omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zinc oxide nanoparticle. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) that have diameters less than 100 nanometers. They have a large surface area relative to their size and high catalytic activity. The exact physical and chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles depend on the different ways they are synthesized. Some possible ways to produce ZnO nano-particles are laser ablation, hydrothermal methods, electrochemical depositions, sol–gel method, chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition, combustion methods, ultrasound, microwave-assisted combustion method, two-step mechanochemical–thermal synthesis, anodization, co-precipitation, electrophoretic deposition, and precipitation processes using solution concentration, pH, and washing medium. ZnO is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with an energy gap of 3.37 eV at room temperature.

ZnO nanoparticles are believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials, along with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and silicon dioxide nanoparticles.  The most common use of ZnO nanoparticles is in sunscreen. They are used because they effectively absorb ultraviolet light but possess a large enough bandgap to be completely transparent to visible light. They are also being investigated to kill harmful microorganisms in packaging, and in UV-protective materials such as textiles. Many companies do not label products that contain nanoparticles, making it difficult to make statements about production and pervasiveness in consumer products.

Since ZnO nanoparticles are a relatively new material, there is concern over the potential hazards they can cause. Because they are very tiny, nanoparticles generally can travel throughout the body, and have been shown in animal studies to penetrate the placenta, blood–brain barrier, individual cells, and their nuclei. Tissues can absorb them easily due to their size, which makes it difficult to detect them. However, human skin is an effective barrier to ZnO nanoparticles, for example, when used as a sunscreen, unless abrasions occur. ZnO nanoparticles may enter the system from accidental ingestion of small quantities when putting on sunscreen. When sunscreen is washed off, the ZnO nanoparticles can leach into runoff water and travel up the food chain. As of 2011 there were no known human illnesses resulting from any engineered nanoparticles.

See also 
 ZnO nanostructures

References 

Nanoparticles by composition
Sunscreening agents
Zinc oxide
Emma Haruka Iwao. Emma Haruka Iwao (born April 21, 1984) is a Japanese computer scientist and cloud developer advocate at Google. In 2019 Haruka Iwao calculated the then world record for most accurate value of pi (π); which included 31.4 trillion digits, exceeding the previous record of 22 trillion. This record was surpassed in 2020 by Timothy Mullican who calculated 50 trillion digits, but she reclaimed the record in 2022 with 100 trillion digits. The record was surpassed by a computer storage company in 2024, reaching roughly 105 trillion digits. She identifies as queer.

Early life and education 
As a child, Iwao became interested in pi. She was inspired by Japanese mathematicians, including Yasumasa Kanada. She studied computer science at the University of Tsukuba, where she was taught by Daisuke Takahashi. She was awarded the Dean's Award for Excellence in 2008, before starting graduate studies in computing. Her master's thesis considered high performance computer systems. After graduating, Iwao took on several software engineering positions, working on site reliability for Panasonic, GREE and Red Hat.

Career 
Iwao joined Google as a Cloud Developer Advocate in 2015. She originally worked for Google in Tokyo, before moving to Seattle in 2019. Iwao offers training in the use of the Google Cloud Platform (GCP), as well as supporting application developers. She works to make cloud computing accessible for everyone, creating online demos and teaching materials.

In March 2019 Iwao calculated the value of pi to 31,415,926,535,897 digits (Equal to ), using 170 terabytes (TB) of data. The calculation used a multithreaded program called y-cruncher using over 25 machines for 121 days.

In March 2022 she extended the world record to 100 trillion digits of pi.

See also
 Chronology of computation of π

References

Japanese women mathematicians
Japanese women computer scientists
World record holders
Living people
1984 births
University of Tsukuba alumni
Japanese LGBTQ scientists
Queer women
Queer scientists
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Google employees
Pi-related people
List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2019. This is a list of Palestinian rocket and mortar attacks on Israel in 2019. All of the attacks originated in the Gaza Strip, unless stated otherwise. This list does not include reports of deaths and injuries caused by Hamas rocket and mortar attacks that fell within Gaza.

March  
On 14 March 2019, two rockets were launched from the Gaza Strip towards Tel Aviv. The incident was the first rocket strike against Tel Aviv since the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. One rocket was intercepted by the Iron Dome.

On 25 March 2019, a rocket was launched from Gaza and hit a house in Mishmeret injuring seven people. The rocket was probably a domestically produced J80 rocket, and flew some 120 kilometers from Rafah in the south of Gaza to Mishmeret, along with incendiary balloons.

May

During the first week of May, 600 rockets were fired at Israel by Hamas or other terrorist organizations. The escalations started after 50 rockets were fired at Israel from Gaza on 4 May. Three Israelis were killed by the rockets and more than 100 Israeli civilians were injured.

June
Following five weeks of quiet, a barrage of incendiary balloons on 12 June sparked 6 wildfires and damaged farmlands. Another balloon carried a bomb which exploded over an Israeli city but didn't cause injuries. In response, Israel announced a naval closure that would prevent fishermen from sailing out of Gaza. In retaliation the following night, several missiles were launched from Gaza: one was intercepted by Iron Dome over a city in the Eshkol Region, while a later missile during the day struck a yeshivah in Sderot and caused major damage but no injuries. Israel then bombed a Hamas underground facility in the southern Gaza Strip.

September 
Seven Palestinian civilians were wounded after a rocket was launched from Gaza Strip that fell short, hitting a house in the Strip.

November 

On 12 November, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) fired 190 rockets into Israel from the Gaza Strip, including long-range rockets fired towards Tel Aviv, leading to several civilians being wounded. This was in response to the targeted killing by Israel of senior PIJ commander Baha Abu al-Ata in Gaza. In response, Israel carried out airstrikes and artillery shelling in the Gaza Strip, killing and wounding several militants as well as civilians.

One of the rockets hit Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights (ICHR) in Gaza after going astray from the launcher.

References 

2019
2019 in the Gaza Strip
History of Hamas
Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2019
Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel
List of thermal power stations. A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. A thermal power station may be referred to as any of the following types:

 List of biomass power stations
 List of coal power stations
 List of fuel oil power stations
 List of geothermal power stations
 List of natural gas power stations
 List of nuclear power stations
 List of solar thermal power stations

See also 
 List of thermal power station failures
1,3,5-Triethylbenzene. 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene is a chemical compound of the group of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Preparation 
1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can be prepared by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with ethyl bromide in presence of aluminium chloride.

Properties 
1,3,5-Triethylbenzene is a flammable, hard to ignite, colorless liquid that is almost insoluble in water. The refractive index is 1.495

Uses 
1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can be used in synthesis of a series of di- and trinucleating ligands.

Safety notes 
The vapour of 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can form an explosive mixture with air (flash point: 76 °C).

References

See also
1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene

Alkylbenzenes
Edinburgh Compatible Context Editor. ECCE (the Edinburgh Compatible Context Editor) is a text editor for computing systems and operating environments that support a command line interface. It is an original command set which is logical and regular. It was written in the 1960s by Hamish Dewar, an experienced Compiler writer and used this skill to design a command-set which could be easily parsed and coded to allow complex commands to be built up. A technique similar to threaded code in the Forth environment. The current ECCE release is licensed under the BSD License, recoded into C and released by Graham Toal in 2007.

History 

Hamish Dewar in the early 1960s recognised a need for a more powerful text editor. At the time editing files was laborious as editors could only load into memory one code line at a time and insert, delete or replace only the whole line. Because of memory limitations (a large computer might have between 8k and 32k or memory) few editors could execute repeated commands or support macros for text processing.

H Dewar used his talent as a compiler author to create ECCE as a much more capable command set but retain a small footprint. From the start ECCE would endeavour to buffer as much of the file as memory allowed while earlier editors could only buffer one line of the file at a time.

ECCE became the default text editor for computers at the University of Edinburgh and remained almost unchanged for a period of almost 25 years. The editors survival is attributed to the fact that thousands of undergraduates and postgraduates would have used the tool in their higher education and wherever in the world they settled the benefits of ECCE were promoted and local implementations created from Hamish Dewar's source code. ECCE became one of the most popular and well respected text editors of the 1970s.

ECCE was originally written in Imp, a language created at the University of Edinburgh, the second implementation was coded in PDP-8 assembler and was ported to numerous other platforms. Sources are known to exist in Imp, Fortran, BCPL, Pascal, BBC Basic, LC, C, and various assembly languages. Further ports to CORAL66, ICL VME, and Babbage were known to once exist but may have become extinct.

See also 

 Comparison of text editors
 List of text editors
 List of Unix commands

References

External links 

 
 ECCE page at Edinburgh University History of Computing
 ECCE page at TextEditors Wiki
 ECCE Manual (1978)
 ECCE manpage

Free text editors
Linux text editors
Console applications
Unix text editors
Cross-platform software
Command-line software
Free and open-source software
Free software programmed in C
Software using the BSD license
J. G. A. Eickhoff. J. G. A. Eickhoff was a Danish machine factory and iron foundry based in Copenhagen, Denmark. It specialized in machines and other equipment for the bookprinting, lithography and bookbinding industries. The factory was located at Vesterbrogade 97 in Vesterbro.

History

The company was founded by Johan Gottfried August Eickhoff in 1849 and relocated to Vesterbrogade 97 in 1865. The company specialized in machines and other equipment for the bookprinting, lithography and bookbinding industries. The product range also included gas engines. They were used by minor industrial enterprises with no need for the larger steam engines. Many of its products were exported to the Scandinavian market.

The company was owned by the Eickhoff family for several generations. It closed in 1966.

Legacy
An Eickhoff hand press No 81 is on display in the Danish Technical Museum. Det Gamle Trykkeri (The Old Printing Workshop) in Salgelse features an Eickhoff handpress. An Eickhoff handpress is also on display at the Grafiska Museet in Helsingborg.

References

Further reading
 Hansen, Jens Jørgen: Gør din skyldighed: J.G.A. Eickhoff Maskinfabrik 1848-1966

External links
 Images

Foundries in Denmark
Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1848
1966 disestablishments in Denmark
Barkas B 1000. The Barkas B 1000 is a forward control van made by East German manufacturer Barkas in Chemnitz (then Karl-Marx-Stadt), Germany. It was made in multiple body styles: a van, a minibus seating eight, and a pickup truck. Special-purpose vehicles based on the B 1000 were made as well.

Overview 
The B 1000 uses body-on-frame construction, with box-section or U-section frame rails being used depending on the type of vehicle; panel vans and minibuses have box-section frames, whilst pickup trucks and special vehicles have U-section frames. It is powered by a 1-litre liquid-cooled two-stroke straight-three engine coupled to a four-speed synchromesh manual transmission and mounted ahead of the front axle, between the driver and passenger seats. Depending on configuration, the B 1000 can reach a top speed of .

The B 1000's independent suspension is of a diagonal link design in both the front and rear, with torsion bars and hydraulic shock absorbers. Hydraulically operated drum brakes are also present on both axles.

Production of the four-door panel van commenced in June 1961, with the minibus following in spring 1964, and the pickup truck in spring 1965.

With its payload of  and its spacious interior, the B 1000 proved to be very durable and reliable.

The B 1000 received some minor updates in 1963 and 1972:

 1963: The single-circuit brake system was upgraded to a dual-circuit brake system, and the column shifter was replaced with a regular central shifter.
 1972: The 220 W alternator was replaced with a 500 W alternator, and power output was increased from  to .

There were no major design alterations across the B 1000's 27-year production period. The succeeding Barkas B 1000-1, introduced in autumn 1989, carried over the B 1000's underlying design, but was fitted with a different engine.

In 1990, manufacturing operations were sold to a Russian company, but production was never restarted.

Gallery

Bibliography 

Werner Oswald: Kraftfahrzeuge der DDR. 2nd edition. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, , p. 199–205

References 

Minibuses
Vans
Minivans
Pickup trucks
Cab over vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
1960s cars
1970s cars
1980s cars
Cars introduced in 1961
IFA vehicles
Marjolein Dijkstra. Marjolein Dijkstra (born 1967) is a Dutch condensed matter physicist. She works as a professor in the Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science at Utrecht University, and the Soft Condensed Matter group of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht.

Education and career
Dijkstra was born on 26 September 1967 in The Hague.
She earned two master's degrees, one in chemical engineering in 1990 from Wageningen University under the supervision of Yehudi K. Levine and Tjeerd Schaafsma, and another in experimental physics in 1990 from Utrecht University under the supervision of Daan Frenkel. She completed her Ph.D. in 1994, with Frenkel as her doctoral advisor. Her dissertation was The effect of entropy on the structure and stability of complex fluids.

After postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford with Paul Madden and Jean-Pierre Hansen, at the Shell Research and Technology Centre Amsterdam, and at Bristol University with Michael P. Allen and Robert Evans, she joined the Utrecht faculty in 1999. She has been a full professor there since 2007, and was named director of the Debye Institute in 2015.

In spring 2020 Marjolein Dijkstra received an ERC Advanced Grant research funding for her project Rational Design of Soft Hierarchical Materials with Responsive Functionalities: Machine learning Soft Matter to create Soft Machines..

Recognition
Dijkstra won the Minerva Prize of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research in 2000. This prize is given every two years for outstanding research by a female physicist; Dijkstra won it for her work with René van Roij and Robert Evans on "Phase diagram of highly asymmetric binary hard-sphere mixtures". Dijkstra was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020.

References

External links
Home page

1967 births
Living people
21st-century Dutch physicists
Dutch women physicists
Condensed matter physicists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Wageningen University and Research alumni
Prem Jain. Dr Prem Jain (26 January 1936 – 20 September 2018) was an Indian mechanical engineer, also known as the Father of Green Buildings in India. Jain served as the chairman of Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).

Early life and education 
Prem Jain did his BSC ME from IT BHU in 1952 and obtained a PhD from University of Minnesota in 1967. He studied further to receive a master's degree from University of Minnesota in 1970 and then a PhD in 1972 from the same institute. After returning to India, he was a visiting professor at IIT Kanpur. During his tenure, he set up a separate laboratory for Environmental Engineering. Jain was also on the faculty at School of Planning and Architecture Delhi.

Career 
He worked with Carrier Corp R&D USA and then with Stein Doshi Bhalla, an architectural firm. During his tenure with this firm, Jain worked for the design of IIC expansion, Ford Foundation & UNICEF (WWF) buildings on Lodi Road, Zakir Hussain Memorial in Okhla, Escorts Factory Building in Faridabad and Expansion of Triveni Kala Sangam in New Delhi. In 1980 Jain founded Spectral Services Consultants Private Limited (now an AECOM company) to provide Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing (MEP)  designs. During his work at Spectral, he did several notable projects including:

Rashtrapati Bhawan Darbar Hall
 Prime Minister's Office.
Vigyan Bhawan & AIIMS New Delhi (Renovation after Fire)
Bahaii Temple (Lotus Temple) Extension New Delhi
Siddhi Vinayak Temple Mumbai
 MoEF Headquarter Building 
 Indira Pariyavaran Bhawan, New Delhi

Awards and recognition 

 First practicing engineer in India to have been nominated in 1995 as Fellow of the Ashrae, USA
Distinguished Leadership for Internationals Award by University of Minnesota

Prem Jain Memorial Trust 
Prem Jain died aged 82 on 20 September 2018 in Delhi. A trust called Prem Jain Memorial Trust was founded.

References 

1936 births
Indian business executives
2018 deaths
University of Minnesota alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Indian environmentalists
Nurcan Tunçbağ. Nurcan Tunçbağ is a Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Koç University. She works on computational models of complex biological systems. Tunçbağ is a 2019 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Rising Talent.

Early life and education 
Tunçbağ studied chemical engineering at Istanbul Technical University. She joined Koç University for her graduate studies, earning a master's degree in computational science and engineering in 2007. She remained there for her doctoral studies, studying protein interactions and their incorporation into protein interaction networks. She worked under the supervision of Özlem Keskin and Attila Gürsoy. In 2010, Tunçbağ joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral associate with Ernest Fraenkel. In 2014, Tunçbağ joined the Middle East Technical University Informatics Institute. She is the PI of the Network Modeling Lab at Koç University.

Research 
Tunçbağ works on computational models of complex biological systems. She was in the developer team of the PRISM (protein interactions by structural matching) algorithm that can be used to predict protein–protein interactions and assembly. PRISM can be used to construct cellular pathways and proteome annotation. The algorithm can be used to identify 'hot spot' protein binding regions, which can be used to target drugs.  

Regulatory and signalling networks are essential for cellular function, but omic data is often of poor quality. Tunçbağ has demonstrated how this data can be analysed using a prize collecting Steiner tree, analysing changes in networks during disease. She can incorporate pharmaceutical and biological agents into her algorithm to help inform future therapeutics. With Fraenkel, Tunçbağ created SteinerNet, a web server that allowed the integration of omic data. Users provide information about proteins and genes that have been experimentally detected, and the server looks for connections in the data using a series of interactomes. She was also in the developer team of Omics Integrator software that integrates multi-omic data to reconstruct signaling networks.

Tunçbağ looks to identify how the genome is altered during disease. One of the diseases considered by Tunçbağ is Glioblastoma, a particularly malignant brain tumour. Tunçbağ developed a network model that can be used to identify tumour pathway-level changes. She has also worked on neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease. She was made an Associate Professor in 2017.

Awards and honours 
 2015: Science Academy Young Scientist Award
 2017: METU Parlar Foundation Science Award
 2017: L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award
 2018: TÜBA-GEBİP Award
 2019: L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Rising Talent
2020: Election to the Global Young Academy

References 

Turkish women academics
Turkish women chemists
Turkish bioinformaticians
Istanbul Technical University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology people
Academic staff of Middle East Technical University
Koç University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Turkish women engineers
METU Mustafa Parlar Foundation Science Award winners
Boeing Passenger Air Vehicle. The Boeing Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) is an American electrical powered autonomous personal air vehicle prototype developed by the Boeing NeXt division of Boeing with the assistance of Aurora Flight Sciences.

Development 

Boeing subsidiary Aurora Flight Sciences designed an electric VTOL prototype, developing it to prototype by 2019. First, a model 1:10 was used to test the concept; it was flown with and without a fuselage. Further flight tests, with a 1:4 scale concept aircraft, were also conducted by Aurora.

The PAV first flew on January 22, 2019, in Manassas, Virginia, hovering before further tests and a transition to forward flight.

By September 2020, Boeing was to close its Boeing NeXt division, in response to financial losses in the wake of the 737 MAX groundings and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation.

Design

The three-surface aircraft has twin booms each supporting four lift rotors slightly angled alternatively outward and inwards, a pusher propeller and the rear wing has vertical surfaces at each end.

Accident 

On June 4, 2019, the PAV crashed during its 5th test flight. Boeing representatives declined to disclose details of the crash.

During the flight test engineers noted some brief data dropouts and abnormal motor speeds, and decided to terminate the flight. The pilot entered the autoland command, and after a small descent, the aircraft motors went to idle and the aircraft impacted the runway. The aircraft was substantially damaged. A review of the recorded data revealed that vibration occurred and briefly exceeded the jerk logic threshold used to detect contacts to the ground (in addition to squat switches). The aircraft entered the ground mode, subsequently commanding the motors to shutdown.

Specifications (PAV)

See also
 Air taxi
 Flying car (aircraft)

References

External links 

 
 

2010s United States experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2019
Urban air mobility
EVTOL aircraft
Boeing NeXt aircraft
Three-surface aircraft
Pusher aircraft
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear