omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Non-virtual interface pattern. The non-virtual interface pattern (NVI) controls how methods in a base class are overridden. Such methods may be called by clients and overridable methods with core functionality. It is a pattern that is strongly related to the template method pattern. The NVI pattern recognizes the benefits of a non-abstract method invoking the subordinate abstract methods. This level of indirection allows for pre and post operations relative to the abstract operations both immediately and with future unforeseen changes. The NVI pattern can be deployed with very little software production and runtime cost. Many commercial software frameworks employ the NVI pattern.

Benefits and detriments 

A design that adheres to this pattern results in a separation of a class interface into two distinct interfaces:
 Client interface: This is the public non-virtual interface
 Subclass interface: This is the private interface, which can have any combination virtual and non-virtual methods.

With such a structure, the fragile base class interface problem is mitigated. The only detriment is that the code is enlarged a little.

C# example 

public abstract class Saveable
{
    // The invariant processing for the method is defined in the non virtual interface.
    // The behaviour so defined is inherited by all derived classes.
    // For example, creating and committing a transaction.
    public void Save()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Creating transaction");
        CoreSave();
        Console.WriteLine("Committing transaction");
    }
 
    // The variant processing for the method is defined in the subclass interface.
    // This behaviour can be customised as needed by subclasses.
    // For example the specific implementation of saving data to the database. 
    protected abstract void CoreSave();
}
 
 
public class Customer : Saveable
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public decimal Credit { get; set; }
 
    protected override void CoreSave()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Saved customer {Name} with credit limit {Credit}");
    }
}

See also 
 Template method pattern

References

External links 
 Non-Virtual Interface

Software design patterns
Articles with example Java code
Method (computer programming)
Vol Xerpa ULM Pulsar. The Vol Xerpa ULM Pulsar is a Spanish ultralight aircraft produced by Vol Xerpa of Barcelona. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Pulsar is a development of the conventional landing gear-equipped Kolb Firestar II and was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed or open cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and includes a folding feature to facilitate ground transportation or storage. The standard engine available is  the  Rotax 582 two-stroke powerplant.

The standard version has only a windshield, but a fully enclosed cockpit fairing is available.

Specifications (Pulsar)

References

External links

Official photos of the Pulsar

2000s Spanish ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sven Josef Cyvin. Sven Josef Cyvin (25 February 1931 – 19 September 2013) was a Norwegian chemist.

Early life and education 
He was born in Czechoslovakia, but emigrated to Norway with his parents in 1940. He finished his secondary education at Trondheim Cathedral School in 1949 and graduated in chemical engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1956. During his studies, he met his wife and collaborator Bjørg Cyvin. In 1960 he took the dr.techn. degree. From 1964 he was a docent, and from 1970 to his retirement he was a professor of theoretical chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

Cyvin was a prolific researcher, publishing over 700 articles during his career. was also active in the social movements Pugwash, Nei til Atomvåpen and Framtiden i våre hender.

References

1931 births
2013 deaths
Czechoslovak emigrants to Norway
Scientists from Trondheim
People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian chemists
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Norwegian anti–nuclear weapons activists
Berry Brothers Bolt Works. The Berry Brothers Bolt Works is a former factory in Columbus, Ohio, United States.  For more than a century after its 1888 construction, the factory produced machine tools using original equipment.  The structure itself is one of Columbus' most prominent factory buildings, and it was named a historic site in its centennial year.

Berry Brothers is a brick building with an asphalt roof, set on a foundation of limestone.  Numerous windows, many set in pairs, cover the three-story facade of the main and secondary sections of the building.  The building is typical of period factories, due to major components such as the brick walls and gabled roof, and also because of smaller elements such as the wooden windows with numerous small panes of glass, a four-story tower with staircase, and clerestory.

Near the end of the nineteenth century, Columbus possessed numerous factories that built buggies and various machine tools, and the Berry Brothers constructed their manufacturing plant in 1888 for the sole purpose of producing bolts for these factories.  A competing firm, built at the same time, went out of business before Berry Brothers.  Their business, on the other hand, prospered; the building was greatly expanded in 1900, and a second large addition was erected ten years later.  As buggies were replaced by cars, Berry Brothers continued in operation, using its 1880s equipment into the 1980s.  No longer a factory, the company's building was purchased in 2000 with the goal of renovation, although financial problems delayed the start of work until 2004.

In early 1988, the bolt factory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying on three of the Register's four listing criteria: because of its architecture, because of its place in local history, and because of its potential to be an industrial archaeological site.  The only criterion under which it did not qualify was that of association with a prominent individual.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus, Ohio

References

External links

Industrial buildings completed in 1888
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Columbus, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Columbus, Ohio
Industrial archaeological sites in the United States
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Manufacturing plants in the United States
Screws
Italian Village
Germanium monosulfide. Germanium monosulfide or Germanium(II) sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula GeS.  Germanium sulfide is a red-brown powder or black crystals. It hydrolyzes slowly in moist air but rapidly reacts in water forming Ge(OH)2 and then GeO. It is one of a few sulfides that can be sublimed under vacuum without decomposition. It also forms chalcogenide glasses and is a semiconductor.

Preparation
First made by Winkler by reducing GeS2 with Ge. Other methods include reduction in a stream of H2 gas, or with an excess of H3PO2 followed by vacuum sublimation.

Structure
It has a layer structure similar to that of black phosphorus.  The Ge-S distances range from 247 to 300 pm. Molecular GeS in the gas phase has a Ge-S bond length of 201.21 pm.

References

Germanium(II) compounds
Monosulfides
490th. 490th may refer to:

490th Bombardment Group, inactive United States Army Air Force unit
490th Fighter Squadron or 119th Fighter Squadron, flies the F-16C Fighting Falcon
490th Missile Squadron (490 MS), part of the 341st Missile Wing based at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana

See also
490 (number)
490, the year 490 (CDXC) of the Julian calendar
490 BC
478th. 478th may refer to:

478th Aeronautical Systems Wing (478 ASW), wing of the United States Air Force based out of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
478th Bombardment Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit
478th Tactical Fighter Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit

See also
478 (number)
478, the year 478 (CDLXXVIII) of the Julian calendar
478 BC
Warner Sportster. The Warner Sportster is an American light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Warner Aerocraft of Seminole, Florida. The aircraft is only supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Sportster was designed by Jesse Anglin of Henderson, North Carolina. It was derived from his earlier design, the Warner Spacewalker II, to comply with the US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a cantilever low-wing, a single-seat or a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit which can be optionally enclosed under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing, with its wooden wings covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine available is the  Continental O-200 four-stroke powerplant. The  Lycoming O-290 has also been used.

As of March 2017, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

Operational history
By March 2017 five examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, all in the experimental category.

Specifications (Sportster two-seater)

References

External links

Sportster
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Encoder receiver transmitter. Encoder receiver transmitter (ERT) is a packet radio protocol developed by Itron for automatic meter reading.  The technology is used to transmit data from utility meters over a short range so a utility vehicle can collect meter data without a worker physically inspecting each meter.

The ERT protocol was first described in .  More technical detail is explained in later .

Technical details 

ERT is an OOK modulated radio signal which is transmitted in the unlicensed 900-920 MHz band. The message is transmitted in the clear and uses Manchester encoding. The protocol uses frequency-hopping, a multiple access method to avoid interference with other nearby meters. SCM and IDM packet formats are described in

SCM packet 

SCM messages are 12 bytes.  Each message contains single, cumulative meter reading value along with the meter serial number, commodity type and checksum and tamper flags.

IDM packet 

IDM messages are 92 bytes and contain time of use consumption data.

Later patents describe further variations of packets with variable length.

Implementations 

Several vendors (besides Itron) have implemented ERT receivers (usually in order to read consumption data from Itron meters.)  Notably, Digi sells an ERT gateway, and Grid Insight sells a PC-based product called the AMRUSB-1.

It should be possible to decode ERT signals using general purpose UHF packet radios such as the Texas Instruments CC1101 or Freescale MC33696. A software-defined radio receiver has been implemented using inexpensive hardware: RTLAMR, and the rtl_433 software will decode SCM messages. Kismet (software) has an rtlamr data source .

References

Further reading 

 Grid Insight - Itron ERT technology
 Dave's Tech Blog - Itron Remote Read Electric Meter 
 RTLAMR - An rtl-sdr receiver for the ERT protocol

Packet radio
Smart grid
Fengjie Yangtze River Bridge. The Fengjie Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge which crosses the Yangtze River in Fengjie, Chongqing, China. Completed in 2005, it carries 4 lanes of traffic on the S201 provincial road. The bridges main span measures  which places it among the longest cable-stayed spans in the world. The bridge was constructed  above the original river however the reservoir created by the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the clearance is vastly reduced.

See also
List of largest cable-stayed bridges
Yangtze River bridges and tunnels

External links
http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fengjie_Yangtze_River_Bridge

References

Bridges in Chongqing
Bridges over the Yangtze River
Cable-stayed bridges in China
Bridges completed in 2005
Mark Sarkisian. Mark Sarkisian is an American structural engineer. He is the Partner of seismic and structural engineering in the San Francisco office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. He is notable for designing many landmark high rise buildings in USA, China and the middle east.

Career
Sarkisian has designed over 50 major building projects around the world including the Embassy of the United States, Beijing, the NBC Tower in Chicago, the Cathedral of Christ the Light, St. Regis Museum Tower a 42 story tall building in San Francisco, Rolex Tower a 59 story tall tower in UAE, Zifeng Tower an 89 story tall building, Tianjin World Financial Center a 74 story tall building in China, the Jin Mao Tower - currently the fifth tallest building in the world, and the 415 meter-tall Al-Hamra Tower in Kuwait.

Sarkisian holds eight U.S. Patents for high-performance seismic structural mechanisms designed to protect buildings in areas of high seismicity and for seismic and environmentally responsible structural systems.

He has published more than 100 papers examining seismic behavior, tall building design, and innovative uses of materials in structures. Over his 25-year-long career, he has received over 50 awards for innovation in structural engineering. He has also received an Honorary Doctorate Degree from Clarkson University. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2021 for innovation in efficient and aesthetic design of tall buildings and structures.

Sarkisian currently teaches an Integrated Studio class that includes students from UC Berkeley, California College of the Arts, Stanford, and Cal Poly which is focused on the collaborative opportunities in design. He received his Bachelor of Science from the University of Connecticut, and his Master of Science from Lehigh University.

Gallery

Publications
BOSWELL, C. K., LONG, E., MATHIAS, N. & SARKISIAN, M. (2010). Jinmao Tower - The Design Integration of Structural Efficiency, Architectural Expression and High Performance Exterior Wall Systems. Presented at the Munich Tall Building Conference 2010. Courtesy of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, San Francisco, CA, USA.
DOO C. S., LONG, E., SARKISIAN, M. & SHOOK, D. (2009). Optimization Tools for the Design of Structures. Presented at 2009 SEAOC Convention. Courtesy of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, San Francisco, CA, USA.
LEE, P., LONG, E., MATHIAS, N. & SARKISIAN, M. (2009). New Frontiers in the Design of Integrated Exterior Wall Systems. Presented at ASCESEI 2009. Courtesy of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, San Francisco, CA, USA.

See also
Fazlur Rahman Khan
Bill Baker
Dan M. Frangopol

References

External links
Khan's Vision

Living people
American civil engineers
University of Connecticut alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill people
The Power of 10: Rules for Developing Safety-Critical Code. The Power of 10 Rules were created in 2006 by Gerard J. Holzmann of the NASA/JPL Laboratory for Reliable Software.  The rules are intended to eliminate certain C coding practices which make code difficult to review or statically analyze.  These rules are a complement to the MISRA C guidelines and have been incorporated into the greater set of JPL coding standards.

Rules
The ten rules are:
 Avoid complex flow constructs, such as goto and recursion.
 All loops must have fixed bounds.  This prevents runaway code.
 Avoid heap memory allocation.
 Restrict functions to a single printed page.
 Use a minimum of two runtime assertions per function.
 Restrict the scope of data to the smallest possible.
 Check the return value of all non-void functions, or cast to void to indicate the return value is useless.
 Use the preprocessor sparingly.
 Limit pointer use to a single dereference, and do not use function pointers.
 Compile with all possible warnings active; all warnings should then be addressed before release of the software.

Uses
The NASA study of the Toyota electronic throttle control firmware found at least 243 violations of these rules.

See also
 Life critical system
Coding conventions
Software quality
Software assurance

Further reading

References

External links
 NASA Technical Standards System Software Assurance and Software Safety Standard
 Open Source Satellite: How do you make software that is reliable enough for space missions?

C (programming language)
Programming principles
The Eraser Company. The Eraser Company is an American manufacturer of electrical products best known for its wire and tube cutting machines. It also manufactures and markets other related devices for a variety of mostly commercial industries.

The Eraser Company was founded by Joseph K. Rush in 1911. The company is located in Syracuse, New York and is currently headed by CEO and president Marcus BeVard.

History
The Eraser Company was incorporated in 1935 Until the 1940s, the Rush eraser was the only product manufactured by The Eraser Company. It was used for typing and drafting corrections on printed material. Expansion followed the company's discovery that the product would also remove film insulation from magnet wires. Since then, the company developed its capabilities beyond magnet wire stripping into cable, wire and tube processing (stripping, feeding, cutting, twisting, measuring, dereeling) equipment, and infrared heating devices.

The company is family owned and operated and has been based in Syracuse, NY since its establishment.

The company opened and operated a sales and distribution facility in Andover, England in 1974, with the purpose of sales and service to Europe. Because of the global nature of business by the 21st century, this operation was consolidated to the company’s Syracuse headquarters in 2004. Additional export markets include Latin America, South America, Mexico, Western Europe, Africa, Middle East, Asia, Pacific Rim, Australia, China, and Canada.

In May 2009, the Manufacturers Association of Central New York posthumously honored Eraser Company's past president, Ralph BeVard, Sr. with its 2009 Wall of Fame Award for his contributions to the economic vitality of that region.

Product
The Eraser Company develops, manufactures and sells a variety of wire, tube and cable cutting machines for many industries, including the electric motor, automotive, wire harness, medical device, telecommunications and aerospace/avionics industries. The machines include wire and cable processing and handling products such as reeler/dereelers, winders, straighteners, cutters, twisters, and strippers. Other products include infrared heating equipment, fiberglass brushes and erasers and measuring equipment.

Branding and corporate divisions include the Rush Eraser, Power Brush wire wheels, Glo-Ring infrared tools, Lux Therm infrared lamps, Remarcable  coaxial cable stripping tools, and Wybar component lead forming (now obsolete).

External links
The Eraser Company

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1911
1911 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in Syracuse, New York
Sulai. Sulai is a rectified spirit brewed in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.  A clear, colourless alcohol, Sulai is known as tharra in north India, handia or pheni in Nepal, and referred to as country liquor in colloquial parlance.  It is generally brewed from fermented molasses or occasionally rice.

Preparation 
In the traditional method, molasses or unrefined treacle are first fermented in a large tin or drum.  This is an anaerobic process carried out under controlled conditions of temperature and pH, wherein reducing sugars are broken down to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

The fermented molasses are then distilled in a large cylindrical metallic vessel continuously over firewood in an earthen oven.  Above the main cylinder, a perforated container is placed, inside of which is a metallic collector kept on an iron tripod. The metallic collector is where the distillate sulai is collected.  The bottom of the condenser vessel is plastered with mud to prevent excess ventilation during distillation.

Water is replaced three to five times after it is heated.  Condensed Sulai is collected in a small metallic vessel. The strength of the brew is determined by the number of times water is replaced, with the amount of untreated alcohol being higher when this is done fewer times.

Sulai is generally stored in clear, glass bottles.  It has a strong pungent odour and is therefore often brewed in fields or away from people's homes.  As the brew does not undergo multiple distillation, it has a very high alcohol content and is considered a rectified spirit. Alcohol content can be as much as 40-45%.

History and political economy of manufacture 
Sulai is frequently referred to as country spirits, a term that was introduced by the East India Company in 1856 in reference to native modes of liquor preparation. The company began to levee a tax, known as abkaree, for the manufacture and retail of Sulai.  Under this monthly tax system, the holder of a license (mahaldar) for country spirits could not brew more than ten gallons per day.  Licensed distilleries were both private and government-owned.  To each distillery was attached an excise establishment consisting of a daroga and a few peons.  The spirit manufactured was tested with a hydrometer and measured by the daroga without whose knowledge no spirit could be removed from the distillery. This regulation of manufacture meant that the brewing of sulai without a permit was illicit, a law that continues to hold in Assam today.

Although illegal, certain rural people in Assam are economically dependent on sulai, which is commonly sold in liquor stills (sulai bhatti) and private retail units.

Consumption and cultural references 
Sulai is generally drunk directly without addition of water. Fried meat or any other curry is a frequent accompaniment. Traditionally, sulai is consumed by people from lower caste ethnic groups. Significant stigma is associated with consuming the brew, and scholars have argued that elites have historically constituted it as a drink of the 'lowly' classes.

See also
 Tharra, a similar brew from north India

References 

Indian distilled drinks
Assamese cuisine
411th. 411th may refer to:

411th Bombardment Group, inactive United States Air Force unit
411th Bombardment Squadron, part of the 6th Air Mobility Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
411th Civil Affairs Battalion (United States) (Tactical), civil affairs (CA) unit of the United States Army
411th Engineer Brigade (United States), combat engineer brigade of the United States Army headquartered in New Windsor, New York
411th Fighter Squadron or 196th Reconnaissance Squadron, unit of the California Air National Guard
411th Flight Test Squadron (411 FLTS), part of the 412th Test Wing based at Edwards Air Force Base, California
411th Support Brigade (United States), support brigade of the United States Army

See also
411 (number)
411 (disambiguation), including the year 411 (CDXI) of the Julian calendar
411 BC