omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hellenic Electric Railways. The Hellenic Electric Railways (, ) was a private owned company member of British company "Power and Traction Company Ltd" which operated and extended the present Line 1 of the Athens Metro, from 14 April 1926 to 31 December 1975.

The company was nationalised and replaced by the Athens–Piraeus Electric Railways, on 1 January 1976: that company was later absorbed by STASY on 17 June 2011.

History
 

In 1926 the SAP S.A. was bought by the Power and Traction Finance Ltd and renamed as the Hellenic Electric Railways. In 1926 the sister company Ilektriki Etaireia Metaforon or H.E.M., also part of Power Group, took over the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Lavrion Square-Strofyli railway. This line was eventually converted to standard gauge, double track and became an extension of the existing line, reaching Attiki in 1948 and Kifissia in 1958.

References

Transport in Athens
Defunct railway companies of Greece
Railway companies established in 1926
Rail transport in Attica
1926 establishments in Greece
Greek companies established in 1926
Nehr-e-Khayyam. Nehr-e-Khayyam (Urdu: نہر خیام), situated in Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan, is a water channel originally constructed as a storm drain.

Features and location
Roughly 10-feet-deep, the channel is approximately two and a half kilometer in length, half exposed to the open air while the other half is covered, overbuilt by road and buildings.  Stretching from Bank Road at Khayaban-e-Iqbal to Khyaban-e-Saadi, the channel is linked with the sea, connecting through Boat Basin.
The water flow of Nehr-e-Khayyam is bidirectional: during low tide, water moves from the land to the sea, while during high tide, it reverses course, flowing from the sea back to the land.

Development
Despite its original purpose of draining rainwater into the sea, and first plans as a 'recreational zone' in the 1970s, Nehr-e-Khayyam has, over the decades, become a focal point of urban interest for environmental reasons. The channel is plagued by heavy pollution, filled with garbage and sewage, a stark contrast to its location in the densely populated and upscale neighbourhood of Clifton.
Numerous efforts have been made to address the pollution and enhance the aesthetic appeal of the area.
However, these endeavors have been marred by challenges such as broken contracts, unclear responsibilities, and financial discrepancies, resulting in unresolved legal disputes awaiting adjudication in courts.
Beyond issues of pollution and degraded water quality, scientific studies have highlighted the pervasive presence of bacteria within the channel, all of which eventually flow through the Chinna Creek into the Arabian Sea.

References

See also

 History of water supply and sanitation
 Sanitation

Karachi
Water pollution in Pakistan
Geography of Karachi
Janzen–Rayleigh expansion. In fluid dynamics, Janzen–Rayleigh expansion represents a regular perturbation expansion using the relevant mach number as the small parameter of expansion for the velocity field that possess slight compressibility effects. The expansion was first studied by O. Janzen in 1913 and Lord Rayleigh in 1916.

Steady potential flow
Consider a steady potential flow that is characterized by the velocity potential  Then  satisfies

where , the sound speed is expressed as a function of the velocity magnitude  For a polytropic gas, we can write

where  is the specific heat ratio,  is the stagnation sound speed (i.e., the sound speed in a gas at rest) and  is the stagnation enthalpy. Let  be the characteristic velocity scale and  is the characteristic value of the sound speed, then the function  is of the form

where  is the relevant Mach number. 

For small Mach numbers, we can introduce the series

Substituting this governing equation and collecting terms of different orders of  leads to a set of equations. These are

and so on. Note that  is independent of  with which the latter quantity appears in the problem for .

Imai–Lamla method
A simple method for finding the particular integral for  in two dimensions was devised by Isao Imai and Ernst Lamla. In two dimensions, the problem can be handled using complex analysis by introducing the complex potential  formally regarded as the function of  and its conjugate ; here  is the stream function, defined such that

where  is some reference value for the density. The perturbation series of  is given by

where  is an analytic function since  and , being solutions of the Laplace equation, are harmonic functions. The integral for the first-order problem leads to the Imai–Lamla formula

where  is the homogeneous solution (an analytic function), that can be used to satisfy necessary boundary conditions. The series for the complex velocity potential  is given by

where  and

References

Fluid dynamics
F-WUAB. F-WUAB (later known as F-OCAZ) is an Airbus A300B1 that was built by Airbus as the first prototype of the Airbus A300 and is known to be the first Airbus A300 ever built.

History

Construction and first flight 

The aircraft was assembled at Airbus's Aérospatiale facility based in Toulouse, Occitania, France as the first Airbus A300 aircraft ever built, the prototype aircraft took its first flight on October 28th, 1972.

The aircraft had recorded a maximum take-off weight of  and was powered by two General Electric CF6-50A engines.

The Airbus A300B1 type had set several records, including being the first wide-body airliner powered by twin engines, the first commercial aircraft constructed of composite materials, and the first to use center-of-gravity control. It was also the first Extended Operations (ETOPS) compliant aircraft in 1977. The F-WUAB could accommodate 300 passengers in flight.

The aircraft remained as a testbed with its registration F-WUAB until September 1973 when Airbus Industries had reregistered the aircraft as F-OCAZ.

Preservation 

The aircraft was retired on August 27th, 1974, after only two years of service as a testbed by Airbus Industries and the aircraft was partially scrapped, but some parts were salvaged and placed on display at the Deutsches Museum based in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The parts that were salvaged from the breaker's yard included a fuselage section, the right-hand wing, and an engine.

References

Further reading

External links 
 Airbus A300B1 - Aero Corner
 Airbus A300
Li Junxian (chemist). Li Junxian (; 10 March 1928 – 20 March 2024) was a Chinese chemist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Li was a representative of the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

Early life and career
Li was born into a family of farming background in Meishan County (now Meishan), Sichuan, on 10 March 1928. In 1947, he enrolled at National Central Technical College (now Chengdu Textile College), where he majored in chemical engineering.

After graduating in 1950, he became deputy director of Pilot Plant at Shenyang Chemical Research Institute of Northeast Chemical Bureau. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in June 1956. He studied at the Russian Language Training Class of the  between June 1956 and July 1957. He was transferred to the Beijing Institute of Chemical Engineering in January 1958 and eventually becoming director of the Research Room in January 1960. In June 1966, he was appointed chief engineer of Qinghai Liming Chemical Plant (later was reshuffled as ), and served until October 1992. He also served as president from July 1979 to May 1983.

Personal life and death 
Li married Ding Dayun () in 1959. On 20 March 2024, Li died of heart failure in Luoyang, Henan, at the age of 96.

Honours and awards
 1989 State Technological Invention Award (Third Class) for the synthesis process of high-purity unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine by chloramine method
 1995 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for the research on liquid unit based propellants such as Yutu-3
 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

1928 births
2024 deaths
People from Meishan
Engineers from Sichuan
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
Deaths from congestive heart failure
IRIS Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. IRIS Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis is an Iranian missile corvette with hull number PC313-01. It is the lead ship of the  of missile corvettes. It is the third indigenous high-aspect-ratio twin-hull (HARTH) class of vessel unveiled on 6 January 2024 in Bandar Abbas by Iran after the Shahid Nazeri class commissioned in 2016 and  commissioned in 2022. The lead ship is named after Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis who was the former deputy head of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Units, and was assassinated alongside Qasem Soleimani in the US drone strike on 3 January 2020. Like the other 2twoclass of ships, this ship is also in service with IRGC.

Design 
Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, like the s profits from a catamaran design and features stealth capabilities, aimed at eluding enemy detection, but is half the size of the latter. The special design of the missile boat makes it difficult for enemy radar and reconnaissance systems to detect its presence in the waters. Unlike the other two HARTH classes in service with IRGC, this ship lacks proper aviation facility and can only handle VTOL unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

References

External links 
 Iranian Navy Inducts Indigenous Stealth Missile Warship The Defense Post

Corvettes of Iran
Ships of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Military catamarans
Icaroscope. An icaroscope is a telescope-like nonlinear optical device that enables viewing of both very bright and dark objects in the same image simultaneously. The problem the icaroscope was designed to solve was observing enemy aircraft approaching with the sun behind them, when the bright sun in a clear sky dazzles the observer and masks aircraft near the sun's disc. In the icaroscope, the scene is not viewed directly; instead it is briefly projected onto a screen coated with a special phosphor, and this screen is then shown to the viewer. The specific silver-activated zinc-cadmium sulphide phosphor has a short afterglow even in areas saturated by the full brightness of the sun. By rapidly exposing the phosphor, allowing it to decay for around 5 ms, and showing it to the viewer, the effect is to attenuate the brightness of the sun's disc by about 500 times, allowing details near it to be clearly seen. The icaroscope repeats this process at a rate of 90 Hz, permitting continuous observation.

Development of the icaroscope was carried out during the Second World War at the Institute of Optics by Brian O'Brien, Franz Urbach, and other researchers. The device is named for Icarus, the mythological figure known for flying too close to the sun.

References

Nonlinear optics
Science and technology during World War II
Telescope types
GNUKhata. Gnukhata is India-made Free Software accounting software. It was developed by Krishnakant Mane, an visually-challenged computer engineer . It is based on the double-entry bookkeeping system.

About the software 

GNUKhata is developed by the visually challenged software professional Krishnakant Mane (45) who has stressed his goal "to make technology work for the underprivileged" through the Digital Freedom Foundation which he founded. GNUKhata has been described as "an [Indian-focussed] accounting and inventory software".

Ankush Das, writing in ITSFOSS.com, describes the product as: "GNU Khata is an accounting tool. Or shall I say a collection of accounting tools? It is like the Evernote of economy management. It is so versatile that it can be used from personal Finance management to large scale business management, from store inventory management to corporate tax works."

Developer 
 
The GNUKhata ('Khata' means accounts in Hindi and its founder is a supporter of the GNU Free Software movement) program was created by Krishnakant Mane, who is a software developer and engineer from the locality of Dadar in Mumbai, who is visually-challenged and lost his eyesight at the age of three.

References

External links 
 
 https://gnukhata.in/ 

Free software
Sibani Lisa Biswal. Sibani Lisa Biswal is an American chemical engineer, materials scientist, and academic administrator who researches the physics of colloids, surfactants, lipids, and polymers. She is the William M. McCardell professor in chemical engineering with a dual appointment as professor in materials science and nanoengineering as well as a senior associate dean in the George R. Brown School of Engineering at Rice University.

Education and career 
Biswal earned a B.S. in chemical engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1999. She received a M.S. (2001) and Ph.D. (2004) in chemical engineering from  Stanford University working with doctoral advisor Alice Gast. Her dissertation was titled, Exploring Novel Structure Formation and Mechanics of Linked Chains of Magnetic Colloidal Particles and their Application in Microfluidics. Biswal completed postdoctoral research in mechanical engineering at University of California, Berkeley from 2004 to 2006.

Biswal researches the physics of colloids, surfactants, lipids, and polymers. She joined the faculty at Rice University in 2006. Biswal was named to the William M. McCardell Professor in Chemical Engineering in 2020. The following year, she was named an associate dean in the George R. Brown School of Engineering.

Awards and recognition 
In 2007, Biwal was awarded a Young Investigator Award by the Office of Naval Research. In 2009, she won a National Science Foundation's CAREER award.

In 2023, she was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society after nomination by the society's Division of Soft Matter. The fellowship was awarded "[f]or fundamental contributions to understanding of the assembly of superparamagnetic colloids in magnetic fields, discovering mechanisms governing multiphase flows in porous media, characterizing molecular transport in lipid membranes, and developing porous silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries".

References 

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
California Institute of Technology alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Rice University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
American chemical engineers
Women chemical engineers
American materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
21st-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
American academic administrators
American women academic administrators
Dick Sandberg. Dick Sandberg (Söderhamn, Sweden; born in May 8, 1967) is a Swedish mechanical engineer and wood scientist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

He is currently the editor-in-chief at the journal Wood Material Science and Engineering, and the period 2013-2024, he was a faculty member and chair professor at the Luleå University of Technology.

Career 
He got his PhD degree in mechanical engineering, with specialization in wood technology and processing from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1998.

Afterwards, he worked as a wood specialist and manager in several wood enterprises in Sweden, and later served as a professor in forest products at Linnaeus University in Växjö. In 2015, he was elected as a chaired professor at Wood Science and Engineering division of Lulea University of Technology, in Skellefteå, where he worked until September 2024. 

His main research interests include, among others, wood material properties, scanning technology and wood machining, as well as the production systems. Until March 2024, he has published more than 300 research works in several international journals and conferences.

Recognition 
Since 2009, Sandberg has served as the editor-in-chief at the referred wood-related, scientific journal Wood Material Science and Engineering of the Taylor & Francis Group. 

In 2021, in recognition of his research work, he was elected as a fellow at the International Academy of Wood Science. In October 2023, a meta-research carried out by John Ioannidis et al. at Stanford University included Dick Sandberg in Elsevier Data 2022, where he was ranked in the top 2% of researchers of all time in wood science (forestry – materials), having a c-index of 2.9702.

In 2023, along with wood scientists Alfred Teischinger and Peter Niemz, he edited the referenced edition of Springer "Handbook of Wood Science and Technology".

References

External links 
 LTU – Wood Science and Engineering
 ResearchGate

Swedish scientists
Fellows of the International Academy of Wood Science
Wood scientists
1967 births
Living people
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Roseanna Neupauer. Roseanna Marie Neupauer is an American civil engineer specializing in groundwater modeling. She is a professor and professional engineer at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Life 
Neupauer earned a B.S. in civil engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1989. She received a S.M. in civil engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. She completed a M.S. (1999) in applied math and a Ph.D. (2000) in hydrology from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Her master's thesis was titled, A Comparison of Two Methods for Recovering the Release History of a Groundwater Contamination Source. Brian Borchers was her master's thesis academic advisor. Her dissertation was titled, Receptor-Based Modeling of Groundwater Contamination. John Wilson was her doctoral advisor. In 2018, she earned a B.A. in Spanish from the University of Colorado Boulder.

Neupauer was an assistant professor in the department of civil engineering at the University of Virginia from 2001 to 2004. In 2005, she joined the faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder where she is a professor and professional engineer. She specializes in groundwater modeling. She won the Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize in 2006. In 2023, Neupauer was elected a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

References 

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
University of Virginia faculty
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
American civil engineers
Women civil engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Robert Wetherhold. Robert C. Wetherhold is an American mechanical engineer.

Wetherhold attended the University of Delaware from 1969 to 1983, earning his undergraduate and graduate degrees before joining the University at Buffalo faculty. He was a Fulbright fellow at the University of Kaiserslautern from 1997 to 1998. In 2011, Wetherhold was elected a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He retired from the University at Buffalo in 2022.

References

Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
University at Buffalo faculty
University of Delaware alumni
American mechanical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
American expatriates in Germany
List of computer-aided engineering software. This is a list of notable computer-aided engineering software.

See also
 Computational fluid dynamics
 Finite-element analysis
 Finite element method in structural mechanics
 List of structural engineering software
 Power engineering software - software for power stations, overhead power lines, transmission towers, electrical grids, grounding, electrical substations, and Lightning
 List of discrete event simulation software - Discrete-event simulation
 List of computer algebra systems - Computer algebra system
 List of numerical-analysis software
 List of electrical engineering software
 Open Source Physics - NSF projects to promote open source code libraries for physics
 Physics Abstraction Layer - open-source physical simulation API abstraction system
 Rescale - High-performance cloud computing company to run simulations and analyses offsite
 RoboLogix - Robotics simulator
 Vehicle dynamics

References

Computer-aided engineering software
Computer-aided engineering
computer-aided engineering
1996 Abakan Ilyushin Il-76 crash. On 27 November 1996, a Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crashed near Abakan Airport, Russia, killing all 23 people onboard.
The plane was on a cargo flight from Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Airport, with a scheduled stopover at Abakan International Airport.

Aircraft 

The aircraft involved in the accident was a Russian Air Force-operated Ilyushin Il-76MD, designed by the Ilyushin Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (modern-day Uzbekistan). The Il-76 involved, registered as RA-78804, was initially made in 1989, flying for Soviet Air Forces until in 1991. The aircraft later made its way to operate with the Russian Air Force until the crash in 1996.

Crew 
The following crew members in the flight were:
 Captain: Andrei Vitalievich Berezhnoy.
 First Officer: Kirill Vladimirovich Lyapushkin.
 Flight Engineer: Andrei Georgievich Uskov
 Navigator: Dimitry Alexandrovich Kachura.
 Flight Operator: Vadim Vasilievich Belikov.
 Flight Instructor: Andrei Olegovich Yakovlev.
The following crew members were not in the cockpit:
 Reserve Captain: Victor Nickolaevich Sivokoz.
 Reserve First Officer: Alexander Nikolaevich Rybak.
 Reserve Flight Operator: Alexander Vitalievich Smirnov.
 (Tail Turret Operator) Air Gunner: Vladimir Alexandrovich Hrapak.

Crash 

Carrying an official payload of , the aircraft underwent refueling at Abakan before attempting takeoff. However, during the climb-out phase, the plane ascended with an unusually shallow climb angle, deviating from standard procedures. Instead of initiating a turn 4 km from the runway at a minimum altitude of 200 m, the aircraft continued on a straight path until reaching the designated altitude. By this point, the plane was turning towards rising terrain. The aircraft collided with a hillside 14 km beyond the runway, resulting in a fire. 23 people died instantly in impact with no survivors.

Notes

References

External Links 
 . Video also contains photos of four crew members.

 .

Aviation accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Russian Air Force
20th-century aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996
Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76