omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems. The Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems is a notable mineral and gem collection within the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Comprising over 1,300 specimens, Hillman Hall has gained a reputation as one of the finest mineral exhibitions in the United States

History
The museum's first mineralogy exhibit consisted of about 550 specimens loaned by Professor Gustave Guttenberg, then purchased after his death in 1896 to become the core of the museum's collection. In subsequent decades, it was augmented primarily by gifts, including Andrew Carnegie's 1904 donation of the notable mineral collection of William W. Jefferis of West Chester, Pennsylvania (about 12,000 specimens), and a donation in 1902 of 2,600 gems from John L. Lewis, President of the Lewis Foundry & Machine Company located in Groveton, Pennsylvania. The museum also acquired ores and metals representing Pittsburgh industries, including tin, lead, copper, antimony, and bismuth, as well as local steel products, oil-bearing rock, crude petroleum, coal, coke, and graphite. Starting in 1969, trustee Henry L. Hillman provided substantial donations for purchasing new specimens and building the current exhibit hall, which opened in 1980, and was expanded and remodeled from 2006-2007.

Collections

Hillman Hall contains more than 1,300 specimens, a curated sample of the Section Minerals collection of more than 30,000 specimens. The Hall is arranged in the following major sections:

 Lithology and Processes - illustrates the processes that create and transform rocks and minerals.
 Crystallography - exhibits that explain crystals and crystallography.
 Mineral Properties - physical properties of a variety of minerals.
 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence - displays of mineral fluorescence and phosphorescence.
 Locality Suites - illustrates the diversity of mineral species that come from a single geographic environment and how they impacted civilizations.
 Pennsylvania Minerals and Gems - specimens representing some of the finest minerals and gems from Pennsylvania.
 Systematic Collection - exhibiting minerals in systematic groupings by chemical classification according to Dana's System of Mineralogy.
 Masterpiece Gallery - an esthetic collection of notable mineral specimens from around the world.
 Wertz Gallery - the museum's gem collection, containing 17 permanent exhibits that display nearly 530 pieces, including a Birthstones exhibit.

References 

 Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems
 Undated pamphlet, Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems

Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Geology museums in the United States
Native cloud application. A native cloud application (NCA) is a type of computer software that natively utilizes services and infrastructure from cloud computing providers such as Amazon EC2, Force.com, or Microsoft Azure. NCAs exhibit a combined usage of the three fundamental technologies:
 Computational grid - loosely, e.g. MapReduce
 Data grids (e.g. distributed in-memory data caches)
 Auto-scaling on any managed infrastructure

References

Further reading 

 Morris, Kief (2020). Infrastructure as Code: Dynamic Systems for the Cloud Age Second Edition. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781098114626, 1098114620.

Grid computing
Cloud computing
Cache (computing)
Fuel Cell Development Information Center. The Fuel Cell Development Information Center (FCDIC) is a Japanese center established in July 1986 to foster exchange of information relating to fuel cell research, development and deployment between its members and thereby accelerate the introduction and penetration of fuel cells into the market.

The FCDIC consists of 154 organizations, 40 academics, and 3 foreign members. The organization publishes the quarterly journal The Journal of Fuel Cell Technology and posts the latest fuel cell news on its web site.

See also
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

References

External links
FCDIC Homepage 

Fuel cells
Trade associations based in Japan
Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram. Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram or Mödling and Hinterbrühl Local  Railway (German: Lokalbahn Mödling–Hinterbrühl) was an electric tramway in Austria, running 4.5 km (2.8 mi) from Mödling to Hinterbrühl, in the southwest of Vienna. The gauge was . Opened in October 1883, it was the first tram and railway in the world that was run with electricity delivered by an overhead line in permanent service. It was the first electric tram and railway in Austria, and it was the second one installed for definitive service. The operation ceased in March 1932.

The approval had been granted by the k.k. Ministry of Commerce in 1882. The tram was built and run by the Südbahngesellschaft (the private Austrian Southern Railway Company) that operated the main line from Vienna to Trieste, including the standard gauge railway station at Mödling.

Electric traction operating at 550 volts DC was chosen.  As for lack of space, parts of the trackway had to be laid on public roads. The metre gauge single track rail of the tram had several turnouts. The overhead line was bipolar and consisted of two downwards open tubes, in which the two pantographs hang like aerial trams. This technique had been introduced by Ernst Werner von Siemens in his experimental Electromote trolleybus concept. After a test on October 18, 1883, the regular service in the first section between Mödling and Vorderbrühl Valley started on October 22, 1883. As a condition for permitting the traffic through the narrow part of the valley in 1884, the authorities ordered the availability of a steam engine as emergency traction. In 1885, the line was completed to Hinterbrühl.

In 1903, the line was modernized and the bipolar overhead line was replaced by a unipolar wire. The new contact supplies were bow collectors. Since 1912, the revenues exceeded the expenses.

In 1927 a bus service was installed in the valley. The competition became precarious for both. In 1923, the Austrian Ministry for Trade and Traffic decided that the tramline had to be closed down. The last tram on the line ran on March 31, 1932.

See also
 List of town tramway systems in Europe

Bibliography
 
 
 

Tram transport in Austria
Electric public transport
Defunct railroads
Mödling and Hinterbrühl
Metre gauge railways in Austria
1883 establishments in Austria
1932 disestablishments in Austria
Boleite. Boleite is a complex halide mineral with formula:  KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62. It was first described in 1891 as an oxychloride mineral. It is an isometric mineral which forms in deep-blue cubes. There are numerous minerals related to boleite, such as pseudoboleite, cumengite, and diaboleite, and these all have the same complex crystal structure. They all contain bright-blue cubic forms and are formed in altered zones of lead and copper deposits, produced during the reaction of chloride bearing solutions with primary sulfide minerals.

Physical properties
The external property of a boleite crystal structure indicates its cubic structure. It is classified under the isometric crystal class. Boleite has a perfect cleavage in the [001] direction, and has a very dark glossy blue color with a light greenish-blue color streak. Twinning is best shown in this mineral by notches along the interpenetrated angles, which results in a crystal habit of pseudocubic penetration twinning along three different angles perpendicular to one another. Boleite has cubes over half an inch on each side, which consist of pseudo-octahedral tetragonal dipyramids.

Geologic occurrence

Boleite was first collected as a very minor ore of silver, copper and lead at Boleo, Mexico. Boleite was named after its place of discovery, El Boleo mine, on the Baja Peninsula, near Santa Rosalia, Mexico.

Minerals associated with boleite include pseudoboleite, cumengeite, atacamite, anglesite, cerussite, phosgenite and gypsum at the type locality in Boleo, Mexico. In the Mammoth-St. Anthony mine of Arizona associated minerals include pseudoboleite, anglesite, cerussite, atacamite, paratacamite, leadhillite, paralaurionite, caledonite, phosgenite, matlockite and  bideauxite.

References

External links

 	
Parker, Robert L. (1981). Rocks and Mineral Deposits. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. 343–422.
Pirsson, Louis V. (1964). Rocks and Rock Minerals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London. 34–56
Williams, Peter A., Thomas, John H., Humphries, Alun, Samad, Abdul F. (1981). “Chemical Studies on the Stabilities of Boleite and Pseudoboleite”. Mineralogical Magazine v.44: 101–104 3
link to cryptohalite 

Lead minerals
Potassium minerals
Silver minerals
Copper minerals
Halide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 221
Minerals described in 1891
Stemme S6. The Stemme S6 is a two-seat touring motorglider manufactured by Stemme AG. Unlike the S10, the S6 has a non-retractable three-bladed propeller (that can feather, like other touring motor gliders), a wider fuselage design, and tricycle landing gear, available both with fixed and retractable configurations. Its engine is a Bombardier-Rotax 914, the same engine used in the Stemme S10-VT.
The designers placed great importance on noise and vibration reduction.

The prototype S6 made its first flight on 29 November 2006 at Strausberg Airport, flown by Lothar Dalldorff.  It received EASA approval on 22 October 2008.

Variants
S6 100 hp, fixed landing gear.
S6-R retractable landing gear.
S6-T115 hp turbocharged engine
S6-RT 115 hp turbocharged engine, retractable landing gear. First flown 10 December 2002.
S6ew Sky Sportster 20m wingspan with a 38 to 1 glide ratio
S8-T as S6-T 
S8-RT as S6-RT but with roomier cockpit and greater fuel capacity.

Specifications (S6-T)

References

External links

S06
Motor gliders
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Entangled (Partington). Entangled, 2004, is an abstract sculpture created by Indiana-based artist Brose Partington (American b. 1979). The sculpture is located on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus at the Herron School of Art and Design, 735 W. New York Street in Indianapolis, Indiana, in the United States. It was given to Herron by Ezra Freidlander and Linda H. Freidlander in 2005.

Description
Entangled is an abstract sculpture consisting of eight unique elements bolted together to create an enclosed form. The powder coated steel sculpture measures 108” x 88” x 98” and is constructed from rolled steel tubes and fabricated steel circles. The base of the sculpture is mounted on a 16' diameter concrete pad in the Herron Sculpture Garden. The curved support structure at the base of the sculpture references the shape of a bird's nest as it encloses and supports the sculptural elements.

The Freidlander donors contributed to the funding for a sculpture competition open to upper level Herron students. Partington's maquette of Entangled won the competition. The sculpture was located on their private property from 2004 to 2008. It was moved to its current location on the IUPUI campus in 2008.

Artist statement
“I'm currently building structures as parallels to patterns of natural occurrences. My work examines the subtle movements around us, and the patterns those movements create. I am trying to compare the cyclical patterns found in nature with manufactured objects, environments, and modes of transportation." ~Brose Partington, 2009

Partington's father owned a clock repair shop in Indianapolis during his childhood. The clocks, gears, and mechanisms of his father's shop influence his sculptures today. Most of his current work is kinetic with references to the patterns of nature. Tides, a work shown internationally, is an example of the relationship between nature and machine found throughout Partington's installations.

Documentation 
A Museum Studies course at IUPUI recently undertook the project of researching and reporting on the condition of 40 outdoor sculptures on the university campus.  Entangled was included in this movement.  This documentation was influenced by the successful Save Outdoor Sculpture! 1989 campaign organized by Heritage Preservation: The National Institute of Conservation partnered with the Smithsonian Institution, specifically the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Throughout the 1990s, over 7,000 volunteers nationwide have cataloged and assessed the condition of over 30,000 publicly accessible statues, monuments, and sculptures installed as outdoor public art across the United States.

See also
 Dawnsong

References

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection
Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis
2004 sculptures
Steel sculptures in Indiana
Abstract sculptures in Indiana
Chester Baker Slawson. Chester Baker Slawson (April 12, 1898March 12, 1964) was a professor of mineralogy at the University of Michigan.

After his death, the Slawson Memorial fund was created at the University of Michigan and in 2004 the first Slawson Fellowship was awarded to a student of the Department of Geological Sciences.

The mineral slawsonite, which has the chemical formula  and was described in 1977, was named in his honor.

References 

American mineralogists
University of Michigan faculty
1898 births
1964 deaths
LED tattoo. A light-emitting diode tattoo is a theoretical body modification created by implanting very small electronic devices into outer layers of the skin, made with silicon-silk materials and miniature lights known as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The concept is similar to a tattoo because tattoos are made by injecting tattoo ink into skin. While there is potential for many applications in the medical, commercial and personal domains, the technology is still in the development stage.

Technological limitations
Current medical devices are limited by their isolation from the body and their placement on rigid silicon. Current devices also contain gold and titanium which are required for electrical connections. Both gold and titanium are bio-compatible which means that they will not be rejected by the body as a foreign substance. However, biocompatibility is not as preferable as biodegradable because the latter does not leave behind any unnecessary materials; so researchers are working on biodegradable contacts to eliminate all remnants but the silicon. The current form of the LED tattoo has been implanted on mice without harm.  Research on silicon-silk technology has been conducted at the University of Pennsylvania's Engineering Department. The Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands showed commercial interest in the research of silicon silk technology, specifically LED tattoos as a means to extend the digital experience, or interactivity with the digital product.

Development
Future LED tattoos may use silicon chips that are around the length of a small grain of rice which has the dimensions of about 1 millimeters and just 250 nanometers thick. The chips are placed on thin films of silk, which cause the electronics to conform to biological tissue. This process is aided when saline solution is added, helping the silicon mold to the shape of the skin. Silk dissolves away over time, which can occur immediately after the operation or over the course of several years, leaving the thin silicon circuits in place. While silicon has not been proven to be biocompatible all studies show it to be safe and it has been used in many other medical implant operations including implantation of silicon chips in mice.

One potential medical application would be silk-silicon LEDs to create photonic tattoos which would assist in blood-sugar readings.

See also

 Biomechanical art
 OLED

References

Body modification
Tattoo
Tattoos by type
DaisyDisk. DaisyDisk is a paid disk space analyzer for macOS. It displays a sunburst diagram of files on a hard drive to help with the location or deletion of large files. It can display previews of files using Quick Look. It also allows the user to look at the file directly in Finder, in order to delete it or move it elsewhere.

History
DaisyDisk was started in late 2008 by interaction designer Taras Brizitsky and programmer Oleg Krupnov. They built the codebase from scratch to try to achieve higher speeds than similar programs. They decided to use a sunburst diagram as it is perceived better than other ways of visualizing data (such as treemaps).

Features 
DaisyDisk needs to scan the disk to create a map of its files and folders. Once the initial scan is completed, DaisyDisk doesn't keep displayed information up to date and reflects only changes to disk made through interaction with DaisyDisk. DaisyDisk can scan multiple disks in parallel.

With v4.5 of DaisyDisk, support for APFS was added.

Interface 
DaisyDisk displays the contents as a color-coded sunburst diagram, resembling the petals of a daisy. The interface places the root of the hard drive at the center of this daisy, and displays a hierarchical structure of that hard drive's file system that radiates from that center. This daisy is color-coded to differentiate between folders, while  files themselves are always displayed as gray. In the right sidebar of the interface, DaisyDisk also provides a legend for these color codes. When hovering over a file or folder, the right sidebar of the interface updates with contextual information such as the file or folder name and their absolute path. When clicking on a folder on the daisy, a new daisy is displayed with the chosen folder as its root. The interface shows a "breadcrumb trail" of the current folder right above the sunburst diagram.

DaisyDisk provides a Trash-like collector icon in the lower left of its interface where files and folders can be dragged and dropped for deletion. DaisyDisk shows the storage in a colorful, interactive chart to see which files and folders are taking up the most space.

As of DaisyDisk v3, a specialized version of the app exists for Mac users with Retina Displays.

Integration 
One of the ways DaisyDisk integrates with the Mac features is through its support of the Quick Look function, which is included in Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" and later. Hovering over any file or folder in DaisyDisk's interface and pressing space bar utilizes Quick Look and displays additional information about that file or folder in regards to its location and contents.

See also 
 Disk space analyzer
 Sunburst diagram

References

Disk usage analysis software

Computer system optimization software
Utilities for macOS
2008 software
UP Diliman Institute of Civil Engineering. The Institute of Civil Engineering (I.C.E.) is one of the two education institutes operating under College of Engineering of the University of the Philippines Diliman.

In October 2008, the University of the Philippines Board of Regents approved the transformation of the Department of Civil Engineering to an Institute with the creation of the Institute of Civil Engineering to address the growing need for a center of excellence in civil engineering and its specialized fields, with combined capabilities in instruction, research and extension service. It is the first and only Institute of Civil Engineering in the Philippines.

Gallery

External links 
 ERDT Delegates Visit US Research Institutes
 Engineers reiterate lessons from Ondoy
 Civil engineers hold 'green' confab

UP Diliman College of Engineering
Furnace roller. A furnace roller or furnace roll is a heat resistant roller used in roller hearth furnaces and other industrial equipment. They are used to allow products to easily move into, through, and out of furnaces, kilns and ovens.

Construction
Furnace rollers consist of a cylinder (solid or hollow) or disks mounted via bearings on a central shaft. They can be powered, actively moving items through the furnace, or unpowered. Furnace rollers can be made in many different sizes and from different materials to suit various applications and temperature ranges. Typical materials include nickel chromium and molybdenum.

Applications
Furnace rollers are used in a wide variety of industries including the production of steel and ceramics, and the application of heat cured coatings.

See also 
Oxidation
Powder coating
Heat treating

References 

Industrial equipment
JAPE (linguistics). In computational linguistics, JAPE is the Java Annotation Patterns Engine, a component of the open-source General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) platform. JAPE is a finite state transducer that operates over annotations based on regular expressions. Thus, it is useful for pattern-matching, semantic extraction, and many other operations over syntactic trees such as those produced by natural language parsers.

JAPE is a version of CPSL – Common Pattern Specification Language.

A JAPE grammar consists of a set of phases, each of which consists of a set of pattern/action rules. The phases run sequentially and constitute a cascade of finite state transducers over annotations. The left-hand-side (LHS) of the rules consist of an annotation pattern description. The right-hand-side (RHS) consists of annotation manipulation statements. Annotations matched on the LHS of a rule may be referred to on the RHS by means of labels that are attached to pattern elements.

References
 https://gate.ac.uk/sale/tao/index.html#x1-1880008

Dhaval Thakker, Taha Osman, Phil Lakin, JAPE Grammar Tutorial, https://gate.ac.uk/sale/thakker-jape-tutorial/GATE%20JAPE%20manual.pdf

Computational linguistics
British Aircraft Cupid. The British Aircraft Cupid was a two-seat, single-engined monoplane, a smaller version of the B.A. Eagle designed for touring and training.  Only one was built.

Design and development

The first independent design of the British Aircraft Manufacturing Company, previously known as the British Klemm Aeroplane Company and usually referred to as British Aircraft or B.A., was the B.A. Eagle.  This sold well, and B.A. followed it up with a similar small single-engined monoplane, the B.A. III Cupid.  Whereas the Eagle was aimed at the sporting and racing market, the Cupid targeted the touring and club training roles.  Like the Eagle, the Cupid was designed by G.H. Handasyde.

The Cupid was a low-wing wooden aircraft, powered by a 130 hp (97 kW)  de Havilland Gipsy Major inverted inline engine.  It had side-by-side seating with dual controls, under a multi-piece canopy.  The coupé top could be removed for open-cockpit flying.  Unlike the Eagle, the Cupid had a fixed undercarriage with cantilever legs that were enclosed in fairings which partly covered the wheels.  Its wings folded for storage.  Partly because of the fixed undercarriage, the Cupid was about 13 mph slower than the Eagle on the same power.  It was fully aerobatic.

The Cupid first flew in 1935 and was liked by those who flew it. Finally only one, registered G-ADLR, was built.  Owned by Charles Best, it was flown in the 1935 King's Cup Jubilee Race by John Armour, then equerry to the Prince of Wales, but retired.  The following year it was sold to South Africa, though it was never registered there.

Specifications

References

Citations

Cited sources

1930s British civil aircraft
Cupid
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935