omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vibrational temperature. The vibrational temperature is commonly used in thermodynamics, to simplify certain equations. It has units of temperature and is defined as
 
where  is the Boltzmann constant,  is the speed of light,  is the wavenumber, and  (Greek letter nu) is the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

The vibrational temperature is used commonly when finding the vibrational partition function.

References 
 Statistical thermodynamics University Arizona

See also 
 Rotational temperature
 Rotational spectroscopy
 Vibrational spectroscopy
 Infrared spectroscopy
 Spectroscopy

Atomic physics
Molecular physics
Canonical model. A canonical model is a design pattern used to communicate between different data formats.  Essentially:  create a data model which is a superset of all the others ("canonical"), and create a "translator" module or layer to/from which all existing modules exchange data with other modules. The canonical model acts as a middleman. Each model now only needs to know how to communicate with the canonical model and doesn't need to know the implementation details of the other modules.

A form of enterprise application integration, it is intended to reduce costs and standardize on agreed data definitions associated with integrating business systems.  A canonical model is any model that is canonical in nature, i.e. a model which is in the simplest form possible based on a standard, application integration (EAI) solution.  Most organizations also adopt a set of standards for message structure and content (message payload).  The desire for consistent message payload results in the construction of an enterprise or business domain canonical model common view within a given context.  Often the term canonical model is used interchangeably with integration strategy and often entails a move to a message-based integration methodology. A typical migration from point-to-point canonical data model, an enterprise design pattern which provides common data naming, definition and values within a generalized data framework. Advantages of using a canonical data model are reducing the number of data translations and reducing the maintenance effort.

Adoption of a comprehensive enterprise interfacing to message-based integration begins with a decision on the middleware to be used to transport messages between endpoints.  Often this decision results in the adoption of an enterprise service bus (ESB) or enterprise application integration (EAI) solution.  Most organizations also adopt a set of standards for message structure and content (message payload).  The desire for consistent message payload results in the construction of an enterprise form of XML schema built from the common model objects thus providing the desired consistency and re-usability while ensuring data integrity.

See also
 Canonical schema pattern
 Common data model
 Enterprise information integration
 Enterprise integration
 Information architecture
 List of XML schemas
 Service-oriented architecture
 Web service
 XML schema

References

External links
 Forrester Research, Canonical Model Management Forum
 Canonical Model, Canonical Schema, and Event Driven SOA
  Forrester Research, Canonical Information Modeling
   Enterprise Integration Patterns: Canonical Data Model
   Metadata Hub and Spokes (Canonical Data Domain)
Enterprise application integration
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise modelling
Software design patterns
Perceptual system. A perceptual system is a computational system (biological or artificial) designed to make inferences about properties of a physical environment based on scenes. Other definitions may exist.

In this context, a scene is defined as sensory information that can flow from a physical environment into a computational system via sensory transduction. A sensory organ (biological or artificial) is used to capture this information. Therefore, a perceptual system must incorporate input from at least one sensory organ.

Examples of perceptual systems include:
 The visual system
 The auditory system
 The olfactory system
 The somatosensory system
 A bat's sonar/echolocation system
 A man-made light meter
 A man-made motion detector

Research in the field of perceptual systems focuses on computational aspects of perception. For this reason, there is significant overlap with neuroscience, sensor design, natural scene statistics, and computer science.

References

Further reading

External links
 Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin

Perception
SS America (1869). SS America (1869–1872) was a ship for Pacific Mail Steamship Company operating on the China Line along with the , , , ,  and spare steamer . The America, which was one of the largest paddle wheel steamers in the world, was valued by Pacific Mail Steamship Company at $1,017,942 or about $40,000 less than the SS Great Republic or SS Japan.

Construction

America was built in 1868-1869 by Henry Steers's shipyard (see George Steers and Co), at Greenpoint, Long Island, and was 4,454 tons. Length 363 feet; beam of hull 49 feet (wide) and 31 feet deep in hold, draft of water 18 feet. She had a beam engine, with 105-inch cylinder and twelve feet stroke of piston, the engine working up to 3,000 nominal horse-power.

At Bridgewater Iron Manufacturing Company were forged the large forgings for most of the ships of this time including America. The ship was built by George Steers and Co (New York) started in 1868, and finished in 1869. The ship cost $1,250,000.

Trips
America was the pioneer of the China Line and was followed quickly by ,  and .
[
She traveled around the Cape of Good Hope without passengers and used sail for a large part of the trip. At Singapore, America began to pick up Chinese for steerage passage and eventually arrived in San Francisco on 20 October 1869 with 730 immigrants.

Iwakura Mission

On December 23, 1871, the Japanese Iwakura Mission boarded the ship in Yokohama harbor. The Japanese described the ship as follows:

Our ship called the America. Reputed to be the most elegant vessel in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company fleet, the America was 363 feet long, 57 feet wide and 23 feet deep, with 8 feet above the deck.[…] Its displacement was 4,554 tons. There were 30 first-class cabins and 16 second-class ones - 46 in all. The vessel could carry 92 passengers. Under Captain Doane were 24 officers and 79 sailors and stewards, making a complement of 103. The ship was powered by a balance-wheel steam-engine driving external paddle-wheels.

Destruction

TSS America was lost by fire on August 24, 1872, in Yokohama harbor, Japan after her eleventh voyage starting on August 1, 1872, from San Francisco to Yokohama and Hong Kong, China. Captain Seth Doane had inspected the ship before 10 o'clock. A loss of 19 to 70 lives occurred depending on the source. The monetary loss was estimated at $2,000,000.

References

1869 ships
Maritime incidents in August 1872
Ships built in Brooklyn
Ship fires
Shipwrecks of Japan
ALGLIB. ALGLIB is a cross-platform open source numerical analysis and data processing library. It can be used from several programming languages (C++, C#, VB.NET, Python, Delphi, Java).

ALGLIB started in 1999 and has a long history of steady development with roughly 1-3 releases per year. It is used by several open-source projects, commercial libraries, and applications (e.g. TOL project, Math.NET Numerics, SpaceClaim).

Features 
Distinctive features of the library are:
 Support for several programming languages with identical APIs (as of 2023, it supports C++, C#, FreePascal/Delphi, VB.NET, Python, and Java)
 Self-contained code with no mandatory external dependencies and easy installation
 Portability (it was tested under x86/x86-64/ARM, Windows and Linux)
 Two independent backends (pure C# implementation, native C implementation) with automatically generated APIs (C++, C#, ...)
 Same functionality of commercial and GPL versions, with enhancements for speed and parallelism provided in the commercial version

The most actively developed parts of ALGLIB are:

 Linear algebra, offering a comprehensive set of both dense and sparse linear solvers and factorizations
 Interpolation, featuring standard algorithms like polynomials and 1D/2D splines, as well as several unique large-scale interpolation/fitting algorithms. These include penalized 1D/2D splines, fast thin plate splines and fast polyharmonic splines, all scalable to hundreds of thousands of points.
 Least squares solvers, including linear/nonlinear unconstrained and constrained least squares and curve fitting solvers
 Optimization, with LP, QP, QCQP, SOCP (and other conic problem types) and NLP solvers, derivative-free global solvers and multiobjective optimization algorithms.
 Data analysis, with various algorithms being implemented

The other functions in the library include:
 Fast Fourier transforms
 Numerical integration
 Ordinary differential equations
 Special functions
 Statistics (descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing)
 Multiple precision versions of linear algebra, interpolation and optimization algorithms (using MPFR for floating point computations)

See also 

 List of numerical analysis software
 List of numerical libraries

References

External links 
 Official ALGLIB website

Numerical libraries
Software using the GNU General Public License
Pre-STEM. A pre-STEM program is a course of study at any two-year college that prepares a student to transfer to a four-year school to earn a bachelor's degree in a STEM field.

Overview
The concept of a pre-STEM program is being developed to address America's need for more college-trained professionals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It is an innovation meant to fill a gap at community colleges that do not have 'major' degree paths that students identify with on their way to earning an Associates degree. Students must complete a considerable amount of STEM coursework before transferring from a two-year school to a four-year school and earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM field. Schools with a pre-STEM program are able to identify those students and support them with STEM-specific academic and career advising, increasing the student's chances of going on to earn a STEM baccalaureate degree in a timely fashion.

With over 50% of America's college-bound students starting their college career at public or private two-year school, and with a very small proportion of students who start college at a two-year school matriculating to and earning STEM degrees from four-year schools, pre-STEM programs have great potential for broadening participation in baccalaureate STEM studies.

Example programs
The effectiveness of pre-STEM programs is being investigated by a consortium of schools in Missouri: Moberly Area Community College, St. Charles Community College, Metropolitan Community College, and  Truman State University.

A larger group of schools met at the Belknap Springs Meetings in October 2009 to discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by STEM-focused partnerships between 2-year and 4-year schools. Each program represented a two-year school and a four-year school that were trying to increase the number of people who earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM area through various means, some of which were pre-STEM programs.  Other methods includes summer research experiences for community college students, enhanced support for community college students once they transfer to a four-year school, or simply understanding the challenges STEM transfer students face.  This meeting was made possible by funding from the National Science Foundation.  All participants were funded by an NSF STEP grant at the time of the meeting.

See also
STEM pipeline
STEM Academy
STEAM fields

References

External links
 Missouri Pre-STEM Pathways Program
 Scientists Prepared, Enriched and Challenged Through Research-based Activities (SPECTRA), an NSF PRISM-funded program at Truman State University

Science education in the United States
Engineering education in the United States
Mathematics education in the United States
Åke Öberg. Per "Åke" Öberg, born 1937 in Härnösand, is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Linköping University, Sweden.

Öberg received his M.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1964 from Chalmers University of Technology and his Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering in 1971 from Uppsala University. In 1963-1972 he worked as a Research Associate at Uppsala University. He is since 1972 Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Linköping University. He is also active at the Linköping University Hospital.

Öberg's research interests are in circulatory physiology, bio-optics, biomedical instrumentation, sensors and clinical engineering. He has published over 400 scientific papers and books in these areas.

Öberg is the founding chairman of the Clinical Engineering Division of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. This same organization has also elected him as an honorary life member. He is a former president of the Swedish Society of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering and a former chairman of the International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering within the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering.

Honours 
 Vladimir K. Zworykin Award, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2003.
 Honorary Life Member, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2000
 Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
 Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Engineering, 1994.
 Honorary Member of the Finnish Society for Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, 1988
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1987.
 Fernström Prize, Lund University, 1981
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, 1980.
 Erna Ebeling Prize, Swedish Society for Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, 1977

References 

1937 births
Swedish engineers
Academic staff of Linköping University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Chalmers University of Technology alumni
Uppsala University alumni
Living people
Medical physicists
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Dinaphthylene dioxide. Dinaphthylene dioxide, also known as peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX), is an organic compound used to synthesize 3,9-diphenyl-peri-xanthenoxanthene (Ph-PXX). Ph-PXX, in its soluble form, is used as organic semiconductor for thin-film transistors (TFT).

References

Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Lars Hultman. Lars Hultman (born 1960) is a professor of materials science and head of the Division of Thin Film Physics at Linköping University.
Since June 2013 Hultman is the CEO of The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF). He received his Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from Linköping University in 1988. He also did postdoctoral work at Northwestern University in 1989-1990 and was a visiting professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2004-2006. In 1994 he became the editor for the journal Vacuum.

His research interests are in the materials science and nanotechnology of thin films by vapor phase deposition, in particular ion-surface interactions, microstructure evolution, and properties of advanced functional materials.

He is an ISI Highly Cited Researcher.

Awards 
 Akzo Nobel Sweden Science Award, 2013
 European Research Council, Advanced Grant.
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 2009.
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, 2008.
 Fellow of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2007.
 Fellow of the American Vacuum Society, 2006.
 Jacob Wallenberg Foundation Award for Materials Science, 2000.

References 

Living people
1960 births
Swedish physicists
Linköping University alumni
Academic staff of Linköping University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Black-burnished ware. Black-burnished ware is a type of Romano-British ceramic.  Burnishing is a pottery treatment in which the surface of the pot is polished, using a hard smooth surface, such as a pebble. The classification includes two entirely different pottery types which share many stylistic characteristics.  Black burnished ware 1 (BB1), is a black, coarse and gritty fabric. Vessels are hand made. Black burnished ware 2 (BB2) is a finer, black or grey-coloured, wheel thrown fabric.

Decoration on both types includes burnished lattice or, additionally, in the case of bowls and dishes, a wavy ("sine wave") line design. Standard forms across both types include jars with everted rims and bowls with upright or flat flanged rims.

Black Burnished Ware 1

Black Burnished Ware Category 1 (BB1) is made from a clay body that has a coarse texture. The clay body can contain black iron ores, flint, quartz, red iron ores, shale fragments, and white mica. BB1 can be grainy and black or dark gray in appearance. These wares are formed by hand.

BB1 wares were manufactured in the Dorset area and distributed throughout Britain.  The distribution of BB1 wares dates primarily to the mid-second to fourth centuries AD. Forms include bowls, dishes, and jars.

Early BB1 influenced Vectis ware.

Black Burnished Ware 2

Black Burnished Ware Category 2 (BB2) is greyer in color and has a finer texture when compared with BB1. It is a “hard, sandy fabric, varying in colour from dark-grey or black with a brown or reddish brown core and a reddish-brown, blue-grey, black or lighter ('pearly grey') surface.”  The clay body can contain black iron ore, mica, and quartz, all in a matrix of sediment. These wares are thrown on a fast potter's wheel.

BB2 wares were manufactured on both the Essex and Kent sides of the Thames Estuary. The distribution of BB2 wares occurred from AD 140 through to the mid third century AD in south-east England and the northern part of Britain.

References

Romano-British pottery
KLM Flight 823. KLM Flight 823 was an air accident in 1961 involving a Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft that crashed on approach to Cairo International Airport in Egypt after a flight from Rome in Italy. The crash killed 20 out of 29 passengers and 7 crew on flight 823.

Aircraft
The accident aircraft was an American built Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop-powered airliner, registration PH-LLM, built in 1960.

Accident
KLM Flight 823 took off from Amsterdam on 11 June on a flight to Kuala Lumpur with stopovers at Munich, Rome, Cairo, and Karachi. Twenty-nine passengers and seven crew were aboard the aircraft on the third leg of the planned schedule, between Rome and Cairo.  At 04:11 local time, the aircraft was on approach to runway 34 at Cairo International Airport but struck high ground about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the airport.  The aircraft broke up on impact, with both sections catching fire. Seventeen passengers and three crew were killed.

Cause
The cause of the crash of KLM Flight 823 was attributed to pilot error, being blamed on the pilot-in-command not paying sufficient attention to his instruments.

References

External links
Accident Details KLM Flight 823 at planecrahinfo.com

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1961
Aviation accidents and incidents in Egypt
Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed L-188 Electra
823
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
1961 in Egypt
June 1961 events in Africa
FreeFlyer. FreeFlyer is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design, and operations. Its architecture revolves around its native scripting language, known as FreeForm Script. As a mission planning tool, it encompasses several capabilities, including precise orbit modeling, 2D and 3D visualization, sensor modeling, maneuver modeling, maneuver estimation, plotting, orbit determination, tracking data simulation, and space environment modeling.

FreeFlyer implements standard astrodynamics models such as the JGM-2, EGM-96, and LP-165 gravity potential models; atmospheric density models like Jacchia-Roberts, Harris-Priester, and NRL-MSIS; the International Reference Ionosphere model; and the International Geomagnetic Reference Field magnetic field model.

Background
FreeFlyer is owned and developed by a.i. solutions, Inc. and is utilized by NASA, NOAA, and the USAF for space mission operations, mission assurance, and analysis support.

Operational and analysis support
FreeFlyer has been used to support many spacecraft missions, for mission planning analysis, operational analysis, or both. Specific mission examples include the International Space Station (ISS), the JSpOC Mission System, the Earth Observing System, Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS).

FreeFlyer has also been successfully used to conduct analysis in both the high-performance computing (HPC) and service-oriented architecture (SOA) environments.

Software tiers

FreeFlyer is one stand-alone product with two tiers of rising functionality.

FreeFlyer scripting
FreeFlyer contains an object-oriented scripting language and an accompanying integrated development environment.

Below is a basic FreeFlyer script that creates and displays a spacecraft:

 // Create a spacecraft object
 Spacecraft sc1;
 // Create a ViewWindow, passing sc1 as part of an array of objects to view 
 ViewWindow vw({sc1});
 // Propagate and view the spacecraft for two days
 While (sc1.ElapsedTime < TimeSpan.FromDays(2));
     sc1.Step();
     vw.Update();
 End;

References

External links
 

3D graphics software
Aerospace engineering software
Astronomy software
Mathematical software
Physics software
Science software for Windows
Axis Group Yacht Design. Axis Group Yacht Design is an Italian naval architecture, marine engineering and design company specialized in the over 40 meter luxury motoryacht market.

History
Founded in USA in 1996, by naval architect & marine engineer Horacio Bozzo, Axis Group Yacht Design has moved to Viareggio, Italy in 2001. Since then, it has established tight collaboration with the most renowned shipyards, such as Perini Navi, Benetti, Azimut, Codecasa, Sanlorenzo, Kingship, ISA, Rossinavi among others. In 2011 Axis has opened a new overseas representative office in Shanghai, which will be based at the Jin Mao Tower, the fifth tallest building in the world.

Horacio Bozzo set up in 2013 his own design brand for Superyacht: Horacio Bozzo Design.

Yacht designed
Among Axis Group Yacht Design projects: the  motoryacht Forever One launched in June 2014 at ISA facilities, the  Ice Class Motoryacht Vitruvius Picchiotti by Perini Navi, the  40Alloy Sanlorenzo and the Green Voyager, an innovative  Hybrid motoryacht by Kingship Marine. In occasion of the Monaco Boat Show in September 2009, it has been assigned three Green Plus certifications to three megayachts built in Italy, whereas in China, the Green Voyager, is the first hybrid 45 meter yacht required the Green Plus certification. Axis counts also the  Motoryacht High Power III (ex Numptia) by Rossinavi, launched in summer 2011.

Award
In May 2012 in Hong Kong, Axis Group Yacht Design won the Best Yacht Designer in Asia of the Year 2012 award at the Asia Boating Awards.

In June 2012 in the Principality of Monaco, Axis Group Yacht Design won the Naval Architect Award – Motor Yachts for the 70 meter Motoryacht Numptia (renamed High Power III) at ShowBoats Design Awards.

References

Italian yacht designers
Yacht design firms
Companies based in Viareggio