omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Packaging and packaging waste directive. The European Packaging and packaging waste directive 94/62/EC (1994) deals with the problems of packaging waste and the currently permitted heavy metal content in packaging. 

The Directive obligates member states to meet targets for the recovery and recycling of packaging waste. The Directive covers all packaging placed on the Community market. Targets are set as a percentage of packaging flowing into the waste stream.

The Directive:

 sets targets for recovery and plastic recycling
 requires the encouragement of the use of recycled packaging materials in the manufacturing of packaging and other products 
 requires packaging to comply with 'essential requirements' which include the minimisation of packaging volume and weight, and the design of packaging to permit its reuse or recovery 
 requires the implementation of measures to prevent packaging waste in addition to preventative measures under the 'essential requirements', which may include measures to encourage the re-use of packaging

In November 2022, the European Commission proposed an EU regulation to replace the directive, along with a communication to clarify the labels biobased, biodegradable, and compostable.

See also
 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
 Green Dot (symbol)
 VerpackG, German Packaging Act / German EPR law

References

External links
 Packaging and packaging waste on the EUR-Lex Summaries of EU Legislation
 Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste on EUR-Lex
 Procedure 2022/0396/COD for the 2022 proposed regulation on packaging and packaging waste on EUR-Lex

Packaging
European Union directives
Environmental law in the European Union
Rolandas Kalinauskas RK-7 Orange. The Rolandas Kalinauskas RK-7 Orange (also called the Muse, Fly and Bite) is a Lithuanian ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Rolandas Kalinauskas, of Prienai. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft and has been noted for its very low price.

Design and development
A simplified single-seat version of the Rolandas Kalinauskas RK-6 Magic, the RK-7 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a strut-braced high wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft forward fuselage is made from welded steel with a wooden laminate covering in the cockpit area, with the tailboom made from aluminum tube. The tail surfaces are built up from aluminum tubing, strut-braced, covered in Dacron sailcloth and protected with a small tailskid. The wings are wooden and equipped with Junkers style ailerons. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine available is the  Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant, although the  Rotax 447 has also been used. The aircraft can be flown without the canopy fitted, if desired.

The RK-7 has been noted for its low retail price. In 2011 it was advertised at €11,000 for an assembled, ready-to-fly  aircraft and €6,500 for a kit.

Specifications (RK-7 Orange)

References

External links

2000s Lithuanian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Haystack Dam. Haystack Dam (National ID # OR00287) is a dam in central Oregon, about ten miles south of Madras.

The earthen dam was constructed in 1957 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, with a height of  and  long at its crest.  It serves as an offstream storage facility as part of the larger Deschutes Project, which also includes the Crane Prairie Reservoir and the Wickiup Reservoir.  The dam is owned by the Bureau and operated by the local North Unit Irrigation District.

The reservoir it creates, Haystack  Reservoir, has a water surface of , about five linear miles of shoreline, and a maximum capacity of .  Recreation includes fishing (for largemouth bass, crappie, rainbow trout, kokanee, brown trout, and brown bullhead), camping, boating, and hunting.

References 

Dams in Oregon
Dams on the Deschutes River (Oregon)
Reservoirs in Oregon
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Dams completed in 1957
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Oregon
1957 establishments in Oregon
Lakes of Jefferson County, Oregon
Superior Essex. Superior Essex is the parent brand of Essex Furukawa Magnet Wire, Superior Essex Communications, and Essex Brownell. It has over 3,000 employees in 11 countries. Essex is among the leading global manufacturers of magnet wire. It is active in the electrification of the automotive, energy, and industrial sectors.

Brands

Essex Furukawa Magnet Wire  

Founded in 1930, is a global provider of magnet wire, used by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as well as manufacturers in the automotive, energy, and industrial sectors. In 2020, a global joint venture between Essex Magnet Wire and Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. was formed and operates under Essex Furukawa Magnet Wire.

Superior Essex Communications 

Founded in 1998, is a manufacturer and supplier of communications cable in North America. It is active in the development of power over Ethernet applications, intelligent buildings and smart cities, and 5G Fiber infrastructure as part of the Cisco Digital Ceiling ecosystem. In 2021, Superior Essex Communications announced its appointment as a corporate board member of the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA).

Essex Brownell
Is a distributor of lead wire, motors, drives, electrical and electronic insulation, tapes, repair parts, and shop and test equipment. Essex Brownell operates 16 facilities in the United States, Mexico and Canada.

History
Essex Wire Corporation was founded in 1930 and was an original equipment manufacturer. It operated 44 plants in North America by 1965 and had sales of $355 million.

Superior Cable came into existence in 1954 and had sales passing $500 million in 1997.

In April 1999, Superior Essex was formed by a merger of Essex Wire Corporation and Superior Cable.

In 2008, the Korean LS Group acquired Superior Essex for roughly $900 million to extend its reach into the North American and European market.

Superior Essex's PowerWise cable won a 2018 Top Product of the Year Award for its 4PPoE innovation, and it was also the first cable manufacturer to ever be awarded the International Living Future Institute's Living Product Challenge certification for its Category 6+ low smoke, halogen free (LSHF) cable.

Locations

Americas 

 United States
 Canada
 Mexico

Europe 

 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Serbia
 United Kingdom

Asia 
 China
 Malaysia
 Japan

References

External links
Superior Essex homepage

Wire and cable manufacturers
American companies established in 1999
Manufacturing companies of the United States
Efficiency–thoroughness trade-off principle. The efficiency–thoroughness trade-off principle (or ETTO principle) is the principle that there is a trade-off between efficiency or effectiveness on one hand, and thoroughness (such as safety assurance and human reliability) on the other. In accordance with this principle, demands for productivity tend to reduce thoroughness while demands for safety reduce efficiency.

The ETTO principle was originally proposed by the safety researcher Erik Hollnagel.

In safety
The principle has been applied to analysis of behaviour and choices made regarding safety and risk. There are competing activities requiring time, which is a limited resource. In order to make time available for desirable activities, less time can be spent on preparation and planning, which affects safety. Most of the time the trade-off ends well, and the preferred or profitable activity proceeds without undesirable incident, which is why these trade-offs are so prevalent. Eventually luck may run out and something goes wrong. In hindsight it is often obvious when and where such tradeoffs were made, and the consequences may be  clearly linked to causes, but the trade-off seemed like a good idea at the time, and for as long as things kept going right. The principle of requiring "reasonably practicable" precautions in occupational health and safety recognises that such trade-offs must exist to allow economic activity to proceed, and puts the onus on the employer to assess the risk and take those precautions.

See also
 Project management triangle

References

Economic efficiency
Grimshaw Silk Mill. The Grimshaw Silk Mill, also known as Freeman Shoes, is an historic factory building which is located in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History and architectural features
This silk mill was built in 1887 and then rebuilt in 1889, after a tornado destroyed the original building on January 9, 1889, killing nineteen employees and injuring one hundred.

It is a three-story, rectangular, brick building measuring fifty feet by two hundred and fifty feet. A stair tower is topped by a pyramidal roof. It sits on a rubble stone basement and features pilasters, brownstone keystones and a pressed metal cornice.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1889
Buildings and structures in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Silk mills in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Reading, Pennsylvania
Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Balghunaim. Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Balghunaim (; born 27 March 1952) is a Saudi engineer. He served as the Minister of Agriculture between May 2003 and December 2014.

Early life and education
Balghunaim was born on 27 March 1952. He obtained a bachelor of science degree in civil engineering from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in 1975 and a master's degree in construction, engineering and management from Stanford University in 1978. He also received a PhD in transportation engineering from the University of Michigan in 1984.

Career
From 1975 to 1990 Balghunaim worked as an academic first at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and then at King Saud University. He served as the deputy agriculture minister responsible for fisheries for one year (1990-1991). Then he was named as governor of the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in 1991. His tenure lasted until 2001. He became a member of the Shoura Council in 2001. He served as a member of the services, public facilities and environment committee in the council until 2003.

Balghunaim was appointed minister of agriculture in May 2003 and served in the post until 8 December 2014 when Walid bin Abdulkarim Al Khuraiji replaced him in the post.

From 2015 Balghunaim became the chairman of AAW and Partners Consulting Engineer and of Tarsheed Company for Agricultural Development and Investment.

References

External links

Fahd
Fahd
Fahd
Fahd
Fahd
1952 births
Agriculture ministers of Saudi Arabia
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Academic staff of King Saud University
Living people
Members of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian civil engineers
Lancia Urban Bike. The Lancia Urban Bike is a concept bicycle created by Italian automaker Lancia in collaboration with MomoDesign. Its manufacturers claim that the bicycle has been designed to account for riding performance and comfort while being minimal in weight. The bike has been described as rustproof, due to its parts being made from carbon fiber, aluminum and magnesium. Its frame is designed to absorb bumps, which abates the need for a suspension system.

Technical characteristics
The bicycle's weight is less than 11 kg, and it has many aluminum parts. The gearbox is an eight-speed from Shimano, and the brakes are also from Shimano. The brake disc is 160 mm front and rear with mechanical calipers. The forks are aluminum while the frame and the handlebars are made from carbon.

Production
It had been speculated in 2007 that if offered to consumers, the bicycle's price would be around £1,500 (approximately €1,900). It was reported in 2007 that the bicycle was available at Lancia dealers, with a price of €3,300.

See also

 Utility bicycle

References

Additional sources
  Lancia Urban bike Momo design, cambio a due ruote - Ciclismo

External links
 2007 Lancia MomoDesign Urban Bike
 LANCIA: UrbanBike, la bici da città
 AutoGlobal

Bicycle models
Lancia
Bavarian Krauss railmotor. The double-decked MCi railmotor () was built in 1882 by Krauss and Company with the works number 1181 and delivered to the Royal Bavarian State Railways, who deployed it in the areas of Würzburg and Bamberg. 

The steam-powered railbus had a B'2' wheel arrangement, one axle pair being driven by connecting rods. It had a transverse boiler and a gross service weight of 28 tonnes. Its Stephenson valve gear and brakes were accessible at both ends. The coach had 67 seats on two floors, the second class seating being on the lower level and the third class being split between both levels.

The vehicle was a one-off and was only in service for a short time.

Literature 
 Krauss-Maffei AG und Deutsches Museum München (Hrsg.): Lokomotiven im Deutschen Museum. München ohne Jahresangabe (circa 1977).
 Deutsche Reichsbahn: Hundert Jahre deutsche Eisenbahnen. Jubiläumsschrift zum hundertjährigen Bestehen der deutschen Eisenbahnen. Berlin, 1935, S. 245, Abb. neben S. 248.

Railmotors
Locomotives of Bavaria
Dynamic manufacturing network. 

Definition
A dynamic manufacturing network (DMN) is a coalition, either permanent or temporal, comprising production systems of geographically dispersed small and medium enterprises and/or original equipment manufacturers that collaborate in a shared value-chain to conduct joint manufacturing.

The dynamic manufacturing networks are an approach that helps to manage risks and increase benefits in the manufacturing sector. The DMNs are a proposed solution to increase the efficiency and reduce the time needed to design and operate a new manufacturing network, or to reconfigure an existing one.

Applications

Manufacturing networks have become increasingly common in applied research on manufacturing, since several manufacturing enterprises have shown interest in creating such networks and taking advantage of them both for collaborative product development and for supply chain optimization.

During the last decade, the effort is mainly focused on the dynamic management of the manufacturing networks, as proven by several studies published by Accenture, MIT
 and the University of St. Gallen

References 

Manufacturing
IBM 1030. The IBM 1030 Data Collection System was a remote terminal system created by IBM in Endicott, New York in 1963, intended to transmit data from remote locations to a central computer system.

Description

The system consisted of the following components:
 1031 Input Station. The 1031 systems could contain a card reader, badge reader, or manual input device. The 1031A contained the communications logic required to transmit data to a remote computer system ("central output unit" in IBM terminology). The 1031B communicated through an attached 1031A.
 1032 Digital Time Unit. This device was located at central site and provided timestamps to incoming data.
 1033 Printer. This was a remote printer attached to the 1031A.
 1034 Card Punch. The 1034 was located at the central site and functioned as an output device for the 1030 when the computer system was offline.
 1035 Badge Reader

The 1030 had limited editing capabilities, which consisted of checking that all required data was entered before transmitting a transaction.

The 1030 originally attached to an IBM 1440 computer through a 1448 Transmission Control Unit.  Later it could be attached to an IBM System/360.

References

IBM computer terminals
InterConsult Bulgaria. InterConsult Bulgaria (ICB), established in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1996, is a Bulgarian software development and business consulting corporation. The company develops software for companies in several different fields, including industrial engineering, maritime services, banking and financial services.

History
 1996 – ICB is established as a Bulgarian-Norwegian company, part of the Norwegian IT consulting group Interconsult ASA.
 2004 – Following the acquisition of Interconsult ASA and its shares in its subsidiaries, ICB becomes part of the Danish engineering consulting group COWI A/S.
 2008 – With a management buyout performed by the company's Bulgarian founders, ICB becomes a 100% private Bulgarian company.
 2010 – ICB Wins the European IT Excellence Award 2010 at IT Europa.
 2011 – ICB Becomes a 100+ employee company.
 2016 - ICB receives the  2016 Information & Document Management Solution Provider award.

Key Projects

References

Consulting firms established in 1996
Software companies of Bulgaria
Software companies established in 1996
Bulgarian companies established in 1996
Joseph Schofer. Joseph L. Schofer  is an American civil engineer specializing in transportation engineering. He has been a professor, consultant and advisor of transportation systems planning, urban planning, urban infrastructure, and related topics.

He taught his last class at Northwestern University (NU) in June 2023, and retired from departmental duties in fall 2021, having begun at NU in autumn of 1970. A symposium was held in his honor on November 17 and 18, 2023, attracting students and colleagues from all his years of teaching to the Allen Center on the campus in Evanston, Illinois.

Early life and education
Schofer earned his B.E. from Yale University and an M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University.

Career
Prior to joining the Northwestern faculty, he taught at the new Chicago Circle campus of the University of Illinois from September 1967 to June 1970, and developed the curriculum for Systems Engineering along with Martin Wachs and other staff. That campus has since merged with the UI Medical Center campus also in Chicago, and since September 1982 is called University of Illinois Chicago (UIC).

He is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering (full professor since 1973). He was Associate Dean from Fall 2002 to March 2005 at the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he is also Director of the Infrastructure Technology Institute since November 2007.

He has been actively engaged with the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council since 1966, chairing national policy studies on Equity Implications of Evolving Transportation Finance Mechanisms and Strategies for Improved Passenger and Freight Travel Data; serving on the Technical Advisory Committee on Capacity for the Strategic Highway Research Program.

He has been on the Northwestern University faculty since 1970, serving as chairman of the department from 1997 to 2002, and as Interim Dean of the McCormick School during 2004-2005. His research and teaching are in transportation policy planning, analysis, evaluation, and behavior.

Schofer co-hosts a podcast - The Infrastructure Show - for which he interviews infrastructure experts and posts news stories about infrastructure on a monthly basis. The first program was aired March 25, 2009 and the most recent was on November 3, 2023; all podcasts are archived at the website.

He is a member of the Institute of Transportation Engineers and a life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Awards

He received the 2011 Roy W. Crum Distinguished Service Award from the Transportation Research Board.

Publications

He has published 139 articles and book chapters and more than 52  technical reports.

Personal life
Joe and his wife Nancy have a son and a daughter.

References

External links
 Professor Schofer’s website
 Infrastructure Technology Institute
 Infrastructure Show

American civil engineers
21st-century American engineers
Transport engineers
Northwestern University faculty
Yale University alumni
Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Living people
1941 births
DRG Class E 79. The DRG Class E 79 (originally ordered as Bavarian Class EG 4) was one of the goods train electric locomotive classes procured by the Bavarian Group Administration of the Deutsche Reichsbahn for the line from Freilassing to Berchtesgaden. The two engines, delivered in 1927, were scrapped however as early as the start of the Second World War.

History 
After the First World War the volume transported on the line from Freilassing to Berchtesgaden rose sharply. As a result, the Bavarian Group Administration ordered two more locomotives in 1923. The two engines were built by the firm of J. A. Maffei in Munich, whilst the electrical components came from Pöge Elektrizitäts AG in Chemnitz. Originally the engines were to have entered service as nos. EG 4 22 101 and 22 102, but due to problems with the delivery of the electrical components the locomotives were not ready until 1927. As a result, they were given the numbers E 79 01 and 02 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn based on their renumbering plan.

The two locomotives were station in Bw Freilassing. They did not perform particularly well in service; no. E 79 01 being especially prone to damage. Another problem was the procurement of spares for the small number of units in this class. As a result, both locomotives were quickly retired, in 1939 and 1940 respectively.

Literature 
  And the 5th edition (1984), Berlin: Transpress Verlag.

External links 
 Postcard photograph of an E 79

E 079
15 kV AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
Freight locomotives
Growstones. Growstones are a substrate for growing plants that can be used for soilless purposes or as a soil conditioner. This substrate is made from recycled glass. It has both more air and water retention space than perlite and peat. Another property of this medium is that it holds more water than parboiled rice hulls. Growstones appear to be a comparable alternative to expanded clay aggregate.

Growstones are made in a variety of sizes from a large 1 to 2 inch sized "Lift" product made to supplement drainage in potted plants while retaining superior moisture and nutrients for the plant roots, to "Gnat Nix" which is a small "5MM" size product to prevent fungus gnats from thriving in potted plants.  Growstone company also produces several blended sizes of their products for specific growers' needs including sizes appropriate for green roof gardening.

Growstone ceased operations as of January 26, 2019, though warehoused product is still available.  Plans for restarting production have not yet been announced.

References

External links
 Comparison to hydroton
 Growstones chart
 Growstones on YouTube

Hydroculture
Horticulture
Soil improvers
Glass-ceramics