omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scott Knaster. Scott Knaster is an American technical writer who has written many books, mostly dealing with Macintosh programming and using the Macintosh.  He has worked for such companies as Apple Inc., General Magic, Microsoft, Danger Inc., and Google.

Knaster was a Technical Writer while at Alphabet. From April 2011 through March 2014, he was the editor of the Google Developers Blog (formerly Google Code Blog).

Knaster's first books on Macintosh programming in the late 1980s and early 1990s were considered required reading for Macintosh programmers for many years.

In addition to writing books, Knaster writes for several periodicals and web sites including Macworld, MacTech, and O'Reilly Media's Mac Dev Center.

Knaster is a regular speaker at Macworld Expo, MacHack (until it ended), and sits on the panel of Apple's Stump the Experts.

Knaster was a guest on MacBreak Weekly episode 354, "Leave Cindy Alone!".

Knaster appeared on the October 14, 2010 episode of John Wants Answers to discuss baseball.

Knaster is a stage actor who has appeared in many musical productions and played the lead role of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof, and has written and performed his own show Adjacent to Greatness.

Works 
 Cooking with Hypertalk 2.0
 How to Write Macintosh Software: The Debugging Reference for Macintosh (2nd edition: 1988, ; 3rd edition: 1992, )
 Macintosh Programming Secrets (1st edition: 1988) (2nd edition: 1992, )
 Macworld Discover Internet Explorer 3 (1997, )
 MSN the Everyday Web (2001, )
 Mac Toys: 12 Cool Projects for Home, Office, and Entertainment (2004, )
 Hacking iPod and iTunes (2004, )
 Hacking Mac OS X Tiger: Serious Hacks, Mods and Customizations (2005, )
 Take Control of Switching to the Mac (2008, )
 Learn Objective-C on the Mac (2008, )

Knaster was also the series editor for Addison-Wesley's Macintosh Inside Out, a collection of 19 technical books published over a 3-year period in the 1990s.

References 

Living people
American technology writers
Apple Inc. employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer programmers
American bloggers
Writers from California
Microsoft employees
Google employees
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Seibu Class E31. The Class E31 (E31形) is a class of DC Bo-Bo wheel arrangement electric locomotives formerly operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway in Japan until March 2010 and subsequently by the Ōigawa Railway.

Four locomotives (numbered E31 to E34) were built at Seibu's Tokorozawa factory between 1986 and 1987 to replace ageing first-generation electric locomotives on freight services and track maintenance train duties. The DT-20A bogies were reused from former JNR 80 series EMUs, and the traction motors were modified from former EMU motors.

They were normally used in pairs by Seibu for top-and-tailing permanent way maintenance trains and to haul newly delivered rolling stock.

Locomotive number E33 was withdrawn on 31 January 2009, becoming the first of the class to be withdrawn. The remaining three locomotives were withdrawn on 28 March 2010.

In September 2010, three of the withdrawn Class E31 locomotives (E32 to E34) were transferred to the Ōigawa Railway to replace the ageing E10 and ED500 locomotives used there. Initially they were used only for depot shunting duties, but from 2017 they underwent overhaul in preparation for use as helper locomotives on steam-hauled trains, with the first locomotive treated, E34, scheduled to enter revenue service on 15 October 2017. Occasionally, they are used to haul the EL Kawane michi-gō express.

Locomotive E31 remains preserved at Seibu's Yokoze Depot.

See also
 Seibu Class E851

References

External links

 Seibu Railway website 

Electric locomotives of Japan
Bo-Bo locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Seibu Railway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1986
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Arbor press. An arbor press is a small hand-operated press. It is typically used to perform smaller jobs, such as staking, riveting, installing, configuring and removing bearings and other press fit work. Punches, inserters, or other tools/dies may be added to the end of the ram depending on the desired task. Arbor presses are usually rated by the ideal force that the leverage bar can apply. Typically common are presses with a leverage of 1–5 tons. This leverage is achieved when a force is applied to the lever arm or wheel.

Arbor presses can be mounted on a work bench, wall, or pedestal. The base is usually constructed of cast metal. A ram provides the force; it may be square or round. The ram is usually driven by a rack and pinion. Higher force arbor presses have a further gear reduction. Forces are usually generated by manual or hydraulic input.

References

Metalworking tools
Woodworking tools
Staking (manufacturing). Staking is the process of connecting two components by creating an interference fit between the two pieces. One workpiece has a hole in it while the other has a boss that fits within the hole. The boss is very slightly undersized so that it forms a slip fit. A staking punch is then used to expand the boss radially and to compress the boss axially so as to form an interference fit between the workpieces. This forms a permanent joint.

Thermoplastic staking
Thermoplastic staking, also known as heat staking, is the same process except that it uses heat to deform the plastic boss, instead of cold forming. A plastic stud protruding from one component fits into a hole in the second component. The stud is then deformed through the softening of the plastic to form a head which mechanically locks the two components together. It is a versatile technique benefiting from being quick, economical and consistent. Unlike welding techniques, staking has the capacity to join plastics to other materials (e.g. metal, PCBs) in addition to joining like or dissimilar plastics, and it has the advantage over other mechanical joining methods in eliminating the need for consumables such as rivets and screws.

Technology 
Thermoplastic staking can be performed with a wide variety of technologies, including:
 Thermal tooling
 Thermal punch (or hot punch)
 Hot air cold upset
 Ultrasonic staking
 Cold forming
 Infrared staking
 Impulse staking

References

Bibliography
.

Further reading 
Tres, Paul A., "Designing Plastic Parts for Assembly", 6th ed., 2006, 

Joining
Metal forming
Feeder bluff. A Feeder bluff is a coastal cliff or headland that, through erosion and weathering, provides sediment to down-current beaches as a result of littoral drift. First discussed at Western Washington University, the term feeder bluff is primarily used to describe eroding bluffs in the Puget Sound region of the United States.

A bluff will be more susceptible to weathering and erosion if it contains unconsolidated sediment (such as silt or sand), softer (or more erodible) rock, fissures or fractures. Wave activity and power will also contribute to the rate of erosion. A bluff will retreat away from the ocean as the erosion processes continue.

Although coastal processes can be complex, feeder bluffs are recognized as an important source of sediment for building and maintaining nearby beaches. Practices of armoring beaches and bluffs against erosion have caused beaches and habitats to erode away due to the decreased availability of sand and gravel. One of the goals of the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project is to reverse this process by identifying and removing bulkheads from beaches and bluffs. In 2013 the Washington State Department of Ecology completed mapping and categorization of feeder bluffs in the Puget Sound, finding they make up about 426 Miles (17%) of the shoreline. The data has been made available at the Washington State Coast Atlas.

References

Further reading 

Geomorphology
Cliffs
Coastal geography
Waspaloy. Waspaloy is a registered trademark of United Technologies Corp that refers to an age hardening austenitic (face-centred cubic) nickel-based superalloy.  Waspaloy is typically used in high temperature applications, particularly in gas turbines.

Nominal composition
Nickel 58%, chromium 19%, cobalt 13%, molybdenum 4%, titanium 3%, aluminium 1.4%

Chemistry Table

Properties
Waspaloy is an age-hardenable, nickel-based superalloy with excellent strength properties through temperatures of roughly 980°C (1800°F). Other characteristics of Waspaloy include good corrosion resistance, as well as being relatively impervious to oxidation making it well suited for service in extreme environments.

Waspaloy has useful strength at temperatures up to 760-870°C (1400-1600°F), and good oxidation resistance in gas turbine engine atmospheres up to 870°C (1600°F). The creep rupture strength of Waspaloy is superior to that of Alloy 718 at temperatures above 620-650°C (1150-1200°F). Short time hot tensile strength is inferior to RA718 at temperatures up to 730°C (1350°F).

Uses
Waspaloy is often used in extreme environments. It is common in gas turbine blades, seals, rings, shafts and turbine disks.  The NIST certified reference material 1243, a standard for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, is made from Waspaloy.

The British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2, a supersonic strike aircraft developed from the late 1950s, had a fairing to its rear fuselage around the exhaust nozzles. Owing to the high temperatures in this area, the fairing was formed of Waspaloy and left unpainted. Fabrication of this alloy was described as 'very intractable' and was carried out by the engine specialists Bristol, rather than the airframe builders BAC.

References

Nickel alloys
Superalloys
A135. A135, A.135 or A-135 may refer to:
 A-135 anti-ballistic missile system, a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city
 A135 road (England), a road in Teesside connecting Stockton-on-Tees and Yarm
 Austin A135, a 1947 British luxury car
 RFA Argus (A135), a 1984 Royal Fleet Auxiliary aviation training ship
List of A1 aircraft. This is a list of aircraft designated A1, A.1, A.I, A 1 or A-1:

Civilian aircraft 
 Albastar A1, Slovenian glider
 Andrews A1, an unsuccessful New Zealand agricultural aircraft
 Aviat A1 Husky, a 1987 American two seat, high wing, utility light aircraft
 CallAir A-1, a version of the 1940 American CallAir Model A utility aircraft

 Curtiss A-1, a 1911 American aircraft
 Eagle Model A-1, a three-place biplane open-cockpit aircraft made by American Eagle Aircraft Corporation
 Gotha A.I, a 1910 German Rumpler Taube model
 Pfalz A.I, a World War I German Idflieg A-class designation aircraft

Military aircraft 
 A-1 Skyraider, a United States Air Force/Navy single engine propeller driven attack aircraft
 Alcock Scout also known as Alcock A.1, a one-off 1917 British fighter biplane assembled from elements of other fighter aircraft
 Alter A.1, a 1917 German single-seat biplane fighter aircraft
 Ansaldo A.1 Balilla, a 1917 Italian fighter aircraft
 Arpin A-1, a 1938 unorthodox monoplane aircraft submitted to the British Army
 Fokker A.I, a 1910s German two-seat observation aircraft 
 Morane-Saulnier AI, a 1917 French parasol-wing fighter aircraft
 SPAD A-1, a French Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés airplane, prototype for the 1915 SPAD A.2 fighter-reconnaissance aircraft
 A-1, a designation in the Brazilian Air Force for the AMX International AMX fighter aircraft

Gliders 
 Antonov A-1, a 1930s Soviet Union family of single-seat training gliders
 Levasseur-Abrial A-1, a 1922 French glider

A1
Knudsen layer. The Knudsen layer, also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer of vapor near a liquid or solid. It is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).

Definition 
At the interface of a vapor and a liquid/solid, the gas interaction with the liquid/solid dominates the gas behavior, and the gas is, very locally, not in equilibrium. This region, several mean free path lengths thick, is called the Knudsen layer.

Knudsen layer thickness 
The Knudsen layer thickness can be approximated by , given by
 ,
where  is the Boltzmann constant,  is the temperature,  is the molecular diameter and  is the pressure.

Applications 
One of the applications of Knudsen layer is in the coma of comets. It has been used specially in the coma chemistry model (ComChem model).

References 

Fluid dynamics
Plant Daniel. The Victor J. Daniel Electric Generating Plant is a major 2-gigawatt, four-unit fossil fuel power plant, generating about 1 GWe from two coal-fired subcritical drum-type units and 1 GWe from its two newer, gas-fired combined-cycle units. Plant Daniel is located in Jackson County, near Escatawpa, Mississippi. Named for Victor J. Daniel Jr., Mississippi Power's fourth president, the plant was designated by Southern Company Services, Inc.  Jointly owned by Mississippi Power and Florida Power & Light (FPL), it is the largest generator of electric power in the state of Mississippi.

History
Construction of Daniel 1 and 2, two coal-fired sub-critical drum type units began in April 1973.  Twenty-six years later in May 1999, plant capacity was doubled with the addition of two gas-fired combined cycle units, designated Daniel 3 and 4.

The first 500 MW coal-fired, steam electric generating unit, Daniel 1, began commercial operation on Sept. 6, 1977.  The second 500 MW coal-fired, steam electric generating unit, Daniel 2, began commercial operation on June 1, 1981.

Daniel 3 and 4 began commercial operation between April and May 2001.

Ownership 
Mississippi Power and FPL jointly own and share operating costs of the Daniel 1 and 2 units. FPL's share was originally owned by Gulf Power Company; a former sister company of Mississippi Power through Southern Company, Gulf Power was acquired by FPL's parent NextEra Energy in 2019, with the Gulf Power name retired and replaced with FPL's in 2022.

Daniel 3 and 4 are gas-fired combined cycle units. Each unit produces 500 MW of electricity, bringing the plant's total capacity to more than 2000 MW.  Daniel 3 and 4 are solely operated and maintained by Mississippi Power.

Carbon sequestration demonstration 
The facility is the site of a United States Department of Energy-sponsored carbon dioxide sequestration demonstration project intended to demonstrate CO2 storage in a deep saline aquifer, the Lower Tuscaloosa Formation. The project began in 2008, and more than  of CO2 were injected in October of that year.

References

External links
Mississippi Power Homepage

Energy infrastructure completed in 1977
Energy infrastructure completed in 1981
Energy infrastructure completed in 2002
Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Mississippi
Coal-fired power stations in Mississippi
Natural gas-fired power stations in Mississippi
Southern Company
NextEra Energy
1977 establishments in Mississippi
Roewe 550. The Roewe 550 is a compact car that is produced by Roewe in China, and was launched at the 2008 Beijing Motor Show. The 550 was reported to be derived from the MG Rover RDX60 project (itself based on the platform of the Rover 75) which was under development when MG Rover failed.

Overview
The car, codenamed W261 during development, is the work of a joint Anglo Chinese collaboration with ex experts of Rover, at consultancy firm Ricardo 2010 and SAIC had car development team. The 550 was previewed at the 2007 Shanghai Auto Show, in the form of the Roewe W2 concept car.

The drivetrain uses a 1.8 litre  engine based on the Rover K engine with 2.0 litre turbo diesel forecast to join the range and a choice of five speed manual, or five speed automatic transmission.

The car features a high technology interior with digital instruments (the Roewe D5 DIGI-NEXT system) and the RMI (Roewe Multimedia Interface, the predecessor of the SAIC InkaNet 3G/4G interface which was later installed in Roewe 350, Roewe 360 and MG GT) digital multimedia interactive system, a multi functional audio and video entertainment system with Bluetooth hands free system, USB interface and GPS.

e550 Plug In Hybrid
The SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV is the plug-in hybrid version. Its 11.8kWh LiFePO4 battery packs delivers an all-electric range of . Retails sales began in China in November 2013.

Cumulative sales totaled 11,711 units through December 2015, of which 10,711 were sold throughout 2015.

MG 550
In 2008, the Roewe 550 was launched in Chile, rebadged as the MG 550. It was also released in Iran in 2010 and released in Bahrain, Oman and UAE in 2011. A restyled hatchback version of the Roewe 550 was announced at the 2009 Shanghai Auto Show as the MG 6. The MG6 was imported into the United Kingdom up until May 2016, when it was discontinued following poor sales.

References

External links
MG 550 Website 
Roewe Website 

Compact cars
550
Cars introduced in 2008
Cars discontinued in 2014
2010s cars
Roewe 550 PHEV
Cars of China
SS Empire Broadsword. Empire Broadsword was a Type C1-S-AY-1 infantry landing ship built in 1943 as Cape Marshall. She was renamed Empire Broadsword before completion and entering into service for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She had a short career, entering service in December 1943 and being sunk by a mine in July 1944.

Construction
The ship was built by Consolidated Steel Corporation, Wilmington, California as yard number 348. She was launched on 16 August 1943 as Cape Marshall. She was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was propelled by two steam turbines which drove a single screw via double reduction gearing. The steam turbine were manufactured by Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Corp, Essington, Pennsylvania.

Career
The ship was transferred under the terms of lend lease shortly after being completed in 1943 under the name Empire Broadsword. She was chartered by the MoWT, and was operated under the management of Cunard White Star Line

Empire Broadsword was mined and sunk off Normandy on July 2, 1944, while supporting the allied invasion of Europe. Her position is . Seventy survivors were rescued by . The wreck lies on its starboard side in  of water and is now a dive site. Those lost on Empire Broadsword are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial, London.

Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Broadsword had the UK Official Number 169737 and used the Code Letters MYMJ.

References

Sources
 

Type C1-S ships
Ships built in Los Angeles
1943 ships
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Maritime incidents in July 1944
Ships sunk by mines
SWAT model. SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) is a river basin scale model developed to quantify the impact of land management practices in large, complex watersheds. SWAT is a public domain software enabled model actively supported by the USDA Agricultural Research Service at the  Blackland Research & Extension Center in Temple, Texas, USA.  It is a hydrology model with the following components: weather, surface runoff, return flow, percolation, evapotranspiration, transmission losses, pond and reservoir storage, crop growth and irrigation, groundwater flow, reach routing, nutrient and pesticide loading, and water transfer. SWAT can be considered a watershed hydrological transport model. This model is used worldwide and is continuously under development. As of July 2012, more than 1000 peer-reviewed articles have been published that document its various applications.

Model operation
SWAT is a continuous time model that operates on a daily time step at basin scale. The objective of such a model is to predict the long-term impacts in large basins of management and also timing of agricultural practices within a year (i.e., crop rotations, planting and harvest dates, irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide application rates and timing).
It can be used to simulate at the basin scale water and nutrients cycle in landscapes whose dominant land use is agriculture. It can also help in assessing the environmental efficiency of best management practices and alternative management policies. SWAT uses a two-level dissagregation scheme; a preliminary subbasin identification is carried out based on topographic criteria, followed by further discretization using land use and soil type considerations. Areas with the same soil type and land use form a Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU), a basic computational unit assumed to be homogeneous in hydrologic response to land cover change.

Interfaces

 ArcSWAT Iterface for ArcMap.
 QSWAT Iterface for QGIS.

See also
Storm Water Management Model
Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model
Swat-CUP
IPEAT - Integrated Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis Tool
ALMANAC (software model)

References

External links
 

Hydrology models
Hydraulic engineering
Environmental engineering
Public-domain software
Aeropolis 2001. The Aeropolis 2001 is a proposed 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan, envisioned by Obayashi Corporation. With a height of , the mammoth structure would have been approximately five times as tall as the former World Trade Center in New York City.

The Aeropolis 2001 was proposed in 1989, amid a spate of similar projects for incredibly large buildings. All were proposed during the Japanese asset price bubble, which ended in the early 1990s. According to a 1995 article, the corporation still had plans for the structure, and gave a proposed height of .

At the time it proposed Aeropolis 2001, Obayashi Corp. also proposed building a city on the moon by 2050. Newspapers have reported little on either proposal since 1995.

Proposed details
Newspapers reported that plans called for the building to have 500 floors accommodating over 300,000 working inhabitants and 140,000 live-in residents. The structure was expected to be mixed-use, including restaurants, offices, apartments, cinemas, schools, hospitals, and post offices. It would have offered eleven square kilometers of floor space.

A shuttle lift, with 300 seats, would have gone from the ground floor to the top floor in 15 minutes, and stopped at every 40th floor. The proposal called for the tower to be fully sustainable and air conditioned.

See also
Arcology
Bionic Tower
Bionic architecture
Sky City 1000
X-Seed 4000

References

External links

Further reading
 Soars, John & Liz. "Unit 9". Headway pre-intermediate, pp. 65

Proposed skyscrapers in Japan
Unbuilt buildings and structures in Japan
Skyscrapers in Tokyo
Proposed arcologies
Cristal Global. Cristal Global is the world's second-largest producer of titanium dioxide and a leading producer of titanium chemicals.  It was formed when The National Titanium Dioxide Company Ltd. combined with Millennium Chemicals. The headquarters are in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
It is a significant shareholder in Bemax, the world’s 5th largest TiO2 feedstock producer.

Products 

 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), using both the chloride and sulfate processes.
 Performance Chemicals
 Specialty Titanium Dioxides (Ultrafine TiO2)
 Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and related products
 Ferrica™
 Gypsum
 Hydrochloric acid
 Copperas
 Iron chlorosulfate
 Carbon dioxide
 Molten sulfur
 Sulfuric acid
 Other
 Chlorine
 Caustic soda
 Zircon
 Ilmenite
 Rutile
 Sodium silicate

Manufacturing plants 
, Cristal Global has eight manufacturing plants in 6 countries and on 5 continents.
 Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
 Bunbury, Australia
 Stallingborough, United Kingdom
 Thann, France
 Paraíba, Brazil (a mine site)
 Bahia, Brazil 
 Ashtabula, OH United States
 Baltimore, MD United States

Leadership 
 the company leadership is:
 Dr. Talal Al-Shair Chairman and CEO
 Jamal Nahas President
 Abdalla Ibrahim Executive Vice President – Finance and Investments
 Thomas VanValkenburgh Executive Vice President - Commercial/Supply Chain

References

External links 
 

Companies based in Jeddah
Metal companies of Saudi Arabia