omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of spaceplanes. A spaceplane incorporates aspects of both aeroplanes and spacecraft. Most concepts were only capable of sub-orbital spaceflight.

|-
| ASSET || USA || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1963 || Prototype ||  || Uncrewed reentry test vehicle.
|-
| Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar || USA || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1963 || Project ||  || Crewed
|-
| Boeing X-37 || USA || Rocket launch || Utility || 2010 || Prototype ||  || Robotic orbiter operated by the United States Armed Forces. 
|-
| BOR-4 || USSR || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1982 || Prototype ||  || Uncrewed reentry test vehicle.
|-
| Buran Shuttle || USSR || Rocket launch || Utility || 1988 || Prototype ||  || Crewed orbiter, launched by the Energia rocket. Only one robotic flight was made.
|-
| Dawn Aerospace Mk.2 ||The Netherlands / New Zealand||Suborbital  rocket launch || Experimental || 2020|| Prototype||  || Uncrewed suborbital space plane. Horizontal takeoff and landing.
|-
| Dream Chaser ||USA|| Rocket launch || Utility || 2004|| Project||  || Uncrewed orbiter, originally intended as a crew vehicle. Launched by a Vulcan Centaur rocket. 
|- 
|HOTOL || UK || SSTO || Utility || 1988 || Project || 0 || Airbreathing rocket engine.
|- 
| Interim HOTOL || UK || Air launch || Utility || 1991 || Project || 0 || Launched from the Antonov An-225 Mriya, the Buran air lift carrier aircraft.
|-
| Martin X-23 PRIME || USA || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1966 || Prototype ||  || Uncrewed atmospheric re-entry test vehicle
|-
| North American X-15 || USA || Air launch || Experimental || 1959 || Prototype || 3 || Air-dropped from a Boeing B-52.
|-
| Sanger Silbervogel || Germany || Composite || Bomber || 1944 || Project || 0 || Sub-orbital. Mockup and wind tunnel models only.
|-
| Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne || USA || Composite || Transport || 2004 || Prototype || 1 || First civilian-funded reusable spacecraft, lifted by White Knight to about 14 km
|-
| Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo || USA || Composite || Transport || 2010 || Prototype || 2 || For Virgin Galactic commercial testing.
|-
| Skylon || UK || SSTO || Utility || 1993 || Project ||  || Continuation of cancelled HOTOL.
|-
| Space Rider || ESA || Lifting body || Experimental || 2021 || Project ||  || Robotic, orbital
|-
| Space Shuttle || USA || Rocket launch || Utility || 1981 || Retired || 4–8 || Crewed orbiter.
|-
| XCOR Lynx (formerly Xerus) || USA || Suborbital || Experimental || 2008 || Project || 0 || Horizontal takeoff and landing.
|}

See also
 Lists of spacecraft
 List of space launch system designs
 Mother ship

Spaceplanes
Spaceplanes
Lists of aircraft by role
Fingerite. Fingerite is a copper vanadate mineral with formula: β-Cu2V2O5.  It was discovered as triclinic crystals occurring as volcanic sublimates around fumaroles in the crater of the Izalco Volcano, El Salvador. 

Associated minerals include thenardite, euchlorine, stoiberite, shcherbinaite, ziesite, bannermanite, chalcocyanite and chalcanthite. The mineral also dissolves in water.

Fingerite is named for Dr. Larry W. Finger (1940–2024) of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

References

Copper minerals
Vanadate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Air Force 3701. The Air Force 3701 () is the presidential aircraft for the President of the Republic of China. The aircraft is a modified Boeing 737-800 and operated by the Republic of China Air Force.

History
 4 February 2000: The aircraft was bought from Boeing in the United States with a budget of NT$2 billion from the Ministry of National Defense for its purchase and modification. It flew from Seattle and arrived three days later.
 7 February 2000: The aircraft arrived in Taipei.
 18 March 2000: The cabin crews were formally commissioned.
 June 2005: The son of President Chen Shui-bian,  applied to complete his wedding with the aircraft, which caused controversy. Chen Chih-chung explained  that Taiwan High Speed Rail was not yet operational. If people involved in the wedding rushed from Taipei to Taichung, the long distance would impose inconveniences on people along the route, so an application to use Air Force 3701 was submitted.

Design
The aircraft underwent modifications in few areas, such as the front section of its fuselage. It is also equipped with satellite for continuous communication throughout the flight. Modifications are done to the base aircraft to fit Presidential travel.

See also
 Air transports of heads of state and government

References

Presidency of the Republic of China
Presidential aircraft
Republic of China Air Force
Vehicles of Taiwan
Individual aircraft
Moyes Ventura. The Moyes Ventura is an Australian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Moyes Delta Gliders of Botany, New South Wales. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Ventura is a beginner-level hang glider made from aluminum tubing, with the single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. It was marketed as spin-proof and easy to fly. Options included mylar inserts and a speedbar. The aircraft was produced in two sizes named after its wing area in square feet, to accommodate pilots of different weight ranges.

Variants
Ventura 170
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 118°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.45:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is .
Ventura 190
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 118°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.7:1. The pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Ventura 170)

References

External links

Ventura
Hang gliders
Moyes XT. The Moyes XT is an Australian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Moyes Delta Gliders of Botany, New South Wales. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The XT is an intermediate-level hang glider made from aluminum tubing, with the mostly single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. It was marketed as easy to fly, possessing a low stall speed and responsive handling. The aircraft was produced in two sizes named after its wing area in square feet, to accommodate pilots of different weight ranges.

Variants
XT145
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 115°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.21:1. glider empty weight is  and the pilot hook-in weight range is .
XT165
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 115°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.45:1. The glider empty weight is  and the pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (XT145)

References

External links

XT
Hang gliders
Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works. Beloretsk steelmaking plant (, Beloretskiy Metallurgicheskiy Kombinat; ,), abbreviated as BMK, is the steel company in Russia. It is located in the city of Beloretsk, in Bashkortostan.

History
In the past, the main area for Russian iron production was the Tula region. However, during the early 18th century, there was a shift towards developing the industrial capabilities of the Urals, resulting in more than doubling Russia's iron production.

References

Steel companies of Russia
Steel companies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Companies based in Bashkortostan
Air Force Data Systems Design Center. The Air Force Data Systems Design Center (AFDSDC) was activated on 26 Oct 1967. The unit was located at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington D.C. Its mission was to analyze, design, develop, program, test, implement and maintain all automated data processing systems; incorporate HQ USAF-approved integration and interface requirements in assigned automated data systems; develop and maintain general purpose software required by assigned systems; and develop and recommend standards covering programming languages and documentation requirements for automated data systems. The AFDSDC moved to Gunter AFS in 1971 and has since gone through a number of transformations including: Headquarters Air Force Teleprocessing Center (1984); Headquarters Standard Information Systems Center (1985); Headquarters Standard Systems Center (1986); Headquarters Standard Systems Group (1995); 554th Electronic Systems Wing (2006), Enterprise Information Systems Directorate (July 2010), Business and Enterprise Systems (September 2011).

References

 Centers of the United States Air Force
Russell Shank. Russell Shank (September 2, 1925 – June 26, 2012) was an American librarian. Shank studied electrical engineering at the University of Washington and earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1946. He went on to receive a bachelor's in librarianship in 1949, also from the University of Washington. Shank went on to receive a master's in business administration from the University of Wisconsin and a doctorate in library science from Columbia University. He served as an assistant university librarian at the University of California Berkeley from 1959 to 1964 and was a member of the faculty of the Columbia University library school. Shank was the first director of libraries at the Smithsonian Institution from 1968 to 1977. In 1977, he was named chief librarian at the University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) until he retired from that position in 1989. He was succeeded by Gloria Werner. Shank was also a professor emeritus in UCLA's Graduate School of Education and Information Studies.

Shank served as President of the American Library Association from 1978 to 1979.  Shank was instrumental in forming FEDLINK (the Federal Library and Information Network) and advocated to make Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights part of the American Library Association's policy.

Awards and honors
 Hugh Craig Atkinson Memorial Award (1990)
 Freedom to Read Foundation Roll of Honor Award (1990)

See also 
 Smithsonian Libraries
 University of California, Los Angeles Library

References

 

1926 births
2012 deaths
American librarians
Presidents of the American Library Association
Columbia University School of Library Service alumni
Columbia University faculty
UCLA librarians
Smithsonian Institution people
Uzi Eilam. Uzi Eilam is a retired IDF brigadier general and former director of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission. Closely involved in many of the most crucial decision-making events in the State of Israel's history, he had commanded various Israeli military units during his service to IDF.

Early life
He was born and raised in Kibbutz Tel Yosef, where he had to fight the elders to be allowed to study. He did his mechanical engineering bachelor's degree at Technion and got a M.Sc. in industrial engineering. Alongside Ariel Sharon, he served in Israel's southern borders as a combat paratrooper during 1950s. In the 1956 Sinai campaign, Eilam was a company commander of paratroopers. He was also a battalion commander in the paratroop brigade fighting in Jerusalem during the Six-Day War and the commander of a paratroop brigade in the Jordan Valley in 1969 and 1970. Eilam was selected in 1973 to head the Military Research and Development Unit in the IDF and was promoted to Brigadier General. In 1976 he was appointed by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin to serve for 10 years as Director General of the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission. From 1986 to 1997 eilam was the Chief Scientist of the MOD and the director of the defense R&D. After 12 years of leading the R&D Eilam was sent to Paris to head the MOD mission to Europe. General Eilam retired from the Government on 2001.

Views

Nuclear program of Iran

Coming from "the heart of Israel's secret security mechanisms", he believes that Benjamin Netanyahu is using the threat of atomic Iran as a means of reaching "his own political aims". He said: "Netanyahu and other politicians have struck terrible, unnecessary fear into the hearts of the Israeli public, and thankfully the flames fanned over the issue seemed to have died down for now." He does not believe that Tehran is even close to having a bomb. "The Iranian nuclear program will only be operational in another 10 years," declares Eilam. "Even so, I am not sure that Iran wants the bomb," he added.

Books
 Eilam's Arc: How Israel Became a Military Technology Powerhouse, Sussex Academic Press (September 1, 2011)
 California Triangle - A fiction thriller on countering the efforts of Iran to spy on Israeli-American missiles defense in the Silicon Valley.
 A Trap in Paris - A fiction thriller on French-American-Israeli task force blocking the illegal purchasing of strategic materials for Iran in Europe.
 Singapore under Attack - A fiction thriller on Iranian effort to terrorize Singapore.

See also
 Manufactured Crisis: The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare

References

Nuclear program of Iran
Zionists
Controversies in Israel
Israeli generals
Israeli Security Forces
Israel Defense Prize recipients
China Railways HXD3C. The HXD3C () is an electric locomotive built in Mainland China by CNR Dalian Locomotives. It is also the first 6-axle dual-service AC electric locomotive in China. It has functions of DC600V train power supply (except HXD3CA) and dual pipe air supply.

Gallery

See also 
 China Railways HXD3
 China Railways HXD3A
 China Railways HXD3B
 China Railways HXD3D
 China Railways HXD3E

References 

25 kV AC locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
HXD3C
CRRC Dalian locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2010
Standard gauge locomotives of China
Sand mining in Kerala. Sand mining is a serious issue of environmental concern in the Kerala province of India. Even though sand mining is banned in most parts of Kerala, it is going on secretly because of the big demand of sand in the booming construction of the state.

Periyar River
Sand mining is a serious threat to most of the rivers in Kerala but the case is more visible in Periyar river.  The indiscriminate mining has even affected the stability of Sree Sankara Bridge at Kalady.

According to D. Padmalal, head of the Environmental Science division, National Center for Earth Science Studioes, this kind of mindless mining has created big problems to the rivers of the state. Four people died from drowning in the Periyar at Kalady on Friday due to illegal sand mining.

Legislation and banning
The high court of Kerala has banned mining within one km radius of bridges but the state government is permitting mining even within 500 meters of the bridge. Illegal sand mining has created about 800 pits on the Periyar river.  In June 2015, the government of Kerala banned mining in six rivers of Kerala for a period of three years.

Jazeera's fight
Jazeera, a female environmentalist, from Madayi village in Kannur District, Kerala has recently staged a sit in strike against sand mining before the Kerala House in New Delhi. She was accompanied by her three children. Her fight was not successful except for making the central government send a letter on the issue to the provincial government of Kerala. Jazeera got wide coverage for the issue on various Indian and foreign media including the BBC. According to one study by the Government Brennen College, Thalassery, Jaseera was isolated in the Kerala society because of its strong patriarchal nature.

References

Environment of Kerala
Illegal mining in India
Rivers of Kerala
Kerala
Economy of Kerala
Corruption in Kerala
NSR H1 class. The North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) H1 Class was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive designed by John H. Adams, third son of William Adams. They were designed as a development as the previous H Class, adding a Belpaire firebox to a new design of boiler, which was similar to that of the NSR G class but with a reduced barrel length. Four were built between December 1910 and March 1911, all at the company's Stoke railway works. The whole class was withdrawn by the end of 1930, having quickly been displaced by the LMS 4F.

As with the H class, the H1s were built with the NSR's long distance freight work outside of their own system thanks to their extensive running powers, but they also partook in some passenger and excursion trains.

The livery of the H1 Class was the NSR's Madder Lake with straw lining, and NORTH STAFFORD lettering on the tender along with the company crest. The number appeared on the cabside. In LMS days  they received the standard plain black freight livery with large numerals on the tender. They were renumbered twice in LMS ownership; once, upon grouping, in the 23xx series, and again in 1928 to make way for the LMS Fowler 2-6-4T being built at the time. As a result, they were put in the 83xx series following on from the LNWR 18in Goods Class.

List of Locomotives

References

North Staffordshire Railway locomotives
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Belgorod Technological University. Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov (BSTU) (Russian: Белгородский государственный технологический университет им. В. Г. Шухова) is a technological university based in Belgorod, Russia. It specializes in the field of the construction materials. It trains experts for the construction industry and for other fields.

History 

University was found as Belgorod Technological Institute of Building Materials according to Decision of USSR Council Minister dated by April 29, 1954 No. 797 and according to order of high and specialized secondary education Department USSR dated by June 15, 1970 No. 419. Belgorod Technological Institute of Building Materials was renamed in Belgorod State Technological Academy of Building Materials according to State Committee of High Education RF dated by April 29, 1994 No. 355.
Belgorod State Technological Academy of Building Materials was renamed in State Educational Establishment of high Professional Education«Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shoukhov» according to Ministry of Education RF dated by March 27, 2003 No. 1249.

International cooperation 
By convention, the high-ranking guests from abroad plant trees on "Alley of friendship" ("Alleya Druzhby").

BSTU signed the contract on cooperation in educational and scientific activity with Tianjin Foreign Studies University on October 24, 2014.

University in rankings 
BSTU named after Shukhov was ranked 55 in the list of best universities of CIS by rating agency RAEX.

The university also was ranked 50 in «ARES-2014» rating.

Faculties

References

External links
  official website

Universities and colleges established in 1954
Belgorod
Universities in Russia
Buildings and structures in Belgorod Oblast
1954 establishments in the Soviet Union
JDR Cable Systems. JDR is a provider of subsea technologies and services that provide control and power delivery for both the oil and gas and renewable energy sectors of the global offshore energy industry.

History
In 1971 Peter Jacques and G.H. Chaplin formed Jacques Chaplin Engineering based in Hertfordshire manufacturing industrial hoses. In 1981 the company relocated to  Littleport, Cambridgeshire under the name GH Chapling (Eng). In 1983 the company was acquired by Rotork, and renamed Jacques Rotork. In 1988 a management consortium bought the company and the business became known as Jacques Cable Systems.

In c.1991  Bromsgrove Industries acquired Jacques Cable and in 1994 acquired De Regt Special Cables - the two businesses were merged under Bromsgrove and renamed Jacques De Regt Cable Systems, later JDR Cable Systems. In 1988 overall ownership was acquired by NatWest Equity Partners. In 2007  the business was acquired jointly by  Vision Capital, Goldman Sachs and management.

After the 2007 acquisition the company established a factory at the Port of Hartlepool at a cost of c. £30 million, enabling easy transhipment of undersea cables direct to ship.

In 2011 the company's Dutch subsidiaries, its marine cable division,  JDR Cable Systems Holdings Netherlands BV, and JDR Cable Systems BV (nr. Rotterdame) were sold to Fugro NV, and renamed  De Regt Marine Cables.

By 2015 the Hartlepool facility had expanded to include  of warehousing and employed 180 persons, driven by orders from the offshore oil and gas and wind industries. In early 2016 the business began constructing an additional  factory at Hartlepool.

In 2021, the firm announced that it would open a new factory near Blyth with both private and state funding.

References

External links

Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Hartlepool
Companies based in Cambridgeshire
Ponte do Saber. Ponte do Saber ("Bridge of Knowledge") is a cable-stayed bridge in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Designed by architect Alexandre Chan and completed in 2012, the bridge connects the  campus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) to the southbound Red Line () expressway that leads to downtown Rio de Janeiro. The bridge was inaugurated and opened to traffic on 17 of February 2012.

References

Bridges in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Cable-stayed bridges in Brazil
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Guanabara Bay
Bridges completed in 2012
Offshore Structures (Britain) Ltd.. Offshore Structures (Britain) Ltd. is a marine offshore structure foundation manufacture based at Haverton Hill near Billingham on the north bank of the River Tees. The company was formed as a joint venture between Bladt Industries and EEW at the factory established by TAG Energy Solutions.

The factory was used briefly in the late 2000s by Tees Alliance Group for a prematurely terminated contract to manufacture oil rig substructures. 

The works is based on the site of the Haverton Hill shipyard, initially  operating as the Furness Shipbuilding Co. Ltd., established 1918. Shipbuilding at the yard ended in 1979.

History

The Haverton Hill shipyard opened in 1917 under a wartime construction programme. Shipbuilding took place at the yard from 1919 to 1969 as the Furness Shipbuilding Company under the shipping group Furness Withy. In 1968 the yard was acquired by Swan Hunter who operated the yard for a further decade, and finally by Smith's Dock Co. Ltd who built three ships at the yard in 1978. Shipbuilding ceased in 1979. 

In 2008 the shipyard reopened under Tees Alliance Group (TAG) to construct the foundation structure of an oil rig 'SeaDragon 1', initially to be leased to Pemex (Mexico). In 2009 the contract between TAG and the rig development company (Sea Dragon Offshore) was terminated, with the financier (Lloyds TSB) citing financial risk, and the work transferred to a yard in Singapore with previous experience of rig construction.

TAG Energy Solutions was established in 2010. The company invested in a new  production facility with machines for production of large diameter steel tubes suitable for monopoles, jacket foundations and other offshore structures. In 2013 the company was awarded a contract for monopoles and transition pieces for the Humber Gateway wind farm.

In September 2014 the company was reported entered insolvency with the loss of around 100 jobs, having run up a £61 million debt.

In late 2014 Bladt Industries (Denmark) and EEW (Germany) acquired the assets of Tees Alliance Group Corporate, and formed a joint venture Offshore Structures (Britain) Limited to reuse the TAG Energy facility at Billigham. An initial contract was obtained in Jan 2015 for transition pieces for the Burbo Bank Extension offshore wind farm.

As of mid 2021 the Yard is stripped empty, just a security presence.

References

External links

Companies based in Middlesbrough
Offshore engineering
Structural steel
Wind power