omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Diamide insecticides. Diamide insecticides are a class of insecticides, active mainly against lepidoptera (caterpillars), which act on the insect ryanodine receptor. They are diamides of either phthalic acid or anthranilic acid, with various appropriate further substitutions. 

Worldwide sales of diamides in 2018 were estimated at , which is 13% of the $18.4 billion insecticide market.

History and examples 
The first diamide was flubendiamide. It was invented by Nihon Nohyaku and commercialised in 2007. It is a highly substituted diamide of phthalic acid and is highly active against lepidoptera (caterpillers). Later DuPont introduced chlorantraniliprole, which is more active against caterpillers and in addition active against other insect types. Cyanthraniliprole, introduced later, shows systemic activity and is also active against sucking pests such as aphids and whitefly.

According to one review, the first species reported to show resistance to diamides was the diamondback moth in 2012.

The following diamides have been given ISO common names. Flubendiamide and cyhalodiamide are phthalic diamides. Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, fluchlordiniliprole, pioxaniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tetraniliprole, and tiorantraniliprole are anthranilic diamides. Eight diamide insecticides have been commercialized as of February 2023.

Mechanism of action 
Diamides selectively activate insect ryanodine receptors (RyR), which are large tetrameric ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum in neuromuscular tissues. The diamides form IRAC group 28. The ryanodine receptor is also the target of the alkaloid insecticide ryanodine, after which it is named, although it addresses a different binding site on the receptor. A 3.2-Å structure of cyanthraniliprole bound to a ryanodine receptor has been determined, which informs on the mechanism of action as well as various mutations causing resistance.

The binding of diamides and ryanodine to the calcium channels causes them to remain open, leading to the loss of calcium crucial for biological processes. This causes insects to act lethargic, stop feeding, and eventually die.

Toxicity 
Diamides show low acute mammalian toxicity. They are safe to bees and beneficial insects. 

A metabolite of flubendiamide is very persistent and toxic to aquatic invertebrates, causing flubendiamide to be banned by the United States EPA.

References

Insecticides
Wier RDW-2 Draggin' Fly. The Wier RDW-2 Draggin' Fly was a homebuilt light aircraft, designed in the United States in the 1970s, aimed at fairly inexperienced builders and flyers. Plans were available but only one was built.

Design and development
The Draggin' Fly was designed to be easy to build, to have good short field characteristics and to have control characteristics matched to the skills of less experienced pilots.  A four-cylinder Volkswagen air-cooled engine was selected for reliability and ease of maintenance.  The sole example was constructed over ten months without plans, though a rib jig and propeller plot were used. It was first flown in May 1972.

The Draggin' Fly had a constant chord parasol wing, built around two spruce spars and having slight dihedral.  The wing was Dacron covered and carried no flaps; the ailerons were aluminium with a full span torque tube.  It was held well above the fuselage on a pair of V-shaped bracing struts, assisted by inverted V-cabane struts fore and aft of the cockpit.  The fuselage was a steel tube structure and Dacron covered over the forward, pod like part that housed the engine and cockpit but open and triangular in section as it extended rearwards into a tailboom at cabane height.  The tail surfaces were again Dacron covered steel, wire braced with the tailplane placed at the bottom of the boom and with the lower rudder and a small ventral fin projecting below it.  The Draggin' Fly had a fixed tricycle undercarriage, the mainwheels mounted on two V-form struts and half-axles hinged to the fuselage underside.  All undercarriage legs used spring and rubber in compression type shock absorbers; the nose wheel was steerable.

For its first flight and first eight hours of flight testing the Draggin' Fly was powered by a 36 hp (29 kW), 1.2 L Volkswagen engine but this was then replaced by a more powerful Volkswagen variant producing 50 hp (37 kW). Plans for amateur building were produced in March 1974.

Specifications

References

External links
USA35B airfoil

Homebuilt aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Brainsway. BrainsWay Ltd. () is an international company that is engaged in the development of a medical device that uses H-coil for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (Deep TMS) as a non-invasive treatment for depression, OCD, and smoking addiction. The company was founded in 2003 and has offices in the US and Jerusalem.

History 
The magnetic coil technology used by BrainsWay's devices, called the "H coil", emerged from research done in the late 1990s and early 2000s at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) by Abraham Zangen, Roy A. Wise, Mark Hallett, Pedro C. Miranda and Yiftach Roth.  Most coils used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provide a shallow magnetic field that affects neurons mostly on the surface of the brain, delivered with coil shaped like the number eight.  The H coil provided magnetic fields deeper in the brain, and devices using them provide what is called "deep TMS".

The H-coil was patented by the NIH in 2002, and the procedure whereby the H-coil was applied to TMS became known as Deep TMS.

BrainsWay was founded in 2003 in Delaware by Uzi Sofer and Avner Hagai, together with David Zacut and they set up a subsidiary in Jerusalem, and obtained an exclusive license from the NIH for the patent it filed on the H coil.  By 2006 the company had conducted animal studies at Weizmann Institute of Science and had run its first clinical trial assessing safety, at Tel Aviv University.

In early 2007 BrainsWay executed an initial public offering on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, raising  for a market cap of . In 2010 BrainsWay announced plans to list shares of the company's stock on the Nasdaq exchange but withdrew them in June.

In January 2013, BrainsWay received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and from Health Canada to market its deep TMS device in the United States and in Canada as a treatment for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Evidence to support this use is tentative as of 2013 no high quality evidence is available.

In August 2020, BrainsWay received FDA clearance for its deep TMS device for use in smoking addiction. The device has also previously been cleared by the FDA using an H1-coil for major depressive disorder and H7-coil for OCD.

See also 
List of companies of Israel
List of Israeli inventions and discoveries
Neuroscience
Science and technology in Israel

References

Further reading 

Medical technology companies of Israel
Physical psychiatric treatments
Neurophysiology
Neuropsychology
Neurotechnology
Treatment of depression
Health care companies established in 2003
Manufacturing companies established in 2003
Technology companies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Israel
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2007 initial public offerings
Michel Boudart. Michel Boudart (born 18 June 1924 in Brussels, Belgium; died 2 May 2012) was the William M. Keck Sr. Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus at Stanford University.

He earned his BS and MS from the University of Louvain in 1944 and 1947 respectively and earned his PhD in chemistry at Princeton University in 1950 under the guidance of Hugh Stott Taylor.  He was a professor at Princeton until 1961 and briefly at University of California, Berkeley where he help to establish their program in catalysis and reactions engineering.

Joining Stanford University in 1964, he was best known for his role in establishing the Stanford Chemical Engineering department and his work in catalysis. In 1994, he became a professor emeritus. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the California Academy of Science.

Personal life
Born in Brussels, during the Second World War, he was accepted to the University of Louvain but the university was closed. He was married to his wife Marina d'Haese Boudart. They were avid world travelers and had a daughter and three sons.

References

External links

 Ricardo B. Levy, Jim Dumesic, James A. Cusumano, and Enrique Iglesia, "Michel Boudart", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2017)

Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Princeton University faculty
Princeton University alumni
American chemical engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1924 births
2012 deaths
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Bund Blasting Device. The DRDO Bund Blasting Device (BBD) is a portable embankment blasting device that was developed by the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in India. The device is designed for the controlled demolition of bunds or earthen embankments.

Design 
The Bund Blasting Device consists of a hollow charge initiation device and a main high-explosive (HE) filled projectile that is attached to a rocket motor. The hollow charge creates a pilot hole in the embankment, and the HE-filled projectile enters the hole and detonates, creating a large crater that lowers the height of the embankment.

Testing and Development 
In August 2014, the DRDO completed user-assisted technical trials of the Bund Blasting Device Mk.II. The tests were conducted by the Army's 120 Engineering Regiment at the Ramgarh range, and the new version of the device was found to be twice as effective as the Mk.I version, requiring only half the number of devices to achieve the same result. Before the Bund Blasting Device Mk.II can be deemed operational and handed over to military forces and production agencies, additional tests are scheduled to be conducted.

Use 
The Bund Blasting Device is expected to be used by the Indian military for the controlled demolition of bunds and earthen embankments.

References

Indian Army
Military equipment of India
Defence Research and Development Organisation
TWIP steel. Twinning-Induced Plasticity steel which is also known as TWIP steel is a class of austenitic steels which can deform by both glide of individual dislocations and mechanical twinning on the {1 1 1}γ<1 1 >γ system.
They have outstanding mechanical properties at room temperature combining high strength (ultimate tensile strength of up to 800 MPa) and ductility (elongation to failure up to 100%) based on a high work-hardening capacity. TWIP steels have mostly high content in Mn (above 20% in weight %) and small additions of elements such C (<1 wt.%), Si (<3 wt.%), or Al (<3 wt.%). The steels have low stacking fault energy (between 20 and 40 mJ/m2) at room temperature. Although the details of the mechanisms controlling strain-hardening in TWIP steels are still unclear, the high strain-hardening is commonly attributed to the reduction
of the dislocation mean free path with the increasing fraction of deformation twins as these are considered to be strong obstacles
to dislocation glide. Therefore, a quantitative study of deformation twinning in TWIP steels is critical to understand their strain-hardening mechanisms and mechanical properties. Deformation twinning can be considered as a nucleation and growth process. Twin growth is assumed to proceed by co-operative movement of Shockley partials on subsequent {111} planes.

History 
First steel based on plasticity induced by mechanical twinning was found in 1998 which had strength of 800 MPa with a total elongation of above 85%. These values vary with deformation temperature, strain rate and chemical composition.

Researchers have shown that increased work hardening attributed to the partitioning of the austenite grains is the main contributing factor to the overall elongation of TWIP steels in which the mechanical strain of twinning have a rather small contribution.

Compositions 
TWIP steels usually contain large concentrations of Mn because it is crucial to preserve the austenitic structure based on the ternary system of Fe-Mn-Al  and control Stacking Fault Energy (SFE) of the Iron-based alloys.

The addition of aluminium to Fe-high Mn TWIP steels is because it increases SFE significantly and therefore stabilizes the austenite against phase transformations which can occur in the Fe-Mn alloys during deformation. Furthermore, it strengthens the austenite by solid-solution hardening.

Properties 

Austenitic steels are used widely in many applications because of their excellent
strength and ductility combined with good wear and corrosion resistance. High-Mn TWIP steels are attractive for automotive applications due to their high energy absorption, which is more than twice that of conventional high strength steels, and high stiffness which can improve the crash safety.

See also 
 TRIP steel

References 

Steel
Wehrlite. Wehrlite is an ultramafic and ultrabasic rock that is a mixture of olivine and clinopyroxene. It is a subdivision of the peridotites.

The nomenclature allows up to a few percent of orthopyroxene. Accessory minerals include ilmenite, chromite, magnetite and an aluminium-bearing mineral (plagioclase, spinel or garnet).

Wehrlites occur as mantle xenoliths and in ophiolites. Another occurrence is as cumulate in gabbro and norite layered intrusions. Some meteorites can also be classified as wehrlites (e.g. NWA 4797).

Wehrlite is named after Alois Wehrle. He was born 1791 in Kroměříž, Czech Republic (then Kremsier in Mähren) and was a professor at the "Ungarische Bergakademie" (Hungarian Mining School) in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia (then Schemnitz, Kingdom of Hungary).

References

Ultramafic rocks
Lammas Ecovillage. Lammas Ecovillage (Welsh: Tir-y-Gafel) is a low-impact, off-grid ecovillage in Glandwr, near Crymych in Pembrokeshire, West Wales, comprising nine households and a community hub on a  site. Buildings are constructed of natural materials and energy obtained from renewable sources. Planning permission took some years to obtain, but has established a replicable template for similar future developments in Wales.

Development
The project was the first ecovillage in the UK to attain prospective planning permission, and this was achieved in 2009 after a three-year planning campaign culminating in a public hearing. The project had applied under an innovative local planning policy designed to support low-impact development. The policy required residents to live a sustainable lifestyle and substantially support themselves from land-based livelihood.

Concept
The ecovillage is centered on a Community Hub, from which courses, conferences and open days are run. It was constructed using local timber, straw bale insulation and locally sourced aggregate as well as incorporating various green technologies (such as a masonry stove, passive solar heating and a wood-fired kitchen). Funding for the Community Hub came from the Department of Energy and Climate Change.

The project has been designed as a replicable template - with each household purchasing a 1000-year agricultural lease from the organisation which provides them with autonomy and security. Each household has access to approximately  of land from which they derive food, fuel and income. One resident utilises permaculture techniques for managing the land, and electricity is generated by solar panels and a micro hydro turbine.

The nine smallholdings demonstrate a range of natural building techniques though there have been challenges over compliance with building regulations which led to some of the residents being taken to court by Pembrokeshire County Council. These issues have since been resolved.

The site is listed by RCAHMW and featured on Channel 4's Grand Designs, Series 17, Episode 6 in 2016.

Post-establishment
Since Lammas, the Welsh Government introduced a national low-impact policy, "One Planet Development", which creates a framework for land-based smallholdings and ecovillage projects to be established in Wales.

One house, built at a cost of £27,000 over several years, was destroyed by fire in January 2018, with a total re-build estimate of £500,000. The house was not insured as construction had not been completed.

See also 
 Diggers and Dreamers
 Low-impact development (UK)

References

Further reading 
 Chris Bird, Local Sustainable Homes, Transition Books, 2010, p71 - 74

External links
Official website

Sustainable buildings in the United Kingdom
Sustainability in Wales
Villages in Pembrokeshire
Ecovillages
FNSS Kunduz. Kunduz or AZMİM (short for ) is a Turkish tracked amphibious combat engineering armoured bulldozer.

History
The Kunduz was developed and produced in less than four-years work for the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) by the Turkish company FNSS Defence Systems. The prototype was delivered to the TSK on January 11, 2013 in Ankara. AZMİM will be operated to move earth, clear terrain obstacles, cut steep slopes and stabilize stream banks for easy river crossing of combat vehicles during Turkish Army's amphibious warfare.

The contract to develop the armoured amphibious bulldozer was signed on March 10, 2009 between the Ministry of National Defence and the FNSS. The project, which began to develop on June 15, 2009, foresees the production of twelve units until the end of 2013. The first was delivered on January 11, 2013.

Specifications
AZMİM has two crew, one operator and one attendant. It is capable of shoveling, smoothing, hauling and excavating. Tests showed that it is resistant to land mines and armour-piercing shot and shell. AZMİM is equipped with daylight camera system, night vision device, multi-purpose LED display and air conditioner. The tracked vehicle can accompany other military combat vehicles without the need of a carrier thanks to its max. speed of . Two installed pump-jets enable the amphibious bulldozer to conduct a 360 degrees turning movement in rip current waters.

Operators

References

Bulldozers
Amphibious military vehicles
Military engineering vehicles
Tracked armoured fighting vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of Turkey
Post–Cold War military equipment of Turkey
Military vehicles of Turkey
Kunduz
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Commonwealth Railways NJ class. The NJ class are a class of diesel locomotive built in 1971 by Clyde Engineering, Granville for the Commonwealth Railways for use on the Central Australia Railway.

History
In 1969, Commonwealth Railways ordered six single-cab NJ class locomotives from Clyde Engineering for use on the narrow gauge  Central Australia Railway between Marree and Alice Springs. They hauled freight trains as and The Ghan. Built at Clyde Engineering's Granville factory, they featured many components from the company's new Kelso factory. Their cab was similar to that of the New South Wales 422 class locomotives that had recently been built.

In July 1975, all were included in the transfer of Commonwealth Railways to Australian National. Following the closure of the Central Australian Railway in December 1980 and their unsuitability for conversion to standard gauge, Australian National transferred them to its former Port Lincoln Division on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. After a few teething problems, the class settled down and were employed hauling grain and gypsum services.

All six were sold with Australian National's South Australian operations to Australian Southern Railroad in August 1997 and renumbered as the 1600 class. Some were transferred to Australian Railroad Group to operate services in Western Australia. With the splitting up of Australian Railroad Group, two passed to Aurizon in February 2006 and four to Genesee & Wyoming Australia in June 2006.

In January 2015, the two Aurizon units were exported to Durban, South Africa.

In early 2019, 1604 (formerly NJ 4) was scrapped following a shunting accident at Cummins, South Australia in 2013. 1603 led the last GWA grain train to Cummins on 31 May 2019.

The owner of the remaining three NJs, GWA was rebranded to One Rail Australia in February 2020 when G&W sold their share of the company. ORA sent 1603 to Port Augusta for overhaul in June 2022, but this overhaul was stopped following Aurizon's takeover of ORA the following month. As of 2023, 1601 and 1606 are working at Thevenard on gypsum trains.

Names
NJ1 was named after prime minister Ben Chifley, a former locomotive driver from Bathurst, near Kelso where many of the locomotives' components were manufactured. As of 2020, the locomotive unofficially carried the name "Thevenard" on the side of the locomotive cab, possibly reflecting the change to gypsum-only traffic for the motive power of the former South Australian Railways Port Lincoln Division.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Aurizon diesel locomotives
Clyde Engineering locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Commonwealth Railways diesel locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Western Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1971
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
SS Mormachawk (1942). SS Mormachawk was a United States cargo vessel and troop ship during the Second World War operated by Moore-McCormack Lines as agents of the War Shipping Administration (WSA) from completion 14 December 1942 until placed in reserve after the war September 1946. The ship remained in the Columbia River reserve fleet at Astoria, Oregon until sold for scrapping in 1964.

Construction
Mormachawk was built in 1942 by Consolidated Steel Corp., in the Wilmington yard completed 14 December 1942 grossing 6,711 tons. The ship, a standard ship type C1-B and completed as a troop transport, was the first launched from Consolidated's new Wilmington yard sponsored by Eleanor H. Van Valey, secretary to Admiral Emory Land, Chairman of the U.S. Maritime Commission and Administrator of the War Shipping Administration. This ship was Moore-McCormack Lines' second of the name as the earlier type C2 ship of the same name had been acquired by the United States Navy as  in 1940.

Operation
Mormachawk operated under the War Shipping Administration (WSA) by agents. She was acquired by WSA upon completion on 14 December 1942. During World War II the ship operated in the Pacific as a cargo and troop transport operating from the South Pacific to Alaska.

On February 27, 1943 Mormachawk carried the United States 44th Naval Construction Battalion or the "44th Seabees" on their first mission to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. They arrived on March 18, crossing the equator on March 7.

The ship transported an advance party of one officer and 86 men of Company "B", 5th Special Naval Construction Battalion, from  Dutch Harbor to Adak sailing on 21 July. The 8th Naval Construction Battalion, after completing work in the Aleutian Islands begun in July 1942, returned from Dutch Harbor aboard Mormachawk, leaving Dutch Harbor 8 Aug 1943 and arriving in Seattle, Washington on the 13th.

Postwar disposal
On 3 September 1946 the Mormachawk was returned to United States Maritime Commission and placed in the Columbia River reserve fleet at Astoria, Oregon. As part of the modifications from cargo to troop transport the ship had cement ballast permanently installed; 350 tons (317,515 kg) in #2 hold and 114 tons (103,419 kg) in #3 hold. On 21 December 1951 the ship had been recommended for scrap due to the $530,000 cost of reconversion to cargo use. Under an award of 7 January 1964 to Zidell Explorations, Inc. the ship was delivered for scrapping 12 March 1964 from the reserve fleet at Astoria, Oregon.

References

1942 ships
Ships built in Los Angeles
Troop ships of the War Shipping Administration
Type C1-B ships