omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spherification. Spherification is a culinary process that employs sodium alginate and either calcium chloride or calcium glucate lactate to shape a liquid into squishy spheres which visually and texturally resemble roe. The technique was documented by Unilever in the 1950s and brought to the modernist cuisine by the creative team at El Bulli under the direction of chefs Ferran Adrià and Albert Adrià.

Preparation 
There are two main methods for creating such spheres, which differ based on the calcium content of the liquid product to be spherified.

Basic spherification 
For flavored liquids (such as fruit juices) containing no calcium, the liquid is thoroughly mixed with a small quantity of powdered sodium alginate, then dripped into a bowl filled with a cold solution of calcium chloride, or other soluble calcium salt. 

Similarly to how water dropped into a quantity of oil forms a bubble of water in the oil, each drop of the alginated liquid tends to form into a small sphere in the calcium solution. During a reaction time of a few seconds to a few minutes, the calcium solution causes the outer layer of each alginated liquid sphere to form a thin, flexible skin. The resulting "popping boba" or artificial "caviar" balls are rinsed then in water and saved for later use in food or beverages.

Reverse spherification
Reverse spherification, for use with substances that contain calcium (e.g. milk) or have high acid/alcohol content, requires dripping the substance (containing calcium lactate or calcium lactate gluconate) into a bath of alginate and distilled water.

A more recent technique is frozen reverse spherification, which involves pre-freezing spheres containing calcium lactate gluconate and then submerging them in the sodium alginate bath. 

Basic and reverse spherification methods give much the same result: a sphere of liquid held by a thin gel membrane, texturally similar to roe. However, with the basic method the membrane will continue to thicken until eventually the whole ball is jelly, and so should be used immediately. The reverse spherification method gives far more stable results and can be stored for many hours.

See also 
 Bubble tea
 Edible water bottle
 Liquid marbles
 Molecular gastronomy

References

Young, Chris (2013). "The Science of Spherification". ChefSteps.com

Cooking techniques
Molecular gastronomy
Culinary terminology
Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center. The Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center (, CENIPA) is a unit of the Brazilian Air Force that investigates aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil. It is headquartered in Brasília.

See also

 Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907
 TAM Airlines Flight 3054
 2009 Manaus Aerotáxi crash
 Noar Linhas Aéreas Flight 4896
 Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283

References

External links
 Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center
 Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center  

Government agencies of Brazil
Aviation organisations based in Brazil
Brazil
1982 establishments in Brazil
Soft-in soft-out decoder. A soft-in soft-out decoder (SISO decoder) is a type of soft-decision decoder used with error correcting codes.  "Soft-in" refers to the fact that the incoming data may take on values other than 0 or 1, in order to indicate reliability.  "Soft-out" refers to the fact that each bit in the decoded output also takes on a value indicating reliability.  Typically, the soft output is used as the soft input to an outer decoder in a system using concatenated codes, or to modify the input to a further decoding iteration such as in the decoding of turbo codes.

Examples include the BCJR algorithm and the soft output Viterbi algorithm.

See also 
 Decoding methods
 Error detection and correction
 Forward error correction

References

Error detection and correction
TWA Flight 277. Transcontinental and Western Air Flight 277 was a C-54 Skymaster en route from Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, to Washington, D.C., on June 20, 1944.  The aircraft crashed on Fort Mountain, in Maine's Baxter State Park. All seven on board died, including six civilian crewmembers and one United States Army Air Force passenger.

The flight was a scheduled contract flight for Air Transport Command.  After taking off from Newfoundland, the aircraft encountered severe weather, including heavy rains, high winds, and lightning-induced radio static over New Brunswick and Maine which blew the aircraft  off course.  The pilot, Roger "Rolley" Inman, apparently did not realize that the aircraft, flying at less than 4,000 feet, had been blown into mountainous territory with peaks in excess of 5,000 feet.  The aircraft's starboard wing struck a ridge of boulders at an elevation of  on the mountain and the aircraft impacted the ground and was destroyed.

References

 

Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1944
1944 in Maine
277
Airliner accidents and incidents in Maine
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Piscataquis County, Maine
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-4
Avogadro (software). Avogadro is a molecule editor and visualizer designed for cross-platform use in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. It is extensible via a plugin architecture.

Features 

 Molecule builder-editor for Windows, Linux, Unix, and macOS.
 All source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
 Supported languages include: Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Polish.
 Supports multi-threaded rendering and computation.
 Plugin architecture for developers, including rendering, interactive tools, commands, and Python scripts.
 OpenBabel import of files, input generation for multiple computational chemistry packages, X-ray crystallography, and biomolecules.

See also

References

External links
 

Free chemistry software
Free software programmed in C++
Molecular modelling software
Computational chemistry software
Science software that uses Qt
Chemistry software for Linux
Software using the GNU General Public License
Free bioinformatics software
Robocalypse: Beaver Defense. Robocalypse: Beaver Defense is a tower defense video game developed by Ukrainian studio Vogster Entertainment for WiiWare, and a follow-up to their Nintendo DS game Robocalypse. It was released in North America on May 31, 2010 and in Europe on June 4, 2010.

Game play
The game revolves around a vengeful mutated beaver called 'the Brain Beaver' whose only goal is to get his revenge, with the player on the other end of it. The game play is like any other tower defense game, the player placing defenses around their headquarters in order fight of enemy robots. Where this game differs from other tower defense games is the players ability to control a Hero Robot and have a direct effect on the overall game.

Development
The plot was created by Jay Lender and Micah Wright, former writers for SpongeBob SquarePants who were also involved in the development of the previous game. The game was originally slated to support online play for up to four players, but this was later scrapped for the final release.

Unlike its predecessor, the sequel would be rated Teen by the ESRB solely due to the suggestive appearance of a female character, Constance Menzies, who resembles Flaxen Hayer in the first game.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 7.0 and felt it wasn't as strong as the original release on the DS. However, they still felt that fans of tower defense games would enjoy it. Wiiloveit.com gave it a 22/30, and thought it was an "adequate tower defense game" sold for a "great bargain".

References

2010 video games
Fictional beavers
Fictional mutants
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Tower defense video games
Video games about mammals
Video games about robots
Video games developed in Ukraine
Vogster Entertainment games
Wii games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1957 as Nuclear Instruments. It focuses on detectors descriptions and data analysis methods.

History
Nuclear Instruments (1957–1958)
Nuclear Instruments and Methods (1959–1981)
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (1981–present)
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (1984–present)
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms (1984–present)

External links
Nuclear Instruments
Nuclear Instruments and Methods
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1957
English-language journals
Nuclear physics journals
Research methods journals
Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment. The Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment (ECCE, pronounced "etch-ā") provides a sophisticated graphical user interface, scientific visualization tools, and the underlying data management framework enabling scientists to efficiently set up calculations and store, retrieve, and analyze the rapidly growing volumes of data produced by computational chemistry studies.

Major features 
 Support for building molecular models.
 Graphical user interface to a broad range of electronic structure theory types. Supported codes currently include NWChem, GAMESS (UK), Gaussian 03, Gaussian 98, and Amica. Other codes are registered based on user requirements.
 Graphical user interface for basis set selection.
 Remote submission of calculations to UNIX and Linux workstations, Linux clusters, and supercomputers. Supported queue management systems include PBS, LSF, NQE/NQS, LoadLeveler and Maui Scheduler.
 Three-dimensional visualization and graphical display of molecular data properties while jobs are running and after completion.  Molecular orbitals and vibrational frequencies are among the properties displayed.
 Support for importing results from NWChem, Gaussian 94, Gaussian 98, and Gaussian 03 calculations run outside of the ECCE environment.
 Extensive web-based help.

See also

External links 
 
 Git Hub source code

Computational chemistry software
Molecular modelling software
Energy input labeling. The term energy input labeling involves producers of goods and services determining the amount of energy used to produce their product and then including that information on their product packaging. Energy input labeling is sometimes known by the acronym EIL. Energy input labeling provides the advantage of knowing how much energy was used to produce a product, but it does not indicate how much energy a product uses to operate, such as the European Union energy label or the Energy rating label used in Australia and New Zealand, and is not in itself a standard for energy efficiency such as Energy Saving Trust Recommended or Energy Star.

History
Energy input labeling originated as a project by several energy and economics activists to explore energy accounting.

Usage in industry
Energy input labeling is intended to be easy for producers to implement,  At minimum, they can report and label the energy used by their firm to produce products, which is called "Energy Inputs Added", sometimes merely "Energy Added." If a firm is able to also account for all of the energy imputed by its suppliers, then a firm can report and label "Total Energy Inputs" or "Total Energy", but this is rare. Energy Input Labeling is being used and further developed by the European Organization for Sustainability.

By country

Japan
In Japan, the Top Runner Program is run, in which new appliances are regularly tested on efficiency, and the most efficient ones are made the standard.

See also
 European Union energy label, description of European Union energy label
 EnergyGuide, United States energy label
 Energy rating label, energy label in Australia and New Zealand
China Energy Label, the energy label used in China

References

External links
Userwww.sfsu.edu
Books.google.com.au

Energy conservation
Ecolabelling
CRP Henri Tudor. The Public Research Centre Henri Tudor (or CRP Henri Tudor) is a Luxembourg-based research institute. Created in late 1987, in the framework of the Luxembourgish law of 9 March 1987 about public research, the CRP Henri Tudor took its name from Henri Owen Tudor, a famous Luxembourgish engineer.

CRP Henri Tudor's main mission was to contribute to the improvement and the strengthening of the innovation capacities of enterprises and public organizations. On 1 January 2015, the Public Research Centre Henri Tudor and the Public Research Center Gabriel Lippmann merged to form a new Research and Technology Organization (RTO), the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology.

Activities and services
Applied, experimental and doctoral research; development of tools, methods, labels, certifications and standards; technological assistance, consulting and watch services; knowledge and competence transfer; incubation of high-tech companies as well as training and high-level qualification were part of CRP Henri Tudor's scope of activities.

Competence domains
With the signature of the Performance Contract 2008–2010 with the Luxembourgish State, CRP Henri Tudor's activities were oriented towards five scientific and technological fields:
 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
 Environmental Technologies
 Health Care Technologies
 Materials Technologies
 Business Organisation and Management

Departments
Departments of the Public Research Centre Henri Tudor were:
 Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies (CRTE)
 Resource Centre for Health Care Technologies (CR SANTEC)
 Resource Centre for Technologies and Innovation in Construction (CRTI-B)
 SITec®, Knowledge Transfer & Training Centre
 Technology Watch Centre (CVT)
 High-tech business incubator Technoport®
 Advanced Materials & Structures (AMS)
 Service Science & Innovation (SSI)

See also
 Tudor IT Process Assessment, a method for assessment of IT processes

External links

 
 

Research institutes in Luxembourg
Government research
Bus coupler. A bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. A bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two busbars to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated
with that busbar.

It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.

Characteristics

MIL-STD-1553B specifies the transformer characteristics and turns ratio of 1.4:1 with the higher turns on the isolation resistor side of the stub.  The MIL-STD-1553B also specifies the isolation resistors that are placed in series with each connection to the bus.  Normally bus couplers are available with 1.4:1 transformer ratios and 59 ohm (2 watt 1%) resistors.  For special applications, couplers can be supplied with different transformer ratios (e.g., 1:1) and other resistance values (e.g., 54.9 ohms).

Bus coupler configurations are available as non-terminated or internally terminated.  If two or more non-terminated couplers are used on a bus, then the couplers at each end of the bus must be terminated externally with 78-ohm terminators on the unused bus connections of the end couplers.  Alternately, internally single-terminated couplers (with or without the non-functional bus connectors) can be supplied.

Even if only one non-terminated coupler acts as the bus because all devices (bus controller, remote terminals, etc.) are connected to the coupler stubs, the external bus connections of the coupler must be terminated.  A dual-terminated coupler (with or without non-functional bus connectors) can be employed where the coupler acts as the bus without other couplers.   
RFI dust caps (with or without safety chains) are recommended for all unused stub ports. 
Data bus couplers are readily available in 2 through 8 stubs and in various sizes and shapes of boxes and slim inline models.  Also, a variety of connectors are offered with couplers.

External links
How to use Bus Couplers Tutorial (video) from Excalibur Systems Inc. (No Registration Required)
MIL-STD-1553B Concepts and Considerations from MilesTek Corporation (No Registration Required)

Serial buses
Air Force Real Property Agency. The Air Force Real Property Agency (AFRPA) merged with the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment and the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency to form the Air Force Civil Engineer Center on Oct. 1, 2012. 

AFRPA acquired, disposed of and managed all Air Force-controlled real property worldwide. It was an agency within the office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations, Environment and Logistics.

History
The Air Force Real Property Agency traced its roots to 15 November 1991, through the creation of the Air Force Base Disposal Agency, a field-operating agency that reported to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, Installations and Environment. The agency was created as the single focus for base conversion matters and the execution of environmental programs and real property disposal for major Air Force bases in the United States being closed or realigned under the authorities of the Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1988 and the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990.

In 1993, the agency was renamed the Air Force Base Conversion Agency, a name that clearly identified its role in assisting BRAC communities through the process of closing and realigning bases from military to civilian reuse. AFBCA ensured that property at these Air Force installations was made available for reuse. The agency provided civilian reuse transition planning caretaker services to include installation protection, maintenance, and operations.  Additionally the agency was responsible for environmental planning, compliance, and restoration and real property disposal.

The Secretary of the Air Force consolidated the Air Force Base Conversion Agency with the Air Force Real Estate Division to form the Air Force Real Property Agency 16 October 2002. The division managed real property acquisition and disposal for active Air Force installations worldwide. This transformation consolidated the Air Force's real property disposal and acquisition efforts for both active-duty and BRAC installations. The new agency reported to the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations, Environment and Logistics.

References

Notes

Field operating agencies of the United States Air Force
Nextspace. Nextspace www.nextspace.com is a provider of a unique ontology based digital twin data platform and visual collaboration solution.

Formation
The organization was formed as a collaboration between the New Zealand government and Right Hemisphere, .

Nextspace Digital Twin Platform
Nextspace provides a data-driven ontology management system that is designed to make the creation of digital twins as easy as possible. It does this by amalgamating and unifying data, graphics and documents together around a visual representation in time and space.  

2D, 3D, point cloud, photogrammetry, CAD, BIM, GIS, documents, work orders and asset management data can be brought together, unified, visualized and analyzed in a web browser with no compromise on performance.

The solution provides the ability to unify data for AI training, analytics, visualization and dynamic control of the real world.

For more information see www.nextspace.com

Notes

Software companies of New Zealand
O.D. Hopkins. O.D. Hopkins (1926, Beijing–April 3, 2010) was the founder of the amusement ride manufacturing firm O.D. Hopkins Associates Inc. Hopkins' family moved from Beijing to New Jersey when he was two years old. He first worked as a farmer, then in logging and road and bridge contracting, then in pre-poured concrete]. 

Hopkins incorporated Hopkins Engineering in 1962 and from 1962 to 1964 operated as a general contractor installing ski lifts for J.A. Roebling & Sons of Trenton, New Jersey. In 1965 Hopkins purchased the ski lift division and all the related assets from Roebling & Sons. Business improved after a competitor, Universal Design Ltd., discontinued manufacturing Sky Rides, and their customers turned to Hopkins Engineering for parts. Hopkins' first customer in the amusement business was Charles Wood of Storytown USA who owned a Universal Design ski lift and contracted Hopkins to provide parts and maintenance. In 1969 Hopkins sold his first Sky Glider chairlift to Paragon Park in Massachusetts. In 1971 Hopkins changed the name of his company to O.D. Hopkins Associates Inc.

O.D. Hopkins had a long business relationship and friendship with Paul Roads of Wonderland Park (Texas), which currently operates eight Hopkins rides, many of them prototypes, including Hopkins' first flume, first Sky Rider (monorail), first Rapids Ride, and first Roller Coaster.

Hopkins retired in 1991.

References

1926 births
2010 deaths
Amusement ride manufacturers