omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Siemens Modular Metro. The Siemens Modular Metro is a family of electric multiple unit trains for rapid transit systems produced by Siemens Mobility (originally Siemens Transportation Systems) and used by rail operators around the world. The vehicle concept was launched in Vienna in 2000 and is a modular concept allowing many variants of metro vehicles. Previously known as Modular Mobility, Siemens, whose rail equipment division had since been renamed Siemens Mobility, still uses the abbreviation Mo.Mo; however, few of these trains are being built, since Siemens had moved to their Inspiro metro platform in 2013.

Technology 
The train is designed for use on systems in the 20,000 to 60,000 passengers/hour range. The design of the train bodies is by Porsche Design. Modules in the system include various vehicle ends, doors, gangways, roof-mounted air-conditioning, and interiors. Many combinations of motor cars and trailers are possible, with individual vehicle lengths from  and widths from  . Stainless steel or aluminium construction is available, in three cross sections: straight sidewalls, sidewalls sloping at 3 degrees, and contoured.

Operators 
 Guangzhou Metro: 21 six-car modular A1 trains which was built with Adtranz for line 1, 120 B1 metro cars which is based on it for line 3.
 Bangkok Transit System Skytrain: 35 4-car sets
 Taipei Metro, Taiwan: 36 C321 and 6 C341 six-car sets for the Bannan Line
 Vienna U-Bahn: designated as Type V, 6-car units
 Shanghai Metro: 28 six-car 04A01 modular trains for Line 4, 72 additional metro cars for Line 1. First two of 04A01 trains in Vienna, remainder built in China.
 Metro Trains Melbourne: 72 3-car trains locally designated as Siemens Nexas. Use a broad track gauge of .
 Bangkok Metropolitan Rapid Transit: 19 3-car sets for the Blue Line
 Oslo Metro: 115 3-car units locally designated as MX3000.
 Nuremberg U-Bahn U2 and U3: 30 two-car driverless trains designated as DT3, 36m long, 2.9m wide with an inter-car gangway. 80 seats and room for 240 standing passengers.
 Kaohsiung Metro: 42 3-car sets, with provision to eventually be expanded to 6-car sets

Design origins 

The bodies of the trains evolved from the 1993 DT2 Series used in the Nuremberg U-Bahn whose design in turn came from production of the A Series built for the nearby Munich U-Bahn.

See also 
 Alstom Metropolis and Movia
 Siemens Inspiro, the successor to the Modular Metro

References

External links 

 Siemens MoMo flyer - 'The City needs Mobility'
 Porsche Design portfolio

Siemens multiple units
Siemens
Cerium(III) bromide. Cerium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula CeBr3. This white hygroscopic solid is of interest as a component of scintillation counters.

Preparation and basic properties
The compound has been known since at least 1899, when Muthman and Stützel reported its preparation from cerium sulfide and gaseous HBr. Aqueous solutions of CeBr3 can be prepared from the reaction of Ce2(CO3)3·H2O with HBr. The product, CeBr3·H2O can be dehydrated by heating with NH4Br followed by sublimation of residual NH4Br. CeBr3 can be distilled at reduced pressure (~ 0.1 Pa) in a quartz ampoule at 875-880 °C.
Like the related salt CeCl3, the bromide absorbs water on exposure to moist air. The compound melts congruently at 722 °C, and well ordered single crystals may be produced using standard crystal growth methods like Bridgman or Czochralski.

CeBr3 adopts the hexagonal, UCl3-type crystal structure with the P63/m space group. The cerium ions are 9-coordinate and adopt a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. The cerium–bromine bond lengths are 3.11 Å and 3.16 Å.

Applications
CeBr3-doped lanthanum bromide single crystals are known to exhibit superior scintillation properties for applications in the security, medical imaging, and geophysics detectors.

Undoped single crystals of CeBr3 have shown promise as a γ-ray scintillation detector in nuclear non-proliferation testing, medical imaging, environmental remediation, and oil exploration.

Suppliers
Sigma-Aldrich

References

Cerium(III) compounds
Bromides
Lanthanide halides
Network Security Toolkit. Network Security Toolkit (NST) is a Linux-based Live DVD/USB Flash Drive that provides a set of free and open-source computer security and networking tools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks. The distribution can be used as a network security analysis, validation and monitoring tool on servers hosting virtual machines. The majority of tools published in the article "Top 125 security tools" by Insecure.org are available in the toolkit. NST has package management capabilities similar to Fedora and maintains its own repository of additional packages.

Features 
Many tasks that can be performed within NST are available through a web interface called NST WUI. Among the tools that can be used through this interface are nmap with the vizualization tool ZenMap, ntop, a Network Interface Bandwidth Monitor, a Network Segment ARP Scanner, a session manager for VNC, a minicom-based terminal server, serial port monitoring, and WPA PSK management.

Other features include visualization of ntopng, ntop, wireshark, traceroute, NetFlow and kismet data by geolocating the host addresses, IPv4 Address conversation, traceroute data and wireless access points and displaying them via Google Earth or a Mercator World Map bit image, a browser-based packet capture and protocol analysis system capable of monitoring up to four network interfaces using Wireshark, as well as a Snort-based intrusion detection system with a "collector" backend that stores incidents in a MySQL database. For web developers, there is also a JavaScript console with a built-in object library with functions that aid the development of dynamic web pages.

Host Geolocations 
The following example ntop host geolocation images were generated by NST.

Network Monitors 

The following image depicts the interactive dynamic SVG/AJAX enabled Network Interface Bandwidth Monitor which is integrated into the NST WUI. Also shown is a Ruler Measurement tool overlay to perform time and bandwidth rate analysis.

See also

BackTrack
Kali Linux
 List of digital forensic tools
Computer Security
List of live CDs

References

External links
 
 NST at SourceForge
 Network Security Geolocation Matrix

Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
Linux security software
Network analyzers
Free network management software
Remote desktop
Computer security software
Unix network-related software
Bernard Lauth. Bernard Lauth (August 23, 1820 in Alsace, France – June 25, 1894) founded the American Iron Works in 1850 and formed a partnership with B.F. Jones in 1851. In 1854, Lauth retired from the steel firm, selling his partnership to James H. Laughlin, who led the company to be renamed Jones and Laughlin Steel Company. He invented and patented the process for cold rolling of iron in 1859. In 1871, he purchased the iron furnace at Howard, Pennsylvania, where he built a rolling mill in 1882.

References

1820 births
1894 deaths
People from Bas-Rhin
French emigrants to the United States
American steel industry businesspeople
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
People from Centre County, Pennsylvania
Engineers from Pennsylvania
19th-century French inventors
19th-century American businesspeople
NEAT chipset. The NEAT chipset (the acronym standing for "New Enhanced AT") is a 
4 chip VLSI implementation (including the 82C206 IPC) of the control logic used in the IBM PC compatible PC/AT computers. It consists of the 82C211 CPU/Bus controller, 82C212 Page/Interleave and EMS Memory controller, 82C215 Data/Address buffer, and 82C206 Integrated Peripherals Controller (IPC). NEAT, official designation CS8221, was developed by Chips and Technologies.

History 
The NEAT chipset descended from the first chipset that C&T had developed for IBM XT-compatible systems, which is based around the 82C100 "XT controller" chip. 82C100 incorporates the functionality of what had been, until its invention, discrete TTL chips on the XT's mainboard, namely:
8284 clock generator
8288 bus controller
8254 Programmable Interval Timer
8255 parallel I/O interface
8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller
8237 DMA controller
8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)
DRAM/SRAM controller
XT Keyboard controller

IBM PC compatibility is provided by C&T's 82C206 Integrated Peripheral Controller (IPC), introduced by C&T in 1986.  This chip, like its predecessor the 82C100, provides equivalent functionality to the TTL chips on the PC/AT's mainboard, namely:
82284 clock generator
82288 bus controller
8254 Programmable Interval Timer
two 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controllers
two 8237 DMA controllers
74LS612 Memory Mapper chip
MC146818 NVRAM/RTC chip

NEAT CS8221's predecessor, called CS8220, requires five chips (buffers and memory controllers) for a virtually complete motherboard, while NEAT requires four, and added support for separate ISA bus clocks. The eventual successor to the NEAT chipset, 82C235 Single Chip AT (SCAT), amalgamates all of the chips of the NEAT chipset into a single chip.

Other manufacturers 
Other manufacturers produced equivalent chips.  OPTi, for example, produced a two-chip "AT controller" chipset comprising the OPTi 82C206 and 82C495XLC, which is found in many early 80486 and Pentium AT-compatible machines.  The OPTi 82C206 is pin and function compatible with C&T's 82C206. The 82C495XLC incorporates the additional memory controller and shadow RAM support.

References 

IBM PC compatibles
Chipsets
WREL (technology). WREL (an acronym for Wireless Resonant Energy Link) is a form of wireless resonant energy transfer technology developed by Intel.

The technology relies on strongly coupled based on resonant inductive coupling caused by electromagnetic resonators, a principle similar to the way a trained singer can shatter a glass using his/her voice. At the receiving resonator's natural frequency, energy is absorbed efficiently, just as a glass absorbs acoustic energy at its natural frequency. At the wall socket, power is put into magnetic fields at a transmitting resonator - basically an antenna. The receiving resonator is tuned to efficiently absorb energy from the magnetic field, whereas nearby objects do not.

Benefits 
With this technology enabled in a laptop, for example, batteries could be recharged when the laptop gets within several feet of the transmit resonator.

History 
Resonant magnetic power transfer was pioneered by Nikola Tesla. Some of his later Tesla coils use a loosely coupled resonant magnetic power system. The lower coil was energised, and this transferred power via magnetic resonance to the resonant top coil where the high voltage was generated. This was predominantly done to avoid arcing and permit higher voltages.

For power supply for more everyday uses the technology is based on principles of WiTricity proposed by Marin Soljačić, a physicist at MIT.

Intel chief technology officer Justin Rattner demonstrated powering a light bulb without the use of a plug or wire of any kind as he spoke at the California firm's annual developers forum in San Francisco 2008-08-21. Electricity was sent wirelessly to a lamp on stage, lighting a 60 watt light bulb that uses more power than a typical laptop computer.

Principles
In a resonating system, the quality of the resonance is determined by its Q factor; 2 pi times the ratio of the energy in the resonant circuit divided by its loss per cycle.

When two non resonating coils are placed some distance apart, some fraction of the magnetic field from one coil couples into the second, and so changes in the magnetic field of one coil generates a voltage at the other (in accordance with Faraday's law of induction), however little of the energy will couple because most of the field will miss the receiver. The fraction of the field that does couple is called the coupling coefficient.

However, it may be seen that if some energy is placed in a 'sender' coil when it is in resonance then the coil will ring for a number of cycles before losing the energy to its resistance. Provided the Q of the transmitting circuit is high enough to overcome the coupling coefficient, then most of the power can eventually be absorbed by the receiving coil over several cycles and can be tapped off. The remaining power will be lost in the resistance of the sender, and some in the receiver coil also.

See also
WiTricity
Nikola Tesla
Wireless energy transfer
Evanescent wave coupling
Coupled inductors
List of emerging technologies

References 

Wireless energy transfer
3-inch/23-caliber gun. The 3-inch/23-caliber gun (spoken "three-inch-twenty-three-caliber") was the standard anti-aircraft gun for United States destroyers through World War I and the 1920s.  United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter, and the barrel was 23 calibers long (barrel length is 3" × 23 = 69" or 1.75 meters.)

Description

The built-up gun with horizontal sliding breech block weighed about 531 pounds (241 kg) and used fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled as a single assembled unit) with a 13-pound (6 kg) projectile at a velocity of 1650 feet per second (500 m/s).  Range was 10,100 yards (9235 meters) at 45 degrees elevation.  Ceiling was 18,000 feet (5500 meters) at the maximum elevation of 75 degrees.

History
The 3"/23-caliber cannon was the first purposely designed anti-aircraft cannon to reach operational service in the US military, and was a further development of a 1-pounder cannon concept designed by Admiral Twining to meet the possible threat from airships being built by various navies.

A partially retractable version was mounted as a deck gun on the US L-class, , , and O-class submarines.

When World War II began, the 3"/23-caliber gun was outdated, and surviving United States destroyers built during the World War I era that were armed with the 3"/23-caliber were rearmed with dual-purpose 3"/50-caliber guns.  Where there was no air threat during World War II, the 3"/23-caliber gun was employed in the surface-to-surface role for use against submarines, and was mounted on submarine chasers, armed yachts, and various auxiliaries.  Some major warships carried 3"/23-caliber guns temporarily while awaiting installation of quad 1.1"/75-caliber guns.

The 3"/23-caliber gun was mounted on:

 s
 s
 s
 s
 s
 s
 Dubuque-class gunboats
 s
 s
 L-class submarines
 
 O-class submarines
 
s
 s
 s

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 
 DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 3"/23 caliber gun

External links

Naval anti-aircraft guns
World War I anti-aircraft guns
World War II naval weapons
Naval guns of the United States
76 mm artillery
Gedrite. Gedrite is a crystal belonging to the orthorhombic ferromagnesian subgroup of the amphibole supergroup of the double chain inosilicate  minerals with the ideal chemical formula .

Gedrite is the magnesium (Mg) rich endmember of a solid solution series, with divalent magnesium cations readily replaced with ferrous iron (Fe), leading to the iron rich endmember 'ferrogedrite', with the formula: . However, pure endmembers are very rare, with often either one of the mentioned cations dominating the composition. Thus, the formula can be written in such a way to express common intermediary gedrite samples:
.

Divalent manganese (Mn) may substitute for some of the magnesium. Trivalent or ferric iron, or titanium4+ may replace some of the aluminum (Al). Fluorine and chlorine are common substitutes for the hydroxyl (OH) in amphoboles. Other chemical impurities may include calcium, sodium, and potassium.

Gedrite also forms a series with another ferromagnesian amphibole, anthophyllite.

Gedrite occurs in contact and medium to high grade metamorphic rocks in association with garnet, cordierite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, sapphirine, sillimanite, kyanite, quartz, staurolite and biotite.

Gedrite was first described for an occurrence in Gèdre, Hautes-Pyrenees, France in 1836.

References

Amphibole group
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Rigger (entertainment). A rigger is one who works on ropes, booms, lifts, hoists and the like for a stage production, film, or television show.

The term "rigger" originally referred to a person who attended to the rigging of a sailing ship.  In the age of sail, trading followed seasonal patterns with ships leaving port at set times of the year to make the most of winds.  When not at sea sailors would seek employment ashore.  Their skill with ropes and booms found use in the theatre.

The original canvas backdrops used in the theatre moved with ropes and pulleys, being developed from techniques used for sails.  It is from these roots that modern fly systems emerged.  This also gave rise to the tradition in British theatres of never whistling on stage as the riggers would use the same whistled instructions on stage as they did aboard ship. A misplaced whistle could be taken as an instruction to the riggers to change the set.

The term rigger is still used for people backstage in theatres, the road crew for a live concert, conventions and trade shows, and by extension to similar jobs such as those who are responsible for fastening chain motors (like CM Lodestar, EXE Rise, Chainmaster) by wire rope to the structural steel of a building.

With the birth of the film industry, just as stage actors adapted their techniques to the new medium so did those back stage. The complexity of the new environment giving rise to specializations such as those in the film industry who rig scaffolding for film sets and camera rigs; also termed as a standby rigger if they are on site and 'on call' all of the time.

Wire riggers
In the theater and film industry, a wire rigger is a worker in the special effects/stunts film crew who "flies" actors. They are responsible for rigging special harnesses to attached wires which in turn are run through a series of "blocks" (pulleys) to a control area where a wire rigger raises, lowers or traverses an actor wearing the harness, which is then used to make the actor "fly" or to throw the actor backwards to simulate the impact from a punch, kick or explosion in fight scenes. Wire riggers also rig up rails along which travels a "skate" from which the wire is attached. Many plays and feature films (e.g. Peter Pan, Harry Potter, Superman) use this technique.

References

Filmmaking occupations
Road crew
System Deployment Image. A System Deployment Image (aka SDI) is a file format used primarily with Microsoft products to contain an arbitrary disk image, including boot sector information.

Description 
The System Deployment Image (SDI) file format is often used to allow the use of a virtual disk for startup or booting. Some versions of Microsoft Windows allow for "RAM booting", which is essentially the ability to load an SDI file into memory and then boot from it. The SDI file format also lends itself to network booting using the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). Another usage is hard disk imaging.
The SDI file itself is partitioned into the following sections:

 Boot BLOB  This contains the actual boot program, STARTROM.COM. This is analogous to the boot sector of a hard disk.
 Load BLOB  This typically contains NTLDR and is launched by the boot BLOB.
 Part BLOB  This contains the actual boot runtime (i.e. the contents of the disk image including any Operating System [OS] files) and also includes the boot.ini (used by NTLDR) and ntdetect.com files which should be located within the root directory of the runtime. The size of the runtime cannot exceed 500 MB. In addition to this requirement the runtime must also be capable of dealing with the fact that it is booting from a ramdisk. This implies that the runtime must include the "Windows RAM Disk Driver" component (specified within the boot.ini).

 Disk BLOB  This is flat HDD image starting with a MBR. It is used for hard drive imaging instead of booting. Also only Disk BLOBs can be mounted with Microsoft's utilities.

SDI usually contains either Disk BLOB (HD cloning or temporary SDI) or three other of them (bootable SDI).

Windows Vista or Windows PE 2.0 boot sequence includes a boot.sdi file, which contains Part BLOB for an empty NTFS volume and a Table-of-Contents slot for the WIM image, which is stored on a separate on-disk file.

SDI features

SDI driver 
SDI files can be mounted as virtual disk drives and assigned a drive letter if an SDI driver is available to allow this. A SDI driver is a type of storage driver and is commonly used with Windows XP Embedded.

SDI management 
Microsoft provides a tool called the "SDI File Manager" (sdimgr.exe) which can be used for the purpose of manipulating SDI files. Some of the tasks which this tool facilitates are:

 The creation of an SDI image file.
 The creation of an SDI image file from an existing hard disk partition.
 The verification of an existing SDI image.

SDI loader 
The mechanism which allows for the creation, addition and removal of virtual disk drives. SDI Loader and Driver work with Disk BLOB.

See also 
 Windows Imaging Format

References 
 

 

 

Computer file formats
List of nuclear whistleblowers. There have been a number of nuclear whistleblowers, often nuclear engineers, who have identified safety concerns about nuclear power and nuclear weapons production. That list is partial and non-exhaustive.

List

Other nuclear whistleblowers
 Chuck Atkinson
 Dale G. Bridenbaugh
 Joe Carson 
 Larry Criscione
 Mark Gillespie
 Lars-Olov Höglund
 Carl Hocevar
 David Hoffman
 Avon Hudson
 M Shafiqul Islam
 Carl Patrickson
 Richard H. Perkins
 Robert Pollard
 John P. Shannon
 Don Ranft
 Zhores Medvedev
 Ronald A. Sorri
 Grigoris Lambrakis

See also
 Nuclear accidents in the United States
 Nuclear safety
 Anti-nuclear movement in the United States

References

External links
 
 Watching the Watchdogs
 A Nuclear Plant Gets New Equipment and a New Attitude
 Government Accountability Project Whistleblower protection Org.
 
 National Whistleblowers Center - Nuclear Whistleblowers

Nuclear, List
Nuclear whistleblowers
Nuclear safety and security
Nuclear whistleblowers
Small (journal). Small is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering nanotechnology. It was established in 2005 as a monthly journal, switched to biweekly in 2009, and to weekly in 2015. It is published by Wiley-VCH and the editor-in-chief is José Oliveira. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 13.0.

See also
Advanced Materials
Advanced Functional Materials
Advanced Engineering Materials
Advanced Science

References

External links

Materials science journals
Nanotechnology journals
Academic journals established in 2005
Wiley-VCH academic journals
Weekly journals
English-language journals
Hermann Pohlmann. Hermann Pohlmann (26 June 1894 – 7 July 1991) was a German aerospace engineer.

He was the principal designer of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, a dive bomber used during World War II, before becoming Deputy Chief Designer at Blohm & Voss.

After the war, when the Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) was recreated in 1956, he was appointed Chief Designer and led the team which designed the HFB 320 Hansa Jet.

Published works
 Pohlmann, Hermann (1982). Chronik Eines Flugzeugwerkes 1932–1945, Motorbuch. . The story of Hamburger Flugzeugbau and the Blohm & Voss aircraft subsidiary.

References
 Amtmann, Hans (1988). The Vanishing Paperclips. Monogram.
 Griehl, Manfred (2001). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Airlife Publishing/Motorbuch, London/Stuttgart. 

German aerospace engineers
Junkers people
1894 births
1991 deaths
Engineers from Hamburg