omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SNCF Class CC 70000. SNCF CC 70000 was a class of two prototype high power diesel-electric locomotives numbered CC 70001 and 70002. They were built at the same time as a diesel-hydraulic version, BB 69000.

Transmission 
The locomotives were an attempt to produce a new class of locomotives of extremely high power. Two high-speed diesel engines producing 2,000 hp each could provide this, but existing electric transmissions were unable to handle so much. New techniques were needed, with several innovations.

A three-phase AC alternator was used, rather than a DC generator. This avoided the commutator needed, which had become a limitation on power and machine speed for large locomotives. The AC current was then rectified by arrays of silicon diodes and the DC produced was fed to the two traction motors. The motor voltage was 1,800V at a continuous current rating of 980A, 1,030A (one hour) and 1,580A peak for starting. Control of power was by controlling the excitation of the alternator, although there was also a single step of field weakening for the motors.

The Alsthom ATD2 alternator was itself an innovative design in which two diesel engines drove a common alternator sited between them. The size of the alternator had also become a limitation at this time, requiring it to be either larger or spun more rapidly in order to handle the power. However both of these increased the centrifugal forces on the alternator, making its mechanical construction more difficult. The innovation was to have no stator but instead two concentric rotors spinning in opposite directions. The two engines each rotated in the same relative direction, but were mounted at opposite ends with their drive through Geislinger couplings, and so drove the rotors contra-rotating. Each diesel engine ran at up to 1,500 rpm so the effective rotational speed of the alternator was 3,000 rpm, between the two parts. The inner rotor carried the field, supplied by two slip rings, with the outer rotor delivering its current through three more slip rings. There were only two roller bearings for each rotor with the outer rotor bearings carried on the frame and the inner rotor carried on the frame at one end and inside the other rotor at the far end: this was the only bearing running at the full 3,000 rpm relative speed. Unlike some twin-engined locomotives, both engines needed to be running in service. The alternator brushgear would overheat if one was not rotating and also the cooling airflow would be inadequate. The auxiliaries were split between the two engines: electrical charging and the alternator excitation on one, and the brake compressor on the other.

There were two traction motors, each mounted on an Alsthom 3-axle monomotor bogie of the same design as the electric CC 40100. The bogies had two gear ratios, which could be selected when stationary, giving top speeds of either  for passenger services or  for freight.

See also 
 HS4000 Kestrel

References

External links
 
 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1965
C′C′ locomotives
CC 70000
Scrapped locomotives
CC 70000
Standard gauge locomotives of France
Experimental locomotives
SNCF Class BB 69000. SNCF BB 69000 were a pair of two prototype high-power diesel-hydraulic locomotives, numbered BB 69001 and BB 69002. They were built at the same time, and for comparison with, as a diesel-electric version, CC 70000. The use of hydraulic transmission saved 30 tons in weight and enabled the locomotives to run on four axles instead of the six axles of the diesel-electric. 

These locos should not be confused with the BB 69200 which were rebuilds of the BB 66000.

Design 
From 1959, the SNCF had identified a need for high-power mixed-traffic diesel locomotives of around 4,000 hp.  (MTE), a joint venture between Jeumont-Schneider and Creusot-Loire, began work on a suitable design.  Alsthom also started work on a diesel-electric with the same engines, which would become the CC 70000.

Powertrain
There were two diesel engine prime movers and each drove one bogie through a hydraulic transmission. Past experience led MTE to place the transmission units directly on the bogies: cardan shafts led from the engine to the transmission, which unusually was mounted transversely, and the transmissions were geared to the typically French monomotor bogie. The transmissions used were Voith L821gr, These had two torque converters and a fluid coupling. The first torque converter was scoop-controlled and was only fully filled for starting. For efficiency, high-speed running used a coupling. A 500 hp hydraulic retarder was also considered, although not initially installed, and this would be used for long descents. 

 Cooling
Each engine had a separate cooling group mounted in the side panels with a pair of cooling fans in the roof. These had three separate circuits: high-temperature engine cooling water, medium-temperature cooling water and engine oil. An oil-water heat exchanger cooled the transmission oil.

References

 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1964
B′B′ locomotives
Diesel locomotives of France
69000
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of France
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives
Hidden states of matter. A hidden state of matter is a state of matter which cannot be reached under ergodic conditions, and is therefore distinct from known thermodynamic phases of the material. Examples exist in condensed matter systems, and are typically reached by the non-ergodic conditions created through laser photo excitation.
  Short-lived hidden states of matter have also been reported in crystals using lasers. Recently a persistent hidden state was discovered in a crystal of Tantalum(IV) sulfide (TaS2), where the state is stable at low temperatures. 
A hidden state of matter is not to be confused with hidden order, which exists in equilibrium, but is not immediately apparent or easily observed.

Using ultrashort laser pulses impinging on solid state matter, the system may be knocked out of equilibrium so that not only are the individual subsystems out of equilibrium with each other but also internally. Under such conditions, new states of matter may be created which are not otherwise reachable under equilibrium, ergodic system evolution. 
Such states are usually unstable and decay very rapidly, typically in nanoseconds or less.  The difficulty is in distinguishing a genuine hidden state from one which is simply out of thermal equilibrium.

Probably the first instance of a photoinduced state is described for the organic molecular compound TTF-CA, which turns from neutral to ionic species as a result of excitation by laser pulses. However, a similar transformation is also possible by the application of pressure, so strictly speaking the photoinduced transition is not to a hidden state under the definition given in the introductory paragraph. A few further examples are given in ref.
Photoexcitation has been shown to produce persistent states in vanadates and manganite materials,
 leading to filamentary paths of a modified charge ordered phase which is sustained by a passing current. Transient superconductivity was also reported in cuprates.

A photoexcited transition to an H state 

A hypothetical schematic diagram for the transition to an H state by photo excitation is shown in the Figure (After ). An absorbed photon causes an electron from the ground state G to an excited state E (red arrow). State E rapidly relaxes via Franck-Condon relaxation to an intermediate locally reordered state I. Through interactions with others of its kind, this state collectively orders to form a macroscopically ordered metastable state H, further lowering its energy as a result. The new state has a broken symmetry with respect to the G or E state, and may also involve further relaxation compared to the I state. The barrier EB prevents state H from reverting to the ground state G. If the barrier is sufficiently large compared to thermal energy kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, the H state can be stable indefinitely.

References 

Condensed matter physics
Engineering thermodynamics
Phases of matter
Talus MB-764 amphibious tractor. Talus MB-764 is a four-wheel drive launch tractor which was specifically designed for the RNLI, to launch and recover  inflatable inshore lifeboats from beach and shorebased launched lifeboat stations.
The Tractor is produced by the British company of Clayton Engineering Limited who are based in Knighton, Powys.

Development 
The MB-764 was the first launch tractor designed and developed in conjunction with the RNLI to launch the institutions smaller inshore inflatable lifeboat fleet. Clayton’s based the design of the MB-764 on Ford County Commercial Cars. At the design and development stage the company presented two Prototype models. The first being the main take up by the RNLI. The first of these launch tractors went into service with the RNLI in 1975 and since then over 30 tractors have been operated by the Institute around the United Kingdom and Ireland. The basic design, operating and performance characteristics have not changed from the initial design concept vehicle, with the exception of the propelled wading capability.

RNLI Talus MB 764 Fleet

Current Location

See also 
 Fowler Challenger III launch tractor
 New Holland TC45 launch tractor
 Talus MB-H launch tractor
 Talus MB-4H launch tractor
 Talus Atlantic 85 DO-DO launch carriage

References 

Royal National Lifeboat Institution launch vehicles
Sea-going tractors
Tractors
Rescue equipment
Jerry Kuma. Jerry Samuel Yao-Kuma is the vice-chancellor of the University of Mines and Technology located in Tarkwa.

Early life and education 
He was born in Dzolo-Kpuita located near Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana. He went to middle school at E.P. Middle School in Hohoe and Kpandu then proceeded to Mawuli School also located in Ho and Bishop Herman College, Kpandu. He is an alumnus of University of Ghana and University of Newcastle.

Works 
Prof. Kuma has published a research paper on small scale mining and it's dangers in Ghana and Africa with alternative methods that can be used. During his tenure in office, the University of Mines and Technology has entered a partnership with the Ghana National Small Scale Miners Association to offer training to its members in surveying, environmental care, geology and other mining related subjects and best practices. In March 2014, at "Sandvik Goes to School" programme, Prof. Kuma appealed to Sandvik Mining Ghana to support the university in training licensed small scale miners in Ghana.

References

External links 
 Official UMaT profile

Vice-chancellors of the University of Mines and Technology
University of Ghana alumni
Vice-chancellors of universities in Ghana
Alumni of Newcastle University
Mawuli School alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bishop Herman College alumni
Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel. The Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel is a medium-scale wind tunnel located at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia. With a test section measuring  and maximum wind speeds of approximately , it is one of the largest university-owned wind tunnels in the United States, and is used for a wide variety of research projects within the college as well as being contracted out for commercial use, especially product testing.   Professor William Devenport is the current director, and Dr. Aurelien Borgoltz is the assistant director.

History
The Stability Wind Tunnel was first built by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor to NASA, at Langley Research Center in 1940. The wind tunnel was used by NACA for deriving the dynamic stability of fixed models for nearly two decades. In 1958, shortly after being declared surplus, it was acquired by Virginia Tech and was attached to the university's Randolph Hall, where it was re-activated in 1961, and remains active to this day, currently being operated by the Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering.

Technical details

The Stability Wind Tunnel is powered by a 600-horsepower motor which turns a  propeller. In the 1990s, the fan was updated with new, custom-made blades built by Prince Aircraft Company. With the usual set-up, the wind tunnel can, at max velocity, attain a Reynolds Number of over 5,000,000. The removable test section currently in use in the tunnel utilizes stretched Kevlar walls which allow sufficient air flow to exit the system while not disrupting the airflow within the test section. This causes an absence of background noise allows researchers to monitor the sounds coming from the test section with microphones in order to gain data regarding the airflow and turbulence of smooth airfoils and other objects. Along with chambers placed alongside the test section, this leads to the current test section being called "anechoic".

The majority of the data is currently received and analyzed by a National Instruments mainframe, alongside a number of amplifiers and other assorted equipment.

Commercial use

The Stability Wind Tunnel has been utilized for research by a number of private organizations. These include a NASA-sponsored acoustic test regarding the landing gear of the Boeing 777 and simulated maneuvers of a scale aircraft in order to obtain data for descent of the aircraft.

References

Wind tunnels
Virginia Tech
Buildings and structures in Blacksburg, Virginia
Sang-Wook Cheong. Sang-Wook Cheong () is an American materials scientist at Rutgers University. He has made ground-breaking contributions to the research field of enhanced physical functionalities in complex materials originating from collective correlations and collective phase transitions such as colossal magnetoresistive and colossal magnetoelectric effects in complex oxides. He has also made pivotal contributions to mesoscopic self-organization in solids, including the nanoscale charge stripe formation, mesoscopic electronic phase separation in mixed valent transition metal oxides, and the formation of topological vortex domains in multiferroics, which was found to be synergistically relevant to mathematics (graph theory) and cosmology.

Education
Cheong graduated in Mathematics from Seoul National University in 1982 and then studied physics in the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating from there in 1989.

Career
From 1986-89 Cheong worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining AT&T Bell Laboratories. He was appointed as a Professor at Rutgers University in 1997 and founded the Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials (RCEM) in 2005. He is currently the director of RCEM, a Board of Governors Professor at Rutgers, and a Distinguished Professor at Postech, Korea. His work on complex oxides has been recognized through various prizes, including the 2007 Ho-am Prize, the KBS 2009 Global Korean Award, and the 2010 James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials.

He has published more than 600 scientific papers which have been cited more than 34,000 (six papers cited more than 1,000 times, and his h-index is 92). He was the 13th most cited physicist in the world in from 1993-2003.

References

University of California, Los Angeles alumni
South Korean physicists
Living people
Rutgers University faculty
Seoul National University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
NASR 9000 bomb. The NASR 9000 bomb is a secret Egyptian locally produced fuel air bomb primarily used and manufactured by the Egyptian Air Force since the 1980s. There are different types of this bomb such as the NASR 250 bomb and NASR 1000. The number that the Egyptian Air force possess of this type is unknown and Egypt was not known to possess such type of bomb until it appeared in 2013 in an Egyptian Air force training. not much is known about how many bombs Egypt made or the bombs complete information.

References

Thermobaric weapons
Egyptian Air Force
Weapons of Egypt
Duncan G. Steel. Duncan G. Steel (born 1951) is an American experimental physicist, researcher and professor in quantum optics in condensed matter physics. He is the Robert J. Hiller Professor of Electrical Engineering, Professor of Physics, Professor of Biophysics, and Research Professor in the Institute of Gerontology at the University of Michigan. Steel is also a Guggenheim Scholar and a Fellow of American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He coedited the five-volume series on the Encyclopedia of Modern Optics.

Education
Steel graduated from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill with an A.B. in 1972. Graduated from the University of Michigan with a Ph.D. in 1976.
Prior to joining the faculty at Michigan, he was a Member of the Technical Staff and Senior Staff Physicist for the Hughes Aircraft Company at the Hughes Research Labs (HRL) in Malibu.  There he worked on optical phase conjugation and real time holography.  Working with Richard Lind, they demonstrated the first laser with a phase conjugate mirror using degenerate four-wave mixing.

Research
Steel works on nonlinear optical spectroscopy and coherent control of semiconductor heterostructures, for which he received 2010 Frank Isakson Prize for Optical Effects in Solids from the American Physical Society. His research focus is on using ultrafast optical techniques to manipulate electron spins embedded in semiconductor quantum dots to create quantum coherence as a new degree of freedom. Some of his publications describe the first demonstration of an optically driven CNOT gate in a solid state device and demonstration of entanglement in semiconductor system. In addition to semiconductor physics, he is also involved in the development and application of advanced laser spectroscopy methodology and other biophysical techniques for the study of protein folding and dynamics.

References

External links 
 "Optical Studies of Single Quantum Dots", Physics Today, October 2002 
 "Quantum logic gate lights up", Physics World, August 8, 2003
 "Quantum Information Processing Based on Optically Driven Semiconductor Quantum Dots", September 2004, Optics & Photonics News
  Michigan scientists working on super-fast, secure computing, Phys Org, September 9, 2009
  Lasers Lengthen Quantum Bit Memory, July 2009
  Entangling spin and light, Editors' Choice, Science, May 3, 2013

1951 births
Living people
American experimental physicists
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Gojan School of Business and Technology. The Gojan School of Business and Technology was established in 2005, 22 km from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
The college is run by Gojan Educational Trust Chennai, and is  affiliated to Anna University.

The institution is located on a  campus,  5 km from Red hills on Red Hills – Tiruvellore Road.

References

External links
 Official website

Business schools in Tamil Nadu
Engineering colleges in Chennai
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Greek ironclad Vasilefs Georgios. The Greek ironclad Vasilefs Georgios () was an armored corvette built in Great Britain for the Royal Hellenic Navy during the 1860s. She became a cadet training ship before she was stricken from the Navy List in 1912. The ship was scrapped in 1915.

Description
Vasilefs Georgios had a length overall of  long, a beam of  and a mean draft of . The ship displaced . She had horizontal single-expansion steam engines that drove two propellers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  to give the ship a speed of , but only produced  for a speed of . For long-distance travel, Vasilefs Georgios was fitted with two masts and schooner rigged. She carried  of coal that gave her a range of about  at full speed. The ship had a crew of 120 officers and crewmen.

Vasilefs Georgios was armed with a pair of Armstrong  rifled muzzle-loading guns.  The ship was a central-battery ironclad with the armament concentrated amidships in a hexagonal armored citadel. The citadel was protected by  plates and the entire ship's side was covered by armor that had a maximum thickness of  amidships and reduced to  at the ends.

Construction and service
Vasilefs Georgios, named for King George I of Greece, was built by Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, London. She was launched on 28 December 1867 and completed the following year. In February 1870, Vasilefs Georgios was damaged at sea, guns in one of her turrets being dislodged. She put in to Lisbon, Portugal on 9 February for repairs, her crew refusing to proceed. The ship became a training ship for naval cadets around the end of the 19th century. She was stricken in 1912. Vasilefs Georgios was broken up in 1915.

Notes

Bibliography
 

 

Ironclad warships of the Hellenic Navy
Ships built by the Blackwall Yard
1867 ships
Maritime incidents in February 1870
Ordnance Clothing Factory, Shahjahanpur. The Ordnance Clothing Factory, Shahjahanpur is one of the oldest clothing factories in India, established in 1914 for the purpose of producing garments for use by the Indian military.

History
In 1879, Sir Ashley Eden, Lt. Governor of Bengal, founded three clothing factories in Bombay, Alipur and Madras for the stitching of garments. In 1914, a part of the Alipur factory was moved to Shahjahanpur on an experimental basis for 1 year and named Army Clothing Factory, Shahjahanpur. In 1925, the entire Alipur factory was closed and its work was permanently transferred to Shahjahanpur.

Shahjahanpur is about  from Lucknow and  from New Delhi. The factory produces textiles and clothing items for the Indian Army, navy and air force, the Director-General of the Border Roads Organization, the Ministry of Home Affairs and other civil authorities. The factory is covers an area 20.02 hectares and the estate itself is spread over an area of 125.1 hectares.

Main products
The principal products are as under:

Indian Army
Balnket Barrack NG
Cap FS Disruptive (With Army Logo)
Cap Glacier
Coat Combat (with Army Logo)
Coat ECC
Blanket Superior OG
Jacket Wind Cheater
Jersey V-Neck Woollen Dark OG
Net Mosquito RM POLY. FR Khaki
Shirt Angola
Shirt PWPVDDOG
Socks Mens Wool Dark OG
Trousers Serge
Trousers PWPVDDOG
Trousers Wind Cheater
Vest FSOG
Jacket Combat Army Logo
Trousers Combat Army Logo
Overall Winter
Smoke Denisan
Hospital Blanket Red

Indian Air Force
Blanket Air Force Blue
Cap FSBG Modified
Cap FS Disruptive
Coat Combat ICK
Trousers Terry Wool BG
Jersey Woollen Dark BG
Shirt Angola Light Blue
Shirt Angola Light Gray
Shirt Angola Khaki
Socks Woollen Black
Socks Woollen Dark OG
Suit Terry Wool BG
Trousers Serge

Indian Navy
Socks Dark OG

See also
 Ordnance Factories Board
 Ordnance Clothing Factory

References
 Ordnance Factory Board

External links
 Factory Location

Shahjahanpur
Defence companies of India
Ministry of Defence (India)
Clothing companies of India
Companies based in Kolkata
Manufacturing plants in Uttar Pradesh
Indian companies established in 1914
Convolutional deep belief network. In computer science, a convolutional deep belief network (CDBN) is a type of deep artificial neural network composed of multiple layers of convolutional restricted Boltzmann machines stacked together.  Alternatively, it is a hierarchical generative model for deep learning, which is highly effective in image processing and object recognition, though it has been used in other domains too.  The salient features of the model include the fact that it scales well to high-dimensional images and is translation-invariant.

CDBNs use the technique of probabilistic max-pooling to reduce the dimensions in higher layers in the network. Training of the network involves a pre-training stage accomplished in a greedy layer-wise manner, similar to other deep belief networks. Depending on whether the network is to be used for discrimination or generative tasks, it is then "fine tuned" or trained with either back-propagation or the up–down algorithm (contrastive–divergence), respectively.

References

Artificial neural networks
Probabilistic models