omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
German submarine U-2533. German submarine U-2533 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 13 October 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2533. She was launched on 7 December 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Horst Günther on 18 January 1945.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2533 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-2533 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
U-2533 was scuttled on 3 May 1945, at Travemünde, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up. The wreck was a war grave, as all external hatches were discovered shut.

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
Maritime incidents in May 1945
German submarine U-2542. German submarine U-2542 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 10 November 1944 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, as yard number 2542. She was launched on 22 January 1945, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See  Otto Hübschen on 5 March 1945.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2542 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-2542 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
U-2542 was sunk on 3 April 1945, by bombs, at Kiel near the Hindenburg Bank. The wreck was later raised and broken up.

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
1945 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
U-boats sunk in 1945
Maritime incidents in April 1945
Behavior informatics. Behavior informatics (BI) is the informatics of behaviors so as to obtain behavior intelligence and behavior insights. BI is a research method combining science and technology, specifically in the area of engineering. The purpose of BI includes analysis of current behaviors as well as the inference of future possible behaviors. This occurs through pattern recognition.

Different from applied behavior analysis from the psychological perspective, BI builds computational theories, systems and tools to qualitatively and quantitatively model, represent, analyze, and manage behaviors of individuals, groups and/or organizations.

BI is built on classic study of behavioral science, including behavior modeling, applied behavior analysis, behavior analysis, behavioral economics, and organizational behavior. Typical BI tasks consist of individual and group behavior formation, representation, computational modeling, analysis, learning, simulation, and understanding of behavior impact, utility, non-occurring behaviors etc. for behavior intervention and management. The Behavior Informatics approach to data utilizes cognitive as well as behavioral data. By combining the data, BI has the potential to effectively illustrate the big picture when it comes to behavioral decisions and patterns. One of the goals of BI is also to be able to study human behavior while eliminating issues like self-report bias. This creates more reliable and valid information for research studies.

Behavior analytics 
Behavior informatics covers behavior analytics which focuses on analysis and learning of behavioral data.

Behavior 
From an Informatics perspective, a behavior consists of three key elements:
actors (behavioral subjects and objects), 
operations (actions, activities) and 
interactions (relationships), and their properties.
A behavior can be represented as a behavior vector, all behaviors of an actor or an actor group can be represented as behavior sequences and multi-dimensional behavior matrix. The following table explains some of the elements of behavior.  

Behavior Informatics takes into account behavior when analyzing business patterns and intelligence. The inclusion of behavior in these analyses provides prominent information on social and driving factors of patterns.

Applications

Behavior Informatics is being used in a variety of settings, including but not limited to health care management, telecommunications, marketing, and security. Behavior Informatics is a turning point for the health care system. Behavior Informatics provides a manner in which to analyze and organize the many aspects that go into a person's health care needs and decisions. When it comes to business models, behavior informatics may be utilized for a similar role. Organizations implement behavior informatics to enhance business structure and regime where it helps moderate ideal business decisions and situations.

References

Behaviorism
Behavioral concepts
Behavioural sciences
Behavioral economics
Cognitive science
Information science
Artificial intelligence
Mequinenza Dam. Mequinenza Dam () is a concrete gravity dam in the province of Zaragoza, Spain. It impounds the Ebro creating a large reservoir, which is called Mar de Aragón. About 35 km downstream of Mequinenza dam is Ribarroja dam.

Empresa Nacional Hidroeléctrica del Ribagorzana S.A. (ENHER) was mandated in 1955 by Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) to build two dams on the Ebro near Mequinenza and Ribarroja. Work on Mequinenza dam started in 1957. The filling of the reservoir began in December 1965. The power plant was operational in 1964 (1966). ENHER was acquired by Endesa in 1999.

Dam
Mequinenza Dam is a 79 m tall (height above foundation) and 461 m long gravity dam with a crest altitude of 124 m. The volume of the dam is 1,100,000 m3. The dam features a  spillway with 6 gates over the dam (maximum discharge 11,000 m3/s) and one bottom outlet (maximum discharge 160 m3/s).

Reservoir
At full reservoir level of 121 m.a.s.l. the reservoir has a surface area of 75.4 km2, a total capacity of 1.53 billion m3 and a length of almost 110 km. The average width of the reservoir is about 600 m, its maximum (average) depth is 62 (20) m.

Power plant 
The power plant contains 4 Francis turbine-generators. The initial nameplate capacity was 81 MW each. The turbines, generators and transformers were refurbished from 2007 until 2010 raising the capacity of the new machines to 96 MW each. Maximum flow is 150 m3/s per turbine.

See also

 List of power stations in Spain
 List of dams and reservoirs in Spain

External links

References

Dams in Spain
Hydroelectric power stations in Spain
Gravity dams
Dams completed in 1964
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
1964 establishments in Spain
Buildings and structures in the Province of Zaragoza
Quantum tunneling of water. The quantum tunneling of water occurs when water molecules in nanochannels exhibit quantum tunneling behavior that smears out the positions of the hydrogen atoms into a pair of correlated rings. In that state, the water molecules become delocalized around a ring and assume an unusual double top-like shape. At low temperatures, the phenomenon showcases the quantum motion of water through the separating potential walls, which is forbidden in classical mechanics, but allowed in quantum mechanics.

The quantum tunneling of water occurs under ultraconfinement in rocks, soil and cell walls. The phenomenon is predicted to help scientists better understand the thermodynamic properties and behavior of water in confined environments such as water diffusion, transport in the channels of cell membranes and in carbon nanotubes.

History
Quantum tunneling in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that motions can destroy and regenerate the weak hydrogen bond by internal rotations of the substituent water monomers.

On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in water, this involved the concerted breaking of two hydrogen bonds.

On 22 April 2016, the journal Physical Review Letters reported the quantum tunneling of water molecules as demonstrated at the Spallation Neutron Source and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. First indications of this  phenomenon were seen by scientists from Russia and Germany in 2013 based  on the splitting of terahertz absorption lines  of a water molecule captured in five-ångström channels in beryl. Subsequently it was directly observed using neutron scattering and analyzed by ab initio simulations. In a beryl channel, the water molecule can occupy six symmetrical orientations, in agreement with the known crystal structure. A single orientation has the oxygen atom approximately in the center of the channel, with the two hydrogens pointing to the same side toward one of the channel’s six hexagonal faces. Other orientations point to other faces, but are separated from each other by energy barriers of around 50 meV. These barriers, however, do not stop the hydrogens from tunneling among the six orientations and thus split the ground state energy into multiple levels.

References

Quantum chemistry
Water physics
Julia Hsu. Julia Wan-Ping Hsu is an American materials scientist. In her research, she uses scanning probe microscopy to study the nanostructure, optics, and photoelectric properties of thin films and crystal surfaces, with particular application to solar cells, and has used nanotransfer printing to make electrical connections to single-molecule sensing devices. She is a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Texas at Dallas, where she holds the Texas Instruments Distinguished Chair in Nanoelectronics.

Education and career
Hsu graduated from Princeton University in 1985, summa cum laude, majoring in chemical engineering with a bachelor's thesis supervised by William Happer. She went to Stanford University for graduate study in physics, earning a master's degree in 1987 and a Ph.D. in 1991. Her dissertation, Novel Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Superconductors, was supervised by Aharon Kapitulnik.

After postdoctoral research at AT&T Bell Laboratories, she worked as an assistant professor and tenured associate professor of physics at the University of Virginia from 1993 to 2001. In 1999, she resumed her position as a researcher at Bell Laboratories, by then part of Lucent. There, she was one of the first to uncover the fraudulent work of fellow Bell Labs researcher Jan Hendrik Schön in what became the Schön scandal. She moved in 2003 to Sandia National Laboratories, and in 2010 to her present position at the University of Texas at Dallas.

Recognition
As an undergraduate at Princeton, Hsu won the 1985 LeRoy Apker Award of the American Physical Society (APS) for outstanding achievements in physics by an undergraduate student.

She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2001, after a nomination from the APS Division of Materials Physics, "for pioneering work in applying scanning probe microscopy techniques to elucidate the nanometer scale electronic and optical properties of novel materials, in particular the physics related to defects". In 2007 she was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2011 she became a Fellow of the Materials Research Society, "for contributions to understanding relationships between materials structure and electronic properties at the nanoscale via careful experimentation and technique development, and for leadership of the materials research community".

She was named an Honorary Fellow of the Technical University of Munich in 2018, and an Honorary International Chair Professor at National Taipei University of Technology in 2020.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American materials scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers
American women engineers
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Virginia faculty
Scientists at Bell Labs
Sandia National Laboratories people
University of Texas at Dallas faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Giuseppe F. Italiano. Giuseppe Francesco (Pino) Italiano  (born 16 March 1961) is an Italian computer scientist. He is a professor of computer science at LUISS University in Rome. He is known for his work in  graph algorithms, data structures and algorithm engineering.

Education and career
He received his laurea summa cum laude in electrical engineering from Sapienza University of Rome in 1986, and a PhD in computer science from Columbia University in 1991.

He was research staff member (1991-1996) at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and a full professor of computer science at the University of Salerno (1994-1995), at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice (1995-1998), and at the University of Rome Tor Vergata (1998-2018), where he was department chair from 2004 to 2012. Since 2018 he is professor of computer science at LUISS University.

From 2008 to 2014, Italiano was editor-in-chief of the ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics.

Awards and honors
In 2016 Italiano was named an EATCS Fellow for his "fundamental contributions to the design and analysis of algorithms for solving theoretical and applied problems in graphs and massive data sets, and for his role in establishing the field of algorithm engineering".

Selected publications
.
.
.
.
 .

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Italian computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Columbia University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Salerno
Academic staff of the Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Academic staff of the University of Rome Tor Vergata
Academic staff of the Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli
Agent mining. Agent Mining is a research field that combines two areas of computer science: multiagent systems and data mining. It explores how intelligent computer agents can work together to discover, analyze, and learn from large amounts of data more effectively than traditional methods.

Historical context 
The interaction and integration between multiagent systems and data mining have a long history. The very early work on agent mining focused on agent-based knowledge discovery, agent-based distributed data mining, and agent-based distributed machine learning, and using data mining to enhance agent intelligence.

The International Workshop on Agents and Data Mining Interaction has been held for more than 10 times, co-located with the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. Several proceedings are available from Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

References 

Distributed artificial intelligence
Data mining
German submarine U-3501. German submarine U-3501 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 20 March 1944 at F Schichau GmbH, Danzig, as yard number 1646. She was launched on 19 April 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Helmut Münster on 29 July 1944.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3501 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-3501 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
U-3501 was scuttled on either 1 or 5 May 1945 in the Weser estuary, near Nordenham, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up.

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Danzig
Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
Ships built by Schichau
Maritime incidents in May 1945
William Francis Brace. William Francis Brace (26 August 1926, Littleton, New Hampshire – 2 May 2012) was an American geophysicist.

Career

Education 
Brace matriculated in 1943 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and after 1944–1946 service in the Navy, graduated with bachelor's degrees in 1946 in naval architecture and in 1949 in civil engineering. In 1953 he received his PhD from MIT's department of geology and geophysics. In 1953–1954 he was a Fulbright scholar at Bruno Sander's laboratory in Austria.

Work at MIT 
In 1955 he became an assistant professor at MIT and was from 1976 to 1981 MIT's Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Geology, retiring in 1988 as professor emeritus. From 1981 to 1988 he was the head of MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. At MIT he established a school of quantitative geological rock formation; this school is associated with results such as Byerlee's Law and Brace-Goetze Strength Profiles.

Retirement 
In his retirement, among other activities, Brace undertook the study of grasses and sedges, particularly in Concord, Massachusetts. Over the course of eight years he documented six sedge species (five of them native) and seven grass species new to Concord.

Honors 
Brace was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1960–1961. He was elected in 1953 a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, in 1963 a Fellow of the American Geophysical Society, and in 1971 a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1971 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1987 he received the Bucher Medal of the American Geophysical Union and the Distinguished Achievement Award from the U.S. National Committee on Rock Mechanics. MIT established the William F. Brace Lecture Series in his honor.

Selected publications
 with Chris Goetze: Laboratory observations of high temperature rheology of rocks, Tectonophysics, 13, 1972, 583-600 
 with David Kohlstedt: Limits on lithospheric stress imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1980, 6248-6252 
 with J. D. Byerlee: Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes, Science, vol. 153, 1966, 990-992 
 with Byerlee: Stick-slip, stable sliding and earthquakes—Effect of rock type, pressure, strain rate and stiffness, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1968, 6031-6037 
 with R. M. Stesky, D. Riley, P.-Y. Robin: Friction in faulted rock at high temperature and pressure, Tectonophysics, 23, 1974, 177-203 
 with Stesky: Estimation of frictional stress in the San Andreas fault from laboratory measurements, in R. L. Kovach, A. Nur (eds.) Proc. Conf. on the tectonic problems of the San Andreas fault, Stanford University Publ. Geolog. Sci., 12, 1973, 206-214

References

American geophysicists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1926 births
2012 deaths
German submarine U-3502. German submarine U-3502 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 16 April 1944 at F Schichau GmbH, Danzig, as yard number 1647. She was launched on 6 July 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hermann Schultz on 19 August 1944.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3502 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-3502 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
U-3502 was taken out of service on 3 May 1945, at Hamburg, after the stern was damaged by a bomb. Prior to this she was being used as an electricity producing boat.

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Danzig
Ships built by Schichau
RIE College RFC. Royal Indian Engineering College RFC was a nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Surrey-based rugby union club, who were attached to Royal Indian Engineering College from 1871 to 1903.

Formation

The estate of Coopers Hill in Surrey was bought by the India Office in 1870; and a college was built to train civil engineers to be sent to India. The college was officially opened in 1872.

The rugby club was formed in 1871. In its day, the college's rugby union team, referred to by its opponents as "Cooper's Hill", was one of the most prominent rugby clubs in England.

By the 1890s, the team was deemed of medium strength, and a long way behind the form of its heyday. This was put down to boys leaving school earlier than they had previously, thus the team became composed of men who were physically smaller in stature and physique than their predecessors.

The engineering college closed in 1906.

Notable former players

England internationalists

The following former RIE College players have represented England at full international level.

Scotland internationalists

The following former RIE College players have represented Scotland at full international level.

External links
 Engineering a career in India

References

1871 establishments in England
Rugby clubs established in 1871
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1903
University and college rugby union clubs in England
Defunct rugby union teams in England
1903 disestablishments in England