omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Innovative Interstellar Explorer. Innovative Interstellar Explorer was a NASA "Vision Mission" study funded by NASA following a proposal under NRA-03-OSS-01 on 11 September 2003. This study focused on measuring the interstellar medium, the region outside the influence of the nearest star, the Sun. It proposes to use a radioisotope thermal generator to power ion thrusters. 

The project is a study of a proposed interstellar precursor mission that would probe the nearby interstellar medium and measure the properties of magnetic fields and cosmic rays and their effects on a spacecraft leaving the Solar System. Mission launch plans analyzed direct, one planet, multi-planet, and upper-stage trades. As a concept study, a number of technologies, configurations, and mission goals were considered, leading to the choice of a spacecraft propelled with ion engines powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The focus was getting a spacecraft launched by about 2014, achieving 200 AU by the year 2031.

A variety of strategies were assessed, including using launch windows (not counting backups) for a Jupiter assist in 2014, 2026, 2038, and 2050about every 12 years. 
The launch opportunity for the 2014 window passed, but for example it could have resulted in a Jupiter flyby by early 2016 and then go on to reach 200 astronomical units (AU) by 2044. With an ion drive, a speed of about 7.9 AU per year could be attained by the time its xenon propellant was depleted, enabling a travel distance of 200 AU by 2044 and perhaps 1000 AU after one hundred years from launch. Different launch times and configurations have various timelines and options. One configuration for launch saw the use of a Delta IV Heavy and for the upper stages a stack of Star 48 and Star 37 leading to various gravity assist options. Another launch stack that was considered was the Atlas V 551 with a Star 48.

In 2011, the study's primary author gave an update to website Centauri Dreams, giving a retrospective on the mission and its feasibility since its publication in 2003. By that time, some of the earliest launch windows were no longer feasible without a ready spacecraft. Some retrospectives were the advantages and potential of solar sails, but the need for them to be more advanced for a mission, and also the utility of a radioisotope propulsion (REP) for such a mission. REP was the combination of using an RTG to power an ion drive.

See also
Applied Physics Laboratory
Interstellar probe
New Horizons 2
New Horizons (Pluto flyby 2015, now heading out to KBOs)
TAU (spacecraft)

References

External links
Interstellar Explorer – NASA
Presentation on IIE

Hypothetical spacecraft
Interstellar travel
Proposed space probes
Focke-Achgelis Fa 269. The Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 was a tiltrotor VTOL aircraft project designed by Henrich Focke.

Development
Conceived as a single-seat fighter, the Fa 269 project resulted from a design study order issued by the Reich Air Ministry to Focke-Achgelis in 1941. The order called for a local defence fighter which would combine the VTOL capabilities of a helicopter with the speed and economy of a conventional fixed-wing aircraft.

A large amount of wind tunnel testing was undertaken, along with work on gearboxes, drives and power-pivoting mechanisms, and a full-scale mock-up of the aircraft was built to demonstrate the VTOL concept, but much of this was destroyed by Allied bombing raids and all work was shelved in 1944, when Focke-Achgelis estimated that there was little likelihood of a practical prototype being available before 1947.

Design
A mid-wing monoplane, the Fa 269 was to have been powered by a single BMW 801 air-cooled radial engine buried in the fuselage behind the cockpit, which was to have driven transverse drive shafts in the leading edges of the fixed wing, the shafts turning three-bladed rotors via synchronised gearboxes. The plane of rotation of the rotors would have been capable of being swivelled through 80° using angled extension shafts.

It was proposed that the Fa 269 would adopt a high angle of attack when at rest using extremely long undercarriage units. For vertical take-off, the rotors would be lowered till their plane of rotation was parallel with the ground. For translation to conventional flight following take-off, the extension shafts were to pivot to the rear, the rotors then behaving as pusher propellers.

Specifications (Fa 269)

References

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Focke-Achgelis aircraft
1940s German experimental aircraft
Tiltrotor aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Single-engined twin-prop pusher aircraft
Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen. Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (7 September 1903 – 11 February 1992) was an Austrian locomotive designer and engineer. 
Giesl-Gieslingen was born in 1903 in Trient, Tirol, and studied at the Technical College in Vienna. In 1924 he published a technical article on smokebox design and chimneys. In 1925 he received his diploma as an engineer, and began working as a design engineer at the Floridsdorf locomotive works, where he was involved in the construction of the Class 214 2-8-4s. While at Floridorf he continued his studies, being interested in developing the rectangular chimney design developed by Golsdorf in Austria, and finished his doctoral thesis on locomotive front-end design in 1929.

To the United States
In 1929 the director, Arno Demmer, sent him to the United States, where he stayed until 1938, working on the New York Central Railroad testing a Kylala blastpipe. There he got to know his wife, whom he married in 1933 in New York.

Return to Austria
After his return he became Demmer's assistant and, after the Second World War, chief engineer of the Floridsdorf company. In 1946 he took up his post as honorary professor at the Technical College in Vienna as the successor to Johann Rihosek.

Giesl ejector

He developed the Giesl ejector for steam locomotives, which he patented and allowed to be sold by the Schoeller-Bleckmann works. The first notable application of this was to an Austrian 2-8-4 where fitting of the Giesl ejector produced a 25% increase in power output and a small saving in coal. As a result, Giesl ejectors were fitted to locomotives in Austria, East Germany, East Africa and Czechoslovakia. British Railways 9F locomotive No. 92250 was tested at Rugby with a Giesl ejector which demonstrated its effectiveness but due to imminent dieselisation no other locomotives were so fitted. Giesl later published several books on the subject of steam locomotive technology through the Viennese publishers of Verlag Slezak. The effectiveness of the Giesl ejector, being slightly better than the Kylchap exhaust, has led to two preserved locomotives in the UK being fitted with it; Bulleid Pacific No. 34092 City of Wells and BR standard class 2 2-6-0 No. 78022.

Death
Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen died on 11 February 1992 in Vienna.

References

Sources 
 Ernst Kabelka, In memoriam Professor Giesl-Gieslingen, in Schienenverkehr aktuell, 4/1992, S. 8.
 Ingrid Trummer, Alexander Stollhof (Hrsg), "...Bei uns in der Lofag...", Erinnerungen an die Floridsdorfer Lokomotivfabrik - Wiens größter Industriebetrieb, Edition Volkshochschule, Wien 2005,

Literature 
 Lokomotiv-Athleten. Geschichte, Leistung und Kurvenlauf der Sechs- und Siebenkuppler, Verlag Slezak, Wien 1976, 
 Die Ära nach Gölsdorf. Die letzten 3 Jahrzehnte des österreichischen Dampflokomotivbaus, Verlag Slezak, Wien 1981, 
 Anatomie der Dampflokomotive International, Verlag Slezak, Wien 1986, 

1903 births
1992 deaths
Austrian railway mechanical engineers
Austrian people in rail transport
20th-century Austrian inventors
People from Trento
Businesspeople from Vienna
TU Wien alumni
Locomotive builders and designers
20th-century Austrian businesspeople
Tominaga Dam. Tominaga Dam (富永ダム) is a dam in the city of Toyota in the Aichi Prefecture of Japan. It is a concrete Gravity dam that stands at a height of approximately  and generates power for Chubu Electric Power.

History 

After the Second World War, Chubu Electric Power, which had been expanding its power supply facilities, made plans to construct their fourth large-scale pumped-storage hydroelectric plant in the Yahagi River system following the Hatanagi, Takane, and Mazegawa dams. 

Hydroelectric power stations in Japan
Dams in Aichi Prefecture
Dams completed in 1980
Asuwagawa Dam. The  is a flood-control concrete Arch-gravity dam in the town of Ikeda in Fukui Prefecture, Japan owned by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

As the Asuwa River is part of the Kuzuryū River system which flows through the city of Fukui and which was subject to frequent flooding, various flood control projects were planned from the year 1900. A plan to build an auxiliary multipurpose dam on the Asuwa River was finalised in 1967, but no work was actually begun until 1994. Then project immediately encountered strong opposition by the residents of the site to be submerged. Some 220 households were involved, and compensation negotiations were protracted and difficult. Meanwhile, the political momentum of reviewing public works projects has increased nationwide and in 1997 the project was indefinitely frozen.

In July 2004, concentrated torrential rains attacked Fukui Prefecture, especially the Asuwa  broke its embankments. In Fukui city, 14,172 houses were flooded and five people were killed. The project for a dam on the Asugawa River was revived, despite ongoing opposition from local residents and the Japan Communist Party, both of whom pushed for embankment widening and reinforcement over a dam. Despite the ongoing opposition, construction work began in July 2006.

The design was a modified gravity type concrete dam. Initial plans called for a multipurpose dam; however, to placate local residents and in light of reduced demand for water, the design was changed to a specialised flood control dam. Unlike ordinary dams, the Asugawa Dam stores very little water, as the design has large tunnels in its base to permit the river to flow through the dam "as is". This so-called  "perforated dam" stores water only during floods. Therefore, although the Asuwawa reservoir is usually empty, when flooding occurs it stores water and gradually releases downstream.  Initially, the dam height was 130.0 m and the total water storage capacity was 72,000,000 tons, but in the final plan, the dam was reduced to 96.0 m and the total water storage capacity to 28,700,000 tons.

External links

Dams in Fukui Prefecture
Ikeda, Fukui
Carl Emil Krarup. Carl Emil Krarup (12 October 1872 – 29/30 December 1909) was a Danish telegraph engineer who is chiefly known for the invention of a kind of loaded cable, eponymously called Krarup cable, which made improvements in the transmission of telephone signals, especially on submarine cables.

Career
Krarup was originally a civil engineer.  He was in charge of public works in Copenhagen until 1898 when he joined the Danish Telegraph Administration.  In 1901 he conducted research  on loaded lines at the University of Würzburg in Germany. Returning to Denmark he continued the theoretical work at the University of Copenhagen and published a paper in 1902.

Krarup cable
Krarup cable is a method of loading lines to reduce their distortion.  All practical methods of loading add series inductance to the cable to try to meet the Heaviside condition for no signal distortion.  Krarup cable consists of iron wires wound tightly around the copper conducting cores and it is the iron that is the source of the additional inductance.  However, it still does not have sufficient inductance to fully meet the Heaviside condition.  Its construction also makes it expensive compared to the previously existing method of adding discrete loading coils at intervals along the cable.  Against this, Krarup cable is lighter and easier to lay.  The weight of early submarine cables using loading coils could cause excessive stress in the cable if not handled carefully.  Additionally, Krarup cable has none of the problems of sealing the joins against seawater which was a major problem with loading coils before modern polymers began to be used.

For these reasons, Krarup cable was popular on shorter distances, where the distortion was not so high that loading coils had to be used, until the advent of permalloy cable superseded it.  The first cable to be laid with Krarup cable, indeed the first cable to be laid with any kind of continuous loading, was between Helsingør (Denmark) and Helsingborg (Sweden) in 1902.  This cable was engineered by Krarup himself.

Notes

References
Huurdeman, AA, The worldwide history of telecommunications, pp. 321–322, Wiley-IEEE, 2003.

20th-century Danish inventors
20th-century Danish engineers
1872 births
1909 deaths
Sud-Est SE.200 Amphitrite. The Sud-Est SE.200 Amphitrite (named after Amphitrite) was a flying boat airliner built in France in the late 1930s, originally developed as the Lioré et Olivier LeO H-49 before the nationalisation of the French aircraft industry. It was a large, six-engine design with a high-set cantilever monoplane wing, and twin tails. It was developed in response to a French air ministry specification of 1936 for a transatlantic airliner for Air France with a range of  and a capacity for 20 passengers and 500 kg of cargo. Designs were submitted by Latécoère, Lioré et Olivier and by Potez-CAMS as the Laté 631, LeO H.49 and the Potez-CAMS 161 respectively, and examples of all designs were approved for construction. A large mock-up, resting on simulated water, was displayed at the 1938 Salon de l'Aéronautique.

Four SE.200s were under construction at Marignane at the outbreak of the Second World War, and work on them continued after the fall of France, along with a fifth aircraft now started. The first aircraft, christened Rochambeau flew on 11 December 1942. Following testing, it was seized by the German occupation and taken to the Bodensee, where it was destroyed in an air raid by RAF Mosquitos on 17 April 1944. A USAAF raid on Marignane on 16 September destroyed the second SE.200 and badly damaged the other airframes.

Enough work on the third SE.200 had been carried out to make salvage worthwhile after the war. This aircraft eventually flew on 2 April 1946 but was damaged in a hard landing in October 1949 and was not repaired. Plans existed to also complete the fourth airframe, but this did not happen and it and the fifth airframe were scrapped. The remains of the first SE.200 were raised by Dornier in 1966.

Operators

 French Navy

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les avions Lioré et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)
 
 
 "Six Motored French Air Giant Weighs 63-tons" Popular Mechanics, June 1943

1940s French airliners
Flying boats
Lioré et Olivier aircraft
SE-0200
Six-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Peptization. The peptization of a liquid mixture is the process of converting the mixture into a colloid by shaking it with a suitable electrolyte called a peptizing agent. That is, the insoluble solid particles which have settled out of the mixture (i.e. the precipitate) are reformed into microscopic particles suspended in the mixture. Peptization is the reverse of flocculation, the aggregation of colloidal particles into precipitate; as such, it is also known as deflocculation.

This is particularly important in colloid chemistry or for precipitation reactions in an aqueous solution. When colloidal particles bear a same sign electric charge, they mutually repel each other and cannot aggregate together. Freshly precipitated aluminium or iron hydroxide is extremely difficult to filter because the very fine colloidal particles directly pass through a paper filter. To facilitate the filtration, the colloidal suspension must be first flocculated by adding a concentrated solution of salt to the system. Multivalent cations are more efficient flocculants than monovalent cations: . The electrical charges present at the surface of the particles are so "neutralised" and disappear. More correctly speaking, the  electrical double layer existing at the surface of the particles is compressed by the added electrolyte and collapses at high ionic strength. The electrical repulsion no longer hinders the aggregation of particles and they can then coalesce to form a flocculent precipitate that is easy to filter. If the precipitate is washed with an excessive volume of deionised water, the electrical double layer present at the surface of the particles expands again and the electrical repulsion reappears: the precipitate peptizes and the particles pass again through the filter.

Peptization is also used in nanoparticle synthesis to make a large grouping of particles split into many primary particles. This is done by changing the surface properties, applying a charge, or by adding a surfactant.  

In the synthesis of titania (titanium dioxide) nanoparticles, peptization involves adsorption of quaternary ammonium cation on the titania surface. This causes the surface to become positively charged. Electrostatic repulsion of the primary particles in the agglomerated titania breaks up the agglomerate into primary particles. The efficacy of adsorbates or suspension modification in imparting interparticle electrostatic repulsion is most commonly studied in terms of zeta potential.

See also
 Colloid
 Suspension
 Zeta potential
 Dispersion

References

Chemical mixtures
Colloids
Colloidal chemistry
Nanoparticles
Quickfield. QuickField is a finite element analysis software package running on Windows platforms. It is developed by the Danish company Tera Analysis Ltd. in cooperation with Russian firm Tor Ltd.  QuickField is available as a commercial program or as a free Student Edition with limited functionality. Main applications include computer simulations of electromagnetic fields   for scientific and industrial purposes, and use as a teaching aid in the college and university electromagnetic or physics courses.

Analysis types 

 AC, DC and transient electromagnetics
 Electrostatics, DC, AC and transient electric analysis
 Steady-state and transient heat transfer
 Stress analysis
 Coupled multiphysics

References

External links 
 Main QuickField Support site
 Tera Analysis Ltd. home page
 QuickField User's Guide
 German QuickField Support site
 French QuickField Support site
 Spanish QuickField Support site
 Tor Ltd. home page

Finite element software
Thermal engineering. Thermal engineering is a specialized sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that deals with the movement of heat energy and transfer. The energy can be transferred between two mediums or transformed into other forms of energy. A thermal engineer will have knowledge of thermodynamics and the process of converting generated energy from thermal sources into chemical, mechanical, or electrical energy.  Many process plants use a wide variety of machines that utilize components that use heat transfer in some way. Many plants use heat exchangers in their operations. A thermal engineer must allow the proper amount of energy to be transferred for the correct use. Too much and the components could fail, too little and the system will not function at all.  Thermal engineers must have an understanding of economics and the components that they will be servicing or interacting with. Some components that a thermal engineer could work with include heat exchangers, heat sinks, bi-metals strips, and radiators. Some systems that require a thermal engineer include boilers, heat pumps, water pumps, and engines.

Part of being a thermal engineer is to improve a current system and make it more efficient than the current system. Many industries employ thermal engineers, some main ones are the automotive manufacturing industry, commercial construction, and the heating ventilation and cooling industry. Job opportunities for a thermal engineer are very broad and promising.

Thermal engineering may be practiced by mechanical engineers and chemical engineers.
One or more of the following disciplines may be involved in solving a particular thermal engineering problem: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, or mass transfer. One branch of knowledge used frequently in thermal engineering is that of thermofluids.

Applications
 Boiler design
 Combustion engines
 Cooling systems
 Cooling of computer chips
 Heat exchangers
 HVAC
 Process fired heaters
 Refrigeration systems
 Compressed-air systems
 Solar heating
 Thermal insulation
 Thermal power plants

References

External links
NASA.gov Thermal Engineering branch at Goddard Space Flight Center]
List of related fields in UNESCO thesaurus
 What is Thermal Engineering?

Mechanical engineering
Chemical engineering
NSV. NSV or nSv may refer to:

Nationalist organisations
 National Socialist Vanguard, a US neo-Nazi group
 Nationalistische Studentenvereniging, the Flemish Nationalist Student Association
 Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt, the Nazi People's Welfare Organization
 National-Social Association, a political party of the former German empire, initials NSV

Science and technology
 Nullsoft Streaming Video format
 New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars
 Nanosievert, a unit of radiation
 Newton–Størmer–Verlet method in mathematics
 No scalpel vasectomy

Other
 Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag, German game and playing card manufacturer
 NSV machine gun, Soviet, 12.7 mm
 Neighbourhoods for a Sustainable Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Donald Geman. Donald Jay Geman (born September 20, 1943) is an American applied mathematician and a leading researcher in the field of machine learning and pattern recognition. He and his brother, Stuart Geman, are very well known for proposing the Gibbs sampler and for the first proof of the convergence of the simulated annealing algorithm, in an article that became a highly cited reference in engineering (over 21K citations according to Google Scholar, as of January 2018). He is a professor at the Johns Hopkins University and simultaneously a visiting professor at École Normale Supérieure de Cachan.

Biography 

Geman was born in Chicago in 1943.  He graduated from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1965 with a B.A. degree in English Literature and from Northwestern University in 1970 with a Ph.D. in mathematics. His dissertation was entitled as "Horizontal-window conditioning and the zeros of stationary processes." He joined University of Massachusetts - Amherst in 1970, where he retired as a distinguished professor in 2001. Thereafter, he became a professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics at Johns Hopkins University. He has also been a visiting professor at the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan since 2001. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Work 
D. Geman and J. Horowitz published a series of papers during the late 1970s on local times and occupation densities of stochastic processes. A survey of this work and other related problems can be found in the Annals of Probability. In 1984 with his brother Stuart, he published a milestone paper which is still today one of the most cited papers in the engineering literature. It introduces a Bayesian paradigm using Markov Random Fields for the analysis of images. This approach has been highly influential over the last 20 years and remains a rare tour de force in this rapidly evolving field. In another milestone paper, in collaboration with Y. Amit, he introduced the notion for randomized decision trees, which have been called random forests and popularized by Leo Breiman. Some of his recent works include the introduction of coarse-to-fine hierarchical cascades for object detection in computer vision and the TSP (Top Scoring Pairs) classifier as a simple and robust rule for classifiers trained on high dimensional small sample datasets in bioinformatics.

References

External links 
Donald Geman Homepage

1943 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American statisticians
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics