omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zheng Zhemin. Zheng Zhemin (2 October 1924 – 25 August 2021), also romanized as Cheng Che-Min, was a Chinese explosives engineer and physicist specializing in explosive mechanics.

Biography 
Zheng is a native of Yin County (now Yinzhou District) of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, and was born in Jinan of Shandong Province. He obtained a BS from Tsinghua University in 1947, and a MS and a PhD in mechanical engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1952. His doctoral advisor was Qian Xuesen.

In 1955, Zheng returned to China and later served as Director of the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), President of the Chinese Mechanical Society, and Editor-in-Chief of the Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics ().

He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1983.

He died from an illness in Beijing, on 25 August 2021, aged 96.

Honors and awards 
 1980, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
 1993, Foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Engineering
 1993, Tan Kah Kee Science Award
 1994, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 2012, State Preeminent Science and Technology Award

References

External links 
 郑哲敏：一切皆力之变
 郑哲敏：爆炸传奇 (Cheng Chemin: the legend of explosion)
 Xinhuanet.com Zheng Zhemin – explosion specialist

1924 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Chinese physicists
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
California Institute of Technology alumni
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Educators from Shandong
Engineers from Shandong
Engineers from Zhejiang
Explosives engineers
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
People from Jinan
Physicists from Shandong
Physicists from Zhejiang
Tsinghua University alumni
Highest Science and Technology Award winners
Ni Weidou. Ni Weidou (; born October 6, 1932, in Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhejiang) is a Chinese mechanical and thermodynamical scientist and engineer.

Career
Ni's hometown is Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang province. Ni entered Tsinghua University in 1951. Ni was transferred to the Bauman Moscow State Technical University of USSR and graduated in 1957. Ni obtained Candidate of Sciences degree (in 1962) and later honorary doctor degree (in 1990) from the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University.

Ni is a professor at energy department of Tsinghua University. Ni was former Executive Vice-president of Tsinghua University.

Ni is a senior academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Ni is the Vice-chairman of the Beijing Association for Science and Technology. Ni is also a leader and senior advisor of energy strategy,  technology, policy for Chinese government.

See also
 Ni Wei-Tou (Ni Weidou) in Taiwan, these two Nis share the same name, the same hometown (Zhenhai District, Ningbo), and the same ancestry. And the Taiwanese Ni graduated from and works for the National Tsing Hua University (in Hsinchu, Taiwan), which is the sister university (share the same root) of the Tsinghua University in Beijing.

References

External links
 Tsinghua Alumni Association: 两岸倪维斗
 Ni Weidou | US-China Green Energy Council
 Energy integration for China | Ni Weidou - China Dialogue

1932 births
Living people
Engineers from Zhejiang
Physicists from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Nanyang Model High School alumni
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Scientists from Ningbo
Educators from Ningbo
MINIMOP. MINIMOP was an operating system which ran on the International Computers Limited (ICL) 1900 series of computers. MINIMOP provided an on-line, time-sharing environment (Multiple Online Programming, or MOP in ICL terminology), and typically ran alongside George 2 running batch jobs. MINIMOP was named to reflect its role as an alternative to the MOP facilities of George 3, which required a more powerful machine.

MINIMOP would run on any 1900 series processor apart from the low-end 1901 and 1902 and required only 16K words of memory and two 4 or 8 million character magnetic disks.

Each user was provided with a fixed size file to hold his data, which was subdivided into a number of variable sized subfiles.  The command language could be extended with simple macros.

Implementation 
MINIMOP was implemented as a multithreaded (sub-programmed in ICL terminology) user level program running on the standard executive (low level operating system) of the ICL 1900.  The  program under control facilities of executive were used to run user programs under MINIMOP.  All user I/O operations were trapped by MINIMOP and emulated rather than accessing real peripherals. As memory was at a premium user programs would be swapped out of memory whenever they needed to wait (for input or output) or when they reached the end of their time slice.

MAXIMOP 
Queen Mary College, London, now Queen Mary, University of London, later developed MAXIMOP, an improved system largely compatible with MINIMOP.  The ICL Universities Sales Region started distributing MAXIMOP, and it was used at over 100 sites.

References

ICL operating systems
Chrislea Airguard. The Chrislea L.C.1 Airguard is a 1930s British two-seat cabin monoplane, designed by R.C. Christophorides and B V Leak, and built by Chrislea Aircraft Limited at Heston Aerodrome.

Development
The Airguard was designed as a training aircraft for the Civil Air Guard; it was a two-seat (side-by-side) low-wing cantilever monoplane, powered by a 62 hp Walter Mikron II inline piston engine.

Operational history
It was built in 1938, and registered G-AFIN After a time in private ownership, it was withdrawn from use and stored until the 1970s. It was re-built with a new fuselage, but it remains in private storage (2006), not having flown since World War II.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Airguard
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Rockwell 685. The Rockwell Commander 685 or Aero Commander 685 is a light-twin piston-engined aircraft with a pressurized cabin originally built by the Aero Commander company, a division of Rockwell International from 1965. 

The predecessor model was the Aero Commander 690 and the next generation are Aero Commander JetProp series. The Aero Commander 685 had the ICAO aircraft code AC6L The introduction was in 1971 and the retired in 1976; in this time are built 66 aircraft.

Design and development
The Commander 685 was a piston-engined variant of the turboprop-powered Rockwell Commander 690, with two wing-mounted 435 hp Continental GTSIO-520K piston engines in tractor configuration with three-bladed Hartzell feathering propellers. It is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with an enclosed nine-seat cabin and a retractable nose-wheel landing gear. The Model 685 was type certified by the Federal Aviation Administration on 17 September 1971.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

685
1970s United States business aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton. Kellogg Bridge Company v. Hamilton, 110 U.S. 108 (1884), was an Implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose lawsuit which took place in 1884.

Background 
The company Kellogg Bridge Co. undertook to construct for the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company an iron bridge across Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio. After doing a portion of the work it entered into a written contract with Hamilton (a subcontractor) for the completion of the bridge. The bridge was put up in several spans and in order to support the spans, falsework, consisting of piles driven in the river between the piers upon which the spans were to rest, was needed. The Bridge Company had previously constructed a part of the falsework involved in between the first and second spans, which Hamilton paid for as he had agreed to do. A part of the falsework put up by the company sank under the weight of the first span and was replaced by Hamilton. When the second fixed span was about two-thirds complete, ice in the river broke up due to a flood and the falsework was carried away causing the whole of the iron material in place on that span to fall into the river. If the piles had been driven in more firmly, they would have withstood the force of the ice and the flood. Hamilton was subject to delay of the completion of the bridge and increased expense.

Hamilton brought suit in the State court to recover the contract price of the bridge, extra claimed to be done on it, and the damages sustained by the insufficiency of the false work constructed by the Bridge Company for $3,693.78.

On diversity jurisdiction, the cause was removed to the Circuit Court of the US where the Bridge Company answered with a counterclaim for $6,619.70. The trial ended with a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for $3,039.89. The defendant brought a writ of error to reverse that judgment. The case came to the Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court 
The court said that under the circumstances, the buyer had the right to rely and necessarily relied on the judgment of the seller and not upon his own. In ordinary circumstances, the buyer has the opportunity to inspect the article sold and the seller is not the maker, so they stand on equal grounds of ignorance. But when the seller is the manufacturer, the fair presumption is that he understood the process of its manufacture and was cognizant of any latent defect caused by such process and which reasonable diligence might have prevented.

References

External links
 

United States contract case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1884 in United States case law
History of Toledo, Ohio
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
Railroad bridges in Ohio
Buell Blast. The Buell Blast is a motorcycle that was made by the Buell Motorcycle Company from 2000 to 2009.

The Blast was conceived as an entry-level motorcycle to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley-Davidson in particular.  As such, the design goals were low cost and ease of operation and maintenance. Steps to achieve these goals include the use of an automatically tensioned belt final drive, self-adjusting hydraulic valve lifters, and a carburetor with an automatic choke. The engine design was borrowed from Harley's Evolution Sportster engine with the rear cylinder eliminated. The plastic bodywork pieces of the Blast were made from Surlyn, a substance used to make the outside of golf balls, to protect the surfaces when the Blast is dropped, and the color is molded-in.

The Blast was used in Harley-Davidson's Rider's Edge New Rider program, a similar course to the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's Basic "RiderCourse".

In July 2009, prior to ceasing all motorcycle production, Buell ran an ad campaign stating that the Buell Blast would no longer appear in their line-up. The ad featured a Buell Blast being destroyed in an automobile crusher.
For 2010, a limited run of crushed Blast cubes was offered for sale upon request. They were available in Battle Blue, Midnight Black, and Sunfire Yellow, and were individually signed and numbered by Erik Buell.

References

Blast
Belt drive motorcycles
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2000
Lu Chih-houng. Lu Chih-houng (; 1897–1973), courtesy name Youhai (), was a Chinese/Taiwanese educator, metallographist, materials scientist and engineer.

Biography
Lu was born into a prominent family in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, Qing dynasty. His family were descendants of Tang dynasty Chancellor Lu Zhi. His father was former President of Zhejiang Provincial Library (浙江省立圖書館).

Lu graduated No.1 from the Tokyo Imperial University (current the University of Tokyo) Engineering School. Lu and went back to China after graduation in 1924, and joined the faculty of Nanjing Engineering College (root of current Southeast University). In 1927, Lu became a professor of civil engineering of the original National Central University (now called Nanjing University). Lu was the dean of engineering faculty of the National Central University.

In 1945, Lu was sent to take-over the Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University) after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II. In July 1946, Lu became the second President of the National Taiwan University (NTU), after Lo Tsung-lo.

Lu led the manufacture of first 99.9999999%-pure semiconductor germanium in Taiwan, helping build a solid foundation for later successful semiconductor industries of Taiwan. Lu died in Taipei on May 4, 1973. A hall in the NTU is named after him, nearby there's a bronze statue built in his honour.

References
 Southeast University Archive: 陆志鸿(1897-1973)：国中央大学土木系教授(1928-1946), English Translation: Lu Chih-houng (1897–1973): National Central University Professor of Civil Engineering (1928–1946)
 Jiaxing No.1 Middle School Archive: Notable Alumni - Lu Chih-houng
 Material Research Society of Taiwan: Lu Chih-houng Memorial Award (named after his honor)

1897 births
1973 deaths
Scientists from Jiaxing
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Presidents of National Taiwan University
Academic staff of Southeast University
Chinese materials scientists
Educators from Jiaxing
Engineers from Zhejiang
20th-century Taiwanese engineers
Taiwanese people from Zhejiang
Chinese expatriates in Japan
20th-century Chinese engineers
Light non-aqueous phase liquid. A light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) is a groundwater contaminant that is not soluble in water and has a lower density than water, in contrast to a DNAPL which has a higher density than water. Once a LNAPL pollution infiltrates the ground, it will stop at the depth of the water table because of its positive buoyancy. Efforts to locate and remove LNAPLs are relatively less expensive and easier than for DNAPLs because LNAPLs float on top of the water table.

Examples of LNAPLs are benzene, toluene, xylene, and other hydrocarbons.

See also 
 DNAPL
 LNAPL transmissivity

External links 
 LNAPL Definition from the USGS

Water pollution
Water chemistry
Hydrogeology
SP21. SP21 may refer to :
 SP21 computer game, a classic computer game for PDP-11 and DVK
 SP-21 Barak, a pistol was developed by Israel Military Industries (IMI) in 2002
 SP-21 (Brazil), a State highway in Brazil
 USS Zita (SP-21), a motorboat that the United States Navy assigned to service as a patrol vessel in 1917 during World War I
 a type of Vespel plastic made by DuPont
List of desalination plants in Australia. As a result of the water supply crisis during the severe 1997–2009 drought State governments around Australia began building desalination plants that purify seawater using reverse osmosis technology. Many of these plants have included in their overall cost the building of renewable energy sources such as wind farms.

Australia's first working desalination plant was the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant that was completed in November 2006. A second plant on the Gold Coast began operations in February 2009. The Kurnell Desalination Plant in Sydney was opened on 28 January 2010.

List of desalination plants

Desalination plants in use

Smaller desalination plants

Secondary desalination plants, citations

Desalination plants in development or cancelled

See also

Energy in Australia
Seawater desalination in Australia

References

 
Lists of buildings and structures in Australia
PA-7200. The PA-7200 – also known as PCX-T, code-named Thunderbird –, is a microprocessor that implements the PA-RISC 1.1 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP). It was introduced in early 1995, debuting in systems from HP. The PA-7200 was not sold openly and the only third-party users were Convex Computer and Stratus Computer, both members of the Precision RISC Organization (PRO). It was developed for small multiprocessing systems with two or four microprocessors. The microprocessor was first described at the Compcon and IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) conferences.

Description 

The PA-7200 was mostly derived from the PA-7100 and was improved adding a second integer unit, enabling it to issue up to two integer instructions per cycle. The second integer unit was not identical to the first, and was only capable of executing simple but more frequently used instructions.

The PA-7200 contained 1.3 million transistors and measured 14.0 mm by 15.0 mm (210 mm2). It was fabricated by Hewlett-Packard in their CMOS14A process which they co-developed with Analog Devices. CMOS14A was a 0.55 μm, three-level interconnect, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process.

The microprocessor uses an unusual 4.4 V power supply as a result of its development. It was designed in the 0.8 μm CMOS26B process and leveraged circuits and layouts from the PA-7100, which was also designed for CMOS26B. The completed design was then shrunk for the 0.55 μm CMOS14A process. This process has 120-angstrom gate oxide that did not tolerate 5.0 V operation. A 3.3 V power supply did not enable the microprocessor to achieve the intended clock frequency, so 4.4 V was chosen as a compromise.

Notes

References 

 Chan, Kenneth K.; et al. (February 1996). "Design of the HP PA 7200 CPU". Hewlett-Packard Journal, February 1996.
 Gwennap, Linley (7 March 1994). "PA-7200 Enables Inexpensive MP Systems". Microprocessor Report, Volume 8, Number 3.
 Pountain, Dick (August 1994). "A Different Kind of RISC". Byte.
 PA-7200 PA-RISC Processor OpenPA.net

Further reading 

 Rashid, E.; et al. (1994). "A CMOS RISC CPU with on-chip parallel cache". ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers.

HP microprocessors
Superscalar microprocessors
32-bit microprocessors
Flying platform. A Flying Platform is a type of VTOL aircraft for low cost individual usage for short range within an area. It is usually flown using kinesthetic control, similar to that of a surf board.

Examples
De Lackner HZ-1 Aerocycle
Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee
Williams X-Jet

See also
Personal air vehicle

References

Aircraft configurations
Flying platforms
VTOL aircraft
Lift fan
Standing pilot aircraft
Weight-shift control. Weight-shift control as a means of aircraft flight control is widely used in hang gliders, powered hang gliders, and ultralight trikes. Control is usually by the pilot using their weight against a triangular control bar that is rigidly attached to the wing structure. The wing is mounted on a pivot above the trike carriage or hang glider harness allowing the weight-shift forces to produce changes in pitch and bank.

References

See also 
Ultralight aircraft

Aircraft controls
Applications of control engineering
Aircraft categories
BAT Basilisk. The BAT F.K.25 Basilisk was a prototype British fighter aircraft of the First World War. A single engined biplane intended to meet a requirement to replace the Sopwith Snipe, the Basilisk was unsuccessful, only three being built.

Development and design
In 1918, the British Air Ministry issued the RAF Type 1 specification for a single-seat fighter, powered by the new (and untried) ABC Dragonfly air cooled radial engine to replace the Sopwith Snipe. To meet this requirement, Frederick Koolhoven, (formerly of Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft and before that Deperdussin) chief designer of the British Aerial Transport Company of London, designed the F.K. 25 Basilisk.

Like Koolhovens earlier F.K.23 Bantam, the Basilisk was a two-bay biplane with a wooden monocoque fuselage, but was larger and heavier to accommodate the larger engine and the equipment required by the Specification.  Armament was two Vickers machine guns mounted ahead of the pilot, and enclosed in a large fairing that formed the upper coaming of the pilot's cockpit.

Three prototypes were ordered in early 1918, and the first one flew in September 1918. It was destroyed on 3 May 1919 when attempting to break the World altitude record, its engine catching fire and BAT's test pilot, Peter Legh, being killed after he jumped clear.  The second and third prototype were fitted with modified, horn balanced ailerons, with the second prototype tested at Martlesham Heath in October 1919.  While its performance was good (although not as good as claimed by BAT), the Dragonfly engine was hopelessly unreliable, with further development or production abandoned earlier in the year, and the Basilisk was abandoned when Koolhoven left BAT at the end of 1919.

Specifications (Second prototype)

See also

Notes

References

 
 "The Late Peter Legh." Flight, 8 May 1919, No. 641 Vol. XI. p. 616.
 "Some "B.A.T." Aeroplanes". Flight, 1 January 1920, pp. 18, 19.
 Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London:Putnam, 1957.
 Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters Volume One. London:Macdonald, 1965.
 Lewis, Peter. The British Fighter since 1912. London:Putnam, Fourth edition 1979. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links

 BAT FK-25 Basilisk (in Russian)

1910s British fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Koolhoven aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Andrew Turberfield. Andrew J Turberfield is a British Professor of Physics based at the University of Oxford. Turberfield's research is largely based on DNA nanostructures and photonic crystals, and his work on both nanomachines and photonic crystals has been highly cited. Turberfield is a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

In 2011 he won the Institute of Physics David Tabor Medal and Prize.

References

External links
Turberfield DNA group at the University of Oxford

Living people
British physicists
DNA nanotechnology people
British nanotechnologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Nikitin NV-5. The Nikitin NV-5, was a tandem-seat trainer aircraft designed and produced in the USSR from 1934.

Development
In 1934 Osaviakhim (Society for assistance to aviation and chemical industry), and AVIAVnito (Aviation Department of Vnito, all union scientific and technical research organisation), opened a competition for designing and building a safe aeroplane. Nikitin designed a small biplane with tandem seating, I-type wide chord inter-plane struts, rubber shock-isolating engine mounts and small semi-balloon tyres. The fuselage was built up from welded 30KhGSA steel tubing with plywood covering and the wings were constructed from wood with fabric covering. The first prototype had a Licence-built Renault MV-4 inverted in-line engine, but later variants used M-11 or MG-11 radial engines.

The NV-5 won the Osavaiakhim/ AVIAVnito competition in 1937 and was prepared for production, as the U-5, for Osaviakhim and UVVS. One U-5 was modified with a ShKAS machine gun under the starboard wing and four under-wing RS-82 rockets.

The most significant variant of the U-5 was the LSh (Legkii Shtabno – light staff aircraft),  built in 1942 at the request of the Moscow Defence HQ, this aircraft was used operationally on liaison and special missions from Leningrad to the Caucasus mountains. With a much more powerful MG-31F engine, Polikarpov I-153 upper wing, enclosed cabin, toughened rear cockpit with bench seating for two and aluminium lining, the LSh   had excellent STOL and range performance.

Variants
 NV-5 - Initial prototype with licence built Renault MV-4 engine.
 NV-5bis – Shvetsov MG-11F powered NV-5. (one built)
 U-5 – Prototype and four production aircraft with Shvetsov M-11 or Shvetsov M-11G engines. (Five built)
 U-5 bis – Five built 1939 for UVVS with Shvetsov MG-11F engines
 LSh – One LSh  built in 1942 (a.k.a. U-5/MG-31) with a 330 hp (246.01 kW) MG-31F.

Units using this aircraft/Operators (choose)
 UVVS - Soviet Air Force Training
 Osavaiakhim
 (LSh) - Moscow Defence HQ

Specifications (U-5)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/19991004085143/http://www.aviation.ru/Nikitin/

1930s Soviet civil utility aircraft
NV-5
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937