omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM 4764. The IBM 4764 Cryptographic Coprocessor is a secure cryptoprocessor that performs cryptographic operations used by application programs and by communications such as SSL private key transactions associated with SSL digital certificates.

Details
Each coprocessor includes a tamper-responding hardware security module (HSM) that provides secure storage for storing master keys and other sensitive data. The HSM has been certified to meet FIPS 140-2 Level 4 security requirements. The coprocessor is supported on all IBM server platforms including System z (mainframe), System i, System p, and System x (Linux or Microsoft Windows). On System z, it is called the "Crypto Express2".

Applications may include financial PIN transactions, bank-to-clearing-house transactions, EMV transactions for integrated circuit (chip) based credit cards, and general-purpose cryptographic applications using symmetric key algorithms, hashing algorithms, and public key algorithms.

The operational keys (symmetric or RSA private) are generated in the coprocessor and are then saved either in a keystore file or in application memory, encrypted under the master key of that coprocessor. Any coprocessor with an identical master key can use those keys.

As of June 2005, the IBM 4764 superseded the IBM 4758 that was discontinued.

At the end of December 2011, the IBM 4764 was discontinued. The successor to the 4764 was introduced on each of the IBM server platforms between 2009 and 2011: 
November 2009 for the System z (mainframe), where it is called the Crypto Express3
April 2010 for Power Systems, where it is available as feature codes 4807, 4808, and 4809
May 2011 for System x (PC) servers, where it is called the 4765

References

External links
 IBM 4764 description
 IBM 4764 PCI-X Cryptographic Coprocessor
 IBM 4765 PCI-e Cryptographic Coprocessor
 IBM 4764 FIPS 140 Level 4 certificate

Cryptographic hardware
4764
2-Chloro-m-cresol. 2-Chloro-m-cresol is a chlorinated cresol. The compound is difficult to synthesise as chlorination of m-cresol yields the para-product (4-chloro-3-methylphenol). Historically synthesis has been achieved via a para-selective nitration, followed by conversion to a diazonium compound and a Sandmeyer reaction to insert the chlorine into the 2-position.

Related compounds
 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (PCMC) - similar structure
 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (PCMX) - similar structure

References

Chlorobenzene derivatives
Cresols
Chloroxuron. Chloroxuron is an organic compound with the chemical formula C15H15ClN2O2 used as an herbicide. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

References

Ureas
Herbicides
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Diphenyl ethers
Cyclododecane. Cyclododecane is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH2)12. It is a waxy white solid at room temperature, and is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.  

It is an intermediate of Nylon 12, polyesters, and synthetic lubricating oils. It is also used as a temporary binder to stabilise fragile objects or to seal water-sensitive parts; it slowly sublimates over days or weeks without leaving any residue.

Synthesis
Cyclododecane is produced industrially through catalytic trimerisation of butadiene to cyclododecatriene, followed by hydrogenation.

Uses
It is a precursor to laurolactam, a precursor to the polymer Nylon 12.

Cyclododecane is also an intermediate in production of flame retardants, detergents, and other chemicals. 

Cyclododecane is also used as a volatile binding medium, a temporary binder for sealing and conservation of friable and structurally weak materials, e.g. during excavation and transport of archaeological objects and in art restoration, e.g. to protect water-sensitive parts during cleaning. Due to its relatively slow evaporation in comparison with other volatile binding mediums the layer can last for several weeks. Very pure material has to be used so it does not leave any residue. Cyclododecane can be applied in molten state or dissolved in a nonpolar organic solvent. Other volatile binding mediums in use are camphene, tricyclene and with some limits menthol.

Environmental considerations
Cyclododecane is persistent in the environment, as it does not biodegrade easily. Cyclododecane is lipophilic, usually present in the environment as adsorbed on the surface of soil particles. It has the potential to bioaccumulate. Cyclododecane may cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.

Conformation
Cyclododecane has low ring strain. It adopts a chiral [3333] conformation with square (D4) symmetry. While highly stable, this conformation is not derivable from a diamond lattice, unlike the lowest-energy conformations of cyclohexane, cyclotetradecane, and cyclohexadecane. Monosubstituted cyclododecanes also typically adopt the [3333] conformation, though more highly substituted cyclododecanes may adopt alternative conformations, such as [4332].

References

External links

Cycloalkanes
Methods in archaeology
Conservation and restoration materials
Twelve-membered rings
Graham Coaker. Graham Vincent Coaker (1932 – 12 April 1971) was a British engineer and businessman, who was one of the four founders of the March Engineering motor racing manufacturer.

Biography
Coaker was trained as an accountant and mechanical engineer, and had been a keen amateur Formula Three competitor during the mid- to late-1960s. During this time he became friendly with fellow racers Max Mosley and Alan Rees, and racing car designer Robin Herd. The four created March Engineering in mid-1969, the name of the team being derived from their initials: Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker, and Robin Herd. Coaker was responsible for the workshop and manufacturing side of the new company, drawing on many years of experience as general manager of one of Hawker Siddeley's automotive subsidiaries, and was the driving force behind March's move into the customer-car market. The company's first manufacturing premises were actually in Coaker's own garage and it was here that the first March racing car, the March 693P, was constructed.

Coaker left March in early 1971, and received a March 712M Formula Two car as part of his settlement package. Unfortunately for him, Coaker died that April from sepsis caused by injuries sustained when he crashed the car during practice for a Formule Libre race at Silverstone Circuit.

References

1932 births
1971 deaths
British mechanical engineers
Formula One team owners
British motorsport people
Biocidal natural building material. A biocidal natural building material is a natural building material which has biocidal properties. The biocidal properties of biocidal natural building materials are inherent to the material, rather than being supplemented afterwards. This makes that the material is long lasting and inexpensive, as no additional processing needs to be done.

Examples
 core wood soaked with plant saps: e.g. core wood soaked with the biocidal plant saps from Pinus canariensis (natural durability: 150 years)
 several tropical (hard)wood species
 resins and plant juices as latex have (fairly) long durability due to protective proteins

References

Building materials
De Bruyne Snark. 

The de Bruyne DB-2 Snark was a British experimental four-seat cabin monoplane designed by N. A de Bruyne and built by Aero Research Limited (ARL) of Cambridgeshire. It was built to test low weight, bakelite-bonded plywood, stressed skin wing and fuselage structures.

Development
Apart from the structure the Snark was a conventional looking low-wing four-seat cabin monoplane, powered by a nose-mounted 130 hp (97 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major piston engine. Registered G-ADDL the Snark first flew from Cambridge on 16 December 1934 flown by de Bruyne.

Though stressed plywood skinned aircraft had been built before, it was claimed at the time that the Snark was the first to have been designed with full stress calculations, including loads carried by both wing and fuselage skins. This led to a high loaded/unloaded weight ratio of 1.82; the similarly engined, almost exactly contemporary 3/4 seat Miles Falcon had achieved 1.62.

In May 1936 the Snark was transferred to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough for research into the aerodynamics of thick wing monoplanes, with serial number L6103. The aircraft was sold by the RAE on 8 June 1938 but was destroyed by German bombing at Croydon Airport in 1940.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1930s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
Circuit rider (water/wastewater). Rural water circuit riders are roving technical experts employed by state rural water associations to provide training and assistance to rural and small water utilities within their state.

History

The National Rural Water Association began its circuit rider program in 1980. The program was intended to provide support for small utility systems that did not always have the experience, equipment, training or personnel to deal with large or persistent problems. Circuit riders usually operate within a specific area of their designated state, visiting the small utilities on a regular basis.

Drinking water/wastewater

Circuit riders are usually categorized as either drinking water or wastewater specialists. Drinking water circuit riders specialize in the supply, treatment and distribution of clean drinking water through a water utility. Wastewater circuit riders specialize in the processes required for the safe collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater and sewage. Circuit riders in both fields have extensive knowledge and experience with the state and federal regulations governing drinking water and wastewater.

Management and accounting

Some state associations have circuit riders who specialize in assisting utilities with management, accounting and record-keeping issues. These circuit riders are often asked to perform rate studies, which examine a utility's expenses and incomes and recommends rates that allows them to meet their financial obligations.

Sources
National Rural Water Association

References

External links
National Rural Water Association
H2O-XPO website

Water supply and sanitation in the United States
Western Society of Engineers. The Western Society of Engineers is a professional and educational organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., on May 25, 1869 as the Civil Engineers' Club of the Northwest. In 1880 the club was incorporated as the Western Society of Engineers. The organization is devoted to the development of engineering leaders and the advancement of the engineering profession.

Aviation pioneer Octave Chanute was a prominent member of the Society in its early years.

References
1.Official website
2.The Washington Award

Engineering societies based in the United States
Professional associations based in Chicago
Robert Loewy. Robert Gustav Loewy (February 12, 1926 – January 3, 2025) was an American aerospace engineer who has been influential in the development of rotary-wing vertical take-off and landing aircraft.

Life and career
Loewy was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 12, 1926. He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Aeronautical Engineering degree. He earned an M.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. From 1948 to 1962, Dr. Loewy worked in industry for the Glenn L. Martin Company; Piasecki Helicopter Corporation; Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory; and Vertol Aircraft, which later became a division of the Boeing Company. Between September 1965 and 1966, he was chief scientist for the United States Air Force.

As a faculty member at the University of Rochester, Loewy was professor of mechanical and aerospace sciences, director of the Space Science Center and finally dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In 1974 he moved to RPI where he became provost and professor of aeronautical engineering and mechanics. From 1973 to 1977 he was chairman of the USAF Scientific Advisory Board.

In 1978, Loewy became a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute professor, which is a senior teaching and research position in the School of Engineering. He later founded the Rotorcraft Technology Center at RPI and served as its director.

He joined Georgia Tech in 1993 and became William R. T. Oakes honorary professor and chair of the School of Aerospace Engineering. He was awarded the Daniel Guggenheim Medal for aeronautical engineering in 2006. In 1971, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the engineering of rotary-wing, vertical take-off and landing aircraft. He was also awarded the Spirit of St. Louis Medal. He was inducted into RPI's Alumni Hall of Fame in 2009.

Loewy died on January 3, 2025, at the age of 98.

References

1926 births
2025 deaths
University of Rochester faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
American aerospace engineers
20th-century American Jews
Georgia Tech faculty
Chief Scientists of the United States Air Force
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Educators from Philadelphia
Engineers from Pennsylvania
21st-century American Jews
Dumitra Hydro Power Plant. Dumitra Hydro Power Plant is a run-of-the-river hydropower plant under construction on the Jiu River in Romania, with an installed capacity of 24.5 MW.

It is part of a broader project of hydropower development in the Bumbești–Livezeni stretch of the Jiu River, that includes three hydropower plants with an overall capacity 80 MW. With a total cost of $280 million, it is the largest investment in hydropower since 1990 in Romania.

The project was started in the 1990s and it is made up by the construction of an arched concrete dam which was equipped with three vertical turbines. The power plant will generate 215 GWh of electricity per year.

As of 2019, the project was 98% complete, but blocked by a justice decision that cancelled the construction permit in late 2017.

References 

Hydroelectric power stations in Romania
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Romania
Sharq El Owainat. Sharq El Owainat, or East Oweinat is a 110,000 acre desert land reclamation project that started in 1991, in the New Valley Governorate, Egypt. It is in a remote location in the Western Desert in the extreme south-west of the country, east of Oweinat Mountain, delimiting Egypt's south western border with Libya and Sudan. The project is operated by the Egyptian Military's National Company for Reclamation and Agriculture in East Oweinat, and in 2021 a further 1.4 million acres were added to its concession.

Water management 
The Sharq El Owainat project depends on “fossil water” from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, which recharges slowly and is considered a non-renewable resource. The water is pumped from underground and delivered to sprinklers that rotate around a central pivot point, creating green crop circles.

Operators 
The initial phase of the project resulted in 27,000 feddans of barren desert land was converted to fertile land. There are about 400 water wells in the area with a further 250 under construction. There is also a nursery that includes 26 greenhouses.

The National Company for Reclamation and Agriculture in East Oweinat has undertaken a large part of the land cultivation, in addition to selling vast plots to other government agencies. The Awkaf Agency owns 48,000 acres of which it has cultivated 20,000.

In addition to Egyptian government companies, a number of private and foreign companies operate in Oweinat. For example, the United Arab Emirates' Jenaan owns 50,000 acres and Al Dahra 23,500 acres. Jenaan's agreement also included signing an agreement with the national airline of Egypt, EgyptAir Express (subsidiary of EgyptAir), to operate a weekly flight from Cairo International Airport to Sharq El Owainat Airport in order to serve the movement of workers and investors to encourage agricultural investment in the region. The flights began 1 November 2009 for an initial 1-year period.

Their cultivation works are seen by some researchers as part of a UAE policy towards consolidating a pivotal role as a food re-export hub, intensifying the industrialisation and commodification of agriculture in the region.

See also
Sharq El Owainat Airport
New Valley Governorate
Toshka
New Valley Project

References 

New Valley Governorate
Geography of Egypt
Agriculture in Egypt
Interbasin transfer
William Sydney Atkins. Sir William Sydney Albert Atkins  (6 February 1902 – 15 August 1989) was the founder of Atkins, one of the United Kingdom's largest engineering consultancies.

Life
Born in London and educated at the Coopers Company School and University College, London, William Atkins trained as draughtsman at E. Graham Wood, a firm of structural engineers.

Atkins worked for various firms, including Dorman Long, in junior roles before being appointed Chief Engineer at Smith Walker in 1928. He then acquired London Ferro-Concrete, a subsidiary of Smith Walker making reinforced concrete, from his employers.

In 1938 he established WS Atkins as an engineering consultancy, severing his connections with London Ferro-concrete in 1950 when it was bought by a new management team. He established his reputation as an engineering consultant by designing a new steelworks at Port Talbot and on the back of this built his firm into one of the largest such consultancies in the United Kingdom.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1966 New Year Honours and was knighted in 1976.

He became an Honorary Freeman of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey.

He died in Woking in 1989.

Family
In 1928 he married Elsie Jessie Barrow and they had two daughters.

References

1902 births
1989 deaths
Alumni of University College London
20th-century British businesspeople
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British engineers
Zach Kaplan. Zach Kaplan (born in 1979) is an American entrepreneur and the CEO of Inventables.

Early life and education
Kaplan was raised near Chicago, Illinois. He attended Glenbrook North High School. In his senior year, he built a working model roller coaster. Kaplan graduated from the University of Illinois with a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering.

Career
Kaplan's career began while a senior at the University of Illinois.  He co-founded a custom software development company called Lever Works with Keith Schacht and Brian Witlin.  In December 2001 Lever Works was sold to Leo Media.

In 2002, Kaplan co-founded Inventables, a company that connects product developers with novel materials.  The company's success garnered media attention for Kaplan.  He was featured on National Public Radio in 2007 and presented a talk on "Toys from the Future" at the TED Conference in 2005.  The company's products have been featured on the show Prototype This! on the Discovery Channel.

In January 2009 TechCrunch reported Kaplan raised $2 million from True Ventures a venture capital firm located in San Francisco.  With the funding Inventables launched an online marketplace for materials where vendors can create free product profiles to advertise their products and engineers and designers can find these materials.

In June 2013 TechCrunch reported Kaplan raised $3 million from True Ventures a venture capital firm located in San Francisco along with Tim Draper (via Draper Associates), Pipeline Capital Partners, Dundee Venture Capital, Richard Yoo (founder of Rackspace), and Georges Harik participating. This brings Inventables’ total funding to $5 million.

References

External links
 Inventables
 

Living people
21st-century American businesspeople
Glenbrook North High School alumni
1979 births
EMS Corridor. EMS Corridor is an emerging Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) corridor in Chennai. It stretches from Sriperumbudur to Oragadam to the west of Chennai. The corridor boasts of capital investment by EMS companies of about , which is half of the EMS business in India.

EMS hub of India
The corridor is emerging as an EMS hub of India. Many companies like Dell, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Network,  Motorola, Cisco, Samsung, Siemens, Sony-Ericsson, Flextronics, Foxconn, Alcatel, Texas Instruments, Laird plc, Salcomp, ProWorks, Perlos(LOM), Power Wave Tech, Jabil Green and Sanmina-SCI have set up their plants in this corridor with an investment of approximately $1 billion.

See also
 EMS Industry in Chennai
 Rajiv Gandhi Salai
 Automotive Corridor
 SEZ Corridor

References

High-technology business districts in Chennai
Electronics industry in India
Ehrenfest equations. Ehrenfest equations (named after Paul Ehrenfest) are equations which describe changes in specific heat capacity and derivatives of specific volume in second-order phase transitions. The Clausius–Clapeyron relation does not make sense for second-order phase transitions, as both specific entropy and specific volume do not change in second-order phase transitions.

Quantitative consideration
Ehrenfest equations are the consequence of continuity of specific entropy  and specific volume , which are first derivatives of specific Gibbs free energy – in second-order phase transitions. If one considers specific entropy  as a function of temperature and pressure, then its differential is:
.
As , then the differential of specific entropy also is:

,

where  and  are the two phases which transit one into other. Due to continuity of specific entropy, the following holds in second-order phase transitions: . So,

Therefore, the first Ehrenfest equation is:

.

The second Ehrenfest equation is got in a like manner, but specific entropy is considered as a function of temperature and specific volume:

The third Ehrenfest equation is got in a like manner, but specific entropy is considered as a function of  and :

.

Continuity of specific volume as a function of  and  gives the fourth Ehrenfest equation:

.

Limitations
Derivatives of Gibbs free energy are not always finite. Transitions between different magnetic states of metals can't be described by Ehrenfest equations.

See also
 Paul Ehrenfest
 Clausius–Clapeyron relation
 Phase transition

References

Thermodynamic equations