omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Action origami. Action origami is origami that can be animated. The original traditional action model is the flapping bird. Models of which the final assembly involves some special action, for instance blowing up a water bomb, are also typically classed as action origami. Rarer models like the paper plane and spinners which have no moving parts are included. Traditional action origami occasionally involved cuts, but modern models typically are constructed without them. Action origami are usually toys built to amuse, but some are designed to inspire wonder.

Action toys

Action toys include birds or butterflies with flapping wings, beaks that peck, and frogs that hop, as well as popular traditional models like the fortune teller. Paper poppers or bangers are models that make a noise when flicked down hard.

Some action origami is designed to accompany a story whilst it is built.

Complex models
Some models are far too complex to be classified as toys. They are built to amaze and astonish. For instance, Robert J. Lang's Bassist, Pianist, and Violinist is a set of action models where each one plays an instrument when pulled on appropriately. Jeremy Shafer has made a number of extraordinary action models including a Swiss army knife with tools that open out, a slithering snake skin, and flashers, one of which he demonstrated on The Carol Duvall Show.

Mathematical models

Flashers are models with a regular pattern that can be folded up small and expanded rapidly. The Miura fold is a similar concept that has been used in commercial applications. Versions with a regular pattern can for instance be used to appear as a human figure when folded up and a maze when opened.

Action origami using smart materials
Different smart material technologies are used by the researchers to yield active action origami structures. Scientists and engineers are using materials such as electroactive polymers (EAP), shape memory polymers, and shape memory alloys to achieve action origami structures. These origami-inspired concepts have a wide range of applications, such as a space deployable solar array, a heart stent, morphing wings, etc.

Notes and references 

Origami
Paper toys
Macchi M.71. The Macchi M.71 was an Italian flying boat fighter of the 1930s designed and manufactured by Macchi.

Design and development

In 1930, Macchi built a new version of its M.41bis flying boat fighter designed for launching by catapult from warships of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy). The new aircraft, the M.71, built to the same dimensions as the M.41bis and aerodynamically very clean for an aircraft of its type, was identical to the M.41bis in most ways, being a wooden, single-seat, single-bay biplane armed with two fixed, forward-firing  machine guns, plywood and fabric skinning, unstaggered wings of equal span, a  Fiat A.20 engine driving a pusher propeller mounted on struts above the hull and below the upper wing, and fitted with a vertical radiator. 

The M.71 differed from the M.41bis in having a stronger wing cellule and catapult pick-up points and, to facilitate rapid assembly and disassambly during shipboard operations, it had inclined steel tube struts between the hull, interplane struts, and upper wing section instead of the M.41biss bracing wires.

Operational history
The Regia Marina accepted the M.71 for service, and Macchi built a small number of them, probably no more than twelve. They briefly saw service aboard Regia Marina warships during the 1930s until the IMAM Ro.43 reconnaissance floatplane and IMAM Ro.44 floatplane fighter replaced them.

Operators

 Regia Marina

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .

M.71
Flying boats
1930s Italian fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Macchi M.14. The Macchi M.14 was an Italian fighter of 1918 designed and manufactured by Macchi. The M.14 was the first non-seaplane fighter Macchi produced, its previous fighter production having focused on flying boat fighters.

Design and development

Alessandro Tonini designed the M.14, which was a single-seat wooden sesquiplane with Warren truss interplane bracing and armed with two fixed, forward-firing 7.7-millimeter (0.303-inch) Vickers machine guns synchronized to fire through the propeller. It had fixed, tailskid landing gear, and its 82-kilowatt (110-horsepower) Le Rhône 9J nine-cylinder rotary engine drove a two-bladed tractor propeller.

Operational history
Company testing of the M.14 prototype began in the spring of 1918. It was destroyed in June 1918, but Macchi then constructed 10 production aircraft, which underwent official evaluation at Guidonia Montecelio in 1919. Although no additional M.14s were ordered, the 10 aircraft saw service as advanced trainers. At least one of them is known to have become a civilian aircraft with the civil registration I-BADG.

Operators

 Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Specifications

See also

References

1910s Italian fighter aircraft
M.14
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Rotary-engined aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
SHETRAN. SHETRAN is a hydrological modelling system for water flow, solute and sediment transport in river catchments. SHETRAN is a physically based, distributed model (PBDM) that can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle including surface water flow and groundwater flow. The plan area of the catchment in SHETRAN is usually in the range of one to a few thousand square kilometres and the horizontal depth of the subsurface is usually less than 100m.

In the 1980s the Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) model was developed by a consortium of three European organizations:  the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark).  Its successors are MIKE SHE (DHI) and SHETRAN (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University).

The SHE model was renamed SHETRAN at School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, after the introduction of the sediment and solute transport component. Since then it has undergone further improvements. The biggest change was the introduction of a fully 3-dimensional subsurface or variably saturated subsurface (VSS) component. Recent changes have focused on making the model more user friendly with the introduction of a Graphical user interface. This includes the automatic generation of river channels from a Digital elevation model so that a catchment simulation can be set up rapidly.

See also
Hydrological transport model

References 
Abbott, M.B., Bathurst, J.C., Cunge, J.A., O'Connell. P.E. and Rasmussen J. (1986).  An introduction to the European hydrological system - Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, "SHE", 1: History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modelling system.  Journal of Hydrology, 87, 45-49.
Ewen, J., Parkin, G. and O'Connell, P.E. (2000).  SHETRAN: Distributed River Basin Flow and Transport Modelling System. Journal Hydrologic Eng., 5, 250-258.
Birkinshaw, S.J., James, P. and Ewen, J. (2010). Graphical User Interface for Rapid Set-up of SHETRAN Physically-Based River Catchment Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25, 609–610.
Lewis, E., Birkinshaw, S., Kilsby, C., and Fowler, H. J. (2018). Development of a system for automated setup of a physically-based, spatially-distributed hydrological model for catchments in Great Britain. Environmental modelling & software, 108, 102-110.

External links 
 Shetran web site

Integrated hydrologic modelling
Hydrology models
Newcastle University
Swegon. Swegon AB is a company which develops, manufactures and markets products and solutions in the field of indoor environment, offering solutions for ventilation, heating, cooling and climate optimisation, as well as connected services and expert technical support. Swegon is owned by the Investment AB Latour group. Including foreign sales companies, Swegon has a total of approximately 2700 employees and a turnover of approximately 5.8 billion SEK (2021).

Swegon has subsidiaries in and distributors all over the world and around 20 production plants in Europe, North America and India, together with other countries via partners.

History
Swegon has its roots in Farex (1932) and Stifab (1974). The two companies merged in 1995 to become Stifab Farex. Stifab Farex and PM Luft merged in 2005 and became Swegon AB.

Expansion
Swegon has its own sales companies in 16 countries and also operates through partners in over 40 countries, including Belgium, Denmark, UAE, Estonia, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Slovakia, Spain, United Kingdom, Sweden, Czech Republic, Germany, USA, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Iceland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary, China and India.

References

Sources
Swegon webpage: www.swegon.com
Air Academy webpage: www.swegonairacademy.com
Swegon brochures and presentations
Investment AB Latour website: www.latour.se

Manufacturing companies based in Gothenburg
Attaran Bridge. Attaran Bridge () is a bridge in the township of Mawlamyine, in the Mon State of Burma. It is suspended by steel cable with a reinforced concrete foundation. It is  long and  wide and was reported to have cost K 580.6 million. The bridge was established as part of infrastructural projects (Sittoung Bridge, Kataik Dam Project, etc.) to develop Mon State socio-economically.

Attaran Bridge was formally opened in March 1998 on the 53rd Anniversary Armed Forces Day, with an address by the chairman of the Work Committee for Development of Border Areas and National Races Secretary, Lieutenant General Khin Nyunt.

References

Bridges in Myanmar
Buildings and structures in Mon State
Mass interconnect. Mass interconnect systems act as the connector interface between test instruments (PXI, VXI, LXI, GPIB, SCXI, & PCI) and devices/units under test (D/UUT) and are most often used in defense, aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, and other applications. By mating a receiver on the tester side with an interchangeable test adapter (ITA) on the UUT, a mass interconnect enables the entire system to mate together at one time. Mass interconnect systems are available in multiple sizes and configurations to accommodate virtually any testing requirement.

Companies that manufacture mass interconnects include VPC and MAC Panel Company.

System definitions

Instrumentation: PXI, VXI, LXI, GPIB, SCXI, and PCI Electronic equipment that generates or analyzes I/O.

Cable Assemblies and Receiver Patchcords: Modules connect to the instrument-specific connector(s) and are also available in PCB adapter configurations that accept COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) cable assemblies. Receiver patchcords allow discrete wiring.

Receiver: A rugged interconnect mechanism to house connector modules, patchcords, cable assemblies, and PCB adapters for connection to test instrumentation. Mates with the ITA frame or connectors.

Receiver Modules: Present multiple configurations of signal, power, RF/coaxial, pneumatic, vacuum, thermocouple, or fiber optic in varying densities.

Pull thru adapters or Direct Access Kits (DAKs): Modular units that connect the instrument card to the Mass interconnect receiver module in a single removable unit usually using a PCB to eliminate crosstalk issues and reduce signal interference.

Interchangeable Test Adapter (ITA): Mates to the receiver and houses modules, PCB adapters, cable assemblies, and patchcords for connection to the UUT.

ITA Modules: Connect to the Receiver modules in the corresponding configurations and is the final connection before engaging the test instrument to the UUT.

ITA Patchcords: Supply the user a contact with pre-terminated wire in a single or double-ended format to connect the ITA to the UUT in a customized arrangement.

ITA Enclosures: Protect and provide strain relief for wiring. Enclosures offer a mounting surface for UUT accessories such as edge-card adapters and other connectors.

D/UUT: Device under test or unit under test – The object undergoing the test

References

 What is Mass Interconnect, Virginia Panel Corporation 
 Pull Thru Solutions, Virginia Panel Solutions 
Mass Interconnect at Mac Panel Co
DAK's at Mac Panel Co
Mass Interconnect at ODU GmbH & Co. KG

Measuring instruments
Unit for Viral Host Cell Interactions. The Unit of Virus Host Interactions (UVHCI) UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS was created in Grenoble, France, in January 2007 to develop the collaboration between the Joseph Fourier University, the EMBL Grenoble outstation and the CNRS. The UVHCI was located on the Polygone Scientifique (research campus of the ILL, the ESRF and the EMBL), more specifically in the ILL20 and Carl-Ivar Bränden buildings. The CIBB is shared with the PSB (Partnership for structural biology). The project ended in January 2016, after a period of 9 years. The previous UVHCI teams have been reattached to the  (IBS).

Its objective was to pursue international standard research in structural and molecular biology, focused, but not exclusively, on virus-host cell interactions and the development of associated techniques.

Themes:

 Interdisciplinary research covering virus structure, virus assembly and maturation, virus-host cell interactions, host and virus gene expression mechanisms, cell biology of infected cells, innate immunity, anti-pathogen drug design.
 Methods developments and technical platforms for structural biology. High throughput expression and crystallization, synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods and instrumentation, LIMS, electron microscopy.

References 

Science and technology in Grenoble
Ava Bridge. The Ava Bridge () is a 16 span simply supported bridge between Ava and Sagaing, Mandalay Division, Burma. It was built by the British in 1934. The bridge was destroyed by the retreating British Army during World War II and was rebuilt in 1954 after Burmese independence. It was the only bridge to span the Irrawaddy River until recent times, when a spate of bridge construction has been carried out by the government, including the new Irrawaddy Bridge.

References

Railway bridges in Myanmar
Buildings and structures in Mandalay Region
BioTek. BioTek Instruments was a privately held Vermont–based manufacturer of scientific instruments and associated software used in basic research in the life sciences as well in quality assurance in related industries. The company was founded in 1968 by University of Vermont Medical College physiologist Dr. Norman Alpert and engineer George H. Luhr, who directed the college's instrumentation and model facility. Alpert's son, Briar took over as CEO in 2001.  The company manufactures its products at its headquarters in Winooski, Vermont. The site was expanded in 2009, and again in 2017.
In 2019 Agilent Technologies acquired Biotek for $1.165 billion.
 With the acquisition, Biotek's products will provide research on life science with "cost-effective analysis and qualification" over many different applications.

The company originally manufactured devices used to test and calibrate medical equipment, and in the 1980s started to develop then sell microplate readers; in 2002 the company sold off the testing device business to focus on microplates.  By 2013 its lines of business included microplate readers, washers, dispensers and related software, as well as related laboratory automation equipment; it was developing a microscopy line as well.  As of 2013 it had around 350 employees, with around 250 in Vermont and the rest in sales in other US states and major markets worldwide.

References

Privately held companies based in Vermont
Winooski, Vermont
1968 establishments in Vermont
American companies established in 1968
Instrument-making corporations
Manufacturing companies based in Vermont
Paul K. Calaway. Paul Kenneth Calaway (March 31, 1910 - October 31, 1993) was an American chemical engineer and the director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute from 1954 to 1957.

Education
Born in Bethesda, Arkansas, Calaway received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Arkansas College, a Master of Science from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1933, and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas.

Career
After completing his doctorate, Calaway returned to Georgia Tech to teach chemistry, often teaching classes in explosives. Calaway also spent time developing replacements for quinine, the anti-Malaria drug.

As an associate professor of chemistry, he won Georgia Tech's first-ever Sigma Xi Research Prize for his paper "The Tolymercaptopropanones and their Condensation with Isatins" in 1947, which was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in January 1947. Calaway was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa on May 25, 1952.

From 1954 to 1957, Calaway was the director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute, then known as the Engineering Experiment Station. In 1957, he returned to teaching.

References

1910 births
1993 deaths
Georgia Tech faculty
Georgia Tech Research Institute people
Georgia Tech alumni
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Lyon College alumni
HMS Rover (1874). HMS Rover was an 18-gun iron screw corvette built for the Royal Navy in the 1870s, the sole ship of her class. The ship was initially assigned to the North America and West Indies Station until she returned home in 1879. She was transferred to the Training Squadron when it formed in 1885. Rover was not really suitable for such a role and she was placed in reserve four years later and then sold for scrap in 1893.

Design and construction
Rover was designed in 1872 by Edward Reed, the Chief Constructor of the Navy, as an improved version of the s. She displaced  tons, nearly  larger than the older ships. The ship was  long between perpendiculars and had a beam of . Forward the ship had a draught of , but aft she drew . Her iron hull was covered by a  layer of oak that was sheathed with zinc from the waterline down to prevent biofouling. Watertight transverse bulkheads subdivided the hull. Her crew consisted of 315 officers and ratings.

The ship had one three-cylinder horizontal compound-expansion steam engine made by Ravenhill, Eastons & Co., driving a single  propeller. Ten cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of . The engine produced a total of  which gave Rover a maximum speed of . The ship carried  of coal, enough to steam  at .

Rover was ship rigged and had a sail area of . The ship was an indifferent sailor and her best speed under sail alone was only . Ballard believes that one cause of her poor performance under sail was due to the drag of her uneven fore-and-aft trim. Her propeller could be hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag while under sail.

The ship was initially armed with a mix of 7-inch and 64-pounder 64 cwt rifled muzzle-loading guns. All sixteen 64-pounders were mounted on the broadside while the two  guns were mounted underneath the forecastle and poop deck as chase guns. In 1880, the ship was rearmed with 14 BL 6-inch 80-pounder breech-loading guns. One gun each was mounted at the bow and stern as chase guns while the remainder were broadside guns. Two carriages for  torpedoes were added as well.

Rover was laid down at the yards of the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company at Leamouth, London in 1872. She was launched on 12 August 1874 and completed on 21 September 1875 at a total cost of £169,739. Her hull cost £104,718 and her machinery £65,021.

Career
The ship was initially assigned to the North America and West Indies Station, and was slightly damaged by grounding on one occasion. Rover returned home in 1879 to refit at Chatham Dockyard in 1879. She was placed into reserve after the completion of her refit until she was assigned to the Training Squadron upon its formation in 1885. Rover was less than ideal for this role because of her poor performance under sail alone and she was paid off in 1889 and sold for scrap in 1893. Among the men who had served aboard her was the Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott, who spent nine months aboard Rover starting in late 1886.

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 

Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Victorian-era corvettes of the United Kingdom
1874 ships
Ships built in Leamouth
Wilson Global Explorer. The Wilson Global Explorer is an American-built amphibious aircraft of the early 1990s which has been utilised to assist the exploration of remote areas.

Development

The high-wing twin-engine Global Explorer was designed and constructed in Idaho by Dean W. Wilson to the order of the explorer Hubert de Chevigny and the aircraft first flew in April 1991. A second aircraft was constructed later.

The Global Explorer has an unusually deep and wide fuselage design with many glazed areas, and accommodation at the rear for sleeping and other purposes. For added strength, the high-set wings are each supported by brace structures from the side fuselage and from the lower sponsons. The nose gear retracts forward of the hull and acts as a bumper for water operations. The mainwheels can be removed and the fixed side sponsons assist flotation and manoeuvering on water. Various Lycoming engines of between 200 hp and 300 hp have been fitted, depending on the expected altitude to be reached during planned operations.

Operational history
The Explorer 1 (N376DT), painted in white, was used by Hubert de Chevigny and Nicolas Hulot. After a take off with the lift spoilers "on", the plane hit the trees and crashed near Port McNeill, British Columbia.

The Explorer 2 (N376LC), painted in yellow, has been used by Canal + for the French show Dans la nature with Stéphane Peyron, with the name "L'Avion", in the exploration and filming of a wide variety of locations including Australia's Great Barrier Reef, Argentina's Tierra del Fuego and Bolivia. It can be readily stripped down and shipped by sea to required locations and can carry and accommodate seven persons overnight.
The aircraft flew finally from Australia to France in 1998 and it was then withdrawn from use and the project was abandoned due to the unique aircraft's high cost of maintenance. It crashed at Blois / Le Breuil aerodrome in 2001. It's now stored in the "Musée de l'Hydraviation" at Biscarrosse.

Specifications (variant)

Notes

References

External links

 Website with photographs and data on the Global Explorer

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1991
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Flying boats
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aircraft manufactured in the United States
Slowness (seismology). Slowness (s) is a quantity introduced in Seismology which is the reciprocal of velocity. Thus travel time of a wave is the distance that the wave travels times the slowness of the medium ( in seismology, it refers to different layers of Earth exhibiting different densities)
Thus,

Slowness = 1/Velocity

If we divide the path followed by the ray into N segments numbered i = 1, 2 .. N the total travel time of the wave is

Therefore, the residual travel time is due to departures in slowness experienced by the wave along the raypath.

Sonic well logs

Measurements of interval transit time, designated , made during wireline logging are used to determine sonic velocities of the wallrock in boreholes. The tool used has sources and receivers that are in contact with the wellbore and it measures the delay between the source being triggered and the signal being received. The measurements are normally in the units of microseconds per foot and are recorded on the well log.

References

External links 
 
 

Seismology
Velocity