omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Benninghoven. The Benninghoven GmbH & Co. KG is a German company based in Mülheim an der Mosel. It is a world-leading supplier of asphalt mixing plants, machines and services to the construction industry.
The company was established in 1909 by Otto Benninghoven in Hilden. It started with the production of gear wheels and various machinery. At the beginning of the 1950s the company started to produce industrial burners. At the beginning of the 1960s it entered the asphalt mixing industry, the first products being burners, dryers and bitumen systems. In 2007 the company employed around 600 people.[1]

Construction and civil engineering companies of Germany
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Construction equipment manufacturers of Germany
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1909
German companies established in 1909
Product concept. A product concept is a description of a product or service, at an early stage in the product lifecycle. It is generated before any detailed design work is undertaken and takes into consideration market analysis, customer experience, product features, product cost, strategic fit, and product architecture.

A product concept should describe how the new product will appeal to its target market. While the product concept is based upon the idea that customers prefer products that have the most quality, performance, and features, some customers prefer a product that is simpler and easier to use.

See also
 Product lifecycle
 Product development

References

Product development
Renfe Class 319 (early versions). The Renfe Class 319 (originally Renfe 1900) was a class of mainline medium-high powered diesel electric locomotives built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and by Macosa (under license) for the state railways of Spain.

Background, history and design
In the mid-1960s General Motors won a contract to supply diesel-electric locomotives to Renfe, which was seeking replacements for steam engines. The contract was for the locomotives to be built under license in Spain, but as the diesel locomotive building infrastructure in Spain was not yet developed the first ten locomotives were constructed at GM's locomotive factory in La Grange, Illinois, USA; these were of an American single cabin design. The American locomotives were Iberian gauge versions of the General Motors Electromotive type G16.

The remaining ninety three of the class were built by Macosa under license; though the locomotives contained the same components the arrangement of the components in the Spanish built versions was different, since the Spanish models were built to a two cab design of more European appearance.

The class worked on both freight and passenger trains, until the late 1980s when Renfe decided to replace the class. Some parts of the old locomotives were reused for the new class, named Renfe 319.2 which also used the same GM engine as well as other common parts such as the bogies.

Numbering
The Spanish built units were numbered 1901 to 1960, 1971 to 1999 and because all the digits of the 1900 class had been expended, 19901 to 19904, the American units were originally numbered 1961 to 1970. Later the class became 319 and the numbers ran from 319.001 to 319.103.

See also
Renfe Class 319 (later versions)
Renfe Class 321, contemporary locomotives, built to an Alco design

Notes

References

Literature

Locomotoras Diesel (III) Series 313, 314 y 319 americanas Renfe, Juan Andrés Piñar, Lluís Prieto i Tur, 2000, 
Locomotoras Diesel (IV) Tercer concurso en Renfe, las 319 bicabinas,  Lluís Prieto i Tur, 2002, 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
Diesel locomotives of Spain
319 early
Macosa/Meinfesa/Vossloh Espana locomotives
Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Spain
Renfe Class 319. The Renfe Class 319 is a series of mainline diesel engined locomotives utilising EMD engines built for Spanish state railway company Renfe between the 1960s and 1990s.

Versions

1965–1973 build

The initial locomotives (originally designated Renfe 1900) were single cab hood unit designs, built at General Motors' La Grange, Illinois factory, as an Iberian gauge variant of the EMD G16 locomotive type, using EMD 567 engines; the construction order was completed under license at the MACOSA factory in Spain, using the same components in a double cab design.

1984–1992 build

A second tranche of locomotives were built in the 1980s/90s for Renfe, forming 3 subclasses: the 319.2 subclass were rebuilds of the original class 319, and reused the EMD567 engine; two further subtypes, class 319.3, and 319.4 were constructed in the early 1990s, the subclasses included technical improvements including using EMD 645 engines; class 319.3 were built for passenger trains with Head End Power included; class 319.4 were built for freight work, and had microprocessor based traction control, replacing electromechanical control.

Diesel–electric locomotives of Spain
319
Macosa/Meinfesa/Vossloh Espana locomotives
Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
SS Memel. Memel was a  cargo ship that was built in 1925 as Reval by Schiffs-und Dockbauwerft Flender AG, Lübeck, Germany for German owners. A sale in 1934 saw her renamed Memel. She was seized by the Allies in May 1945, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and was renamed Empire Constellation. In 1946, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and renamed Ivan Sechenov.

Description
The ship was built in 1925 by Schiffs-und Dockbauwerft Flender AG, Lübeck.

The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . The ship had a GRT of 1,102 and a NRT of 575.

The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by Waggon-und Maschinenbau AG, Görlitz.

History
Reval was built for Lübeck Linie AG, Lübeck. Her port of registry was Lübeck. The Code Letters PCDL were allocated. In 1929, her captain was Walter Heinrich Giermann, who had previously captained the four-masted schooner Vaterland. In 1934, Reval was sold to Mathies Reederei, Hamburg and was renamed Memel after the Baltic port ceded to Lithuania after World War I. Her port of registry was changed to Hamburg and the Code Letters DRBK were allocated.

In May 1945, Memel was seized by the Allies at Flensburg. She was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Constellation. Her port of registry was changed to London and she was placed under the management of J Hay & Sons Ltd. The Code Letters GKTC and United Kingdom Official Number 180774 were allocated. In 1946, Empire Constellation was transferred to the Soviet Union, and was renamed Ivan Gegenov.

On 14 January 1977, the ship, now renamed Ivan Sechenov, sank after colliding with the Liberian cargo ship  in foggy conditions in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, with the loss of 22 crew.

Notes
 Mitchell & Sawyer give the name as Ivan Sechenov (Ива́н Се́ченов), but it was recorded as Ivan Gegenov in contemporary shipping registers. It is possible that she was later renamed Ivan Sechenov or that Ivan Gegenov is an error.

References

External links
Photo of Ivan Sechenov

1925 ships
Ships built in Lübeck
Steamships of Germany
Merchant ships of Germany
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Ministry of War Transport ships
Empire ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of the Soviet Union
Merchant ships of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations
Germany–Soviet Union military relations
Maritime incidents in 1977
Electromagnetic pump. An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal, molten salt, brine, or other electrically conductive liquid using electromagnetism.

A magnetic field is set at right angles to the direction the liquid moves in, and a current is passed through it. This causes an electromagnetic force that moves the liquid.

Applications include pumping molten solder in many wave soldering machines, pumping liquid-metal coolant, and magnetohydrodynamic drive.

Working principle

A magnetic field (brc) always exists around the current (I)-carrying conductor. When this current-carrying conductor is subjected to an external magnetic field (Bap), the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of I and Bap. This is because the magnetic field produced by the conductor and the applied magnetic field attempt to align with each other. A similar effect can be seen between two ordinary magnets.

This principle is used in an electromagnetic pump. The current is fed through a conducting liquid. Two permanent magnets are arranged to produce a magnetic field Bap as shown in the figure. The supplied current has a current density (J) and the magnetic field associated with this current can be called "Reaction magnetic Field (brc)". The two magnetic fields Bap and brc attempt to align with each other. This causes mechanical motion of the fluid.

Einstein–Szilard electromagnetic pump
Designed for the Einstein–Szilard electromagnetic refrigerator (not the pumpless Einstein refrigerator), it uses electromagnetic induction to move conductive liquid metal without electrodes, to compress a working gas, pentane. It is a liquid linear induction motor.

See also
Magnetic flow meter
Magnetohydrodynamic drive

References

Bibliography
Baker, Richard S., Tessier, Manuel J. Handbook of Electromagnetic pump technology. 1987. osti 5041159. oclc 246618050.

External links
 The Electromagnetic Pump, Lecture Demonstration Manual, University of Melbourne (archived)
 Analysis and Design of Electromagnetic Pump, 2010
 Electromagnetic pumps, Carli Precimeter GmbH (archived)

Pumps
Test management tool. Test management tools are used to store information on how testing is to be done, plan testing activities and report the status of quality assurance activities. The tools have different approaches to testing and thus have different sets of features. Generally they are used to maintain and plan manual testing, run or gather execution data from automated tests, manage multiple environments and to enter information about found defects. Test management tools offer the prospect of streamlining the testing process and allow quick access to data analysis, collaborative tools and easy communication across multiple project teams. Many test management tools incorporate requirements management capabilities to streamline test case design from the requirements. Tracking of defects and project tasks are done within one application to further simplify the testing.

Structuring the test process
Test management tools give teams the ability to consolidate and structure the test process using one test management tool, instead of installing multiple applications that are designed to manage only one step of the process. Test management tools allow teams to manage test case environments, automated tests, defects and project tasks. Some applications include advanced dashboards and detailed tracking of key metrics, allowing for easy tracking of progress and bug management.

Implementation
A test management tool that includes everything needed to manage the test process can save testers the problems of installing separate applications that are necessary for the testing process, which can also be time consuming. They can be implemented with minimal programming ability, allowing for easy installation and monitoring of the test process across multiple project groups. Once installed, teams have instant access to a user interface and can immediately start running and recording test cases. These types of applications are designed to simplify the test management process with high levels of automation and tracking built in, yet don't require advanced programming skills or knowledge to implement. They are useful for teams who manage a variety of test cases and for larger teams who need an all-inclusive application for project management.

Using
Once a project has kicked off, a test management tool tracks bug status, defects and projects tasks, and allows for collaboration across the team. When administering test cases, users can access a variety of dashboards to gain access to data instantly, making the test process efficient and accurate. The type of dashboard used is determined by the scope of the project and the information and data that needs to be extracted during the testing process. Data can be shared and accessed across multiple project teams, allowing for effective communication and collaboration throughout the testing process.

See also
Test management
Software testing
Test automation management tools

References

External links

IEEE Standard for Software and System Test Documentation

Management systems
Software testing tools
Industrial agitator. Industrial agitators are machines used to stir or mix fluids in industries that process products in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Their uses include:
 mixing liquids together
	promote the reactions of chemical substances
	keeping homogeneous liquid bulk during storage
	increase heat transfer (heating or cooling)

Types
Several different kind of industrial agitators exist:
 mechanical agitators (rotating)
 static agitators (pipe fitted with baffles)
 rotating tank agitators (e.g., a concrete mixer)
 paddle type mixers
 agitators working with a pump blasting liquid
 agitator turning tanks to gas
The choice of the agitator depends on the phase that needs to be mixed (one or several phases): liquids only, liquid and solid, liquid and gas or liquid with solids and gas. 
Depending on the type of phase and the viscosity of the bulk, the agitator may be called a mixer, kneader, dough mixer, amongst others. Agitators used in liquids can be placed on the top of the tank in a vertical position, horizontally on the side of the tank, or less commonly, on the bottom of the tank.

Principle of agitation 

The agitation is achieved by movement of the heterogeneous mass (liquid-solid phase). In mechanical agitators, this the result of the rotation of an impeller. The bulk can be composed of different substances and the aim of the operation is to blend it or to improve the efficiency of a reaction by a better contact between reactive product. Agitation may also be used to increase heat transfer or to maintain particles in suspension.

Data of an agitator 

The agitation of liquid is made by one or several agitation impellers.
Depending on its shape, the impeller can generate:
	the moving of the liquid which is characterized by its velocity and direction.
       Turbulence which is an erratic variation in space and time of local fluid velocity.
	Shearing given by a velocity gradient between two filets of fluids. 
These two phenomena provide energy consumption.

Impellers 

Propellers (marine or hydrofoil) give an inlet and outlet which are on axial direction, preferably downward, they are characterized by a nice pumping flow, low energy consumption and low shear magnitude as well as low turbulence. An impeller is a rotor that produces a sucking force, and is part of a pump.

Turbines (flat blades or pitched blades) which inlet flow is axial and outlet flow is radial will provide shearing, turbulence and need approximately 20 time more energy than propellers, for the same diameter and same rotation speed.

Mechanical features 

An agitator is composed of a drive device ( motor, gear reducer, belts…), a guiding system of the shaft (lantern fitted with bearings),
a shaft and impellers .

If the operating conditions are under high pressure or high temperature, the agitator must be equipped with a sealing system to keep tightened the inside of the tank when the shaft is crossing it.

If the shaft is long (> 10m), it can be guided by a bearing located in the bottom of the tank (bottom bearing).

References

Industrial machinery
Fire Safety Journal. Fire Safety Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on all aspects of the science and engineering of fire, fire safety, and fire protection. Topics include but are not limited to chemistry and physics of fire, fire dynamics, explosions, fire protection systems, detection, suppression, structural response, structural protection, fire investigations, design (including consumer products, industrial plant, transportation, buildings), people/fire interactions (physical, physiological, and psychological), risk, management, legislation, and education. It is the official journal of the International Association for Fire Safety Science and is published by Elsevier.

The editors-in-chief are Luke Bisby (University of Edinburgh) and Bart Merci (Ghent University).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.1.

References

External links

English-language journals
Fire protection
Fire prevention
Wildfire suppression
Occupational safety and health journals
Engineering journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1977
Institut IGH. Institut IGH, d.d. is a Croatian company active in civil engineering professional services and scientific research, including development of designs, studies, supervision, consulting, investigation works, assessments, laboratory testing and instrument calibration. The company has received certificates for the services it provides, namely: EN ISO 9001, EN ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001.

Designs developed by Institut IGH include sections and structures on a number of Croatian motorways such as the A5 motorway Osijek - Đakovo section; the A4 motorway Novi Marof - Breznički Hum section and Hrastovec Tunnel on the A4 motorway; significant portions of the A1 motorway; as well as designs and other documents and services related to construction of the Pelješac Bridge; reconstruction and expansion of Port of Gruž, Dubrovnik, Croatia; construction of Adler - Alpika road near Sochi, Russia; reconstruction of Zagreb Airport etc.

Share capital of the company is 116,604,710.00 Croatian kuna and 613,709 shares of the company have been issued at nominal value of 190.00 kuna. The company is listed at Zagreb Stock Exchange and included in its CROBEX index. General manager of the company is Robert Petrosian.

IGH was founded as Laboratorij građevinarstva (Civil Engineering Laboratory) in 1949, and renamed to Institut građevinarstva Hrvatske (Institute of Civil Engineering of Croatia) in 1951. It became part of the academic system in 1962, and merged with the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Zagreb in 1977. Since 1991 the Institute functions separately. In 2009, the company name was shortened to the present form.

References

External links 

Construction and civil engineering companies of Croatia
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1949
Companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange
1949 establishments in Croatia
Companies based in Zagreb
Technology companies established in 1949
Viadukt. Viadukt is a Croatian civil engineering company, specialised in the areas of bridge, tunnel and road engineering. Other business activities of the company include construction and reconstruction of urban streets.
 
The most significant works performed by the company include: significant sections of the A1, A3 and A5 motorways, a number of motorway viaducts, including Osojnik, Draga, Zečeve Drage, Dobra, Drežnik, Limska Draga etc., as well as Bajer Bridge (a part of the A6 motorway) and Sava River Bridge (a part of the A2 motorway). The company is also employed for execution of the construction works at the Pelješac Bridge. Also, the company has executed a number of significant tunnels, including Tuhobić Tunnel, the longest tunnel on the A6 motorway.

Share capital of the company is 137,043,900.00 Croatian kuna and 456,813 shares of the company have been issued. The company is listed at Zagreb Stock Exchange and included in its CROBEX index. Chairman of the board of the company is Joško Mikulić while vice-chairman position is held by Ivan Berket. The remaining member of the managing board is Damir Kezele.

References

External links 
 

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1947
Construction and civil engineering companies of Croatia
Companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange
1947 establishments in Croatia
Companies based in Zagreb
Carbon retirement. Carbon retirement is a mechanism within carbon emission trading schemes to mitigate climate change by permanently removing emission allowances from circulation. 

In the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, EU Emission Allowances permit holders to emit a specified amount of carbon dioxide. If allowances are removed through carbon retirement, this increases the scarcity and cost of allowances, contributing to the overall reduction of carbon emissions. 

Additionally, carbon retirement encompasses the purchase and permanent retirement of carbon credits, certificates representing the prevention of greenhouse gas emissions or removing these gases from the atmosphere. Companies often use these credits to offset emissions from operations that are challenging to eliminate immediately, thus contributing to their environmental responsibility efforts. Companies could potentially claim "retired" emission allowances as their own carbon credits, as compensation for emissions from sources that will eventually be eliminated.

Carbon retirement has been described as "straightforward and transparent," compared to other offsets which can involve more complex methodologies and trading.

Use 
2020: McKinsey Sustainability reported a significant uptick in the retirement of carbon credits, with approximately 95 million tons of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e) retired in 2020 alone, more than doubling the figures from 2017.

2022: British media outlet Carbon Brief observed that 146 million carbon credits were retired from the four largest registries for carbon-offset projects in the voluntary market, indicating a substantial increase in the volume of retired credits within just three years.

References

External links
Carbon Offset Solutions

Carbon finance
SPiDCOM. SPiDCOM Technologies was a France-based company that specialized in integrated circuits and Linux-based software bundles for Multimedia Home Networking and other wire based applications .
MStar Semiconductor  acquired SPiDCOM in November 2011.

Products
Radomir Jovanovic founded SPiDCOM in September 2002 as subsidiary to a group that included ELSYS Design in Paris, where the initial project started.
Known as a fabless semiconductor company, SPiDCOM designed system-on-a-chip integrated circuits and Linux based firmware for computer network communications over wires such as electrical power, coaxial cables, and telephone lines. Applications included audio and video home networking, Internet access (often called "broadband"), and energy conservation.
Its first product was the SPC200 launched in 2005, and the SPC300, announced in 2009.
A reference design was announced in 2010.

Standards 
SPiDCOM participated in standardization efforts inside  international regulatory and standards bodies, such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the Home Gateway Initiative and IEEE 1901.
SPiDCOM had a board member of the HomePlug Powerline Alliance.
OMEGA was a project, funded from 2008 through 2011 by the European Union, to develop a 1 Gbit/s home network over power lines, radio wireless and optical wireless.
SPiDCOM participated with the OMEGA Project, leading the powerline communication work package.

References

External links
 SPiDCOM Technologies website

Fabless semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of France
Power-line communication Internet access
French companies established in 2002