omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Georges Lemoine. Clément Georges Lemoine (16 January 1841 in Tonnerre – 13 November 1922 in Paris) was a French chemist and hydrologist. He was the father of geologist Paul Lemoine (1878–1940).

He studied at the École Polytechnique and the École des ponts et chaussées, obtaining a doctorate in physical sciences in 1865. For many years he was associated with the École Polytechnique in Paris, where he ultimately served as a professor of chemistry from 1898 to 1911.

In 1866 he began work as an engineer in charge of hydrometric services in the Seine Basin. In 1881 he was appointed chief engineer of bridges and roads, and in 1901, was named inspector general of bridges and roads. He is credited with organizing a flood warning service throughout France.

As a chemist he discovered phosphorus sesquisulfide, a compound that will later be used in the manufacture of matches. He continued research on the allotropic transformation of phosphorus, and was also the author of works on chemical equilibria.

In 1899 he became a member of the Académie des sciences (chemistry section), of which in 1921, he was named its president.

Published works (selection) 
 Recherches sur l'action du phosphore rouge sur le soufre, 1875 – Research on the action of red phosphorus on sulfur.
 Équilibres chimiques entre l'hydrogène et la vapeur d'iode, in Annales de chimie et de physique, 1877 – Chemical equilibria between hydrogen and iodine vapor.
 Étude sur les équilibres chimiques, in Encyclopédie chimique by Edmond Frémy, 1881 – Study on chemical equilibria.
 Dissociation du bromhydrate d'amylène sous de faibles pressions, in Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (CRAS), 1891 – Dissociation in amylene hydrobromide under low pressure.
 L'action chimique de la lumière comparée à celle de la chaleur, in Revue scientifique, 1895 – Chemical action of light compared to that of heat.
 Décomposition de l'eau oxygénée sous l'influence de la chaleur, in Journal de chimie physique, 1914 – Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under the influence of heat.

References 

1841 births
1922 deaths
People from Yonne
19th-century French chemists
French hydrologists
École Polytechnique alumni
Academic staff of École Polytechnique
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
20th-century French chemists
New South Wales Bradfield suburban carriage stock. The New South Wales Bradfield suburban carriage stock were a type of electric multiple unit operated by the New South Wales Government Railways and its successors between 1921 and 1975.

History
With the electrification of the Sydney suburban network planned, in 1919 orders were placed for 100 carriages with contracts awarded to three builders, Clyde Engineering (42), Ritchie Brothers (18) and Meadowbank Manufacturing Company (40).

The carriages featured wooden bodies on steel underframes with 43 fitted out as EBB first class carriages and 57 as EBA second class. The carriages gained the Bradfield carriages nickname after the New South Wales Railway's Chief Engineer John Bradfield, even though they were designed by Chief Mechanical Engineer Edward Lucy.

All were delivered between January 1921 and January 1922 numbered 2112 to 2211. One further first class carriage was delivered as 2212 by the Eveleigh Carriage Workshops in January 1923. All initially entered service as locomotive hauled stock with eight seats fitted in what would later become the driver's cabin.

In preparation for the commissioning of the electrified network, the 101 newly-built carriages were converted to driving motor cars at Electric Carriage Workshops being renumbered C3000 to C3100 and operated with American Suburban stock.

In the mid-20s 183 American Suburban end platform carriages were converted into trailer carriages numbered T4101 to T4284 along with a further nine converted into driving trailers numbered D4001 to D4009

The last Bradfield motor car was withdrawn in 1975 with two preserved.

The last trailers and driving trailers were retired in the late-1970s.

Carriages C3001-C3080 were renumbered C7001-C7080 to allow newer Goninan-built S set carriages  to be numbered C3001-C3080.

(Table is for power cars)

Preservation 
Sydney Electric Train Society has Bradfield motor car C3082 preserved. This car were previously owned by RailCorp (now Sydney Trains) but was sold to SETS in 2008 (along with C3104 and C3444). This car is currently in undercover storage at Bilpin.

Sydney Trains / Transport Heritage NSW / Historic Electric Traction has Bradfield motor car C3045 and wooden trailer car T4279 preserved. C3045 is on static display at the NSW Rail Museum, Thirlmere. T4279 is in undercover storage at Redfern, with the rest of the heritage electrics fleet.

Bradfield motor car C3080, Bradfield parcel vans C3661 and C3662, wooden trailer cars T4186 and T4224, and wooden driving trailer car D4004 are all in undercover storage at Rothbury. C3661 is privately owned and the ownership of the other carriages is unknown.

References 

Electric multiple units of New South Wales
1500 V DC multiple units of Australia
Train-related introductions in 1921
Coenosteum. In corals, the coenosteum is the stony skeletal material secreted by the coenosarc, the layer of living material lying between the corallites (the stony cups in which the polyps sit). The coenosteum is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is generally a spongy, porous material. Sometimes the coenosteum has ornamentation such as ridges and beads, visible as raised areas of the coenosarc. The coenosteum and corallites together are known as the corallum.

References

Cnidarian anatomy
Cenocell. Cenocell is a patented concrete-like structural material that is manufactured without the addition of Portland cement. It was invented by Mulalo Doyoyo at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Cenocell is produced from a chemical reaction involving fly ash or bottom ash and various organic chemicals. The chemical reaction produces foaming, and results in grey slurry that resembles bread dough. The mixture is then cured in ovens at temperatures near 100°C. The result is a homogenous mixture with a high strength and low weight.

See also
 Sulfur concrete

References

Concrete
Building materials
Composite materials
Sustainable building
Heterogeneous chemical mixtures
South African inventions
Performance Aircraft Formula GT. The Performance Aircraft Formula GT is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Performance Aircraft of Olathe, Kansas, introduced in the 1990s. Developed from the Performance Aircraft Legend, work was delayed while the company concentrated on the Turbine Legend. In 2002 the president of Performance Aircraft, Jeff Ackland, sold the company, which became Legend Aircraft Inc in Louisiana, and, with Mark Borrow, started Midwest Aerosport Inc, using the Performance Aircraft facilities in Kansas to develop the Formula GT.

The aircraft was to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Formula GT features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composite materials. Its  span wing, mounts slotted electric flaps and has a wing area of . The cabin width is . The design includes dual side sticks and a large baggage compartment with its own external door. The acceptable power range is  and the standard engine specified is a  liquid-cooled V-8 automotive conversion powerplant.

The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot, passenger and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 1500 hours.

Operational history
The prototype, registered N260GT and powered by a Lycoming IO-540 of , was introduced at EAA Airventure Oshkosh in July 2002. The registration was cancelled in 2021 after the aircraft had been exported to South Africa where it was registered ZU-FGT. There is no evidence of any further aircraft being completed.

Specifications (Formula GT)

References

External links
Photo of a Formula GT

Formula GT
1990s United States sport aircraft
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Performance Aircraft. Performance Aircraft was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Olathe, Kansas. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.

The company was formed in 1995 with designer Jeff Ackland as president. It produced two all-composite construction designs, the two-seats in side-by-side configuration Performance Aircraft Formula GT and the tandem-seat Performance Aircraft Legend and Turbine Legend.

Performance Aircraft was sold to a new company, Legend Aircraft, in 2002 and Ackland created his own new company, Midwest Aerosport, to continue development of the Formula GT.

Aircraft

References

External links
Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Homebuilt aircraft
Olathe, Kansas
Hierarchical value cache. In lower power systems, Hierarchical Value Cache refers to the hierarchical arrangement of Value Caches (VCs) in such a fashion that lower level VCs observe higher hit-rates, but undergo more switching activity on VC hits. 

The organization is similar to Memory Hierarchy, where lower-level caches enjoy higher hit rates, but longer hit latencies. The architecture for Hierarchical Value Cache is mainly organized along two approaches: Hierarchical Unified Value Cache (HUVC) and Hierarchical Combinational Value Cache (HCVC).

Hierarchical Unified Value Cache
This architecture of Value Cache employs all value caches storing full data values, with larger value caches in the lower levels of the hierarchy. This architecture suffers from high area overhead, but reduces the bus switching activity.

The cache in HUVC in managed by LRU policy, with each VC storing 32-bit values. For incoming data, it is simultaneously checked with the VC on each level, with the uppermost VC hit getting encoded.  Each hit at the ith level of the HUVC incurs i bits switching activity. By switching any bit of 32-bit data bus, we can get (32!)/((32-i)!i!) numbers.  That is, we could have (32!)/((32-i)!i!) entries. However, it would require complicated logic to map VC indexes to bus values. For easy VC index encoding, we partition the data bus into i segments and switch one bit in each segment.

Thus, the HUVC scheme requires n control signals, where n is the depth of the VC hierarchy. The i-th control signal switched to indicate that the VC of level i hits.

For 4-level HUVC, and 32-bit data bus, the total VC size is 22.4KB. The size of the VC is too large to be feasible in practice.

Hierarchical Combinational Value Cache
In HCVC, level i contains 2^(i-1) VCs that store only partial values, instead of full values as in HUVC.

Except the case of first level, all VCs in HCVC store partial data values only.  2^(i-1) segments are generated by partitioning the data values, and each VC stores one data segment. Similar to the HUVC, the incoming data is simultaneously checked with the VC on each level, with the uppermost VC hit getting encoded.

The HCVC scheme requires n Control signals, where i is the number of VCs. The i-th control signal is switched to indicate the Formula VC hit. The total VC size of the i-th level is 32/(2^(i-1)) words. For 4-level HCVC with 32-bit data bus, the total VC size is only 240 bytes.

References

Cache (computing)
Hierarchy
Ilyushin PAK VTA. The PAK VTA (, ) is a Russian next-generation heavy military transport aircraft, currently under development by Ilyushin.

The aircraft is intended to replace the Antonov An-22 and the Antonov An-124 heavy airlifter in Russia's Air Force service; its airframe will be based on the cancelled Ilyushin Il-106 () of the nineties, but upgraded with new engines and avionics.

Development

The project was initially presented under PAK TA designation, with the goal to develop a blended wing body, super-heavy transport plane being able to fly at supersonic speed while carrying up to 200 tons of cargo, and partially using renewable electric energy. 80 aircraft were planned to be built by 2024. 

In 2016, General Director of Ilyushin Company Sergei Velmozhkin reported the project was based on Ilyushin Il-106, a cancelled Ilyushin transport plane of the 1990s. In December 2018, Russian Defence Ministry announced the aircraft would be a deeply updated version of Il-106. According to Chief Designer of Ilyushin Company Nikolai Talikov, the aircraft will be updated with new avionics, engines, and other critical systems. The first flight is scheduled for 2024-2026.

In May 2019, Ilyushin has finished initial R&D works on the aircraft and contract for further development has been signed. If the PAK VTA design is approved by the Russian authorities, Ilyushin hopes to start the development of the first prototype in 2020, for a serial production before 2027. The first flight is scheduled for 2024-2026.

On 4 August 2020, Izvestia reported that the Russian Ministry of Defence approved the tactical and technical requirements of the PAK VTA. The research phase was set to end in December 2020, with the experimental development work on the aircraft to begin in 2021.

Characteristics
According to the approved requirements, the new military transport aircraft should be able to refuel in the air and carry no less than 80 tons of cargo at a distance of 5000 kilometers. The length of the cargo compartment of the aircraft would need to be at least 27.5 meters, with a width of 5.8 meters, and a height of 4.4 meters.

PAK VTA should be powered by four Aviadvigatel PD-35 turbofans - an improved derivative of the still-in-development PD-14 engine, with a thrust of 20-25 thousand kgf. The flight altitude of the aircraft should be up to 12 thousand meters, with a cruising speed of 850 km/h. It is expected to be able to lift up to 180 tons of cargo (60 tons more than the An-124).

See also

References

External links
Ilyushin website

Proposed military aircraft of Russia
Russian military transport aircraft
Ilyushin aircraft
RegTech technician registration. RegTech is a project established by the Prospect union to promote and support the professional registration of engineering, IT  and science technicians in the UK.

Membership bodies 

With technician members across hundreds of workplaces in sectors ranging from defence and energy to heritage and telecoms, the union is working in conjunction with membership bodies including professional associations: the Engineering Council, Science Council, BCS - The Chartered Institute for IT and EngTechNow.

Entitlement 

Technicians who successfully gain professional registration status through a relevant membership body have the right to display the appropriate letters after their name. In the case of RegTech this means either EngTech, RSciTech or RITTech. The title or “post nominal” provides a formal recognition of relevant skills and experience.

Career progression & skills gap 

Prospect believes technician registration is a key means of supporting apprentices and other young professionals with structured vocational routes to career progression. While it is a valuable asset in its own right it can provide the foundation for achieving chartered status. More broadly the RegTech project is aimed at helping to address skills shortages, by raising the profile of technicians and attracting more recruits to the roles.

Registration process 

Registration is not exam-based but rather is achieved by providing evidence of the required knowledge, understanding and experience. This varies according to the relevant professional awarding body but can often take the form of a written application or face to face interview, with supporting documentation.

Support 

Prospect’s support for technician registration includes workplace surgeries, a dedicated online helpdesk and training for workplace RegTech advisers.

Funding 

The RegTech project is funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, one of whose stated aims is to strengthen science and engineering skills in the UK by developing innovative programmes and informing national policy in the UK.

References 

Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Technicians
Professional certification in engineering
Professional certification in science
Information technology qualifications
Post-nominal letters
Water remunicipalisation. Water remunicipalisation is a process in which the state of privatised water and sanitation management is changed into one that falls back under public control. In recent years water remunicipalisation has grown into a global trend and can be seen as a response to failing cases of privatisation.

Traditionally, many water services around the globe stem from private ventures. If the change of management from private to municipal control continues to be an ongoing trend, it could mean a complete redesign of the global water sector. Proponents of water remunicipalisation argue that the inefficiency of the private sector presents itself in its profit-oriented character, resulting in high prices and eventually inequal access to life essential utilities.

References

Martin Pigeon, David A. McDonald, Olivier Hoedeman and Satoko Kishimoto, `Remunicipalisation: Putting Water Back into Public Hands´ (2012, Amsterdam) 
Satoko Kishimoto, Emanuele Lobina and Olivier Petitjean, `Our public water future - The global experience with remunicipalisation´ (2015, Amsterdam, Cape Town and Brussels) 

Water
Brumby 610 Evolution. 

The Brumby Aircraft Brumby 610 Evolution is an Australian single-engined, two-seat, training or touring, cabin monoplane of all-metal construction. The aircraft is built by Brumby Aircraft Australia as a production or kit aircraft at Cowra Airport near Cowra, New South Wales, Australia. The base cost of the aircraft is A$110,000.

Design and development
Announced in 2010, the Brumby 610 is essentially a high-wing development of the Brumby 600, featuring a slightly larger fuel capacity and heavy-duty undercarriage components. Designed primarily as a trainer to focus on landing phases, the Brumby 610 also displays benign stall characteristics, with a lower landing speed than the Brumby 600, and a stall speed of 38 knots (70 km/h). It has fixed tricycle landing gear and seating for two in side-by-side configuration, with doors on each side of the cabin. The Brumby 610 is available with two powerplants; the  Lycoming IO-233 or  Rotax 912 series engine, driving a two or three bladed propeller. Unlike the Brumby 600, the Brumby 610 is not offered with the Jabiru 3300 engine option. The prototype was first flown under RA-Aus registration in March 2011, and by 2014 eight had been delivered, either as kits or complete aircraft. A factory built Brumby 610 was the first aircraft in Australia to be fitted with the Lycoming O-233 engine.

Specifications

References

2010s Australian civil utility aircraft
Brumby Aircraft Australia aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Stream (abstract data type). In type theory and functional programming, a stream is a potentially infinite analog of a list, given by the coinductive definition:

data Stream α = Nil | Cons α (Stream α)

Generating and computing with streams requires lazy evaluation, either implicitly in a lazily evaluated language or by creating and forcing thunks in an eager language. In total languages they must be defined as codata and can be iterated over using (guarded) corecursion.

Java provides the  interface under the  namespace.

JavaScript provides the ,  and  interfaces.

Python have the  and  classes in the  module.

.NET provides the abstract class  which is implemented by classes such as  and .

In Rust a struct can implement the  trait. There is also the  struct wraps an in-memory buffer.

See also 
 Coinduction

References 

Type theory
Functional programming
Functional data structures
Perfect Writer. Perfect Writer is a word processor computer program published by Perfect Software for CP/M. In 1984, Thorn EMI Computer Software acquired an exclusive marketing and distribution licence for Perfect Software's products, and the program was rewritten and released as Perfect II for IBM PC compatible computers. Written in C and famous for its stability, it was an enhanced version of MINCE, which itself was a version of Emacs for microcomputer platforms. Emacs itself was too heavyweight to fit within the 64 KB RAM limit of most microcomputers. Like MINCE, it included a floppy disk based virtual memory system. 

Along with its companion spreadsheet (Perfect Calc), and database (Perfect Filer), Perfect Writer was bundled with early Columbia Data Products, Kaypro II and Morrow computers, as well as with the Torch Computers Z80 Disk Pack add-on for the BBC Micro and had a list price of . In the UK, it was bundled with the short lived Advance 86B PC (a near IBM compatible). It supported up to 7 buffers, had a character transpose command, undo, footnotes, and indexing. Its capabilities were very close to that of the dedicated word processors of the day. Perfect Writer's ability to cut and paste between documents open in multiple buffers was an advantage over WordStar.

Perfect Writer supported a number of add-on programs, Perfect Speller and Perfect Thesaurus, also published by Perfect Software, along with third party software such as Plu*Perfect published by Plu*Perfect Systems. Plu*Perfect included "D", a dired-like file browser that was deemed "the best of all directory displayers" by Stewart Brand.

Perfect Writer was originally published by Perfect Software. Later versions of the product were developed and maintained by Knowledge Engineering in Austin, Texas. The thesaurus was designed written and maintained by George O. Jenkins, Jr.

References

External links
 Text Editors Wiki
 Perfect Writer screenshot gallery

Emacs
CP/M software
Commodore 128 software
DOS software
Text editors
Word processors
Discontinued software