omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric. Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric (IEPE) characterises a technical standard for piezoelectric sensors which contain built-in impedance conversion electronics. IEPE sensors are used to measure acceleration, force or pressure. Measurement microphones also apply the IEPE standard.
Other proprietary names for the same principle are ICP, CCLD, IsoTron or DeltaTron.

The electronics of the IEPE sensor (typically implemented as FET circuit) converts the high impedance signal of the piezoelectric material into a voltage signal with a low impedance of typically 100 Ω. A low impedance signal is advantageous because it can be transmitted across long cable lengths without a loss of signal quality.  In addition, special low noise cables, which are otherwise required for use with piezoelectric sensors, are no longer necessary.

The sensor circuit is supplied with constant current. A distinguishing feature of the IEPE principle is that the power supply and the sensor signal are transmitted via one shielded wire.

Most IEPE sensors work at a constant current between 2 and 20 mA. A common value is 4 mA. The higher the constant current the longer the possible cable length. Cables of several hundred meters length can be used without a loss of signal quality. Supplying the IEPE sensor with constant current, results in a positive bias voltage, typically between 8 and 12 volts, at the output. The actual measuring signal of the sensor is added to this bias voltage. The supply or compliance voltage of the constant current source should be 24 to 30 V which is about two times the bias voltage. This ensures maximum amplitudes in positive and negative direction.

A typical IEPE sensor supply with 4 mA constant current and 25 V compliance voltage has a power consumption of 100 mW. This can be a drawback in battery powered systems. For such applications low-power IEPE sensors exist which can be operated at only 0.1 mA constant current from a 12 V supply. This may save up to 90 % power.

Many measuring instruments designed for piezoelectric sensors or measurement microphones have an IEPE constant current source integrated at the input.
In measuring instruments with IEPE input the bias voltage is often used for sensor detection. 
If the signal lies close to the constant current supply voltage, there is no sensor present or the cable path has been interrupted. A signal close to the saturation voltage, indicates a short circuit in the sensor or cable. In between these two limits a functional sensor has been detected. 
The bias voltage is cut off by a coupling capacitor at the instrument input and only the AC signal is processed further.  

Piezoelectric sensors which do not possess IEPE electronics, meaning with charge output, remain reserved for applications where lowest frequencies, high operating temperatures, an extremely large dynamic range, very energy saving operation or extremely small design is required.

References

External links
 IEPE principle, Metra

Sensors
Accelerometers
Paul Drumaux. Paul Drumaux (1883, in Hasselt – 1954, in Brussels) was a Belgian engineer who wrote on electricity, electrical engineering, and related subjects.

Paul Drumaux received from the University of Liège a degree in mining engineering in 1905 and a degree in electrical engineering in 1908. In 1907 Drumaxu became a supervising engineer at Belgium's PTT (Post, Telegraaf, Telefonie) and in 1919 a docent at Ghent University. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 in Zurich and in 1936 in Oslo.

His brother Leon Drumaux (1879–1942) became director-general of the Ministry of Agriculture of Belgium. His sister Angela Drumaux (1881–1959) was an artist who was a student of  at the academy of Liège and received in 1913 the triennial prize for painting; she exhibited in 1952 at the Hasseltse Galerie Artes and in 1953 at the Scherpesteen gallery.

Selected publications
 La théorie corpusculaire de l’électricité. Les électrons et les ions (1911, publication awarded the Prix de la Fondations Montefiore) 166 pages
 La théléphonie à grande distance et la télephonie sans fils (1913, publication awarded the Prix de l’Association des Ingénieurs de Liège)
 Les circuits téléphonique à longue portée comparées aux lignes de transport de force (1913)
 L’évidence de la théorie d’Einstein (1923), 72 pages
 Sur l’énergie gravifique (1925)
 La théorie des quanta (1927).

References

1883 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Belgian engineers
University of Liège alumni
Academic staff of Ghent University
People from Hasselt
Belgian electrical engineers
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 5212. LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 No. 45212 is a preserved British steam locomotive. It was built by Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle upon Tyne in 1935.

Service history 
It is a LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 locomotive, originally numbered 5212 by the LMS, it had 40000 added to its number under British Railways after nationalisation in 1948. 45212 was one of the last locomotives to be withdrawn from service, surviving until 1968, the last year of steam on British Railways.

Preservation 
 

In August 1968, Ron Ainsworth purchased 45212 directly from British Railways service for use on the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway, so it never had to be restored from scrapyard condition, and is now owned by the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway. Between 2000 and 2011, it was overhauled and operated at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, but was not able to run trains into Whitby or Battersby as it was not mainline certified.

In 2012 an agreement was reached with Ian Riley for a 10 year period where the locomotive would be overhauled to mainline standards, while spending 3 months of the year at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway. Following the 2016 completion of an overhaul at Riley's workshop in Bury, the engine is now mainline certified, and is operated by them on the main line, alongside Black 5s 44871 and 45407.

In 2017, the engine began running the Jacobite service from Fort William to Mallaig on the West Highland Line.

References

External links 

 Railuk database
 Preserved locomotive database

45212
Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-0 locomotives
Arctur-2. Arctur-2 is a supercomputer located in Slovenia which is used by scientists and industry professionals to run intensive workloads and computer simulations such as aerodynamics simulations and steel casting simulations. 

The Arctur-2 High Performance Computer (HPC) is located in Nova Gorica (Slovenia) and was put into operation in early 2017. 
Arctur-2 is a system built by Sugon and consists of 30 nodes, each with two  Intel Xeon E5-2690v4 processors; 8 of these nodes are equipped with 4 Nvidia Tesla M60 GPUs each, and another 8 of them have big memory capacity of 1024GB per node. 

The supercomputer is managed by Arctur.

References 

GPGPU supercomputers
Supercomputing in Europe
Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog. Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog (born 4 June 1955) is a German computer scientist. He is a full professor at the University of Oldenburg in Oldenburg, northern Germany. He heads the Correct Systems Design (CSD) group whose research is focused on programming language theory. Their research goal is methods for the systematic development of correct software for parallel and distributed systems under real-time constraints.
In 1994, Olderog was awarded the  Leibnitz Prize of the German Research Foundation (DFG) for his work.
He authored a number of scientific books and served as editor-in-chief of the journal Acta Informatica and as chairman of the IFIP Working Group 2.2 on Formal Description of Programming Concepts.
His work in this Working Group was awarded the IFIP Silver Core in 1998.

Biography

Education and Academic Career 

Olderog comes from Bredenbek in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and studied computer science, mathematics and logic at the University of Kiel, where he received his doctorate in 1981 supervised by Hans Langmaack on Hoare-style characterization systems for ALGOL-like programming languages. After several research visits abroad (including the Programming Research Group at the University of Oxford and in Amsterdam, Edinburgh, Yorktown Heights and Saarbrücken), he habilitated also at Kiel University in 1989. Since 1989, Olderog has been based at the Department of Computer Science, University of Oldenburg.
From 1995 to 2005, Olderog served as chairman of the IFIP Working Group 2.2 on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. He was editor-in-chief of the journal Acta Informatica and in 2012 became a member of the Academia Europaea. From 2012 to 2021 Olderog was Speaker of the Graduate School SCARE (I + II) and from 2017 to 2019 be was dean of the Faculty II.

Awards and honors 

 In 1994, Olderog, together with his colleague Manfred Broy, was awarded the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, worth three million DM.
 From 1995 to 2005, Olderog was chairman of the IFIP Working Group 2.2 on Formal Description of Programming Concepts.
 In 1998, he received the Silver Core Award from IFIP for his work in this IFIP group.
 Olderog was editor of the journal Acta Informatica
 has been a member of the Academia Europaea since 2012.
 In 2015, a symposium with an associated Festschrift was held at the University of Oldenburg in celebration of his 60th birthday.

Books
Olderog has authored, coauthored, coedited the following books:

References

External links
 Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog home page
 
 Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog at DBLP Bibliography Server

1955 births
People from Rendsburg-Eckernförde
University of Kiel alumni
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
IBM Research computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Oldenburg
German computer scientists
Formal methods people
German academic journal editors
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Members of Academia Europaea
Living people
Abdul-Rahman Othman. Abdul-Rahman Othman  (; born 10 February 1942) is a Sudanese politician. He is Minister of Oil and Gas.

Specialized certificates and positions 
 Graduate of Mechanical Engineering University of Khartoum 1967
 Bachelor of First Honors and PhD University of Birmingham – England 1974
 Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum and Coordinator of Agricultural Engineering Certificate
 Secretary of the College Council and Chairman of the Examinations Committee until September 1981
 Joined the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Al Ruwais Refinery as head of the engineering development department responsible for the design, procurement, contracts and implementation of more than four hundred small projects and twenty major projects within eight years, including expansion of the refinery from 120,000 to 220,000 barrels per day
 Participated in the development of labor systems, staffing limits and employment structures. He has vast experience in management, contracts, negotiations, security and safety

See also
Ministry of Oil and Gas (Sudan)

References

External links
Ministry of Oil & Gas (official website)

Living people
Oil and Gas ministers of Sudan
1942 births
People from Khartoum
University of Khartoum alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Academic staff of the University of Khartoum
Cal Lane. Cal Lane (born 1968) is a Canadian sculptor, known for creating delicate, lacy sculptures out of industrial steel products.

Early life and education
Lane was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1968 and raised on Vancouver Island, where she trained as a hairdresser and a welder. She has a bachelor's degree from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and a Master of Fine Arts from the State University of New York at Purchase.

Art
Cal Lane uses a plasma cutter or an oxy-acetylene torch to cut intricate patterns into industrial steel products.

Lane's work is often described in terms of dichotomy or contrast. Fred A. Bernstein wrote in The New York Times: "The work is about the contrasts between the industrial and the fanciful, the opaque and the transparent." Writing for Sculpture magazine, Robin Peck said: "The dialectic is obvious: industrial versus domestic, strong versus delicate, masculine versus feminine, functional versus decorative." Lori Zimmer wrote: "Lane enjoys pushing the dichotomy of feminine and masculine by combining patterns of domesticity with these cold, harsh symbols of masculine blue collar labor."

Exhibitions
2004 Dirt Lace, Wynick/Tuck Gallery
2007 Radical Lace & Subversive Knitting Museum of Arts and Design
2008 DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park
2010 Sweet Crude, Art Gallery of Mississauga; Southern Alberta Art Gallery
2015 Veiled Hoods and Stains, Yukon Arts Centre
2016 Sharjah Art Museum

Selected public collections
 Beaverbrook Art Galery, Fredericton;

Awards
2001 International Sculpture Center's Outstanding Student Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture
2006 Socrates Sculpture Park Fellowship
2007 Joseph S. Stauffer Prize

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1968 births
21st-century Canadian sculptors
NSCAD University alumni
Artists from Halifax, Nova Scotia
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
Welders
21st-century Canadian women sculptors
3YourMind. 3YourMind is a Berlin-based 3D printing software company, founded by Aleksander Ciszek and Stephan Kuehr. The company was launched in 2014.

Overview 
The company is a spin-off of Technische Universität Berlin. The online e-commerce and enterprise platforms of the company were launched in 2015. The company provides integrations to 3D printing directly from 15 CAD software programs. 3YourMind developed its AM Part Identifier (AMPI) system with advice from Electro-Optical Systems (EOS) to evaluate a company's parts inventory and identify the parts that are suitable for 3D printing.

Activities 
The company was a founding partner of  the Additive Manufacturing Forum event in Berlin in 2017.

Awards 
3YourMind received the German Innovation Award in 2016, which made them the member of the German Accelerator Program in Silicon Valley.

The company won first prize in FormNext 2016 which was powered by TCT Startup Challenge.

Funding 
The company raised its seed investment round in 2015, led by AM Ventures.

The company raised $12 million in the Series A investment round in 2017.

See also 
 3D Printing Process

References 

3D printer companies
3D printing
Companies based in Berlin
Technology companies established in 2014
Sharp and Fellows, Inc.. Sharp and Fellows, Inc. is a railroad contracting company that specializes in building, maintaining and demolishing railroad track and infrastructure for many railroad companies all across the southwest portion of the United States. The company has been operating since 1877. Its headquarters are located in Gardena, California.

History 
Sharp and Fellows, Inc. built the Sharp and Fellows #7 locomotive engine around 1902 with a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement for the Minnesota Land and Construction Company. It was donated to the Travel Town Museum of Los Angeles in 1955.

Sharp and Fellows provided parts for the construction of the warcraft Thunderbird.

References

External links 
 Official website

1877 establishments in California
Rail infrastructure manufacturers
Xylit. Xylit (from xylon, "silk") is a waste product generated by the mining of lignite. As in peat, embedded iron structures do not become completely sedimented. Its density is around 250 kg/m3.

Uses 

Its very low heat content, even in a dried state, makes it a good fuel for heat generation. It has been used in France as compost, and is sometimes used in potting soil and as a substrate for horticulture. Because it is more elastic and robust than wood, it can be used as a good substitute for bricks.

Its unique structure that traps nutrients and pollutants, as well as its high specific surface area (encouraging trickling filter development) and its exceptional longevity (30 years), allow to be used as filter media in some decentralized wastewater systems.

Commercial uses 

 The Belgian company  uses Xylit as filtering media in its X-Perco
 Aquaterra Solutions uses Xylit for riverbank stabilization

See also 
 Lignite
 Peat

Références

This article is partially translated from German and French Wikipedia articles.

Coal
Organic minerals
Sanitation
Water pollution
Testbed aircraft. A testbed aircraft is an aeroplane, helicopter or other kind of aircraft intended for flight research or testing the aircraft concepts or on-board equipment. These could be specially designed or modified from serial production aircraft.

Use of testbed aircraft

For example, in development of new aircraft engines, these are fitted to a testbed aircraft for flight testing, before certification. New instruments wiring and equipment, a fuel system and piping, structural alterations to the wings, and other adjustments are needed for this adaptation.

The Folland Fo.108 (nicknamed the "Folland Frightful") was a dedicated engine testbed aircraft in service from 1940. The aircraft had a mid-fuselage cabin for test instrumentation and observers. Twelve were built and provided to British aero-engine companies. A large number of aircraft-testbeds have been produced and tested since 1941 in the USSR and Russia by the Gromov Flight Research Institute.

AlliedSignal, Honeywell Aerospace, Pratt & Whitney, and other aerospace companies used Boeing jetliners as flying testbed aircraft.

See also

 Index of aviation articles
 List of experimental aircraft
 List of aerospace flight test centres
 Development mule
 Iron bird (aviation)

References

Aerospace engineering
Experimental aircraft
Aviation industry
Civil aviation
Military aviation
Aircraft operations
History of aviation
Ford FX-Atmos. The Ford FX-Atmos was a concept car built by the Ford Motor Company for the 1954 Chicago Auto Show. According to one source, it was considered as a candidate for a nuclear power plant.

It was styled after jet aircraft, with headlight/ front fender pods mounting radio antennas and bearing a strong resemblance to ramjet air intakes; it also had rocket exhaust styled taillights, and prominent tail fins. The cabin set the driver on the centerline and provided two rear seats, all under a clear dome. The driver's controls and instruments were also futuristic, with dual handgrips instead of a steering wheel and a screen on the dash-intended to display radar sourced highway information.

It has been suggested that the FX-Atmos was a significant inspiration in the design of Supercar in the Gerry Anderson TV series of that name.

References 

Ford concept vehicles
Isatoic anhydride. Isatoic anhydride is an organic compound derived from anthranilic acid.  A white solid, it is prepared by reaction of anthranilic acid with phosgene.

Reactions
Hydrolysis gives carbon dioxide and anthranilic acid.  Alcoholysis proceeds similarly, affording the ester:
C6H4C2O3NH  +  ROH  →   C6H4(CO2R)(NH2)  +  CO2
Amines also effect ring-opening.  Active methylene compounds and carbanions replace oxygen giving hydroxyquinolinone derivatives.  Deprotonation followed by alkylation gives the N-substituted derivatives.  Sodium azide gives the benzimidazolone via the isocyanate.  Isatoic anhydride is used as a blowing agent in the polymer industry, an application that exploits its tendency to release CO2.

Uses
Isatoic anhydride has been used as a precursor for the synthesis of methaqualone and related 4-quinazolinone-based pharmaceutical drugs, including:
Tioperidone
Tranilast
Pelanserin
Diproqualone
Antrafenine
SJ-733
Nicafenine
Molinazone
Cloperidone
SGB 1534

References

Carboxylic anhydrides
CO stripping. In electrochemistry, CO stripping is a special process of voltammetry where a monolayer of carbon monoxide already adsorbed on the surface of an electrocatalyst is electrochemically oxidized and thus removed from the surface. A well-known process of this type is CO stripping on Pt/C electrocatalysts in which the electrooxidation peak occurs somewhere between 0.5 to 0.9 V depending on the characteristics and structural properties of the specimen.

Principle 
Some metals, such as platinum, readily adsorb carbon monoxide, which is usually undesirable as it results in catalyst poisoning.

However, the strong affinity of CO to such catalysts also presents an opportunity: since carbon monoxide is a small molecule with a strong affinity to the catalyst, a large enough amount of CO will adsorb to the entire available surface area of the catalyst. That, in turn, means that by evaluating the amount of CO adsorbed, the catalyst's available surface area can be indirectly measured.

That surface area - also known as "real surface area" or "electrochemically active surface area" - can be measured by electrochemically oxidizing the adsorbed carbon monoxide, as the charge expended in oxidizing CO is directly proportional to the amount of CO adsorbed on the surface and therefore, the surface area of the catalyst.

Usage 
CO stripping is one of the methods used to determine the electrochemically active surface area of electrodes and catalysts that irreversibly adsorb carbon monoxide, most notably ones containing platinum and other transition metals.

References 

Separation processes
Electroanalytical methods
Electrochemistry
Philip W. Lett. Philip Wood Lett (May 4, 1922 – June 6, 2014) was an American armored fighting vehicle engineer that lead the Chrysler Defense design team in the XM1 tank program, whose work resulted in the M1 Abrams tank currently in service with the U.S. Army.

Biography 
Philip Wood Lett was born on May 4, 1922, in Newton, Alabama, to mother Lily Octavia Kennedy and Philip Wood Lett Sr. After his first job of picking cotton, Lett joined the U.S. Army during WWII and served with the Army Corps of Engineers. After the war, Lett received a master's degree in engineering from the University of Alabama in 1947. He completed his education in 1951 by earning a PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan.  He graduated from Alabama Polytechnic Institute (currently called Auburn) in 1944 with a B. S. degree in mechanical engineering.

Lett joined Chrysler Defense in 1950, and became involved in the design and development of the M48 main battle tank (MBT). As project engineer, Lett supervised the technical design and coordinated with the Army in the testing and evaluation process. In 1954, Lett became chief engineer and led the design and development of the Army's next MBT, the M60 tank.

In 1972, the Army began the XM1 tank program, and in June 1973 awarded contracts to General Motors and Chrysler Defense to construct prototype vehicles. Lett led the Chrysler Defence team in the competition, in which the Chrysler XM1 design in won the Army contract for Full Scale Engineering Development in November 1976. Lett continued to lead the M1's development until 1987.

He was married to Katy Lee Howell from June 26, 1948, until her death on February 6, 2006. He died on June 6, 2014.

See also 
 M1 Abrams
 M60 tank

References 

1922 births
American engineers
University of Alabama alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
2014 deaths
Auburn University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Tank designers