omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Process patterns. Process patterns can be defined as the set of activities, actions, work tasks or work products and similar related behaviour followed in a software development life cycle.

Process patterns can be more easily understood by dividing it into terms: "Process", which means the steps followed to achieve a task and "patterns", which means the recurrence of same basic features during the lifecycle of a process. Thus in a more universal term process patterns are common or general solution for a complexity.

Typical examples are:
 Customer communication (a process activity).
 Analysis (an action).
 Requirements gathering (a process task).
 Reviewing a work product (a process task).
 Design model (a work product).

Process patterns can be best seen in software design cycle which involves the common stages of development. For example, a generic software design life cycles has following steps:
 Communication.
 Planning.
 Modeling which involves requirement gathering, analysis and design from business perspective.
 Development which involves code generation and testing.
 Deployment includes the code deployment and testing in the production environment.

References

External links
 The Process Patterns Resource Page 
 Process Patterns & Applications
 Project Management Patterns
 Organizational Patterns

Software design patterns
Paul Decauville. Paul Decauville (; 7 June 1846–1922) was a French engineer and businessman. He was also mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg and senator from Seine-et-Oise.

He is the founder of a manufacturing company that bears his name (Decauville, established in 1875), producing industrial railways, locomotives, and cars.  By extension, the name is also used for his invention of a narrow gauge track railway system, the Decauville system, through the vast business acumen of its promoter.  His name was also used for a subsidiary, Voitures automobiles Decauville, producing early automobiles. Decauville's name is further associated with the towns of Corbeil-Essonnes and Evry, Essonne, on whose territories the company Decauville erected its factories, which he directed until 1885.

He founded a construction company in 1910 to exploit the patents it had obtained. This company, Comptoir d'outillage et de matériel à air comprimé (Commercial establishment for tools and compressed air equipment), survived until the late 1980s. Another of his companies, Emidecau, specializing in hydraulic presses, still exist.

In politics, Paul Decauville was mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg from 1881 to 1892. He was also Senator of Seine-et-Oise from 1890 to 1900, member of the Board of Customs, Secretary from 1897 to 1899. After leaving Paris, Paul Decauville served as mayor of the town of Saint-Léger (Manche).

Other narrow gauge pioneers 
 Abraham Fitzgibbon
 Carl Abraham Pihl
 Everard Calthrop
 Robert Fairlie
 Thomas Hall

References

Decauville
1846 births
1922 deaths
French businesspeople
French people in rail transport
Senators of Seine-et-Oise
Rebel (train). The Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad Rebels were lightweight, streamlined diesel-electric trains built by  American Car and Foundry. The first two trains, purchased in 1935, provided service over the roughly  between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Tennessee. The third train, purchased in 1937, allowed service to be added between Jackson and Mobile, Alabama. Unlike other earlier diesel streamliners, these trains were not articulated, as their normal operation required adding and removing cars from the consist.

The trains were powered by lightweight, shovel-nosed power cars, styled by Otto Kuhler, and equipped with , six-cylinder McIntosh & Seymour 531 prime movers and Westinghouse electric transmission components. The units had an uncommon 2-B wheel arrangement, mounted atop a pair of road trucks. The aft section was divided into two separate compartments: one was used to transport baggage and the other served as a small railway post office, or RPO (the forward door, located just behind the radiator louvers, was equipped with a mail hook).

Two of these power cars, numbered 352 and 353, were purchased as part of the 1935 order, along with three buffet-coach cars, and two sleeper-observation cars. Normal operating procedure was for a northbound train to leave New Orleans with two coaches and an observation car. Due to lower ridership on the northern portion of the route, one of the 2 coaches would be removed from the northbound train at Jackson, Mississippi, and the train would continue on to Jackson, Tennessee as a 3 car consist. The southbound train would add the extra coach during its own stop at Jackson, Mississippi.

The 1937 order included a third power car, and 2 coach-sleepers. This third power car was numbered 354, and though it had additional air intakes in the carbody, mechanically it was identical to the other two.  It ran from Mobile, to Union, Mississippi with a single coach-sleeper, which was added to the northbound mainline train from New Orleans. It then returned to Mobile with the coach-sleeper from the southbound train.  Due to low ridership and wartime exigencies, this run was cut off on April 28, 1942.

While the original Rebel served New Orleans and Jackson, after the merger of the GM&N and Mobile and Ohio to create the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad in 1942, the trains route was extended to St. Louis.  At this time, it was converted to full-sized equipment hauled by DL-105 locomotives (see ALCO DL-109) which were also styled by Otto Kuhler.

The powercars were scrapped in 1962.

See also
 List of ALCO diesel locomotives
 FM OP800, similar St. Louis Car Company built railcars, powered by Fairbanks-Morse
 Seaboard Air Line 2027 & 2028, similar St. Louis Car Company built railcars, powered by EMD

Footnotes

References

 
 

2-B locomotives
Rebel power cars
American Car and Foundry Company
North American streamliner trains
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger trains of the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad
Named passenger trains of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Diesel locomotives of the United States
Night trains of the United States
National Highway 130 (India). National Highway 130 is a national highway of India. It connects Ambikapur-Katghora - Bilaspur-Raipur. National Highway Authority of India is upgrading this corridor for the ease of traffic.

Proposal of NHAI of upgradation

 Ambikapur - Katghora (2-Lane) 
 Katghora - Bilaspur (4-Lane)
 Bilaspur - Simga (4-Lane)
 Simga - Raipur (6-Lane)

Ambikapur=>Lakhanpur=>Maheshpur=>Udaypur=>Katghora(Korba dist.)

Junctions  

  near Simga
  near Bilaspur
  near Bilaspur
  near Katghora
  near Ambikapur

References 

 Adani-forays-into-road-infra-wins-rs-1140-cr-road-proj-in-chhattisgarh
 Dilip-Buildcon-bags-NHAI-project-worth-Rs-861-crore

National highways of India
Ephraim M. Sparrow. Ephraim Maurice Sparrow (May 27, 1928 – August 1, 2019) was a Professor of Engineering  at the University of Minnesota. He is known for his contributions to all aspects of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. Sparrow has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited Author in Engineering by the ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Scientific Company.

Academic career
Sparrow received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948 and 1949, respectively. He then received his M.A. (1950) and Ph.D. (1952) degrees from Harvard University, both in Mechanical Engineering.

In 1959, he joined at the University of Minnesota in the department of Mechanical Engineering. During his tenure there, he served as chairman of the fluid mechanics program from 1968 to 1980. Sparrow supervised more than 100 doctoral students and more than 250 masters students. His work was published in over 850 peer-reviewed and widely cited, with over 40,000 citations at the time of his death. At the time of his death, he was both the oldest and the longest serving faculty member in the Mechanical Engineering department.

Honors and awards
Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1986
Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Monie A. Ferst Award, 1993
ASME Ralph Coates Roe Medal
Max Jakob Memorial Award, 1976

Books authored
E. M. Sparrow and R. D. Cess, Radiation Heat Transfer, CRC Press, 1978.

References

MIT School of Engineering alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
2019 deaths
American fluid dynamicists
1928 births
Experience model. An experience model is a description of the key attributes that drive end-user experience when interacting with a system, product, or service. These attributes may be a combination of end-user attributes and those of the system or environment. These attributes are typically uncovered as insights exposed through behavioral research. Experience models are typically visually represented by abstract diagrams or visualizations to enhance understanding of the attributes and how they influence experience and engagement. The value of an experience model is to help designers focus on solution options that are most likely to improve end-user experience outcomes.

How to Create Experience Models 

 See Building Experience Models in Contextual Design: Design for Life, Second Edition (Holtzblatt and Beyer)

See also 

 Customer Experience
 User experience
 User experience design

References

 Contextual Design: Design for Life, Second Edition (Holtzblatt and Beyer, 2017)
 Guide on How to improve Product Experience (June, 2022)

Communication design
German submarine U-21 (1936). German submarine U-21 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. Her keel was laid down 4 March 1936, by Germaniawerft of Kiel as yard number 551. She was commissioned on 3 August 1936. During World War II, she conducted operations against enemy shipping.

U-21 went on seven war patrols, sinking five merchant ships and damaging one warship.

Design
German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs. U-21 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. Officially, the standard tonnage was , however. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines of  for cruising, two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-21 was fitted with three  torpedo tubes at the bow, five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines, and a  anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of twentyfive.

Operational history

First, second and third patrols
U-21s first patrol was relatively uneventful.

On her second foray, the boat was attacked by the British submarine  which fired six torpedoes at her in the North Sea northeast of Berwick-Upon-Tweed [On the English/Scottish border] on 17 September 1939. These were the first submarine weapons launched by the Royal Navy in the Second World War. They all missed.

On her third patrol, the U-boat also had torpedoes fired at her in the central North Sea by another British submarine, . The result was inconclusive as well.

Fourth and fifth patrols
The boat's first success with a torpedo came on 1 December 1939 when she sank the Finnish-registered Mercator about  southeast of Buchan Ness (near Peterhead). She also damaged the British cruiser  with a mine.

On her fifth sortie, she sank Mars on 21 December 1939 and Carl Henckel (both from Sweden).

Sixth patrol
Patrol number six saw her sink the Danish Vidar  east of the Moray Firth on 31 January 1940.

Seventh patrol
She sank the British Royal Archer with a mine on 26 February 1940, but then it all went horribly wrong on 27 March when she ran aground off Oldknuppen Island after a navigational error. The boat was towed to Mandal in Norway where she was interned. She was then towed to Kristiansand for repairs and released on 9 April after the German occupation of the Nordic country.

Fate
In July she was transferred to the 21st U-boat Flotilla in Kiel as a training boat, with whom she remained for the rest of the war. U-21 was scrapped in February 1945.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 
 

German Type II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1936
World War II submarines of Germany
1936 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Grounded U-boats
Maritime incidents in March 1940
Iran LNG. Iran LNG, also known as NIOC LNG, is a LNG plant under development at Tombak Port, approximately  north of Assaluyeh Port and  southeast of Kangan, Iran.

History
Construction of the LNG plant started in 2007. In April 2007, Austrian oil company OMV signed a preliminary agreement to participate in the project; however, the final agreement is not signed.

Technical description
The project includes two LNG trains each with capacity of 5.4 million tons of LNG per annum. The trains will use the Linde Liquefaction Process.

The Iran LNG project consists of the LNG plant, including storage and loading facilities and following units:

Liquefaction Units
Treating Units 
Power Station, Electric Motors and Compressors
Utilities and Off-Sites
Telecommunication
LNG Storage Tanks, which includes LNG and LPG Tanks 
Harbour and Jetties

It will be supplies from the phase 12 of the South Pars gas field.

The LNG plant is expected to come online in 2011.

Contractors
The LNG plant is designed by consortium of Linde, Hyundai, and Snamprogetti. The engineering consortium for gas sweetening operations comprises Iranian companies Farab and Namvaran, and an Italian company APS Engineering.  The LNG trains will be built by two consortia including the consortium of Iranian Farab and Chinese HuaFu Engineering Company, and the consortium led by the Pars International Development & Engineering Company.  The liquefying equipment would be distributed by Steiner-Prematechnik-Gastec.  Storage tanks for LNG are built by Daelim Industrial.  Power plant and electro-compressor sections would be built by the Iran Power Plant Projects Management Co.  Iran's Rah Sahel will construct the jetty, and the off-site and utility segments will be handled by Iran's Petro Sanat Maad.

Company
The project is developed by the Iran LNG company, a subsidiary of the Iranian Gas exporting company (IGEC), which holds 49% of the shares, with the rest shared by the Oil Industry Investment Company (OIIC) (50%) and Oil Industry Pension Fund (1%).  The shares of the two later is planned to reduce to 11%, and the remained 40% will be provided to strategic partners. The managing director of the company is Ali caiwanara.

See also

North Pars Gas Field

References

External links

Industrial buildings in Iran
Buildings and structures in Bushehr province
Energy infrastructure in Iran
Proposed energy infrastructure in Iran
Proposed liquefied natural gas plants
Moosbierbaum. Moosbierbaum is part of the municipality (commune) of Atzenbrugg in the Lower Austria.

History
In 1913, the Škoda Wetzlar gunpowder factory was established in Moosbierbaum as a subsidiary of IG Farben AG. As a target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, Moosbierbaum had a chemical works which performed 60,000 tons/year of Naphtha dehydrogenation, and an adjacent refinery for the oil from Zistersdorf.

The only surviving structure of the chemical plant is the administration building, which now serves as a hotel and restaurant for the adjacent golf-course.

Singer contralto Hilde Rössel-Majdan was a native of Moosbierbaum.

References

Cities and towns in Tulln District
Cadastral community of Tulln District
Oil campaign of World War II
Brunner Island Steam Electric Station. Brunner Island Steam Electric Station is a coal-fired, alternatively natural gas-powered electrical generation facility in York County, Pennsylvania. It occupies most of the area of the eponymous island on Susquehanna River. The power plant has three major units, which came online in 1961, 1965, and 1969, with respective generating capacities of 334 MW, 390 MW, and 759 MW (in winter conditions). In addition, three internal combustion generators (2.8 MWe each) were installed in 1967. Talen Energy will stop coal use at the plant in 2028.

Environmental impact
PPL, the owner of the plant at the time, announced in 2005 that it would begin to install scrubbers at the plant and that installation would be complete by 2009. The scrubbers, PPL says, are intended to annually remove 100,000 tons of sulfur. The facility was cited as one of several facilities in the region by a USA Today study of air quality around area schools as a potential source of significant pollutants. Fly ash from the Brunner Island facility is approved for use in construction projects, especially for "use in concrete mixes to reduce alkali silica reactivity of aggregate."

Greenhouse gas emissions
In 2021, the facility produced 2.28 megatonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e) greenhouse gas emissions. This is the same climate impact as 491,312 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven for one year. With respect to greenhouse gas emissions, out of 89 power stations in the state, Brunner Island ranks as the 13th most polluting.

Sulphur dioxide emissions
In 2006, Brunner Island ranked 27th on the list of most-polluting major power station in the US in terms of sulphur dioxide gas emission rate: it discharged  of SO2 for each MWh of electric power produced that year (93,545 tons of SO2 per year in total). Scrubbers began operation in 2009, removing about 90-percent of sulfur dioxide emissions and reducing mercury emissions. They spray a mixture of crushed limestone and water onto the exhaust gas before it goes out the plant's chimney. Sulfur reacts with the limestone and water in the plant's exhaust, forming synthetic gypsum. This is collected and shipped to a drywall manufacturing company.

Waste heat
Brunner Island discharges all of its waste heat (about 1.44 times its electrical output) into its brand new cooling towers as of 2009.

Conversion to Natural Gas
As part of a 2018 out-of-court settlement with the Sierra Club, which had previously sued the plant and its current owner, Talen Energy, over air and water pollution, Brunner Island will eventually completely phase out coal. By 2023, Brunner Island will stop burning coal from May to September, which is considered peak smog season.  By 2028, the facility will have completely switched over to natural gas.

See also

 List of power stations in Pennsylvania

References 

Energy infrastructure completed in 1961
Energy infrastructure completed in 1965
Energy infrastructure completed in 1969
Coal-fired power stations in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in York County, Pennsylvania
AgCam. The AgCam is a ruggedized camera system developed for use on Agricultural equipment to assist in viewing on large machinery. The system is manufactured by Dakota Micro, Inc., a North Dakota Corporation, United States.

The University of North Dakota has developed a camera for use on the International Space Stations that was named the AgCam, but has since changed the name of their camera to ISSAC in the light of copyright issues.

The AgCam is sold to a network of equipment dealerships. AgCam is sold by OEM Companies, including: AGCO Corporation, Trimble, Pickett Equipment, Morris Industries Ltd., Double L Inc. and TOPCON,

References 

Cameras
Agricultural machinery
Hants and Sussex Aviation Herald. The Hants and Sussex Aviation Herald was a British ultra-light single seat aircraft of the 1940s.

Design and development
The Herald was designed and built by Hants and Sussex Aviation Ltd at their factory at Portsmouth Airport two miles north of the city. The design designation H.S.1 was allocated to the aircraft. It was a single-seat ultra-light aircraft and was fitted with a fixed tricycle undercarriage. It was powered by one 40 h.p. Aeronca-JAP J-99 engine.

Operational history
The Herald was allocated the registration marks G-ALYA in February 1950. During testing at Portsmouth Airport in 1953, the aircraft's performance proved to be poor and it made a few hops before being retired. It remained at the airport until late 1955 when it was dismantled and scrapped.

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

1950s British civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Stoner criterion. The Stoner criterion is a condition to be fulfilled for the ferromagnetic order to arise in a simplified model of a solid. It is named after Edmund Clifton Stoner.

Stoner model of ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism ultimately stems from Pauli exclusion. The simplified model of a solid which is nowadays usually called the Stoner model, can be formulated in terms of dispersion relations for spin up and spin down electrons,

where the second term accounts for the exchange energy,  is the Stoner parameter,  () is the dimensionless density of spin up (down) electrons and  is the dispersion relation of spinless electrons where the electron-electron interaction is disregarded. If  is fixed,  can be used to calculate the total energy of the system as a function of its polarization . If the lowest total energy is found for , the system prefers to remain paramagnetic but for larger values of , polarized ground states occur. It can be shown that for

the  state will spontaneously pass into a polarized one. This is the Stoner criterion, expressed in terms of the  density of states at the Fermi energy .

A non-zero  state may be favoured over  even before the Stoner criterion is fulfilled.

Relationship to the Hubbard model

The Stoner model can be obtained from the Hubbard model by applying the mean-field approximation. The particle density operators are written as their mean value  plus fluctuation  and the product of spin-up and spin-down fluctuations is neglected. We obtain

With the third term included, which was omitted in the definition above, we arrive at the better-known form of the Stoner criterion

Notes

References

 Stephen Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (Oxford Master Series in Physics). 
 
 

Ferromagnetism