omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rohrbach Ro II. The Rohrbach Ro II was an all-metal, 4-seat reconnaissance and bomber flying boat, designed and produced in Germany in 1923.

Development
Founded in 1923 by Dr.-Ing. Adolf Rohrbach, the Rohrbach Metall-Flugzeugbau GmbH designed and built many aircraft using light-alloy stressed skin construction methods that were at the cutting edge of aircraft design in the 1920s. His previous experience with light-alloys at the Zeppelin-Staaken factory served Rohrbach well when designing the Rohrbach stressed-skin aircraft.

After designing the un-built Ro I twin-engined flying boat, Rohrbach developed the Rohrbach Ro II flying boat as an all-metal shoulder winged monoplane flying boat with two tractor engines mounted in nacelles, above the wings, on struts. Planforms and profiles were kept as simple as possible with rectangular section fuselage frames (with vee planing bottoms), constant chord wings, tailplane and fin with square cut tips and distinctive protruding servo/trim/balance tabs at wing and fin tips. The two-seat open cockpit sat between the engines at the wing leading edge, with an open gunner/bosun's position at the extreme nose. A very unusual feature of several of Rohrbach's flying-boats was the provision of a pair of masts and sails to be rigged in the event of engine failure, allowing the aircraft to be sailed back to a safe harbour.

At the time of the Ro II's production the Versailles Treaty forbade the construction of large aircraft in Germany so Rohrbach set up a Danish company, the 'Rohrbach-Metall-Aeroplan Co. A/S', to build the early Rohrbach aircraft. The strict regulation of the aircraft industry was relaxed in 1926, allowing the Rohrbach series to be built at the Rohrbach Metall-Flugzeugbau GmbH factory in Berlin.

Operational history
The first flight of the Ro II took place on 11 November 1923, pilotted by Werner Landmann and the aircraft was used in FAI record attempts for speed/load on 24 October 1924. After trials and record attempts were completed the aircraft was sold to Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha Ltd.,  re-designated Yokosho Experimental Type R 1 and used for trials by the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Operators
 Imperial Japanese Navy

Specifications

References

http://www.histaviation.com/Rohrbach_Ro_II.html 
http://www.letletlet-warplanes.com/2008/06/04/german-flying-boats-part-1-1914-1935/4/

1920s German military aircraft
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Rohrbach aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Kodak Ektaprint Electronic Publishing System. The Kodak Ektaprint Electronic Publishing System (KEEPS) was a professional electronic publishing system sold internationally by the Eastman Kodak Company from 19871992. KEEPS was a fully integrated turnkey system, consisting of publishing software from Interleaf, computer hardware from Sun Microsystems, customized front-end software developed by Kodak that ran on Unix System V Release 4, and Kodak's high-end scanners (which were designed in-house) and Ektaprint printers and copiers (which were actually Heidelberg-engined machines).
  
KEEPS was capable of producing WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") output at near-typeset quality, while also offering document management and workflow tools for collaborative environments.

Marketing materials from Kodak distinguished KEEPs from Desktop Publishing by describing the product as Professional Electronic Publishing.

KEEPS became the preferred document publishing system from 19891990 amongst governments and large corporations.

History 
During its inception in the early 1980s, Eastman Kodak Company put together a specialized division to sell and maintain KEEPS. Kodak bought the rights to the Atek Publishing System in the early 1980s. At the time of acquisition, Atek was the leading publishing software product for newspapers and magazines.

Kodak established contracts with Sun Microsystems which allowed it to sell workstation and server equipment for less money than Sun itself could sell it for. The arrangement was made possible by Kodak agreeing to provide installation, service and support of the hardware themselves.

In the early stages of KEEPS's product life cycle, Kodak had a significant advantage in making sales to the federal government which (at that time) preferred doing business with older established companies—especially since Kodak already had a substantial presence in government with its copiers, film, and other technology, and could leverage government contacts and contracts into new business.

At first, Kodak hired representatives (both sales/marketing and technicians) who had extensive knowledge of the publishing industry, and promised them competitive salaries.

KEEPS's popularity peaked in 1990, prior to the release of the Quark Publishing System, Arbortext, and Framemaker and during the infancies of Xerox Ventura Publisher and Aldus Pagemaker.

Later, Kodak reneged on the salary promises they made, and slowly began losing division staff to competitors offering better salaries, including Interleaf, Frame Technology Corp, Arbortext, etc.

Kodak renamed its KEEPS publishing and copier line to Lionheart. By then, the division lost most of the people who really understood the product and the publishing industry. Lionheart was discontinued after Interleaf announced a new version of their product (Interleaf 5) which would run on PCs. In 1991, Quark released a viable product suitable for collaborative environments, and Ventura Publisher and Pagemaker became serious competitors.

References

Kodak
Jeff Ballard (artist). Jeff Ballard (born Chicago, 1977) is an American glass artist.

Biography 

Jeff Ballard started working with glass at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the fall of 1996. After receiving his BFA in 2000 Ballard spent six years gaffing and designing work for production studios across the Southwest. He has taken classes and worked at Pilchuck Glass School, Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, and the Pittsburgh Glass Center, studying under notable artists such as Dante Marioni, Chris Taylor, Davide Salvadore, and Pino Signoretto. In 2006, Ballard re-located to the Northwest where he spends time creating his own work while teaching classes at the Eugene Glass School and the University of Oregon Craft Center. Ballard was announced as a finalist for the 2008 Niche Awards and was published in Art Buzz, the 2008 collection. He was recently awarded the Poleturner scholarship from Pilchuck and was also asked to be a craftsperson in residence for the creation of Pilchuck's 2008 and 2009 auction centerpieces. His work can be found in galleries, museums, and private collections throughout the United States.

References

External links
 Official website
 Function Art Gallery: Artist biography

American glass artists
Living people
1977 births
Nakajima B3N. The Nakajima B3N was a prototype Japanese carrier-based torpedo-bomber aircraft of the 1930s.  A single-engined biplane with a crew of three, it was unsuccessful, only two being built.

Development and design
In April 1932, the Imperial Japanese Navy placed orders with Mitsubishi and Nakajima for prototypes of three-seat torpedo-bombers to replace the relatively unsuccessful Mitsubishi B2M and the earlier Mitsubishi B1M aboard Japan's aircraft carriers.  Nakajima's design was a single-engined biplane with a slender circular section fuselage of steel tube construction. It had single-bay metal and fabric wings, with both the upper and lower wings gulled to meet the fuselage, with the upper wings gulled normally and the lower wings in an inverted gull arrangement, forming an X shape. It had a tailwheel undercarriage, with the main wheels attached to the lower wing where the gulled section joined the main wing. The new 700 hp (522 kW) Nakajima Hikari engine was chosen to power the aircraft, driving a three-bladed fixed-pitch metal propeller.

Nakajima built two prototypes in 1933, with the internal designation Nakajima Y3B, as the Experimental 7-Shi Carrier Attack Aircraft, with the short designation B3N1 but the prototype Hikari engines proved unreliable, and the type was not accepted by the Navy. Mitsubishi's competing 7-Shi design, the Rolls-Royce Buzzard powered 3MT10 was also a failure, the sole prototype crashing on take-off in 1934, with the design from the Navy's own Air Technical Arsenal at Yokosuka, which was started later than the competing designs from Mitsubishi and Nakajima and therefore managed to avoid some of their flaws, being ordered into production as the Yokosuka B3Y.

Specifications (B3N1)

See also

References

Mikesh, Robert C. and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

External links

 

Carrier-based aircraft
B3N
B3N
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Dynamic hydrogen electrode. A dynamic hydrogen electrode (DHE) is a reference electrode, more specific a subtype of the standard hydrogen electrodes for electrochemical processes by simulating a reversible hydrogen electrode with an approximately 20 to 40 mV more negative potential.

Principle
A separator in a glass tube connects two electrolytes and a small current is enforced between the cathode and anode.

Applications
 In-situ reference electrode for direct methanol fuel cells
 Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

See also
 Palladium-hydrogen electrode

References

Electrodes
Hydrogen technologies
GE Power Conversion. GE Power Conversion, formerly Converteam, is a French electrical engineering company and is a subsidiary of GE Vernova. GE Power Conversion's global headquarters is located in the Paris-Saclay research-intensive and business cluster, south of Paris, in the Île-de-France region.

History

In 1989, parts of the British General Electric Company merged with parts of Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (now Alcatel-Lucent) forming Cegelec (part of GEC-Alsthom), in the same year, a subsidiary of the German Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) had merged with the American Westinghouse Drive Systems. In 1995, these two groupings merged to form CEGELEC Industrial Systems Group. In 1999, it changed its name to Alstom Power & Conversion, then on 10 November 2005, it became a separate company from Alstom.

On 29 March 2011, it was announced that a 90% stake in Converteam was to be bought by GE Energy for $3.2 billion. This deal was completed on 2 September 2011.

Company structure and operations

It has five divisions:
 GE Energy Power Conversion Group SAS (former Converteam SAS) in France
 GE Energy Power Conversion GmbH (former Converteam GmbH) in Germany (based in Berlin)
 GE Energy Power Conversion UK Ltd (former Converteam UK Ltd) in the United Kingdom (based in Rugby)
 GE Energy Power Conversion UK Ltd (former Converteam UK Ltd) in the United Kingdom (based in Kidsgrove)
 GE Energy Power Conversion Inc. (former Converteam Inc.) in the US (based in Pittsburgh)

The company also operates the Engineering Development Center in India, and has subsidiaries in BRIC countries: Converteam Brazil and Converteam China.

Products
The division focuses on electrical motors (induction and synchronous) and generators, and its product range is comprehensive.  Drives for low voltage as well as medium voltage applications are available for industry-specific applications, and products can be customized upon request.  Meanwhile, its generators are often found in fossil fuel power stations. The company also provides the Vessel Automation Systems and Dynamic Positioning Systems for ships.  
  
The products are known for high operational efficiency and longevity.  In addition to building and installing these products, this division also provides consultancy and maintenance services.

Electric ship propulsion
The company produced the induction motors for the Royal Navy's  class Type 45 destroyers. (commissioned from July 2009) which are controlled by variable-frequency drives, and 20 MW generators. This technology has also been installed on LNG carriers, the French s, and the Royal Navy's s. The company is also developing an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System for the Royal Navy's new aircraft carriers.

References

External links

Electrical engineering companies of France
General Electric subsidiaries
Companies based in Paris
Electronics companies established in 2005
French companies established in 2005
2011 mergers and acquisitions
Wren Goldcrest. 

The Wren Goldcrest was a British single-seat ultra-light low-wing monoplane designed by R.G. Carr and built by the Wren Aircraft Company at Kirklington near Carlisle in 1946.

Development
The Goldcrest was powered by a single  Scott Squirrel inverted air-cooled two-cylinder in-line piston aero-engine. One aircraft only which was registered G-AICX in August 1946. The production aircraft was planned to use a  horizontal-opposed four-cylinder two-stroke engine designed by Wren. The aircraft was scrapped in 1947 when plans to put the type into production were cancelled due to a problem obtaining approved materials.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1940s British civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Oregon Iron Works. Oregon Iron Works, Inc. (OIW) is an American manufacturer of complex structural components and systems and specialized vehicles, located in the Clackamas area in the southeastern suburbs of Portland, Oregon (within the Portland metropolitan area).  Established in 1944, it is involved in a number of different industries, supplying products ranging from high-speed boats for military use to purpose-built girders for roadway bridges.  It has production facilities in Clackamas and in Vancouver, Washington, and currently employs about 400 people.  In May 2014, the company announced that it was merging with Portland-based Vigor Industrial.

United Streetcar 

In 2007, the company entered the field of streetcar (tram) manufacturing, after being awarded a contract, in January 2007, by the City of Portland for the provision of a prototype U.S.-manufactured streetcar for the Portland Streetcar system. The company had signed a technology transfer agreement with Škoda, of the Czech Republic, in February 2006, enabling it to offer to build the already existing Škoda 10 T design, under license from the Czech manufacturer.  Upon being awarded the contract, OIW created a new subsidiary, United Streetcar, LLC, for its streetcar manufacturing activity. The prototype streetcar was completed and delivered in mid-2009, and in August 2009 United Streetcar received a contract from the City of Portland for another six 10T streetcars.  The announcement of a second order for production-series vehicles soon followed, from the City of Tucson, Arizona. Washington D.C. also ordered two cars from United in April 2012 and a third in August 2012.

See also
Oregon Iron Works Sea Scout

References

External links 
Oregon hopes to catch energy wave - Portland Tribune
Oregon Iron Works finds profit in high-tech, green products - The Oregonian

Aerospace companies of the United States
Former defense companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Oregon
Companies based in Clackamas County, Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon
1944 establishments in Oregon
Manufacturing companies established in 1944
Henderson-Glenny Gadfly. The Henderson-Glenny H.S.F.II Gadfly was a British single-seat low-wing monoplane designed by K.N. Pearson and built by Glenny and Henderson Limited at Byfleet, Surrey, England in 1929.

Design and development
The Gadfly was a low-wing monoplane with a fixed conventional landing gear and an open single seat cockpit. The first aircraft, powered by a  ABC Scorpion II engine, first flew at Brooklands in April 1929. It was designated the Gadfly I and was registered G-AAEY. It was fitted with Pearson rotary ailerons and re-designated Gadfly II when it achieved a world altitude record of  in the 200 kg class on 16 May 1929 piloted by G.L.P. Henderson.

The second aircraft was a Gadfly II G-AARJ which first flew in August 1929 and was exported to Canada, where it was damaged beyond repair at Kitchener, Ontario, on 25 August 1931. The final aircraft was Gadfly III G-AARK which was the same as the Gadfly II but fitted with a  Salmson A.D.9 radial engine. It was withdrawn from use in 1930. The first aircraft G-AAEY was last based at Wolverhampton when it was scrapped in June 1934.

Variants
Gadfly I
ABC Scorpion II powered, one built later converted to Gadfly II.
Gadfly II
Same as Gadfly II but fitted with Pearson rotary ailerons, one conversion and one built.
Gadfly III
Salmson A.D.9 radial-engine-powered, one built.

Specifications (Gadfly II)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Bradford Robotic Telescope. The Bradford Robotic Telescope (BRT) is an autonomous astronomical telescope located at Teide Observatory, Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It is owned by the University of Bradford and was built between 2002 and 2004 for remote use by schools and individuals worldwide. As of November 2009, the observatory has returned over 70,000 images and has more than 23,000 users.

On May 15, 2016, the BRT team announced via email to registered users that control of the Bradford Telescope would be transferred to the Open University, and renamed the Autonomous Robotic Telescope (ART).

The transfer of the telescope assets to the Open University was completed in 2016. The original telescope hardware is in the process of being decommissioned (May 2017) and has been replaced by two telescopes on Mount Teide, the Physics Innovations Robotic Telescope Explorer (PIRATE) and the COmpletely Autonomous Service Telescope (COAST) installed as part of the OpenSTEM Labs facility.

Mount

All the hardware is mounted on top of a 2-meter high pier, which rests on the top of the bed rock of the mountain. The pier is made of steel and is filled with sand to prevent further damping. The Paramount ME mount is an equatorial mount, which means that RA axis points to the celestial pole, thus enabling the systems to track objects without field rotation.

Instrumentation

The Bradford Robotic Telescope consists of three optical systems providing varying fields of view.

Control systems

In March 2003, a new dome arrived at the site. It uses the Meridian Controls system to control the full dome remotely. No human intervention is required.

Weather systems

The BRT Weather Station runs 24x7, but is unreliable. It is because the observatory is located very high up. It often occurs that there is haze or cloud cover, right till the bottom of the observatory. So, the observatory weather system relies on the meteorological forecasts from the weather station at Observatorio del Teide. It gives details such as wind speed and direction, solar radiation, internal and external humidity, etc.
The main function of the weather station is to provide a signal to the safety control systems. It generates an 'alert' that describes what the weather conditions are. The safety systems have a set of 'rules' that determine bad weather. If any of these 'rules' are met, then the safety systems generates an alert that instruct the control systems to act accordingly.

The different cameras

Galaxy camera

Cluster camera

Constellation camera

References

External links

 
 Observatorio del Teide
 WikiMapia

Optical telescopes
Astronomical observatories in the Canary Islands
Buildings and structures in Tenerife
Sookerating Air Force Station. Air Force Station Sookerating  is an Indian Air Force base located at Sookerating in the state of Assam, India.  It is a secondary airport for the Indian Air Force, which operates much more actively from other air bases in the region..

During World War II, the airfield was used as a transport base by the United States Army Air Forces Tenth Air Force and Air Transport Command.  From the airfield, numerous C-46 Commando aircraft flew north into China over "the Hump" to resupply Allied forces.   The airfield was also used as a combat fighter airfield in 1942 to defend the Assam Valley against Japanese forces advancing from Burma.

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

External links

Indian Air Force bases
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India
Airports in Assam
1940s establishments in India
Airports with year of establishment missing
Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement. The Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement (named after M. Sommelet and Charles R. Hauser) is a rearrangement reaction of certain benzyl quaternary ammonium salts. The reagent is sodium amide or another alkali metal amide and the reaction product a N,N-dialkylbenzylamine with a new alkyl group in the aromatic ortho position. For example, benzyltrimethylammonium iodide, [(C6H5CH2)N(CH3)3]I, rearranges in the presence of sodium amide to yield the o-methyl derivative of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine.

Mechanism
The benzylic methylene proton is acidic and deprotonation takes place to produce the benzylic ylide (1). This ylide is in equilibrium with a second ylide that is formed by deprotonation of one of the ammonium methyl groups (2). Though the second ylide is present in much smaller amounts, it undergoes a 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement because it is more reactive than the first one and subsequent aromatization to form the final product (3).

The Stevens rearrangement is a competing reaction.

References

Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
Shielder minelaying system. The Shielder minelaying system was used by the British Army to create anti-tank barriers quickly. The system was based on the American Alliant Techsystems Volcano mine system. It was ordered in 1995 and first deployed in 1999. The system consists of up to 40 dispensers, each containing 6 mines, mounted on the flat bed version of the Alvis Stormer tracked armoured fighting vehicle. The dispensers can launch mines to the sides and rear of the vehicle as it proceeds. Each mine has a programmable life, after which they self-destruct. A dispenser control unit provides fire signals, testing and arming of the self-destruct mechanism.

Twenty-nine Shielder systems were in service with the British Army in 2009. In 2013/14 it was revealed that the system was removed from active service.

Operators

References

External links

Anti-tank mines
Post–Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
Area denial weapons
Minelayers
Land mines of the United Kingdom
Dioxosuccinic acid. Dioxosuccinic acid or dioxobutanedioic acid is an organic compound with formula C4H2O6 or HO−(C=O)4−OH.

Removal of two protons from the molecule would yield the dioxosuccinate anion,  or −O−(C=O)4−O−. This is one of the oxocarbon anions, which consist solely of carbon and oxygen.  The name is also used for salts containing that anion, and for esters with the [−O−(C=O)4−O−] moiety.

Removal of a single proton would result in the monovalent anion hydrogendioxosuccinate,  or HO−(C=O)4−O−.

Occurrence
Dioxosuccinic acid is one of the acids occurring naturally in wine, from the oxidation of tartaric acid via dihydroxyfumaric acid.

Reactions
The acid combines with two molecules of water to produce dihydroxytartaric acid, the ketone hydrate form, C4H6O8 or HO−(C=O)−(C(OH)2)2−(C=O)−OH. Indeed, the product traded under the name "dioxosuccinic acid hydrate" appears to be that substance.

Dihydroxytartaric acid behaves like dioxosuccinic acid in some reactions; for example, it reacts with ethanol in the presence of hydrogen chloride to yield the ester diethyl dioxosuccinate, upon isolation.

See also
Mesoxalic acid
Oxaloacetic acid (or oxosuccinic acid)
Fumaric acid

References

Dicarboxylic acids
Alpha-keto acids