omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Keyboard controller (computing). In computing, a keyboard controller is a device that interfaces a keyboard to a computer. Its main function is to inform the computer when a key is pressed or released. When data from the keyboard arrives, the controller raises an interrupt (a keyboard interrupt) to allow the CPU to handle the input.

If a keyboard is a separate peripheral  system unit (such as in most modern desktop computers), the keyboard controller is not directly attached to the keys, but receives scancodes from a microcontroller embedded in the keyboard via some kind of serial interface. In this case, the controller usually also controls the keyboard's LEDs by sending data back to keyboard through the wire.

The IBM PC AT used an Intel 8042 chip to interface to the keyboard. This chip had two additional functions: it controlled access to the Intel 80286 CPU's A20 line in order to implement a workaround for a chip bug, and it was used to initiate a software CPU reset in order to allow the CPU to transition from protected mode to real mode because the 286 did not allow the CPU to go from protected mode to real mode unless the CPU is reset. The latter was a problem because the BIOS and services provided by real mode operating systems such as MS-DOS and similar operating systems could only be called by programs in real mode. These behaviors have been used by plenty of software that expects this behavior, and therefore keyboard controllers have continued controlling the A20 line and performing software CPU resets even when the need for a reset via the keyboard controller was obviated by the Intel 80386's ability to switch to real mode from protected mode without a CPU reset. The keyboard controller also handles PS/2 mouse input if a PS/2 mouse port is present. Today the keyboard controller is either a unit inside a Super I/O device or is missing, having its keyboard and mouse functions handled by a USB controller and its role in controlling the A20 line becoming integrated into the chipset's northbridge and then later into the CPU's built-in integrated memory controller.

See also 
 Keyboard buffer
 AT keyboard
 KVM extender
 Embedded controller: The Intel 8042 and other keyboard controllers used in computers based on the IBM PC/AT design can be considered embedded controllers.

References

External links 
 KBD43W13 Keyboard and PS/2 Mouse Controller

Computer keyboards
Microcontrollers
Motherboard
EarlySense. EarlySense was an Israeli medical device company with offices in the United States.  It has sold its proprietary contact-free continuous monitoring technology to Hill-Rom, now Baxter International.

History
The company was founded in 2004 by Dr. Danny Lange, Yossi Gross, and Avner Halperin. The CEO is Matt Johnson.

The product has two components: a sensor that is placed under a mattress and a software application. The company sells a version of the product designed for use in hospitals that received 510K marketing clearance from the FDA in 2009, meaning that it is equivalent to devices already on the market. It also received the CE mark in Europe. In this system, the sensor measures changes in pressure applied to it through the mattress, and transmits the measurements to the software, which converts them to heart rate, breathing rate, and motion.  The application can be used by nurses to monitor patients in their ward remotely; it can provide alerts if patients try to get out of bed, and can provide alerts that a patient needs to be turned in order to avoid the development of pressure ulcers.

In September 2015 the company launched a version of the product for people to use at home to monitor their sleep; in this system the desktop application is replaced by a smartphone app. EarlySense also provided OEM services to other companies that market the system under their own brands.

The company also offers contact-free continuous monitoring (CFCM) sensors for use in healthcare settings. The sensors allow wireless monitoring of patients.

See also
Science and technology in Israel

References

Medical technology companies of Israel
Israeli companies established in 2004
Health care companies of Israel
Manufacturing companies established in 2004
Satoshi Hiyamizu. was a Japanese professor of electrical engineering.

Dr. Hiyamizu won the 1982 Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Paper Award as lead author of a paper on mobility in two-dimensional electron gases while at Fujitsu Laboratories Limited, received the 1990 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award with Takashi Mimura "for outstanding contributions to the epitaxial growth of compound semiconductor materials and devices," and in 2001 was named an IEEE Fellow "for contributions to the realization of the first high electron mobility transistor (HEMT)". He served as dean of the Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering from 2000 to 2002. He died in February 2019 at the age of 75.

Notes

References 
 Satoshi Hiyamizu et al., "Extremely High Mobility of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in Selectively Doped GaAs/N-AlGaAs Heterojunction Structures Grown by MBE", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol.20 (1981) Pt.2 No.4, pp. L245-L248.
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award recipients
 IEEE Fellow Class of 2001 
 IEEE Fellow Class of 2001 (Tokyo section)
 Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering - history

1943 births
2019 deaths
Japanese electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Osaka University alumni
Academic staff of Osaka University
People from Osaka
Naoki Yokoyama. (March 28, 1949 - ) is a Japanese electrical engineer, active in the fields of nanotechnology and electronic and photonic devices, best known for his success in fabricating hot-electron transistors and invention of resonant-tunneling transistors.

Yokoyama born in Osaka, Japan, received his bachelor's degree in Physics from Osaka City University (1971), and master's (1973) and PhD (1984) degrees in Engineering from the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University. He joined the Semiconductor Devices Laboratory of Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. in 1973, where he was subsequently named a Fellow and General Manager of its Nanotechnology Research Center in 2000. He is also Visiting Professor of the University of Tokyo.

Yokoyama received the 1987 GaAs Symposium Young Scientist Award, and 1998 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to and leadership in the development of self-aligned refractory-gate gallium arsenide MESFET integrated circuits." He was elected an IEEE Fellow in 2000, Fellow of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers in 2003, and Fellow of the Applied Physics Society in 2007.

Selected works 
 Masayuki Abe, Naoki Yokoyama, Semiconductor heterostructure devices, Volume 8 of Japanese technology reviews, Taylor & Francis US, 1989. .

References 
 Naoki Yokoyama short biography
  Naoki Yokoyama curriculum vitae
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award recipients

Japanese electrical engineers
1949 births
Living people
Japanese nanotechnologists
People from Osaka
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Maha Bandula Bridge. Maha Bandula Bridge (sometimes spelled Mahabandoola Bridge) is a major bridge in Yangon, Myanmar built in April 2001. It is named after General Maha Bandula, and crosses Pazundaung Creek just east of Yangon's central business district. It is accessed by Maha Bandula Road.

Buildings and structures in Yangon
Bridges in Myanmar
Transport in Yangon
Kyaukme Dam. Kyaukme dam ( Upper Yeywa Hydropower Project) is a dam in Burma. This 140 MW hydroelectric dam is built across Myitnge River near Taungchay Village in Kyaukme Township,  upstream of Yeywa Hydropower Project The project was initiated by the Chinese firm Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC).

References

Dams in Myanmar
Christopher R. Wronski. Christopher R. Wronski was an electrical engineer and Professor Emeritus at Pennsylvania State University, noted for his pioneering research in photovoltaic cells including discovery of amorphous silicon solar cell and the Staebler–Wronski effect.

Christopher Wronski was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1939 as the son of Bogdan and Irene Wronski. Along with his brother and mother he lived in Poland during World War II. At the age of six, his family was reunited in England where his father, a Polish Naval officer, was stationed. Wronski received both his B.S. in Physics in 1960 and his Ph.D. in Physics from Imperial College, London in 1963.From 1963 to 1967, he worked at the 3M Research Laboratories in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1967, he joined the RCA David Sarnoff Research Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. At RCA, his work with David Carlson led to the invention of thin film hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells. In 1976, together with David Staebler, he discovered the Staebler-Wronski effect, which describes reversible, light-induced changes in the optoelectronic properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon.  A seminal paper by Staebler and Wronski has now been cited more than 2,000 times.  In 1978, Chris joined the Exxon Research Laboratories where he was a member of the team that developed optical enhancement for amorphous silicon solar cells. Together with David E. Carlson, he received the 1984 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells." In 1987, Dr. Wronski joined the faculty in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Penn State University where he continued his research on amorphous silicon solar cells. He was elected an IEEE Fellow in 1990 "for contributions to the understanding and application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-based materials", and received the 2000 William R. Cherry Award from the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. Dr. Wronski succumbed to pancreatic cancer on October 22, 2017.

Selected works 
 Wronski, C. R. M., Ph.D. Dissertation, Imperial College, Univ. London (1963).

References 

 William R. Cherry Award recipients
 IEEE Fellows list
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award recipients
 PennState Electrical Engineering - Graduate Faculty
 NTNU History Highlight of Solar Cells

American electrical engineers
Alumni of Imperial College London
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pin brazing. Pin brazing is a metallurgically safe method of making electrical connections to steel and ductile iron pipelines as well as other metallic structures, which are to be cathodically protected or electrically earthed.

The pin brazing technique is based primarily upon Electric-arc silver soldering using a specially designed portable pin brazing unit, a hollow brazing pin containing silver solder and flux.

The brazing process is initiated by depressing a trigger on the brazing gun. This, as with most forms of electrical welding, simply completes a circuit through which a DC current is passed. The pin tip is the point of highest resistance at which point an arc is drawn, melting the solder flux whilst simultaneously heating the lug material and the surface of the structure or pipeline to the required soldering temperature.

After approximately 1.5 seconds the circuit is mechanically or electronically broken, the solenoid is de-energised and the brazing pin is pushed forward into the molten pool of brazing alloy. The pin tip, brazing alloy, flux and lug cool into a homogenous unit.

The pin brazing process is well suited for joints between insulated pipe sections, connection to measuring cables, installation of sacrificial anodes and bonding zinc bracelets to offshore pipelines, due to the ease and speed of installation, high mechanical strength and extremely low resistance.

Within a cathodic protection system there are a multitude of connection requirements for anode cables, measuring posts etc., being extremely versatile, the pin brazing system is ideally suited to this. Attachments can be made vertically, horizontally or even overhead. If preferred, threaded pins with nuts can be attached or cable bonded directly onto the pipe by means of a special cable lug  which can be crimped on site or supplied complete as a unique integrally crimped attachment. The pin brazing unit contains all the equipment and tools required to make safe cable connections.  A welding generator may also be utilized as a power source wherever a battery unit may be impractical or a great many connections need to be made in such places as pipe-coating yards or lay-barges etc.

References 

Metalworking
Methylacetylene-propadiene gas. Methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS) gas is a type of fuel gas used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches, comprising a mixture of several gases.

MPS gases
An MPS gas is a mixture of two or more of propane, butane, butadiene, methylacetylene (propyne, CH3C≡CH) and propadiene (CH2=C=CH2). They are marketed under different names including: "MPS", "Chem-O-Lean", "Apachi Gas", "FG-2 Gas", "Flamex" and "natural gas". The most commonly known type of MPS gas is the discontinued MAPP gas.

As a fuel gas, it burns hotter than propylene, propane or natural gas.

See also
 Map-pro

References

Brazing and soldering
Fuel gas
John R. Arthur Jr.. John R. Arthur Jr. is an American materials scientist best known as a pioneer of molecular beam epitaxy.

Together with Alfred Y. Cho, Arthur pioneered molecular beam epitaxy at Bell Laboratories, where he published a paper in July 1968 that described construction of epitaxial gallium arsenide layers using molecular beam epitaxy. They received the 1982 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for the development and application of molecular beam epitaxy technology," and the 1982 James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials from the American Physical Society.

Selected works 
 Arthur Jr., J. R., J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4032–4034 (1968).
 Cho, A. Y.; J. R. Arthur Jr. “Molecular beam epitaxy”. Prog. Solid State Chem., 10: 157–192. (1975).

References 
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award recipients
 "Atom by Atom, Physicists Create Matter that Nature has Never Known Before", New York Times, June 1, 1982.
 W. Patrick McCray, "MBE deserves a place in the history books", Nature Nanotechnology 2, 259 - 261 (2007) .

21st-century American physicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Semiconductor growth
Short S.38. The Short S.38 was an early British aircraft built by Short Brothers.

Design and development
The Short S.38 was originally a Short S.27 with the manufacturer's number S.38. After an accident when hoisting this aircraft aboard  the remains were returned to Shorts, where the aircraft was rebuilt with extensive modifications, the resulting design becoming known as the Short S.38 type.

The rebuilt S.38 had the same basic layout as the original aircraft, being an unequal-span pusher biplane with a forward-mounted elevator and an empennage carried on wire-braced wooden booms behind the wing.  It differed in having new wings of increased span, a nacelle to accommodate the two crew members seated in tandem, and modified tail surfaces, the tailplane being enlarged and twin rudders fitted. The front elevator was mounted on booms, as on the original aircraft.

Production aircraft differed in having the front elevator mounted on an upswept outrigger on the front of the nacelle. Additionally, the outer panels of the upper wing had a swept back leading edge, and were rigged with a slight dihedral.

Service history
The aircraft was first flown by Lt. C.R. Samson on 30 August 1912.

Shorts subsequently built nine production aircraft (c/n S.54-62), with some remaining in use with the RNAS after the outbreak of World War I, being used for coastal patrol work at RNAS Great Yarmouth, and later for training purposes at RNAS Eastchurch. In 1915, the RNAS, pleased with their Short pushers, wanted to place orders for further S.38-type aircraft for use as basic trainers. As Short Brothers was busy building later types, orders were instead placed with subcontractors, twelve aircraft being built by Pemberton-Billing Ltd and 24 S.38s by White and Thompson, with deliveries continuing until 1916 and the type remaining in service until 1917.

Accidents and incidents
The type had two fatal accidents:
12 September 1915 – Serial number 65 was destroyed in a midair collision with a Caudron G.III at Eastchurch, pilots of both aircraft killed.
10 January 1916 – Serial number 3148 crashed while low-flying near Eastbourne, two crew killed.

Specifications

Notes

References

Barnes, C.H. Shorts Aircraft Since 1900. London: Putnam, 1967.
Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London: Putnam, 1957. 
Goodall, Michael H. The Norman Thompson File. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Air Britain (Historians), 1995. .
 Ray Sturtivant and Gordon Page Royal Navy Aircraft Serials and Units 1911–1919 Air-Britain, 1992. 
Thetford, Owen British Naval Aircraft Since 1912. London: Putnam, 1982. 

1910s British experimental aircraft
1910s British military trainer aircraft
S.38
Aircraft first flown in 1912
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Richard J. Gambino. Richard J. Gambino (May 17, 1935 – August 3, 2014) was an American material scientist best known for his pioneering work with amorphous magnetic materials.

Life and career
Gambino received his BA in 1957 from the University of Connecticut, and MS in 1976 from the Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He served from 1956–60 as a Physics Scientist at the US Army Signal Corps Research Lab, a metallurgist from 1960–61 at Pratt & Whitney, and from 1961–1993 as a member of the research staff at IBM Yorktown. In 1993 he became a professor at Stony Brook University.

In 1992, Gambino received the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award together with Praveen Chaudhari and Jerome J. Cuomo, "for the discovery of amorphous magnetic films used in magneto-optic data storage systems". He received the National Medal of Technology in 1995 for the development of amorphous magnetic materials used for magneto-optic disk media.

Gambino was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2004 for the discovery of magnetic anisotropy, the enabling technology of magneto-optical recording.

Gambino was also an IEEE Fellow and holds 40 patents. He died on August 3, 2014, at the age of 79.

References

Sources 
 Biography, SUNY Stonybrook
 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award recipients

1935 births
2014 deaths
21st-century American physicists
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
ASET. Aset or ASET may refer to:

ASET (education), an awarding body
Association of Science and Engineering Technology Professionals of Alberta (ASET) for technicians and technologists in Alberta, Canada
ASET (professional body), an educational charity for placement and employability professionals in the United Kingdom
ASET (All Size Equipment Transport), a South Australian-based company focused on the specialist transportation of over-dimensional equipment and machinery.
 Iset, an Ancient Egyptian name.

See also
Asset (disambiguation)
Isis, Aset being the Egyptian name for the goddess 
Iset (disambiguation), page for Egyptian name
ÖBB Class 2070. The ÖBB 2070 is a class of 90 shunting and light multipurpose four axle B'B' Diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for the Austrian Federal Railways by Vossloh at the MaK locomotive plant in Kiel, Germany.

Vossloh's type designation for the locomotive class is Vossloh G800 BB. A further 6 locomotives have been built and have been part of Vossloh locomotives leasing fleet.

ÖBB 2070 
The ÖBB 2070 was ordered in November 1998 as the result of a competitive tender. Along with the ÖBB Class 2068 built by Jenbacher in the 1990s they were intended to replace old shunting machines on the railway. The acquisition of the locomotives was part of a plan to modernise the Austrian locomotive fleet, which included the purchase of the ÖBB 1016 "Taurus" and ÖBB 2016 "Hercules" locomotives in the first decade of the 21st century.

The locomotives are built to the standard MaK B'B' diesel hydraulic off-centre cab design as typified by the MaK G1206. ÖBB's locomotives have air conditioned cabs and can be operated in multiple. Remote control operation as well as automatic shunting couplings are also a standard feature of the ÖBB locomotives.

Industrial use 
6 locomotives were produced and leased by Vossloh to other companies; primarily industrial clients including BASF, BP, Chemion Logistik GmbH (formerly part of Bayer), Ruhr Oel and Thyssen Krupp, two of the locomotives were eventually sold to Lenzing AG in 2005 and 2008.

Miniature models 
Versions of the locomotives have been produced by Jagerndorfer, Liliput and Märklin/Trix in HO scale, and by Minitrix in N scale.

See also 
Vossloh G1000 BB, locomotive design of 2002 of higher power and based on the ÖBB 2070 design.

References

Literature

External links 

Lärmminderung bei Diesellokomotiven Workshop Leiser Schienenverkehr – 29 November 2001, Noise Reduction in Railways with reference to Vossloh G800 and G2000 designs, 29 November 2001, Wolfram Schwab, Vossloh Schienenfahrzeugtechnik GmbH, Cutaway diagram of G800, p. 10, via www.fv-leiserverker.de

Vossloh locomotives
Austrian Federal Railways diesel locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Railway locomotives introduced in 2000
B-B locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology. The Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) is a unit of the Department of Atomic Energy, with its headquarters in Navi Mumbai, India. The unit of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is focused on developing applications for radio isotope and radiation technology.

BRIT has worked with the research program at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and with nuclear power plants for generating electricity by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). The unit's pharmaceuticals and laboratories are located at the BRIT/BARC Vashi Complex in Navi Mumbai. BRIT has six regional centres located in Bengaluru, Delhi, Dibrugarh, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Kota.

Shri Pradip Mukherjee has been the Chief Executive of BRIT since 1 August 2019.

References

External links
 Official website

1989 establishments in Maharashtra
Government agencies established in 1989
Nuclear technology in India
Organisations based in Mumbai
Government agencies for energy (India)
ONIOM. The ONIOM (short for 'Our own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and Molecular mechanics') method is a computational approach developed by Keiji Morokuma and co-workers. ONIOM is a hybrid method that enables different ab initio, semi-empirical, or molecular mechanics methods to be applied to different parts of a molecule/system in combination to produce reliable geometry and energy at reduced computational cost.

The ONIOM computational approach has been found to be particularly useful for modeling biomolecular systems as well as for transition metal complexes and catalysts.

Codes that support ONIOM
Gaussian
NWChem
ORCA (quantum chemistry program)

See also
QM/MM
Steric effects (ONIOM to separate Steric effects vs. electronic effects)

External links

References

Computational chemistry
Quantum chemistry