omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Michaelis–Menten–Monod kinetics. For Michaelis–Menten–Monod (MMM) kinetics it is intended the coupling of an enzyme-driven chemical reaction of the Michaelis–Menten type with the Monod growth of an organisms that performs the chemical reaction. The enzyme-driven reaction can be conceptualized as the binding of an enzyme E with the substrate S to form an intermediate complex C, which releases the reaction product P and the unchanged enzyme E. During the metabolic consumption of S, biomass B is produced, which synthesizes the enzyme, thus feeding back to the chemical reaction. The two processes can be expressed as

where  and  are the forward and backward equilibrium rate constants,  is the reaction rate constant for product release,  is the biomass yield coefficient, and  is the enzyme yield coefficient.

Transient kinetics

The kinetic equations describing the reactions above can be derived from the GEBIK equations and are written as

where  is the biomass mortality rate and  is the enzyme degradation rate. These equations describe the full transient kinetics, but cannot be normally constrained to experiments because the complex C is difficult to measure and there is no clear consensus on whether it actually exists.

Quasi-steady-state kinetics

Equations 3 can be simplified by using the quasi-steady-state (QSS) approximation, that is, for ; under the QSS, the kinetic equations describing the MMM problem become

where  is the Michaelis–Menten constant (also known as the half-saturation concentration and affinity).

Implicit analytic solution 

If one hypothesizes that the enzyme is produced at a rate proportional to the biomass production and degrades at a rate proportional to the biomass mortality, then Eqs. 4 can be rewritten as

where , , ,  are explicit function of time . Note that Eq. (4b) and (4d) are linearly dependent on Eqs. (4a) and (4c), which are the two differential equations that can be used to solve the MMM problem. An implicit analytic solution can be obtained if  is chosen as the independent variable and , ,  and ) are rewritten as functions of  so to obtain

where  has been substituted by  as per mass balance , with the initial value  when , and where  has been substituted by  as per the linear relation  expressed by Eq. (4d). The analytic solution to Eq. (5b) is

with the initial biomass concentration  when . To avoid the solution of a transcendental function, a polynomial Taylor expansion to the second-order in  is used for  in Eq. (6) as

Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (5a} and solving for  with the initial value , one obtains the implicit solution for  as

with the constants
  
 

 
  

  
 

 

For any chosen value of , the biomass concentration can be calculated with Eq. (7) at a time  given by Eq. (8). The corresponding values of  and  can be determined using the mass balances introduced above.

See also
 Enzyme kinetics
 Michaelis–Menten kinetics
 Monod 
 GEBIK equations

References

Enzyme kinetics
Corvus Racer 312. The Corvus Racer 312 is a Chinese ultralight and light-sport aircraft under development by Corvus Aerospace (Suzhou) of Suzhou and first flown 1 November 2013. The aircraft is to be supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Racer 312 was designed as a smaller version of the Corvus Racer 540, to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It was designed and the prototype built over a period of 13 months in 2012–13.

The Racer 312 features a cantilever low-wing, two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft is made from composite material and its  span wing employs split flaps. The standard engine fitted is the  Rotax 912ULS four-stroke powerplant. With this engine the cruise speed is anticipated to be .

As of February 2017, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

Specifications (Racer 312)

References

External links

Racer 312
2010s Chinese ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Keigley Branch Bridge. Keigley Branch Bridge is a historic structure located northeast of Gilbert, Iowa, United States. It spans the Keigley Branch for . The Iowa State Highway Commission was re-formed in 1913 and they developed standard designs for smaller bridges. One of their designs was an alternative to the Luten arch. They were built throughout the state in the 1910s and 1920s. This is the oldest remaining arch bridge from that era. The Koss Construction Company of Des Moines completed it in 1913 for $3,384.85. The bridge features a medium-span arch with concrete-filled spandrels, paneled guardrails, a corbeled arch ring, and two-tone concrete detailing. The Keigley Branch Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

See also

List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Iowa
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places listings in Jones County, Iowa

References

External links

Bridges completed in 1913
Bridges in Story County, Iowa
Historic American Engineering Record in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Story County, Iowa
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Arch bridges in Iowa
Concrete bridges in the United States
William H. Hilarides. William Hunter Hilarides (born 1959) is a former Vice Admiral in the United States Navy.

Early life and education
He attended Amos Alonzo Stagg High School in Palos Hills, IL, where he was voted "Most Likely to Succeed".
Raised in Chicago, he graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1981 with a Bachelor of Science in Physics. After graduation, he served as master of the Naval Academy Sailing Squadron sloop Avenger, competing in numerous offshore racing events.

He holds a master's degree in engineering management from the Catholic University of America, completed the Air Force Command and Staff College, MIT Seminar XXI Program in International Security Affairs and numerous acquisition schools.

Naval career
Prior to command, he served at sea aboard ,  and , deploying to the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic and Western Pacific, as well as conducting several strategic deterrent patrols. Ashore, he served on the staff of Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; Bureau of Naval Personnel; Joint Staff; and the staff of the chief of naval operations.

Hilarides commanded  from May 1998 to November 2000 in Pearl Harbor. While in command, he deployed to the Western Pacific and conducted a major shipyard maintenance period.

Since becoming an acquisition professional in 2002, he has served as director, Advanced Submarine Research and Development, program manager of the SSGN Program and program executive officer for submarines, where he was responsible for all new construction submarine programs, along with the acquisition and life cycle maintenance of submarine weapons, countermeasures, sonar, combat control and imaging systems.

Hilarides became the 43rd commander of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) June 7, 2013. As NAVSEA commander, he overseaw a global workforce of more than 56,000 military and civilian personnel responsible for the development, delivery and maintenance of the Navy’s ships, submarines and systems.   Hilarides retired on 10 June 2016.

Awards
Hilarides has received various personal and campaign awards, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit and the Meritorious Unit Commendation.

References

External links
 

Living people
Catholic University of America alumni
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States submarine commanders
NAVSEA commanders
1959 births
Sikorsky S-32. The Sikorsky S-32 was an American single engine aircraft built by the Sikorsky Manufacturing Corporation in 1926.

Design and development
The S-32 was a large single-bay sesquiplane using parallel interplane struts and bracing wires with three open cockpits, the rearmost cockpit for a pilot and two forward cockpits capable of holding two passengers each. The fuselage and wing were constructed from metal and covered with fabric. Powered by a  Liberty L-12 water-cooled V-12, it was built for the Andean National Corporation to explore Colombia and served as a floatplane fitted with pontoons.

Specifications (S-32)

References

S-036
Sesquiplanes
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Electro Scan Inc.. Electro Scan Inc. is a designer and manufacturer of water and sewer machine-intelligent pipeline inspection devices and  provider of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) based cloud reporting. The company utilizes electric currents to detect leaks in non-conductive sewer pipes. The company is based in Sacramento, California, with additional offices in London, England and Toronto, Canada.

History
Electro Scan was founded in October 2011 by Chuck Hansen in Sacramento, California. In 2012, the Water Environment Research Foundation approved a testing project in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, in which the company used its technology to check non-conductive sewer pipes that had previously been inspected for leaks using other methods. Its technology was utilized by the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati and the Twin City Water & Sewer District, Ohio, to measure leaks in their systems in 2014. In July 2015, the City of San Francisco's Public Utilities Commission ordered an Electro Scan van and equipment to inspect its pipes. That same year, the company's technology was used by the city of Surrey, British Columbia, to address defects in their sewer system that CCTV inspections weren't able to find.

In 2015, Electro Scan Inc. executed a strategic marketing agreement with UK-based WRC plc (Swindon, England), developers of international standards for Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) coding standards, to supply Electro Scan services to British water companies for Pre- and Post-Rehabilitation Pipeline Condition Assessment of pipelines.

In 2019, Electro Scan Inc. was first named to the GovTech 100 list of top government technologies, and again in 2020.

Technology
The company's electro scanning inspection technology utilizes a low-voltage high-frequency electric current produced by a probe placed inside a non-conductive sewer line to check the 360-degree wall of the pipe for leaks. The probe is able to determine the size of leaks by the amount of electrical current detected outside of the pipes. The data collected is relayed to a nearby truck and then uploaded to Amazon web servers where it is interpreted before being available for review on a company website.

References

External links
Interview with Chuck Hansen
Operations and Maintenance of Wastewater Collection Systems

Waste management
Sanitation companies
Xplore Technologies. Xplore Technologies is a publicly traded, designer, marketer and manufacturer of rugged tablets. The company was founded in 1996 and is based in Austin, Texas. In 2015, Xplore Technologies purchased assets of Motion Computing making it one of the top companies in the rugged tablet PC market. The company's products are primarily used by field service personnel, factory workers and military personnel. Xplore Technologies products are built to satisfy MIL-STD-810G and HAZLOC compliant ATEX standards, as well as Ingress Protection (IP) ratings.

History
Xplore Technologies was founded in Ontario, Canada in 1996 and began selling devices in 1998. The company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange in June 1998. In 2003, Xplore Technologies announced that it was relocating its corporate headquarters to Austin, Texas. The company filed to change its jurisdiction from Canada to Delaware in 2006. In July 2012, after being traded over-the-counter since leaving the TSX, the company filed for an IPO with the SEC and was listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. In March 2015, Xplore Technologies raised $12 million when it sold an additional 2 million shares of common stock. In April 2015, the company bought assets of Motion Computing Inc. for $16 million.  On July 5, 2018, Zebra Technologies announced its intent to acquire Xplore Technologies for roughly $90 million.

See also

References

Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Companies established in 1996
Rüdiger Urbanke. Rüdiger Leo Urbanke (born 1966) is an Austrian computer scientist and professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

Life 

Urbanke studied at the Technical University of Vienna with the diploma as an electrical engineer in 1988 and at the Washington University in St. Louis with the master's degree in 1992 and his doctorate in 1995 under the supervision of Bixio E. Rimoldi. He then worked at Bell Laboratories.

Career 

From 2000 to 2004 he was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. From 2009 till 2012 he was the head of the I&C Doctoral School and in 2013 he served as a Dean of I&C.

Distinctions 

Urbanke is a co-recipient of the 2002 and the 2013 IEEE Information Theory Society Best Paper Award, a recipient of the 2011 
IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award, the 2014 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal and the 2023 Claude E. Shannon Award. 
He was selected as an IEEE Distinguished lecturer by the Information theory society for 2013-2014

and received a STOC Best Paper Award in 2016.

Bibliography

References

External links
 

Austrian computer scientists
McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
1966 births
Living people
TU Wien alumni
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Scientists at Bell Labs
Rainee Canal Project. Rainee Canal Project is located in Ghotki, Sukkur and Khairpur Districts of Sindh Province in Pakistan.  It is a canal that starts from the left bank of the Indus River at Guddu Barrage. The total length of the main canal is about 175 km and length of its distributaries will be around 686 km.

Construction 
The project commenced in October 2002. Construction started in two phases. Work on Phase 1 was completed in June 2014 while Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in June 2018.

Benefits 
The canal will provide water for irrigation of 412,400 acres of land and will ensure supply of water to surrounding areas.

References

Canals in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Sindh
3,9-Diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5.5)undecane. 3,9-Diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DETOSU) is a bicyclic ketene acetal derived from the isomeric allyl acetal 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DVTOSU). As a bifunctional monomer, DETOSU is an important building block for polyorthoesters formed by the addition of diols to the activated double bond of the diketene acetal.

Preparation 
DETOSU is prepared in a rearrangement reaction of DVTOSU, it is an exothermic reaction that also occurs spontaneously with complete conversion. For production on an industrial scale, the rearranged is carried out at elevated temperatures in the presence of catalysts.

The rearrangement reaction can be carried out in alkaline medium (such as with n-butyllithium in ethylenediamine or potassium tert-butoxide in ethylenediamine) but also photochemically by UV irradiation in the presence of iron pentacarbonyl as catalyst and triethylamine in boiling pentane or with dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) / sodium carbonate in bulk.

In order to obtain purities sufficient for the use as a monomer, the crude product (obtained after the rearrangement reaction and vacuum distillation) must be recrystallized several times from pentane. The yields of pure product are about 50%.

Properties 
3,9-Diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane is, when pure, a crystalline material at room temperature. Because of its low crystallization tendency, it is mostly used as a liquid. DETOSU is relatively unstable. It hydrolyzes rapidly even in the presence of only water traces and spontaneously isomerizes during storage to the diallylacetal DVTOSU, which is inactive for the polymerization. The pure substance is very reactive against the attack of electrophilic agents and ows a strong tendency for cationic polymerization. A characteristic property of DETOSU is the intense IR band at 1700 cm−1, which is also used to monitor the conversion in the rearrangement reaction.

Use 
The diketene acetal 3,9-diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane, DETOSU, is a reactive bifunctional monomer that forms biodegradable polyorthoesters by polyaddition with α,ω-diols.

Polyorthoesters are used as embedding media for pharmaceuticals in extended release formulations for controlled drug release by surface erosion under physiological conditions.

References 

Alkene derivatives
Spiro compounds
Dioxanes
East Coast Integrated Depot. The East Coast Integrated Depot (ECID) is a large integrated bus and train depot located in Changi that will serve three Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) lines in Singapore, the East–West Line (EWL), the Downtown Line (DTL) and the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL). It is currently under construction, with expected completion in 2026.

The depot will be located beside the current site of Changi Depot, which will be demolished. It will be the first MRT depot in Singapore to serve three MRT lines and also the third to be integrated with a bus depot in Singapore after the Tuas Depot on the East–West Line and Gali Batu Depot on the Downtown Line.

With this design, it is estimated that there will be a 44 hectares of land will be saved, equivalent to approximately 60 football fields. The depot will be able to house approximately >200 trains of varying sizes and lengths and >550 buses within the site.

History
It was first announced in August 2014 with an expected completion by 2024 but was delayed to 2026 due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Contract T301 for the construction of East Coast Integrated Depot, reception tunnels and its associated facilities was awarded to GS Engineering & Construction Corporation at a sum of S$1.99 billion on 21 March 2016. Construction began in 2016 and was initially planned for completion in 2024.

On 20 September 2022, the Land Transport Authority updated that structural works has reached 75% and the depot will be operational in 2026.

Description

The East Coast Integrated Depot consists of a multi-level train depot and a multi-level bus depot.

Train depot
The train depot will have three levels containing three separate depots for three different MRT lines. The underground portion will house a 66-track depot for the Downtown Line, and will be brought into use following the opening of Stage 3e of the line. The at-grade portion will house a 62-track depot for the future Thomson–East Coast Line, to be used following the completion of Stage 5 of the line. Finally, the elevated portion will house a 72-track depot for the East–West Line, which will replace the existing Changi Depot. All three depots will operate independently of each other, a first for Singapore, and will be designed to be able to handle trains of different lengths, of 3, 4 and 6 respectively of the lines they operate on.

The facility will be located between Simei station and Tanah Merah station on the East–West Line, between Xilin station and Sungei Bedok station on the Downtown Line,  and off Sungei Bedok station on the Thomson–East Coast Line. It will also connect to Tanah Merah station on the Thomson–East Coast Line after the Changi Airport Branch is absorbed into the line.

Bus Depot
The bus depot is a separate three-storey structure situated next to the train depot on the same site. Similar to Soon Lee Bus Park and Woodlands Bus Depot, it will contain workshops on the ground level, while the upper two levels will contain parking spaces.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) depots
Tampines
Smart cosubstrate. A smart cosubstrate is a type of cosubstrate used for cofactor regeneration to yield greater productivity and lower environmental impact (E-factor). A good example of a smart cosubstrate is a lactonizable diol.

In redox biocatalysis, the nicotinamide cofactor (NAD(P)H or NAD(P)+) can act as an electron donor or acceptor by releasing or accepting a hydride. The cofactor must be used in the reaction either in stoichiometric amounts leading to inhibition and economic issues, or in catalytic amounts coupled with an in situ regeneration system. A common approach catalytic amounts is excess use of sacrificial organic molecules such as isopropanol or ethanol. This approach, however, leads to stoichiometric amounts of waste.

The use of 1,4-butanediol as a smart cosubstrate for cofactor regeneration was the next step towards more sustainable redox biocatalysis (Scheme 1). The formation of a thermodynamically stable gamma-butyrolactone as a co-product drives the reaction to completion while yielding higher reaction rates. The use of 1,4-butanediol as an intelligent cosubstrate has also been validated in non-aqueous media using a commercial ADH.

Double-smart cosubstrate 
 

Biocatalytic cascade reactions currently fall into four different categories:
 Linear, which is biocatalytic
 Orthogonal
 Parallel
 Cyclic
However, only two types of redox-neutral cascades have been reported for the in situ regeneration of the cofactors: parallel cascades (i.e., bi-substrate — no intermediate — bi- or tri-product) and linear cascades (i.e., single substrate — single intermediate — single product).

The concept of a smart cosubstrate was developed further through the design of a new class of redox-neutral "convergent cascade" reactions. Convergent cascade reactions involve a bi-substrate and a single product without the formation of an intermediate and were developed for the production of epsilon-caprolactone, which consists of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase; for the oxidation of cyclohexanone; an alcohol dehydrogenase for oxidation of the "double-smart cosubstrate" 1,6-hexanediol; and for simultaneous regeneration of the nicotinamide cofactor. In 2016, two-step optimization of the convergent cascade by Design-of-Experiments and a biphasic system was reported.

Smart cosubstrates are an elegant solution for thermodynamically limited redox reactions and have many advantages:
 Less conventional cosubstrates (e.g., isopropanol, ethanol) that negatively affect the enzymes’ activities need to be used.
 Less waste is generated.
 Reactions are faster, which could be caused by the absence of acetone or acetaldehyde as a coproduct, which lead to reduced enzyme activities.

References

Chemical processes