omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Torpedo Experimental Establishment. The Torpedo Experimental Establishment (T.E.E.) also known as the Admiralty Torpedo Experimental Establishment was a former research department of the British Department of Admiralty from 1947 to 1959. It was responsible for the design, development and production of torpedoes for the Royal Navy. In 1959 its work and staff merged with the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment. The department was administered by the Superintendent, Torpedo Experiment and Design.

History
Research into the development of torpedoes first occurred during the end of the 19th century. Initially this took place at the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich. Further research work was then undertaken at the Royal Naval Torpedo Factory, Greenock, Scotland with additional torpedo experimentation being undertaken by a private contractor, the Whitehead Torpedo Works based in Weymouth, Dorset.

In 1937, the Admiralty acquired another factory at Alexandria, Scotland, to boost production. With the advent of World War Two the Whitehead Torpedo Works barely maintained the production outputs required of them. In 1943 the Admiralty decided to set up an additional department at their factory. Collectively these centers of research and development became known as the Torpedo Experimental Establishment. It continued to operate until 1959 when it was closed. Its work was continued by the newly created Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment (AUWE) based at Portland, Dorset, England.

The establishment was administered the Superintendent, Torpedo Experiment and Design.

Superintendent, Torpedo Experiment and Design
Included:

 1942–1950, Captain F. T. de. M. Morgan. (also Superintendent Royal Naval Torpedo Factory, Greenock)
 1951–1958, H. Turner. (also Superintendent Royal Naval Torpedo Factory, Alexandria)
 1958–1959, Captain G. O. Symonds.

References

Sources
 Archives, National (1930–1960). "Admiralty: Royal Navy Torpedo Factory and Torpedo Experimental Establishment: Reports and Technical Notes". Richmond, London, England: The National Archives.
 Commons, House of (1959). "Torpedo Experimental Establishment, Greenock (Hansard, 8 July 1959)". api.parliament.uk. Hansard.
 Great Britain, Admiralty (1945). The Navy List. London, England: H.M. Stationery Office.
 Great Britain, Admiralty (1946). The Navy List. London, England: H.M. Stationery Office.
 Great Britain, Admiralty (1956). The Navy List. London, England: H.M. Stationery Office.
 Harding, Richard (2002). The Royal Navy 1930-1990: Innovation and Defense. Cambridge, England: Routledge. .

Admiralty departments
Kinova. Kinova is a Canadian technology company that manufactures service robotics platforms and applications for personal assistance. The company is headquartered in Boisbriand, Quebec, Canada.

History
In 2006, Charles Deguire and Louis-Joseph L'Écuyer founded Kinova as an independent manufacturer of robotic devices. Deguire's uncle was an inventor who created a manipulator for his wheelchair, which became the basis for the company to create the robotic arms. By 2009, Kinova had introduced a robotic arm that could fit onto any standard wheelchair and allow users to feed themselves.

From 2016 to 2018, Kinova expanded its operations, opening offices in Germany and China. In 2017, Kinova announced that it had raised $25 million in funding backed by investors KTB Network, BDC Venture Capital, Fonds Manufacturier Québécois and Foxconn Technology Group. Later in the year, the company collaborated and partnered with McGill University to increase their collaborative research involving medical, surgical and assistive robotics.

Products
Kinova produces the Jaco Assistive robotic arm, a six-axis robotic manipulator arm with a two- or three-finger hand to improve the life of people with mobility issues.

Kinova also provides accessories such as arm grippers, actuators and controllers.

See also
 Assistive technology
 Rehabilitation robotics
 Medical robot
 Industrial robot

References

Companies based in Quebec
Technology companies of Canada
2006 establishments in Canada
Air Highnesses. Air Highnesses is a cargo airline from Armenia. The airline commenced operations in 2008. The airline has its main hub at Zvartnots International Airport and its fleet consists of one Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft.

Fleet

Incidents and accidents
 30 November 2012 - Freighter aircraft bearing registration EK-76300 (Ilyushin Il-76T), owned and operated by Air Highnesses (on behalf of Congolese cargo airline Aéro-Service) crashed at Maya-Maya Airport while landing, killing five crew members, one passenger and 26 people on the ground (a total of 32 fatalities). 14 people on the ground were injured in the accident.

See also
 List of airlines of Armenia
 List of airports in Armenia
 Transport in Armenia

References 

Airlines of Armenia
Airlines established in 2008
Armenian companies established in 2008
Ghassan Al-Shibl. Ghassan bin Abdurrahman Al-Shibl (Arabic: غسان بن عبدالرحمن الشبل)  is a Saudi engineer, born in 1959, and the chairman of the board of directors of the Local Content and Government Procurement Commission appointed by King Salman on December 27, 2018. Al-shibl is also a member of Council of Economic and Development Affairs.

Education 

 B.S.c in Civil Engineering from King Saud University, 1982.
 M.S. in Engineering Management George Washington University, USA in 1986.
 Ph.D. degree in Engineering Management George Washington University, USA in 1990.

Career 

 Teaching Assistant at the university (1982 - 1983). 
 Served as the director of the follow-up department, General Administration of Projects, Ministry of Interior (1983 - 1990).
 The founder of the Boroz Advanced Technology. 
 Joined Advanced Electronics Company (AEC) in 1990 as vice president, chief operating officer, then became executive vice president in 1994.
 Chairman of Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), 2018.
 Chief Executive Officer, Managing Director at SRMG (2017-2018).
 Chairman of the Board at Saudi Arabian Airlines Corporation since (2017-2018).

References 

1959 births
Arab engineers
King Saud University alumni
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Living people
Square-law detector. In electronic signal processing, a square law detector is a device that produces an output proportional to the square of some input. For example, in demodulating radio signals, a semiconductor diode can be used as a square law detector, providing an output current proportional to the square of the amplitude of the input voltage over some range of input amplitudes. A square law detector provides an output directly  proportional to the power of the input electrical signal.

References

Signal processing
Richard C. Bradt. Richard Carl Bradt (17 November 1938 – 3 January 2019) was an American materials engineer.

Bradt was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and raised in Mascoutah, Illinois. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in metallurgy and began working for Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation. After four years with Fansteel, Bradt enrolled at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for graduate study in materials engineering. He earned a master's degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1967. Bradt joined the Pennsylvania State University faculty upon earning his Ph.D. He taught at Penn State until 1983, when he became a member of the University of Washington faculty. While in Seattle, Beadt was appointed to the Kyocera Professorship. In 1989, Bradt began teaching at the Mackay School of Mines within the University of Nevada, Reno. He was a professor at the University of Alabama between 1994 and 2009. Five years prior to retirement, Bradt was named Alton N. Scott Professor of Engineering. He died at UAB Hospital, in Birmingham, Alabama, on 3 January 2019, aged 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
American materials scientists
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Scientists from St. Louis
Scientists from Illinois
People from St. Clair County, Illinois
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Alabama faculty
University of Nevada, Reno faculty
University of Washington faculty
Christopher D. Paice. Christopher D Paice was one of the pioneers of research into stemming. The Paice-Husk stemmer was published in 1990 and his method of evaluation of stemmer performance by means of Error Rate with Respect to Truncation (ERRT) was the first direct method of comparing under-stemming and over-stemming errors. Apart from his pioneering work on stemming algorithms and evaluation methods he made other research contributions in the area of Information Retrieval, anaphora resolution and automatic abstracting.

Teaching career 
Christopher D Paice was a member of the School of Computing and Communications (SCC) at Lancaster University, United Kingdom for around forty years, initially joining the then Department of Computer Studies as a Research Associate in 1969-70; then moving on to a Lectureship. He was acting Head of Department in 1977-78, Head of Department 1979-82 and retired in 2009.

The Paice-Husk Stemming Algorithm 
The Paice-Husk Stemmer was developed by Chris D Paice with the assistance of Gareth Husk in the Computing Department at Lancaster University, in the late 1980s, it features an externally stored set of stemming rules, and this flexibility over the Porter stemmer made it of interest to several researchers.

Originally implemented in Pascal programming language, further implementations have been made using ANSI C and Java. A Perl version was implemented by Mary Taffet at the Center for Natural Language Processing at Syracuse University, USA.

The stemmer consists of a stemming algorithm and a separate set of stemming rules. The standard set of rules provides a 'strong' stemmer. Stemmer strength is a quality that is advantageous for index compression, however, it produce a larger number of Overstemming errors relative to the number of Understemming errors; users who need a lighter stemmer can easily develop their own set of rules.

The Stemmer is iterative (i.e. endings are removed piecemeal in an indefinite number of stages) and the rules may specify the removal or replacement of an ending. The replacement technique avoids the need for a separate stage in the process to recode or provide partial matching; this helps maintain the efficiency of the algorithm. The rules are indexed by the last letter of the ending to allow efficient searching.

Stemmer Evaluation
Apart from the Stemmer itself, Chris Paice developed a method for directly measuring the performance of stemmers using grouped lists of words applied to the stemmer, counting the number of overstemming and understemming errors, then comparing the results with what would have been obtained by using a set of truncation stemmers. The final measure being the Error Rate Relative to Truncation (ERRT).

Personal life 
Christopher D Paice was born in 1941, he married Kathleen F Moss in 1965 in the Manchester Registration district.
In 2015 he was diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumour, shortly after he and his wife moved away from Cumbria to Stratford, he passed away 21 April 2016.

Publications

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
Information retrieval researchers
Michelle Effros. Michelle Effros is the George Van Osdol Professor of Electrical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. She has made significant contributions to data compression.

Early life and education 
Effros earned her bachelor's degree at Stanford University in 1989. She was awarded the Stanford University Frederick Emmons Terman Engineering Scholastic Award for excellence in engineering. She remained there for her graduate studies, earning a master's degree in 1990 and a PhD in 1994. She worked under the supervision of Robert M. Gray. She spent 1988 and 1989 at Hughes Aircraft Company, studying modulation schemes and future space technology. Her graduate studies were supported by the Hughes Aircraft Company, National Science Foundation and AT&T. She worked on lossy and lossless compression and source coding.

Research 
She moved to California Institute of Technology in 1994 as an assistant professor. Here she founded the Caltech Data Compression Lab, where she continued her work in source coding and point-to-point networks. In the Data Compression Lab, Effros investigates network source coding. Her work was initially supported by a National Science Foundation CAREER Award. She established ways to calculate the capacity of large communication networks, building computational tools to bound them. She has written about the rise of wireless networks and their independence of fix infrastructure. Working with Qian Zhao, Effros developed a new technique to compress data using a multiple access source code. In 2001 Effros was selected as one of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Top Innovators Under 35. She introduced an approach that used random linear network coding to transmit and compress information. They went on to show the benefits of this technique over routing-based approaches.

Effros was awarded the IEEE Communications Society & Information Theory Society Joint Paper Award in 2009 for her work on linear network coding. In 2015 she served as President of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Information Theory Society. She delivered a talk at the Claude Shannon Centennial Symposium, discussing communication theory and reliability.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Electrical engineering academics
Data compression researchers
R. Scott Williams. Robert Scott Williams is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force. He final assignment was the commander of the First Air Force at Tyndall Air Force Base. He has over 3,900 flight hours, including 300 combat hours.

Air Force career
After graduating with a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology, Williams commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force in November 1984. He attended pilot training at Columbus Air Force Base, and subsequently served as a T-38 Talon instructor pilot. In 1990, he transitioned to flying the F-16 Fighting Falcon, and later served as a fighter pilot at Macdill Air Force Base, Spangdahlem Air Base, Osan Air Base, and McEntire Joint National Guard Base. Additionally, he was the branch and division chief in several departments at the Air National Guard Readiness Center (ANGRC) and The Pentagon.  He attended the National Defense University and commanded the 169th Operations Group, the 169th Fighter Wing, and the ANGRC. He was the chief of the Office of Military Cooperation in the United States Embassy in Kuwait. In July 2016, he assumed command of the First Air Force and the Continental NORAD Region. In July 2019, he retired from the United States Air Force.

Awards and decorations

Effective dates of promotion

References

Georgia Tech alumni
Living people
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
United States Air Force personnel of the Iraq War
Year of birth missing (living people)
C2HNO2. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C2HNO2}}
The molecular formula C2HNO2 (molar mass: 71.03 g/mol, exact mass: 71.0007 u) may refer to:

 Carbonocyanidic acid
 Formyl cyanate
 (Hydroxyimino)ethenone HONCCO
 2-Nitrosoethenone ONC(H)CO
 Oximide
Oximide. Oximide is an unstable chemical compound, the cyclic imide of oxalic acid. Other names for this are the systematic name 2,3-Aziridinedione or oxalimide. The chemical formula is C2HNO2. Its core is a three member heterocycle, aziridine.

Production
In 1886 Ost and Mente claimed to produce oximide by the reaction of oxamic acid with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5). However, a product with a six member ring, tetraketopiperazine, may have been produced instead. Later attempts to reproduce the production of oximide by this method were a failure. The first successful manufacture of oximide was by Hiromu Aoyama, Masami Sakamoto, and Yoshimori Omote in 1980.

Properties
Aziridine-2,3-dione has an infrared absorption band at 1954 cm−1.

Related
The term "oximide" has also been used for oximes.

Derivatives of oximide exist where the hydrogen atom is substituted by other organic groups such as methyl or phenyl. When 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolinedione is irradiated by ultraviolet light with wavelength 335 nm in a noble gas matrix, some methylaziridine-2,3-dione is made (along with isocyanates, carbon monoxide and dinitrogen). Similarly 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolinedione irradiated by ultraviolet light with wavelength 310 nm makes some phenylaziridine-2,3-dione. Shorter wavelength ultraviolet light decomposes these compounds to isocyanates (-NCO).

Another method to produce oximide derivatives is by the photolysis of substituted diphenylmaleylimide ozonide at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) in a potassium bromide matrix.  Derivatives made this way are methyl, isopropyl and phenylethyl-aziridine-2,3-dione. These compounds are unstable at higher temperatures, and when heated, decompose to carbon monoxide and isocyanates.

References

Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring
Diketones
Imides
Nitrogen heterocycles
Three-membered rings
Substances discovered in the 1980s
Mower Road – Cole Drain Bridge. The Mower Road – Cole Drain Bridge is a bridge carrying Mower Road over the Cole Drain in Spaulding Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is likely the longest straight chord through girder still extant on public roads.

History
The Mower Road – Cole Drain Bridge was designed by the Michigan State Highway Department in 1920. The department contracted with Denton and Johnson of Saginaw, who constructed it that year. The bridge has stayed in service until the present.

Description
The Mower Road – Cole Drain Bridge is a three-span concrete structure, consisting of three concrete through girder spans. The spans are supported by concrete abutments and piers with bullnosed cutwaters. The bridge contains straight 45-foot girders, which form the guardrails on either side of the concrete slab deck. Rectangular recessed panels on the exterior of the girders provide a minimal decoration. Bronze "State Reward Bridge" plates are attached to each girder.

References

External links
Images of the bridge from HistoricBridges.com

		
National Register of Historic Places in Saginaw County, Michigan
Infrastructure completed in 1920
Glass, Elliot & Co. Glass, Elliot & Co was a business formed by the partnership of the mining engineer George Elliot with  Richard Atwood Glass in 1854. When William Kuper and Co. went bankrupt in 1894 they were manufacturing wire rope in premises on the Surrey Canal. Their manager, George Elliot, relocated the firm to Morden Wharf gaining a sub lease from Charles Holcombe. By 1854 Elliott had paid off both creditors and family investors in the Kuper company and established his new business with Richard Glass.

At the instigation of John Pender the company was merged with the Gutta Percha Company in 1864 to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon). John Pender was the first chairperson.

References

Companies formed by management buyout
Ethyl vinyl ether. Ethyl vinyl ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OCH=CH2. It is the simplest enol ether that is liquid at room temperature.  It is used as a synthetic building block and a monomer.

Preparation and reactions
Ethyl vinyl ether is made by reaction of acetylene and ethanol in presence of a base.

The alkene portion of the molecule is reactive in many ways. It is prone to polymerization, leading to formation of polyvinyl ethers. Polymerization is typically initiated with Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride. 

Ethyl vinyl ether participates in many reactions of interest to organic synthesis. With catalytic amounts of acids, ethyl vinyl ether adds to alcohols to give the mixed acetal:
EtOCH=CH2 + ROH → EtOCH(OR)CH3
This alcohol protection reaction is akin to the behavior of dihydropyran.

Ethyl vinyl ether also participates in inverse demand [4+2] cycloaddition reactions.  

Deprotonation with butyl lithium gives the acetyl anion equivalent:
EtOCH=CH2 + BuLi → EtOC(Li)=CH2 + BuH

Toxicity
The toxicity of vinyl ethers has been heavily investigated because they have been used as inhalation anesthetics.  The acute LD50 for the closely related methyl vinyl ether is greater than 4 g/kg (rats, oral).

References 

Ethers
Vinyl compounds
Carmeltazite. Carmeltazite is a rare oxide mineral.  Its first discovery on Earth was announced in 2019, after it was found in Zebulun Valley in Israel. The chemical formula for carmeltazite is ZrAl2Ti4O11.

The International Mineralogical Association's Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names approved the registration of the mineral under application 2018-103. The name is a combination of the location it was found (Mount Carmel) and the major elements (titanium, aluminium and zirconium). It has properties similar to Allendeite.

References

Oxide minerals
Zirconium minerals
Kuwait Motor Town. Kuwait Motor Town is a  motor racing circuit in Kuwait, located  south of the capital Kuwait City. The main circuit is the first circuit in Kuwait to hold an FIA Grade One and FIM Grade A licence. The Kuwait Motor Town aims to place Kuwait at the forefront of world-class motorsport events.

History
The circuit was penned by Formula One circuit designer Hermann Tilke in early 2017. Construction was undertaken by KCC Engineering and Contracting Company at a reported cost of KWD49 million (US$162 million). Circuit construction was completed in December 2018 with the circuit opening in 2019. Further development around the circuit is set to take place, including an "Entertainment City" shopping centre. 

The first event held at the circuit was the opening round of the 2019 Middle East Rally Championship on March 28. 

In terms of international auto racing series, 24H Series was the first event, which was held on 2 December 2022.

Events 

 Former

 24H Series Middle East Trophy 
 12 Hours of Kuwait (2022–2023)
 F4 Saudi Arabian Championship (2024)
 Formula 4 UAE Championship (2023)
 Formula Regional Middle East Championship (2023)
 Radical Cup Kuwait (2023–2024)

Lap records

As of December 2023, the fastest official race lap records at Kuwait Motor Town are listed as:

See also
 Kuwait National Cultural District

Notes

References

External links
 Kuwait Motor Town website (in Arabic)

Kuwait Motor Town
Kuwait Motor Town
Entertainment venues in Kuwait
Racing circuits designed by Hermann Tilke
Kuwait Motor Town