omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nicola Winter. Nicola Winter (; born 10 March 1985) is a German reserve astronaut and former fighter pilot. Winter became the second female fighter pilot in the history of the German Air Force in 2007 flying both Tornado and Eurofighter Typhoon in the German Air Force. In 2017, she was selected as an astronaut candidate for the private spaceflight organisation Die Astronautin, which aims to send the first German woman into space, but later withdrew from the programme. In 2022, she was named a reserve astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps.

Air force service 

Nicola Winter's mother flew hang gliders, and her younger sister Nena is a pilot with Lufthansa. In 2004, she joined the German Air Force, attending a one-year school focusing on officer training. She then spent a year in academics to prepare for pilot training set up for 53 weeks at the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program (ENJJPT) at Sheppard Air Force Base and qualified in 2007. At the end of the training cycle, Winter was assigned to the 322nd Squadron in Bavaria, flying Tornados with Major Ulrike Flender, Germany's first female fighter pilot. Flender graduated pilot training about 10 months ahead of Winter, also at ENJJPT. Winter became an instructor pilot at ENJJPT with the 459th Flying Training Squadron in 2012, and completed her flying training as a Eurofighter Typhoon pilot in 2015. She took leave from the armed forces in 2018 to work in management consulting.

Private astronaut candidate 
In 2016, the privately funded spaceflight programme Die Astronautin announced it would be taking applicants for the first female German astronaut. All of eleven Germans who have so far voyaged into outer space were men. As a fighter pilot, Winter applied to be Germany's first female astronaut among 86 candidates on the list as of September 2016 and was one of 30 women taking part in the final selection process as of December 2016. She was selected as one of two winners, but later withdrew from the programme.

Astronaut career 
Winter was selected as a reserve astronaut in the 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group.

References

Living people
1985 births
20th-century German women
21st-century German women
European Space Agency personnel
German Air Force pilots
German women aviators
German aviation pioneers
Women aviation pioneers
Military personnel from Munich
Women military aviators
Icelink. Icelink is a proposed electricity interconnector between Iceland and the United Kingdom via Great Britain. At , the 8001,200MW high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link would be the longest sub-sea power interconnector in the world.

The project partners for the main proposal are National Grid plc in the UK, Landsvirkjun, the state-owned generator in Iceland, and Landsnet, the Icelandic Transmission System Operator (TSO). An alternative proposal by Edi Truell's company Disruptive Capital Finance goes by the name "Atlantic SuperConnection", but it requires UK government financing.

According to Landsvirkjun, it will take about five years to complete feasibility and other work, and if a decision is made to go ahead, construction and installation would take a further five to six years.

The cost is as of 2023 expected to be €3.5 bn ($3.8 bn), for the cable and stations, not counting additional power plants.

Status 
In 2017, the main proposal for the project was still at the feasibility stage, and, , no further progress had been reported. As of 2019, the "Atlantic SuperConnection" proposal had still not obtained the required financial support from the UK government.

The link is highly controversial in Icelandic politics, with a fear of environmental effects associated with increasing Iceland's power supply to meet Icelink's demand, as well as concerns over increased domestic energy prices in Iceland. For the project to move forward, the Icelandic parliament needs to accept the construction, which as of 2022 is not likely.

Northern Ireland variant 
At the 2019 UK General Election 2019, the Democratic Unionist Party included in their manifesto a proposal for Icelink to make landfall in Northern Ireland.

See also

 Electricity sector in Iceland
 Electricity sector in the United Kingdom
 Electricity sector in Ireland
 NorthConnect
 North Sea Link
 European super grid

References

External links
 Overview of IceLink, on the Landsvirkjun website 

Electrical interconnectors to and from Great Britain
Proposed electric power transmission systems
Proposed electric power infrastructure in the United Kingdom
Electric power infrastructure in Iceland
Proposed infrastructure
Titanium(III) iodide. Titanium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula TiI3.  It is a dark violet solid that is insoluble in solvents, except upon decomposition.

Preparation and structure 
Titanium(III) iodide can be prepared by reaction of titanium with iodine:

It can also be obtained by reduction of TiI4, e.g., with aluminium.

In terms of its structure, the compound exists as a polymer of face-sharing octahedra.  Above 323 K, the Ti---Ti spacing are equal, but below that temperature, the material undergoes a phase transition.  In the low temperature phase, the Ti---Ti contacts are alternating short and long.  The low temperature structure is similar to that of molybdenum tribromide.

References 

Titanium(III) compounds
Iodides
Inorganic polymers
Valeriy Kostyuk. Valery Viktorovich Kostuk (; born 26 August 1940 in Zaporizhia) is a Russian scientist who has contributed to the development of processes for producing gases and cryogenic liquids. He is a vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Career 

Kostuk graduated from the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute in 1962 and then worked there as an engineer until 1963. From 1963 to 1978, he worked at the Moscow Aviation Institute, receiving a doctorate in 1976 and rising to the rank of professor. In the early 1990s, Kostuk founded the Low Temperature Research and Development Institute of the Moscow Aviation Institute and has served as the director of the Low Temperature Research and Development Institute since 1992.

In 1997, Kostuk became a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in 2013, one of its vice presidents. His research interests have included heat transfer, state changes and hydrodynamics of cryogenic fluids, as well as high-temperature superconducting machines and power transmission cables.

In 2012, along with Boris Katorgin and Rodney John Allam, Kostuk received the Global Energy Prize for his contributions to the development of processes and equipment for production of cryogenic liquids as well as technology for electricity production.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
People from Zaporizhzhia
Russian physicists
Superconductivity scientists and engineers
South Ural State University alumni
Nova-111. Nova-111 is a 2015 science fiction turn-based strategy / puzzle video game developed by Funktronic Labs and published by Curve Digital. It was released for macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, and the Wii U in August and September 2015. A port for the Nintendo Switch was released in January 2022 and was published by No Gravity Games.

Gameplay
Players shoot their way through planets in an orange spaceship. The mission is to search for lost scientists in the aftermath of the science experiments.

Reception

Nova-111 received "mixed or average" reviews for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Nintendo Switch and "generally favorable" reviews for PlayStation Vita and Wii U. It was given a score of 7 out of 10 on Destructoid, which praised it for forcing the player to think in new ways in a way that games in established genres could rarely do. Pocket Gamer gave the game 3 stars out of 5, writing, "All in all, Nova-111 is a game that doesn't quite live up to the promise of its concept, and it's mostly down to relatively small mistakes. There's something here, and you'll definitely have fun for a couple of hours, but it's nowhere near what could've been." Nintendo Life awarded it 9 stars out of 10, praising its meticulously designed levels while writing, "Nova-111 is a fantastic puzzle action adventure game with a world that's built with care from its beautiful colours, rich in-depth quirky gameplay to its witty humour." Nintendo World Report gave the title the score is 8/10, where it states that the video game is fun and entertaining. Push Square gave the title 8 out of 10 stars, concluding, "Though [Nova-111] does have some flaws, such as a lacklustre auto-save feature and a cumbersome amount of abilities, you'll be hard pressed to find a weirder and more brilliant tribute to the men and women who changed the world through science."

Notes

References

External links

 
 

2015 video games
Adventure games set in space
Adventure games
Curve Games games
Funktronic Labs games
Indie games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Vita games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
Wii U games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Bacterial colony optimization. The bacterial colony optimization algorithm is an optimization algorithm which is based on a lifecycle model that simulates some typical behaviors of E. coli bacteria during their whole lifecycle, including chemotaxis, communication, elimination, reproduction, and migration. The bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) is a biologically inspired swarm intelligence optimization approach that mimics bacteria's foraging activity to gather the most energy available throughout the search phase. Since its introduction in 2002, it has garnered widespread interest from scholars.

References

Optimization algorithms and methods
Escherichia coli
List of TWAS Prize recipients. This is a list of recipients of the TWAS Prize, awarded annually by The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) since 1985.

Summary

Agricultural Sciences

Biology

Chemistry

Earth Sciences

Engineering Sciences

Mathematics

Medical Sciences

Physics

Social Sciences

See also
 Nikkei Asia Prize
 Borlaug CAST Communication Award
 L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science

Notes

References

External links

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Science and technology awards
Awards established in 1985
International awards
NDMC Supercomputer. NDMC Supercomputer (Russian: НЦУО Суперкомпьютер) is a military supercomputer with a speed of 16 petaflops. It is located in Moscow, Russia. The storage capacity is 236 petabytes. The supercomputer is designed to predict the development of armed conflicts and is able to analyze the situation and draw conclusions based on the information about past military conflicts. The database of the supercomputer contains data on the major armed conflicts of modernity for the efficient analysis of future threats.

See also
 TOP500

References

Supercomputers
Petascale computers
Supercomputing_in_Europe
IFA-2. IFA-2 (Interconnexion France-Angleterre 2) is a subsea electrical interconnector, running beneath the English Channel between France and the United Kingdom. The  high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable operates at +/-320kV with the capacity to transmit 1,000 MW of power. IFA-2 is the second interconnector built between France and Great Britain, after IFA (HVDC Cross-Channel) link.

Route 
The cable connects to the French grid at the Tourbe 400kV substation. From there, a  long high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) underground cable runs to the converter station nearby. A  long underground HVDC cable runs from the converter station to the landfall point east of Merville-Franceville-Plage, near Caen in Normandy.

On the British side, the landfall point is located at Monks Hill Beach, at the southern end of Solent Airfield, near Portsmouth. The converter station is located to the north east of Solent Airfield. From there, a  long HVAC cable runs underwater to the point of connection to the grid at Chilling 400kV substation, near Warsash, Hampshire.

Project history 
The project was developed by IFA2 SAS, a joint venture between the UK's National Grid and RTE of France.

In 2015, the European Commission identified IFA-2 as one of key energy infrastructure projects.

In 2017, contract for IFA-2 was awarded to the Prysmian Group and ABB.

In October 2019, the project completed the external construction of the UK convertor building.
 Cable laying works in the eastern Solent took place at the end of 2019.

The cable was energised for the first time on 15 October 2020, in preparation for testing before going live. It was placed into live operation on 22 January 2021 with an opening flow from France to the UK. The connector tripped in the morning of January 29, causing a loss of 900MW, and grid batteries compensated some of the loss to keep frequency drop at 0.25Hz.

See also 

 ElecLink, a 1,000 MW UK-France interconnector through the Channel Tunnel, completed in 2021

References

External links 
 IFA2 Interconnector
 RTE website
 IFA-2 Corporate website 
 Non-technical summary (pdf) 
 Copy of information boards displayed in 2017 (pdf)

Electrical interconnectors to and from Great Britain
Electrical interconnectors to and from the Synchronous Grid of Continental Europe
Proposed electric power transmission systems
Proposed electric power infrastructure in England
Proposed electric power infrastructure in France
HVDC transmission lines
France–United Kingdom relations
Energy infrastructure completed in 2021
2021 establishments in France
2021 establishments in England
Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding. Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding is a shipyard located in Somerset, Massachusetts on the Taunton River.  It primarily builds pilot boats and high-speed catamaran ferries.

Gladding-Hearn was founded in 1954 by Preston Gladding and Richard Hearn, and delivered its first vessel, a fishing boat, in 1956.  The company built largely tugboats, pilot boats, and fishing vessels for the next several decades.  In 1977, Gladding-Hearn was the first American shipyard to launch a tug equipped with a Z-drive propulsion system, and in 1978 built the first pilot boat to a deep-V hull design by naval architect C. Raymond Hunt that became the industry standard in following years.  In 1983, company vice president George Duclos bought out Gladding and Hearn and established the shipyard as a subsidiary of his family company, the Duclos Corporation.  In 1984, Gladding-Hearn became a licensee of designer Incat (now Incat Crowther), giving it access to designs for high speed catamaran vessels.  It has since built the majority of such vessels in service on the Eastern seaboard and Great Lakes.  As of 2016, Gladding-Hearn had built more than 400 ships, with 120 in active service for 38 operators.

References

Shipyards of Massachusetts
Companies based in Massachusetts
1954 establishments in Massachusetts
Carry-I. The Carry-I was a book-size workstation produced by Flytech Technology of Taiwan, circa 1991. It was available in multiple configurations; ranging from Intel 8088 based XT-compatible models, to a high end model powered by a 16 MHz 386SX and featuring an 80MB hard drive. It was also available as a diskless node powered by either an 8088 or an 80286. The system was bundled with DR DOS 5.0.

In Australia the system was sold by the company Hypec Technology Pty. Ltd.

References

External links
Period marketing literature:
FT-8100 and FT-8200 Series (Carry-I 8088 and 80286)

Carry-I 9000 series
Rétro Scan: Flytech Carry-I (1991)
Vintage company video about the Carry-I computer family: 
Video presentation (in Polish) of Carry-I 8088, booting to DOS 3.3 and running Pac-Girl (1:52:02 - 1:56:21): 

Diskless workstations
Delta 1. Delta 1 may refer to:

 Delta One, financial derivatives products that have no optionality and as such have a delta very close to one
 Delta One (business class), premier business class product for Delta Air Lines.
 Fairey Delta 1, a research airplane made by Fairey Aviation
 Delta (rocket family), pre-Delta-II (Delta I) rockets 
 Delta-class submarine, including the Delta-I subclass
 Delta 1 (glider), a German glider
 Delta I (computer system), a 1960s computer system installed at the United States military's Space Defense Center

See also
 Delta (disambiguation)
 One (disambiguation)
 I (disambiguation)
Delta 4 (disambiguation). Delta 4 or variant may refer to:

 Delta 4 (developer) defunct British software developer
 Delta IV (rocket) U.S. space rocket
 Delta-class submarine including the Delta-IV subclass
 Delta IV oil field in the Black Sea
 Lippisch Delta IV, German experimental aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch

See also
 Delta (disambiguation)
 Four (disambiguation)
 IV (disambiguation)

Disambiguation pages
Plexciton. Plexcitons are polaritonic modes that result from coherently coupled plasmons and excitons. Plexcitons aid direct energy flows in exciton energy transfer (EET). Plexcitons travel for 20 μm, similar to the width of a human hair.

History 

Plasmons are a quantity of collective electron oscillations. Excitons are excited electrons bound to the hole produced by their excitation.

Molecular crystal excitons were combined with the collective excitations within metals to create plexcitons. This allowed EET to reach distances of around 20,000 nanometers, an enormous increase over the some 10 nanometers possible previously. However, the transfer direction was uncontrolled.

Topological insulators (TI) act as insulators below their surface, but have conductive surfaces, constraining electrons to move only along that surface. Even materials with moderately flawed surfaces do not impede current flow. Topological plexcitons make use of the properties of TIs to achieve similar control over the direction of current flow.

Plexcitons were found to emerge from an organic molecular layer (excitons) and a metallic film (plasmons). Dirac cones appeared in the plexcitons' two-dimensional band-structure. An external magnetic field created a gap between the cones when the system was interfaced to a magneto-optical layer. The resulting energy gap became populated with topologically protected one-way modes, which traveled only at the system interface.

Potential applications 
Plexcitons potentially offer an appealing platform for exploring exotic matter phases and for controlling nanoscale energy flows.

References

External links 
 

Quasiparticles
Plasmonics
IBM System/370 Model 135. The IBM System/370 Model 135 was announced March 8, 1971,
the only 370 introduced that year. The 135 was IBM's fifth System 370, and it was withdrawn October 16, 1979.

Special features
Although microcode was not a uniquely new feature at the time of the 135's introduction, having been used in most System/360 models and in most System/370 models introduced so far, the ability to upgrade a system's microcode without changing hardware, by storing the microcode in read-write memory rather than read-only memory, was not common at that time.

The read-write memory containing the firmware was loaded from a "reading device located in the Model 135 console"; this allowed updates and adding features to the Model 135's microcode. The "reading device" was a built-in (read-only) floppy disk drive. The 145, introduced the prior year, also had this feature.

Optional features
The Model 135 was the last of the 370s to be introduced without Virtual memory. Four of the five could be upgraded. Unlike the 155 & 165, which required an expensive
hardware upgrade to add a DAT box (Dynamic Address Translation), the 135 & 145  could obtain their virtual memory upgrades from a floppy disk.

Microcode upgrades were also available to add "user-selected options such as 
  extended precision arithmetic or 
  emulation of the IBM 1400 series."

An upgraded Model 135 was termed a 370/135-3

Customers of the 370/135 had a choice of four main memory sizes, ranging from 96K to 256K.

Other
  The 370/135 was introduced as running "under either OS or DOS. Newer versions thereof (DOS/VS and OS/VS1) and Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) subsequently became available options once the 135's microcode was upgraded to support virtual memory. This was priced at $120,000 and came with "increased reloadable control store in addition to some power units." The upgrade could be done "in the field" and the resultant system was now deemed a 370/135-3.
  The 135 was "partly developed at Hursley, UK."

Images
  System/370 Model 135 operator's console
  370/135 with some peripherals

See also
 List of IBM products
 IBM System/360
 IBM System/370

Notes

External links
  370 /135 Advertisement: "Presentamos el Sistema/370 Model 135"

References

IBM System/360 mainframe line
Reddish Electric Depot. Reddish Electric Depot was an electric traction depot located in Reddish, Stockport, England. It was situated on the west side of the Fallowfield Loop line between Hyde Road and Levenshulme South stations; however, neither of the Reddish stations (North and South) were sited on this line. It was built to service the electric locomotives and local electric multiple units (EMUs) that were employed on the Woodhead Line between Manchester Piccadilly, Hadfield, Sheffield and Wath.

Access to the depot
The Fallowfield Loop line, which the depot was sited on, was not electrified; so, to enable electric locomotive and EMU access to the depot from the Woodhead line, part of the line from Fairfield Junction as far as the depot was electrified overhead to 1,500V DC.

Depot allocation

The depot had an allocation of EM1 and EM2 electric locomotives and Class 506 EMUs. 

The EM2 locomotives were deemed surplus to requirements when the Woodhead line's inter-city passenger services were withdrawn in January 1970; they were sold subsequently to the Dutch national railway operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen, where they became the NS 1500 Class. When the Woodhead line was closed to goods services in July 1981, almost all EM1 locomotives were sold for scrap. The Class 506 EMUs remained at Reddish until the depot's closure, as the Glossop line was retained for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield.

In addition, some other traction visited the depot for maintenance, although they were not allocated here; for example,  Class 40 diesel locomotives.

Closure
The Woodhead line was closed beyond Hadfield in July 1981, when the EM1 locomotives were withdrawn. The depot continued to host the Class 506 units and service visiting traction, but its workload had reduced significantly. Reddish depot closed in April 1983.

The Class 506 units then had to be diesel-hauled to Longsight Electric TMD for servicing, due to their incompatibility with the available 25kV power supply.

In December 1984, the Glossop line was converted to the standard 25 kV AC overhead system and the Class 506 EMUs were withdrawn, following the last run on 7 December.

The depot lay derelict for several years before demolition; in the late 2000s, the site was redeveloped for housing.

References 

Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Greater Manchester