omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
French destroyer Harpon. Harpon was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1903, the ship was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Harpon reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Harpon (Harpoon) was ordered from Ateliers et Chantiers de la Gironde on 14 November 1900 and the ship was laid down later that month at its shipyard in Bordeaux-Lormont. She was launched on 20 October 1902 and conducted her sea trials from November 1902 to March 1903. The ship was commissioned () after their completion and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Harpon was in the reserve of the 2nd Light Squadron () based at Cherbourg. The ship was not mobilized until later in the year and was assigned to the Dunkirk Flotilla.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1902 ships
Journal of Food Engineering. The Journal of Food Engineering is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering engineering, science, and technology related to food production. The editor-in-chief is R. Paul Singh (University of California, Davis).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.5.

References

External links 
 
 

Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Food science journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 1982
French destroyer Francisque. Francisque was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Francisque reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Francisque (Francisca) was ordered from the Arsenal de Rochefort on 5 March 1901 and the ship was laid down on 5 February 1903. She was launched on 2 March 1904 and conducted her sea trials during March–April. The ship was commissioned () after their completion and was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Francisque was one of the leaders () in the 1st Submarine Flotilla () of the 2nd Light Squadron () based at Cherbourg.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1904 ships
French destroyer Dard. Dard was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Dard reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Dard (Dart) was ordered from Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down on 15 October 1902 at its shipyard in Rouen-Grand Quévilly. She was launched on 10 September 1903 and conducted her sea trials from December to April 1904. The ship was commissioned () in May and was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1903 ships
French destroyer Baliste. Baliste was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Baliste reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Baliste (Ballista) was ordered from Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down on 20 November 1902 at its shipyard in Rouen-Grand Quévilly. She was launched on 22 October 1903 and conducted her sea trials from December to June 1904. The ship was commissioned () after their completion and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.

By 1908, Baliste was serving in the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Northern Squadron.

In October 1914, Baliste was employed on patrols off the western end of the English Channel. Later in the war she was based at Bizerte and then Salonika. She was stricken and sold for scrap on 30 October 1919.

References

Bibliography

 

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1903 ships
French destroyer Mousqueton. Mousqueton was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials, although Mousqueton was the slowest ship of her class at . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Mosqueton (Musketoon) was ordered from Schneider et Cie on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down later that year at its shipyard in Chalons-sur-Saône. She was launched on 4 November 1902 and conducted her sea trials from September 1903 to May 1904. The ship was commissioned () after their completion and was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron.

On 7 July 1914, Mousqueton collided with and sank the  in the Mediterranean Sea off Toulon, France. Calypsos entire crew of 26 was rescued.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Mousqueton was a leader () in the 2nd Submarine and Destroyer Flotilla () of the 1st Naval Army (), based at Bizerte, French Tunisia.

According to a British report of 5 June, Mousqueton and the destroyers  and  were assigned to patrol the area around Cape Matapan, Greece.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1902 ships
Maritime incidents in July 1914
French destroyer Arc. Arc was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Arc reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Arc (Bow) was ordered from Schneider et Cie on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down later that year at its shipyard in Chalons-sur-Saône. She was launched on 24 December 1902 and conducted her sea trials from July 1903 to July 1904. The ship was commissioned () after their completion and was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Arc was a leader () in the 2nd Submarine and Destroyer Flotilla () of the 1st Naval Army (), based at Bizerte, French Tunisia.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1902 ships
French destroyer Bélier. Bélier was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1904, the ship was assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Bélier reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Bélier (Battering ram) was ordered from Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire on 22 May 1901 and the ship was laid down in September at its shipyard in Nantes. She was launched on 29 May 1903 and conducted her sea trials during January–March 1904. The ship was commissioned () the following month after their completion and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Bélier was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla () of the 2nd Light Squadron () based at Cherbourg.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1903 ships
French destroyer Catapulte. Catapulte was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1903, the ship was assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Catapulte reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Catapulte (Catapult) was ordered from Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down later that year at its shipyard in Le Havre-Graville. She was launched on 1 April 1903 and conducted her sea trials during May–September 1903. The ship was commissioned () the following month after their completion and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Catapulte was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla () of the 2nd Light Squadron () based at Cherbourg.

On 11 May 1918, Catapulte assisted several other ships in rescuing the survivors of the French troopship , which was carrying 2,025 troops when she was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea with the loss of 605 lives by the Imperial German Navy submarine SM UC-54 26 nautical miles east of Cape Bon, French Tunisia.

On 18 May 1918, Catapulte was escorting a convoy carrying troops from Bizerte (Tunisia) to Marseille (France). Off Bône, French Algeria, the destroyer collided with the British steamer , some of Catapultes depth charges broke loose, fell into the sea and detonated, sinking both ships. 58 of Catapultes crew and one person aboard Warrimoo were killed.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1903 ships
Maritime incidents in 1918
Ships sunk in collisions
World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
French destroyer Bombarde. Bombarde was a   built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1903, the ship was assigned to the Northern Squadron ().

Design and description
The Arquebuse class was designed as a faster version of the preceding . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They  normally displaced  and  at deep load. The two vertical triple-expansion steam engines each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by two du Temple Guyot or Normand boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of  for a designed speed of , all the ships exceeded their contracted speed during their sea trials with Bombarde reaching a speed of . They carried enough coal to give them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of four officers and fifty-eight enlisted men.

The main armament of the Arquebuse-class ships consisted of a single  gun forward of the bridge and six  Hotchkiss guns in single mounts, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single rotating mounts for  torpedo tubes on the centerline, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.

Construction and career
Bombard (Bombard) was ordered from Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée on 29 May 1901 and the ship was laid down on 6 December at its shipyard in Graville-Le Havre. She was launched on 26 June 1903 and conducted her sea trials during August–November 1903. The ship was commissioned () on 26 November and was assigned to the Northern Squadron.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Bombarde was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla () of the 2nd Light Squadron () based at Cherbourg.

References

Bibliography

 

Arquebuse-class destroyers
Ships built in France
1903 ships
Trolley boat. A trolley boat (a descriptive neologism not used contemporaneously) is an electrically driven boat on canals and particularly in canal tunnels. It takes its energy like a tram or trolleybus from one or two overhead wires respectively.

History 

Frank W. Hawley converted a conventional steam-driven canal boat into a trolley boat and demonstrated its benefits and limitations 1893 on the Erie Canal. It had two electric motors with 19 kW (25 hp) each, which drove the propellers.

On a 2 miles (4 km) long section of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal operated from 1899 a propeller driven trolley boat as a tug. Another installation was built in 1933 on a section of the Marne–Rhine Canal and is still in use. A 3 miles (6 km) long overhead cable was installed at the 2 miles (3,3 km) long canal tunnel of the Canal de Bourgogne in the French Canton de Pouilly-en-Auxois.

In 2012 Diversified Marine in Portland, Oregon built the new Buena Vista Ferry, which obtains its energy through an overhead cable, to connect Marion County and Polk County over the 220 meter wide Willamette River in Oregon. The Straussee Ferry is the last remaining trolley ferry in Germany, since the ferryboat of Haßmersheim was decommissioned in September 2014. It has a single wire overhead power supply.

Additional photographs

References

External links 
 Low-Tech Magazine - Doubts on progress and technology - Trolley canal boats

Electric boats
Butyl acrylate. Butyl acrylate is an organic compound with the formula .  A colorless liquid, it is the butyl ester of acrylic acid.  It is used commercially on a large scale as a precursor to poly(butyl acrylate). Especially  as copolymers, such materials are used in paints, sealants, coatings, adhesives, fuel, textiles, plastics, and caulk.

Production and properties
Butyl acrylate can be produced by the acid-catalyzed esterification of acrylic acid with butanol. It polymerizes easily, therefore commercial preparations contain polymerization inhibitors such as hydroquinone, phenothiazine, or hydroquinone ethyl ether.

Safety
Butyl acrylate is of low acute toxicity with an  (rat) of 3143 mg/kg.

In rodent models, butyl acrylate is metabolized by carboxylesterase or reactions with glutathione; this detoxification produces acrylic acid, butanol, and mercapturic acid waste, which are excreted.

Exposure can occur through inhalation, skin and/or eye contact absorption, and ingestion. Symptoms may be dependent on exposure route, with skin and eye contact manifesting in redness, pain, and sensitivity; inhalation resulting in burning sensations, cough, shortness of breath, and sore throat; and ingestion resulting in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.

References

Acrylate esters
Monomers
Butyl esters
Electricity price area. An electricity price area is a zone throughout which the electricity is traded at the same spot price on a power exchange. An electricity price area is decided by transmission system operator and can be a whole country, or parts of it.

EPADs and price area risk 
The electricity price usually differs from the system price from one price area to another, e.g. when there are constraints in the transmission grid. A special contract for difference called Electricity Price Area Differentials or EPAD allows members on the power exchange to hedge against this market risk called area price risk.

See also 
 Nord Pool Spot
 Nordic energy market
 Electricity sector in Sweden
 Electricity sector in Norway

References

Electricity markets
Financial risk
Front Lines. Front Lines is a 1994 turn-based strategy computer wargame for MS-DOS developed and published by Impressions Games.

Gameplay
Front Lines is a computer wargame with a turn-based system for gameplay, using vehicles.

Development and release
Front Lines was developed by British studio Impressions Games. It was their first hex map strategy game and, according to the company's James Hunter, was created out of the team's desire to improve upon what they considered simplistic graphics seen in other genre examples including Battle Isle 2200 and History Line: 1914–1918. Hunter stated that having Front Lines set only a few decades ahead was because "it's far enough into the future to have some things a little bit different, but not so far that everything has become unrecognisable." He further explained, "It gives the artist a bit of scope to put imagination into it, because everybody knows what a tank looks like at the present time; and it gives us a few more scenarios as well."

Impressions first released Front Lines on PC in November 1994. Shorty ahead of this, an Amiga port was announced  with Daze Marketing set to published it the following February. It was programmed by Andrew Prime, who had handled six of Impressions' previous Amiga conversions. Memory was the largest barrier to this process as Front Lines used 4 MBs of RAM on PC while the Amiga 600 and Amiga 1200 only had 1 MB and 2 MB respectively. Prime wanted to maintain 8-bit color but stated they would have likely lowered the display resolution or implemented a zoomed-in mode for better detail. The restricted memory also meant the title animations would not have been used. The release was reportedly pushed to March and then to June 1995. A CD-ROM edition became available in the interim, containing 13 more pre-built scenarios, digitized voices, and longer, more detailed cutscenes. By the fall, Impressions had been acquired by the more PC-oriented Sierra On-Line and the Front Lines Amiga version was quietly cancelled.

Reception

In PC Gamer US, William R. Trotter called Front Lines "a well-designed product that should have wide appeal." Next Generation’s reviewer was negative toward the game, and stated that "[m]ost fans of war games will find Front Lines a good example of the genre (if a little predictable), but everyone else's eyes will surely glaze over after a few minutes of play."

Legacy
Following the completion of Front Lines, Impressions Games began work on a remake focused on the American Civil War. The team drifted away from this concept as development progressed. The project became Robert E. Lee: Civil War General. Impressions' Jeffrey Fiske later called Front Lines "a high-quality graphics program which, if it had done a little more time in development, would have had much better gameplay."

References

External links

1994 video games
Cancelled Amiga games
Computer wargames
DOS games
DOS-only games
Impressions Games games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in 2020