omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ingersoll Machine Tools. Ingersoll Machine Tools is a manufacturer located in Rockford, Illinois that produces large scale machine tools for use in metal cutting, 3D Printing, and automated fiber placement.

History
The company was founded in 1891 by Winthrop Ingersoll when he moved W.R. Eynon & Co. from Cleveland, Ohio to Rockford. Originally, Ingersoll Machine Tools focused almost entirely on milling machinery and processes for metal removal. It acquired contracts from General Electric and, by 1917, was closely involved with wartime production and had a workforce of 600. 

Ingersoll went on to produce customized machines for industries such as airplane and auto manufacturing. In the period from the 1960s to the 1980s, the company employed around 2,000 people at its plant, also developing CNC technologies to introduce automation into its manufacturing processes.

Bankruptcy
In 2003, Ingersoll International went bankrupt. The company was purchased by the Italian Camozzi Group. Since its purchase by Camozzi, the company has attempted to redefine its place in the market, continuing with milling machines but also expanding into other areas.

Present activities
Ingersoll Machine Tools is a supplier of machine tools, including large five axis milling machines, large 3D Printers, and automated fiber placement (AFP) for the aerospace industry. It has made the wing molds for Mitsubishi, supplier of the wings on the Boeing 787. In 2010, it received Best Supplier Award from Alenia Aeronautica.

Ingersoll's AFP machines are also installed at UTC Aerospace Systems' (formerly Goodrich Corporation) facilities in Riverside, California. At this facility, the machines are used to layup the engine nacelles for the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350.

Ingersoll has also continued working in the metal cutting industry, with much of its contract production being for the Defense, Aerospace, and wind industry. It has also sold machinery to NASA.

In addition to building machine tools, Ingersoll has built and installed large telescopes for Astronomy research.   Most recently, they were selected to build the mount for the Giant Magellan Telescope, which will be installed in Chile.

Recognition
In 2019, the Guinness Book of Worlds Records certified that Ingersoll has produced the World's Largest 3D Printer. The product, named MasterPrint, was installed at the University of Maine. 

Ingersoll Machine Tools was awarded the 2020 Manufacturer of the Year by the Rockford, Illinois Chamber of Commerce.

References

External links
Ingersoll Website
Box Making Machine

Machine tool builders
Companies based in Rockford, Illinois
Aerospace companies of the United States
American companies established in 1891 
Manufacturing companies established in 1891 
1891 establishments in Illinois
Stephen Stepanian. Stephen Stepanian (February 28, 1882 – October 1964) (Armenian: Ստեփան Ստեփանեան) was an Armenian American inventor and owner of numerous patents including the Elevator and Conveyor, Compound Tool, and the Wrench. He is also accredited as the inventor of a self-discharging motorized transit mixer that was the predecessor of the concrete mixer truck. Stepanian is often called the "father of the ready-mix concrete industry."

Life
Of Armenian descent, Stepanian moved to Grandview Heights, Ohio, in 1906. He is credited with rescuing 13 people from a tree using a makeshift raft during the 1913 flood in Columbus, Ohio. They had been in the tree some 48 hours when Stepanian used a raft he made from floating timbers and a pole to navigate them, 2-3 at a time, to safety. He resided on Glenn Avenue near Bluff. Stepanian became president of Marble Cliff Quarries and the Central Ohio Concrete Company. Eventually, Stepanian founded the Arrow Concrete Company, a company that is still in service today. He was elected as an honorary member of the board of directors for the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association.

Stepanian was honored by the 1954 National Ready Mixed Concrete Association annual convention which named him an honorary lifetime member.  In 2004, Stepanian was selected as one of the Top 100 Transportation Private Sector Professionals by the American Road and Transportation Builders Association.

Inventor of concrete mixing truck

Stephen invented a self-discharging motorized transit mixer that was the predecessor of the concrete mixer truck and applied for a patent in 1916. However, the patent was rejected in April 1917 by the patent office because it was believed that a truck could not support the weight of a concrete mixer on top of it. The patent office also noted that there was no previous patenting information that proves integration was possible with both the mixer and the design of the truck. Other sources suggest that the patent was rejected because Stepanian was not an American citizen.  However, on December 21, 1928, Stepanian reapplied for the patent and received approval on November 21, 1933.

Notable patents
Wrench United States Patent No. 1,321,776, filing date: May 29, 1918, issue date: Nov. 11, 1919.
Concrete Mixing and Transporting Vehicle United States Patent No. 1,935,922, filing date: Dec. 21, 1928, issue date: Nov. 21, 1933.
Sample Display Holder United States Patent No. 1,730,439, filing date Apr. 24, 1926, issue date: Oct. 8, 1929.
Compound Tool United States Patent No. 1,321,777, filing date: Feb. 24, 1919, issue date: Nov. 11, 1919.
Elevator and Conveyor United States Patent No. 859,588, filing date: Sep. 9, 1904, issue date: Jul. 9, 1907.
Building Apparatus United States Patent No. 2,440,920, filing date: Aug. 15, 1941, issue date: May 4, 1948.
Garment United States Patent No. 1,997,703, filing date: April 7, 1933, issue date: April 16, 1935.

References

American people of Armenian descent
Armenian inventors
1882 births
1964 deaths
People from Grandview Heights, Ohio
20th-century American inventors
Gümüşhane University. Gümüşhane University is a state university located in Gümüşhane, Türkiye. It was established on May 31, 2008 by separating from Black Sea Technical University. The name of the Faculty of Engineering was changed to the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences with the decision of the Council of Ministers published in the Official Gazette dated 26.04.2013 and numbered 28629. Faculty of Tourism was established. Gümüşhane University continues to grow rapidly.

Köse İrfan Can Vocational School, Kelkit Aydın Doğan Vocational School, Şiran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational School, Torul Vocational School, Kürtün Vocational School, Central Library, Social Facilities, Gümüşhane Vocational School, Physical Education and Sports Vocational School, Health Services Vocational School, Faculty of Theology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, and Faculty of Health Sciences have wireless access to the eduroam network.

References

External links
Website

Universities and colleges in Turkey
2008 establishments in Turkey
State universities and colleges in Turkey
Universities and colleges established in 2008
Gümüşhane
Sant Feliu Pedestrian Bridge. The Sant Feliu Pedestrian Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Onyar River in Girona, Spain. Built in 1998, the bridge connects Devesa Park with Saint Feliu Square.  The structure is located in an urban surrounding, the old district of the city, with a strong personality. As a result, PEDELTA have designed a slender pedestrian structure; a pure minimalist solution. The bridge main span is 58.4 m. The structural system is a weathering steel frame with only one span, embedded on both ends into the concrete abutments.

Description 
The bridge comprises a 3.5 m wide deck and it is characterized for being a weathering steel box girder of variable height between 0.6 m (L/97) at middle span and 1.7 m (L/34) at supports. The steel hand rail has been conceived to be part of the main structure.

Civil engineering mention award (2º Prize) in Construmat Exhibition for the Sant Feliu footbridge design in Girona (2000). This bridge was also selected for the FAD Awards (1997) and Eduardo Torroja Awards (1999).

Construction 

The steel girder was prefabricated in three segments. The three pieces were lifted to their final position, using two auxiliary supports, and finally welded together. Thereafter, the two concrete abutments were cast in place to complete the final structure.

References 

 Sobrino J.A; , Spain. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Footbridges-2002 Conference, AFGC-OTUA. Paris, November 20–22, 2002.
 Sobrino J.A;

External links 

 
 
 
 
 

 

Buildings and structures in Girona
Bridges in Catalonia
Pedestrian bridges in Spain
Methyl acetoacetate. The organic compound methyl acetoacetate is the methyl ester of acetoacetic acid. It is a colorless liquid. It is used as a chemical intermediate.  Many of its properties are similar to those for ethyl acetoacetate, which is more common.

At large scale, methyl acetoacetate is industrially produced by treatment of diketene with methanol.

Safety and environmental considerations
Methyl acetoacetate has low toxicity to animals.  It is highly biodegradable.

References

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 1024
Inchem properties database

Methyl esters
Ester solvents
Flavors
Acetoacetate esters
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Vibrating wire. A vibrating wire sensor measures the opening of a joint from the stretch of a wire being made to vibrate at acoustical frequency. Since the wire is made of an elastic metal, this type of sensor can be used to measure pulling forces within a certain range.

The applied external force changes the tension on the wire, which changes the frequency. The frequency is measured, and indicates the amount of force on the sensor.  The load sensor has an integrated electronic system to activate the vibrating wire and measure the frequency. This can be compared to a guitar: plucking a string creates vibration and sound. The pitch of the sound is dependent on the tension on the string.

See also 
 Strain Gauge

References

Measuring instruments
Air Creation iXess. The Air Creation iXess is a French double-surface ultralight trike wing, designed and produced by Air Creation of Aubenas. The wing is widely used on Air Creation trikes, as well as those of other manufacturers.

Design and development
The wing is a cable-braced, king post-equipped hang glider-style wing designed as a high performance and competition wing for two-place trikes, although it is also used for flight training. It currently comes in one size, the iXess 15, named for its metric wing area of , although a  version was once available.

The wing is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing, with its 90% double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 120°, an aspect ratio of 6.66:1 and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar.

Originally the top-of-the line wing in Air Creation's catalog, the iXess has lost that position to the Air Creation BioniX, although the iXess remained in production through 2013.

Operational history
The iXess has been widely used in microlight competition and was used to win World Championships in 2001, 2005 and 2007, as well as the European Championships in 2002, 2004 and 2006.

Variants
iXess 13
 version, no longer in production
iXess 15
 version, still in production in 2013

Applications

Air Creation iXess Clipper 582
Air Creation Skypper
Air Creation Tanarg
Air Creation Trek
Apollo Jet Star
Take Off Merlin
Ventura 1200

Specifications (iXess 15)

References

External links

Ultralight trike wings
Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic. Continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic, is a composite material that contains high-performance continuous fiber, such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, or aramid fiber that is impregnated in a matrix of thermoplastics like polycarbonates. CFRTP is producible into both tape and sheet formats that can later be formed using thermoforming techniques.

References

Composite materials
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Base tunnel. A base tunnel is a type of tunnel, mainly a railway tunnel, that is built through the base of a mountain pass.  This type of tunnel typically connects two valleys at about the same altitudes.

When originally constructed, classical railway lines through mountainous terrain tried to minimize tunneling, due to technical limitations and expense, and therefore required long and steep gradients and many curves, or even spirals. Tunnels were generally short and much higher up the mountain. Such tunnels are sometimes also called culmination tunnels, especially in the presence of a base tunnel through the same mountain massif.

The base tunnels take the opposite approach, minimizing or eliminating gradients and curves with the consequence of having longer tunnels but shorter total distances to travel. 
This allows for higher speeds and lower energy costs. 

Some of the best-known base tunnels are (with length, opening and location):

Operational 
 Gotthard Base Tunnel (, 2016), Switzerland
 Lötschberg Base Tunnel (, 2007), Switzerland
 Pajares Base Tunnel (, 2023), Spain
 Zimmerberg Base Tunnel (, planned), Switzerland
 Simplon Tunnel (, 1906/1921), Switzerland
 Apennine Base Tunnel (, 1934), Italy
 Ceneri Base Tunnel (, 2020), Switzerland
 Furka Base Tunnel (, 1982), Switzerland

Projected 
 Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel (, proj. 2032), France and Italy
 Brenner Base Tunnel (, proj. 2025), Austria and Italy
 Koralm Tunnel (, proj. 2026), Austria
 Semmering Base Tunnel (, proj. 2027), Austria
 Valico Tunnel (, proj. 2025), Italy
 Ore Mountain Base Tunnel on the Dresden - Prague high speed rail line, Germany/Czech Republic ()

References
Edge Development Option. Edge Development Option (EDO) comprises a set of C++ computer libraries produced by Boeing that allows to quickly build 2D and 3D visualization software similar to Google Earth, in order to display satellite imagery and create virtual scenarios for displaying sensor, 3D models, 4D (time-dependent) tracks and for line-of-sight and smart volume analysis. EDO is a toolkit based on EDGE Whole Earth, a software program developed by a company named Autometric, now part of Boeing. While EDGE was initially mainly developed for SGI machines, EDO is mainly Windows-based. EDO retained much of EDGE's functionality but allowed greater flexibility for developers, i.e. the ability to integrate EDO functionality into their own application leveraging on EDO's libraries. Google Earth is the more famous heir to the 3D applications EDGE and EDO.

However, unlike Google Earth, EDO and EDGE were not just 3D or 2D visualisation applications, but they allowed for analysis, e.g. line of sight analysis, and therefore were also used for military applications. EDO provides a continuous display of surveillance and reconnaissance sensors’ positions and fields-of-view, including terrain constraints. The open interface can also deliver real-time data surveillance and reconnaissance feeds using data displayed in a 3-D visualization environment. With precision sensor analysis, satellites and air and ground-based platforms, essential intelligence can be collected in real time. For these reasons, a licensed copy of EDO was also installed in the White House. In addition, outside the United States, the Australian Defence Force uses a licensed copy of this software (FORCE LEVEL EW IN THE AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE by Anthony Finn, Greg Chalmers, and Adrian Pincombe).

In 2005, EDO was renamed BDO (BattleScape Developer option), and a full-fledged application, named BattleScape, was released together with the toolkit. Mark Turner was the first lead engineer for BDO, followed by Brian Griglak and since 2010 by Valentino Zocca.

References

External links

Official and related sites

 
 Boeing Media Advertising - Boeing Media Advertising
 Remote Sensing Document referencing EDO and EDGE - Remote Sensing Document referencing EDO and EDGE
Boeing News - Boeing Press Release
Boeing News - Boeing Press Release
Application of Network Centric Warfare Concepts to a Land-Air System – an experimentation approach - Research paper citing EDO use

MacOS programming tools
Programming tools for Windows
Koolhoven FK.47. The Koolhoven F.K.47 was a 1930s one-off two seat biplane designed and built in the Netherlands for an individual customer as a sport and touring aircraft.

Design and development
The F.K.47 was specifically built for H.L. Jonker Roelants as a sports tourer and registered in his name in June 1933.  It had much in common with the early version of the Koolhoven F.K.46 sport and training aircraft, which first flew four months later. Both were two seat, single bay biplanes, with equal span, unswept wings of constant chord and strong stagger, braced with N-form struts.  The upper wing of the F.K.47 was held above the fuselage primarily by a pair of short, outward leaning N-form cabane struts to the upper fuselage longerons.  There was a shallow rounded cut-out in the trailing edge of this wing to enhance the upward view from the forward cockpit.

The F.K.47 was powered by a 130 hp (97 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major air-cooled inverted inline engine, driving a two blade propeller.  The fuselage had a rounded decking with the forward cockpit placed under the upper wing trailing edge and the aft one just behind the lower wing edge.  Both cockpits were open.  Aft, the fin was quadrant-shaped with a vertical rudder. The undercarriage was conventional, with the mainwheels on cantilever tube, faired legs, assisted by a tailwheel.

Operational history

At least some of Roelant's flights around Europe in the sole F.K.47, PH-EJR, ended badly. An early trip to the Dolomites in July 1933 ended prematurely with engine failure over Germany.  Three years later, flying between Rotterdam and Paris but off course he landed at a military field where tensions had been raised by the recent German occupation of the Rhineland.  He and his aircraft were briefly held under guard. He continued to use it until 1939 when it was destroyed.

Specifications

References

FK.47
1930s Dutch sport aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Single-engined tractor aircraft
PaR Systems. PAR Systems, Inc, is a systems engineering firm headquartered in Shoreview, Minnesota, specializing in automated manufacturing and material handling equipment. Subsidiaries include Jered LLC, specializing in marine equipment and cargo handling systems; Ederer LLC, specializing in custom and specialty cranes and associated equipment; CAMotion, specializing in advanced motion control and Cartesian palletizers  and Oak River Technology, specializing in automated manufacturing, testing equipment and medical device manufacturing equipment.  
PAR systems specializes in engineering equipment for the nuclear field, designing equipment for nuclear industry hot cells, process facilities and decommissioning applications in Japan, UK and United States. In the aerospace industry, PAR specializes in precision cutting, trimming, drilling, coating, scanning and non-destructive testing equipment  PAR Systems has quality certifications in ISO9001, AS9100, ISO13485 and ASME NQA-1 compliant.

History

PAR Systems was spun off from General Mills in 1961 under the name Programmed and Remote Systems Corporation.
in 2017, PAR Systems was acquired by the Minneapolis-based Pohlad family.

Contracts

Defense Contracts
Jered was the primary contractor for the aircraft elevators on the s, Tarawa-class, Wasp-class, and half of the Iwo Jima-class ships for the US Navy, as well as the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and the Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias.

Main Crane system
PAR Systems was awarded the subcontract for the Main Crane System (MCS) for the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement. the system consists of two overhead bridge cranes, which support two 50-ton trolley hoists, and a Mobile Tool Platform (MTP). The MTP is suspended from a third trolley using a wire rope tensile truss with three paired winches, giving the platform six degrees of freedom. the MTP is equipped with a wide variety of tools, including a manipulator arm, that will be needed to dismantle the Sarcaphagus and reactor building so that the radioactive material can be moved to more stable containment. The bridges are  long, and run on a  long runway track with six rails. There are shielded garages along the track to allow tools to be exchanged to and from the bridges for maintenance and different operations.
Engineering was done by PAR Systems, and manufactured by PAR Systems and PAR Marine.

Products

PaR Systems has several standardized product lines, in addition to custom solutions.

CNC manufacturing
PAR Systems' line of 5-axis waterjet cutters is sold under the Vector brand. they can be used to cut from three-dimensional objects.

Palletizing and packaging

Hazardous environment

See also

 List of Minnesota companies

References

External links

Engineering companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota
Nuclear technology companies of the United States
Vilafant Bridge. The High Speed Railway line connecting Barcelona and the French border crosses the Municipality of Vilafant 19 ft (6 m) below the ground level. To cross the sunken railroad, two pedestrian bridges were constructed. The structure, with one span of 150 ft (46 m), is monolithically connected with the abutments. The use of unusual geometric shapes fabricated using stainless-steel and GFRP are blended in an innovative fashion, giving rise to an austere and elegant solution.

Description 

The two gateways projected signal constitute a creative and innovative engineering. The forms are soft, curved in a flat landscape, but the purity of line and transparency achieved consistently relate to the environment.
The shape evokes the flight of a butterfly on the flat landscape of the Empordà.
The structure is both austere and elegant, audible in the distance but not imposed. It is a metaphor for innovation through the use of advanced materials. Represents a driver of technological development and progress of our society.

The choice of materials and design combine to provide a balance between economic, formal and constructive with the best results. The lightness of the structure construction ensures a simple, fast and secure and the simplicity of its design can be prefabricated in workshop, ensuring quality finishes and high performance implementation.

The two crosses have been designed with the same solution, two bridges of about 164 ft (50 m) total light elastically with a single flush vain in their stirrups (solution integral). The bridges allow for a generous platform 13 ft (4 m) useful for pedestrian and bicycle use.

Construction 

The design concept is based on three basic ideas: the use of light-weight materials, the use of materials free of maintenance such as stainless-steel and GFRP (Fiberglass) and minimalism approach (sober and elegant forms and clean lines, creating a bridge with a clearly identity but not dominating the beautiful port environment).

The two bridges have a main longitudinal span of 148 ft (45,2 m) and a width-deck of 13 ft (4 m). The structures are built-in on both abutments. The cross-section consists of two supported Vierendeel trusses combined with double-sheets of GFRP as structural webs. The height of the trusses is variable being 11 ft (3,4 m) at the elastomeric support and 3 ft (1,2 m) at mid-span.

References

External links 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Fiberglass
Bridges in Catalonia