omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aeropause. Aeropause is the region in which the functional effects of the atmosphere on man and craft begin to cease.

Background
In the 1950s, there were discussions between the U. S. Air Force School of Medicine Aviation and the Lovelace Foundation regarding how to support the efforts to accomplish manned travel in the upper atmosphere. A research plan was developed that encompassed the aeromedical, aeronautical, astrophysical, and biological aspects that were deemed vital to manned travel in the upper atmosphere. At San Antonio, Texas in November 1951 a symposium was held with a focus aimed at forecasting the future research needed for manned flight that approached the upper limits of the atmosphere. At the symposium, the presentations and discussions focused on 4 major disciplines that comprised the areas of astrophysics, aeronautical engineering, radiobiology, and aviation medicine.

The Aeropause
At the time when the term aeropause became relevant to the pursuits of mankind into the upper regions of Earth's atmosphere, there did not exist a precise description for the word. The judgement of experts in the various fields was solicited and input was sought to define the term aeropause. The terms from aeromedical and aeronautical disciplines along with terms from geophysics, astrophysics, and radiobiology were not sufficient to depict this region of the atmosphere where human endeavors sought to venture and explore. The current terms in use were limited and insufficient. The terms available and that came under consideration were aerosphere, aeropause, and astronautics.
According to Clayton S. White, the expression aeropause is a coined word first spoken by Dr. Konrad Buettner of the Department of Space Medicine at Randolph Field during a conference. Again, referring to White: "aerosphere was visualized as that region in which flight was possible currently. The aeropause was the region just above this, to be different yesterday, today, and tomorrow, as progress in aviation ensued".

Heinz Haber, Department of Space Medicine at Randolph Field, an expert in space medicine sought a more functional definition and said the: "aeropause should be defined as that region in which the functional effects of the atmosphere on man and craft begin to cease". The aeronautical engineer defined the aeropause as those areas of the atmosphere where the physiological necessities of the aircrew became the limiting factors for the design of aircraft and supporting equipment.

The study of the aeropause requires a blend of several disciplines from the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Important fields necessary for research that involves the aeropause include aviation medicine, geophysics, astronomy, astrophysics, aeronautical engineering, biophysics, and radiobiology.

References

Aerospace
Aviation medicine
Space medicine
Self-contained system (software). In computing, self-contained system  (SCS)  is a software architecture approach that focuses on a separation of the functionality into many independent systems, making the complete logical system a collaboration of many smaller software systems.

Self-contained system characteristics

SCSs have certain characteristics:

Each SCS is an autonomous web application. 
Each SCS is owned by one team. 
Communication with other SCSs or third-party systems is asynchronous wherever possible.
An SCS can have an optional service API.
Each SCS must include data and logic.
An SCS should make its features usable to end-users by its own UI.
To avoid tight coupling an SCS should share no business code with other SCSs.
Shared infrastructure should be reduced to increase availability and decrease coupling.

Implementations create larger systems using this approach – in particular web applications. There are many case studies and further links available.

Self-contained systems and microservices

While self-contained systems are similar to microservices there are differences: A system will usually contain fewer SCS than microservices. Also microservices can communicate with other microservices – even synchronously. SCS prefer no communication or asynchronous communication. Microservices might also have a separate UI unlike the SCS that include a UI.

Usage

There are quite a few known usages of SCS – e.g. at Otto, Galeria Kaufhof, and Kühne+Nagel.

References

Architectural pattern (computer science)
Manuel da Maia. Manuel da Maia (5 August 1677, baptised – 17 September 1768) was a Portuguese architect, engineer, and archivist. Maia is primarily remembered for his leadership in the reconstruction efforts following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, alongside Eugénio dos Santos and Carlos Mardel.

Career
Maia served as Regent of the Aula de Fortificação, a Lisbon academy for military engineering and architecture. Here he taught King José I of Portugal, when he was Prince of Brazil. During his tenure as regent, he also oversaw fortification works throughout the Estremadura province, from 1703 to 1704.

On 12 November 1745, Maia was appointed High-Guardian of the Torre do Tombo, Portugal’s central archive, library, and precious works repository.

In 1747, Maia participated in the construction of the new building for the Queen Leonor of Viseu Thermal Hospital, in Caldas da Rainha, executing plans made by Eugénio dos Santos.

Owing to his successful career by then, Maia was made High-Engineer of the Kingdom, in 1754. Alongside this prestigious position, he was made a general in the Portuguese army and a Fidalgo in the Royal Household. Following his appointment, Maia began management on the construction of the Águas Livres Aqueduct, an important public work of the epoch.

Following the events of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and the city’s almost total destruction, Maia took responsibility for coordinating the reconstruction effort of the city. His and Eugénio dos Santos’ designs for the rebuilt Lisbon Baixa are considered some of the earliest enlightened and rational city planning designs in modern Western history.

Maia was also responsible for saving the contents of the Torre do Tombo, following the earthquake. At 75 years old, Maia personally led the safe-guarding team to São Jorge Castle, where the archives were located, and saved nearly 90,000 pieces, accumulated between 1161 and 1696. He ordered the construction of provisionary barracks to store the contents of the archives and immediately made a request to Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, King Joseph I’s prime-minister, for a new permanent home for the archives, which would eventually be granted to him in the form of the Convent of São Bento (which now houses the parliament of Portugal).

References

Portuguese architects
Portuguese engineers
Portuguese archivists
17th-century Portuguese artists
18th-century Portuguese people
1677 births
1768 deaths
People from Lisbon
17th-century Portuguese scientists
Chinese Institute of Engineers USA. Chinese Institute of Engineers USA (CIE / USA) is a non-profit, non-political organization serving the engineering community in the United States. CIE was founded in 1917 in New York, and had its centennial through venue New York in 2017.

History
Recognizing the need for engineers to help modernize China in early 20th century, students were sent abroad to study science and engineering. In 1917, the Chinese Institute of Engineers was founded in the U.S. by a group of Chinese engineers, including Zhan Tianyou. These charter members were graduate students from American colleges and/or were receiving practical training in American railroads and industries.

The Chinese Institute of Engineers New York Chapter was re-activated as an independent entity in July 1953 in New York City by a number of accomplished engineers in the U.S. The CIE/USA National Council, a federation organization of CIE/USA, was established in 1986 with the Greater New York and San Francisco Bay Area Chapters as its founding chapters. In the following years, the National Council was expanded to include Seattle Chapter, OCEESA Chapter, Dallas–Fort Worth Chapter, New Mexico Chapter, and Southern California Chapter.

Major events
Within the United States, at the national level, and in conjunction with DiscoverE, CIE-USA hosts the renowned annual Asian American Engineer of the Year (AAEOY) Award. AAEOY creates a meaningful platform to recognize outstanding Asian American professionals in the areas of STEM and leaderships, and they are nominated from the corporations, academics, government and national renowned institutions. Many of their achievements represent monumental breakthroughs in their respective fields and their impacts are global and everlasting.
 
At the international level, CIE co-hosts the bi-annual Sino-American Technology and Engineering Conference (SATEC). This event was first held in 1993 and organized in collaboration with the Chinese State Council of People's Republic of China. The second co-hosted bi-annual event is the Modern Engineering and Technology Seminars (METS). Founded in 1966 between the CIE-NY and CIE-ROC chapters, this event is in collaboration with the Taiwan national government. Over the years, the METS has introduced many advanced technologies to Taiwan and set up the stage for the microelectronics developments in Taiwan.

Chapters
Currently there are 6 regional chapters and one professional chapter in the US. They are as following:
Dallas–Fort Worth (CIE-DFW)
Greater New York (CIE-GNY)
 New Mexico (CIE-NM)
 Oversea Chinese Environmental Engineers and Scientists Association (OCEESA)
 San Francisco Bay Area (CIE-SFB)
Seattle (CIE-SEA)
 Southern California (CIE-SOCAL)

References

External links

Engineering organizations
Fredrik Hiorth. Fredrik Wilhelm Louis Hiorth (February 4, 1851 – January 1, 1923) was a Norwegian engineer and industrialist.

Early life and family
Hiorth was born in Aker. He was the son of the sheriff there, Hans Jensenius Hiorth (1808–1902), and his wife Lena Woxen. His father was the brother of the industrialist Adam Hiorth. Fredrik married Thekla Pauline Dahlstrøm (1850–1937), a captain's daughter from Gøteborg, in 1875. Both of them were very religious. Their son Albert Hiorth (1876–1949) was a well-known engineer and a lay preacher that founded several companies.

Career
After passing his examen artium in 1869 and studying engineering at the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, Hiorth worked for the railroad in Eastern Norway until 1880. He purchased the Rodeløkka Iron Foundry (Rodeløkken Jernstøberi) in 1878, when it had only fourteen employees. He headed the company until 1892, when it became part of the Kværner company, where he was a part owner and director until the spring of 1900, when he founded the F. Hiorth Engineering Office together with his son Albert Hiorth. He also assisted his cousin Fredrik Wilhelm Hjorth Christensen (1851–?) in establishing the Freia chocolate factory in 1889.

After ordering a steam- and diesel-powered Dixi automobile in 1900, in 1901 he established the company F. Hiorth’s Automobilforretning (F Hiort Automobile Company) in 1901, which was the first Norwegian company to import cars. He sold the company in 1906 to his assistant Adolf Kristian Kolberg (1874–1955), and the company was renamed Kolberg & Caspary.

Hiorth later operated as a hydropower speculator and power-plant developer. Hiorth was also a main shareholder in the company Bjølvefossen A/S, which he started in 1905 with his son Albert as CEO or administrative director. He contributed to establishing Norsk Hydro in 1905. Hiorth received the Order of St. Olav in 1902. He died in Oslo.

Legacy
The now-abandoned settlement of Hiorthhamn on the island of Spitsbergen is named after Hiorth.

References

1851 births
1923 deaths
Engineers from Oslo
Businesspeople from Oslo
Norwegian expatriates in Sweden
FTE automotive. The FTE automotive Group is a German automotive manufacturing company specialized in the sector of drive train and brake system applications for the automotive industry. The company supplies all notable automobile manufacturers and employs over 3800 employees at 11 production sites around the world. FTE automotive is based in Ebern, Bavaria, Germany. On June 2, 2016, Bain Capital sold FTE Automotive, which it had acquired in May 2013, to the French automotive supplier Valeo for 819.3 million euros.

Production sites 
 FTE automotive GmbH, Ebern, 
 FTE automotive Möve GmbH, Mühlhausen, 
 FTE automotive systems GmbH, Fischbach (Ebern), 
 FTE automotive (Taicang) Co., Ltd. 
 FTE automotive Czechia s.r.o., Podborany, 
 FTE automotive Slovakia s.r.o, Prešov, 
 FTE automotive USA Inc., Auburn Hills, 
 FTE Industria e Comercio Ltda, São Paulo, 
 FTE Mexicana S.A. de C.V, Puebla, 

Joint Venture:
 APG-FTE automotive Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, 
 SFMC s.r.o., Prešov,

Products 
The company produces a multitude of hydraulic brake and clutch components:

 Brake boosters
 Dual centric slave cylinders 
 Electric lube oil pumps 
 Gear actuator modules 
 Parking lock cylinders
 Cooling oil valves
 Brake caliper replacements
 Brakes hoses
 Electro-hydraulic actuators 
 Clutch master cylinders
 Clutch slave cylinders
 Clutch pipes
 Drum brakes
 Concentric slave cylinders

The product portfolio included electrical sensors  and accessories.

References

Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Bain Capital companies
Sukhi Dam. Sukhi Dam is an embankment dam on the Sukhi River near the village of Dungarvat in Chhota Udepur district of Gujarat, India. The primary purpose of the dam is the irrigation of a  area with nearly  of canals. It was built between 1978 and 1987. The dam is an earth-fill type with a masonry spillway section.

References

Dams in Gujarat
Earth-filled dams
Dams completed in 1987
1987 establishments in Gujarat
Buildings and structures in Vadodara
20th-century architecture in India
Avia 50-MP. The Avia 50-MP was a French motor glider based on that of the Avia XV-A training glider.  First flown in 1934, it was intended to introduce pilots to motor-gliders.

Design and development

In 1933 Avia introduced two designs based on their earlier training gliders but fitted with low powered engines, placing them amongst the first motor gliders. The Avia 50-MP (MP for moteur planeur or motor glider) was the more basic of the two and was a development of the Avia XV-A.

The Avia 50-MP was a monoplane with a two piece high wing of rectangular plan, with blunted tips and about 4.5° of sweep.  Broad chord ailerons filled about half the span. The roots were attached to a streamlined, fuselage mounted pillar, and each wing was braced from about half span to the lower fuselage with a pair of parallel struts.  The pillar also mounted the pusher configuration  Poinsard flat twin engine, its cylinders exposed for air-cooling and driving a  two bladed propeller just behind the wing trailing edge.

The pilot's single, open cockpit was immediately in front of the wing-mounting pillar in an oval section forward fuselage similar to those of the motorless gliders. The position of the propeller disc just behind the wing required the rear fuselage to be rather shallow, so it was formed by four longerons with plywood covering, resulting in a rectangular section.  The empennage was conventional, with a triangular tailplane sitting on a low, raised step with a curved leading edge and carrying straight tapered, square tipped, unbalanced  elevators.  The rear of the step mounted the rudder hinge bearing a tall, straight tapered and flat topped balanced rudder.  The rudder extended to a rounded heel at the keel via cut-aways in the inner edges of the elevators.

The Avia 50-MP landed on an under-fuselage skid fitted with two retractable wheels to facilitate ground handling. The earliest design had always included the possibility of an alternative wheeled undercarriage and by June 1934, just a month after the first tests, it had been fitted. Each of the normal size wheels were mounted on a V-strut from mid-fuselage, with an axle to the central fuselage underside.  The tail was protected by a small bumper.

The first flight was piloted by Eric Nessler and took place on 17 May 1934. There are references to its activities in the French glider scene at least until 1938, when it was being used by the L'Air group.

Specifications

Notes

References

Motor gliders
1930s French sailplanes
Ateliers vosgiens d'industrie aéronautique (Avia) aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Chris McDonald (politician). Chris McDonald (born ) is a British Labour Party politician, chemical engineer and former business executive, who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Stockton North since 2024.

Between 2014 and 2024, McDonald was the CEO of the Materials Processing Institute, after leading its divestment from Tata Steel.

Early life and education
Chris McDonald was born in Hartlepool, and grew up in Blackhall. He first worked at British Steel before they sponsored him to read Chemical Engineering at Churchill College, Cambridge, where he graduated with BA and MEng degrees in 2000. He thereafter read for a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree at the University of Warwick.

Industrial career

Upon graduation, McDonald worked in various roles in the steel industry, but focused on research.

In 2008, McDonald became a laboratory manager within the research division of Tata Steel.

In 2014, McDonald led the divestment of Tata Steel UK's research and development centre in Grangetown, which would form the independent Materials Processing Institute, becoming its CEO. In 2016, he launched the Institute's commercial steel-making operation from its facility on Teesside.

In 2018, McDonald appeared on BBC Radio 4 Today, to discuss the future of the British steel industry. As CEO of the Materials Processing Institute, McDonald helped secure a £3 million investment from the Tees Valley Growth Deal to build the Institute's SME Technology Centre. He has also oversaw the development of a doctoral academy at the Institute, "The Millman Scholarships". He also, jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers, launched a fellowship in the memory of chemical engineer and MP Ashok Kumar, who died in 2010.

He is a fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, the Royal Geographical Society, and Royal Academy of Engineering.

Politics 
In March 2023, McDonald was selected as Parliamentary candidate for Labour in the 2024 election for the constituency of Stockton North, to replace Alex Cunningham, who had announced he was standing down. On being selected, he said his two main priorities were "creating opportunities for young people" and transitioning industry, particularly in Billingham, "to [a] green industry" At the election he came first with a majority of 7,939 over second place Reform. In July, McDonald was made a parliamentary private secretary in the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero.

As an MP he has advocated for residence of council estates for which the developer has not finished the necessary infrastructure, such as roads, and has called for the government to take action in the area.

Personal life 
McDonald plays the cornet in a brass band.

References

External links 

1976 births
Living people
English chief executives
UK MPs 2024–present
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri. Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri (B. B. Chauduri) is a senior computer scientist and the pro-vice-chancellor (academic) of Techno India University in West Bengal, India. He is also adjuncted to Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), where he was a professor for about three decades. He was the founding Head of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit (which was established in 1994) of ISI. Moreover, he was a J.C. Bose Fellow and INAE Distinguished Professor at ISI.

He was the vice-president of the Society for Natural Language Technology Research (SNLTR).

His primary research contributes to the fields of computer vision, image processing and pattern recognition. He is a pioneer of "Indian language script OCR".

Education
Chaudhuri received his BSc (Hons.), BTech and MTech degrees from University of Calcutta, India in 1969, 1972 and 1974, respectively and PhD Degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1980. He did his post-doc work during 1981-1982 from Queen's University, U.K, through Leverhulme Overseas Fellowship.

Awards and recognition
Chaudhuri has been elected as a Life Fellow of IEEE "for contributions to pattern recognition, especially Indian language script OCR, document processing and natural language processing". He has become a Fellow of International Association for Pattern Recognition (IAPR) "for contributions to character recognition and speech synthesis in Indian language". He is also Fellow of The World Academy of Science (TWAS),
Indian National Science Academy (INSA), Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), National Academy of Sciences (NASI), and Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (IETE). In 2011, Chaudhuri received the Om Prakash Bhasin Award for his contribution in the field of electronics and information technology.

Chaudhuri's interview on some of his works has been reported in Indian newspaper as well.

He is within world's top 2% scientists and top-10 Indian AI scientists according to a study conducted by Stanford University. 
He has also been featured as top-10 machine learning researcher from India.

References

External links

ISI Official Homepage (old)
INSA
Books at Amazon
Publications from DBLP

1950 births
Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the International Association for Pattern Recognition
IIT Kanpur alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute
Indian computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Scientists from Kolkata
Bengali scientists
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India
Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering
Natural language processing researchers
Kinetic theory. Kinetic theory may refer to:

 Kinetic theory of matter: A general account of the properties of matter, including solids liquids and gases, based around the idea that heat or temperature is a manifestation of atoms and molecules in constant agitation.
 Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases
 Phonon, explaining properties of solids in terms of quantal collection and interactions of submicroscopic particles
 Free electron model, a model for the behavior of charge carriers in a metallic solid
 Kirkwood–Buff solution theory, a theory for solutions linking macroscopic (bulk) properties to microscopic (molecular) details
 Kinematics, the part of mechanics that describes the motion of points, particles, bodies, and systems of bodies, without reference to the forces, energies and interactions that govern their motion
Harland C. Forbes. Harland C. Forbes (1898–1990) was the board chairman for Con Edison of New York, United States. Forbes worked at Con Edison for 41 years. In 1924, he started at the company as an assistant to the chief electrical engineer. At the time, the company was still named New York Edison Company.  In 1932, he became systems engineer. After World War II, Mr. Forbes directed a $530 million expansion program in which the company created new power plants and improved existing ones.

He was named president in 1955 and chairman in 1957. He retired in December 1965.

He is the father of Barton Allan Forbes and Howard Forbes. Forbes was 92 years old when he died of pneumonia at the Memorial Hospital in Sarasota, Florida, on May 15, 1990.

References

1898 births
1990 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
Consolidated Edison