omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Western Amazon Ecological Corridor. The Western Amazon Ecological Corridor () is a proposed ecological corridor connecting conservation units and indigenous territories in the southwest of the Amazon rainforest of Brazil.

Background

The first version of the Ecological Corridors of Tropical Forests of Brazil proposal was developed by a group of consultants at the request of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment and presented in the first half of 1997.
Seven major corridors were proposed: the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor, Western Amazon Ecological Corridor, Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor and Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor.
These corresponded to about 25% of the rainforests of Brazil.
Priority was given to the Central Amazon Corridor and the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor, which would test and develop the concepts for use with the subsequent corridors.

Proposed scope

The Western Amazon Ecological Corridor was one of five Amazon region corridors identified.
It included six priority areas in four main Amazon ecoregions, and was identified as relatively stable, globally relevant and of the highest priority on a regional scale..
The corridor would have an area of .
The proposed corridor comprised almost all of the state of Acre, covering about .
It also covered more than half of the state of Rondônia, and a small part of the state of Amazonas.

Conservation units in the proposal included the Serra do Divisor National Park, Alto Tarauacá Extractive Reserve, Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve, Macauã National Forest, Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Jaci Paraná Extractive Reserve, Bom Futuro National Forest, Pacaás Novos National Park, Guaporé Biological Reserve and Corumbiara State Park.
As of 2010 the proposed corridor would contain 30 indigenous territories and 19 conservation units in Acre along the border with Peru, covering 45.66% of the state of Acre.

Notes

Sources

Ecological corridors of Brazil
Passenger problem. The passenger problem is the inability of technological systems designed for use in a moving vehicle to differentiate between a driver and a passenger.

The passenger problem arises when such a device or system is intended to function differently when used by a driver versus a passenger, but is unable to autonomously determine the role of its user. The problem is a factor for distracted driving prevention systems, GPS navigation software, and usage-based insurance systems.

History 
The term "passenger problem" was first used by technology writer David Pogue in 2010 as part of a series on distracted driving in The New York Times. Reviewing the first generation of distracted driving prevention technologies, Pogue noted their different approaches to the problem: “How can I bypass the block if I’m not the one driving?”

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) acknowledged the passenger problem with the publication of its first set of Distracted Driving Safety Guidelines in 2012. The guidelines applied only to integrated vehicle electronics, recommending the lock-out of dangerous tasks “For any in-vehicle device that is within sight and reach of the driver (even if it is intended for use solely by passengers)…whenever the vehicle’s engine is on and its transmission is not in ‘Park’.”  The guidelines intentionally excluded portable devices such as smartphones because of the “special challenges” posed by the fact that their position in the vehicle is not fixed.

In 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) convened a public meeting on the subject of distracted driving prevention technologies, expressing its interest “in technology to determine the location of portable and aftermarket devices within the vehicle, thereby automatically determining whether the device is operated by the driver versus passengers while driving” for safety purposes.

References 

Driver distraction
Pulau Sekati Bridge. Pulau Sekati Bridge () is a bridge in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, that crosses the Terengganu River. It is the longest bridge in Terengganu after the Sultan Mahmud Bridge. The bridge, connecting Losong to Pulau Sekati and Jalan Banggul Tuan Muda to Jeram Tokong, was fully opened to the public on 19 June 2017.

History

Original footbridge 
Before the current Pulau Sekati Bridge, a wooden footbridge (retok kayu Pulau Sekati) connected Pulau Sekati to the mainland. Built in 1992 using tengkawang and cengal wood, it spanned 213 meters. The footbridge supported pedestrians, bicycles, and motorcycles, serving as a vital connection for students and locals. It was also crossed by Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin.

In February 2022, flooding swept away 152 meters of the wooden bridge, causing extensive damage and power outages.

New bridge 
Construction of the Pulau Sekati Bridge began in 2012 but faced delays due to land acquisition disputes. It cost RM 245 million to complete. The section from Losong to Pulau Sekati opened on 31 May 2017, while the section connecting Jalan Banggul Tuan Muda to Jeram Tokong opened on 19 June 2017.

References 

Bridges completed in 2017
Bridges in Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
Chishi Bridge. The Chishi Bridge () is a bridge carrying the G76 Xiamen–Chengdu Expressway over a deep valley.  At  the longest span is  longer than France's Millau Viaduct, which has a similar structure, but is longer and higher than the Chishi Bridge.

On June 10, 2017, The New York Times offered the Chishi Bridge as an example of one of China's many troubled bridge projects.  They reported that the bridge's construction was significantly delayed, and went fifty percent over budget. The total cost of the project was US$300 million.

See also

References

Road bridges in China
Transport in Hunan
Cable-stayed bridges in China
Toll bridges in China
Bridges completed in 2016
Semovente da 20/70 quadruplo. The Semovente da 20/70 quadruplo was an experimental self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon developed for the Italian Royal Army during World War II.

Development 

During 1942 the Royal Italian Army had ordered the development of a self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon to be used in the North African theatre of operations and  provide protection to mechanised columns, which were often the target of the Royal Air Force (RAF), without credible air defence.

To save time and materials, the hull of the M15/42 tank was used as the basis for the quadruplo: The original turret was removed and replaced with a polygonal welded open turret, containing quadruple 20 mm-Scotti Isotta Fraschini 20/70 guns, with -5° to + 90° elevation; the autocannon had been specially modified so they could use disintegrating link belt ammunition resulting in an increased rate of fire 600 rounds per minute per gun. The only other change involved the removal of the two Breda 38 machine guns in the hull, the openings for which were covered by  armour plate; the crew was reduced to three, two in the turret and one in the driver position in the hull. The first prototype was completed by January/February 1943 and was presented for trials at the Centro Studi Motorizzazione dell'esercito: weighing  at  high, capable of operating up 60% slopes.

Combat History 
In March 1943 it entered in service as the M15 / 42 Carro contraereo and was issued to VIII Reggimento Autieri stationed at Cecchignola in Rome, where German forces captured it. Used on active service by the Germans, by April 1945 and it was operating under the V SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgskorps, who fought the last battle against the Red Army in Germany, in the area of Teupitz.

Another source states that two prototypes were delivered: one of these was transported to Tunisia, where it was tested under actual combat conditions, remaining there after the surrender of the 1st Italian Army and the 5th Panzer Army in May 1943.

Note

External links 	

World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Italy
Medium tanks of Italy
M13 40
Gio. Ansaldo & C. armored vehicles
World War II self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons
Iftran. IFTRAN (née Iftran) was created in 1972 by E. F. Miller at General Research Corporation, Santa Barbara, California as a mechanism to support structured programming concepts in a FORTRAN-based environment.

IFTRAN had these basic structured programming constructs: IF...ELSEIF...ENDIF, DO...ENDDO, FOR...ENDFOR, and CASEOF...CASE...ENDCASE statements that transliterated into pure-FORTRAN.

IFTRAN was bootstrapped through multiple stages from a hand-built parser that added IFTRAN language constructs one at a time.  Eventually the IFTRAN preprocessor was converted entirely into IFTRAN and a pure-FORTRAN version of IFTRAN pre-processing its own code was used to transfer the tool to other computers.  A pretty-printing capability provided automatically indented source program listings as an output of the IFTRAN pre-processor in addition to the pure-FORTRAN code that was sent to the underlying FORTRAN compiler.

According to the instruction manual for IFTRAN, a General Research report suggest this rationale for the use of a FORTRAN pre-processor:

"While the newer structured languages such as PASCAL are enjoying an unusual popularity, particularly in educational institutions, the workhorse language of scientists and engineers is still FORTRAN. FORTRAN can be argued for as the only truly transportable language; when going from site to site, FORTRAN is always expected to be available. Since this is not true of ALGOL, PASCAL, ADA or other structured languages, there is a good motivation for users and authors of code which may be transported to write in FORTRAN."

References

Miller, E. F. "Extensions to FORTRAN and Structured Programming -- An Experiment," RM-1608, General Research Corporation, Santa Barbara, California, February 1972.

Miller, E.F. "Extensions to FORTRAN and Structured Programming - An Experiment", in Annual ACM IEEE Design Automation Conference Proceedings of the June 1971 design automation workshop on Design automation, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States.

Miller, E. F.  "Extensions to Fortran to support structured programming" in [SIGPLAN] (1973) SIGPLAN Notices 8(06) June 1973 SPECIAL ISSUE: Abstracts in programming language-related research.

Miller, E.F., "A Compendium of Language Extensions to Support Structured Programming", in SIGPLAN Notices 8(06) June 1973 SPECIAL ISSUE: Abstracts in programming language-related research.

Miller, E. F., "IFTRAN -- A Structured Language Preprocessor," Twentieth Semi-Annual VIM Conference, Portland, Oregon, April 1974 in [ACM] (1974) Proceedings of the 1974 ACM Annual Conference San Diego, November, 1974.

Fortran programming language family
Resist. A resist, used in many areas of manufacturing and art, is something that is added to parts of an object to create a pattern by protecting these parts from being affected by a subsequent stage in the process. Often the resist is then removed.

For example in the resist dyeing of textiles, wax or a similar substance is added to places where the dye is not wanted. The wax will "resist" the dye, and after it is removed there will be a pattern in two colours.  Batik, shibori  and tie-dye are among many styles of resist dyeing.  

Wax or grease can also be used as a resist in pottery, to keep some areas free from a ceramic glaze; the wax burns away when the piece is fired. Song dynasty Jizhou ware used paper cut-outs and leaves as resists or stencils under glaze to create patterns.  Other uses of resists in pottery work with slip or paints, and a whole range of modern materials used as resists.  A range of similar techniques can be used in watercolour and other forms of painting.  While these artistic techniques stretch back centuries, a range of new applications of the resist principle have recently developed in microelectronics and nanotechnology. An example is resists in semiconductor fabrication, using photoresists (often just referred to as "resists") in photolithography.

Etching
Etching processes use a resist, though in these typically the whole object is covered in the resist (called the "ground" in some contexts), which is then selectively removed from some parts. This is the case when a resist is used to prepare the copper substrate for champlevé enamels, where parts of the field are etched (with acid or electrically) into hollows to be filled with powdered glass, which is then melted.  In chemical milling, as many forms of industrial etching are called, the resist may be referred to as the "maskant", and in many contexts the process may be known as masking.  A fixed resist pre-shaped with the pattern is often called a stencil, or in some contexts a frisket.

The Oxford English Dictionary does not record the word "resist" in this sense before the 1830s, when it was used in relation to both "calico-printing" (1836) and metalwork with copper (1839). Resists were also used to etch steel from the mid 19th-century.

Gallery

References

Manufacturing
Pottery
Artistic techniques
South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor. The South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor () is a proposed ecological corridor connecting conservation units and indigenous territories that form an ecotone, or transition between the south of the Amazon rainforest and the north of the cerrado of Brazil.

Background

The first version of the Ecological Corridors of Tropical Forests of Brazil proposal was developed by a group of consultants at the request of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment and presented in the first half of 1997.
Seven major corridors were proposed: the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, Northern Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecological Corridor, South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor, Western Amazon Ecological Corridor, Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor and Serra do Mar Ecological Corridor.
These corresponded to about 25% of the rainforests of Brazil.
Priority was given to the Central Amazon Corridor and the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor, which would test and develop the concepts for use with the subsequent corridors.

Proposed scope

The South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor was one of five Amazon region corridors identified.
It covers the ecotones in the interconnection between the south of the Amazon rainforest and the cerrado of Central Brazil.
It is located in the most threatened Amazon region due to the advance of agriculture and ranching in the north of Mato Grosso and south of Pará.
The corridor was identified as vulnerable but relatively stable, regionally relevant in biological importance and moderate to high priority on a regional scale.
It included six priority areas in three main Amazon ecoregions.

The most common forms of vegetation are open rainforest and seasonal semi-deciduous forest.
It is threatened by unsustainable logging and continued expansion of monocultures.
The corridor has great biodiversity, with an estimated 700 species of birds and 29 primate species.
Many species are considered endangered.
The conservation units and indigenous territories form four large blocks, which require some form of interconnection.

Conservation units in the original proposal included the Jaru Biological Reserve, Cristalino State Park, Araguaia National Park, Cantão State Park (south part) and Ilha do Bananal / Cantão Environmental Protection Area (southwest part).
It would also include the Iquê Ecological Station, Serra do Cachimbo State Park and Rio Roosevelt State Forest.
The proposed corridor was later expanded to include the Rio Ronuro Ecological Station, Rio Roosevelt Ecological Station, Rio Madeirinha Ecological Station and Apiacás Ecological Reserve.
This brought its area up to , including parts of the states of Amazonas, Rondônia, Pará, Mato Grosso and Tocantins.

Notes

Sources

Ecological corridors of Brazil
Protected areas of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Protected areas of Mato Grosso
Protected areas of Pará
Protected areas of Tocantins
Sethu Vijayakumar. Sethu Vijayakumar (born 1970) is Professor of Robotics  at the University of Edinburgh and a judge on the BBC2 show Robot Wars. He is the Programme co-Director for Artificial Intelligence at The Alan Turing Institute, the UK's National Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, with the responsibility for defining and driving the institute's Robotics and Autonomous Systems agenda. He co-founded the Edinburgh Centre for Robotics in 2015 and was instrumental in bringing the first  NASA Valkyrie humanoid robot out of the United States of America, and to Europe, where is it a focus of research at the School of Informatics. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2013.

Vijayakumar's articles on Incremental Online Learning in high dimensions, Natural Actor-Critic and other robot learning related publications have been cited over 10000 times in academic papers and he is the recipient of the IEEE Transactions of Robotics (IEEE-TRO) King-Sun Fu Memorial Best Paper Award 2013.

Career 
After a PhD in computer science and engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, during which he also worked as a research scientist at the Kawato Dynamic Brain Project in ATR, Kyoto, Vijayakumar became a postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratory for Information Synthesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan working with Professor Shun'ichi Amari. He then headed to the University of Southern California as a presidential postdoctoral fellow with Professor Stefan Schaal and subsequently became a research assistant professor (2001–2003) in the Department of Computer Science at USC, Los Angeles.

In 2003, he moved to the University of Edinburgh, where he went on to become director of the Institute for Perception, Action and Behaviour in the School of Informatics and then Co-Director of Edinburgh Centre for Robotics.

In 2007 Vijayakumar was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering Senior Research Fellowship in Learning Robotics, co-funded by Microsoft Research. He is a Turing Fellow since 2018 and a Fellow of the European Laboratory on Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS) since its inception in 2020.

Public engagement with science 
Vijayakumar is an active science communicator, giving public talks and media interviews. In 2015 the University of Edinburgh awarded him its annual Tam Dalyell Prize for Excellence in Engaging the Public with Science and in 2016 he presented a series of robot demonstrations at the television launch of BBC micro:bit live lessons. He featured in Stargazing Live with Dara O Briain, March 2017. He was a judge on the 2016-2018 revival of the robot combat TV show Robot Wars. Vijayakumar also delivered two TEDx talks on robotics and machine learning at TEDx Glasgow 2018 and TEDx Edinburgh 2015.

References 

1970 births
Living people
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
British people of Indian descent
Reverse Deception. Reverse Deception: Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation is a book by Sean Bodmer, Max Kilger, Gregory Carpenter, and Jade Jones. It investigates methods and criteria to address organizational responses to Advanced Persistent Threats and cyber deception. It details how to identify APTs and prioritize actions by applying skilled, field-tested private and government sector processes and methods, which often involve cyber deception.

Content

The book reviews the most historical and significant malware: Titan Rain, Moonlight Maze, Stakkato, and Stuxnet are reviewed in light of APT criteria. The exploits of Stuxnet and these major cyber events are reviewed from an operational aspect. These exploits were complex and expensive because the development of APT is resource-intensive. It is most often believed to be sponsored by a government, in essence conducting an offensive action. In some countries, this can be a crime, while others consider it an aggressive defensive technique.

The work contains four stories regarding deception and counter-deception. These are explained to be fictionalized works based on actual events that occurred somewhere in the law enforcement and intelligence worlds, but there is no way of vetting this, and it is not clear if these works are rooted in US domestic or international work. The cases are varied and considered compelling by noted cybercritics and reviewers of this work.

The authors introduce the first theory for classifying a threat on the opportunistic-APT continuum as either persistent or non-persistent. The APT classifications and criteria are now widely used in the industry and are built on an evaluation of the following criteria:

APT CRITERIA
 Objectives
 Timeliness
 Resources
 Risk tolerance (by the adversary)
 Skills and methods
 Actions
 Attack origination points
 Numbers involved in the attack
 Knowledge source

 Threat Intelligence
 Analysis of cyber espionage tactics contrasted with types of permissible countermeasures
 How to use deception and disinformation campaigns
 Case studies and real stories from the authors’ FBI, DOD, NSA, and private sector work.
 Value Chain Management
 Counter espionage and espionage
 Legal interpretations of capacities, limitations, and stipulations for assisting law enforcement investigations.

References

External links
 About the Authors
 Reverse Deception Radio

2012 non-fiction books
McGraw-Hill books
Computer security books
Vila Real Bridge. The Corgo Viaduct () is a viaduct in Portugal. It is located in the Vila Real District, crossing the Corgo River. It is part of the A4 highway. Vila Real Bridge has a concrete deck, with the  main span supported by two pylons. It carries four lanes of road traffic on its  deck.

It has the highest deck, at about  above the Corgo River, among concrete-deck bridges cable-stayed in the central plain.

This bridge is ranked 56th highest in the world, 4th highest in Europe, the most highest and 5th longest in Portugal.

See also

References 

Bridges in Portugal
Toll bridges in Portugal
Buildings and structures in Vila Real District
Cable-stayed bridges in Portugal
Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility. The Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility (ERDF) is a waste disposal facility located at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Richland, Washington, U.S.. Built in 1996, ERDF collects low-level waste, mixed waste, and other hazardous materials that are generated at Hanford. It does not collect any radioactive waste or other hazardous materials from other sites or the public. The hazardous waste dump was designed to be expanded as needed. The main storage facilities consist of single layer tanks that hold in all more than 17 million tons of nuclear waste. As of 2011, two new super tanks which hold double the amount of the single layer tanks were installed, providing safer levels of radioactivity in the surrounding ground areas and water sheds. Liners were previously installed to collect liquid released by the tanks or rain water that may seep in. The ERDF does not accept liquid waste, but water that seeps into the landfill is treated to keep the surrounding environment safe.

Clean-up of waste is done by clean-up crews around the property. It is trucked to the main facilities to be processed and packaged. At its height there were more than 600 truckloads a day. Since clean-up began, more than 12,000,000 miles have been logged by truck drivers transporting waste containers to the facility. Processing is done by compacting waste and hazardous materials to make sure no air pockets remain. After adding support to the waste by adding cement blocks so the area will not sag, a temporary cap is placed over the waste until a permanent cap seals all the waste off from the site.

Sources

 http://www.hanford.gov/news.cfm/RL/DOE_Marks_20_Years_of_Cleanup_Success_at_ERDF.pdf

Radioactive waste repositories in the United States