omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
F31. F31 or F.31 may refer to:

Vehicles 
Aircraft
 Farman F.31, a French prototype fighter aircraft

Automobiles
 BMW 3 Series (F31), a German estate car
 Nissan Leopard F31, a Japanese sedan

Ships and boats
 F-31 Sport Cruiser a trimaran sailboat
 , a submarine depot ship of the Royal Navy
 , a Tribal-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 , two frigates of the Indian Navy

Other uses 
 F31 (classification), a disability sport classification for seated throwing events
 Bipolar affective disorder (DSM code F31)
 Fluorine-31 (31F; F-31), an isotope of fluorine

See also

 Shenyang FC-31, 5th generation stealth fighter from China, sometimes referred to as the "F-31"
 
 31 (disambiguation)
F36. F36 or F.XXXVI may refer to :
 Fokker F.XXXVI, a 1934 Dutch four-engined 32-passenger airliner 
 Hirth F-36, an aircraft engine
 HMS Nubian (F36), a 1937 British Royal Navy Tribal-class destroyer
 HMS Whitby (F36), a British Royal Navy Whitby-class anti-submarine frigate
Mercedes-Benz ConceptFASCINATION. The Mercedes-Benz ConceptFASCINATION is a concept car created in Germany by Mercedes-Benz. It was revealed to the public on September 11, 2008, and appeared at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. The shooting-brake-style concept has been designed as a preview for the next-generation (W212) Mercedes E-Class. The concept was also a preview for the CLS-Class Shooting Brake.

Precursive design elements 
In German car-design circles, the term 'Fascination' is used to describe a 'new direction', with various elements such as the nose and profile likely to appear on the next-generation E-Class, to be revealed at the 2009 Geneva motor show, and its derivatives, including the CLS 4-door coupé.

Mercedes-Benz director Dr Thomas Weber, responsible for research and development said,

"The show car not only demonstrates a fascinating, new design idiom, but - with our new, high-performance and economical diesel drive system using BlueTEC technology - shows that Mercedes-Benz vehicles will also set standards in the future in terms of sustainability as well as emotional appeal, driving pleasure and comfort."

Specifications 
The ConceptFASCINATION is powered by a 2.2-litre four-cylinder BlueTec turbo-diesel engine, with emissions-cutting AdBlue technology. The engine develops 152kW of power and 500Nm of torque, and is combined with a 6-speed manual gearbox. This powertrain is likely to make production in various Mercedes-Benz models by 2010.

Detailed information regarding the ConceptFASCINATION will be revealed at the Paris motor show in October 2008.

References 

ConceptFASCINATION
USS Sebastian. USS Sebastian (AK-211) was an  that was constructed for the US Navy during the closing period of World War II. She was retained by the Navy for only a short period of service before being inactivated as "excess to needs."

Construction
Sebastian was laid down on 10 August 1944, under US Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2165, by the Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin; launched on 21 December 1944; sponsored by Miss J.C. Sullivan; delivered to the U.S. Maritime Commission on 31 January 1945; acquired by the Navy on loan charter on 10 August 1945; converted to an AK at New Orleans, Louisiana; and commissioned on 11 September 1945.

Service history

World War II-related service
Commissioned after the end of World War II, Sebastian was retained by the Navy only briefly.

Post-war inactivation
She was decommissioned on 14 November 1945 and simultaneously returned to MARCOM's War Shipping Administration (WSA) for subsequent maritime service under the name Coastal Highflyer. The name Sebastian was struck from the Navy List on 28 November 1945.

Merchant service
On 4 January 1947, the Fall River Navigation Company chartered Coastal Highflyer. On 29 July 1947, she ran aground at the east end of Cayo Moa, Grand Shoal, Cuba.

She was laid up in the Reserve Fleet in Wilmington, North Carolina, 18 May 1948.

On 2 September 1960, she was put up for sale but received no bids.

US Army service
On 31 October 1966, Coastal Highflyer was loaned to the US Army to serve as a training ship for stevedores. In May 1967 her name was changed to Resolve.

She was sold for scrap on 22 January 1976, to Andy International, Inc.

Notes 

Citations

Bibliography 

Online resources

External links

Alamosa-class cargo ships
Ships built in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Sebastian County, Arkansas
Sun Java Workstation. Sun Java Workstation was a line of computer workstations sold by Sun Microsystems from 2004 to 2006, based on the AMD Opteron microprocessor family. The range supplanted the earlier Sun Blade workstation line. These were the first x86-architecture workstations Sun had produced, other than the short-lived Sun386i in the late 1980s.

Supported operating systems were Solaris, Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9. The Java Workstation name alluded to the workstations being intended to run Sun's Java Desktop System, a GNOME-based desktop environment.

The Java Workstation series was replaced by Ultra 20 and Ultra 40 workstations from 2005 onwards.

Models

References

Sun workstations
STK 50MG. The STK 50 MG, formerly known as the CIS 50MG, is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed heavy machine gun developed and manufactured by Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS, now ST Kinetics) in the late 1980s, in response to a request by the Singaporean Defence Ministry to replace the 12.7mm Browning M2HB machine guns then in ubiquitous service with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).

The aim was to have a brand new heavy machine gun design, that fires the same type of .50 cal rounds as the M2HB machine guns and to have the gun parts more readily available in view of easing SAF's chain of logistics and supplies.

Design

The CIS engineers learned from the lesson of the canceled (lack of funding) American "Dover Devil GPHMG" program known as the Special Projects Group at Picatinny Arsenal led by Charles J. Rhoades.  Curt Johnson and Phil Baker developed the original concept to create a modular weapon suited for modern tactical doctrines and production techniques. In 1988, CIS introduced the new 12.7mm machine gun which was aptly named as the CIS 50MG, after two years of development and testing phase.

As the STK 50 MG is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed weapon, the gun is operated using dual gas pistons, located in two gas tubes placed on either side of the barrel. The barrel is locked by means of a rotary bolt with multiple radial lugs that engages the barrel extension, eliminating the need for headspace adjustments. The CIS 50MG utilises the same "constant recoil" system used in the Ultimax 100 and it also has a quick-detachable barrel equipped with a carrying handle to facilitate the ease of barrel changing under combat situations or during operational manoeuvres.

Features
The one unique feature of the weapon is its dual belt-feed system, the system allows for fast and easy switching of ammunition from standard ball rounds to the Raufoss Mk 211 Armor-Piercing-Incendiary rounds or the Saboted light armor penetrator (SLAP), which are capable of penetrating a rolled homogeneous armour plate with a thickness of  from a range of .

Such systems are more commonly used in modern automatic cannons such as the M242 Bushmaster 25mm cannon and the Mk44 Bushmaster II 30mm cannon, both of which are also in use by the Singapore Army's Bionix AFVs.

Users
 : Used by Bangladesh Navy on multiple ships.
 : Licensed production by PT Pindad as the Pindad SMB-QCB (Senapan Mesin Berat-Quick Change Barrel) for the Indonesian military. In 2018, it has been renamed as SM5.
 : Used by Myanmar military. Probably licensed production by Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries as the MA-16.
 : Used by the Nigerian Army.
 : Singapore Armed Forces & the Police Coast Guard

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General and cited references

External links

 CIS 50MG Official site
 Maximum Firepower: The Machine Guns of the SAF

.50 BMG machine guns
Machine guns of Singapore
Bolus (radiation therapy). In radiation therapy, bolus is a material which has properties equivalent to tissue when irradiated. It is widely used in practice to reduce or alter dosing for targeted radiation therapy.

Compensating for missing tissue or irregular tissue shape
It must be possible to mould the bolus to fill the tissue space. Lincolnshire and Spier's bolus, which is loosely packed in polyethylene bags, is suitable as the bolus bags take the shape of the skin surface these bags are easily smoothed to achieve a flat surface.

Modifying dose at the skin surface and at depth
A specific thickness of bolus can be applied to the skin to alter the dose received at depth in the tissue and on the skin surface. A typical example of this is the application of a defined thickness of bolus to a chest wall for post-mastectomy chest wall treatment, to increase the skin dose. The thickness of bolus applied is dependent on the skin dose required and the angle of incidence of the treatment beams. For example, if oblique 6 MV beams are used for tangential pair, 1 cm of bolus effectively becomes 1.5 cm, i.e., "full bolus".

When a full bolus is applied, bolus thickness equal to the depth of the build-up region removes the skin-sparing effect of a megavoltage x-ray beam. On the other hand, there are boluses that do not require the selection of specific thicknesses to treat a certain depth. These types of boluses have densities higher than water but can be calculated from CT images by the Treatment Planning System (TPS). One of these boluses is commonly known as high-density and high-adaptation bolus (e.g., eXaSkin and eXaSkin Plus).

Pliable bolus
Suitable material must be pliable and easily moulded to the skin surface, but retain a constant thickness. One example includes paraffin gauze.

Rigid bolus
For smaller areas which do not require the bolus to be moulded over the skin, Perspex can be used. The use of Perspex bolus is advantageous for electron set-ups because it is transparent. Since the f.s.d. for most electron fields is 95 cm, so that the movements of the couch are not isocentric, inaccuracies may arise for aligning angled fields when an opaque bolus is inserted.

Positioning bolus in the treatment beam
To ensure that the patient receives the required dose, bolus of the right thickness must be placed correctly. Therefore, bolus requirements must be clearly documented in the setup sheets of the treatment card. When using bolus to compensate for missing tissue, the whole of the bolussed area must be level with the point on the patient where the f.s.d. is set, to ensure dose homogeneity.

When the bolus is used to reduce the skin-sparing effect, the bolus does not necessarily need to touch the skin all over the bolussed area as the scatter is of sufficiently high energy to be unaffected by an air gap. However, it is important that the bolus is uniform thickness. Some bolus materials are easily squashed and must be carefully measured at regular intervals.

References
 Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology

Oncology
Radiation
Radiation therapy
Hanriot HD.8. The Hanriot HD.8 was a short-lived French fighter prototype of the 1910s.

Development
A single-seat fighter, it was largely designed to test the experimental Le Rhône 9R engine. It first flew in early 1918, however was plagued by problems from the start, mainly due to its powerplant. As a result, it was never submitted for official testing. The data below are based on Hanriot estimates.

Specifications

References

 

1910s French fighter aircraft
Hanriot aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Koolhoven F.K.30. 

The Koolhoven F.K.30 Toerist was a small sport aircraft built in the Netherlands in 1927, intended for use by aeroclubs.  The fuselage carried the pilot and one passenger in tandem in a bathtub-like open cockpit. The cantilever parasol wing was mounted above and behind them, with the main wheels of the fixed undercarriage directly below the wing, at the sides of the fuselage. The engine, driving a pusher propeller, was mounted on the aircraft centerline at the aft portion of the wing.  The conventional empennage was carried on a boom extending below the propeller arc. The wing, including engine, was designed so that it could be pivoted 90° while on the ground, allowing the aircraft to be stored and transported more easily.

Koolhoven had designed the F.K.30 for Nationale Vliegtuig Industrie, but when the company folded, he built it as the first product of his own company. The aircraft failed to attract the interest of buyers, however, and only the single prototype was constructed, with Koolhoven himself the only person to fly it. It was eventually sold to Clifford B. Harmon, president of the International League of Aviators, but when Harmon failed to take possession, the aircraft was scrapped.

Specifications

References

 
 
 
 
 Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation
 Уголок неба

1920s Dutch sport aircraft
F.K.30
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Gary Miller (computer scientist). Gary Lee Miller is an American computer scientist who is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University. In 2003 he won the  ACM Paris Kanellakis Award (with three others) for the Miller–Rabin primality test. He was made an ACM Fellow in 2002 and won the Knuth Prize in 2013.

Early life and career 
Miller received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1975 under the direction of Manuel Blum. Following periods on the faculty at the University of Waterloo, the University of Rochester, MIT and the University of Southern California, Miller moved to Carnegie Mellon University, where he is now Professor of Computer Science. In addition to his influential thesis on computational number theory and primality testing, Miller has worked on many central topics in computer science, including graph isomorphism, parallel algorithms, computational geometry and scientific computing. His most recent focus on scientific computing led to breakthrough results with students Ioannis Koutis and Richard Peng in 2010 that currently provide the fastest algorithms—in theory and practice—for solving "symmetric diagonally dominant" linear systems, which have important applications in image processing, network algorithms, engineering and physical simulations. His Ph.D. thesis was titled Riemann's Hypothesis and Tests for Primality.

References

External links
Gary Miller's web page at Carnegie Mellon.
Gary Miller at the Mathematics Genealogy Project.
 Miller's original paper "Riemann's Hypothesis and Tests for Primality"

Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Living people
American computer scientists
American theoretical computer scientists
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Knuth Prize laureates
Year of birth missing (living people)
NVI F.K.33. The NVI F.K.33 was an airliner built in the Netherlands in 1925 for use by KLM for night flying.

Design and development
The F.K.33 was a largely conventional high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with seating for ten passengers in an enclosed cabin. A trimotor design, the placement of its engines was unusual. While two engines were mounted among the struts that braced the wings and the main units of the undercarriage, the third engine was mounted pusher-fashion on a set of struts above the wing. The engine installation was further unorthodox in that none of the three engines were enclosed in nacelles, remaining instead fully exposed.

Operational history
KLM successfully operated the type for two years on its Amsterdam-London-Paris-Malmö route, but doing an increasing amount of business with Fokker, did not purchase further aircraft from NVI. The F.K.33 was eventually sold to German airline Aero, but after two accidents within months of purchasing it, they returned it claiming poor workmanship. It was sold again in 1928, to Baumer-Aero, who replaced the Armstrong-Siddeley engines with Junkers L5s and the boarding lights with loudspeakers. In this configuration, it was flown as an advertising machine until 1931. The F.K.33 ended its days requisitioned by the Luftwaffe in 1939 as an instructional airframe.

Specifications

References

 
 
 
 Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation
 Уголок неба

F.K.33
1920s Dutch airliners
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Robert Wingate. Robert Wingate (1832–1900) was a British civil engineer who built railways in Canada, the Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and Uruguay.

Wingate learned his trade under Alexander Ross on the Chester and Holyhead Railway and while working on the engineering staff of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers. 
From 1853 he was engaged by Peto & Betts, initially designing the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. In 1863 he moved to Russia (now Latvia) to work on the Dunaburg & Witepsk Railway (modern day Daugavpils). He then went on to work on the East Hungarian railway, followed, in 1871, by the Central Uruguay Railway. He stayed on in Uruguay in charge of maintenance and extension works.

From 1877 he was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He returned to UK in 1899, and died on 18 June 1900, aged 67, at the Uruguay Railway office in Finsbury Circus, London.

He is buried in West Norwood Cemetery.

References 

Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers

British civil engineers
1832 births
1900 deaths
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Van Krevelen diagram. Van Krevelen diagrams are graphical plots developed by
Dirk Willem van Krevelen (chemist and professor of  fuel technology at the TU Delft) and used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum. The diagram cross-plots the hydrogen:carbon atomic ratio as a function of the oxygen:carbon atomic ratio.

Beginning around 2003, the diagrams are often used to visualize data from mass spectrometry analysis, used for mixtures other than kerogen and petroleum. For example, the diagrams have been used in one analysis of the  components in Scotch whiskey.

Types of kerogen

Different types of kerogen have differing potentials to produce oil during maturation. These various types of kerogen can be distinguished on a van Krevelen diagram.

See also
 Petroleum geology
 Maturity (geology)

References

 van Krevelen, D.W. (1950). "Graphical-statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal", Fuel, 29, 269–84.
 van Krevelen, D.W. and Schuyer, J. (1957) Coal science. Elsevier publishing company.
 The chemistry and technology of petroleum

Geochemistry
Petroleum geology
Koolhoven F.K.40. 

The Koolhoven F.K.40 was a small airliner built in the Netherlands in 1928 for KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. It was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a single engine in the nose. The fuselage was made of welded steel tube construction with a wooden wing skinned in plywood and held in place by four bolts to facilitate removal. The cabin was spacious for an aircraft of its size, and was intended to be readily reconfigured for passengers, mail, or freight. Although up to six seats could be fitted, the only F.K.40 built flew with four.

Operational history
This aircraft, registered PH-AES and nicknamed Piet Haas ("Peter Hare"), was operated by KLM until it was sold into private hands in 1936. Shortly thereafter, it was sold to the Spanish Republican Air Force, and was operated as an air ambulance during the Spanish Civil War.

Operators

Spanish Republican Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 
 Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation
 Уголок неба

1920s Dutch airliners
F.K.40
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
New South Wales Z13 class locomotive. The New South Wales Z13 class was a class of 4-4-2T steam locomotives operated by the New South Wales Government Railways of Australia.

History
Due to a shortage of suburban engines in the Sydney area and the availability of surplus C79 class tender engines, it was decided to experimentally convert one of the tender locomotives to a tank type engine in 1896. The conversion proved successful and a further 19 had been converted at Eveleigh Railway Workshops by 1902.

Following the delivery of C30 class locomotives from 1903, they were transferred to Newcastle suburban traffic and when replaced there, were allocated minor roles such as working the Carlingford, Morpeth and Warren branches. Two were sold to East Greta Mining & Railway Company, one to Ashtonfields Colliery, Thornton and a fourth scrapped.

As part of the 1924 reclassification scheme, the remaining 16 were reclassified as the Z13 class and renumbered 1301 to 1316. In later years, their main duties were working of the Ballina branch, the Picton to Mittagong Loop line, the Yass Town branch and school trains on the North Coast line from Coffs Harbour to Kempsey and Casino to Border Loop.

Preservation
Three have been preserved:
1301 by the NSW Rail Museum, initially at Enfield Locomotive Depot, then Thirlmere from 1975
1307 by the New South Wales Transport Museum, initially at Enfield Locomotive Depot, then Thirlmere from 1975, transferred to Yass Railway Heritage Centre (at Yass Town railway station) in 1999
1308 by the New South Wales Transport Museum, initially at Enfield Locomotive Depot, then Thirlmere from 1975, transferred to Valley Heights

References

External links

Beyer, Peacock locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1896
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
13
4-4-2T locomotives
Koolhoven F.K.48. The Koolhoven F.K.48 was an airliner built in the Netherlands in 1934 for KLM.

Design and development
The F.K.48 was a conventional, semi-cantilever high-wing monoplane, powered by two engines mounted on the wing leading edges. The undercarriage was of fixed, tailskid type with divided main units. The fuselage was of welded steel tube construction, covered in fabric, which was oval in cross-section at the nose, transitioning to a rectangular cross-section for the passenger cabin. The wings were wooden structures skinned in plywood.

The sole example built was registered PH-AJX and quickly gained the nickname Ajax. It was used by KLM on the Rotterdam-Eindhoven route until 1936, when it was retired to training and instructional duties within the airline.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

 Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation
 Уголок неба

FK.48
1930s Dutch airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1934
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear