omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HMS Icarus (1885). HMS Icarus was a  composite screw gunvessel of 8 guns, and the third Royal Navy vessel to carry the name. She was launched in 1885 at Devonport and sold in 1904.

Construction

Designed by Nathaniel Barnaby, the Royal Navy Director of Naval Construction, her hull was of composite construction; that is, iron keel, frames, stem and stern posts with wooden planking. She was fitted with a 2-cylinder horizontal compound expansion steam engine driving a single screw, produced by Barrow Iron Shipbuilding. Uniquely among her class she was built rigged with no main yards, making her a barquentine-rigged vessel; the rest of her class were barque-rigged. However, later pictures show her rigged as a barque. Her keel was laid at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 18 August 1883 and she was launched on 27 July 1885 by Miss Julia Wilson, the daughter of Admiral Superintendent Wilson; the launch was originally planned for 11 July but was postponed following the admiral's death on 4 July. Her entire class were re-classified in November 1884 as sloops before they entered service.

Career

Icarus was commissioned on 6 July 1886 at Devonport. On 8 October 1889, she ran aground in Plumper Sound whilst on a voyage from New Westminster to Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. After returning from the Pacific in 1890 she had additional quick firing (QF) guns added.

The ship's companies of Icarus,  and  were awarded the West Africa Medal with the bar "1887–1888" for their part in supporting the infantry of the West India Regiment between 13 November 1887 and 2 January 1888 during the Yoni Expedition against the Yoni Chiefdom in Sierra Leone.

In 1890 the levels of desertion and punishment under her commanding officer, Commander Annesley, was sufficiently high to prompt a question in the House of Commons. The reply by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord George Hamilton, reveals good reason for the concern, since Icarus only had a total complement of 126:

An inquiry concluded that Annesley had, as alleged in various newspapers, applied a "punishment not recognised in the Service", and was duly court martialled.  He was found guilty and awarded a public reprimand.

Her last years were spent on the Pacific Station, based in Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard at Esquimalt, in British Columbia, Canada. In early 1900 she visited San Francisco, under Commander George Francis Savage Knowling, and in late Summer 1901 she visited Panama. The following year she returned to the United Kingdom, stopping at Pernambuco and São Vicente, Cape Verde. She arrived at Devonport on 10 May 1902, and proceeded to Sheerness to pay off at Chatham on 4 June 1902, where she was placed in the C Division of the Dockyard reserve.

Fate
Icarus was sold on 12 April 1904.

Notes

References

External links
 

Mariner-class gunvessels
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1885 ships
Victorian-era gunboats of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in October 1889
Hussein M. Zbib. Hussein M. Zbib (November 26, 1958 – February 10, 2020) was a Lebanese-born American engineer. He was a professor in School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, where he has also served as director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and director of the Computational Mechanics and Materials Laboratory. His research expertise was in the area of thermo-mechanical behavior and properties of solids. Zbib was recognized for his work on the theory of 3D dislocation dynamics and defects in metals, multi-scale modeling of metal plasticity, and strain gradient plasticity theory.

Zbib was affiliated with Materials Science and Engineering program and Center of Materials Research at Washington State University. He held joint appointment as Lab Fellow at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. He was a member of the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Plasticity; Member of the Board of Review of Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A; Member of the International Advisory Board: Materials Science Research International, Japan. He was the chair of the joint ASME MD-AMD committee on constitutive equations and serves on the ASME-MD Executive Committee. Zbib received 1994 Research Excellence Award from the College of Engineering at WSU, the 1994, 2000, and 2015 Research award from MME at WSU. He received the NSF Research Initiation Award, was nominated for the ASEE Dow Young Faculty Award, and received a NATO Fellowship.

Zbib died on February 10, 2020, at his home in Pullman. A memorial service was held on March 6, 2020, at Washington State University.

Honors
Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2002)
Computational Mechanics Achievement Award – Hussein M. Zbib (2003) 
Member of the Academy of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics (2004)
Founding Member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences (2006)
Khan International Award for Outstanding Lifelong Contribution to the field of Plasticity (2010)
Fellow of American Academy of Advancement of Science (2011)
 Regent Professor at Washington State University (2018)

References

External links

 International Journal of Plasticity special issue – In Honor of Hussein Zbib
 Computational Mechanics and Materials Science Laboratory – Old Website

Washington State University faculty
Michigan Technological University alumni
American people of Lebanese descent
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
2020 deaths
1958 births
Chyeranovskii BICh-26. The BICh-26   was a tailless jet fighter designed in the Soviet Union from 1947.

Development 
After the close of World War II, Boris Cheranovsky was running a de facto design bureau working on jet fighter aircraft. Not only was Cheranovsky involved with jet propulsion, he also studied variable geometry with the BICh-24 and BICh-25, which were designed with variable sweep wings pivoting outboard of the fuselage to help alleviate centre of pressure changes. Also envisaged was a stressed skin light alloy tailless jet fighter with powered flying controls and pressurised cockpit, designated BICh-26. Cheranovsky's failing health from 1948 prevented further progress on these projects.

Variants 
 BICh-24 – Variable sweep jet fighter project.
 BICh-25 – Variable sweep jet fighter project.
 BICh-26 – Tail-less jet fighter project.

Specifications (BICh-26) 

Alert: It should be clear to the reader that this aircraft does not exist, and has never existed. It was 'dreams on paper'.

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1950s Soviet fighter aircraft
BICh-26
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Blended wing body
Fast Sulphon Black F. Fast Sulphon Black F is a complexometric indicator used with EDTA, almost exclusively used in copper complexation determination.

Application
Fast Sulphon Black is purple when complexed with copper, and turns green when titrated against EDTA,  as the EDTA displaces it, being the better complexing agent due to the chelate effect.

References

Handbook of copper compounds and applications by H. Wayne Richardson (1997) ()

Complexometric indicators
Naphthalenesulfonic acids
1-Naphthols
2-Naphthols
Latimer diagram. A Latimer diagram of a chemical element is a summary of the standard electrode potential data of that element. This type of diagram is named after Wendell Mitchell Latimer (1893–1955), an American chemist.

Construction 
In a Latimer diagram, because by convention redox reactions are shown in the direction of reduction (gain of electrons), the most highly oxidized form of the element is on the left side, with successively lower oxidation states to the right side. The species are connected by arrows, and the numerical value of the standard potential (in volts) for the reduction is written at each arrow. For example, for oxygen, the species would be in the order O2 (0), H2O2 (–1), H2O (-2):

 

The arrow between O2 and H2O2 has a value +0.68 V over it, it indicates that the standard electrode potential for the reaction:

 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇄ H2O2(aq)

is 0.68 volts.

Application 
Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since , the electrode potential is a representation of the Gibbs energy change for the given reduction. The sum of the Gibbs energy changes for subsequent reductions (e.g. from O2 to H2O2, then from H2O2 to H2O) is the same as the Gibbs energy change for the overall reduction (i.e. from O2 to H2O), in accordance with Hess's law. This can be used to find the electrode potential for non-adjacent species, which gives all the information necessary for the Frost diagram.

It must be stressed that standard reduction potentials are not additive values. They cannot be directly summed up, or subtracted, from the values in volt indicated in a Latimer diagram. If needed, their calculation must be performed via the difference in Gibbs free energies. The easiest way to proceed is simply to use energies (nE) directly expressed in electron-volt (eV), because the Faraday constant F and the sign minus simplifies on both side of the equation. So, the values of E in volt must be simply multiplied by the number (n) of electron transferred in the considered half-reaction. Since the Faraday constant can disappear from the equation, no need to calculate  expressed in joule.

A simple examination of a Latimer diagram can also indicate if a species will disproportionate in solution under the conditions for which the electrode potentials are given: if the potential to the right of the species is higher than the potential on the left, it will disproportionate. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide  is unstable and will disproportionate in  and .

See also 
 Frost diagram
 Pourbaix diagram
 Ellingham diagram

References

 
 

Electrochemistry
Potentials
Poly(dichlorophosphazene). Poly(dichlorophosphazene), also called dichlorophosphazine polymer or phosphonitrilechloride polymer, is a chemical compound with formula (PNCl2)n.  It is an inorganic (hence carbon-free)  chloropolymer, whose backbone is a chain of alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms, connected by alternating single and double covalent bonds.

The compound can be prepared by polymerization of hexachlorophosphazene ((PNCl2)3) by heating to ca. 250 °C. It is an "inorganic rubber" and the starting material for many other polymers with the -P=N- backbone (polyphosphazenes), which have important commercial uses.

History
Poly(dichlorophosphazene) was discovered by H. N. Stokes in the 19th century, and at that time its superior properties over natural rubber were already noted.  In 1965, Harry R. Allcock at Pennsylvania State University synthesized a soluble form of the polymer, which opened the doors to the development of many derivatives.

Uses
Poly(dichlorophosphazene) is not water-resistant.  However, it is soluble in organic solvents such as THF and benzene, wherein it can be derivatized by replacement of the chlorine atoms with -OR or -NR2 groups (R = alkyl, aryl) to yield many other polyphosphazenes.  Some of these organically modified polymers are hydrolytically stable and exhibit some attractive properties such as low glass transition temperatures.

References

Inorganic polymers
Phosphazenes
Inorganic phosphorus compounds
Inorganic chlorine compounds
Inorganic nitrogen compounds
Mehdi Zarghamee. Dr. Mehdi Shaghaghi Zarghamee () is a former  Chancellor of Arya Mehr University of Technology (currently Sharif University of Technology) in Iran, former professor at the Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, and founder of the Isfahan University of Technology. Dr. Zarghamee currently works as Senior Principal in the Division of Engineering Mechanics and Infrastructure of Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. Most notably, was the principal investigator for the structural modeling of the 9/11 collapse of the World Trade Center Towers for the NIST.

Dr. Zarghamee earned his Ph.D. in Structural Engineering from the University of Illinois and his S.M. in Mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

References 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
Living people
Chancellors of the Sharif University of Technology
Year of birth missing (living people)
Barium acetate. Barium acetate (Ba(C2H3O2)2) is the salt of barium(II) and acetic acid. Barium acetate is toxic to humans, but it has use in chemistry and manufacturing.

Preparation

Barium acetate is generally produced by the reaction of acetic acid with barium carbonate:

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

The reaction is performed in solution and the barium acetate crystalizes out at temperatures above 41 °C. Between 25 and 40 °C, the monohydrate version crystalizes. Alternatively, barium sulfide can be used:

BaS + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ba + H2S

Again, the solvent is evaporated off and the barium acetate crystallized.

Properties

Barium acetate is a white powder, which is highly soluble: at 0 °C, 55.8 g of barium acetate can be dissolved in 100 g of water. It decomposes upon heating into barium carbonate.

Reactions

When heated in air, barium acetate decomposes to the carbonate. It reacts with acids: reaction with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid give the sulfate, chloride and nitrate respectively.

Uses

Barium acetate is used as a mordant for printing textile fabrics, for drying paints and varnishes and in lubricating oil. In chemistry, it is used in the preparation of other acetates; and as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

In popular culture 
Barium acetate was featured in a 2001 episode of the television series Forensic Files, recounting the 1993 murder of a man by his teenage daughter (Marie Robards), though the episode and other crime documentary shows examining the Robards case excluded mention of the name of the chemical. 

Barium acetate was featured in a 2014 episode of the crime documentary series Redrum.

Barium acetate was named as the choice poison of a teen's murder of her father in an episode of Deadly Women.

References

Further reading
 
 After husband's body was found burned, woman is suspected of poisoning another man

Barium compounds
Acetates
Distributed multi-agent reasoning system. In artificial intelligence, the distributed multi-agent reasoning system (dMARS) was a platform for intelligent software agents developed at the AAII that makes uses of the belief–desire–intention software model (BDI). The design for dMARS was an extension of the intelligent agent cognitive architecture developed at SRI International called procedural reasoning system (PRS). The most recent incarnation of this framework is the JACK Intelligent Agents platform.

Overview
dMARS was an agent-oriented development and implementation environment written in C++ for building complex, distributed, time-critical systems.

See also
 Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute
 Intelligent agent
 JACK Intelligent Agents
 AgentSpeak

References
 d'Inverno, M., Luck, M., Georgeff, M., Kinny, D. and Wooldridge, M. (2004) "The dMARS Architecture: A Specification of the Distributed Multi-Agent Reasoning System". Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. pp. 5–53.
 Mark d'Inverno, David Kinny, Michael Luck, and Michael Wooldridge. "A Formal Specification of dMARS". In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, ATAL'97 appears in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, volume 1365, pages 155–76, 1997.
 Michael Peter Georgeff, Anand S. Rao, "A profile of the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 89–92, December 1996.

External links
 dMARS Product Brief on the AAII website via the Internet Archive

Distributed artificial intelligence
SRI International software
Ivan Bardin. Ivan Pavlovich Bardin (Russian: Иван Павлович Бардин) (1883–1960) was a Soviet metallurgist and active participant in solving the main engineering issues of the domestic ferrous metallurgical industry. He was also an Academician of USSR AS (1932), vice-president of USSR AS (from 1942), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945), and winner of the Lenin (1958) and State prizes (1942, 1949). His scientific interests were designing new powerful completely mechanized steel works; creating advanced typical metallurgical aggregates; intensifying metallurgical processes, especially by means of oxygen; elaborating and introducing the basic oxygen process; and assimilation and multi-purpose utilization of new kinds of metallurgical raw materials.

Career
He was chair of economics and management (1943–1959) of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (Moscow, Russia)(MISIS). 

Since 1910 after graduation from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute he worked at the steel works of the Russia South (Yuzovka, Yenakiyevo) and in the US. In 1929—1936  I. P. Bardin was one of the construction managers of the Kuznetsk integrated iron-and-steel works (Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant). Since 1937 he held leading positions in ferrous metallurgy (engineer in chief of the central directorate, chairman of the Technical Council of the People's Commissariat, deputy People's Commissar (minister) for ferrous metallurgy.
From 1939 he was director of the Institute of Metallurgy of the USSR AS and since 1944 director of the Central research institute of ferrous metallurgy that has borne his name since 1960. Since 1942 he was made vice-president of USSR AS and from  1937 a Delegate of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the 1st-5th convocations.

Awards
Lenin prize:
1958 - for the works for creating first industrial plants for continuous steel casting. Awarded with 7 orders of Lenin and medals.

References

External links 
Official site of MISIS:  Outstanding MISIS Professors

1883 births
1960 deaths
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Soviet metallurgists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Liskom. Liskom, Ltd. is a vending machine manufacturing company based in Moscow, Russia. The mainstream product of the company is coin- and bill-operated photocopier "Kopirkin".

Liskom was the first company in Russia to manufacture the vending photocopier what is confirmed by utility model patent (RU70010 (U1)) hold by company.

At the moment Liskom is one of the largest and well-known companies on Russian vending machines manufacturing market.

General information

Liskom's area of expertise is development and manufacturing of vending machines and related electronics (such as watchdog timers for interactive kiosks and ATMs).

PCBs for machines developed are produced and programmed inhouse.

Liskom headquarters are located in Moscow, development center is located in Samara.

Primary market for Liskom is Russian Federation and CIS countries, but some of the products are also exported to Europe.

Representatives and dealers of the company are located in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and in several cities across Russia.

History

The company was founded in 2004 and initially manufactured interactive kiosks and slot machines.

In 2007 Liskom has started manufacturing vending machines by introducing vending photocopier Kopirkin.
Two new models of Kopirkin were developed later in 2008 and 2009. "Kopirkin Print" - extended version of "Kopirkin" with built-in memory and keypad for printing predefined documents and "Kopiring Profy" - touch-screen based printing-scanning-copying machine for educational facilities.

Products

The main Liskom's product is vending photocopier "Kopirkin" based on Xerox's photocopier.

Kopirkin is a ruggedized, banknote- and coin-operated self-service photocopier (A4, black-and-white).

It is as independent and autonomous as traditional vending machines.
"Kopirkin" is meant to be placed in public places and is made in a metal anti-vandal cabinet manufactured by “TechnoProm Group” LLC.

One of distinctive "Kopirkin" features is GSM/GPRS remote monitoring (telemetry) system.

Notes

Manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Vending machine manufacturers

Www.liskom.ru
HARMST. HARMST is an acronym for high aspect ratio microstructure technology, which describes fabrication technologies,
used to create high-aspect-ratio microstructures with heights between tens of micrometers up to a centimeter, and aspect ratios greater than 10:1.  Examples include the LIGA fabrication process, advanced silicon etch, and deep reactive ion etching.

See also
 LIGA
 Micromechanical systems — high aspect ratio (HAR) micromachining

References

Materials science
Microtechnology
Airplane house. An airplane house or aeroplane house is a residential home made from a retired or scrapped aircraft. The houses are usually old airliners that once carried passengers, but have now been sent to a scrap yard because of age or because of cuts in the airline's fleet.

Information

People buy the airplane from the scrap yard and use the frame as a base for a house.

These houses typically have the same area as a normal house, but in a different shape. Lighting, heating, air conditioning, and plumbing can be installed once the plane is transported to its final destination from the scrap yard. The plane houses often have the cockpit and back of the plane turned into either a bedroom or bathroom. There is usually a room in the middle which is another bedroom. The remaining area can be turned into a living room and kitchen.

Because airplanes are made to fly at high altitudes, they are well insulated. As a result, the homes constructed from them are energy efficient. These houses also have ample storage area. The cargo hold underneath, normally used to carry customer luggage, is now available to use as an attic-type storage area and the wings can be converted into decks.

The average cost to build varies from about $35,000 to $55,000. This comprises the plane, land, plumbing, electrical, heating/air conditioning, and the cost of transporting the plane from the scrap yard.

Construction
Once it is bought from the scrap yard the wings may be removed from the aircraft and put onto flatbeds to transport it to the buyer's property. At the buyer's yard a crane will be used to reattach the wings.

Advantages
The entire project costs less than most suburban homes and requires less maintenance. Also there might be no mortgage on the property which means the owner will own their home without debt sooner. It is also a good home for first time buyers because it is inexpensive as well as a full size house. In addition to low building costs it is inexpensive to heat and cool. The fuselage is designed to be well insulated because aircraft fuselages must hold up to extreme cold at high altitudes.

Costs
Depending on the place, condition, and age of the aircraft, customers are able to buy them from $10,000 to $30,000.

Generally modern airliners are around  long and the wing span is about the same. That means that there is a minimum land requirement of about . In some areas of the country suburban land of that size is available for around $15,000. It will take several tractor trailer trucks to transport the entire plane when it is dismantled. Depending on the company fees and the distance that the plane is being transported, the fee will most likely be a few thousand dollars.

See also
 747 Wing House
 Boeing
 Boeing 727
 Airbus
 Aircraft boneyard

References

External links
 Airplane Homes web site
 Boeing 727-200 home project web site
 Boeing 727-200 home project updates (not linked from home page)

House types
Aircraft by type