omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Graliwdo. The Graliwdo is a river of the Nile basin. Rising in the mountains of Dogu’a Tembien in northern Ethiopia, it flows northward to empty finally in the Weri’i and Tekezé River.

Characteristics 
The Graliwdo is a confined ephemeral river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with an average slope gradient of 78 metres per kilometre.

Hydrology
The effects of check dams on runoff response have been studied in this river. An increase of hydraulic roughness by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments are responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment (minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced peak flow discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern Ethiopia, this contributes to groundwater recharge and increased river baseflow.

Flash floods and flood buffering
Runoff mostly happens in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called flash floods). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding baseflow.
The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased due to interventions in the catchment. 

At the upper catchment, an exclosure has been established; the dense vegetation largely contributes to enhanced infiltration, less flooding and better baseflow. Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds and check dams also intercept runoff.

Irrigated agriculture
Besides springs and reservoirs, irrigation is strongly dependent on the river's baseflow. Such irrigated agriculture is important in meeting the demands for food security and poverty reduction. A few irrigated lands are established down from the Kolu Ba’alti reservoir.

Boulders and pebbles in the river bed
Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment. In the uppermost stretches of the river, only rock fragments of the upper lithological units will be present in the river bed, whereas more downstream one may find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies crossed by the river. From upstream to downstream, the following lithological units occur in the catchment.
 Amba Aradam Formation
 Antalo Limestone
 Quaternary freshwater tufa

See also 
 List of Ethiopian rivers

References

Rivers of Ethiopia
Dogu'a Tembien
Tigray Region
Nile basin
Mihail Sokolov. Mihail Eduardovich Sokolov (born 1959) is a Russian scientist and surgeon who is Deputy director of the Institute for Mathematical Studies of Complex Systems of Moscow State University, Adviser to the rector of Moscow State University.

Biography 
Mihail Sokolov was born July 11, 1959, in Tula. He graduated from the Russian National Research Medical University. He defended (1996) the dissertation «System approach and control processes in obliterating diseases of limb arteries: An experimental clinical study» for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences.

Received the title of Professor. Surgeon of the highest category. Medical Robot Developer.

He has been working at Moscow State University since 1997: Associate professor, Professor at the MSU Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Head of the department at the MSU Faculty of Public Administration, Vice Rector, Advisor to the Rector of Moscow State University, Director of the MSU Branch in Sevastopol (2012-2015).

Scientific interests: development of technologies and the creation of prototypes of artificial tactile mechanoreceptors for endoscopy; organization of the production of an automated diagnostic and medical complex for maintaining human life; medical robotization.

The author of 6 monographs and more than 100 publications. Sokolov has more than 20 patents and 18 certificates of registration of software rights. Head of 7 Ph.D. dissertations and a Dr.Sc. dissertation consultant.

Honorary Doctor of Sōka University (2008).

References

Literature

External links 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

 
Academic staff of Moscow State University
1959 births
Living people
Haoyuan Li. Haoyuan (H.Y.) Li is a computer scientist and entrepreneur specializing in distributed systems, big data, and cloud computing. He is best known for proposing Virtual Distributed File System (VDFS), and creating an open-source data orchestration system, Alluxio. He is the Founder, Chairman, and CEO of Alluxio, Inc, a company commercializing the Alluxio Data Orchestration Technology. He is also an adjunct professor at Peking University. He is a frequent speaker on the topic of AI, big data, cloud computing, and open source at conferences.

Biography
Li was born and raised in China. He attended Peking University, where he received a BS in Computer Science. While at university, he participated in programming contests representing Peking University, and placed 11th worldwide (bronze medal) in ACM ICPC 2005 and 13rd place worldwide in 2006. He then studied at Cornell University, where he received a MS in Computer Science.

He received his Computer Science PhD from the UC Berkeley AMPLab, under the supervision of Prof. Ion Stoica and Prof. Scott Shenker. During his PhD, he co-created the Alluxio (a.k.a. Tachyon) open-source project, which was commercialized by San Francisco Bay Area venture-backed company Alluxio, Inc. He was a co-founder of Alluxio, Inc.

During his PhD, he also co-created the Apache Spark Streaming project and became an Apache Spark committer.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chinese technology company founders
Chinese computer scientists
Open source advocates
Cornell University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Peking University alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
Athena Sefat. Athena Safa Sefat, born 1977 in Iran is a Canadian/American physicist, with research focus on quantum materials and correlated phenomena. She was a senior scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and led the DOE Basic Energy Science on "Probing Competing Chemical, Electronic, and Spin Correlations for Quantum Materials Functionality". She is currently a Program Manager at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, with Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering.

Early life and education
Sefat was born in Iran and came to Canada in her teens. She studied chemistry for her bachelor's degree at McMaster University (Canada). Sefat remained at McMaster for her PhD, completing a thesis entitled Magnetic and electronic transitions in neodymium(1-x) titanium oxide: A study of correlation effects in 2005 where she was supervised by John E. Greedan.

Career and research
Sefat was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship at Ames Laboratory working under Paul C. Canfield. She joined ORNL in 2007 and was awarded the prestigious DOE Office of Science Early Career Award for the period 2010–2015. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Physics. She serves as a member of the American Physical Society Committee on International Freedom of Scientists, and the Materials Research Society New Meetings Subcommittee.

Sefat has participated in science communication and outreach events like Science Saturdays at ORNL.

Awards and honours 

 Fellow of the American Physical Society
 Fellow of the Institute of Physics
 Eugene Wigner Fellowship Award
 U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Early Career Research Award
 Named among Thomas Reuters’ top influential researchers for 2014
2011 Gordon Battelle Award for Group Scientific Discovery

References

External links

Women @ Energy: Athena Safa Sefat

21st-century American physicists
American women physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Living people
1977 births
21st-century American women scientists
USCGC Aurora. USCGC Aurora (WPC-103) was a , steel-hulled, diesel-powered  of the United States Coast Guard.

History
She was laid down in January 1931 at the Bath, Maine shipyard of Bath Iron Works and launched on 28 November 1931 one of 18 Thetis-class patrol boats. She was commissioned on 21 December 1931. She was one of the early ships in the mid-1941 established Alaskan Sector (colloquially known as the "Alaskan Navy") of the 13th Naval District under Captain Ralph C. Parker. During the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands in June 1942, she served as part of Task Force 8 under Rear Admiral Robert A. Theobald, Commander of the North Pacific Force, tasked with defending Alaska from Japanese attack. She was part of Task Group 8.2 (the Surface Search Group) consisting of the patrol craft of Parker's fleet: his flagship, the gunboat (); 5 cutters (Aurora, , , Cyane, and Bonham); 14 YP patrol vessels; and a former minesweeper redesignated as an ocean tugboat (). TG 8.2 was to establish a picket line to signal any Japanese approach. Their picket was augmented by planes from the Air Search Group consisting of twenty PBY Catalina flying boats (operated by seaplane tenders , , and ) and one land-based B-17 Flying Fortress bomber.

Some time after the war, she was based at San Juan, Puerto Rico. She was involved in operations during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and the Dominican Civil War (1965)  for which she was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. She was decommissioned on 17 January 1968 and sold on 16 December 1968. She finished her days as a merchant ship under the same name (registration SE1998).

References

1931 ships
Thetis-class patrol boats
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
World War II patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built in Bath, Maine
Ships built by Bath Iron Works
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Stiles Dragon Fly. The Stiles Dragon Fly was an American two seat monoplane aircraft of the late 1920s. It was aimed at private and club owners. Significant production was planned but few were built.

Design and development
The Dragon Fly was marketed as a mid price, easy maintenance two-seater for the private owner and for general club activities including training. It was a parasol wing aircraft with a two spar, fabric covered wing of rectangular plan out to rounded tips. Its ailerons filled the span. Faired, V-form struts joined the wing from its spars to the lower fuselage members on each side and the centre section was held on vertical, longitudinal, inverted-V cabane struts between the upper fuselage and the spars on both sides. The advantages of the absence of rigging wires, both for maintenance and passenger access, were stressed in its publicity.

The Dragon Fly's Detroit Air Cat five cylinder,  radial was mounted in the nose with its cylinders exposed for cooling. Its cowling was quickly removable for maintenance and a firewall separated the engine from the rest of the fabric covered fuselage, which was structurally rectangular in cross-section though it had a curved upper decking. Its two open cockpits were placed quite far apart, with the forward one under the wing occupied by a passenger or student. Access was via a large door. The pilot or instructor's cockpit was well behind the trailing edge with a deep wing cut-out to further improve the upward field of view. At the rear a trapezoidal tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried blunt-tipped elevators. The fin was very small but carried a large, rounded, balanced rudder.

Its  track landing gear was fixed and conventional, with a tailskid at the rear. Its main wheels were on a split axle centrally hinged to the fuselage underside. The splayed undercarriage legs and forward drag struts were mounted on the lower fuselage longerons.

Its first flight date is not known, but had not yet occurred by the preparation date of a brief article that appeared in Aero Digest's December 1927 edition. The first delivery was made by February 1928 to an Altoona company for use as a sales demonstrator. It was also scheduled to receive the next example, as Stiles Aircraft geared up for production. It is not known how many were built; at least three aircraft were registered in the US, two with Anzani engines and one, a Dragon Fly NAF-1 – manufactured by Dragon Fly Aircraft in 1929 – with a Velie M-5, an engine very similar to the Air Cat.

Specifications

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1920s United States civil aircraft
Shankar Ghosh (physicist). Shankar Ghosh (born 28 June 1975) is an Indian physicist, currently associated at the Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He is known for his research on experimental condensed matter physics. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for his contributions to physical sciences in 2019.

Awards 
In 2019, Ghosh was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for his innovative and unconventional experiments on soft matter.

References

Living people
1975 births
Indian condensed matter physicists
21st-century Indian physicists
Scientists from West Bengal
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science
Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
FE-10 (Mexico City Metro). The FE-10 (abbreviated from the Spanish: Férreo Español 2010) is a steel-wheeled model of electrical multiple units used on the Mexico City Metro, first used in 2012 and currently servicing Line 12.

Conception
In 2009, while Mexico City Metro Line 12 was still under construction, Spanish Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) was awarded the contract to supply 30 trains of seven cars each for Line 12 for an approximate amount of 1 billion euros.

CAF had previously supplied trains for the Mexico City Metro such as the NE-92 and NM-02.

Description
The FE–10 currently services Line 12 only. Each train is equipped with vehicle control and monitoring system, ATP-ATO automatic driving system, passenger information and video entertainment systems, CCTV, and saloon and cab ventilation systems.

The entire length of a train is .

In 2015, Technischer Überwachungsverein made a recommendation to STC to change the trains due to certification problems that mainly affect an excessive wear for the steel wheels and the rails.

Technical specifications
Train length: 
Overall width: 
Height of a train car above the running surface: 
Floor height above the running surface: 
Weight in running order: 
Maximum capacity (at six travelers / m2): 1471 passengers
Folding seats available off-peak: 146
Maximum speed: 
Maximum power: 
Average acceleration of 
Maximum braking normal steady state:

Train names
Out of the 30 trains in service, nine of them have been named, honoring several prominent Mexican people from the 20th century.

References

Mexico City Metro rolling stock
1500 V DC multiple units
Rolling stock of Mexico
CAF multiple units
Arriflex 16ST. The Arriflex 16ST, also Arriflex 16S, is a 16mm MOS production motion picture camera released in 1952 by ARRI. The camera utilizes a voltage of 8.4 volts DC

Function

Like earlier models, the ARRI 16ST was built around the spinning reflex twin-bladed "butterfly" mirror shutter designed by Erich Kästner, chief engineer at Arnold & Richter Cine Technik (ARRI), Arri Group, set at 45 degrees horizontally to the lens axis. It uses a 3-lens turret with ARRI standard mounts. The viewfinder is located on the gate door. The design is very similar to the Arriflex 35. 

The Arriflex 16ST can load 100ft daylight spools internally and a 400ft external magazine can be attached to the top. The camera is driven by a 12V crystal control motor, which can be controlled on the right side. It can record between 8 and 48 fps. The motor also has a reverse mode, which can be used for double exposure for example. 

The standard matte box is adjustable in length to fit the different focal lengths of the lenses. 

This 16mm camera was one of ARRI's most popular designs; over 20,000 were sold. The "ST" (for standard) was added later to distinguish it from other 16mm Arri cameras.

Arriflex 16M
The Arriflex 16M is a model released in 1960, similar from a technical point of view to the 16ST, but only using 200ft, 400ft, and 1200ft magazines.

References

External links
 Manual
 The History of ARRI in a Century of Cinema

Movie cameras
Mitchell Burnside Clapp. Mitchell Burnside Clapp is an Australian-American aerospace engineer, former test pilot, and musician. He received Bachelor of Science degrees in Physics, Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Russian, as well as a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Career
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Burnside Clapp attended the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and worked on the YA-7F and DC-X projects.

Together with Robert Zubrin and Chuck Lauer, Burnside Clapp founded Pioneer Rocketplane in 1996. He and Zubrin authored a piece in the MIT Technology Review of January/February 1998 calling for more air-launched rockets.

From 2011 to 2015, Burnside Clapp served as a program manager at DARPA.

Personal life
He is married to fellow filker TJ Burnside Clapp, formerly of the musical group Technical Difficulties. They have three children. He has won two Pegasus Awards for his music.

References

American aerospace engineers
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Filkers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Astra (aerospace)
Distributed data processing. Distributed data processing (DDP) was the term that IBM used for the IBM 3790 (1975) and its successor, the IBM 8100 (1979). Datamation described the 3790 in March 1979 as "less than successful."

Distributed data processing was used by IBM to refer to two environments:
 IMS DB/DC
 CICS/DL/I

Each pair included a Telecommunications Monitor and a Database system. The layering involved a message, containing information to form a transaction, which was then processed by an application program. Development tools such as program validation services were released by IBM to facilitate expansion.

Use of "a number of small computers linked to a central computer" permitted local and central processing, each optimized at what it could best do. Terminals, including those described as intelligent, typically were attached locally, to a "satellite processor." Central systems, sometimes multi-processors, grew to handle the load. Some of this extra capacity, of necessity, is used to enhance data security. Years before open systems made its presence felt, the goal of some hardware suppliers was "to replace the big, central mainframe computer with an array of smaller computers that are tied together."

Lower case distributed data processing
Hadoop adds another term to the mix: File System. Tools added for this use of distributed data processing include new programming languages.

TSI/DPF Flexicom
In 1976 Turnkey Systems Inc (TSI)/DPF Inc. introduced a hardware/software telecommunications front-end to off-load some processing that handled  distributed data processing. Named Flexicom, The CPU was IBM-manufactured, and it ran (mainframe) DOS  Rel. 26, with Flexicom's additions. Of four models available, the smallest had the CPU of 
a 360/30.

See also
 HPCC

References

History of computing hardware
Computer-related introductions in 1975
ChaoJi. The ChaoJi connector, also referenced as CHAdeMO 3.0, is an ultra-high-power charging standard charging electric cars, released in 2020. The connector has a lemniscate shape (∞), with a flat bottom edge and is planned for charging battery electric vehicles at up to 900 kilowatts using direct current.  The design incorporates backward compatibility with CHAdeMO (used globally) and the GB/T DC-charging (used mainly in mainland China), using a dedicated inlet adapter for each system. The circuit interface of ChaoJi is also designed to be fully compatible with the Combined Charging System, also known as CCS (used mainly in Europe and North America).

A joint agreement between the CHAdeMO association and the China Electricity Council (with State Grid Corporation of China) was signed on 28 August 2018 after which the development was enlarged to a larger international community of experts.

Implementation
The new EVs implementing the standard are to be fitted with a female ChaoJi DC inlet, with a vehicle-side locking mechanism. This inlet can be co-sited in a "Combo" format underneath a GB/T-AC inlet (female), an SAE J1772 AC inlet (male), or 1‒3-phase AC Type 2 inlet (male).

For the charging infrastructure, DC fast-chargers would be fitted with the common ChaoJi male plug outlet and implement one or more variations of communication protocols:

 ChaoJi-1 operating under the GB/T protocol, for primary deployment in mainland China.
 ChaoJi-2 operating under the CHAdeMO 3.0 protocol, for primary deployment in Japan and other parts of the world.

Communication between the car and charger would use a CAN bus for both ChaoJi-1 and -2. A unified communication protocol based on Ethernet is also under consideration.

Power transfer pins are  and attached to the infrastructure (male) side. The connector is designed to be at least as strong as a CHAdeMO outlet.

Updates to the ChaoJi standard enables compatibility with the CHAdeMO 3.1 protocol (and by extension CCS).

Megawatt charging 

A new coupler codenamed  'Ultra-ChaoJi' with an additional set of power pins above the standard ChaoJi pinouts, is currently under development. Ultra-ChaoJi is expected to be used by electrified heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), airplanes and ships in the near future.

Etymology 
The name comes from , meaning "super". The reason for choosing such a name was multifactorial. Other than the reference to supercharging, the word ChaoJi itself sounds similar to "charger" and, like CHAdeMO, starts with "Cha".

References

Further reading

 

Electrical power connectors
DC power connectors
Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry
Charging stations
Automotive standards