omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Japanese destroyer Yūdachi (1906). ("Morning wind") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Yūdachi was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Yūdachi was launched at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal on 26 March 1906 and completed on 16 July. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. Yūdachi was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Sasebo Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Yūgure (1905). ("evening sunset") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Yūgure was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Yūgure was launched at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal on 17 November 1905 and completed on 26 May 1906. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. Yūgure was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Sasebo Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Mikazuki (1906). ("Sickle moon") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Mikazuki was launched at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal on 26 May 1906 and completed on 12 September. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She  was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Sasebo Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Nowaki (1906). ("A gale between grass" or "Autumn typhoon") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Nowaki was launched at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal on 25 July 1906 and completed on 1 November. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was decommissioned on 1 April 1924 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Sasebo Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Hatsuyuki (1906). ("First snow") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Hatsuyuki was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Hatsuyuki was launched at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 8 March 1906 and completed on 17 May. The ship was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. She was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Wakaba (1905). ("Young leaves") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Wakaba was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Wakaba was launched at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 25 November 1905 and completed on 28 February 1906. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. Wakaba was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Kisaragi (1905). ("February") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Kisaragi was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Kisaragi was launched at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 6 September 1905 and completed on 19 October. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924 and was decommissioned on 1 April 1928, although Kisaragi remained in use until 12 October, and was subsequently broken up for scrap.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Hibiki (1906). ("Echo") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Hibiki was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Hibiki was launched at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 31 March 1906 and completed on 6 September. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. Hibiki was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Hatsushimo (1905). ("First frost" or "October) was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Hatsushimo was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Hatsushimo was launched at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 13 May 1905 and completed on 18 August. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. Hatsushimo was decommissioned on 1 April 1928, although she remained in use until 12 October and was subsequently broken up for scrap.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Japanese destroyer Asakaze (1905). ("Morning wind") was one of 32 s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Asakaze was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Asakaze was launched at Mitsubishi's shipyard in Nagasaki on 28 October 1905 and completed on 24 February 1906. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924 and was decommissioned on 1 April 1928, although Asakaze remained in use until 31 January 1929. She was sunk as a target by the battlecruisers  and  on 1 August.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Ships sunk as targets
Shipwrecks of Japan
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Nature Conservation Society of Japan. The  (NACS-J) is a Japanese NGO founded in 1951. It is a member organization of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, for which it acts as the Japanese coordinator. The society developed out of the , formed in 1949 to challenge plans to build a hydroelectric power station in the Oze marshes; two years later, after organizing a petition to combat the issue of sulfur mining at Mount Meakan in Hokkaidō, the Union reformed as the country's first nature conservation organization. More recent initiatives have included the development of a citizen-led satoyama monitoring system.

See also
 Oze National Park
 Wildlife Protection Areas in Japan
 Wild Bird Society of Japan

References

External links
  Nature Conservation Society of Japan
  Nature Conservation Society of Japan
  The Nature Conservation Movement in Post-War Japan

Environmental organizations based in Japan
1951 establishments in Japan
Hydroxymethylation. Hydroxymethylation is a chemical reaction that installs the CH2OH group.  The transformation can be implemented in many ways and applies to both industrial and biochemical processes.

Hydroxymethylation with formaldehyde
A common method for hydroxymethylation involves the reaction of formaldehyde with active C-H and N-H bonds:
R3C-H  +  CH2O  →  R3C-CH2OH
R2N-H  +  CH2O  →  R2N-CH2OH
A typical active C-H bond is provided by a terminal acetylene or the alpha protons of an aldehyde. In industry, hydroxymethylation of acetaldehyde with formaldehyde is used in the production of pentaerythritol:

P-H bonds are also prone to reaction with formaldehyde.  Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride ([P(CH2OH)4]Cl) is produced in this way from phosphine (PH3).

Hydroxymethylation in demethylation
5-Methylcytosine is a common epigenetic marker.  The methyl group is modified by oxidation of the methyl group in a process called hydroxymethylation:
RCH3  +  O  →  RCH2OH
This oxidation is thought to be a prelude to removal, regenerating cytosine.

Representative reactions
A two-step hydroxymethylation of aldehydes involves methylenation followed by hydroboration-oxidation:
RCHO  +  Ph3P=CH2 →  RCH=CH2  +  Ph3PO  
RCH=CH2   +  R2BH  →  RCH2-CH2BR2 
RCH2-CH2BR2  +  H2O2  →  RCH2-CH2OH  +  "HOBR2" 

Silylmethyl Grignard reagents are nucleophilic  reagents for hydroxymethylation of ketones:
R2C=O  +  ClMgCH2SiR'3 →  R2C(OMgCl)CH2SiR'3  
R2C(OMgCl)CH2SiR'3  +  H2O  +  H2O2  → R2C(OH)CH2OH  +  "HOSiR'3"

Reactions of hydroxymethylated compounds
A common reaction of hydroxymethylated compounds is further reaction with a second equivalent of an active X-H bond:
hydroxymethylation: X-H  +  CH2O  →  X-CH2OH
crosslinking: X-H  +  X-CH2OH  →  X-CH2-X  +  H2O

This pattern is illustrated by the use of formaldehyde in the production various polymers and resins from phenol-formaldehyde condensations (Bakelite, Novolak, and calixarenes). Similar crosslinking occurs in urea-formaldehyde resins.

The hydroxymethylation of N-H and P-H bonds can often be reversed by base.  This reaction is illustrated by the preparation of tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine:
[P(CH2OH)4]Cl + NaOH → P(CH2OH)3 + H2O + H2C=O + NaCl

When conducted in the presence of chlorinating agents, hydroxymethylation leads to chloromethylation as illustrated by the Blanc chloromethylation.

Related
Hydroxyethylation involves the installation of the CH2CH2OH group, as practiced in ethoxylation.
Aminomethylation is often effected with Eschenmoser's salt, [(CH3)2NCH2]OTf

References

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Bromine cycle. The bromine cycle is a biogeochemical cycle of bromine through the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

Sources

Natural sources 
Bromine is present naturally as bromide salts in evaporite deposits. Bromine is also present in soils and in marine algae that synthesize organic bromine compounds. Other natural sources of bromine come from polar regions, salt lakes, and volcanoes.

The primary natural source of bromine to the atmosphere is sea spray aerosols. Smaller fluxes originate from volcanic emissions and biomass burning. The primary atmospheric sinks are sea spray deposition and photochemical reactions, which release gaseous bromine.

Anthropogenic sources 
Bromine is used in flame retardants, pesticides, lighter fuel, antiknocking agents, and for water purification. The organic form of this element is used as flame retardants commercially and in pesticides. These chemicals have led to an increase in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Some countries use bromine to treat drinking water, similar to chlorination. Bromine is also present as impurities emitted from cooling towers.

Reactions with ozone 
Winter sea ice is a significant atmospheric contribution of bromine. Organic bromine gases such as CH3Br, CH2Br2, CH2IBr are emitted by microorganisms in sea ice and snow at ten-fold higher rates than from other environments. In polar areas, decreasing sea ice releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer, bromine is released in the spring when the ice melts.

Inorganic bromine is found in the atmosphere and is quickly cycled between its gas and its particulate phase. Bromine gas (Br2) undergoes an autocatalytic cycle known as the 'bromine explosion', which occurs in the ocean and salt lakes such as the Dead Sea, where a high quantity of salts are exposed to the atmosphere. Bromine contributes to 5-15% of tropospheric ozone layer losses.

References 

Biogeochemistry
Bromine