omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM 402. The IBM 402 and IBM 403 Accounting Machines are tabulating machines introduced by International Business Machines in the late 1940s.

Overview
The 402 could read punched cards at a speed of 80 to 150 cards per minute, depending on process options, while printing data at a speed of up to 100 lines per minute. The built-in line printer used 43 alpha-numerical type bars (left-side) and 45 numerical type bars (right-side, shorter bars) to print a total of 88 positions across a line of a report.

The IBM 403 added the ability to print up to three lines, such as a multiline shipping address, from a single punchcard, instead of just one line per card with the 402.

The 402 and 403 were primarily controlled by a removable control panel. Additional controls included a carriage control tape and mechanical levers called hammersplits and hammerlocks, that controlled some printing functions. Both the  and  were considered smaller models of the prior model IBM 405.

In July 2010, a group from the Computer History Museum reported that an IBM 402  was still in operation at Sparkler Filters, Inc., a manufacturing company that produces chemical filtration systems, in Conroe, Texas, still as of 2022 the company's accounting and payroll is done on the oldest American computer in service within the United States of America or elsewhere on the Earth.

See also
IBM 407
IBM 711
Keypunch

References

External links
 IBM History: 402 developed in 1948 or 1949
 The IBM 402 at Columbia University
 Some IBM 402 pictures from Paul Pierce's Computer Collection
 Annotated (labeled) photograph of an IBM 402, from its manual
 Company that still uses IBM 402 

402
Huppenkothen Baumaschinen. Huppenkothen GmbH & Co KG is a company specializing in compact and mini excavators in Europe. It was founded in 1956 in Bregenz, Austria.

Besides Takeuchi compact and mini excavators, the company also sells and rents out dumpers, skid steer loaders, wheel loaders, single drum rollers and tracked carriers..

History
Huppenkothen was founded in Bregenz (Vorarlberg) in 1956. From 1979 on, the enterprise sold the first mini excavator rotable at 360° “Pel-Job” (Takeuchi TKB1000), which had been invented by the Japanese inventor Akio Takeuchi in 1971. Since then, significant technological progress has been made in the industry of mini and compact excavators. Huppenkothen also grew so that they could expand into Austrian as well as Eastern European and Iberian Peninsula markets.

References

External links 
 Website of Huppenkothen GmbH & Co KG (German/English/French/Spanish)
 Website of Takeuchi Mfg. Co., Ltd. (English/Japanese)

Manufacturing companies of Austria
Manufacturing companies established in 1956
Austrian companies established in 1956
Economy of Vorarlberg
Bregenz District
Breguet Type IV. The Breguet Type IV was an aircraft built  by Breguet Aviation. It was first flown in 1911, and was the first Breguet aircraft to be produced in quantity. It was used by the French Army and the British Royal Flying Corps. It is notable for the extensive use of metal in its construction, unusual in an aircraft of its time.

Design and development
The Bréguet Type IV was developed from the Bréguet Type III which had appeared during 1910. It was a tractor biplane with a tricycle undercarriage.

Variants and nomenclature

The Bréguet Type IV was produced in a number of variants, differing in their seating arrangement and in the engine fitted. Although Bréguet's earlier aircraft were referred to using a type number, the aircraft produced after the Type III were generally referred to using an airframe number and a letter/number combination denoting the type of engine fitted.
  
G, later G.1 powered by a  Gnome Omega
 G.2 powered by a  Gnome
 G.3 powered by a  Gnome Gnome Double Omega
 G.4 powered by a  Gnome Gnome Double Lambda
 R.1 powered by a  REP
 R.2 powered by a  REP
 L.1 powered by a  Renault 50/60 hp (the 'L' for Louis Renault)
 L.2 powered by a  Renault
 C.1 powered by a  Chenu
 C.2 powered by an  Chenu
 U.1 powered by an  Canton-Unné
 U.2 powered by an  Canton-Unné
 D.1 powered by a  Dansette
 O.1 powered by an  Le Rhône

Survivors

An example, an R.U.1, is on display at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

Specifications (L-1 Cruiser)

Notes

References

 

  IV
1910s French experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Fieseler Fi 166. 

In the early 1940s, Erich Bachem, Fieseler Aircraft's technical manager, developed two designs for a rocket-launched fighter that could reach high altitudes quicker than conventional fighters.

Design one

Design one involved a straight-winged jet fighter powered by two Jumo 004 jet engines.  It would be launched upright by liquid-fuel rockets. After attaining an altitude of 3660 meters, the rocket would burn out, disconnect and return to Earth via parachute for re-use. The fighter would then engage Allied bombers before landing as a conventional airplane.

See also
 Bachem Ba 349 Natter, a similar point-defense interceptor designed by Erich Bachem which achieved test flights (1945)

References

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Rocket-powered aircraft
Fi 166
Low-wing aircraft
Keith Burton. William Keith Burton (known as Keith Burton) FRSE (12 October 1922 – 30 December 1996) was an English electrical engineer and theoretical physicist.

Life
He was born in Manchester and attended Manchester Grammar School prior to studying Electrical Engineering at Manchester College of Technology. After graduating he gained a job with GEC, first at Heywood, then Wembley.

From 1945 until 1951 he was employed as a theoretical physicist with ICI Ltd, being seconded to Bristol University for the final 4 years, lecturing under Nevill Francis Mott and Herbert Fröhlich. From 1951 onwards he lectured in Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 3 March 1958.

He died at his home in Milngavie near Glasgow on 30 December 1996.

References

Thermodynamicists
1922 births
1996 deaths
English electrical engineers
British theoretical physicists
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Hoggin. Hoggin (sometimes buff) is a compactable groundcover that is composed of a mixture of clay, gravel, and sand or granite dust that produces a buff-coloured bound surface.

It is more commonly seen in the south of England and at National Trust properties. The material is aesthetically suited to older properties and is lower maintenance than gravel alone since it does not need regular raking. Once laid, the surface is somewhat permeable to water and therefore does not easily hold puddles or generate rapid surface runoff. The material is increasingly being used at domestic properties as a low cost and environmentally friendly alternative to concrete and block paving in paths and driveways.

A compacted sub-base of larger crushed stone is often laid prior to the top layer of hoggin, especially if the area to be covered is soft ground, or prone to puddling. The larger rocks provide a firm base for the hoggin, and improved drainage.

See also
 Pavement (architecture)
 Road surface

References

Pavements
Gardening aids
Soil-based building materials
Priscilla Nelson. Priscilla Nelson was the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs of New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark, New Jersey from May 2005 to November 2008. She is currently the Department Head and Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines.

Education
Nelson holds a bachelor's degree in Geological Science from the University of Rochester. She earned her master's degrees in Geology from Indiana University Bloomington and in Structural Engineering from the University of Oklahoma. She also has a PhD in Geotechnical Engineering from Cornell University (1983).

Honors and awards
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Honorary Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Eminent Engineer of Tau Beta Pi
First president of the American Rock Mechanics Association
Former president of the Geo-Institute of ASCE
Former Chair of the Division of Engineering in AAAS.

References

External links
'NJIT : - May 2005 -- Priscilla Nelson named Provost of New Jersey Institute of Technology'
'NJIT : Expert Database -- For the Media - Priscilla Nelson'

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cornell University alumni
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
New Jersey Institute of Technology
University of Oklahoma alumni
University of Rochester alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Reis Robotics. Reis Robotics is a German industrial robot manufacturer and systems integrator. In addition to robots and peripheral modules, Reis Robotics produces spotting and trimming presses and trimming tools. 

Reis Robotics comprises three German subsidiaries and eight international subsidiaries and several representative agencies. Reis Robotics USA has two locations, the headquarters in Elgin, IL and the west coast technical center in Valencia, CA.

Overview 
Reis Robotics was founded in 1957 in Obernburg, Bavaria, Germany by Walter Reis who received the Rudolf Diesel Medal in 2006 and the German Mechanical Engineering Prize in 2011. In 2010, 18 companies in the Reis Group were combined as the Reis Group Holding GmbH & Co KG. The largest company within the Reis Group was Reis GmbH & Co KG Maschinenfabrik (Reis Robotics) in Obernburg, Bavaria.  The machine factory had around 700 employees (35% of them engineers) who work in the field of development and production of automation systems and robots. A major field of activity of Reis Robotics was the development and implementation of complex automation systems for all areas of industrial production. The group also included other high-tech development companies in Germany which focused on specific areas of robot application and supplied their products to both Reis Robotics and companies out of the Reis group. Since 2012, Reis Robotics has also been developing mold casting machines and automation equipment for the post-processing of cast parts for foundry technology.

In 2013, KUKA, an industrial robots-manufacturing company acquired 51% shares of Reis Robotics. In 2016, KUKA took over the remaining shares and became the sole owner.

References

External links 

Robotics companies of Germany
Robotics companies
Industrial robotics
Technology companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1957
Technology companies established in 1957
1957 establishments
Companies based in Bavaria
German brands
William C. Van Buskirk. William Charles Van Buskirk (born 11 March 1942) was the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs of New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark, New Jersey from Oct 1998 to June 2004, and he retired in December 2011 as a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and was the Foundation Professor of Biomechanical Engineering at NJIT.

Education
Born in Utah, Van Buskirk received his BS in 1964 from the United States Military Academy, an MS in 1966 and his PhD in 1970 in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Stanford University. His doctoral thesis was entitled Experimental and theoretical model studies of some dynamic response characteristics of the semicircular canals.

Career
Van Buskirk served active duty in the United States Air Force from 1964 to 1967, retiring as a first lieutenant. Following his PhD, he started as an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at Tulane University in 1970. Van Buskirk developed the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering there and rose to head of department and endowed chair positions  before becoming the Dean of the School of Engineering.  He left Tulane University in 1998 to become the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.

During his almost six years term as the Provost at NJIT, he was involved with the creation of the Biomedical Engineering department, the movement of the Chemistry and Environmental Science faculty to the College of Science and Liberal Arts and the evolution of the Computer and Information Science department into the College of Computing Sciences.  He stepped back to teaching and research roles as a Distinguished Professor in the Biomedical Engineering department in 2004.

Honors and awards
 Dow Outstanding Young Faculty Award from American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
 Outstanding Biomedical Engineering Educator Award from ASEE.
 Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
 Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.
 Fellow of the Biomedical Engineering Society.

References

1942 births
Living people
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Utah
United States Air Force officers
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Tulane University faculty
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Fellows of the Biomedical Engineering Society
Axel Hultgren. Axel Gustaf Emanuel Hultgren, (November 16, 1886 – May 15, 1974) was a Swedish metallurgist.

Hultgren was born near Kalmar, Sweden and studied metallurgy at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Following his MSc and some temporary positions in teaching, industry and a research visit in Berlin under Prof. H. Hanemann, Hultgren joined SKF bearing company in Gothenburg as a manager for the heat treatment and later as a metallurgist. In 1920 he published his monograph on tungsten steels. Later, in 1937 he became the first Metallography Professor at the Institute.

His focus was to combine experimental methods and metallographic observation with theoretical reasoning, in a deductive way.

Hultgren was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1930 and of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1945.

References
 Erik Rudberg (1975). ”Axel Hultgren in memoriam”. Jernkontorets Annaler 159: 39-42.

Selected works
Hultgren, A., 1920, A metallographic study of tungsten steels, John Wiley & Sons.
Hultgren, A., 1947, Isothermal transformation of Austenite. Transactions of the ASM, 39, 915-989

1886 births
1974 deaths
Swedish metallurgists
People from Kalmar
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
20th-century Swedish people
Flexicoil suspension. Flexicoil suspension is a type of secondary suspension for railway vehicles, typically having steel coil springs between the bogies and chassis of a passenger coach, freight car, or locomotive.  Suspension systems using steel springs are more common than those with air springs, as steel springs are less costly to make, relatively wear resistant, and require less maintenance.

History 
Flexicoil (though not known by this term) suspensions were fitted to locomotives in Spain, the Soviet Union and Africa as early as the 1930s.   In Germany, Flexicoil suspensions were first used in the 1950s under high-speed electric locomotives, notably the DB Class 103.

British Rail 
Between 1969 and 1971, British Rail conducted tests of modified Flexicoil bogies under a modified Class 86, to prevent further track damage caused by the original Class 86 bogies; tests were successful and all Class 86 locomotives were refitted with the modifications in stages through the 1970s and 1980s.

Technical details 
The springs in a flexicoil suspension are made of steel.  Protruding from above and below, and into, each spring is a spherical rubber dome that can absorb some of the horizontal forces. These domes are connected firmly to either the vehicle body (above) or the bogie frame (below). Under this arrangement, each flexicoil spring is twisted and moved from its vertical axis when the vehicle is cornering. This helps the two bogies to align themselves equally underneath the vehicle body. The vertical forces are absorbed entirely by the steel springs.

As the springs have relatively soft characteristics, hydraulic vertical dampers must also be installed for vibration damping at speeds higher than , along with longitudinal dampers.  Lateral damping is not normally required.

In railway passenger cars fitted with flexicoil suspension, the springs are the only mechanical connection between the bogie and the car body.  In heavier types of flexicoil suspension rolling stock, a bogie pivot fitted with rubber-metal bearings is used to hold a cross anchor yoke, which transfers the forces to the bogie frame via two cross anchor link pins. Some, such as the Italian D.445 class, have additional traction rods.

Locomotive bogies are usually also provided with a weight transfer linkage, or with a different tension transmission.

See also

 Glossary of rail terminology
 Bogie

References

External links
Saechsische Waggonfabrik Stollberg: Voith Maxima – Das Vorbild (page 3) - includes a diagram showing the general arrangement of a flexicoil spring, and how it works .

Rail technologies
Kamalesh Sirkar. Kamalesh K. Sirkar is a Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark, New Jersey, USA.  He is also the Foundation Professor of'Membrane Separations and Director of the NJIT Center for Membrane Technologies.  He is internationally recognized as an expert in membrane separation technologies.

Education
Sirkar received his B.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur and both his MS and PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Career
Sirkar  was previously a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology and Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur prior to arriving at NJIT in 1992.

His accomplishments
Sirkar is the holder of 25 U.S. patents.
He has also authored 156 refereed articles and 18 book chapters, and is a co-editor of the widely used Membrane Handbook.
He is the Editor of the Elsevier series Membrane Science and Technology and an Associate Editor of Separation Science and Technology.
He has served (or is serving) on the editorial boards of the Journal of Membrane Science, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research and Separation Science and Technology.

Honors and awards
Sirkar has received numerous honors and awards throughout his research life.  Some of these include: 
 Kirkpatrick Award (1991).
 Honorary Fellow of  Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (2001).
 American Institute of Chemical Engineers's Institute Award for excellence in Industrial Gases Technology (2005).
 Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award in the Environmental Category of the Research and Development Council (2006).
 Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008.
 Clarence Gerhold Award of the Separations Division of AIChE (2008).
 NJIT Excellence in Research Prize & Medal (2009).
 New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame Innovators Award (2009).

References

External links
'NJIT : Experts Database - For the Media -- Kamalesh Sirkar'

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian emigrants to the United States
Stevens Institute of Technology faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
New Jersey Institute of Technology
IIT Kharagpur alumni
Phoenix Mill. Phoenix Mill was part of Henry Ford's Village industries project and ran from 1922 to 1948 in Plymouth, Michigan. Generator cutouts, voltage regulators, gauges and light switches for Ford vehicles were produced at the plant.

After the original gristmill burned down, Ford bought the site and commissioned Albert Kahn to design a new mill in 1921. Ford intended the factory to run entirely on a hydroelectric generator.

Employees
Workers at Phoenix Mill were mostly women, with male maintenance workers and a male manager. Before the union, women who were hired had to be single, widowed, or married with a husband who was not able to work. Workers had limited breaks and were under pressure to keep optimum efficiency, but were paid the same or more than men who had similar jobs.

Status
Ownership of the mill eventually passed to Wayne County, as part of Hines Park. The building was used only for storage for decades. In 2018, it was sold by Wayne County to a developer, who began converting it into an event space. The pandemic altered the timeline and plans, but the banquet center opened in 2022. The second floor was converted into offices.

Notes

Further reading 

 The University of Michigan-Dearborn Center for the Study of Automotive Heritage
 

Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Michigan
Ford village industries
Road Construction Authority. The Road Construction Authority was a government authority responsible for the construction and maintenance of main roads in the state of Victoria, Australia between 1983 and 1989.

History
The Road Construction Authority (RCB) was formed to take over responsibility from the Country Roads Board for the care and management of the 24,000 kilometres of main roads of the state. The Age observed that the Cain government's formation of the RCA was part of a "radical reorganisation" of the state's transport bureaucracy, reducing the long-standing autonomy of public sector bodies and bringing them closer to ministerial control.

The RBC was abolished on 30 June 1989 when it and the Road Traffic Authority merged to form VicRoads.

Publication
Roads, Victoria was the in house magazine of the RCB.

References

Former government agencies of Victoria (state)
Government agencies established in 1983
Government agencies disestablished in 1989
History of transport in Victoria (state)
1983 establishments in Australia
1989 disestablishments in Australia
SUMPAC. The Southampton University Man Powered Aircraft (or SUMPAC) on 9 November 1961 became the first human-powered aeroplane to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight. It was designed and built by Southampton university students between 1960 and 1961 for an attempt at the Kremer prize, but it was never able to complete the 'figure-of-eight' course specified to claim the prize money.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed and built by a team of post-graduate students from Southampton University. Intended to compete for the £50,000 Kremer Prize (requiring successful completion of a one-mile (1.6 km) 'figure of eight' course) the project was funded by the Royal Aeronautical Society.

The aircraft is of conventional configuration, with the exception of a pylon mounted pusher propeller, and is constructed from balsa, plywood and aluminium alloy. Originally covered with silver-doped Nylon the aircraft now sports a transparent plastic skin on the fuselage.

The SUMPAC was powered using pedals and chains to drive a large two-bladed propeller. Piloted by noted gliding instructor and test pilot Derek Piggott, its first flight on 9 November 1961 at Lasham airfield covered a distance of 70 yards (64 m) and climbed to a height of six feet (1.8 m).  The longest flight made was 650 yards (594 m) rising to a maximum height of 15 ft (4.6 m).  Turns were attempted, with 80 degrees the best achieved. A total of 40 flights were made by SUMPAC. After a crash in 1963 which caused damage to the fragile structure it was decided to retire the aircraft although it had been repaired.

The SUMPAC is currently on display at the Solent Sky museum; it was loaned for some time to the Shuttleworth Collection but now resides in its hometown of Southampton.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Guttery, T.E. The Shuttleworth Collection. London: Wm. Carling & Co, 1969. SBN 901319-01-5
Man powered flight advances

Aircraft first flown in 1961
Human-powered aircraft
1960s British experimental aircraft
Science and technology in Hampshire
University of Southampton
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear