omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zinc titanate. Zinc titanate, also known as zinc titanium oxide, is an inorganic compound existing in three major forms: ZnTiO3 (ZnO-TiO2), Zn2TiO4 (2ZnO-TiO2) and Zn2Ti3O8 (2ZnO-3TiO2). It is used as a regenerable catalyst, a pigment and a sorbent of sulfur compounds at elevated temperatures. It is a white powder that is insoluble in water.

Synthesis and properties
The ZnTiO3, Zn2TiO4 and Zn2Ti3O8 forms crystallize in hexagonal, cubic (inverse spinel) and cubic structures, respectively. They can be produced by heating a mixture of ZnO and TiO2 powders or processing it with a ball mill. Zn2Ti3O8 forms at lowest temperatures, followed by ZnTiO3 and then Zn2TiO4; the last phase dominates at temperatures above 1000 °C.

References

titanate
Titanates
L'Aérophile. L’Aérophile  ("The Aerophile") was a French aviation magazine published from 1893 to 1947. It has been described as "the leading aeronautical journal of the world" around 1910.

History and contents 
L’Aérophile was founded and run for many years by Georges Besançon.  In 1898 it became the official journal of the Aéro Club of France.

Important developments in early aviation were documented in its pages:

 Octave Chanute's April 1903 speech to the Aéro-Club describing the excitement of the gliding experiments done by his group in 1896/7 and of the Wright brothers was printed in April, 1903.  Also Ferdinand Ferber's 1902 glider, the first in Europe modeled on those of the Wright brothers, was illustrated in the February 1903 issue.
 The journal published illustrations of ailerons on Robert Esnault-Pelterie’s glider in June 1905, and the ailerons were widely copied afterward.
 In December 1905 and January 1906 journal articles confirmed that the Wright brothers had (as they claimed) flown a controlled, powered airplane, at a time when many readers did not believe this.
 The journal covered at length Alberto Santos-Dumont’s flights of 1906, which were the first airplane flights in Europe.
 Editor Georges Besançon wrote that Wilbur Wright's 1908 flights in France had erased doubts about the Wright brothers' previous experiments.
 L'Aérophile published René Lorin’s article of 1 September 1908 in which he first proposed the ramjet.

Historian Charles Gibbs-Smith criticised L’Aérophile for not publishing the official report on the tests of Clément Ader’s 1897 Avion III when this report was finally made public in 1910, and thus failing to oppose the claim that Ader's machine had made a controlled flight in 1897.

L'Aérophile was a monthly publication in its first years, then started to come out twice a month in 1910.

Affiliations
From 1893–94, L'Aérophile was associated with the Union aérophile de France.
Starting at the end of 1898 it was the official journal of the Aero Club of France.
In later years it was also an official publication of the alumni association (Association des anciens élèves) of the French national aeronautical college (École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique).

Bibliography and archives 
Some early issues have been scanned and are available at Internet Archive  thanks to the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Other issues are online at Google Books.

Some portion of the L'Aérophile archives are kept by the US Library of Congress.

References

External links
 

1893 establishments in France
1947 disestablishments in France
Aviation magazines
Defunct magazines published in Paris
Defunct French-language magazines
History of aviation
Magazines established in 1893
Magazines disestablished in 1947
Monthly magazines published in France
Weekly magazines published in France
Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant is a dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Pelotas River near Machadinho on the border of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The power station has a  capacity and is supplied with water by a concrete face rock-fill embankment dam. It is owned and operated by Machadinho Energetica and produces the equivalent of 37% of the energy consumed in Santa Catarina.

Background
Since 1966 and 1981, a series of studies were carried out on the Machadinho Dam and by 1982 a design was submitted and approved. The plant was slated to being commercial operations in 1993 but the project was delayed because of environmental concerns. The designers reevaluated the project and moved the dam's location further upstream on the river. After a new series of studies and new design were submitted, the project was approved in 1995. The design was prepared by Coyne et Bellier. Construction began on March 2, 1998 and by October 26, 1999, the river diversion was complete. By August 28, 2001, the dam was near completion and it began to impound the Pelotas River. On February 16, 2002, the first generator began to operate and by August 31, 2002 the dam was completed.

Machadinho Dam
The Machadinho Dam is a  long and  high concrete face rock-fill embankment dam with a crest elevation of  above sea level. The dam's reservoir has a capacity of , a surface area of  and a catchment area of . The dam supports a spillway with eight floodgates measuring  wide and  tall with maximum capacity of .

Power plant
The above ground power station is  long and  wide and contains three 136 ton,  generators powered by Francis turbines. The first generator was commissioned February 16, 2002, the second on April 30 and the final on December 7 of that same year.

See also

List of power stations in Brazil

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 2002
Hydroelectric power stations in Brazil
2002 establishments in Brazil
Dams in Santa Catarina (state)
Dams in Rio Grande do Sul
Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant is a dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Pelotas River near Celso Ramos on the border of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The power station has a 708 MW capacity and is supplied with water by a concrete face rock-fill embankment dam, the second tallest dam in Brazil. It is owned and operated by Energética Barra Grande SA (BAESA) and produces a 30% equivalent of the demand in Santa Catarina.

Background
Construction on the dam began in May 2001 by the consortium BAESA whose stakeholders include Alcoa 42.2%, Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) 25%, Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio (CBA) 15%, Camargo Corrêa Cimentos 9%, and DME Energética 8.8%. On 1 November 2005, the first generator went into operation, the second in February 2006 and the third in May of the same year. In September 2005 after construction was complete and the reservoir began to fill, the concrete face on the upstream side of the dam cracked, causing a leak of 1280 liters/s. In June 2007, soil was dumped in the area which reduced the leak to 800 L/s. The dam still remains safe.

Barra Grande Dam
The Barra Grande Dam is a  long and  high concrete face rock-fill embankment dam. At its base, it is  wide and  at its crest. The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of  which supplies water to three 236 MW Francis turbines in the power station.

Controversy
Construction of the dam required clearing  of araucaria, a Brazilian pine tree, of which only 1% to 7% of their original forest survives. Other species threatened by the reservoir were the endangered bromeliad Dyckia distachya and Paraná. The environmental controversy require BAESA to extend and acquire new licenses along with spending extra money on programs.

See also

Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant
Itá Hydroelectric Power Plant
List of power stations in Brazil

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 2005
Energy infrastructure completed in 2006
Hydroelectric power stations in Brazil
Dams in Rio Grande do Sul
Dams in Santa Catarina (state)
Azadipyrromethene. Azadipyrromethenes (ADPM) is a class of dyes used experimentally as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.

Some derivatives can usefully absorb in the near-infrared. It has also been demonstrated that supramolecular coordination of an anion can switch-off the photosensitising ability of azadipyrromethene derivatives, which could improve the selectivity of photodynamic therapy agents.

See also
 Pyrromethene

References

Dyes
4-Methoxyphenyl compounds
Organobromides
Boron–nitrogen compounds
Fluorides
Pyrroles
Roaldite. Roaldite is a rare meteorite mineral containing iron, nickel and nitrogen. Its chemical formula is .

It was first described in 1981 for an occurrence in the Youngedin meteorite, Avon, Western Australia. It was named after Roald Norbach Nielsen (born 1928), a Danish expert in electron microprobe. The mineral has also been reported from the Jerslev meteorite, Sjaelland, Denmark, and the Canyon Diablo meteorite of Meteor Crater in Arizona.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Iron minerals
Nickel minerals
Native element minerals
Meteorite minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 215
El Salam Canal. El Salam Canal () is a canal built as a part of the Sinai Project. It starts at the Damietta branch of the Nile and stretches southwest towards Lake Manzala, then south to drain at El Sarow drainage. It then moves east and then again south to Hadoos drainage. It then moves east under the Suez Canal in four tunnels. It continues on the other side of the Suez Canal as the El-Sheikh Jaber canal.

References 

Canals in Egypt
Raspite. Raspite is a mineral, a lead tungstate; with the formula PbWO4. It forms yellow to yellowish brown monoclinic crystals. It is the low temperature monoclinic dimorph of the tetragonal stolzite.

It was discovered in 1897 at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, it was named for Charles Rasp (1846–1907), German-Australian prospector, discoverer of the Broken Hill ore deposit.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1089–1090.

Lead minerals
Tungstate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Goldmanite. Goldmanite is a green or greenish-brown silicate mineral of the garnet group with a chemical formula of .

Discovery
It was first described in 1964 for an occurrence in the Laguna District, Cibola County, New Mexico and is named after Marcus Isaac Goldman (1881–1965), an American petrologist. The type locality, South Laguna (or Sandy) mine area, was in vanadium rich clay within a metamorphosed uranium-vanadium deposit in sandstone. While studying these deposits, it was noted that garnet in relatively unmineralized sandstone is colorless, whereas garnet in dark well-mineralized rock, containing abundant vanadium clay and uranium deposits was deep green or brownish green. To confirm the green color was due to vanadium, two samples of garnet were separated from dark ore, analyzed, and found to be rich in vanadium. The South Laguna mine area was studied in 1955 and 1956 as part of an investigation of the geology and uranium deposits of the Laguna district by the USGS.

Occurrence
In addition to the type location in the Sandy mine in New Mexico, it has been reported from Coat-an-Noz, Cotes-du-Nord, France; in drill core from the North Sea; from Klatovy, Czech Republic; Ishimskaya Luka, northern Kazakhstan; the Slyudyanka complex, Sayan Mountains, near Lake Baikal region of Russia and the Yamoto mine, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. One of the world's biggest goldmanite deposits can be found in the Pezinok District, Slovakia. It is also found in the metalliferious black shales of the Korean Peninsula.

Composition
Goldmanite is composed of calcium (24.79%), aluminium (3.34%), vanadium (12.6%), iron (2.3%), silicon (17.37%), and oxygen (39.59%). Its chemical formula is .

Properties
The approximate density (3.74±.03) of goldmanite was determined by finding the density of diluted Clerici solution in which small fragments remained suspended. Because of fine grain size, more accurate determination of density was not attempted. The calculated density (3.737) agrees with the approximate value. The index of refraction was found by immersion to be 1.821±.001, using sodium light and adjusting for small temperature changes. Like so many calcium garnets, goldmanite was found to be weakly anisotropic. The cell edge of goldmanite is 12.011 Å, as determined by x-ray powder diffraction analysis.

References

Garnet group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 230
Li3 (software). {{DISPLAYTITLE:li3 (software)}}

li₃ (formerly lithium) is a full-stack web framework, for producing web applications. It is written in PHP and is based on the model–view–controller development architecture. It is described as adhering to no-nonsense philosophies.

The project is sponsored by Engine Yard, Radify and Atelier Disko.

History
In October 2009, CakePHP project manager Garrett Woodworth and developer Nate Abele resigned from the project to focus on lithium, a framework code base originally being developed at the CakePHP project as "Cake3".

In 2012 the project gained official sponsorship from Engine Yard.

In January 2014 the project was rebranded under the name li₃.

With the release of version 1.0 on June 6, 2016, David Persson followed Nate Abele as lead developer of the project.

In May 2020 a framework also named lithium scored the 4th place (out of 104) in the composite score of TechEmpower Web Frameworks Benchmarks Round 19, but it is a modern C++17 asynchronous web server based on epoll, a totally different web framework from li₃.

See also

Comparison of web frameworks

References

External links

li₃: The Definitive Guide
Framework API Documentation

Free computer libraries
Free software programmed in PHP
Web frameworks
Template engines
PHP frameworks
Software using the BSD license
MaK DE 1002. The MaK DE 1002 is a class of 4 axle Bo′Bo′ diesel-electric locomotives built by Maschinenbau Kiel in association with Brown, Boveri & Cie (later ABB Group).

Design and operation
The locomotives are a standard MaK off-centre cab design similar in appearance and power to the contemporary MaK G 1204 BB diesel-hydraulic locomotives, but with an electrical transmission supplied by BBC, (later ABB).

Eight locomotives were built with MTU engines for a variety of German private railway operators.

Sixteen locomotives were built with higher powered MWM engines; five for Köln-Bonner Eisenbahn (KBE), five for Köln-Frechen-Benzelrather Eisenbahn (KFBE), and six for Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln (HGK). All sixteen locomotive became the property of HGK in 1992 on the reorganisation of the Stadtwerke Köln (Cologne city corporation). Since 1992 the HGK locomotives carry the numbers DE 71 to DE 76, DE 81 to DE 86, and DE 91 to 94.

Developments
The Eurotunnel Class 0001 and NS Class 6400 are related diesel electric developments of this type, with additional specific features for the railway customers.

References

External links

Images 

MaK locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1982
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Germany
Suessite. Suessite is a rare iron silicide mineral with chemical formula: Fe3Si. The mineral was named after Professor Hans E. Suess. It was discovered in 1982 during the chemical analysis of The North Haig olivine pigeonite achondrite (ureilite). It is a cream white color in reflected light, and ranges in size from 1 μm "blebs" to elongated grains that can reach up to 0.45 cm in length.  This mineral belongs in the isometric crystal class.  The isometric class has crystallographic axes that are all the same length and each of the three axes perpendicular to the other two.  It is isotropic, has a structural type of DO3 and a crystal lattice of BiF3.

Optical properties 

Suessite is an isotropic mineral, Isotropism is defined as an optical property of a mineral that stays the same from whatever direction it is observed. In thin-section microscopy, an isotropic mineral has only one refractive index. This means that light that passes through the mineral is not split into two different directions, but it passes through unchanged. Suessite, as determined from the previous definition, only has one index of refraction. When Keil, Fuchs, and Berkley first discovered the mineral they described it as having a relatively low optical relief, but there was no determination of the index of refraction.  In plane polarized light, suessite is a reddish-brown color that shows no pleochroism.

Importance
"Suessite can form under highly reducing conditions" say the scientists who discovered this mineral.  Only one out of eight ureilites studied (the North Haig ureilite) by this group contained suessite. Most contained trace amounts of kamacite which is the mineral from which Suessite is formed. In this particular study, the meteorite that contained suessite contained the highest amounts of shock metamorphism, which can be determined from the size of a shatter cone created from the impact.  This could mean that suessite is formed due to the extreme increase in temperature combined with reduction of silicate rims, shortly followed by a rapid decrease in temperature.  This means that, in meteorites, the abundance of suessite can be used to identify deformation associated with shock metamorphism, which could be used to determine various characteristics of the studied meteorites.

Other iron silicide minerals
The other natural iron silicides include gupeiite (Fe3Si), hapkeite (Fe2Si), linzhiite (FeSi2), luobusaite (Fe0.84Si2), naquite (FeSi), xifengite (Fe5Si3), and zangboite (TiFeSi2).

References

Native element minerals
Iron minerals
Ferromagnetic materials
Transition metal silicides
Magnetic minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 229
Robert E. Wheeler. Robert E. Wheeler is a retired major general in the United States Air Force.

Career
Major General Robert E. Wheeler’s military career spanned over 32 years. He received a B.S. in engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1983, and entered the Air Force in 1984 through the Reserve Officer Training Corps. A command pilot with more than 5,000 hours in multiple aircraft. He completed his uniformed career in the Office of the Secretary of Defense as the Deputy Chief Information Officer for Command, Control, Communications/Computers (C4) and Information Infrastructure Capabilities. He served in multiple staff assignments including air campaign analyst for the Air Force Studies and Analysis Agency, member of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force’s Operations Group (CX), Headquarters U.S. Air Force and division chief in the Joint Chiefs of Staff for European security issues. In addition, he was the senior military adviser to the U.S. Mission Vienna, Austria for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Previously, the general was the Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations, U.S. Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. In this capacity, he was the principal adviser to the commander on issues pertaining to strategic deterrence and nuclear operations. He has previously commanded the 325th Bomb Squadron as well as the 509th Operations Group at Whiteman AFB, Missouri. Under his leadership, B-2 bombers from the 325th Bomb Squadron were part of the first group to strike targets in Afghanistan on record breaking 40+-hour combat sorties during the first days of Operation Enduring Freedom. He also commanded the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana where he was responsible for providing B-52 aircraft, aircrews and associated support personnel and resources to conduct global bomber operational taskings. Additionally, he commanded the 509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman AFB, Missouri, where he was responsible for the combat capability of the Air Force’s only B-2 wing.

Awards he has received include the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Southwest Asia Service Medal, and the General Ira C. Eaker Award.

Education
B.S. - University of Wisconsin-Madison
Graduate - Squadron Officer School
M.S. - Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Graduate - Air Command and Staff College
M.A. - Naval War College
Graduate - NATO Defense College in Iraq

References

External links
 Air Force Bio

Living people
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University alumni
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
United States Air Force generals
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stout Batwing Limousine. The Stout Batwing Limousine was a single-engine, high-wing cantilever aircraft. It was also called simply the "Commercial Sedan".

Development
William Bushnell Stout developed the Stout Batwing, a cantilever blended-wing aircraft with the engine mounted internally. The pioneer aircraft in cantilever wings suffered from poor visibility with its top-mounted open cockpit. The follow-on aircraft, the Stout Batwing Limousine, would have a conventional fuselage and engine arrangement, and a tail mounted further aft. The all-wood cantilever wing did not need struts or braces, reducing parasitic drag on the aircraft. The pilot had side windows and a wing cut-out for forward vision.

Stout acquired financing for the project from Robert Stranahan of the Champion Spark Plug Company. Production started in Detroit, Michigan.

Design
The conventional geared aircraft is all-wood, with veneer wood skins. The propeller was mounted through a forward radiator. The exhaust header stack turned upward, projecting above the top of the fuselage. The fuel tanks are wing mounted. The wing has a chord that spans most of the length of the fuselage.

Operational history
The first aircraft was flown with an airfoil designed for speed rather than lift. Test pilot Bert Acosta said the aircraft did not have enough lift and visibility. Bert did claim the plane was stable enough to fly with his hands off the controls for several minutes at a time. A second wing with more camber produced favorable results. The aircraft had an alarming "hunting" tendency when gliding that was fixed after 30–40 test flights. Stout mentioned in 1922 that his next example would be built out of metal.

This aircraft was the first in a series by Stout that would later form the Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company, building the Ford Trimotor.

Specifications Stout Batwing Limousine

References 

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Batwing Limo
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Green woodworking. Green woodworking (also written greenwoodworking) is a form of woodworking that uses unseasoned or "green" timber. The term "unseasoned" refers to wood that has been freshly felled or preserved by storing it in a water-filled trough or pond to maintain its naturally high moisture content. This wood is much softer than seasoned timber and is therefore much easier to shape with hand tools. As moisture leaves the unseasoned wood, shrinkage occurs. This can be used as an advantage, as this shrinkage can help ensure tight joints. To enhance the effect of the shrinkage, a half of a joint may be forcibly over-dried in a simple kiln while its encapsulating component is left green. The components tighten against each other as the parts exchange moisture and approach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The swelling of the dry tenon inside the shrinking “green” mortise makes for an incredibly tight and permanent joint despite a lack of adhesives. Bodging is a traditional green woodworking occupation, where chair components were made in the woods and exported to workshops where the complete chairs were assembled by furniture makers (or cabinetmakers, as they are referred to in the UK). Green woodworking has seen a recent revival due to increased media coverage and the renaissance of hand tool woodworking in general.

See also
Bodging
Bentwood
Engineered wood
Green building and wood
Jennie Alexander
Timber recycling

References