omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Multichannel analyzer. A multichannel analyzer (MCA) is an instrument used in laboratory and field applications to analyze an input signal consisting of voltage pulses. MCAs are used extensively in digitizing various spectroscopy measurements, especially those related to nuclear physics, including various types of spectroscopy (alpha-, beta-, and gamma spectroscopy).

Operation

A multichannel analyzer uses a fast ADC to record incoming pulses and stores information about pulses in one of two ways:

Pulse-height analysis
In pulse-height analysis (PHA) mode, incoming pulses are characterized based on their amplitude (peak voltage). The output spectrum is a histogram of these pulses, where the height of each channel corresponds to the number pulses counted within a narrow range of amplitudes. The resolution of the output spectrum depends on the number of channels of the MCA, which is on the order of a few thousand for typical instruments.

In alpha-, beta-, and gamma spectroscopy, PHA is used to measure the energy distribution of particles emitted in nuclear decay. Incoming particles are absorbed by a detector medium and excite voltage pulses whose amplitudes are proportional to their energy. After many pulses have been counted, the output spectrum shows the energy distribution of the radiation incident on the detector.

Multichannel scaling mode
In multichannel scaling (MCS) mode, the MCA records a pulse count-rate over time. Unlike PHA, MCS does not differentiate pulses of different amplitudes. Instead, the MCA records all measured counts in one channel for a set time interval (called the "dwell time"), then switches to the next channel to record the subsequent time interval, and so on.

The internal control voltage signal used to switch channels when the dwell time elapses is often available to the experimenter and can be used to trigger changes in the experimental setup. In this arrangement, the MCA acts as an X–Y recorder, observing changes in the count rate as a function of the controlled experimental parameter. For example, a Geiger counter connected to an MCA in MCS mode could be used to record the amount of ionizing radiation emitted by a neutron generator at different voltages.

Output interface 
Once a histogram has been recorded, the data is sent to a computer, displayed on a screen on the MCA, or (in older models) sent directly to a printer.

Modern MCAs typically interface with a computer via USB or Ethernet, but some older or specialty models use RS-232 or PCI.

Sound card MCA 
A USB sound card can serve as a cheap, consumer off-the-shelf ADC, a technique pioneered by Marek Dolleiser. The data is sent to the computer as normal sound and stored in a WAV file. Specialized software processes the "sound" to perform pulse-height analysis and multichannel scaling, forming a complete MCA.

Sound cards have high-speed but low-resolution (up to 192 kHz) ADC chips, allowing for reasonable gamma spectroscopy performance for a low-to-medium count rate. The "sound card spectrometer" has been further refined in amateur and professional circles.

See also
Geiger counter
Oscilloscope

References

Radioactivity
Laboratory equipment
Henry J. Kelley. Henry J. Kelley (1926-1988) was Christopher C. Kraft Professor of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He produced major contributions to control theory, especially in aeronautical engineering and flight optimization.

In 1948, he received a Bachelor of Science from NYU in aeronautical engineering, and began to work for Grumman Aircraft in the same year. His studies continued as a part-time student leading
to a Master of Science in mathematics (1951) and to the Sc.D. in aeronautical
engineering (1958). In 1963, he left Grumman (as Assistant Chief of the
Research Department)  and founded Analytical Mechanics Associates with two partners. In 1978, he became a professor in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

His paper on "Gradient Theory of Optimal Flight Paths" (1960) is considered a major contribution to the field. In the context of control theory, Kelley derived basics of backpropagation, now widely used for machine learning and artificial neural networks.

Kelley received NYU's Founder's Day Award in 1959, the IAS New York Section Award in 1961, the AIAA Guidance and Control of Flight Award in 1973, and the AIAA Pendray Award in 1979. He was a Fellow of the AIAA, and member of the AAS, the IEEE and SIAM, and founder and first chairman of IFAC's Mathematics of Control Committee.

Notes

1926 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
New York University alumni
American control theorists
Virginia Tech faculty
Calipt'Air Serenis. The Calipt'Air Serenis () is a Swiss single-place, paraglider that was designed and produced by Calipt'Air of Spiez. It is now out of production.

Design and development
The Serenis was designed as an intermediate glider. The models are each named for their relative size.

Operational history
Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Serenis in a 2003 review as "lively and very easy to fly".

Variants
Serenis S
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 51 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.9:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1-2 certified.
Serenis M
Mid-sized model for medium-weight pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 51 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.9:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1-2 certified.
Serenis L
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 51 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.9:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1-2 certified.

Specifications (Serenis L)

References

Serenis
Paragliders
PL-10. The PL-10 (, NATO reporting name: CH-AA-9), formerly known as PL-ASR (stands for PiLi-Advanced Short Range), is a short-range, infrared-homing / active radar homing air-to-air missile (AAM) developed by the People's Republic of China. It was designed by Dr. Liang Xiaogeng (梁晓庚) at the Luoyang Electro Optical Center, which is also known as the Institute 612 and was renamed in 2002 as the China Air-to-Air Guided Missile Research Institute (中国空空导弹研究院). Development of the missile commenced in 2004 for use on stealth fighters such as the J-20 and J-35.

History
The development of PL-10 initiated in 2004, and the design was reportedly approved in 2010. The missile entered production in 2013. The chief designer of PL-10 is Liang Xiaogeng () of the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology. Pictures of the PL-10, then known as the PL-ASR, appeared on the Chinese internet in 2008. It was observed mounting on a PLAAF Chengdu J-20 in 2015.

Design
The PL-10 is fitted with an advanced multi-element imaging infrared (IIR) sensor that identifies the target based on shape, giving it all-aspect targeting capability, longer target detection range, and enhanced resistance to chaff and flare. It's reportedly very resistant to jamming and electronic countermeasures. The missile is capable of lock-on after launch (LOAL), giving it ability to update target data using datalink while in flight.

The multi-element IIR seeker is capable of +/-90 degree off boresight angles and can be slaved to a helmet-mounted display (HMD). This allows the pilot to track a target beyond the aircraft's radar scan envelope using the missile's high off-boresight capability, achieved by the pilot turning his head towards the target to lock-on, better known as "look and shoot".

Flight is controlled by a thrust-vector controlled solid rocket motor and free-moving control wings on the missile's tail, which facilitate the missile to achieve turn capability of over 60Gs and high angles of
attack. The central portion of the missile has long, thin strakes, which help maintain missile maneuverability in the terminal homing stage after the rocket motor stops firing. 

According to the assessment by Royal United Services Institute, the PL-10 provides comparable performance to European ASRAAM and IRIS-T missiles, while offering superior kinematic performances against AIM-9X. According to aviation researcher Justin Bronk, the overall capability of the PL-10 reaches an approximate parity with Western systems and surpasses Russian technologies.

Variants
PL-10 Original version
PL-10E Export version. The first potential buyer was Pakistan and its JF-17 Block III program.
PL-10 Active Radar A PL-10 variant replacing the IIR seeker with miniature active radar. It features a new radome, improving aerodynamic efficiency and range. The variant was first observed in 2022.

See also
 AAM-5 (Japanese missile)
 PL-8
 PL-9
 AIM-9X
 ASRAAM
 IRIS-T
 Merlin
 MICA

References

Bibliography

Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Short range air-to-air missiles
Hallvard Ødegaard. Hallvard Ødegaard (born 11 December 1945 in Voss) is a Norwegian professor emeritus from Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He is known as the inventor of the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for wastewater treatment.

Career 
Ødegaard graduated with a master's degree in civil engineering in 1969 from the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH). In 1975 he received his doctoral degree from the same institution. He was employed at the Norwegian Institute for Water Research from 1970 to 1973. Subsequently, he was employed from 1973 to 1975 at the Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering at NTH. He worked from 1975 to 1977 at the regional office for Sør-Trøndelag as a senior engineer. In 1977 he returned to the Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, where he became a professor in 1985. The Norwegian Institute of Technology later merged to form the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) 

MBBR was invented at NTNU in the late 1980s and further investigated and improved in the early 1990s. MBBR is a process that uses special carriers as a biofilm media in an aeration tank of a wastewater treatment system. This makes it possible to construct aeration tanks that are more compact than conventional activated sludge tanks. The process was commercialized by a company called Kaldnes Miljöteknologi, which was later called AnoxKaldnes. This company was later bought by Veolia Water. It is estimated that there is at least 600 municipal and industrial AnoxKaldnes MBBR treatment plants in operation in over 50 different countries. Currently there are various other suppliers of MBBR technology.

Awards 
In 2011 the King of Norway announced the designation of Ødegaard as a Knight of the First Class of St. Olav order "for his dedication to water research".

References

External links 

 
 Professor Hallvard Ødegaard, Personal webpage from NTNU

1945 births
Living people
People from Voss
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian engineers
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Bullseye Glass. Bullseye Glass is a glass manufacturer in Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The company is a significant supplier of raw art glass for fused glass makers.

According to Art Glass Magazine, production controls at Bullseye's U.S. plant is more consistent than imported products, allowing it to fuse reliably.

History

Bullseye Glass Company was founded in 1974 by Dan Schwoerer, Boyce Lundstrom, and Ray Ahlgren.

In early 2016, high levels of the toxic heavy metals cadmium, arsenic and chromium were discovered in the vicinity of the company's plant in East Portland. After production with some of the heavy metals was voluntarily halted by Bullseye and others, their production of several colors of art glass was restricted.

In fall of 2016, Bullseye completed installation of a baghouse emission control system that successfully reduced all emissions to levels required by state and federal regulations.

See also

 List of companies based in Oregon

References

External links

 

1974 establishments in Oregon
American companies established in 1974
Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon
Glassmaking companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Portland, Oregon
F. Pratten and Co Ltd. F. Pratten and Co Ltd, commonly known as Prattens, was a business located in Midsomer Norton that manufactured prefabricated buildings. Production included portable classrooms that were widely used after World War II.

History

Early years

The business was founded in 1912 by 26 year old Frank Pratten, a coal miner's son from Westfield, He had previously worked for another local firm, W. Edgell, but acquired a small premises off Charlton Road, Midsomer Norton, and began making prefabricated buildings with Frank Bourne. They manufactured ammunition sheds during World War I.

Post war, Frank's brothers Ernest and Bertram joined the business. Economic difficulties during the inter-war years made low-cost prefabricated buildings attractive and business grew. In 1922 the firm offered garages from as little a £12 15s delivered. Prattens described itself as a "Horticultural Builders" and between 1924 and 1926 incorporated as F Pratten & Co Ltd.

During World War II, in common with many other workplaces, the company took on female factory workers to cover the shortfall left by men joining the armed forces.

Post-war boom

Raising of the school leaving age in the UK to 15 in 1945 prompted the HORSA hut programme. The subsequent increase to 16 in 1972 led to ROSLA classroom blocks. Both generated demand for prefabricated classrooms. Expected lifespan of the huts was only twenty-five years but many survived long after. Some examples from the 1950s – 1970s are still in use.

Prattens also manufactured sheds, greenhouses, office units and garages, which were exported throughout the world.

In 1968, the firm employed 250 staff and its factory was "completely mechanised in spite of being housed in old buildings".

Beazer

The company remained a family business until 1980 when it was sold to Beazer. The acquired firm's fortunes declined  and the factory in Charlton Road was demolished in 1994 for housing development.

Asbestos

Legacy

Pratten Terrace is built at the former factory entrance and The Timbers opposite it, their names echoing the firm and its carpentry activities.

Two social clubs founded for Pratten's staff survive, both in Charlton Lane.

Prattens Sports and Social Club previously supported a Carnival Club that continued for some years after the firm closed.

Prattens Bowls Club was started in 1928 by Mr Thomas, a cashier at Prattens, and built using voluntary labour. For many years it had a male-only membership, and the members had to be employed by Prattens. Membership of both clubs is now open to all. Prattens Bowls Club was the site of a fatal hot air balloon accident in 2011.

A Pratten hut is used as community centre and live entertainment venue at Warminster Athenaeum.

See also

 Shepherd Building Group

External links
 Prattens factory, 1933
 Pratten hen hut and maker's plate

References

Family-owned companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Somerset
Manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in England
Harold Hartley (politician). Harold Leslie Hartley (27 May 1875 – 23 August 1958) was an engineer-fitter and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

Biography
Hartley was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to parents William James Hartley and his wife Maria Freeman (née Byram). He attended State Schools in Cooktown, Blackall, and Rockhampton before attending Rockhampton Grammar School. On leaving school he became an apprentice engineer at Burns & Twigg in Rockhampton before becoming an engineer-fitter with the Queensland Railways. He fought with the 3rd Bushmen's Contingent during the 2nd Boer War and upon his discharge resumed his machine-shop duties. He was a member of the Australian Workers' Union and the Amalgamated Miners' Association.

On 23 April 1907 he married Emily Jane Campbell (died 1957) in Rockhampton and together had two sons. He died in Brisbane in August 1958 and was buried in the Toowong Cemetery.

Political career
Hartley, for the Labor Party, represented the state seat of Rockhampton from 1915 until 1929.

References

Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
1875 births
1958 deaths
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
People educated at Rockhampton Grammar School
Demonstration plant. A demonstration plant is an industrial system used to validate an industrial process for commercialization. It is larger than a pilot plant, and is the final stage in research, development and demonstration of a new process. Demonstration plants are built in a range of sizes, and the term 'demonstration plant' can sometimes be used interchangeably with 'pilot plant.' However, demonstration plants are generally larger than pilot plants, and are often constructed following a successful trial in a pilot scale size. Demonstration plants are used to prove a process works at industrial scale, and is financially viable in its intended industry.

Goals
The goals of a demonstration plant are generally as follows:
 Prove a new technology using commercially available, pre-tested equipment.
 Show a reasonable return on investment (ROI) for the capital that will be invested in a full-scale system, including the operational costs of running such a system.
 In some cases, to start bringing product to market in significant enough amounts that production, distribution and target market viability can be established, including finalization of market testing.
 Establish a viable product method that will endure the test of a true manufacturing operation.

Design factors
Many of the same design techniques that are used for pilot plants are also used when developing demonstration plants. 3D modeling, chemical similitude studies, mass and energy balances, risk factors, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and mathematical modeling are common techniques used to design demonstration modules before actual fabrication occurs.

The emphasis in a demonstration plant is on using industrial equipment, rather than smaller-scale equipment, to prove process viability. A significant amount of product must be produced in equipment that will hold up over a long production lifetime and not be prohibitively expensive. A demonstration plant must show that enough end-product can be created to offset the costs of the commercial system over a period of time.

See also
Pilot plant
Operations research
Chemical engineering
Process engineering

References

Industrial engineering
Industrial processes
Karuma–Olwiyo–Pakwach–Nebbi–Arua Road. The Karuma–Olwiyo–Pakwach–Nebbi–Arua Road is a road in the Northern Region of Uganda, connecting the towns of Karuma, Olwiyo, Pakwach, Nebbi and the city of Arua.

Location
The road starts at Karuma, and proceeds in a northwesterly direction through Olwiyo, crossing the Albert Nile at Pakwach, going through Nebbi and ending at Arua, a distance of approximately , from end to end. However, the roadworks as contracted, measured .

Upgrading to bitumen
In 2001, the government of Uganda borrowed US$64.5 million (USh100 billion at that time), from the International Development Association, to upgrade this road to class II bitumen surface, with drainage channels, culverts and shoulders. The work was completed in sections, starting with the Arua–Nebbi section, which was completed in December 2003. The paved road continues to undergo periodic maintenance and rehabilitation.

Points of interest
 The beginning of the road at Karuma, lies approximately , by road from the location of Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station, the largest hydroelectric power project in Uganda to date.
 The section between Karuma and Olwiyo runs along the northern edge of Murchison Falls National Park.
 At Olwiyo, this road makes a T-junction with the Acholibur–Gulu–Olwiyo Road.
 The Pakwach Bridge on this road, is the fourth permanent bridge across River Nile in Uganda, the others being (1) the Source of the Nile Bridge (2) the Isimba Bridge and (3) the Karuma Bridge.

See also
 List of roads in Uganda
 Transport in Uganda
 Vurra–Arua–Koboko–Oraba Road

References

External links
 Uganda National Road Authority Homepage
 UNRA Promises A Better Road Network

Roads in Uganda
Kiryandongo District
Nwoya District
Nebbi District
Arua District
Northern Region, Uganda
Simply Fortran. Simply Fortran is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for GNU Fortran (which currently implements FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008). The project is maintained by the company Approximatrix, LLC.

See also

 Comparison of integrated development environments
 KDevelop

References

External links
 

Fortran
Integrated development environments
Linux integrated development environments
Windows integrated development environments
A 5120. The A 5120 was an office computer produced by VEB Robotron in Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz), East Germany starting in 1982. The system featured an 8-bit microprocessor, the U880. It was built for office work and had minimal graphics and sound capabilities. The price was between 27,000 and 40,000 East German marks (around 24,000-35,000 2016 US dollars) depending on equipment.

In 1986, a new version was produced, the A 5120.16. The system was identical to the A 5120, with the addition of two additional boards, one with a U8000 16-bit microprocessor (a Zilog Z8000 clone), and one with 256KB DRAM. The original 8-bit system functioned as an I/O subsystem. In this configuration it could run the relatively powerful MUTOS8000 (Unix System III derivative). The price of this model was between about 32,000 and 48,000 East German marks.

In total, about 17,000 A 5120 and A 5120.16 units were manufactured.

In March 1983, a stamp was issued by the German Democratic Republic featuring the A 5120. 4.5 million copies were printed.

An A 5120 was featured in the 2015 television show Deutschland 83 as an example of technological disparity between East and West Germany in the early 1980s.

Technical details 
The original A 5120 had two U880 (Zilog Z80 clone) 8-bit processors, running at 2.25 MHz or 2.5 MHz. One was dedicated to I/O, while the other was used for normal work. Each was capable of about 625,000 operations per second. It normally came with 16KB of RAM, but a few units shipped with less. When higher-capacity DRAM chips became available, most units shipped with at least 64KB, and some with as much as 112KB.

The A 5120.16 upgrade included two new circuit boards, one with a 16-bit U8001 processor (clone of Zilog Z8000), and the other with 256KB of additional RAM. The original 8-bit system functioned as a terminal to the 16-bit system.

For storage, the first A 5120 units had dual magnetic cassette drives, but when the floppy disk version became available, all of these units were converted. The first floppy disk version of the machine included an 8-inch floppy disk drive, with two additional 8-inch drives available in a separate unit. Later, the A 5120 included up to three 5.25-inch drives in place of the 8-inch drive.

Images

In Popular Culture 
It is featured in DEUTSCHLAND 83 SEASON 1 Episode 03 as showcase
of difference in technology between East Germany and West Germany.

See also 
 History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
 Robotron KC 87, a home computer with similar core hardware introduced in 1987

References 

Products introduced in 1982
Goods manufactured in East Germany
Science and technology in East Germany