omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Commercial Aviation Safety Team. The Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) is a US aviation safety partnership between regulators, manufacturers, operators and professional unions, research groups, international organizations to further enhance safety.  It was founded in 1997 with a goal to reduce the fixed-wing commercial aviation fatality rate in the United States by 80 percent by 2007. By 2007 CAST was able to report that by implementing safety enhancements, the fatality rate of commercial air travel in the United States was reduced by 83 percent.  In 2008, the Commercial Aviation Safety Team won the Collier Trophy. In 2010, CAST envisioned a further reduction in fatalities of fifty percent by 2025.

History 
The Commercial Aviation Safety Team was founded in 1997 in response to the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security Report that called for a reduction of the commercial aviation accident rate by 80 percent by 2007. From their analysis of thousands of aviation incidents and accidents, CAST formed lessons learned and envisioned critical safety enhancements.  Their efforts marked 2008 as the safest year in commercial aviation.  Fatal commercial accidents reduced by 83 percent, to a probability of one in 22.8 million flights.

CAST focuses on Part 121 scheduled airliner operations.  The CAST team uses a data-driven approach to: analyze safety data; identify hazards; develop specific safety enhancements; implement cost-effective safety enhancements; track implementation; monitor the effectiveness of the safety mitigations; and use experience to continually improve the aviation system. The CAST team shares its findings with aviation safety organizations around the world. The CAST team's new goal is to reduce the remaining part 121 accident risk (50%) by 2025.  It plans to achieve this goal by using industry data and analytical tools from Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing Initiative.

References

External links
 ESSI website
 CAST website
 European Aviation Safety Authority website
 
 FAA Safety Team Website

Aviation safety
Collier Trophy recipients
2008 in aviation
Aviation history of the United States
Neilson Golden Bear. The Neilson NC-1 Golden Bear, aka Neilson Coach was an American, three-place, high wing cabin aircraft, flown in 1929. It did not go into production.

Design and development

The Golden Bear was a high wing aircraft built around a welded steel tube structure which incorporated chrome-molybdenum alloys where stresses were high. The two spar wing was rectangular in plan and braced to the lower fuselage longerons with parallel struts from the spars. The central wing was joined to the top of the cabin. On the prototype the wing, like the rest of the aircraft, was fabric-covered, though production models would have had metal covering.

The prototype was powered by a  Comet 7-D seven cylinder radial engine, mounted with its cylinder heads exposed for cooling, though the second example was scheduled to have a seven cylinder  Wright J-6-7 Whirlwind. The cabin was well-windowed for both pilot and passengers, with a windowed luggage compartment aft and doors on both sides. There were two unusual safety features. The central wing structure provided space for an aircraft rescue parachute, a concept under test at the time. Second, the cabin doors could be jettisoned together in flight with a single lever so that the two passengers could escape individually and rapidly by parachute. The tail was conventional, with a low aspect ratio, roughly rectangular plan horizontal tail mounted on top of the fuselage. It had a cropped triangular fin with a rounded, balanced rudder which reached down to the keel.

The Golden Bear had conventional, fixed landing gear, with independent axles and drag struts from the lower fuselage longerons. The vertical, shock absorbing legs were mounted on the forward wing struts at points reinforced by short struts to both upper and lower fuselage longerons. Its tailwheel was also fitted with a shock absorber.

The date of the Golden Bear's first flight is not known, though its test programme was flown by Ray Crayford from the then new Berkeley, California airport. By August 1929 the first production shop of a proposed factory was completed. The prototype survived until August 1939 when it was destroyed by a crowd at an Oakland Speedway thrill show, disappointed at not getting their money's worth. It is not known if the second example was completed.

Specifications

References

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States sport aircraft
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
HMS Cardiff (F89). HMS Cardiff is the second Batch 1 Type 26 frigate to be built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The first steel was cut on 14 August 2019. The Type 26 class will partially replace the navy's thirteen Type 23 frigates, and will be a multi-mission warship designed for anti-submarine warfare, air defence and general purpose operations.
The frigate is currently being fitted out at the BAE Systems Maritime in Glasgow, the second to enter production as part of a £3.7 billion contract for three ships announced by the MoD in 2017, preceded by her sister ship .  is to follow.

Like Glasgow, the frigate was built at the BAE Systems Maritime shipyard at Govan, then transferred onto the semi-submersible heavy-lift barge Malin Augustea CD01. On 30 August 2024, Cardiff was taken on the barge down the Clyde and up Loch Long to the Glen Mallan jetty, to be floated off the barge and enter the water for the first time. A few days later, it was taken by tugs upriver to the BAE Scotstoun shipyard for fitting out.

References

Type 26 frigates of the Royal Navy
Messerschmitt P.1107. The Messerschmitt P.1107 (also Me P.1107) was a jet-powered bomber project developed in the final years of the Second World War.

Design and development 
On January 25, 1945, Messerschmitt proposed the P.1107/I jet-powered bomber.  The P.1107/I was designed using experiences from the company's earlier Me 264 bomber, and was to be powered by two BMW 018 turbojet engines mounted in pods under the wings, or four BMW 003D or Heinkel HeS 109-011 turbojet engines in twin-pods under the wings.  The steel and duralumin fuselage was to have been taken from the Me 264, while the wings were to be constructed of wood.  Landing gear was to consist of two large diameter main wheels which retracted into the fuselage and twin nose wheels, and the empennage was to have a high set tailplane. Fuel tanks were to be carried in the mid fuselage and wings.  The pressurized, heated cabin would have housed the crew of four, as well as the radio and radar equipment.  Offensive armament was to be a bomb load of 4,000 kg carried in the fuselage, no defensive armament was proposed.  The P.1107/I was rejected by the RLM as it determined that it would not have enough speed or maximum altitude to reach the United States safely.

Later on, the design would be refined as the P.1107/II. This variant would have been of all metal construction, and powered by four Heinkel HeS 011 engines located in the wing roots. A V-tail was to have been fitted. The prototype of the P.1107/II was in the early stages of construction when the war ended.

Drawings exist of a third variant, labeled IX-122.  This variant is depicted without a tailplane and with a much larger wing.  The main landing gear was to retract into the wings, while the single nose wheel would have rotated 90 degrees before retracting backward under the cabin.

Variants 
P.1107/I (P.1107A)
Initial proposal.  Metal fuselage and wooden wings, podded engines, and a T-tail.  Bomber and reconnaissance variants were proposed.

P.1107/II (P.1107B)
Refined proposal.  All-metal construction, engines buried in the wing roots, and a V-tail.  Construction of the prototype was halted by the end of the war.

P.1107 (IX-122)
Tailless variant with a larger wing and redesigned landing gear.

Me 462
Proposed RLM designation for the P.1107.

Specifications (P.1107/I as proposed)

See also

References 

P.1107
Quadjets
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Henry R. Dunham. Henry R. Dunham was an American engineer and machinist. He was known for designing and manufacturing steam engines, most notably the Dunham Engine.

Biography 
Dunham was born in New York during either the late 18th or early 19th century. Dunham's early life is unknown, as he first appears in the historical record in 1834. In 1837 Dunham opened a machine shop on North Moore Street in New York City, later partnering with William Browning to found H.R Dunham and Co., an engineering firm specializing in the manufacture of steam engines. Dunham's firm produced 16 engines from 1836 to 1838, with Dunham's engines being advertised in advertisements and in an issue of the American Railroad Journal. Drawings of Dunham's engine appears in Paul Rapsey Hodge's 1840 book The Steam Engine. Dunham also manufactured parts for other companies. 

Dunham's engines were similar in design to early engines by Baldwin Locomotive Works. He was also granted a patent for an improved rail wheel.

H.R. Dunham and Co. continued operating with both partners until Browning left the venture in 1847. Dunham likely continued in the business until 1856, the last year his products were listed in a New York directory.

As of 1849, Dunham was part of the American Institute of the City of New York's committee on manufacturers. In 1851 his name appears on senatorial documents crediting for him for manufacturing boilers used on the navy steam ship Fulton - likely USS Fulton.

References 

19th-century American engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
Drogon (software). Drogon is a HTTP application framework written in the C++ programming language, supporting either C++20 or C++17 with Boost. Drogon can be used to build various web application server programs using C++. It is a cross-platform framework, supporting Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, HaikuOS and Windows. 

The name Drogon comes from the dragon named Drogon in the TV series Game of Thrones.

In May 2020, Drogon has won the first place in the TechEmpower benchmark Round 19 Composite framework score.

References

External links
 

C++ libraries
Free software programmed in C++
Web frameworks
Software using the MIT license
Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System. The Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto-GCAS) enhances safety by mitigating controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) accidents. The Auto-GCAS team was awarded the 2018 Collier Trophy for the design-integration and flight testing in the F-35, marking the year's greatest achievement in aeronautics. This team includes the Air Force Research Laboratory, Lockheed Martin, the F-35 Joint Program Office, the Defense Safety Oversight Council, and NASA.

The Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System uses inputs from terrain mapping, aircraft location, and automation to avoid ground collisions. The Auto-GCAS system detects imminent ground contact and warns the pilot. If there is no pilot response, the Auto-GCAS takes control, maneuvering to avoid ground contact. When on a safe trajectory, with pilot awareness, control returns to the pilot. Pilot unresponsiveness can be attributed to many factors including: distraction, task saturation, incapacitation, and unconsciousness. The Auto-GCAS system successfully reduced the leading cause of F-16 pilot fatalities.

NASA started working on Auto-GCAS starting in 1997. The system was then jointly developed at the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works and at NASA. In July 2019, seven years ahead of schedule, Lockheed Martin began integration of Auto-GCAS into the F-35 fleet.

References

Aviation safety
Aircraft collision avoidance systems
Collier Trophy recipients
2018 in aviation
Aviation history of the United States
Air Force Research Laboratory
NASA
Research Lab
Butwal Technical Institute. The Butwal Technical Institute (BTI) is a community based technical school located in Butwal, Nepal. The school was established in 1963 by United Mission to Nepal (UMN) in the leadership of Odd Hoftun, a Norwegian Engineer. At that time, Odd Hoftun was deputed for the construction of Tansen Mission Hospital by UMN. During the construction of the hospital, he could not find local skilled people. This inspired him to initiate the establishment of BTI in a model of apprenticeship training.

The institute also has 1.3% share in Nepal Hydro and Electric, a public company.

Courses
BTI employs production-based training. The training programme in BTI has four-year apprenticeship style. The trainees receive classroom instruction followed by comprehensive practical and on-the-job training in collaboration with the affiliated companies. Currently, it offers training in Mechanical, Electrical, Carpentry and Welding. BTI also provides special community-based courses such as women skill development program that was done in 2019 in collaboration with UNDP.

Achievements
BTI has been credited locally for developing enterprises through its technical skill development courses  and in the national level for producing required human resources for development works. The work of BTI aluminai for hydropower construction has been considered detrimental. A survey in 1987 of BTI graduates found that 96% found employment or were self-employed in their related fields.

Support
In 2020, the provincial government provide an aid of NPR 1,000,000 to the institute for infrastructure development.

See also
Education in Nepal
List of engineering colleges in Nepal

External links
 Official website

References

Vocational education in Nepal
Technical schools
Schools in Nepal
1963 establishments in Nepal
Munnar Monorail. Munnar Monorail Project is a project of the government of Kerala in Munnar. The mono rail is to be constructed in the same area where the erstwhile Kundala Valley Railway ran nearly a century earlier. As part of the project, a preliminary study led by Devikulam MLA S Rajendran was conducted. Primary study was submitted to railway department and railway will conduct feasibility study for showing green flag. The initial stage of the project aims at reviving 5 km of the original line. Extension of the remaining 35 km will be done if the project succeeds. The state Tourism minister Kadakmpally Surendran has said that the renewed railway line would draw more number of tourists to the hill stations.

Funding

The project would be developed under public-private-partnership model and Tata Tea Limited will be the private partner in the state government's plan to revive the light railway in Munnar. The project will be designed similar to Darjeeling Rail model.

References 

Monorails in India
Rail transport in Kerala
Noor (artillery rocket). The Noor or Arash 3 is an Iranian 122 mm fin-stabilized artillery rocket. It is speculated to be an Iranian variant of a Chinese or Russian 122 mm artillery rocket.

Characteristics
The Noor rocket is designed to be a part of Iranian light artillery. The rocket is fin-stabilized and has a body of steel and a high explosive warhead. The rocket had a red and silver nose, a green warhead with Iranian flag on side, silver body and gold fins. The rocket has a diameter of 122 mm, a length of 2.05 m, a speed of 720 m/s, a range of 18 km and a payload capacity of 18 kg. It is carried and launched by an Hadid HM 20 rocket launcher system which is a 40-round launcher system mounted on the back of a Mercedes-Benz LAK 2624 6 × 6 truck chassis.

See also
Shahin
Arash
Oghab

References 

Rocket artillery
Artillery of Iran
Haseb (rocket). The Haseb rocket is an Iranian 107 mm Artillery rocket derived from the Chinese Type 63 multiple rocket launcher. It is mounted on a Haseb (same name) Multiple Launch Rocker System (MLRS) with 12-tube 2-wheel split rail similar to that of the Type 63 multiple rocket launcher. The rocket has a range of 9 km and a warhead weighing 8 kg.

Operators

See also
Oghab
Noor
Shahin
Arash
Yaqeen-1

References 

Artillery of Iran
Rocket artillery
Hitachi Jimpu. The Gasuden Jimpu or Kamikaze (later produced by Hitachi) was a Japanese seven-cylinder air-cooled radial aircraft engine from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. It was the first aircraft engine produced by , often abbreviated to Gasuden, and the first production engine produced in Japan. It was produced in large numbers to power training and light aircraft before and during the Pacific War.

Design and development
The early development of aircraft in Japan was fully dependent on engines from abroad, although many of these designs were license built by Japanese companies. Gasuden was no exception, building Le Rhone rotaries in the early 1920s. However, by 1926, the company had gained enough experience to develop its own first engine. Taking inspiration from the Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose, the company developed a seven-cylinder star-shaped radial made of alloy and using an integral impellor-based carburettor. The prototype was first run in 1927 and was the first indigenous design to achieve production in Japan.

The resulting engine was a single row radial with seven cylinders of bore  and stroke . Running on 80 Octane fuel, the engine was rated at sea level at . The engine had no compressor, although some later models were fitted with a single speed mechanical supercharger to boost performance.

Initially, the engine was first known as the , but was later better known as the  as the range of engines produced by the company increased. Production ran from 1928 to 1944.  Large numbers were delivered, primarily for training and other light aircraft. Amongst the more numerous were the Yokosuka K2Y2 Type 3, a derivative of the Avro 504N which was produced from 1929 to 1940, and the Yokosuka K4Y1 seaplane produced between 1933 and 1940, mainly by Watanabe. In May 1939, Hitachi acquired Tokyo Gas and Electric Company, merging the aeronautical part of the business with Hitachi Aircraft. The engine was rebranded Hitachi. Production totalled between 8,300 and 12,500 units.

Variants
Jimpu 2 
Jimpu 3 
Jimpu 6 
Jimpu Kai

The Jimpu 5 or Hitachi Tempu was a 9-cylinder derivative that produced between . The Tempu became an important engine for the company, taking 53% of production in July 1944.

Applications
 Aichi AB-3 130 hp
 Aiba Tsubami IV 130 hp
 Gasuden KR-1 150 hp
 Gasuden KR-2 150 hp
 Hitachi T.2 150 hp
 Kawanishi K8K1 160 hp
 Tachikawa KKY-2 150 hp
 Tachikawa R-38 150 hp
 Watanabe K8W1 160 hp
 Yokosuka E6Y 160 hp
 Yokosuka K2Y2 130 hp 
 Yokosuka K4Y1 130 hp

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1920s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Hitachi aircraft engines
Paige Kassalen. Paige Kassalen (born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American electrical engineer. At age 22, she was the only American, female engineer, and youngest member of the ground crew for the Solar Impulse 2 project. In 2017, she appeared on the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in the energy category. After Solar Impulse, Kassalen helped Covestro build their strategy for materials for autonomous vehicles and shared her work at conferences around the United States. While pursuing her master's degree at Carnegie Mellon, she worked at the Carnegie Mellon Metro21: Smart Cities Institute.

Early life 
Kassalen was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and graduated from Mt. Lebanon High School in 2011.

Education 
Kassalen received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech in 2015, where she was named the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering's Outstanding Senior and Sorority Woman of the Year. After graduation, she accepted a full-time position at Covestro, a chemical company.

In 2020, Kassalen received a Master of Information Systems Management from Carnegie Mellon.

Solar Impulse project 
As a result of the partnership between Covestro and the Solar Impulse project, a position was created for a Covestro representative to join the Solar Impulse 2 flight team. Kassalen applied for this position, and in February 2016 she was offered the opportunity to join the ground crew for the solar-powered aircraft. At 22, she became the youngest member of the crew and was also the only American woman involved in her team. While working as a member of the ground crew, Kassalen's responsibilities included resolving electrical problems in the aircraft and aiding in landing procedures.

References

External links 

 Personal website
 Solar Impulse Foundation website

American engineers
People from Pittsburgh
21st-century American women engineers
Electrical engineers
1993 births
Living people
Kane S. Yee. Kane Shee-Gong Yee (born March 26, 1934) is a Chinese-American electrical engineer and mathematician. He is best known for introducing the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) in 1966.

His research interests include numerical electromagnetics, fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics and numerical analysis of partial differential equations.

Biography
Yee was born on March 26, 1934, in Guangzhou, Republic of China. He received his B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from University of California, Berkeley in 1957 and 1958, respectively. He has completed his PhD in applied mathematics department at the same university under the supervision of Bernard Friedman in 1963; his dissertation involved the study of boundary value problems for Maxwell's equations. From 1959 to 1961, he was employed at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, researching diffraction in electromagnetic waves.

In 1966, Yee published a paper on the use of a finite difference staggered grids algorithm in the solution of Maxwell's equations. Yee was initially motivated by his self-studies in Fortran to develop the method. Appearing on IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, the article received little attention at the time of its release. The incorrect numerical stability conditions on Yee's paper were corrected by Dong-Hoa Lam in 1969 and Allen Taflove and Morris E. Brodwin in 1975. The method was subsequently renamed as finite-difference time-domain method in 1980. FDTD is also referred as Yee algorithm, with its specific discretized grid being known as Yee lattice or Yee cell.

Between 1966 and 1984, Yee became a professor of electrical engineering and mathematics at the University of Florida and later at Kansas State University. He became a consultant to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1966, working on microwave vulnerability problems at the same institute from 1984 to 1987. In 1987, he became a research scientist at Lockheed Palo Alto Research Lab, working on computational electromagnetics problems and retiring in 1996.

Selected publications

See also
 Computational electromagnetics
 Finite difference method
 Finite difference time-domain method
 Finite volume method

References

Living people
1934 births
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century Chinese mathematicians
20th-century American engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
People from Guangzhou
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company people
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
University of Florida faculty
Kansas State University faculty
Electrical engineering academics
Microwave engineers