omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lewis Gordon (civil engineer). Lewis Dunbar Brodie Gordon (6  March 1815 – 28 April 1876) was a Scottish civil engineer.

Life

He was the fourth son of Anne Clunes (d.1881) and her husband, Joseph Gordon WS, an Edinburgh lawyer. They lived at 27 London Street in Edinburgh's New Town. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh then went to the University of Edinburgh. A student and assistant to Marc Brunel, during the construction of the Thames Tunnel, he made a career change to mining. Registering as a student at the Freiburg School of Mines, Germany, he then studied further at the École Polytechnique in Paris.

In 1838 he visited the mines at Clausthal, and met Wilhelm Albert. Impressed by what he saw, he wrote to his friend Robert Stirling Newall, urging him to "Invent a machine for making (wire ropes)". On receipt of Gordon's letter, Newall designed a wire rope machine. On Gordon's return to the UK in 1839, he formed a partnership with Newall and Charles Liddell, registering R.S. Newall and Company in Dundee. On 17 August 1840, Newall took out a patent for "certain improvements in wire rope and the machinery for making such rope," and R.S. Newall and Company commenced making wire ropes for "Mining, Railway, Ships' Rigging, and other purposes".

He was Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Glasgow from 1840 to 1855. In 1845 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being James David Forbes.

Gordon became a mentor to the brothers James Thomson and William Thomson, encouraging their interest in the development of a general theory of heat. In 1848 he gave the brothers a copy of French physicist Sadi Carnot's 1824 treatise On the Motive Power of Fire, with which he used to write his first thermodynamics article the 1848 "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale Founded on Carnot’s Theory of the Motive Power of Heat", which founded the absolute temperature scale. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1859.

He died on 28 April 1876 at Poynter's Grove in Totteridge in Hertfordshire and is buried in the family plot in Greyfriars Kirkyard in central Edinburgh. The grave lies on the western wall of the western extension.

Family

His sister married William Siemens, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, of Siemens & Halske. Gordon's wife was from Hanover and linked by marriage to the Siemens family.

References

École Polytechnique alumni
Scottish civil engineers
1815 births
1876 deaths
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Air Lease Corporation. Air Lease Corporation (ALC) is an American aircraft leasing company founded in 2010 and headed by Steven F. Udvar-Házy. Air Lease purchases new commercial aircraft through direct orders from Boeing, Airbus, Embraer and ATR, and leases them to its airline customers worldwide through specialized aircraft leasing and financing.

At the end of 2017, Air Lease reported that it owns 244 Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, and ATR aircraft, which it leases to over 91 airlines across 55 countries in every major geographical region in the world.

Air Lease provides airlines with net operating leases, which require the lessee to pay for maintenance, insurance, taxes and all other aircraft operating expenses during the lease term.

, Air Lease owns 472 aircraft: 354 narrowbody aircraft, and 118 widebody aircraft, in addition to 320 aircraft on order.

History
Steven Udvar-Házy, chairman and chief executive of Air Lease, was a founder of Century City, CA-based aircraft leasing giant International Lease Finance Corp. (ILFC) and stayed on as chief executive after it was sold to American International Group (AIG) in 1990. Udvar-Házy left ILFC to start Air Lease in 2010 following a dispute with AIG.

Udvar-Házy started Air Lease in February 2010 with former ILFC chief operating officer John Plueger, who has the same role at the new company. On April 19, 2011, AL had an initial public offering of Class A stock on the New York Stock Exchange, and raised an estimated total of US$965.6 million.Udvar-Hazy, estimated by Forbes in 2015 to have a net worth of $3.7 billion, has a 7 percent stake.

Aircraft leasing
At the 2019 Paris Air Show Virgin Atlantic signed a deal for up to 20 Airbus A330-900 aircraft making it the first UK customer for the aircraft. Eight aircraft will come directly from Airbus, six from Air Lease Corporation and it has options on a further six aircraft. They will replace older Airbus A330-200s and -300s  and deliveries are expected from September 2021 to 2024.

At the same venue Air Lease Corporation signed a deal for 29 Airbus A321XLR aircraft, as well as a letter of intent for 50 Airbus A220-300 aircraft.

References

External links 

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Los Angeles
Aircraft leasing companies
Transport companies established in 2010
Financial services companies established in 2010
American companies established in 2010
2011 initial public offerings
2010 establishments in California
Kia Sidewinder. The Kia Sidewinder was a concept car for the Design Challenge competition in 2006 Los Angeles Motor Show.

Designed at the Kia America Design Center by Marc Mainville, the Kia Sidewinder concept was meant to be an environmentally friendly vehicle.

External links
 http://www.carbodydesign.com/archive/2006/10/25-la-show-design-challenge-entries/
 http://www.laautoshow.com/DesignChallenge 

Sidewinder
Christensen failure criterion. The Christensen failure criterion is a material failure theory for isotropic materials that attempts to span the range from ductile to brittle materials. It has a two-property form calibrated by the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths T  and C .

The theory was developed by Stanford professor Richard. M. Christensen and first published in 1997.

Description
The Christensen failure criterion is composed of two separate subcriteria representing competitive failure mechanisms. when expressed in principal stress components, it is given by :

Polynomial invariants failure criterion

For      

Coordinated Fracture Criterion

For      

The geometric form of () is that of a paraboloid in principal stress space. The fracture criterion () (applicable only over the partial range 0 ≤ T/C ≤ 1/2  ) cuts slices off the paraboloid, leaving three flattened elliptical surfaces on it. The fracture cutoff is vanishingly small at T/C=1/2 but it grows progressively larger as T/C diminishes.

The organizing principle underlying the theory is that all isotropic materials admit a distinct classification system based upon their T/C ratio. The comprehensive failure criterion () and () reduces to the Mises criterion at the ductile limit, T/C = 1. At the brittle limit, T/C = 0, it reduces to a form that cannot sustain any tensile components of stress.

Many cases of verification have been examined over the complete range of materials from extremely ductile to extremely brittle types. Also, examples of applications have been given. Related criteria distinguishing ductile from brittle failure behaviors have been derived and interpreted.

Applications have been given by Ha to the failure of the isotropic, polymeric matrix phase in fiber composite materials.

See also 
 Strength of materials
 material failure theory
 Von Mises yield criterion
 Mohr–Coulomb theory

References 

Mechanical failure
Plasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Mechanics
SS Alesia. SS Alesia was a  ocean liner built for the Fabre Line in 1882. She was scrapped in 1899.

Description
Alesia was  long, with a beam of . She had a single funnel and two masts. Her engines were made by G. Forrester & Company, Liverpool. They could propel her at . Her GRT was 2,790. Alesia had accommodation for 12 first class and 1,000 third class passengers.

History
Alesia was built by Thomas Royden and Sons in Liverpool. She was launched in June 1882, and entered service with the Fabre Line under the French flag. Her port of registry was Marseilles. Her maiden voyage was from Livorno, Italy to New York, United States via Tarragona, Spain, Bône, Algeria, Almería, and Málaga, Spain.  Most of her service was between ports in the Mediterranean and New York.

On 4 December 1883, Alesia was spotted by  under sail at  as her steam engine was out of action.

In September 1887, Alesia was placed in quarantine on arrival at New York due to an outbreak of cholera. Eight people had died from the disease on the journey from Marseilles, France and Naples, Italy. By 10 October, the death toll was 25. A further 2 deaths were reported, before the ship came out of quarantine on 26 October.

Alesia arrived at Algiers, Algiera on 29 May 1899 with her cargo of sulphur on fire. The ship's cook had been killed by the fire. She was on a voyage from Palermo, Italy to New Orleans, United States.

References

1882 ships
Merchant ships of France
Ocean liners
Ships built on the River Mersey
Steamships of France
Desktop Publishing Magazine. Desktop Publishing magazine (ISSN 0884-0873) was founded, edited, and published by Tony Bove and Cheryl Rhodes of TUG/User Publications, Inc., of Redwood City, California.). Its first issue appeared in October 1985, and was created and produced on a personal computer with desktop publishing software (PageMaker on a Macintosh), preparing output on a prototype PostScript-driven typesetting machine from Mergenthaler Linotype Company.  Erik Sandberg-Diment, a columnist at The New York Times, tried to buy the venture outright when he saw an early edition.

Its premier issue included an interview with John Warnock of Adobe Systems (creator of PostScript) by August Mohr, an article about the first electronic news column for the computer industry (Newsbytes published by Wendy Woods), and a review of PageMaker. The editors defined desktop publishing as a new application for producing words and pictures using personal computers. "It has become cost-effective for almost anyone using a personal computer to prepare documents that appear professionally published. The new publishing tools put book making, newsletter publishing, magazine design, ad layout, manual production, and promotional literature publishing into the hands of personal computer users who never before had the opportunity to do these things."  Contributing editors and columnists included Paul Saffo, Ted Nelson, Ron Jeffries, Ted Nace, August Mohr, David Needle, Steve Rosenthal, and Arthur Naiman.

Three issues were published before the magazine was purchased in March 1986 by PC World Communications, the San Francisco-based subsidiary of IDG and the parent company of PC World.  (The magazine was then renamed Publish! with Bove and Rhodes staying as contributing editors.)

References

1985 establishments in California
Computer magazine publishing companies
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1985
Bailey (castle). A bailey or ward in a fortification is a leveled courtyard, typically enclosed by a curtain wall. In particular, a medieval type of European castle is known as a motte-and-bailey. Castles and fortifications may have more than one bailey, and the enclosure wall building material may have been at first in wood, and later transitioned to stone. Their layout depends both on the local topography and the level of fortification technology employed, ranging from simple enclosures to elaborate concentric defences. In addition to the gradual evolution of more complex fortification plans, there are also significant differences in regional traditions of military architecture regarding subdivisions into baileys.

Upper, lower, middle, inner and outer wards or baileys
Baileys can be arranged in sequence along a hill (as in a spur castle), giving an upper bailey and lower bailey. They can also be nested one inside the other, as in a concentric castle, giving an outer bailey and inner bailey. Large castles may have two outer baileys; if in line they may form an outer and middle bailey. On the other hand, tower houses lack an enclosed bailey.

The most important and prestigious buildings, such as the great hall and the keep or bergfried, were usually located in the inner bailey of the castle, sometimes called the central bailey or main bailey. Nonetheless, there are a few castles where the keep is outside the inner bailey, such as Château de Dourdan and Flint Castle. The lower or outer bailey often held less important structures, such as stables, if there was not enough space in the inner bailey.

Outer baileys could also be largely defensive in function, without significant buildings. In the concentric castles of the military orders, such as Krak des Chevaliers or Belvoir, the inner bailey resembled a cloistered monastery, while the outer bailey was little more than a narrow passage between the concentric enceintes. In general, baileys could have any shape, including irregular or elongated ones, when the walls followed the contour lines of the terrain where the castle was sited. Rectangular shapes are very common (as in castra and quadrangular castles).

A particularly complex arrangement of baileys can be found at Château Gaillard. There is both a lower bailey separated from the main castle by a deep ditch, and a concentric arrangement inside the main castle with an inner and middle bailey.

Holy Roman Empire
In the Germanic castles of the Holy Roman Empire, there is a distinction between a  and a  roughly corresponding to lower and upper baileys in English castles. In German-speaking countries, many castles had double curtain walls with a narrow enclosure outside the main walls, acting as a killing ground between them, referred to as a  (from  'to force'). The outermost wall was a  or type of low mantlet wall. These were often added at vulnerable points like the gate of a castle or town, but were rarely as fully developed as in the concentric castles in Wales or the Crusader castles.

Gallery with examples of castle wards

See also
 Old Bailey

References

Castle architecture
Sandoz chemical spill. The Sandoz chemical spill was a major environmental disaster caused by a fire and its subsequent extinguishing at Sandoz agrochemical storehouse in the Schweizerhalle industrial complex, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland, on 1 November 1986, which released toxic agrochemicals into the air and resulted in tons of pollutants entering the Rhine river, turning it red.

The chemicals caused a massive mortality of wildlife downstream, killing, among other animals, a large proportion of the European eel population in the Rhine, although the situation subsequently recovered within a couple of years. Among the major resulting water pollutants were dinitro-ortho-cresol, the organophosphate chemicals propetamphos, parathion, disulfoton, thiometon, etrimphos and fenitrothion, as well as the organochlorine metoxuron.

The cause of the blaze was never established. In 2000, Vincent Cannistraro, a former senior U.S. intelligence official, stated that the Soviet KGB had ordered the East German Stasi to sabotage the chemical factory. According to him, the operation's objective was to distract attention from the Chernobyl disaster six months earlier in the Soviet Union. The Swiss authorities were considering opening investigations again.  No evidence of this presumed sabotage has ever surfaced.

As a consequence of the incident Sandoz extended its health, safety and environment activities and introduced new procedures for risk and emergency management, including auditing.

Notes and references

See also 
 Environmental movement in Switzerland
 

Environmental disasters in Europe
1986 in Switzerland
Novartis
Upper Rhine
1980s fires in Europe
1986 fires
Industrial fires and explosions
Fires in Switzerland
Environment of Switzerland
Water pollution
1986 in the environment
November 1986 in Europe
1986 industrial disasters
High Rhine basin
1986 disasters in Switzerland
Affitin. Affitins (commercial name Nanofitins) are artificial proteins with the ability to selectively bind antigens. They are structurally derived from the DNA binding protein Sac7d, found in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a microorganism belonging to the archaeal domain. By randomizing the amino acids on the binding surface of Sac7d and subjecting the resulting protein library to rounds of ribosome display, the affinity can be directed towards various targets, such as peptides, proteins, viruses, and bacteria.

Affitins are antibody mimetics and are being developed as an alternative to antibodies as tools in biotechnology. They have also been used as specific inhibitors for various enzymes. Affitins can be utilized in biochemical purification techniques, specifically in affinity chromatography. The ability of Affitins to selectively bind antigens is used to target specific proteins.

Scientists have been able to purify human immunoglobulin G (hIgG), bacterial PulD protein, and chicken egg lysozyme using Affitin columns with a high degree of purity. These have the ability to act as specific ligands for the proteins of interest that are needed when the fusion of proteins to polypeptide tags is impossible or carries no advantage, and thus build affinity columns as is the case in the production of biopharmaceuticals. They were immobilized on an agarose matrix and the columns had a high degree of selectivity.

In addition to this, antibodies and non-immunoglobin proteins can be purified by using affitins via affinity chromatography. Due to their small size and high solubility, they can be easily produced in large amounts using bacterial expression systems.

Properties
Affitins consist of 66 amino acids and have a molecular mass of about 7 kDa; this is small compared to antibodies with some 130–150 kDa. Obtained from a thermophile organism, they are unusually heat resistant proteins. In addition, Affitins are durable – they are able to withstand many cycles of purification. Unlike antibodies, affitins are produced in vitro, and therefore can be generated more quickly. Due to their small size and high solubility, they can easily be produced in large amounts using bacterial expression systems.

Affitins are strongly modified reagents that are extremophilic since they are found in Archae like Sac7d, which is a hyperthermostable protein. They are artificially binding proteins with high affinity, small size, and low structural complexity. They have two different modes of binding. The first requires a flat surface whereas the second mode of binding requires a flat surface and two short loops. They are thermally and chemically stable reagents and their stability can be further increased by using mutation or grafting techniques. Other methods of stabilizing them include the use of sequence elements from other proteins that belong to the same family, switching a binding surface, and thus, have longer binding capacities. This was done by grafting the binding surface of D1Sac7d onto Sso7d, which is more stable, and by introducing point mutations previously identified as stabilizing for WT Sso7d.

References 

Antibody mimetics
Naval Air Station Ellyson Field. Naval Air Station Ellyson Field was a former U.S. Navy training base, established in Escambia County, Florida in 1940 at the outset of World War II as an auxiliary facility to Chevalier Field at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. It had three red brick hangars common to the various Navy airfields in the Pensacola area, and eight paved runways, the longest of which was 3,550 ft in length.

The short length of the air station's runways became increasingly incompatible with the introduction of higher performance piston aircraft followed by first generation jet aircraft in the post-World War II era.  Fixed-wing operations were subsequently by exception until approximately late 1970 and limited to only a few certain models of propeller-driven training aircraft (e.g., T-34, T-28, etc.).  However, rotary-wing operations at the air station continued to flourish as helicopters saw ever-increasing use in the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Coast Guard in the 1950s and 1960s, with NAS Ellyson Field becoming the sole intermediate and advanced training site for rotary-wing Naval Aviators in each of those services.

NAS Ellyson Field last served the Navy as a helicopter training facility through December 1973, by which time conflicts with air traffic patterns for general aviation and commercial passenger jet traffic at Pensacola Regional Airport / Hagler Field, now known as Pensacola International Airport, located just south of the station, coupled with the reorganization of Naval Air Training Command, led to a decision to close the airfield but retain the installation for non-flying operations.  Helicopter training was moved to NAS Whiting Field, Florida, and flight operations were discontinued on 28 December 1973.

The base was taken over by the Naval Education and Training Program Development Center (NETPDC), which renamed the installation as NETPDC Ellyson Field. Following NETPDC's move to the former NAS Saufley Field, Florida, in 1979, Ellyson Field was closed.

Conveyed to the City of Pensacola, the former NAS Ellyson Field is now the Ellyson Industrial Park with only a few of the former Navy buildings still standing. These include the base operations building (minus its control tower cab), the three hangars, the academic training building, the dispensary and the Bachelor Officers Quarters (BOQ) that served the Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and NATO/Allied officer flight student personnel assigned to NAS Ellyson Field for rotary-wing training. Portions of the ramp areas also still exist but the runway grid has been completely redeveloped.

References

Defunct airports in Florida
Ellyson Field
Buildings and structures in Escambia County, Florida
Military installations closed in 1979
Military installations in Florida
1940 establishments in Florida
1979 disestablishments in Florida
Closed installations of the United States Navy
Avimer. Avimers (short for avidity multimers) are artificial proteins that are able to specifically bind to certain antigens via multiple binding sites. Since they are not structurally related to antibodies, they are classified as a type of antibody mimetic. Avimers have been developed by the biotechnology company Avidia, now part of Amgen, as potential new pharmaceutical drugs.

Structure
Avimers consist of two or more peptide sequences of 30 to 35 amino acids each, connected by linker peptides. The individual sequences are derived from A domains of various membrane receptors and have a rigid structure, stabilised by disulfide bonds and calcium. Each A domain can bind to a certain epitope of the target protein. The combination of domains binding to different epitopes of the same protein increases affinity to this protein, an effect known as avidity (hence the name).

Alternatively, the domains can be directed against epitopes on different target proteins. This approach is similar to the one taken in the development of bispecific monoclonal antibodies. In a study, the plasma half-life of an anti-interleukin 6 avimer could be increased by extending it with an anti-immunoglobulin G domain.

Properties
Avimers with two or three domains can bind to their targets in sub-nanomolar concentrations. They have improved heat stability compared with antibodies, but limited plasma half-life because of their smaller size. Half-life can be increased by binding them to antibodies.

Production
A library theoretically containing up to 1023 different A domains serves as a starting point for the development of avimers. Domains targeting the desired protein are selected with display techniques such as phage display. The most promising species are linked to a second A domain via a short linker peptide, forming a new library. This process can be repeated several times, yielding avimers with an increasing number of domains.

References

 
 

Antibody mimetics