omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Erna Hamburger. Erna Hamburger (14 September 1911 – 15 May 1988) was a Swiss engineer and professor. In 1957, she became professor of electrometry at the University of Lausanne. She was the first woman in the history of Switzerland to be named a professor at a STEM university.

Early life and education 
Hamburger was born on 14 September 1911, in Brussels, Belgium to Frederick and Else Müller. She went to secondary school in Kissingen, Bavaria. She first started secondary school at an all-girls' school, and then moved on to be the only girl in her engineering classes. In 1933, Hamburger received an engineering-electrician diploma from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Hamburger also received a doctorate in technical sciences from the same school in 1936.

Career 
In 1942, Hamburger was employed as an electrical engineer at Paillard SA in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Before becoming a professor at the University of Lausanne, Hamburger was the head of work at the electrotechnical laboratory at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

In 1957, Hamburger was appointed as the first woman in the history of Switzerland to be named professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. When this occurred, the president of the school, Maurice Cosandey, announced, "It is both a brilliant consecration and a measure of the backwardness that characterizes our country as regards the promotion of women." 

Other positions Hamburger held include president of the Swiss Association of Women in Liberal and Commercial Careers, president of the Association of University Women of Vaud, and vice president of the International Federation of University Women.

One of her major innovations was the creation of an apparatus for radio-wave reception. This research included topics such as a system of optical registration from tone frequencies and ultra-short waves.

Hamburger joined the Swiss military in 1939 and was promoted to chief of the telecommunication troops in 1950.

Legacy 
Hamburger was an advocate for higher education. Shortly after her death, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne Women in Science and Humanities Foundation was created. The primary goal of this foundation is to promote and support women in higher education. Every year, the Erna Hamburger Prize is awarded to "the most influential woman in science" that year.

References 

1911 births
1988 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Lausanne
Swiss women engineers
20th-century women engineers
Belgian emigrants to Switzerland
Virginia Tucker. Virginia Layden Tucker (1909 – January 19, 1985) was an American mathematician whose work at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the precursor to NASA, allowed engineers to design and improve upon airplanes. Tucker was one of the first human computers at the NACA, served as a recruiter for the program, and later worked as an aerodynamicist and an advocate for women in mathematics.

Life and career 
Tucker was born in Hertford, North Carolina in 1909. She was the valedictorian of Perquimans High School's first graduating class in 1926 and is an alumna of the North Carolina College for Women where she graduated in 1930 with a B.A. in mathematics and a minor in education.

Tucker spent the next four years as a high school mathematics teacher in her hometown. In 1935, she was recruited to work at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (now Langley Research Center), the main research center for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, at the time. Tucker was one of five women from around the country recruited to be part of Langley's first "computer pool". As human computers, these women were responsible for processing the large amounts of data gathered from flight, wind tunnel, and aeronautical tests conducted at the facility, as the NACA did not have electrical computers at the time.

As World War II began in 1939, the rapid development of aeronautical technologies became a main priority of the U.S. Military and as a result, the demand for human computers at Langley grew rapidly. Tucker traveled across the country (particularly the South) recruiting and training female mathematicians for the program.

In 1946, Tucker was promoted to the position of Overall Supervisor for Computing at Langley overseeing around 400 female "human computers", many of whom she recruited.

In 1948, Tucker left the NACA to become a researcher at the Northrop Corporation. She also became an advocate for women in engineering, working as the director of the Los Angeles Section of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) chair of SWE's National Finance Committee from 1955 to 1956, and as SWE's representative to the Los Angeles Technical Societies Council in 1957.

Tucker left Northrop after 17 years and returned to North Carolina where she became the supervisor of a local school system until her retirement in 1974.

Virginia Tucker died on January 19, 1985, at the age of 75.

See also 
 Hidden Figures
 Grace Hopper
 Katherine Johnson
 Women in computing

External links

References 

1909 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Human computers
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Mathematicians from North Carolina
People from Hertford, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Greensboro alumni
20th-century American women mathematicians
ARPANET encryption devices. The ARPANET pioneered the creation of novel encryption devices for packet networks in the 1970s and 1980s, and as such were ancestors to today's IPsec architecture, and High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor (HAIPE) devices more specifically.

DuPont and Fidler provide a historical perspective of ARPANET encryption devices in the broader evolution of computer networks and cybersecurity. They focus primarily on the first such ARPANET device, the Private Line Interface (PLI). That said, the PLI was just the first in a series of devices created during the 1970s and 1980s in ARPANET-related research and development:

 Private Line Interface (PLI)
 Black-Crypto-Red (BCR)
 Blacker
 Internet Private Line Interface (IPLI)

Private Line Interface (PLI) 
The Private Line Interface (PLI) was the first packet encryptor, sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency and implemented by BBN Technologies as part of the creation of the ARPANET. It was in an early ideation phase by 1973, with a stated goal of providing users with the equivalent of a private, leased line through the ARPANET. In that early phase, the PLI was envisioned to provide two distinct capabilities: transferring a continuous bit steam over the ARPANET, and possibly encrypting the bit stream while it was within the ARPANET.

As design progressed, it evolved into a packet encryption device, which was approved starting in 1975 by the National Security Agency for limited deployment on the ARPANET, to protect classified data as it passed through the network. Each PLI device incorporated a KG-34 encryption device, and as a result was a manually keyed system.

Black-Crypto-Red (BCR) 
Black-Crypto-Red (BCR) was an experimental, end-to-end, network packet encryption system developed in a working prototype form by BBN and the Collins Radio division of Rockwell between 1975 and 1980. BCR was the first network security system to support TCP/IP traffic for IPv3, and it incorporated the first Data Encryption Standard (DES) chips that were validated by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now called NIST). It provided automated, key distribution center based key management and access control (as later adopted by Kerberos and Blacker), and supported IP header bypass.

Blacker 
The first Blacker program began in the late 1970s, with a follow-on eventually producing fielded devices in the late 1980s. It was sponsored by the National Security Agency as a very high assurance (A1), multi-level security system, and developed by SDC (software) and Burroughs (hardware), and after their merger, by the resultant company Unisys.

Internet Private Line Interface (IPLI) 
The Internet Private Line Interface (IPLI) was created by BBN as a successor to the PLI. It was updated to use TCP/IP (IPv4) and newer COMSEC technology (KG-84), but still manually keyed. They were intended for use in the Defense Data Network and also in DARPA Low-Cost Packet Radios in the SURAN project.

References 

Encryption devices
Encryption devices
Don Eyles. Don Eyles is a retired computer engineer who worked on the computer systems in the Apollo Lunar Module vehicle. As a young engineer during the lunar landing on Lunar Module Eagle on 20 July 1969 he assisted with a series of computer alarms caused by data overflow from the radar, which could have caused the mission to be aborted.

Apollo missions
Eyles was educated at Boston University where he earned a bachelor of science in mathematics. In 1966, at age 23, Eyles was hired by Draper Laboratory. He helped program the onboard computer for the Apollo Guidance Program Section where he worked with MIT, and other researchers, on the Apollo Guidance Computer.

During the Apollo missions Eyles worked on the computer systems, programming for Jack Garman, advising flight controllers in Mission Control on the operation of spacecraft computer systems and prior to the Apollo 11 mission he helped program operations for how flight controllers could react to a computer error code.

There were a number of errors with the computer system during the mission. One was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar being on (which was correct according to the checklist), causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time. Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in Apollo 5. Having the rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.

During the Apollo 14 mission, Eyles assisted when a faulty switch could have sent a spurious command to the onboard computer. According to a Rolling Stone article published in 1971 "The switch tells the on-board computer to reverse the engines — blasting the Module away from the moon, back into orbit. On the Apollo 14 flight, the switch accidentally jammed and would have told the computer to reverse the Module's course despite the fact that the astronauts wanted to complete the descent. "We had to write a new program that would make the computer not see the switch," said Eyles.

References

External links
 Console Audio of Apollo 11 landing
 Oral Histories

Living people
1940s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
NASA people
Apollo 11
Apollo 14
Boston University alumni
Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority () is a Bangladesh government agency under the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, responsible for increasing renewable energy production in Bangladesh. It also acts as the regulatory agency for the sustainable energy industry. Md. Helal Uddin is the chairman of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority.

History
In 2009, the Government of Bangladesh developed a Renewable Energy Policy which calls for renewable energy to be 10 percent of the total energy produced in Bangladesh. The government established the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority to support the Renewable Energy Policy through the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority Act in 2012. Bangladesh also joined the International Energy Agency after the agency was founded.

References

2012 establishments in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Anti-structure. In crystallography, an anti-structure is obtained from a salt structure by exchanging anion and cation positions.  

For instance, calcium fluoride, CaF2, crystallizes in a cubic motif called the fluorite structure. The same crystal structure is found in numerous ionic compounds with formula AB2, such as ceria (CeO2), zirconia (cubic ZrO2), uranium dioxide (UO2). In the corresponding anti-structure, called the antifluorite structure, anions and cations are swapped, such as beryllium carbide (Be2C) or lithium oxide (Li2O), potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

Other anti-structures include:
 anti-SnO2: Ti2N
 anti-PbCl2: Co2P
 anti-CdCl2: Co2N
 anti-CdI2: Cs2O
 anti-NbS2: Hf2S
 anti-ReO3: Cu3N
 anti-LaF3: Cu3P, Cu3As

References

Crystallography
Bridges Division. Bridges Division () is a Bangladesh government division under the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges responsible for construction of all bridges which are longer than 1.5 kilometer in Bangladesh.

History
Bridges Division was established in March 2008 under the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges to oversee the construction of bridges. On 14 October 2013, the Bridges Division signed an agreement with Bangladesh Army for consulting work on Padma Bridge worth 1.3 billion taka. Bangladesh army requested further 17 billion taka to construct security facilities and Padma Cantonment at the bridge site.

References

2008 establishments in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Government departments of Bangladesh
Richard Randall Knuckey. Richard Randall Knuckey (26 September 1842 – 14 June 1914), often referred to as R.R. Knuckey and popularly known as Dick Knuckey, was a surveyor on the Overland Telegraph Line in central Australia from 1871 to 1872. He later became chief officer at the electric telegraph department in Adelaide.

Early life
Randall was born in Stithians, in Cornwall, England, on 26 September 1842, of parents Richard Knuckey and Persis Reed. He arrived in South Australia with his family in 1849 as a six-year-old, and was educated at Burra and Kapunda.

Career
In 1866 he joined the survey department as a chainman, was soon appointed cadet and thereafter rose up through the ranks. Engaged by George Goyder as a second-class surveyor in 1868, he joined Goyder's expedition to the Northern Territory to survey Darwin and the surrounding country, the party arriving in Port Darwin on 5 February 1869. Knuckey was in A.J. Mitchell's No.1 party.

He was then involved in surveying the hundreds of Snowtown and Port Wakefield.

After being recommended to Sir Charles Todd (then head of the telegraph department) by Goyder (then surveyor-general), Knuckey was appointed to take charge of Section A of the Overland Telegraph Line in 1870. Charlotte Waters, just north of the South Australian border in the Northern Territory, was surveyed in 1871 by Gilbert McMinn and Knuckey.

After successful completion of this section, he pushed on and oversaw construction of the line to Roper River and Daly. With surveying completed, Knuckey was appointed overseer of Section A (Charlotte Waters) of the construction party.  After the line had been completed on 22 August 1872 and the first messages had been exchanged, Knuckey accompanied Todd on the return journey from Central Mount Stuart to Adelaide, where they were given an enthusiastic reception.

Back in South Australia,  Knuckey was selected by Sir Charles Todd as overseer in the erection of the telegraph line from Port Augusta, South Australia to Eucla in Western Australia – a distance of  – in 1876. From 1880 until his retirement in 1889, Knuckey was inspector of postal and telegraph services.

Later life
After retirement, Knuckey oversaw the construction of a telegraph line for the New South Wales Government from Narromine to Peak Hill for about a year, before heading to Western Australia to try his luck on the Western Australian goldfields. Not having any luck with finding gold, he returned to South Australia in 1911.

Not long before his death, he travelled to Powell's Creek with a team.

He died at Miss Hill's Hospital
in College Park, a suburb of Adelaide.

Legacy
Popularly known as "Dick" Knuckey, he was recognised as one of the best bushmen in the country; his name was a "household word" at the time.

He was responsible for giving English names to both Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory and Dalhousie Springs.

Knuckey Street in Darwin was named after him, one of several named after surveyors by Goyder.

Notes

References

1842 births
1914 deaths
Australian surveyors
People from Cornwall
English emigrants to colonial Australia
History of the Northern Territory
History of South Australia
Else Shepherd. Else Shepherd  (born Else Egede Budtz-Olsen; 1944–2023), was a South African-Australian engineer and academic, the first woman to graduate with an electrical engineering degree in Queensland.

Early life 
Shepherd was born in Durban, South Africa in 1944, the daughter of Professor Otto Budtz-Olsen and his wife Molly. The family emigrated to Australia in 1956 where her father was employed as a lecturer in physiology at the University of Queensland. Her mother became Principal of the Women’s College at the University of Queensland in 1963. Budtz-Olsen attended Brisbane Girls Grammar School where she excelled in maths and physics. Inspired by the launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik in 1957 she enrolled in engineering at the University of Queensland in 1962, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering in 1965. Budtz-Olsen married and she joined her husband in  Mackay where she worked at the Sugar Research Institute. Else Shepherd worked as an operation research engineer while raising their two children. She also taught classes at Mackay TAFE.

Career 
Shepherd and her family returned to Brisbane in 1983 and she formed the company Mosaic Information Technology which designed and manufactured telecommunications products and modems from 1986. A new company, Microwave and Materials Designs was formed in 2002, developing microwave filters for mobile phones.

Shepherd was appointed Chair of Powerlink in 1994. She sat on the board of the National Electricity Market Management Company, the Brisbane City Works Advisory Board and the International Electrotechnical Commission Council Board. She has lectured at the University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Griffith University.

Shepherd was a trained pianist who received her Graduate Diploma in Music from the Queensland Conservatorium in 1984. She has worked as a choral conductor and director of arts organisations.

Awards and memberships 

 Member, Institution of Engineers, Australia
 Member of the Order of Australia (General Division) (2003) - For service to the engineering profession, particularly electrical and electronic engineering, to education, to the electricity distribution industry, and to the community.
 Alumnus of the Year 2009
 Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal, 2007

References 

Living people
1944 births
Electrical engineers
Australian electrical engineers
South African electrical engineers
Members of the Order of Australia
People educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School
South African women engineers
Pedrail Machine. The Pedrail Machine was an experimental British armoured fighting vehicle of the First World War. It was intended initially to be used as an armoured personnel carrier on the Western Front, but the idea was dropped in favour of other projects. Work on the machine was re-directed so that it could be used as the basis of a mobile flamethrower, but it was never completed and saw no action.

Development
Following discussions by Captain Murray Sueter of the Royal Naval Air Service and Bramah Diplock of the Pedrail Transport Company, the machine was designed by the British engineer Colonel R.E.B. Crompton on behalf of the Landship Committee. The brief was for a vehicle that could carry a unit of troops - a "trench storming party of 50 men with machine guns and ammunition"- under protection across No Man's Land. Crompton's design as presented to the committee used two sets of continuous tracks in a vehicle around  long, weighing around 25 tons and armed with a 12-pdr gun. Protection was  of armour to the sides and  on top. Two  Rolls-Royce engines drove the machine.

This led to an order for twelve machines being placed with the Metropolitan Carriage and Wagon Company in Birmingham. The Committee realised the design as supplied would not be able to readily manoeuvre through French villages and it was reworked to articulate it in the middle. At the same time the armour protection was increased to . The original order for 12 was reduced to one, and then Metropolitan asked to be removed from the project to concentrate on other war work. The task of finishing the single vehicle went to William Foster and Co. at Lincoln but with other, more promising, armoured vehicle projects coming along, even the building of a single Pedrail was cancelled by the authorities.

In July 1916 the machine was transferred to Stothert & Pitt in Bath, for completion as a mobile flamethrower. The finished chassis was handed over to the Trench Warfare Department in August, and sent for trials to the government research centre at Porton Down. It was deemed too heavy to be practical, and at the end of the war was taken to Bovington Camp, where it was eventually scrapped.

References

World War I armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Australian Space Office. The Australian Space Office (ASO) was an agency formed by the Hawke government in 1987 to oversee the National Space Program. The office worked on the initiative along with the Australian Space Board, later the Australian Space Council. As part of the larger National Space Program, the ASO was established specifically to act as the secretariat and day-to-day manager of the advisory decisions made by the ASB/ASC. The office was abolished in 1996 by the Howard government after a review by the Bureau of Industry Economics.

Development 
The ASO's primary defined function was to oversee the development of an export-oriented commercial space industry within Australia, focusing on five main sectors:

 Space Projects, overseeing the development and launch of NSP-funded space programs
 Launch Services, responsible for overseeing the numerous private space launch facility proposals that arose in the 1980s and 1990s
 Space Policy, responsible for developing space policy aside the ASB/ASC
 NASA Administration, which handled all Australian collaboration with NASA
 The Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex, a major tracking and communication satellite complex located in Tidbinbilla, Canberra

During the years it existed, the ASO oversaw the development of a satellite and a proposed spaceport. The spaceport was an initiative to develop a commercial rocket launchpad in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, however it did not come to fruition.

See also

 National Space Program

References 

Space agencies
Space programme of Australia
1987 establishments in Australia
Government agencies established in 1987
Defunct Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
1996 disestablishments in Australia
Circular review system. A Circular review system is a system on board some armoured combat vehicles or tanks which provides the crew greater situational awareness (such as a 360° view) outside of the vehicle.

Differing systems may provide panoramic or enhanced imagery, Blue Force Tracking, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination of fire between networked combat vehicles, or enhanced threat recognition.

Imagery may be provided by sensors on the vehicle, or from external UAVs or UGVs. Information may be presented on helmet-mounted or other display systems.

See also
 Augmented reality
Artificial Intelligence

References

External links
  360° View through Armor
 Circular review system for vehicles

Applications of computer vision
Augmented reality
User interface techniques