omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Q. Jane Wang. Qian Jane Wang is an American professor of mechanical engineering and the Executive Director for the Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology at Northwestern University. She is a tribologist whose research includes work on contact mechanics, lubrication, micromechanics, and solid-state batteries.

Education
Wang studied mechanical engineering at the Xi'an University of Technology, graduating in 1982. She went to Northern Illinois University for graduate study in mechanical engineering, and earned a master's degree there in 1989. She completed her Ph.D. in 1993 at Northwestern University. Her doctoral advisor was Herbert S. Cheng.

Research
Wang’s group has developed theories, models, and methods for understanding and simulation of tribological interfaces and for industrial research and development.  The scope of the work includes novel design of tribological surfaces, establishment of unified computational methodologies with a focus on efficient computing, establishment of accurate modeling of transient and steady state tribological responses in polymers, and pioneering methods for the tribological response of materials under strain.

Recognition
Wang was named a Fellow of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) in 2007, and an ASME Fellow in 2009. She won the Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award in 2000
and in 2015 the STLE awarded her the STLE International Award, which is considered their highest technical award. She has also won numerous best-paper awards, and her research publications have been cited more than 12,000 times as of September 2022.

Professional service
Wang's service with STLE includes Chief Editor for the Encyclopedia of Tribology, Chair, 2011-2012, STLE Fellows Committee, Chair, 2011 ASME/STLE International Joint Tribology Conference, and Chair, 2008 STLE Annual Meeting Program Committee.

Wang worked with fellow engineer at Northwestern Yip-Wah Chung to edit the Encyclopedia of Tribology.

References

External links
Home page

Living people
Chinese mechanical engineers
21st-century Chinese women engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
21st-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
American mechanical engineers
Tribologists
Xi'an University of Technology alumni
Northern Illinois University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Muskogee Electric Traction Company. The Muskogee Electric Traction Company (“Traction”) was an electrified streetcar line operating in and around Muskogee, Oklahoma from 1904 to 1941, with bus passenger service continuing under that name to 1958.

History
Headquartered in Muskogee, Traction was incorporated May 14, 1904, under Act of Congress passed February
18, 1901.  The company had ambitions to create a line from Muskogee to Tulsa to Drumright, and from Tulsa to Henryetta to Oklahoma City.  However, the company started with only a five-mile line linking central Muskogee with the town’s Hyde Park on March 15, 1905, the latter being an entertainment destination built by the company itself in the same timeframe to encourage travel on its cars.  The railway grew:  by 1909 it operated sixteen motor cars plus four freight/mail cars running over fourteen miles of track in the Muskogee area, and in 1910 had 25 motor passenger cars and 2 mail/freight cars covering seventeen miles of electric track and carrying 2,298,083 passengers that year.

Separately, an entity called the Peoples Electric Railway was chartered March 7, 1911. It had ambitious ideas to create a 300-mile-long network linking Muskogee, Tulsa, Ft. Gibson, Claremore, Bartlesville, Wagoner and Oklahoma City.  Its immediate goal was to run a line from Muskogee to Ft. Gibson, a distance of about 10 miles.  This railway got started but, before completion, was acquired by Traction in October, 1912, which then completed the route.

Peak operation for Traction was reached in 1916, with the company having thirty-one miles of trackage including the Ft. Gibson line.  But in the 1920s, as competition with the automobile picked up, the railway began to economize by purchasing twelve single-truck Birney Safety Cars, which could be operated by one person.  Service areas in this timeframe included West Broadway, Fondulac, Hyde Park, East Okmulgee Avenue, The Fair Grounds, Midland Valley Shops, Monticello Addition, Elgin Avenue, and Reeves Addition lines, as well as the route to Ft. Gibson.  Nevertheless, the Great Depression in the 1930’s caused further pressure, and passenger car operations were abandoned on March 9, 1933, to be replaced by busses which ran until 1958.  In its last years, the railway discontinued the use of electric power and performed freight service by the use of two gasoline locomotives.  All remaining rail lines were formally abandoned in 1941.

References

Oklahoma railroads
Defunct Oklahoma railroads
Electric railways in Oklahoma
Railway lines opened in 1905
Railway services discontinued in 1933
Railway lines closed in 1941
Barocaloric material. Barocaloric materials are characterized by strong, reversible thermic responses to changes in pressure. Many involve solid-to-solid phase changes from disordered to ordered and rigid under increased pressure, releasing heat. Barocaloric solids undergo solid-to-solid phase change. One barocaloric material processes heat without a phase change: natural rubber.

Input energy 
Barocaloric effects can be achieved at pressures above 200 MPa for intermetallics or about 100 MPa in plastic crystals. However,  changes phase at pressures of 80 MPa. The hybrid organic–inorganic layered perovskite (CH3–(CH2)n−1–NH3)2MnCl4 (n = 9,10), shows reversible barocaloric entropy change of ΔSr ~ 218, 230 J kg−1 K−1 at 0.08 GPa at 294-311.5 K (transition temperature).

Barocaloric materials are one of several classes of materials that undergo caloric phase transitions. The others are magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and elastocaloric. Magnetocaloric effects typically require field strengths larger than 2 T, while electrocaloric materials require field strengths in the kV to MV/m range. Elastocaloric materials may require force levels as large as 700 MPa.

Potential applications 
Barocaloric materials have potential use as refrigerants in cooling systems instead of gases such as hydrofluorocarbons. cycles, the pressure then drives a solid-to-solid phase change. A prototype air conditioner was made from a metal tube filled with a metal-halide perovskite (the refrigerant) and water or oil (heat/pressure transport material). A piston pressurizes the liquid.

Another project used  as the refrigerant. It achieved reversible entropy changes of  ~71 J K−1 kg−1 at ambient temperature. The phase transition temperature is a function of pressure, varying at a rate of ~0.79 K MPa−1. The accompanying saturation driving pressure is ~40 MPa, a barocaloric strength of  ~1.78 J K−1 kg−1 MPa−1, and a temperature span of ~41 K under 80 MPa. Neutron scattering characterizations of crystal structures/atomic dynamics show that reorientation-vibration coupling is responsible for the pressure sensitivity.

See also 

 Thermoelectric effect

References 

Refrigerants
Phase transitions
Gulf 27. The Gulf 27 is an American sailboat that was designed by Capital Yachts as a cruiser and first built in 1970.

The design was mostly likely the basis for the extended Gulf 29, introduced in 1982.

Production
The design was built by Capital Yachts in Harbor City, California, United States, starting in 1970, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Gulf 27 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by two wheels, one in the cockpit and one in the pilot house and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and is fitted with a  two-cylinder diesel engine for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for three people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and a straight settee in the main cabin, next to a drop-leaf table. The galley is located on both sides of the companionway ladder, with a two-burner stove to starboard and a sink and ice box to port. The navigation station is on the starboard side of the pilot house. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side.

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types
Related development
Gulf 29

References

External links
Photo of a Gulf 27

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Capital Yachts
Sailboat types built by Capital Yachts
Brookhouse Brook. Brookhouse Brook is a 6.23 km (3.87 mi) long stream (brook) in the Epping Forest District of Essex, England, that is a tributary to the River Roding.

Course 
Rising from a drainage basin in Epping Forest near Theydon Bois Golf Club, Brookhouse Brook flows an easterly course under the M11 motorway via a culvert, then continues on its course through the hamlet of Steward's Green. After reaching Fiddlers Hamlet, Brookhouse Brook turns south, flowing under the M11 motorway once again and through Theydon Garnon, before flowing into the River Roding at Abridge.

Water quality 
Water quality of the brook in 2019, according to the Environment Agency, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the United Kingdom's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs:

In April 1985, an accident on the M11 motorway led to approximately 100 gallons of the insecticide chlorpyrifos spilling into the Brookhouse Brook, subsequently flowing into the River Roding and killing thousands of fish and millions of invertebrates. This accounted for approximately 90 percent of the fish population.

References 

Rivers of Essex
Carbon dichalcogenide. Carbon dichalcogenides are chemical compounds of carbon and chalcogen elements. They have the general chemical formula CZ2, where Z = O, S, Se, Te.

This includes:

 Carbon dioxide, 
 Carbon disulfide, 
 Carbon diselenide, 
 Carbonyl sulfide, OCS
 Carbonyl selenide, OCSe
 Thiocarbonyl selenide, SCSe
 Thiocarbonyl telluride, SCTe

Stability
Double bonds between carbon and chalcogen elements, C=Z, become weaker the heavier the chalcogen, Z. This trend means carbon dichalcogenide monomers are less stable and more susceptible to polymerisation as Z changes from O to Te. For example,  is stable,  polymerises under extreme conditions,  tends to polymerise, CSeTe is unstable and  does not exist. This trend is an example of the double bond rule.

Bonding
In carbon dichalcogenides, C=O bond lengths are around 1.16 Å, C=S around 1.56 Å, C=Se around 1.70 Å and C=Te around 1.90 Å.

References

Inorganic carbon compounds
Chalcogenides
Gulf 32. The Gulf 32 is an American sailboat that was designed by William Garden as a cruiser and first built in 1965.

Production
The design was initially built by Gulf Marine Products starting in 1965 and later by Capital Yachts in Harbor City, California, United States. It was produced until 1990, with 400 boats completed, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Gulf 32 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It is a cutter riged sloop, with a raked stem, an angled transom, a keel-hung rudder controlled by two wheels, one on the aft cockpit and one in the pilot house. It has a fixed long keel or an optional shoal draft keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel. The boat is fitted with a Universal 40  diesel engine for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a truncated double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an L-shaped settee and a straight settee in the main cabin and an aft cabin with a quarter berth on the starboard side. The galley is located on the port side of the wheelhouse. The galley is U-shaped and is equipped with a three-burner stove, ice box and a double sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the starboard side.

The design has a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2016 article in Cruising World magazine, Ken Painter wrote, "nine years ago I decided to take the leap from trailer-sailer to smaller ocean cruiser, and went looking for an affordable, seaworthy and comfortable sailboat capable of exploring the Pacific Northwest and maybe, someday, sailing around the world. When I first viewed Mariah, a 1978 Gulf Pilothouse 32 I'd found on Craigslist, I was struck by her lines, her interior volume and the flush deck ... Mariah proved herself reliable and comfortable throughout an eight-month cruise from Seattle to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, and back to San Diego in 2012 and 2013. I still get regular compliments on her design."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by William Garden
Sailboat types built by Capital Yachts
Sailboat types built by Gulf Marine Products
Joshua Le Gallienne. Joshua Le Gallienne (born in 1985) is a non-binary British artist based in Brighton. Working predominantly in sculpture, large-scale installation, and performance, Le Gallienne’s practice explores the materiality of sound within an artistic context. Their artworks have been exhibited internationally; at national institutions such as Ateneum and Ö1, and at major sonic arts festivals including Sonorities and Wien Modern.

In 2012, Le Gallienne began their Action Without Action project, which focuses on the production of acoustic sound without electronics or digital technologies. Works from this series employ unconventional materials such as pyrotechnics, ice, compressed air, balloons, carbonated liquids, and biodegradable plastics to create sound and movement.

Le Gallienne studied fine art at Hertford Regional College and later gained a degree in Digital Music & Sound Arts from the University of Brighton. Restraint, their graduate show sound installation, received the Burt Brill & Cardens Genius Prize in recognition of outstanding artistic achievement. After graduating, Le Gallienne taught on the Digital Music & Sound Arts course between 2012 and 2020.

Le Gallienne has received a number of awards, grants and accolades for their work; including the Francis Chagrin Award from Sound and Music in 2020 and the Sonic Arts Emerging Artist Exhibition Award from The Auxiliary in 2019. They have undertaken artist residencies in Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Luxembourg, and UK.

Awards 

 2021–2022 BOOM Artist development scheme, Oxford Contemporary Music
 2020 Francis Chagrin Award, Sound and Music
 2020 Financial Hardship Fund, Help Musicians
 2019 Sonic Arts Emerging Artist Exhibition Award, The Auxiliary
 2012 Burt Brill & Cardens Prize in recognition of outstanding artistic achievement

References 

1985 births
Living people
21st-century British artists
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Sound artists
British non-binary artists
British installation artists
People from Harlow
Jennifer Mackinnon. Jennifer Ann Mackinnon (born September 16, 1973) is an American physical oceanographer who has studied small-scale dynamical processes in oceans for more than 20 years. These processes include internal waves and ocean mixing, turbulence, sub-mesoscale instabilities, and their complex interaction. She is a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) of the University of California, San Diego. Her research requires extensive fieldwork at sea to observe these processes.

Early life and education

Mackinnon graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Major in Physics) with distinction from Swarthmore College in June 1995. In June 1999, she completed a Master of Science at the Department of Oceanography of the University of Washington. She then carried out a PhD in the same department that she defended in June 2002.

Career and research

After some postdoctoral research at SIO from October 2002 to December 2003, she was secured an assistant research faculty position before being appointed associate professor and professor. In 2019, she was appointed Associate Dean for Faculty Equity at Scripps Institution for Oceanography

In 2021, she demonstrated with coworkers in a publication in Nature Communications that pockets of warm water from the Pacific Ocean are accelerating the melting of sea ice

Awards and recognition

 1991 – National Merit Finalist
 1999 – Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Fellowship at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 1997 – 2000 – National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship
 2011 – Scripps Graduate Teaching Award
 2014 – the AMS Nicholas Fofonoff Award for "outstanding contributions to the understanding of internal mixing in the ocean, artfully synthesizing observations, theory, and numerical modeling."
 2018 – UC San Diego Inclusive Excellence Award

References

External links
 Faculty profile at SIO

American oceanographers
1973 births
Living people
Physical oceanographers
American women oceanographers
University of Washington alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
Lattice Boltzmann methods for solids. The Lattice Boltzmann methods for solids (LBMS) are a set of methods for solving partial differential equations (PDE) in solid mechanics. The methods use a discretization of the Boltzmann equation(BM), and their use is known as the lattice Boltzmann methods for solids.

LBMS methods are categorized by their reliance on:

 Vectorial distributions
 Wave solvers
 Force tuning

The LBMS subset remains highly challenging from a computational aspect as much as from a theoretical point of view. Solving solid equations within the LBM framework is still a very active area of research. If solids are solved, this shows that the Boltzmann equation is capable of describing solid motions as well as fluids and gases: thus unlocking complex physics to be solved such as fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in biomechanics.

Proposed insights

Vectorial distributions 
The first attempt of LBMS tried to use a Boltzmann-like equation for force (vectorial) distributions. The approach requires more computational memory but results are obtained in fracture and solid cracking.

Wave solvers 
Another approach consists in using LBM as acoustic solvers to capture waves propagation in solids.

Force tuning

Introduction 
This idea consists of introducing a modified version of the forcing term: (or equilibrium distribution) into the LBM as a stress divergence force. This force is considered space-time dependent and contains solid properties

,

where  denotes the Cauchy stress tensor.  and  are respectively the gravity vector and solid matter density. 
The stress tensor is usually computed across the lattice aiming finite difference schemes.

Some results 

Force tuning has recently proven its efficiency with a maximum error of 5% in comparison with standard finite element solvers in mechanics. Accurate validation of results can also be a tedious task since these methods are very different, common issues are:

 Meshes or lattice discretization
 Location of computed fields at elements or nodes
 Hidden information in software used for finite element analysis comparison
 Non-linear materials
 Steady state convergence for LBMS

Notes

References 

Biomechanics
Fluid dynamics
Thermodynamics
Take Off (painting). Take Off is an oil-on-canvas painting by English artist Laura Knight, created in 1943. It is one of the several works that she made when she was one of the British official war artists during World War II. It is held at the Imperial War Museum, in London.

Description
The painting depicts the interior of a British Short Stirling bomber of the Royal Air Force. Inside the plane there are four of the seven crew members, who are preparing for take off before another night raid on Nazi Germany during World War II. Two pilots sit in the cockpit, while a navigator studies his maps, and in the foreground a flight sergeant turns a knob on the wireless device.

The painter, Laura Knight, developed a long and accurate investigation in order to create this work: she later stated that this painting had been the most difficult task she had done so far in the war. She worked in the RAF Mildenhall and lived in the WAAF Officers' Mess for several months while working on the painting. She was also given an obsolete Stirling for preparation. The completed painting depicts in a faithful and detailed manner the moment of preparation for the take-off of the British crew, which is concentrating in their next mission. The realism of the painting gives it a photographic feeling. The navigator of the scene, Raymond Frankish Escreet, would be killed in action and his mother received a reproduction of this picture as a memento.

References

1943 paintings
Paintings by Laura Knight
Paintings in the Imperial War Museum
Cultural history of World War II
United Kingdom home front during World War II
War paintings
Aviation art
General Authority for Roads (Saudi Arabia). General Authority for Roads (), or Roads General Authority (RGA), is a regulatory authority under Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Transport and Logistic Services that is responsible for overseeing the country's construction, operation and maintenance of roads. It was established in accordance with the National Transport and Logistics Strategy by the Cabinet of Saudi Arabia in August 2022.

References 

Regulation in Saudi Arabia
Government agencies established in 2022
2022 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Organisations based in Riyadh
Kama-1. Kama-1 is an electric city car developed by Kamaz. It was completely designed using computer simulation. The Kama-1 was first presented at VUZPROMEXPO-2020.

History
The electric car was primarily developedfor budgetary funds within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Research and Development in Priority Areas of Development of the Scientific and Technological Complex of Russia for 2014-2020" by specialists of the Computer Engineering Center of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University with the support of Kamaz. Work on the creation of a prototype had been carried out since December 2018 and lasted for 2 years.

Specifications
The Kama-1 is a three-door four-seater hatchback. It has an electric motor with a capacity of 109 liters. Power sources are a Chinese-made lithium-ion traction battery with a capacity of 33 kWh, located under the cabin floor. The power reserve is about 200 km (up to 300 km under certain conditions). Express charging from a powerful terminal is provided in 20 minutes.

Some of the exterior elements (wings, sills, bumpers) are made detachable to simplify replacement in case of damage. A 9-inch touch screen is installed on the steering wheel, with the help of which the main settings of the Kama-1 are adjusted. Instead of the instrument panel, a projection screen is located on the windshield and the airbag is located on the ceiling. The model will be equipped with driver assistance elements such as automatic parking, maintaining a distance while driving, tracking markings, automatic braking and steering.

References

Kamaz
Electric city cars
Upcoming car models
Gulf 39. The Gulf 39 is an American sailboat that was designed by Capital Yachts as a cruiser and first built in 1971.

Production
The design was built by Capital Yachts in Harbor City, California, United States, starting in 1971, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Gulf 39 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a pilot house, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and is fitted with a diesel engine of  for docking and maneuvering.

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Capital Yachts
Sailboat types built by Capital Yachts