omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kathleen C. Taylor. Kathleen C. Taylor (born 1942) is a chemist who won the Garvan–Olin Medal in 1989, and is notable for developing catalytic converters for cars.

Education 
Taylor attended Douglass College at Rutgers University, earning a bachelor's in chemistry in 1964. She completed her Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1968 at Northwestern University working with Robert Burwell, Jr. on the surface chemistry of catalysts. Following her Ph.D., she did postdoctoral research at the University of Edinburgh with Charles Kemball where she worked on the use of deuterium to track reactions on catalysts.

Career 
In 1970, Taylor joined General Motors where she is known for her work at General Motors on catalytic converters that helped reduce pollution from car exhaust, following work done earlier by Eugene Houdry. Taylor developed catalytic converters that converted nitric oxide into nitrogen, instead of ammonia, a toxin to humans. In 1987, while at General Motors, Taylor also served as president of the Materials Research Society.

When Taylor was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Engineering in 1995, she was cited "for the development of automotive-exhaust catalytic systems and leadership in materials battery and fuel cell research".

In a 2014 interview, Taylor described her work as an engineer and noted that she selected the field because she liked the challenge of engineering and the employment options that would available to her. As of 2017, she was retired from General Motors, but continued to consult at Columbia University and the United States Department of Energy on projects that reduce impacts on the environment.

Selected publications

Awards 
 1988 - Garvan Award from the American Chemical Society
 1994, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 1995, National Academy of Engineering
 1997, Fellow, Society of Automotive Engineers
 2003, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2006, Indian National Academy of Engineering

Personal life 
Taylor is a painter who works in watercolors on scenes in Florida and Massachusetts.

References

American physical chemists
American women chemists
American automotive engineers
1942 births
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
General Motors people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American women artists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century American women
Laith Shubeilat. Laith Shubeilat (; 28 November 1942 – 18 December 2022) was a Jordanian Islamist politician. He was born in Amman, Jordan in 1942, a son of another Jordanian public figure, Farhan Shubeilat, from Tafila, a city within the southern district of Jordan.

Shubeilat was a graduate of civil engineering from the American University of Beirut in 1964, and gained his master's degree from George Washington University in 1968.

Shubeilat was elected for the first time as the head of Jordanian Engineers Association in 1982 as the first Islamist to win this seat. Later he was appointed for the National Advisory Council in Jordan where he started his political activities. In 1984 he was elected to parliament.

Thereafter, Shubeilat publicly opposed the Jordanian government and was imprisoned on several occasions.

Shubeilat died from a heart attack on 18 December 2022, at the age of 80.

References

External links 
 
  
 
 

1942 births
2022 deaths
Politicians from Amman
American University of Beirut alumni
George Washington University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives (Jordan)
20th-century Jordanian politicians
Jordanian engineers
Mermaid Sapphire. Mermaid Sapphire is an offshore multipurpose vessel. Built in 2009, the ship is used for mostly research and undersea work. 

She is a purpose-built ABS Classed DP2 ROV and air diving support vessel, designed for operation of dual deepwater work-class ROV's (Quasar Compact or Triton XLX) plus optional inspection-class ROV. The ROV's are installed on a dedicated raised deck level, leaving all back deck space for project equipment. Mermaid Sapphire is also equipped with state-of-the-art subsea inspection data acquisition and data management systems. A 23-tonne knuckleboom crane, and auxiliary 5-tonne crane are also installed.

On March 26, 2012, she carried Deepsea Challenger to the Challenger Deep where the first solo dive to the bottom of the trench was made.

References

2009 ships
4D LABS. 4D LABS is a materials science research institute at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada that focuses on the design, development, demonstration, and delivery of advanced functional materials and nanoscale devices. Its $41 million facility opened in Jan 2007 with funding from Canada Foundation for Innovation, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, and Simon Fraser University.

4D LABS is located in the Technology and Science Complex 2 (TASC2) building on the Simon Fraser University campus in Burnaby. This research institute houses 4700 sq ft of Class 100 clean room processing space, high resolution microscopy, an advanced spectroscopy and laser laboratory, and a visiting scientists' laboratory.  It employs a technical staff to provide users with training and fee-for-hire services in nanofabrication, nanoimaging, and LASIR (Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research). It specializes in the clean energy, information technology, health care, agriculture, and environment sectors.

History
4D LABS was founded in 2005 with funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the BC Knowledge Development Fund and SFU. Its $41 million facility on the Burnaby SFU campus opened in January, 2007. The name 4D LABS is derived from the four D's that define its focus: design, development, demonstration, and delivery of advanced functional materials and nanoscale devices. The purpose of 4D LABS is to accelerate the commercialization of university research in the areas of advanced materials and nanoscale devices. The operating model includes shared laboratories, equipment, and crosses the boundaries of both scientific and engineering disciplines.

Executive Directors
 2007–present Neil Branda
 2005-2007 Ross Hill

External links
 SFU's Material Research Lab
 Simon Fraser University - Official site

References

Simon Fraser University
Research institutes in Canada
Photon sieve. A photon sieve is a device for focusing light using diffraction and interference. It consists of a flat sheet of material full of pinholes that are arranged in a pattern which is similar to the rings in a Fresnel zone plate, but with the ability to bring light to much sharper focus. The sieve concept, first developed in 2001, is versatile because the characteristics of the focusing behaviour can be altered to suit the application by manufacturing a sieve containing holes of several different sizes and different arrangement of the pattern of holes.

Photon sieves have applications to photolithography. and are an alternative to lenses or mirrors in telescopes and terahertz lenses and antennas.

When the size of sieves is smaller than one wavelength of operating light, the traditional method mentioned above to describe the diffraction patterns is not valid. The vectorial theory must be used to approximate the diffraction of light from nanosieves. In this theory, the combination of coupled-mode theory and multiple expansion method is used to give an analytical model, which can facilitate the demonstration of traditional devices such as lenses and holograms.

Alternative explanation
When following a radial path on a Fresnel zone plate, the transmission varies from 0 to 1 to 0 etc. The transition from 0 to 1 and back again is immediate, it is a square wave. A square wave can be constructed from an infinite series of sinusoidal curves (see Fourier series). Within a Fresnel zone plate, each of these sinusoidally curved transmission patterns creates a different focus, so a standard Fresnel zone plate creates a rather messy primary focus as shown in figure 4 of reference 1. If the transmission function could be made to vary radially as a single sinusoid, there would be just one focus. This and the following are explained in detail in reference 8 especially chapter 2 summarised in equation 2.95 and Table 1 therein. However a perfectly sinusoidal transmission pattern may be difficult to manufacture and can be closely approximated by having the average transmission at a given radius (i.e. averaging all the way around a circle at that radius) from the centre vary sinusoidally. This can be achieved by punching holes of appropriate size at calculated locations as in a photon sieve. Holes are easy to manufacture and allow you to use a binary pattern that varies radially and around each circle to make on average a sinusoidal variation, thereby eliminating other foci.

References

  8. “Studies in Fresnel Zone Plate Encoded Neutron Holography and Synthesized Holographic Encoding”, University of Birmingham 1988
https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Studies_in_Fresnel_Zone_Plate_Encoded_Ne.html?id=ovsFswEACAAJ&redir_esc=y

Optical devices
Sogamoso Dam. The Sogamoso Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Sogamoso River in northern Colombia. It is located  west of Bucaramanga in Santander Department and  north of Bogotá. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and its power plant has an installed capacity of  which increased Colombia's generating capacity by 10 percent. 
Construction on the dam began in February 2009 and its first 273 MW Francis turbine-generator was commissioned on 1 December 2014. The other two generators were operational by 20 December 2014. The US$1.74 billion dam and power plant is owned by ISAGEN. INGETEC designed the dam in the 1990s and Impreglio was awarded the contract for construction.

The dam is  tall and withholds a  reservoir. The power plant houses four  Francis turbine-generators. Its spillway is located on its left bank and controlled by four radial gates. It has a maximum discharge of . The dam has been the subject of protests among locals as it relocated 160 families and negatively impact the livelihood of miners within the reservoir zone and fishers downstream. Relocation of the residents, construction of a new bridges and roads will cost US$202 million. A  wide protected area was established around the reservoir.

See also

List of tallest dams in the world
List of power stations in Colombia

References

External links
Sogamoso Hydroelectric Project at ISAGEN

Dams in Colombia
Hydroelectric power stations in Colombia
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Buildings and structures in Santander Department
Dams completed in 2014
2014 establishments in Colombia
Energy infrastructure completed in 2014
MDS 2400. The MDS 2400 was a small floor-standing computer manufactured by Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation.  The machine was originally developed by Atron Corporation as the Atron 501 Datamanager, introduced in 1969.  It was marketed primarily for remote job entry applications and promoted as The Peripheral Processor.

Two related models from Mohawk were the 1200 and the 2300.

Description
The system had a base memory of 4 KB of core memory with a 2 μs cycle time, expandable to 32 KB. It supported one to four input/output channels with up to 16 devices per channel.  It offered a choice of line printers between 280 and 1250 lines per minute (lpm), a 400 cards per minute (cpm) card reader, a 160 columns per second card punch, a paper tape reader, a 2.48 MB disk storage unit, and 7 and 9-track half-inch magnetic tape drives.  An optional asynchronous terminal could be attached as a console. 

The system supported synchronous communications at up to 9600 baud, and usually served as a remote job entry system to a larger mainframe computer.  The remote job entry software provided full support for the HASP multi-leaving protocol, among others.<ref

See also
George Cogar

References

External links
Mohawk Data Sciences at the Computer Museum History Center
MDS 2400 manuals at Bitsavers.org

Remote job entry
Laser tracker. Laser trackers are instruments that accurately measure large objects by determining the positions of optical targets held against those objects. The accuracy of laser trackers is of the order of 0.025 mm over a distance of several metres. Some examples of laser tracker applications are to align aircraft wings during assembly and to align large machine tools. To take measurements the technician first sets up a laser tracker on a tripod with an unobstructed view of the object to be measured. The technician removes a target from the base of the laser tracker and carries it to the object to be measured, moving smoothly to allow the laser tracker to follow the movement of the target. The technician places the target against the object and triggers measurements to be taken at selected points, sometimes by a remote control device. Measurements can be imported into different types of software to plot the points or to calculate deviation from the correct position.

The targets are known as "retroreflective" because they reflect the laser beam back in the same direction it came from (in this case, back to the laser tracker). One type of target in common use is called a spherically mounted retroreflector (SMR), which resembles a ball bearing with mirrored surfaces cut into it.

History
The first laser tracker was invented in 1987 by Dr. Kam Lau, CEO of API (Automated Precision, Inc.) while at NIST and made commercially available by API Metrology in 1988 with its first production unit being made available to Boeing under a 9-month lease agreement. Tennessee Technology University received an API 6-D laser tracker in 1989. Instruments were later produced by Kern in 1991 following a technology agreement with API. Currently, there are three well known manufacturers of Laser Trackers; FARO, API, and Leica.

Footnotes

References and sources
Bob Bridges. “How Laser Trackers Work.” Quality Digest, June 25, 2009.
James R. Koelsch, “Should Laser Trackers be in your Arsenal of Metrological Tools?” Quality Magazine, March 2012.
“Portable laser tracker measures large volumes accurately.” Machine Design, August 25, 2011, Vol. 83 Issue 14, p19.
Joel Martin. “Laser tracking fundamentals.” Quality Magazine, May 2007.
Javier Vera. “The Versatile Laser Tracker.” Quality Digest. January 27, 2011.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. " ." "NIST Public Affairs Office", June 4, 2010.

Scanner
Laser image acquisition
Metrology
Surveying instruments
Expansion valve. An expansion valve is a valve used for different purposes:

Steam engines 

A valve used to control the expansion of steam:

 Expansion valve (steam engine)
 The best-known of these was the Meyer expansion valve, the invention of Jean-Jacques Meyer

Thermodynamics 

A valve used to expand a gas, for thermodynamic cooling purposes in either:

 Joule-Thomson cooler
 heat pump

Also 
 Thermal expansion valve, a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems
Biomanipulation. Biomanipulation is the deliberate alteration of an ecosystem by adding or removing species, especially predators.

Aquatic ecosystems
Changing the fish population of bodies of water as a part of watershed management can facilitate desirable changes in aquatic ecosystems suffering from eutrophication characterized by domination by phytoplankton aiding ecosystem restoration, an application of restoration ecology. In ponds or lakes alternative stable conditions, one with high algae populations, little other plant life, and turbid water, another with low algae populations, a diverse plant population, and clear water, may exist. In addition to prevention of excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrates, removal of certain fish species adapted to turbid water may facilitate change from one steady state to the other, an application of dynamical systems theory. Fish species may be removed by means of poison, harvesting, or introduction of predatory species. As a different fish community will result from the process it will affect recreational and commercial fishermen whose cooperation or opposition is important.

Lake Zwemlust, a hypertrophic pond used as a swimming pool in The Netherlands with an area of 1.5 hectares and an average depth of 1.5 meters, was treated in March 1987. The initial Secchi disk transparency was only 0.3 meters, less than the 1 meter maximum permitted for swimming pools in The Netherlands. In the first summer Secchi disk transparency increased to at least 2.5 meters, the maximum depth of the lake.  The lake was drained and 1,500 kilograms of planktivorous and benthivorous fish such as common bream were removed by seining and electrofishing. The pond was stocked with 1500 northern pike fingerlings and some mature rudd whose offspring served as food for the pike. Willow branches, nuphar lutea roots, and starts of Chara globularis were added as vegetation and shelter. Expenses were met by the local water authority which was compensated by increased patronage by swimmers. In the summer of the second year, 1988, there was considerable plant growth and, possibly due to lack of predation by carp or minnows, an explosion in the number of snails, including Radix peregra var. ovata a host of Trichobilharzia ocellata the cause of schistosome dermatitis, swimmer's itch. 

In addition to grazing by zooplankton the lush growth of macrophytes removed sufficient nutrients from the water to prevent algal bloom by phytoplanktons.

Notes

External links and further reading
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ecology terminology
Environmental engineering
OpenSMTPD. OpenSMTPD (also known as OpenBSD SMTP Server) is a Unix daemon implementing the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to deliver messages on a local machine or to relay them to other SMTP servers. It was publicly released on 17 March 2013 with version number 5.3, after being in development since late 2008.

OpenSMTPD is primarily developed by Gilles Chehade, Eric Faurot and Charles Longeau as part of the OpenBSD project. Its design goals include security, reliability, ease of configuration, and support for common use cases. The source code is available under the ISC license.

Its portable version, like that of OpenSSH, is developed as a child project which adds the portability code to the OpenBSD version and releases it separately. The portable version was initiated by Charles Longeau and adds support for multiple operating systems including NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly BSD, and several Linux distributions.

History
The development of OpenSMTPD was motivated by a combination of issues with current SMTP daemons: difficult configuration, complicated and difficult to audit code, and unsuitable licensing.
OpenSMTPD was designed to solve these problems and make mail exchanges accessible to a wider user-base. After a period of development, OpenSMTPD first appeared in OpenBSD 4.6. The first release shipped with OpenBSD 5.3.

On 2 October 2015, the results of a security audit were released.  Version 5.4.4p1 was audited, and nine issues were found.  As a result, OpenSMTPD 5.7.2 was released to address these issues.

On 28 January 2020, a vulnerability in OpenSMTPD was disclosed that could be remotely exploited to run arbitrary shell commands as root. OpenSMTPD 6.6.2 was released to fix the vulnerability.

Goals
OpenSMTPD is an attempt by the OpenBSD team to produce an SMTP daemon implementation that is secure, reliable, high performance, simple to security audit and trivial to set up and administer. Code is designed to keep the memory, CPU and disk requirements as low as possible but it is admitted that large mail systems are not intended to be run on low-end machines, and trade-offs are made where higher memory usage would bring indisputable benefits.

As such, the design goals for OpenSMTPD are: security, ease of use, and performance. Security in OpenSMTPD is achieved by robust validity check in the network input path, use of bounded buffer operations via strlcpy, and privilege separation to mitigate the effects of possible security bugs exploiting the daemon through privilege escalation. In order to simplify the use of SMTP, OpenSMTPD implements a smaller set of functionalities than those available in other SMTP daemons, the objective is to provide enough features to satisfy typical usage at the risk of unsuitability for esoteric or niche requirements.

References

External links

 
 

Message transfer agents
BSD software
SMTPD
Email server software for Linux
OpenBSD software using the ISC license
Albert Charles Schaeffer. Albert Charles Schaeffer (13 August 1907, Belvidere, Illinois – 2 February 1957) was an American mathematician who worked on complex analysis.

Biography 
Schaeffer was the son of Albert John and Mary Plane Schaeffer (née Herrick). He studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (bachelor's degree 1930) and was, from 1930 to 1933, employed as a highway engineer. In 1936, he received a PhD in mathematics under Eberhard Hopf at MIT. From 1936 to 1939, he was an instructor at Purdue University. In 1939, he became an instructor at Stanford University where he became, in 1941, assistant professor, in 1943 associate professor and in 1946 professor. From 1947 to 1950, he was a professor at Purdue University. From 1950 to 1957, he was a professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and in the academic year 1956/57, the chair of the mathematics department.

Schaeffer worked with Donald Spencer at Stanford University on variational problems of conformal mapping, for example, coefficient ranges for schlicht functions (functions analytic and one-to-one). Specifically, they worked on special cases of the Bieberbach conjecture, for which they gave a proof that the third coefficient satisfied the conjectured estimate (a result already proved by Charles Loewner). Their goal was to give a proof for the fourth coefficient, but their approach would have required the numerical integration of about one million differential equations. A little later, Paul Garabedian and Max Schiffer, then at Stanford, improved the Schaeffer–Spencer method and greatly reduced the number of necessary integrations. With this improvement, Garabedian and Schiffer were able in 1955 to prove the conjectured estimate for the fourth coefficient. In 1948, Schaeffer shared the Bôcher Memorial Prize with Spencer for their joint work on schlicht functions.

In 1941, Schaeffer and R. J. Duffin put forward a conjecture in metric diophantine approximation which was resolved in 2020 by James Maynard and Dimitris Koukoulopoulos.

In 1931, he married Caroline Juliette Marsh. They had two sons and a daughter.

Selected publications

with G. Szegő: 
with G. E. Forsythe:  
with R. J. Duffin:

See also
Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture

References

External links

1907 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American mathematical analysts
People from Belvidere, Illinois
Mathematicians from Illinois