omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GrADS. The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is an interactive desktop tool that is used for easy access, manipulation, and visualization of earth science data. The format of the data may be either binary, GRIB, NetCDF, or HDF-SDS (Scientific Data Sets). GrADS has been implemented worldwide on a variety of commonly used operating systems and is freely distributed over the Internet.

GrADS uses a 4-Dimensional data environment: longitude, latitude, vertical level, and time. Data sets are placed within the 4-D space by use of a data descriptor file. GrADS interprets station data as well as gridded data, and the grids may be regular, non-linearly spaced, Gaussian, or of variable resolution. Data from different data sets may be graphically overlaid, with correct spatial and time registration. It uses the ctl mechanism to join differing time group data sets. Operations are executed interactively by entering FORTRAN-like expressions at the command line. A rich set of built-in functions are provided, but users may also add their own functions as external routines written in any programming language.

Data may be displayed using a variety of graphical techniques: line and bar graphs, scatter plots, smoothed contours, shaded contours, streamlines, wind vectors, grid boxes, shaded grid boxes, and station model plots. Graphics may be output in PostScript or image formats. GrADS provides geophysically intuitive defaults, but the user has the option to control all aspects of graphics output.

GrADS has a programmable interface (scripting language) that allows for sophisticated analysis and display applications.  Scripts can display buttons and drop menus as well as graphics, and then take action based on user point-and-clicks. GrADS can be run in batch mode, and the scripting language facilitates using GrADS to do long overnight batch jobs. As of version 2.2.0, graphics display and printing are now handled as independent plug-ins. A C-language Python extension for GrADS called GradsPy was introduced in version 2.2.1.

See also
 Climate Data Analysis Tool
 Giovanni (meteorology)
 IDL (programming language) and GNU Data Language
 MATLAB and GNU Octave
 NCAR Command Language

References

External links
 GrADS official site
 OpenGrADS official site
 HiGrads - A GrADS script function library for managing subplots and charts

Earth sciences graphics software
Free science software
Graphic software in meteorology
Meteorological data and networks
Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches. The Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW) is the German association for gas and water with headquarters in Bonn. Its official English translation is the German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water. The DVGW was founded in 1859. Its main task is to create the technical regulations for safety and reliability of gas and water supply.

Regulation and standards
In addition to the preparation of the national DVGW rules it also imports the DIN, EN and ISO standards.
The certification activities are done by DVGW CERT GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of DVGW.

See also
Fuel cell gas appliances up to 70 kW

References

External links
DVGW Homepage
 

Standards organisations in Germany
Gas technologies
Serge Abiteboul. Serge Joseph Abiteboul (born 25 August 1953 in Paris, France) is a French computer scientist working in the areas of data management, database theory, and finite model theory.

Education
The son of two hardware store owners, Abiteboul attended high-school in Romorantin, and Higher School Preparatory Classes in Tours. He was admitted to the Télécom Paris engineering school and studied at the Technion in Haifa for a year.

Abiteboul received his PhD from the University of Southern California under the supervision of Seymour Ginsburg, in 1982.

Career and research
Abiteboul is a senior researcher at the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA), the French national research institute focussing on computer science and related areas, and has been a professor of the Collège de France.

He is known for his many contributions in the areas of finite model theory, database theory, and database systems. In finite model theory, the Abiteboul–Vianu Theorem states that polynomial time is equal to PSPACE if and only if fixed point logic is the same as partial fixed point logic. In database theory, he has contributed a wide variety of results, the most recent on languages for the distributed processing of XML data. In data management, he is best known for his early work on semistructured and Web databases. In 2008, according to Citeseer, he is the most highly cited researcher in the data management area who works at a European institution.

Abiteboul is also known for two books, one on database theory and one on Web data management. He frequently writes for French newspapers, including Le Monde, Libération and La Tribune

A member of the ARCEP, the independent agency in charge of regulating telecommunications in France, Abiteboul has been an advocate of net neutrality. He has also been critical of virtual assistants and their impact on privacy.

In 2019, he is among the members of a group tasked by the French government with addressing online bullying and harassment.

Awards and honours
Abiteboul was awarded the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award in 1998, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGMOD Test of Time Award in 2004, the Prix EADS in 2007 and the  ACM PODS Alberto O. Mendelzon Test-of-Time Award (2008). Abiteboul was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 2008, of the European Academy of Sciences in 2011, and an ACM Fellow in 2011.

References 

Database researchers
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2011 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
1953 births
French computer scientists
University of Southern California alumni
Shale Technologies (company). Shale Technologies, LLC is an American privately held oil shale company with headquarters in Rifle, Colorado.  It is an owner of the proprietary information relating to the Paraho oil shale retorting technologies (Paraho Direct and Paraho Indirect). The Paraho Direct is an American version of a vertical shaft retort similar to the Kiviter and Fushun retorts. This technology is used in the company's pilot plant facility in Rifle.

History
On 28 June 2000, Shale Technologies purchased Paraho Development Corporation, a developer of shale oil extraction technology.

References

External links
 Company website

Oil shale companies of the United States
Mark XVII. Mark XVII or Mark 17 often refers to the 17th version of a product, frequently military hardware. "Mark", meaning "model" or "variant", can be abbreviated "Mk."

Mark XVII or Mark 17 may refer to:

CP Mk.XVII; a Royal Navy central-pivot single gun mount used on destroyers in the 1930s and 1940s
De Havilland Mosquito NF Mk XVII; a Royal Air Force night fighter with British radar
Supermarine Seafire F Mk. XVII; a Royal Navy fighter with reinforced wings and modified landing gear
Mark XVII torpedo (1944); British 18 inch burner cycle torpedo
Mark 17 torpedo (1945-1950), US Navy torpedo used aboard destroyers; employed hydrogen peroxide as oxidant
Mark 17 nuclear bomb (1954-1955); the first mass-produced hydrogen bomb
Logistics Vehicle System MK17 Rear Body Unit; US Marine Corps heavy tactical vehicle trailer incorporating a crane
FN SCAR-H, Mk 17 Mod 0; a modular 7.62mm rifle employed by US Special Operations
Red Leaf Resources. Red Leaf Resources, Inc, doing business as Green Leaf Carbon Technologies, is an oil-shale technology company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is the developer of the shale oil extraction technology HCCO® (Homogeneous Charged Continuous Oxidation) Process. The company holds mineral leases in Utah for oil shale development that can support 75,000 bbl/day of oil production. Its Uintah Partners LLC subsidiary also holds surface rights in the Uinta Basin with a permit for a 40,000 barrel per day refinery. The company is affiliated with Questerre Energy Corporation.

Technology
The Green Leaf Carbon Technologies process for converting organic-rich material (primarily kerogen) to synthetic oil and gas is called the HCCO®  Process. The process retorts mined kerogen ore in a closed steel vessel. Heat is moved continuously through the stationary bed with a fuel gas that is produced along with oil from the system. Heat is recovered by exposing the leading edge of the heat front to fresh ore. When all the oil is recovered from one vessel and the spent ore has been cooled, the vessel is offloaded and reloaded with fresh kerogen ore. Typically, three vessels are grouped together in a pod with two vessels involved in the heat movement and oil production while the third vessel is on turnaround. By using pure oxygen with the fuel gas, essentially pure CO2 is produced which is directly amenable to geologic sequestration or for use (such as for enhanced oil recovery operations). Sufficient fuel gas is produced by the process to satisfy the heat requirements of the retort and to generate sufficient electricity for the process requirements, thereby eliminating the need for any external fuel sources. The process promises production of ‘blue oil’, that is, oil that has been produced with zero CO2 emissions.

Operations
Green Leaf Carbon Technologies controls oil shale leases covering about  on State of Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands in eastern Utah.  The acreage represents about  of shale oil. Its 2009 pilot project produced more than  of oil.  In 2012, the company formed a joint venture with Total S.A. to launch commercial scale production of , utilizing the company’s first-generation EcoShale In-Capsule process on its oil shale leases.  In December 2013, a ground water permit was issued for the oil shale mine and shale oil plant.  With the collapse of oil prices in 2014, the company undertook a process to redesign its shale oil extraction technology to lower its capital and operating costs and improve its environmental footprint. The HCCO® Process is the culmination of those efforts and Green Leaf Carbon Technologies is now pursuing commercial demonstration of the technology.

Key People
Michael Binnion is the Chairman of the Board of Directors. Jason D’Silva is a director and the Chair of the Audit Committee. Patrick Quinlan is a director and the Chair of the Compensation Committee.

References

External links
 Company website

Oil companies of the United States
Oil shale companies of the United States
Oil shale technology
Mark XIX. Mark XIX or Mark 19 may refer to:

Military
 Mk 19 grenade launcher, a widely used American belt-fed weapon that fires 40 mm grenades
 Mark 19 torpedo, a prototype American torpedo
 Desert Eagle or Mark XIX (1982), a U.S.-Israeli large caliber semi-automatic pistol
 Logistics Vehicle System MK19 Rear Body Unit; US Marine Corps heavy tactical vehicle trailer incorporating a crane

United Kingdom
 BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX (1916–1940), an artillery piece made by Vickers
 CP Mk.XIX, a Royal Navy central-pivot twin-mount carrying two quick-firing 4-inch guns
 HA/LA Mk.XIX, a Royal Navy high-angle/low-angle twin-mount carrying two quick-firing 4-inch guns
 De Havilland Mosquito NF Mk XIX, a night fighter variant De Havilland Mosquito that could mount American or British radar
 Supermarine Spitfire Mk 19 (1944), the last and most successful Supermarine Spitfire photographic reconnaissance variant
 Vickers Wellington T Mk XIX, service conversion of the Vickers Wellington Mk X for use as a navigation trainer
 ASV Mk. 19 (anti surface vessel), an EKCO airborne radar fitted to the Royal Navy Fairey Gannet
Chocbox. Chocbox is a patented plastic box for safely enclosing electrical connections made with screw connector strips. It was invented by entrepreneur Peter Moule, who appeared on the BBC television programme Dragons' Den in 2007. He secured a deal with two "dragons", Duncan Bannatyne and James Caan, for £150,000 funding and soon made a deal for sales worth £25 million. Bannatyne describes Chocbox as one of his best investments from the show.

References

External links
Chocbox website 
James Caan: Investments

Electrical wiring
Electrical safety
British inventions
Ernst Trömner. Ernst Trömner (24 August 1868 – 27 May 1930) was a German neurologist who was a native of Meerane in the Kingdom of Saxony.

In 1893 he earned his medical doctorate at Leipzig, and was later director of the neurological department of St. Georg Hospital in Hamburg. He designed the Trömner reflex hammer, a popular reflex hammer that is used for evoking cutaneous and myotatic responses.

His name is also associated with "Trömner's reflex" of which, with the fingers of the patient partially flexed, the tapping of the volar aspect of the tip of the middle or index finger causes flexion of all four fingers and thumb. This phenomenon is associated with pyramidal tract lesions with moderate spasticity.

References
 Mondofacto Dictionary (definition of eponym)
Southwest Medical Online Trömner Reflex Hammer
 Hammers of the University of Minnesota (biographical information)

1868 births
1930 deaths
People from Meerane
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German neurologists
Junkers Ju 60. The Junkers Ju 60 was a  single engine airliner built in prototype form in Germany in the early 1930s. It was designed to meet a requirement issued by the Reichsverkehrsministerium (Reich Transport Ministry) for a German-built equivalent to the Lockheed Vega with which to equip Deutsche Luft Hansa. The result was a sleek, cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration, with wings skinned in the corrugated duralumin that had been a hallmark of Junkers designs up to this time, although this would be the last Junkers aircraft to have this feature. The main units of the tailwheel undercarriage were retractable.

The Ju 60 was evaluated by Deutsche Luft Hansa against the Heinkel He 70. With the latter able to demonstrate a top speed 75 km/h (47 mph) better than the Ju 60, development of the Junkers design was halted before the third prototype had been completed. The two examples that had already been constructed eventually saw service with the Luftwaffe as liaison aircraft until 1942. The work done on the design would later form the basis of the Ju 160.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 The Hugo Junkers Homepage
 Уголок неба

1930s German airliners
Ju 060
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Junkers K 16. The Junkers K 16 was a small airliner produced in Germany in the early 1920s. It was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, equipped with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, while the two passengers were provided with an enclosed cabin within the fuselage. Shortly after the prototype flew, aircraft production in Germany was brought to a complete halt by the Allies, and the K 16 was quickly evacuated to the Netherlands to avoid confiscation. There, it was stored by Fokker until the restrictions were relaxed and work recommenced at Junkers' Dessau factory in 1924. By this time, however, the airline niche that the tiny K 16 had been intended to fill no longer existed, and the small number that were produced were mostly sold to private owners. Junkers entered two K 16s in the 1925 Deutsche Rundflug, with one machine winning second place in the competition.

Variants

 K 16 - initial version with Siemens-Halske Sh 4 engine, later changed to Sh 5
 K 16a - modified undercarriage and rear fuselage (modified from prototype)
 K 16b - production versions with new wing and a variety of engine choices:
 K 16ba - Siemens-Halske Sh 5 engine
 K 16bi - Siemens-Halske Sh 20 engine
 K 16bo - Walter NZ 120 engine
 K 16c - as K 16b but with modified nose section to accommodate engine change
 K 16ce - Bristol Lucifer engine

Specifications (K 16 prototype)

References

 
 
 Hugo Junkers Homepage
 Уголок неба

Further reading
 

1920s German airliners
K 16
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Symposium on Principles of Database Systems. The ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS) is an international research conference on database theory, and has been held yearly since 1982. It is sponsored by three Association for Computing Machinery SIGs, SIGAI, SIGACT, and SIGMOD. Since 1991, PODS has been held jointly with the ACM SIGMOD Conference, a research conference on systems aspects of data management.

PODS is regarded as one of the top conferences in the area of database theory and data algorithms. It holds the highest rating of A* in the CORE2021 ranking . The conference typically accepts between 20 and 40 papers each year, with acceptance rates fluctuating between 25% and 35%.

External links
 
 dblp: Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS)

Recurring events established in 1982
Database theory
Computer science conferences
Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Gray Marine Motor Company. Gray Marine Motor Company was a U.S. manufacturer of marine engines between 1910 and 1967. These ranged from one to six cylinders in both gas and later diesel layouts, which were used in pleasure boats, work boats, and military craft. 

Gray was based in Detroit. Many fishing boats, lobsterboats, tugs and pleasure craft used Gray engines. These boats usually  fell between 12 and 32 feet. Many of their engines were marinized automotive engines from Hercules, Studebaker, Pontiac, Continental, American Motors or General Motors Diesel Division.

Gray also produced a line of outboard motors.  Rather than a ninety-degree gearbox, a curved housing connected motor to propeller. The lower-unit housing contained a flexible inner rotating shaft.

Origins
Gray Marine started in 1892 and was re-branded Gray Motor Company about 1910 by O. Mulford and his partners Paul and David Gray. The engines were also used by Traffic Motor Truck Corporation of St Louis, Koehler Truck of New Jersey, Panhard truck, and the Crow-Elkhart car. Prairie Queen tractors also used this engine in 1922.

Automobiles

In 1921 Frank L. Klingensmith, William Blackburn (from Cadillac) and Frank F. Beall (from Packard) took over the Gray Motor Company, renaming it Gray Motor Corporation with $4 million capital, with the intent of competing with Ford. Two models of Gray car were made using the Beall developed Z motor. The Z engine was a 12-18 horsepower, 4 cylinder, L-head design that was said to resemble the model T Ford engine.

By 1924 the company was in poor financial condition and Mulford managed to buy back the marine engine division, re-establishing Gray Marine Motor Company. Gray Motor Corporation ceased producing cars by 1926.

Marine engines

The marine engine division continued operations for over forty years, and is most known for converting automotive engines for fishboats, cruisers and World War II landing craft, such as the Canadian Ramped cargo lighter and the famed Higgins boats. Gray built their own engines up to 1924, but converted automotive engines from about April 1924 on. During WWII, Gray Marine built 100 marinized GM style 71 series diesels a day using GM cylinder blocks.

On June 14, 1944, the company was purchased by Continental Motors Company for $2.6 million. John W. Mulford, the son of O. Mulford, was made general manager of Gray. Gray continued to make marine engines in the post-war period until its closure by Continental in about 1967.

References

Marine engine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Engine manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 1892
American companies established in 1892
1892 establishments in Michigan
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967
American companies disestablished in 1967
1967 disestablishments in Michigan
Bayan Obo Mining District. Bayan'obo Mining District (Mongolian: , ), or Baiyun-Obo or Baiyun'ebo, is a mining district in the west of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Baotou City, the downtown of which is more than  to the south.

The mines north of the town are the largest deposits of rare-earth elements yet found and, as of 2005, responsible for 45% of global rare-earth element production.

In the satellite image at right, vegetation appears red, grassland is light brown, rocks are black, and water surfaces are green. Two circular open-pit mines are visible, as well as a number of tailings ponds and tailings piles.

Administrative divisions
Bayan Obo Mining District is made up of 2 subdistricts.

Climate

Economic geology
China produced about 81,000 tons of rare-earth metals in 2001; the number jumped to about 120,000 by 2006. According to the Chinese Society of Rare Earths,  of waste gas—containing dust concentrate, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid—are released with every ton of rare metals that are mined. Approximately  of acidic wastewater, plus about a ton of radioactive waste residue are also produced.

Mine deposit 
Very large rare-earth elements (REE) Fe-Nb deposit (Bayan-Obo type), discovered as an iron deposit in 1927. REE minerals were discovered in 1936, and niobium-bearing ores in the late 1950s. Reserves are estimated at more than 40 million tons of REE minerals grading at 3–5.4% REE  (70% of world's known REE reserves), 1 million tons of Nb2O5 and 470 million tons of iron. The deposit also contains an estimated 130 million tons of fluorite.

Bayan'obo is the world's largest known REE deposit. The fluorite content of the ores also makes it the world's largest fluorite deposit.

The deposit occurs in an east–west trending Mesoproterozoic rift zone along the northern margin of the Sino-Korean Craton. Host strata are quartzite, slate, limestone, and dolomite. Dolomite is the main host rock. The orebodies are stratiform and lenticular, with masses, bands, layers, veins, and disseminations. Besides clear features of hydrothermal mineralization, the deposit also exhibits Mg, Fe, Na and F metasomatism. Sm-Nd monazite isochron age for bastnaesite and riebeckite  is 1200 to 1300 Ma, whereas Th-Pb and Sm-Nd age of Ba-REE-F carbonates and aeschynite is 474 to 402 Ma.

See also
 Nanling Mountains
Mountain Pass Mine

References

Further reading

 The Sedimentary Carbonate-Hosted Giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb Ore Deposit of Inner Mongolia, China: A Cornerstone Example for Giant Polymetallic Ore Deposits of Hydrothermal Origin, by E.C.T. Chao et al.. 1997, USGS Bulletin 2143. Full text online

Baotou
Mining communities in China
Rare earth mines
Carbonatite occurrences
County-level divisions of Inner Mongolia
Comparison of CAD, CAM, and CAE file viewers. This is an overview of notable viewers for files, that are produced by Computer aided design (CAD), Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and Computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications.

Comparison of notable CAD/CAM/CAE file viewers

See also 
 Comparison of computer-aided design software
 List of CAD file formats

References 

Computer-aided engineering
Computer-aided manufacturing
Computer-aided design
CAD, CAM and CAE file viewers