omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Microsystems (magazine). Microsystems was a personal computing magazine founded by Sol Libes and published from January 1980 to November 1984.  Oriented toward the home and business personal computer user, it included an editorial page, letters from readers, technical articles, and advertisements.  As a historical reference, it is notable for chronicling in detail the early days of the personal computer.  Topics covered in its issues included:
 IEEE-696 / S-100 bus systems
 the CP/M operating systems from Digital Research: CP/M-80, CP/M Plus, CP/M-86, and MP/M
 the MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft
 implementations of the PL/I language: PL/I-80 and PL/I-86 from Digital Research
 the Turbo Pascal and UCSD Pascal languages
 the 8080, Z80, 8086, and 80286 microprocessors

History
As the nascent personal computer industry grew, the magazine changed as well.  The front cover of the magazine adopted various titles throughout its history:
 S-100 MICROSYSTEMS
 MICROSYSTEMS - the CP/M and S-100 user's journal
 Microsystems - the CP/M user's journal
 Microsystems - the journal for advanced microcomputing

In 1983, Ziff-Davis took over publication of the magazine, but decided in September 1984 to stop publication, citing "poor circulation and lack of substantial growth potential". The circulation at that time was about 55,000.

Sol Libes resumed publication of the magazine under a new title in March 1985, as Micro/Systems Journal () "for the Advanced Computer User".

References

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines disestablished in 1984
Magazines published in New Jersey
LAPAN XT-400. 

The LAPAN XT-400, (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - National Institute of Aeronautics and Space), was a twin-engine STOL utility aircraft under development by the government of Indonesia in the late 1970s into the early 1980s. The programme was cancelled without the prototype having been completed or flown. It was to have provided passenger and cargo transport from rough and unprepared fields, with secondary roles as an aerial survey platform and air ambulance.

The design itself was that of a conventional, strut-braced, high-wing monoplane, similar in general appearance to the Britten-Norman Islander, but with an upswept rear fuselage to provide for clamshell cargo doors underneath the tail. The main units of the fixed, tricycle undercarriage were carried on short stub-wings on the lower fuselage, which also provided the attachment points for the wing struts. This arrangement allowed the fuselage to maintain a rectangular cross-section along its length without landing gear components or attachment points intruding into the cargo space. The original design was for an eight-seat aircraft, but a follow-on version with 12 seats was anticipated. Had it flown, the XT-400 would have been the first aircraft of Indonesian design to carry more than three people. Construction throughout was of metal.

Work on the prototype commenced in 1977, with a first flight anticipated in 1980. This however did not transpire, and the XT-400 project was cancelled in 1981 with the prototype still unfinished.

Specifications (as designed)

References
 
 
 

Abandoned civil aircraft projects
XT-400
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Jerome C. Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace Systems. The Jerome C. Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace Systems is a professorship established in 1954 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. It is named after MIT professor Jerome Hunsaker (1886–1984) in honor of his achievements in aeronautical engineering. The visiting professor is expected to deliver the Minta Martin Lecture in several venues in the United States.

Visiting professors

References

1954 establishments in Massachusetts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Aerospace Systems, Hunsaker, Jerome C.
Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery. The Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery (DWEER) is an energy recovery device. In the 1990s developed by DWEER Bermuda and licensed by Calder AG for use in the Caribbean. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) needs high pressure and some of the reject stream can be reused by using this device. According to Calder AG, 97% of the energy in the reject stream is recovered. 

The DWEER system uses a piston doublechamber reciprocating hydraulically driven pump, and a patented valve system in a high pressure batch process with large pressure vessels, similar to a locomotive, to capture and transfer the energy lost in the membrane reject stream. Its advantage is its high efficiency rate, but it suffers from complex and large mechanical components which are susceptible to seawater corrosion due to its metal composition.

References 

Water power
Membrane technology
Iridium hexafluoride. Iridium hexafluoride, also iridium(VI) fluoride, (IrF6) is a compound of iridium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides. It is one of only a few compounds with iridium in the oxidation state +6.

Synthesis 
Iridium hexafluoride is made by a direct reaction of iridium metal in an excess of elemental fluorine gas at 300 °C. However, it is thermally unstable and must be frozen out of the gaseous reaction mixture to avoid dissociation.

 + 3  →

Description 
Iridium hexafluoride is a yellow crystalline solid that melts at 44 °C and boils at 53.6 °C. The solid structure measured at −140 °C is orthorhombic space group Pnma. Lattice parameters are a = 9.411 Å, b = 8.547 Å, and c = 4.952 Å. There are four formula units (in this case, discrete molecules) per unit cell, giving a density of 5.11 g·cm−3.

The IrF6 molecule itself (the form important for the liquid or gas phase) has octahedral molecular geometry, which has point group (Oh).  The Ir–F bond length is 1.833 Å.

Calculations suggest that fluorine might react with iridium hexafluoride at 39 GPa to form IrF8.

References

Further reading 
 Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, System Nr. 67, Iridium, Supplement Volume 2, pp. 99–102.

External links 
 Iridium hexafluoride at webelements.com.

Iridium compounds
Hexafluorides
Platinum group halides
Octahedral compounds
Carlette. The Carlette was a British cyclecar made in 1913 by the Holstein Garage of Weybridge, Surrey.

The car was powered by an 8 hp JAP V-twin engine. This was coupled to a countershaft by a rubber belt. Different "gear" ratios were available by moving the position of the belt with final drive by a further belt to the right hand rear wheel.

References

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Borough of Elmbridge
Defunct companies based in Surrey
Cars introduced in 1913
CFB (car). The CFB was a British four-wheeled cyclecar made between 1920 and 1921 by the CFB Car Syndicate Ltd of Upper Norwood, London. The company name stood for Charles Frederick Beauvais who later went on to build the Bow-V-Car and then joined coachbuilder New Avon Body Company designing bodies for Standard, Crossley Motors and others. Very few CFBs were made.

The 1078 cc, air-cooled, Precision V twin engine with RAC rating of 9 hp was coupled to a friction drive which gave a varying drive ratio by moving the driven wheel along a cone. This then used bevel gears to connect to a countershaft and thence to the rear wheels by a belt.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References 

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Zinc ammonium chloride. Zinc ammonium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2ZnCl4.  It is the ammonium salt of tetrachlorozincate. It used as a flux in the process of hot-dip galvanizing.

Uses 
Steel to be galvanized passes through an acidic cleaning process to remove iron oxide "mill scale". After this process, the surface of the steel is very active and oxide layers begin forming immediately upon exposure to the atmosphere. Zinc ammonium chloride flux in aqueous solution is applied to the steel to reduce any oxides that are formed and/or inhibit them from forming altogether. This allows the molten zinc in the proceeding galvanizing step to maximally adhere to and alloy with the surface of the steel.

Precautions 
Zinc ammonium chloride is a Class 9 hazardous material (Miscellaneous) according to the U.S. DOT.

References

ammonium chloride
Tetrachlorozincates
zinc
Semi-biotic systems. Semi-biotic systems are systems that incorporate biologically derived components/modules – which could range from multi-protein complexes through DNA constructs to multi-cellular assemblies – and integrate them with synthetic components (e.g. microfabricated systems) to produce hybrid devices. One of the potential attractions of these hybrid devices is the possibility that they can be designed to exhibit higher degrees of adaptability and autonomy than is possible with solid-state devices. Examples include: artificial organelle-like systems that could accomplish the synthesis of complex biomacromolecules, or synthetic multi-cellular structures that incorporate specific sensing and reporting functionalities, such that they could be used in hybrid devices for chemical or biological agent sensing.

Semi-biotic systems is an emerging area of research within the broader area of Synthetic Biology. In the European community a programme entitled NEONUCLEI was funded under FP6 whose aim is to generate synthetic analogues of cell nuclei capable of sustaining transcription, in self-assembled systems comprising DNA, macromolecules (or nanoparticles), and lipids.

See also
Animat
Hybrot

References

Synthetic biology
Roberto Di Cosmo. Roberto Di Cosmo is an italian computer scientist and director of IRILL, the Innovation and research initiative for free software ().

He graduated from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and obtained a PhD from the University of Pisa, before becoming tenured professor at the École normale supérieure in Paris, then professor at the Paris 7 University. Since 2010, he has been director of the IRILL.

Di Cosmo was an early member of the AFUL, association of the French community of Linux and Free Software users and is also known for his support of the Open Source Software movement.

He became famous after releasing a paper criticizing Microsoft in 1998, entitled Piège dans le cyberespace (Hijacking the world, the dark side of Microsoft).  Co-written with the journalist Dominique Nora, this book is now available under the BY-NC-ND Creative Commons licence.
His most famous contribution to Linux is the first "live" Linux distribution (2000 to 2002), demolinux, which made it possible to boot Linux from a CD-ROM without setting up the entire distribution.

He was one of the founders, and the first president, of the Open Source Thematic Group within the Systematic innovation cluster.

Di Cosmo is a member of the Board of Trustees at the IMDEA Software Institute.

On June 30, 2016, Inria announced the creation of the Software Heritage initiative, which was conceived and is directed by Roberto Di Cosmo.

References

External links 
 Own Page
 Hijacking the world free under licence CC-BY-NC-ND. Printed: Calmann-Levy 1998, 
 Demolinux
 Interview of Roberto Di Cosmo in I-CIO, July 2009 
 Introducing Software Heritage, the Library of Alexandria for Code, Slate, July 2016

Italian computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sylvanus H. Sweet. Sylvanus Howe Sweet (August 8, 1830 Hinmansville, Oswego County, New York – November 17, 1899) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York. He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1874 to 1875.

Life
He graduated from Falley Seminary in Fulton in 1850.

Soon after his graduation, he was appointed assistant under Colonel Orville W. Childs on a survey for an inter oceanic ship canal through Nicaragua. Upon returning to the US, he accepted a position on the New York State canals and in 1853 was appointed Second Assistant Engineer. From 1854 to 1859, he was First Assistant Engineer and in 1861 was Principal Assistant Engineer on the New York Harbor Encroachment Survey. He was appointed Deputy State Engineer under William B. Taylor in 1862 and again under Van Rensselaer Richmond in 1868, serving from 1862 to 1864 and from 1868 to 1871. In 1865, he ran on the Democratic ticket for New York State Engineer and Surveyor but was defeated by Republican Jonas Platt Goodsell. In 1873, he ran again and was elected, being in office from 1874 to 1875.

He was also the Chief Engineer for the State on the Hudson River improvement, Engineer of the Commission for the construction of the Capitol at Albany, Chief Engineer of the Albany waterworks, of the projected Maryland and Delaware ship canal, and of the Commission for the construction of the Broadway Arcade Railway.

He was the author of The Documentary History of the Canals

Sources
 Engineers bios, at Rochester history
 Political Graveyard

1830 births
1899 deaths
New York State Engineers and Surveyors
People from Oswego County, New York
American civil engineers
Robin Herd. Robert John "Robin" Herd  (23 March 1939 – 4 June 2019) was an English engineer, designer and businessman.

Herd studied at St Peter's College, Oxford, having turned down an offer to play cricket for Worcestershire at the age of 18. He initially entered Oxford with a scholarship to study mathematics, however he switched subjects and graduated with a double first in physics and engineering, before joining the Royal Aircraft Establishment in 1961 as a design engineer on the Concorde supersonic aircraft project, focussing on computational fluid dynamics. He worked on the Concorde project for four years and was eventually promoted to senior scientific officer at the age of 24.

He was recruited by McLaren in 1965, having been alerted to an engineering vacancy with the constructor by former school friend and racing driver Alan Rees, and worked on cars, such as the Mallite-bodied M2A test car for the Firestone tire company. The M2A subsequently evolved into the Formula One M2B car. Herd stayed with McLaren until 1968 — during which time he designed their M4B, M5A and M7 Formula One cars, as well as the successful M6A Can-Am car — before moving to Cosworth to design a four-wheel drive F1 car. He also carried out work for Frank Williams in late 1969, modifying Williams' Brabham BT26 to take a Ford Cosworth DFV to enter Piers Courage in Formula One. He co-founded March Engineering with Max Mosley, Alan Rees and Graham Coaker in 1969. The team completed 207 Formula One Grand Prix races between 1970 and 1992, winning three with four pole positions. In addition they enjoyed a great deal of success in Formula Two, and in the 1980s they made a successful foray into Indy car racing, with March cars winning the Indianapolis 500 for five successive years from 1983 to 1987.

From 1995 to 1998, he served as Chairman of Oxford United F.C., with the team winning promotion to Football League Division One during his first season at the helm.

Herd was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1986 New Year Honours, as managing director of March. He died from cancer in 2019, aged 80.

References

External links
 BRDC Archive Biography

1939 births
2019 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from cancer in England
English football chairmen and investors
English motorsport people
Formula One designers
Formula One team owners
McLaren people
Oxford United F.C. chairmen and investors
Quilt packaging. Quilt Packaging (QP) is an integrated circuit packaging and chip-to-chip interconnect packaging technology that utilizes “nodule” structures that extend out horizontally from the edges of microchips to make chip-to-chip interconnections. 

QP nodules are created as an integral part of a microchip using standard back end of the line techniques in semiconductor device fabrication. Solder is then electroplated on top of the nodules to enable the chip to chip interconnection with sub-micron alignment accuracy.

Small high yielding “chiplets” made from any semiconductor material (silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, etc.), can be “quilted” together to create larger multi-function meta-chip.  Thus, QP technology can integrate multiple chips with dissimilar technologies or substrate materials in planar, 2.5D and 3D configurations.

RF Analog Performance 
Multiple measured insertion loss on QP interconnects have been conducted on quilted chipsets with sets of homogeneous and heterogeneous semiconductor materials.  Radio frequency S-parameter measurements were made from DC to 220 GHz. QP interconnects have demonstrated less than 0.1 dB insertion loss from DC to 100 GHz between silicon and silicon chips, and less than 0.8 dB insertion loss up to 220 GHz between Silicon and Gallium Arsenide.

Digital Performance 
QP interconnects have a achieved 12 gigabit/sec (Gbps) bit-rate throughput with no distortion with 10 μm nodules on a 10 μm pitch on the edge of the chip.

Optics/Photonics 
Preliminary optical coupling loss simulations and measurements indicate that inter-chip coupling loss is < 6 dB for a gap of less than 4 μm.  Loss rapidly improves as the gap approaches zero, which is achievable with Quilt Packaging assembly tolerances.

References 

Packaging (microfabrication)
DR Class 23.10. The steam locomotives of DR Class 23.10, (from 1 June 1970 Class 35.10) were passenger train engines built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany after the Second World War.Is produced in H0 scale to many train model railway.

History 

The Class 23.10 was an evolutionary development by the DR of the DRG Class 23 standard locomotives or Einheitsdampflokomotiven built earlier by the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft. Only two of the latter were completed due to the onset of the war. The same dimensions were used for the driving and running gear, but the locomotives were given IfS/DR mixer-preheaters, boilers equipped with combustion chambers and a large driver's cab. The feedwater dome was omitted from locomotives numbered 23 1003 and later. The first of 113 units was deployed in 1955, and they were used for light to medium express train services, being allocated numbers 23 1001 to 23 1113.

With the introduction of EDP numbering on 1 January 1970, all locomotives were re-numbered to 35 1001 to 35 1113.

The last engines were retired from Nossen in May 1977, number 35 1113 however had to be reactivated due to the energy crisis and continued in service until 1985.

The locomotives were equipped with tenders of Class 22 T 28.

Preserved locomotives
Remaining locomotives of this class today include:
 35 1019  Lausitzer Dampflokclub Cottbus, operational
 35 1021  Eisenbahn & Technik Museum Rügen, Prora
 35 1028  in pieces, Röbel/Müritz
 35 1074  in pieces, Görlitz
 35 1097  private, at IG 58 3047 Glauchau, operational
 35 1113  DB Museum, stored at  IG Dampflok Nossen

See also 
 List of East German Deutsche Reichsbahn locomotives and railbuses
 Neubaulok
 DB Class 23

Literature
 
 

23.10
23.10
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
23.10
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
1′C1′ h2 locomotives
LKM locomotives
Open Source Observatory and Repository. The Open Source Observatory and Repository (OSOR) is an online project launched by the European Commission under the IDABC programme, to support the distribution and re-use of software developed by or for public sector administrations across Europe, connecting EU services and Member States.

In December 2011, the OSOR.eu and SEMIC.eu communities moved to a new collaborative platform - Joinup. The reason for the migration to Joinup was to provide public administrations in Europe with better communication and collaboration tools, to share experiences with interoperability solutions for public administrations, to increase the number of users and to leverage synergies between the OSOR.eu and SEMIC.eu user communities, while optimising the use of public funding.

About the platform
The OSOR.eu platform aims to support and encourage the re-use of publicly financed Open Source Software developments (OSS or FLOSS for "Free, Libre & Open Source Software") that are of particular use for public administrations in Europe.
OSOR.eu aims to support the collaborative development of OSS applications and solutions, in particular cross-border collaboration and exchange of knowledge or software.

Services
All of OSOR's services are now available on Joinup.eu:

A central pan-European information point on OSS including news, events, case studies and newsletters about on-going initiatives, projects, new applications and developments in European Members States and across the world, as well as advice/guidelines and best practice exchanges concerning the use of OSS.
A repository and registry providing visibility to European OSS projects and initiatives in public administrations, allowing users to upload and download, search and retrieve software and documentation. It facilitates mutual access to existing projects through a dedicated taxonomy and therefore creates more opportunities to develop exchanges, re-usability and community building across borders.
A collaborative cross-border development environment providing technical, organisational and legal support. It enables collaborative development and sharing/exchange of experience and software by providing facilities for the collaborative creation of content - including a "forge", discussion forums, blogs.

Bodies behind the project

The OSOR project is financed by the European Union, managed by the European Commission under the Directorate-General for Informatics (DIGIT), and supported by the Member States' national, regional and local administrations.

References

External links
OSOR community on the Interoperable Europe Portal
Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations (ISA)
Directorate-General for Informatics (DIGIT)

Computer law
Free software culture and documents
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Social information processing
Works about intellectual property law