omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lesley Cohen (physicist). Lesley Francis Cohen  is a Professor of solid-state physics at Imperial College London. She works in magnetic materials for solid-state magnetic refrigeration and spintronic applications. Cohen has served as the editor-in-chief of Applied Physics Letters since 2019.

Education 
Cohen completed her Bachelor of Science degree in Physics at Bedford College, London in 1983. She moved to the University of Cambridge to where she was awarded a PhD in 1988 for microwave investigations into superconductivity.

Research and career
After her PhD, she joined Polytechnic University of New York as a postdoctoral research fellow in 1988 and was appointed Assistant Professor in 1989. Cohen first joined Imperial College London in 1993 funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. She became a Reader in Solid State in 2003 and a Professor in 2006. Between 2008 - 2013, she was Head of Solid State Physics, one of the largest research groups at Imperial. Cohen is interested in alternatives to standard models of refrigeration, using magnetic materials. Magnetic refrigeration could provide a "green" alternative to traditional fridges, using 20 - 30% less energy. In 2009 her group uncovered the mechanism behind cooling crystals, known as the magnetocaloric effect.

She is co-investigator the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Research Programme on Nanoplasmonics Reactive Plasmonics.

In 2014 Cohen arranged a Royal Society two-day residential conference on Emergence of new exotic states at interfaces with superconductors. In 2016 she took part in another two-day discussion at the Royal Society, Taking the temperature of phase transitions in cool materials. She is consul for the faculty of Natural Sciences.

Her recent work focuses on exotic properties that occur at interfaces between thin films, at crystallographic boundaries and at vertices in honeycomb structures, working closely with Will R. Branford.

Support for women in science 
As well as being a prominent voice for early career researchers and postgraduates, Cohen is a passionate campaigner for women in physics. In 1996 Cohen created a booklet, Voices from Women in Science, which led to a number of opportunities promoting diversity at Imperial College London. She sits on the Department of Physics Juno committee, which writes the Athena SWAN and Juno applications. Under her leadership, the department was awarded Juno Champion status and Athena SWAN Silver Awards. She is Imperial College's Academic Ambassador for Women and chair of the Committee for Academic Women. In 2013 she was the inaugural winner of Imperial College London Julia Higgins medal.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British women physicists
British physicists
Academics of Imperial College London
Jewish physicists
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
English women scientists
Little Ripper. Little Ripper is a drone that can be deployed by surf lifesavers to locate and assist swimmers in trouble by providing aerial observation and liferafts.  It was developed by Kevin Weldon after watching a UAV search for survivors in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

In early 2018, it was involved in a rescue off Lennox Head where it dropped an inflatable life-raft to two tired swimmers, the first rescue by a drone.

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Australia
Message Authenticator Algorithm. The Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA) was one of the first cryptographic functions for computing a message authentication code (MAC).

History 
It was designed in 1983 by Donald Davies and David Clayden at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in response to a request of the UK Bankers Automated Clearing Services. The MAA was one of the first Message Authentication Code algorithms to gain widespread acceptance.

Development and standardization 

The original specification of the MAA was given in a combination of natural language and tables, complemented by two implementations in C and BASIC programming languages.

The MAA was adopted by ISO in 1987 and became part of international standards ISO 8730 and ISO 8731-2 intended to secure the authenticity and integrity of banking transactions.

Attacks 

Later, cryptanalysis of MAA revealed various weaknesses, including feasible brute-force attacks, existence of collision clusters, and key-recovery techniques. For this reason, MAA was withdrawn from ISO standards in 2002 but continued to be used as a prominent case study for assessing various formal methods.

Formal specifications of the MAA 

The MAA has been used as a prominent case study for assessing various formal methods.

In the early 1990s, the NPL developed three formal specifications of the MAA: one in Z, one in LOTOS, and one in VDM. The VDM specification became part of the 1992 revision of the International Standard 8731-2, and three implementations were manually derived from that latter specification: C, Miranda, and Modula-2.

Other formal models of the MAA have been developed. In 2017, a complete formal specification of the MAA as a large term rewriting system was published; From this specification, implementations of the MAA in fifteen different languages have been generated automatically. In 2018, two new formal specifications of the MAA, in LOTOS and LNT, have been published.

References

External links 
 
 http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/maa.htm
 http://www.mars-workshop.org/repository/012-MAA.html

Cryptographic hash functions
Broken hash functions
Checksum algorithms
Ruth Misener. Ruth Misener is a professor at the Department of Computing, Imperial College London. Her research concentrates on the development of software and optimisation algorithms for energy efficient engineering and biomedical systems.

Education 
Misener completed her bachelor's in chemical engineering at MIT in 2007. She moved to Princeton under Christodoulos Floudas for her PhD, "Novel Global Optimization Methods: Theoretical and Computational Studies on Pooling Problems with Environmental Constraints", which she submitted in 2012. Here she was funded by a Graduate Research Fellowship from the USA National Science Foundation. At Princeton she won an award recognising Excellence in Teaching.

Research 
In 2012 she was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellowship for her postdoctoral training with Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos at Imperial College London. Misener works in the Computational Optimisation group at Imperial College London, where she is interested in bioprocess optimisation and petrochemical process network design. She has several industry collaborations, including being academic friend for ExxonMobil.

In 2017 she was awarded an EPSRC Early Career Fellowship for "software development for novel engineering research". The aim of this fellowship was to develop new "decision-making software constructing and deploying next generation process optimisation tools". In 2022 she was awarded a highly prestigious BASF/Royal Academy of Engineering Research Chair in Data-driven Optimisation. She has co-authored several publicly available software tools for global optimisation including: 
 APOGEE (pooling)
 GloMIQO (mixed-integer quadratically constrained quadratic programs)
 ANTIGONE (mixed-integer nonlinear programs)
She is the director of the Computing & Systems Technology Division of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Awards 
In 2013 she was awarded the Journal of Global Optimization award for Best Paper. In 2014 she won the American Institute of Chemical Engineers W David Smith Graduate Student Paper Award. In 2017 Misener won the Sir George Macfarlane Medal from the Royal Academy of Engineering for excellence in the early stage of her career. She also won the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Engineers Trust Young Engineer of the Year. She was included in the Innovation category of American Institute of Chemical Engineers 35 Under 35 list.

References 

American chemical engineers
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
21st-century American engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the Department of Computing, Imperial College London
21st-century American women engineers
Runtime application self-protection. Runtime application self-protection (RASP) is a security technology that uses runtime instrumentation to detect and block computer attacks by taking advantage of information from inside the running software. The technology differs from perimeter-based protections such as firewalls, that can only detect and block attacks by using network information without contextual awareness. RASP technology is said to improve the security of software by monitoring its inputs, and blocking those that could allow attacks, while protecting the runtime environment from unwanted changes and tampering. RASP-protected applications rely less on external devices like firewalls to provide runtime security protection. When a threat is detected RASP can prevent exploitation and possibly take other actions, including terminating a user's session, shutting the application down, alerting security personnel and sending a warning to the user. RASP aims to close the gap left by application security testing and network perimeter controls, neither of which have enough insight into real-time data and event flows to either prevent vulnerabilities slipping through the review process or block new threats that were unforeseen during development.

Implementation
RASP can be integrated as a framework or module that runs in conjunction with a program's codes, libraries and system calls. The technology can also be implemented as a virtualization. RASP is similar to interactive application security testing (IAST), the key difference is that IAST is focused on identifying vulnerabilities within the applications and RASPs are focused protecting against cybersecurity attacks that may take advantages of those vulnerabilities or other attack vectors.

Deployment options
RASP solutions can be deployed in two different ways: monitor or protection mode. In monitor mode, the RASP solution reports on web application attacks but does not block any attack.  In protection mode, the RASP solution reports and blocks web application attacks.

Future Research 

 Pursue "integrated" approaches that support both development-time and runtime
 Explore decentralized coordination, planning, and optimization approaches
 Explore quantitative and qualitative approaches to assess overall security posture

See also
 Runtime verification
 Runtime error detection
 Dynamic program analysis

References

Cybersecurity engineering
Bicyclohexyl. Bicyclohexyl, also known as dicyclohexyl or bicyclohexane, is an organic chemical with the formula C12H22 and a molecular mass of 166.303 g mol−1.  It is a nonvolatile liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of . Its structure consists of two cyclohexane rings joined by a single carbon-carbon bond.

Production
Carbazole can be denitrogenated by hydrogen to yield bicyclohexyl as the main product.

When cyclohexane is exposed to radiation, bicyclohexyl is produced among other hydrocarbons.

Properties
The molecule is not completely flat, and the two rings are twisted compared to each other. Liquid bicyclohexyl contains a mixture of molecules with C2 and C2h symmetry termed ee anti, and ee gauche. The carbon-carbon bond (pivot) between the rings is 1.55 Å, and the carbon-carbon length in the rings is 1.535 Å and carbon-hydrogen bond length is 1.102 Å. The torsion angle between the rings is 74.9°. The C-C-C bond angle ∠ is about 111° and C-C-H angle is 109°.

The speed of sound in bicyclohexyl is 1441.51 m/s, higher than many other hydrocarbons. The density is 882.73 kgm−1. The isothermal compressibility is 674 TPa−1 and isobaric expansivity is 819 K−1.

When bicyclohexyl is heated to around  it slowly decomposes to cyclohexane and cyclohexene, as the pivot bond joining the two rings is the longest and weakest one.

Heat of combustion is 1814.8 kcal/mol.

Use
Bicyclohexyl has uses in organic synthesis as a building block and structural motif, in studying the chemistry of liquid interfaces, and in surface modification of metal oxides as a solvent.

See also
Biphenyl

References 

Cyclohexyl compounds
Hydrocarbons
Pratyush and Mihir. Pratyush and Mihir are the supercomputers established at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida respectively. As of January 2018, Pratyush and Mihir are the fastest supercomputer in India with a maximum speed of 6.8 PetaFlops at a total cost of INR 438.9 Crore. The system was inaugurated by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for science and technology, on 8 January 2018.The word 'Pratyush' () defines the rising sun.

Being a High Performance Computing (HPC) facility, Pratyush and Mihir consists of several computers that can deliver a peak power of 6.8 PetaFlops. It is the first multi-PetaFlops supercomputer ever built in India.

Pratyush and Mihir are two High Performance Computing (HPC) units. They are located at two government institutes, one being 4.0 PetaFlops unit at IITM, Pune and another 2.8 PetaFlops unit at the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Noida. They provide a combined output of 6.8 PetaFlops.

Pratyush and Mihir are used in the fields of weather forecasting and climate monitoring in India. It helps the country to make better forecasts in terms of Monsoon, fishing, air quality, extreme events like Tsunami, cyclones, earthquakes, lightning and other natural calamities such as floods, droughts etc. India is the fourth country in the world to have a High Performance Computing facility dedicated for weather and climate research after Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom.

History 

The High Performance Computing (HPC) facility in India has grown from 40 TeraFlops in 2008 to 1 PetaFlops in the year 2013–14. But India still remained at a lower position in terms of HPC infrastructure rankings in the world.

Government of India approved 400 crore Rupees in 2017 to build a supercomputer with a computing capacity of 10 PetaFlops. The engineers of IITM, Pune worked under the leadership of Suryachandra A Rao and built Pratyush in 2018. The overall cost was around 450 crore Indian Rupees.

With the introduction of Pratyush and Mihir, India hopes to move from the 165th position to gain a position in the top 30s in the Top500 list of supercomputers in the world.

See also 

 EKA
 SAGA-220
 Cray XC40

Notes

References 

Information technology in India
Supercomputing in India
Meteorology research and field projects
India Meteorological Department
2018 establishments in Maharashtra
Computer-related introductions in 2018
Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1967). Aeroflot Flight 5003 was a Soviet domestic cargo flight that crashed during climb out on 14 January 1967. The Antonov An-12B was flying between Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk in Russia with a crew of six when it crashed. It was carrying industrial parts from Moscow to Khabarovsk with several intermediate stops in between, however it caught fire shortly after takeoff, resulting in a fatal accident. At the time Flight 5003 was being operated by Polar Aviation Management under Aeroflot.

Aircraft and crew
CCCP-04343, an Antonov An-12B, entered operational service with Aeroflot in 1959. It was flying under Aeroflot's Directorate of Polar Aviation with a six-member crew. The pilots were Robert Fritsevich Bernovsky and Viktor Andrekov, with Vladimir Izmailov Prokopevich serving as the flight's radio operator. CCCP-04343 had 4376 hours on its airframe and was fitted with four Ivchenko AI-20 turboprop engines.

Synopsis
Flight 5003 took off from Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport on 13 January 1967 and proceeded eastwards with the final destination of Khabarovsk. It made its first stop in Sverdlovsk and then flew on to Novosibirsk. With a cargo of prefabricated industrial material (bearings, parts, belts, tools, plastics, enamels, etc.), Flight 5003 took off from Novosibirsk runway 07 at 06:33 KRAT on 14 January 1967, and began to make its way to Irkutsk for the third stop of the journey. Weather conditions at the time were poor with just four kilometers of visibility accompanied by snow, haze, and low cloud cover.

Air traffic controllers promptly lost communications with Flight 5003. The aircraft had reached an altitude of just two hundred meters and was in the air for less than two minutes when an in-flight fire forced the pilots to attempt an emergency landing on a snow-covered field. Witnesses on the ground recalled seeing the aircraft in flames and trailing smoke. In a left bank, the aircraft's left wing struck the ground first, resulting in an explosion that completely destroyed the plane and killed all six members of the crew. The wreckage was found seven kilometers away from the airfield.

Cause 
Investigators determined the cause of the crash to be the in-flight fire coupled with the harsh conditions which made an emergency landing difficult. The bodies of Flight 5003's crew were severely burned and the wreckage was so heavily damaged that determining the exact cause of the fire was not possible, though investigators believe it was the result of flammable cargo material, not the aircraft's fuel system. In addition, investigators found the pilots failed to switch on the aircraft's firefighting system.

See also

Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1977)
Aeroflot Flight 558
Valujet Flight 592
UPS Airlines Flight 6

References 

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1967
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
5003 (1967)
1967 in the Soviet Union
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-12
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight fires
Adage, Inc.. Adage, Inc., was a Boston-based electronics and computer manufacturer founded in 1957, first specializing in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, and later in computer graphics systems.

It was founded by James I. "Jim" Stockwell and two other MIT graduates in Boston in 1957, and later moved to Billerica.

Starting in 1967, Adage focused on computer graphics systems. Its most advanced system in 1967 was the GS/300. In 1976, it introduced the GT/2250 Vector Graphics Workstation, which was plug compatible with the IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit; it later created the Adage 4000 and, in 1985, the Adage 6000 series workstation.

In 1989, Adage held merger talks with various potential partners, including Multiflow Computer and GBIC, but they were not consummated. Adage was acquired by Systems & Computer Technology Corporation for US$5 million in 1994.

Bibliography

 Thomas G. Hagan, Richard J. Nixon, Luis J. Schaefer, "The Adage Graphics Terminal", Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference 1:747-755 ACM, 1968. full text
 Materials about Adage for the Computer and Image Exhibit, Computer History Museum, 
 A. van Dam, R.D. Bergeron, "Software Capabilities of the Adage Graphics Terminals" in R.D. Parslow, et al., Advanced Computer Graphics, 1971 preview

Notes

1957 establishments in Massachusetts
1994 disestablishments in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1957
American companies disestablished in 1994
Companies based in Billerica, Massachusetts
Computer companies established in 1957
Computer companies disestablished in 1994
Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Graphics hardware companies
Ernst Plank. Ernst Plank was a German manufacturing company. Started in 1866 and named after its founder the company initially built toy steam engines and magic lanterns at Hochfederstrasse 40 in Nuremberg. Ernst Plank was one of the first companies to produce toy steam engines and became famous for its copper and tin toys. The company manufactured stationary steam engines along with steam railway engines and track. Some railway carriages and accessories were produced alongside Märklin.

The company suffered during the economic crisis in the 1920s, losing the majority of its market significance. The company was sold in 1934 to brothers Hans and Fritz Schaller, who gave up the production of toys to focus on the optical market. Toy trains of the company based in Nuremberg are highly collectable in part due to their rarity.

The company continued to produce movie projectors for home use, finding a lucrative market in the 1960s and 1970s. The development of video cameras drastically reduced the market especially for Super 8 film. In 1985 production was discontinued.

References

Toy steam engine manufacturers
German companies established in 1866
Manufacturing companies based in Nuremberg
Toy companies of Germany
Toy companies established in the 19th century
Manufacturing companies established in 1866
John Archibald Purves. John Archibald Purves FRSE (8 July 1870–11 April 1952) was an English electrical engineer best remembered as inventor of the Dynasphere. However, his biggest contribution was in the field of electricity supply.

Possibly owing to the error appearing throughout a May 1932 Popular Science magazine article on the Dynasphere, J. A. Purves' initials, in sources about his Dynasphere, are sometimes given as "J. H."

Life and works 

He was born in Taunton in Somerset on 8 July 1870.

He studied physics at the University of Edinburgh specialising in the then new field of electrical engineering. He graduated with a BSc and earned a doctorate (DSc) in 1899.

In Scotland, he helped to establish electricity companies in southern Scotland later merged to create the South of Scotland Electricity Board.

In 1897, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Peddie, George Chrystal, Robert Boog Watson and Sir James Ormiston Affleck. At this time he lived at 4 Wardie Avenue in northern Edinburgh and appears to have been a partner in a firm named Lorrain & Purves, engineers and patent agents, of 53 York Place in the town centre.

In 1902, he moved to Devon in south-west England with his brother, William Thomson Purves. Together they founded the Paignton Power and Lighting Company in 1908 and created a consultative company, the Western Electricity Corporation in Exeter in the same year. The primary purpose of the latter was to promote hydro-electric schemes on Dartmoor. In 1920 when the Dartmoor Preservation Society successfully blocked the proposal.

In 1911, he was living at 6 Pennsylvania Park in Exeter. In 1926 he won the franchise to supply Bampton with electricity. In 1927 he won a franchise to supply electricity to South Molton. In 1928, with his friend Sir John Snell he began a roll-out programme of electricity supply systems under the West of England Electricity Ltd based in Honiton.

In 1930 he moved to Chilliswood outside Taunton and here he invented the Dynasphere.

He died at Collumpton in Devon on 11 April 1952.

Family 

He was married to Edith Purves (born 1869), and their children included Charles Eric Purves (born 1898).

References 

1870 births
1952 deaths
People from Taunton
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
English electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh