omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Centre for Secure Information Technologies. In 2008 Queen's University Belfast's Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT) was chosen to host the Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT''), one of only seven UK Innovation and Knowledge Centres (IKCs). Funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and UK Technology Strategy Board, IKCs are a key component of the UK's approach to the commercialisation of emerging technologies through creating early stage critical mass in an area of disruptive technology. CSIT is recognised by GCHQ and EPSRC as an Academic Centre of Excellence in Cyber Security Research (ACEs-CSR). It was one of the first tranche of eight UK universities conducting world class research in the field of cyber security recognised as ACE-CSRs in 2012. CSIT also an annual World Cyber Security Technology Research Summit''' at the ECIT Institute in Belfast.

References

External links
 The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT)
 The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology
 Queen's University Belfast

Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Cybercrime in the United Kingdom
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Queen's University Belfast
Data in transit. Data in transit, also referred to as data in motion and data in flight, is data en route between source and destination, typically on a computer network. 

Data in transit can be separated into two categories: information that flows over the public or untrusted network such as the Internet and data that flows in the confines of a private network such as a corporate or enterprise local area network (LAN). 

Data in transit is used as a complement to the terms data in use, and data at rest which together define the three states of digital data.

See also
Bandwidth-delay product

References

Computer networks engineering
Energy in Hong Kong. Energy in Hong Kong refers to the type of energy and its related infrastructure used in Hong Kong. Energy is crucial for the development of trade and industries in Hong Kong with its relatively small usable land. Hong Kong mostly imports its energy from outside or produces it through some intermediate process.

Energy sources

Coal
Hong Kong meets all of its coal demand through imports. In 2021, 6.5 million tonnes of coal were imported. In recent years, Indonesia (81.9%) has become the largest supplier, followed by Russia (10.3%), Australia (5.3%) and Canada (2.4%).

Most of the energy generated by coal in Hong Kong is for electricity generation. Hong Kong currently has a total of about 5 GW of capacity for coal-fired power stations.

Natural gas
Natural gas was first introduced for electricity generation in Hong Kong in 1996. Black Point Power Station was first commissioned in 1996 and has increased capacity to 3.2 GW in 2020. Lamma Power Station, originally commissioned as a coal power plant, has expanded to include gas turbines since.

Nuclear

Hong Kong has no indigenous supply of nuclear energy and there is no nuclear power station in the territory. However, Hong Kong has imported electricity from Mainland China from the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Shenzhen, Guangdong since 1994.

Hydro
Hong Kong has one hydropower plant in Tuen Mun coupled with a water treatment plant, but otherwise lacks rivers with significant flow to generate hydropower.

Oil
Oil products imported to Hong Kong have always mostly come from Singapore. Singapore accounted for 75.8% of fuel oil imports and 75.4% of unleaded motor gasoline imports. Mainland China and Macau are the two largest destination for oil products re-exporting from Hong Kong.

Solar

Hong Kong has been using solar energy over the past 20 years. As of 2013, there is a 1 MW installed capacity of photovoltaic at Lamma Power Station, doubling its size from 550 kW since its first commissioning in July 2010.

Wind

Hong Kong has a very small scale of wind power generation since early 2006, which is the Lamma Winds at Lamma Island with an installed capacity of 800 kW. In March 2013, HK Electric has just completed the full-year wind measurement for a proposal of offshore wind farm project in Southwest Lamma Island.

Regulatory body
Energy-related affairs are regulated by the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD; ) under the Development Bureau of the Government of Hong Kong.

Companies
Energy-related companies of Hong Kong are:
 China Resources Petroleum Company Limited
 CLP Group
 The Hong Kong and China Gas Company
 Hongkong Electric Company
 Kunlun Energy
 SS United Group Oil & Gas Company
 Towngas China

Education
Energy-related education centres in Hong Kong include:
 Nuclear Resources Centre at Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre
 EMSD Education Path at Kowloon
 Zero Carbon Building in Kowloon Bay

See also
 Energy policy of China
 Electricity sector in Hong Kong

References
Ulrike Fitzer. Ulrike Fitzer (née Flender; born 1982 in Aidlingen) is a German Air Force pilot.

Life 
Ulrike Fitzer was the first woman to become a fighter pilot in the German Air Force. She graduated in 2006, from the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Program at Sheppard Air Force Base. Also, she is the first German woman to pilot the Tornado, having completed training in 2007 at Holloman Air Force Base. A TV-documentary (Mission am Limit) on her achievements was produced in 2007.

References

External links
Sheppard Air Force Base News, 9/22/2006

1982 births
Living people
German Air Force pilots
German women aviators
20th-century German women
21st-century German women
Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg
Azafullerene. Azafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is nitrogen. They can be in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes. Spherical azafullerenes resemble the balls used in football (soccer).  They are also a member of the carbon nitride class of materials that include beta carbon nitride (β-C3N4), predicted to be harder than diamond.  Besides the pioneering work of a couple of academic groups, this class of compounds has so far garnered little attention from the broader fullerene research community.  Many properties and structures are yet to be discovered for the highly-nitrogen substituted subset of molecules.

The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene (C60), was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in football (soccer). Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.

Azafullerenes were first discovered in 1993 and reported in the California State Science Fair.  The derivatives were formed in the gap between two graphite rods connected to an electric power supply.  A small air leak led to contamination of the inert atmosphere and the subsequent reaction.  The materials can also be formed by chemical reactions on fullerene or laser ablation of graphitic materials.

Subsequent work revealed a wide range of carbon nitride structures.   Examples include (C59N)2 (biazafullerenyl),C58N2 (diaza[60]fullerene), C57N3 (triaza[60]fullerene) and C48N12.  The nitrogen atoms substitute for carbon atoms on the cage-like molecules. Much of the work has been theoretical in nature.  The C48N12 molecule was calculated to be an insulator, with the eight all-carbon rings forming regions of extended electron delocalization.

References

Fullerenes
Born–Mayer equation. The Born–Mayer equation is an equation that is used to calculate the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. It is a refinement of the Born–Landé equation by using an improved repulsion term.

where:
NA =  Avogadro constant;
M = Madelung constant, relating to the geometry of the crystal;
z+ = charge number of cation
z− = charge number of anion
e = elementary charge, 1.6022 C
ε0 = permittivity of free space
4ε0 = 1.112 C2/(J·m)
r0 = distance to closest ion
ρ = a constant dependent on the compressibility of the crystal; 30 pm works well for all alkali metal halides

See also
Born–Landé equation
Kapustinskii equation

References

Eponymous equations of physics
Solid-state chemistry
Ions
Velammal Institute of Technology. Velammal Institute of Technology, is a private institution located in Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2008.

It prepares students for the field of engineering by developing theoretical knowledge as well as practical skills.

Departments 

Under Graduate Courses
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Information Technology

References

External links 
 Velammal Institute of Technology

Engineering colleges in Chennai
Rolling stock of the Swanage Railway. The Swanage Railway is a railway branch line in Dorset, England, opened in 1885 and now operated as a heritage railway.

Steam locomotives

Operational

Undergoing overhaul, repair or restoration

Stored

Former Swanage locomotives based elsewhere

Diesel locomotives

Operational

Undergoing overhaul, repair or restoration

DMUs

Electric Motive Power

Stored or on display

Carriages

Pre-grouping coaches

Maunsell coaches

The carriages designed by Richard Maunsell for the Southern Railway had a restrained elegance. In preservation terms they provide a superb vintage experience for the passenger, For more information see SR Maunsell carriage

Bulleid carriages

The 1940s Southern Railway designs of Oliver Bulleid produced a very clean, modern-looking carriage, many of the features of which were perpetuated in the BR standard (Mk. I) designs.

Pullman cars

British Railways standard steam stock (Mk.I)

The Backbone of most preserved railways, They are a durable design, representing in many ways the culmination of traditional carriage design in the UK, prior to the introduction of monocoque techniques.

British Railways standard stock (Mark 3)

Non-passenger coaching stock

Goods wagons

Brake vans

Covered goods vans

Open goods wagons

Flat wagons, bolster wagons and Rail and Sleeper wagons

Ballast wagons

Cranes and other special use wagons

Notes

References

Swanage Railway
English Electric EL.100. English Electric EL.100 (Polish designations EP01, EL.100, E100 and E01) was a class of electric locomotives used by the Polish State Railways. Originally built and designed by English Electric as a line engine, it was used in Poland mainly for shunting, as a supplemental engine to ferry steam locomotives across the Warsaw Cross-City Line tunnel, between Pruszków and Otwock. It was the first electric locomotive used in Poland. 

First two engines were bought in the United Kingdom in 1933, additional four were license-built in First Locomotives Factory in Chrzanów, with the electrical machinery imported from England and mechanical part produced locally. The six locomotives, named EL.101 through EL.106, entered service on 15 December 1936. In early 1939 parts for additional four locomotives were ordered in the United Kingdom. Assembled for delivery in August 1939, they were captured in Gdynia by German forces during the Invasion of Poland and never completed. 

During World War II, EL.103 was destroyed in 1939 and EL.101 was damaged beyond repair in 1944. Out of remaining four locomotives confiscated by the Nazis only EL.106 was returned to Poland and served in various capacities until 1964, under a new designation of EP01. EL.102, EL.104 and EL.105 remained in Germany and were scrapped in Desching some time after 1958.

References 

 

English Electric locomotives
Fablok locomotives
Electric locomotives of Poland
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Next-generation firewall. A next-generation firewall (NGFW) is a part of the third generation of firewall technology, combining a conventional firewall with other network device filtering functions, such as an application firewall using in-line deep packet inspection (DPI) and an intrusion prevention system (IPS). Other techniques might also be employed, such as TLS-encrypted traffic inspection, website filtering, QoS/bandwidth management, antivirus inspection, third-party identity management integration (e.g. LDAP, RADIUS, Active Directory), and SSL decryption

History 
One of the first mentions of the NGFW term was in a 2004 document by Gartner. Kenneth Tam speculated that the term Unified Threat Management (UTM) was coined by IDC because they did not wanted to adopt the name of their competitor.

Next-generation firewall versus traditional firewall 
NGFWs include the typical functions of traditional firewalls such as packet filtering, network- and port-address translation (NAT), stateful inspection, and virtual private network (VPN) support. The goal of next-generation firewalls is to include more layers of the OSI model, improving filtering of network traffic that is dependent on the packet contents. The most significant differences are that NGFWs include intrusion prevention systems (IPS) and application control.

Next-generation firewalls perform deeper inspection compared to stateful inspection performed by the first- and second-generation firewalls. NGFWs use a more thorough inspection style, checking packet payloads and matching signatures for harmful activities such as exploitable attacks and malware.

Evolution of next-generation firewalls 

Modern threats like web-based malware attacks, targeted attacks, application-layer attacks, and more have had a significantly negative effect on the threat landscape. In fact, more than 80% of all new malware and intrusion attempts are exploiting weaknesses in applications, as opposed to weaknesses in networking components and services.

Stateful firewalls with simple packet filtering capabilities were efficient blocking unwanted applications as most applications met the port-protocol expectations. Administrators could promptly prevent an unsafe application from being accessed by users by blocking the associated ports and protocols. But blocking a web application that uses port 80 by closing the port would also mean complications with the entire HTTP protocol.

Protection based on ports, protocols, IP addresses is no more reliable and viable. This has led to the development of identity-based security approach, which takes organizations a step ahead of conventional security appliances which bind security to IP-addresses.

NGFWs offer administrators a deeper awareness of and control over individual applications, along with deeper inspection capabilities by the firewall. Administrators can create very granular "allow/deny" rules for controlling use of websites and applications in the network.

See also 
Comparison of antivirus software
Comparison of firewalls
Internet security
Network security
Unified threat management

References 

Firewall software
AN/GPA-35 Ground Environment. The Westinghouse AN/GPA-35 Ground Environment (GPA-35 colloq.) was a United States Air Force surface-to-air missile weapons direction system. It was used for launch and steering during CIM-10 Bomarc tests during the Cold War. The command guidance system manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Corporation used Bendix AN/FPS-20 Radar data to track the missile. Lincoln Laboratory Division 6 had an AN/GPA-35 Study Group for integrating the AN/GPA-35 into the SAGE System. Notable launches with GPA-35 guidance included:

1956 October — Six launches were used to test the AN/GPA-35 capability to command BOMARC intercept of QB-17 drones.
1957 October — A BOMARC test with "live high-explosive warhead" failed when the GPA-35 commanded "faulty mid-course guidance".
1958 May 1 - The "GPA-35 could not control the missile beyond 130 miles."
1958 August 7 - A GPA-35 took control of an airborne BOMARC from the Experimental SAGE Sector, and the missile malfunctioned and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean.
1959 March 6 - A straying BOMARC was self-destructed near the western boundary of the Eglin Gulf Test Range after a GPA-35 had transmitted the wrong commands.
1959 April 13 — The GPA-35 lost control of the missile 100 seconds after launch.
1959 April 24 — GPA-35 control was used for simultaneous guidance of two BOMARCS.

See also

List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

 
 

Aerial warfare ground equipment
Computer systems of the United States Air Force
Missile guidance
Military electronics of the United States
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Lockheed CL-1201. The Lockheed CL-1201 was a design study by Lockheed for a large 6,000 ton nuclear-powered transport aircraft in the late 1960s. One envisioned use of the concept was as an airborne aircraft carrier.

Although the Department of Defense does not appear to have records of the study's ultimate outcome, the design itself has nonetheless been cited in several sources.

Design 
The CL-1201 design project studied a nuclear-powered aircraft of extreme size, with a wingspan of . Had it been built, it would have had the largest wingspan of any airplane to date, and more than three times that of any aircraft of the 20th century.

The wing would be of crescent form, similar to the British Handley Page Victor V-bomber but, unlike the British design, it was tailless.

Power would be derived from the heat generated by a nuclear reactor and transferred to four jet engines near the rear, where it would superheat the air passing through to provide thrust. The craft would be capable of remaining airborne for extended periods, with an estimated endurance of 41 days. At low altitudes, the jets would burn conventional aviation fuel. In order to take off, the plane required 182 additional vertical lift engines. These were similar to those used in the Boeing 747, a new aircraft at the time.

Two variants were studied, a logistics support aircraft and an airborne aircraft carrier. There was a rumored third variant, but information on such a model has never been made public.

The logistics support variant would have a conventional heavy transport role, carrying hundreds of troops and their equipment at once.

The airborne aircraft carrier would have carried up to 22 fighter aircraft externally and would have an internal dock capable of handling two air-to-ground shuttle transport aircraft.

Specifications 

 Endurance: 41 days
 Reactor output: 1830 megawatts
 Tactical fighters carried (AAC variant): 22

See also 

 Short SB.4 Sherpa

References

External links
 Lockheed's Insane Attack Carrier: The CL-1201 Mustard, YouTube
 The Lockheed CL-1201 Flying Aircraft Carrier by Tails Through Time in the Internet Archive
 The eccentric engineer: an aviation ostrich destined never to fly. The Institution of Engineering and Technology

Lockheed aircraft
Flying wings
Nuclear-powered aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Airborne aircraft carriers
Indentation force-deflection. Indentation force-deflection is a process used in the flexible foam manufacturing industry to assess the "softness" of a sample of foam such as memory foam.  To conduct an IFD test, a circular flat indenter with a surface area of 323 square centimeters (50 sq. inches - 8" in diameter) is pressed against a foam sample usually 100 mm thick and with an area of 500 mm by 500 mm (ASTM standard D3574).  The foam sample is first placed on a flat table perforated with holes to allow the passage of air.  It is then "warmed up" by being compressed twice to 75% "strain", and then allowed to recover for six minutes.  The force is measured 60 seconds after achieving 25% indentation with the indenter.  Lower scores correspond with less firmness; higher scores with greater firmness.  US measurements are given in pounds-force, and European ones are given in newtons.

References

External links

 Joint Industry Foam Standards And Guidelines https://www.pfa.org/industry-standards/

ASTM standards
Henry Siedentopf. Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Siedentopf (22 September 1872 in Bremen – 8 May 1940 in Jena) was a German physicist and  pioneer of microscopy.

Biography 
Siedentopf worked in Carl Zeiss company from 1899 to 1938. In 1907 he was nominated as the head of the microscopy department.

In 1902 the ultramicroscope was developed by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) and Siedentopf, working for Carl Zeiss AG. The ultramicroscope was suitable for the determination of small particles and became the most important instrument of colloid research in colloid chemistry. In 1925, Zsigmondy received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry also for this work.

From 1919 till 1940, he was a. o. Professor for microscopy at the University of Jena. He also worked on the development of micro photography and slow motion and fast motion in the cinephotomicrography. In 1908, together with August Köhler, he invented the fluorescence microscope. In 1930 he was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy relates in his Nobel lecture that Siedentopf built the paraboloid condenser and the cardioid condenser.

References

Further reading 
 
 Lexikon der Naturwissenschaftler. Berlin 2004.

1872 births
1940 deaths
Scientists from Bremen (city)
Microscopists
Optical physicists
20th-century German physicists
Academic staff of the University of Jena
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency. The Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, or Tukes (, previously , ) is an agency within the Ministry of Employment and the Economy of Finland. Its task is to monitor and enforce safety and regulations compliance in technology, chemicals and hazardous materials, workplace safety and consumer and product safety. It is the Member State Competent Authority (MSCA) for the European Union REACH, CLP, BPD and SEVESO III regulations in Finland. However, food, medications and medical safety are governed by different agencies (Evira, Fimea and Valvira, respectively).

Its main divisions are:
 Facilities and mines monitoring
 Products and equipment monitoring
 Support and development services
 Chemical products monitoring

External links 
 

Safety and Chemicals Agency
Finland