omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FACOM. FACOM (Fujitsu Automatic COMputer) is a trademark used for Fujitsu's computers. The first product is FACOM 100, built in 1954. In May 1990, the brand name of FACOM was abolished and changed to Fujitsu.

FACOM numbering roughly follows the following scheme, but the numbering of some early relay computers is irregular:
 100s: relay computers
 200/210: parametron computers
 220 and above: electronic computers (transistors, integrated circuits)

Products

Relay computers 
Relay computers or electromechanical computers include:
FACOM 100, electromechanical computer built by Fujitsu in 1954
FACOM 128, relay-based electromechanical computer built by Fujitsu in the late 1950s
FACOM 138A

Irregularly numbered relay computers include: FACOM 318A, FACOM 415A, FACOM 416A, FACOM 426A, FACOM 426B, FACOM 514A, FACOM 524A

Parametron computers 

FACOM 200
FACOM 201
FACOM 202
FACOM 212 shipped in 1959

Transistor computers 
Early transistor computers:
FACOM 222
FACOM 231
FACOM 230 series:
 FACOM 230 / FACOM 230-30
 FONTAC / FACOM 230-50
 FACOM 230-10
 FACOM 230-60 (1968)
 FACOM 230-5 series
 FACOM 230-25, FACOM 230-35, FACOM 230-45 (1968)
 FACOM 230-45S, FACOM 230-55 (1974)
 FACOM 230-75
 FACOM 230-75 APU (1977) - A computer for scientific and technological calculations with enhanced computing power by adding a pipeline system "array processor" (vector processor) to FACOM 230-75. FACOM 230-75 APU achieved 22M FLOPS. It was delivered to the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (JAXA). It's only one year behind the Cray-1. This machine will lead to the later VP series.
FACOM 270 series:
FACOM M series: IBM System/360, System/370 compatible
FACOM M-190 (1974): This is a super-large machine that uses LSI, and has two to three times the performance of IBM System/370. The fastest computer in the world at this time.
FACOM M-200 (1978):  The fastest computer in the world at this time.
FACOM M-130F, M-140F, M-150F, M-160F, M-170F (1979): Supports Japanese language. Includes software supporting Japanese, a device for inputting Japanese, and a Kanji dot impact printer.
FACOM M-380, M-382 (1981): Supports 31-bit address space (2GB). A super-large machine that uses ECL / TTL LSI.
FACOM M-780 (1985): A super-large machine that uses an ECL LSI with 10,000 gates / chip. Maximum physical memory 256 Mbytes, maximum 64 channels. Water cooling.

FACOM VP series (supercomputers) 
Supercomputers include:
FACOM VP-100, VP-200 (1982): VP-200 achieved up to 500 MFLOPS
FACOM VP-400 (1985): Beyond 1 GFLOPS for the first time in the world
FACOM VP2000 family (1988): The VP2600 measured processing performance exceeding 5GFLOPS and set a world record in 1990.

FACOM A series (superminicomputers) 
Superminicomputers include:
A-30, A-50, A-70
A-300, A-400, A-500, A-600

FACOM V series 
Office computers.

FACOM K series 
Office computers.

FACOM G series 
Workstations include:

FACOM G-140, G-150, G-150A  (1987)
FACOM G-250, G-250C (1988)

Personal computer 
Personal computers include:
FACOM 9450 (1981): Fujitsu's branding for the Panafacom C-180

See also
Facom, a French tool company

References

Trademarks
Anita Hill (researcher). Anita J. Hill is an Australian researcher in materials and process engineering. She is a former Chief Scientist of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the current Executive Director of Future Industries at CSIRO. Her research focuses on the transport of atoms, ions and small molecules in condensed matter, notably using positron annihilation spectroscopy.

Education and career 
Hill obtained her PhD in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science from Duke University, USA. She began her academic career as a lecturer at Monash University. She joined CSIRO in 1996. In 2008, Hill accepted the position of Chief Research Scientist and Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader at CSIRO.  In 2014 and 2015, she served twice as Acting Chief Scientist during transitional periods, then as Chief Scientist from February 2017 to September 2018. She was succeeded in this role by Cathy Foley. She is currently Executive Director of Future Industries at CSIRO, a sector consisting of over 1500 researchers across 25 sites in Australia and overseas.

Research 
Her work focuses on the transport of atoms, ions and small molecules through solids. Her work makes particular use of positron annihilation spectroscopy as a tool to measure the distribution of free volume elements in soft materials such as polymer films.

Awards and recognition 
Hill has received several professional awards and honours, including:

Adjunct Fellow, Monash University School of Chemistry, 2010
Australian Research Council College of Experts, 2009
Guest Editor, International Journal of Nanotechnology, 2008
Fellow, Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2008
CSIRO Medals for Research Achievement, 2004 and 2002.
Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI)
Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.

She is a current member of the Advisory Boards of the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN University of Queensland), Australian Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science (ACES University of Wollongong), Chair of the Science Advisory Board of The Australian Synchrotron, Swinburne Industry Research Board, Industry Advisory Board of the School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE University of Queensland), and Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics (editorial board). She is a former member of Advisory Boards for the Victorian Centre for Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing (VCSCM), the Australian eHealth Research Centre (AeHRC), the National Centre of Excellence in Desalination Australia (NCEDA), and the Institute for Frontier Materials (Deakin University).

External links

References 

Living people
Australian women scientists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
Duke University alumni
Dawson Engler. Dawson R. Engler is an American computer scientist and an associate professor of computer science and electrical engineering at Stanford University.

Career 
After graduating from University of Arizona, Engler earned his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1998 while working with Frans Kaashoek in the MIT CSAIL Parallel and Distributed Operating Systems Group. The focus of his graduate studies was the exokernel.

Engler is currently an associate professor of computer science and electrical engineering at Stanford University. In 2002, he co-founded Coverity with several of his students to commercialize his group's work in static code analysis for bug-finding technology.

Awards and honors 
Engler and his co-authors received the Best Paper award at USENIX's OSDI conferences in 2000, 2004, and 2008. With his students Cristian Cadar and Daniel Dunbar, he was jointly awarded the 2018 SIGOPS Hall of Fame Award for their paper at the 2008 conference.

Engler won the 2006 SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award for his work in operating systems research. In 2008, he received the Grace Murray Hopper Award for "ground-breaking work on automated program checking and bug-finding".

Selected publications

References

External links 
 Dawson Engler on the Stanford University website
 

Living people
American computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Software testing people
Arizona State University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Stanford University faculty
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gerhard Fettweis. Gerhard Paul Fettweis (born March 16, 1962, in Wilrijk) is a German electrical engineer and university professor for telecommunications engineering.

Gerhard's father Alfred Fettweis invented the Wave Digital Filter. With a scholarship from the prestigious Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Gerhard Fettweis studied electrical engineering at RWTH Aachen University from 1981 to 1986, and received his Dr.-Ing. (PhD in engineering) degree there in 1990. He then worked as a visiting scholar with IBM and TCSI Inc. in Berkeley. Since 1994, he has been holding the Vodafone Chair for Mobile Communications Systems at Dresden University of Technology.
In 2009, he was honored with Fellow membership of the IEEE for contributions to signal processing algorithms and chip implementation architectures for communications.
In 2016, he became a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

References

External links 
 Gerhard Fettweis at the Vodafone Chair's website

1962 births
Living people
Academic staff of TU Dresden
Electrical engineering academics
German electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
AGSA Lab. The Advanced Ground Software Applications Laboratory (AGSA Lab) at the European Space Agency has the objective of investigating and prototyping advanced software concepts and technologies that enable the evolution of mission data systems for future space missions.

The AGSA Lab is part of the Mission Operations Data Systems Division at the European Space Operations Centre which has experts who design, develop, test, and maintain data systems dedicated to space missions such as Mission Control Systems, Mission Planning and Simulator systems. The focus of the AGSA Lab is on CubeSats, robotic exploration missions, human exploration, and new space standards for mission operations.

These new software technologies that are being developed at the AGSA Lab can be used for Science, Earth Observation and Navigation missions.

Lab Capabilities
The AGSA Lab currently provides facilities such as:
 CubeSat engineering facilities - A generic flatsat flight engineering model for simulation, integration and validation
 Robotic engineering facilities - For testing and validation of Robotic Data Systems
 Augmented and Virtual Reality Simulation environment - For human exploration scenarios
 Private cloud environment - For automatic application deployment

Ground Software Applications
The AGSA Lab currently maintains the following software:
 NanoSat MO Framework
 EUD4MO
 Data Systems for the METERON project
 Applications for AR/VR

References

European Space Agency
Phi Lab. The Φ-lab (Phi-lab) is the Earth Observation innovation lab at the European Space Agency. It has the mission of accelerating the future of Earth observation exploiting transformational innovation to strengthen European global competitiveness, by helping the earth observation researchers, talented innovator and entrepreneurs to adopt disruptive technologies and methods. It is currently working on artificial intelligence, foundation models, quantum computing, onboard artificial intelligence, and virtual reality.

The Φ-lab is also an investors in innovative space business via its InCubed co-funding programme  providing rapid funding to innovative business ideas to exploit new Earth Observation markets.

The Φ-lab acts as a hub between industry, academia and investors and maintain the Φ-lab community where people and talents can share ideas and needs.

The Φ-lab is a division of the ESA Earth Observation Programme developing future systems for earth observation. The Φ-lab brings experts from across the world to develop research on the relevance for Earth Observation of emerging technology topics including artificial intelligence, distributed ledgers and quantum computing
. Representatives from industry, or academia can propose to work with Φ-lab on their own innovative case study, getting access to ESA EO huge competence, computing resources, and facilities. They usually stay with Φ-lab from few weeks, for a full immersion, up to 2 years for a more strategic partnership.

The Φ-lab is also producing artificial intelligence models and making it available online as open source.

See also 
The Φ-lab Community
The Φ-lab on GitHub
Earth observation

References

European Space Agency programmes
Table of specific heat capacities. The table of specific heat capacities gives the volumetric heat capacity as well as the specific heat capacity of some substances and engineering materials, and (when applicable) the molar heat capacity.

Generally, the most notable constant parameter is the volumetric heat capacity (at least for solids) which is around the value of 3 megajoule per cubic meter per kelvin:

Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 = 3 R per mole of atoms (see the last column of this table).  For example, Paraffin has very large molecules and thus a high heat capacity per mole, but as a substance it does not have remarkable heat capacity in terms of volume, mass, or atom-mol (which is just 1.41 R per mole of atoms, or less than half of most solids, in terms of heat capacity per atom). The Dulong–Petit limit also explains why dense substances, such as lead, which have very heavy atoms, rank very low in mass heat capacity.

In the last column, major departures of solids at standard temperatures from the Dulong–Petit law value of 3 R, are usually due to low atomic weight plus high bond strength (as in diamond) causing some vibration modes to have too much energy to be available to store thermal energy at the measured temperature. For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to other atoms, as happens in many solids.

A Assuming an altitude of 194 metres above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C  (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mmHg sea level–corrected barometric pressure (molar water vapor content = 1.16%).

B Calculated values
 *Derived data by calculation. This is for water-rich tissues such as brain. The whole-body average figure for mammals is approximately 2.9 J⋅cm−3⋅K−1

Mass heat capacity of building materials 

(Usually of interest to builders and solar )

Human body 
The specific heat of the human body calculated from the measured values of individual tissues is 2.98 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1. This is 17% lower than the earlier wider used one based on non measured values of 3.47 kJ · kg−1· °C−1. The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera).

See also 
 List of thermal conductivities

References

Heat conduction
BE-7. The Blue Engine 7 is a liquid hydrogen/oxygen dual expander cycle engine for use with the Blue Moon family of lunar landers. The company utilizes additive manufacturing in the development process and it is meant to generate  of thrust, serving as both the ascent and descent engines for Blue Moon.

History
Following the commencement of the Artemis Program the company sought to independently develop a lunar lander, the 'MK1' and accompanying engine. The BE-7 test phase began in 2019 with additional hot fire testing in 2020 at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Following selection for NASA's second Human Landing System, which Blue Origin calls 'MK2', the company announced that the BE-7 engine will be used for both landers. A demonstration flight of the MK1, planned for 2025 is on track and will debut the BE-7 engine. In 2024, the company announced vacuum cell testing was being conducted on the engine at the Edwards Air Force Base.

Technical specifications 
The BE-7 utilizes liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants in a dual expander cycle generating up to 10,000 pounds-force of thrust which can be throttled to 2,000 pounds-force. The company hopes that the propellants can, in the future, utilize ISRU and be produced from ice in the polar regions of the moon. It will also be used to power the transfer element, the Cislunar Transporter in development by Lockheed Martin.

See also 
 Lunar Module Descent Engine - used on the Apollo Lunar Module's Descent Stage
 Lunar Module Ascent Engine - used on the Apollo Lunar Module's Ascent Stage
 RL10 - Ubiquitous LOX/LH2 expander cycle engine

References

External links 
 

Blue Origin rocket engines
Rocket engines using methane propellant
Rocket engines using the staged combustion cycle
Rocket engines of the United States
Lloyd M. Trefethen. Lloyd MacGregor Trefethen (March 15, 1919 – November 6, 2001) was an American expert in fluid dynamics known for his invention of the heat pipe and his research on the Coriolis effect and card shuffling. He worked for many years as a professor of mechanical engineering at Tufts University.

Early life and education
Trefethen was born on March 15, 1919, in Waltham, Massachusetts. He graduated from the Webb Institute in 1940, and went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a master's degree in naval engineering.

During World War II, poor eyesight made Trefethen ineligible for the Navy, so instead he signed up for the United States Merchant Marine. There he met Florence Newman, a Navy codebreaker who later became a professor of English at Tufts University. They married in 1944. Their son Lloyd N. Trefethen later became a notable mathematician; they also had an older daughter, quilter Gwyned Trefethen.

In 1950, Trefethen completed a Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge. Although his initial plan of research was on cooling turbine blades, his eventual dissertation was Heat Transfer Properties of Liquid Metals, and his work sparked an ongoing interest in magnetohydrodynamics at Cambridge.

Career and later life
On returning to the US, Trefethen took a managerial position at the National Science Foundation before joining Harvard University as an assistant professor of engineering in 1954. He moved to Tufts University in 1958, where he became a full professor and the chair of the mechanical engineering department. He retired in 1989.

Trefethen died on November 6, 2001.

Contributions
Trefethen was known for his research on surface tension in liquid droplets, and he became one of the independent inventors of the heat pipe. In 1963 he produced an award-winning educational film, Surface Tension in Fluid Mechanics, for Encyclopædia Britannica Films.
Trefethen's contributions to fluid mechanics also included widely reported experiments on the folklore claims that the Coriolis force can cause the vortex in a drain to rotate in opposite directions in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Beyond fluid dynamics, Trefethen's publications include a paper with his son Lloyd N. Trefethen on the Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model, a mathematical model of shuffling playing cards. In contrast to earlier research suggesting that seven riffles are needed to remove any patterns from an unshuffled deck of cards, Trefethen and Trefethen showed that, in their model of the problem, five riffles are enough.

Recognition 
Trefethen was a Fellow of the ASME. In 1999, a special issue of the Journal of Fluids Engineering was dedicated to Trefethen to honor his 80th birthday.

Selected publications

References

1919 births
2001 deaths
People from Waltham, Massachusetts
American mechanical engineers
Webb Institute alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Harvard University faculty
Tufts University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Lloyd
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
Autódromo de Deodoro. Autódromo de Deodoro is a proposed motorsport circuit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Still in the design phase, it will be built in the neighborhood of Deodoro, in substitution to the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, which in 2012 was decommissioned and demolished for works of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

The initial forecast was for construction to begin and end in 2012, however, in December 2011, the Legal Department of the Brazilian Confederation of Motor Vehicles (CBA) requested the challenge of the edict of construction of the Barra Olympic Park in the field of the Autodromo International Nelson Piquet, in Jacarepaguá. According to the entity, the use of the area for the construction was conditioned to the construction and delivery of a new autodrome of international standard. In January 2012, the court upheld the CBA's request and suspended the bidding process.

In May 2012, after a meeting in Brasília between CBA president Cleyton Pinteiro and representatives of the Federal Government, Rio de Janeiro State Government and City Hall, it was decided that the construction of the racetrack would begin in January 2013. In July, however, a security problem was raised. The location chosen (a military area that had not been used for a long time) could hide mines, grenades and bombs. So that the work could only begin after the completion of the investigations to the ground, proving the security of the place. In November, the Brazilian Ministry of Sports and the Brazilian Army announced the construction of the racetrack.

References 

Deodoro
Deodoro
Deodoro
Deodoro
Deodoro
Hellifield engine shed. Hellifield Engine Shed was a railway locomotive depot adjacent to  railway station in North Yorkshire, England. The depot opened in 1880 and was closed in 1963. Its main function was to house engines for use on the Settle-Carlisle line.

Hellifield was coded as 30A, 20G, 23B, and 24H and was a sub-shed of first Skipton depot, and latterly under Accrington depot.

History
Hellifield was opened as  depot in 1880 and its purpose was the supply of engines for the four lines radiating from Hellifield, though its most important duty was to provide relief and pilot engines for trains running to Carlisle. This was deemed necessary because of the 1-in-100 climb up to Ais Gill. The railway climbs continually from Hellifield to Ais Gill, a section known as the Long Drag, where it attains a height of .

The sheds were furnished with a  turntable, made by Cowans & Sheldon at a cost of £325, though it was not ready for when the station and shed opened. This resulted in some locomotives, particularly the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway owned ones having to run back down the line to  in a light engine manoeuvre. The shed was located at the northern end of the station, but could only be accessed by the up line (southwards) towards .

Allocations
Between 1901 and 1914, the station at Hellifield was dealing with 90 trains per day. Added to this, numerous freight trains called to exchange wagons in the sidings adjacent to the station. As a result, Hellifield had an allocation of 28 locomotives. In LMS days, it was coded as 30A under Skipton, and at the end of the Second World War it had a complement of 30 locomotives.

When nationalisation came about in 1948, the shed was coded as 20G by British Railways. It retained this code until 1950 when it was recoded 23B for one year until 1951. Between 1951 and 1957, it was changed back to 20G and between 1957 and its closure, the shed was coded 24H. Previously having been sub-shedded to Skipton, in its latter years as 24H, it was a sub-shed of Accrington.

Closure
The depot was closed on 17 June 1963. After the depot was closed as an active location for locomotives, British Rail used it to temporarily store locomotives that were destined for the national collection. The LNER Class V2 4771 Green Arrow was stored here in the late 1960s/early 1970s.

The Engine Shed Society state that the pits are still extant, though overgrown and now hard to see from passing trains.

References

Sources

External links
Image of the engine sheds at Hellifield in 1900

Railway depots in Yorkshire
Rail transport in North Yorkshire
Buildings and structures in North Yorkshire
Hellifield