omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AN/APG-83. The  AN/APG-83 Scalable Agile Beam Radar (SABR) is a full-performance active electronically scanned array (AESA) fire control radar for the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and other aircraft developed by Northrop Grumman. In a 2013 competition, Lockheed Martin selected SABR as the AESA radar for the F-16 modernization and update programs of the United States Air Force and Republic of China Air Force. 

The capabilities of this advanced AESA are derived from the F-22's AN/APG-77 and the F-35's AN/APG-81. It is designed to fit F-16 aircraft with no structural, power or cooling modifications. The SABR is scalable to fit other aircraft platforms and mission areas.

In 2010, a SABR was installed on a USAF F-16 at Edwards AFB and flew 17 consecutive demonstration sorties without cooling or stability issues.

In addition to equipping F-16V for Taiwan and other US allies, US Air Force also selected APG-83 SABR to upgrade 72 of its Air National Guard F-16s.

In January 2014, Singapore ordered 70 AN/APG-83 SABR for its 60 F-16C/D/G+ Block 52 upgrade, in a $2.43 billion deal.

At August 2018, Northrop Grumman conducted an APG-83 fit test on an F-18.

A derivative of the AN/APG-83, the SABR-GS (Global Strike), will be fitted to the Rockwell B-1 Lancer beginning in 2016.

In February 2019, Northrop Grumman offered SABR for retrofitting Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, which currently uses mechanically scanning AN/APQ-166 attack radar. In July 2019, Boeing selected AN/APG-82(V)1/(AN/APG-79) from Raytheon for its B-52H radar modernization program.

Northrop Grumman to offer SABR radar for Seoul's FA-50 Block 20 fighter.

The US Air Force is installing the AN/APG-83 SABR on 608 of its F-16C/D Block 40/42 and F-16C/D 50/52 fighters.

See also

List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links
 Northrop Grumman SABR Radar
 F-16 Radar Retrofit Program In Development – Aviation Week
 SABR/Scalable Agile Beam Radar – Deagel.com 

Aircraft radars
Northrop Grumman radars
Military electronics of the United States
Military radars of the United States
John Wescott Myers. John Wescott Myers (born Los Angeles, California, June 13, 1911 – died Beverly Hills, California, January 31, 2008) was a World War II test pilot who helped develop the P-61 fighter plane.

The son of Louis Wescott Myers, a prominent California judge and lawyer, Myers was educated at The Thacher School, Stanford University and Harvard Law School.  He returned to California to practice law, but was an avid pilot. When the US entered World War II, Myers took a job in the legal department of Lockheed, hoping to get piloting work. He was soon ferrying aircraft for them as a sideline, and did some test-piloting on the YP-38. He joined Northrop Aircraft in 1941 as chief engineering test pilot, flying many of Northrop's experimental planes. He was heavily involved with the P-61 program; he test-piloted the plane, and then taught American pilots on the Pacific Front to fly it. He was called "Maestro" for his flying skills.  While in New Guinea, Myers gave a ride to fellow trainer Charles Lindbergh; Lindbergh later wrote of how Myers avoided a potentially fatal accident by evading a plane that landed too closely behind their own plane.

After World War II, Myers successfully ran several aviation-related businesses.

Myers married Lucia Raymond in 1942; they had two children, Louis W. Myers II and Lucia Myers.

A small plant (Myers' Pincushion or Navarretia myersii) first identified on Myers' ranch was named in his honor due to his contributions to conservation.

References

1911 births
2008 deaths
People from Los Angeles
American test pilots
Harvard Law School alumni
Stanford University alumni
The Thacher School alumni
Subfluvial tunnel ESPO and Lena River. Subfluvial tunnel ESPO and Lena River is a bridge that carries the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline across the Lena River. The Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline is  a  long oil pipeline. It is between the confluence with the Olyokma River and Soljanka village.

Building method and design 

Builders initially chose a tunnel for this crossing, based on  horizontal drilling. Instead, they eventually decided to build a culvert, laying an oil pipeline in a trench.

According to designers of Transneft, the building of the underwater crossing is ecologically safe. The decision on the use of open cut river and stream crossing is based on studies performed by employees of Transneft of possible ways of crossing a waterway, proceeding from geological and hydrological conditions of a section of the Lena River. According to engineers of Transneft, this crossing is unique in reliability. In addition, pump station number 14 is on the bank of the Lena river right after the bridge. This measure lowers pressure in the pipe.

The underwater piece of the oil pipeline is a pipe riveted to a  wood lath. Over the lath are pig-iron pipeline weights.
 The thickness of a wall of a pipe on a site of underwater transition of the main oil pipeline is .
 Strength of a used steel above, than at analogues on 15%.

The first attempt to construct the crossing was made in the summer of 2008, but the water lever was high and construction work was halted.

The crossing was constructed from the end of March to the beginning of April 2009. Workers worked on placing a section of  oil pipeline in a trench that had been cut from the ice of the Lena River.

References

External links 
 

Bridges in Russia
Transneft
Green building in Germany. German developments that employ green building techniques include:
The Solarsiedlung (Solar Settlement) in Freiburg, Germany, which features PlusEnergy houses.
The Sonnenschiff (Sun Ship) in Freiburg, Germany, which is also built according to German solar architect Rolf Disch PlusEnergy standards.
The Vauban quarter, also in Freiburg.
Houses designed by Baufritz, incorporating passive solar design, heavily insulated walls, triple-glaze doors and windows, non-toxic paints and finishes, summer shading, heat recovery ventilation, and greywater treatment systems.
The new Reichstag building in Berlin, which produces its own energy.
The Heichrich Böll Siedlung in Berlin-Pankow as a forerunner for Green Building in post-cold war Berlin emphasizes on "every day ecology", instead of High-Tech-Measurements.

In January 2009, the first German certificates for sustainable buildings were handed over. The standard for the new certificates is developed by the DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für nachhaltiges Bauen e.V. - German Sustainable Building Council) and the BMVBS (Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung - Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs)

See also
Heliotrope (building)

References

External links
German Sustainable building Council
Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards
Baufritz' Natural Construction Standard

Sustainability in Germany
IECEE. The IECEE is the IEC System of Conformity Assessment Schemes for Electrotechnical Equipment and Components being a body of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC uses the name IECEE for the IEC System for Conformity Testing and Certification of Electrotechnical Equipment and Components that is better known as the CB System

Background
The predecessor of IECEE was a European body founded under the name of Commission internationale de réglementation en vue de l'approbation de l'équipement électrique (International commission on rules for the approval of electrical equipment) known as CEE.  Historically this certification process goes back to 1929 based on an initiative by the German VDE (Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik).

CEE also devised and published standards for electrical equipment, most of which have been superseded by IEC standards.

CB Scheme
The IEC CB Scheme is multilateral agreement to allow international certification of electrical and electronic products so that a single certification allows worldwide market access.

The CB scheme has its origin in the European "Commission for Conformity Testing of Electrical Equipment" (CEE) which merged into the IEC in 1985. CB system is the abbreviation for the name of the meaning of "Certification Bodies' Scheme" i.e, "system certification body.". As of July 1992, CB system had a total of 30 member countries namely Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, China, former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, India, Iceland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Singapore, the former Soviet Union, former Yugoslavia, the United States. Currently there are some 52 member bodies organized in the IECEE and a further 65 NCBs (national certification bodies) support the scheme with 276 CB test labs (CBTL). A product being certified in a certified testing laboratory according to the harmonized standard will receive a CB Report that may be submitted to the national certification bodies like GS, PSE, CCC, NOM, GOST/R, BSMI.

CEE standards

CEE published a number of standards under its own name.  Most of these have been superseded by CENELEC and/or IEC standards.

See also 
 Perilex, superseded by the IEC 60309
 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
 Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets

References

External links 
Official Website

Mains power connectors
Electrical safety standards organizations
Remote visual inspection. Remote Visual Inspection or Remote Digital Video Inspection, also known as RVI or RDVI, is a form of visual inspection which uses visual aids including video technology to allow an inspector to look at objects and materials from a distance because the objects are inaccessible or are in dangerous environments. RVI is also a specialty branch of nondestructive testing (NDT).

Purposes
Technologies include, but not limited to, rigid or flexible borescopes, videoscopes, fiberscopes, push cameras, pan/tilt/zoom cameras and robotic crawlers. Remote are commonly used where distance, angle of view and limited lighting may impair direct visual examination or where access is limited by time, financial constraints or atmospheric hazards.

RVI/RDVI is commonly used as a predictive maintenance or regularly scheduled maintenance tool to assess the "health" and operability of fixed and portable assets.  RVI/RDVI enables greater inspection coverage, inspection repeatability and data comparison.

The "remote" portion of RVI/RDVI refers to the characterization of the operator not entering the inspection area due to physical size constraints or potential safety issues related to the inspection environment.

Applications
Typical applications for RVI include:
 Aircraft engines (turbofan, turbojet, turboshaft)
 Aircraft fuselage
 Turbines for power generation (steam and gas)
 Process piping (oil and gas, pharmaceutical, food preparation)
 Nuclear Power Stations - contaminated areas
 Any areas where it is too dangerous, small or costly to view directly

References

Nondestructive testing
Maintenance
Tests
Polikarpov VIT-1. The Polikarpov VIT-1 (— Flying Tank Destroyer) was a Soviet twin-engined multi-purpose aircraft developed before World War II. One prototype was built in 1937, with an extremely heavy armament for ground attack duties. That was the only example built as it was decided to revise the design with more powerful engines as the VIT-2.

Development
The Polikarpov design bureau (OKB) was ordered, in 1936, to begin development of a fast twin-engined aircraft that could be used for ground attack duties and as a heavy fighter. It delivered the ground attack version the following year for evaluation, although it could be modified as necessary for other roles. The VIT-1 was reasonably successful, but it was decided to give it more powerful engines and modify its structure. The improved aircraft was designated as the VIT-2.

The VIT-1 was a low-winged, twin-engined aircraft with a mixed structure. The monocoque fuselage was made in halves of 'shpon', molded birch plywood. The wing and tail structures were built from a mix of steel tubes and duralumin with a duralumin skin. The VIT-1 had the first metal-skinned control surfaces in the USSR. The main legs of the conventional landing gear retracted aft into the engine nacelles, but the tailwheel was fixed. The nose was extensively glazed to give the bombardier/navigator good visibility and he was armed with a  ShVAK cannon with 10° of vertical travel. The rear gunner/radio operator sat behind the pilot in a manually operated turret armed with a  ShKAS machine gun. Two  Shpitalnyi Sh-37 cannon were mounted in the wing roots with very prominent barrels. Up to  of bombs could be carried internally in the fuselage or a pair of  FAB-500 bombs could be carried under the wings. It used a pair of  Klimov M-103 inline engines driving 3-bladed propellers.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Gordon, Yefim. Soviet Airpower in World War 2. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2008 
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London, Osprey, 1995

External links
VIT-1, SVB, MPI-1 by N.N.Polikarpov 

VIT-1
1930s Soviet attack aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
C10H14O4. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H14O4}}
The molecular formula C10H14O4 (molar mass: 198.22 g/mol, exact mass: 198.0892 u) may refer to:

 7-Deoxyloganetic acid
 Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
 Tetraacetylethane
 Guaifenesin
ANSI C12.10. ANSI C12.10 is the ANSI American National Standard for Physical Aspects of Watt-hour Meters.

This standard covers the physical aspects of both detachable and bottom-connected watt-hour meters and associated registers. These include ratings, internal wiring arrangements, pertinent dimensions, markings and other general specifications.
This standard includes references to latest version of ANSI C12.1 and ANSI C12.20 for performance requirements. Dimensions and other relevant specifications have been coordinated with ANSIC12.7-2005 American National Standard Requirements for Watthour Meters Sockets.

References

See also
 Refer to the Programming with C by E. Balagurusami.
 Refer to the latest versions of ANSI C12.1 and ANSI C12.20 for performance requirements.

Electrical standards
ANSI C12
Polikarpov VIT-2. The Polikarpov VIT-2 (Vozdooshny Istrebitel' Tahnkov—Flying Tank Destroyer) was a Soviet twin-engined ground attack aircraft developed before World War II. A single prototype was built in 1938 for evaluation purposes. Although a promising design it was recommended that it be introduced into production as a high-speed dive bomber with a reduced armament to increase its speed.

Development
The VIT-2 was derived from the VIT-1 prototype, but it was given  Klimov M-105 engines and its structure was revised. It was a low-winged, twin-engined aircraft with a mixed structure. The monocoque fuselage was made in halves of 'shpon', molded birch plywood and a large fuel tank was placed between the pilot and rear gunner. The fuel tank was moved to the rear and the canopy was lengthened in consequence. The wing structure was built from a mix of steel tubes and duralumin with a duralumin skin. The empennage was redesigned as a twin tail. The main legs of the conventional landing gear retracted aft into the engine nacelles and were given fairing to reduce drag when retracted, but the tail-wheel was fixed. The nose was extensively glazed to give the bombardier/navigator good visibility and he was armed with a  ShVAK cannon with 10° of vertical travel. The rear gunner/radio operator sat in a manually operated turret armed with another ShVAK and he was also provided with a retractable pair of  ShKAS machine guns for ventral defense. Two  Shpitalnyi Sh-37 cannon and two more ShVAKs were mounted in the wing roots. Up to  of bombs could be carried internally in the fuselage or a pair of  FAB-500 bombs could be carried under the wings.

The prototype was first flown on 11 May 1938 by the famous pilot Valery Chkalov and had its propellers replaced by constant speed VISh-61 propellers shortly afterwards. It was submitted for its State acceptance trials in October 1938 where it proved to be faster at sea level than the VIT-1,  versus , but slightly slower at altitude,  at  compared to  at . It was recommended for production as a high-speed dive bomber provided that some of the armament was removed to increase its speed.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gordon, Yefim. Soviet Airpower in World War 2. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2008 
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London, Osprey, 1995

External links

 http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/RAM/vit-2.html 

VIT-2
1930s Soviet attack aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Optical relief. Optical relief (usually noted as simply relief) is a visually observable property in optical mineralogy used to identify minerals based on their refractive index. Relief is determined by observing the degree to which grains stand out from a mounting medium of known refractive index, usually either oil or Canada Balsam. Relief is an important part of the Becke line test.

Magnitude
Minerals that stand out significantly (have a difference in refractive index of .12 or more) have high or strong relief, and will have very sharp boundaries between itself and the material it is next to. Intermediate is .04 to .12, and low or weak is less than .04. Low relief materials have boundaries that are hard to distinguish from each other.

Polarity
Relief is said to be positive when the refractive index of the mineral is higher than the refractive index of the medium, and negative when the opposite occurs. In regular observations, only the magnitude of relief can be seen (minerals with positive and negative relief will look the same) and other techniques (such as the Becke Line Method) must be employed in order to determine if a mineral has positive or negative relief.

References

Nesse, W. D., 1991, Introduction of Optical Mineralogy, 2nd edition.

Optical mineralogy
ANSI C12.19. ANSI C12.19 is the American National Standard for Utility Industry End Device Data Tables

This standard defines a table structure for utility application data to be passed between an end device and a computer. The "end device" is typically an electricity meter, and the "computer" is typically a hand-held device carried by a meter reader, or a meter communication module which is part of an automatic meter reading system. C12.19 does not define end device design criteria nor specify the language or protocol used to transport that data. There are however related ANSI standards which do specify the transportation of these tables. ANSI C12.18 describes the communication of C12.19 tables over an optical port. ANSI C12.21 describes the communication of C12.19 tables over a modem. ANSI C12.22 describes the communication of C12.19 tables over a network.

The purpose of the tables is to define structures for transporting data to and from end devices. A related standard, IEC 61968 defines a CIM information model for energy data.

History
The structures were originally known as the "Tucker Tables" (after Richard Tucker.) The tables were developed under the auspices of the American National Standards Institute, C12, SC17, WG2. The standard is sponsored by NEMA, and also published as MC12.19 and IEEE Std 1377.

Popularity of the tables has grown over the years such that most electric meter vendors in North America now support and use the tables in their products.

The committee (working group 2) is currently chaired by Avygdor Moise and released a revision 2 of the standard in 2008, revision 2.1 of the standard in 2012.

Effective 2014, the object identifiers (device classes) and XML documents (TDLs/EDLs) of this standard are managed and registered by the Energy Communications Management eXchange (ECMX) under the supervision of the North American End Device Registration Authority (NAEDRA).

External links 
 The ANSI C12.19 standard at NEMA
 The IEEE Standard 1377-2012 for Utility Industry Metering Communication Protocol Application Layer (End Device Data Tables) at IEEE
 The ANSI C12.19/IEEE Std 1377 and ANSI C12.22/IEEE Std 1703 Registry at ECMX
 The North American End Device Registration Authority at NAEDRA
 RFC 6142 Framework for transporting ANSI C12.22, IEEE 1703, and MC12.22 Transport Over IP at IETF

Electrical standards
Telecommunications standards
ANSI C12
IEEE standards
IEEE Std 1377|IEEE Std 1701|IEEE Std 1702|IEEE Std 1703|IEEE Std 1704
AMI|Smart Meter
Electric power distribution
ANSI C12.22. ANSI C12.22 is the American National Standard for Protocol Specification for Interfacing to Data Communication Networks

ANSI C12.22/IEEE Std 1703 describe a protocol for transporting ANSI C12.19 table data over networks, for the purpose of interoperability among communications modules and meters. This standard uses AES encryption to enable strong, secure communications, including confidentiality and data integrity. The cipher mode used, a derivation of EAX mode called EAX' (EAX prime), is provably secure in the context of C12.22.  However, this cipher mode cannot be used securely for non-standard short messages (messages less than the key length of 16 bytes). Its security model is extensible to support new security mechanisms.

ANSI C12.22/IEEE Std 1703 define message services which are components of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for smart grids.

There is also  for transporting C12.22 data using TCP and UDP transport over IP networks.

The ANSI C12.22 / IEEE Std 1703 service and domains consist of ANSI C12.22 / IEEE Std 1703 Network Segments and ANSI C12.22 / IEEE Std 1703 Nodes that are managed by distributed trusted centers, network relays and gateways. As smart grid AMI networks evolve, ANSI C12.22 / IEEE 1703 domains may be created to service the utilities' Field Area Networks (FAN) and the Home/Premise Area Networks (HAN/PAN). Nodes that operate in these domains must be registered with unique application title names (ApTitles) that need to be registered (ECMX).

External links 
 The ANSI C12.22 standard at NEMA
 1703-2012 - IEEE Standard for Local Area Network/Wide Area Network (LAN/WAN) Node Communication Protocol to Complement the Utility Industry End Device Data Tables
 The ANSI C12.19 / IEEE Std 1377 and ANSI ANSI C12.22 / IEEE Std 1703 Registry at ECMX
 North American End Device Registration Authority: In support of ANSI C12.19 / IEEE Std 1377
 : ANSI C12.22, IEEE 1703, and MC12.22 Transport Over IP

References

Telecommunications standards
ANSI C12
IEEE standards
AMI|Smart Meter
IEEE Std 1377|IEEE Std 1701|IEEE Std 1702|IEEE Std 1703|IEEE Std 1704
ANSI C12.1. ANSI C12.1 is the American National Standard for Code for Electricity Metering

This standard establishes acceptable performance criteria for new types of AC watthour meters, demand meters, demand registers, pulse devices and auxiliary devices. It describes acceptable in-service performance levels for meters and devices used in revenue metering.

External links 
 The ANSI C12.1 standard at NEMA

Electrical standards
ANSI C12