omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HAT-trie. The HAT-trie is a type of radix trie that uses array nodes to collect individual key–value pairs under radix nodes and hash buckets into an associative array.  Unlike a simple hash table, HAT-tries store key–value in an ordered collection. The original inventors are Nikolas Askitis and Ranjan Sinha. Askitis & Zobel showed that building and accessing the HAT-trie key/value collection is considerably faster than other sorted access methods and is comparable to the array hash which is an unsorted collection. This is due to the cache-friendly nature of the data structure which attempts to group access to data in time and space into the 64 byte cache line size of the modern CPU.

Description 
A new HAT-trie starts out as a NULL pointer representing an empty node. The first added key allocates the smallest array node and copies into it the key/value pair, which becomes the first root of the trie. Each subsequent key/value pair is added to the initial array node until a maximum size is reached, after which the node is burst by re-distributing its keys into a hash bucket with new underlying array nodes, one for each occupied hash slot in the bucket. The hash bucket becomes the new root of the trie. The key strings are stored in the array nodes with a length encoding byte prefixed to the key value bytes. The value associated with each key can be stored either in-line alternating with the key strings, or placed in a second array, e.g., memory immediately after and joined to the array node.

Once the trie has grown into its first hash bucket node, the hash bucket distributes new keys according to a hash function of the key value into array nodes contained underneath the bucket node. Keys continue to be added until a maximum number of keys for a particular hash bucket node is reached. The bucket contents are then re-distributed into a new radix node according to the stored key value's first character, which replaces the hash bucket node as the trie root (e.g. see Burstsort). The existing keys and values contained in the hash bucket are each shortened by one character and placed under the new radix node in a set of new array nodes.

Sorted access to the collection is provided by enumerating keys into a cursor by branching down the radix trie to assemble the leading characters, ending at either a hash bucket or an array node. Pointers to the keys contained in the hash bucket or array node are assembled into an array that is part of the cursor for sorting. Since there is a maximum number of keys in a hash bucket or array node, there is a pre-set fixed limit to the size of the cursor at all points in time. After the keys for the hash bucket or array node are exhausted by get-next (or get-previous) (see Iterator) the cursor is moved into the next radix node entry and the process repeats.

References

External links 
 Reference HAT-Trie implementation in C
 A C++ implementation of a fast and memory efficient HAT-trie

Trees (data structures)
Greater Manchester University Technical College. The Greater Manchester University Technical College, branded as "The GM", was a University Technical College in Oldham, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. The college specialised in sustainable and civil engineering and opened in September 2014. Owing to low pupil numbers and poor pupil attainment, the college closed less than three years later at the end of the 2016–17 academic year.

History
The GM was sponsored by the University of Bolton and by Michael Dwan, a director of Bright Tribe Trust. A new building was constructed on Middleton Road next to Oldham College at a cost of £9m, and it cost a further £5m to run. The college opened in September 2014. Its first principal and chief executive officer was Chris Hill, formerly an education officer at Oldham Council.

It closed less than three years later in July 2017 having failed to attract students, and failing to get a significant number of students a pass grade in GCSE Maths and English; in the summer of 2016 there were none. The school had a Progress 8 score of -2.51 placing it in the "well below average" category for pupil attainment.

Future of the site
The site was later used by Oasis Academy Oldham to educate Year 7 pupils who do not have a secured school place. It was reported that up to £150,000 would first be spent to make the building safe and structurally sound. The building, which was maintained by Blue Support Services, another of Dwan's companies, had missing fire doors and malfunctioning lifts, among other structural issues.

Dwan had applied in 2016, before the UTC closed, to open a government-funded free school next to the building. The application was declined by the Department for Education.

References

External links

University of Greater Manchester
Defunct schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Educational institutions established in 2014
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
Defunct University Technical Colleges
2014 establishments in England
Energy customer switching. Energy customer switching is a concept stemming from the global energy markets. The concept refers to the action of one energy customer switching energy supplier, a switch is essentially seen as the free (by choice) movement of a customer. In addition to that a switch can include:

 A re-switch: When a customer switches for the second or subsequent time. 
 A switch-back: When a customer switches back to his/her former or previous supplier.

If a customer moves, there is often a switch, however this will only be counted if the customer is not dealing with the incumbent in the new area of residence.

The above is the official definition of switching and is being used by public energy institutions such as CEER & ERGEG (forerunner to ACER). The definition was originally developed by Dr Philip E. Lewis.

Switching is a key concept to understanding competition-related issues on the global energy markets as the switching level of a concrete market reveals the state of the competition; High switching rates equals high level of competition and low switching rates equals limited competition. Thus measuring and assessing switching rates is necessary in order to have a correct impression of the energy markets. The action of switching is often done via a price comparison website or by the traditional door-to-door sales method, where a salesperson assists the customer in switching.

This is a concept that has become particularly popular in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Spain and Germany, where large numbers of competitor brands operate.

References

 Utility Customer Switching Research Project: http://www.utilitycustomerswitching.eu 

Energy
Thomas C. Desmond. Thomas Charles Desmond (September 15, 1887 – October 6, 1972) was an American engineer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on September 15, 1887, in Middletown, Orange County, New York, the son of Thomas Henry Desmond and Katharine (Safried) Desmond. He graduated from Harvard University in 1908, and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1909.

He was President and Chief Engineer of the Newburgh Ship Yards which built ships for the U.S. Navy, among them in 1918 the USS Newburgh.

On August 16, 1923, he married Alice B. Curtis, an author of biographies, and travel and children's books. They had no children.

He was President of The New York Young Republican Club; and a delegate to the 1928 and 1940 Republican National Conventions.

Desmond was a member of the New York State Senate from 1931 to 1958, sitting in the 154th, 155th, 156th, 157th, 158th, 159th, 160th, 161st, 162nd, 163rd, 164th, 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th, 170th and 171st New York State Legislatures; and was Chairman of the Committee on Public Printing in 1931, and of the Committee on Military Affairs in 1932.

He was a life member of the MIT Corporation, and died on October 6, 1972, in Boston, Massachusetts, while on a visit to the MIT.

In 1976, his widow Alice Curtis Desmond (1897–1990) married Hamilton Fish III (1888–1991).

Sources

1887 births
1972 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Politicians from Newburgh, New York
Engineers from New York (state)
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century members of the New York State Legislature
Radharaman Institute of Technology & Science. Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science or Radha Raman Institute of Technology and Science or RITS is an engineering institute located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. It is approved by AICTE and affiliated with Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India.

History 
Radharaman Institute of Technology and Science (RITS) was established by Typasya Education Society in 2003. It is the pioneer institute of the Radharaman Group of Institutes, which is situated in Ratibad, on the outskirts of Bhopal.

See also 
 List of educational institutions in Bhopal
 List of Engineering Colleges in Madhya Pradesh

References

External links 
 

Private engineering colleges in India
Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Bhopal
Educational institutions established in 2003
2003 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Splaysort. In computer science, splaysort is an adaptive comparison sorting algorithm based on the splay tree data structure.

Algorithm
The steps of the algorithm are:
 Initialize an empty splay tree
 For each data item in the input order, insert it into the splay tree
 Traverse the splay tree in inorder to find the sorted order of the data
Thus, the algorithm may be seen as a form of insertion sort or tree sort, using a splay tree to speed up each insertion.

Analysis
Based on the amortized analysis of splay trees, the worst case running time of splaysort, on an input with n data items, is O(n log n), matching the time bounds for efficient non-adaptive algorithms such as quicksort, heap sort, and merge sort.

For an input sequence in which most items are placed close to their predecessor in the sorted order, or are out of order with only a small number of other items, splaysort can be faster than O(n log n), showing that it is an adaptive sort. To quantify this, let dx be the number of positions in the input that separate x from its predecessor, and let ix be the number of items that appear on one side of x in the input and on the other side of x in the output (the number of inversions that involve x). Then it follows from the dynamic finger theorem for splay trees that the total time for splaysort is bounded by

and by
.

Splaysort can also be shown to be adaptive to the entropy of the input sequence.

Experimental results
In experiments by , splaysort was slower than quicksort on tables of random numbers by a factor of 1.5 to 2, and slower than mergesort by smaller factors. For data consisting of larger records, again in a random order, the additional amount of data movement performed by quicksort significantly slowed it down compared to pointer-based algorithms, and the times for splaysort and mergesort were very close to each other. However, for nearly presorted input sequences (measured in terms of the number of contiguous monotone subsequences in the data, the number of inversions, the number of items that must be removed to make a sorted subsequence, or the number of non-contiguous monotone subsequences into which the input can be partitioned) splaysort became significantly more efficient than the other algorithms.

 compared splaysort to several other algorithms that are adaptive to the total number of inversions in the input, as well as to quicksort. They found that, on the inputs that had few enough inversions to make an adaptive algorithm faster than quicksort, splaysort was the fastest algorithm.

Variations
 modify splaysort to be more strongly adaptive to the number of contiguous monotone subsequences in the input, and report on experiments showing that the resulting algorithm is faster on inputs that are nearly presorted according to this measure.

References

Sorting algorithms
BHP Port Kembla D1 class. The D1 class were a class of diesel locomotives built by Commonwealth Engineering, Granville with English Electric traction equipment for Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla steelworks in 1950–1951.

History
In May 1950, D1 became the first diesel to operate on an Australian main line. The eight D class locomotives hauled trains on Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla until a downturn in the early 1980s saw most of the class withdrawn. D6 and D7 were reactivated with the former remaining in service until 2004.

Three have been preserved:
D1 by the NSW Rail Museum, Thirlmere.
D6 by the Lithgow State Mine Heritage Park & Railway, Lithgow. This unit is still stored in Port Kembla.
D7 by the former ARHS ACT Division, Canberra.

References

Railway Transportation, November 1951, 'D-E locos and 60-ton cars boost operations for AI&S'

BHP Billiton diesel locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
Commonwealth Engineering locomotives
Diesel locomotives of New South Wales
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
English Electric locomotives
Luca Iaconi-Stewart. Luca Iaconi-Stewart (born around 1991) is an American designer who achieved widespread publicity in 2014 for building a 1/60-scale model of an Air India Boeing 777 using manila folders.

Iaconi-Stewart began work on the model while a junior at San Francisco's Lick-Wilmerding High School in the late 2000s. He claimed it took 10,000 hours to complete and that he devoted an entire summer just to completing construction of the passenger seats. CNET declared the model "the coolest paper airplane ever"  while WIRED named Iaconi-Stewart "the world's best paper plane maker". According to Iaconi-Stewart, he dropped out of college at Vassar in order to devote more time to constructing the model. In an interview with The Independent, Iaconi-Stewart said his work had been inspired by an effort to "push the limits of what could be done" with manila folders.

As of 2014, Iaconi-Stewart is employed doing odd jobs in the San Francisco area.

See also
Model aircraft
Paper plane

References

Further reading
Busch, Simon. "Possibly the world's most impressive paper plane", CNN, February 3, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

Model aircraft
Artists from San Francisco
1990s births
Living people
Lick-Wilmerding High School alumni
Kaleidocycle. A kaleidocycle or flextangle is a flexible polyhedron connecting six tetrahedra (or disphenoids) on opposite edges into a cycle. If the faces of the disphenoids are equilateral triangles, it can be constructed from a stretched triangular tiling net with four triangles in one direction and an even number in the other direction.

The kaleidocycle has degenerate pairs of coinciding edges in transition, which function as hinges. The kaleidocycle has an additional property that it can be continuously twisted around a ring axis, showing 4 sets of 6 triangular faces. The kaleidocycle is invariant under twists about its ring axis by , where  is an integer, and can therefore be continuously twisted.

Kaleidocycles can be constructed from a single piece of paper (with dimensions ) without tearing or using adhesive. Because of this and their continuous twisting property, they are often given as examples of simple origami toys. The kaleidocycle is sometimes called a flexahedron in analogy to the planar flexagon, which has similar symmetry under flexing transformations.

Examples

This animation demonstrates the flexing of a kaleidocycle around its ring axis. The four sets of 6 triangular faces are shown in different colours (with every other face in each set of six shown in grey for contrast).

Variations
Beyond 6 sides, higher even number of tetrahedra, 8, 10, 12, etc, can be chained together. These models will leave a central gap, depending on the proportions of the triangle faces.

History
Wallace Walker coined the word kaleidocycle in the 1950s from the Greek kalos (beautiful), eidos (form), and kyklos (ring).

In 1977 Doris Schattschneider and Wallace Walker published a book about them using M.C. Escher patterns.

Cultural uses
The shape was called a flextangle by characters in the 2018 science fantasy adventure film A Wrinkle in Time, which depicted a paper model with its inner faces colored with hearts and patterns which become hidden when those faces are folded together. The paper toy suggested how space and time could be folded to explain the magical travels of the story. The toy is given to the daughter by her father at the start of the movie and its hearts show how love can be enfolded and still be there, even after the father mysteriously disappears.

See also
 Flexagon
 Flexible polyhedron
 Schwarz lantern

References

External links
 Kaleidocycles: Amazing Dynamic Papercraft, Instructables
 Kaleidocycle: 7 Steps (with Pictures), Instructables
 How to Make a Kaleidocycle
 Kaleidocycles
 Kaleidocycles by the Net Method
 Free Printable Halloween Flextangle (Kaleidocycle)
 Online flextangle creator
 Kaleidocycles with 6 Disphenoids

Paper folding
Polyhedra
BHP Port Kembla D9 class. The D9 class were a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric, Rocklea for Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla steelworks between 1956 and 1960.

History
In the 1950s, Australian Iron & Steel commenced an extensive modernisation and expansion of its Port Kembla steelworks. To operate on the expanded 200 kilometre network, seven shunter locomotives were ordered from English Electric with the first entering service in September 1956. A further six were delivered in 1960. A distinct feature of the locomotives was a large cooling fan at the end of the hood.

A down turn in the early 1980s saw the class withdrawn, with D10 being hired to fellow BHP subsidiary Blue Circle Cement for use at Portland in 1982/83 and Berrima in 1986/87. In 1989 three locos, D21, D23 & D24 were overhauled & repainted in the Lysaghts yellow colour scheme to replace locomotives on the neighbouring John Lysaght plant.

Six have been preserved:
D9 by the Lachlan Valley Railway, Cowra
D11 by the Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
D20, D21 and D23 by the Lithgow State Mine Heritage Park & Railway
D25 by the Canberra Railway Museum

References

BHP Billiton diesel locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
English Electric locomotives
Diesel locomotives of New South Wales
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
BHP Port Kembla D16 class. The D16 class are a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric, Rocklea for Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla steelworks between 1959 and 1964.

History
D16 was one of the fleet of Locomotives that was built with more engine power than D1 class with 12 delivered  in 3 orders, D16 to D19, D26 to D29 & D30 to D33 between 1959 and 1964 to haul trains on Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla network.

All were leased to Pacific National in August 2007 when BlueScope outsourced the operation of its rail network. The locomotives remained the property of BlueScope Steel.

References

BHP Billiton diesel locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
English Electric locomotives
Diesel locomotives of New South Wales
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1959
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
BHP Port Kembla D35 class. The D35 class are a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric, Rocklea for Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla steelworks between 1971 and 1975.

History
The D35 class were purchased to haul trains on Australian Iron & Steel's, Port Kembla network. They were used on coal trains from Kemira, Nebo and Wongawilli collieries as well as steel mill services. A downturn in the late 1970s saw six leased to the Public Transport Commission where as well as operating services in the Illawarra region, they operated as far as Bombo and Sydney.

All except previously scrapped D35 and D37 passed to Pacific National in August 2007 when BlueScope outsourced the operation of its rail network. D36, D38, D39 and D40-D45 were scrapped in 2018. D40 remains in service as a standby unit as of February 2021.

References

BHP Billiton diesel locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
English Electric locomotives
Diesel locomotives of New South Wales
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1971
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Moradabad–Ambala line. The Moradabad–Ambala line (also known as Moradabad–Ambala main line) is a railway line connecting  in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh  and  in Haryana. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of Northern Railway.

History
The Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway completed the  –Ambala–– line in 1870 connecting Multan (now in Pakistan) with Delhi.

The Varanasi–Lucknow– main line of Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway was extended to  in 1886.

Electrification
The Ambala– sector was electrified in 1996–98 and –Roorkee in 2003–04. The Roorkee–Mordabad sector was electrified around 2005–06.

The Ambala–Laksar– sector is an electrified double-line.

Sheds and workshops

Ambala has an outstation shed for Shakurbasti WDS-4 locos. Jagadhari has a carriage and wagon workshop and a bridge workshop.

Speed limit
The Ambala Cantonment to moradabad jn  line is classified as a "Group D " line and can take speeds up to 110 km/ h.

Passenger movement
 and  on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.

Railway reorganisation
Around 1872, the Indian Branch Railway Company was transformed into Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway. Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway was merged with East Indian Railway Company in 1925.

The Government of India took over the Bengal and North-Western Railway and merged it with the Rohilkhand and Kumaon Railway to form the Oudh and Tirhut Railway in 1943.

In 1952, Eastern Railway, Northern Railway and North Eastern Railway were formed. Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company, east of Mughalsarai and Bengal Nagpur Railway. Northern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company west of Mughalsarai, Jodhpur Railway, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway. North Eastern Railway was formed with Oudh and Tirhut Railway, Assam Railway and a portion of Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. East Central Railway was created in 1996–97. North Central Railway was formed in 2003.

References

External links
 Trains at Moradabad
 Trains at Roorkee
 Trains at Saharanpur
 Trains at Ambala Cantonment

5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Uttarakhand
Railway lines opened in 1886

Transport in Ambala
MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer. MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer are two variants of  Bundestrojaner (German for federal Trojan horse) written for ERA IT Solutions (a Swiss federal government contractor) by software engineer Ruben Unteregger, and later used by Switzerland's Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (UVEK) to intercept Skype and more generally voice over IP traffic on Windows XP systems.

The source code of the program was released under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3) in 2009 by their author, who retained the copyright. Thereafter, the trojan was apparently detected in the wild. One of its designations given by anti-virus companies was Trojan.Peskyspy.

The malware used DLL injection.

References

Further reading
 Bundestrojaner: A programmer speaks out Interview with the author on gulli.com

External links
 MiniPanzer SourceForge, source code
 MegaPanzer SourceForge source code

Computer surveillance
Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
Windows trojans
Malware toolkits
Spyware used by governments
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the GNU General Public License