omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Espresso (processor). Espresso is the codename of the 32-bit central processing unit (CPU) used in Nintendo's Wii U video game console. It was designed by IBM, and was produced using a 45 nm silicon-on-insulator process. The Espresso chip resides together with a GPU from AMD on an MCM manufactured by Renesas. It was revealed at E3 2011 in June 2011 and released in November 2012.

Design 

IBM and Nintendo have revealed that the Espresso processor is a PowerPC-based microprocessor with three cores on a single chip to reduce power consumption and increase speed. The CPU and the graphics processor are placed on a single substrate as a multi-chip module (MCM) to reduce complexity, increase the communication speed between the chips, further reduce power consumption, and reduce cost and space required. The two chips were assembled to the complete MCM by Renesas in Japan. Espresso itself was manufactured by IBM in its 300 mm plant in East Fishkill, New York, using 45 nm SOI-technology and embedded DRAM (eDRAM) for caches.

While unverified by Nintendo, hackers, teardowns, and unofficial informants have since revealed more information about the Espresso, such as its name, size and speed. The microarchitecture seems to be quite similar to its predecessors the Broadway and Gekko, i.e. PowerPC 750 based, but enhanced with larger and faster caches and multiprocessor support.

Rumors that the Wii U CPU was derived from IBM's high-end POWER7 server processor proved false, as it would potentially increase the manufacturing and retail cost of the system, and require a larger form factor. Espresso shares some technology with POWER7, such as eDRAM and general instruction set similarities, but those are superficial similarities.

Specifications 

 Out-of-order execution PowerPC based cores
 45 nanometer process technology
 IBM silicon on insulator (SOI) technology
 Backward compatible with the Broadway and Gekko processors

The following specifications have not been officially confirmed by either Nintendo or IBM. They have been obtained by reverse engineering by hacker Hector Martin, alias marcan.

Broadway-based core architecture
Three cores at 1.243125 GHz
Symmetric multiprocessing with MESI/MERSI support
Each core can output up to 4 instructions per clock using superscalar parallelism.
32-bit integer unit
64-bit floating-point (or 2× 32-bit SIMD, often found under the denomination "paired singles")
A total of 3 MB of Level 2 cache in an unusual configuration.
Core 0: 512 KB, core 1: 2 MB, core 2: 512 KB
4 stage pipeline 
7 stage pipeline - FP
6 Execution Units per core (18 EUs total)
Die size: 4.74 mm × 5.85 mm = 27.73 mm2

References

Further reading 
 Wii U graphics power finally revealed 
 Nintendo exec denies Wii U processor is 'a little poor'
 First page of developer's user manual 

Nintendo chips
IBM microprocessors
PowerPC microprocessors
Vibrations per hour. Vibrations per hour (vph, VPH) is a mechanical timepiece specification. It is used to express the frequency of a watch movement. VPH describes the number of times that a vibrating timekeeping component completes a vibration cycle in 1 hour. More vibrations per hour yields higher timekeeping resolution, and usually indicates a higher precision mechanical movement.

See also
 Hertz (Hz)

References 

Clocks
Units of temporal rate
National Conference on Science, Policy and the Environment. The National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is an annual conference that brings together over 1,000 scientific, educational, business, civil society, and government professionals from diverse fields to explore the connections between science and decision-making associated with important environmental issues.

As part of the conference, NCSE also holds the annual John H. Chafee Memorial Lecture on Science and the Environment. The lecture provides a high-profile forum for communicating the importance and potential for science in environmental decision-making by featuring a renowned expert in that particular field. At the conference, participants develop policy recommendations and strategies to achieve science-based solutions to complex environmental problems. Following the conference, NCSE:

Produces and disseminates conference recommendations developed by participants
Provides briefings to Congress, other institutions, and decision-makers capable of implementing the conference recommendations
Strives to develop or facilitate the development of new programs based on recommendations from the conference
Publishes the John H. Chafee Memorial Lecture.

Goals for the National Conference

 Embrace a “solutions” focus for the meeting and its products
 Select conference topics that are major challenges to the entire world and to which science can contribute significantly toward solutions.
 Provide participants a rich “how-to” experience in the integration of environmental science and policy to develop solutions for major environmental challenges facing society.
 Increase the number and diversity of participants at the conference.
 Build on the meeting results in the other NCSE programs
 Integrate Affiliate universities and colleges into the meeting more broadly and encourage them to become a larger part of the implementation of the plans
 Utilize the conference to broaden the network of supporters of NCSE and its programs.

References

External links 
 

Environmental conferences
List of Royal Air Force Satellite Landing Grounds. A Satellite Landing Ground (SLG) is a type of British Royal Air Force (RAF) aviation facility that typically consists of an airfield with one or two grass runways which is designed throughout to be hidden from aerial observation by blending into forests and other natural features to hide the presence of aircraft and associated buildings. The landing grounds were mainly used by RAF Maintenance Units (MU) which used the areas to disperse aircraft to reduce the likelihood of attacks from the air. Some improvements and upgrades to aircraft were performed at these sites but overall it was kept to a minimum. Some support buildings came about by using requisitioned buildings on the land.

A satellite station is not the same as a Satellite Landing Ground.

Satellite Landing Grounds

References

Citations

Bibliography

Royal Air Force stations
Royal Air Force satellite landing grounds
Walter Robert Fuchs. Walter Robert Fuchs (March 18, 1937 in Princeton – 21 July, 1976 in Munich) was  an American-German science communicator and science popularizer.

Life and work 
Fuchs was born in Princeton, where his father worked as a bank clerk. He went to Memmingen school (graduating in 1956), was trained as an electrician and mechanic, and then studied electrical engineering at the Munich Technical University as well as physics, mathematics and philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. With a dissertation on "Logical problems of classical mechanics and quantum theory", he received his doctorate in 1961. In 1962 he was business editor at television program of Bavarian Radio studios, and since 1965 he had headed the editorial of Applied Science and Technology. Fuchs spent his life in Munich and died at the age of 39 from cancer. 

Fuchs wrote mostly in German; his books were translated into English and other languages and met an internationally wide audience. In 1970, his books had a total circulation of 750,000 sold copies, especially for math and science subjects.  Modern mathematics was translated into fourteen languages, as in the later 1960s, and it helped to popularize the concepts of sets theory.

Fuchs was a trained artist and supplied many of the templates for the illustrations of his own works; in his time in Munich, he played clarinet and saxophone in various jazz bands. In 1972 he published his satire The Dogs Planet, a fiction novel.

Bibliography 
 Logical Investigations to problems in classical mechanics and quantum theory (dissertation) 1961
 Knaurs book of modern mathematics Droemer / Knaur, 1966, 1972 (translated into English: Mathematics for the modern mind, MacMillan 1967).
 Knaurs book of modern physics. Droemer / Knaur 1965th
 Knaurs Book of thinking machines -. Information theory and cybernetics Knaur 1968th
 Knaurs book of electronics.
 Parents discover the new mathematics. Quantities and numbers 1970th
 Knaurs book of the New Learning. 1969th
 Parents discover the new logic.
 And Muhammad is their prophet -. The Arabs and their world 1975th
 Rebus from the drawing board - an introduction to the modern philosophy Knaur 1972 (on analytic philosophy)..
 Before the earth moved - a world history of physics DVA 1975th.
 Formula and fantasy -. A world history of mathematics DVA 1977 (the book was never finished and treated essentially only the antiquity), rororo 1979th
 Life under distant suns? Droemer / Knaur 1973rd
 The Dog Planet -. Canedusische thought one story Droemer / Knauer 1973rd
 Poetry as editor of our mid-century, Kösel Verlag 1965 (with interpretations of fox).

References 

German science writers
1937 births
1976 deaths
Mónica Zetzsche. Mónica Susana López de Zetzsche is an Argentine engineer.

Biography
Zetzsche studied Engineering at the University of Buenos Aires.

Since 1992 she presides López Castro SRL.

She has been President of YWCA (2003-2007).

References

University of Buenos Aires alumni
Argentine women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Argentine businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
German submarine U-867. German submarine U-867 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during the Second World War.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-867 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-867 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  Flak M42 as well as two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
She was ordered	on 25 August 1941 and laid down in Bremen, Germany on 5 February 1943, being launched on 24 August 1943. She had one commander, Kapitän zur See Arved von Mühlendahl, for her one patrol. She had a complement of 60.

U-867 was scuttled on 19 September 1944 north-west of Bergen, Norway after depth charges were dropped from a British RAF B-24 Liberator which badly damaged her.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type IX submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
1943 ships
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Bremen (state)
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
U-boats sunk by depth charges
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in September 1944
Jean-Loup Baer. Jean-Loup Baer is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington.

Biography
Jean-Loup Baer received a Diplome d'Ingénieur in Electrical Engineering and the Doctorat 3e cycle in Computer Science from the University of Grenoble (France) and a Ph.D. from University of California, Los Angeles in 1968 under the supervision of Gerald Estrin.

Awards and honors
Baer was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 1992 "for contributions to the design and analysis of parallel computer systems". In 1997, the Association for Computing Machinery named him an ACM Fellow "for contributions to the design and evaluation of parallel processing systems, in particular in the areas of cache coherence protocols and techniques to tolerate memory latency".

Books

 Computer Systems Architecture (Computer Science Press, 1980)
 Microprocessor Architecture: From Simple Pipelines to Chip Multiprocessors (Cambridge University Press, 2010)

References

External links
 University of Washington: Professor Emeritus, University of Washington homepage

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
1997 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Stinson Model O. The Stinson Model O was an American single-engined military trainer aircraft of the 1930s designed built by the Stinson Aircraft Company. Based on the Stinson SR, the Model O was designed to meet a requirement of the Honduran Air Force, forming the initial equipment of that air arm.

Design and development
In 1933, New Zealander Lowell Yerex, who had flown reconnaissance flights in his Stinson Detroiter for forces loyal to Honduran President-elect Tiburcio Carías Andino in a civil war in December 1931, and subsequently founded the South American airline consortium TACA, was tasked with buying trainers and counter-insurgency aircraft for the Escuela Nacional de Aviación or National Aviation School, which was later to form the core of the Honduran Air Force. Following discussions between Yerex and the Stinson Aircraft Company, Robert Hall, designer of the Gee Bee Model Z racing aircraft, designed an aircraft to meet the Honduran requirement.

Hall's design, the Model O, was a parasol wing monoplane which used the wings and tail surfaces of the Stinson SR Reliant four-seat private aircraft, combining them with a new fuselage seating the crew of two in tandem in open cockpits (the Model O was the first and only Stinson aircraft to have open cockpits). The aircraft was powered by a Lycoming R-680 radial engine, rated at  and capable of running on low-octane rating fuel. The aircraft could be armed with two fixed forward-firing machine guns, with a further machine gun flexibly mounted in the observer's cockpit, while a bomb rack could be mounted beneath the fuselage. Design and construction proceeded quickly, with the prototype first flying in May 1933.

Operational history
Honduras purchased three Model Os, taking delivery in December 1933, when they formed the initial equipment of the Escuela Nacional de Aviación, with Honduran serial numbers 1–3. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Honduras's Model Os were used to carry out patrols along the coast of the still-neutral country. One of the Model Os went missing during such a patrol, but the other two were still in use at the end of the Second World War in 1945.

A total of nine Model Os were built, with three being sold to China, one to Argentina and one to Brazil. With the Spanish Civil War raging, an attempt was made in 1938 by Republican Spain to purchase 100 Model Os, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's brother-in-law Hall Roosevelt acting as negotiator for the Spanish, but the American arms embargo stopped the deal. The prototype remained in the United States as a civil aircraft, and was still in use in 1946.

A replica Model O was constructed by Evergreen Aviation Services of Portland, Oregon, using the wings and tail of a Stinson SR-5 Reliant and a fuselage and wing center-section reconstructed from photographs. It first flew on March 24, 2010.

Operators

Kwangsi Air Force purchased three Model Os in 1934.

Honduran Air Force

Specifications

Notes

References

External links

 Stinson Model 'O' Re-Creation Confirmed for Oshkosh – AirVenture (Archived)

1930s United States military trainer aircraft
O
Philidas. Philidas Ltd. (previously named Infast Philidas) is a company based in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England that manufactures nuts and components for automotive and industrial applications.

History
The company was established in 1942, and is a branch of the Haden MacLellan engineering group. Prior to this the company was a part of B Elliott, which sold Philidas to Haden MacLellan in 2000. Philidas manufactures automobile fasteners in both small and large-scale batches. The company's products are distributed on a global basis. In 2005, it was reported that the company manufactures 110 million fasteners annually. Philidas had a factory on Monkhill Lane, Pontefract. But this closed in January 2014. Some of Philidas' clients include BMW, Jaguar, Ford and Bosch.

Philidas nut
A Philidas nut is a locknut with one or more slots cut laterally in the reduced-diameter circular top for less than half the diameter, the metal above the slot(s) being deformed downwards so that over the last one or two turns, the thread for half the diameter is "axially depitched" or displaced from its normal position.  As the nut is threaded on, the displaced sections are elastically forced back axially to their original position, the load increasing the friction between the nut and the fastener, creating the locking action. These nuts retain their locking action at temperatures limited only by the base material, as no polymeric insert is used, and as the locking action is by elastic deformation, they can be re-used multiple times. They may look similar, but differ substantially from the split beam nut because the former has a radial displacement of the deformed portion, while the Philidas nut uses axial deflection or depitching.

There are at least two basic types, the original "Industrial" type with two slots, one on each side of the diameter but axially aligned, and the "Turret" where both slots are aligned radially, one above the other. The Turret type appears to reduce the risk of failure of the locking action due to fracture between the base of both slots, which may be a limitation of the Industrial type.

Philidas, the original and current manufacturer, is a tradename for these nuts, which were patented in 1942.

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website

Nuts (hardware)
Companies based in Wakefield
KnowledgeMan. KnowledgeMan was an early computer database management system created by Micro Data Base Systems of Lafayette, Indiana.  KnowledgeMan was introduced in 1983 and was a PC-sized version of the company's mainframe computing database software.  KnowledgeMan was promoted to users of dBase as faster database and using more sophisticated computing power. It had a macro language and SQL "structured query language" that allowed reports, its own spreadsheet interface and statistical graphics, i.e., pie charts, bar charts, etc. KnowledgeMan was designed by David Bartkus.

KnowledgeMan was the first database management system to be ported from a mainframe system.  It was also the first written for the 16-bit PC processor.  KnowledgeMan was the first to separate the database engine from the command interface, something that Microsoft Access was lauded for a decade later.

Micro Data Base Systems developed a graphical user interface for KnowledgeMan (by then more frequently called KMan) in 1985, although this was not popular with developers, who preferred to use the software's command line interface.  In 1986 they introduced Guru, an expert system that incorporated KnowledgeMan's database and a graphical user interface.  In the mid-1990s, KnowledgeMan was folded into Guru.

In 2004, Micro Data Base Systems folded and its product line was taken over by Savitar Corporation.  Savitar folded in 2008.

Uses

Besides its uses in business computing, KnowledgeMan was used by archaeologists, including on a Neanderthal site in France, and on the remains of New Amsterdam in New York City and elsewhere, by physicists at FermiLab, and in a wide range of other domains.

References

Fourth-generation programming languages
1983 software
DOS software
Desktop database application development tools
Microcomputer software
Proprietary database management systems
Alisport Silent 2 Electro. The Alisport Silent 2 Electro is an Italian mid-wing, single-seat motor glider, designed and produced by Alisport of Cremella and provided as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft. The aircraft was introduced at the Aero show held in Friedrichshafen in 2011.

Design and development
The Silent 2 Electro was derived from the Alisport Silent 2 Targa and differs primarily in having the front electric sustainer with its nose-mounted electric motor and propeller and associated batteries and controllers. It was originally called the Silent Targa E.

The aircraft is made from composites and features a T-tail. The wing skins are made from a composite sandwich built over pultruded carbon fibre spars. Its  span, elliptical planform wing employs a 16% IMD 050 airfoil, has an area of  and mounts flaperons. The bubble canopy tips up for access and has a built-in vent. The landing gear consists of a retractable main monowheel gear, a fixed (or optionally steerable) tail wheel and faired polymer wing tip wheels. The  electric motor is powered by two lithium polymer battery packs mounted near the aircraft's center of gravity, totalling a capacity of 4.3 kWh and weighing 15.5 kg (34.2 lbs). The nose-mounted propeller folds alongside the aircraft's nose when not powered to reduce drag and self-deploys when power is applied. The propeller mounting location eliminates the need for a retractable pylon and allows instant restarts of the engine without preparation, at any time in flight.

The take-off distance on asphalt is  and the engine gives a climb rate of 2.0 m/s (400 ft/min).

Specifications (Silent 2 Electro)

See also

References

External links

2010s Italian sailplanes
Alisport aircraft
Juan Sobrino. Juan Sobrino is a civil engineer, known internationally for designing more than 400 bridges, introduction of advanced materials in bridges and innovative bridge designs. He is the founder of Pedelta, an international structural engineering firm.

Sobrino was an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 2010 to 2012, and a part-time associate professor at Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

Education
Dr. Sobrino studied Civil Engineering at Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), and earned Master of Science in 1990. He went on to pursue a PhD in Civil Engineering.  He has been actively involved in sharing his industry experience and research experience with students and young engineers as he is frequently invited as a guest speaker in Civil Engineering departments of universities including Princeton and the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.

Career
Dr. Sobrino founded Pedelta immediately after earning his PhD in 1994. Since then, he has been involved in design of new bridges, as well as assessment and rehabilitation of existing bridges in USA, Canada, Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Awards
 2003 IABSE (International Association for Bridge & Structural Engineering) award 
 2005 GFRP Lleida Footbridge Awarded with Footbridge Award. Venice, Italy.
 2012 Innovation award Spain, Spanish Board of Civil Engineers, Valencia, Spain.
 2012 The Triplets, La Paz, Bolivia awarded with Eugene C.Figg Jr. medal, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
 2015 Medal of Professional Merit, Spanish Board of Civil Engineers, Madrid, Spain.

Innovations
Amongst his various innovative bridge designs, his application of use of advance materials has reached international recognition, with completed bridge examples including  the first stainless steel vehicular bridge in Menorca, the stainless steel arch pedestrian bridge in Sant Fruitos, the first hybrid stainless steel and GFRP pedestrian  bridges of Zumaia and Vilafant, as well as the Abetxuko Bridge, a steel girder/organic form bridge.

Notable projects

See also
Cala Galdana Bridge  
Abetxuko Bridge
GFRP Lleida Pedestrian Bridge

References
 

Living people
Spanish civil engineers
Bridges in Spain
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)