omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spinneret (polymers). A spinneret is a device used to extrude a polymer solution or polymer melt to form fibers. Streams of viscous polymer exit via the spinneret into air or liquid leading to a phase inversion which allows the polymer to solidify. The individual polymer chains tend to align in the fiber because of viscous flow. This airstream liquid-to-fiber formation process is similar to the production process for cotton candy. The fiber production process is generally referred to as "spinning". Depending on the type of spinneret used, either solid or hollow fibers can be formed.
Spinnerets are also used for electrospinning and electrospraying applications. They are sometimes called coaxial needles, or coaxial emitters.

Spinnerets are usually made of metals with melting points too low to withstand the heating processes employed in industrial metallurgy, and thus are generally not used to form metallic fibers.

See also
 Electrospinning
 Hollow fiber membrane
 Spinning (polymers)
 Textiles
 Thermal cleaning
 Spinneret

References

Plastics industry
Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops. The Central Organisation For Modernisation of Workshops (COFMOW) was a public sector undertaking in India, created in 1979 to modernise the workshops of Indian Railways. It was established through funding from the World Bank and is located in New Delhi, the national capital. It was dissolved by Indian Govt w.e.f Dec 01, 2022.

History
At the time of integration of the Indian Railway system in 1952, there were 41 repair workshops dealing with periodic overhaul of coaches, wagons and locomotives. Day-to-day repairs were handled in over 300 repair depots and sick lines.

The last quarter century of planned development of Indian Railways has witnessed extensive changes in the mode of traction as well as development of new types of coaches and wagons.  Diesel and electric locomotives have gradually replaced steam locomotives.  The number of passenger coaches in service has almost doubled.  The wagon stock holding is roughly 2.5 times that in 1951.  Financial limitations, however, did not permit development of maintenance facilities compatible with the growth of rolling stock.  Only 5 new workshops have been set up since 1952.  The increased demand for maintenance was largely catered by piece-meal expansion of the existing facilities.  Expenditure on workshops in this period was less than 2.5% of the total plan outlay on the railways.  Nevertheless, to meet the requirement of new rolling stock, three new production workshops were set up.

The problems encountered in manufacture and maintenance of the rolling stock are largely due to obsolescence of machinery and plant, diverse product mix and layout deficiencies.  The situation in respect of machinery and plant is a source of major concern.  The proportion of overage machines in 1979 had increased to 77% from 47% in 1952.  Due to paucity of available maintenance funds, an agreement was negotiated with the International Development Association of the World Bank for providing a credit of $95m for the first phase of workshop modernisation programme, expected to be completed by March 1983.  Second and third phases of another 7 years envisage an estimated expenditure of Rs.400 crores inclusive of IDA Credits.

The unprecedented magnitude of this effort prompted the Indian Railways to set up a specialist organisation wholly devoted to the furtherance of this task.  Thus, the Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops (COFMOW) came into existence in 1978 to implement the modernisation programme.

Cofmow is now the designated organisation of Indian Railways for selection, procurement and induction of modern workshop technologies and M&P.
P. Ananth, Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer at COFMOW, has been granted the administrative and financial powers of the Principal Chief Administrative Officer and redesignated as Chief Administrative Officer, COFMOW.

References

External links 
 Official website 
 

Railway companies of India
Railway workshops in India
Railway companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in Delhi
Companies based in Delhi
Rail Spring Karkhana. The Rail Spring Karkhana (Rail Spring Factory) (Hindi: रेल स्प्रिंग कारखाना), located near Sithouli Railway Station around 12.8 km way from Gwalior Railway Station Gwalior in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is a major railway workshop for Indian Railways which manufacture Hot Coil Springs of different types for diverse Rolling Stocks.

References

Railway workshops in India
Buildings and structures in Gwalior
Type-90 cluster munition. The Type-90, also known as the MZD-2, is a Chinese submunition used in the 122 mm Type-81 cluster rocket. It is made by Norinco. Type-81 rockets with Type-90 submunitions were used by Hezbollah against Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War, and they have been used in the Syrian Civil War as bombs dropped by weaponized Hezbollah quadcopters.

Each Type-90 resembles a small cylindrical bell with a ribbon at one end. A plastic band full of 3mm steel spheres wraps horizontally around the middle of the cylinder. Inside is an armor-piercing shaped charge. Each Type-81 rocket contains 39 Type-90 submunitions.

References 

Submunitions
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on human–computer interaction. It was established in 1994 and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery.

Editors-in-chief 
The following persons have been editors-in-chief of the journal:
Kasper Hornbæk, University of Copenhagen (2023 - present)
Kristina Höök, KTH Royal Institute of Technology (2018-2024)
Ken Hinckley, Microsoft Research (2016–present)
Shumin Zhai, IBM Almaden Research Center (2009–2015)
John M. Carroll (2003–2009)
Jonathan Grudin (1997–2003)
Dan R. Olsen, Jr. (1994–1997)

External links

Human–computer interaction journals
Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1994
Mark 92 Guided Missile Fire Control System. The Mark 92 Fire Control System is a US-built medium-range anti-aircraft missile and gun fire control system. It was developed for the FFG-7 Oliver Hazard Perry class guided missile frigates. The system is a licensed USN version of the Thales Nederland WM-25 fire control system. The Mark 92 fire control system was approved for service use in 1975. Introduction to the fleet and follow-on test and evaluation began in 1978.

Radar Systems

The Mark 92 system assigns targets via the ship's air search radar, and surface search radar or from the Mark 92's own search radar capabilities. The system has two or three radar sub-systems depending on the model. The first two are combined into a single system called the Combined Antenna System or CAS is used in all models. The CAS has a track while scan radar (Search) and a tracking radar both housed in an egg shaped radome. The radars can search for, track, and illuminate targets.  There is also a third radar for target illumination referred to as the Separate Target Illumination Radar or STIR. The STIR is a radar developed from the AN/SPG-60 radar that is part of the Mark 86 gun fire control system.

Versions

Mark 92 modification 0 is an early version of the system for the USN.
Gun and missile control:
1 air engagement channel
2 surface-search, TWS channels

Mark 92 modification 1 is the version used by United States Coast Guard cutters as well as the PHM-1 Class USN hydrofoils (excluding . It does not use the STIR or control surface to air missiles.
Gun only:
1 air engagement channel
2 surface-search, TWS channels

Mark 92 modification 2 is the version that was originally fit to USN Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigates. It was also installed on the Adelaide-class derivatives built for Australia.
Gun and missile control:
2 air engagement channels, including STIR with Mark 107 console
2 surface-search, TWS channels

Mark 92 modification 5 is used by certain Saudi Arabian Badr-class corvettes (PGG and PCG Class ships).
Gun only:
1 air engagement channel
2 surface-search, TWS channels

Mark 92 modification 6 is an upgraded version of the modification 2 as part of the CORT program. It was installed on 12 USN FFG-7-class frigates, the eight Republic of China Navy's Cheng Kung-class frigates and two of the Spanish Santa Maria-class frigates.
2 air engagement channels, including STIR with Mark 107 console and (coherent receiver/transmitter CORT) transceiver
2 surface-search, TWS channels

STIR (Separate Target Illumination Radar) Deactivated

The USN retired the RIM-66E, or Standard missile-1, from active service in 2003. Oliver Hazard Perry frigates in USN service have had the STIR radar removed. The STIR radars are still in use on non-USN vessels.

References

See also
Badr class corvette
Hamilton class cutter
RIM-66 Standard
Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate
Mark 74 "Tartar" Guided Missile Fire Control System
USCG Medium Endurance Cutter

Mk092
Weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Corpus Christi Army Depot. Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) Center of Industrial and Technical Excellence (CITE) for rotary wing aircraft. It has been a tenant of Naval Air Station Corpus Christi since 1961. 

The CCAD mission is to ensure aviation readiness for all service and international sales programs. In 2018 Gail Atkins became the first woman to lead CCAD.

External links
Corpus Christi Army Depot Homepage

Military in Corpus Christi, Texas
Military facilities in Texas
United States Army logistics installations
1961 establishments in Texas

References
Molecular design software. Molecular design software is notable software for molecular modeling, that provides special support for developing molecular models de novo.

In contrast to the usual molecular modeling programs, such as for molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, such software directly supports the aspects related to constructing molecular models, including:
 Molecular graphics
 interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing
 building polymeric molecules, crystals, and solvated systems
 partial charges development
 geometry optimization
 support for the different aspects of force field development

Comparison of software covering the major aspects of molecular design

Notes and references

See also

External links 
molecular design IUPAC term definition.
Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design
Molecular Modeling resources
Materials modelling and computer simulation codes
Click2Drug.org Directory of in silico (computer-aided) drug design tools.
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Journal of Computational Chemistry

Science software
Computational chemistry software
Molecular dynamics software
Molecular modelling software
Slingsby Falke. The Slingsby Type 61 Falke was a licence-built version of the Scheibe SF 25B Motor glider built by Slingsby Sailplanes. It entered service with the Royal Air Force for air cadet training as the Slingsby Venture.

Development
In 1970 Slingsby acquired a licence to build the SF 25B as the Type 61A Falke, a side-by-side two-seat dual training monoplane. This first variant was powered by a 45 hp Starck Stamo MS1500 engine and first flew at Wombleton on 8 February 1971. During May 1971 one aircraft was evaluated by the Royal Air Force as the Venture T1 and an order for 15 aircraft followed. The aircraft were to be operated by Volunteer Gliding Schools for basic air cadet training. Following replacement by the Grob Vigilant T1 they were all sold in 1990.

Variants
T61A
Production variant fitted with a Starck Stamo MS1500 engine with manual engine start, 26 built.
T61B
As T61A but fitted with a Franklin 2A-120-A engine, one built.
T61C
Production variant fitted with a Starck Stamo MS1500 engine with an electric engine start, 8 built.
T61D
One T61A refitted with Rollason R.S.1 engine in 1972.
T61E
Production aircraft for the RAF as Venture T2, 15 built later modified to T61F.
T61F
Production aircraft for the RAF with electric engine starter as the Venture T2, 15 T61Es modified and 25 built.
T61G
One aircraft powered by a Limbach SL1700 engine.
Venture T1
RAF designation for one T61A bought for evaluation in 1971.
Venture T2
RAF designation for production T61E and later T61F aircraft.

Former operators

Royal Air Force

RAF VGS 612 ZA652, ZA653, ZA654
  
RAF VGS 616 ZA625, ZA630

RAF VGS 642 XZ550 August 1978, XZ563 October 1978, ZA630 March 1980, ZA657, ZA659 replaced XZ653

RAF VGS 644 ZA634 29 March 1980.

Specifications (T61A)

See also

References

1970s British civil utility aircraft
1970s British military trainer aircraft
Motor gliders
Falke
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
Single-engined piston aircraft
Morane-Saulnier MS.130. The Morane-Saulnier MS.129 and its derivatives in the MS.130 series were a family of military trainer aircraft produced in France in the 1920s.

Design and development
The MS.129 and 130 were conventional, parasol-wing monoplanes with open cockpits in tandem and fixed tailskid undercarriage. The initial version, the MS.129, was produced in small numbers for the Romanian Air Force and civil users, but the major production version was the MS.130, which equipped the French Navy and a number of foreign air arms.

The second MS.130 prototype won the 1929 Coupe Michelin, flown by Michel Detroyat  with an average speed of 190 km/h (120 mph).

The MS.130 was further developed as the MS.230, and at least two MS.130s were later rebuilt to this new standard.

Variants

MS.129 initial production version with Hispano-Suiza 8Ab engine.
MS.130 major production version with Salmson 9AB engine; 146 built.
MS.130 Coupe MichelinA single aircraft modified for competing in the Coupe Michelin 1929, which Michel Détroyat won at .
MS.131 MS.130 converted to use a  Lorraine 7Me engine (1 converted for US military attaché in Paris)
MS.132 version with Salmson 7Ac engine for French Navy; 5 built.
MS.133 version with Gnome-Rhône 5Kc engine; 3 converted from MS.129, 1 converted from MS.130.
MS.134 conversion of MS.130 with Clerget 9B engine

The MS.135, MS.136, MS.137, MS.138, and MS.139 were of a different design derived from the MS.35, and not related to the MS.130.

Operators
  France
 Aéronavale (MS.130)
 Aéronautique Militaire (MS.130)
  Brazil (15 × MS.130)
 Brazilian Air Force
 Varig (MS.130)
  Belgium (2 × MS.130)
 China (MS.130)
 Guatemala (MS.130)
 
Portuguese Air Force (1 x MS.130, 4 x MS.133)
 Romania (MS.129)
 Turkey (MS.130)

Specifications (MS.130)

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

MS.130
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Energy release component. The energy release component (ERC) is a number related to the available energy (BTU) per unit area (square foot) within the flaming front at the head of a fire.  Daily variations in ERC are due to changes in moisture content of the various fuels present, both live and dead.  Since this number represents the potential "heat release" per unit area in the flaming zone, it can provide guidance to several important fire activities.  It may also be considered a composite fuel moisture value as it reflects the contribution that all live and dead fuels have to potential fire intensity.  The ERC is a cumulative or "build-up" type of index.  As live fuels cure and dead fuels dry, the ERC values get higher, thus providing a good reflection of drought conditions.  The scale is open-ended or unlimited and, as with other NFDRS components, is relative.  Conditions producing an ERC value of 24 represent a potential heat release twice that of conditions resulting in an ERC value of 12.

References

Sources 
This article incorporates text from a publication of the  U.S.  Department of Agriculture (USDA) with content in the public domain.
Bradshaw, L.S., R.E. Burgan, J.D. Cohen, and J.E. Deeming.  1983. The 1978 National Fire Danger Rating System: Technical Documentation.  USDA Forest Service; Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-169, Ogden, Utah. 44 pp.

Firefighting in the United States
Asiatic Petroleum Company. Asiatic Petroleum Company (APC) was a joint venture between the Shell and Royal Dutch oil companies founded in 1903. It operated in Asia in the early 20th century.  The corporate headquarters were on The Bund in Shanghai, China.  The division tested the limits of corporate liability in the Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd case.

The company was involved in the early developments of Frank Whittle in the jet engine field, a Mr. I Lubbock of the company devising a suitable combustion chamber design, known as the 'Lubbock Burner' and  used in the Power Jets WU and subsequent engines.

In 1951, China requisitioned all property belonging to the company in retaliation for the Hong Kong Government's requisitioning of the tanker .

See also

, APC vessel that caused one of the first major maritime oil spills
Photograph courtesy of Paul Pak-hing Lee Studio

References

Oil companies of China
Former joint ventures
Former Shell plc subsidiaries
Energy companies established in 1903
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1903
Defunct companies based in Shanghai
Chinese companies established in 1903
Defunct energy companies of China
Saxon XI HT. The Saxon Class XI T were German, 0-10-0, tank locomotives with the Royal Saxon State Railways procured for goods train services. The Deutsche Reichsbahn grouped them in 1925 into their DRG Class 94.19-21.

History
As a consequence of the reparations required to be paid by Germany after the First World War, 13 locomotives went to the French: 12 to the Chemins de Fer de l'État as 50-901 to 50-912, and one to the Chemins de Fer du Nord as 5.526; a further 3 engines had been lost during the course of the war.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn grouped the lighter engines of the second batch into its DRG Class 94.19, whilst the heavier ones were designated as DRG Class 94.20-21. The engines of the lighter group were retired by 1936.

All those engines left in Germany after the Second World War went into the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany. The DR also received two former État engines from France and grouped them as numbers 94 2151 and 94 2152. The last ones were in service until the second half of the 1970s.

The non-working locomotive, 94 2110, ended up after the war in Austria after passing through Czechoslovakia and Hungary. It was incorporated into the fleet of the Austrian Federal Railway as ÖBB 794.2110, but was retired in 1953 without having been used.

Of the locomotives remaining in Czechoslovakia after the war, several continued to be used for a time. Locomotive 94 2021 was even given the ČSD number 516.0500 and was not retired until 1952.

The last area of operations for these locomotives in the Deutsche Reichsbahn was on the ramp from Eibenstock upper station to Eibenstock lower station which was closed in autumn 1975.

The last preserved locomotive of this class - number 94 2105 - may be found today in the railway museum at Schwarzenberg/Erzgeb.

Technical features
The engines of the second batch had a lower weight, due to their shorter boiler and a reduction in the coal and water capacity, in order to be able to run on branch lines with light trackway.

From running number 2094 (1921 series) onwards the locomotives had factory-fitted compressed-air brakes, from running number 2112 (1923 series) the engines were equipped with Knorr feedwater heaters on the crown of the boiler barrel behind the chimney. Those engines delivered prior to that were all retrofitted with compressed-air brakes and, in most cases, also with surface economisers. The 1908/09 series only rarely had preheaters. Where they were fitted they were located to the side of the chimney.

Sources

See also
Royal Saxon State Railways
List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses

0-10-0T locomotives
11 HT
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1908
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
E h2t locomotives
Freight locomotives
Western Institute of Nanoelectronics. The Western Institute of Nanoelectronics (WIN) is a research institute founded in 2006 and headquartered at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science in Los Angeles, California, US. The WIN Center networks multiple universities with the Industry and government based sponsors (members of the Semiconductor Industry Association consortium NRI) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in pursuit of replacing Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (CMOS FET). WIN's research is focused on spintronics extending from materials, devices, and device interactions, metrology and circuits/architectures. Sponsors include:
Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI)
UC Discovery
NIST
Intel Corporation

WIN is one of four research centers within the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI). Dr. Kang L. Wang serves as director. Current WIN university participants include four University of California campuses (Los Angeles, Berkeley, Santa Barbara and Irvine) and Stanford University, Denver University, Portland State University, and University of Iowa. NRI is a research initiative of the Nanoelectronics Research Corporation (NERC). NERC in turn is a subsidiary of the Semiconductor Research Corporation.

References

External links
Western Institute of Nanoelectronics website
WIN at SRC

Nanoelectronics
2006 establishments in California
University of California, Los Angeles
UCLA research institutes
Morane-Saulnier MS.138. The Morane-Saulnier MS.138 was a military trainer aircraft produced in France in the late 1920s,

Design and operation
The MS.138 was the major production version of a family that also included the MS.137 and MS.139. The design was derived from the MS.35, first flown during World War I, modernised to feature a wing that now included slight sweepback, and a redesigned fuselage of rounder cross-section.  The basic layout remained the same, being a wire-braced, parasol-wing monoplane with open cockpits in tandem and fixed tailskid undercarriage. Construction was mostly of wood, with the exception of the metal wing spars, and all control surfaces were covered in fabric.

Most of the production run went to the Aéronautique Militaire, with a few others built for the Aéronavale and for military use by Greece and Denmark. Thirty-three others were purchased by civilian operators in France. The type remained in French military service until 1935.

Variants
MS.137version with  Salmson 9Ac engine
MS.138main production type with  Le Rhône 9C engine
MS.139version with  Clerget 9B engine
MS.191version with shortened wingspan and  Clerget 9B engine.

Operators

 Aéronautique Militaire
 Aéronavale

 Hellenic Air Force

 Paraguayan Air Force

Specifications (MS.138)

See also

Notes

Further reading

MS.138
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Rotary-engined aircraft