omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bröl Valley Railway. The Bröl Valley Railway () was the first public narrow gauge railway in Germany and had a track gauge of . It was the heart of a railway company, which from 1925 also ran bus services and from 1956 its passenger services only ran by road. Goods trains continued to run until 1967, when the remaining trackage was lifted.

The firm was founded on 3 February 1869 as the Bröl Valley Railway Company (Brölthaler Eisenbahn-Actien-Gesellschaft) or BTE. On 10 June 1921 it was renamed as the Rhine-Sieg Railway (Rhein-Sieg-Eisenbahn-AG) or RSE. The company headquarters was moved in 1917 from Hennef (Sieg) to Beuel. In 1983 the RSE went into the Rhein-Sieg-Verkehrsgesellschaft. It should not be confused with the Rhein-Sieg-Eisenbahn GmbH founded in 1994 by the Verkehrsclub Deutschland.

The 785 mm gauge railway network of the Bröl Valley Railway was, at its peak, a total of 87.3 kilometres long and, towards the end, was mainly worked by goods services. With the take over of the Heisterbach Valley Railway in 1901 an isolated section of 750 mm gauge line also belonged to the BTE.

In the old Bröl Valley Railway engine shed in Asbach is a railway museum about the old railway that was founded in 2000.

Literature

Sources
 
 Sascha Koch: Eisenbahnen im Oberbergischen und die Geschichte des Bahnbetriebswerkes Dieringhausen. Galunder Verlag, Nümbrecht, 2005. .

Others
 Manfred Frickhöfer: Die Rhein-Sieg-Eisenbahn (Bröltalbahn). Druck: quickprint grube & speck, Karlsruhe 1979.
 Carsten Gussmann, Wolfgang Clössner: Die Heisterbacher Talbahn und Industriebahnen im Siebengebirgsraum. Freiburg im Breisgau 2006. .

External links 

 Museum for the Bröl Valley Railway
 Heisterbach Valley Railway and Weilberg Model Railway in the Brückenhof Museum at Königswinter-Oberdollendorf
 Google Earth with information on the Bröl Valley Railway
 Bilderbuch Ruppichteroth – historic post cards and photographs around Ruppichteroth including some of the railway

Defunct railway companies of Germany
Closed railway lines in Germany
785 mm gauge railways in Germany
750 mm gauge railways in Germany
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis
Westerwald
Rhineland
Horse-drawn railways
Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway companies established in 1869
German companies established in 1869
Bismuth vanadate. Bismuth vanadate is the inorganic compound with the formula BiVO4. It is a bright yellow solid. It is widely studied as visible light photo-catalyst with a narrow band gap of less than 2.4 eV. It is a representative of "complex inorganic colored pigments," or CICPs. More specifically, bismuth vanadate is a mixed-metal oxide. Bismuth vanadate is also known under the Colour Index International as C.I. Pigment Yellow 184.  It occurs naturally as the rare minerals pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite.

History and uses
Bismuth vanadate is a bright yellow powder and may have a slight green tint. When used as a pigment it has a high Chroma and excellent hiding power. In nature, bismuth vanadate can be found as the mineral pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite depending on the particular polymorph formed. Its synthesis was first recorded in a pharmaceutical patent in 1924 and began to be used readily as a pigment in the mid-1980s. Today it is manufactured across the world for pigment use.

Properties
Most commercial bismuth vanadate pigments are based on monoclinic (clinobisvanite) and tetragonal (dreyerite) structures though in the past two phase systems involving a 4:3 relationship between bismuth vanadate and bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) have been used.

As a photocatalyst
BiVO4 has received much attention as a photocatalyst for water splitting and for remediation.
In the monoclinic phase, BiVO4 is an n-type photoactive semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.4 eV, which has been investigated for water splitting after doping with W and Mo. BiVO4 photoanodes have demonstrated record solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies of 5.2% for flat films and 8.2% for WO3@BiVO4 core-shell nanorods (highest for metal-oxide photo-electrode) with the advantage of a very simple and cheap material.

Production
While most CICPs are formed exclusively through high temperature calcination, bismuth vanadate can be formed from a series of pH controlled precipitation reactions. These reactions can be carried out with or without the presence of molybdenum depending on the desired final phase. It is also possible to start with the parent oxides (Bi2O3 and V2O5) and perform a high temperature calcination to achieve a pure product.

References

Vanadates
Bismuth compounds
Inorganic pigments
Barrett Optical Ranging System. The Barrett Optical Ranging System (BORS) was an integrated ballistics computer manufactured by Barrett Firearms that aids snipers and long-range marksmen in taking precise and accurate shots. The system mounts directly to the riflescope and couples with the elevation knob. With the aid of the BORS, marksmen can rapidly account for temperature, barometric pressure and aiming at an upward or downward angle.

Design and features

The computer built into the BORS, constantly updates to account for changing factors. Barrett states that the BORS "instantly takes care of the data work so the shooter can focus on the task of putting lead on target." It takes data from thousands of tables and accounts for a number of real-time external factors automatically giving the shooter the exact yardage at which a bullet will hit its target.

Since the BORS is mounted directly to the scope and coupled with the elevation knobs, the computer can interact with the scope by simply turning the elevation knob until the LCD displays the target’s range.

The kit includes the proprietary Barrett Ballistic Software that is pre-programmed with a library selected by Barrett. It also includes a cable that allows users to program custom loads on their computer and transfer them directly to the BORS.

Use
While designed to withstand military operations, the BORS is also available for civilian sale and can be used by long-range marksmen including target shooters and hunters. The BORS was used by Ukrainian forces in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a unit fitted onto a Barrett M107A1 rifle was captured by Russian forces.

References

External links 
 Official Website
 BORS User Manual

Barrett firearms
Mark A. Clifton. Mark A. Clifton is the Managing Partner for Spathe Systems.

Early life and education
Clifton earned a Bachelor of Science in engineering from Jerry McGee University in 1979, and a Master of Science in engineering from the RLM Communications in 1987. Clifton is also a clandestine freemason with the Most Worshipful Prince Hall John G Jones Grand Lodge of Florida.

Career
From 1979 to 1981, Clifton was an engineer at Electric Boat. He was then a senior engineer at BBN Technologies from 1981 to 1988, and finally a principal engineer at Acoustics and Mechanics.

From 1979 to 2004, Clifton was senior group vice president at Anteon Corporation, where he led research and development. From 2004 to 2007, Clifton was the vice president and general manager of the C3 Systems unit of DRS Technologies, which he reorganized into five primary business lines.

Since February 2008, Clifton has been SRI International's vice president of products and services; and from October 2009 until its absorption into SRI in January 2011, Clifton was the CEO and president of SRI's Sarnoff Corporation.

Memberships and awards
Clifton is on the board of directors for the New Jersey Technology Council and the New Jersey Technology Solutions Center.

Clifton is a member of the National Defense Industrial Association, the Association of the United States Army, and the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association.

References

Living people
Florida Atlantic University alumni
University of Connecticut alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
SRI International people
Air Conflicts. Air Conflicts is an arcade combat flight simulator video game set in World War II. It was developed by 3Division Entertainment and published by Frogster Interactive. The game was released in April 2006.

Gameplay
The player controls a plane whose allegiance is one of three World War II nations: UK, USSR, or Nazi Germany. The game ignores factions such as USA, Japan, and Italy. Each nation has several unique fighter planes which are collected and then used during the campaign.  The campaign spans the entire course of the war. During the single-player campaign the player earns stats, achievements, new planes, and commendations.

The game also comes with multi-player for Internet TCP/IP. Up to 8 players can play at once. All the planes can be chosen and different skins can be added for personal customization. Both Deathmatch and Team Deathmatch are available game styles.

The graphics are fairly decent for a 2006 flight game. There is a large variety of multi-player and single-player maps and locations to play in. There is a lack of voice-over in the game and instead focuses on machine sounds and music.

The game has several spinoffs, including the recent Air Conflicts: Vietnam in 2014. Air Conflicts: Aces of World War II was released in 2009, Air Conflicts: Secret Wars in 2011, and Air Conflicts: Pacific Carriers in 2012, creating a trilogy of Air Conflicts games.

References 

2006 video games
World War II flight simulation video games
Video games developed in Slovakia
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Frogster Interactive Pictures games
3Division games
WATIAC. WATIAC was a virtual computer developed for teaching the principles of assembly language programming to undergraduates.
WATIAC, and the WATMAP assembly language that ran on it were developed in 1973 by the newly founded Computer Systems Group,
at the University of Waterloo, under the direction of Wes Graham.

In the 1970s most programming was conducted through batch stream processing, where the operating systems of the day, like IBM`s OS-360, would allow a single program to use all the resources of a large computer, for a limited period of time.
Since student programs were only run a few times, possibly only once, after they had been successfully written, and debugged, efficient running of those programs was of relatively little importance, compared with quick compilation and relatively good error messages.

Waterloo had been a leader in writing single pass, compile-and-go teaching compilers, with first its WATFOR FORTRAN compiler, and its WATBOL COBOL compiler.
WATMAP was developed to be a similar compile-and-go teaching compiler.

References

Computers
Beaver Lake Seaplane Base. Beaver Lake Seaplane Base  is a state owned, public use seaplane base located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) northeast of Big Lake, in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Facilities and aircraft 
Beaver Lake Seaplane Base resides at elevation of 150 feet (46 m) above mean sea level. It has one seaplane landing area designated 1W/19W with a water surface measuring 5,000 by 400 feet (1,524 x 122 m).

For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2009, the airport had 430 aircraft operations, an average of 35 per month: 93% general aviation and 7% air taxi. At that time there were 6 aircraft based at this airport, all engine.

See also
 List of airports in Alaska

References

External links 
 Topographic map from USGS The National Map

Airports in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Seaplane bases in Alaska
WATBOL. WATBOL is a teaching compiler for the COBOL programming language developed in 1969 at the University of Waterloo.
The compiler was a companion product, built under the design philosophy, of Waterloo's earlier, widely used WATFOR teaching compiler.
Since programs written by undergraduate students were unlikely to be run more than a few times, after they were successfully written and debugged, the efficiency of the program, once compiled was of secondary importance, compared with giving simpler, clearer error messages, and in simplifying the steps for the student to compile the program.  At that time executing a program through the use of commercial compiler was a three-step process.  First the Fortran, or COBOL, had to be compiled into assembly language, then the assembly language had to be assembled into binary code; finally the compiled and assembled code had to be linked with previously written libraries of subroutines.  WATFOR and WATBOL allowed simple programs to be compiled, linked, and executed in a single step.

In 1982 Carol Vogt wrote that 230 other institutions were using WATBOL.

References

Test items
Compilers
IAB meteorite. IAB meteorites are a group of iron meteorites according to their overall composition and a group of primitive achondrites because of silicate inclusions that show a strong affinity to winonaites and chondrites.

Description
The IAB meteorites are composed of meteoric iron (kamacite and taenite) and silicate inclusions. Structurally they can be hexahedrites, fine to coarse octahedrites, or even ataxites. Most of them are octahedrite with medium to coarse taenite-lamella and distinct Widmanstätten patterning.

The silicate inclusions are composed of low-Ca pyroxene, high-Ca pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, troilite, graphite, different phosphates, meteoric iron and traces of  daubréelite and chromite. This composition is very similar to the composition of winonaites, and it is therefore argued that the two groups share the same parent body. There are also similarities with the IIICD meteorites, but it is not yet clear whether they are also part of that parent body.

Classification
The IAB group was created from the older IA and IB groups. Some authors also prefer to call it IAB complex.

There are numerous subdivisions of the IAB group:

IAB main group
sLL subgroup
sLM subgroup (originally IIIC)
sLH subgroup (originally IIID)
sHL subgroup
sHH subgroup (includes Gay Gulch trio)
Udei Station grouplet
Pitts grouplet
Algarrabo duo
Mundrabilla duo
Britstown duo
NWA 468 duo
Twin City duo
solo irons related to IAB
IAB related?

Parent body
Most scientists believe that the winonaites and the IAB meteorites share the same parent body. It is not yet fully understood whether the IIICD meteorites also belong to that body.

Notable specimen
Canyon Diablo
Pitts meteorite (part of Pitts grouplet)
Udei station meteorite (part of Udei station grouplet)
Goose Lake Meteorite
Monturaqui
Nantan meteorite
Mörigen Arrowhead

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Achondrite meteorites
Oceanvolt. Oceanvolt is a Finnish boat electric motor manufacturer founded in 2004 by Janne Kjellman. The company was formerly known as Electric Ocean. Oceanvolt is headquartered in Vantaa, Finland.

The company currently produces two types of propulsion systems for electric boats: saildrives and shaftdrives. Oceanvolt has received several awards for its SD8.6 saildrive system, the latest being the 2013 Pittman Innovation Award given by SAIL Magazine for Oceanvolt's "compact robust design" featuring waterproof permanent magnet motor with closed circulation liquid cooling, single lever control with motor status shown by LEDs, and folding propeller which doubles as a hydrogenerator, silently extracting several kilowatts of electric power from the boat's forward motion while under sail.

Examples of boats installed with Oceanvolt electric motors

X-Yachts X-302
Finn Express 83
Maestro 40
Blue 30
Le Breton Yachts SIG 45
Aventura Catamarans Aventura 33
Sailing Uma (Pearson 36)

Awards and recognition
Oceanvolt has received a number of awards and recognitions:

2017 – DAME Award 2017 Category Winner (Machinery, Propulsion, Mechanical and Electrical Systems and Fittings): Oceanvolt ServoProp 
2013 – 2013 Pittman Innovation Award from SAIL Magazine: Oceanvolt SD8.6 and SD15
2012 – DAME Award 2012 Special Mention: Machine, propulsion, mechanical and electrical systems and fittings for the Oceanvolt SD8.6
2012 – Clean Design Award 2012: Oceanvolt SD8.6

See also 
 Electric boat

References

External links
 

Marine engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of Finland
Electric boats
Ronald Burge. Ronald Edgar Burge (born 3 October 1932) is a former Professor of Physics at King's College London, where he was Wheatstone Professor of Physics from 1989 to 2000.

Early life
He attended Canton High School, a boys' grammar school, in Cardiff and King's College London (BSc, Physics; PhD).

Career
He joined King's College London in 1954 at the age of 21. His work looked at the structure of fibrous proteins. He was Head of the Department of Physics at King's College London from October 1984 to 1992.

Personal life
He married in 1953 and they have two sons.

References

1932 births
Alumni of King's College London
Academics of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Scientists from Cardiff
Welsh physicists
Living people
20th-century British physicists
20th-century Welsh scientists
Hydroid. Hydroid may refer to:

Biology 
Hydroid (botany), a type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes
Hydroid (zoology), a life stage for most animals of the class Hydrozoa
Garveia, a genus of cnidarians, including:
Garveia annulata, the orange hydroid
Garveia arborea, the orange or hedgehog hydroid

Business
Hydroid Inc., an autonomous underwater vehicle manufacturer
Ahrens AR 124. 

The Ahrens AR 124 was an American single-seat sailplane designed and built by the Ahrens Aircraft Corporation of California. Only two sailplanes were built.

The AR 124 is a single-seat sailplane with a cantilever mid-wing, an aluminium fuselage and a swept T-tail. The landing gear was a single unsprung nosewheel with a tailwheel and the single-seat cockpit had a one-piece moulded canopy.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Ahrens aircraft
1970s United States sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1974
List of tunnels in Seattle. This is a list of tunnels built in the city of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington.

The Puget Sound region, where Seattle lies, has a history of glaciation that has left many hills and ridges that civil engineers have needed to traverse for transportation and utilities.  Some of these tunnels are part of megaprojects.

Tunnels

See also
List of tunnels in the United States

Further reading

References

Seattle
Tunnels
Tunnels
Tunnels
Fiat AN.1. The Fiat AN.1 was an experimental Italian water-cooled diesel straight six cylinder aircraft engine from the late 1920s.

Design and development
Fiat's interest in Diesel engines dated from 1907, initially focused on slow turning factory engines then moving to higher speed marine and railway motors.  The AN.1 was their first foray into Diesel aero-engines. To shorten its development time and to concentrate on the higher combustion chamber pressures, different burning temperatures and fuel supply systems of the Diesel cycle, they based its design on the Fiat A.12.  This was a petrol engine first run in 1916 and produced in large numbers during World War I, a water-cooled, upright, overhead camshaft straight six. The AN.1 kept the external dimensions and the lower section, crankshaft, crankcase, sump, plus the lubrication and water-cooling supplies of the older engine but required new cylinders, pistons, valve gear and fuel delivery systems to replace carburettors and magnetos. The cylinder barrels had to be stronger to withstand the greater combustion pressures (2-300 atmospheres) required by the compression ignition Diesel. The swept volume of the Diesel engine was reduced by 23.4% as the cylinders had a bore of 140 mm (5.51 in), compared with the A.12's 160 mm (6.30 in). Two camshafts were fitted to operate the four valves per cylinder, though they were driven via the same tall vertical rod used for the single camshaft of the A.12, at its top, and the water pump of both models at its bottom.

The advantages of the Diesel engine were seen as: 
higher fuel efficiency;
mechanical and electrical simplicity;
non-flammable fuel;
cheaper fuel, at the time only 20% the price of petrol.

In 1931 Diesel engines were seen as the future motors of long range commercial aircraft.

The AN.1 was test flown in at least two aircraft, easily replacing the standard Fiat A.12bis in an Ansaldo A.300/4 reconnaissance and attack aircraft and also mounted in a specially designed biplane, the Fiat AN.1.

Operational history
The first public performance of the AN.1 engine was at the Aerial Pageant held at Rome in June 1930 in the AN.1 biplane. This was flown by Renato Donati from the Fiat works at Turin to Rome, a distance of about 510 km (315  mi), on the first morning of the Pageant then displayed over Littorio Airport.

Applications
Ansaldo A.300/4
Fiat AN.1

Specifications

See also

References

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft diesel engines
AN.1
Falke. Falke is German for hawk. It may refer to:

Aircraft 
Dornier Do H, a German monoplane fighter of the 1920s
Focke-Wulf Fw 43, a light utility aircraft developed in 1932
Focke-Wulf Fw 187, a German 1930s twin-engine fighter 
Scheibe Falke, a motor glider
Slingsby Falke, a motor glider
Sokopf Falke, an Austrian paramotor design

Ships 

 SMS Falke, three ships of the Imperial German Navy and Austro-Hungarian Navy
 German trawler V 104 Falke, a German cargo ship converted into an auxiliary warship in World War II

People 
Gustav Falke (1853–1916), German writer
Johannes Falke (1823–1876), German historian
Falké Bacharou, Nigerian politician

Other uses 
 T4 model of the G7e torpedo, a German U-boat torpedo of World War II
 Falke (spacecraft), a German program to fly a subscale model of the Space Shuttle orbiter

See also
Falkes de Breauté (died 1226), Anglo-Norman soldier and High Sheriff
Falke, Falcken, Falken, Falkenreck, an Ancient Noble German family
 Falk (name)
 Phalke (surname)
Surnames from nicknames
Zündapp 9-092. The Zündapp 9–092 or Z 92 was a German four-cylinder, air-cooled, inline aero engine made by Zündapp and used in light aircraft of the late-1930s.

Design and development
The engine was developed from the smaller Zündapp 9-090. This inverted engine featured dual gear-driven camshafts with the valve rocker cover acting as the oil tank. It featured a single Bosch magneto ignition system. A total of approximately 200 engines were produced.

Applications
Braunschweig LF-1 Zaunkönig
Bücker Bü 180
Fieseler Fi 253
Gotha Go 150
Klemm Kl 105
Möller Stürmer
Siebel Si 202

Engines on display
Preserved examples of the 9-092 engine are on public display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich and Technikmuseum Dessau.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading
  

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines
Zündapp