omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
21 cm Mörser M. 16/18. The 21 cm Mörser M. 16 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Škoda Works began design in 1915 for a wheeled howitzer that could be towed in a single load by a tractor. The first prototype wasn't satisfactory as it was too heavy and traversing was difficult due to the very high limber bar pressure. A second howitzer was delivered in mid-1917 that broke down into two loads for transport. This, at least, cured the traversing problem of the first weapon, as reported by the test battery assigned to the 11th Army.  In the meantime, however, a third prototype had been ordered as the M. 18 with a carriage based on that of the Škoda 305 mm Model 1911 that would allow for full traverse at the price of more time needed to emplace the firing platform. It broke down into three loads for transport. No M. 18s were delivered by the end of the war, although Skoda built some modified versions as the M. 18/19 for the newly independent Czechoslovakia where they were known as the 21 cm Moždíř vz. 18. After the Occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939 the Germans adopted them under the names of 21 cm Mörser 18/19(t) or kurze 21 cm Mörser(t) and used at least 15 on coast-defense duties in Norway.

The only known surviving piece at the National Military Museum, Romania.

Notes

References 

 Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 
 Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 

World War I howitzers
210 mm artillery
World War I artillery of Austria-Hungary
45 Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas. The 45th Air Force Group () is a unit of the Spanish Air and Space Force responsible for air transportation of the Spanish royal family, the Prime Minister and high-ranking government officials. In addition, it also transports personnel and material on international missions of the Spanish Armed Forces.

The unit is based in Torrejón Air Base,  away from Madrid.

Fleet overview 
Currently, the 45th Group fleet is composed by 2 customized Airbus A310 in service since 2003 and 5 Dassault Falcon 900 in service since 2004. Since 2021, the Group also operates 3 Airbus A330 MRTT.

Helicopters 
The VIP transport by helicopter is not responsibility of the 45th Air Force Group, this task is carried out by the 402th Air Force Squadron, which is part of the 48th Wing.

See also
 Air transports of heads of state and government

References

External links 
45 Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas Website
Tour of Spanish Air Force A310

Air force units and formations of Spain
Council on Disaster Reduction. The Council on Disaster Reduction, or CDR, is one of the 12 technical councils and divisions of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

Purpose 

The purpose of the ASCE Council on Disaster Reduction is to develop goals and guide actions for ASCE's role in hazard mitigation and disaster reduction by fostering collaboration among civil engineering and other disciplines through programs of technical assistance and technology transfer.

Leadership 

The current chair of the Council on Disaster Reduction is James P. Heaney of the University of Florida at Gainesville.

Technical Committees 

The Council on Disaster Reduction comprises four Technical Committees as follows:

 Hazard Characterization Committee
 Mitigation Committee
 Response, Rescue and Recovery Committee
 Vulnerability and Risk Committee (VRC)

References

American engineering organizations
Vulnerability and Risk Committee. The Vulnerability and Risk Committee, or VRC, is one of the four technical committees within the Council on Disaster Reduction of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Purpose 

The purpose of the Vulnerability and Risk Committee is to develop goals and guide actions for ASCE's role in hazard mitigation and disaster reduction by fostering collaboration among civil engineering and other disciplines through programs of technical assistance and technology transfer.

Goals 

1. Enhance the understanding of the nature of hazards, vulnerability and risk, and related challenges faced by decision makers. 

2. Offer initiative and leadership in a timely manner to respond to national and international disasters.

3. Review and recommend methodologies across hazards and elements of the natural and built environment for various applications and decision situations.

4. Organize and coordinate national and international workshops, symposia and conferences that lead to the development of publications, including monographs. 

5. Engage in related activities as deemed appropriate by the committee

Leadership 

The current leadership team of the Vulnerability and Risk Committee is as follows:

Chair: Professor Bilal M. Ayyub of the Center for Technology and Systems Management in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park
Vice Chair: Professor Nii Attoh-Okine of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Delaware
Secretary: Professor William L. McGill of the College of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University

American engineering organizations
Combustion Resources. Combustion Resources, Inc. was a consulting company based in Provo, Utah, United States. It provided consulting services in the fields of fuel and combustion, such as testing of flow and mixing systems, reactor design, gas and particle sampling, gasification modeling, and shale oil extraction design and testing.  The company was incorporated in 1995 as a spin-off from the Center for Advanced Combustion Engineering Research, joint collaboration between Brigham Young University and the University of Utah.

Shale oil extraction
Combustion Resources worked under a grant from the US Department of Energy to research and optimize current designs of shale oil extraction. It sought to eliminate carbon dioxide emissions from the shale oil production process. Pyrolysis occurs in a rotating kiln heated by hot gas flowing through an outer annulus. The hot gas is created by burning hydrogen generated in a separate unit by coal gasification followed by carbon dioxide separation. The geometry of the annulus enables the transfer of heat to the moving shale through a wall.

Clean coke processing
Combustion Resources developed an alternative coke making process. As part of this process, waste coals and other materials are blended and then bound together and briquetted. The green coke briquettes are then calcined in a furnace yielding metallurgical quality coke.

References

External links
 Company website

Defunct energy companies of the United States
Oil shale companies of the United States
Companies based in Provo, Utah
Hafnium(IV) silicate. Hafnium silicate is the hafnium(IV) salt of silicic acid with the chemical formula of HfSiO4.

Thin films of hafnium silicate and zirconium silicate grown by atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition or MOCVD, can be used as a high-k dielectric as a replacement for silicon dioxide in modern semiconductor devices. The addition of silicon to hafnium oxide increases the band gap, while decreasing the dielectric constant. Furthermore, it increases the crystallization temperature of amorphous films and further increases the material's thermal stability with Si at high temperatures. Nitrogen is sometimes added to hafnium silicate for improving the thermal stability and electrical properties of devices.

Natural occurrence
Hafnon is the natural form of hafnium orthosilicate. Its name suggests the mineral is the Hf analogue of much more common zircon. Hafnon is the only currently known confirmed mineral of hafnium (i.e., hafnium-dominant one). Hafnon and zircon form a solid solution. Hafnon is a solely pegmatitic mineral and it occurs in largely fractionated (complex-genesis/history) pegmatites.

References

Silicates
Hafnium compounds
High-κ dielectrics
Bolesław Witczak. Bolesław Witczak (born 8 March 1966 in Szamotuły) is a politician, engineer of logistics, entrepreneur.

In 1981 he graduated from Trade School and then in 1988 became alumnus of Wood Technology School in Poznań. In the years 2002–2004 he studied at logistics faculty of High School of Communication and Management in Poznań.
In the years 2001–2005 he studied at the logistics faculty of High School of Communication and Management in Poznań. Promoter of graduate diploma entitled "Theory of Constraints (TOC) as logistical strategy in management on purchasing department of productive enterprise" was Professor Marek Fertsch.
In 2002 he attended the course “Theory of Constraints” in production and logistics areas organized by Abraham Y. Goldratt Institute/Velocity Management Group.
In 1992 he established the section of Real Politics Union (Unia Polityki Realnej) in Szamotuły.
On 5 November 2007 he became a president of Wielkopolska Region of Real Politics Union and from 2 June 2008 also runs the leadership of Podkarpacie Region of UPR.

Bolesław Witczak took part in parliament election from Janusz Korwin-Mikke's Platform list in (as UPR member) 2005.

In the election 2007 he was a candidate to Parliament from the League of Polish Families list (as UPR member) in Piła district.

On 7 June 2008 he was appointed a chairman of Real Politics Union.

9 January 2010 conventicles elected as President of the UPR Magdalena Kocik, but in September the same year the National Court decided the choice to be invalid, leaving Boleslaw Witczak on the record as president of the UPR.

In local elections in 2010 as member of UPR was a candidate for council of Wielkopolska (the list has not received credentials).

On 19 February 2011, during the convention and conventicles of UPR convened by Bolesław Witczak and Magdalena Kocik, elected the new president of the party Bartosz Józwiak.

Witczak is married since 1996 and has two sons: Antoni and Jan.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
People from Szamotuły
Polish Roman Catholics
Real Politics Union politicians
Edge STP. Edge STPs (signal transfer points) are networking hardware devices embedded with software that performs routing, signaling, firewall, and packet conversion functions. Their primary purpose is to unify networks that use various transports and signaling protocols – such as SS7, SIP, SIGTRAN, TDM, IP, etc. – into cohesive service environments. Unified environments are simpler for telecommunications companies to manage, and also enable them to cost-effectively transition to next-generation networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP).

Edge STPs support voice, data and video services. Among their key functions are optimizing traffic flow; providing advanced load sharing between network segments; managing multi-node congestion; translating addresses; filtering and screening packets; and protecting important information. They also provide on-the-fly translation between networks that employ different transports and signaling protocols. That translation capability enables, for example, services that were designed to run on SS7 to run on IP networks instead, and vice versa.

Edge STPs at work 

Unlike traditional STPs, Edge STPs process packet traffic away from the network core, where sensitive applications and customer information reside. They can either perform simple packet routing or deep packet inspection (DPI) that supports content-based routing. DPI is a time-consuming and processor-intensive function that can bog down core network functions and reduce customer response times. Shifting it to the network edge improves overall network performance. 

Moving functionality to the network edge, companies can add, modify, and expand services without disrupting core network functions. Edge STPs perform a broad range of roles in evolving telecommunications networks. They include optimizing services such as short message service (SMS) for improved performance; providing precise security policies to subnetworks; preventing service interruptions during switch migrations; and connecting server-based applications to switched networks. In the latter scenario, telecommunications companies that are implementing IP subnetworks use Edge STPs to integrate them with their existing SS7 signaling infrastructure.

See also 
Common Channel Signaling
SS7
SIGTRAN
STP
Signaling Gateway

References 

IEEE, Dynamic edge provisioning for core IP networks.
IETF SIGTRAN RFC 2719: Architectural Framework for Signaling Transport.

External links
Edge device and method for interconnecting SS7 signaling points (SPs) using edge device 
The new zone of opportunity in telecom networking is on the edge
US Patent 6940866 - Edge device and method for interconnecting SS7 signaling points(SPs) using edge device 

Telephony signals
Telecommunications infrastructure
Simon (computer). Simon was a relay-based electromechanical computer, described by Edmund Berkeley in a series of thirteen construction articles in Radio-Electronics magazine, from October 1950. Intended for the educational purpose of demonstrating the concept of a digital computer, it could not be used for any significant practical computation since it handled only 2-bit numbers (values 0 through 3) and had only 32 bits (16 2-bit registers) of memory. A working model was first built by two graduate students at Columbia University for less than US$300 ($ in 2022 dollars) in parts. Some have described it as the "first personal computer", although its extremely limited capacity and its unsuitability for use for any purpose other than as an educational demonstration make that classification questionable.

History 
The "Simon project" arose as a result of the Berkeley's book Giant Brains, or Machines That Think, published in November 1949. There, the author said:

In November 1950, Berkeley wrote an article titled "Simple Simon" for Scientific American magazine, that described digital computing principles to the general public. Despite Simon's extreme lack of resources (it could only represent the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3), Berkeley stated on page 40 that the machine "possessed the two unique properties that define any true mechanical brain: it can transfer information automatically from any one of its "registers" to any other, and it can perform reasoning operations of indefinite length." Berkeley concluded his article anticipating the future:

Technical specifications 
The Simon's architecture was based on relays. The programs ran from a standard paper tape, with five rows of holes for data. The registers and ALU stored only 2 bits. The user entered data via punched paper, or by five keys on the front panel. The machine output data through five lamps.

The punched tape served not only for data entry, but also as  memory storage. The machine executed instructions in sequence, as it read them from the tape. It could perform four operations: addition, negation, greater than, and selection.

Notes

External links 
 Simon's FAQ
 Edmund Berkeley's Simon Relay Processor. Archived
 
 Edmund C. Berkeley Papers, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Box 22 has correspondence, memos, accounting records, and notes on the development and marketing of small robots, including Relay Moe, Franken, Tit-Tat-Toe Machine, Test Your Nerve Machine, Simon, and mechanical brain kits.

Electro-mechanical computers
1950s computers
Computer-related introductions in 1950
15 cm Mörser M 80. The 15 cm Mörser M 80 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. While mostly obsolete by the time the war broke out, it did prove useful on the Italian Front where it's high angle fire came in useful. 

The so-called steel-bronze (92% copper bronze strengthened by autofrettage, see Franz von Uchatius) was considered inferior to steel as early as 1870s, but due to the lack of steel industry in Austria it was used for the barrel. The mortar was intended for siege work, although it had carriages suitable for both field and siege duties. The siege carriage was a steel sledge-type and was equipped with a hydraulic braking device to help absorb the recoil forces. Two wheels could be attached to the front of the carriage and a limber attached to the rear for transport. The field carriage relied on chock blocks and a rope brake device to absorb the gun's recoil.

The howitzer could only be loaded at low elevations.

The M.80 had progressive twist rifling but due to having a differently designed breech it could not share shells with the similar 15 cm Mörser M 78. Propellant charges consisted of 375 gram, 120 gram, and 30 gram bags.

References

Bibliography
 Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 
 Łukasz Chrzanowski "Artyleria Austro-Węgierska 1860-1890" Przemyśl, Wydawnictwo FORT, 2008, 

World War I howitzers
World War I artillery of Austria-Hungary
150 mm artillery
Data over signalling. Data over signalling (sometimes data over signaling) or DoS, is a technique in telecommunications in which primary data is sent over a signalling channel instead of the subscriber's bearer channel.

Background

Data over signalling was designed as a solution to the problem of transceiving simultaneous voice and data.

Data over signalling can be utilized when the signalling channel is either channel associated or common.  However, it is easier to implement when the signalling channel is channel associated, as the system does not have to demultiplex the data and signalling between multiple subscribers.

DoS was designed so that mobile telephony subscribers could maintain a voice session on their bearer channel while still accessing data related services, such as text messaging.

References

Telecommunications techniques
Data transmission
Telephony
Grumman Kitten. The Grumman Kitten was a 1940s American cabin monoplane designed and built by Grumman. Two versions were built; the G-63 Kitten I with a retractable tailwheel landing gear, and G-72 Kitten II with a retractable nosewheel landing gear.

Development
In 1943, as part of the postwar plan for the company, Grumman started looking at entering the light aircraft market. The first design was the G-63 Kitten I which was an all-metal two/three-seat cabin monoplane with a retractable tailwheel landing gear and powered by a Lycoming O-290 piston engine. The aircraft first flew on 18 March 1944. Although testing continued, the aircraft did not enter production due to the continuing war effort. The original wing was replaced by a ducted mainplane to improve the lift/drag ratio.

On 4 February 1946, a version with a retractable nosewheel landing gear and dual controls, the G-72 Kitten II was flown. The Kitten II also has improvements to the wing and the original single vertical tail was changed to twin fins before the first flight, but reverted to the single fin after the first 28 hours of flight testing.

The development project was terminated in 1946, and the Kitten II was used as a company transport until it was retired in the mid-1960s. The sole surviving Kitten, it was restored and is now on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City, Long Island, New York.

Variants
G-63 Kitten I
Prototype with retractable tailwheel landing gear, one built.
G-72 Kitten II
Prototype with retractable nosewheel landing gear and dual controls, one built.
G-81
G-63 modified for ducted-wing tests.

Specifications (G-63 Kitten I)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Aerofiles - Grumman

Kitten
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
N-Vinylpyrrolidone. N-Vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam ring linked to a (2 carbon) vinyl group.  It is a colorless liquid although commercial samples can appear yellowish.

It is produced industrially by vinylation of 2-pyrrolidone, i.e. the base-catalyzed reaction with acetylene. It is the precursor to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), an important synthetic material. The NVP monomer is commonly used as a reactive diluent in ultraviolet and electron-beam curable polymers applied as inks, coatings or adhesives.

Synthesis
Starting from γ-Butyrolactone, 2-pyrrolidone is synthesized by treatment with ammonia. Subsequently, acetylene is used to introduce the vinyl group.

See also
 Methylpyrrolidone (NMP)
 2-Pyrrolidone (2-Py)

References

External links
 N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone

Amide solvents
Pyrrolidones
Vinyl compounds
Monomers
Reactive diluents
Simultaneous voice and data. In telecommunications, a system that supports simultaneous voice and data (SVD) is one that can  transceive both voice and primary data concurrently over one PSTN modem.

Background
Before telecommunication networks began to support data related services, the bearer channel was dedicated solely to voice information.  When support for data related services was originally released, the bearer channel was switched between being dedicated to voice information or dedicated to primary data information, depending on the subscriber's needs at any given time.  Eventually, support for simultaneous voice and data transmission was added to  modems and mobile devices, to enable subscribers to use voice and data services at the same time.

Types

 Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data, or DSVD, defined by the ITU-T V.70 standard.
 Analog Simultaneous Voice and Data, or ASVD, defined by the ITU-T V.61 standard.
 Data over signalling, or DoS, wherein data is multiplexed onto the signalling channel and voice is dedicated to the bearer channel.
 Combined voice and data, wherein the data is multiplexed with voice onto the bearer channel.

See also
 Multiplexing
Voice activity detection

References and notes

Telephony
Data transmission
Boeing XAT-15. The Boeing AT-15 was an American twin-engined bomber crew trainer designed and built by Boeing's Wichita Division. Only two prototypes, designated XAT-15, were built. Plans to build over 1,000 were cancelled on the United States' entry into the Second World War.

Development

One of the first projects for the former Stearman Aircraft Company which in 1939 had become the Wichita Division of Boeing was a twin-engined trainer for bomber crews. Designated X-120 by the company, two examples were ordered by the United States Army Air Corps as the XAT-15. The AT-15 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with two wing-mounted Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial engines. It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear and an extended glazed fuselage nose for the trainee bomb-aimer. Due to shortage of materials, the aircraft was built of welded steel tube covered with plywood, with wooden wings and tail unit. The two aircraft were delivered to the USAAC, but after the country's entry into the war a change in priorities resulted in the planned order for more than 1,000 aircraft not being placed.

According to Edward H. Phillips, "The aircraft's specific purpose would be to teach prospective bomber crews how to work together as a team before they were assigned to an operational unit." On 19 May 1941, Boeing signed a contract to build two of the aircraft. On 9 April 1942, the first flight occurred. In October 1942, the first XAT-15 was delivered. However, special schools for gunners, bombardiers, navigators, and pilots developed during the war, and the need for the XAT-15 disappeared. As a result, production was halted and materials salvaged.

Operator

 United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (XAT-15)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Aerofiles

1940s United States military trainer aircraft
AT-15 (X)
AT-15
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear