omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tupolev Samolyot 135. The Tupolev Samolyot 135 was a designation that was used for two different strategic bomber projects in the Soviet Union in the late 1950s and early 1960s, neither of which progressed beyond the drawing board.

Design and development
The first, proposed in 1958, was for a Tupolev Tu-95 derivative carrying a long-range cruise-missile, to be based on the Tsybin RS (S-30), Tupolev Samolyot 100 or Tupolev Samolyot 113 missiles. The combination was estimated to have a total range of approximately .

Two years later the second iteration of '135' was envisioned as a supersonic interdiction bomber powered by a variety of engines in many configurations, including as a nuclear-powered bomber. The design settled to a canard delta, similar to the North American XB-70A Valkyrie, with paired Kuznetsov NK-6 turbofan engine nacelles under each wing and a large single fin. Weapons would largely have been missiles, as designed, for maritime interdiction as well as long-range interdiction of enemy logistics. The design was constantly evolving and gave Tupolev valuable experience which would assist in the later design of the Tupolev Tu-22M and Tupolev Tu-160 bombers.

Further development of the '135 was suspended when the Sukhoi T-4 became the favoured outcome of the design efforts in the early 1960s,as well as high estimated cost of the '135'. Variants that were studied included: the 135K maritime strike / interdiction; '135P'  supersonic transport (SST); a reconnaissance variant with cameras and ELINT equipment.

Specifications (estimated)

References

External links 
 
 

Tu-0160
1960s Soviet bomber aircraft
Quadjets
Low-wing aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Ram Jhula, Nagpur. The Ram Jhula consists of two parallel cable-stayed railway over-bridges in Nagpur, India. The  long bridge crosses the railway tracks north of Nagpur Junction railway station. The Blue Line of the Nagpur Metro runs along the centre of the bridge on the eastern side.

History 
A bridge was originally built by the British in 1927 to connect what was then Old Nagpur and New Nagpur that lay across the tracks of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR, the precursor to Central Railway. The South East Central Railway and Nagpur Municipal Corporation were informed by the British contractors that the bridge had lasted its guaranteed service life and hence be kept out of bounds for heavy vehicles. Subsequently, the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) was handed over the responsibility to demolish and reconstruct the bridge.

Reconstruction 
The MSRDC began work in 2006 by building a three-lane cable-stayed bridge parallel to the old bridge. The bridge was built by Afcons, a subsidiary of the Shapoorji Pallonji Group. As per the plan, the old bridge would be demolished once the parallel bridge was open to traffic following which a second three-lane bridge would be built, bringing the total number of lanes to six. However, a dispute arose between MSRDC and the Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MahaMetro) over the alignment of the Blue Line of the Nagpur Metro. MahaMetro sought permission to build the metro between the two bridges but the MSRDC refused. In 2016, the Nagpur bench of the Bombay High Court asked Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis to resolve the matter. Subsequently, MSRDC and MahaMetro agreed to integrate the two structures. The last  of the second bridge would be built by the latter with two levels with the metro at the upper level before proceeding towards the railway station.

References 

Transport in Nagpur
Cable-stayed bridges in India
Railway bridges in India
Hunter 460. The Hunter 460 is an American sailboat that was designed by the Hunter Design Team as a cruiser and first built in 1999.

Production
The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States, starting in 1999, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Hunter 460 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a B&R masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a walk-through reverse transom with a swimming platform and folding ladder, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or optional bulb wing keel. With the fin keel it displaces  and carries  of ballast. With the wing keel it displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar JH2HTE diesel engine of . The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

Factory options included a two cabin and workshop arrangement, a three cabin and four cabin configuration. Standard equipment included an electric halyard winch, self-draining transom propane lockers, dual offset anchor rollers and a full-beam aft cockpit.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 105 with a high of 108 and low of 95. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Hunter 45
Hunter 456
Hunter 466

References

External links
Official brochure

Keelboats
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Hunter Design Team
Sailboat types built by Hunter Marine
Yakovlev Yak-35. The Yakovlev Yak-35MV was a low-altitude tactical fighter / interceptor project of the Soviet Union from the late 1950s, which suffered from a lack of funding, in the wake of the expected total reliance on guided missiles in the near future. In addition to financial problems, the engines were found to be under-developed and the project failed to progress further than the drawing board.

Design and development
The initial design was for a single-engined low-altitude interceptor for interceptions between .This was refined to a twin-engined tactical fighter-bomber with a take-off weight of , carrying a weapon load of .

Specifications (Yak-35MV estimated)

References

Further reading
 

Bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Yakovlev aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
C. F. Courtney. Charles Frederick Courtney (23 November 1856 – 27 September 1941) was an English metallurgist, manager of the Sulphide Corporation, a mining and chemical manufacturing company in Australia.

History
C. F. Courtney was born in Islington on 23 November 1856. He was trained as a civil engineer in England, and was employed with the Fairbairn Engineering Co. (perhaps William Fairbairn & Sons).

He had also worked as engineer for the Manchester Corporation.

He worked on the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company's works in Tharsis, Spain, for 14 years.

He was brought out from England to replace Randolph Adams as manager of Ashcroft's process at the Central Mine, Broken Hill, only recently taken over by the Sulphide Corporation. He arrived in Adelaide aboard Orizba in April 1897, and at Broken Hill in company with the Melbourne chairman J. S. Reid on 23 April. Adams had been at the Central Mine for 5 years under three different owners, and was returning to the US.
The new facility at Cockle Creek, near Newcastle, had just been brought into operation under Ashcroft's direction.

Ashcroft's process for reducing zinc ore by electrolysis was abandoned as uneconomical, and around the same time an unrelated process, magnetic separation, was introduced to improve ore yield. The company became a major producer of sulphuric acid and superphosphate.

Courtney became general manager for Australia of the Sulphide Corporation Ltd. in 1903, resident in Melbourne, with a home "Granlahan" on Toorak Road, South Yarra; James Hebbard was his successor. In September 1922 Courtney left Melbourne to take up the position of the corporation's managing director in England.
He resigned in 1940 due to ill health, and died in London on 27 September 1941.

Inventor
Improved magnetic separator (with Robert Butterworth, also of Broken Hill) 1899

Author
Masonry Dams from Inception to Completion: Including Numerous Formulae, Forms of Specification and Tender, Pocket Diagram of Forces, Etc.; For the Use of Civil and Mining Engineers
The Extraction of Silver, Copper and Tin (Contributor) This book is available as a facsimile of the 1896 original, published by Kerby Jackson.

Family
Courtney married Marion Dorothy Tattersfield (15 July 1852 – 1 September 1932); their son Guy Courtney married Elsie May Poole on 24 June 1913.

References

1856 births
1941 deaths
English mining engineers
Australian metallurgists
Australian mine managers
Australian mining engineers
History of Broken Hill
Elevator (dental). Elevators (also known as luxators) are instruments used in dental extractions. They may be used to loosen teeth prior to forceps extraction, to remove roots or impacted teeth, when teeth are compromised and susceptible to fracture or when they are malpositioned and cannot be reached with forceps.

Mechanics
Elevators work on the principle of leverage to dislodge a tooth from its socket. The fulcrum is usually the crest of the socket bone; however, adjacent teeth can be used if they are also to be extracted. The contact point on the tooth or root surface where force is delivered is described as the purchase point, and the position of this can be idealised by cutting bone or sectioning teeth. With root picks especially, a slot or notch may be cut into the root surface to obtain a purchase point.

Varieties
Instruments can be broadly classed as elevators or luxators. Conventional elevators are bulkier and are designed to withstand leverage and torquing forces. Luxating elevators are thinner and sharper, for more delicate use in severing and wedging the ligament.

There are three main types of elevator. Straight elevators e.g. Coupland's or Warwick James' have one concave and one convex aspect to the tip and are used for wedging. Triangular elevators e.g. Cryer's or Winter's have a lateral point and are used to deliver class I leverage. Especially when combined with a T-bar, these can deliver large forces and risk jaw fracture. Pick elevators are used to engage root tips.

References

See also
Dental key

Dental equipment
Clover 2030 Engineering. The Clover 2030 Engineering Strategy, also known as project Ingeniería 2030, is a joint initiative between two Chilean universities, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and the Federico Santa María Technical University This joint project was started in 2013, in order to transform engineering education by developing a new, shorter curricular design, funding relevant research, and by establishing a student-centered education that emphasizes multidisciplinarity, user-centered design and social responsibility as well as student flexibility and choice. This initiative thus expects to provide a platform to work on societal grand challenges, to orchestrate effective I+E networks, and to build a world-class engineering community.

This consortium expects to transform these universities into world-class institutions, positioning them as the best engineering schools in Latinamerica by 2020 and among the best 50 engineering schools in the world by 2030.

Background
In 2013, the Chilean National Agency for Innovation and Development (CORFO) launched the "New Engineering 2030" initiative, as a bid to transform the economy. In sync with international trends in engineering education, CORFO decided to motivate the renewal of engineering training so as to be more prepared to address significant challenges of the society. The New Engineering 2030 set out to co-finance strategic plans that would serve as a 6-year roadmap to create engineering education that meets global requirements by means of applied research, technology transfer, innovation and technology-based entrepreneurship. By motivating universities to prepare more engineers towards international competitiveness and productivity, CORFO intended to propel Chile from a developing to a developed knowledge-based economy.

In 2014, the joint proposal by School of Engineering at the Universidad Catóica, in alliance with the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, obtained the highest ranking in this national competition of 8 projects presented by different university consortia in the country.

Characteristics 
Some of the characteristics of this initiative are:

References

College and university associations and consortia in South America
Educational organisations based in Chile
2013 establishments in Chile
Educational institutions established in 2013
Motorman. Motorman may refer to:

Motorman (rail transportation), a rail vehicle operator
Motorman (ship), a member of a ship's engine department responsible for maintaining the ship's systems
Motorman (drilling), a member of an offshore drilling crew responsible for engines on an oil rig
Motorman, a 1972 novel by David Ohle

See also
Operation Motorman, a military operation in 1972 by the British Army in Northern Ireland
Operation Motorman (ICO investigation), a 2003 investigation into data use by the British press
Universal Instruments Corporation. Universal Instruments Corporation is an electronics technology company located in Conklin, New York.  Universal Instruments builds automated machines that enable electronics manufacturing services companies to construct surface-mount technology and through-hole technology circuits, such as SMT placement equipment, insertion mount machines, and machines for electronic packaging.  The company was founded in 1919 as the Universal Instruments and Metal Company in nearby Vestal, and found its initial success as a tool and die maker for IBM.  In addition to electronics manufacturing machine, Universal Instruments manufactures DEKA's Luke Arm prosthetic for Mobius Bionics.

References

Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Broome County, New York
Edgar Arthur Ashcroft. Edgar Arthur Ashcroft (5 September 1864 – 24 August 1938) was an electrical engineer who developed an electrolytic process for extracting zinc metal from its sulphides.

History
Ashcroft was born in Sunderland, England, a son of George Ashcroft and his wife Sophia, née Davey.
After qualifying as a mechanical and electrical he was brought out to Australia by Broken Hill Proprietary Ltd to instal an electric lighting plant at its Broken Hill facilities.
While there, he and John Howell developed a steam generator using slag from the smelters as a source of heat.

He was impressed with the vast quantities of zinc sulphide tailings at the mines, regarded as waste due to the expense and complexity of existing methods of extracting zinc metal from the ore.
Collaborating with one Dr. Carl Schnabel of Clausthal, Germany, he developed a wet electrolytic method of extracting the metal, which he patented in 1894.
He left BHP and in 1895 founded the Sulphide Corporation (Ashcroft Process) Limited with a capital of £1,100,000, with which it purchased Ashcroft's patents and the Broken Hill Central Mine.
In 1897 Ashcroft and the corporation set up the world's first electrolytic zinc works at Cockle Creek, near Newcastle, New South Wales.
The process failed to live up to expectations however. The problems involved in up-scaling had been minimized, and the benefits exaggerated. Despite major modifications under general managers Randolph Adams and from 1897 C. F. Courtney, the process was deemed a failure and the plant largely dismantled.
The Sulphide Corporation continued in the business of refining zinc ore, but reverted to the roasting method.

Ashcroft returned to England amid controversy, and with James Swinburne continued experimentation, but despite being based on sound scientific principles, commercial success eluded them.

Ashcroft retired to Ancrum House, Roxburghshire, Scotland, and died in nearby Polton, survived by his wife Irene, née Dulier.

Postscript
Sulphide Corporation Ltd. went into voluntary liquidation in 1950, and was taken over by Sulphide Corporation Pty. Ltd., created for the purpose, a wholly owned subsidiary of  Consolidated Zinc.

Memberships
Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers
(London) Institution of Mining and Metallurgy

References 

1864 births
1938 deaths
Australian metallurgists
19th-century Australian inventors
Australian chemical engineers
Australian electrical engineers
History of Broken Hill
Zeppelin-Lindau CL.II. The Zeppelin-Lindau CL.II was a German single-engine two-seat biplane with an all metal structure, built by Zeppelin-Lindau during World War I.

Design
The CL.I was an all-metal single-bay wire-braced biplane, with a stressed skin fuselage, and fabric covered flying surfaces and represented an intermediate step which would lead to the similar but smaller and more refined D.I.

Development
Following the failure of the CL.I to reach the specified altitude of , and its crash in February 1918 at Berlin Adlershof, the CL.Ia was built with a number of changes, which resulted in it being re-designated as the CL.II.
The CL.II had the chord of the top wings increased by  and the top wing was raised, increasing the height from , while the rudder was redesigned to resolve the sole complaint from the test pilot.
The radiator in the CL.I had been located between the wing spars in the upper wing, offset to the pilot's right, however as the plumbing obstructed the pilot's view, and the radiator reduced the efficiency of the wings, it was relocated to the nose of the aircraft.

With the Zeppelin-Lindau CS.I monoplane and Zeppelin-Lindau D.I showing more promise, development of the CL.II was abandoned and the last test flight was made on 14 September 1918.

Specifications

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 

1910s German aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Zeppelin C.I. The Zeppelin C.I (sometimes Zeppelin (Jaray) C.I, Zeppelin-Friedrichshafen C.I, or Zeppelin LZ C.I) was a German single-engine two-seat biplane, designed by Paul Jaray and built by Zeppelin in World War I. Friedrichshafen referred to the location of the Zeppelin factory where development occurred, and was not connected with the aircraft manufacturer of that name.

Development
The structure of the C.I was wood with a fabric covering, while the C.II had a metal structure, and dispensed with the horn balance on the rudder.

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography

 

1910s German aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Tu Mingjing. Tu Mingjing (; 15 November 1928 – 1 January 2019) was a Chinese materials scientist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Tu was born in Ba County, Sichuan (now in Chongqing), on 15 November 1928. He secondary studied at the Affiliated Secondary School of Tongji University. In 1947 he was accepted to Tongji University, where he graduated in 1951. Then he successively studied at the Harbin Institute of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing, earning a master's degree. 

After university, he became a lecturer at Tongji University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Xi'an Jiao Tong University. In 1983 he was a visiting scholar at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In August 1988 he was transferred to the University of Science and Technology of Chengdu, where he served as dean of its Research Institute of High Technology. In 1994 he became a professor at the Sichuan University. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1995. In November 2008 he was hired as professor of the Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 

On 1 January 2019, he died of illness in Chengdu, Sichuan.

Awards
 State Natural Science Award
 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Scientists from Chongqing
Chinese materials scientists
Tongji University alumni
Harbin Institute of Technology alumni
University of Science and Technology Beijing alumni
Academic staff of Tongji University
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Academic staff of Xi'an Jiaotong University
Academic staff of Sichuan University
Fokker XHB-2. The Fokker XHB-2 was a proposed heavy bomber envisaged by the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America in 1927. The leadership of the United States Army Air Corps found the XHB-2 design too radical to be a real proposition, so the design remained a paper project only.

Specifications

See also

References

XHB-2
1920s United States bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Grigorovich MU-2. The Grigorovich MU-2 was a trainer flying boat built in the Soviet Union in the mid-1920s. It was designed by the Grigorovich Design Bureau after the failure of the Grigorovich MUR-1, featuring an all-metal hull. However, it was never put into production due to poor performance and sluggish take-off behavior.

Specifications

References

Bibliography
 

1920s Soviet patrol aircraft
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Type 12 torpedo. The Type 12 Torpedo (12式短魚雷, 12 Shiki Tan Gyorai, development name G-RX5) is a lightweight anti-submarine homing torpedo developed by the Technical Research and Development Institute, a department of the Japanese Ministry of Defense and built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force.

References

Aerial torpedoes
Torpedoes of Japan
Post–Cold War weapons of Japan
Aalborg Airport railway line. The Aalborg Airport railway line is a branch line railway in North Jutland, Denmark that links the city of Aalborg with its airport. The  long standard gauge single track railway line opened in 2020.

History
The railway line was constructed as part of an initiative to improve transport between the city and the airport. The feasibility studies started in 2017 and were followed by detailed design and expropriation in 2018. The actual construction was in 2019 and 2020. Construction officially started in February 2019. It opened on 13 December 2020 at a cost of 276 million DKK.

Route
The line starts as a branch line north of Lindholm Station. A new station was built at the airport, with a bridge built over Lindholm Å.

See also 
 List of railway lines in Denmark
 Rail transport in Denmark
 History of rail transport in Denmark

References

External links

 Banedanmark – government agency responsible for maintenance and traffic control of most of the Danish railway network
 DSB – largest Danish train operating company
 Danske Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in Denmark
 Nordjyllands Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in North Jutland
 Aalborg Airport

Railway lines in Denmark
Rail transport in the North Jutland Region
Airport rail links
Railway lines opened in 2020
2020 establishments in Denmark
Grigorovich MUR-1. The Grigorovich MUR-1, (MUR - Morskoi Uchebnyi Rhône - seaplane trainer Rhône), was a trainer flying boat built in the Soviet Union in the mid-1920s.

Development
The MUR-1 was developed by the Grigorovich Design Bureau in response to a Red Air Force requirement for a flying boat suited to training naval pilots. The MUR-1 differed from the Grigorovich M-5 in that it used a more powerful engine, single bay wings with thicker section, and stronger tail structure. Speed was increased, but other characteristics suffered. Increased weight of the tail structure necessitated carrying  of ballast in the nose. Test flights of the MUR-1 showed no discernable improvement over the M-5.

To remedy aerodynamics deficiencies during its initial flight trials, the MUR-1 was modified with pressure sensors and a new hull, and redesignated MUR-2, with input from TsAGI engineer N.N.Podsevalov. Test flights were conducted 1929-1931 with the intent to test load condition during taxi, takeoff and landing.

Specifications

Notes

Further reading
 

1920s Soviet patrol aircraft
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Rotary-engined aircraft
MUR