omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chromium cycle. The chromium cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of chromium through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere.

Biogeochemical cycle

Terrestrial weathering and river transport 
Chromium has two common oxidation states relevant for environmental conditions: trivalent chromium, Cr(III) (reduced form), and hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) (most oxidized form). The poorly soluble trivalent chromium cation () strongly adsorbs onto clay particles and particulate organic matter, whereas the highly toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromate anion () is soluble and non-sorbed, making it a toxic contaminant in environmental systems. Chromium commonly exists in soil and rocks as highly insoluble trivalent chromium, such as chromite (, or FeO·), a mixed oxide mineral of the spinel group resembling magnetite (, , or FeO·). Terrestrial weathering could cause trivalent chromium to be oxidized by manganese oxides to hexavalent chromium, which is then solubilized and cycled to the ocean through rivers. Estuaries release particulate chromium from rivers to the sea, increasing the dissolved fluxes of chromium to the ocean.

Oceanic cycling 
Soluble hexavalent chromium is the most common type of chromium in oceans, where over 70% of dissolved chromium in the ocean is found in oxyanions such as chromate (). Soluble trivalent chromium is also found in the oceans where complexation with organic ligands occurs. Chromium is estimated to have a residence time of 6,300 years in the oceans. Hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium in oxygen minimum zones or at the surface of the ocean by divalent iron and organic ligands. There are four sinks of chromium from the oceans: (1) oxic sediments in pelagic zones, (2) hypoxic sediments in continental margins, (3) anoxic or sulfidic sediments in basins or fjords with permanently anoxic or sulfidic (euxinic) bottom waters, and (4) marine carbonates.

Influence from other biogeochemical cycles 
Manganese (III) can oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI) when complexed with organic ligands. This causes contaminant mobilization of Cr(VI), and also reduces Mn(III) to Mn(II), which can then be oxidized back to Mn(III) by oxygen.

Methods for chromium tracking 
Isotopic fractionation of chromium has become a valuable tool for monitoring environmental chromium contamination through recent advancements in mass spectrometry. Isotope fractionation during river transport is determined by local redox conditions based on dissolved organic matter in rivers.

References 

Biogeochemical cycle
Chromium
Whiteside County Airport. The Whiteside County Airport , also known as Joseph H. Bittorf Field, is a public-use airport serving Rock Falls, Illinois, United States, as well as the Sauk Valley and Dixon area.

Facilities and aircraft
The airport has two runways. Runway 7/25 measures 6499 x 150 ft (1981 x 46 m) and is friction. This length makes the runway capable of serving aircraft from the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 families. 

The other runway, 18/36, is 3900 x 100 ft (1189 x 30 m) and is also asphalt.

The airport's FBO is Sauk Valley Aviation. The airport offers fueling and parking services in addition to aircraft rental and flight training; aircraft maintenance, modifications, cleaning, and parts; and pilot services like a courtesy car, lounge, and WiFi.

Based on the 12-month period ending March 31, 2021, the airport averages 90 aircraft operations per day, or roughly 33,000 per year, consisting of 98% general aviation, 2% air taxi, and <1% military. For that same time period, there are 42 aircraft based on the field: 40 single-engine and 2 multi-engine airplanes.

Accidents and incidents
On July 27, 2006, a Beechcraft Baron executed a forced landing at Whiteside County Airport. The aircraft had been in a holding pattern following a missed approach at the airport when an engine failed. Instrument Meteorological Conditions prevailed at the time. The pilot received serious injuries. The probable cause of the accident was determined to be fuel exhaustion due to the pilot's failure to ensure an adequate supply of fuel for the flight.
On July 23, 2021, a Cessna 150 flown by aviation YouTube personality Dan Gryder crashed while flying at the Whiteside County Airshow near the airport. The aircraft performed an off-airport emergency landing and flipped onto its top. Neither Gryder nor his passenger were injured, and both refused medical treatment. The cause of the crash is under investigation.

See also

 List of airports in Illinois

References

External links
 Whiteside County Airport, official website

Airports in Illinois
Transportation in Whiteside County, Illinois
Towton torcs. The Towton torcs are a pair of gold bracelets from Towton, North Yorkshire, England, dating from the later Iron Age.

Discovery
The torcs were found by metal detectorists in a stream in 2010 and 2011.

Description
Both torcs are gold alloys and formed from a twisted wire with looped terminals. The first torc discovered comprised a twisted wire of two strands, the second had four strands. The first torc measured  in diameter, weighed 67.7g. It had a metal content of 80-84% gold; 12-14% silver; and at least 4% copper.

Acquisition and display
After being declared as treasure, the Yorkshire Museum launched a public funding campaign to raise the £60,000 required to purchase the torcs. The torcs were acquired by the museum in November 2013.

References

External links
The Towton Torcs on Google Arts&Culture
Yorkshire Museum collection highlights: IRON AGE GOLD TORCS

2010 in England
Metal detecting finds in England
History of North Yorkshire
Collection of the Yorkshire Museum
Treasure troves in England
Treasure troves of the Iron Age
Torcs
Ancient Celtic metalwork
2010 archaeological discoveries
2011 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom
Vought VE-10. The Vought VE-10 "Bat Boat" was an American biplane flying boat built in 1919 by Vought.

Design and development 
Chance M. Vought announced the VE-10 at around the same time as work began on the VE-9.  The aircraft had a short, 3-seat hull and was powered by a 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 V8 engine.

Operational history 
The VE-10 made its maiden flight on August 2, 1919, with test pilots James A. Taylor, Jr. and Caleb S. Bragg at the controls.  Pilots of the aircraft noted that it was well balanced, easy to control, and had performance similar to many land planes of the time.  They also noted that it may have been able to perform stunts; an act that was rare for seaplanes at the time.  The September 13, 1919 issue of Aircraft Journal called it "one of the most promising commercial airplanes to make its appearance since the armistice".  Despite the large public interest for the VE-10, Vought failed to sell any aircraft.

Vought offered the VE-10 to the US Navy, and "exhaustive" test flights were made by US Naval Air Service Commanders McDonald and Griffin, and US Army Lieutenant Colonel Harald E. Hartney.  All three test pilots were pleased with the VE-10's flight characteristics, but as the Navy did not have a use for the aircraft other than unofficial flights, no orders were placed.  The final disposition of the VE-10 is unknown.

Variants 
VE-10
1 built

VE-15
Militarized derivative of the VE-10.  Not built.

Specifications (VE-10)

See also

References

External links 
 American Flying Boats and Amphibious Aircraft: An Illustrated History

VE-10
1910s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Flying boats
Logging camp. A logging camp (or lumber camp) is a transitory work site used in the logging industry. Before the second half of the 20th century, these camps were the primary place where lumberjacks would live and work to fell trees in a particular area. Many place names (e.g. Bockman Lumber Camp, Whitestone Logging Camp, Camp Douglas) are legacies of old logging camps. Camps were often placed next to river tributaries so that the winter's log harvest could be floated to the lumbermills in the spring.

Design
The requirements of the logging industry involved the creation of a working site and housing from the pristine wilderness. The construction of the logging camp consisted of a transformation of the natural environment to the built environment. Logging was seasonal in nature, with farmers often working as lumberjacks during the winter. Camps were placed next to a river so that the logs harvested could be floated to the lumbermills in the spring. By their nature logging camps were temporary work sites used to harvest lumber in remote areas. Once the lumber in a particular area was harvested, the lumberjacks would move on.  

Primitive sites had two buildings, a cookhouse and a bunkhouse. Larger camps also had an outhouse, barn, blacksmith shop, filer shack (to sharpen the saws), office and camp store. Lumber cut by the lumberjacks was the source of the materials for the buildings, and camps were built in the fall prior to the winter logging season. Most of the lumberjacks would return to their jobs after the logging season, with a few staying on to drive logs in the spring.

In the United States, logging camps were phased out after World War II, as work crews could more easily be transported to remote logging sites.

Camp food

Lumberjacks could work upwards of twelve hours a day, and lumbering was such physically demanding work that each man could eat between 6,000 to 9,000 calories a day. In one estimation, the average logger consumed  of food each day. Quality and quantity were important parts of maintaining the health and productivity of the workers. Meat, other foods high in protein, and fats were served in abundance. Sack lunches were provided to the loggers. During peak season, as many as five meals a day could be served. Camp cooks were important to the morale of the workers. In some cases, workers would follow a cook to the camp they were working at each season.

In Canada, the long distances to the camps and the closure of most access during the winter led to the development of depot farms that would be built near logging camps to supply cereals and vegetables to the loggers as well as food for horses in the form of hay and oats. These farms were often built on poor quality land and had little output other than the camps and self-consumption, and most often closed as soon as the camp did.

See also 
 Holt and Balcom Logging Camp No. 1
 Camp 6 Logging Museum
 Man camp

References

External links

Temporary populated places
Logging communities
William J. Galinis. Vice Admiral William J. Galinis (born c. 1961) is a retired United States Navy officer and career Engineering Duty Officer who served as the 45th Commander of Naval Sea Systems Command from June 2020 to September 2023.

Early life and education 
Galinis is a native of Delray Beach, Florida. He is a 1983 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. He holds a Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Military career 
Galinis’ sea duty assignments included Engineer Officer on board  and Damage Control Assistant on board .

His Engineering Duty Officer tours include supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion and Repair, New Orleans, where he worked on both new construction and repair projects including assignment as the PMS 377 Program Manager's representative for the (LSD) (CV) Shipbuilding Program; Board of Inspection and Survey, Surface Trials Board as Damage Control Inspector; and a number of program office and staff positions including the  and  Program Offices, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in the Requirements and Assessments Directorate, and in the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Shipbuilding as the Chief of Staff.

Galinis’ command assignments include LPD 17 Program Manager; Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Gulf Coast; and as the Commanding Officer of the Norfolk Ship Support Activity (NSSA).

Galinis’ flag assignments include Commander, Navy Regional Maintenance Center, during which time he also assumed the duties of Deputy Commander for Surface Warfare, Naval Sea Systems Command; and most recently as Program Executive Officer, Ships.

Vice Admiral Galinis assumed command as the 45th Commander of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) in June 2020. He relinquished Command to Rear Adm. Tom Anderson and retired on September 1st, 2023.

Military Awards 
Galinis's awards include:

References

1960s births
Year of birth uncertain
Living people
United States Navy officers
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
Prasant Mohapatra. Prasant Mohapatra is an Indian-American computer scientist. Mohapatra is currently the Provost of the University of South Florida. Previously, he was Vice Chancellor for Research at University of California Davis (UC-Davis).

Education
He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (1987), and PhD degree from Penn State University (1993).

Career
He was currently (in 2021) a Distinguished Professor in Computer Science and Vice Chancellor for Research at University of California Davis. His research is focused in the domain of wireless and mobile networks. He has researched how to quantify the quality of surveillance in a wireless sensor network. He is known for his contributions to the Quality of service (QoS) provisioning in computer networks.

He held the first Tim Bucher Family Endowed Chair in the department of computer science, UC-Davis from 2009 to 2013. He served as Chairman, Department of Computer Science, UC-Davis from 2007 to 2003. From 2013 to 2014 he served as Interim Vice-Provost and CIO. From 2014 to 2016 he served as an Associate Chancellor. From 2016 to 2018 he was Dean and Vice-Provost of Graduate Studies. In 2018, Mohapatra was appointed as the Vice Chancellor for Research.

He has been elected as Fellow of the IEEE (2010), and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS; 2012). He has co-authored more than 350 papers in conferences and journals in the areas of wireless networks, mobile communications, cybersecurity, and Internet protocols. He also received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the National Institute of Technology Rourkela (2015).

In January 2023, Mohapatra was named the Provost for the University of South Florida which oversees all areas of academic affairs. He started in March 2023.

References

External links

USF Profile

Fellows of the IEEE
Scientists from Bhubaneswar
Indian emigrants to the United States
American academics of Indian descent
American people of Odia descent
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
University of California, Davis administrators
Computer engineers
Electrical engineering academics
Living people
1966 births
Edward L. Anderson. Rear Admiral Edward L. Anderson is a retired United States Navy officer and career submariner who last served as Commander, Undersea Warfare from June 2019 - June 2022

Life and career
Anderson is a native of Glendora, California, and is a 1990 graduate of the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering. He also has as a Master of Business Administration with honors from Kelley School of Business at Indiana University and is a graduate of the Aspen Institute seminar on Global Leadership.

Anderson's sea tours include division officer, USS Newport News (SSN 750); strategic weapons officer, USS Ohio (SSBN 726) (Blue); and executive officer, USS Jefferson City (SSN 759). Four years after departing his executive officer tour, Anderson assumed command of Jefferson City in July 2008. He also is qualified for command in UK submarines following completion of "Perisher" in October 2007.

Anderson has served as space control officer in Cheyenne Mountain, U.S. Space Command; submarine operations officer, Commander, Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe, Naples, Italy; submarine operations and anti-submarine warfare training officer, Commander, Strike Force Training Pacific; deputy director, Navy Programs and Congressional liaison, Undersea Warfare and Strategic Programs, Navy's Office of Legislative Affairs; assistant program manager, Common Submarine Radio Room; Major program manager, Undersea Integration (PMW 770). Anderson was selected for flag officer in March 2017 and was then selected to serve as deputy commander, Fleet Readiness director, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command in May 2017. Following this tour, he served as NAVSEA deputy commander for Undersea Warfare from June 2019 to Sep 2021. On October 1, 2021 he assumed the role as initial program executive officer for Undersea Warfare Systems (PEO UWS).

References

Living people
United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)
United States Naval Academy alumni
Kelley School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States submarine commanders
Bassam Izzuddin. Bassam Izzuddin is an author, developer and professor of computational structural mechanics at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Imperial College London where he is coordinator of three courses at advanced undergraduate and masters level. He is the founder and developer of ADAPTIC, an adaptive static and dynamic structural analysis program which has been developed to provide an efficient tool for the nonlinear analysis of steel and composite frames, slabs, shells and integrated structures.
In 2016, he won the IStructE award for the best research paper in structural mechanics.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English mechanical engineers
Computational physicists
Alumni of Imperial College London
American University of Beirut alumni
Academics of Imperial College London
Est 0.501 to 0.691. The Est 0.501 to 0.691, also denoted as Est 0501 to 0691, was a class of 191 French 0-8-0 locomotives for freight service, built from 1856 to 1886 for the Chemins de fer de l'Est.

Construction history

The 25 locomotives of the first batch were originally delivered as 0-8-4 Engerth locomotives by Le Creusot in 1856–1857, with the fleet numbers 0.164 to 0.188.
Due to the inherent inconveniences of the Engerth system, particularly in case of derailments, the decision was taken to rebuild these engines into locomotives with separate tenders, at which point they were also renumbered 0.501 to 0.525. 
Additionally the adhesive weight could be increased from 39.3 to 45.5 tons.
The rebuilding work was carried out in the Est Company's workshops at Épernay from 1860 to 1868.

The wide firebox of the Engerth machines necessitated it to be placed outside of the wheels and therefore resulted in a large overhang, which had to be compensated on the rebuilt machines with a counterweight of  in the front of the engine. 
The counterweight was reduced to  in the following 38 machines of the subsequent orders from 1866 to 1872, and then finally omitted on the later series from 1880.

The subsequent batches were ordered with some differences from various manufacturers from 1866 to 1884.

The locomotives of the first series were named after fictional characters from the works of Rabelais:

The locomotives of the series 0.526 – 0.541 were  given the following names:

References

Bibliography

 

0501
0-8-0 locomotives
Steam locomotives of France
Railway locomotives introduced in 1856
Standard gauge locomotives of France
Schneider locomotives
Fives-Lille locomotives
SACM locomotives
D n2 locomotives

Freight locomotives
GenCell. GenCell Ltd. is an Israeli company developing hydrogen alkaline based fuel cell systems and solutions that replace diesel generators with clean backup power for utilities, homeland security, healthcare and automated industries, as well as Ammonia (NH3) based off-grid power solutions.

History 
GenCell Ltd was founded in 2011 by Rami Reshef, Genaddy Finkelshtain and Gil Shavit. The company is headquartered in Petah Tikva.
In 2016, GenCell introduced the G5 line of hydrogen gas-powered backup generators to provide power in areas lacking centralized electricity   

TDK Corporation and GenCell began collaborating in 2017 to develop and produce an ammonia- based solution. The collaboration involved GenCell’s material sciences knowledge and TDK’s manufacturing capabilities.

In 2018, GenCell introduced the A5 fuel cell as an alternative to diesel generators. In 2020, GenCell Ltd joined  the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 

In 2021, GenCell Ltd began deploying its A5 cell to power an advanced test unit at an emergency communications system station in Iceland.

Technology 
The company developed a process to create hydrogen-on-demand from anhydrous ammonia (NH3), which enables its fuel cell solutions to also provide primary power for off-grid and poor-grid sites, as well as rural electrification. 

The company has non-noble metal catalysts patents that enable it to reduce the material costs, and liquid electrolyte (KOH), making the fuel cell solutions for backup and off-grid power to operate in a vast range of weather conditions.  

GenCell developed a number of patented technologies, including the use of a non-platinum catalyst, mechanisms for using ambient air as an oxidizer (instead of pure oxygen), and using lower-cost fuels such as industrial-grade hydrogen gas or anhydrous liquid ammonia.

GenCell is field testing prototypes of small scale fuel cells fueled by ammonia. This ammonia-to-energy technology will provide clean energy users with another alternative.

Cost 
A GenCell A5 4kW generator costs 60,000-70,000 USD. GenCell estimates that local production of ammonia will help reduce energy production costs, and will allow its generators to run at 70 cents per kWh.

References

External links

Fuel cell manufacturers
Israeli company stubs