omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
V. S. R. Arunachalam. Vallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam (10 November 1935–16 August 2023) was an Indian scientist and former head of Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). He was the founder and chairman of CSTEP, a science and technology think tank.

Early life and education
Arunachalam was born on 10 November 1935. He held bachelor's and master's degrees in science and received his PhD degree in materials science and engineering from the University of Wales, in 1965. He was also alumnus of Sharada Vilas College Mysuru.

Career
Arunachalam worked as a scientist at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, National Aeronautical Laboratory in Bangalore, and Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory in Hyderabad. He was the head of DRDO for about ten years in the 1980s.  During his tenure the budget of DRDO increased eightfold, and he is credited with being able to get over both bureaucratic and financial hurdles. He initiated major defence projects like the Light Combat Aircraft and the Integrated Guided Missiles programmes.

Arunachalam served as defence scientific advisor to the defence minister of India between 1982 and 1992, serving ten defence ministers and five prime ministers, and as secretary, Department of Defence Research for Government of India. He advised the government on the definition, assessment and review of a number of major technological and societal programs such as optical fiber communications for India, development of indigenous iron and steel technologies, scientific and technological missions for the country to eradicate illiteracy, infant mortality etc.  He also advised the government in the area of graduate education in engineering.

Arunachalam was a collaborating professor of engineering and public policy at the Carnegie Mellon University, and an honorary professor at the UK's University of Warwick. He was a member of the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS).

Awards
Arunachalam received numerous awards and medals, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Engineering Science in 1980. He was the first Indian to be  elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK.

Arunachalam was conferred Padma Bhushan (1985) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) for his contribution to Indian science. In 2015, he was awarded Defence Research and Development Organisation's (DRDO's) lifetime achievement award for his outstanding contribution in the field of scientific research and technology.

Death 
Arunachalam died in California on 16 August 2023, at the age of 87.

References

1935 births
2023 deaths
Scientists from Bengaluru
Indian aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education
Tamil scientists
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
20th-century Indian engineers
Indian materials scientists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
Jose Baxeres De Alzugaray. Dr. Jose Baxeres De Alzugaray (1866 - June 12, 1937) was an Argentina-born American chemist who was most noted for his pioneering work in development of vanadium steel.
 He also produced first synthetic ruby.

The New York Times called him "authority on war vessel armor", and an "early advocate of radium in cancer treatment".
De Alzugaray immigrated to the United States in 1905.

References 

1866 births
1937 deaths
Argentine emigrants to the United States
American materials scientists
DR Class 119. The DR Class 119 was an East German Deutsche Reichsbahn diesel locomotive that was built in Romania, more or less as Design by committee of several communist countries. When the Deutsche Bahn AG formed up in 1993 it was redesignated as DB Class 219.

They were nicknamed "U-boats", "Karpatenschreck" ("Carpathian Terror") or "Ceaușescus Rache" ("Ceaușescu's revenge"), due to the numerous technical problems the engines suffered before redesign.

History 
The Class 119 was basically a development of the successful Class 118. In the late 1970s the DR needed locomotives with electric train heating, an axle load (Achsfahrmasse) of under 16 t and a power output of over 2,000 horsepower. As a result of the Comecon agreements, the East German economy was not allowed to build diesel locomotives with more than 1,500 horsepower. The locomotive builders of the Soviet Union could only supply heavy engines - the Classes 130-132 and 142. The only engine builder, who also wanted to use the "construction kit" (Baukasten) principle was the "23rd August" Locomotive Works, Bucharest, in Romania. The Romanian manufacturer declared itself also ready to install diesel engines produced in East Germany. The installation of such engines did not happen, however, because there were coordination problems in East Germany's national planning commission. In order the fulfil the order, the Bucharest factory installed engines under licence from the West German manufacturer, MTU.

Other countries in Comecon also received subcontractor orders. East Germany itself supplied inter alia hydrodynamic transmissions and axle motors.

The DR procured 200 locomotives from 1976 to 1985. The locomotive drive was, however, plagued by shortcomings and problems from the start. In its early days, 50% of the locomotives were in the workshops at any one time. After 1990, several attempts were made to improve the unreliable locomotives through conversions or modernizations. However, these attempts proved to be too expensive. By 2001 they were sold or scrapped.

Literature

External links 
 The Class 219/229 in numbers, facts and pictures
 The BR 119 of the Deutsche Reichsbahn
 Bahn-Galerie.de - Classes 219 and 229 
 DR Class 119 from Romania

Railway locomotives introduced in 1976
Diesel locomotives of Germany
119
DR 119
FAUR locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
VTC Delfin. The VTC Delfin is a competition single seat Standard class glider designed and built in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. It had some success in national competitions and went into small scale production.

Design and development
A standard class single seat sailplane with a wooden structure and largely plywood covered, the Delfin has a 15 m span (49 ft 2.5 in) shoulder mounted wing of straight tapered plan and with small tip fairings or salmons. There is 2° of dihedral. Forward of the spar the wing is wooden skinned; the first seven aircraft, the Delfin 1, use ply-foam sandwich but this was replaced with all-wood layers in the production Delfin 2.  Behind the spar the covering is fabric.  The Delfin 1 has metal ailerons, replaced with all-wood ones in the Delfin 2. No flaps are fitted but there are Schempp-Hirth airbrakes mounted at 60% chord.

The oval cross-section fuselage of the Delfin tapers gently to the rear to an integral fin.  All Delfins were built with a fin and rudder strongly swept on both leading and trailing edges and with an all-moving tailplane, fitted with servo tabs, mounted on the fuselage. Four Delfin 2s were later modified into Delfin 3s with a more upright vertical tail and a fin-mounted fixed tailplane with conventional elevators.  The Delfin cockpit is long, with the pilot seated in a semi-reclining position. On Delfin 1s, it is covered by a long, forward sliding, single piece canopy reaching almost to the nose but later marks have a shorter, starboard hinged one piece canopy, with the upper nose surface plywood skinned like the rest of the fuselage. The undercarriage consists of a fixed, unsprung, semi-protruding monowheel and a small tail bumper.  A rubber spring nose skid was added to the Delfin 2.

The Delfin first flew from Vrsac in December 1963.  The Delfin 2 was produced there, making its first flight on 26 April 1965.  The Delfin 3 followed on 29 July 1968.

Operational history
A Delfin 1 made the type's first public appearance at the World Gliding Championships of 1965, held at South Cerney in the UK. Flown by V. Stepanovic it only achieved 37th place out of 45 in the Standard Class. The Delfin was much more successful the following year in the very competitive Polish National Championship, finishing in the top two places.

Variants
Data from Aerotyp Segelflugzeuge (1969) and Gliders & Sailplanes of the World (1982)
Delfin 1 Prototype and an initial batch of six. Long, forward sliding canopy extends almost to the nose.  Metal ailerons.
Delfin 2 Production model, 27 built. Shorter, side opening canopy, rubber mounted nose-skid added and wooden ailerons.
Delfin 3 Much more upright fin with sweep only on leading edge. The earlier all moving, tab assisted fuselage mounted tailplane replaced by a cruciform tail with the fixed tailplane mounted well above the fuselage and carrying conventional elevators.  Four modified from Delfin 2s.

Aircraft on display
Aeronautical Museum - Belgrade: Delfin 2 YU-4138

Specifications (Delfin 1)

References

External links
NACA 633618 airfoil

1960s Yugoslav sailplanes
Dimethylbutadiene. Dimethylbutadiene, formally referred to as 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C4H4. It is colorless liquid which served an important role in the early history of synthetic rubber. It is now a specialty reagent.

Synthesis
Dimethylbutadiene is readily prepared by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction of pinacol:

The current industrial route involves dimerization of propene followed by dehydrogenation.

Applications
In 1909, Fritz Hofmann and a team working at Bayer succeeded in polymerizing dimethylbutadiene.  It was then called methyl isoprene because it has one more methyl group than isoprene.  Their polymer was the first synthetic rubber.  The polymer had a number of deficiencies relative to natural rubber.  The Bayer synthesis of dimethylbutadiene involved the dehydration of pinacol, as described above.

Reactions
Dimethylbutadiene readily undergoes Diels-Alder reactions and reacts faster than 1,3-butadiene. Its effectiveness in this reaction is attributed to the stabilization of the cis-conformation owing to the influence of the methyl groups on the C2 and C3 positions.

References

Conjugated dienes
Alkadienes
Preceptor Stinger. The Preceptor Stinger is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Preceptor Aircraft of Rutherfordton, North Carolina. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as plans or as a kit for amateur construction.

The company appears to have gone out of business in 2012 and production curtailed.

Design and development
The Stinger is a development of the Preceptor N3 Pup. It features a strut-braced parasol wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from welded steel tubing covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing is the same as used on the Pup and has a wing area of . The wing is supported by cabane struts and "V" struts, with jury struts. The cockpit width is . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engine used is the  Volkswagen 1600cc, four cylinder, air-cooled, four stroke automotive conversion powerplant. The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 450 hours and the cost to complete the aircraft at US$22,000-26,000 in 2011.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that three kits had been sold and one aircraft had been completed and was flying. By 2011 the company reported that two were flying.

Specifications (Stinger)

References

External links
Photo of a Stinger

Stinger
1990s United States sport aircraft
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Sinkankasite. Sinkankasite, mineral formula: , was named after John Sinkankas (1915–2002), noted author and mineral collector, Scripps Institute of Oceanography. It is triclinic; as colorless, bladed to prismatic crystals up to 4 mm in length, often as divergent, radial aggregates and as pseudomorphs after triphlyte crystals; occurs in the Barker pegmatite (formerly Ferguson pegmatite), east of Keystone, South Dakota, and in the Palermo pegmatite, North Groton, New Hampshire.

References

Phosphate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
François Gernelle. François Gernelle (born December 20, 1944) is a French engineer, computer scientist and entrepreneur famous for inventing the first micro-computer using a micro-processor, the Micral N.

Education 
In the late 1960s, Gernelle earned an engineering degree at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. In 1978, he earned a Ph.D. in computer science at the Pierre Mendès-France University of Grenoble.

Career

Intertechnique and R2E 
In 1968, he was hired by Intertechnique, a company specialized in electronic measurement for aviation. There he discovered the Intel 8008 microprocessor and imagined all its potential applications. As his hierarchy didn't share his views on the i8008 development capacity, he resigned in 1972 and joined R2E, a company created and led by Paul Magneron. He designed the Micral N micro-computer to answer a request of INRA to measure agricultural hygrometry. During this project, he granted two patents. In 1973 he supported the Micral N and, with the company's growth, helped to design 20 other multi-user microcomputers for some were multi-processor one.

Bull Micral 
In 1981, the Bull company acquired R2E and he then joined the new entity Bull Micral. But the company wanted him to design IBM PC compatible machines and François Gernelle didn't agree because he thought this machine was poorly designed, using an 8 bit single-tasking single-user i8088 powered by a poor operating system. In his mind, this kind of poor computer design was a dead-end at a time where really good micro-processors existed and offered capacity to design powerful multi-user and multi-tasking systems at medium and even low cost.

FORUM International 
In 1983, he resigned from Bull and founded a new company named FORUM International to create professional computers powered by Prologue OS.

References

External References 
 This article is based on the French Wikipedia article.
  Interview with F. Gernelle issued in Le Choc du Mois issue #18 of december 2007 .
  «La naissance du premier micro-ordinateur: le Micral N» ("Birth of the first micro-computer: the Micral N") article written by F.Gernelle where he talks about his career at R2E, Bull and the creation of FORUM International.

French engineers
1944 births
Living people
French computer scientists
Cardiff West Yard Locomotive Works. West Yard Works was the Taff Vale Railway's locomotive repair and construction factory.  It was located in Cardiff between Bute Street and the Glamorganshire Canal, about 100 metres west of Bute Dock railway station (which is now Cardiff Bay railway station).

A small engine shed with room for one locomotive and a repair shop was built there when the railway was first constructed in 1839, but much of the work had to be carried out in the open air.

In 1846 Henry Clement was appointed as the railway's Resident Engineer and one of the first things he did was to have a locomotive works built there.  In 1857 the first locomotive was built at the works, 'Venus' a small 2-4-0 passenger loco.

When the Taff Vale introduced the 0-6-2T type, which was to become ubiquitous across South Wales, the works traverser could not accommodate the longer wheelbase so locomotives had to have their trailing radial wheels removed while within the works.

The works could only be accessed by level crossings accessed by turntables on the main line near the railway's terminus at Bute Road station.

Shortage of space finally led Tom Hurry Riches, the railway's Locomotive Superintendent to suspend locomotive building by the company itself after the completion of the O1 class in 1897.  However in 1903 a  small steam engine unit for the company's first rail motor was built there, the carriage part being built at their Cathays Carriage and Wagon Works, however further rail motors were all built by outside contractors.

After the Great War there were plans to build a new works at Radyr but as the company was to amalgamate with the Great Western Railway and other South Wales companies in 1922 that plan was abandoned and the Great Western subsequently concentrated all major locomotive repair work in South Wales at the former Rhymney Railway's Caerphilly Works.

New workshops were constructed at Caerphilly and after their opening West Yard Works finally closed on 28 August 1926, the remaining workforce transferring to Caerphilly.

One locomotive built at West Yard has survived, as the last standard gauge loco built in Wales.  No 28, an O1 class 0-6-2T is now a part of the National Collection, currently under restoration at the Gwili Railway.

References

Taff Vale Railway
Railway workshops in Great Britain
Butetown
Pro-Composites Freedom. The Pro-Composites Freedom is an American amateur-built aircraft, under development by Pro-Composites of Buffalo Grove, Illinois. The aircraft is intended to be supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction, with some pre-formed parts made available to speed construction.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed by doors, fixed tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from pre-formed flat fiberglass and foam composite panels which are then radius bent to shape. Its  span wing employs a NACA 63A-214 airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to a NACA 63A-212 airfoil at the wing tip. The wing has an area of  and the cabin will be  in width. The landing gear features a fully castering nosewheel and differential braking for steering. The aircraft has been designed for engines of .

The manufacturer markets the design as "the only composite, plans built, 4 seat  aircraft that uses a conventional - non canard - platform. It can be constructed entirely from the manuals using raw materials or from pre-formed parts."

Specifications (Freedom)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Freedom
Low-wing aircraft
Proposed aircraft of the United States
MUPID. The MUPID (short for "Mehrzweck Universell Programmierbarer Intelligenter Decoder" in German) or MUPID  A320 was an early home computer like system introduced in 1981, designed and invented by Hermann Maurer at TU Graz, Austria to be used as a Bildschirmtext terminal, but it was also capable of being used as a stand-alone computer.

It had a Zilog Z80 microprocessor and came with BASIC as operating system, 128 KB of RAM, a V.24 1200/75 baud modem, audio input/output for tape recorder, a parallel printer interface and an optional external floppy drive unit. At the time it excelled in having advanced color graphic capabilities.

There were several model variations: the MUPID C2D (square case with separate keyboard) and MUPID C2D2 were available in Germany, the MUPID C2A2 or "Komfort MUPID" (later models) were available in Austria.

The Mupid was also sold under other brands, as the Grundig PTC 100 (C2D2 variation in a different color) and the Siemens T3110 (C2D variation).

A card for older IBM PC compatibles with an ISA slot was developed that gave a PC the same graphics capabilities as a MUPID.

The original Mupid A320 was followed in 1983 by the MUPID II. This version supported the CEPT Prestel standard, had a better keyboard, a 320 × 240 graphics mode, four voice sound, two DIN6 joystick connectors, a DIN8 tape interface, a DB25 modem, a DE9 serial connector and a DIN8 external disk drive connector.

References

Home computers
Videotex
Telecommunications in Germany
Z80-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1981
Pro-Composites Vision. The Pro-Composites Vision is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed by Steve Rahm and produced by Pro-Composites of Buffalo Grove, Illinois. The aircraft is supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction, with some pre-formed parts made available to speed construction.

The design was originally marketed by American Affordable Aircraft of Daytona Beach.

Design and development
The Vision features a cantilever low wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear or optional tricycle gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Vision SP model is made from pre-formed flat fiberglass and foam composite panels which are then radius bent to shape. Its  span wing employs a NACA 63A-415 airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to a NACA 63A-412 airfoil at the wing tip. The wing has an area of , with the cockpit up to  in width. The tricycle landing gear version features a fully castering nosewheel and differential braking for steering. The aircraft can accept engines of  and the  Subaru Stratus,  Lycoming O-235 and  Lycoming O-320 have been used.

The manufacturer markets the design as "the only all composite, plans built, 2 seat sport aircraft that uses a conventional - non canard - platform."

Variants
Vision SP
Model with a short wing of  span, an area of  and an aspect ratio of 5.5:1.
Vision EX
Model with a longer wing of  span, an area of  and an aspect ratio of 6.6:1,  optimized for higher altitude flying, carrying heavier loads and operation by less experienced pilots.

Specifications (Vision SP)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Vision
1990s United States sport aircraft
Pro-Composites. Pro-Composites, Inc is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Buffalo Grove, Illinois. The company is owned by Scott VanderVeen and specializes in the design and manufacture of aircraft design plans, parts and kits for amateur construction.

The company was originally formed at and had its flight testing and manufacturing operations in Daytona Beach, Florida, circa 2008. By 2010 operations had been moved to Waukegan Regional Airport, near Chicago, with its business address at Buffalo Grove, Illinois.

The company's designs are all based on the design work of Steve Rahn and his use of pre-formed flat fiberglass and foam composite panels which are then radius bent to shape, a method they refer to as "Fold-a-Plane". The company is currently developing the four seat Pro-Composites Freedom.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Carolyn Talcott. Carolyn Talcott (born June 14, 1941) is an American computer scientist known for work in formal reasoning, especially as it relates to computers, cryptanalysis and systems biology. She is currently the program director of the Symbolic Systems Biology group at SRI International.

She is currently the co-editor-in-chief of Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. Talcott married John McCarthy (computer scientist) and had a son.

Early life and education
Carolyn was born to Howard Talcott and Harriet Louise Mitchell who were Presbyterians from Idaho.
Talcott earned a Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1985. Her dissertation, The Essence of RUM: A Theory of the Intensional and Extensional Aspects of LISP-Type Computation, was supervised by Solomon Feferman.

Awards and memberships
Talcott was named an SRI Fellow in 2011. She is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery and the Association for Symbolic Logic.

References

External links
 List of publications from DBLP

Living people
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
American theoretical computer scientists
Systems biologists
University of Denver alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
1941 births
People from Caldwell, Idaho
SRI International people
21st-century American women