base fabric. These guard plates are advertised to act as a protective barrier contributing to the overall longevity of the material by reducing the likelihood that a sharp object will damage the fibers.

Abrasion resistance
 
SuperFabric's manufacturer claims that its guard plates provide a flexible armor that resists abrasion and protects the underlying base fabric

Puncture resistance
 
Specific SuperFabric materials are designed to protect against surgical and hypodermic needles.

Additional properties 

Fire resistance can be achieved by selection of resin and base fabric during manufacturing.

The process used to make SuperFabric materials allows customization of surface properties with additional coatings such as silicone to improve grip on smooth surfaces such as metal, glass, and laminate.

Most SuperFabric materials are highly resistant to stains. Many stains bead up on the surface of SuperFabric, which can make for easy cleaning, while retaining their protective and durable properties.

Applications 

There is a wide range of applications for SuperFabric:

 Technical outdoor apparel
 Military, law enforcement
 Commercial food-processing protection
 Industrial safety and protection
 Motorcycle apparel and accessories
 Heavy-duty diving suit protection (U.S. Coast Guard, etc.)
 Cleaning products (scrub pads, etc.)
 Vehicle seats and accessories
 As an external layer in a thermoplastic composite (GizzMoVest, etc.)

References

External links 
 SuperFabric Homepage
 SuperFabric used in thermoformed composites

Technical fabrics
Safety clothing
Motorcycle apparel
Trouble light. A trouble light, also known as a rough service light, drop light, or inspection lamp, is a special lamp used to illuminate obscure places and able to handle moderate abuse. The light bulb is housed in a protective cage and a handle that are molded to form a single unit. It has a long power line for distant reaching; the handle may also have an electrical outlet on it, allowing the light to also double as an extension cord. 

Trouble lights are usually powered by AC wall current, but some are powered by a 12-volt source, such as a car battery. The bulb of the trouble light typically has a heavy filament to withstand dropping, and therefore is also referred to as a drop light. Newer models often use LED arrays as the light source. LEDs are more energy efficient, and may be more durable compared to incandescent lights. 

Some trouble lights are also designed to operate on 32 VAC supplied from either a local or centralised transformer, the local one being a plug pack or inline style transformer, and the centralised transformer usually being mounted near the building switchboard and distributed to various special 32 V outlets in work areas to power multiple lights. This is to maximise electrical safety, especially in wet environments or where the cord may be damaged during use and otherwise pose a shock hazard. This was common in Australian mechanical workshops before the advent of battery powered work lights, with the 32 V socket being a non polarised Type A socket or polarised "T" socket to differentiate the 32 V transformer supply from the normal Aus/NZ 240 V mains supply sockets which are Type I.

Trouble lights are intended to be used with "rough service bulbs", a form of incandescent light bulbs which are designed with as many as five support wires holding the filament to allow it to withstand heavy vibrations or movement. Lower voltage bulbs such as those intended to function with 12 volt power supplies also have a higher lumen output per watt of power consumption. Compact fluorescent lamps and recently, light-emitting diodes may also be used in trouble lights. 

Trouble lights intended for use in hazardous areas such as in petrochemical plants will have features designed to prevent ignition of flammable gas around the lamp, such as heavy sealed lamp enclosures and guards to protect lamps from breaking.

Applications

Trouble lights are often used by automotive mechanics and electricians where localized light is needed where ambient light proves to be insufficient.

References

Automotive accessories
Types of lamp
Ludhiana College of Engineering and Technology. Ludhiana College of Engineering and Technology (LCET), Katani Kalan, Ludhiana is one of the institutes for Engineering and Management studies in India. It is affiliated to IKG PTU (IKG Punjab Technical University) and AICTE. It was the first college in IKG PTU to offer Automobile Engineering as an undergraduate course.

Location 
It is situated on Ludhiana-Chandigarh Highway, Katani Kalan, Ludhiana, PIN-141113, Punjab, India,  at 35 km distance from Ludhiana and 72 km from Chandigarh via Ludhiana-Chandigrah Highway.

Courses Offered 
 BBA
 MBA
 BCA
 MCA
 B.Tech.
 M.Tech.
 B. Com. (prof.)
 BSc (IT)

Branches 
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Computer Science Engineering
 Information Technology
 Civil Engineering
 Automobile Engineering

Post Graduate Courses 
 M.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (Full Time)
 M.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (Part Time)
 M.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering (Part Time)
 M.Tech. in Production Engineering (Part Time)
 MBA in HR, Finance, Marketing and IT

Education in Ludhiana
Science and technology in Ludhiana