omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Activation energy asymptotics. Activation energy asymptotics (AEA), also known as large activation energy asymptotics, is an asymptotic analysis used in the combustion field utilizing the fact that the reaction rate is extremely sensitive to temperature changes due to the large activation energy of the chemical reaction.

History
The techniques were pioneered by the Russian scientists Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, David A. Frank-Kamenetskii and co-workers in the 30s, in their study on premixed flames and thermal explosions (Frank-Kamenetskii theory), but not popular to western scientists until the 70s. In the early 70s, due to the pioneering work of Williams B. Bush, Francis E. Fendell, Forman A. Williams, Amable Liñán and John F. Clarke, it became popular in western community and since then it was widely used to explain more complicated problems in combustion.

Method overview
In combustion processes, the reaction rate  is dependent on temperature  in the following form (Arrhenius law),

where  is the activation energy, and  is the universal gas constant. In general, the condition  is satisfied, where  is the burnt gas temperature. This condition forms the basis for activation energy asymptotics. Denoting  for unburnt gas temperature, one can define the Zel'dovich number and heat release parameter as follows

In addition, if we define a non-dimensional temperature

such that  approaching zero in the unburnt region and approaching unity in the burnt gas region (in other words, ), then the ratio of reaction rate at any temperature to reaction rate at burnt gas temperature is given by

Now in the limit of  (large activation energy) with , the reaction rate is exponentially small i.e.,  and negligible everywhere, but non-negligible when . In other words, the reaction rate is negligible everywhere, except in a small region very close to burnt gas temperature, where . Thus, in solving the conservation equations, one identifies two different regimes, at leading order,

Outer convective-diffusive zone
Inner reactive-diffusive layer

where in the convective-diffusive zone, reaction term will be neglected and in the thin reactive-diffusive layer, convective terms can be neglected and the solutions in these two regions are stitched together by matching slopes using method of matched asymptotic expansions. The above mentioned two regime are true only at leading order since the next order corrections may involve all the three transport mechanisms.

See also
Zeldovich–Frank-Kamenetskii equation
Burke–Schumann limit

References

Fluid dynamics
Combustion
Asymptotic analysis
Russian Radio-Technical Troops. The Radio-Technical Troops (RTT) (Russian: Радиотехнические войска) are an Arm of the Russian Aerospace Forces, armed with radio-technical equipment (RTE) and systems of automation means (SAM), are designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of the air enemy and to give radar information on the air situation within the radar field to control bodies of the Aerospace Forces and other Services and Arms of the Russian Armed Forces, points of control of aircraft combat means, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare (EW) at their solving the tasks of peacetime and wartime.

The RTT of the Aerospace Forces consist of radio-technical regiments (RTR), which are organised as part of an Air Force Association (air army), as well as an air defence division, other units and organisations directly under the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force.

The Radio-Technical Troops of the Aerospace Forces are the primary source of radar data on air situation. They carry out radar reconnaissance and provide with radar information combat crews of higher command posts (CPs) and CPs of formations, military units and aviation subdivisions, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare troops.

In peacetime, all the deployed subunits and command posts of formations and units of the Radio-Technical Troops carry out combat duty on air defence, perform tasks for protection of state borders in the airspace.

In the course of events during transition to the new make-up of the RF Armed Forces the main aim became improving the control system, maintaining combat readiness of units and subdivisions according to the degree fulfilling the task as intended.

The main account at equipping troops with electronic technology is devoted to increasing opportunities for subunits’ manoeuvrability and their ability to give combat operational information in a new position area within the shortest possible time.

The main directions of development of the Radio-Technical Troops of the Aerospace Forces are as follows: improving the technical equipment of military units and subdivisions by carrying out activities on life extension and modernisation of existing weapons and equipment, development of weapons of the new park: 
 radar systems of medium and high altitudes ‘Nebo-M’, 
 radars of medium and high altitudes ‘Protivnik-G1M’, ‘Sopka-2’, 
 radar systems of low altitudes ‘Podlyot-K1’ and ‘Podlyot-M’, 
 radars of low altitudes ‘Kasta-2-2’.

See also 
 Russian air surveillance radars

References

External links

Russian Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1954
1954 establishments in Russia
JMC Teshun. The JMC Teshun is a light commercial van manufactured by Jiangling Motors based on the second generation Ford Transit.

Design
Originally being a licensed Ford Transit production, the Jiangling-Ford model was sold from 2006 to 2017 and styling remained unchanged throughout the model years sold as a Ford product.

Starting from May 2017, a version of the old Transit manufactured by JMC was rebadged and slightly redesigned with a completely new front DRG and restyled tail lamp inserts. The rebadged version was then called the JMC Teshun. Pricing ranges from 99,800 yuan to 139,200 yuan.

Specifications 
The Teshun is powered by a range of engine options: a 2.8 liter turbo diesel engine producing 108 hp and a 4G69S4N 2.4 liter inline-4 gasoline engine producing 136 hp. Both engines are mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. The JMC Teshun is available in 3-seater, 6- to 8-seater, 10-seater, and 14- to 15-seater models matching with a selection of low, middle, and tall roof options.

2020 facelift
A facelift  of the Teshun was launched in 2020, featuring a slightly redesigned front bumper. The updated model range also features an additional 9-seater layout and engines that meet both National V and National VI emissions standards, with the engine being a 2.8 liter turbo diesel engine producing 116 hp and 285N·m mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox.

2021 facelift
Another facelift was launched in 2021, featuring a redesigned front fascia. The updated model range also features the same 2.8 liter turbo diesel engine producing 116 hp and 285N·m mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox. An additional Taurus Edition is also available featuring gold accents on the exterior and interior.

JMC Jingma Fuyun EV
The JMC Jingma Fuyun EV (江铃晶马福运EV) is a rebadged electric van based on the pre-facelift JMC Teshun sold under the Jiangling Jingma (JMC Jingma) brand from February 2023. The Fuyun EV electric van is powered by a 120 kW electric motor with a maximum output of 320N·m with a 85.89kWh battery supplied by CATL supporting a range of 345 km (214 miles).

Sales
In 2017, around 11,884 vans were sold. In January 2018, 2,923 vans were sold by JMC. Around 10,703 vans were sold in the fourth quarter of 2019.

References

External links 

Official JMC Teshun website 

Minibuses
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars of China
School bus chassis
Vans
Vehicles introduced in 2017
William King (GSI). William King FGS (1834? - 1900) was the son of the English born geologist William King who also became a geologist and worked in India with the Geological Survey of India, serving as its director from 1887 to 1894.

King studied civil engineering at Queen's College, Galway and at Queen's University before joining the Geological Survey of India on 4 March 1857. His first work was in southern India with H.F.Blanford. He then worked in central India and surveyed western Chota Nagpur and took over the position of director at Calcutta, succeeding Medlicott in 1887. He was given six extensions from the normal age of retirement at 54 thus retiring at the age of 60 on 16 July 1894 after 37 years of service. He was succeeded by Carl Griesbach as director as the next senior officer T.W.H. Hughes was injured, losing his eyesight and being forced to retire.

Publications
King published numerous reports as part of his work in the Geological Survey of India and numerous notes in its Records and Memoirs. The key emphasis was on surveys for coal and mineral resources. A partial list of publications include:

 King, W. (1888) Boring exploration in the Chhattisgarh Coal-fields Records of the Geological Survey of India. 20:194-202
 King, W. (1888) Abstract report on the coal outcrops in the Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 22:149-.
 King, W. (1888) Note on the discovery of trilobites by Dr H. Warth in the Neobolus beds of the Salt Range. Records of the Geological Survey of India. Records of the Geological Survey of India. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 22:153-.
 King, W. (1888) Provisional index of the local distribution of important minerals, miscellaneous minerals, gem-stones and quarry-stones in the Indian Empire. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 22:237-, 23-130-.
 King, W. (1882) Geological sketch of Vizagapatam district. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Gov. of India, Calcutta, 143-157.
 King, W. (1881) The Geology of the Pranhita-Godavari valley. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 18:151–311.
 King, W. (1880) The gneiss and transition rocks, and other formations of the Nellore portion of the Carnatic. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. 16:109-194.
 King, W. (1880) The Upper Gondwanas and other formations of the coastal region of the Godavari District. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. 16:195-264.
 King, W. (1872) On the Kadapah and Karnul formations in the Madras Presidency. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 8:1-320.
 King, W.; Foote, R.B. (1865) On the geological structure of parts of the districts of Salem, Trichinopoly, Tanjore, and South Arcot, Madras. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 4:223-379.

References 

19th-century Irish geologists
1830s births
1900 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Alumni of the University of Galway
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Equilibrium catalyst. Equilibrium Catalyst refers to the deactivated or spent catalyst after use in a chemical reaction. 

The main player in oil refining processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing, hydrocracking is the catalyst or zeolitic material, that breaks down complex and long-chain hydrocarbons into simple, useful hydrocarbons.

Over longer periods of time, there is significant loss in the activity of the catalyst and it can no longer function properly. The inhibitions in catalytic performance are accounted by different factors such as physical losses, steam, high temperature, time, coke formation and poisoning from metal contaminants in feedstock. This type of deactivated catalyst is referred to as “used or spent” catalyst or equilibrium catalyst or simply “ECAT”.

In FCC processes, the equilibrium catalyst is a physical mixture of varying proportions of fresh catalyst and regenerated catalyst or aged catalyst, circulating within the FCC column. The equilibrium catalyst withdrawn as catalytically less active is spent catalyst and gets replaced with an equivalent amount of fresh catalyst. Spent FCC catalysts have low flammability and toxicity as compared to spent hydroprocessing catalysts, however are not of benign nature and there is a risk of leaching of its components.

Whereas, in hydroprocessing, the equilibrium catalyst or spent catalyst is entirely replaced with fresh catalyst upon loss in catalyst activity.

Spent catalyst disposal 

The disposal of spent catalyst is gaining importance, particularly because of strict environmental regulations and high prices of fresh catalyst. Landfills and approved dumping sites have been predominantly used to get rid of the spent catalyst. Catalysts containing metals (nickel, vanadium, molybdenum) classified as hazardous are pre-treated before disposal. Sale of spent catalyst to the cement industry or its reuse in construction sites, metal casting industry, in road building offers immediate disposal solutions but with no economic benefits.  Depending upon the quality of the spent catalyst, a specific property/attribute of the ECAT might be desirable in other processes. With some modifications in spent catalyst compositions, it could be reused in less severe processes.

References

Oil refining
Chemical processes
Action, Manya!. Action, Manya! () is a 1991 Soviet science fiction comedy film directed by Roman Yershov.

Plot
Two scientists: the biologist-geneticist (Yevgeny Vesnik) and the programmer Kostya (Sergey Bekhterev) wish to create a cyborg-superman to fight against the mafia. However, in the programming process a mistake happens: instead of superman they got super-Manya: the robot is given the form of a female glamour model about whom the programmer secretly fantasized.

However, Manya (Yuliya Menshova) despite her contrasting appearance is ready to carry out the initial plan, i.e., to combat world mafia and racketeers. And she successfully fulfills the task: neither bullets or by land-to-air missiles hurt her. However the mafia finds out, how to defeat the crime fighters: a real pin-up girl is presented to Kostya and he forgets about "Super Manya", and Manya is unable to cope with the latest achievements of the scientific progress. Nevertheless, everything ends successfully, crime is destroyed, but unfortunately this means the ens of the execution of the superwoman's program and she is about to be retired. The creators brighten up the last days of her existence with a deserved vacation.

Cast
Yuliya Menshova — Manya
Sergey Bekhterev — programmer Kostya
Yevgeny Vesnik — biologist—geneticist Evgeniy Danilovich
Georgy Millyar — functionary Ivan Akimovich
Anatoly Rudakov — man who invited Manya to dance
Viktor Bychkov — Bychkov
Yevgeny Morgunov — filmmaker
Stanislav Sadalsky — butcher Vasya
Semyon Furman — Alik
Sergey Selin — pilot
Roman Filippov — General
Anatoly Azo — Chief
Leonard Varfolomeev — restaurateur
Igor Dobriakov — mafia member
Sergei Polezhaev — Ivan Akimovich's secretary
Vladimir Rublev — robber
Sergey Tverdokhlebov — Cheese
Alexander Slastin — coordinator
Shukhrat Irgashev — episode
Karina Razumovskaya — episode
Vladimir Basov — entrepreneur at the market

Reception
The comedy was criticized for an eclectic collection of cliches of action films and cliches about robots and artificial intelligence.

References

External links
 

1991 direct-to-video films
Direct-to-video comedy films
Lenfilm films
Soviet fantasy comedy films
Soviet superhero films
Films about androids
Films about robots
1990s fantasy comedy films
1991 comedy films
1991 films
1990s Russian-language films
Marc Auslander. Marc Alan Auslander is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to the PL.8 compiler. He spent his entire career at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY.

Auslander received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Princeton University in 1963. He joined IBM the same year. In 1991 he was named an IBM Fellow. He retired in 2004 but continues to be affiliated with IBM as a Fellow Emeritus.

In 1996, Auslander was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to reduced instruction set computing (RISC) systems. In 1999 he was named both ACM Fellow and IEEE Fellow, again for contributions to RISC.

From 1970 to 1972 Auslander served as chairman of ACM SIGOPS. He has authored 19 scientific papers and holds 14 U.S. patents.

References

External links
 Personal homepage at IBM
 Publication list at DBLP
 

Living people
American computer scientists
Programming language researchers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the IEEE
1999 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
IBM Fellows
IBM Research computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sandhar Technologies. Sandhar Technologies Limited or Sandhar Group or Sandhar (), is an Indian multinational and a global manufacturer of automotive components. 
The company was founded in 1987 by Jayant Davar, currently has 3 subsidiaries and 10 joint venture with 41 factories all over the world.

History 

 1987-90: The company was founded in 1987 by Jayant Davar and started supplying sheet metals for Hero Honda motorcycles and received technical assistance from Honda Lock to manufacture lock systems for the motorbikes. 
 1990-95: It started producing mirrors and door handles for Honda cars thanks to technical assistance received from Honda Lock and even up to the date it is the only supplier for Honda cars.
 2000-05: The company starts investing in Zn, Al die casting and tools and dies. 
 2006-10: Enters in the field of wheel assembly production such as handle bar, spools for seatbelt retractors and PDC products. 
 2011-16: The business expanded to manufacture plastic injection moulding seatbelts then eventually set up a research unit Gurugram.
 2016-18: Thanks to joint venture with Whetron and Jinyoung, the company has started to manufacture automotive electronic products. In December 2017 the company entered into joint venture with Daeshin Machinery Ind. Co. Ltd. By the end of 2018, the company announced a joint venture with Kwangsung  Corporation Ltd., Rep Korea to manufacture sunvisor, cargo screen, black-Out tape, glove box  & several other blow-moulded products.
 2019: The company has entered into  Joint Venture with Winnercom Co. Ltd., and Hanshin Corporation of Rep Korea,

References

Indian Engineering Services
Indian companies established in 1987
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Friedrichshafen FF.54. The Friedrichshafen FF.54 was a German experimental quadruplane that was developed by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen during the First World War.

Design and development
It was equipped with a 160 hp Mercedes D.IIIa in-line engine.  The armament consisted of two LMG 08/15 machine guns that fired through the propeller.  The first flight took place on October 31, 1917.  The aircraft crashed on the first flight.  It was later rebuilt as a triplane, with the second wing from the top removed.  The improved version was flown in May 1918, and crashed again. As a result, the project was discontinued in September 1918.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

FF.54
1910s German experimental aircraft
Quadruplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Amalia Ercoli Finzi. Amalia Ercoli Finzi (; born 20 April 1937) is an Italian engineer and professor, Principal Investigator of the SD2 drill aboard the Philae spacecraft.

Early life and education 
Ercoli Finzi was born at Gallarate, near Milan.

In 1962 she was the first Italian woman to graduate in aeronautical engineering, from the Polytechnic University of Milan, with a final grade of 100/100 cum laude.

Research and career 
She has taught at the Polytechnic University of Milan for more than fifty years, becoming associate professor in 1980 and professor in 1994. She has served as Professor of Orbital Mechanics, Director of the Department of Aerospace Engineering and on the board of Directors of the National Museum of Science and Technology. She has considerable experience in space flight dynamics. She has served as a scientific advisor for NASA, ASI and ESA and is an honorary lecturer at Milan's Politecnico university.

She has been involved with several NASA - Italian Space Agency missions, including space tether missions, MiTEx and Columbus (ISS module). She was responsible for the SD2 instrument, which drilled the surface of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, collected materials and took them for analysis.

Ercoli is married to Filiberto Finzi, son of Italian mathematician Bruno Finzi. The couple have five children.

Awards and honors 
In 2012 she won the Franck J. Malina Astronautics Medal from the International Astronautical Federation. She was also awarded the Leonardo Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Italian Association of Science Journalists for her contributions to the exploration of space and education. Ercoli is an advocate for women in science, and speaks up against stereotypes and bias. In 2017 she won the Premio Porto Venere Donna award which is given annually by the Provincial Council of Women to recognise the most influential women in Italy. 

In 2018, the asteroid 24890 Amaliafinzi was named after her.

A Turin-based working copy of the latest Mars rover was named after Finzi in January 2022 by the European Space Agency. The model will simulate all the rover's actual moves on Mars.

References 

Italian astrophysicists
Women astrophysicists
Italian aerospace engineers
1937 births
Living people
People from Gallarate
20th-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian women engineers
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Milan
20th-century Italian women engineers
Women planetary scientists
Planetary scientists
20th-century Italian women scientists
21st-century Italian women scientists
Food warmer. A food warmer is typically a table-top device used to maintain the serving temperature of prepared food. It is used both in homes and restaurants.

Home use
When used domestically, such as with fondue, a food warmer may simply be a small vessel containing food upon a trivet which contains a heat source such as a flame or electric element.

Some food cookers can then, in essence, become food warmers as they use a reduced heat to maintain a serving temperature. Electric rice cookers do this automatically. A multicooker is an electric kitchen appliance for automated cooking using a timer. In addition to cooking programs, a multicooker may have functions to keep food warm.

Some electric-powered personal-sized food coolers have a setting that serves to warm food inside of the cooler. These are typically marketed as cooler/warmers.

Commercial use

Commercial food warmers are used in restaurants as well as outdoor food carts.

In restaurants and hotels they may operate the same way, but on a larger scale. Buffets commonly use large, stainless steel containers with a sterno fuel source. Restaurants also use steam tables to keep multiple vessels warm at once. These have a large, shallow body of water that is kept at a certain temperature with pans of food placed on top, typically rectangle stainless steel. East Asia in particular uses steam tables in restaurants, and notably, portable ones to keep bamboo steamers containing dim sum dishes hot.

A flameless ration heater is a flameless chemical heater used to heat some types of Meal, Ready-to-Eat entrees.

List of food warmers
This is a list of food warmers. Some may also serve as cookers.
 Bain-marie
 Chafing dish
 Crock pot
 Fondue
 Multicooker – some have a warming setting
 Rice cooker
 Steam table

Gallery

See also
 Buffet
 Catering

References

External links
 

Cooking vessels