omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SWIM Protocol. The Scalable Weakly Consistent Infection-style Process Group Membership (SWIM) Protocol is a group membership protocol based on "outsourced heartbeats" used in distributed systems, first introduced by Indranil Gupta in 2001. It is a hybrid algorithm which combines failure detection with group membership dissemination.

Protocol 
The protocol has two components, the Failure Detector Component and the Dissemination Component.

The Failure Detector Component functions as follows:

 Every T''' time units, each node () sends a ping to random other node () in its membership list.
 If  receives a response from ,  is decided to be healthy and N1 updates its "last heard from" timestamp for  to be the current time.
 If  does not receive a response,  contacts k other nodes on its list (), and requests that they ping .
 If after T units of time: if no successful response is received,  marks  as failed.

The Dissemination Component functions as follows:

 Upon  detecting a failed node ,  sends a multicast message to the rest of the nodes in its membership list, with information about the failed node.
 Voluntary requests for a node to enter/leave the group are also sent via multicast.

 Properties 
The protocol provides the following guarantees:

 Strong Completeness: Full completeness is guaranteed (e.g. the crash-failure of any node in the group is eventually detected by all live nodes).
 Detection Time: The expected value of detection time (from node failure to detection) is , where  is the length of the protocol period, and  is the fraction of non-faulty nodes in the group.

 Extensions 
The original SWIM paper lists the following extensions to make the protocol more robust:

 Suspicion: Nodes that are unresponsive to ping messages are not initially marked as failed. Instead, they are marked as "suspicious"; nodes which discover a "suspicious" node still send a multicast to all other nodes including this mechanism. If a "suspicious" node responds to a ping before some time-out threshold, an "alive" message is sent via multicast to remove the "suspicious" label from the node.
 Infection-Style Dissemination: Instead of propagating node failure information via multicast, protocol messages are piggybacked on the ping messages used to determine node liveness. This is equivalent to gossip dissemination.
 Round-Robin Probe Target Selection''': Instead of randomly picking a node to probe during each protocol time step, the protocol is modified so that each node performs a round-robin selection of probe target. This bounds the worst-case detection time of the protocol, without degrading the average detection time.

See also 

 Failure detector
 Crash (computing)

References 

Fault-tolerant computer systems
Distributed algorithms
Distributed computing
Rudolf Erdmenger. Rudolf Erdmenger (* September 2, 1911 in Augsburg; † 1991) was a German mechanical engineer and process engineer and the main inventor of the co-rotating twin screw extruder.

Life 
Rudolf Erdmenger studied mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Munich, obtaining the degree of Dipl.-Ing in 1935.  His first employment was at Humboldt-Deutzmotoren AG.  Two years later, he changed to  in Nürnberg, where he worked on the development of screw pumps. In 1939, he moved to the Wolfen plant of I.G. Farben. There, together with Werner Meskat, he developed the co-rotating twin screw extruder, submitting the basic patent in 1944.  At the end of the Second World War, Erdmenger and Meskat escaped from the approaching Red Army and joined Bayer AG in 1948, where Erdmenger founded the high viscosity technology group which he led until his retirement in 1976.

Further technical developments 
The co-rotating twin screw extruder was licensed in 1957 to , which further developed the machine. This machine type is now the foundation for plastics compounding. Further basic patents described single- and two-lobe kneading blocks, three-lobe kneading blocks  and the modular arrangement of screw elements on a central shaft  The standard elements for co-rotating twin screw extruders are commonly called "Erdmenger elements" as a result.
Erdmenger also worked and published on the subject of polymer devolatilization on co-rotating twin screw extruders.

Awards 
 1986: Distinguished Achievement Award of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE)
 Membership in the Polymer Processing Hall of Fame of the University of Akron

References 

Technical University of Munich alumni
German mechanical engineers
German chemical engineers
20th-century German inventors
Bayer people
1911 births
1991 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
Jett Galindo. Jett Galindo is a Grammy and Latin Grammy award winning Filipino mastering engineer based in Los Angeles. She has worked on albums for artists including Barbra Streisand, Gaby Moreno, Weezer, Selena Gomez, Neil Young, and Pink Floyd.

Early life and education
Galindo was born in the Philippines and raised by a family of musicians. She holds a degree in psychology from Ateneo de Manila University, and moved to the US because there were no audio degrees in the Philippines at the time. She earned a bachelor's degree in music production and engineering from the Berklee College of Music.

Career
In the Philippines, Galindo applied for a mentorship at Jesuit Communications Foundation recording studios, but was nearly denied the job when the man hired to train her discovered her gender.

Galindo interned at Avatar Studios (now known as the Power Station) in New York in 2012 where she was recording engineer for producer Jerry Barnes. She engineered for artists including Roberta Flack and Nile Rodgers.

In 2013, Galindo relocated to California to work for Doug Sax at the Mastering Lab in Ojai, California as his assistant and mastering engineer, and also learning about vinyl record cutting. At the Mastering Lab, Galindo worked on titles by Pink Floyd, Barbra Streisand, Diana Krall, and Paul McCartney.

Galindo worked alongside mastering engineer Eric Boulanger until Sax died in 2015. Boulanger and Galindo moved to Los Angeles where Boulanger founded the Bakery, a mastering facility based on the Sony Pictures lot. The Bakery is known for vinyl cutting, and has worked on albums by The Carpenters, Green Day, and the soundtrack to La La Land.

In late 2024, Galindo left The Bakery to start her own mastering studio in Los Angeles.

References 

Mastering engineers
Filipino audio engineers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Living people
1984 births
Neptunium silicide. Neptunium silicide is a binary inorganic compound of neptunium and silicon with the chemical formula . The compound forms crystals and does not dissolve in water.

Synthesis
Heating neptunium trifluoride with powdered silicon in vacuum:

Physical properties
Neptunium silicide forms crystals of tetragonal crystal system, space group I41/amd, cell parameters: a = 0.396 nm, c = 1.367 nm, Z = 4.

Neptunium disilicide does not dissolve in water.

Chemical properties
Neptunium disilicide reacts with HCl:

References

Neptunium(III) compounds
Silicon compounds
Inorganic compounds
Silicides
Plutonium silicide. Plutonium silicide is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and silicon with the chemical formula PuSi. The compound forms gray crystals.

Synthesis
Reaction of plutonium dioxide and silicon carbide:

Reaction of plutonium trifluoride with silicon:

Physical properties
Plutonium silicide forms gray crystals of orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pnma, cell parameters: a = 0.7933 nm, b = 0.3847 nm, c = 0.5727 nm, Z = 4, TiSi type structure.

At a temperature of 72 K, plutonium silicide undergoes a ferromagnetic transition.

References

Plutonium compounds
Silicon compounds
Inorganic compounds
Silicides
Phil Oestricher. Philip F. Oestricher (1931 – December 18, 2015) was an American aerodynamics engineer and test pilot. He made both the unscheduled first flight of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon on January 20, 1974 and its official first flight on February 2, 1974.

Career
Oestricher worked at Consolidated Vultee as an aerodynamics engineer on the B-36 bomber. He later served in the United States Marine Corps, where he flew the F4D Skyray. As a test pilot, Oestricher flew all models of the F-111 fighter-bomber.

On January 20, 1974, Oestricher piloted the unscheduled first flight of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon at Edwards Air Force Base, California. While performing high-speed ground tests, Oestricher nearly lost control of the aircraft when it entered a series of roll oscillations. Oestricher elected to take the craft airborne to avoid crashing and remained in flight for six minutes. Oestricher also piloted the F-16's official first flight on February 2, 1974. He contributed to the development of multiple versions of the F-16 and established F-16 safety protocols.

Death
Oestricher died in Fort Worth, Texas, on December 18, 2015, at the age of 84.

References

External links
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American test pilots
United States Naval Aviators
United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni
Thomas Howard (pilot boat). The Thomas Howard was a 19th-century pilot boat built by the William Cramp & Sons in 1870 for the Philadelphia Pilots' Association. She was the finest and fastest pilot-boat belonging to the Philadelphia port. In 1886, the Pilots' Association for the State of Delaware declared that the Thomas Howard become a Delaware pilot boat.

Construction and service 

The Thomas Howard was a pilot schooner built in 1870, at the William Cramp & Sons shipyard in Philadelphia for the Pilots' Association She was made from the builder's half-model and plans that show a pilot schooner with a straight keel. The Thomas Howard had a long career in the pilot boat service.

Pilot James A. Orton, in 1880, kept a journal of the daily life aboard the Thomas Howard. On November 21, 1880, the Thomas Howard gave chase to a steamer but lost her to the rival pilot boat Thomas F. Bayard.

The Thomas Howard was registered as a pilot Schooner with the Record of American and Foreign Shipping from 1881 to 1907. Her ship owners were Philadelphia Pilots; built in 1870 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and her hailing port was the Port of Philadelphia. Her dimensions were 79.2 ft. in length; 20.6 ft. breadth of beam; 7.6 ft. depth of hold; and 51-tons Tonnage. The sail number "1" was painted in black on her mainsail to distinguish her from other pilot-boats.

There was competition and rivalry between Delaware and Pennsylvania pilots. On June 22, 1886, the Pilot Commissioners of the State of Delaware declared that the pilot boat Thomas Howard become a Delaware pilot boat, which before worked under the Pennsylvania laws and under the immediate authority of the Philadelphia Board of Port Wardens. Sixteen Pennsylvania pilots gave up their licenses and took out licenses as Delaware pilots in order that they might receive the benefits of the Delaware laws, which had higher rates. The Delaware pilots had the pilot boats Thomas Howard, Henry C. Cope and Thomas F. Bayard. The Howard became known as Delaware Pilot Boat, No. 3.

On July 13, 1890, the Delaware pilot boat Thomas Howard towed into the Delaware Breakwater the British steamer Andes, which was found floating about the ocean having lost her propeller, which left her helpless.

End of service

On May 10, 1897, the pilot boat Thomas Howard was sold for $1,400 to Fritz & Martin and was converted into a fishing boat.

See also
Delaware Pilot boats

References

External links
 Delaware River Pilots
 Delmarva River & Bay Pilots

External links 

Individual sailing vessels
Service vessels of the United States
Schooners of the United States
1870 ships
Pilot boats
Ships built in Philadelphia
Surajit Dhara. Surajit Dhara is an Indian physicist affiliated to the School of Physics in University of Hyderabad, Telangana, in various capacities since 2006. His area of special interest is soft matter physics. He studies control and manipulation of topological defects of liquid crystals, elasticity and defect mediated directed assembly, topological active matter, rheology and photonics of liquid crystals. He is a recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for his contributions to physical sciences in 2020.

Surajit Dhara obtained his B.Sc. degree from Ramananda College (Bishnupur) in 1995, M.Sc. degree from University of Burdwan in 1998 and Ph.D. degree from Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, in 2004. He was a postdoctoral fellow in Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2008, a visiting scientist at Jozef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, during 2013–2018 and a visiting professor at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea, in 2018.

References

External links

Living people
Indian physicists
21st-century Indian physicists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science
Scientists from West Bengal
1975 births
Rajesh Ganapathy. Rajesh Ganapathy is a physicist at the International Centre for Materials Science in Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru. He specialises in experimental soft condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for his contributions to physical sciences in 2020.

Rajesh Ganapathy secured his M Sc degree from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1999 and Ph D degree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2006. He was a post doctoral fellow in Cornell University during 2007 - 09 and he joined JNCASR in 2009.

Publications

References

Living people
Indian physicists
21st-century Indian physicists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fireproof banknote. The fireproof banknote is a demonstration of putting a banknote, previously soaked in 50% (v/v) alcohol fuel solution, to a flame. The fire is lit and later extinguished by itself without the banknote being burnt. This demonstration can be used to teach about the fire triangle and classes of fire.

Explanation 
A 50% (v/v) alcohol solution is composed of 50% alcohol and 50% water in which water acts as a solvent. By igniting a paper banknote completely soaked with 50% alcohol solution, the alcohol (which is the fuel in the fire triangle) is combusted into carbon dioxide and water vapour. Contrarily water is heated up, with some being evaporated as it absorbs energy from the combustion of alcohol. The evaporating water helps cool down the system, so not all water is evaporated and the paper banknote is not burnt. The water-to-alcohol ratio should be 50% or higher; a lower ratio leads to the banknote being slightly burnt because there is not enough water to absorb the combustion energy and cool down the system.

CnH2n+1OH + (3n/2) O2 → n CO2 + (n+1) H2O

Common alcohol fuels for this experiment can be methanol (n=1), ethanol (n=2) and both isomers of propanol (n=3). The fire lit in this scenario is categorized as a class B fire (fire from flammable liquids), while the fire from burning paper (banknote) is categorized as class A. The alcohol-water mixture flame can be hard to detect, so sodium chloride can be added to give the flames an orange-yellow color. For safety purpose, a water tray should be prepared for emergency use in case a paper banknote caught a fire, and flammable and combustible materials should not be kept or put near the flame.

Alternative materials or setups

Other materials 

Euro banknotes are recommended since it is made of paper and it is legally permitted to artistically mutilate it or burn in small amounts. Moreover, there are no depictions of any persons on the banknotes.

Aside from banknotes, a similar experiment can be performed by using towels, paper or exam paper.

Other setups

No material 
A solution of about 50% fuel alcohol and 50% water can catch on fire and extinguish itself in a "burning water" demonstration.  In contrast to the subsection above, this can be done in a glassware without any absorbing materials like banknotes, towels, or paper.

No fuel 
Tap water may be added to a paper bag which then is put on a stove to boil. The paper bag can absorb water, which cools down the system and prevents the paper bag from being burnt.

Gallery

References 

Banknotes
Chemistry classroom experiments
Articles containing video clips
Fire protection
Excavator (disambiguation). Excavators are a type of construction equipment.

Excavator may also refer to:

 Excavator (album), a 2015 album by stephaniesǐd
 Excavator (film), a 2017 South Korean drama film
 Excavator (microarchitecture), a computer microarchitecture developed by AMD
 Excavator (Transformers), a transformer toy

See also
 Excavate (disambiguation)
 Excavation (disambiguation)
NS 4300. The NS 4300 was a series of steam locomotives of the Dutch Railways (NS), taken over from the British War Department.

These Austerity locomotives, with 1'D wheel arrangement, were built between 1943 and 1945 by North British Locomotive Company and the Vulcan Foundry for the British War Department to supply the British Army with supplies during their fight against the German army in the West of mainland Europe.

Some of the British War Department were in service with NS after the war. Although a total of 237 locomotives were leased, they weren't in service simultaneously. The drivers, who had to stand on the left side of these English machines, had a lot of trouble due to drifting smoke. The Dutch Railways soon lowered the boiler pressure from 15.8 kg/cm² (225  psi) to 12 kg/cm² (170 psi) and extended the chimneys to clear the driver's view from the drifting smoke.

The locomotives were nicknamed 'Little Jeeps'.

Design 
The Austerity 2-8-0 was based on the LMS Class 8F, which had been the government's standard design until that point. Several changes were made to the 8F design by R.A. Riddles to prioritize low cost over the life of the design. These included a boiler of simpler construction that was parallel rather than tapered and a round-topped firebox instead of a Belpaire firebox. The firebox was made of steel rather than the rare and more expensive copper.

Construction 
Construction was divided between two companies. The North British Locomotive Company (NBL) in Glasgow built 545 locomotives (divided between their two workshops in Hyde Park and Queen's Park) and the Vulcan Foundry (VF) in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, built 390 locomotives.

The North British Locomotive Company also built the larger NS 5000 WD.

Preservation 
There are no locomotives of this series left in the Netherlands.

One of the original WD 2-8-0 is preserved on the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway in Yorkshire. It was built by the Vulcan Foundry as No. 5200. The locomotive was purchased from the Swedish State Railways (Statens Järnvägar). It was classified there as SJ Class G11 No. 1931.

In 2007 the locomotive was restored to its original condition, with a new cab and tender having to be built. The locomotive then became British Railways (BR) No. 90733 and after a few test runs, 90733 ran its first passenger train on the KWVR on June 23, 2007.

Gallery

Sources and references

See also 
 WD Austerity 2-8-0

2-8-0 locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the Netherlands
Steam locomotives of the Netherlands
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1946
Edward Tyer. Edward Tyer (6 February 1830 - 25 December 1912) was an English railway engineer who developed the Tyer's Electric Train Tablet system widely used in the 19th and 20th centuries on single-track railways. He devised it after the Thorpe rail accident of 1874, which left 21 people dead.

He was also an astronomer.

See also

References  

 (Edward Tyer on Luxembourgish Wikipedia)

1830 births
1912 deaths
British railway pioneers
English electrical engineers
British railway civil engineers
19th-century English engineers
19th-century English astronomers
Volocopter VoloRegion. The VoloRegion is an electrically powered aircraft that can take off and land vertically (eVTOL). It is being developed by the German company Volocopter.

History 
The concept of the VoloConnect was presented first on May 17, 2021 at the EBACE Connect conference. The prototype was developed within two years in Munich under the direction of chief engineer Sebastian Mores. So far, only scaled-down prototypes have been tested in flight. The certification SC VTOL  enhanced (10−9) shall be reached within the next 5 years. The VoloRegion will be linked to the Volocopter software platform VoloIQ. In cooperation with Fraport, take-off and landing areas are planned which are necessary for the implementation of the urban air mobility concept. In October 2022 the VoloConnect was renamed and is now called the VoloRegion.

Design 
The VoloRegion has a multi-rotor system. It uses a hybrid lift and push design with a purely electric drive. It's equipped with 8 individual motors, 6 of which are connected to free propellers generate the lift and two to ducted propellers providing the forward thrust. There is a main high-wing wing with two outriggers for the 6 VTOL propellers. The stern is V-shaped. 
The lift of the VoloRegion is not only generated by propellers, as is usual with Volocopter, but also with its wings. This is energetically better.

Specifications

Usage 
The VoloRegion is designed for short range personal transport, it's connecting the suburbs to cities.

See also 
 List of rotorcraft
 Air taxi
 Boeing Passenger Air Vehicle
 Wisk Cora

References

External links 
 official VoloRegion site
 VoloRegion at Electric VTOL News

Proposed aircraft of Germany
Canard aircraft
Electric aircraft
VTOL aircraft
Urban air mobility
Volocopter aircraft
EVTOL aircraft
Dieter Ramsauer. Dieter Ramsauer (Born 2 May 1939 in Velbert - died 23 April 2021 in Schwelm) was a German engineer who was the founder of the international operating company Dieter Ramsauer Konstruktionselemente GmbH (DIRAK), operating in the fields of development, production and the distribution of construction elements.

Life 
Ramsauer was the son of Franziska Ramsauer and toolmaker Hermann Ramsauer, and grew up in Velbert. He attended elementary school and completed an apprenticeship as a toolmaker after leaving school. This was followed by engineering studies at the Technisch-wissenschaftliche Fachlehranstalt (Tewifa) on Lake Constance. 

Ramsauer initially worked as a design and sales engineer and set up his own engineering office in 1973. He designed components for a metalworking company for which he worked as a sales engineer. Whilst working for the company he developed numerous patents, which were then transferred to the company on the basis of a licensing agreement. 

In 1991 he initially founded Dieter Ramsauer Konstruktionselemente GmbH (DIRAK) with 15 employees, but this now operates internationally including in the U.S., China, Singapore, India, the Middle East, and others.  As the company continued to expand, Ramsauer built headquarters in Ennepetal-Oelkinghausen in 1998. The product range of the company, which is also represented at trade fairs, consists of approximately 4,500 catalogue items in the fields of closure, hinge, and connection technology.

Inventions 
Ramsauer developed a modular rotary latch, as well as a modular rod lock system.

This was followed by the development of the swing lever latch and by a new type of modular rod lock system that can be mounted outside the seal in the folding area of a control cabinet.

Ramsauer's DIRAK-SNAP-Technology (DST) enables simplification of assembly. This invention earned him a nomination for "Engineer of the Year" 2007 from the U.S. trade magazine Design News. DIRAK-SNAP-Technology also received the Product of the Year 2005 award from the trade magazine KEM Konstruktion.

References 

1939 births
2021 deaths
People from Velbert
20th-century German inventors
20th-century German businesspeople
21st-century German businesspeople