omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arnold Musto. Arnold Albert Musto (4 October 1883 – 29 May 1977) was a British civil engineer who designed the Sukkur Barrage, now in Sindh Province, Pakistan.

Early life and family
Sir Arnold Musto was born in Stepney, London, the son of James Joseph Musto (1844–1908) an Alderman on the Stepney Borough Council, and a member of an extended family of engineers operating in the East End of London in the second half of the 19th century.

He was educated at the Coopers’ Company's School, London, 1894–1899 and Birkbeck College, University of London, 1900–1904.

In 1922, at St Thomas’ Cathedral, Bombay, he married Margaret McCausland. They had a son and four daughters. Margaret died in 1965.

Engineering career
Musto's first engineering experience, while articled to James Brown, was constructing the Rotherhithe Tunnel, in 1905–1906. Soon after, he qualified for the Indian Public Works Department (later called the Indian Service of Engineers) and was appointed mechanical and agricultural engineer to the Bombay Government. He commenced as an assistant engineer in October 1907 and became an executive engineer in October 1915.

He joined the Indian Army Reserve of Officers and served in Mesopotamia in the latter half of World War I.

In 1918, he became Executive Engineer for the Sukkur Barrage Project District and, in this capacity, designed and submitted the complete project for the Barrage and its associated canals.

He became a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1922 and, in 1923, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE). He became a nominated member of the Bombay Legislative Council in 1923.

In 1923 he also became the Superintending Engineer for the construction of the Sukkur Barrage and the headworks of the seven canal systems. The Barrage was completed under the overall direction of Sir Charlton Harrison as Chief Engineer of Sindh, and opened in 1932.

He received a knighthood in recognition of his work in the King's Birthday Honours 1932.

Later life
Musto retired from India in 1934 and took up residence in Long Bar Hall to the South of Bishop's Stortford, on the Essex Hertfordshire Border, where he made extensive changes. Interviews with his daughter in 2007 revealed during a re-visit to Long Bar Hall, revealed he forthright personality and even it is alleged had the influence to phone the Station Master at Sawbridgeworth Station to hold the express train to London. 

In 1939, he was chair of a Planning and Housing Commission sent to Trinidad. He returned to England, in 1940, and was appointed Regional Transport Commissioner for the Midland Region. In 1946 he was appointed Regional Transport Commissioner for the South Western Region. He retired in 1953, at the age of 70. 

His obituary in The Times said he was “a likeable man and got on well with those about him” both in India and as a Regional Transport Commissioner in England.

Further reading
A Musto, “The Lloyd Barrage and the Future of the Sind”, Asiatic Review, NS Vol 31 (1935) p 1-36.

References 

1883 births
1977 deaths
English civil engineers
People from Stepney
British people in colonial India
Learning cell. A learning cell is a learning strategy for a pair of students to learn together. It is an active learning style. A learning cell is a process of learning where two students alternate asking and answering questions on commonly read materials.

History 
The Learning Cell was developed by Marcel Goldschmid of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne in 1971. Learning Cells were proposed to address certain demands of ubiquitous learning for learning resources to be generative, evolving, intelligent, and adaptive.

Concept 

The meaning of Cell

  Component: Learning cells can compose higher-level learning resources
 Origin: learning cells grow from small to big, from weak to strong
 Nerve cell: unite to get intelligence

The procedure 
Firstly, an assignment is chosen which needs to be prepared by the students, the students will read the assignment and write down the questions that they have about the reading. At the next meeting, the teacher will randomly put the students in pairs. The process begins by designating one student from each pair to begin by asking one of their questions to the other. Once the two students discuss the question, the teacher moves from pair to pair to give feedback and answer questions. This process consists of two elements or parts, two students, so it is also called Dyad.

Features 
The features of learning cell are:
 Learning Cell integrates content, activities and practices and builds up a larger knowledge network.
 Learning Cell is open structured and can communicate with other applications and share information.
 Elements of Learning cell includes current version information, editing process description(e.g.: notes or revisions) and past versions.
 It includes not just content learning but also learning cognitive wisdom.

Learning patterns 
The different ways of using this technique are by reading/listening/watching, doing/acting, connecting, re-organizing, comparing, reflection, communicating, teaching, creating.

Advantages 

Under Learning Cell, there are a number of advantages, which include:

 Learning can be done space dimension. In the process of learning cell, learning is done in pairs or in groups it can be done anywhere. 
 Learning can be done in time dimension. There is time limit for this type of learning. Students who are paired can discuss and draw their conclusions and share it with others in their time. But it has to be monitored.
 Accepts content from different types of learners and of different level of learners and integrates it.
 Learning cell can be adapted in informal learning environment also.
 Learning supports u-learning.

U-Learning 
The learning cell was developed from the learning object model and designed for u-learning. The basic idea is to introduce time dimension and interpersonal cognition network into learning resources to make the learning resolvable. During the process, information and the revision history are recorded, an interpersonal network is created, and a connection between the human and knowledge is established to form a knowledge network.

See also 

 Active learning
 Dyad pedagogy

References 

Pedagogy
II-VI semiconductor compound. II-VI semiconductor compounds are compounds composed of a metal from either group 2 or 12 of the periodic table (the alkaline earth metals and group 12 elements, formerly called groups IIA and IIB) and a nonmetal from group 16 (the chalcogens, formerly called group VI).
These semiconductors crystallize either in the zincblende lattice structure or the wurtzite crystal structure.
They generally exhibit large band gaps, making them popular for short wavelength applications in optoelectronics.

Fabrication 

II-VI semiconductor compounds are produced with epitaxy methods, like most semiconductor compounds. The substrate plays an important role for all fabrication methods. Best growth results are obtained by substrates made from the same compound (homoepitaxy), but substrates of other semiconductors are often used to reduce the fabrication cost (a method called heteroepitaxy). In particular, III-V semiconductor compounds like gallium arsenide are frequently used as cheap substrates, resulting in stronger tensions between substrate and growth layer and (generally) lower optoelectronic properties.

Properties 

Especially wide bandgap II-VI semiconductor compounds are expected to be very good candidates for high performance applications, such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes for blue and ultraviolet applications. Due to problems with conductivity, the application of these materials is still questionable. The best example is zinc oxide, which shows excellent optical characteristics, though it remains problematic to create sufficient charge carrier densities via doping in zinc oxide.

Ternary compounds are one option to vary the band gap of semiconductors almost continuously over a wide energy range. This method is highly dependent on the materials as well as the growth techniques. In particular, materials with very different lattice constants or different crystal phases (wurtzite or zincblende in this case) are difficult to combine. Tensions and impurities due to low crystal quality result in low optoelectronic properties. One example of the basic possibilities achievable with three different compounds is shown in the diagram with zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium oxide (CdO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). Basically it is possible to gain any band gap between those of the three materials. Consequently, it is possible to choose very specifically the wavelength of photons emitted by laser diodes or light emitting diodes.

See also 
Wide-bandgap semiconductor
List of semiconductor materials

References

External links 
 https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/current/postgraduate/regs/mpags/ex5/intro/groupii-vi/
Swing-Europe Parashell. The Swing-Europe Parashell, also simply called Das Trike, is a German powered parachute that was designed by Oliver Münzer and is produced by Swing-Europe of Ebringen. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Parashell was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category and the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. It features a  span parachute-style wing, single-place accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single  Hirth F-30 engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft carriage is built from a combination of composite materials and aluminium tubing, with a composite partial cockpit fairing. In flight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has foot-pedal-controlled nosewheel steering. The main landing gear incorporates spring rod suspension.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for crew and baggage is .

Operational history
Reviewer Jean-Pierre le Camus, writing in 2003, said the aircraft would appeal to pilots who like comfort and described the design as "beautiful" and having "visual flair".

Specifications (Parashell)

References

External links

Parashell
2000s German sport aircraft
2000s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
Borgward BX7. The Borgward BX7 is a Sino-German compact luxury crossover SUV from the Borgward Group and produced in China by Foton Motor.

Overview 

The BX7 is the first model of the newly resurrected Borgward company, which made its return after a 45-year hiatus at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. Borgward ended production in Mexico in 1970 with the 230GL as its final model.  Developed with the help of Chinese truck manufacturer Foton, the BX7 is Borgward's first entry into the SUV market. It was first unveiled to the public at the 2015 International Motor Show in Frankfurt, Germany.

Two trim levels are available, the BX7 28T, and the upper range BX7 TS (Touring Sedan). Features exclusive to the TS model include a more upscale interior, a different grille pattern composed of several small diamonds similar to the Borgward logo, larger wheels, a roof rack, and an overall sportier exterior design. Five, six and seven-passenger seating configurations will be offered as well.

Both models are powered by a turbocharged 2.0-liter inline-four engine producing 225 horsepower. Power is delivered to all four wheels through a Six-speed Torque-Converter made by AISIN. A 401-horsepower plug-in hybrid version with an electric range of 34 miles will be added to the lineup at a later date.

The Borgward BX7 is produced at Foton's Beijing assembly plant and the car is based on Senova X65, but with a unique design of the interior, front and rear. The car is based on the same GM2900 platform as the Senova, which originated from that of the Saab 9-3. BAIC group (the owner of Foton), purchased the right to use the platform along with other technology from the now defunct Swedish automaker Saab back in 2009.

The BX7 is sold in China starting July 2016, but will eventually be available in Germany and other European markets within the next two years.

References

External links 

 

BX7
Cars introduced in 2015
Cars discontinued in 2021
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Cars of China
Compact crossover sport utility vehicles
Luxury sport utility vehicles
German submarine chaser UJ-121 Jochen. UJ-121 Jochen was a steam trawler that was built in Germany in 1939, and converted into a submarine chaser at the beginning of the Second World War. A mine sank her in the North Sea in 1940, with the loss of 13 of her crew.

Building and registration
In 1938–39 Norderwerft Köser & Meyer in Steinwerder, Hamburg built a pair of trawlers for the fishing fleet of C Andersen. The first was built as yard number 720, and launched on 29 January 1939 as Uwe. Her sister ship was built as yard number 721; launched as Jochen; and completed that May.

Jochens registered length was ; her beam was ; and her depth was . Her tonnages were  and . She had a cruiser stern, and a single screw. She was equipped with wireless direction finding, and an echo sounding device.

Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau (DeSchiMAG) built her engines in its Seebeck works at Wesermünde in Bremerhaven. Her main engine was a three-cylinder triple-expansion engine. It was supplemented by an exhaust steam turbine, which drove the same propeller shaft via DeSchiMAG's patent Bauer-Wach system of a Föttinger fluid coupling and double-reduction gearing. The combined power of her reciprocating engine plus exhaust turbine was rated at 132 NHP, and gave her a speed of .

Andersen registered Jochen at Hamburg. Her port letter and number were HH 255, and her wireless telegraph call sign was DKAL.

Submarine chaser
The Kriegsmarine requisitioned Jochen shortly before the Second World War. She was converted into a submarine chaser, and on 28 July 1939 she was commissioned with the pennant number UJ-121. She joined the 12. U-Bootsjagdflottille ("12th Submarine Chaser Flotilla"), which was formed in September 1939 at Wilhelmshaven.

On 2 September 1940, UJ-121 Jochen was approaching Ostend in German-occupied Belgium when she struck a mine. She sank, and 13 members of her crew were killed. Her wreck blocked the channel that was used by the 2. Schnellbootflottille ("Second E-boat Flotilla").

References

Bibliography

1939 ships
Fishing vessels of Germany
Maritime incidents in September 1940
Naval trawlers
Ships built in Hamburg
Ships sunk by mines
Steamships of Germany
Submarine chasers
World War II naval ships of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Pedro Domingos. Pedro Domingos (born 1965) is a Professor Emeritus of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington. He is a researcher in machine learning known for Markov logic network enabling uncertain inference.

Education
Domingos received an undergraduate degree and Master of Science degree from Instituto Superior Técnico (IST). He moved to the University of California, Irvine, where he received a Master of Science degree followed by his PhD.

Research and career
After spending two years as an assistant professor at IST, he joined the University of Washington as an assistant professor of Computer Science and Engineering in 1999 and became a full professor in 2012. He started a machine learning research group at the hedge fund D. E. Shaw & Co. in 2018, but left in 2019.

He co-founded the International Machine Learning Society. As of 2018, he was on the editorial board of Machine Learning journal.

Publications
 Pedro Domingos, The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World, New York, Basic Books, 2015, .
 Pedro Domingos, "Our Digital Doubles: AI will serve our species, not control it", Scientific American, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 88–93. "AIs are like autistic savants and will remain so for the foreseeable future.... AIs lack common sense and can easily make errors that a human never would... They are also liable to take our instructions too literally, giving us precisely what we asked for instead of what we actually wanted." (p. 93.)
  Pedro Domingos, 2040: A Silicon Valley Satire, BookBaby, 2024, .

Awards and honors
 2014: ACM SIGKDD Innovation Award. for his foundational research in data stream analysis, cost-sensitive classification, adversarial learning, and Markov logic networks, as well as applications in viral marketing and information integration.
 2010: Elected an Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Fellow. For significant contributions to the field of machine learning and to the unification of first-order logic and probability.
 2003: Sloan Fellowship
 1992–1997: Fulbright Scholarship

References

University of Washington faculty
University of California, Irvine alumni
Instituto Superior Técnico alumni
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
Sloan Research Fellows
Artificial intelligence researchers
Computer scientists
Machine learning researchers
D. E. Shaw & Co. people
Living people
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
1965 births
Fly's Eye Dome. The Fly's Eye Dome was a structure designed in 1965 by R. Buckminster Fuller. Inspired by the eye of a fly, Fuller designed the dome as his idea of the affordable, portable home of the future, with windows and openings in the dome to hold solar panels and systems for water collection, thus allowing the dome to be self sufficient. Before his death in 1983, he hand-built three prototypes of the design:
 A 3.8-meter (12 ft) prototype is currently owned by Norman Foster.
 A 7-meter (24 ft)prototype is currently owned by Craig Robins.
 A 15-meter (50 ft) prototype acquired by Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas and installed in 2017.

A new version of the Fly's Eye Dome standing at 7 meters was built in 2014 in Miami under guidance from The Buckminster Fuller Institute.

References

External links
 New Fly's Eye Dome unveiled in Miami2014 
 photo of 24 Foot Fly's Eye Dome
 Buckminster Fuller's Fly's Eye Dome installed in Miami Design District 2014, and video
 50 Foot Fly's Eye Dome in Toulouse
 The Fly's Eye Dome 
 The Fly's Eye Dome at Crystal Bridges
 Fuller's Fly eye dome v1 by commons_factory 

Architectural design
Buckminster Fuller
Collection of the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
College of Information Technology and Engineering. College of Information Technology and Engineering (CITE), affiliated to Purbanchal University, popularly known as CIT, was established in 2000, the first college in Nepal offering Information Technology (IT) Education. CITE is centrally located at Subidhanagar, Tinkune, Kathmandu. Currently CITE offers bachelor level education on Information Technology, Engineering and Management.

Courses offered

CITE offers Bachelor level courses in the following disciplines:

Engineering

 Bachelor of Computer Engineering (BE Computer) - 4 Years/8 Semesters

Information Technology

 Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) - 4 Years/8 Semesters
 Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) - 4 Years/8 Semesters

Management

 Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - 4 Years/8 Semesters

Eligibility Criteria
 For Engineering: Minimum 45% in +2 in Science or equivalent degree.
 For Information Technology: Minimum 45% in +2 or equivalent degree (for BIT 100 Marks math mandatory)
 For Management: Minimum Second division in +2 or equivalent degree.

CITE offers Masters level courses in the following disciplines:
 Master of Information Technology (MIT) 2 Years/ 4 Semester

References

External links
 Purbanchal University "AFFILIATED COLLEGES"
 College of Information Technology and Engineering "IT Colleges ranking in Nepal", Everest List, Nepal, 2015. Retrieved on 2 October 2015.
 College of Information Technology and Engineering "SCHOOLS & COLLEGES", Educate Nepal, Nepal, 2015. Retrieved on 2 October 2015.
 College of Information Technology and Engineering "IT Colleges in Nepal", Colleges, Nepal, 2015. Retrieved on 2 October 2015.

Universities and colleges in Nepal
Villiers 31. The Villiers 31 or Villiers 310 was a French eight passenger airliner of advanced construction.  Owing to Villiers' financial failure, it was not developed.

Design 
Ateliers Villier's Type 31 was their last aircraft before they collapsed in 1931. A single engine monoplane of mixed construction, it was also their only passenger aircraft.

It was a high wing aircraft; the wing had constant chord out to rounded tips and had a wooden structure with plywood skinning. The Villiers XXIV had been the first French aircraft maker to use Handley Page slats and the Villiers 26 reconnaissance seaplane used a combination of automatically opening slats on the leading edge in front of the ailerons and another set which the pilot opened as he lowered the flaps.  The Type 31 had a similar combination of automatic and commanded slats.

The Villiers 31 had a flat sided fuselage of rectangular cross-section behind the wing, built around a frame of chrome steel tubes and fabric covered. It was the first aircraft to have an autogenically welded structure, that is welded without the use of a filler metal. There was a  Gnome et Rhône 9Ab nine-cylinder radial engine in the nose, which some photographs show under a long-chord, close-fitting, circular cowling. Others show it uncowled. The two crew sat in a cockpit at the wing leading edge, the wing itself raised a little above the general fuselage line on a low fairing over the cabin, which seated eight and was lit by long strips of transparencies on each side.  Access was via a rear starboard side door.

Like the rest of the fuselage the empennage was steel framed and fabric covered. The tailplanes were mounted just below the top of the fuselage, each braced from below with a single strut and carrying a balanced elevator. A curved, deep, balanced rudder, mounted on a small fin and slightly pointed on top, worked in elevator cut-outs. The airliner had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The two mainwheels were mounted independently on V-struts from the lower fuselage with near-vertical oleo struts to the wing roots. The mainwheels had brakes and the tailwheel was steerable.

Operational history

The exact date of the first flight of the Villiers 31 is not known, though all reports on it are from 1930. On 13 March 1930 the Air Ministry concluded a contract for two Type 31s; one of them (F-AKCR) was certainly built.

Specifications

References

1930s French airliners
Villiers aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930