omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Niobium alloy. A niobium alloy is one in which the most common element is niobium.

Alloys used for the production of other alloys
The most common commercial niobium alloys are ferroniobium and nickel-niobium, produced by thermite reduction of appropriate mixtures of the oxides; these are not usable as engineering materials, but are used as convenient sources of niobium for specialist steels and nickel-based superalloys.  Going via an iron-niobium or nickel-niobium alloy avoids problems associated with the high melting point of niobium.

Superconducting alloys

Niobium-tin and Niobium-titanium are essential alloys for the industrial use of superconductors, since they remain superconducting in high magnetic fields ( for Nb3Sn,  for NbTi); there are 1200 tons of NbTi in the magnets of the Large Hadron Collider, whilst Nb3Sn is used in the windings of almost all hospital MRI machines.

Aerospace rivets
Niobium-titanium alloy, of the same composition as the superconducting one, is used for rivets in the aerospace industry; it is easier to form than CP titanium, and stronger at elevated (> 300°C) temperatures.

Refractory alloys
Niobium-1% zirconium is used in rocketry and in the nuclear industry. It is regarded as a low-strength alloy.

C-103, which is 89% Nb, 10% Hf and 1% Ti, is used for the rocket nozzle of the Apollo service module and the Merlin vacuum  engines; it is regarded as a medium-strength alloy. It is typically produced using gas atomization or plasma atomization techniques. It is particularly used in additive manufacturing (3D printing) and powder metallurgy processes. Due to its corrosion resistance and high thermal efficiency, C103 helps reduce material waste and environmental pollution.

High-strength alloys include C-129Y (10% tungsten, 10% hafnium, 0.1% yttrium, balance niobium), Cb-752 (10% tungsten, 2.5% zirconium), and the even higher strength C-3009 (61% niobium, 30% hafnium, 9% tungsten); these can be used at temperatures up to 1650°C with acceptable strength, though are expensive and hard to form.

Nb-Hf-Ti is an alloy powder consisting of niobium (Nb), hafnium (Hf), and a small amount of titanium (Ti) provides high strength, ductility, high-temperature stability, and remarkable corrosion resistance. It is used in manufacturing biocompatible implants and devices such as orthopedic implants and dental prosthetics.

Niobium alloys in general are inconvenient to weld: both sides of the weld must be protected with a stream of inert gas, because hot niobium will react with oxygen and nitrogen in the air. It is also necessary to take care (e.g. hard chrome-plating of all copper tooling) to avoid copper contamination.

References
Garzweiler surface mine. The Tagebau Garzweiler () is a surface mine () in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is operated by RWE and used for mining lignite. The mine currently has a size of  and got its name from the village of  which previously existed at this location. The community was moved to a section of Jüchen with the same name.

The open-pit mine 

The mine is located west of Grevenbroich and exploitation is progressing towards Erkelenz. Mining was originally limited to the  Garzweiler I area located east of the A 44 motorway. Mining in the  Garzweiler II area started in 2006 and is estimated to take until around 2045 to fully exploit both sectors. The lignite is used for power generation at nearby power plants such as Neurath and Niederaußem.  In 2015, 1500 protesters took part in civil disobedience against the mine on the basis that it is Europe’s biggest source of CO2 emissions. Around 1000 people entered the coal mine and all of the diggers in its pit were brought to a standstill.

It is not yet known what effect the plan to phase out all coal-fired power plants in Germany by 2038 will have on the Garzweiler lignite mine system.

Traffic 
The A 44 and A 61 motorways that crossed the planned mine area were affected as well. The A 44 was closed in 2005, dismantled in 2006 and traffic rerouted to the widened A 61 and A 46 motorways. In 2017, as the mine expanded to the west, the A 61 was closed with traffic diverted onto a stretch of newly built A 44n to the east of its original route. As of January 2023, there will be no restoration of previous traffic infrastructure efficiency as stated before, as the part of A 61 which served as connection between two major motorway junctions (Mönchengladbach-Wanlo and Jackerath, respectively) won't be rebuilt after mining efforts are set to come to an end in 2030.

Displacement of people 
In the early 1980s, it is estimated that more than 30,000 people had to be moved for the Garzweiler mine. These people had to leave their houses and move. Plans for Garzweiler II required that 12 more towns would have to be removed, with around 12,000 more people being relocated. This has caused many controversies, resulting in residents protesting to save the respective towns from demolition.

See also 

 Church of St. Lambertus, Immerath
 
 
 Lützerath
 
 
 
 
 Ende Gelände 2015
 Ende Gelände 2019
 
 Hambach surface mine
 
 
 
 Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Employment

References

External links

 Information on Tagebau Garzweiler on the RWE website (German)

Coal mines in Germany
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Open-pit mines
RWE
European Polymer Federation. The European Polymer Federation (EPF), established in 1986, is an umbrella organization of national polymer societies and groups in Europe. The goal of EPF is to coordinate, inform about and support the development of polymer science in Europe. As of June 2011 EPF has 24 full members and 5 associate members from 27 countries.

Major activities of EPF is the organization of the European Polymer Congress, conferences, workshops and summer schools, and publishing of e-Polymers - the first on-line peer-reviewed journal in the area of polymer science
EPF is led by its chairman, general secretary, executive committee and general assembly.
EPF is a non-profit organization.

European Polymer Congress
The European Polymer Congress is a biannual conference organized by the European Polymer Federation. The event has become one of the largest polymer science conferences in the world. The program of the European Polymer Congress encompasses all aspects of polymer science. Traditionally it is organized in the June–July period and lasts for 5–6 days. European Polymer Conferences attract upward from 1000 researchers from academia and industry. The event is organized in the country of the current EPF Chairman.

e-Polymers
e-Polymers is a peer-reviewed internet journal under the auspices of the European Polymer Federation. In the area of polymer science and engineering, it makes novel scientific and technological results available both in academia and industry, and basically free of charge. It has become a respected journal with an ISI impact factor and is followed by major indices.

EUPOC Conferences
Starting from 1998 the European Polymer Federation began organizing Europolymer Conferences (EUPOC) on topics of actual scientific and industrial interest. EUPOC Conferences are small meetings attracting up to 100 participants. The conferences are organized by representatives of the Italian Polymer Society and the traditional venue of the conferences is the Palazzo Feltrinelli in Gargnano (Italy), along the Garda Lake, which is generously made available by the University of Milano.
The scientific program consists of invited lectures, oral communications and posters. Ample space is given to the free discussion favored by the residential style of the Conference. Abstracts of accepted papers are collected in a proceedings book which is distributed to all registered delegates.

References

Chemistry organizations
Polymer
Victor A. Prather Award. The Victor A. Prather Award is an award established by the American Astronautical Society "to promote understanding of high altitude environment on humans." It is awarded to "researchers, engineers and flight crew members in the field of extravehicular protection or activity in space."

The award is in honor of Victor A. Prather, a Naval flight surgeon.

Recipients
Source: American Astronautical Society
1962 – Malcom Davis Ross
1963 – Col. Chuck Yeager
1964 – No award
1965 – Richard S. Johnston
1966 – No award
1967 – No award
1968 – Fred Forbes
1969 – Edward L. Hays and James V. Correale
1970 – Robert E. Smylie and Charles Lutz
1971 – Robert E. Breeding and Leonard Shepard
1972 – Harold I. Johnson
1973 – Walter Guy and Harley Stutesman, Jr.
1974 – Bruce McCandless II and Charles E. Whitsett, Jr.
1975 – David C. Schultz and Harold J. McMann
1976 – Larry E. Bell and Robert M. Bernarndin
1977 – No award
1978 – James W. McBarron II
1979 – Maurice A. Carson and Frederick A. Keune
1980 – No award
1981 – No award
1982 – Wilbert E. Ellis and James M. Waligora
1983 – No award
1984 – Bruce McCandless II
1985 – James D. van Hoften, William F. Fisher, Jerry L. Ross, and Sherwood C. Spring
1986 – Joseph P. Allen
1987 – Joseph J. Kosmo and Hubert C. Vykukal
1988 – Michael Brzezinski
1989 – No award
1990 – Jerry L. Ross
1992 – Kathryn D. Sullivan
1993 – STS-49 Extravehicular Crew: Thomas D. Akers, Pierre J. Thuot, Richard J. Hieb, and Kathryn C. Thornton
1994 – STS-61 Extravehicular Crew: F. Story Musgrave, Thomas D. Akers, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, and Kathryn C. Thornton
1995 – Clifford W. Hess, Scott A. Bleisath, Mark C. Lee
1996 – Willy Z. Sadeh
1997 – Alan M. Rochford
1998 – Guy Severin
1999 – Jerry L. Ross and James H. Newman
2000 – Michael L. Gernhardt
2001 – No award
2002 – G. Allen Flynt
2003 – No award
2004 – No award
2005 – No award
2006 – Scott Crossfield (posthumous) and David Clark (posthumous)
2007 – Curtis A. Stephenson
2008 – Joseph Kittinger
2009 – Joseph A. Ruseckas
2010 – STS-125 EVA Team
2011 – Joseph Kosmo
2012 – Jan Stepanek
2013 – Felix Baumgartner and the Red Bull Stratos Team
2013 - Award terminated

See also

 List of engineering awards
 List of medicine awards
 List of space technology awards

References

Medicine awards
Aerospace engineering awards
Awards of the American Astronautical Society
James Falk. James Falk (born May 1, 1954) is a research scientist, conceptual engineer, technological artist, inventor and U.S Patent consultant.  His invention of the Groundstar style of Plasma globe was commercialized and marketed to collectors and science museums in the 1970s and 1980s. His techno-art was marketed through major retail catalog chains & stores such as The Sharper Image.  In 2001 he became chief executive officer of EFX, an art and technology corporation specializing in technology commercialization, scientific research and development and performing arts center design.

Centerpiece experiential art and technology at Disneyland, Walt Disney World Resort (SpectroMagic), EPCOT, The Franklin Institute,  Tsukuba Science City and New York City's  Times Square (Toys "R" Us)  (Roseland Ballroom) are widely recognized contributions from his EFX Invention Laboratory in New Jersey.

He is a Gold Clio Award team member.  In 1994 he was a conceptual engineering consultant assisting The Walt Disney Company in the translation of artistic, sculptural and engineering agendas for Beauty and the Beast on Broadway theatre.  He was a member of Ann Hould-Ward's 1994 Tony Award team for Beauty and the Beast.  The Illuminating Engineering Society awarded him the Edwin F. Guth Award of Excellence,  the Lumen Award and the Lumen Award of Merit.  He has been a  K-12 Project Mentor for the Toshiba Corporation and the National Science Teachers Association Exploravision national scientific contest held in the United States and Canada, Sears Craftsman and National Science Teachers Association Young Inventors Program and the Student Patent Program.

References

Living people
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
American installation artists
1954 births
Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. The Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by the Hashemite University and Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Jordan). It was established in 2007 and covers the field of engineering, including computational fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, mechatronics, and renewable energy. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus.

External links 

Mechanical engineering journals
Academic journals established in 2007
English-language journals
Biannual journals
2007 establishments in Jordan
Hashemite University
Metal Improvement Company. Metal Improvement Company LLC, part of Curtiss-Wright, is a company specializing in metal surface treatments.

MIC provides multiple technical services for the metal treatment industry, including thermal spray, solid film lubricant and parylene coatings, and materials testing services; but is best known for its legacy shot peening technology, which can enhance the performance of metal components, preventing premature fatigue and corrosion failures.

History

The company was founded in 1945 in southern California by engineer Henry Fuchs. Fuchs had been working with John Almen on new applications for shot peening of automobiles and military equipment companies produced before and during World War II. Fuchs and Almen worked at the Research Laboratory of General Motors Corporation before the start of MIC. The Almen strip or Almen system, a tool for duplicating the shot peening process, was named after John Almen.

Fuchs started in his garage accompanied by his son-in-law, Fred Landecker. The aircraft industry first began to use the shot peening processes.

Henry Fuchs died in 1989. He was a Professor Emeritus of Stanford University. The Society of Automotive Engineers named an award "Henry O. Fuchs" in his honor.

In the 1950s, the company worked on the wing skins of Lockheed Super Constellation aircraft and the Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In 1968 the company was acquired by Curtiss-Wright which had begun an expansion program at its Buffalo extrusion facility, adding new forging and machining equipment for building aircraft and aerospace components.

At the end of the 1990s Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, working under a government contract for a laser to illuminate passing satellites, developed a process of peening with light with enough power to use it also for commercial purposes. Metal Improvement Company, under a CRADA agreement with Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, began to develop  this technology for commercial customers and in 2003 the company introduced the laser peening to the market. In 2006 NASA worked with the company, and they together presented a study called: "Effects of Laser Peening, and Shot Peening on Friction Stir Welding".

References

External links
Shotpeener Articles Library
   Modern Shot Peening Technology
Curtiss-Wright History
Official Metal Improvement Company Website 
Curtiss-Wright Surface Technologies Division

 
Engineering companies of the United States

es:Metal Improvement Company
ja:カーチス・ライト
zh:柯蒂斯-萊特公司
Namdang Stone Bridge. The Namdang Stone Bridge is a historic bridge located a few kilometers away from Sibsagar town in Assam, India. It was constructed in 1703 by craftmen brought from Bengal during the reign of Ahom king Rudra Singha. The bridge is  long,  wide and  high. It runs over the Namdang (Tai-Ahom : Nam= Water; Dang=Red) river, a tributary of the Dikhou river. The present National Highway 37 is passing over it. The unique characteristic of the bridge is that it was cut out from a single solid piece of rock hundred years of age.

The bridge is a little curved in shape. The bridge connects Sibsagar town to Jorhat and other districts in the west.

History 
King Pratap Singha built a town on its bank and much later Rudra Singha constructed a masonry bridge over it. According to Peter Wade, the Namdang bridge was regarded as the western gate of the military capital of Rangpur, and was capable of being rendered a post of great strength, as the Moamoria rebels experienced. Many battles were fought  in the vicinity during the reign of Gaurinath Singha and the Moamaria rebels. In 1825 a decisive battle took place  between the British East India Company and Burmese in the bank of the Namdang river.

See also
List of bridges in India

References

External links
Namdang Xaku by Kharkhuwa

Sivasagar
Bridges in Assam
Stone arch bridges
Ahom kingdom
Transport in Sibsagar
Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. The Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering civil engineering. It was established in 2007 and is published by the Jordan University of Science and Technology. Subjects covered include applications of civil rehabilitations, structural control, smart materials, earthquake engineering, geotechnical engineering and soil/rock mechanics, dam engineering, traffic and transportation engineering, water and environmental engineering, construction management and project planning, surveying and mapping, and infrastructures engineering, as well as numerical and analytical methods.

See also
Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering

External links

Civil engineering journals
Academic journals established in 2007
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
2007 establishments in Jordan
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Cope-Com. Cope-Com is a Danish Amiga software developer founded in 1987 by Martin B. Pedersen and Torben B. Larsen.

History
Martin Pedersen started out in 1985 with an Amstrad computer in which he did a conversion game title called The Vikings. At the same time Torben B. Larsen was doing the graphics for the same game on the Commodore 64 and that is how the two of them met. Feeling limited with the Amstrad and its technical abilities, Martin B. Pedersen decided to take a closer look at the new Amiga 1000 computer which was about to be released. They were impressed by the better resolution, colour palette and sound sampling of the Amiga.

Game publishing
Cope-Com published two games for the Amiga: Hybris (1989, Discovery Software) and Battle Squadron (1989, Electronic Zoo). Both were vertical-scrolling shoot 'em ups. Both titles were critical successes.

On 4 July 2011, Cope-Com had converted their famed and legendary Amiga game called Battle Squadron to iOS devices titled Battle Squadron ONE and published the game through Apple App Store.

On 14 December 2011, Cope-Com released on App Store world's first 2-player split-screen shooter for iPad, called Battle Squadron ONE 2-player. The new 2-player split-screen feature enables 2 players to go head to head with or against each other on the same iPad adding twice the fun. In addition the universal iOS version of Battle Squadron ONE was upgraded from 1.0 to 2.0 also featuring world's first 2-player split-screen mode.

On 9 April 2012, Cope-Com released for Android 2.1 - 4.x on Google Play, their famed classic Amiga shooter Battle Squadron.

On 6 November 2013, Cope-Com released for AmigaOS 4.x, their famed classic Amiga shooter Battle Squadron.

On 23 December 2013, Cope-Com released for MorphOS, their famed classic Amiga shooter Battle Squadron.

References

External links 

 Cope-Com

Amiga companies
Defatting (medical). Defatting is the chemical dissolving of dermal lipids, from the skin, on contact with defatting agents. This can result in water loss from the affected area and cause the whitening and drying of the skin which may result in cracking, secondary infection and chemical irritant contact dermatitis.

Cause
Defatting is caused by the exposure of human skin to a chemical substance, including alcohols, detergents, chemical solvents and motor oil. Aliphatic compounds (commonly found in kerosene) cause defatting action, with lower-boiling point aliphatics having the greatest defatting action and therefore the most potential to cause dermatitis. Aromatic compounds, such as styrene, also have a defatting capacity.

Prevention 
Defatting can be prevented by wearing appropriate protective clothing such as gloves, lab coats and aprons when working regularly with defatting agents. Prolonged skin contact or chronic defatting of the skin increases the possibility of developing irritant contact dermatitis and has the potential to worsen pre-existing skin conditions. Patients with chronic dermatitis are advised to use non-irritating soaps and dishwashing liquids sparingly and to choose those with a neutral pH and minimal defatting capability.

References

Chemical safety
Cody monoplane. The Cody IV monoplane was a single-engined monoplane designed and built by the American-born but British-based aviation pioneer Samuel Franklin Cody in 1912. It was intended for entry into the 1912 British Military Aeroplane Competition, but was wrecked in a crash before the start of the competition.

Design and development

In December 1911 the British War Office announced a competition for a Military aeroplane capable of carrying a pilot and observer for the recently established Royal Flying Corps. First prize was £4,000, with the War Office having the option to purchase any of the prize winning machines.

The American showman and aviation pioneer Samuel Cody, who had developed a system of man-carrying kites from 1901, built his first aircraft, the British Army Aeroplane No 1 at the Army Balloon Factory at Farnborough in 1908, making its first flight, recognised as the first powered controlled flight in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1908.  In order to compete for the prize money offered by the War Office, Cody decided to design and build a new monoplane, while also entering his existing biplane that had finished fourth in the 1911 Daily Mail Circuit of Britain Air Race.

Cody's previous designs were pusher canard biplanes, but the new aircraft was a tractor high-winged monoplane powered by a single 120 hp (89 kW) Austro-Daimler engine which had been fitted to an Etrich Taube which had crashed during the 1911 Circuit of Britain, which Cody had purchased after the race. It had a deep fuselage that accommodated the crew of two side-by-side. The tail arrangement was unusual, with two elevators  and two rudders carried on four bamboo booms that led back from the fuselage, the all moving tail surfaces forming a box shape. Fabric was stretched between the tail booms giving a cruciform shape as seen in cross-section. Lateral control was by means of wing warping, and the aircraft was fitted with a nosewheel undercarriage.

Operational history

The monoplane made its maiden flight on 21 June 1912, but on 8 July a cow ran into the path of the aircraft during landing.  The resulting crash badly damaged the aircraft and killed the cow, although Cody was not badly injured. As the Circuit of Britain aircraft had already been wrecked in a crash, Cody used the engine from the monoplane together with what parts he could salvage from the biplane to construct a new aircraft, the Cody V biplane, which won the Military Aeroplane Competition.

Specifications

Notes

References
Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London:Putnam, 1982. .

 "The Cody Monoplane". Flight, 29 June 1912. pp. 579–583.
"The War Office Competition". Flight, 23 December 1911, p. 1109.

1910s British experimental aircraft
Monoplane
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1912