omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ethanium. In chemistry, ethanium or protonated ethane is a highly reactive positive ion with formula . It can be described as a molecule of ethane () with one extra proton (hydrogen nucleus), that gives it a +1 electric charge.

Ethanium is one of the simplest carbonium ions (after methanium ).  It was first detected as a rarefied gas in 1960 by S. Wexler and N. Jesse.  It easily dissociates into ethenium  and molecular hydrogen .

Production
Ethanium was first detected by infrared spectroscopy among the ions produced by electrical discharges in rarefied methane or ethane gas.

Ethanium can also be produced by irradiating methane containing traces of ethane with an electron beam at low pressure (about 2 mmHg). The electron beam first creates methanium and methenium ions. The former rapidly transfer their proton to ethane:
 +  →  + 
The latter reaction is also observed when ,  or  ions are injected into ethane at somewhat lower pressure.

Stability and reactions
At about 1 mmHg and 30 °C, ethanium dissociates very slowly to ethenium and , across an energy barrier of about 10 kcal/mol; the decomposition is considerably faster at 92 °C.  The decomposition has been claimed to be nearly athermal but with 8 kcal/mol of free energy due to increase of entropy.

Structure
Like its "unsaturated" relatives ethenium and ethynium , the ethanium ion was conjectured to have (at least momentarily) a proton bound simultaneously to the two carbon atoms, and the electrical charge evenly spread between them, as in other non-classical ions.  The alternative "classical" structure would have the charge and the extra hydrogen bound to only one of the two atoms, i.e. a methylated methanium ion.

Earlier calculations had predicted that the energies of the two forms should be 4 to 12 kcal/mol lower than the dissociated state  + , and they should be separated by a slightly positive energy barrier.  Gas-phase infrared spectroscopy by Yeh and others (1989) has shown that both forms are stable.  The bridged structure has the lowest energy, 4 to 8 kcal/mol lower than the classical one.

Refined calculations by Obata and Hirao (1993) predict that the most stable form has three orthogonal planes of symmetry (C2v) with the two  subgroups in the eclipsed configuration (unlike ethane, whose ground state has the staggered configuration). Four "bottom" H atoms lie on a plane opposite to the bridging H atom and the other two "top" H atoms. The approximate computed distances are C–C 0.211 nm, C–H 0.124 nm (bridging), 0.107 nm (bottom) and 0.108 nm (top); the C–H–C angle at the bridge is about 116 degrees, the H–C–H angles are 116 degrees (bottom-bottom) and 114 degrees (bottom-top).  However, there are other configurations with near-minimum energy, including one where the two  subgroups are slightly staggered (with Cs symmetry), another where one of the carbons of a  ion is loosely bound to an  molecule 0.250 nm away.

See also
 Doubly protonated ethane

References
 

Carbocations
Defense Red Switch Network. The Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) is a dedicated telephone network which provides global secure communication services for the command and control structure of the United States Armed Forces. The network is maintained by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) and is secured for communications up to the level of Top Secret SCI.

The DRSN provides multilevel secure voice and voice-conferencing capabilities to the National Command Authority (NCA, being the President and the Secretary of Defense of the United States), the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the National Military Command Center (NMCC), Combatant Commanders and their command centers, warfighters, other DoD agencies, government departments, and NATO allies.

Department of Defense and federal government agencies can get access to the network with approval of the Joint Staff. Upon approval by the Joint Staff, DISA will work with the customer and the appropriate military department to arrange the service.

The Defense Red Switch Network consists of four major subsystems: the Switching Subsystem, the Transmission Subsystem, the Timing and Synchronization Subsystem, and the
Network Management Subsystem. The Switching Subsystem uses both RED and BLACK switches to provide an integrated RED/BLACK service. End users are provided with a single telephone instrument with which they can access both secure and non-secure networks.

The DRSN carried around 15,000 calls per day prior to September 11, 2001. DRSN usage subsequently peaked at 45,000 calls per day and by mid-2003 was running at around 25,000 calls per day. In that period the Defense Red Switch Network was expanded to support 18 additional US Federal Homeland Defense initiatives.

Nowadays, this network is also called the Multilevel Secure Voice service. It's the core of the Global Secure Voice System (GSVS) during peacetime, crisis and time of conventional war, by hosting national-level conferencing and connectivity requirements and providing interoperability with both tactical and strategic communication networks.

See also 
 Defense Switched Network (DSN)
 Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network (AUTOSEVOCOM)

References

External links 
 GlobalSecurity.org: Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN)

Military communications of the United States
Secure communication
Rivada Port Graham Solutions. Rivada Port Graham Solutions, also known as RPGS, is an SBA-certified small business. RPGS is a joint venture between Port Graham Development Corporation and Rivada Networks. Established in 2004, RPGS specializes in the engineering, design and implementation of communications systems for the US Department of Homeland security and other public safety agencies.

Operations
In April 2012, Rivada Port Graham Solutions was one of 30 prime contractors awarded a contract on the US Secret Service's $3 billion Tactical Communications (TACCOM) contract for the US Department of Homeland Security. Contractors received contracts in one or multiple technical categories, and each indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract has a 2-year base and three 1-year options. The TACCOM contract has the following five technical categories.

Technical Category 1: Subscriber Base - Portable/mobile radios, control/base stations, software, upgrades, etc.
Technical Category 2: Infrastructure - Repeaters, routers, comparator systems, OTAR, etc.
Technical Category 3: Infrastructure Services - Engineering, design, installation, etc.
Technical Category 4: O&M Services - Maintenance, frequency managers, spectrum managers, etc.
Technical Category 5: Test Equipment

RPGS is authorized to provide services under Technical Category 3 (Infrastructure Services) and Technical Category 4 (Operations and Maintenance Services).

In December 2012, US Customs and Border Protection awarded RPGS a task order under the TACCOM contract for the modernization of communications infrastructure and equipment across 17 US states and territories.

References

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Culver XPQ-15. The Culver XPQ-15, also known as the XTD3C-1, was an American target drone developed by the Culver Aircraft Company late in World War II.

Design and development
The XPQ-15 was a low-wing monoplane of conventional design. It was powered by a Franklin O-405 opposed piston engine. Design work began in 1943.

Operational history
Four examples of the XPQ-15 were built for evaluation by the United States Army Air Forces in 1945; two additional aircraft were tested by the United States Navy as the XTD3C-1. No production contract was placed.

Variants 
XPQ-15
USAAF variant; four produced.
XTD3C-1
USN variant; two produced, BuNos 29665-29666.

Specifications (XPQ-15)

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Photo of XPQ-15 model in Popular Science

PQ-15
1940s United States special-purpose aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Target drones of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
OSCAR 4. OSCAR IV ( OSCAR 4) was the fourth amateur radio satellite launched by Project OSCAR and the first targeted for Geostationary orbit on 12 December 1965. The satellite was launched piggyback with three United States Air Force satellites on a Titan IIIC launch vehicle. Due to a booster failure, OSCAR 4 was placed in an unplanned and largely unusable Geostationary transfer orbit.

Project OSCAR

Project OSCAR Inc. was started in 1960 by members of the TRW Radio Club of Redondo Beach, California as well as persons associated with Foothill College to investigate the possibility of putting an amateur satellite in orbit. Project OSCAR was responsible for the construction of the first Amateur Radio Satellites: OSCAR 1, launched from Vandenberg AFB in California on 12 December 1961, which transmitted a “HI” greeting in Morse Code for three weeks, OSCAR 2, and OSCAR 3.

Spacecraft

OSCAR 4 massed  and was a regular tetrahedron with edges  long. It had four independent monopole antennae and contained a tracking beacon transmitter and a communications repeater. It was powered by a solar cell array and batteries. The satellite marked the first attempt for a High Earth Orbit (HEO) or GeoStationary Earth Orbit (GEO) amateur radio satellite, later categorized by AMSAT as Phase 3 and Phase 4. Improvements from prior OSCAR satellites included a higher power (3 Watt) 10 kHz wide linear transponder (144 MHz uplink and 432 MHz downlink), due to the higher planned orbit.

Mission

OSCAR 4, along with LES-3, LES-4, and OV2-3, was launched on the third Titan IIIC test flight on 22 December 1965 at 14:00:01 UT from Cape Canaveral LC41 just one second behind schedule. From an initial parking orbit of , the Titan's Transtage boosted into a transfer orbit pending a final burn to circularize its orbit. However, this final burn, scheduled for T+6:03:04 after liftoff, never occurred due to a leaking valve in the booster's attitude control system. OSCAR 4, LES-3 and LES-4, were released from the Transtage, albeit much later than intended, likely by the booster's backup timer; OV2-3 remained attached and did not operate.

The satellite remained in operation for 85 days, until 16 March 1966, and re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 12 April 1976.

Legacy

In 1969, AMSAT-NA was founded by radio amateurs working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and the Baltimore-Washington DC region, to continue the efforts begun by Project OSCAR. Its first project was to coordinate the launch of Australis-OSCAR 5, constructed by students at the University of Melbourne.

References

Satellites orbiting Earth
Amateur radio satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1965
Solar Fox. Solar Fox is an arcade game released in 1981 by Bally Midway. It was ported to the Atari 2600 console and was also released as a Commodore-published cartridge for the Commodore 64 computer in 1983.

Gameplay

The player's task is to pilot a starship through a series of squared solar cell matrixes inside a rack. While capturing the cells the player must dodge waves of fireballs that are being thrown by Sentinels. These Sentinels move continuously along the perimeter of each cell formation. When an entire field of squares is completed (by flying through each square), the game advances to the next rack. The faster a matrix is cleared, the more points are received. 

There are 26 solar cell matrix shapes. Every fifth matrix is a Challenge rack. During challenge racks there are no fireballs; the goal is to clear the entire field before the time runs out. Completing each Challenge round awards a letter, to form the mystery word Helios.

Port
The game would later be released on the Atari 2600 console and was also developed as a Commodore-published cartridge for the Commodore 64 computer in 1983.

An Atari 5200 port program written by Van Tran (of Wabbit fame) was completed but never released.

Tie-in
A comic book ad was released in 1983 to support the story of the game.

Reception
The reception of the game was probably good as there was an Atari port.

References

External links
Solar Fox at Atari Mania 
Solar  Fox at AtariAge

1981 video games
Action games
Arcade video games
Atari 2600 games
CBS Electronics games
Commodore 64 games
Midway video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Video games developed in the United States
Culver PQ-10. The Culver PQ-10 was an American target drone, designed by the Culver Aircraft Company for use by the United States Army Air Forces. Designed in 1941, the project was cancelled before any aircraft flew.

Design and development
The prototype XPQ-10 was ordered by the United States Army Air Forces in 1941. Derived from the civilian Culver Model MR, the XPQ-10 was a high-wing monoplane equipped with twin Franklin O-300 engines and a fixed tricycle landing gear. Plans were made for the production of PQ-10 series aircraft; however, before the XPQ-10 was completed, the project was cancelled.

Specifications (XPQ-10)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Juptner, Joseph P. U.S. Civil Aircraft Series, Volume 8. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1993. .

PQ-10
Target drones of the United States
1940s United States military utility aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Web IDL. Web IDL is an interface description language (IDL) format for describing APIs (application programming interfaces) that are intended to be implemented in web browsers. Its adoption was motivated by the desire to improve the interoperability of web programming interfaces by specifying how languages such as ECMAScript should bind these interfaces.

Description 
Web IDL is an IDL variant with:
 A number of features that allow one to more easily describe the behavior of common script objects in a web context.
 A mapping of how interfaces described with Web IDL correspond to language constructs within an ECMAScript execution environment.

Web specifications had been specified using OMG IDL since 1998, first with the DOM Level 1 specification. However, interfaces defined using OMG IDL were not able to specify behavior for JavaScript precisely, leading to issues with interoperability. WebIDL improved on this status quo by providing data types and binding specifications that make the intended behavior in JavaScript clearer.

Status of Web IDL specifications 
The first edition of the Web IDL specification became a Candidate Recommendation on 19 April 2012 and a W3C Recommendation on 15 December 2016. For many years the Editor's Draft of a potential second edition, was what most new web specifications referenced. On 5 October 2021, the Editor's Draft was moved to the WHATWG as the Web IDL Living Standard per an  update to the agreement between the W3C and WHATWG.

Usage 
 The W3C Wiki has a list of W3C Specifications that use Web IDL, and nearly all WHATWG specifications use it.
 The Chromium Project has a page about using WebIDL to specify interfaces in Blink. 
 Mozilla uses Web IDL in their software creation process, mapping implementations to Web IDL specs.
 When WebKit is built, the IDL files are parsed, creates the code to bind interfaces to implementations.
 In the ES operating system, every system API is defined in Web IDL, and can be invoked from JavaScript directly.

References

External links 
 List of standards that use Web IDL
 Web IDL syntax checker

Specification languages
Web browsers
Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library. Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library (EEVL) project was started in August 1995 and the core database went live in September 1996. Its objective was to provide a free guide to specialist engineering resources to UK higher education institutions. It focused primarily on UK based resources.
It was part of the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) which was funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) 
The main team was based at Heriot Watt University in Edinburgh, with additional input from staff at the University of Edinburgh, Imperial College, Cambridge University, Nottingham Trent University, Sheffield University, Cranfield University and the IEE.

Resources were classified using a scheme based on Ei codes. An abstract and keywords were also provided for each item.
The main subject classifications used were:
Aerospace & Defence Engineering, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Engineering General, Engineering Design, Environmental Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Related Industries, Mining, Nanotechnology, Petroleum & Offshore Engineering.
As the number of resources increased these headings were divided into subheadings as necessary.

EEVL also classified resources by type. The types used were:
Commercial, Society/Institution, Higher Education, Resource Guide/Directory, E-journal/Newsletter, Governmental, Document, Research Project/Centr, Mailing/Discussion List, Software, Database/Databank, Training Materials, Reference, Recruitment/Employment, Patents/Standards, Conference/Meeting Announcements, Frequently Asked Questions, Video, Library Catalogues

EEVL also provided additional services such as a search engine for electronic journals, EESE.

In 1999 the project expanded to become an Engineering, Mathematics and Computing (EMC) Hub as part of the Resource Discovery Network.

In 2006 it became Intute Engineering as the RDN Hubs merged to form Intute.

References 
EEVL: Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/projects/eevl/

Breaks M, "EEVL (Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library)." Proceedings of the IATUL Conferences. Paper 2. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iatul/1997/papers/2

MacLeod R "Around the Table – Engineering". March 1997, Ariadne Issue 8 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue8/around-table/

Harrison NJ, MacLeod R. "Free Full-text E-journals and EEVL's Engineering E-journal Search Engine". April 2003, Ariadne Issue 35 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/eevl/

Harrison NJ, "Gateway to engineering", Information Scotland, http://www.slainte.org.uk/publications/serials/infoscot/vol7%281%29/vol7%281%29article5.htm

British digital libraries
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Jisc
Flash proxy. Flash proxy is a pluggable transport and  proxy which runs in a web browser. Flash proxies are an Internet censorship circumvention tool which enables users to connect to the Tor anonymity network (amongst others) via a plethora of ephemeral browser-based proxy relays. The essential idea is that the IP addresses contingently used are changed faster than a censoring agency can detect, track, and block them. The Tor traffic is wrapped in a WebSocket format and disguised with an XOR cipher.

Implementation
A free software implementation of flash proxies is available. It uses JavaScript, WebSocket, and a Python implementation of the obfsproxy protocol, and was crafted by the Security Project in Computer Security at Stanford University. This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific under Contract No. N66001-11-C-4022.

See also

 Crypto-anarchism
 Cryptocat
 CryptoParty
 Freedom of information
 Internet censorship
 Internet privacy
 Proxy server

References

External links
 The primary developer gives an overview at Stanford University

Free routing software
Cryptographic software
Anonymity networks
Internet privacy
Proxy servers
Free network-related software
Free software programmed in Python
NREC RL class locomotive. The RL class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Rail Technical Support Group (RTS) for the National Railway Equipment Company at Islington Railway Workshops in Australia.

Design
The concept of the RL class dates back to 1994 when Morrison Knudsen Australia purchased some 442 class locomotives from the State Rail Authority with the aim of rebuilding them with EMD 16 645F3B engines. However the project was shelved and the locomotives scrapped.

Following National Railway Equipment Company purchasing Morrison Knudsen, the project was revitalised albeit using new locomotive frames. Nine were built by RTS at Islington Railway Workshops, Adelaide between 2005 and 2010 with bogies and compressors from the 442s and reconditioned parts from the United States.

Seven were originally built and initially owned by  One was included in the sale of the South Spur Rail Services business to Qube Logistics in May 2010 who later took delivery of a further two. A tenth was not completed after a defect was discovered in the frame and scrapped.

They have hauled freight services in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. In April 2016, the six Greentrains units were sold to Southern Shorthaul Railroad.

Status table

References

External links
Flickr gallery

Co-Co locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 2005
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
NRE locomotives
James R. Von Ehr II. James R. Von Ehr II (born in 1950) is an American programmer, inventor and entrepreneur. Von Ehr is the former chief executive of Zyvex corporation, the world first and most successful molecular nanotechnology company.

Von Ehr founded Zyvex corporation in 1997 with a vision of assembling a nanoassembler. The company started by building microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Zyvex later split into four branches (Zyvex Technologies, Zyvex Instruments (acquired by DCG Systems, Inc.), Zyvex Labs, and Zyvex Asia), and current CEO of Zyvex Labs and chairman of Zyvex Technologies. Von Ehr founded Altsys Corporation in Dec 1984, and was President, Chairman, and CEO. Altsys was known for developing Fontographer, a PostScript-based font editor, and later FreeHand, a powerful PostScript-based illustration program for graphics artists and designers. Altsys was sold to Macromedia in 1995, where Von Ehr held a seat on the Board of Directors for nearly four years.

In 2000, Von Ehr founded the Texas Nanotechnology Initiative and contributed to the passage of the Nanotechnology Research and Development Act in 2003.

References

External links 
 Biography by Zyvex

1950 births
Living people