omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Washaway. A washaway is a particular kind of landslide that can affect man-made structures such as cuttings, embankments and bridges. They are thus a hazard to railways and road traffic.

The biggest danger with washaways is that they may be difficult to spot in time to stop short of the point where one falls over the edge and/or into the water where one may drown.

Repairs 

An embankment that is washed away can be repaired or restored by replacing the washed away earth, which is necessarily large because embankments have a gentle slope.

A quicker method is to replace the washed out earth with a criss-cross structure of timber steepers called a pigsty which is only slightly wider than the track itself.  The pigsty has alternating layers of transverse and longitudinal layers of these sleepers, which contains a lot of air which saves weight. Steel and concrete sleepers are not necessarily suitable for this purpose as they are either not square or fragile.

The sleepers in the pigsty can be reused when the washaway is fully repaired. Rails can substitute for the sleepers.  The hollow space inside the pigsty should be able to act as a culvert.

Warning devices 

A mechanical railway signal that is normally "green" can be put to "red" if a link in the pulling wire is disengaged by a slump of the earth beneath.

An electrical railway signal that is normally green can be put to red if a contact is opened circuited by a slump of the earth beneath.  One side of contact might be attached to the sleepers, while the other side is buried in the ballast beneath.  To protect against a false feed keeping the warning signal green, the circuit should be double cut so that false feeds will connect positive to negative and blow a fuse, forcing the warning signal to red.  A similar setup might be used to protect bridges likely to be hit by ship collisions, as with the 1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck.

Accidents 

Railway accidents involving bridge washaways include:

  27 September 1923 – near Glenrock, Wyoming - a bridge over Coal Creek was washed away and a passenger train derailed, killing 30 of the train's 66 passengers.
  24 December 1953 - Tangiwai disaster - lahar caused bridge washaway; train thrown into river; 151 killed.
  1974 - Crystal Brook, South Australia - train thrown into river after washaway collapses bridge.
  1993 - 114 perished in a passenger train that plunged into a river after floods washaway a bridge at Ngai Ndethya.
  29 October 2005 - Veligonda train disaster - 114 killed
  November 2011 - Feroleto-Marcellinara, Italy

Cause unclear 

  Peruman railway accident 1988 - 105 killed

See also 
 List of rail accidents
 Washout

References 

Landslide types
Traffic collisions
Railway accidents and incidents
Leafcasting. Leafcasting is a method of strengthening paper so as to preserve it. Leafcasting fills in parts that may be missing in papers by the design of conservators or by age.  The process covers an existing sheet of damaged paper with replacement fiber, thus increasing its future usability. The process must be performed on a perfectly calibrated machine to avoid damaging the paper.  There are few institutions around the world that have the capabilities to perform leafcasting treatments.    As few institutions have the required equipment, leafcasting is not a popular form of paper strengthening.

Computerized leafcasting was first employed in the mid-1980s at the Folger Shakespeare Library.

References

Papermaking
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Paper splitting. Paper splitting is a method of preserving brittle papers often found in library and archival materials.  In this process, the front and back of a sheet of paper are split apart.  A piece of acid-free paper is placed between these two sides of an acidic sheet before the pages are reconnected.  The intention is to reduce the acid deterioration in the paper.  A paper-splitting machine has been developed, but is not in wide use.

The sheet of paper to be restored is placed in a special bath so that it swells and harmful substances are washed out of the paper. Then the front and back are each covered with a gelatine-based lamination paper (backing paper), with the lamination papers being pressed together in a hydraulic press. The lamination papers are then pulled apart and the paper to be restored is split. As an alternative to the bath, two moistened lamination papers can be applied to both sides so that the moisture can penetrate the work of art. As the sheet swells, it can be pulled apart and split in half. A thin, acid-free and buffered Japanese paper (core sheet) is then glued in between under pressure, thus reconnecting the two original paper halves. Calcium carbonate in the core sheet bond acts as a buffer against future acids. In the final step, the laminating papers are removed again in an immersion bath with enzymes, dissolving the gelatine glue.

References

External links
Folger Shakespeare Library, "Paper splitting and the Trevelyon manuscript"
Library of Congress, "Paper Strengthening through Paper Splitting "

Preservation (library and archival science)
Exponential-logarithmic distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the Exponential-Logarithmic (EL) distribution is a family of lifetime distributions with
decreasing failure rate, defined on the interval [0, ∞). This distribution is parameterized by two parameters  and .

Introduction 

The study of lengths of the lives of organisms, devices, materials, etc., is of major importance in the biological and engineering sciences. In general, the lifetime of a device is expected to exhibit decreasing failure rate (DFR) when its behavior over time is characterized by 'work-hardening' (in engineering terms) or 'immunity' (in biological terms).

The exponential-logarithmic model, together with its various properties, are studied by  Tahmasbi and Rezaei (2008).
This model is obtained under the concept of population heterogeneity (through the process of
compounding).

Properties of the distribution

Distribution 

The probability density function (pdf) of the EL distribution is given by Tahmasbi and Rezaei (2008)

where  and . This function is strictly decreasing in  and tends to zero as . The EL distribution has its modal value of the density at x=0, given by

The EL reduces to the exponential distribution with rate parameter , as .

The cumulative distribution function is given by

and hence, the median is given by
.

Moments 

The moment generating function of  can be determined from the pdf by direct integration and is given by
 

where  is a hypergeometric function. This function is also known as Barnes's extended hypergeometric function. The definition of   is

 
where  and .

The moments of  can be derived from . For
, the raw moments are given by

where  is the polylogarithm function which is defined as
follows:

Hence the mean and variance of the EL distribution
are given, respectively, by

The survival, hazard and mean residual life functions 

The survival function (also known as the reliability
function) and hazard function (also known as the failure rate
function) of the EL distribution are given, respectively, by

 

 

The mean residual lifetime of the EL distribution is given by

 

where  is the dilogarithm function

Random number generation 
Let U be a random variate from the standard uniform distribution.
Then the following transformation of U has the EL distribution with
parameters p and β:

Estimation of the parameters 
To estimate the parameters, the EM algorithm is used. This method is discussed by Tahmasbi and Rezaei (2008). The EM iteration is given by

Related distributions
The EL distribution has been generalized to form the Weibull-logarithmic distribution.

If X is defined to be the random variable which is the minimum of N independent realisations from an exponential distribution with rate parameter β, and if N is a realisation from a logarithmic distribution (where the parameter p in the usual parameterisation is replaced by ), then X has the exponential-logarithmic distribution in the parameterisation used above.

References

Continuous distributions
Survival analysis
GOES 6. GOES-6, known as GOES-F before becoming operational, was a geostationary weather satellite which was operated by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as part of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system. Launched in 1983, it was used for weather forecasting in the United States.

GOES-6 was built by Hughes Space and Communications, and was based on the HS-371 satellite bus. At launch it had a mass of , with an expected operational lifespan of around seven years.

Launch
GOES-F was launched using a Delta 3914 carrier rocket flying from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 22:26 GMT on 28 April 1983.

Orbit
The launch successfully placed GOES-F into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, from which it raised itself to geostationary orbit by means of an onboard  Star 27 apogee motor, with insertion occurring on 9 May 1983.

Following insertion into geosynchronous orbit, GOES-6 was positioned at 135° West. In 1984 it was moved, initially to 97° West, and later to 108° West to cover for the failure of the Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer on GOES-5. After GOES-7 replaced GOES-5 in 1987, GOES-6 was returned to 135° West, where it remained for the rest of its operational life. Its imager had failed on 21 January 1989, leaving GOES-7 as the only operational GOES satellite for over five years, until the launch of GOES-8 in 1994. Following this failure, it remained operational as a relay satellite until it was retired to a graveyard orbit on 19 May 1992.

See also

 1983 in spaceflight

References

1983 in spaceflight
Spacecraft launched in 1983
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites
Toshitada Doi. is a Japanese electrical engineer, who played a significant role in the digital audio revolution. He received a degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1964, and a PhD from Tohoku University in 1972.

He joined Sony Japan in 1964 and started the first digital audio project within Sony. He was the driving force behind the PCM adaptor, and was a prominent member of the Sony/Philips taskforce responsible for the design of the Compact Disc. He created, among others, the CIRC error correction system. He, with Kees Immink, refutes the myth that the Compact Disc's playing time was determined by Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.

He was the lead engineer of the DASH multi-track digital audio tape recorder. In the 1990s, he headed Sony's Digital Creatures Laboratory, where he was responsible for the Aibo, Sony's robotic dog. In 2003, Doi created the Qrio, a running humanoid robot.

Awards and honors
Fellowship, Audio Engineering Society
Eduard Rhein Prize, 1981
Silver Medal, Audio Engineering Society

References

External links
Toshitada Doi, Machine learning luminary - and AIBO's first master
Four Qrio’s perform various dance numbers

Japanese electrical engineers
Japanese inventors
Living people
1943 births
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
Tohoku University alumni
H. R. Fox. Harold Robert Leslie Fox  (17 November 1889 – 14 August 1951) was a British civil engineer who was General Manager of the Jamaica Government Railway at the time of its centenary in 1945.

Fox was the son of Edith Blount Gibb and Isaac Fox of Halse Hall, Jamaica. He went to school at Epsom College in England then studied Mining and Civil Engineering at MIT, graduating BSc in 1912. After graduating he worked on railways in Canada and the West Indies. He served in the First World War in France with the Royal Engineers reaching the rank of captain.

Fox was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1946 New Year Honours.

In 1926, he married Daisy Isabel Squire in Jamaica.

Publications
Fox, H. R. "The Jamaica Railway 1845–1945." The Railway Magazine Volume 91 Number 560, Pages 313–317, November and December 1945.

References

External links

1889 births
1951 deaths
People of the railways of Jamaica
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British civil engineers
People educated at Epsom College
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Kegelite. Kegelite is a complex silicate mineral with formula Pb8Al4Si8O20(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8.

It was first described in 1975 for an occurrence in the Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Otjikoto Region, Namibia and named for Friedrich Wilhelm Kegel (?-1948), Director of mining operations at Tsumeb.
It occurs in a deeply oxidized polymetallic ore deposits in Tsumeb. Associated minerals include quartz, galena, mimetite, hematite, leadhillite, anglesite, fleischerite, melanotekite and alamosite. It has also been reported from the Zeehan district in Tasmania and from Tune, Sarpsborg, Østfold, Norway.

References

Phyllosilicates
Sulfate minerals
Carbonate minerals
Lead minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Charlie Allen. Charlie Allen may refer to:
 Charlie Allen (trumpeter) (1908–1972), American jazz trumpeter
 Charlie Allen (designer) (born 1958), British menswear designer and tailor
 Charlie Allen (singer) (1942–1990), front man for 1960s group Pacific Gas & Electric
 Charlie Allen (footballer, born 1992), English footballer
 Charlie Allen (footballer, born 2003), Northern Irish footballer
 Charlie Allen (engineer), Maxim application engineer known for proposing the MAX232 and Charlieplexing
 Charlie "Scoop" Allen (died 2012), American musician; trumpeter with Bar-Kays

See also
 Charlie Allan (disambiguation)
 Charles Allen (disambiguation)
 Allen (surname)
Whim (mining). A whim, also called a whim gin or a horse capstan, is a device similar to a windlass which is used in mining for hauling materials to the surface. It comprises a capstan or a wide drum with a vertical axle. A rope is wound around the drum, with both ends traversing several pulleys and hanging down the mine shaft. As the drum is turned around, one end of the rope is lowered, carrying an empty bucket, while the other one is raised, carrying a full load.

The major benefit of a whim is that its operation can be performed at a distance from the shaft, thus resolving some of the congestion. Early whims were horse-powered, but later they were powered by waterwheels or steam engines, including the most advanced Cornish engines. Whims were used in coal mines until the end of the nineteenth century.

Horse whims were also used to power team boats.

The gin wheel at Nottingham Industrial Museum dating from 1844, is a wooden drum, set on a vertical pole within a wooden frame, with a horizontal shaft from the drum for attaching to a horse. Before joining the other exhibits at Nottingham Industrial Museum, the whim was used at Langton and Pinxton Collieries.

References

Citations

General and cited sources 

Underground mining
USA-206. USA-206, also GPS SVN-50, PRN-05 and NAVSTAR 64 and known before launch as GPS IIR-21, GPS IIRM-8 or GPS IIR-21(M), is an American navigation satellite that forms part of the Navstar Global Positioning System. It was the twenty-first and last Block IIR GPS satellite to be launched and the eighth to use the modernized IIRM configuration.

GPS IIR-21 was built by Lockheed Martin, based on the AS-4000 satellite bus, with the navigation payload being built by ITT. It was launched by a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket, using the 7925-9.5 configuration, on 17 August 2009 at 10:35 GMT. It was the last spacecraft to launch from Space Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, a launch pad which was first used in August 1957 for test flights of the PGM-17 Thor missile. It is also the final flight of an AS-4000 bus, the final GPS launch on a Delta II, and the final Delta II launch to be overseen by the US Air Force.

Following separation from its carrier rocket, GPS IIR-21 received its USA designation, USA-206. It was deployed into a transfer orbit, from which raised itself to a semi-synchronous medium Earth orbit on 19 August, using an onboard Star 37FM apogee motor. It is a  satellite, and is expected to operate for at least ten years. Once it had completed on-orbit testing, it began covering Slot 3 of Plane E of the GPS constellation, replacing USA-126, or GPS IIA-26, which was launched in July 1996. It was declared operational on 27 August 2009.

References

Spacecraft launched in 2009
GPS satellites
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
USA satellites
Infiniti Essence. The Infiniti Essence is a concept sports car designed by Infiniti to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Infiniti brand. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.
 The car is a hybrid electric vehicle and is among the first energy-efficient cars Infiniti has released.

The vehicle was designed by Infiniti design director Takashi Nakajima. Its external appearance is a modern interpretation of "coke bottle styling", a feature that was very popular during the 1960s and 1970s internationally. The interior design was initially conceived (Paul Ray) in the Nissan Design Europe studio based in Paddington, London. Following the interior concept being chosen it was then further developed and built in Japan.

The Essence concept is not expected to enter production, but elements from the car were planned to be incorporated into later Infiniti models.

Engines
It included a 3.7 L V6 gasoline engine with twin turbochargers rated , an electric motor (called 3D Motor) rated  and , with a combined rating of .

The electric motor was powered by lithium-ion battery at lower trunk area.

Equipment

A three-piece Louis Vuitton luggage set fits in the trunk, and the floor slides out when the trunk is open to access the luggage.

The Infiniti Essence also contains safety features to prevent collisions in the back and side that are known as Side Collision Prevention (SCP) and Back-up Collision Prevention (BCP). Sensors on the sides and back warn the driver when it senses a vehicle, and brakes are activated if the warning is ignored.

References

External links
Description of the Infiniti Essence on the Official Website of Infiniti

Essence
Sports cars
Coupés
Dalotel DM-165. The Dalotel DM-165 was a French two-seat training monoplane designed by Michel Dalotel. A number of variants were proposed but only the prototype was built.

Design and development
The DM-165 was a tandem two-seat low-wing monoplane. Powered by a 165 hp (121 kW) Continental IO-346A flat-four piston engine. It had a tailwheel and retractable landing gear which folded inwards. Dalotel was assisted by Société Poulet in the construction of the prototype, registered F-PPZE, which was first flown in April 1969. The aircraft was successfully tested during 1970 but despite efforts to market the aircraft none were ordered.

Variants
DM-165
Prototype with retractable landing gear and powered by a 165 hp (121 kW) Continental IO-346A piston engine, one built.
DM-125 Club
Proposed variant with fixed landing gear and powered by a 125 hp (92 kW) engine, not built.
DM-160 Club
Proposed variant with fixed landing gear and powered by a 160 hp (118 kW) engine, not built.
DM-160 Professional
Proposed variant of the DM-160 with retractable landing gear and constant speed propeller, not built.

Specifications (DM-165)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1960s French civil aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
Wladimir Talanczuk. Wladimir Talanczuk (also known by his anglicized name Vladimir Talanczuk) is a Ukrainian- born aeronautical engineer known for his hang glider and ultralight aircraft designs.

Career
Talanczuk graduated from the Polish Institute for Aviation Specialists in 1970 as an aeronautical engineer and immediately embarked upon a career as a designer of hang gliders and light aircraft. He worked with Tadensca Dobczynski, the Polish amateur aircraft builder, assisting in the design and construction of more than thirty Dobczynski designs.

Talanczuk qualified as a light aircraft pilot, logging 1200 hours of flight time. In 1972 he  began to seriously devote his time to hang gliding. While working for the AeroKlub Wrocław he designed his Mars series of hang gliders, including the WT-6 Mars-S, WT-7 Mars-2S and WT-8 Mars-Agat. Throughout 1979 he was a member of the Polish National Hang Gliding Team and competed in the World Hang Gliding Championships at Grenoble, France, flying a Mars hang glider of his own design. The hang glider he flew at that event was at that time the largest wingspan hang glider flown.

Talanczuk also served as a consultant to the Polish National Aero Club in the fields of accident investigation and analysis. He designed several light aircraft and completed a single-seat gyroplane during his time in Poland.

He emigrated to Canada in 1981 and began working for hang glider and ultralight aircraft manufacturer Birdman Enterprises, of Edmonton, Alberta shortly after his arrival, filling the position of Chief Engineer and Designer.

Talanczuk's first project at Birdman was the design of a new ultralight aircraft to replace the Birdman Atlas in production. The company's stated design goals for the aircraft were: good flying characteristics, simplicity of construction and maximization of aesthetics.

Designer Talanczuk stated his own additional project intentions:

Talanczuk chose an airfoil that was created by Dr Dave Marsden at the University of Alberta, the UA 80/1. The aircraft was his eleventh design and was designated the WT-11 Chinook, although in 1987 the company redesignated it 1S (for 1 seat) to conform to their own nomenclature.

Birdman President Terry Jones assessed the results of the WT-11 design in a press release, saying:

The WT-11 received both critical acclaim and commercial success. The single seat WT-11 was followed by Talanczuk's two-seat trainer version which Birdman designated as the Chinook 2S (2 seater). A total of over 700 WT-11s and 2S Chinooks were completed before Birdman Enterprises went out of business in late 1987.

Talanczuk's Chinook design was resurrected in 1989, when it was redesigned by Aircraft Sales and Parts President Brent Holomis as the ASAP Chinook 2 Plus, an Advanced Ultralight Aeroplane that remains in production today.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aviation in Canada
Informatics (disambiguation). Informatics is the study of the structure, behaviour, and interactions of natural and engineered computational systems.

Informatics may refer to:
 Computer science, the scientific study of algorithms, information and computation
 Computing, any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers
 Computer engineering (called technical informatics), the creating of computing hardware
 Information science, an interdisciplinary study of information
 Data science, the field related to data analysis and data engineering
 Information technology, the study, design, development, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems,
 Cognitive science, study of information processing in natural systems (called 'cognitive informatics')
 Computational science, solving computational problems in natural sciences
 Information engineering
 Engineering informatics (not to be confused with informatics engineering, Southern European term)
 Library science

Other uses 
 Informatics General, previously Informatics, Inc., leading independent software company 1962-1985
 Informatics Europe, an association for European PhD-granting computer and information science departments
 Informatics for Consumer Health, a U.S. governmental health body
 Informatics Corporation of America, a U.S. healthcare information company 
 Informatics Forum, major building at University of Edinburgh 
 Informatics.nic.in, a quarterly e-Governance publication
 Informatics Institute of Technology, educational entity in Sri Lanka
 Informatics Philippines, an educational institution

See also
 Informetrics
 Info-metrics