omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Curtiss O-40 Raven. The Curtiss O-40 Raven was an American observation aircraft of the 1930s which was built and used in small numbers. A single example of the YO-40, a single-engined Sesquiplane with a retractable undercarriage was built, followed by four examples of a modified monoplane version, the O-40B, which remained in use until 1939.

Development and design

In 1931, in response to a United States Army Air Corps requirement for a new observation aircraft, Curtiss designed the Model 62, a single-engined biplane with the lower wing much smaller than the upper, known as a sesquiplane (i.e. "one-and-a-half wings"), while the outer panels of the upper wings were swept back to avoid centre-of-gravity problems. It was of all-metal construction, with a monocoque fuselage and had a retractable tailwheel undercarriage with inwards retracting mainwheels, and was powered by a Wright Cyclone radial engine. The crew of two sat in tandem in open cockpits.

A prototype, designated YO-40, flew in February 1932. Although it crashed in May that year, it was rebuilt with stronger wings and an enclosed cockpit as the YO-40A.  A further four YO-40As were ordered, but they were redesigned as monoplanes by removing the lower wing, the resultant aircraft being designated Y1O-40B.

Operational history
The four Y1O-40Bs were delivered in June 1933, and after service tests, were redesignated O-40B, being operated by the 1st Observation Squadron of the USAAC.  While the aircraft's performance and manoeuvrability were good, the Air Corps was disappointed with the cockpit arrangements and the low fuel capacity, and no more orders followed.  The last O-40B was withdrawn from use in 1939.

Variants
YO-40
Prototype powered by 653 hp (487 kW) Wright R-1820E Cyclone engine.
YO-40A
YO-40 rebuilt with stronger wings and enclosed cockpit. Scrapped 1938.
Y1O-40B
Monoplane derivative with lower wing removed.  Powered by 670 hp (500 kW) R-1820-27. Four built.
O-40B
Redesignation of Y1O-40B.

Operators 

United States Army Air Corps
1st Observation Squadron

Specifications (O-40B)

References
Notes

Bibliography

Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London:Putnam, 1979. .
"A Modern American Observation Aircraft:The Curtiss "Raven" (Wright "Cyclone F") developed for the U.S. Army Air Corps". Flight, 4 January 1934, p. 20.

External links

Photo

1930s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
O-040
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Traverse (software). TRAVERSE Accounting and Business Software (enterprise resource planning - ERP) is a business accounting software suite for small- to medium-sized businesses using the Microsoft Windows operating system. First produced in 1994 by Open Systems, Inc., TRAVERSE is a group of interrelated applications which operate in tandem. TRAVERSE runs using the Microsoft SQL Server database. In versions released from 1994 to 2009, TRAVERSE was coded with Visual Basic for Applications, and operated as a Microsoft Access application. The current version is coded using the C# programming language within the Microsoft .NET Framework, and no longer requires Microsoft Access.

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website

Accounting software
Geoffrey Raynor. Geoffrey Vincent Raynor FRS (2 October 1913 – 20 October 1983) was an English metallurgist and university academic.

Life
Raynor was educated at Nottingham High School before studying Chemistry at Keble College, Oxford, obtaining a first-class degree in 1936. He then worked as a research assistant at the University of Oxford, working with William Hume-Rothery, and carried out metallurgical research for the Ministry of Supply and Ministry of Aircraft Production during the Second World War.  In 1945, he moved to the University of Birmingham as a research fellow, with the course that he taught in structural and theoretical metallurgy becoming "the forerunner for the development of metallurgical teaching all over the world".  He was made Reader of Theoretical Metallurgy in 1947 and Professor of Metal Physics in 1949.  He was the Feeney Professor of Physical Metallurgy from 1955 to 1969, and was also head of the Department of Physical Metallurgy and Science of Materials during this latter period. He also served the university as dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering and then Deputy Principal for four years. He retired from the university in 1981, and was made an emeritus professor.

Raynor was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959 and a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1961; he was made an Honorary Fellow of Keble in 1972. He was a visiting professor at various times at Chicago University,  Ohio State University, Witwatersrand University, and the University of New South Wales.

The Times said of him that his research gained "international acclaim" and that he had "played a leading part in the development of the chemistry of alloy phases", with his contributions to the subject "likely to be included in the teaching of metallurgy and to be of practical value for many decades."

References

1913 births
1983 deaths
British metallurgists
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Royal Society
Aguarico River Bridge. The Aguarico River Bridge is a pedestrian suspension bridge over the Aguarico River in Sucumbíos Province, El Oriente, Ecuador. It is 264 m long and was designed by Toni Rüttimann. It is an example of community work and was made from materials discarded by the petroleum industry that operates in the area.

References

Suspension bridges in Ecuador
Buildings and structures in Sucumbíos Province
CEW. CEW may refer to:

 Center on Education and the Workforce, a research institute affiliated with Georgetown University in Washington, DC
 Clinton Engineer Works, a Manhattan Project plant
 Conducted electrical weapon (CEW), a weapon that delivers an electrical shock
 Civic Education Workshop, an event organized by the State Department in Washington DC
 Cosmetic Executive Women, a trade organization for the personal care industry
 The IATA code for Bob Sikes Airport

See also
 CEWS (disambiguation)
Arabian Peninsular Reconnaissance Flight RAF. 

Aden Protectorate Reconnaissance Flight 
From 1956 Gloster Meteor FR Mk.9 aircraft from No. 208 Squadron RAF were deployed to Aden for operations against rebel tribesmen and Yemeni insurgents. This Squadron was withdrawn at the time of the Suez Crisis. 'C' Flight 208 Squadron returned in 1958 and was re-designated as the Aden Protectorate Reconnaissance Flight, formed on 1 August 1959, flying Meteor FR.9's. This flight was disbanded and renamed Arabian Peninsular Reconnaissance Flight on 1 October 1959.

Arabian Peninsular Reconnaissance Flight
The Arabian Peninsular Reconnaissance Flight was formed at RAF Khormaksar when the Aden Protectorate Reconnaissance Flight was dis-banded and renamed on 1 October 1959. The flight continued to fly the Meteor FR.9's on tactical reconnaissance missions until it was disbanded in April 1960, handing the tactical recce mission over to No. 8 Squadron RAF, flying Hawker Hunter FR.10's.

See also
 No. 1417 Flight RAF
The APRF was absorbed into 8 Squadron in August 1960 as B Flight. The Meteor FR.9s continued to serve the Squadron until gradual replacement by Hunter FR.10s during the spring and summer of 1961. The last Meteor operational sortie of an 8 Squadron Meteor FR.9 was flown in late July 1961.

References

Aden Protectorate Reconnaissance Flight
Military units and formations established in 1959
Landscape evolution model. A landscape evolution model is a physically-based numerical model that simulates changing terrain over the course of time. The change in, or evolution of, terrain, can be due to: glacial or fluvial erosion, sediment transport and deposition, regolith production, the slow movement of material on hillslopes, more intermittent events such as rockfalls, debris flows, landslides, and other surface processes. These changes occur in response to the land surface being uplifted above sea-level (or other base-level) by surface uplift, and also respond to subsidence. A typical landscape evolution model takes many of these factors into account.

Landscape evolution models are used primarily in the field of geomorphology. As they improve, they are beginning to be consulted by land managers to aid in decision making, most recently in the area of degraded landscapes.

The earliest landscape evolution models were developed in the 1970s. In those models, flow of water across a mesh was simulated, and cell elevations were changed in response to calculated erosional power. Modern landscape evolution models can leverage graphics processing units and other acceleration hardware and software, to run more quickly.

See also
Hillslope evolution
SIBERIA, 
CAESAR-Lisflood, 
LANDIS II, , an open-source, forest landscape model that simulates future forests
pyBadlands, 
Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System,

References

Geomorphology models
Mathematical modeling
Ensemble axiom. The ensemble axiom is an engineering concept which states that if an engineer designs parts to cooperate with each other in an ensemble, he or she can simplify the parts and the ensemble will operate better.

This term is used within a research area called self-reconfiguring modular robotics, and specifically within claytronics, where it is stated as: A catom includes only enough functionality to contribute to the functionality desired in the claytronic ensemble.

References

 The Robot is the Tether: Active, Adaptive Power Routing for Modular Robots With Unary Inter-robot Connectors by Jason Campbell, Padmanabhan Pillai and Seth Copen Goldstein https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/The%20robot%20is%20the%20tether.pdf
 Claytronics Research Building synthetic reality from technological concept to engineered project https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~claytronics/claytronics/creating.html

Adaptable robotics
Computer module. A computer module is a selection of independent electronic circuits packaged onto a circuit board to provide a basic function within a computer. An example might be an inverter or flip-flop, which would require two or more transistors and a small number of additional supporting devices. Modules would be inserted into a chassis and then wired together to produce a larger logic unit, like an adder.

History 
Modules were the basic building block of most early computer designs, until they started being replaced by integrated circuits in the 1960s, which were essentially an entire module packaged onto a single computer chip. Modules with discrete components continued to be used in specialist roles into the 1970s, notably high-speed modular designs like the CDC 8600, but advances in chip design led to the disappearance of the discrete-component module in the 1970s.

See also
Modularity

References

Modularity
Electronic engineering
Logic gates
MS Fram. MS Fram is a passenger vessel operated by the Norway-based Hurtigruten Group. The ship is named after the original Fram, the ship used by explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen. The ship operates in the Arctic Ocean and around Greenland in the summer, and cruises around Antarctica at other times of the year. In December 2007, the ship lost power and struck a glacier in Antarctica, sustaining damage to the starboard side; the collision did not affect the ship's seaworthiness.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links 

MS Fram at Hurtigruten.us

2006 ships
Ships built in Italy
Ships built by Fincantieri
Passenger ships of Norway
Merchant ships of Norway
Richard Lashof. Richard K. Lashof (November 9, 1922 – February 4, 2010) was an American mathematician. He contributed to the field of geometric and differential topology, working with Shiing-Shen Chern, Stephen Smale, among others. Lashof was regarded as "the key figure in sustaining the Chicago Mathematics Department as an international center for research and the training of topologists" by Melvin Rothenberg.

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lashof earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1943 and was a communications officer in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. He earned his doctoral degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1954 under the supervision of Richard Vincent Kadison. In 1971 he was an invited to speak at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice.

References

External links

1922 births
2010 deaths
Mathematicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American topologists
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Chicago faculty
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Albatros C.II. The Albatros C.II was a 1916 German military pusher biplane designed and built by . Only one prototype was built and the type did not enter production.

Design
The C.II used the wings and landing gear of the earlier C.I but was fitted with a short nacelle rather than a conventional fuselage. The nacelle housed a  Benz Bz.III engine in a pusher configuration with a two-bladed propeller. The nacelle had an open cockpit for the observer/gunner at the front and the pilot behind. The tail structure used an open frame with a conventional fin and rudder and garnered the nickname  (en: lattice tail).

This aircraft should not be confused with the OAW C.II which was an unrelated aircraft produced in 1916 by Albatros’s subsidiary, , at their factory in Schneidemühl. The two aircraft can be easily distinguished as the company's main factory at Johannisthal's design used a pusher configuration while the Schneidmühl one used a tractor configuration.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 

Albatros aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Pusher aircraft
1910s German military aircraft
Z-tube. The Z-tube is an experimental apparatus for measuring the tensile strength of a liquid.

It consists of a Z-shaped tube with open ends, filled with a liquid, and set on top of a spinning table. If the tube were straight, the liquid would immediately fly out one end or the other of the tube as it began to spin. By bending the ends of the tube back towards the center of rotation, a shift of the liquid away from center will result in the water level in one end of the tube rising and thus increasing the pressure in that end of the tube, and consequently returning the liquid to the center of the tube. By measuring the rotational speed and the distance from the center of rotation to the liquid level in the bent ends of the tube, the pressure reduction inside the tube can be calculated.

Negative pressures, (i.e. less than zero absolute pressure, or in other words, tension) have been reported using water processed to remove dissolved gases. Tensile strengths up to 280 atmospheres have been reported for water in glass.

References

Fluid mechanics
Materials science
Scientific instruments
Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography. The Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography is a research program for students at the University of Rhode Island's Graduate School of Oceanography.  It began during the 2004–2005 academic year.  It combines oceanography, ocean engineering, maritime history, anthropology and archaeology.

History
The program was established by Robert Ballard in 2003, as the Institute for Archeological Oceanography.  The first academic year, 2004–2005, the program had five students.

Academics
The program will earn students two degrees: a master's degree in archeology and a doctorate in oceanography.  The current focus of the institute is projects in the Black Sea and the eastern Mediterranean. These projects use advanced unmanned submersible equipment to observe underwater sites, and attempt to go to deeper water than in the past. Students are required to earn 92 credits- more than any other Ph.D program.  However, 6 credits from each degree may be counted toward the other, hence 12 less credits are required.  Although other schools offer degrees in archeology and oceanography, this is the first to combine them into a formal curriculum.

References

Oceanographic organizations
Archaeological organizations based in the United States
University of Rhode Island
Central Coast Institute of Technology. The Central Coast Institute of Technology was founded in 1978. The school opened for classes in September 1978 to 321 students committed to and/or already employed by the defense industry.

Known as Central Coast Tech by alumni, the campus was located in Santa Barbara, California, and offered bachelors and master's degree programs in aeronautical sciences, computer science, electrical, mechanical, and systems engineering programs.

Central Coast Tech was accredited as a satellite campus of Northrop University by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). WASC is one of the nationally recognized accrediting bodies in the U.S. The Central Coast Institute of Technology received accredited standard in 1979 and the final month and year of being accredited was February, 1999.

In August 1998, Central Coast Tech closed its doors to the public. Mismanaged funds and decreased attendance and donations crippled the school. The Institute's doors remain closed today.

External links
 

Buildings and structures in Santa Barbara, California
Defunct schools in California
1978 establishments in California
CarbonFix Standard. The CarbonFix Standard (CFS) was an initiative to certify climate forestation projects to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. The CarbonFix Standard was administered by CarbonFix, a non-profit association based in Germany. In 2012, it was acquired by and integrated into the Gold Standard.

History
The association CarbonFix was founded in 1999. In 2007, the association developed the first version of the CarbonFix Standard, which was presented at the World Climate Conference in Bali, in December 2007.

The standard contained criteria a forestation project had to meet in order to be certified. Sustainable Forest Management was required.

See also
Voluntary Carbon Standard
Carbon Credit
SGS S.A.
Woodland Carbon Code

References

Further reading

 Lopes, P. (2009), Review of Forest Carbon Standards (2009) - Development of a tool for organisations to identify the most appropriate forest carbon credit, Imperial College London, Centre for Environmental Policy.
 Merger, E. (2008), A Comparison of leading Standards in the Voluntary Carbon Market and The State of Climate Forestation Projects, CarbonPositive.

External links 
 https://www.goldstandard.org/

Climate change mitigation
Joint Tactical Ground Station. The Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) is the United States Space Force's element to United States Strategic Command's Theater Event System (TES). TES provides an integrated, in-theater, 24-hour overhead non-imaging infrared detection capability for processing and disseminating missile early warning, alerting, and cueing information data to combatant commanders and missile defense assets through the use of stereo processing of the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite data.

The Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) is the Space Force's primary system that provides space based integrated, in-theater missile warning. It provides continuous
processing of overhead non-imaging infrared (ONIR) data that is directly down linked from the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite constellation. This data is
used to provide near real-time dissemination of warning, alerting and cueing information, to combatant commanders (CCDRs) and ballistic missile defense
systems (BMDS), on ballistic missile threats for the protection of military assets, civilian populations, and geopolitical centers. This dissemination is accomplished by
using existing communication networks such as the Integrated Broadcast Service (IBS) and Link 16.

JTAGS Mission 

"(U) Receive and process in-theater, direct down-linked data from OPIR (Overhead Persistent Infrared) Sensors in order to disseminate warning, alerting and cueing information on tactical ballistic missiles and other events of interest throughout the theater using existing communication networks."

JTAGS Organization 
The Joint Tactical Ground Station Theater Missile Warning system was organized under the 1st Space Company (JTAGS), with 4 forward-stationed Detachments in Europe, CENTCOM, Korea, and Japan.  The 1st Space Company fell under the 1st Space Battalion, under the 1st Space Brigade, part of the US Army Space and Missile Defense Command

In 2023, the element and its early warning systems were transferred to the control of the United States Space Force's Space Delta 4. They are to eventually become a reborn 5th Space Warning Squadron.

See also 
Theater Event System
Defense Support Program
Space Based Infrared System

References

External links 
 Space Based InfraRed System (SBIRS)

Military equipment
Missile defense
Units and formations of the United States Space Force
Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Theater Event System. The United States Theater Event System (TES) is a missile-warning system.  The TES is composed of three ground elements: the Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) Mission Control Station, the Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS), and the Tactical Detection and Reporting system. The TES in-theater capability will be enhanced significantly as its hardware and software are upgraded to interface with the future SBIRS High and Space Tracking and Surveillance System satellite constellations.

See also
Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)
Defense Support Program (DSP)
Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS)

References

Military equipment
Missile defense
Pressure compounding in turbines. Pressure compounding is the method in which pressure in a steam turbine is made to drop in a number of stages rather than in a single nozzle. This method of compounding is used in Rateau and Zoelly turbines.

Construction
The arrangement consists of a number of simple impulse turbines in series mounted on a common shaft. The exit steam from one turbine is made to enter the nozzle of the succeeding turbine. Each of the simple impulse turbines would then be termed a "stage" of the turbine. Each stage comprises its ring of nozzle and blades. The steam from the boiler passes through the first nozzle ring, where its pressure drops and velocity increases. The high-velocity jet steam is directed onto the first moving blades, wherein nearly all of its velocity is absorbed. The steam pressure remains unaltered. The steam from the first ring of moving blades enters the second ring of nozzles where its pressure is further reduced and velocity increased again. The next ring of moving blades absorbs the velocity obtained from this second ring nozzle. The process is repeated in the remaining rings until the whole of the pressure has been absorbed.

Effect
The total pressure drop of the steam does not take place in the first nozzle, but is split equally between all the nozzle rings in the arrangement. The effect of absorbing the pressure drop in stages is to reduce the velocity of the steam entering the moving blades.

See also
Compound turbine
Impulse turbine
Steam turbine
Compounding of steam turbines

References

Steam turbines