omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joint Universities Accelerator School. The Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS) is an educational program that specializes in the field of particle accelerator science and technology. Established in 1994, JUAS is a collaborative initiative involving multiple universities, research centers, and institutions. It provides advanced training in accelerator physics and engineering for graduate students and professionals. The program is hosted annually, in Archamps, near Geneva, Switzerland, under the auspices of the European Scientific Institute (ESI). Its location near the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and other major research facilities offers participants unique access to cutting-edge expertise and resources.

JUAS originated in 1990 through a collaboration between CERN physicists, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), and the Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, France, with support from Haute-Savoie local authorities. Since its inception, the school has trained more than 1,400 participants, creating a skilled workforce for addressing challenges in accelerator physics and technology. Alumni frequently secure positions at leading laboratories, including CERN, DESY, and Fermilab, or apply their skills in sectors such as medicine and energy. By 2024, the school had partnered with 14 universities across Europe.

JUAS caters primarily to graduate students with a scientific background who are new to accelerator physics. The program offers two complementary five-week courses:

 Course 1: Focuses on the theoretical foundations of particle accelerator science.
 Course 2: Covers the technology and applications of particle accelerators. 

Participants may enroll in one or both courses, which feature interactive teaching by experts from leading institutions and hands-on learning opportunities.

Since August 2021, JUAS has been directed by Elias Métral (CERN).

Many of the JUAS lecturers do also lecture at the CERN Accelerator School.

List of former JUAS Directors

References

External links
Official website

Physics education
Education in France
CERN
Cyber Security Management System. A Cyber Security Management System is a form of Information security management system, particularly focussed on protecting automation and transport systems. The EU Cybersecurity Act, of 2019, led to the creation of UNECE working groups which developed the Cyber Security Management Systems (CSMS) concept (and also an approach for securing over-the-air updates of vehicle systems), which were formalised in UN Regulation 155.

Context
Security technologies, and threats, can evolve much more quickly than regulatory bodies; so the CSMS emphasises a system of technologies and processes which can adapt more quickly, without relying on a narrowly-defined list of technical controls in a standard. Consequently, the CSMS is intended to be technology-neutral, much like ISO 27001, unlike detailed technical security standards such as PCI DSS.

Framework

See also
 IEC 62443
 ISO/SAE 21434
 ISO/IEC 27001
 Cyber Essentials

References

Further reading
 Draft Recommendation on Cyber Security of the Task Force on Cyber Security and Over-the-air issues of UNECE WP.29 GRVA

Information assurance standards
Information governance
Aparna Baskaran. Aparna Baskaran is an Indian and American theoretical physicist whose research studies the statistical mechanics of soft matter, including the self-propelled motion of bacteria through fluids and the clustering of self-propelled particles. She is a professor in the Martin A. Fisher School of Physics at Brandeis University.

Education and career
Baskaran earned a master's degree in physics at the Raman School of Physics of Pondicherry University in India. She completed her Ph.D. at the University of Florida in 2006. Her dissertation, Statistical mechanics and linear response for a granular fluid, was supervised by James Duffy.

After postdoctoral research at Syracuse University she joined the Brandeis University faculty as an assistant professor in 2010, and subsequently became a full professor there.

Recognition
Baskaran was the 2019 recipient of the Early Career Award for Soft Matter Research of the American Physical Society (APS). She was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2024, after a nomination from the APS Division of Soft Matter, "for seminal contributions exploiting nonequilibrium statistical physics to elucidate the physics of active and granular matter".

References

External links
Baskaran Group

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian condensed matter physicists
Indian women physicists
American condensed matter physicists
American women physicists
Pondicherry University alumni
University of Florida alumni
Brandeis University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Arthur D. Yaghjian. Arthur David Yaghjian (born January 1, 1943) is an American electrical engineer, who is best known for his contributions to electromagnetic theory and its applications.

A native of Providence, Rhode Island, Yaghjian received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Brown University in 1964, 1966, and 1969, respectively. Briefly acting as an instructor at Tougaloo College and Hampton University, he joined the Electromagnetics Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1971. In 1983, he became a research scientist at the Electromagnetics Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory, where he worked until 1996. He held guest professorships at IIT Kharagpur in 1987, Technical University of Denmark in 1989 and University of Siena in 2007. He has been working as an independent consultant since then. 

Yaghjian's contributions include probe-compensated near-field antenna measurements, theory of electromagnetic fields in metamaterials, dyadic Green's functions and analysis of electrically small antennas. Being a Life Fellow of the IEEE and member of URSI, Yaghjian is the recipient of 2021 IEEE APS Distinguished Achievement Award. In 2022, he received the IEEE Electromagnetics Award "for contributions to fundamental electromagnetic theory and its applications to near-field antenna measurements."

Selected publications
Journal articles
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Books
 
 
Patents
Apparatus for scanning and measuring the near-field radiation of an antenna (US4704614A)
Electrically small supergain endfire array antenna (US8134516B1)

References

Living people
1943 births
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
American electrical engineers
American electronics engineers
American engineering writers
American people of Armenian descent
American telecommunications engineers
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Hampton University faculty
Metamaterials scientists
Microwave engineers
National Institute of Standards and Technology people
Scientists from Massachusetts
Tougaloo College faculty
Writers from Massachusetts
Hans Mögel. Hans Ernst Mögel (May 31, 1900 – April 10, 1944) was a German electrical engineer. He is known for his observation of sudden ionospheric disturbances, particularly the Mögel–Dellinger effect.

Life 
Mögel was born in Leipzig. In 1922, he earned a degree in electrical engineering at the Dresden University of Technology. He finished his thesis on the Simultaneous Excitation of Two Oscillations with the Help of a Three-Element Vacuum Tube supervised by Heinrich Barkhausen in 1926, defending it in 1927.

From 1926 to 1932 Mögel worked for Transradio, a subsidy of Telefunken. During this time he published a significant paper titled About Relationships Between Short-Wave Receiving Disturbances and Disturbance of the Magnetic Field of the Earth, in which he described a new phenomenon creating short time disturbances in the sunlit hemisphere fundamentally different from geomagnetically related disturbances. Later in 1935 John Howard Dellinger identified a connection of this phenomenon to solar flares.

During World War II Mögel was a member of the corps of engineers of the Luftwaffe and was stationed in Paris as the head of the air force communication service. His activities in this role suggest involvement in the Battle of the Beams. Mögel died in Paris in 1944 from a heart attack.

References

German electrical engineers
1900 births
1944 deaths
List of artificial intelligence companies. Below is a list of notable companies that primarily focuses on artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that simply makes use of AI but have a different primary focus are not included.

Americas

Canada 
 Cohere
 Element AI

United States 

 Anthropic
 Caper AI
 Cerence
 Colloquis
 Conversable
 Covariant
 EleutherAI
 Glean Technologies
 Google DeepMind
 Hugging Face
 Inflection AI
 Isomorphic Labs
 Meta AI
 OpenAI
 Perplexity AI
 RAIC Labs
 Runway
 Safe Superintelligence Inc.
 Scale AI
 Spectre AI
 Undetectable.ai
 Writesonic
 xAI

Asia

China 

 01.AI
 4Paradigm
 Baichuan
 DeepSeek
 MiniMax
 Moonshot AI
 SenseTime
 Zhipu AI

Hong Kong 

 Artisse AI

Israel 

 AI21 Labs

UAE 

 LocAI

Europe

France 

 Mistral AI

Germany 
 Aleph Alpha

Switzerland 

 Art Recognition

Ukraine 

 Respeecher

United Kingdom 

 Fetch.AI
 Mind Foundry
 Peak
 Synthesia
 Stability AI

See also 
 List of artificial intelligence projects
 List of self-driving system suppliers

References

Computing-related lists
Schroeder's paradox. Schroeder's paradox refers to the phenomenon of certain polymers exhibiting more solvent uptake (observed as swelling) when exposed to a pure liquid versus a saturated vapor. It is named after the German chemist Paul von Schroeder, who first reported the phenomenon working on a sample of gelatin in contact with water in 1903. An equivalent observation has also been independently discovered and discussed within the biophysical community as the vapor pressure paradox.

The phenomenon was recognized as notable due to its application to the Nafion/water system, with technological importance due to application in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

Theories 

According to phase equilibrium theory, the activity of a chemical species should be equal to its equilibrium partial vapor pressure, so both saturated vapor and pure liquid should exhibit the same equilibrium for absorption into the polymer. For this reason, Schroeder's experimental results were immediately questioned, and the phenomenon has often been attributed to experimental error, such as failure to attain proper water saturation or isothermal conditions between the phases. However, even exact measurements support an existence of a systematic difference between sorption from saturated vapor and from pure liquid for certain systems.

Additional surface effects along the polymer-liquid interface are required to explain the difference. A mechanism based on action of Maxwell stresses due to formation of an electrical double layer at the polymer's surface, present only where the polymer is submerged in liquid, has been proposed to explain this effect in the case of ion-exchange polymers, and a similar mechanism involving van der Waals and solvation forces for the case of nonionogenic polymers. Mechanistic interpretations based on wetting of micropores in the polymer matrix have also been proposed. The difference in absorption can in either case be explained by a difference in surface stresses on the interface, which differs between immersion in pure liquid and saturated vapor, resolving the paradox without requiring a difference in activity between the two.

Examples 

Schroeder's paradox has been reported for various polymer/solvent pairs, such as:

 gelatin/water (Schroeder, 1903)
 phospholipid multilayers/water (Rand & Parsegian, 1989)
 polyvinyl alcohol/water (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
 polyvinyl alcohol/ethanol (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
 Nafion/water (Gates, 2000)
 Nafion/methanol (Gates, 2000)
 sulfonated polyethylene/water (Freger, 2000)
 sulfonated polyimide/water (Cornet, 2001)
 polydimethylsiloxane/2-propanol (Valieres, 2005)
 kerogen/propane (Li, 2021)
 kerogen/n-butane (Li, 2021)
 kerogen/n-pentane (Li, 2021)

References 

Polymer physics
Indian locomotive class YL. The Indian locomotive class YL were 2-6-2 locomotives built for Indian Railways' metre-gauge network as one of the standard designs developed post-partition from the Indian Railway Standard (IRS) design locomotives.

History 

The YL class locomotives were designed for mixed service on branch lines as a successor to the class YF that were built from 1929 and 1938. A total of 264 members were built by locomotive manufacturers in West Germany, Japan, Hungary and the United Kingdom. They were relatively light, with a service weight of 38 tons and an eight-ton axle load.

Many were in use until the end of steam traction in the 1990s, with three surviving into preservation. Number 5001 is on static display at Gorakhpur railway station. Numbers 5000 and 5010 are  stored in very poor condition at Indian Railways' own workshops in Izzatnagar near Bareilly.

Builders and numbers

Allocations 
The YL class locomotives were mainly used in the north-east and west of India. By the end of 1976, all locomotives built were in service with the following regional zones of Indian Railways:

References

External links 

 YL class technical diagram, Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA)

2-6-2 locomotives
Hitachi locomotives
YM
Railway locomotives introduced in 1952
Metre gauge steam locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives
Carlos Guestrin. Carlos Ernesto Guestrin (born 1975) is a Brazilian computer scientist and a professor at Stanford University. He is best known for his contributions to scalable machine learning algorithms.

Biography 
Guestrin was born in Argentina in 1975, but went on to be raised in Brazil. He received a Mechatronics Engineer degree from the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University, advised by Daphne Koller. Guestrin went on to work as professor at Carnegie Mellon University (2004 to 2012), the University of Washington (2012-2021), and Stanford University (since 2021). He was a co-founder of Turi (formerly GraphLab), a machine learning startup that was acquired by Apple Inc. in 2016. After selling the startup, Guestrin worked at Apple as the Senior Director of Machine Learning and AI.

Guestrin was involved in the creation of various popular machine learning libraries and methods, including the XGBoost library, the LIME technique for explainable machine learning, and the GraphLab project for scalable machine learning.

Honors and awards 
Guestin has received multiple honors and awards, including:

 Receiving an ONR Young Investigator Award, 2008
 Receiving and IJCAI Computers and Thought Award  (2009)
 Being awarded a Presidential Early Carreer Award (2010)
 Being elected as a Member of the National Academy of Engineering (2024)
 Receiving awards at prestigious CS confereces, including KDD 2007, KDD 2010, ACL 2020, and AISTATS 2010

References 

Living people
1975 births
Brazilian computer scientists
University of São Paulo alumni
Stanford University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
University of Washington faculty
Stanford University faculty
Alloxydim. Alloxydim is a chemical compound. Its formula is . A member of the cyclohexenones, a methyl ester, and an ether, alloxydim is a post-emergence herbicide. Its sodium salt is a hygroscopic, water-soluble colorless solid.

Synthesis
Alloxydim may be produced by a multi-step reaction from mesityl oxide with dimethyl malonate, butyryl chloride, and ethoxyamine.

Uses 
Alloxydim is a grass herbicide that acts by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It was developed by Nippon Soda in 1976 and used from 1978 to 1992 in Germany.

See also 

 Butroxydim
 Sethoxydim
 Clethodim

References

Post-emergent herbicides
Methyl esters
Cyclohexanols
Allyl compounds
Catherine Disselhorst-Klug. Catherine Disselhorst-Klug is a German biomechanist and Professor at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Germany at the Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering.

Her research centers around movement biomechanics including neuromuscular coordination with a focus on the development of novel devices which can be integrated in diagnosis, prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal dysfunction.

Academic career 

Disselhorst-Klug graduated with a degree in Physics in 1990 from the RWTH Aachen, Germany where she subsequently received her Ph.D. in Natural Science from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in 1996. In 2006 she obtained the postdoctural lecture qualification in Medical Engineering from the Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University. From 1990 to 2001 she worked as a research associate at the Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering. In 2009 she has become a Full Professor and Head of the Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.

Disselhorst-Klug served as a president of the International Society of Electrophysiology & Kinesiology (ISEK) from 2004-2006 and served as a member of the council from 1998-2008. She also served on the Executive Council of the International Society of Biomechanics from 2015-2019.

Awards 

 In 2024, Disselhorst-Klug was awarded with the John V. Basmajian Lectureship by the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology.
 In 2021, Disselhorst-Klug became a fellow of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB).
 In 2008, Disselhorst-Klug became a fellow of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology.

References 

American biomechanists
Women biomechanists
RWTH Aachen University
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jennifer Hicks. Jennifer Hicks is a biomechanist in the Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab at Stanford University and Director of Research and Development for the OpenSim software.

Biography 
Hicks is an American engineer and researcher specializing in mechanical engineering and human movement disorders. She earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of Delaware and a Master of Science from Stanford University. She did her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering with Professor Scott Delp at Stanford University in 2010. Her doctoral research focused on objectively identifying biomechanical factors that cause children with cerebral palsy to walk with excess knee flexion and, second, to use these factors to predict whether a patient's crouch gait will improve after receiving treatment applying computer modeling simulations.

Research career 
Hicks is the executive director of the Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance at Stanford University, where she leads collaborative research projects and programs aimed at advancing the understanding of the biological principles underlying human performance. She also serves as the director of research for both the Mobilize Center, an NIH Biomedical Technology Resource Center at Stanford, and the Restore Center, an NIH-funded initiative that integrates cutting-edge engineering tools into rehabilitation science.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Women biomechanists
Stanford University faculty
Stanford University alumni
University of Delaware alumni
Gerda Strutzenberger. Gerda Strutzenberger (born 1982) is an Austrian senior scientist in biomechanics.

Biography 
Strutzenberger was born in 1982 in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria, and earned her Ph.D. in 2011 from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany. She is currently a senior scientist at the University of Salzburg, Austria. During her career, she has developed expertise in clinical and sports performance biomechanics, contributing significantly to understanding human movement. Between 2013 and 2014, she undertook a sabbatical at Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK, to work on a FIFA-funded research project.

Beyond research, Strutzenberger teaches sport science, physiotherapy, and medical students, demonstrating commitment to education and mentorship. She has also played an active role in international organisations, including the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS), where she currently serves as Vice President of Project and Research.

Research career 
Strutzenberger’s research is focused on two primary areas:

 Clinical biomechanics: This includes studying ACL injuries, obesity-related gait challenges, and movement in amputees.

 Sports performance biomechanics: She examines athletic movements in sports such as cycling, sprinting, running, rugby, and football. Her work has involved elite athletes and collaborations with global organisations, including FIFA and the International Rugby Board (IRB).

Her research philosophy emphasises applying biomechanics knowledge to improve health outcomes and enhance athletic performance. She has shared her findings extensively through peer-reviewed publications, international conferences, and invited presentations. Notably, she was an invited speaker at the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS) conference in 2013.

In addition to her research, Strutzenberger has made significant contributions to supporting emerging scientists. She established the ISBS Student Mentor Programme, which provides mentorship to early-career researchers and strengthens the conference experience for students.

Awards 
Strutzenberger's contributions to biomechanics have been widely recognised with numerous national and international awards:
 Hans-Gros New Investigator Award (2012)
 DGfB Award, Germany (2013)
 New Investigator Award, VSOU, Germany (2011)
 New Investigator Award, ÖSG, Austria (2010).

References 

1982 births
Living people
People from Kirchdorf an der Krems
Women biomechanists
Academic staff of the University of Salzburg
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Sports scientists
Elena Gutierrez-Farewik. Elena Gutierrez-Farewik is a professor of biomechanics at Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and director of the Promobilia MoveAbility Lab.  She leads the research group at KTH MoveAbility. She is president of the Swedish Society of Biomechanics and is on the board of the Swedish National Committee for Mechanics.

Biography 
Gutierrez-Farewick received her BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University in 1995, her MSc in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1997, and her PhD in Orthopedics from Karolinska Institutet in 2003.

Research career 
Gutierrez-Farewick's research interests are movement simulation, strategies, consequences, and assistance in children and adults with motion disorders. She attained the title of Docent in Human Movement Mechanics at KTH in 2007 and was granted tenure at KTH Mechanics in 2010. She leads the Promobilia MoveAbility Lab at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Her group specializes in quantifying movement strategies governed by the nervous system, exploring the causal relationship between load-bearing and the adaptive capacity of the neuromusculoskeletal system, and developing adaptive assistive devices. Their work is enriched by a multidisciplinary approach that integrates experimental and computational methods.

References 

Women biomechanists
Living people
American biomechanists
Cornell University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)