omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Azalea Saberwing. The Azalea Saberwing, named for the species of hummingbird, is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed and produced by Azalea Aviation of Adel, Georgia, introduced at Sun 'n Fun in 2015. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Saberwing features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear or optionally tricycle landing gear, with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from a composite-foam sandwich with the wing spars and wing ribs made from a wood-composite sandwich. The design has been optimized for a low parts-count to simplify construction. Its  span wing, has an area of  and mounts flaps. The cabin is  in width. The standard engine used is the in-house developed  Spyder Corvair automotive conversion four-stroke powerplant.

The manufacturer estimates that building the aircraft from the supplied kit requires 500-1,000 hours of labor at a total completion cost of US$40,000-50,000.

Operational history
Reviewers Roy Beisswenger and Marino Boric described the design in a 2015 review as "sleek" and "elegant".

By September 2020, four examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Saberwing)

See also
List of aerobatic aircraft

References

External links

Photo of the prototype Saberwing

Saberwing
2010s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Mark Duggan (economist). Mark Gregory Duggan (born November 13, 1970) is the Wayne and Jodi Cooperman Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He also served as director of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) for nine years, ending August 31, 2024.

Education and career
Duggan received his B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 and 1994, respectively. He went on to receive his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1999. He also joined the University of Chicago as an assistant professor of economics. In 2003, he left the University of Chicago to become an associate professor in the University of Maryland's economics department, where he became a full professor in 2007. From 2009 to 2010, he was a senior economist in the Obama administration's Council of Economic Advisers. In 2011, he left the University of Maryland to become a professor in the  Department of Business Economics and Public Policy at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was named the Rowan Family Foundation Professor in 2012. In 2014, he left the Wharton School to become The Wayne and Jodi Cooperman Professor of Economics at Stanford, as well as a senior fellow of SIEPR there in the same year. In September 2015, he became the director of SIEPR.

Research
While at the University of Chicago, Duggan worked with Steven Levitt to study whether sumo wrestling matches in Japan were rigged, and  published multiple studies on the relationship between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide. His research on gun ownership has found that it was positively related to the homicide rate, and that looser concealed carry laws do not reduce crime. More recently, he has published studies linking disability benefits programs, such as Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income, to high rates of unemployment.

Personal life
Duggan is remarried, and has two children.

References

External links
Stanford faculty page
SIEPR faculty page

Living people
1970 births
21st-century American economists
Stanford University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Q-slope. The Q-slope method for rock slope engineering and rock mass classification is developed by Barton and Bar. It expresses the quality of the rock mass for slope stability using the Q-slope value, from which long-term stable, reinforcement-free slope angles can be derived.

The Q-slope value can be determined with:

Q-slope utilizes similar parameters to the Q-system which has been used for over 40 years in the design of ground support for tunnels and underground excavations. The first four parameters, RQD (rock quality designation), Jn (joint set number), Jr (joint roughness number) and Ja (joint alteration number) are the same as in the Q-system. However, the frictional resistance pair Jr and Ja can apply, when needed, to individual sides of a potentially unstable wedges. Simply applied orientation factors (0), like (Jr/Ja)1x0.7 for set J1 and (Jr/Ja)2x0.9 for set J2, provide estimates of overall whole-wedge frictional resistance reduction, if appropriate. The Q-system term Jw is replaced with Jwice, and takes into account a wider range of environmental conditions appropriate to rock slopes, which are exposed to the environment indefinitely. The conditions include the extremes of erosive intense rainfall, ice wedging, as may seasonally occur at opposite ends of the rock-type and regional spectrum. There are also slope-relevant SRF (strength reduction factor) categories.

Multiplication of these terms results in the Q-slope value, which can range between 0.001 (exceptionally poor) to 1000 (exceptionally good) for different rock masses.

A simple formula for the steepest slope angle (β), in degrees, not requiring reinforcement or support is given by:

Q-slope is intended for use in reinforcement-free site access road cuts, roads or railway cuttings, or individual benches in open cast mines. It is based on over 500 case studies in slopes ranging from 35 to 90 degrees in fresh hard rock slopes as well as weak, weathered and saprolitic rock slopes. Q-slope has also been applied in slopes with interbedded strata, in faulted rocks and fault zones, and in alpine and Arctic environments, which are susceptible to freeze-thaw and ice wedging.

Rock slope design techniques have been derived using Q-slope and geophysical survey data, primarily based on Vp (P-wave velocity).

Q-slope has been applied in conjunction with remote sensing (aerial photogrammetry) to assess slope stability in hazardous and 'out-of-reach' natural and excavated slopes.

Q-slope is not intended as a substitute for conventional and more detailed slope stability analyses, where these are warranted.

Q-slope has been correlated with other rock mass classifications including BQ, RHRS, and SMR.

See also
 Slope failure
 Rockfall
 SMR classification

References 

Rock mechanics
Slope landforms
Soil mechanics
Rock mass classification
Geotechnical engineering
Chongqing Suburban Railway. Chongqing Suburban Railway is a commuter rail transit system in construction in Chongqing, China. According to the Comprehensive Transport Plan of Chongqing Main City Zone, the system will have a total of 14 lines.

Network

See also 
 Chongqing Rail Transit

References

Notes 

Transport in Chongqing
Chongqing Rail Transit
Rail transport in Chongqing
Venkat Selvamanickam. Venkat Selvamanickam is the M.D Anderson Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering and a Professor of Physics at the University of Houston. He is also the Director of the Applied Research Hub of the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston.

Education 
Venkat Selvamanickam received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree with honors in mechanical engineering from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (now known as National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli) in 1986. He then received Master of Science (M.S.) degree in mechanical engineering and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in materials engineering from University of Houston in 1988 and 1992 respectively.

Career 
He was a post doctoral fellow at the Texas Center for Superconductivity from September 1992 to April 1993. He then worked as Research Associate at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from May 1993 to May 1994. From May 1994 to August 2008, he served as the Vice President and Chief Technology Officer SuperPower Inc., a Furukawa Electric company. He is now a professor of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering and Physics at the University of Houston since September 2008.

Awards 
 Senior Researcher Award in Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston 2012.
 Chosen by Houston Chronicle as one of "11 of the greater Houston area's top scientific minds" to author articles on 11 promising technologies for the coming years.
 Distinguished Alumnus Award from National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli in 2014.

References

External links 

 Venkat Selvamanickam in Google Scholar
 Venkat Selvamanickam in Justia

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni
University of Houston alumni
University of Houston faculty
Furukawa Group
American people of Indian descent
American materials scientists
Indian materials scientists
Madhavan Swaminathan. Madhavan Swaminathan is the Department Head of Electrical Engineering and is the William E. Leonhard Endowed Chair at Penn State University.
He was previously worked at  Georgia Institute of Technology for 28 years.

Education 
He received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (now known as National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli), India in 1985 and Master of Science (M.S.) and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Syracuse University in 1989 and 1991, respectively.

Career 
Madhavan joined Penn State as the head of electrical engineering and William E. Leonhard Endowed Chair in 2023.

Madhavan was the John Pippin Chair in Electromagnetics in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Director of the Center for Co-Design of Chip, Package, System, Georgia Institute of Technology. He formerly held the position of Joseph M. Pettit Professor in Electronics and Deputy Director of the National Science Foundation Microsystems Packaging Research Center, Georgia Techn. Prior to joining Georgia Techn, he was with IBM working on packaging for supercomputers.

Madhavan is the author of more than 450 refereed technical publications, holds 29 patents, also primary author and co-editor of three books (Power Integrity Modeling and Design for Semiconductors and Systems, Prentice Hall, 2007; Introduction to System on Package, McGraw Hill, 2008; and Design and Modeling for 3D ICs and Interposers, WSP, 2013).

Awards 
 IEEE Fellow
 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE EMC Society
 2014 Outstanding Sustained Technical Contribution Award, IEEE Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology Society
 2014 Distinguished Alumnus Award from National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni
Syracuse University College of Engineering and Computer Science alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
American people of Indian descent
IBM people
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Tamil academics
Csmith. Csmith is a test case generation tool. It can generate random C programs that statically and dynamically conform to the C99 standard. It is used for stress-testing compilers, static analyzers, and other tools that process C code. It is a free, open source, permissively licensed C compiler fuzzer developed by researchers at the University of Utah. It was previously called Randprog.

External links
 University of Utah Csmith webpage
 yarpgen: Yet Another Random Program Generator, yarpgen is a random C/C++ program generator

References

C (programming language) compilers
Sikorsky S-3. The Sikorsky S-3 was an early Russian single seat biplane design by Igor Sikorsky. Work on the machine started in July 1910 and was completed in late November.

Design and development
The S-3 was a larger improved version of the S-2 with a more powerful  Anzani three-cylinder engine. The main wings were manufactured in a more uniform manner with the ribs held to a closer tolerance and the fabric covering was of better quality. Other refinements included larger ailerons and faster-responding flight control surfaces.

Operational history
The S-3 exhibited performance superior to the S-2, and Sikorsky made a dozen successful flights starting early in December. The S-3 made its last flight on December 13, 1910 when at an altitude of 90 feet the engines distributor shifted to a retarded position and lost power. The aircraft landed hard on a frozen pond, broke through the ice and sank causing serious damage. The S-3 was salvaged and some parts including the engine were used in the construction of the S-4.

Specifications

References

S-3
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910
X-energy. X-energy is a private American nuclear reactor and fuel design engineering company. It is developing a Generation IV high-temperature gas-cooled pebble-bed nuclear reactor design. It has received funding from private sources and various government grants and contracts, notably through the Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Reactor Concept Cooperative Agreement in 2016 and its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) in 2020.

History 
The company was founded in 2009 by Kam Ghaffarian. In January 2016, X-energy was provided a five-year grant of up to $40 million, as part of the DOE's Advanced Reactor Concept Cooperative Agreement to advance elements of their reactor development. In 2019, X-energy received funding from the United States Department of Defense to develop small military reactors for use at forward bases. Former Deputy Secretary of Energy of the DOE, Clay Sell, was appointed CEO of X-energy in 2019.

In October 2020, the company was chosen by the DOE as a recipient of a matching grant totaling between $400 million and $4 billion over the next 5 to 7 years for the cost of building a demonstration reactor of their Xe-100, helium-cooled pebble-bed reactor design. This is part of the DOE's Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program, which also awarded the same grant to TerraPower.

In 2022, Curtiss-Wright agreed to act as the preferred supplier of 3 critical components of the Xe-100 reactor. The initial installation of the reactor is projected to be for Energy Northwest in Washington State.

In March 2023, X-energy and Dow Inc agreed to develop a grid-scale next-generation Xe-100 nuclear reactor at one of Dow's sites on the U.S. Gulf Coast.

In December 2022, X-energy planned to go public in a $2 billion deal using the special-purpose acquisition company Ares Acquisition, but this was called off in October 2023 due to the then macroeconomic situation and the effect on the market of the cancellation of the first U.S. SMR deployment project, the Carbon Free Power Project, because of cost increases. The company laid off some staff in November 2023. In December 2023, the company raised $235 million of investment in a new funding round from existing investors.

Reactor design 
The Xe-100 is a proposed pebble bed high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor design that is planned to be smaller, simpler and safer when compared to conventional nuclear designs. Pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactors were first proposed in 1944. Each reactor is planned to generate 200 MWt and approximately 76 MWe. The fuel for the Xe-100 is a spherical fuel element, or pebble, that utilizes the tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particle nuclear fuel design, with high-assay LEU (HALEU) uranium fuel enriched to 20%, to allow for longer periods between refueling. X-energy claims that TRISO fuel will make nuclear meltdowns virtually impossible.

See also
Washington Xe-100 reactor site

References

External links
Official website

Nuclear power companies of the United States
Mission Mountain Railroad. The Mission Mountain Railroad  is a shortline railroad in northwestern Montana, operating a segment of the former Great Northern Railway (later Burlington Northern and BNSF) since December 2004. MMT is a subsidiary of Watco, operator of several other shortline railroads.

Northern segment
MMT operates 26 miles of track between Stryker, Trego, Fortine, and Eureka, Montana. From 1904 to 1970, this segment was part of the Great Northern main line, but it became an isolated branch when the Libby Dam and the Flathead Tunnel were built. The main business on this segment is bulk lumber to and from Eureka. A new source of business in 2016 was transloading magnetite ore destined for coal mines in southeastern British Columbia onto trucks at Fortine.

Southern segment
Until 30 March 2020, MMT also operated the 14 miles from Columbia Falls to Kalispell, Montana. Originally part of the Great Northern's transcontinental main line, it was rerouted via Whitefish and Eureka in 1904, avoiding the grades of Haskell Pass west of Kalispell. Farther west and south of Kalispell, the former track toward Marion and Somers has become the Great Northern Historical Trail.

MMT served several lumber facilities and a grain elevator in Kalispell. The city of Kalispell removed the remaining downtown trackage, relocating the railroad to Glacier Rail Park, a new industrial park just north of town; abandoning 2.4 miles of the original route, including the downtown crossing of US 93.

BNSF reassumed control of the Kalispell Branch as of April 1, 2020.

Rolling stock

MMT uses a variety of equipment formerly used on other Watco shortlines. Some of the equipment has been repainted for MMT; other units remain in their original Union Pacific and Milwaukee Road paint. A  locomotive roster is hosted by TrainWeb.

References

External links
  MMT corporate website

Montana railroads
Watco
2195 aluminium alloy. 2195 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-copper family (2000 or 2xxx series). It is one of the Weldalite family of Aluminium–lithium alloys. It is one of the most complex grades in the 2000 series, with at least 91.9% aluminium by weight. 2195 aluminium can be alternately referred to by the UNS designation A92195.

Properties
Like most other aluminium-copper alloys, 2195 is a high-strength alloy, with bad workability, and poor corrosion resistance. Being highly alloyed, it tends to fall on the higher strength and lower corrosion resistance side. As a wrought alloy, it is not used in casting. It can be welded, particularly by friction stir welding, and is fracture resistant at cryogenic temperatures.

Applications
The high strength to weight ratio of this alloy has resulted in its aerospace applications such as the Space Shuttle Super Lightweight external tank.
It is 30 % stronger and 5 % less dense than the 2219 alloy used in the original Space Shuttle external tank.

2195 is used for the propellant tanks of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust orbital launcher, and for the new ULA Vulcan first stage.

Chemical Composition

The alloy composition of 2195 aluminium is:

 Aluminium: 91.9 to 94.9%
 Copper: 3.7 to 4.3%
 Lithium: 0.8 to 1.2%
 Magnesium: 0.25 to 0.8%
 Silver: 0.25 to 0.6%
 Zirconium: 0.08 to 0.16%
 Iron: 0.15% max
 Silicon: 0.12% max
 Titanium: 0.1% max
 Zinc: 0.25% max
 Residuals: 0.15% max

References

Aluminium alloy table 

Aluminium alloys
Aluminium–copper alloys
Tecnam P96 Golf. The Tecnam P96 Golf is an Italian all-metal side-by-side two-seat single-engine, low wing light aircraft that was designed by Luigi Pascale and built by Tecnam in Naples from 1997 to 2006.

Variants
Golf 80
Powered by  Rotax 912 UL.
Golf 100
Powered by  Rotax 912 ULS engine.

Specifications (P96 Golf 80)

See also

References 

Tecnam aircraft
1990s Italian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1996
UNOSAT (satellite). UNOSAT was a Brazilian scientific applications nanosatellite, designed, developed, built and tested by researchers and students working at the Northern Paraná University.

Features 
The primary objective of UNOSAT was to transmit voice messages and a telemetry data packet in AX25 protocol.

The UNOSAT scientific satellite had the following characteristics:

General 
 Format: parallelepiped with 46 cm x 25 cm x 8.5 cm
 Mass: 
 Orbit: heliosynchronous
 Stabilization: by rotation at 120 rpm
 Precision: 1 degree
 Altitude:

Payload 
The instrumentation shipped in UNOSAT was basically composed of: data collectors and transmitters.

The following data would be transmitted to earth:

 Voice message identifying the satellite
 Telemetry
 Temperature of solar panels
 Rechargeable battery temperatures
 Temperature of the transmitter and the on-board computer
 Battery voltage
 Centripetal acceleration

Mission 
As UNOSAT was planned to be launched as a secondary payload along with the SATEC satellite and it would be impossible for the launcher to put them into distinct orbits, both satellites were mechanically connected, although there was electrical and telemetry autonomy between the two. That satellite was lost in the explosion of the VLS-1 V03 launch vehicle on August 23, 2003 in an explosion three days before the launch date. This event came to be known as accident of Alcantara.

References

External links 
 Lançamento do foguete em Alcântara VLS Unosat – UNOPAR 
 UNOSAT 1 Gunter's Space Page

Satellites of Brazil
2003 in spaceflight
Bernd Engler. Bernd Engler (born 21 April 1954) is a German Anglicist and literary scholar. Since October 2006 he is President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Tübingen, Germany.

Early life and education
Engler was educated at the University of Freiburg, Germany, and the University of Kent, England. He graduated in English and German at the University of Freiburg in 1980. After his doctorate in American literature he started a postdoctoral qualification which he finished in 1989.

Career
In 1989, Engler became a visiting professor at the University of Massachusetts, United States. After working as a visiting scholar at the University of Sussex, UK, and as an interim professor of American studies at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Germany, he returned to the United States. In 1991–1992 he worked as a research fellow at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Since 1992 he has been professor of American studies at the University of Tübingen, Germany.

In 2006 Engler was elected president and vice-chancellor of the University of Tubingen. He was re-elected in 2011. In his term the University of Tübingen was successful in the German Universities Excellence Initiative.

Other activities
 University Hospital of Tübingen, deputy chairman of the Supervisory Board
 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, member of the board of trustees

Publications
American Cultural Icons: The Production of Representative Lives. Hg. Günter Leypold und Bernd Engler. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2010.
A Companion to American Cultural History: From the Colonial Period to the End of the 19th Century. Hg. Bernd Engler und Oliver Scheiding. Trier: WVT, 2009.
Key Concepts in American Cultural History: From the Colonial Period to the End of the 19th Century. Hg. Bernd Engler und Oliver Scheiding. 2nd edition. Trier: WVT, 2007.
Millennial Thought in America: Historical and Intellectual Contexts, 1630-1860. Hg. Bernd Engler, Joerg O. Fichte und Oliver Scheiding. Trier: WVT, 2002.
Re-Visioning the Past: Historical Self-Reflexivity in American Short Fiction. Hg. Bernd Engler und Oliver Scheiding. Trier: WVT, 1998.
Historiographic Metafiction in Modern American and Canadian Literature. Hg. Bernd Engler und Kurt Müller. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1994.

References

External links
https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/1645
https://web.archive.org/web/20170404215517/https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/facilities/university-management/president.html

1954 births
German literary critics
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
University of Freiburg alumni
Alumni of the University of Kent
Living people
Heads of universities in Germany