omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Chatham. William Chatham  (July 1859–1941) was a Scottish-born engineer and government official of Hong Kong. He was the Director of Public Works from 1901 to 1921, as well as member of the Executive and Legislative Councils and Vice-President of the Sanitary Board.

Biography
He was born in July 1859 and was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh and at Edinburgh University. He was trained to be an engineer and joined the Thos. Meik & Sons, the then well-known civil engineering firm, as an assistant and then the engineer of the Bristol Docks. He arrived in Hong kong in 1890 as an Executive Engineer with the Public Works Department and became the Director of Public Works in 1901 as well as a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils and Vice-President of the Sanitary Board. He was a member of the Queen's Jubilee Committee, acting as honorary secretary for some years and took part in the £20,000 construction of the Jubilee Road (today's Victoria Road) and the Hospital for Women and Children (later known as Victoria Hospital). He resided at the Peak and was member of the Hong Kong Club.

When Chatham retired in 1921, a valediction published in the Hong Kong Government Administration Report of 1921 stated that "The majority of the Public Works of the Colony as they exist today are standing monument to his energy and foresight."

Chatham Road North, Chatham Road South and Chatham Court in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon and Chatham Path on the Hong Kong Island are all named after him.

He had a daughter named Agnes Catherine and five sons.  Agnes married Edward Dudley Corscaden Wolfe, who was an Assistant Registrar-General and Police Magistrate in Hong Kong.

After his retirement in 1921 he and his wife returned to the UK and lived in London. He died in 1941 aged 81.

References

1859 births
1941 deaths
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Members of the Urban Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong civil engineers
Scottish civil engineers
Government officials of Hong Kong
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from British Hong Kong
IBM 1070. IBM 1070 Process Communication System was IBM's communication system with analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion functions that was announced in 1964 for the process industries (oil refinery, iron & steel, pharmaceutical and other industries).

Configuration
The 1070 System could be configured from:
 IBM 1026: IBM 1030/1050/1060/1070 Transmission Control Unit
 IBM 1071: Terminal Control Unit
 IBM 1072: Terminal Multiplexer
 IBM 1073: Latching Contact Operate Model 1
 IBM 1073: Counter Terminal Model 2
 IBM 1073: Digital-Pulse Converter Model 3
 IBM 1074: Binary Display
 IBM 1075: Decimal Display
 IBM 1076: Manual Binary Input
 IBM 1077: Manual Decimal Input
 IBM 1078: Pulse Counter

On the IBM System/360 or System/370 computer side, attachment was done through IBM 2701 Data Adapter Unit, 2702 Data Communications Unit, or other remote communications units.

The 1070 System was announced in April 1964, at the same time as the IBM System/360 announcement, and became available in the following year.

See also
Process industry

References

External links
IBM Announcement Letter - IBM 1070

1070
ARA Canal Beagle. ARA Canal Beagle (B-3) is a cargo ship in service with the Argentine Navy since 1978, capable of transporting bulk cargo, live cattle, and containers. She is the second ship in the Argentine Navy to bear the name of the Beagle Channel in the south of Tierra del Fuego.

Design 
Canal Beagle (B-3) is one of three  cargo ships ordered by the Argentine Navy in 1975, designed and built by the Argentine Príncipe, Menghi y Penco shipyard, at Buenos Aires, Argentina. The design is optimised for Patagonic coastal service.

Canal Beagle has a steel hull and the superstructure at the stern, with a single mast and a single funnel atop, behind the bridge; the cargo area is located in the middle of the ship and three “Liebherr” cranes serve the three holds, one each. She has a bulk cargo capacity of  or 6,800 tons (e.g.: coal, cereals, live cattle), a refrigerated cargo capacity of , and can carry up to 140 containers.

Canal Beagle is powered by two 6-cylinder Sulzer 6 ZL 40/48 marine diesel engines of  each, driving two variable-pitch propellers; with a maximum speed of .

History 

With the ships then operating with “Naval Transport Service” ( Servicio de Transportes Navales) approaching obsolescence, the Argentine Navy was authorized (via decree 3/10/1975) to order the local construction of three cargo ships for the southern coastal service. The ships, with hull optimised for Patagonic coastal service, were designed and built by the Argentine Príncipe, Menghi y Penco shipyard, at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the late 1970s and are denominated the Costa Sur-class.

Canal Beagle, the first ship in her class, was laid down on 10 January 1977 and launched on 19 October 1977. She was commissioned on 29 April 1978 and assigned to the Argentine Navy's Naval Transport Service with pennant number B-3.

In addition to coastal and riverine activities in Argentina, Canal Beagle also operated overseas. In 1989, Canal Beagle helped remove oil from the shipwreck of the polar transport , in an effort to reduce pollution in the Antarctic waters. 
In 1992 she transported to the Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras, the four Baradero-class patrol boats used under United Nations mandate ONUCA.

In 2005, Canal Beagle was part of the naval deployment contributing to the security of the 4th Summit of the Americas ( IV Cumbre de las Américas) hold in the Argentine city of Mar del Plata.

Starting in late 2007, she took part in the Argentine Antarctic Program replacing the icebreaker  in the resupply of the Argentine bases in Argentine Antarctica.

The ship remained active as of 2022, participating in an exercise off the coast of Mar del Plata with other Argentine naval units.

Footnotes

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links 
 Argentine Navy official site – Transportes Clase “COSTA SUR” (accessed 2017-01-18)
 Histarmar website – COMANDO DE TRANSPORTES NAVALES – Transportes Navales desde 1970 hasta ahora (accessed 2017-01-18)
 Histarmar website – FLOTA DE MAR 2015 (accessed 2017-01-18)

Costa Sur class cargo ships
Transports of the Argentine Navy
Ships built in Argentina
1977 ships
Front (physics). In physics, a front can be understood as an interface between two different possible states (either stable or unstable) in a physical system. For example, a weather front is the interface between two different density masses of air, in combustion where the flame is the interface between burned and unburned material or in population dynamics where the front is the interface between populated and unpopulated places. Fronts can be static or mobile depending on the conditions of the system, and the causes of the motion can be the variation of a free energy, where the most energetically favorable state invades the less favorable one, according to Pomeau or shape induced motion due to non-variation dynamics in the system, according to Alvarez-Socorro, Clerc, González-Cortés and Wilson.

From a mathematical point of view, fronts are solutions of spatially extended systems connecting two steady states, and from dynamical systems point of view, a front corresponds to a heteroclinic orbit of the system in the co-mobile frame (or proper frame).

Fronts connecting stable - unstable homogeneous states 
The most simple example of front solution connecting a homogeneous stable state with a homogeneous unstable state can be shown in the one-dimensional Fisher–Kolmogorov equation:

that describes a simple model for the density  of population. This equation has two steady states, , and . This solution corresponds to extinction and saturation of population. Observe that this model is spatially-extended, because it includes a diffusion term given by the second derivative. The state  is stable as a simple linear analysis can show and the state  is unstable. There exist a family of front solutions connecting  with , and such solution are propagative. Particularly, there exist one solution of the form , with  is a velocity that only depends on  and

References

Concepts in physics
JNR Class DD16. The  is a four-axle Bo-Bo wheel arrangement diesel-hydraulic locomotive type operated in Japan since 1972. A total of 65 locomotives were built between 1971 and 1975, and , one locomotive remains in service, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Variants
A total of 65 locomotives were built between 1971 and 1975.
 Class DD16-0: 65 locomotives built between 1971 and 1975
 Class DD16-300: 4 locomotives converted from DD16-0 locomotives between 1979 and 1983 to become self-propelled snowplough units

Design
The Class DD16 was designed to replace the Class C12 and C56 steam locomotives on non-electrified rural lines where locomotives with a low axle load were required. The design featured an offset centre-cab arrangement using the same DML61Z diesel engine used in the Class DD51 locomotives, derated from  to .

History
The first two locomotives, DD16 1 and 2, were built at the Japanese National Railways (JNR) Nagano factory, and these were tested on the Koumi Line and Iida Line.

Between 1979 and 1983, four locomotives (DD16 2, 5, 4, and 13) were converted at JNR's Nagano and Matto workshops to become self-propelled snowplough units, numbered DD16 301 to 304, with the addition of bogie snowplough units on either end.

With the closure of many rural lines and discontinuation of rural freight services in the 1980s, many of the class were withdrawn from operation and scrapped.

With the privatization of JNR in April 1987, just ten Class DD16 locomotives remained in service, transferred to operation by JR Group operating companies.

By 1 April 1995, seven locomotives were still in service, with four (DD16-0 and DD16-300) operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), two (DD16-0) operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu), and one (DD16-300) operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

, one locomotive, DD16 11, remains in service, operated by JR East.

Preserved examples
, seven Class DD16 locomotives are preserved.
 DD16 1: Preserved at Nagano General Rolling Stock Center in Nagano
 DD16 7: Preserved in operational condition at Wakasa Station on the Wakasa Railway
 DD16 15: Preserved at the Mikasa Railway Parek in Mikasa, Hokkaido
 DD16 17: Preserved at the Otaru Museum in Otaru, Hokkaido
 DD16 31: Preserved inside the "Memorial Ship Hakkoda" in Aomori
 DD16 64: Preserved in Nōgata, Fukuoka
 DD16 303: Preserved in Nagano
 DD16 304: Preserved at the Tsuyama Railroad Educational Museum in Tsuyama, Okayama.

Classification

The DD16 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
 D: Diesel locomotive
 D: Four driving axles
 16: Locomotive with maximum speed of 85 km/h or less

References

Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Japan
DD16
DD16
DD16
Bo-Bo locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1971
Kawasaki diesel locomotives
Nippon Sharyo locomotives
Forest reproductive material. Forest reproductive material is a part of a tree that can be used for reproduction such as seed, cutting or seedling.  Artificial regeneration, carried out through seeding or planting, typically involves transferring forest reproductive material to a particular site from other locations while natural regeneration relies on genetic material that is already available on the site.

Technical opportunities and challenges to ensure quality and quantity of forest reproductive material can be found in the activities of identification, selection, procurement, propagation, conservation, improvement and sustained production of reproductive material. The use of low quality or poorly adapted forest reproductive material can have very negative impact on the vitality and resilience of a forest.

In Europe, much of the material used for artificial regeneration is produced and transferred within a single country. However, forest reproductive material, usually in the form of seeds or cuttings, is increasingly traded across national borders, especially within the European Union.

Forest reproductive material and climate changes
As a result of climate changes, leading to increasing temperatures, some parts of the current distribution ranges of forest trees are expected to become unsuitable while new areas may become suitable for many species in higher latitudes or altitudes. This will most likely increase the future demand for imported forest reproductive material as forest managers and owners try to identify tree species and provenances that will be able to grow in their land under new climatic conditions. Especially, forest reproductive material with high plasticity will be increasingly useful for this purpose.

References

External links
Use of forest reproductive material. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material. OECD
NordGen. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center
Guide to forest reproductive material. Food and Agriculture Organization

Forests
Plant reproduction
Steam Engine Makers' Society. The Steam Engine Makers' Society (SEM) was an early trade union representing engineers in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in Liverpool in 1824, and was able to meet openly in Manchester by 1826, despite the Combination Act 1825 severely limiting the role of trade unions; it was one of a very few unions able to operate successfully at the time.  The union opposed Chartism, and suspended any branches which attempted to work with the Chartist movement.

The union had 525 members by 1836, unusually for the time included both skilled and unskilled workers.  It was the second largest union invited to amalgamated into the new Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1851 (after the Journeymen Steam Engine, Machine Makers' and Millwrights' Friendly Society), but voted against, fearing that it would be effectively taken over by the larger union.  Instead, it remained independent, growing to 6,000 members by 1891, when it was a founder of the Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades.

The union continued to grow in the 20th-century, reaching 17,800 members in 1914.  In 1920, it finally agreed to merge with the ASE and some smaller unions, forming the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

General Secretaries
Joseph Scotson
1871: James Swift
1904: William F. Dawtry

References

External links
Catalogue of the SEM archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Engineering trade unions
1824 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in the 1820s
Trade unions disestablished in 1920
Trade unions based in Greater Manchester
Journeymen Steam Engine, Machine Makers' and Millwrights' Friendly Society. The Journeymen Steam Engine, Machine Makers' and Millwrights' Friendly Society, also known as the Old Mechanics, was an early trade union representing engineers in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded on 26 July 1826 in Manchester, when it was known as the Friendly Union of Mechanics.  In its early years, it held an annual delegate meeting, which elected a different branch to run the union until the next meeting.  It soon changed its name to the Journeymen Steam Engine and Machine Makers' Friendly Society, and focused on campaigning for shorter working hours and better pay for overtime.  It also attempted to regulate the trade, by campaigning against the employment of workers who had not completed apprenticeships, and to limit the number of apprentices in the industry.

The union led an eight-month strike in 1836, which won a major victory in limiting the standard working day to ten hours.  This boosted the profile of the union, which had 3,000 members by 1839, when it appointed a secretary for the first time.  Initially part-time, the post became full-time in 1845, an unusual step for the period.  The London Millwrights Societies merged with the Old Mechanics in 1841, which accordingly added "millwrights" to its name.

In 1846, the union's branches in Belfast, Rochdale and Newton-le-Willows began industrial action against piecework and systematic overtime.  Several employers took the union's officers to court, and they along with twenty of its members were convicted of conspiracy and illegal combination, and imprisoned.  Following national protests, they were released in 1847.  This inspired William Allan and William Newton to invite numerous other unions to merge to form one large amalgamated body.  This occurred in 1851, when the Old Mechanics dissolved into the Amalgamated Society of Engineers.

General Secretaries
1826: John White

1839: Robert Robinson
Henry Selsby
1848: William Allan
1851: Henry Selsby

References

Trade unions established in the 1820s
Trade unions disestablished in the 1850s
Engineering trade unions
Trade unions based in Greater Manchester
Patrik Verstreken. Patrik Verstreken is a Belgian neuroscientist, highly cited in his field. His work is focused on the function of neuronal synapses during health and neurological disease. Major contributions include identifying molecular mechanisms by which neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease spread throughout the brain and identification of new defects causing Parkinson's disease.

Verstreken obtained his degree in bio-engineering from the University of Brussels in 1998. He joined the graduate school of biomedical sciences at Baylor College of Medicine and under the mentorship of Hugo Bellen, he obtained a PhD in developmental biology in 2003.

After post-doctoral training and with support of a Marie Curie Excellence grant he became a group leader at Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie and joined the faculty of the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) in 2007, at the Center for Human Genetics. In 2016 he became the director of the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research. He obtained an ERC starting grant in 2011 and an ERC consolidator grant in 2015.

Research 
Patrik Verstreken has made contributions to the understanding of synaptic function in health and neurodegenerative disease. Using fruit flies and more recently also human neurons derived from embryonic stem cells, the work in his lab has focused on key proteins, lipids and mitochondria that regulate synaptic activity and how these molecules and organelles are misregulated in Parkinson's disease.

This has led to the discovery of specific presynaptic and organellar defects in Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, and in strategies as to how these defects can be suppressed.

Verstreken's lab uses the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) as a model system to study neuronal communication. He has advocated for animal research in the field and neuroscience, and in particular the value of the fruit fly as a model for biomedical research.

Awards

In 2014, Verstreken was awarded the IBRO-Kemali Prize for Research in recognition of his work on neurodegenerative diseases.

He became an EMBO member on 14 May 2018.

Sources

Belgian neuroscientists
Academic staff of KU Leuven
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
John Fleming (engineer). John Fleming (born 30 January 1951) is a British engineer, and a former senior executive at Ford.

Early life
He grew up in Toxteth. He was born in the Dingle, Liverpool. He attended St. Margaret's Church of England School in Aigburth. His mother was a sewing machinist on the trim at Halewood.

He studied Production Engineering at North East London Polytechnic (since 1992 the University of East London).

Career

Ford
He joined Ford in 1967 aged 16 at the Halewood Body & Assembly, as a manufacturing apprentice.

He became Production Manager of the plant's paint facility in 1984, making the well-known Ford Escort. In 1988 he became responsible for Paint, Trim and Chassis Engineering across Ford of Europe. He returned to Halewood in 1991 as a General Manufacturing Manager, becoming Operations Manager of the plant in 1993. In 1995 he moved to Ford in the USA. In April 2001 he became head of manufacturing for Ford of Europe.

From 1 October 2005 to December 2009 he was Chief Executive and Chairman of Ford of Europe. At the time Ford of Europe also owned Volvo Cars. Under him, Ford unveiled the Ford Mondeo (third generation) in September 2007 at the Paris Motor Show. Towards the end of his tenure at Ford of Europe, his main competitor, GM Europe was facing the possibility of collapse. He was headquartered in Cologne (Cologne Body & Assembly). The sixth generation of the Ford Fiesta debuted in February 2008; these were built at Cologne and the Ford Valencia Plant; at the time there were discussions about changing the model's name. The second generation of the Ford Ka debuted in July 2009, being developed with Fiat, with the same chassis as the Fiat 500 (2007); at this point the Ford Ka had sold 1.4m worldwide. In March 2010, Ford became Europe's best-selling car-brand, overtaking Volkswagen, selling 192,000 cars in that month, with 10% market share. In September 2012, the Ford Focus became the world's best-selling car, selling 489,000 models in sixth months worldwide.

He retired from Ford in December 2015.

Personal life
He is married and has two sons and a daughter.

See also
 Roelant de Waard, former Chairman and Managing Director of Ford of Britain

References

External links
 Center for Automotive Research

 

1951 births
Alumni of the University of East London
Businesspeople from Liverpool
21st-century British engineers
Ford executives
People educated at St Margaret's Church of England High School (Liverpool)
Living people
Shrikant Lele. Shrikant Lele (born 1943) is an Indian metallurgical engineer and a distinguished professor of Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. He is a former director of the Institute of Technology of the university (2002–05) and is known for his studies on structural metallurgy. He is credited with reportedly original work on X-ray diffraction effects, solid state and martensitic transformations as well as spinodal decomposition in alloys and electron diffraction from quasicrystals. His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles; and Google Scholar the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 33 of them.

Born on 24 January 1943, Shrikant Lele is the author of a book, Thermodynamics of Materials (Cambridge Solid State Science Series) and has also contributed chapters to books published by others. He is associated with the INSPIRE program of the Department of Science and Technology as a member of its Engineering section and is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1987. He received the Professor Brahm Prakash Memorial Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 2010. The Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory organized a conference on Advanced X-Ray Techniques in Research and Industry in honour of Lele on the occasion of his 60th birth anniversary.

Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters

Selected articles

Notes

References

External links 
 
 

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1943 births
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India
Banaras Hindu University alumni
Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University
Engineers from Uttar Pradesh
Indian metallurgists
Living people