omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Teschenite. Teschenite is a type of coarse or medium grained igneous rock, akin to gabbro or dolerite, that contains essential analcime. Its name is derived from the region of Teschen, where it was discovered. The term crinanite has previously been used as a synonym for teschenite (particularly for deposits with increased analcime content), but there have been attempts to standardise terminology by stopping its use. Rocks related to teschenite are referred to as rocks of the teschenite association.

Geological composition 
Teschenite is typically composed of essential titan-augite, analcime, labradorite and small quantities of olivine and may include hornblendes; the presence of analcime is a key characteristic of teschenites and its pressence is a factor that differentiates it from other similar rocks. 

Teschenite also has subtypes such as cuyamite and lugarite.

History 
Teschenite was first described and named by  in 1861. Hohenegger used the term to describe Cretaceous masses of Austrian Silesia near Teschen, which up until that point were listed as a range of minerals, such as diorite, diabase, greenstone or flood basalt, among others. Later in 1866 Hohenegger's definition of the mineral was further refined by Gustav Tschermak, who differentiated between the darker, basalt-like deposits rich in olivine and what is now called teschenite as he identified the former as picrite.

Until 1892 the name in use for the rock was tchesenit, which is derived from the German name for Český Těšín. The name teschenite (těšínit in Czech) was first used by mineralogist

Location of occurrence 
Teschenite has been found in many parts of the world, some examples include Scotland, Portugal, the Caucasus Mountains, Siberia, Kenya, Myanmar, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand.

In the Czech Republic, teschenite is primarily found in the volcanic region of the Beskids which stretch from the borders of Moravia to regions east of Český Těšín. Specific documented deposits are in Tichá, in the basin of the Ostravice river, in the Řepiště municipality and in a quarry near Žermanice Reservoir. Historically, olivine-rich teschenite has also been mined in an old quarry in Straník.

See also 

 Picrite, a basalt similar to teschenite.
 Lugarite, a rock-type containing teschnite.

References 

Igneous rocks
Ji Di. Ji Di () is a Chinese icebreaking research vessel built in 2024 for the State Oceanic Administration North Sea Branch.

, Guangzhou Shipyard International is building a slightly bigger Polar Class 4 research vessel, Tan Suo San Hao, at the same time.

Design 

Ji Di is  long overall and has a beam of  and draft of . The  vessel has accommodation for 60 persons, operational range of , and can remain at sea for 80 days.

Ji Di has a diesel-electric propulsion system with four main diesel generators and two  ABB Azipod azimuth thrusters. The ship's speed in open water is  and it can break  level ice at a speed of .

Ji Di is built to Polar Class 6, the second-lowest ice class defined in the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships, which is intended for summer and autumn operation in medium first-year ice between  in thickness that may contain small inclusions of old sea ice that has survived at least one summer without melting completely.

History 

The ship's construction was awarded to Guangzhou Shipyard International, a subsidiary of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation, in March 2022 and the construction began shortly afterwards. It was floated out on 29 December 2023 and completed on 22 May 2024. 

Ji Di, Chinese for "polar", entered service with the State Oceanic Administration North Sea Branch on 24 June 2024. In August, the ship left for its first voyage to the Arctic.

References 

Icebreakers of China
Research vessels of China
2023 ships
Project 22010 research vessel. Project 22010 is a series of research vessels being built for the Russian Navy, developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau. While officially these vessels are intended for deep sea research and rescue operations, officials have alleged that these are spy ships intended for gathering intelligence and tampering with undersea communication cables.

Ships

See also
 List of active Russian Navy ships
 List of research vessels by country

References

Auxiliary ships of the Russian Navy
Research vessels of Russia
Project 21180M icebreaker. Project 21180M is a series of icebreakers being built for the Russian Navy, developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, intended as a cheaper alternative to the larger and more expensive Project 21180.

Development and construction
In the mid-2010s, the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation announced that a fleet of new auxiliary icebreakers would be built for the Russian Navy as part of the ongoing fleet renewal program to replace Soviet-era vessels. However, the initial plans for the construction of four  Project 21180 icebreakers was revised after the lead ship, Ilya Muromets, turned out to be too expensive. Consequently, Vympel Design Bureau developed a revised design, Project 21180M, with about two thirds of the displacement and more limited functionality compared to the bigger vessel.

The construction of the first Project 21180M icebreaker was awarded to Almaz Shipbuilding Company in 2017. The vessel was laid down on 12 December 2018, launched on 24 November 2020, and delivered to Russian Navy on 1 July 2024 after having been towed from Saint Petersburg to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the previous year. Evpatiy Kolovrat, named after the 13th century bogatyr described in The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan, entered service with the Pacific Fleet on 26 July 2024.

The keel of the second vessel was laid down on 1 September 2023. The vessel will be named Svyatogor after the mythical bogatyr and its delivery to the Northern Fleet is envisaged for 2027.

Ships in class

See also
 List of active Russian Navy ships
 List of icebreakers

References

Auxiliary ships of the Russian Navy
Icebreakers of Russia
Secretary of Aeronautics. The Secretary of Aeronautics was an entity dependent on the Presidency of the Argentine Nation of the Argentine Republic created on January 4, 1945 by the then de facto president General Edelmiro Julián Farrel in a general agreement of ministers. Its purpose was to bring together under the sole direction and administration of the government all the nation's air activity, until then dispersed in various dependencies. The Argentine Air Force (FAA) is created as an armed force independent of the Army.

The provision for the creation of the Secretariat of Aeronautics placed in charge a Secretary of Aeronautics with the category of Minister of State, while assigning him the leadership of all aviation activity organizations, both civil and military. Its first secretary was Brigadier General Bartolomé de la Colina.

During the last months of the government of General Farrel and then, under the two successive governments of General Perón, the Secretariat of Aeronautics laid the foundations of Argentine air and commercial aerospace expansion by articulating policies for this purpose.

References 

Military history of Argentina
Aviation in Argentina
1945 in Argentina
Organizations established in 1945
Organizations disestablished in 1949
Cordell Reed. Cordell Reed was an African American mechanical engineer and energy executive at Commonwealth Edison in Chicago, Illinois.

Early life and education 
A native of Chicago, Illinois, Cordell Reed was born on March 26, 1938. His parents were Carrie Bell and Clevon Reed. Reed was raised in a South Side Chicago public housing area known as the Ida B. Wells Homes. Reed went to Tilden Technical High School. He attended the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and graduated in 1960. Reed was the third African American to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the university. He went on to earn his Master’s degree in mechanical engineering at the same university.

Career 
Reed secured a job at Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) Company of Chicago after graduation in 1960. He held many positions there, eventually becoming vice president of nuclear operations. In his first position, Reed was an engineer working with coal-fire generating stations. He moved to the nuclear division in 1967. In 1975 he gained the executive role of public spokesman for nuclear power. In another role as appointed manager of the nuclear engineering department, Reed led 75 engineers in designing all nuclear projects. Some of Reed’s other career highlights include chief nuclear officer in 1979, a promotion to senior vice president in 1987, and positions as chief diversity officer and ethics officer in 1994. Reed was instrumental in addressing the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. He collaborated to create federal safeguards for public safety. He participated in a trade mission to South Africa in 1995.

Achievements 
Reed’s accolades and achievements included receiving a 1988 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Black Engineer of the Year Awards and being inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 1992. He was one of eight black engineers to have received this honor as of 1999. In 1993, he received the American Nuclear Society’s Tommy Thompson Award. Chicago State University named The Cordell Reed Student Union after him in 2001, four years after his 1997 retirement from Commonwealth Edison.

References 

1938 births
Living people
People from Chicago
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
African-American engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century African-American scientists
Howard P. Grant. Howard P. Grant was an African American civil engineer.

Early life and education 
Grant moved to Los Angeles, California after serving in the Air Force with his family. He was the first African American graduate with a bachelor of science in engineering from University of California, Berkeley in 1948. Another accomplishment in the year of 1948 included him becoming the first black member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Career 
After college, Grant worked as the first African American civil engineer for many departments including the City and County of San Francisco and the San Francisco Water Department until 1984. He became the second black man to obtain a civil engineer license by the State of California. He also served the California Society of Professional Engineers as the President and Treasurer. In addition to his accomplishments, he was one of the founders and President of North California Council of Black Professional Engineers, also known as NCCBPE, from 1970 to 1973. This group's mission is to catalyze the careers of African Americans adults and youth within the engineer career field through community education about science and engineering. These accomplishments led to his reputation of being an inspiration and mentor for the state of California and the nation. Grant also served as a board member of the Engineering Societies Committee for Manpower Training, Big Brothers, Hunter's Point's Boy's Club, and Urban League's scholarship committee for San Francisco.

References 

American civil engineers
African-American engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century African-American scientists
Aleksander Lampén. Aleksander Lampén (20 July 1879 – 25 July 1935) was a Finnish engineer, politician, Vuorineuvos and businessman. He was one of the pioneers in the wood processing industry. He served as the minister of defence between March 1925 and December 1925.

Early life and education
Lampén was born in Petrozavodsk on 20 July 1879.  He graduated from the high school in Helsinki in 1899. He obtained a degree in engineering from the Mechanical and Chemical Department of the Finnish Polytechnic Institute in 1903. He continued his studies at Columbia University between 1904 and 1906 and at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) between 1906 and 1907.

Career and activities
Lampén had business activities and headed the Tornator Oy company. He was the technical director of the company from 1908 to 1918 and then its managing director from 1918 to 1932. He established the Association of Finnish Paper Engineers along with Ilmari Stenbäck on 12 April 1914. 

Lampén headed the field artillery of the Ministry of Defence from 1924 to 1925. He was a member of the National Coalition Party and served as the minister of defence between 31 March 1925 and 31 December 1925 in the cabinet led by Antti Tulenheimo. He was made the Vuorineuvos or mountain councillor in 1929. He became the industrial advisor of the Kansallis-Osake-Pankki in 1932 and the chair of the Suomen Puunvienti Oy in 1933.

Personal life and death
Lampén married Lucie Agnes Antonie Kottke (1883–1962) in 1909. From 1932 they resided in Punkaharju. The Aleksander and Lucie Lampén fund annually awards study scholarships to Finnish students of the School of Chemical Engineering at Aalto University.

Lampén died in Vyborg on 25 July 1935.

Awards
Lampén was the recipient of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, the Order of the White Rose of Finland, the Order of the Polar Star and French Officier de l'Instruction publique.

References

20th-century Finnish businesspeople
20th-century Finnish engineers
1879 births
1935 deaths
Ministers of defence of Finland
People from Petrozavodsk
National Coalition Party politicians
Finnish chemical engineers
Order of the Polar Star
Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Order of the White Rose of Finland
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
List of expressways in West Bengal. This is a list of expressways in the Indian state of West Bengal. The list is divided into following categories:
National Expressway: Built by NHAI, these expressways run through more than one states and declared as "National Expressways" (NE) by Government of India.
State Expressway: Built by NHAI, these expressways run through entirely in the state (West Bengal) and connects areas within the state. These are declared as expressways by Government of India.
Bypass Expressway: Built by NHAI, these expressways runs through the outskirts or metropolitan area of a city to bypass the city core. West Bengal has bypass expressways only around Kolkata. These are declared as expressways by Government of India.
State declared expressway: This list contains expressways which are built by West Bengal Highway Development Corporation (WBHDCL) and declared as expressways by Government of West Bengal, not by Government of India. These highways contains almost same characteristics as NHAI expressways.

National Expressways by NHAI

State Expressways (by NHAI)

Bypass Expressways (by NHAI)

State declared expressways (by WBHDCL)

See also
Expressways in India

References

Expressways in India
Roads in West Bengal
Trifluoroethylene. Trifluoroethylene (abbreviated as TrFE) is an organofluoride compound with the chemical formula . It is a colourless gas. TrFE can polymerise to form poly(trifluoroethylene) (PTrFE). It can also form copolymers with other monomers, such as vinylidene fluoride to form a co-polymer that is used to produce ferroelectric materials.

References

Monomers
Fluoroalkenes
Hydrofluoroolefins
Anna Lawniczak. Anna T. Lawniczak (born 1953) is an applied mathematician known for her work on complex systems including lattice gas automata, a type of cellular automaton used to model fluid dynamics. Educated in Poland and the US, she has worked in the US and Canada, where she is a professor at the University of Guelph. She is the former president of the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society.

Education and career
After earning a master's degree in engineering (summa cum laude) from the Wrocław University of Science and Technology in Poland, Lawniczak went to Southern Illinois University in the US for doctoral study in mathematics. She completed her Ph.D. in 1981, supervised by Philip J. Feinsilver.

Before taking her current position at the University of Guelph in 1989, Lawniczak was a professor at Louisiana State University in the US, and the University of Toronto in Canada.

She was president of the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society / Société Canadienne de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (CAIMS/SCMAI) from 1997 to 2001. As president she guided a 1998 transition that included a new constitution, formal incorporation, a new annual conference, and a change from its former name, the Canadian Applied Mathematics Society / Société Canadienne de Mathématiques Appliquées.

Recognition
The Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society gave Lawniczak their Arthur Beaumont Distinguished Service Award in 2003. In the same year, the Fields Institute listed her as a Fellow in recognition of her "outstanding contributions to the Fields Institute and its activities".

The Engineering Institute of Canada named her as an EIC Fellow in 2018, after a nomination from IEEE Canada, naming her as "an international authority in the discrete modeling & simulation methods like Individually Based Simulation Models, Agent Based Simulations, Cellular Automata and Lattice Gas Cellular Automata, a field of which she is one of the co-developers".

References

External links
Home page

1953 births
Living people
Polish mathematicians
Polish women mathematicians
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
Cellular automatists
Wrocław University of Technology alumni
Southern Illinois University alumni
Louisiana State University faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Academic staff of the University of Guelph
Ghost Shark (submarine). The Ghost Shark (also as Ghost Shark XL-AUV) is a series large autonomous underwater vehicles that is being jointly developed by Anduril Industries and the Department of Defence for the Royal Australian Navy. Three submarines have been ordered for Royal Australian Navy and one (Ghost Shark XL-AUV) for United States Navy. The first of the submarines was publicly revealed in April 2024.

Project history

Anduril Industries signed a contract with the Royal Australian Navy and the Defence Science and Technology Group in May 2022. Under this contract the company is required to produce three prototype autonomous submarines over three years. It is intended for a design that is suitable for manufacturing to be ready by mid-2025. The submarines were named the 'Ghost Shark' in December 2022. The project forms part of initiatives to modernise the RAN. A number of other projects are also being undertaken to develop autonomous and uncrewed systems for the Australian Defence Force.

The first prototype Ghost Shark, which is designated 'Alpha', was publicly revealed in April 2024. At this time Anduril Australia and Defence stated that the project was running on budget and ahead of schedule. During the unveiling event Anduril's senior vice president engineering stated that trials of the type had been underway "for some time", though he was unable to disclose for how long.

The Australian Defence Magazine has reported that the ADV Guidance auxiliary ship was likely acquired, in part, to support Ghost Shark trials.

In mid-2024 a Ghost Shark was flown to Hawaii on board a Royal Australian Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster transport aircraft. The submarine will be used for trials in the United States. In August 2024 the Australian Government and Anduril reached an agreement to co-fund initial preparations for Ghost Sharks to be produced in large numbers in Australia.

Role and characteristics

The Department of Defence has stated that the Ghost Shark will provide a "stealthy, long-range autonomous undersea warfare capability that can conduct persistent intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and strike, and enhance Navy’s ability to operate with allies and partners". Details of the submarine's characteristics and intended missions have not been publicly released as of April 2024.

See also
 Future of the Royal Australian Navy
 Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
 Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat
 Speartooth LUUV, another Australian Autonomous Underwater Vehicle by C2 Robotics
 Orca (AUV)
 Vityaz-D

References

Submarines of Australia
Autonomous underwater vehicles
Meitetsu 6600 series. The  was a commuter electric multiple unit type operated by Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu) on Seto Line services in Japan from 1978 to 2013.

Background
In the plan for subway constructions by Nagoya, the Seto Line was intended to have thorough service with the subway from Ozone Station. This plan was scrapped by the city after the construction plan was being shaped. However, Meitetsu made an agreement with the city in 1971 to connect Seto Line with Sakai Station. Because of this, the overhead voltage of the line was raised to 1,500V, and a new underground route was constructed for the urban areas of the line. The construction started in 1978. For the rolling stock after the construction, Meitetsu 3780 series was transferred to the line for express services, but fast acceleration was demanded for rolling stocks for local services to run through the line without waiting on sidetracks between express services. Meitetsu procured six 2-car sets based on the 6000 series design used on Nagoya Main Line services.

History 
The fleet entered revenue service in 1978. In 1988, the fleet was retrofitted with longitudinal seating and air conditioning to cope with increase capacity on the Seto Line (the sets were originally built with transverse seating).

Following the introduction of the 4000 series on the Seto Line, the 6600 series fleet was retired by 3 March 2013. By 15 March, all 6600 series sets had been scrapped.

References

Eiichi Aoki (1986). "History of Nagoya Railways"
清水武「名古屋鉄道の輸送・運転業務に携わって」『鉄道ピクトリアル』第771号、電気車研究会、January 2006、124-131p.

Electric multiple units of Japan
Nagoya Railroad
Train-related introductions in 1978
Raven Rock Road Bridge. The Raven Rock Road Bridge is a historic Pratt thru truss bridge that carries Rosemont-Raven Rock Road over Lockatong Creek in the Raven Rock section of Delaware Township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1878 by the Lambertville Iron Works, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 2016, for its significance in engineering and transportation. It was listed as part of the Historic Bridges of Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

The  long single-span bridge was constructed with cast and wrought iron. It features the use of patented Phoenix Iron Company round riveted columns. According to the nomination form, it is the earliest use of this technology on state highways.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey

References

External links
 
 

Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Bridges completed in 1878
1878 establishments in New Jersey
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Bridges in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places