omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pazmany Aircraft Corporation. The Pazmany Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft design and manufacturing company. The company provides plans for the PL-2, PL-4 and PL-9 for the homebuilder market.

History
The company was founded as L. Pazmany & Associates at San Diego, California to produce the PL-1 single-seat light aircraft designed by Ladislao Pazmany. The PL-1 was followed by the two-seat PL-2. The PL-4 is a single-seat trainer. The latest aircraft is Pazmany PL-9 Stork a high-wing two-seat monoplane for the home builder market, it is a 3/4 scale homebuilders version of the Second World War Fiesler Storch.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in California
Companies based in San Diego
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1957
Technology companies established in 1957
Pazmany PL-9 Stork. 

The Pazmany PL-9 Stork is an American single-engined high-wing monoplane designed by Ladislao Pazmany as a ¾ scale variant of the Second World War Fieseler Storch for the home builder market.

Design and development
The PL-9 Stork features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear, and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing, while the wings are constructed from aluminum sheet. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The standard engine used is the  Lycoming O-320 four-stroke powerplant.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
PL-09
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
World Commission on Dams. The World Commission on Dams (WCD) existed between April 1997 and 2001, to research the environmental, social and economic impacts of the development of large dams globally.  The self-styled  WCD consisted of members of civil society, academia, the private sector, professional associations and one government representative, to measure the impacts and effectiveness of large dam development, including the effect on dam affected communities and project developers. It is an example of multistakeholder governance.
The ultimate outcome of the WCD was to issue a final report which was launched under the patronage of Nelson Mandela in November 2000. The WCD recommended ten guidelines for dam building.

References

Further reading
 Dams and Development: a new framework for decision-making (Final Report, November 2000)
 UNEP (2001). Evaluation of the joint initiative of the World Commission on Dams and the United Nations Environment Programme on the environmental, social and economic impacts of large dams. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8121

External links
 World Commission on Dams  at UNEP
 World Commission on Dams

International environmental organizations
International human rights organizations
Organizations established in 1997
Dams
Organizations disestablished in 2001
Peixe River (upper Araguaia River tributary). The Peixe River is a river of Goiás state in central Brazil. It is a tributary of the Araguaia River. The Peixe River flows through a portion of the Cerrado, a biome known for its rich biodiversity and ecological importance. Rivers in this region, including the Peixe, play are important in sustaining aquatic life and providing water resources for agriculture and human use.

This biodiversity is under increasing pressure due to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and hydroelectric projects that threaten natural river systems. In the broader Araguaia basin, efforts are being made to promote conservation and sustainable management to mitigate these impacts, as the river systems remain vulnerable to habitat degradation and pollution.

See also
List of rivers of Goiás

References

Rivers of Goiás
Duhem–Margules equation. The Duhem–Margules equation, named for Pierre Duhem and Max Margules, is a thermodynamic statement of the relationship between the two components of a single liquid where the vapour mixture is regarded as an ideal gas:

where PA and PB are the partial vapour pressures of the two constituents and xA and xB are the mole fractions of the liquid. The equation gives the relation between changes in mole fraction and partial pressure of the components.

Derivation 

Let us consider a binary liquid mixture of two component in equilibrium with their vapor at constant temperature and pressure. Then from the Gibbs–Duhem equation, we have 

Where nA and nB are number of moles of the component A and B while μA and μB are their chemical potentials. 

Dividing equation () by nA + nB, then

Or

Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is dependent upon temperature, pressure and the composition of the mixture. Hence if temperature and pressure are taken to be constant, the chemical potentials must satisfy

Putting these values in equation (), then

Because the sum of mole fractions of all components in the mixture is unity, i.e.,

we have 

so equation () can be re-written:

Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is such that 

where P is the partial pressure of that component. By differentiating this equation with respect to the mole fraction of a component:

we have for components A and B

Substituting these value in equation (), then

or

This final equation is the Duhem–Margules equation.

Sources
Atkins, Peter and Julio de Paula. 2002. Physical Chemistry, 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Carter, Ashley H. 2001. Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Equations
Thermodynamic equations
SR1 (disambiguation). SR1 may refer to:


Science and mathematics
 SR1 RNA, a small RNA produced by bacteria
 SR1, a candidate phylum of bacteria more commonly called Absconditabacteria
 Symmetric rank-one, a mathematical algorithm

Products and technology
 HDR-SR1, a Sony camcorder
 Peugeot SR1, a hybrid concept car
 Radical SR1, a sports car
 Vintage Ultralight SR-1 Hornet, an American homebuilt aircraft
 VR Class Sr1, a class of Finnish electric locomotives
 VSR SR-1 Snoshoo, an American Formula One racing aircraft design
 Six Chuter SR1, an American powered parachute design
 SR1, a FIA Sportscar Championship classification
 SR1, a 4-stroke Yamaha motorcycle
 SR.1, a semi-rigid airship built in 1918 for the British navy
 SR-1 Vektor, a Russian pistol

Media
 Saints Row (2006 video game)
 SR1 Europawelle, radio programming by Saarländischer Rundfunk (Saarland Broadcasting)

Other
 SR1, a spelling reform proposal
 State Route or State Road 1; see List of highways numbered 1
Mats Hillert. Mats Hillert (28 November 1924 – 2 November 2022) was a Swedish metallurgist who was an emeritus professor in metallography (physical metallurgy) at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).

Hillert was born in Gothenburg on 28 November 1924. He graduated from Chalmers University of Technology in 1947 with a major in chemical engineering. After finishing his military service, he joined the Swedish Institute for Metals Research in 1948. He investigated his options for postgraduate studies related to his new area, and took additional physics courses at KTH. In 1953, he moved to the United States for postgraduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned an Sc.D. in 1956, after which he returned to Sweden. He was made a professor at KTH in 1961.

Hillert made contributions to many areas of metals research, including thermodynamics and phase transitions.

In 1973, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, and in 1982, he was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1979 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Chalmers University of Technology.

Hillert died on 2 November 2022, at the age of 97.

References 

1924 births
2022 deaths
Swedish metallurgists
Swedish chemists
Chalmers University of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of Academia Europaea
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
People from Gothenburg
Jemris. Jemris is an open source MRI sequence design and simulation framework written in C++.

It was designed to most generally and numerically integrate the Bloch equation in a single-core or parallel fashion for protons over a time course of a sequence on almost arbitrary samples with arbitrary excitation and acquisition setup. The integration is performed with the CVODE variable time stepping solver.

Jemris experiment setups are completely managed with XML files. It understands and parses symbolic mathematics as dynamic parameters to allow for maximum flexibility.

It has been used to operate a commercial MRI scanner.

References

External links
 Official project website .
 SUNDIALS (SUite of Nonlinear and DIfferential/ALgebraic equation Solvers)

Simulation software
Magnetic resonance imaging
Interlis. INTERLIS is a standard for the modeling and integration of geodata into contemporary and future geographic information systems. The current version is INTERLIS version 2.3 (English), which is also listed as Swiss standard SN612031.

Overview 
Unified, documented geodata provides many advantages, including:
 standardized documentation
 compatible data exchange
 comprehensive integration of geodata e.g. from different data owners.
 quality proofing
 long term data storage
 contract-proof security and the availability of the software

INTERLIS helps to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements. Consequently, the discussion of interfaces about fixed formats and open program interfaces (APIs) and interfaces leads to the question which type of geodata should be captured and maintained. INTERLIS is not only targeting the mass market of the casual geodata viewers but was specially designed as an answer to the needs of the users and producers (the doers) who are relying on explicitly described geodata structures. Additional properties of this language include being specially adapted to geographic information systems implementation, as well as considerable dedication to practicability and extensibility.

External links
 GDAL Support to INTERLIS
 INTERLIS home page

Geographic information systems
Simulation table. A simulation table or multi-axis shaker table (MAST) is an automotive test system specifically designed for the high-frequency testing of vehicle components.

They can simulate acceleration and displacement outputs and reproduce key data collected on proving grounds by providing a full six degrees of freedom (6 DOF).

These test systems consist of a hexapod platform with a low resonance table on top. The test system can be used to simulate any kind of vibration in all six degrees of freedom.

The movements of the test system are tightly controlled by a digital test controller.

Simulation tables can be either electrical or hydraulical. Electric simulation table usually achieve a frequency range up to 25 Hz with a maximum payload of around .

For higher payloads or frequencies hydraulic simulation tables are used. Low frequency hydraulic simulation tables can easily reach 0.1 Hz to 120 Hz and test payloads up to 100 tons, while specialized high frequency simulation tables can reach in excess of 100 Hz, with more than 14 G of vertical acceleration to payloads beyond .

References

External links
 HYDRA Multi-Axis Vibration Facility of the European Space Agency

Transport safety
Gurgel Itaipu. The Gurgel Itaipu E150 is an electric car, produced by the Brazilian automobile manufacturer Gurgel. The Itaipu was presented at the Salão do Automóvel in 1974, with an intended production start in December 1975. Only a few of these cars were produced and is today a collector's item. Top speed was of the first prototypes were of approximately  and the latest models reached up to . While about twenty pre-series cars were built, it was never commercialized. It was the first electric car built in Latin America, and, its specifications were comparable to similar models of the time (see CitiCar). The car was named after the  hydro-electric dam and power plant on the border of Brazil and Paraguay.

The car's design was unique, a very compact trapezoidal two-seater. The car itself weighed a mere , with the remaining  consisting of batteries. The name "Itaipu" was brought back for a larger commercial vehicle in 1980, called the Itaipu E400. This was based on the Volkswagen-engined Gurgel G800.

References

Itaipu
Electric car models
Electric city cars
Cars introduced in 1975
Gurgel Itaipu E400. The Gurgel Itaipu E400 was a Brazilian electric vehicle with a plastic body. It was produced between 1981 and 1983. It was produced in two types: van and pickup. The car was essentially a rebodied Volkswagen Type 2 ("Kombi"), fitted with an electric engine and batteries. The design was similar overall, but with a rounded, bulbous nose. Its very limited range and expensive batteries resulted in it being a commercial failure. At a steady speed of , a  range was promised. Gurgel had already built the Itaipu E150 city car, which was followed by the Itaipu E400 electric van. Around 200 were produced overall, nearly entirely for Brazilian government agencies. One single example was bought by a private owner. In 1983, the weight capacity was increased to  and the name changed to Gurgel E500. A version retaining the Volkswagen petrol engine was also built, called the .

References

External links
 Photos
 Site in Portuguese

1980s cars
E400
Pickup trucks
Electric vans
Vans
Minoo Akhtarzand. Minoo Hilda Akhtarzand (; ; born 1 December 1956) is an Iranian-Swedish civil servant. Between 2008–2010 and 2010–2016, she served as Director-general of the Swedish Rail Administration and Governor of Jönköping County respectively.

Biography 

She was born and raised in Tehran, Iran. Her father was a high-ranking officer in the Iranian Imperial Guard. At 17 years of age, she moved to Stockholm and attend the Royal Institute of Technology to study electrical engineering. Later, she held various managerial posts at Vattenfall AB, the state-owned energy company, and was the director of the former Uppsala-based regional labour agency.

In February 2008 and June 2009, she was appointed Director-general of the Swedish Rail Administration and was elected vice-president of the European Rail Infrastructure Managers respectively. By the merge of the former and the Swedish Road Administration, to create the Swedish Transport Administration, she became the last director-general of the government agency. In September 2010, she was appointed Governor of Jönköping County.

Honours 

 His Majesty The King's Medal of the 12th size gold medal on Seraphim Order ribbon (2022)

References 

1956 births
Living people
Swedish civil servants
Swedish electrical engineers
Swedish women civil servants
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Iranian emigrants to Sweden
Politicians from Tehran
Governors of Jönköping County
Women county governors of Sweden
Swedish politicians of Iranian descent
Hilding Faxén. Olov Hilding Faxén (29 March 1892 – 1 June 1970) was a Swedish physicist who was primarily active within mechanics.

Faxén received his doctorate in 1921 at Uppsala University with the thesis Einwirkung der Gefässwände auf den Widerstand gegen die Bewegung einer kleinen Kugel in einer zähen Flüssigkeit ("Influence of the container walls on the resistance against movement by a small ball in a viscous fluid"). One of his contributions was to formulate Faxén's law, which is a correction to Stokes' law for the friction on spherical objects in a viscous fluid, valid in the case when the object moves close to a wall of the container. This was a problem previously treated by Carl Wilhelm Oseen (1910) and Horace Lamb (1911), but incompletely solved.

After the death of Ivar Fredholm, Faxén temporarily upheld the chair in mathematical physics at Stockholm University College, before Oskar Klein was made the new professor. Faxén then served as professor at Chalmers Institute of Technology, first in mathematics from 1930 and then in mechanics and mathematics 1934–1935. In 1935, Faxén was appointed professor of mechanics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where he remained until his retirement in 1958.

Together with the Norwegian physicist Johan Holtsmark, Faxén published a work in 1927 about scattering of electrons in gases. Here they introduced a new, mathematical method based upon partial waves. This is now standard and described in almost every modern book on quantum mechanics.

In 1948, Faxén was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

See also 
Faxén integral

References 

Swedish physicists
Uppsala University alumni
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Academic staff of the Chalmers University of Technology
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1892 births
1970 deaths
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
Catchment hydrology. Catchment hydrology is the study of hydrology in drainage basins. Catchments are areas of land where runoff collects to a specific zone. This movement is caused by water moving from areas of high energy to low energy due to the influence of gravity. Catchments often do not last for long periods of time as the water evaporates, drains into the soil, or is consumed by animals.

Water Sources 
Catchment zones collect water from various sources such as surface runoff from snow cover and glaciers, and subsurface flow from groundwater, precipitation, and aquifers. Deposition from fog and clouds is another source of water for catchment zones. These sources of water collect together in a catchment area; which could provide drinking water for a nearby population.

Quantification 
Precipitation in catchment areas is measured through rain gauges. A graduated ruler is used to measure the amount of snowfall. These measurements are taken in a specific location within the catchment and can be used to calculate water balance within the entire catchment area. The best studied catchments cover small areas because of the difficulty of these measurements. Water lost due to interception followed by evaporation represents a large portion of water loss. These measurements are used to obtain the change in water storage over time using the equation of continuity.

Topography 
The surrounding topography of a catchment zone influences the flow vectors and direction that the water flows. Water flows from areas of high potential energy to low potential energy under the influence of gravity. The geometry of the slope leading to the catchment area influences the amount of water the catchment will contain.

Terminology 
There are many terms involved with and related to catchment hydrology. These basic ones are taken from the glossary of terms in Kendall and McDonnell, 1998:

aquifer
baseflow
catchment
drainage divide
evaporation
evapotranspiration
event water
groundwater flow
Horton flow
hydrograph
infiltration
intensity
interception
overland flow
pre-event water
subsurface runoff
subsurface stormflow
surface runoff
time of concentration
transpiration

See also 
 hydrology
 isotope hydrology
 hydrogeology
 groundwater
 agricultural hydrology
Water quality
Surface water
Drinking water

References 

Hydrology
Rubb. Rubb Building Systems is a privately owned manufacturer of tension fabric buildings and shelters, also known as Rubb halls.  With origins in Norway, the company has locations in Rubbestadneset and Bergen, Norway, Sanford, Maine, and Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom.

Rubb provides structures as either buildings or shelters.  Buildings are fully engineered and designed to multiple design standards and building codes, including AISC, AISI, ASTM, ASCE, AWS, and NFPA in the United States, and British Standards (BS). Shelters are designed to endure harsh weather, but the manufacturer makes no claims concerning load capability other than to provide destructive test results obtained from factory tests.  

In the commercial aviation sector, Rubb has furnished aircraft hangars to major airline carriers including United Airlines and AirTran Airways.  Rubb structures are currently located at Boston's Logan International Airport and at Atlanta International Airport.  The aircraft hangars are primarily used for aircraft line maintenance of Boeing 717 and Boeing 777 aircraft.

Rubb sports buildings are predominantly found in the United Kingdom, including indoor football facilities for Newcastle United and West Bromwich Albion along with an indoor tennis court for the Chesterfield Lawn Tennis Club.  In the United States, examples of sports buildings include the multipurpose Portland Sports Complex in Portland, Maine
 and the Challenge Unlimited equestrian facility in Andover, Massachusetts
.

References

External links
Rubb Ltd – Manufacturer Group website (United Kingdom) and (United States)

Manufacturing companies of Norway
Carbon profiling. Carbon profiling is a mathematical process that calculates how much carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere per m2 of space in a building over one year. The analysis has two parts that are added together to produce an overall figure that is termed the 'carbon profile':

 Operational carbon emissions
 Embodied carbon emissions

Embodied carbon emissions 
Embodied carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from creating and maintaining the materials that form a building, e.g. the carbon dioxide released from the baking of bricks or smelting of iron. These emissions can also be considered to be Upfront Carbon Emissions, or UCE. “Embodied carbon refers to the carbon footprint associated with building materials, from cradle to grave," and can be quantified as a part of environmental impact using life-cycle assessment (LCA).

In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured as Embodied Carbon Efficiency (ECE), measured as kg of CO2/m2/year.

As of 2018, "Embodied carbon is responsible 11% of global GHG emissions and 28% of global building sector emissions ... Embodied carbon will be responsible for almost half of total new construction emissions between now and 2050." Zero-carbon architecture (similar to zero-energy building), incorporates design techniques that maximize embodied carbon.

Steve Webb, co-founder of Webb Yates Engineers, says: "We’ve known for a long time that aluminium, steel, concrete and ceramics have very high embodied energy ... High carbon frames should be taxed like cigarettes. There should be a presumption in favour of timber and stone."

Occupational carbon emissions 
Occupational carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the direct use of energy to run the building e.g. the heating or electricity used by the building over the year. In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured in BER’s (Building Emission Rate) in kg of /m2/year.

The BER is a United Kingdom government accepted unit of measurement that comes from an approved calculation process called sBEM (Simplified Building Emission Model)

The purpose of Carbon Profiling is to provide a method of analyzing and comparing both operational and embodied carbon emissions at the same time. With this information it is then possible to allocate a project's resources in such a way to minimize the total amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through the use of a given piece of space.

A secondary benefit is that having quantified the Carbon Profiling of different buildings it is then possible to make comparisons and rank buildings in term of their performance. This allows investors and occupiers to identify which building are good and bad carbon investments.

Simon Sturgis and Gareth Roberts of Sturgis Associates in the United Kingdom originally developed ‘Carbon Profiling’ in December 2007.

References

Further reading 

Carbon finance
Carbon dioxide
Environmental monitoring