omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leonard H. Eicholtz. Leonard Henry Eicholtz (April 23, 1827 – January 3, 1911) was a leading 19th-century American railroad engineer and civil engineer.

Early life and career
Eicholtz was born in the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on April 23, 1827, being the oldest son of Henry and Elizabeth Eicholtz. The family was of German origin, his great grandfather, Jacob Eicholtz, left the Palatinate, Germany, and coming to Pennsylvania, where he settled in Lancaster county, in 1733. Eicholtz studied civil engineering at the Moravian Academy at Lititz, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania railroad
In 1852, Eicholtz joined the corps of engineers working on the railroad until 1854 when he started working on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. Eicholtz remained on the project until the railroad experience financial problems due to the Panic of 1857. Eicholtz left the railroad at that time only to return in 1858.

Interoceanic Railway Company
In 1857, he went to Honduras to work with John C. Trautwine of Philadelphia who was chief engineer of a party surveying a line from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean for the Honduras Interoceanic Railway.

Kansas Pacific Railway
In 1866, Eicholtz left the military railroads and was a resident engineer of the Kansas Pacific Railway Company, with headquarters at Wyandotte, Kansas (today part of Kansas City, Kansas). The US Congress had approved and Act on July 3, 1866, authorizing the railway to extend the railroad westward along the Smoky Hill River to Denver, Colorado. The Act also required the railroad to join the Union Pacific railroad no more than fifty miles west of Denver, a distance of 394 miles. The railroad was completed by the end of 1867.

Union Pacific Railway Company
In 1868, Eicholtz became superintendent of bridge-building and remained with the project until its completion at Promontory Point and the Golden Spike event on May 10, 1869. Eicholtz is in the Andrew J. Russell photograph titled "Engineers of U.P.R.R. at the Laying of Last Rail Promentory (sic).

Civil War
Soon after the beginning of the war with Fort Sumter, Eicholtz volunteered as an assistant engineer for military railroads in the Military Division of the Mississippi. Eicholtz worked to reconstruct railroads destroyed by the two armies during Sherman's campaign in Tennessee and Georgia and Sherman march from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Eicholtz left the Army in 1866 as acting chief engineer of military railroads of the Division of the Mississippi.

Family and death and
Eicholtz married Ellen Inslee Smith in 1871 and they had five children: four daughters and one son, Leonard H. Eicholtz, Jr. Eicholtz died on January 3, 1911.

References
Books
 
Manuscript Collections
 Leonard H. Eicholtz Collection (MSS #1023), Colorado Historical Society, Denver, Colorado.
 Inventory of the Leonard Eicholtz diaries, 1838–1910, University of Wyoming. American Heritage Center. 
Sources

1827 births
1911 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania
American railway civil engineers
People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Loening Duckling. The Loening Duckling was an American flying boat built by Loening in the late 1910s.

Design and development
The Duckling was a single-bay biplane flying boat powered by a single Lawrence radial engine in tractor arrangement, and it featured a twin fin with its high-horizontal stabilizer. Although the aircraft was built in 1918, the limited information makes it unclear whether the aircraft flew or not.

Specifications
 Powerplant: one 60 hp Lawrence 3 cylinder radial engine

References 

Flying boats
Duckling
1910s United States experimental aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
N,N-Dimethylaminomethylferrocene. N,N-Dimethylaminomethylferrocene is the dimethylaminomethyl derivative of ferrocene, (C5H5)Fe(C5H4CH2N(CH3)2.  It is an air-stable, dark-orange syrup that is soluble in common organic solvents.  The compound is prepared by the reaction of ferrocene with formaldehyde and dimethylamine:
(C5H5)2Fe + CH2O  +  HN(CH3)2  →   (C5H5)Fe(C5H4CH2N(CH3)2  +  H2O
It is a precursor to prototypes of ferrocene-containing redox sensors and diverse ligands.

The amine can be quaternized, which provides access to many derivatives.

References

Ferrocenes
Sandwich compounds
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Burnelli UB-20. The Burnelli UB-20 was a prototype lifting body airliner designed by Vincent Burnelli and built in the early 1930s.

Design and development
The UB-20 was a high-wing monoplane with a fixed tail wheel landing gear. It is considered the first American construction to have a load-bearing fuselage skin covered with smooth sheet metal. The fuselage structure consisted of seven transverse frames and four T-side members made of duralumin as well as stringers with a U-section. The planking had a thickness of  and was riveted to the substructure. The wings had a structure consisting of two metal box spars with special drawn T-shaped angle connections. The smooth sheet planking was  thick. The tanks were in the wing root. The chassis and engine mounts were made from welded chrome-molybdenum steel tubes.

The 20-passenger passenger cabin was  x  and was  high. This allowed bulky loads to be transported as well as passengers. The passenger cabin was very comfortably furnished for this time. There were folding seats, a washroom and bunks for night flights. As with most other Burnelli aircraft, the engines were accessible in flight. The machine also had very good single-engine flight characteristics, so the flight altitude could be maintained even with a full payload. Similar to the Remington-Burnelli RB-2, which carried an automobile in the fuselage for advertising purposes, the UB-20 did so in 1934 by moving a Ford automobile under the fuselage between the legs on behalf of the Sun Oil Company.

Specifications (UB-20)

References 

Burnelli aircraft
1930s United States civil aircraft
Lifting bodies
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Li Jiancheng (geodesist). Li Jiancheng (; born December 1964) is a Chinese engineer who is a professor and vice-president of Wuhan University. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is a member of the Chinese Communist Party.

Biography
Li was born in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, in December 1964. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1987, a master's degree in 1990, and a doctor's degree in 1993, all from Wuhan University of Surveying and Mapping Technology (now School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University). After graduation, he taught at the university, where he was appointed vice-president in January 2015. In November 2011, at the age of 46, he was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, becoming the youngest academician in that year. In September 2022, he succeeded  as president of Central South University.

Honors and awards
 November 2011 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 October 21, 2016 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation
 January 10, 2020 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class)

References

1964 births
Living people
People from Ulanqab
Engineers from Inner Mongolia
Wuhan University alumni
Academic staff of Wuhan University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Douglas CG-19. The Douglas CG-19 was a late 1940s assault glider project conceived by the Douglas Aircraft Company.

Development
On January 31, 1946, the United States Army Air Service promulgated a requirement for two new assault gliders, a light glider capable of hauling  of military equipment within a  long cargo space, and a heavy glider capable of hauling  of military equipment within  long cargo space. Chase and Douglas were awarded contracts to build 'light glider' prototypes, with the Chase design being designated XCG-18 and the Douglas Model 1028 receiving the XCG-19 designation. The Model 1028/CG-19 utilized aluminum for the construction of the fuselage, and its cargo compartment was ; for loading cargo, the CG-19's rear fuselage was hinged to swing sideways. A mockup of the CG-19 was inspected in March 1947, but when the US Air Force was facing tight budget constraints with respect to the CG-18 and CG-19 designs, it decided to cancel the CG-19 because the CG-18 was nearing completion.

Specifications

Notes

References 

CG-19
1940s United States military gliders
1940s United States military transport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Tupolev ANT-43. The Tupolev ANT-43 was an experimental passenger aircraft designed and built by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1930s, for purposes of gaining practical experience with the so-called "placemeter" production method.

Design and development
The ANT-43 was a seven-passenger, low-wing monoplane design of all-metal construction, bearing resemblance to the Tupolev ANT-31 (I-14) fighter. Intended as an HQ liaison aircraft, it was conceived using a stencil-based template design method rather than project drawings, and construction of the prototype was undertaken 1935–1936; it was this design method that proved to be the project's undoing. Due to concerns about weaknesses in the ANT-43's airframe construction, when the ANT-43 prototype was completed, TsAGI summoned a commission led by Viktor N. Belyayev to decide whether the ANT-43 was fit for flight testing. The commission, deciding that the ANT-43 prototype did not meet structural strength norms, refused to approve flight tests for the aircraft, and the ANT-43 was scrapped without ever being flown.

Specifications

References 

1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
Tupolev aircraft
1930s Soviet military utility aircraft
Zenair CH 180. The Zenair CH 180 Super Acro-Z is an aerobatic light aircraft, that was designed by Chris Heintz and built by Zenair in the 1980s.

Specifications

See also

References 

1980s Canadian sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
CH 180
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Ikarus 231. The Ikarus 231 was a courier aircraft built in Yugoslavia by Ikarus Aircraft during the late 1940s.

Design and development
The Ikarus 231 was a two-seat, low-wing monoplane of cantilever construction. It was similar to the Ikarus 211 trainer but had an enclosed cabin intended for courier service. The prototype flew in 1948 and was eventually handed over to the Yugoslav Air Force, which it served until 1958. The second prototype, which also flew in 1948, served until 1952, after which it was scrapped.

Specifications

References 

Ikarus aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Monoplanes
1940s Yugoslav military aircraft
1950s Yugoslav military aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Anil V. Rao. Anil Vithala Rao is a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of Florida and specializes in computational methods for optimal control and guidance and control of aerospace vehicles.  He is the co-creator of the optimal control software GPOPS-II and is the author of the textbook Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies: A Systematic Approach.

Education 

Rao earned his Ph.D. in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University, his M.S.E. in aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan, and his B.S. in mechanical engineering and A.B. in mathematics from Cornell University.

References

External links 
 University of Florida Website of Anil V. Rao
 Personal Website of Anil V. Rao
 Website for Optimal Control Software GPOPS-II
 

1965 births
Living people
American mechanical engineers
American aerospace engineers
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
University of Florida faculty
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Ithaca High School (Ithaca, New York) alumni
Dysprosium(III) fluoride. Dysprosium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound of dysprosium with a chemical formula DyF3.

Production 
Dysprosium(III) fluoride can be produced by mixing dysprosium(III) chloride or dysprosium(III) carbonate into 40% hydrofluoric acid.

DyF3 can also be produced by hydrothermal reaction of dysprosium nitrate and sodium tetrafluoroborate at 200 °C.

DyF3 can also be produced when dysprosium oxide and ammonium bifluoride are mixed and heated to 300 °C until the oxide is porous, and continued to heat to 700 °C. When hydrogen fluoride is introduced, a reaction occurs:

Properties 
Dysprosium(III) fluoride is a white, odorless solid that is insoluble in water. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure with the space group Pnma (space group no. 62).

References

Fluorides
Dysprosium compounds
Lanthanide halides
Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation. Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (Geneve) is a network encapsulation protocol created by the IETF in order to unify the efforts made by other initiatives like VXLAN and NVGRE, with the intent to eliminate the wild growth of encapsulation protocols.

Open vSwitch is an example of a software-based virtual network switch that supports Geneve overlay networks. It is also supported by AWS Gateway Load Balancers.

References 

Telecommunications engineering
Network architecture
Telecommunications infrastructure
Teledyne CAE F408. The Teledyne CAE F408 is an American turbofan engine developed for a number of UAVs, drones, and cruise missiles in the late 1980s.

Design and development
The F408 (Model number 382-10) is a bypass turbofan whose fan stage is followed by a mixed-flow compressor, slinger-type combustor, and single-stage turbine. The turbine design is similar to that of the earlier Model 373-8B, while the compressor and fan are more advanced in design.

The development of the F408 began in 1985, with test runs beginning in 1989.

Applications
 BQM-145 Peregrine
 Eclipse 500 (first prototype)

Specifications

References 

Teledyne Technologies
1980s turbofan engines
Breda A.3. The Breda A.3 was a prototype twin-engined biplane, designed by Società Italiana Ernesto Breda, as a night bomber in 1924.

Design and development
After entering the civil aviation market, in the early part of the 1920s, Breda envisaged its first military aircraft design, the A.3. biplane bomber, utilizing the sesquiplane configuration, also featuring a biplane tail and four engines arranged in tandem nacelles. Early test flights with the SPA 6A engines showed very modest performance, so it was decided to replace the four SPA 6As with two Lorraine 12Db V-12 engines, each yielding . However, this modification failed to translate into much better performance, and development of the A.3 was halted.

Given the disappointing performance of the A.3, Breda conceived a new night bomber with better performance than the A.3 the Breda A.8.

Specifications

References 

A.3
1920s Italian bomber aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Breda A.1. The Breda A.1 was a touring aircraft developed in Italy in 1924.

Design
The Breda A.1 was a conventional two-seat, single engine biplane with a fixed bogie. The Colombo 110 engine was positioned at the front apex of the fuselage combined with a two-blade wooden propeller with fixed pitch.

The A.1 was intended for the civil aviation tourism market, and several aircraft of this type were constructed.

Specifications

References 

A.1
1920s Italian civil trainer aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Welch OW-3. The Welch OW-3 was a 2 to 3 seat, light airplane designed by Orin Welch in the late 1920s.

Design
There were two versions of the OW-3. The OW-3 Hi-Lift variant (two built) was a two-seat, open cockpit biplane with a modified Standard J-1 fuselage that incorporated a Welch-designed high-lift wing. The OW-3M (only one built) was an open cockpit parasol monoplane that could seat three people.

Specifications (OW-3 Hi-Lift biplane)

References 

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Welch OW-4. The Welch OW-4 was a three seat, high-wing monoplane, designed by Orin Welch in the late 1920s.

Specifications
 Powerplant: 90 horsepower Curtiss OX-5 engine
 Seating capacity: 3 people (pilot, 2 passengers)

References 

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Joseph Laws McKibben. Joseph Laws McKibben (1912 – 2001) was an American physicist and engineer who worked with J. Robert Oppenheimer as a group leader on the Manhattan Project. He personally witnessed the Trinity test and  flipped the switch that set off the atomic bomb at Trinity. McKibben, motivated by his daughter Karan's paralysed hands due to polio, also invented the Air Muscle in 1957.

He was born in 1912 in Missouri. He died in 2001 in Los Alamos, aged 89.

References

External links 
 http://cyberneticzoo.com/bionics/1957-artificial-muscle-joseph-laws-mckibben-american/

 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/06/29/the-sweet-sin-of-the-atomic-city/9c9752cb-324a-45cf-a948-2ab5528f8fee/
 https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/03/us/for-45-scientists-a-revisiting-of-site-of-first-atomic-blast.html
 https://www.abqjournal.com/trinity/trinity1.htm
 https://naturalphilosophy.org/home/member/?memberid=256&subpage=about
 https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/photos/mckibben-joseph-d1
 https://billiongraves.com/grave/Joseph-Laws-McKibben/9720563?referrer=myheritage
 https://peoplelegacy.com/joseph_laws_mckibben-271p2.

1912 births
2001 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
20th-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
Manhattan Project people
People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American particle physicists
Scientists from Missouri
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Aichi C4A. The Aichi C4A, company designation Aichi AM-20, experimental designation Aichi 13-Shi High-speed Reconnaissance Aircraft, was a late 1930s project by Aichi for a carrier-borne reconnaissance aircraft.

Design and development
In the late 1930s, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS), having felt impressed at the performance of the Mitsubishi Ki-15 for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS), issued a requirement for a fast reconnaissance aircraft under the IJNAS designation 13-Shi High-speed Reconnaissance Aircraft. Aichi, drawing upon experience designing the Aichi D3A, proposed a single-engine, low wing monoplane powered by a radial engine and fitted with a closed cockpit with two seats in tandem, as well 
as a rear-mounted  machine gun. The design was known by the experimental designation and allocated the short designation C4A by the IJNAS.

A full-scale mockup was completed in March 1939 for inspection by IJN officials. However, the IJN decided to shelve the C4A in favor of their own version of the Ki-15, the C5M.

References 

1930s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
C4A
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Brochet MB.60. The Brochet MB.60 Barbastelle was a French two-seater work plane built by Maurice Brochet in the late 1940s.

Design and development
The MB.60 was a high-wing monoplane with a closed cabin. Although a two seater like the Brochet MB.50, it was distinguished by an airfoil without sweep-back, a raised upper deck of the rear fuselage and a fixed landing gear with split axle. Power came from a 83 horsepower Salmson 5-cylinder radial engine.

The only MB.60 to be completed (registered F-BFKT) took to the air on 24 June 1949 in Chavenay, piloted by André Deschamps. In the following July it was subjected to glider towing tests and presented in August at the 2nd National RSA rally before passing the certification tests. With Brochet working on the Brochet MB.70, the sole MB.60 was sold to a flying club and used as a glider tug. By the end of 1951 it had totaled 2,000 cycles.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links
 

Brochet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Fletcher BG-2. The Fletcher BG-2 was a proposed American bomb glider designed by Fletcher Aviation in World War II.

Design
The XBG-2 (Model 16) was conceived by the Fletcher company as a wooden bomb-carrying glider as a derivative of its earlier BG-1, in turn based on the company's YCQ-1 drone control plane (a conversion of its unsuccessful FBT-2 trainer). It was to use two fuselages and outer wing panels of the BG-1 joined by a new wing center section and a horizontal tailplane connecting the two vertical fins, as well as a TV fairing under the inboard wing on the centerline or in the starboard fuselage nose. The main landing gear was supported by four main gear struts, and each fuselage would have housed a 2,000-pound bomb.

Three XBG-2s (serials 42-46902/4) were ordered by the USAAF in April 1942. However, when flight characteristics of the BG-1 turned out to be unsatisfactory, on September 8, 1942, the BG-2 contract was cancelled without any completed.

Specifications

References

Notes

Fletcher aircraft
Glider aircraft
Lippmann diagram. A Lippmann diagram is a graphical plot showing the solidus/solutus equilibrium states for a given binary solid solution (e.g., , barite/celestite) in equilibrium with an aqueous solution containing the two substituting ions:  and  (solid solution – aqueous solution system, or SS-AS). It was proposed in the 1970s by F. Lippmann to determine excess Gibbs functions. This diagram summarizes the thermodynamic basis of solid-solution aqueous-solution systems (SS-AS) equilibria and helps to predict the nucleation kinetics for solid solutions crystallizing from an aqueous solution.

In the diagram, the abscissa (horizontal axis) represents two variables with different scales to represent both the solid phase mole fraction and the aqueous activity fraction. The ordinate (vertical axis) represents the solid phase.

There are two variants of Lippmann diagrams: 
 Ion-activity Lippmann diagram 
 Total-scale Lippmann diagram

References

Solutions
Phase transitions
Diagrams