omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
International Nickel Study Group. The International Nickel Study Group (INSG) is an intergovernmental organization established in June 1990, in The Hague, Netherlands, within the framework of the United Nations. Since 2006, the International Copper Study Group and International Lead and Zinc Study Group have been co-located with INSG in Lisbon, Portugal.

Creation 
Between 1979 and 1986, a series of conferences between nickel producing and using countries were organized to consider the quality of nickel statistics and ways of improving them. These conferences were followed by the United Nations Conference on Nickel (October–November 1985 and April–May 1986), where the terms of Reference of The International Nickel Study Group were created (13 May 1986).

Functions 
As an International Study Group, the INSG provides a forum for market participants to discuss and exchange information on issues related to a specific commodity (nickel), without market intervention, with the goal of improving market transparency.

Specifically, this is done by monitoring the nickel economy, exchanging information with members, developing studies on specific issues, to "improv[e] the information available on the international nickel economy".

Currently, the most visible work of the INSG are statistics (World Nickel Statistics) and forecasts for the nickel market, being commonly cited or referred in industry news, studies on commodities and company reports and presentations.

Members 
Members of the INSG are Governments of nickel producing and consuming countries. Membership is open to countries with interest in nickel production, consumption or trade as well as "intergovernmental organizations with responsibilities in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of international agreements, particularly commodity agreements".

Current members of the INSG are:

References 

Intergovernmental commodity organizations
Organizations established in 1990
Organisations based in Lisbon
Nickel
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Floods of 2021. 2021 saw some of the most extreme flooding on record, in large part driven by climate change. The insurance industry analysis group Swiss RE found that 31% of global insurance losses were from flooding, and that nearly a fifth of the economic damage from natural disasters was uninsured.

Significant floods

Australia

China

Europe

India

Uttarakhand

South India

Malaysia

20–21

21–22

North America

Hawaii

Pacific Northwest

See also 

 Weather of 2021
 Tropical cyclones in 2021

Notes

References
Elaine Chen. Elaine Chen is an academic and an engineering executive in the haptic technology field.
She is named as the lead inventor on the Microsoft patent for the force feedback joystick.

Biography 

Chen earned bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Chen has served as VP of several companies, including Rethink Robotics, Zeo, Zeemote, and SensAble Technologies.

In 2005, Chen founded Conceptspring, a consulting business.

From 2011 to 2020, Chen was a senior lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of Management and an entrepreneur-in-Residence at the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship.

In 2017, Chen was selected by the AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassadors Program as one of the year's seven Invention Ambassadors.

Since 2020, Chen has served as the Cummings Family Professor of the Practice in Entrepreneurship and as the director of the Tufts Entrepreneurship Center.

As of 2022, Chen was on the advisory board of Cybernetix Ventures.

Published works

Books

Articles
 E. Chen and B. Marcus, "Force feedback for surgical simulation," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 524-530, March 1998, doi: 10.1109/5.662877.
 Cohen, A, & Chen, E. "Six Degree-of-Freedom Haptic System as a Desktop Virtual Prototyping Interface." Proceedings of the ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Dynamic Systems and Control. Nashville, Tennessee, USA. November 14–19, 1999. pp. 401-402. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE1999-0053

References

External links
 Patents

American women engineers
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Tufts University faculty
USRC Detector. USRC Detector was a  built for and operated by the United States Revenue Cutter Service from 1825 to 1832. She is the second ship of the Revenue Cutter Service to bear the name.

Design and construction 
On 7 July 1825, the Revenue Cutter Service authorized the construction of two 55-ton cutters. These ships, later named Detector and , would differ in design as the Wasp weighed 5 tons lighter. The ships were designed by naval constructor William Doughty in 1815, after he was asked to design three new classes of cutters for the service to recuperate the fleet from losses suffered during the War of 1812. The future Detector was the second largest design in the batch, designed after the Baltimore Clipper model.

Both ships were designed with a keel made of rock maple wood, planking from oak, a billet head, and a squared stern. She was 52 feet long (15.8 meters), had a beam of 18 feet, 3 inches (5.6 meters), and a draft of 6 feet, 2 inches (1.8 meters). Detector appears to have not been armed, compared to the two four-pounder cannons on the Wasp. She was manned by a crew of 13.

A contract for the two ships' construction was authorized on 27 August 1815 to Fisher and Webster of North Yarmouth, Maine. The ship's construction in Portland, Maine was overseen by a captain in the Revenue Cutter Service.

Service history 
Detector was stationed out of Portland for her entire career after she was commissioned in 1825. A previous , built in 1812, was stationed in Portland and sold the same year she entered service. On 1 January 1832 she was relieved by , followed by being sold at Portland the same year.

References 

1825 ships
Ships built in Maine
Ships built in Portland, Maine
Ships of the United States Revenue Cutter Service
Gwendolen Sergant. Gwendolen Sergant (17 March 1926 - 1 June 1979) was a Major and engineer in the Women's Royal Army Corps for over twenty years, serving with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. One of her appointments involved being in charge of the British army's whole fleet of 160,000 vehicles. She was President of the Women's Engineering Society from 1974 to 1975.

Early life and education 
Gwendolen Sergant was born on 17 March 1926 in Sussex into an engineering family. She was known to friends as 'Bunty'. Her father had an agricultural engineering business, which she helped out with from childhood.

She studied for a diploma in mechanical engineering at Loughborough College in 1943, but was unable to finish the course because her father fell ill.

She continued her engineering training as an apprentice at the Rheostatic Company, Slough, during which time she gained a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering.

Career 
In 1948 Sergant joined Thorn Electrical Industries where she worked for 2 years designing fluorescent lighting.

In 1953 she took a commission as an engineer in the Women's Royal Army Corps. She spent the next 20 years working with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers  (REME), rising to the rank of Major in 1964. She worked all over the world, including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, and Gibraltar. She was also posted to the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), Germany.

She became Officer-in-charge of General Engineering REME 43 Command Workshop in Aldershot in 1969, where she was in charge of 160,000 vehicles and 400 civilian craftsmen. It was while serving in the army that she acquired the nickname 'Bunty'.

After her marriage she became assistant secretary to the Appointments Board of the University of Cambridge. This work included visiting industrial firms and military organisations in order to seek out opportunities for engineering graduates. In the 1977 issue of the Women's Engineering Society journal, the Woman Engineer, she described a visit to the Shell/Esso gas platform in the North Sea.

Memberships 
Sergant joined the Women's Engineering Society in 1944, was elected to the Council in 1959 and was president from 1974 to 1975 under her married name of Howard. She succeeded Peggy Hodges and was succeeded in the role by Henrietta Bussell.

In 1975, she led a group from WES to the fourth International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES) in Cracow, Poland.

In 1979 she was promoted to Fellowship of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and was also elected as a Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge.

Personal life 
In 1973 Gwendolen Sergant married Lt Cdr John Howard in Aldershot, who she first met while studying at Loughborough College. After their wedding, they both resigned their commissions and set up a garage and coachworks in Sussex. This was not successful because of an oil crisis, which forced them to give up the business. She then obtained her post at the University of Cambridge.

Awards 
BSc, C.Eng, FIMech.E., A.M.B.I.M.

References 

British women engineers
Women's Engineering Society
1926 births
1979 deaths
Windrose 20. The Windrose 20 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Ron Holder as a cruiser and first built in 1977.

Production
The design was built by Laguna Yachts in the United States, starting in 1977, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Windrose 20 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed stub keel and retractable centerboard. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on the starboard side amidships. The head is located in the bow cabin on the port side under the "V"-berth.

For sailing the design may be equipped with one of several sized of jibs or genoas.

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Photo of a Windrose 20

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts 
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Ron Holder
Sailboat types built by Laguna Yachts
Global Urban Evolution Project. The Global Urban Evolution Project is an international collaborative project  which was started by Marc T. J. Johnson at the Centre for Urban Environments of the University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM). It includes  partners from at least 5 continents, 26 countries, and 160 cities.  As a field study of evolution, and as a global study of the effects of urbanization on evolution, its scale is unprecedented.   It has been described as "the best replicated test of parallel evolution, on the largest scale ever attempted".

The project uses white clover as a model organism for studying global urbanization and urban evolution. White clover was chosen because it already grew in most cities worldwide.  It examines the plant's production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in urban and more rural environments ("urban-rural clines").  Hydrogen cyanide deters herbivores and increases clover's tolerance for water stress.
 

The project has demonstrated that urban environments are altering the ways in which plants evolve locally, and that similar changes are occurring globally, a demonstration of parallel evolution. It enables researchers to better understand  the nature of urban environments, the adaptive capacity of species, and their ability to deal with rapid global environmental changes.

Project history
In 2018, lead scientist Marc Johnson announced the project by tweeting "We are seeking collaborators to participate in the Global Urban Evolution (GLUE) project, a global study that seeks to understand whether urbanization drives parallel evolution in cities around the world." Co-leaders of the project were Rob Ness and PhD student James Santangelo, all three at University of Toronto Mississauga.

The resulting project has involved 287 scientists and over 550 people at various academic levels worldwide.
It is an example of inclusive science with a team including equal numbers of women and men from around the world.  Sonja Knapp categorizes it as an experimental network and a global experiment with a shared methodology.

Results
The project has collected over 110,000 clover samples  and sequenced over 2,500 clover genomes, creating a huge dataset for the study of the species around the globe.

Analyzing urban-rural clines, scientists found that cyanide production tended to increase with distance from the center of cities, suggesting that clover populations were adapting to factors commonly found in urban centers worldwide. Possible factors could include temperature (freezing is related to cyanide content), herbivory pressures, and drought stress. The research suggests that the downtowns of cities such as Boston may more closely resemble far-flung cities such as Beijing as clover habitats than they resemble rural areas located nearby.

References

External links
 Global Urban Evolution Project
Global Urban Evolution Project on GitHub

Collaborative projects
Genome databases
Open data
Open science
Scientific organizations based in Canada
Evolution of plants
Urbanization
IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award. In 1989, the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium established the Charles Babbage Award  to be given each year to a conference participant in recognition of exceptional contributions to the field. In almost all cases, the award is given to one of the invited keynote speakers at the conference. The selection was made by the steering committee chairs, upon recommendation from the Program Chair and General Chair who have been responsible for the technical program of the conference, including inviting the speakers. It is presented immediately following the selected speaker's presentation at the conference, and he or she is given a plaque that specifies the nature of their special contribution to the field that is being recognized by IPDPS.

In 2019, the management of the IEEE CS Babbage Award was transferred to the IEEE Computer Society's Awards Committee.

Past recipients:
1989 - Irving S. Reed
1990 - H.T. Kung
1991 - Harold S. Stone
1992 - David Kuck
1993 - K. Mani Chandy
1994 - Arvind
1995 - Richard Karp
1997 - Frances E. Allen
1998 - Jim Gray
1999 - K. Mani Chandy
2000 - Michael O. Rabin
2001 - Thomson Leighton
2002 - Steve Wallach
2003 - Michel Cosnard
2004 - Christos Papadimitriou
2005 - Yale N. Patt
2006 - Bill Dally
2007 - Mike Flynn
2008 - Joel Saltz
2009 - Wen-Mei Hwu
2010 - Burton Smith
2011 - Jack Dongarra
2012 - Chris Johnson
2013 - James Demmel
2014 - Peter Kogge
2015 - Alan Edelman
2017 - Mateo Valero. "For contributions to parallel computation through brilliant technical work, mentoring PhD students, and building an incredibly productive European research environment."
2019 - Ian Foster. "For his outstanding contributions in the areas of parallel computing languages, algorithms, and technologies for scalable distributed applications."
2020 - Yves Robert. "For contributions to parallel algorithms and scheduling techniques."
2021 - Guy Blelloch. "For contributions to parallel programming, parallel algorithms, and the interface between them."
2022 - Dhabaleswar K. (DK) Panda. "For contributions to high performance and scalable communication in parallel and high-end computing systems."
2023 - Keshav K Pingali. "For contributions to programmability of high-performance parallel computing on irregular algorithms and graph algorithms."
2024 - Franck Cappello. "For pioneering contributions and inspiring leadership in distributed computing, high-performance computing, resilience, and data reduction."

See also 
 List of computer science awards
 List of awards named after people

References

External links 
 IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award

Awards established in 1989
Computer science awards
IEEE society and council awards
Dietrich Belitz. Dietrich Belitz (born 1955) is an American theoretical physicist on the faculty of the University of Oregon. He studies statistical mechanics and condensed matter  physics.

Early life and education 
Belitz earned his Diploma in 1980 and his Dr. rer. nat. degree in 1982, both from the Technical University of Munich (Germany). His dissertation was titled, Der Einfluß inkohärenter Tunnelprozesse auf die Leitfähigkeit ungeordneter Materialien (trans.: The influence of incoherent tunneling processes on the conductivity of disordered materials), advised by Wolfgang Götze. He did postdoctoral work at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Career 
In 1987 Belitz joined the faculty at the University of Oregon and is a member of the  Materials Science Institute there. Belitz became a professor of physics in 1997. His research has included statistical mechanics, condensed matter, and theory of quantum many-body systems."

Reviews of Modern Physics describes Belitz' interests as, "... focused on quantum many-body problems, including superconductivity, magnetism, transport processes, and quantum phase transitions."

Belitz is a member of the University's Condensed Matter Theory & Statistical Mechanics group, which describes their work as the study of:

Belitz served as department head of physics from 1998–2004, associate dean for natural sciences from 2004–2010, and as  director of the Institute of Theoretical Science at the University of Oregon from 2013–2019. 

From 2005 to 2020, Belitz served as associate editor for condensed matter theory for Reviews of Modern Physics.

Selected publications

Awards, honors 
 American Physical Society Fellow, 2010. Citation: For work on classical and quantal phase transitions, and the nature of phases affected by generic scale invariance.

References

External links 
  (video, 1:31:56)

1955 births
21st-century American physicists
American academic administrators
Technical University of Munich alumni
American theoretical physicists
University of Oregon faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
University of Maryland, College Park people
Living people
George E. Porter. George E. Porter is an American sound engineer. He won four Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for eighteen more in the category Outstanding Sound Mixing.

Filmography 
 Summer Children (1965)
 Lions Love (1969)
 Angels Die Hard (1970)
 The Thing with Two Heads (1972)
 Dirty Little Billy (1972)
 Jennifer (1978)
 California Dreaming (1979)
 The Evictors (1979)
 Amber Waves (1980)

References

External links 

Possibly living people
Place of birth missing
Year of birth missing
American audio engineers
20th-century American engineers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Robert L. Harman. Robert L. Harman (February 10, 1939 – January 9, 2006) was an American sound engineer. He was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for sound mixing 23 times, winning on three occasions. Harman died in January 2006 in Burbank, California, at the age of 66.

References

External links 

1939 births
2006 deaths
Engineers from Los Angeles
American audio engineers
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether. 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (B14DODGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. It is aliphatic and a colorless liquid. It has two epoxide (oxirane) groups per molecule. Its main use is in modifying epoxy resins especially viscosity reduction.

It is REACH registered. The IUPAC name is 2-[4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)butoxymethyl]oxirane.

Synthesis
1,4-Butanediol and epichlorohydrin are reacted in the presence of a Lewis acid as catalyst to form a halohydrin: each hydroxyl group of the diol reacts with an epoxide on epichlorohydrin. This process is followed by washing with sodium hydroxide to re-form the epoxide rings in dehydrochlorination reaction. One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the Epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

Uses
A key use is modifying the viscosity and properties of epoxy resins which may then be formulated into CASE applications: Coatings,  Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers, composite materials, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and semiconductors. It also has a number of medical applications. The molecule is also used to synthesize other molecules. As an Epoxy modifier it is classed as an epoxy reactive diluent.The use of the diluent does effect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins.

Toxicity
The toxicity is fairly well known and understood and is rated as a severe skin and eye irritant. Contact dermatitis is also possible.

References

Further reading

External websites
 Hexion difunctional epoxy diluents
 Denacol epoxy diluent range
 Cargill Reactive diluents

Glycidyl ethers
Reactive diluents
Hoppy Mehterian. Hoppy Mehterian is an American sound engineer. He was nominated for ten Primetime Emmy Awards in the category Outstanding Sound Mixing.

Filmography 
 The Evictors (1979)
 Up from the Depths (1979)
 Swap Meet (1979)
 The Jerk (1979)
 Losin' It (1982)
 Wavelength (1983)
 Dreamscape (1984)
 Body Rock (1984)
 Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985)
 Medium Rare (1988)

References

External links 

Possibly living people
Place of birth missing
Year of birth missing
American audio engineers
20th-century American engineers
Thomas Yuen. Thomas C. K. Yuen (September 10, 1951 – February 13, 2022) was an American executive. A co-founder of AST Research, Yuen was one of the early proponents of the personal computer.

Early life 

Yuen was born on September 10, 1951, in Yangzhou, China. His father was a housekeeper and chauffeur who took his family to Hong Kong to follow his employer.

In 1970, Yuen immigrated to the United States and attended community college before transferring to U.C. Irvine to study electrical engineering. In 1974, he received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from UC Irvine’s Henry Samueli School of Engineering.

Career 

In 1973, he was diagnosed with a kidney disease that would require costly treatment. At the time, Yuen was working as an engineer at Hughes Aircraft, earning a modest salary of $12,000 a year. He started to consider launching his own business.

In 1980, Yuen experienced kidney failure and learned that he would need dialysis treatment for the rest of his life.

The same year, he co-founded AST Research, a hardware technology maker, with two other immigrant engineers, Albert Wong and Safi Qureshey. The company, which initially produced expansion cards for IBM’s personal computers, became a leading maker of IBM-compatible personal computers and grew into a Fortune 500 company, with revenues of $1.14 billion in 1992.

In 1992, Yuen left AST and invested $2.7 million into SRS Lab, an audio technology licenser. As Chief executive of the company, Yuen pushed the company to specialize into three-dimensional audio technology. In 2012, the company was purchased by DTS Inc., another sound licenser, for $148 million.

Yuen spent the final decades of his life funding and promoting stem-cell therapy research, hoping that it would help address chronic diseases like the one from which he was suffering. He created his own company, R&D firm, PrimeGen Biotech, and donated to the University of California at Irvine’s stem research department.

References 

1951 births
2022 deaths
American computer businesspeople
American technology company founders
University of California, Irvine alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from Jiangsu
American technology chief executives
People from Yangzhou
21st-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from California
20th-century American businesspeople