omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
X46Cr13. X46Cr13 is the European Norm name for a common martensitic stainless steel with the numeric name 1.4034. It is equivalent to American Iron and Steel Institute standard 420C. It has the highest carbon content of the SAE 420 series.

Properties 
X46Cr13 has good workability when hot, and potential to reach high hardness of up to 56 HRC. It contains a moderately high carbon ratio of approximately 0.46% which gives it a good compromise between high hardness and corrosion resistance for many applications. It is also relatively inexpensive to produce.

X46Cr13 is a basic steel without molybdenum, nitrogen or vanadium. It can be outperformed (typically at a higher cost) by more advanced steels like N680 with similar carbon content.

Uses 
Common uses include:

 knife blades,
 surgical instruments,
 bearings,
 valves and pumps,
 measuring devices
 spring wire.

It is also used in the manufacture of heat treated steel pipes used for CO2 carbon capture and storage.

A commercial variant of X46Cr13 with some Vanadium is known as 420HC and is used in the knife industry because of its ability to hold a superior edge.

An NHTSA recall was issued by Porsche for spherical joints utilized in 2003-2005 Porsche Carrera GT models due to long term intergranular corrosion.

Standards 
 EN numeric : 1.4034
 EN symbolic : X46Cr13
 Old AFNOR : Z40C13, Z44C14
 AISI : 420C
 ASTM : F899
 UNS : S 42000
 JIS : SUS420
 GOST : 40Ch13 ou 40X13
  : 4H13

Composition 
According to EN 10088.

 Carbon : 0.46 % (–0.03 / +0.04)
 Chromium : 13% (–0.5 / +0.5)
 Silicium < 1%
 Manganese < 1%
 Phosphorus < 0.04 %
 Sulfur < 0.03 %

See also 
 Steel grades
 List of blade materials

References 

Stainless steel
Nanodumbbell. A nanodumbell is a pair of spheres attached together that may be made of silica or zinc oxide. 

They have been used in a Purdue University experiment where they were made to spin in a vacuum at 60 billion rotations per minute.

Description
The nanodumbbells are first created in the lab using a hydro-thermal process. The resulting dumbbell consists of two joined silica spheres, making it 320 nanometers long and around 170 nanometers wide in size.

Nanodumbbells are also being studied for possible use in photodynamic therapy, a way of treating cancer.

Experiment
Highly focused circularly polarized light laser light bombards the levitated dumbbell to set it spinning.

Previous records
The speed of  the rotation is a world record that beats previous records. In 2008, a small motor rotated at 1 million rotations per minute. In 2010, a slice of graphene was made to spin at 60 million spins per minute. Around 2013, a  sphere measuring just 4 micrometers was spun at 600 million spins per minute.

References

External links
 Image of the dumbbells

Nanoparticles by morphology
Kossan Rubber Industries. Kossan Rubber Industries is a Kuala Lumpur based public limited company engaged in manufacture, sale, and export of rubber products. It was founded by Tan Sri Dato’ Lim Kuang Sia in 1979. KOSSAN has to-date an annual gloves production capacity of 32 billion pieces and a compounding capacity of technical rubber products exceeding 10,000 metric tonne per annum.

Company Overview 
The company was founded in 1979 by Tan Sri Dato’ Lim Kuang Sia. They initially produced cutlass bearing, and started manufacturing gloves in 1989. Today it has a production capacity of 25 billion pieces annually. Its product segments include; technical rubber products, medical gloves, cleanroom products and others. Its subsidiaries are;

 Doshin Rubber Products (M) Sdn. Bhd. (1984)
 Quality Profile Sdn. Bhd. 
 Premium Medical Products Sdn. Bhd.
 Kossan Latex Industries (M) Sdn. Bhd. (1988)
 Ideal Quality Sdn. Bhd.
 Cleanera (M) Sdn. Bhd
 Kossan International Sdn. Bhd.
 Kossan Gloves Sdn Bhd.
 Hibon Corporation Sdn. Bhd.(1977)
 Cleanera HK Limited
 KISB Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd.(2010)
 Kossan Industries Sdn. Bhd.

Kossan is one of the largest producer of disposable latex and nitrile gloves in Malaysia, the second largest in the world. They export to over 190 countries. They are ISO 13485:2003, EN ISO 13485:2012, ISO 13485:2003-CMDCAS and ISO 9001:2008 certified[1] and is listed in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange.

Their revenue in 2017 was RM 1.96 billion and net profit was RM182.06 million.

In 2020, the COVID-19 global pandemic drove demands for rubber gloves. During this time, Kossan saw its stock value doubled. Kossan's founder, Dato' Lim Kuang Sia, became a new billionaire in Malaysia with a reported net worth of $1.1 billion. The company is also expanding its production line in Bidor, Perak since there is a surge on gloves demand.

In November 2020, the company donated a total of RM50 million to the Government's COVID-19 fund set up to battle the pandemic.

KOSSAN has to-date an annual gloves production capacity of 32 billion pieces and a compounding capacity of technical rubber products exceeding 10,000 metric tonne per annum.

Partnerships 
In 2017, the subsidiary of KRI, Doshin Rubber Products entered into a partnership with Universiti Teknologi MARA for mutual sharing of resources and expertise.

References 

1979 establishments in Malaysia
Companies listed on Bursa Malaysia
Manufacturing companies of Malaysia
Cedergren Medal. The Cedergren Medal is a rarely granted honor awarded to outstanding scientists in electrical engineering by the Cedergren Foundation.  Only 14 have been issued since the recognition was created in 1914.  Mathematics genius and electrical engineering pioneer Charles P. Steinmetz was the first recipient of the honor's silver medal.

The award is administered on behalf of the foundation by the KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, one of Europe's leading technical and engineering universities.

In addition to funding the honor, the foundation, which was established in 1909, also uses its endowment fund's investment returns for scholarships to Swedish electro technicians. Namesake Henrik Tore Cedergren (1853-1909) was the founder of Stockholms Allmänna Telefon AB which merged with Lars Magnus Ericsson’s company in 1918 to become Allmänna Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson. Today, Ericsson is the world’s largest mobile communication network provider, holding 35% market share.

Partial list of recipients
 Charles P. Steinmetz, #1 (1914)
 Ernst Alexanderson, (1944)
 Reinhold Rudenberg, (1950) 
 John Robinson Pierce, (1964) 
 Hannes Alfvén, (1988)
 Björn Ottersten, #12 (2014)
Lennart Ljung, (2019)

References

Swedish science and technology awards
Cinzia Casiraghi. Cinzia Casiraghi is a Professor of Nanoscience in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Manchester and National Graphene Institute in the UK.

Education 
Casiraghi's undergraduate studies took place at the Politecnico di Milano in Italy, where she obtained a BSc and an MSc in Nuclear Engineering. She completed her PhD in electrical engineering at the University of Cambridge in 2006.

Research and career 
After her PhD, she completed postdoctoral positions both at Cambridge and at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. 
In 2008 Casiraghi was awarded the Sofja Kovalevskaya Award, a €1.65 million grant awarded to the highest quality junior researchers from outside Germany, for work concerning formation of graphene and carbon nanotubes. She moved to the University of Manchester in 2010, and was appointed Professor in Nanoscience in 2016, the same year that she was awarded a Philip Leverhulme Prize.  She uses Raman spectroscopy to study two-dimensional materials; which include graphene and chalcogenides. She has focussed on ink-jet printed two-dimensional materials as well as nanotubes for sensors, photodetectors and solar cells.

Casiraghi was awarded a European Research Council (ERC) consolidator grant to study the Nucleation of Organic Crystals on 2D Templates. She has also demonstrated diamond-like carbon can be to increase storage density of data storage.

Outside of academia, Casiraghi has contributed to popular science segments for BBC Radio 4 and The Guardian.

Honours and awards
Her awards and honours include: 

 Philip Leverhulme Prize, 2016
 Eli and Harari £50K Graphene Enterprise Award, 2015

References

External links 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian nanotechnologists
21st-century Italian physicists
Philip Leverhulme Prize winners
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Manchester
Starwind 223. The Starwind 223 is an American trailerable sailboat, that was designed by Cortland Steck and first built in 1984.

Production
The design was built by the Starwind division of Wellcraft Marine Corp in the United States from 1982 to 1984 and then by Rebel Industries near Sarasota, Florida from 1985 to 1987.

Design

The Starwind 223 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable centerboard keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on the port side just aft of the bow cabin and is equipped with a sink. The head is located in the bow cabin under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is .

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 264 with a high of 261 and low of 270. It has a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "This attractive design ... has plenty of nice features ... and not a lot of faults. Best features: She has the biggest beam and hence the highest Space Index of her competitors. Marks of quality include a well-molded hull of mat, roving, and Coremat, with no chopped strand, a teak-and-holly cabin sole, cedar-lined hanging locker, anchor locker on deck, with a separate rope locker to help avoid tangle, a big Lexan translucent forward hatch for ventilation over the head, a sea hood over the main hatch to help provide watertight integrity, and a dinette table that attaches to either galley below or cockpit on deck. Settee and quarter berths are a generous 7' 9" long, and the wood-bottomed after cushions can be placed between the settees to make a cozy 6' 6" by 4' 4" double 'honeymoon' berth. Worst features: The inboard chainplates make it less easy to go forward on deck, but provide a tighter sheeting angle for the jib, so to most sailors the extra performance upwind is worth the slight inconvenience."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Alberg 22
Buccaneer 220
Cape Dory 22
Catalina 22
Capri 22
CS 22
DS-22
Edel 665
Falmouth Cutter 22
Hunter 22
J/22
Marlow-Hunter 22
Marshall 22
Nonsuch 22
Pearson Electra
Pearson Ensign
Precision 23
Ranger 22
Santana 22
Seaward 22
Spindrift 22
Tanzer 22
Triton 22
US Yachts US 22

References

External links

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Cortland Steck
Sailboat types built by Starwind
Sailboat types built by Rebel Industries
National Highway 333B (India). National Highway 333B, commonly referred to as Munger Ganga Bridge Road is a national highway in  India. It is a spur road of National Highway 33. NH-333B traverses the state of Bihar in India.

Munger Ganga Bridge 

This short national highway connects these two cities via 3.692 km long Munger Ganga Bridge road bridge across river Ganga.

Junctions  

  Terminal in Munger.
  Terminal near Khagaria.

See also 

 List of National Highways in India by highway number
 List of National Highways in India by state

References

External links 

 NH 333B on OpenStreetMap

National highways of India
National highways in Bihar
Transport in Bhagalpur
Carbon source (biology). A carbon source is a carbon-containing molecule that is used by an organism to synthesise biomass. Such sources may be organic or inorganic. Heterotrophs must use organic molecules as a source of both carbon and energy. In contrast, autotrophs may use inorganic materials as a source for both, such as inorganic chemical energy (chemolithotrophs) or light (photoautotrophs). The carbon cycle, which begins with an inorganic carbon source (such as carbon dioxide) and progresses through the biological carbon fixation process, includes the biological use of carbon as one of its components.[1]

Types of organism by carbon source

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

See also 
 Carbon-based life

References 

Carbon cycle
Biochemistry
Power loss factor. The power loss factor β describes the loss of electrical power in CHP systems with a variable power-to-heat ratio when an increasing heat flow is extracted from the main thermodynamic electricity generating process in order to provide useful heat. Usually, the power loss factor refers to extraction steam turbines in thermal power stations, which conduct a part of the steam in a heating condenser for the production of useful heat, instead of the low pressure part of the steam turbine where it could perform mechanical work.

The picture on the right shows in the left part the principle of steam extraction. After the intermediate-pressure section of the turbine, i.e. before the low-pressure section, steam is diverted and flows into the heating condenser, where it transfers heat to the heating circuit (temperature level TH about 100 °C) and liquefies. The remaining steam works in the low-pressure section of the turbine and is then liquefied in the condenser at approx. 30 °C. Then it is fed via the condensate pump to the feedwater circuit. The partial steam flow, which goes into the heating condenser at high temperature can no longer work in the low-pressure section and is responsible for the loss of power.

The right-hand side of the picture shows the associated T-s diagram (see Rankine cycle) for an operating state in which half of the waste heat is used for heating purposes. To the left of the red square, the white area below the red line corresponds to the waste heat (qout), which is released via the condenser to the environment (ambient temperature level TA). The entire red area corresponds to the useful heat (qheat), the upper hatched part of this area corresponds to the power loss in the low pressure stage.

Modern cogeneration plants have power loss ratios of about 1/5 to 1/9 when delivering heat in the range of 80 °C-120 °C. That means in exchange of one kWh of electrical energy ca. 5 up to 9 kWh of useful heat are obtained.

Based on the equivalence of power loss and gain of heat, the power loss method assigns CO2 emissions and primary energy from the fuel to the useful heat and the electrical energy.

References 

Cogeneration
Energy conversion
Henri Bernard Beer. Henri Bernard Beer (born April 7, 1909 in Amsterdam, died 1994) was a Dutch inventor and business man. He is known in electrochemistry as the inventor of the mixed metal oxides (MMO) coatings onto titanium, and the creator of two patents known as Beer I and Beer II. He was awarded the Vittorio de Nora-Diamond Shamrock award in 1980, and an honorary doctorate degree by the Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands in 1986.

Titanium-based electrodes 
Henri Beer was working from 1957 to 1972 at the company Magneto Chemie (since 2002, Magneto Special Anodes, in The Netherlands), where he investigated the  possibilities of coating titanium with a precious metal or precious metal oxide; he found this  could be used to replace graphite in a chlor-alkali cell. He first experimented with rhodium electroplated onto titanium, and filed a patent on this. Almost simultaneously, but independently, J.B. Cotton's group in the Metals Division of ICI filed a patent on platinum electrodeposited onto titanium. The small-sized Magneto Chemie started collaborating with the much larger ICI on the development of titanium-based electrodes. Beer working at Magneto focussed on coating formulations, whereas others were working on the commercial viability of coatings onto titanium electrodes.

The platinum electroplated titanium electrodes had a large overpotential for chlorine evolution. The next step was moving from platinum electroplated titanium to platinum-iridium mixtures  applied using the paint-thermal decomposition method. This eventually resulted in a platinum-iridium Pt/Ir 70/30 composition, with a much lower overpotential for chlorine evolution.

Patents 
In 1965, Beer proposed another change in coating: application of ruthenium oxide onto titanium, and filed his first patent on mixed metal oxide coatings, known as Beer 1. That patent described the co-deposition of titanium and ruthenium oxides. Beer sold his technological concepts to the Italian company De Nora. In 1967, the Beer 2 patent followed, which covered the optimal, stabilized ruthenium-titanium oxide mixture (RuO2/TiO2) for chlorine evolution in the chlor-alkali process. Since then, the titanium based electrode have been widely used in the chlorine, chlorate and hypochlorite industries.

References 

Scientists from Amsterdam
1994 deaths
20th-century Dutch inventors
1909 births
Sami Shamoon College of Engineering. Sami Shamoon College of Engineering (abbreviated SCE) is a college in Israel with campuses in Beersheba and Ashdod, focusing on STEM education. It was founded in 1995 in Beersheba and expanded into Ashdod in the 2000s. The college provides B.Sc. and M.Sc. programs and has over 6,500 students.  The president since 2021 is Professor Semyon Levitsky.

History
Sami Shamoon College of Engineering started out as part of a program to expand academic studies in Israel's geographic periphery. It was founded by faculty from Ben Gurion University, and originally named Negev Academic College of Engineering. The first curriculum was approved in 1994, and the college opened in 1995.

In 2004 the name was changed to , after a British-Israeli businessman who donated over US $10 million to the college.

In 2006, Ness Technologies opened a development center at the college.

In 2012 the college received permission to grant master's degrees. A Haredi-oriented five-year study program was inaugurated in 2013, which includes preparatory studies before starting the degree.

Campuses
Sami Shamoon College is the first college in Israel that is not officially a university to have campuses in more than one city.

Beersheba
The Beersheba campus was designed by the architect Gershon Shevah and inaugurated in 2001. Shevah remains involved in the college's overall architectural planning, along with Haim Dotan.

Ashdod

Government approval for the Ashdod campus was received in 2002.

Departments
 Electrical engineering
 Chemical engineering
 Mechanical engineering
 Software engineering
 Industrial engineering and management
 Civil engineering

SCE in the Israeli society 
SCE takes an active role in empowering students from unrepresented groups in the Israeli society, such as Haredim, students from the social periphery, and Arabs, by giving dedicated scholarships, social programs, and additional financial support.

References

External links
 
,

1995 establishments in Israel
Educational institutions established in 1995
Colleges in Israel
Najeeb Haroon. Najeeb Haroon  is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 till January 2023. He is also the Chairman of Pakistan Engineering Council.

Early life and education
He has done Masters in Civil Engineering from the Oregon State University and is an engineer by profession.

In 1987, he returned to Pakistan from the United States and started his construction business.

Political career
He began his political journey during his days at the NED University of Engineering and Technology when he became the President of the Student Union.

He was one of the members who founded Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in mid-1990s.

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PS-114 (Karachi-XXVI) in by-polls held in July 2017. He received 5,098 votes and lost the seat to Saeed Ghani.

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-256 (Karachi Central-IV) as a candidate of PTI in 2018 Pakistani general election. He received 89,850 votes and defeated Amir Wali Uddin Chishti, a candidate of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).

He was noted as Pakistan’s highest tax paid politician.

In April 2020, he announced to resign as a member of the National Assembly citing reasons that a lack of funds provided to him for development projects in his constituency.

External links

More Reading
 List of members of the 15th National Assembly of Pakistan
 List of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf elected members (2013–2018)
 No-confidence motion against Imran Khan

References

Living people
Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
NED University of Engineering & Technology alumni
Pakistani civil engineers
Oregon State University alumni
Pakistani businesspeople
New Chandigarh. New Chandigarh is a new planned smart city near Mullanpur in the Mohali district (SAS Nagar) in Punjab, India. It has been designed as an extension of the city of Chandigarh. It is being developed by the Greater Mohali Area Development Authority. A digital land survey was started by using a drone on 26 April 2018 and was completed on 24 June 2018. Initial Master of city is divided in sectors numbering 1 to 27.

Eco City
Eco City I and Eco City II are the residential townships in New Chandigarh, spread over 806 acres in the foothills of the Shivalik Hills.The approved master plan for New Chandigarh Mullanpur Local Planning Area includes several special development control regulations such as a no-development zone, special-use zone and building height control measures, in addition to the common development control parameters applicable to the whole Greater Mohali area, under which Mullanpur falls.

Education City
The Education city of New Chandigarh is spread over 1700 acres and was developed to have campuses of universities and educational institutes. Institute of Technology and Future Trends College is located at Sector 11 of New Chandigarh.

Medi City
Medicity of New Chandigarh has 100 bed Tata Memorial Centre's Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre which is spread over 50 acres. Stem Cell Centre is also under construction. There is a plan of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences connected to Civil Hospital of Phase VI, Mohali. Some Organic Farms are also located in the city.

Residential Townships 
The Project New Chandigarh also introduced the private housing companies apart from the public residential area under GMADA. The Omaxe and DLF are the main private housing societies.

Tourism
The Oberoi Sukhvilas Resort & Spa is a 5 star luxury resort located at Palanpur village near New Chandigarh. Shaheed Dr. Diwan Singh Kalepani Museum is also located nearby. Siswan forest range is a major ecotourism area which consists Leopard safari and forest trek. There are theatre plays in the city.

Sports
Race Across America qualifier Shivalik Signature 2018, a  long cycling race event was held in New Chandigarh. Also the city has the 38000 capacity Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium .

Connectivity
New Chandigarh is going to be connected to Chandigarh Airport of Punjab via airport road through Sunny Enclave, Kharar in the future This six lane road will connect the city with Mohali and is expected to be completed by May 2024.

The Lake
There is plan for artificial lake on the lines of Sukhna Lake for natural flow of rivulet in the city.

See also

 Chandigarh
 Mohali 
 Mullanpur Garibdass
 Kharar, SAS Nagar

References

External links
New Chandigarh on Google Maps
 Official website
 New Chandigarh Omaxe the lake
 

Cities and towns in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district
Planned communities in India
2014 establishments in India
Mohali
Chandigarh