omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DESA company. Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company (DESA), is an Iranian company which is a manufacturer of heavy diesel engines from 200 to 3500 kW for railway, marine and power generation purposes.

History
The Iran Heavy Diesel Engine Mfg Co. (DESA) company was established in 1991 in Amol with the aim of developing industrial production of diesel engines; a factory of over 10,000m2 was constructed on a 80ha site, with facilities for quality testing and research and design.

The company obtained licenses to manufacture Wärtsilä engines and Ruston RK 215 engines under license from MAN. Wärtsilä engine assembly began in 1996, RK 215 engine production began in 2000.

In 2009 the company unveiled Iran's first indigenous heavy diesel engine, the D87.

Production
Generators
The company produces diesel generators for permanent and emergency electricity supply. 104 units have been supplied to the Iran Telecommunications Company.
Railway
The company is a supplier to both the Iranian Islamic Republic Railways and the Raja Passenger Train Company.

DESA has manufactured the Ruston RK 215 diesel engine for the AD43C mainline diesel locomotive, of which 70 units were manufactured by Wagon Pars.

The company is also assembling 16V 4000 MTU type diesel engines for a contract for 150 IranRunner locomotives for passenger trains to be manufactured by Siemens and the MLC (Mapna Locomotive Engineering and Manufacturing Company). The first 30 units will be supplied by Siemens, the remaining 120 will be primarily manufactured domestically capacities and expertise over six years.

The company has also supplied 120 engines for trainsets, and 60 engines for railbuses.
Other
The company also supplies engines for marine use, and dual fuel engines for powerplants.

See also
Iranian railway industry
AD43C, diesel locomotive class using DESA Diesel built Ruston RK 215 type engines

References

External links
, DESA official website
, product catalogue

Engine manufacturers of Iran
Diesel engine manufacturers
Locomotive engine manufacturers
Marine engine manufacturers
Gas engine manufacturers
Electrical generation engine manufacturers
RAF Melton Mowbray. Royal Air Force Melton Mowbray or more simply RAF Melton Mowbray is a former Royal Air Force station located  south of the centre of Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire and  south east of Loughborough, Leicestershire, England.

History

The Class A airfield was originally intended for aircraft maintenance but was taken over by RAF Transport Command. Many types of aircraft were flown from the airfield, including Supermarine Spitfire, de Havilland Mosquito, Vought Corsair, Vultee Vengeance, Grumman Hellcat, Douglas Dakota and Handley Page Halifax aircraft, plus Airspeed Horsa and Waco Hadrian gliders.

Units
 No. 4 Aircraft Preparation Unit between 5 July 1944 and 9 October 1944.
 Mk X AI Conversion Flt between 29 August 1944 and 8 September 1944.
 No. 306 Ferry Training Unit between 13 October 1943 and 15 January 1944.
 No. 307 Ferry Training Unit between 14 October 1943 and 15 January 1944.
 No. 304 Ferry Training Unit between 3 January 1944 and 9 October 1944.
 No. 1 Ferry Pilot Pool between 14 January 1944 and 16 March 1944.
 No. 1341 Special Duties Flt during 1944.
 'J' Flt between 28 September 1945 and 5 October 1945.
 No. 12 Ferry Unit between 9 October 1944 and 7 November 1945.

Post war

Between 1946 and 1958 the site was used as a Polish Resettlement Corps camp housing Polish Air Force personnel and their relations.

Melton Mowbray served as a Thor Strategic missile site between 1959 and 1963, when 254(SM) Squadron operated a flight of three missiles from the base.

Current use

The airfield now houses a small industrial estate including padstore self storage, terminal 1, lounds pallets and JCR commercial Ltd. Little of the original infrastructure has Survived (2 Runways, 3 Access Road and A Small Brick House)

See also
 List of former Royal Air Force stations

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 BBC - WW2 People's War - The End of the War
 Airfield Information Exchange - Melton Mowbray

Royal Air Force stations in Leicestershire
Melton Mowbray
1942 establishments in England
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1964
Simulation modeling. Simulation modeling is the process of creating and analyzing a digital prototype of a physical model to predict its performance in the real world. Simulation modeling is used to help designers and engineers understand whether, under what conditions, and in which ways a part could fail and what loads it can withstand. Simulation modeling can also help to predict fluid flow and heat transfer patterns.
It analyses the approximate working conditions by applying the simulation software.

Uses of simulation modeling
Simulation modeling allows designers and engineers to avoid the repeated building of multiple physical prototypes to analyze designs for new or existing parts. Before creating the physical prototype, users can investigate many digital prototypes. Using the technique, they can:
 Optimize geometry for weight and strength
 Select materials that meet weight, strength, and budget requirements
 Simulate part failure and identify the loading conditions that cause them
 Assess extreme environmental conditions or loads not easily tested on physical prototypes, such as earthquake shock load
 Verify hand calculations
 Validate the likely safety and survival of a physical prototype before

Typical simulation modeling workflow
Simulation modeling follows a process much like this:
 Use a 2D or 3D CAD tool to develop a virtual model, also known as a digital prototype, to represent a design.
 Generate a 2D or 3D mesh for analysis calculations. Automatic algorithms can create finite element meshes, or users can create structured meshes to maintain control over element quality.
 Define finite element analysis data (loads, constraints, or materials) based on analysis type (thermal, structural, or fluid). Apply boundary conditions to the model to represent how the part will be restrained during use.
 Perform finite element analysis, review results, and make engineering judgments based on results.

See also
 Comparison of system dynamics software
 Mathematical and theoretical biology
 Operations research
 Power system simulation

References

 The CBS Interactive Business Network
 University of Central Florida, Institute for Simulation and Training
 Winsberg, Eric (2003), Simulated Experiments: Methodology for a Virtual World
 Roger D. Smith: "Simulation: The Engine Behind the Virtual World", eMatter, December 1999
 A. Borshchev, A. Filippov: "From System Dynamics and Discrete Event to Practical Agent-Based Modeling: Reasons, Techniques, Tools", The 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, July 2004, Oxford, England

External links
 Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida
 National Center for Simulation
 Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization
 The Society for Modeling and Simulation International (Formerly the Society of Computer Simulation)

Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
Walfordite. Walfordite is a very rare tellurite mineral that was discovered in Chile in 1999.  The mineral is described as orange with orange-yellow streak, and is determined to have a chemical formula of Fe3+,Te6+Te4+3O8 with minor titanium and magnesium substitution resulting in an approximate empirical formula of (Fe3+,Te6+,Ti4+,Mg)(Te4+)3O8.

Occurrence
The only reported occurrence is in the Wendy open pit, El Indio-Tambo mining district of the Coquimbo Region, northern Chile where it occurs in oxidized breccia associated with a tellurium-bearing gold deposit. Associated minerals include: alunite, rodalquilarite, native gold, emmonsite, jarosite and pyrite. The mineral was named for mine geologist Phillip Walford (1945— ) who first noted the mineral.

See also
El Indio Gold Belt. Tambo is adjacent to the El Indio mine. Both are now closed.

References

Tellurium minerals
Oxide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 206
Minerals described in 1999
Weave Bridge. The Weave Bridge is a  bridge at the University of Pennsylvania, USA, which was conceptualized by Cecil Balmond and engineered by Ammann & Whitney. It was commissioned by the university in 2007, and opened in June 2009.

The bridge creates a pedestrian passage over the Amtrak train tracks that currently separate the main campus from athletic fields along the Schuylkill River. The design features a "braided rope" structure consisting of stainless steel strands. It marks the first milestone in the university's plan to transform a former postal depot into a  complex, called Penn Park. The design uses a "never before used bridge structure"  It is in keeping with Balmond's perusal of a "non-linear world, and his principle that "structure as conceptual rigour is architecture." His dynamic and organizational approach to structure is informed by the sciences of complexity, non-linear organization and emergence.

The design obviates the use of conventional longitudinal supporting beams. According to Esquire magazine:"The span is a poetic solution to a pedestrian problem." Balmond founded and runs the University of Pennsylvania's Non-Linear Systems Organization, a research group he set up to explore ways in which architecture can demonstrate, test and apply insights from mathematics and sciences. He currently holds the Paul Philippe Cret chair as Professor of Architecture at PennDesign.
Cecil Balmond realized the design through Arup's AGU, an experimental research and design unit he founded in 2000. Balmond joined Arup in 1968 and is Deputy Chairman.

References

External links
METROPOLIS
Bloomberg Businessweek
FRAME Magazine
domus
Wallpaper
Wallpaper 
ABITARE
Cecil Balmond and the Bonfire of the Vanities
NBS
ARUP

University of Pennsylvania
Bridges in Philadelphia
Bridges over the Schuylkill River
Pedestrian bridges in Pennsylvania
Steel bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 2009
2009 establishments in Pennsylvania
Bjerrum defect. A Bjerrum defect is a crystallographic defect which is specific to ice, and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice. It was first proposed by Niels Bjerrum in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field.  A hydrogen bond normally has one proton, but a hydrogen bond with a Bjerrum defect will have either two protons (D defect, from "doppel" in German, meaning "double") or no proton (L defect, from "leer" in German, meaning "empty"). D-defects are more energetically favorable than L-defects. The unfavorable defect strain is resolved when a water molecule pivots about an oxygen atom to produce hydrogen bonds with single protons. Dislocations of ice Ih along a slip plane create pairs of Bjerrum defects, one D defect and one L defect.

Nonpolar molecules such as methane can form clathrate hydrates with water, especially under high pressure. Although there is no hydrogen bonding of water molecules when methane is the guest molecule of the clathrate, guest-host hydrogen bonding often forms with guest molecules in clathrates of many larger organic molecules, such as pinacolone and tetrahydrofuran. In such cases the guest-host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of L-type Bjerrum defect in the clathrate lattice. Oxygen atoms (in alcohol or carbonyl functional groups) and nitrogen atoms (in amine functional groups) in the guest molecules lead to transient hydrogen bonds and misoriented water molecules in the hydrate lattice.

See also 
 Ice rules

References

Water ice
Crystallographic defects
Electrochemistry
Kier (industrial). A kier or keeve (or similar spellings) is a large circular boiler or vat used in bleaching or scouring cotton fabric. They were also used for processing paper pulp.

In use they were continuously rotated by an engine, steam being supplied through a rotating joint in the axle. They were usually spherical, sometimes cylindrical, and some were recycled from old boiler shells.

Kier boiling 

Kier, the cylindrical-shaped vessel, straight, with egg-shaped ends made of boiler may have the capacity to process one to three tons of material at a time.

Kier boiling and ''Boiling off'' is the scouring process that involves boiling the materials with the caustic solution in the Kier, which is an enclosed vessel, so that the fabric can boil under pressure. Open kiers were also used with temperatures below 100°C (at atmospheric pressure).

Gallery

See also
 Textile finishing
 Textile bleaching

References 

Textile machinery
Cotton production
Bleaches
Boilers
CAF Oaris. Oaris is a modular high-speed train platform developed by the Spanish manufacturer CAF.

Technical details

Oaris is a non-articulated electric multiple unit with distributed traction, enabling 4-car, 6-car and 8-car configurations. Each car have one powered bogie, with electric motors on both wheelsets, and one unpowered bogie. Power equipment is designed to enable adaptation to all four of the main overhead electrification systems in use across Europe. For the train, running gear with  (standard gauge),  (Iberian gauge) and variable gauge options has been developed.

Oaris bodyshells are manufactured from aluminium. The driving end cars are  long, middle cars , and an 8-car set measures .

The train is fitted with  motors, giving a total power of  in the 4-car,  in the 6-car, and  in the 8-car configuration. Design speed is , the service top speed is .

History

May 2010. After fours years of development in a project supported by CDTI, CAF announced the Oaris platform with the unveiling of a full-scale mock-up in May 2010 in the International Rail Forum 2010 at Valencia.
 September 2010. A prototype starts to be assembled by CAF. It has 4 cars and is designed for 216 seats. Renfe has reserved the class 105 for the prototype.
January 14, 2011. CAF announces that the  prototype is finished and will undergo dynamic tests in early 2011.
 December 2011. Four-car prototype undergoes trials at up to 352 km/h on the Madrid to Sevilla route.
 Spring 2013. Prototype gets homologation by Brazilian Railindustry Association, which will allow CAF to offer trains for the proposed high-speed rail connection between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
 2013. Test runs for homologation in Spain. In October 2013  company sources said the approval process of Oaris is in the final stages and within months is ready for operation.
 March 2015: The Norwegian airport train operator Flytoget ordered eight 4-car trainsets (maximum speed 250 km/h) to supplement their 16 trains fleet on their Drammen-Oslo-Gardermoen Airport service and will be allowed to run at a maximum speed of 210 km/h on the line, starting from June 2021. They will be known as Class 78.
 June 2019: Belonging to the five train manufacturers selected to tender for High Speed 2 rolling stock CAF presented their Oaris trains as passenger trains for HS2.
 June 2021: The trainsets delivered to Flytoget were withdrawn from service after 19 days of operation due to discovery of cracks in the chassis. In January 2023, the trainsets resumed operation.

See also
 Bombardier Zefiro
 Alstom AGV
 Siemens Velaro
 List of high-speed trains

References

External links
 CAF Oaris trains 
 CAF unveils Oaris high speed train concept (Railway Gazette International)

Experimental and prototype high-speed trains
Oaris
Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations
3000 V DC multiple units
15 kV AC multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2015
Masanori Ohya. is a Japanese mathematician.

After he received a Ph.D. in Mathematical Physics and Information Science and Dr.Sc., he continuously worked on operator algebra, quantum entropy, quantum information theory and bio-information. He achieved results in the fields of quantum information and mathematical physics. In particular, he proposed his version of quantum mutual entropy. Note this quantity is not the same as Holevo's chi quantity or coherent information, though each of them plays important role in quantum information theory. The information theoretic meaning of Ohya's quantum mutual information is still obscure.

He also proposed 'Information Dynamics' and 'Adaptive Dynamics', which he applied to the study of chaos theory, quantum information and biosciences as related fields.

Main research
Ohya studied multiple topics for more than thirty years, relating to quantum entropy, quantum information, chaos dynamics and life science. His main accomplishments are as follows:
Elucidation of Mathematical Bases of Quantum Channels,
Formulation of Quantum Mutual Information (Entropy),
Information Dynamics,
Analysis of Quantum Teleportation,
Quantum Algorithm,
Proposal of Adaptive Dynamics,
Applications to the life sciences.

They are explained in this book .

Academic and other appointments
Academic Appointments:
  1987–present: Professor, Department of Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
  2004–2006 Dean, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
  2002–2006 Committee, International Institute of Advanced Study in Kyoto
  2006–present: Dean, Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science

Università di Roma II, Copernicus University, Jena University and many others.

Member of the Editorial Board of International Journals: 
Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics; 
Reports on Mathematical Physics; 
Editor-in-chief of the Editorial Board of the journal Open Systems & Information Dynamics
Amino Acid

Books (English only)
 M.Ohya and D. Petz (1993) Quantum Entropy and its Use, Springer-Verlag, TMP Series.
 R.S.Ingarden, A.Kossakowski and M.Ohya (1997), Information Dynamics and Open Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 M.Ohya (1999), Mathematical foundation of quantum computer, Maruzen Publishing Company.

References

External links
 Web page at Tokyo University of Science 

20th-century Japanese mathematicians
21st-century Japanese mathematicians
1947 births
Living people
Shibaura Seisakusho. was the new name given to the company Tanaka Seisakusho (Tanaka Engineering Works), after it was declared insolvent in 1893 and taken over by Mitsui Bank.

In 1910, it formed a tie-up with GE USA, which, in exchange for technology acquired about a quarter of the shares of Shibaura. With this investment GE now had a stake in both Tokyo Denki and Shibaura Seisakusho - two companies that had a complementary line of products in light as well as heavy electrical equipment. Both companies were merged in 1939 to create Tokyo Shibaura Denki (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company, now Toshiba). The relation with GE continued until the beginning of the war and, after the war, resumed in 1953 with GE's 24 percent shareholding. This percentage has, however, decreased substantially since then.

References

Engineering companies based in Tokyo 
Electrical engineering companies of Japan
Toshiba
Siege of Veracruz order of battle. The following units and commanders of the U.S. and Mexican armed forces fought in the siege of Veracruz from March 9 to 29, 1847, during the Mexican–American War.

United States

U.S. Army
MG Winfield Scott

General Staff "Little Cabinet"
 Chief Engineer: Col Joseph Totten
 Chief of Artillery: Col James Bankhead, 2nd U.S. Artillery
 Inspector General: Ltc Ethan Allen Hitchcock
 Staff Coordinator: Cpt Henry Lee Scott
 Engineer Aide-de-Camp: Maj John L. Smith
 Engineer Aide-de-Camp: Cpt Joseph E. Johnston
 Engineer Aide-de-Camp: Cpt Robert E. Lee
 Engineer Aide-de-Camp: 1st Lt Pierre G. T. Beauregard
 Engineer Aide-de-Camp: 2nd Lt Zealous B. Tower

U.S. Navy
Home Squadron
Commodore David Conner
Commodore Matthew C. Perry

Mexico
BG Juan Estaban Morales
2nd-in-command: BG Jose Juan Landero
Chief of Engineers: Ltc Manuel Robles Pezuela

Notes

References

 Alcaraz, Ramon. Apuntes para la historia de la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos. Mexico City. Published by Manuel Payno. 1848.
 Ramsey, Albert C. The Other Side or Notes for the History of the War Between Mexico & the United States. New York, John Wiley. 1850.
 Roa Barcena, Jose Maria. Recuerdos de la invasion norte-americana. Ed. Antonio Castro Leal. Mexico City, Editorial Porrua. 1947.
Mexican–American War orders of battle
Downer EDI Rail GT42CU ACe. The GT42CU ACe is a model of diesel electric locomotives manufactured by EDi Rail, Maryborough between 2007 and 2013 under licence from Electro-Motive Diesel, for use on narrow gauge railways in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia.

History
The GT42CU ACe is an evolution of the GT42CU AC being fitted with a different computer system and traction motors.

In 2006, Queensland Rail placed an initial order for 15, with a further orders increasing the number to 75. These were designated as the 4100 class. Following Queensland Rail purchasing Australian Railroad Group in June 2006, 19 were transferred to Western Australia and reclassified as the ACN class, but retain their original numbers.

The Queensland based units are primarily used on the Blackwater, Moura and Newlands coal networks, and on phosphate trains between Mount Isa and Townsville. The Western Australian-based units are primarily engaged hauling iron ore trains. All were included in the transfer of Queensland Rail's freight business to QR National in July 2010.

Pacific National placed an order for 13 units for coal haulage on the Blackwater system that later grew to 46. These were designated as the 83 class.

In July 2012, One Rail Australia placed an order for five for use in South Australia. Designated the GWN class, they operated on the Arrium iron ore railway to Whyalla Steelworks. They were transferred to Queensland after being displaced by 5 Queensland Railways 2250 class locomotives returning to Australia from South Africa.

A further six were built as a speculative order for Locomotive Demand Power as the LDP class. One was painted in Pacific National livery and numbered 8347 in anticipation of a lease that failed to eventuate, the others were numbered LDP016-LDP020 with all six placed in store in Maryborough. All were included in the sale of Downer Rail's locomotive business to Progress Rail Services and in December 2017, were moved to Redbank Railway Workshops entering service as 8347–8352 with Pacific National in April and May 2018.

Fleet

Related Development
 UGL Rail C44aci
 Downer EDI Rail GT46C ACe
 Downer EDI Rail GT42CU AC

References

Aurizon diesel locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Queensland
Diesel locomotives of Western Australia
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Queensland Rail locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2007
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Schering bridge. The Schering bridge is an electrical circuit used for measuring the insulating properties of electrical cables and equipment.  It is an AC bridge circuit, developed by Harald Schering. It has the advantage that the balance equation is independent of frequency. 

The connections of the Schering bridge under balance conditions are shown in the figure below.

In this diagram:
 C1 = capacitor whose capacitance is to be determined,
 R1 = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor C1,
 C2 = a standard capacitor,
 R3 = a variable non-inductive resistance,
 C4 = a variable capacitor,
 R4 = a non-inductive resistance in parallel with the variable capacitor C4.

References

Bridge circuits
German inventions