omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.1. The Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.1 was a two-seat biplane floatplane, the first aircraft produced by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's aircraft factory Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk in Horten, built after Maurice Farman's MF.7 design. The construction began in the summer of 1915, with plans borrowed from the Norwegian Army Air Service's aircraft factory at Kjeller.

Background
Until the delivery of the M.F.1s the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service had operated a Farman given to the Norwegian Army by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen on 3 August 1914. Amundsen had intended to use the aircraft for an expedition through the North-East Passage and the Arctic Ocean. The Norwegian Army had lent Amundsen's Farman to the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service to enable it to carry out neutrality protection duties during the First World War. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service was very pleased with the performance of Amundsen's Farman and wanted to produce aircraft of the same model. The delivery of M.F.1s allowed the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service to hand Amundsen's Farman back to the Norwegian Army Air Service.

Production
At the time Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk consisted of a 30 square metres room and the production of parts was done at the navy yard at Karljohansvern. Only the assembly and minor work was done at the factory itself. The first M.F.1 F.2 was launched on 26 May 1915 and tested on the water in Horten harbour. The first flight of the M.F.1 occurred on 4 June 1915 when Captain Halfdan Gyth Dehli made two flights in the aircraft.
The type was armed with one Krag–Jørgensen carbine with 120 rounds and one Colt M1911 pistol. The M.F.1 had a 100–130 horsepower Hall-Scott eight-cylinder engine and a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).

Three M.F.1s were operated by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's First Aerial Group based at the Royal Norwegian Navy's main base at Karljohansvern in Horten between 4 August 1915 and 15 July 1918. Three aircraft were built in 1915 (F.2, F.4 and F.6) one in 1916, F.8 and one in 1917 F.8 (II). The first four were lost in accidents in the period 1916–1918. The last aircraft of the type to be built, F.8 (II), was constructed to replace the original F.8, which had crashed at Karljohansvern on 20 May 1916 due to engine failure. F.8 (II), delivered on 2 June 1917, was rebuilt to type M.F.4 with new wings and nacelle in the autumn of 1918 and decommissioned on 13 July 1922 after flying for 322 hours and 15 minutes.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

 
 

1910s Norwegian military reconnaissance aircraft
MF01
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Multi-barrier approach. The Multi-barrier approach is a key paradigm for ensuring safe drinking water in jurisdictions such as Ontario, elsewhere in Canada, and New Zealand. It is defined as, An integrated system of procedures, processes and tools that collectively prevent or reduce the contamination of drinking water from source to tap in order to reduce risks to public health.

In Part 2 of his report on the Walkerton Tragedy, Justice Dennis O'Connor discusses five elements of the multi-barrier approach: 
 Source water protection—Taking action to minimize adverse impacts on source waters reduces the risk from pathogens and chemical pollutants in that water, and can also reduce the degree of treatment required.
 Robust water treatment—Having treatment trains with more than one step provides redundancy against treatment failure.
 A secure water supply network—Providing a disinfectant residual to the extreme points of the distribution system protects against water quality degradation and microbial intrusion.
 Monitoring programs—Monitoring water quality at each of the above points (source, treatment plant, and tap) allows the treatment process to be adjusted to deal with fluctuations in water quality and ensures that the drinking water is safe at the point of human consumption.
 Prepared responses to adverse conditions—Having response plans (for example, issuing a boil-water advisory) in place provides a final barrier to protect the public if harmful contaminants should make it through the other barriers.

The holistic perspective of the multi-barrier approach also incorporates many players into the goal of keeping drinking water safe. These include managers, researchers, regulators, legislators, and the public.

See also 
 Clean Water Act (Ontario)
 Point of use water treatment
 Source water protection
 Water safety plan
 Water quality
 Walkerton tragedy
 Public health

References

Sources 
 Health Canada. The Multi-Barrier Approach to Safe Drinking Water. Accessed: 10-Aug-2010.
 Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water & Water Quality Task Group (2002). From Source To Tap - The Multi-Barrier Approach To Safe Drinking Water.
 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Multi-Barrier Approach. Accessed: 10-Aug-2010.
 Hrudey, SE, & Hrudey, EJ (2004).Safe Drinking Water: Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations, 
 
 O'Connor, Hon. Dennis R. (2002). Part 2: Report of the Walkerton Inquiry: Strategy for Safe Drinking Water.

Water management
Kwinana Cogeneration Plant. Kwinana Cogeneration Plant was a cogeneration facility located  south of Perth, Western Australia that operated from 1994 to 2022. It provided steam and electrical power to the BP Australia Kwinana Oil Refinery and electricity to Synergy, the State owned generator/retailer.

As a cogeneration plant, Kwinana supplied both steam and electrical power to its two customers. Steam production from the plant came predominantly from the waste heat from the gas turbine exhausts and was supported by burning refinery fuel gas from the BP Refinery using 'Duct Burners' inside the Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG). The steam produced drove a steam turbine, further enhancing the plant's efficiency, with BP's steam supply coming from the extraction port on the steam turbine after some pressure and temperature had been lost.

Kwinana produced 119MW of electricity, or approximately 6% of Western Australia's requirements. It was primarily fueled by natural gas from Western Australia's North West Shelf gas fields and delivered to the plant by the Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline. The plant was certified for its environmental practices (ISO 14001), quality assurance (ISO 9001) and health and safety (AS4801 & BS18001).

History
Edison Mission Energy commenced construction of the plant in 1994. It was commissioned and entered commercial operation in December 1996.

The final owners of the Kwinana plant were GDF SUEZ and Mitsui & Co., Ltd and RATCH-Australia. The partnership traded as the Perth Power Partnership, with GDF SUEZ Australian Energy and Mitsui & Co., Ltd owning 70 per cent and RATCH-Australia owning 30 per cent.

The plant ceased operation in 2021 and was deregistered from the Western Australian electricity market in March 2022

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1996
Cogeneration power stations in Australia
Natural gas-fired power stations in Western Australia
Kwinana Beach, Western Australia
Characteristic length. In physics, a characteristic length is an important dimension that defines the scale of a physical system.  Often, such a length is used as an input to a formula in order to predict some characteristics of the system, and it is usually required by the construction of a dimensionless quantity, in the general framework of dimensional analysis and in particular applications such as fluid mechanics.

In computational mechanics, a characteristic length is defined to force localization of a stress softening constitutive equation. The length is associated with an integration point. For 2D analysis, it is calculated by taking the square root of the area. For 3D analysis, it is calculated by taking the cubic root of the volume associated to the integration point.

Examples 
A characteristic length is usually the volume of a system divided by its surface:

For example, it is used to calculate flow through circular and non-circular tubes in order to examine flow conditions (i.e., the Reynolds number). In those cases, the characteristic length is the diameter of the pipe or, in case of non-circular tubes, its hydraulic diameter :

Where  is the cross-sectional area of the pipe and  is its wetted perimeter. It is defined such that it reduces to a circular diameter of D for circular pipes.

For flow through a square duct with a side length of a, the hydraulic diameter  is:

For a rectangular duct with side lengths a and b:

For free surfaces (such as in open-channel flow), the wetted perimeter includes only the walls in contact with the fluid.

Similarly, in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine, the characteristic length  is defined as the chamber volume divided by the throat area.  Because the throat of a de Laval nozzle is smaller than the cross section of the combustion chamber, the characteristic length is greater than the physical length of the combustion chamber.

References

Physical constants
Length
Tillman Water Reclamation Plant. The Donald C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant is a water reclamation plant located in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California, United States. The plant was conceived of, designed and constructed by the City of Los Angeles' Bureau of Engineering. The Administration Building was designed by California architect Anthony J. Lumsden. It is home to The Japanese Garden, which has been used as a backdrop in films and television, including Dead Heat, Rising Sun, Matlock, Knight Rider,  Bio-Dome, Twins, and Starfleet Academy from Star Trek.

Operation
The facility treats and reclaims wastewater by removing it from the sewer system and reducing the need for large sewer pipes downstream from the plant. The treated water is discharged to the lake in the adjacent Balboa Park and then flows into the Los Angeles River, where it comprises the majority of the flow. The plant began operation in 1985 and processes  of waste a day, producing  of recycled water. It is named after Donald C. Tillman, the city engineer from 1972 to 1980.

A project to expand the plant's wastewater treatment capacity by building new facilities is expected to begin in late 2024. The 740-million dollar project is expected to increase the facility's ability to purify wastewater by about 20 millions gallons per day, enough to supply an estimated 250,000 people per day with drinking water. The new facilities are expected to start service in 2027. The purified water from the facility is planned to be pumped to the nearby Hansen Spreading Grounds to replenish groundwater supplies, then it will be pumped, re-tested and delivered to local taps. This would mark the first time Los Angeles uses treated, recycled waste water as drinking water. The city currently imports 90% of its water from regional sources, and pumps its treated wastewater into the Los Angeles River. The new facilities are part of the larger Pure Water Los Angeles project to recycle 100% of the city's wastewater by 2035.

References

External links
 Tillman Water Reclamation Plant at LA Sanitation
 City of Los Angeles: Japanese Garden

Sewage treatment plants in California
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Water supply and sanitation in the United States
Los Angeles River
Van Nuys, Los Angeles
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.2. The Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.2 was a two-seat military biplane floatplane produced by Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk in 1915 and 1916. It was designed by naval captain Halfdan Gyth Dehli, based on former models by French designer Maurice Farman and improvements by Einar Sem-Jacobsen of the Norwegian Army Air Service's aircraft factory Kjeller Flyfabrikk.

Background
The M.F.2 was the second type of aircraft manufactured by Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk, and was financed by the extraordinary appropriations to the Norwegian Armed Forces after the outbreak of the First World War.

Production
Two examples of the M.F.2 were delivered from the Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk in the summer of 1916, with the numerals F.10 and F.12. A third example, F.10 (II), was delivered in March 1918, replacing the original F.10, which had crashed at Karljohansvern naval base on 21 April 1917 after a total of 22 hours flying time.

Service
The M.F.2s were employed for neutrality protection patrols, in addition to being used for student pilots taking their certificates. The M.F.2s were based at the Royal Norwegian Navy's main naval base at Karljohansvern in Horten until July 1918, when F.10 (II) and F.12 were redeployed to the newly established naval station at Kristiansand. The M.F.2s were part of the First Aerial Group prior to the move to Kristiansand. At Kristiansand the two M.F.2s served together with three Sopwith Baby seaplane fighters, and were housed in two aircraft sheds.

The M.F.2 type served with the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service until 2 October 1924, when F.12 was written off after 95 hours and 30 minutes of flying time. F.10 (II) had been wrecked during takeoff from Kristiansand naval air station on 22 July 1919.

The engine of the M.F.2 was a 150 hp Sunbeam V8. The aircraft was equipped with a radio transmitter. It was armed with a fixed Madsen machine gun and could carry a bomb load of 2 x 50 kg, in the form of two small bombs or mines. The M.F.2 was the first aircraft operated by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service that had permanent armament, or could carry a bomb load. The preceding Rumpler Etrich Taube, Maurice Farman MF.7 and Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.1 types had only been able to carry carbines and pistols.

The wings of the M.F.2 were shorter than those of the M.F.1, and the tail section of the M.F.2 was completely different from its predecessor and included a new elevators and rudders.

Specifications

|power main=150–160 hp

References

Bibliography
 
 

1910s Norwegian military reconnaissance aircraft
MF02
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Alstom Innovia. Innovia is a product line of fully automated and driverless transportation systems offered by Alstom. Originally Innovia only referred to the automated people mover technology acquired from Adtranz in 2001. Innovia now refers to the following automated transit systems:
 Innovia APM – automated people mover system
 Innovia Metro – automated medium-capacity metro system
 Innovia Monorail – automated monorail system

References

Alstom rolling stock
Hazard Powder Company. The Hazard Powder Company is a former American manufacturer of gunpowder and explosives. It was located in Hazardville within the town of Enfield, Connecticut.

History
The company was founded on the Scantic River in 1835 by Allen Loomis in an area then known as Powder Hollow, with the construction of a small gunpowder mill. A company called Loomis, Denslow and Company, named for Loomis and his business partner, was established the following year. The company manufactured powder from saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal.

Employees lived in a company town named Hazardville, which took its name from Colonel Augustus George Hazard, who bought into the company in 1837 and eventually built it to become a major producer of gunpowder. The company changed its name to Loomis, Hazard & Company in 1837, and became the Hazard Powder Company in 1843 when Hazard bought Loomis' share of the business. 

Production increased over the years in response to the needs of the U.S. military for gunpowder during the Mexican–American War, demand for blasting powder during the California Gold Rush of 1849, and the Crimean War, when the Hazard Powder Company supplied both Britain and Russia with gunpowder, shipping a total of 500 tons to Britain. During the American Civil War, the mill was one of the three chief sources of gunpowder for the Union forces, producing up to  a day. 

At its peak, the Hazard Powder Company operated in 125 buildings occupying hundreds of acres of land. It had 25 water wheels and three steam engines along a mile of Scantic River frontage.  There were additional mills in East Hartford and Canton. The business declined after the Civil War. However, Hazardville still had a relatively large population of 1,500 in the 1890s.

Hazard Powder was one of the three largest (with DuPont and Laflin & Rand) among the six companies of the United States Gunpowder Trade Association (popularly known as the powder trust). DuPont gained majority stock control of the company in 1876 after Colonel Hazard died in 1868.  The plant became part of Hercules Powder Company when DuPont assets were divided in 1912 under provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and it closed permanently after a major explosion on January 14, 1913, destroyed much of the plant.

Notes

Ammunition manufacturers
History of Connecticut
Gunpowder mills
Enfield, Connecticut
Century Motor Vehicle Company. Century Motor Vehicle Company (1899–1903) was a manufacturer of electric and steam automobiles in Syracuse, New York. The company switched to gasoline-fuelled internal combustion engine-powered  automobiles in January 1903, and went out of business later that year.

It is not to be confused with Century, a British motor company that produced cars until 1907.

Advertisements

References

External links 

 The Century Steam Car & The Century Motor Vehicle Co.
 Early American Automobiles, 1904 models

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Syracuse, New York
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vintage vehicles
Veteran vehicles
1900s cars
American companies established in 1899
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1899
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1903
1899 establishments in New York (state)
1903 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct companies based in Syracuse, New York
Laboratory funnel. Laboratory funnels are funnels that have been made for use in the chemical laboratory. There are many different kinds of funnels that have been adapted for these specialized applications. Filter funnels, thistle funnels (shaped like thistle flowers), and dropping funnels have stopcocks which allow the fluids to be added to a flask slowly. For solids, a powder funnel with a short and wide neck/stem is more appropriate as it prevents clogging.

When used with filter paper, filter funnels, Buchner and Hirsch funnels can be used to remove fine particles from a liquid in a process called filtration. For more demanding applications, the filter paper in the latter two may be replaced with a sintered glass frit.

Separatory funnels are used in liquid-liquid extractions.

Manufacturing 

Borosilicate glass is one of the most common materials of choice for laboratory applications due to its inertness compared with metals or plastics. However, plastic funnels made of non-reactive polyethylene are used for transferring aqueous solutions. Plastic is most often used for powder funnels which do not come into contact with solvents in normal use.

The types of funnels in the laboratory

 Plain funnels exist in various dimensions, with longer or shorter necks.
 Filter funnels have a neck of a thin capillary tube and ribs which increase the filter-papers' effectiveness and thus accelerate the process of filtering.
 Powder funnels have a short and wide neck for fast pouring of powders.
 Separatory funnels are pear-shaped, have a cap and a short neck, with a stopcock for the even pouring of fluids. These are used to decant two immiscible fluids. It can be graduated, though this is not very common. 
 Hirsch funnels are shaped much like normal funnels, but contain holes or sintered glass at the base for quick filtrations.
 Dropping funnels are a cylindrical, regularly graduated funnel with standard taper ground glass joints. These are often supplied with a pressure equalizer.
 Buchner funnels are  made of porcelain and include a plate of sintered glass or perforated porcelain. These are used in filtration under low pressure with a Buchner flask.
 Hot filtration funnel is a less commonly seen funnel where the funnel is jacketed, and surrounded by a heated fluid.
 Eco funnel is equipped with a latching lid and gasket to reduce chemical contamination and conform to OSHA and EPA regulations.

References 

Laboratory glassware
12B (disambiguation). 12B is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language film by Jeeva.

12B may also refer to:

 New York State Route 12B, a state highway in the central part of New York
 Missouri Route 12B
 Nebraska Spur 12B
 WASP-12b, an extrasolar planet
 HAT-P-12b, an extrasolar planet
 Boron-12 (12B), an isotope of boron
 12B, a short-lived Mazda Wankel engine
 12B United States MOS enlisted (military occupational specialty) for "Combat Engineer"
 12b, an alternative name for the Ontario Academic Credit program

See also
 B12 (disambiguation)
CLI. CLI may refer to:

Computing
 Call Level Interface, an SQL database management API
 Command-line interface, of a computer program
 Command-line interpreter or command language interpreter; see List of command-line interpreters
 CLI (x86 instruction)
 ISO Common Language Infrastructure for multi-platform code (.Net)

Organizations
 Caribbean Law Institute
 Charlotte Lozier Institute, research arm of anti-abortion group Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America
 Clì Gàidhlig, an organisation supporting learners of Scottish Gaelic
 Clintonville Municipal Airport with airport code "CLI"
 Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
 Corps Léger d'Intervention, special forces in the Far East French Expeditionary Corps

Other
 151 (number), in Roman numerals
 Canada Land Inventory
 Cebu Landmasters, Philippine stock exchange code CLI
 Critical limb ischemia
 Telephone Caller Line Identification (Caller ID)

See also
 Clicli, a character in Marine Boy
Spaceworthiness. Spaceworthiness, or aerospaceworthiness, is a property, or ability of a spacecraft to perform to its design objectives and navigate successfully through both the space environment and the atmosphere as a part of a journey to or from space. The concept may less commonly be extended to other devices, such as spacesuits, which are designed to spend some amount of time exposed to space.

As in airworthiness, the spaceworthiness of a spacecraft depends on at least three basic components:

 design of the spacecraft, which covers activities of engineering evaluation, simulations, laboratory and prototype tests, and experimental flights;
 production, which seeks to ensure that the spacecraft has been assembled in conformity with the design specification;
 maintenance of the spacecraft, after production, before and during each flight mission.

Spaceworthiness is typically maintained through a maintenance program and / or a system of analysis, diagnosis and management of health and reliability of the spacecraft.

Related concepts 
Spaceworthiness of launch vehicles and spacecraft is an extension of the concepts of roadworthiness for cars, railworthiness for trains, seaworthiness for boats and ships, and airworthiness for aircraft.

See also

Crashworthiness
Cyberworthiness
Railworthiness

References

Astronautics
Aerospace engineering
Spaceflight concepts
Spaceflight