omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alpha case. In metallurgy, alpha case is the oxygen-enriched surface phase that occurs when titanium and its alloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen. Alpha case is hard and brittle, and tends to create a series of microcracks that will reduce the metal's performance and its fatigue properties. Alpha case can be minimized or avoided by processing titanium at very deep vacuum levels. However once present on the surface, the currently applied method to remove the alpha case is by the subtractive methods of machining and/or chemical milling. 
An emerging technique is to subject the metal to an electrochemical treatment in molten salts, such as calcium chloride or lithium chloride at elevated temperatures. This method removes the dissolved oxygen from the alpha case, hence restoring the oxygen-free metal. However, an unwanted consequence of the high temperature treatment is the growth of the grains in the metal. Grain growth may be limited by lowering the molten salt temperature. Alternatively, the metal may be rolling-pressed again to break the large grains into smaller ones.

References

Titanium
Metallurgy
Explosive-driven ferromagnetic generator. An explosive-driven ferromagnetic generator (EDFMG, explosively pumped ferromagnetic generator, EPFMG, or FMG) is a compact pulsed power generator, a device used for generation of short high-voltage high-current pulse by releasing energy stored in a permanent magnet. It is suited for delivering high-current pulses (kiloamperes) to low-impedance loads.

The FMGs consist of a permanent magnet (usually a neodymium magnet), a high explosive charge, and a pickup coil. They are a kind of phase transition generators, utilizing pressure-induced magnetic phase transition effect. By adjusting the number of turns of the coil, which can be as low as a single turn, the generator can be designed for delivery of high-current low-voltage pulses or, with more turns, low-current high-voltage pulses.

The shock wave generated by explosion destroys the magnetic domains in the magnet, cause loss of the magnetic field, and the very sudden change induces a high-peak electric current in the surrounding coil. Both the shock wave directions parallel to the vector of magnetization (longitudinal) and perpendicular (transverse) are possible to be used. One of the possible configurations is a ring magnet with the explosive charge in its center.

EDFMGs are especially well suited as seed power sources for explosively pumped flux compression generators and can be used for charging capacitor banks.

A generator coupling an EDFMG containing an 8.75 cm3 of magnetic material with a spiral vector inversion generator yielded a pulse of amplitude over 40 kilovolts with a rise time of 6.2 nanoseconds. Generators delivering pulses over 50 kV and 5 kA were demonstrated.

Ultra-compact generators with diameter less than 50 mm were developed.

See also 
 Explosive-driven ferroelectric generator

References 

 Explosive pulsed power: an enabling technology
 Analytical model for explosive-driven ultracompact shock-wave ferromagnetic generators

Pulsed power
Ferromagnetism
J.P. College of Engineering, Ayikudy, Tenkasi. J.P. College of Engineering is an engineering college offering undergraduate and postgraduate engineering courses (B.E,B.TECH and M.E). It is situated at Agarakattu, Ayikkudi, Tenkasi, Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu, India. J.P means Jesintha Peter. Thiru. S.Peter Alphonse, Chairman of Grace Swaminathan Educational and Charitable Trust, established J.P College of Engineering in 2007.
In the year 2012, the college was bought and run by the DMI Foundations. From then the institute was run by the Sisters of Daughters of Mary Immaculate and Fathers of Missionaries of Mary Immaculate.

References

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Education in Tirunelveli district
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Bréguet 790 Nautilus. The Bréguet 790 Nautilus was a prototype French three-seat coastal patrol flying-boat designed and built by Bréguet Aviation to meet a requirement from the French navy.

Development
The Nautilus had a high-set monoplane wing on a single-step hull, the wing being fabric covered and the hull all-metal. The aircraft was powered by a 720 hp (537 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12Xirs V-12 piston engine strut-mounted above the hull, driving a pusher propeller.

The first of two prototypes flew in 1939 and performed well enough that a production order for 75 was placed. The order was reduced to 45 in May 1940 in order to free production capacity for more urgently needed combat aircraft, but none were built following the German invasion.

Variants
Bréguet 790
Basic three-seat coastal reconnaissance aircraft, powered by  Hispano-Suiza 12Xirs engine.  Two prototypes built.
Bréguet 791
Proposed version powered by single  Gnome-Rhône 14M radial engine. Unbuilt.
Bréguet 792
Proposed version for ship-based reconnaissance aircraft, powered by two  Béarn 6 air-cooled inline engines. Unbuilt.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1930s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
 0790
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
SNCAO 30. The SNCAO 30 was a French single-engined monoplane flying boat two-seat trainer.  Although it was ordered into production for the French Navy, only two prototypes were built.

Development and design
In the late 1930s Loire-Nieuport commenced development of the Loire-Nieuport LN-30 as a private venture to meet a requirement of the French Navy for a two-seat flying boat trainer.  The resultant design, which was renamed SNCAO 30 when Loire-Nieuport was nationalised and became part of Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques de l'ouest (SNCAO), was a single-engined pusher monoplane of wooden construction, with the crew of two sitting side-by side in an open cockpit.  Its wing was carried on struts above the fuselage, with the Salmson 9ABa radial engine mounted above the wing.

The first prototype, built at the SNCAO factory at Saint Nazaire, made its maiden flight on 13 September 1938, these resulting in a number of modifications, including adding dihedral to the outer wing panels, placing a cowling around the engine and replacing its twin tail with a single large fin, the prototype flying again in this form on 21 September 1938, with a second prototype flying on 19 May 1939.  The aircraft was disappointing, however, being nose-heavy and with its engine suffering from severe vibration and overheating.

Despite these problems, as there was no better alternative, an order for production of 12 aircraft, designated SNCAO 300, was placed on 19 March 1940.  Production was ended by the Nazi German invasion of France, with no production aircraft being completed.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
Bousquet, Gérard. French Flying Boats of WW II. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus, 2013 
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five: Flying Boats. London: Macdonald, 1968.

External links

 УГОЛОК НЕБА (in Russian)

1930s French military trainer aircraft
Flying boats
030
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Gazelle FRV. The Gazelle FRV or Fast Reconnaissance Vehicle is a 4×4 infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) built for reconnaissance on the chassis of the Mercedes-Benz Unimog light truck developed by Zimbabwe in the early 1980s.

Development 
The FRV project begun in 1981-82 as a joint-venture by the private firm Kew Engineering Ltd of Gwelo (now Gweru) to meet a requirement from the Government of Zimbabwe for a home-built light armoured vehicle intended to the export market.  After the prototype was completed, the new Zimbabwe Defence Industries (ZDI) demonstrated the Gazelle to the Kenyan Army, but no orders were ever placed and production did not proceed as expected.  Although the prototype was also tested by the Zimbabwe National Army's (ZNA) 1st Mechanised Battalion in Mozambique, the ZNA never formally evaluated or adopted the vehicle and eventually the whole project was discontinued.

General description 
 
Built on a Mercedes-Benz U1100 Unimog 416 2.5 ton light truck chassis, it consisted of an armoured hull of welded ballistic steel plate incorporating one rear and two side doors. 
The overall design is very similar to the French ACMAT TPK 4.2 PSF armoured car, with exception of the glacis which had a small conventional windscreen on the right side and on the left side a projecting, box-type canopy of three framed windows of bullet- and splinter-proof glass to give the driver better lateral vision.  This peculiar element of design was probably inspired by South African-made armoured vehicles such as the Buffel, which entered service with the South African Defence Force (SADF) at the time.     
The Gazelle had a five-man crew – driver, commander, gunner and two infantry scouts.  Though a very fast and robust vehicle with a good off-road performance the Gazelle however, unlike most former Rhodesian and Zimbabwean armoured vehicles, lacked protection against landmines and had not for this single design flaw, it certainly would have been a commercial success.  Is no longer being marketed.

Protection
The hull was made of ballistic 10mm mild steel plate; front windscreen and projecting canopy windows had 40mm bullet-proof laminated glass.

Armament 

A one-man turret similar to the Mine Protected Combat Vehicle (MPCV), which accommodated either 12.7mm or 14.5mm Heavy Machine-Guns (HMGs) could be fitted on the top roof though the vehicle also served without it and with other armament such as a pintle-mounted 20mm autocannon or a FN MAG-58 7.62×51mm NATO light machine-gun.

See also 
Buffel
Bullet TCV
Hippo APC
Thyssen Henschel UR-416
Mine Protected Combat Vehicle
List of weapons of the Rhodesian Bush War

Notes

References 

Peter Gerard Locke & Peter David Farquharson Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80, P&P Publishing, Wellington 1995. 

Wheeled infantry fighting vehicles
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Mine warfare countermeasures
Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s
Infantry fighting vehicles of the Cold War
Reconnaissance vehicles of the Cold War
Kawanishi E11K. The Kawanishi E11K was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s. It was designed as a night reconnaissance aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) but was not accepted. The two aircraft that were built were used as transports as the Type 96 Transport Flying Boat during the Second World War.

Development and design
In 1936, the IJN drew up a requirement for an aircraft to replace the Aichi Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane as a specialised night reconnaissance aircraft which was intended to spot naval gunfire in night actions and to shadow enemy forces at night, allowing submarines to be directed to targets. The requirement was passed to Aichi and Kawanishi, with both companies producing aircraft to meet the Navy's needs. While Aichi produced a biplane similar to the aircraft that was to be replaced, Kawanishi designed a gull winged cantilever monoplane. It was powered by a single Hiro Type 91 W engine in a pusher configuration, mounted on struts above the wing and driving a four-bladed propeller. The radiator was mounted in a fairing above the rear fuselage so that it was located in the propeller's slipstream. It was fitted with retractable wingtip floats, while its wings folded to aid storage aboard the cruisers of the Japanese Navy.

The first of two prototypes of Kawanishi's design, the Experimental 11-Shi Special Reconnaissance Seaplane, with the short designation E11K, made its maiden flight on 11 June 1937. It proved to have poor stability and water handling, while the engine installation overheated. It was unsuitable for the night reconnaissance role, with the Aichi design proving generally superior and being ordered into production as the Aichi E11A.

Operational history
The two prototypes were fitted with retractable beaching gear, in order to serve as a utility transport aircraft, and was accepted into service by the Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Transport. These aircraft were used as liaison aircraft for reconnaissance seaplane squadrons and remained in use well into the Second World War.

Specifications

See also

Footnotes
 In the Japanese Navy designation system, specifications were given a Shi number based on the year of the Emperor's reign it was issued.  In this case 11-Shi stood for 1936, the 11th year of the Shōwa era.
  Kawanishi had made a similar modification to its earlier Kawanishi E10K, which had lost out to the Aichi E10A, producing the Navy Type 94 Transport.

References

Bibliography

External links

E11K, Kawanishi
Flying boats
E11K
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Eugenio Oñate Ibañez de Navarra. Eugenio Oñate Ibañez de Navarra (Valencia, 28 March 1953), often referred as Eugenio Onãte, is a Spanish engineer who works in computational mechanics.

Books
 Oñate E., Kröplin B., Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures (Computational Methods in Applied Sciences), Springer 2005.
 Oñate E., Owen R., Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, Volume 7: Computational Plasticity, Springer 2007.
 Oñate E., Structural Analysis with the Finite Element Method. Linear Statics, Volume 1: Basis and Solids (Lecture Notes on Numerical Methods in Engineering and Sciences), Springer 2009.
 Oñate E., Structural Analysis with the Finite Element Method. Linear Statics, Volume 2: Beams, Plates and Shells (Lecture Notes on Numerical Methods in Engineering and Sciences), Springer 2010.

External links
 

1953 births
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Technical University of Valencia alumni
Alumni of Swansea University
Living people
Engineers from the Valencian Community
20th-century Spanish engineers
Semantic architecture. Semantic architecture is a concept in software architecture. It proposes the creation of more useful architecture descriptions which can unambiguously capture, catalog, communicate, preserve, and can interoperably exchange semantics between different architectures.

Overview 

The overall goals of the semantic architecture are
 to define a formal semantic way of representing architecture intended to be both human and machine readable
 to describe a system architecture at a high level of abstraction
 to support automatic generation of software architecture models
 to permit analysis of architectural quality attributes
 to provide a repository of patterns expressed utilizing the semantic web standards RDF/S and OWL

In order to achieve these goals, the software architecture community and industry need to define
 a common architecture description language
 an OWL ontology for architecture data models
 a set of tools for capturing, querying, and visualizing all aspects and view points of an architecture

The tooling or toolkits for semantic architecture should
 be suitable for communicating an architecture to all stakeholders
 supports architecture creation, refinement, evaluation, and validation of quality attributes
 provides a basis for further implementation
 allows the architecture community to exchange semantics of architecture styles and patterns in an interoperable fashion

See also
 Software architecture
 Semantic Web
 Ontology-based data integration
 Semantic mapper
 Semantic translation

References

Ontology (information science)
Semantics
Software architecture
MSCL. MSCL may refer to:
 Marine Services Company Limited, a passenger and cargo shipping company in Tanzania
 My So-Called Life, an American television teen drama
 Moscow Student Conference on Linguistics, an international linguistic conference for young researchers
 Methanesulfonyl chloride, an Organic Compound with the chemical formula CH3ClO2S.
 Large-conductance mechanosensitive channel, MscL, membrane proteins
Fluo-4. Fluo-4 is used to measure calcium (Ca2+) concentrations inside living cells, and is often used for high-throughput screening of receptor ligands and calcium permeable ion channels.

The green-fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4, is an improved version of the calcium indicator, Fluo-3. It is commonly used as the non-fluorescent acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-4 AM) which is cleaved inside the cell to give the free, fluorescent Fluo-4. It loads faster, is brighter at equivalent concentrations and is well-excited by the 488 nm line of the argon-ion laser which is often used in biological research laboratories. Fluo-4 and its cell-permeable AM ester are available from a few commercial vendors.

References

Biochemistry methods
Cell imaging
Chelating agents
Fluorone dyes
Fluoroarenes
Acetic acids
Phenol ethers
Anilines
Glycol ethers
Xanthenes
Soft Foot. Soft foot is a common term used for machine frame distortion. The distortion is caused when one or more foot of a machine differ in height from the others. This in turn may be due to differences when the machine was manufactured, a squishy footage with oil film etc. between foot and base, a bent foot, or it may be induced by a pipe to which the machine is attached (e.g. a pipe on top of a pump), which prevents the machine from touching all its feet to its base.

Soft foot usually gives rise to a 1x harmonic of the rotation frequency in the spectrum when radial (horizontal or vertical) vibration measurements are taken. It can be detected in this way.

Similar harmonic 1x is caused by misalignment and looseness. Usually not only will it resemble them, but it also causes misalignment, imbalance and other problems. In fact, it may be loose, not strictly a soft foot. Therefore, a way to tell the difference is needed.

To differentiate soft foot from misalignment and looseness, even if it causes misalignment when present, one way is to loosen each foot bolt at a time, while the other three are tight. If loosening one of them reduces vibration amplitude (which would be opposite to what one would expect if the machine was all right and we caused looseness by unscrewing of the bolt), then soft foot was present.

Another way to differentiate soft foot from looseness are phase measurements between the machine foot and the base/ground. 180 degrees difference indicates looseness.

Soft foot can be detected by using a variety of methods, including:

 Feeler gauges
 Dial indicators
 Laser alignment tools
 Vibration analysis

Once soft foot has been detected, it can be corrected by shimming the machine feet until all four feet are in solid contact with the foundation or baseplate.

External links
 Detecting Soft Foot with Vibration Analysis

Mechanical engineering
Maintenance
David W. Barron. David William Barron FBCS (9 January 1935 – 2 January 2012) was a British academic in Physics and Computer Science who was described in the Times Higher Education magazine as one of the "founding fathers" of computer science.

Family
He married his wife, Valerie. They had two children: Nik and Jacky.

Work

Radio wave propagation
Barron's work with Henry Rishbeth on radio wave propagation was pioneering in furthering the understanding of how radio waves were reflected at the ionospheric boundary.

Computer science
Barron began his academic career in Cambridge University where he took a PhD in the Cavendish Laboratory. His research involved very early work in computer applications and he was a user of the original EDSAC computer, the world's first stored-program electronic computer to go into general service.

After his PhD he joined the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory and contributed to the development of the EDSAC 2 computer. In the early 1960s, he was leader of software development in the Titan project, a joint effort with Ferranti Ltd to develop a reduced version of the Atlas computer. In this role he led the Cambridge efforts to develop the Titan Supervisor (a multi-programming operating system) and CPL (Combined Programming Language). The Titan Supervisor led in due course to the Cambridge Multiple-Access System which provided a pioneering time-sharing service to a large user community in Cambridge and was also later employed in the Cambridge-based Computer Aided Design Centre. The CPL project broke new ground in language design and application generality, and the resulting defining paper was written by the original development team. CPL was notable for leading to BCPL and hence B and then C programming language.

Barron left Cambridge in 1967 to take up a chair of computer science at the University of Southampton where he remained until his retirement in 2000. As a computer scientist, he contributed to many fields as computer science developed into a discipline of its own. At Southampton he continued his almost unique abilities in writing and lecturing. In 2009, on the 60th anniversary of the completion of the Cambridge EDSAC computer, he delivered a seminal lecture on what was involved in programming this pioneering machine in the 1950s.

He was one of the founding editors of Software: Practice and Experience, and served as the editor from 1971 for over 30 years.

Barron is the author of many texts that explained the emerging subject to generations of students and researchers.
With others he published, in 1967, the manual for Titan Autocode programming.
In subsequent years Barron wrote texts on
Recursive Programming (1968), Assemblers and Loaders (1969), Operating Systems (1971 and 1984), Programming Languages (1977), Pascal Implementation (1981), Advanced Programming (1984), Text Processing and Typesetting (1987) and
Scripting Languages (2000).

On his personal web page Barron modestly described himself as "old-fashioned scholar, relic of the past".

References

English computer scientists
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Academics of the University of Southampton
1935 births
2012 deaths
La Renaissance (barge). Renaissance was built in Belgium in 1960 as a standard péniche barge to carry cargo along the canals of Europe. Her original cargo was grain and iron ore. She presently serves as a hotel barge, owned and operated by European Waterways. She is one of around 60 barges offering luxury cruises on French waterways.

History
The barge was built as La Bonne Humeur ('good mood') in 1960, and measures 39 m (128 ft) long by 5.20 m (17 ft) wide. She has a rectangular hull section, bluff bow and a counter-hung rudder, and is effectively the largest-size vessel which can pass through the Freycinet locks in France and Belgium. This corresponds to a potential loading capacity of 350 tons if loading to the maximum draught if 2.20m (a little over 7 ft).

In 1997, she was converted to a hotel barge and underwent another refit in 2006. She was purchased by European Waterways in 2007. She was then taken to a boatyard in Belgium for inspection, maintenance and modifications. The hull has two wear strips welded outside the chine which mean the hard wear of rubbing against lock walls will be absorbed by this sacrificial steel strip.

Hotel barge

The barge was renamed Renaissance and began operations on the canals of western Burgundy and the upper Loire in May, 2008. She currently has 4 double cabins allowing her to carry up to 8 passengers. She also has separate crew quarters. The crew of five consists of captain and pilot, deck hand and tour guide, master chef, housekeeper, and waiter.

She has a top speed of 10 knots, but usually cruises at the canal speed limit of 6 km/h.

External links 
 Renaissance official page on europeanwaterways.com
 La Renaissance on french-waterways-com
 Review of luxury barge cruise on the Renaissance - Loire Valley France

References

Hotel barges
Barges of France
Barges
Hotels in France