omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Argus As 5. The Argus As 5 was a large 24-cylinder 6 blocks' star aircraft engine, designed and built in Germany in the early 1920s by Argus Motoren.

Design and development
Following the Armistice of 1918, Germany continued to build aircraft and engines under the control of the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control. For use on very large aircraft, Argus designed and built the As 5 WW-24 water-cooled piston engine.

The As 5 consisted of six banks of cylinders arranged around a common crankshaft with a single output shaft. Each cylinder drove the crankshaft through a master and slave big end, similar to most radial engines. The top and bottom sets of three cylinder banks were set at 45° to each other with a 90°  separation between the outermost banks.

Individual cylinders with sheet metal water jackets shared the aluminium alloy heads, four to a bank. Inlet and exhaust valves were actuated by shaft driven overhead camshafts. The aluminium alloy crankcase was split top and bottom.

Although some testing was carried out, the As 5 never flew and was abandoned along with the very large aircraft projects it was intended to power.

Engines on display
A single example survives on display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Poland.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

Polish Aviation Museum - Argus As 5
Enginehistory.org - Argus As 5

As 5
1920s aircraft piston engines
Mud cake (oil and gas). Mud cake (also mudcake) is the layer of particulates from drill mud coating (caking) the inside of a borehole after the suspension medium has seeped through a porous geological formation. Similar to filter cake.

Mud cake provides a physical barrier to prevent further penetration and loss of drilling fluid, as well a later loss of produced fluids, into a permeable formation.

References

Drilling technology
Fluid dynamics
Star Mill Covered Bridge. The Star Mill Covered Bridge was north of West Union, Indiana. The double-span Burr Arch covered bridge structure was built by J. J. Daniels in 1861 and destroyed by flood waters in 1866.

History

Construction
This was the first of three bridges to be built at this location in a fifteen-year span. The second bridge, the Harrison Covered Bridge, would be built five years later and only last ten years before the West Union Covered Bridge would be built, which is still standing as of 2015.

Joseph J. Daniels wrote a letter to the Parke County Commissioners in 1859, acting as an agent for his brother, William D. Daniels, seeking the contracts to build two bridges over Sugar Creek. One at Star Mill, north of West Union, and one at west of Rockport, the Jackson Covered Bridge.

The Parke County Commissioners called a special meeting on December 28, 1860, on behalf of Dr. Hobbs, who was representing several citizens, to present a petition for a covered bridge at Rockport. John Scott presented a petition and subscriptions at the same meeting for a bridge at Star Mill.

On January 1, 1861, another special session was call by the County Commissioners where $8,000 was approved for both location provided that the citizens would provide subscriptions to make up for the total cost. James Johnson and Henry Wolf were appointed to select sutible locations for the bridges along with specifications and costs.

By the summer of 1861, the West Union site had raised $2,747 with eight men agreeing to make up the difference to $8,000. The Rockport site had raised $3,037 with six men agreeing to make up the difference to $8,000. William D. Daniels was awarded the contracts for both bridges with the provision that they must be completed by the end of the year, 1861.

Repair and destruction
The bridge was inspected and the rods tightened in 1863 by J. J. Daniels and, although this bridge probably had the same design and was tied down like the Jackson Covered Bridge, upstream, it did not withstand the flood of 1866.

See also
 Parke County Covered Bridges
 Parke County Covered Bridge Festival

References

Former covered bridges in Parke County, Indiana
Bridges completed in 1861
Bridges Built by J. J. Daniels
1861 establishments in Indiana
Wooden bridges in Indiana
Burr Truss bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Indiana
Aerodynamic aerosol classifier. An aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) is an embodiment of a measurement technique for classifying aerosol particles according to their aerodynamic diameters.

The technique allows online size classification of particles without requiring them to be electrically charged, and advantageously allows selection of particles within a narrow range of aerodynamic diameters. This is by contrast to an impactor or virtual impactor, which allow only particles smaller than, or larger than, a certain cut-point, respectively. A practically implementable AAC can classify particles from the nanometre range to a few microns in size.

This removes many of the difficulties associated with multiple charging artifacts, such as may be encountered when classifying particles by size according to electrical mobility (such as the differential mobility analyser or DMA). The selection of particles by aerodynamic diameter also lends itself to respiratory and inhalation applications as this metric directly affects lung deposition. 

The technique is described by Olfert et al.

Scanning aerodynamic size spectrometer 
A scanning aerodynamic size spectrometer (SASS) uses a condensation particle counter (CPC) downstream of an AAC to measure high resolution aerodynamic particle size distributions (APSD). The AAC's rotational speed is ramped up or down, continuously changing the size of particle passed, whist the CPC counts the particles. An inversion algorithm takes into account the particle residence timings in the classifier and in the CPC to produce the final size distribution. The technique is similar in principle to the scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), which instead produces an electrical mobility size spectrum, although the SASS inversion does not need to take account of particle charge state. The SASS was first described by Johnson et al.

References

Aerosols
Aerosol measurement
ICP M09. The ICP M09 is an Italian piston aircraft engine under development by ICP srl of Castelnuovo Don Bosco,  Piedmont. The engine is intended for aircraft in the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight and the American light-sport aircraft categories.

Design and development
Design work on the M09 started in about 2008 with work proceeding secretly until it was publicly announced in mid-September 2012. The design goals were compactness and quick installation.

The M09 was designed by Franco Lambertini, who previously designed Moto Morini motorcycle engines, although the engine has no commonality with other Lambertini motorcycle engines and is a clean-sheet design for aviation use.

The engine is a four stroke, 90° V twin cylinder, four valve,  powerplant that delivers a maximum of  at 7000 rpm and is capable of inverted flight as well as tractor and pusher configuration installations. It is equipped with a 2.95-to-1 reduction gearbox and has a dry weight of 67 kg (147 lbs). It incorporates an automatic decompressor starter installed on the exhaust valve camshaft. Fuel is delivered via electronic fuel injection. Turbocharging is envisioned for some future versions.

The family of engines is expected to produce  when fully developed, although the initial version is expected to produce . On initial runs it produced 

The first flight on an ICP Savannah S test bed aircraft was on 18 December 2014.

Specifications (M09)

References

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2010s aircraft piston engines
Ronald Norman (businessman). Sir Ronald Norman,  (born 29 April 1937) is a British businessman and author. Sir Ron received an OBE in 1986 for services to urban regeneration in Newcastle and was honoured with a knighthood in 1995 for services to Teesside.

Personal life
The son of a postman, he won a scholarship to Dulwich College where he studied sciences and made a mark as a boxer. He then studied Engineering at King's College London, graduating in 1960 with first-class honours in Civil Engineering and winning the University Boxing Championship. His book Odd Man Out in the Alps tells the story of his journey over two summers trekking 400 miles through the French Alps in little more than shorts and sandals.

Companies
Sir Ron's early work as an engineer included the construction of the famous hyperbolic paraboloid roof on the Commonwealth Institute in Kensington. From civil engineering he moved into management consultancy, general construction, property development and urban renewal. Eventually, he launched his own development company committed to setting higher standards of development, in particular by respecting local architectural traditions. In partnership with Professor David Bellamy, he also ran a pioneering consultancy aimed at persuading his fellow developers of the importance of environmental considerations. He has held director appointments at 31 companies, including:
President of the Tees Valley Community Foundation (previously known as Cleveland Community Foundation)
Chairman of the Teesside Development Corporation

References

1937 births
Alumni of King's College London
British chairpersons of corporations
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Deputy lieutenants of Durham
English civil engineers
English travel writers
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
People educated at Dulwich College
Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Institute of Technology, Rayagada. Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Institute of Technology, Rayagada or "UGMIT" is a state government polytechnic diploma engineering institution for boys and girls located at Rayagada, Odisha, India.

History
The Institute was established in the year of 1979 with a single 3 year Diploma course in Leather Technology with intake capacity of 15 students. It is affiliated to All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi and State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training recognized under state government of Odisha. Since last two years semester pattern has been introduced with internal examination for 30 marks and main examination for 70 marks.

Courses offered 
Presently the institute offers courses under Civil, Electrical, Mechanical as well as Electronics and Telecommunication engineering. The admission to Leather Technology has been kept in abeyance since 1991. Two hostels for boys are available which can accommodate about 100 students.

References

External links
official website of UGMIT, Rayagada

State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training
All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Odisha
Education in Rayagada district
Educational institutions established in 1979
1979 establishments in Orissa
Shenyang JJ-1. The Shenyang JJ-1, also known as the  Hong Zhuan-503 or Red Special, was a jet trainer developed in the People's Republic of China (PRC) during the 1950s. It was the first jet aircraft designed in China, with Xu Shunshou as the chief designer. Two prototypes flew, but further development was abandoned.

Design and development
Due to differences in ideology the Soviet Union severed relations with the PRC in the late 1950s, robbing the PRC of access to modern Soviet technology, particularly aircraft and aviation-related items. To ensure that the People's Liberation Army Air Force could re-equip and train to fly jet fighters Shenyang Aircraft Corporation were approached by the PLAAF to design and build a prototype jet trainer. 

Xu Shunshou served as the director designer, and Huang Zhiqian and Ye Zhengda were deputy designers. Xu led a team of 108 people, whose average age was only 22. Most team members were recent university graduates, and only three people: Xu, Huang, and Lu Xiaopeng, had any aircraft design experience.

To fill the PLAAF requirement, the designers at Shenyang produced the JJ-1, a straight-winged aircraft, with a retractable tricycle undercarriage, tandem cockpits with a side hinged canopy over the front cockpit and rearward sliding canopy over the rear cockpit (very similar to the Shenyang JJ-5) and intakes either side of the front cockpit.

Power was supplied by a Shenyang Aircraft Development Office PF-1A, (Chinese copy of the Klimov RD-500 itself a copy of the Rolls-Royce Derwent), centrifugal compressor turbojet fitted in the centre fuselage, exhausting through a jet pipe extending to the tail of the fuselage. Armament was to have been a single  calibre automatic cannon.

Production was not carried out as it was found that pilots could transition to basic jet fighters from propeller driven fighters with few problems. Nevertheless, as the first jet aircraft designed in China, the JJ-1 marked a new era of  China's aircraft manufacturing industry.

Operational history
Testing was carried out on the two prototypes and static test airframe before development was cancelled.

Specifications (JJ-1)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Airliners .net photo

JJ-01, Shenyang
Shenyang aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Light combat aircraft. A light combat aircraft (LCA) is a light, multirole jet/turboprop military aircraft, commonly derived from advanced trainer designs, designed for engaging in light combat. The mission can either be in a light strike or attack missions, reconnaissance, interdiction roles or trainer roles and even air-to-air fight.

Characteristics 
They are typically slower than larger multirole or strike aircraft such as the American F-18, F-15E Strike Eagle, or Russian MiG-29. Most light combat aircraft are capable only of subsonic speeds, although some are capable of reaching Mach 1+. An LCA will typically be equipped with bombs, gun pods, or short-range air-to-air missiles used for COIN or CAS missions.

Some aircraft integrate more advanced armaments such as smart bombs, air to ground missiles, ECM pods (Electronic Countermeasure), and electronic targeting systems. However, these aircraft are usually used for self-defense or anti-hostile aircraft/helicopter missions, not for air-defense missions typically carried out by lightweight fighters. Some LCAs are capable of air-to-air combat or point air defense missions if equipped with multi-mode radar systems. Still, the majority cannot perform these missions due to their small design and limited capabilities. LCAs are often used to patrol the skies and implement border patrol or air policing.

Aircraft

The list of a light combat aircraft currently on the market is below.

See also
 Light fighter

References

Attack aircraft
Fighter aircraft
Military trainer aircraft
Siemens Inspiro. The Siemens Inspiro is a family of electric multiple unit trains designed and manufactured by Siemens Mobility since 2012 for metro systems. The product was launched on 19 September 2012 at the InnoTrans in Berlin. The first Inspiro entered service with Warsaw Metro on 6 October 2013.

Genesis 
In October 2009, Siemens Mobility started development on a new subway product family. It collaborated with DesignworksUSA on design aspects. The company based its design on Modular Metro vehicles previously produced for Vienna, Oslo and Nuremberg.

Metros using Siemens Inspiro technology

Australia 
Siemens was awarded a contract to supply 12 3-car driverless sets for the Sydney Metro Western Sydney Airport Line. Due to the higher overhead line voltage of , these trains will be part of the Inspiro High Capacity (Inspiro HC) family. The first trains are expected to enter service in 2026.

Austria 
In September 2017, Wiener Linien ordered 34 new subway trains for the Vienna U-Bahn called Type X from Siemens Transportation Systems to replace the older “Silver Arrows” (Type U). The first trains will be used on the U1 - U4 lines from 2023 and will be used automated on the U5 line from 2026. The Last cars operated 2030 (55th).

Bulgaria 
30 new metro 3-car trainsets have been ordered for the M3 line of the Sofia Metro to enter into service April 2020. The contract includes an option for 30 additional cars to extend these trains to 4 cars long.

Germany 

MVG has ordered first 21 six-carriage trains for the Munich U-Bahn in November 2010 (Class C2.11) with second option of 22 units in 2019 (Class C2.12) and third option of 24 units in 2020 (Class C2.13), bringing the total number to 67. MVG has designated the trains as Class C2, differentiating them from C1, which wasn't based on Inspiro. The delivery began in 2012 with the last unit to be delivered in 2024.

VAG ordered 21 four-carriage trains for the Nuremberg U-Bahn in 2015, designated as G1, with the first entry into revenue service in 2020.

Malaysia 
Rapid KL - Kajang line in service 4-car trainsets configuration

Poland 
Warsaw Metro - in service 6-car trainsets configuration

Saudi Arabia 
Riyadh Metro - in service 2-car and 4-car trainsets configuration for Line 1 and Line 2.

United Kingdom 

Siemens was awarded a contract worth £1.5bn for 94 9-car sets based on the Inspiro to replace the existing 1973 Stock used on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground. The first of the type is expected to enter service in 2025. There are also options for a total of 250 trains allowing replacement of all existing trains on the deep-level Central, Waterloo & City and Bakerloo lines.

Gallery

See also 
 Alstom Metropolis and Movia

References

External links 
 Siemens Inspiro product page
 Siemens Inspiro brochure

Siemens multiple units
EMD FT36HCW-2. The EMD FT36CW-2, classified as the Class 7000 locomotive under Korail, was a Korean semi-high-speed diesel locomotive. It was built to make the Saemaul Class trains more streamlined before the 1988 Olympics. The locomotives were built between 1986 and 1987 and were all retired between 2011 and 2012 when they reached the end of their 25-year lifespans.

Specifications 
The FT36HCW-2 is only capable of hauling passenger cars.

The braking system is of an electric type, unlike the air brakes used on the larger GT26CW and GT26CW-2 diesel-electric locomotives. However, dynamic braking was prohibited from use due to the aging of the traction motors.

The cab only had windows on one side of the train, so it was hard to see in the other side of the train. Therefore, the top speed when driving in slower speeds was limited to 25 km/h.

History 
 June 1986: Units 7001-7009 are introduced into service.
 July 1987: Units 7010-7015 are introduced into service. These units had several slight changes.
 2011: Units 7001-7009 are retired. Unit 7001 is slated for preservation.
 November 28, 2012: Units 7010-7015 are retired.

Modifications 
The FT36HCW-2s were equipped with head-end power (HEP). However, the power supply caused many problems, and excessive noise and frequent maintenance led to the decision by Korail to remove HEP from the cars and instead use dynamo cars to provide the head-end power.

The locomotives also were originally powered by EMD 16-645F3B 3500-horsepower engines, but were eventually repowered with more efficient 3000-horsepower EMD 16-645E3 to satisfy passengers and customers.

The front coupler was initially housed, but was converted to an external convex to resolve efficiency problems.

Trains and statuses 
There were fifteen FT36HCW-2 locomotives, all of which were classified as Class 7000 locomotives. A detailed list of the fifteen units is below.

References

FT36HCW-2
Co-Co locomotives
Diesel locomotives of South Korea
Railway locomotives introduced in 1986
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Zhao Jincai. Zhao Jincai (; born December 1960) is a Chinese environmental chemist and researcher of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In April 1994, he obtained a doctorate from Meisei University in Japan. In 2011 he was elected as an academician of CAS. He is a professor at the Institute of Chemistry, CAS; Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Deputy Director of Science Committee of Molecular Sciences Centre, CAS. His research mainly focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of toxic and persistent organic pollutants. Zhao introduced -based photocatalyst under visible light, and discovered a new way for oxygen atom transfer during photocatalytic reactions.

Research
In the early 2000s, Zhao's group reported that visible light can accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants with aqueous
solutions of iron tetrasulfophthalocyanine ([Fe(PcS)]) and . They also found out FeBR (Fe2+ complex of 2,2′-bipyridine) is efficient in eliminating organic pollutants such as rhodamine B (RhB), malachite green (MG) and N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA). They did several control experiments, in the dark or under irradiation, with or without irradiation. They proposed that when light is introduced, excitation of [FeIII(PcS)] can result in electron transfer from ligand(L) to Fe3+, then Fe3+ can be reduced to Fe2+. The Fe2+-L complex can react with  to produce HO., leading to the degradation of pollutants.

Contributions 
Zhao has published over 200 papers in international journals and obtained 20 Chinese invention patents. Zhao won many awards:

2010  Japanese Photochemistry Association Lectureship Award for Asian and OceanianPhotochemist.

2005  The Second Grade National Prize of Natural Science of China (the first contributor).

2002  The Award of Excellent Young Scientists of Chinese Academy of Sciences- Bayer (Germany).

2002  The Fiste Grade Prize of Science and Technology in Beijing (Natural Science).

2002  The Second Grade Prize Military Science and Technique Progress Prize.

1999  Be selected into the first and second levels of "the National Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talent Project".

1998  The Special Contribution Award from the State Council of China.

1997  Distinguished Young Scientists of NSFC.

1999, 2002, 2006 The Award of Excellent Advisor of Graduates of CAS.

References

1960 births
Living people
Chemists from Inner Mongolia
Environmental chemistry
Inner Mongolia University alumni
Meisei University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People from Ulanqab
Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine. 
Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine, now in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, England, was made around 1805 and is the world's third-oldest working steam engine and the oldest working engine with a Tusi couple hypocycloidal straight line mechanism.

History
Designed by Matthew Murray, and made by Fenton, Murray and Wood of Holbeck, Leeds, it is one of only two of the type to survive; the other is located at The Henry Ford, Michigan, United States.

The single-cylinder engine was used by John Bradley & Co of Stourbridge from 1805 until 1931, and by N. Hingley & Sons Ltd of Netherton from 1931 until 1961, when it was acquired by Birmingham City Council for their science museum.

Murray patented the hypocycloidal arrangement in 1802.

See also
 Birmingham Museums Trust
 Rotative beam engine
 Smethwick Engine – the oldest working engine in the world, also at Thinktank
 Sun and planet gear
 Whitbread Engine – the second-oldest working engine; one of the first rotative steam engines

Notes

References 

Preserved stationary steam engines
Collection of Thinktank, Birmingham
1805 in England
1805 in science
Articles containing video clips