omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Class B fire. In fire classes, a Class B fire is a fire in flammable liquids or flammable gases, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints, solvents, lacquers, or alcohols. For example, propane, natural gas, gasoline and kerosene fires are types of Class B fires. The use of lighter fluid on a charcoal grill, for example, creates a Class B fire. Some plastics are also Class B fire materials. 

Class B fires are distinguished from the other fire classes: Class A fires ("ordinary combustibles" such as wood, paper, or rubber); Class C fires (in which the burning material is energized electrical equipment) and Class D fires (in which the burning material is combustible metals). The less-commonly-used Class F (known in the United States as Class K) refers to fires involving cooking oil or fat; these materials are technically part of Class B.

Fires are classified by the proper extinguishing agent. While water is used on Class A fires, using water on a Class B fire (e.g., a grease fire) is extremely dangerous. This is because Class B fires typically have a fuel with a lower density than water (causing it to rise) and the burning fluid is hotter than the boiling point of water (212 °F or 100 °C). The resulting sudden rising of a column of flames together with droplets of boiling fuel and water is generally known as a slopover. For example, when water is placed on grease, it creates steam which expands rapidly and splatters burning droplets in a phenomenon causing burns and spreading the fire. Because of this, Class A fire extinguishers use water, while Class B fire extinguishers use dry chemicals (foam or powder), such as aqueous film-forming foam, multi-purpose dry chemicals such as ammonium phosphate, and halogenated agents (such as Halon 1301 and Halon 1211) or highly pressurized carbon dioxide. Some fire extinguishers contain chemicals designed to fight both Class A and Class B fires.

Grease and cooking oil fires pose a greater safety risk. One ten-year study, examining the years 1976 to 1985, found that 4.7% of hospitalized burn patients suffered burns from hot grease or oil, with 78% of such injuries occurring in the home. According to the National Fire Protection Association, between 2010 and 2014, nearly half (46%) of home structure fires reported to fire departments in the United States involved cooking; over the same time period, cooking equipment was implicated in 19% of home fire deaths, 44% of home fire injuries, and 17% of total direct property damage. Grease fires are an object of study in food science.

See also
Grease duct – a duct designed to vent grease-laden flammable vapors to prevent them from building up near the flame of cooking apparatuses
Exhaust hood – a device containing a mechanical fan that for use above the stove or cooktop in the kitchen to remove airborne elements produced by cooking
Ignitable Liquid Drainage Floor Assembly – an active fire protection system designed to respond to Class B fires inside infrastructure by removing flammable liquids into secondary containment

References

External links

Types of fire
Roger Wattenhofer. Roger Wattenhofer, born in 1969, is a Swiss computer scientist, active in the field of distributed computing, networking, and algorithms. He is a professor at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) since 2001. He has published numerous research articles in computer science and a  book on Bitcoin.

In 2012, Wattenhofer won the Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing, awarded annually at the SIROCCO conference. Together with Christian Decker in 2014, he uncovered that nearly 850,000 of the Bitcoins lost by Mt. Gox could not have been stolen by malleability attacks, as claimed by Mt. Gox.
In 2017, he appeared in a movie about the Blockchain.

Selected publications

References

External links
 Roger Wattenhofer's home page
 Mathematics Genealogy Project entry

Living people
1969 births
Swiss computer scientists
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
ETH Zurich alumni
Science Platform Aircraft. Science Platform Aircraft are aircraft that benefit the earth science community. These aircraft are unique to NASA or are commercial aircraft. They are equipped with sensors that provide data for NASA's spaceborne missions. This program is part of the Earth Science Division and is what provides new aircraft systems that will further science and make better the use of data from satellites. There are four main goals to the program and those are satellite calibration and validation, support new sensor development, process studies, and develop the next-generation of scientists and engineers.

Satellite Calibration and Validation 
Calibration is defined as the process of quantitatively defining the system response to known, controlled signal inputs. Validation is defined as the process of assessing by independent means the quality of the data provided. Higher level products can be successfully generated from satellite sensor data only if both calibration and validation are present. This allows Earth observation satellites the ability to get calibration measurements and allows them to get validation of their data retrieval algorithms.

New Sensor Development 
When using sensors to gain data, science platform aircraft use remote sensors. These can be broken into two groups; active and passive.

Active Sensors 
Active sensors emit radiation in the direction of the object they are observing causing it to light up. To get a reading, it measures how much energy is reflected back at the sensor. Most active sensors are in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means that they are able to pass through almost any atmospheric condition.

Passive Sensors 
Passive sensors work by detecting natural radiation from the object that is being observed. The most common source of radiation comes from reflected sunlight. Most passive sensors operate in the visible, infrared, and microwave sections of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Process Studies 
Combining global satellite observations with high resolution spatial measurements allows for a better understanding of the complete Earth system.

References
Berrick, Stephen. "Remote Sensors." NASA, NASA, 17 Oct. 2016, earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/remote-sensors.
Justice, Erin. "NASA Airborne Science Program." NASA, NASA, 16 Aug. 2012, https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft
Fladeland, Matthew. "NASA Airborne Science Program." NASA, NASA, 17 Dec. 2013, airbornescience.nasa.gov/.
"VI. Calibration and Validation of Space-Based Observations." VI. Calibration and Validation of Space-Based Observations, www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac654e/ac654e08.htm.wor

NASA aircraft
Nonadiabatic transition state theory. Nonadiabatic transition state theory (NA-TST) is a powerful tool to predict rates of chemical reactions from a computational standpoint. NA-TST has been introduced in 1988 by Prof. J.C. Lorquet. In general, all of the assumptions taking place in traditional transition state theory (TST) are also used in NA-TST but with some corrections. First, a spin-forbidden reaction proceeds through the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) rather than through transition state (TS). Second, unlike TST, the probability of transition is not equal to unity during the reaction and treated as a function of internal energy associated with the reaction coordinate. At this stage non-relativistic couplings responsible for mixing between states is a driving force of transition. For example, the larger spin-orbit coupling at MECP the larger the  probability of transition. NA-TST can be reduced to the traditional TST in the limit of unit probability.

References

Chemical physics
California Science and Technology University. California Science and Technology University (CSTU) was founded on September 26, 2011, in Silicon Valley to provide postgraduate education.  It is located at 1601 McCarthy Boulevard in Milpitas, California.

CSTU offers Bachelor and Master's degree programs in Computer Systems and Engineering (BSCSE and MSCSE), Bachelor and Master's degree in Business Administration (BSBA and MBA), and the Emerging Technology Training (ETTP) programs. CSTU's curriculum focuses on the latest technologies of Silicon Valley, such as Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, as stated in the CSTU's website. CSTU was accredited by Accrediting Commission of Careers Schools and Colleges (ACCSC) in June 2022. All CSTU teaching faculty not only have adequate academic training, also have at least four-year industrial experience.

The MSCSE, MBA and ETTP programs are offered online and onsite.  Most classes are offered in evenings and weekends. CSTU's ETTP program is approved to offer training for VA education program. CSTU is also approved by the Employment Development Department, California, which can provide tuition for professionals who need training for new jobs.

Starting from 2022, CSTU has been approved to recruit international students. Based on the school's plan, the first batch of international students would arrive in 2023.

Faculty 

 Andreas Ramos

References

External links
 

2011 establishments in California
Universities and colleges established in 2011
Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California
David Chung Wai-keung. Dr David Chung Wai-keung JP () was the Under Secretary for Innovation and Technology of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region since 1 March 2016.

Prior to appointed to the position, Dr Chung worked as Chief Technology Officer (2011 - 2016) and Head of IT Office (2008 - 2010) at Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited. He was also a winner of the “China Top 5 CIO Award” in 2013.

Dr Chung holds a Bachelor of Science (Engineering) in Computer Science from Imperial College London, a Postgraduate Diploma in Business Management from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, a Master of Business Administration from the Open University of Hong Kong and a Doctorate in Engineering Management from City University of Hong Kong.

On 5 January 2022, Carrie Lam announced new warnings and restrictions against social gathering due to potential COVID-19 outbreaks. One day later, it was discovered that Chung attended a birthday party hosted by Witman Hung Wai-man, with 222 guests. At least one guest tested positive with COVID-19, causing all guests to be quarantined.

References

Hong Kong politicians
1966 births
Living people
Chief technology officers
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Alumni of Hong Kong Metropolitan University
Alumni of the City University of Hong Kong
Fork and pull model. Fork and pull model refers to a software development model mostly used on GitHub, where multiple developers working on an open, shared project make their own contributions by sharing a main repository and pushing changes after granted pull request by integrator users. Followed by the advent of distributed version control systems (DVCS), Git naturally enables the usage of a pull-based development model, in which developers can copy the project onto their own repository and then push their changes to the original repository, where the integrators will determine the validity of the pull request. Since its appearance, pull-based development has gained popularity within the open software development community. On GitHub, over 400,000 pull-requests emerged per month on average in 2015. It is also the model shared on most collaborative coding platforms, like Bitbucket, Gitorious, etc. More and more functionalities are added to facilitate pull-based model.

References

Version control
Git (software)
SS Ajax (1923). SS Ajax was a cargo steamship that was built in Germany in 1923 as Elbe. In 1927 she was renamed twice, first to Ceuta and then to Ajax.

A series of German shipping companies owned the ship until 1927, when a Dutch company bought her. A Luftwaffe air raid sank her in the English Channel in 1940. Her wreck off the Isle of Wight is now a destination for wreck diving.

Building
The Hamburger Elbe Schiffswerft built Elbe in Hamburg for Kirsten Adolf & Co. Her registered length was , her beam was  and her depth was . Her tonnages were  and .

Gute Hoffnungshütte of Oberhausen built her three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine, which was rated at 126 NHP and gave her a speed of .

Peacetime career
Kirsten Adolf & Co registered Elbe in Hamburg. In 1924 Rochling, Menzell & Co bought her. In 1927 the Oldenburg-Portugiesische Dampfschiffs-Rhederei (OPDR) bought Elbe and renamed her Ceuta. Later in 1927, OPDR sold Ceuta to the Koninklijke Nederlandse Stoomboot-Maatschappij (KNSM), which renamed her Ajax and registered her in Amsterdam.

Under KNSM ownership Ajax had the Dutch code letters NBTJ until 1933−34, when they were superseded by the call sign PCFQ.

Second World War
On 10 May 1940 Germany invaded the Netherlands. On 31 July Ajax left Falmouth, Cornwall in Convoy CE 8, which reached the Thames Estuary off Southend on 5 August. On 7 August Ajax left Southend with Convoy CW 9 to head west down the English Channel. CW 9 was code named Peewit. It comprised 26 cargo ships with no naval escort.

German Freya radar detected CW 9 as it passed through the Strait of Dover. Four E-boats attacked the convoy, sinking four ships. As CW 9 passed south of St Catherine's Point on the Isle of Wight, Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers and Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft attacked. RAF Fighter Command counter-attacked, but at 0910 hrs two Ju 87s and a Bf 109 hit the forward part of Ajax with three bombs. She sank within five minutes, and four members of her crew were killed.

Ajaxs wreck lies on its port side on white sand at a depth of about . Her stern is broken up but her bow, boilers, engine and helm can all be identified. Her wreck is now a recreational dive site.

References

Bibliography

External links

1923 ships
Maritime incidents in August 1940
Merchant ships of Germany
Ships built in Hamburg
Ships sunk by German aircraft
Steamships of Germany
Steamships of the Netherlands
World War II merchant ships of the Netherlands
World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Wreck diving sites in England
Multi-directional Impact Protection System. MIPS (Multi-directional Impact Protection System) is a head-protection system designed to enhance the safety of various helmets. Rotational motion results in shearing and/or stretching of brain tissue and increases the risk of brain injuries. The technology was developed by specialists at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology and a brain surgeon at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1996.

Rotational motion 
Rotational motion is the result of the brain continuing to move or stretch after the head has come to a quick and sudden stop following an angled impact.

In a helmet equipped with the MIPS safety system, a low-friction layer allows the helmet to slide relative to the head, resulting in a reduction of the rotational motion that may otherwise be transmitted to the brain. In this way, the MIPS approach mimics the natural safety system of the human head.

History 
Together with Royal Institute of Technology researcher Peter Halldin, Hans von Holst developed a technology that was designed to provide more effective protection against brain trauma. To evaluate the risk of different types of head injuries and to simulate impacts where a person is wearing a helmet, they used the Finite Element Model, developed by Svein Klein, Professor at Sweden’s Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). After thoroughly evaluating the brain anatomy, physiology, and combining their years of testing and expertise, von Holst and Halldin produced what is now known as the MIPS Brain Protection System, a technology that mimics the brain’s own protective structure. 

The company MIPS AB was founded in 2001 by five specialists in the biomechanics of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Following its inception in 2001, MIPS AB evolved from concept to product, introducing the technology in an equestrian helmet 2007. At that time MIPS had their own helmet model but they changed their business model to be an ingredient brand, offering their product to existing helmet brands. As MIPS grew internationally, it debuted the ‘Yellow Dot’ branding in 2009.

In 2010, MIPS AB expanded into the bike and snow helmet industries, gaining widespread acceptance as both the technology, and awareness of head trauma became increasingly recognized in similarly risky sports.

In early 2014, one of the world’s largest helmet manufacturers, BRG Sports, Inc. and MIPS AB entered into a formal partnership after several years of sharing their technology, offering MIPS’ technology to a much wider global audience. Since then, MIPS AB has added several new brands to its catalog and has expanded to the American, European and Chinese markets.

In 2019, the founders Peter Halldin, Hans von Holst and Svein Kleiven received the Polhem Prize, the oldest and most prestigious technical Swedish award.

References

External links 
 

Helmets
DynaRig. The DynaRig is a conceptualization of a square-rigged form of rigging, designed in the 1960s by the German engineer Wilhelm Prölß. While having the appearance of the rigging of a 19th-century clipper ship, it was not actually implemented on a sailing vessel until several decades after its design because of a lack of adequate construction materials. It was fitted to one of the world's largest yachts, the Maltese Falcon. When the original patent rights and residual technology were purchased from the German government by an American investor in 2001, it was renamed the Falcon rig.

The DynaRig, along with the original, "DynaSchiff", is a trademarked name. The original concept by Prölß was for a combined rig and hull with extremely high efficiency of operation and the use of wind power to propel a large vessel across an open body of water. The modern controller for the entire ship's rig consists of a single panel operated by a single person. The masts are freestanding, the curved yards being attached rigidly to the masts. To adjust the angle of the sails, the entire mast rotates in place. When fully deployed, the sails on each mast have no gaps between them, creating a single panel to capture the wind. It is estimated to have twice the efficiency of a traditional square rig.

The design for the rig of Maltese Falcon was formalised and tested by Dutch naval architects Dykstra Naval Architects, and engineered and built by Insensys Ltd. on the premises of Perini Navi in Istanbul. 

In 2016 a similar rig designed and engineered by the same team was built by Magma Structures in Portsmouth and fitted to the 106 m vessel Black Pearl built by Dutch shipyard Oceanco in Alblasserdam and designed by Italian Nuvolari Lenard. Naval architecture and DynaRig design of Black Pearl was done by Dykstra Naval Architects.

References

Sailing rigs and rigging
German inventions
1960s introductions
1960s in West Germany
Ozone Gliders. Ozone Gliders Limited is an  aircraft manufacturer based in Le Bar-sur-Loup, France, although it is registered in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft.

The company CEO is Mike Cavanagh, while gliders are designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot Robbie Whittall.

The company produces a complete line of paragliders. In 2003 their line-up included the training Atom, tandem two-place Mac Daddy Bi, mountain descent Peak, competition Proton GT, sports Ozone Vibe and the intermediate Vulcan.

Whittall and Ozone have collaborated with other companies, such as Pilots Right Stuff in the design of their PRS Peak mountain descent glider.

Divisions

The company has four divisions:
Ozone Gliders Limited - manufactures paragliders
Ozone Power Limited - manufactures paramotor and speed flying wings
Ozone Kites Limited - manufactures parafoil kites for water, snow and land
Ozone Kitesurf Limited - manufactures inflatable kites for kitesurfing

Aircraft 

Summary of aircraft built by Ozone Gliders:

Ozone 6907
Ozone Addict
Ozone Alpina
Ozone Atom
Ozone Buzz
Ozone Cosmic Rider
Ozone Delta
Ozone Element
Ozone Enzo
Ozone FLX
Ozone Geo
Ozone Groundhog
Ozone Jomo
Ozone LM4
Ozone LM5
Ozone LM6
Ozone Mac Daddy Bi
Ozone Magnum
Ozone Mag2lite
Ozone Mantra
Ozone Mojo
Ozone Octane
Ozone Peak
Ozone Proton
Ozone Rush
Ozone Swift
Ozone Swiftmax
Ozone Trickster
Ozone Ultralite
Ozone Vibe
Ozone Vulcan
Ozone XXLite
Ozone Zeno

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of France
Paramotors
Paragliders
Companies based in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Dinesh Chandra Devkota. Dinesh Chandra Devkota (Nepali - दिनेश चन्द्र देवकोटा ) is a Nepalese Engineer and former Vice-Chairman of National Planning Commission of Nepal from 2008 to 2011. He did Ph D from Saitama University, Japan in 2005 and his MSc from Southern Illinois University, United States of America in 1996.

He is president of Nepal Intellectuals' Council.

He was born in Gorkha district and is married to Prabha Pokhrel, a sociologist. He has a son, Prabesh Devkota and a daughter, Dikshya Devkota.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Saitama University alumni
Nepalese engineers
People from Gorkha District
Khas people
Southern Illinois University alumni
Body marbling. Body marbling is a painting process similar to paper marbling, in which paint is floated on water and transferred to a person's skin. Unlike the traditional oil-based technique for paper, neon or ultraviolet reactive colours are typically used, and the paint is water-based and non-toxic. The term "body marbling" was coined in 2011 by Brad Lawrence of Black Light Visuals. Body marbling has become popular at festivals.

Painting process 

The skin is bathed in a salt water solution which allows the paint to adhere. The desired pattern is created by adding drops of paint to the water surface, and transferred to the skin by dipping. The water for painting is mixed with a thickening agent such as guar gum. The skin is then dipped in a rinse bath and allowed to dry. The painting is temporary and can be removed by washing.

See also
 Body painting

Notes

References 

Body art