omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Radioplane OQ-17. The Radioplane OQ-17 was a target drone produced by the Radioplane Company for the United States Army Air Forces and, as the TD4D/KDR Quail, the United States Navy. Suffering from an unreliable engine, the OQ-17 production run was cut short in favor of the OQ-19.

Design and development
As the end of World War II approached, the U.S. Army Air Forces issued a requirement for a new target drone to replace the Radioplane OQ-2 family of drones, with higher performance to better simulate the improved capabilities of combat aircraft. The RP-18, designed by Radioplane's Reginald Denny in response, was of all-metal construction, with a high-mounted wing and conventional empennage. Power was supplied by a Righter O-45 four-cylinder horizontially-opposed engine, and launch was via catapult. Control was maintained through conventional radio control, while if the drone was not shot down by the gunners using it for training, it could be recovered via an onboard parachute. It was claimed that the OQ-17 could perform any maneuver that an ordinary fighter aircraft could.

Operational history
Evaluation of the RP-18 began in March 1945; following trials, the U.S. Army Air Forces ordered the drone into production in February 1946, designating it OQ-17. The U.S. Navy also ordered the drone; it had been evaluated as the XTD4D-1, but before entering service the production TD4D-1 was given the new designation of KDR-1 Quail.

Production of the OQ-17 and KDR was terminated after 430 aircraft had been completed, as persistent reliability issues with the O-45 engine could not be overcome; the Radioplane OQ-19 was ordered as a replacement.

Variants and operators
 RP-18 - Original prototype version.
 XOQ-17 - U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) designation for testbed RP-18s.
 OQ-17 - USAAF; production version of XOQ-17.
 XTD4D-1 - U.S. Navy (USN) designation for testbed RP-18s.
 TD4D-1 - USN; original designation for production version of XTD4D-1
 KDR-1 - USN; definitive designation for production version of XTD4D-1.
 KDR-2 - USN; KDR-1 with structural improvements.

Specifications

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography

 
 
 

OQ-017
1940s United States special-purpose aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Target drones
SS Alanson B. Houghton. SS Alanson B. Houghton was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Alanson B. Houghton, the vice president and later president of Corning Glass Works, a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York (1919–1922), the United States Ambassador to Germany (1922–1925), United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1925–1929), and a member of the Jekyll Island Club.

Construction
Alanson B. Houghton was laid down on 19 January 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2293, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. H.R. Pratt, she was launched on 14 March 1944.

History
She was allocated to American South African Lines, Inc., on 15 April 1944. On 14 October 1949, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in Mobile, Alabama. On 28 October 1971, she was sold, along with 13 other ships, for $513,000 to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet 25 October 1972.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1944 ships
Mobile Reserve Fleet
SS Samuel G. French. SS Samuel G. French was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Samuel G. French, a United States Military Academy graduate in 1843, he obtained the rank of Captain in the US Army and was a veteran of the Mexican–American War. French joined the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and rose to the rank of Major General.

Construction
Samuel G. French was laid down on 31 January 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2294, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Miss Ada French, granddaughter of namesake, she was launched on 21 March 1944.

History
She was allocated to Oliver J. Olson & Company, on 22 April 1944. On 25 May 1946, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in the Hudson River Group. On 25 November 1946, she was sold to the Netherlands for $549,890.31 for commercial use and renamed Egmond. After going through several more owners she was scrapped in Castellon, Spain, in 1971.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1944 ships
Hudson River Reserve Fleet
SS Thomas LeValley. SS Thomas LeValley was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Thomas LeValley. She was transferred to the Army Transport Service (ATS) and later renamed Major General Walter R. Weaver after Major General Walter R. Weaver, a graduate of Virginia Military Institute that went on to serve in several prominent commands during World War I and World War II, in the United States Army Air Forces.

Construction
Thomas LeValley was laid down on 11 February 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2995, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. L.R. Hubbard, mother-in-law of Raymond A. Jones, she was launched on 28 March 1944.

History
She was allocated to the Army Transport Service, on 5 May 1944. She was converted at Point Clear, Alabama, into an Aircraft Repair Unit (Floating) (ARU(F)) and designated USAAFS Thomas LeValley (ARU(F)-3). The conversion added the following shops on the Liberty ship; machine, sheet metal, radiator, tank, wood, pattern, blue print, electrical, fabric and dope, paint, air-conditioned instrument and camera, radio, battery, propeller, tires and fuel cells, armament and turrets, plating, oxygen plant, radar, carburetor, and turbo-super-charger. Two LCVPs and two DUKWs were added for ship to shore transportation along with three or four Sikorsky R-4s helicopters.

The crew was given two weeks training in seamanship at the Grand Hotel in Point Clear, Alabama, on Mobile Bay. Classes included; swimming, elementary seamanship, life saving equipment, and advanced seamanship.

On 15 November 1944, Thomas LeValley sailed from Brookley Field for the Pacific. She first visited Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, before setting sail for the Panama Canal and arriving in Finschhafen, 1 January 1945.

On 21 February 1945, Thomas LeValley anchored in Lingayen Bay, and began her mission of transferring and repairing equipment from onshore. All six ARU(F)s had their names changed at the end of April 1945, from their original Liberty ship names to their new "General" names. Thomas LeValley was renamed Major General Walter R. Weaver. The United States Navy Armed Guard was withdrawn on 4 May 1945, and returned to the US for reassignment.

On 1 August 1945, Major General Walter R. Weaver transferred to Subic Bay, where she stayed until returning to the US.

On 5 March 1946, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in the James River Group, in Lee Hall, Virginia. On 27 February 1970, she was sold, along with three other ships, for $470,500 to S.P.A. Cantieri Navali, Genova, Italy, for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet on 1 May 1970.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1944 ships
James River Reserve Fleet
J A Chowdary. J A Chowdary (born 18 February 1955) is the founding director of Software Technology Parks of India at Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai. He is the current chairman of the Indian BlockChain Standards Committee, the General Partner-Succeed Innovation Fund and a former IT advisor and special chief secretary to the Chief Minister, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

J A Chowdary is leading the Fintech Forum in Hyderabad.

Early life 
Chowdary was born on 18 February 1955 in Bathalapalle, a village in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh.

He started his career at the Indian Space Research Organisation as a scientist, where he was involved in designing telemetry subsystems for Bhaskara, Rohini and Aryabhata satellites.

He worked at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), where he contributed towards developing mechanisms that would facilitate online monitoring of pollution levels, and process control instruments for BHEL power stations.

Chowdary has an M.Tech in solid state electronics from Indian Institute of Technology Madras and an M.Sc from SK University.

Roles in IT and business 
In the 1990s. Chowdary was credited as "one of the key architects" of the HITEC City and Cyberabad in Hyderabad and in founding International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad at Hyderabad and IIDT at Tirupati.

Chowdary is a co-founder of PortalPlayer which was acquired by Nvidia in 2007. He led the development of the chip that went into the first generation of iPod. He is also a co-founder and board member at Hyderabad Angels.

Chowdary has been in the roles of chairman of the Industry Development Forum for Andhra Pradesh, co-chairman of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (Telangana and Andhra Pradesh), president of the Anantapur Development Initiative Foundation and president of the Food 360 Foundation.

Awards and honours 
Chowdary has won: 

 "Meritorious Invention Award" from NRDC, Government of India,
 HMA Award of excellence "for promoting the Indian IT Industry",
 HYSEA Award of excellence "for promoting the IT industry in Andhra Pradesh" and in 2020 HYSEA awarded him "Life Time Achievement Award" too
 Award of excellence from the Telugu Association of the state of Texas in the United States.

See also 
Fintech Valley Vizag

References

External links 
Official website

1955 births
Living people
IIT Madras alumni
Businesspeople in software
20th-century Indian businesspeople
Fluorescence biomodulation. Fluorescence biomodulation is a form of photobiomodulation, which utilizes fluorescence energy to induce multiple transduction pathways that can modulate biological processes through the activation of photoacceptors found within many different cell and tissue types. According to Magalhães and Yoshimura, photoacceptors are molecules that do not explicitly specialize in light absorption but possess the ability to do so in the presence of light which in turn can enhance their functioning.

To generate fluorescence, specialized light absorbing molecules (chromophores) are employed to translate light energy into a high-energy emission of fluorescence through a mechanism known as stokes shift. Fluorescence biomodulation differs from photobiomodulation in that it employs fluorescence as a photo vehicle to induce biomodulation. Fluorescence, as generated by chromophores, is displayed as a broad spectral distribution of wavelengths and/or frequencies which can be controlled to penetrate tissues to various degrees. Tailoring fluorescence biomodulation allows compatibility between the specific emissions of fluorescence and the unique light absorbing characteristics of different cell and tissue types in the body. Shorter wavelengths (<600 nm) within the visible spectrum cannot penetrate deep into tissue and are localized within the epidermis or dermis. Conversely, longer wavelengths (>600 nm) within the visible spectrum penetrate further up into the hypodermis.

References 

Fluorescence techniques
Authorized Program Analysis Report. An APAR (Authorized Program Analysis Report) (pronounced A-PAR, rhymes with far) is an IBM designation of a document intended to identify situations that could result in potential problems. It also serves as a request for the correction of a defect in current releases of IBM-supplied programs.

The Process
"Occasionally" IBM software has a bug. 

Once it has been ascertained that the situation has not been caused by problems in third-party hardware or software or the user's configuration errors, IBM support staff, if they suspect that a defect in a current release of an IBM program is the cause, will file a formal report confirming the existence of an issue. In addition to confirming the existence of an issue, APARs include information on known workarounds, information on whether a formal fix is scheduled to be included in future releases, and whether or not a Program Temporary Fix (PTF) is planned.

Documenting the problem
IBM has a program to facilitate documenting the problem.

Solution levels
There are at least 2 levels of fix:
 The APAR may result in "an APAR fix."
 a permanent correction called a PTF. whereas the PTF "is a tested APAR... The PTF 'closes' the  APAR." Prior to that, an APAR is "a problem with an IBM program that is formally tracked until a solution is provided.”

A PTF is a permanent correction with respect to the VRM (Version, Release, Modification) level of the product to which it is applicable, and is a temporary fix in the sense that the problem correction will temporarily be available as a permanent fix, and later will be incorporated into the product base code, and will thereby no longer be a fix, although the associated PTF and/or APAR numbers will, as a rule, be included in the source documentation associated with the ensuing base code update.

System Improvement/Difficulty Report
SIDR was Xerox's acronym, covering APAR and PTF.

The acronym referred to: System Improvement / Difficulty Report.

System Improvement Request
SIR (System Improvement Request) is a terminology that Digital Equipment Corporation used, much as Xerox used SIDR.

See also
 List of IBM products

References

IBM software
Software maintenance
IBM mainframe operating systems
Valby Maskinfabrik. Valby Maskinfabrik is a former industrial site now under conversion into a mixed-use neighbourhood in the Valby district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located at the corner of Vigerslev Allé and Gammel Køge Landevej.

History

F.L. Smidth was founded by Frederik Læssøe Smidth in 1882 and the company was initially based in his mother's house in Frederiksberg. In 1898 the company acquired a circa 25 ha area south of the village of Valby to build its own machine factory. The site was used for manufacturing machinery for the concrete industry. In 1950, it was the workplace of 2,000 workers. The area was decommissioned as a manufacturing site in the early 1990s. De Forenede Ejendomsselskaber acquired most of the site in 2001.

Redevelopment
The masterplan for the area was designed by Arkitema Architects. It comprises approximately 1,200 apartments and 40,000 square metres of office space.

Street names
Streets in the area are named after Danish actors and actresses. Names include:
 Axel Strøbyes Vej  after Axel Strøbye
 Bodil Ipsens Vej  after Bodil Ipsen
 Buster Larsens Vej  after Buster Larsen
 Clara Pontoppidans Vej after Clara Pontoppidan
 Ebbe Rodes Allé  after Ebbe Rode
 Ib Schønbergs Allé  after Ib Schønberg
 Karin Nellemoses Vej after Karin Nellemose
 Kirsten Walthers Vej after Kirsten Walther
 Lily Brobergs Vej  after Lily Broberg
 Lise Ringheims Vej after  Lise Ringheim
 Poul Bundgaards Vej after Poul Bundgaard 
 Poul Reichhardts Vej  after Poul Reichhardt
 Tove Maës Vej  after Tove Maës

Transport
Valby station is located just north of the area. Vigerslev Allé station is located approximately 500 metres to the west of the area and Ny Ellebjerg station is located approximately 900 metres to the south of the area.

References

External links 

 Official website
 Valby Maskinfabrik at DBS' website

Maskinfabrik
Erbil Polytechnic University. Erbil Polytechnic University (, ) is a public polytechnic university in Erbil, Kurdistan founded in 1996. The university is recognized by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Kurdistan Regional Government.

Colleges and Institutes

Colleges
Erbil Administrative Technical College
Erbil Engineering Technical College
Hawler Health Technical College

Institutes
Choman Technical Institute
Erbil Administrative Technical Institute
Erbil Medical Technical Institute
Erbil Technology Institute
Khabat Technical Institute
Koya Technical Institute
Shaqlawa Technical Institute
Soran Technical Institute

See also
 List of universities in Iraq

References

External links

Official website  
Official website 

Erbil
Universities and colleges established in 1996
Education in Iraq
Educational organizations based in Iraq
1996 establishments in Iraq
Concern Morinformsystem-Agat. Concern Morinformsystem-Agat is a Russian joint stock company that engages in the development and production of integrated structures for the military-industrial sector in the Russian Federation and internationally. The original company was established in 1942 as a Special Design Bureau (SDB) of the People's Commissariat of the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR.

Morinformsystem-Agat manufactures equipment and instruments for warships. Scientific Production Association Agat is the core company of the concern.

Its products include the Klub-S and Klub-N missile fire-control systems, Bal-E missile systems, MR-123 and Puma (5P-10) artillery systems, and radar stations such as the Predel-E coastal over-the-horizon radar system.

Direction of activity 
The Concern is engaged in the development, production, warranty service, modernization, repair and disposal of integrated multifunctional ship control systems, integrated automation tools for controlling naval forces, control systems for marine missile and artillery complexes, combat information and control systems for surface ships and submarines, shipboard automated mine action control systems, shipboard unified computing machines, training complexes, multifunctional ship-based and shore-based radar systems, means of joint use of weapons and fire indication, shipboard and coastal missile systems, as well as sonar systems.

Directors 
General Director — General Designer M. Y. Khramov

References

External links
  

Defence companies of Russia
Russian companies established in 2004
manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Government-owned companies of Russia
Holding companies of Russia
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Pi electron donor-acceptor. The pEDA parameter (pi electron donor-acceptor) is a pi-electron substituent effect scale, described also as mesomeric or resonance effect. There is also a complementary scale - sEDA. The more positive is the value of pEDA the more pi-electron donating is a substituent. The more negative pEDA, the more pi-electron withdrawing is the substituent (see the table below).

The pEDA parameter for a given substituent is calculated by means of quantum chemistry methods. The model molecule is the monosubstituted benzene. First the geometry should be optimized at a suitable model of theory, then the natural population analysis within the framework of Natural Bond Orbital theory is performed. The molecule have to be oriented in such a way that the aromatic benzene ring is perpendicular to the z-axis. Then, the 2pz orbital occupations of ring carbon atoms are summed up to give the total pi- occupation. From this value the sum of pi-occupation for unsubstituted benzene (value close to 6 in accord to Huckel rule) is subtracted resulting in original pEDA parameter. For pi-electron donating substituents like -NH2, OH or -F the pEDA parameter is positive, and for pi-electron withdrawing substituents like -NO2, -BH2 or -CN the pEDA is negative.

The pEDA scale was invented by Wojciech P. Oziminski and Jan Cz. Dobrowolski and the details are available in the original paper.

The pEDA scale linearly correlates with experimental substituent constants like Taft-Topsom σR parameter.

For easy calculation of pEDA the free of charge for academic purposes written in Tcl program with graphical user interface AromaTcl is available.

Sums of pi-electron occupations and pEDA parameter for substituents of various character are gathered in the following table:

References 

Chemical bond properties
Organic chemistry
Quantum chemistry
COBRA (radar). COBRA COunter Battery RAdar is a Counter-battery radar system developed jointly by Thales, Airbus Defence and Space and Lockheed Martin for the French, British and German Armed Forces. It is a mobile Active electronically scanned array 3D radar based on a wheeled  chassis for the purpose of enemy field artillery acquisition.

There are believed to be about 20,000 Gallium arsenide integrated circuits in each antenna. This enables the equipment to produce the locations of multiple enemy artillery at extremely long ranges, and the radar is able to cope with saturation type bombardments. In addition there is a high degree of automated software, with high speed circuitry and secure data transmission to escape detection from enemy electronic countermeasures.

For the COBRA mid-life upgrade (2024+) an inertial navigation system from iMAR Navigation is used.

Operators

Current operators 

  (10)
 10 purchased
  (9)
 12 purchased, one donated to Ukraine in 2022, 2 sold to Turkey.

  (5 donated by the UK)
 The radars were donated by the UK in 2016, when the Army decided that the system was redundant with the Saab ARTHUR.

  (4)
 In 2017, the German government approved the export of COBRA radars to Saudi Arabia.

  (2)
 Radars purchased from Germany in 2007.

  (1)
 In May 2022, it was reported that Ukraine had requested 40 COBRA systems from Germany amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. One COBRA system was delivered later in September 2022.

  (3)
 3 ordered in 2009

Former operator 

  
 7 purchased, 5 donated to Jordan.

See also 
 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar
 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar
 Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
 Aistyonok

References

Ground radars
Weapon locating radar
Counter-battery radars
Warning systems
Oasis effect. The oasis effect refers to the creation of a local microclimate that is cooler than the surrounding dry area due to evaporation or evapotranspiration of a water source or plant life and higher albedo of plant life than bare ground. The oasis effect is so-named because it occurs in desert oases. Urban planners can design a city's layout to optimize the oasis effect to combat the urban heat island effect. Since it depends on evaporation, the oasis effect differs by season.

Causes 
An oasis contains moisture from a water source and/or plants. When that water evaporates or transpirates, heat from the surroundings is used to convert liquid to gas in an endothermic process, which results in cooler local temperatures. Moreover, vegetation has a higher albedo than bare ground, and reflects more sunlight, leading to lower land temperatures, lower air temperatures, and a cooler local microclimate.

Seasonal effects 
The oasis effect occurs most prominently during the summer because warmer temperatures lead to more evaporation. In the winter, the oasis effect operates differently. Instead of making the oasis cooler, the oasis effect makes it warmer at night. This occurs through the fact that trees block heat from leaving the land. Basically, radiation cannot be emitted back into the atmosphere because the trees intercept and absorb it.

Urban planning 
The oasis effect plays a role in urban development because plants and bodies of water result in cooler cities. Accordingly, cities with parks will have lower temperatures because plants have higher albedo than bare ground or roads. Areas with higher albedo reflect more light than they absorb, leading to cooler temperatures. Normally, cities are hotter than their suburbs due to dense population, dark buildings and roads, and pollution; this is known as the urban heat island effect. However, by careful placement of trees, parks, and plant life, cities can create their own oasis effect. By maintaining plant life throughout a city, urban planners can produce an oasis effect to counter the urban heat island effect; even a small scattering of trees can significantly reduce local temperatures. However, concerns can arise in arid regions with limited water sources where city planners may not want to leave water sources out in the open to evaporate, and may not want to sacrifice water for upkeep of plants.

See also 
Urban climate
Water-sensitive urban design
Green roof
Oasis
Evaporative Cooling

References

Climate patterns
Hydrogeology
Hydrology
Meteorological concepts