omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lohner M. The Lohner M was a reconnaissance flying boat produced in small numbers in Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was a two-bay biplane of typical configuration for the flying boats of the day, with its pusher engine mounted on struts in the interplane gap. The pilot and observer sat side by side in an open cockpit, and both the upper and lower sets of wings featured sweepback.

Operators

Austro-Hungarian Navy

Kaiserliche Marine

Specifications (Lohner Mn)

See also

Notes

References

 

1910s Austro-Hungarian military reconnaissance aircraft
M
Flying boats
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Seascape (Auckland). Seascape is a residential skyscraper development in Auckland, New Zealand that is currently on hold. The skyscraper topped out in 2024. It is set to cost NZ$300 million to build.

Design 
As of November 2022, half of the 221 apartments had been sold.

In August 2024, Seascape’s main contractor, China Construction New Zealand, wrote to 25 sub-contractors to notify them that work on the skyscraper had been suspended and that their services were no longer required. By this stage, the building had already been structurally topped-out, leaving the interiors and facade incomplete. China Construction New Zealand claimed that the halting of site works was the result of a payment default by the project’s developer, the Shanghai-based Shundi Group. It is currently uncertain when and whether construction will resume.

See also 

 List of tallest buildings in Oceania
 List of tallest buildings in Auckland
 List of tallest structures in New Zealand

References 

Skyscrapers in Auckland
2020 establishments in New Zealand
Auckland CBD
Cecily Littleton. Cecily Darwin Littleton (15 November 1926 – 14 April 2022) was a Scottish X-ray crystallographer and horticulturalist. She worked alongside Dorothy Hodgkin on the identification of the crystal structure of biomolecules.

Early life and education 
Littleton was born in Edinburgh. She was the great-granddaughter of Charles Darwin. Her father was Charles Galton Darwin and her mother was a mathematician, Katharine Pember Darwin. Her father worked on atomic theory and X-ray diffraction, and was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family. She attended Somerville College, Oxford, where she studied chemistry and graduated in 1949. At Oxford, she worked alongside Dorothy Hodgkin. Together they worked on the structure of biomolecules, including nitrosobenzenes.

Research and career 
Littleton moved to Philadelphia and worked alongside Arthur Lindo Patterson at the Fox Chase Cancer Center. She developed the statistical analysis techniques to model crystal structures. She also worked at Haverford College, where she studied stellar evolution.

Like her great-grandfather, Littleton travelled to the Galápagos Islands. In 1989, she donated a chair belonging to Charles Darwin to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.

Selected publications

Personal life 
Littleton met musician John Littleton, who would later become her husband, at a New Year's Eve party. Together they had four children. He died in 2009. She trained in horticulture in the 1980s. Littleton died on 14 April 2022, of a cardiac arrest.

References 

1926 births
2022 deaths
British crystallographers
Scottish horticulturists
Women horticulturists and gardeners
20th-century British scientists
20th-century British women scientists
Scientists from Edinburgh
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Haverford College
Fox Chase Cancer Center people
Darwin–Wedgwood family
Alan H. Muhr. Alan Hugh Muhr is a retired TARRC scientist noted for contributions to understanding the mechanics elastomer applications, including laminated rubber isolators, marine fenders, automotive mounts, and structural energy dissipation systems

Education 

Muhr graduated in 1975 with an undergraduate degree in mathematics from the University of Cambridge.  He completed his PhD and post-doctoral research at the University of Nottingham on the rheology, thermodynamics and crystallization of polysaccharides.

Career 

Muhr joined TARRC in 1983, known at the time as the Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association. He was recruited by Alan G. Thomas to work on the abrasion of rubber and its relationship to crack-growth characteristics. He later became an authority on the mechanics of flexible rubber-steel laminates and seismic isolaters.  In 1999, he was promoted to Leader of the Engineering Research & Design Unit.  His most cited work in the rubber field is a review on modeling stress-strain behavior.  Muhr organized a 2005 symposium celebrating the 50th anniversary of Rivlin and Thomas' seminar work on fracture mechanics in rubber, and he co-founded the biennial European Conference on Constitutive Models for Rubber.

Awards

 2015 - Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award from Rubber Division of the ACS
 2018 - Hancock Medal from the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining

References 

Polymer scientists and engineers
Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide. Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is the organosulfur compound with the formula . It is a prominent member of a family of cytotoxic and blister agents known as mustard agents. Sometimes referred to as mustard gas, the term is technically incorrect: bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is a liquid at room temperature.  In warfare it was dispersed in the form of a fine mist of liquid droplets.

Synthesis
Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide has been prepared in a variety of ways. In the Depretz method, sulfur dichloride is treated with ethylene:

In the Levinstein process, disulfur dichloride is used instead:
 +  S8

In the Meyer method, thiodiglycol is produced from chloroethanol and potassium sulfide, and the resulting diol is then treated with phosphorus trichloride:

In the Meyer–Clarke method, concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used instead of PCl3:

Thionyl chloride and phosgene, the latter of which is also a choking agent, have also been used as chlorinating agents. These compounds have the added advantage in that if they are used in excess, they remain as impurities in the finished product and can therefore produce additional mechanisms of toxicity.

Reactions
The idealized combustion of mustard gas in oxygen produces hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, in addition to carbon dioxide and water:

Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide reacts with sodium hydroxide, giving divinyl sulfide:

Sodium ethoxide acts similarly.

Safety

Upon skin contact or inhalation, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is a nonspecific toxin.  It is a strong alkylating agent, which affects DNA, RNA, and proteins.

See also
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Half mustard
Nitrogen mustard

References

Thioethers
Organochlorides
Blister agents
World War I chemical weapons
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Chloroethyl compounds
Sulfur mustards
Donatella Sciuto. Donatella Sciuto (born 1962) is an Italian electronic engineer and academic administrator, the rector of the Polytechnic University of Milan. Her research involves embedded systems, low-power electronics, and multicore Very Large Scale Integration, with applications including smart buildings.

Education and career
Sciuto was born in 1962 in Varese. After earning a laurea in electronic engineering from the Polytechnic University of Milan, Sciuto went to the University of Colorado Boulder for doctoral study in electrical and computer engineering. She also has a Master of Business Administration from Bocconi University.

She became an assistant professor at the University of Brescia in 1986, returned to the Polytechnic University of Milan as an associate professor in 1992, and was promoted to full professor in 2000. She became vice rector of the university in 2010, and executive vice rector in 2015. She was elected as rector for the 2023–2028 term, becoming the first woman to lead the university.

Recognition
Sciuto was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2011 "for contributions to embedded system design". She was elected to the Academia Europaea in 2022.

References

External links
Home page

1962 births
Living people
People from Varese
Italian electrical engineers
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Bocconi University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Brescia
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Milan
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of Academia Europaea
Women electrical engineers
Heads of universities in Italy
Women heads of universities and colleges
20th-century Italian engineers
20th-century Italian women engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian women engineers
William H. C. Bartlett. William Holms Chambers Bartlett (September 1804 – February 11 1893) was an American military engineer
and educator, notable as a founding member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Biography
Bartlett was born in Pennsylvania, but moved as an infant to Missouri. He had little formal
education prior to his appointment to West Point by Senator Thomas H. Benton in 1822.
He graduated at the head of his class as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers in 1826.

Bartlett was an expert in the construction of fortifications and was a principal in the
construction of Fort Monroe, Virginia, in 1828; and of Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, 1829–1832.
In 1836, he became professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point, where he
continued to teach until retiring from active service in 1871. His oil portrait from that year by
Robert Walter Weir is reproduced in West Point's digital art collection. 

After retiring from the Army as a colonel, Bartlett was an actuary for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York.

Bartlett received the degree of A. M. from Princeton in 1837; and of LL. D. from Hobart College (Geneva, N. Y.) in 1847. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston) and of
the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia), and one of the corporators and original members of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863.

References

1804 births
1893 deaths
American military engineers
United States Military Academy alumni
Princeton University alumni
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Samuel Lewis Penfield. Samuel Lewis Penfield (January 16, 1856 – August 12, 1906) was an American analytic chemist, mineralogist, and crystallographer who first obtained the chemical structures of more than two dozen naturally
occurring minerals.

Biography
Penfield prepared for college at the Catskill Academy and the academy at Wilbraham, Massachusetts. He matriculated at Yale in the Sheffield Scientific School in 1873, graduating with honors in 1877 and becoming a scientific assistant in chemistry and in mineralology. Except for brief periods abroad, in Germany (where he trained in crystallography), his entire subsequent career was to be at Yale. In early work, He analyzed the then-new so-called Branchville phosphates, fairfieldite and fillowite, as well as samples of chabazite and rhodocrosite from the same locality. He was soon known as expert in analyzing minerals containing fluorine.

Penfield became assistant professor of mineralogy in 1888, and was advanced to full professorship in 1893, soon taking charge of the mineralogical department. Among minerals whose chemical composition he was instrumental in elucidating (often in collaboration with others) were the new minerals Nesquehonite,  Canfieldite, Pearceite, Clinohedrite, Hancockite, Glaucochroite, Graftonite, as well as known minerals that existed in samples but were unanalyzed: Monazite, Herderite, Howlite, Connellite, Aurichalcite,  Argyrodite, Cookeite, and a long list of others, including notably Turquoise in which the occurrence of copper in this phosphate was explained.
Of eighteen minerals that he discovered and named, just two were later shown to be duplications of ones previously discovered. 

Penfield's scientific work may be summarized as comprising mineralogical investigations of great abundance, variety, accuracy, and importance. The thoroughness with which his work was carried out is also particularly striking. In some cases, he was able to predict the existence of minerals not yet discovered. Penfield insisted on careful purification of every mineral he analyzed and gave a full statement in each of his papers of just what purification procedure he used. He often checked his methods by the analysis of material of known composition.

His honorary memberships included Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1893), Foreign Correspondent of the Geological Society of London (1896), Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1900), Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Corresponding Member of the Royal Society at Göttingen (now Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities),
Member of the Scientific Society at Christiania (now the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, 1902), Corresponding Member of the Geological Society at Stockholm, and Foreign Member of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain (1903).

Penfield remained unmarried for twenty years after his graduation from college and lived in an apartment in South Sheffield Hall. He was married in 1897 and died in 1906.

References

1856 births
1906 deaths
American chemists
American crystallographers
Yale College alumni
Guan Zhaoye. Guan Zhaoye (; 4 October 1929 – 26 December 2022) was a Chinese architect who was a professor at Tsinghua University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Guan was born in Beijing, on 4 October 1929, while his ancestral home is in Nanhai, Guangdong. His father  was a poet, scholar and industrialist. His elder male cousin Guan Zhaozhi was a mathematician and member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He attended Beijing Yuying High School, a school run by the American Church. In 1947, he entered Yenching University, but transferred to Tsinghua University a year later.

After graduating in 1952, Guan stayed and taught at Tsinghua University, where he was promoted to associate professor in 1978 and to full professor in 1984. From 1981 to 1982, he was a visiting scholar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

On 26 December 2022, he died at Beijing Changgeng Hospital, at the age of 93.

Buildings designed by Guan
 Dongsi Shitiao station of Beijing Metro
 Tsinghua University Library
 Buildings of School of Science, Tsinghua University
 Building of Medical School of Tsinghua University
 Taizhou Library
 Peking University Library
 Xuzhou Museum
 Second Teaching Building of Hainan University
 Xi'an Eurasian University Library
 Decorative reliefs on the Monument to the People's Heroes

Honours and awards
 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 2000 Liang Sicheng Architecture Prize
 2005 World Chinese Architects Association Architectural Design Award

References

1929 births
2022 deaths
Engineers from Beijing
20th-century Chinese architects
Yenching University alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
21st-century Chinese architects
Li Qingzhong. Li Qingzhong (; 10 October 1930 – 26 December 2022) was a Chinese petroleum geophysical exploration engineer, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Li was born in Kunshan County (now Kunshan), Jiangsu, on 10 October 1930. Both His grandfather Li Peiqing () and father Li Junmei () were traditional Chinese medicine doctors. He had nine siblings. In November 1937, to avoid the war, his family moved into the French Concession in Shanghai, where he attended the Middle School Affiliated to Aurora University and Gezhi High School (). In 1949, he was admitted to Tsinghua University. He studied in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the beginning, but switched to the Department of Physics later. 

After graduating in 1952, Li became an intern of the State Administration of Petroleum of the Ministry of Fuel (Beijing). He became an engineer and leader of the Comprehensive Research Team in the Geological Survey Department of Xinjiang Zhongsu Petroleum Company (later Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau) in March 1953. In May 1961, he was transferred to northeast China's Heilongjiang and appointed deputy leader of the Comprehensive Research Team of the Geological Survey Headquarters of Songliao Petroleum Exploration Headquarters. He was deputy head of Research Team of Geophysical Prospecting Bureau of 646 Plant,  in October 1963 and subsequently deputy chief Engineer of Shengli Oilfield (Shandong) and deputy commander of Geological Command Post in March 1964. In May 1979, he joined the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), serving as deputy chief engineer of Petroleum Geophysical Exploration Bureau (Zhuozhou, Hebei). From September 1979 to September 1980, he served as a technical representative of the Chinese side at the Houston Data Processing Center (EDPC) of Exxon Oil Company in the United States. Between July 1988 and January 1989, he worked as a guest researcher at the Western Geophysical Company in Houston, the United States.

Li died on 26 December 2022, at the age of 92.

Honours and awards
 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
People from Kunshan
Engineers from Jiangsu
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Ocean University of China
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Floating cable-stayed bridge. A floating cable-stayed bridge is a type of cable-stayed bridge where the towers float on tension-leg submerged material, tethered to the seabed for buoyancy. No floating cable-stayed bridge has been made or planned yet, a floating suspension bridge has been planned in Norway.  This bridge could be more stable horizontally across the bridge than floating suspension bridges, the lateral movement force from the wind and current in the water is a problem trying to be resolved by placing the tethered cables at different angles from the floating platform to the seabed.

See also

Cable-stayed suspension bridge
Floating suspension bridge
List of cable-stayed bridges in the United States
List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans
List of longest suspension bridge spans
List of straits

References

 
Bridges by structural type
Structural engineering
Zhu Bangfen. Zhu Bangfen is a Chinese physicist and professor at Tsinghua University. He was the Editor-in-Chief of Chinese Physics Letters.

Education and career

He obtained a degree in applied physics from Tsinghua University in 1970 and a master's degree in solid-state physics from the same university in 1981. Between 1971 and 1978, he served as a technician at Jiangxi Copper, China. Between 1981 and 1987, he was an assistant professor at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he later became a full professor between 1999 and 2000.

In 2003, he was elected a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and in 2012, he became a fellow of the Institute of Physics.

References

Living people
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Equatoguinean frigate Wele Nzas. Wele Nzas (F073) is a Ukrainian-designed, Bulgarian-built multi-mission frigate of the Navy of Equatorial Guinea. The frigate serves as flagship of the navy and was commissioned in 2014.

Design and description 
Wele Nzas has a length of , a beam of  and draft of . The frigate has estimated displacement of  and is powered by four Caterpillar C280 diesel engines connected to two screws. She has a top speed of  and range of .

The ship is armed with two 76.2 mm AK-176 naval guns, each on fore and aft of the ship, two 30 mm AK-630M autocannons located in either side of the funnel, and two MS-227 140 mm 22-barreled rocket launchers in front of the bridge. In addition, the ship could be fitted with guided missiles on the midship.

Her sensors and electronic systems consisted of Positiv-U air/surface search radar with radome, Delta-M fire control radar integrated with Cascade self-defense system, two navigation radars, two opto-electronic target designation and fire control systems, satellite communication antenna and ESM antenna.

Wele Nzas also has a raised helicopter flight deck amidships and carries some boats launched by davits.

Construction and career 
The ship was designed by Asaba Design Center in Mykolaiv, Ukraine. Her keel was laid on 21 May 2012 at MTG Dolphin Shipyard in Varna, Bulgaria. The ship was launched on 26 February 2013 as the salvage and rescue vessel Savior (IMO: 9664500) under Project SV 02. She was procured from Bulgaria using proxy entities in Panama and the Comoros. The ship was then fitted with weaponry in a  navy-owned floating dock at Malabo harbor, Equatorial Guinea by the Astilleros de Guinea Ecuatorial S.A. (ASABA GE) with the help of Ukrainian technicians. Armament and combat systems used on the ship was probably sourced by Impulse 2, a Ukrainian company.

Wele Nzas was commissioned on 3 June 2014 in a ceremony at Malabo harbor by the President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. The president declared the frigate as the flagship of Equatorial Guinenan Navy. The ship was named after the Province of Wele-Nzas. She served as deterrent against threats of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea.

References

External links
News footage of Wele Nzas commissioning ceremony by Africa 24 news channel
Wele Nzas satellite view – WarSearcher.com

2013 ships
Ships built in Bulgaria
Frigates of Bulgaria
Frigate classes
Navy of Equatorial Guinea