omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
OrbitX. Orbital Exploration Technologies, Inc., also known as Orbital Exploration or OrbitX, is a Philippine aerospace and space transportation company.

History
OrbitX was established on June 2, 2019 as OrbX, a private venture by a group of youth including Dexter Baño Jr., Enzo Victor, and Paulo Sairel. OrbitX's short term goal is to develop the first indigenous reusable rocket, and the long-term goal is to send the first Filipino to Mars and back. OrbitX is known as the Philippines' first commercial spaceflight company.

Its first flagship project is the Haribon SLS-1 launch vehicle. OrbitX started a crowdfunding campaign which received support from Southeast Asian firm and Genix Ventures and other private individuals. It also received a two-year funding of $6,500 for research purposes from the Amazon Web Services.

Projects

Haribon SLS-1

OrbitX is developing its own space launch vehicle which it dubs as the Haribon SLS-1. It is to be propelled using components also to be developed by OrbitX: Tamaraw Rocket Engine and RP-2 fuel, a plastic-derived fuel. RP-2 gets its named from RP-1, the refined kerosene that is typically used in rockets. As of January 2021, the project is in the Technology Readiness Level 4 phase of development with its components still being validated in a laboratory environment. It is projected to carry a payload of  into low Earth orbit. The company plans to have the maiden launch of the Haribon SLS-1 sometime between 2023 and 2024.

Fuels
Among OrbitX's research is the potential use of algae as biofuel for both small and large-scale space launch vehicles. The company has noted that algae-derived biofuel has already had prior used on aircraft; particularly in a Houston–Chicago Boeing 737 flight. It is also developing, OrbitX RP-2, its own proprietary fuel derived from pyrolysis-processed waste plastic.

Orbital Coin (ORBX) 
On February 10, 2021, OrbitX teased about their in-house cryptocurrency. On February 12, 2021, OrbitX announced the cryptocurrency named Orbital Coin or ORBX, as they'll also fund the rocket using their in-house cryptocurrency.

On July 5, 2021, OrbitX announced their initial coin offering, as scheduled on July 20. ORBX was developed by ProofSys.io and OrbitX.

Cooperation
OrbitX relays its findings and developments to the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA), the national space agency of the Philippine government, although OrbitX itself is a private venture and is independent from PhilSA. It also has partnerships and affiliations with the Space4Impact and Space Impulse, the Green Party of the Philippines, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, and the government's Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

References

2019 establishments in the Philippines
Aerospace companies of the Philippines
Private spaceflight companies
Spacecraft manufacturers
Biofuel producers
Algal fuel producers
Science and technology in the Philippines
Companies based in Quezon City
Crowdfunding projects
Philippine companies established in 2019
Privately held companies of the Philippines
Hitchin-Stevenage Fibre Optic trial. In 1977 a technical trial took place between Hitchin and Stevenage in Hertfordshire, UK, to demonstrate that optical fibre was capable of transmitting high speed data over large distances.

The idea of fibre optics as a communication medium was a topic that many physicists worldwide had been discussing. A theoretical publication in 1966 by Charles Kao and George Hockham, who were both part of a team of scientists in the Standard Telecommunications Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, Essex, defied conventional wisdom at the time predicting that glass could be made with enough purity to send signals over hundreds of kilometres. A collaboration between STL scientists and the British Post Office set out to transform the theoretical predictions into a practical demonstration. The technology trial was successful, and eventually adopted by the British Post Office.

The Hitchin-Stevenage trial demonstrated to the world that fibre optics was a viable technology, and was an important step in the development of modern fibre-optical telecommunications, ultimately leading to a Nobel Prize in Physics for Charles Kao.

Technical Trial 

To demonstrate the technology, an agreement was reached with the Post Office to use existing ducts to connect the telephone exchanges of two medium-sized English towns of Hitchin and Stevenage.  STL scientists developed components and optimised the design of optical fibres in association with STC (Standard Telephones and Cables) Ltd. They sought a route that presented above average installation difficulties and  demonstrate operation of a link operating at 140 MB/s which was the highest digital transmission rate at the time (The European PDH E4 line rate).

The installation of the equipment between Hitchin and Stevenage started in April 1977. The total length of the route was 9 km with repeaters at 3 km spacing, and connected the exchange equipment between the two towns. The team encountered many challenges, including flooded manholes, and tight bends round which the fibre cables had to be carefully eased. The route also happened to cross a railway line and a Motorway, which gave further credence to the robustness of optical fibres. After deployment was completed, it was soon proved that the technology worked, and the transmitted signals could clearly be received at the far end of the link.

The successful outcome of the Hitchin-Stevenage trial was a pivotal moment in the history of optical communications.

References 

Optical telecommunications cables
Fiber-optic communications
History of science and technology in England
April 1977 in the United Kingdom
1977 in science
Science and technology in Hertfordshire
Hitchin
Stevenage
Arthur Patschke. Arthur Patschke (13 April 1865 – 1934) was a German aether theorist, engineer and opponent of the theory of relativity.

Biography

Patschke was born in Braniewo, Kingdom of Prussia in the Ermland region of East Prussia. He was the son of a mill owner. Patschke studied at Mittweida College of Technology and graduated in 1887 as a mechanical engineer. During 1912-1914, he studied electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin). He was a designer of steam turbines.

In 1900, he began constructing a rotating steam engine, designed and presented at the Commercial and Industrial Exposition in Düsseldorf in 1902. He also developed a "transverse steam turbine". Patschke was influenced by his professional experience of engineering and aimed to show "that the earth is a universal turbine, a universal ether turbine in large." In 1907, he moved to Berlin and worked for Siemens-Schuckert, a German electrical engineering company.

A strict mechanist, Patschke proposed the "Universal Law of Force", which stated that "bodies floating in gasses (heavenly bodies, planets, atoms) can only move forward when they have received force from behind". His universal mechanical theory (Universal Law of Force) was outlined in his book Elektromechanik, in 1921. His theory held that atoms have central significance since the pressure force from the movement of atoms is the primordial force from which all natural forces originate.

Patschke was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and believed that all mechanical phenomena in the universe could be traced to the activity of tiny aether particles. In Patschke's scientific worldview aether attained a quasi-religious status to unlock all mysteries of the universe. Patschke's theory proposed the existence of "primordial force mass", a universal aether that causes all mechanical phenomena (gravitation, electricity, magnetism, heat, light, and chemical processes).

Patschke stated in numerous publications in the 1920s to have refuted Einstein's theory of relativity. However, his views were ignored by the scientific community. Patschke attacked the theory of relativity in his book with the English title Overthrow of Einstein's Theory of Relativity.

Selected publications

Transversal-Dampfturbinen für elastische Kraftmittel (1904)
Lösung der Welträtsel durch das einheitliche Weltgesetz der Kraft (1905)
Elektromechanik: Einheitliche erklärung und mechanik der naturkräfte (1921)
Umsturz der Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie (Overthrow of Einstein's Theory of Relativity, 1922)

References

External links
Arthur Patschke (Online Books)

1865 births
1934 deaths
German electrical engineers
Materialists
People from Braniewo
Pseudoscientific physicists
Relativity critics
Supattanapong Punmeechaow. Supattanapong Punmeechaow () is a Thai business executive and government minister.  he serves as Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand and Minister of Energy in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Early life and education 
Supattanapong graduated from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Master's Degree from the Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy Chulalongkorn University. He received many certificates for various courses such as from the Capital Market Academy Program, Advance Management Program from INSEAD, France.

Careers 
He was former president and CEO of PTT Global Chemical from October 2014 to September 2019, former executive vice president and chairman of Risk Management Committee of PTT Public Company Limited, former chairman of the board of Global Power Synergy and former chairman of the board of Global Green Chemicals Public Company Limited. On 24 July 2020, Supattanapong resigned from the position of PTT Global Chemical Company Limited, as well as resigned from the position of director and member of Corporate Risk Committee, PTT Public Company Limited, which he held the position since 25 September 2014.

Political careers 
It is expected that he is preparing to take over as minister of energy. On August 6 in the same year, The king by the advice of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha appointed him as Deputy Prime Minister merged with the position of Minister of Energy.

References 

Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Living people
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
1960 births
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Supattanapong Punmeechaow
Immersion zinc plating. Immersion zinc plating is an electroless (non-electrolytic) coating process that deposits a thin layer of zinc on a less electronegative metal, by immersion in a solution containing a zinc or zincate ions, .  A typical use is plating aluminum with zinc prior to electrolytic or electroless nickel plating.

Immersion zinc plating involves the displacement of zinc from zincate by the underlying metal:

3  + 2 Al → 3 Zn + 2 + 4 OH−

See also

 Electrogalvanization (electrolytic zinc coating)
 Immersion gold plating
 Immersion copper plating
 Immersion silver plating

References

Zinc
Coatings
Typhoon Senior. The Typhoon Senior is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Carl Alberg as a cruiser and first built in 1984.

The boat is a development of the Cape Dory 22, using the same hull mold, but a new deck and rig.

Production
The design was built by Cape Dory Yachts in the United States, with 57 boats completed between 1984 and 1987, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Typhoon Senior is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig; a spooned, raked stem; a raised counter, angled transom; a keel-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed long keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel.

The boat is normally fitted with a small,  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering. The outboard motor is mounted in a transom well, with a hatch cover.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, and two straight settees in the main cabin. There is an ice box underneath the companionway ladder. The head is located under the bow cabin berth. Cabin headroom is .

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 273 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the Cape Dory Sailboat Owners Association.

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "Best features: She's got that Alberg look, with springy sheer and gracefully drawn ends. And though this boat is close in most dimensions to her comp[etitor]s, she has the feel of a bigger boat, with more space and greater headroom below than her comp[etitor]s. Worst features: Why the quaint little portholes instead of oval or rectangular portlights? Others must have asked the
same question; rectangular ports were substituted on a later version. The outboard well amidships, covered with a full hatch, may look good, but we recall that ventilation in the engine compartment was poor, and to keep the engine from starving from lack of fresh air, the crew would have to prop open the hatch."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Cape Dory 22

References

External links
Video - sailing a Typhoon Senior

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Carl Alberg
Sailboat types built by Cape Dory Yachts
Paving Cutters' Union. The International Paving Cutters' Union of the United States of America and Canada was a trade union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor with members in Canada and the United States. A craft union, its members claimed "sole jurisdiction over the cutting of stone paving blocks, which includes: Flanged, beveled, and all stone blocks used in courts, alleys, yards, or streets for paving; also stone blocks and rough ashlar used for building purposes on which paving-cutters' tools are used."

History
In June 1887, delegates from local paving cutters unions across North America met in Baltimore, Maryland, in June 1887. It was founded because of recent cuts to wages in the industry. However, in that year, the Paving Cutters' joined the Granite Cutters' International Association and other affiliated unions in a disastrous general strike. Combined with the severe economic downturn associated Panic of 1893, the union was impacted.  The Westerly, RI branch continued to be active as reported in the local newspaper, The Westerly Sun. In April 1895 it was reported that the National Secretary of the union was visiting Westerly due to challenges of losing members. Later that year, at the first Labor Day Parade in Westerly, the Paving Cutter' union was represented by 25 men and a float. In 1896, the Paving Cutters' union in Westerly does not have cash available to pay its share of the deficit for Labor Day celebrations indicating its difficulties. It was reorganized in 1901 in Lithonia, Georgia, and affiliated with the AFL in 1904. In 1905, John Sheret of Albion, New York, was elected secretary.

On December 29, 1937, the union withdrew from the AFL.  It survived for some time as an independent union, but by 1955 it had only 125 members, and it dissolved in about 1956.

Membership
As of 1936, the union reported 2,200 members across 58 locals (52 in the U.S. and 6 in Canada).

Canada (6): Quebec (4), New Brunswick (1), and Ontario (1)

United States (52): Maine (10), Pennsylvania (7), New Hampshire (6), Massachusetts (4), Wisconsin (3), Georgia (3), New York (3), Missouri (3), Connecticut (2), Minnesota (2), New Jersey (2), North Carolina (2), California (1), Delaware (1), Maryland (1), South Carolina (1).

References

American Federation of Labor affiliates
Paving trade unions
Trade unions established in 1887
Trade unions disestablished in 1956
Rockport, Massachusetts
1887 establishments in Maryland
1901 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Defunct trade unions in Canada
Defunct trade unions in the United States
Karl Heimburg. Karl Ludwig Heimburg (January 29, 1910 - January 26, 1997) was a German-American engineer and Operation Paperclip hire. Heimburg was a member of the "von Braun rocket team" and served as the initial director of the Test Division at the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Biography
Heimburg was born January 29, 1910, in Lindenfels, Germany. In the fall of 1928, after seven months of required practical work at a steel plant in Krefeld, he entered the Technische Universität Darmstadt, where he graduated in 1935 with an engineering degree. Heimburg worked briefly that year at a coal mine, but in 1936, while intoxicated, he made comments in public on his critical regard for Adolf Hitler. Facing investigation by the German police, he traveled through the Soviet Union in 1937 to reach Japan and began work in Tokyo.

Heimburg returned to Germany in 1941, where he was promptly drafted by the army and assigned to the Peenemünde Army Research Center. There he worked under Ludwig Roth on the A7 rocket; after the project's cancellation, he worked on a series of test stands including Test Stand VII, the main test facility for the V-2 rocket. Following bombings on Peenemünde in 1943, he moved to Lehesten, where he worked on testing production V-2 engines.

After World War II, Heimburg was scouted through Operation Paperclip. He joined the initial group of scientists and engineers to travel to the U.S., arriving December 6, 1945. After first working with the rocket team at Fort Bliss and White Sands, in 1960 he became one of the charter members of the new Marshall Space Flight Center. Wernher von Braun selected Heimburg as the director of the center's Test Division. In January 1969, Heimburg was awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal for his work on the Apollo 8 mission.

References

External links
 Karl Heimburg Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

American aerospace engineers
German aerospace engineers
German rocket scientists
German spaceflight pioneers
1910 births
1997 deaths
People from Bergstraße (district)
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Early spaceflight scientists
Peenemünde Army Research Center and Airfield
Marshall Space Flight Center
NASA people
Operation Paperclip
Novaer. Novaer is a Brazilian manufacturer of military aircraft and landing gear based in São José dos Campos, São Paulo.

History
The company was founded in 1999 by the aerospace engineer Luiz Paulo Junqueira. The company develops and manufactures military and civil aircraft and is also one of the biggest exporters of landing gear systems for Embraer Tucano aircraft. In 2013 they start plans to production of the Novaer T-Xc in one single aircraft design type with two versions, both based on the proof of concept aircraft, the Novaer K-51, from designer Joseph Kovács. One version is a new military trainer for the primary and basic roles, designed with the Brazilian and other Air Forces in mind, and the other one is aimed to the General Aviation Market. T-Xc, low-wing, single-engine has been evaluated by Brazilian Air Force to replace the Neiva Universal trainer aircraft.

Products

Calidus B-250  

Calidus B-250 is a light attack / trainer aircraft developed by Calidus in collaboration with Novaer, Rockwell Collins and Pratt & Whitney Canada. The B-250 was designed in Brazil by Novaer. The chief designer for the project was Joseph Kovács. It is specifically designed to serve the light combat and training requirements of air forces across the globe. The military trainer can support counterinsurgency (COIN) attack missions, reconnaissance, and search-and-rescue (SAR) operations. It can further simulate close air support (CAS), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) mission environments during combat training activities.

Aircraft

See also
Embraer
Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva
Companhia Aeronáutica Paulista
Aero Bravo

References

External links
 Novaer website

Aircraft manufacturers of Brazil
Defence companies of Brazil
Companies based in São Paulo (state)
Brazilian brands
WeatherTech. WeatherTech is an American manufacturer of automobile accessories headquartered in Bolingbrook, Illinois.

History

WeatherTech was founded in 1989 by current CEO David MacNeil, who did not appreciate the quality of vehicle floor mats as they did not well-contain dirt and were not easy to clean. At the time, MacNeil was the vice president of sales at high-performance vehicle company AMG, now a subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz. His company began importing accessories made in England and selling them in the United States when in 1994 he found a contract manufacturer and then opened his first plants in the Chicago suburbs.

Products
Among its other products, WeatherTech is primarily known for its FloorLiner brand of heavy-duty rubber floor mats, which it also manufactures for companies such as Volkswagen and Kia. Other products made by the company include other heavy-duty floor mats and trunk liners, windshield sun shades, mudflaps, and cupholder accessories.

WeatherTech claims over 95% of its products are manufactured in the United States at its plants in Illinois.

Sponsorships

IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

WeatherTech is the title sponsor of the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) SportsCar Championship, currently officially known as the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship through the sponsorship. The sponsorship was announced on August 8, 2015 with the official renaming taking place on November 1 for the 2016 season.

WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca

On March 20, 2018, it was announced that the new title sponsor of the Laguna Seca Raceway would be WeatherTech, replacing Mazda. The track was officially renamed to WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca soon after on April 1.

NASCAR
On December 13, 2023, it was announced that Shane van Gisbergen would drive in the NASCAR Xfinity Series with WeatherTech as his main sponsor. On August 24, 2024, it was announced that van Gisbergen would drive full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series with WeatherTech as his main sponsor as well. Shortly later, it was announced that Connor Zilisch would be sponsored by WeatherTech in the Xfinity Series.

References

Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
American companies established in 1989
Privately held companies based in Illinois
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
1989 establishments in Illinois