omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Simulated body fluid. A simulated body fluid (SBF) is a solution with an ion concentration close to that of human blood plasma, kept under mild conditions of pH and identical physiological temperature. SBF was first introduced by Kokubo et al. in order to evaluate the changes on a surface of a bioactive glass ceramic. Later, cell culture media (such as DMEM, MEM, α-MEM, etc.), in combination with some methodologies adopted in cell culture, were proposed as an alternative to conventional SBF in assessing the bioactivity of materials.

Applications

Surface modification of metallic implants
For an artificial material to bond to living bone, the formation of bonelike apatite layer on the surface of an implant is of significant importance. The SBF can be used as an in vitro testing method to study the formation of apatite layer on the surface of implants so as to predict their in vivo bone bioactivity. The consumption of calcium and phosphate ions, present in the SBF solution, results in the spontaneous growth of bone-like apatite nuclei on the surface of biomaterials in vitro. Therefore, the apatite formation on the surface of biomaterials, soaked in the SBF solution, is considered a successful development of novel bioactive materials.
The SBF technique for surface modification of metallic implants is usually a time-consuming process, and obtaining uniform apatite layers on substrates takes at least 7 days, with daily refreshing of the SBF solution. Another approach for decreasing the coating time is to concentrate the calcium and phosphate ions in the SBF solution. Enhanced concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in SBF solution accelerates the coating process and, in the meantime, eliminates the need for regular replenishment of the SBF solution.

Gene delivery
An attempt was made to investigate the application of SBF in gene delivery. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles, required for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the nucleus of the cells, were synthesized in a SBF solution and mixed with pDNA. The in vitro studies showed higher gene delivery efficiency for the calcium-phosphate/DNA complexes made of SBF solution than for the complexes prepared in pure water (as control).

Formulation

References

Body fluids
Gene delivery
Tobu 5000 series. The  was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway in Japan between 1979 and 2006.

The 5000 series was created between 1978 and 1986 by modernizing the entire fleet of 162 former 7800 series EMU cars, built between 1953 and 1961, by adding new steel bodies based on the 8000 series design. The fleet was subdivided into 5000, 5050, and 5070 series types.

Variants
 5000 series: 4-car 5000 series and 2-car 5500 series sets
 5050 series: 4-car 5050 series and 2-car 5550 series sets
 5070 series: 6-car sets

5000 series

The first 12 former 7800 series cars were rebuilt between November 1978 and August 1979, reformed as two four-car 5000 series sets and two two-car 5500 series sets. These sets were initially not air-conditioned, and used the ventilators and motor generators removed from 8000 series sets that had been refurbished with air-conditioning. These four sets were also subsequently modified with air-conditioning between July 1984 and March 1985.

The 5000 series sets were all withdrawn by 2003.

Formations
The four-car 5000 series and two-car 5500 series sets operated on the Tobu Tojo Line, and were formed as follows with the 5100 and 5500 cars at the Ikebukuro end.

4-car 5000 series

The 5300 cars were fitted with two pantographs.

2-car 5500 series

The 5500 cars were fitted with one pantograph.

5050 series

Following on from the earlier 5000 series sets, a total of 72 7800 series cars were rebuilt between 1981 and March 1984 as two-car 5550 and four-car 5050 series sets. Unlike the earlier 5000 series sets, the 5050 series sets were air-conditioned.

The trains were removed from regular service in late 2006, with a sayonara final run on 16 December, and were entirely withdrawn by February 2007.

Formations
The four-car 5050 series were formed as follows.

4-car 5050 series

The 5250 cars were fitted with two pantographs.

2-car 5550 series

The 5550 cars were fitted with one pantograph.

5070 series

13 six-car 5070 series sets (78 vehicles) were built between June 1984 and March 1986 by modernizing former 7800 series EMU cars with new 8000-series-style bodies and air conditioning. The fleet operated on the Noda Line, but were gradually replaced from 1997 by six-car 8000 series EMUs displaced by the arrival of new 30000 series EMUs on the Tobu Isesaki Line, with the entire fleet withdrawn from service by the start of the revised timetable on 19 October 2004.

Formations
The 6-car 5070 series sets were formed as follows.

The 5270 cars were fitted with two pantographs, and the 5570 cars were fitted with one pantograph.

Specifications
Tobu 5000 series trains had car bodies based on the Tobu 8000 series, each having a length of 20m. The traction motors were resistor controlled.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
5000 series
Train-related introductions in 1979
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Elbewerft Boizenburg. Elbewerft Boizenburg was a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Boizenburg. Since 1990 it has been part of the Deutschen Maschinen- und Schiffbau AG (DMS AG).

History
The boat workshop was founded by Franz Jürgen Lemm in 1793. The first steel ship was launched in 1895. The shipyard developed quickly, from Elbewerft, Boizenburger Werft to Thomsen & Co, in 1938. After World War II the shipyard was founded as VVW Elbewerft Boizenburg VEB on the basis of Thomsen & Co and after 1945 and the separation of Germany, the shipyard focused on markets in Eastern Europe. In 1970, after fusion with shipyard in Roßlau, Elbewerft Boizenburg became part of VEB Elbewerften Boizenburg/Roßlau, which was one of the most renowned state-owned shipyards of the German Democratic Republic.

Ships built by VEB Elbewerften Boizenburg/Roßlau (selection)

Fishcutters
 Typ Havanna

Container ships
 Typ CBK

River cruise ships
 Vladimir Ilyich (1975)
 30 Let GDR (1980)
 Dmitriy Furmanov (1983)
 Igor Stravinskiy (1983)
 Sergey Dyagilev (1983)
 Aleksey Surkov (1984)
 Konstantin Simonov (1984)
 Sergey Kirov (1987)
 Marshal Rybalko (1988)
 Taras Shevchenko (1991)
 Konstantin Stanyukovich (1991)

See also
Nordic Yards Wismar

References

External links

Shipbuilding companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Companies based in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
1948 establishments in Germany
Companies of East Germany
American Gyro AG-4 Crusader. The American Gyro AG-4 Crusader is a small twin engine aircraft. The aircraft was designed as the Shelton Flying Wing in 1933 by Thomas Miles Shelton.

Design
The AG-4 was developed using wind tunnel tests. The American Gyro AG-4 Crusader is an aluminum skinned four place low-wing twin engine aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear, twin tail booms with individual rudders, and a teardrop shaped fuselage. The wing uses trailing edge flaps and 25 gallon fuel tanks are mounted in each wing root. Retractable landing gear were also tested on the model.

Operational history
The prototype was painted a copper color with green leather seats. It was tested in 1935 at Denver Colorado. The aircraft was funded from stock issued in the Crusader Aircraft Corporation, a parent of the American Gyro Company. The company folded in 1938 under securities fraud investigations before the Crusader could go into production

Popular culture
Tootsietoy came out with a die-cast metal toy of the plane, No. 719 in its catalogue.  Hubley and Wyandotte also made toys based on the Shelton Flying Wing.

Variants
American Gyro AG-4 Crusader
American Gyro AG-6 Buccaneer
A six place variant design powered by Menasco engines

Specifications (AG-4 Crusader)

References

Bibliography

 Roca, Alexander Crusader: The Story of the Shelton Flying Wing, its Company, and its Creator  Rare Birds Publishing; 1st edition (1989)

External links
 YouTube video of test flight

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
AG-4
Twin-tail aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Abe Mizet II. The Abe Mizet II is a simple single seat ultralight of pusher configuration, built in Japan just after World War II.  First flown in 1948, the sole example remained active twenty five years later.

Design and development
Designed during World War II by K. Abe, a Japanese schoolteacher, the Mizet II flew for the first time  on 9 December 1948. It has constant chord, square tipped wings mounted onto a single, central girder which runs from just ahead of the leading edge back to the empennage. The pilot sits on an unenclosed seat below the leading edge, suspended from the central girder by a vertical strut and within an open, continuous frame defined by a second vertical girder from near the trailing edge, a horizontal keel girder which carries the lower seat mountings, rudder pedals and the simple tricycle undercarriage and completed by a sloping member ahead of the pilot on which simple instruments are mounted. A 25 hp (18.6 kW) motor car engine is mounted immediately behind the pilot in pusher configuration on an extension of the seat struttage.

Aft of the trailing edge the central girder is supplemented with a second, lower horizontal member, braced to the rear vertical part of the seating frame and covered to form a tail boom.  The rectangular, wire braced horizontal tail is mounted on top of this, with a straight edged, largely rectangular rudder behind.  This surface extends both above and below the boom, where there is a small ventral fin.

The sole Mizet remained in use until at least 1973.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 387 airfoil

1940s Japanese civil aircraft
Control unit (disambiguation). A control unit (CU) is a central, sometimes distributed but clearly distinguishable, part of a mechanism that controls its operation, for example in a computer or a motor vehicle.

Control unit may refer to:

Control unit, a component of a computer's central processing unit
Control unit, a special area of a prison that is used to keep prisoners in solitary confinement (also called a "segregation unit")
Another name for a Controller
Multipoint control unit, a device commonly used to bridge videoconferencing connections
Packet control unit, performs some of the processing tasks of a base station subsystem
Premises control unit, the "brain" of a burglar alarm
Telecommunication control unit, a device attached to a computer multiplexer channel which supports multiple terminals
Camera control unit, typically part of a live television broadcast "chain"
Electronic control unit, an embedded system that controls electrical systems in a motor vehicle
Engine control unit, an electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal combustion engine
Fuel control unit, a control system for gas turbine engines
Transmission control unit, a device that controls electronic automatic transmissions, and automated clutch systems, such as servos or actuators, in a clutchless manual or semi-automatic transmission
Control car (rail), a non-powered railroad vehicle that can control the operation of a train
Actuator control unit, a control unit for actuators used in the internet of things

See also
Control (disambiguation)
Controller (disambiguation)
Jonathan Woodcock. Vice Admiral Sir Simon Jonathan Woodcock,  (born 5 July 1962) is a retired Royal Navy officer who served as Second Sea Lord from 2015 to 2018.

Naval career
Educated at Ryde School and Britannia Royal Naval College, Woodcock joined the Royal Navy in 1984. He served as Commander (Engineering) in HMS Ark Royal and saw action during Operation Telic as Staff Marine Engineer to the Amphibious Task Group. He went on to be Chief of Staff to the Capability Manager Precision Attack at the Ministry of Defence in December 2003, commanding officer of the Royal Naval School of Marine Engineering in March 2005 and commanding officer of the basic training unit HMS Raleigh in January 2008. After that he became Head of Pay and Manning in the Ministry of Defence in April 2010, Director Naval Personnel at Fleet Headquarters in January 2012 and Naval Secretary in September 2012.

He became Second Sea Lord in March 2015, retiring from the position in March 2018. He retired from the Royal Navy on 30 June 2018.

Woodcock was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2018 New Year Honours.

References

|-

1962 births
Living people
Military personnel from the Isle of Wight
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Ryde School with Upper Chine
Royal Navy vice admirals
John Gates (Portland mayor). John Gates (December 31, 1827 – April 27, 1888)  was the mayor of Portland, Oregon, United States, from 1885 to 1888. Born in Maine, he studied engineering in Massachusetts. He moved to California in 1849 and to Oregon in 1853. He found employment with the Oregon Steam Navigation Company (OSN), becoming its chief engineer in the early 1860s. He worked for OSN for 27 years. He designed 72 steamboats and was an inventor, filing more than 30 patents during his time with OSN.

Running as the Republican candidate, he was elected in 1885 to a three-year term as mayor of Portland, defeating Sylvester Pennoyer. He died while in office, two months before the end of his term.

References

External links
 John Gates, chief engineer for Oregon Steam Navigation Company

Mayors of Portland, Oregon
1827 births
1888 deaths
19th-century mayors of places in Oregon
Oregon Steam Navigation Company
Oregon Republicans
People from Mercer, Maine
Schretzmann S.W.1 Pegasus. The Schretzmann S.W.1 Pegasus is a Swiss homebuilt single seat sports aircraft first flown in 1972.  Only one was built.

Design and development

The Pegasus was designed and built by Walter Schretzmann, who began its construction in April 1968.  It first flew in November 1972.  It is an all wood aircraft with wooden spars, frames and entirely plywood covered.  All flying surfaces are cantilever structures, the wings low set. The latter have constant chord and carry flaps.  The fin and rudder are swept, with a shallow dorsal fin.

The single seat cockpit is covered with a windscreen and a separate, prominent, single piece blown bubble canopy.  The Pegasus has a fixed tailwheel undercarriage with oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers within faired legs carrying the main wheels within long wheel spats.

For its first flight the Pegasus was powered by an adapted 100 hp (75 kW) Chevrolet Corvair car engine but proved to be underpowered. A 115 hp (86 kW) flat four Lycoming O-235 was substituted in early 1974 with the expectation of flight in mid-1974.

Operational history
It is not known exactly how long the sole Pegasus HB-YAA remained active. It attended a fly-in at Seppe Airport in the Netherlands in June 1989 and moved to Antwerp in Belgium the following November but was reported as stored there in 1995. The airframe still existed, engineless in 2007 but the Pegasus was not on the European registers in 2010.

Specifications

References

1970s Swiss aircraft
Homoiohydry. Homoiohydry is the capacity of plants to regulate, or achieve homeostasis of, cell and  tissue water content. Homoiohydry evolved in land plants to a lesser or greater degree during their transition to land more than 500 million years ago, and is most highly developed in the vascular plants.  It is the consequence of a suite of morphological innovations and strategies that enable plant shoots exploring aerial environments to conserve water by internalising the gas exchange surfaces, enclosing them in a waterproof membrane and providing a variable aperture control mechanism, the stomatal guard cells, which regulate the rates of water transpiration and CO2 exchange.  In vascular plants, water is acquired from the soil by roots and transported via the xylem to aerial portions of the plant. Water evaporation from the aerial surfaces of the plant is controlled by a waterproof covering of cuticle. Gas exchange with the atmosphere is controlled by stomata, which can open and close to control water loss, and diffusion of carbon dioxide to the chloroplasts takes place in intercellular spaces between chlorenchyma cells in the stem or in the mesophyll tissue of the leaf.

The antonym of homoiohydry is poikilohydry, a condition in which plant water content is passively reduced or increased in equilibrium with environmental water status.

See also

References 

Plant physiology
S-FRAME Software Inc.. S-FRAME Software Inc., (now part of Altair) formerly SOFTEK Services Ltd. is a Canadian engineering software company that develops analysis and design software for use by civil and structural engineers. S-FRAME was founded in 1981 by George Casoli, FCSCE, P.Eng. The company was acquired in 2021 by Altair Engineering. 

S-FRAME is on the list of accepted computer programs for use in Hong Kong from the Hong Kong Building Department.

Use in notable structures

S-FRAME Analysis and S-CONCRETE were used to create structural models of the Burj Khalifa, currently, the world's tallest building, designed by Chicago, Illinois-based Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM). Bill Baker, Partner at SOM, discussed the use of S-FRAME in his keynote at the 2012 Structural Engineers Association of British Columbia (SEABC) Annual General Meeting, stating that SOM used S-FRAME as it was the program with which their in-house optimization software integrated.

Product list
S-FRAME Structural Office consists of:

S-FRAME - structural modeling, analysis, and design with links to BIM software.
S-STEEL - design and optimization of 2D/3D steel structures.
S-CALC - cross-sectional properties calculator.
S-TIMBER - structural analysis and timber design.
S-PAD - design and optimization of steel members.
S-CONCRETE - section design and detailing tool for reinforced concrete beams, columns and walls.
S-LINE - design and detailing of continuous reinforced concrete beams.
S-FOUNDATION - analysis and design of reinforced concrete footings and foundations.
S-VIEW - post-processing tool for model validation and collaboration.

References

Engineering software companies
Software companies of Canada
Companies based in Vancouver
Software companies established in 1981
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Cierva C.29. 

The Cierva C.29 was a five-seat British cabin autogyro built in 1934 as a joint venture between Westland Aircraft and Cierva. The rotor system and rotors were designed by Cierva and the fuselage by Westland. It was powered by a  Armstrong Siddeley Panther II engine with a two-bladed tractor propeller; the engine also drove the three-bladed rotor via a clutched shaft. The C.29 suffered from ground resonance during ground running and was not flown. It was later acquired for evaluation by the Royal Aircraft Establishment but it was unable to cure the resonance problem and the autogyro was scrapped in 1939.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

C.29
C.29
1930s British civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor autogyros
Edgar Heinrich. Edgar Heinrich (born c. 1958) is a German automobile designer and motorcycle designer.  He began his career at BMW Motorrad as head of vehicle design (motorcycles) from 1986 to 2009, responsible for visual design of the R1150GS and R1200GS, The K1200R and K1200S, and head of the S1000RR sportbike design team.  At Bajaj Auto from 2009 to 2012, he was vice president of product development, responsible for both automotive and motorcycle design, including the Pulsar 200NS.

He returned to BMW Motorrad in July, 2012 to take over from David Robb as director of design.

References

1950s births
Living people
Bajaj Auto executives
Bajaj designers
BMW designers
German automobile designers
German motorcycle designers
Moscow–Kashira HVDC transmission system. The Moscow–Kashira HVDC transmission system was an early high-voltage direct current (HVDC) connection between the town of Kashira and the city of Moscow in Russia, where the terminal was at .  The system was built using mercury-arc valves and other equipment removed from the Elbe Project in Berlin at the end of World War II.  Although primarily experimental in nature, the system was the first true static, electronic,  high-voltage DC scheme to enter service.  Earlier DC transmission schemes had either used electromechanical converters based on the Thury system, such as the Lyon–Moutiers DC transmission scheme or had been at only medium voltage, such as the 12 kV frequency converter scheme at Mechanicville, New York in the United States.

The scheme had a nominal power rating of 30 MW and was operated at different times as a bipole at ±100 kV or a monopole, with earth return, at 200 kV.   For most of the transmission distance of 125 km, the transmission conductor was underground cable but some sections were converted to overhead line.
The route of the line was between Kashira and Moscow parallel to the existing 110 kV  overhead AC line.

Initial operating experience was gained using three series-connected, single anode mercury arc valves in each converter arm, but by 1959 experience had been gained with operating with either one or two mercury arc valves in series per arm.

The experience gained with multiple valves in series in each arm was not wholly successful and the little available literature suggests that the reliability of the scheme was poor.  This may have been because the valves, unlike those being developed in Sweden by Dr Uno Lamm, lacked the external anode voltage divider networks which were found necessary to obtain reliable operation at high voltage.

Nevertheless the scheme provided valuable experience for designing the much larger ±400 kV Volgograd–Donbass project which was completed in 1965 using mercury arc valves of entirely Soviet design.

In 1969 the first thyristor valve built in the Soviet Union was installed in the converter . The scheme is however today not in use any more, whereby it is unknown when it was shut down. It is unknown, if the cable is still in place and if the converter hall in Kashira is still standing.

See also
List of HVDC projects

References 

Electric power transmission
Electric power infrastructure in Russia
HVDC transmission lines
Energy in the Soviet Union
Banterer-class gunboat. The Banterer-class gunboat was a class of eleven gunboats mounting two 6-inch and two 4-inch guns, built for the Royal Navy between 1880 and 1892.

Design
The Banterer class was designed by Nathaniel Barnaby, the Admiralty Director of Naval Construction. The ships were of composite construction, meaning that the keel, frames, stem and stern posts were of iron, while the hull was planked with timber. This had the advantage of allowing the vessels to be coppered, thus keeping marine growth under control, a problem that caused iron-hulled ships to be frequently docked.  They were  in length and displaced 465 tons. In appearance they were distinguishable from the preceding Forester class (also a Barnaby design) by their vertical stems.

Propulsion
Two-cylinder horizontal compound-expansion steam engines built by Barrow Iron Shipbuilding, Maudslay, Sons and Field or J. and G. Rennie provided 440 indicated horsepower through a single screw, sufficient for .

Armament
Ships of the class were armed with two 6-inch 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifles (a conversion of the smoothbore 32-pounder 58 cwt gun) and two Armstrong 3.75-inch 20-pounder breech loading guns. A pair of machine guns was also fitted.

Ships

Citations

References

Gunboat classes
 
 Banterer