omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Barlow's law. Barlow's law is an incorrect physical law proposed by Peter Barlow in 1825 to describe the ability of wires to conduct electricity. It says that the strength of the effect of electricity passing through a wire varies inversely with the square root of its length and directly with the square root of its cross-sectional area, or, in modern terminology:

 

where I is electric current, A is the cross-sectional area of the wire, and L is the length of the wire. Barlow formulated his law in terms of the diameter d of a cylindrical wire.  Since A is proportional to the square of d the law becomes  for cylindrical wires.

Barlow undertook his experiments with the aim of determining whether long-distance telegraphy was feasible and believed that he proved that it was not. The publication of Barlow's law delayed research into telegraphy for several years, until 1831 when Joseph Henry and Philip Ten Eyck constructed a circuit 1,060 feet long, which used a large battery to activate an electromagnet. Barlow did not investigate the dependence of the current strength on electric tension (that is, voltage). He endeavoured to keep this constant, but admitted there was some variation. Barlow was not entirely certain that he had found the correct law, writing "the discrepancies are rather too great to enable us to say, with confidence, that such is the law in question."

In 1827, Georg Ohm published a different law, in which current varies inversely with the wire's length, not its square root; that is,
 
where  is a constant dependent on the circuit setup. Ohm's law is now considered the correct law, and Barlow's false.

The law Barlow proposed was not in error due to poor measurement; in fact, it fits Barlow's careful measurements quite well.  Heinrich Lenz pointed out that Ohm took into account "all the conducting resistances … of the circuit", whereas Barlow did not. Ohm explicitly included a term for what we would now call the internal resistance of the battery. Barlow did not have this term and approximated the results with a power law instead. Ohm's law in modern usage is rarely stated with this explicit term, but nevertheless an awareness of it is necessary for a full understanding of the current in a circuit.

References 

History of science
Obsolete theories in physics
Creighton Manning Engineering. Creighton Manning Engineering, LLP  is a multi-discipline civil engineering and surveying firm located in Albany, New York. The firm has been in business since 1965.

Creighton Manning Engineering claims to be one of the top 10 civil engineering firms in the Capital District. Creighton Manning Engineering was recently recognized as "One of the Great Places to Work in the Capital Region" through an independent survey conducted for the Business Review.

As of 2012, Creighton Manning has approximately 55 employees.  Employees are of the following positions: project manager, civil engineer, surveyor, construction inspector and CAD drafters.  Many of the firms engineers are professionally licensed as Professional Engineer.

Notable projects
Highway Engineering

Luther Forest Technology Campus: Creighton Manning is the lead civil engineering consultant for the local Economic Development Corporation. Creighton Manning was responsible for the highway design and construction inspection of the site.    The site is being prepared for construction of a chip fab plant by AMD.
Slingerlands Bypass (New York State Route 85): Creighton Manning was the lead civil engineering consultant for the NYSDOT responsible for the design of the bypass, along with four roundabouts in order to ease traffic congestion in the area.
NY Route 5 bus rapid transit: Creighton Manning is the lead civil engineering consultant on the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project for CDTA. In early 2008, the CDTA announced that it was going forward with the Bus Rapid Transit line on Route 5, which will include twenty upgraded stations.  CME assisted with the transportation planning study that identified Route 5 as a possible candidate for BRT service.  As of 2008, CDTA carries nearly 15 million passengers per year, with 20% on the Route 5 corridor.
Centennial Circle, a five way roundabout in Glens Falls, NY. Creighton Manning inspected the construction of the roundabout, which was completed in 2007 at a cost of $9 million.
Site Engineering 

Schenectady (Amtrak station): Creighton Manning is a partner in a current study to upgrade the Schenectady Train Station.
High Sheldon Wind Farm: Creighton Manning was responsible for the design of both the off-site intersection improvements and proposed access road improvements.

See also

 Civil engineer
 Infrastructure
 Highway engineering
 Structural engineering
 Construction surveying
Associations 
 American Society of Civil Engineers
 Institute of Transportation Engineers

Footnotes

References

External links
 Creighton Manning Engineering

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Engineering consulting firms of the United States
Engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Albany, New York
American companies established in 1965
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1965
Privately held companies based in New York (state)
Next Limit Technologies. Next Limit Technologies is a computer software company headquartered in Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1998 by engineers Victor Gonzalez and Ignacio Vargas the firm develops technologies in the field of digital simulation and visualization. In December 2016, the XFlow division was acquired by Dassault Systèmes.

Products
RealFlow — a dynamics and fluid simulator for film production. RealFlow has been used in the production of films such as: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King;
Maxwell Render — a physically correct light simulator and render engine;
XFlow — an engineering software for Computational fluid dynamics;
CaronteFX — an integrated physically-based animation editor extension tool for the Unity game engine.

Research and development
Next Limit has actively participated in various research projects throughout Europe as well as Spain. It is currently the leader of the European project, SAFECITI (Safe Citizen), which aims to create a simulation system for analysts that would predict the behavior of large crowds in urban environments in moments of panic, violence, or catastrophes. The system is based on serious game technology and is designed as a training platform. Other European projects that Next Limit has actively participated in are: PRISM, Skycoat and COELUX. COELUX is responsible for the production of a window with an optics system based on nanotechnology that can reproduce natural light and the appearance of solar and sky light. This technology is implemented in closed spaces that lack an exterior facing window.

In Spain, Next Limit has participated in biotechnology research to simulate the heart as a complex fluid structural system.

Awards

This was the second Technical Merit Oscar awarded to a Spanish person. The previous Oscar awarded to a Spanish person was Juan de la Cierva y Hoces in 1969 for his creation of the optic stabilizer Dynalens, an apparatus used to eliminate camera vibrations.

See also
 Computational fluid dynamics
 Particle system
 Computer simulation
 Lattice Boltzmann methods
 3D computer graphics
 Ray tracing

References

External links
 Official site

Computer physics engines
Virtual reality companies
Organisations based in Spain
SM UC-50. SM UC-50 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 20 November 1915 and was launched on 23 November 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 21 December 1916 as SM UC-50. In nine patrols UC-50 was credited with sinking 29 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-50 was sunk by depth charges from British destroyer  in the Dover Strait off Dungeness on 4 February 1918.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-50 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-50 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 
 

Ships built in Kiel
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1916
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk in 1918
Maritime incidents in 1918
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
Submarines lost with all hands
Alternating-time temporal logic. In computer science, alternating-time temporal logic, or ATL, is a branching-time temporal logic that extends computation tree logic (CTL) to multiple players. ATL naturally describes computations of multi-agent systems and concurrent games. Quantification in ATL is over program-paths that are possible outcomes of games. ATL uses alternating-time formulas to construct model-checkers in order to address problems such as receptiveness, realizability, and controllability.

Examples 
One can write logical formulas in ATL such as  that expresses the fact that agents a and b have a strategy to ensure that the property p holds in the future, whatever the other agents of the system are performing.

Extensions and variants 
ATL* is the extension of ATL, as CTL* extends CTL. ATL* allows to write more complex temporal objectives, for instance . Belardinelli et al. proposes a variant of ATL on finite traces. ATL has been extended with context, in order to store the current strategies played by the agents. ATL* is extended by strategy logic.

ATL has been generalized to include epistemic features. In 2003, van der Hoek and Woodridge proposed ATEL: the logic ATL augmented with an epistemic operator from epistemic logic. In 2004, Pierre-Yves Schobbens proposed variants of ATL with imperfect recall.

One cannot express properties about individual objectives in ATL. That is why, in 2010, Chatterjee, Henzinger and Piterman introduced strategy logic, a first-order logic in which strategies are first-order citizens. Strategy logic subsumes both ATL and ATL*.

See also
 Linear temporal logic

References

Logic in computer science
Temporal logic
SM UC-59. SM UC-59 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 25 March 1916, and was launched on 28 September 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 12 May 1917 as SM UC-59. In nine patrols UC-59 was credited with sinking eight ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-59 was surrendered on 21 November 1918 and broken up at Bo'ness in 1919 – 20.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-59 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-59 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Danzig
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
SM UC-60. SM UC-60 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 31 March 1916, and was launched on 8 November 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 25 June 1917 as SM UC-60. In one patrols UC-60 was credited with sinking one ship, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-60 was surrendered on 23 February 1919 and was broken up at Rainham in 1921.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-60 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-60 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Danzig
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
SM UC-55. SM UC-55 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 25 February 1916, and was launched on 2 August 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 15 November 1916 as SM UC-55.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-55 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-55 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Service
In 6 patrols UC-55 was credited with sinking 9 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid.

Loss
UC-55 sailed from Heligoland on 25 September 1917 to lay mines in the Lerwick Channel, the southern approach to the port of Lerwick in the Shetland Islands. On 29 September, just as she started dropping her mines, she suffered a loss of trim which resulted in her diving beyond her rated maximum dive depth. This in turn resulted in the forward compartment flooding, the batteries failing, and chlorine gas developing. She was forced to surface to ventilate the boat, but when she surfaced, the rudder refused to answer the helm due to the lack of battery power. Her captain then gave orders to destroy secret documents and codebooks and set scuttling charges in the mine room and engine room. While the charges were being placed she was sighted by the armed trawler Moravia and the destroyers  and .

A 12-pdr shell from the Sylvia hit the submarine's conning tower, killing her commander, Horst Ruhle von Lilienstern, and a second shell hit the hull and she began to sink, after which two depth charges were dropped right beside the UC-55, resulting in the U-boat blowing up. The Moravia then closed with the wreck, fired two more shots into her, and dropped a final depth charge. Of the submarine's crew, 17 were taken prisoner, and 10 were killed.

Location
The wreck of UC-55 was discovered by side scan sonar lying on its keel on 3 July 1985, at a depth of  at . The submarine's remains were noted to be approximately  high and  long.

On Friday 21 July 2023 the wreck was confirmed to be that of the UC-55 by the first divers to visit site.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 

Ships built in Danzig
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1916
Maritime incidents in 1917
U-boats sunk in 1917
U-boats sunk by mines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
SM UC-58. SM UC-58 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 18 March 1916, and was launched on 21 October 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 12 March 1917 as SM UC-58. In twelve patrols UC-58 was credited with sinking 25 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-58 was surrendered on 24 November 1918 and broken up at Cherbourg in 1921.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-58 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-58 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Danzig
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
SM UC-64. SM UC-64 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916, laid down on 3 April 1916, and was launched on 23 January 1917. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 22 February 1917 as SM UC-64. In 15 patrols UC-64 was credited with sinking 26 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-64 was mined and sunk in the Dover Strait on 20 June 1918.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-64 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-64 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
World War I submarines of Germany
Maritime incidents in 1918
U-boats sunk in 1918
U-boats sunk by mines
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
1917 ships
World War I minelayers of Germany
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Submarines lost with all hands
State space enumeration. In computer science, state space enumeration are methods that consider each reachable program state to determine whether a program satisfies a given property. As programs increase in size and complexity, the state space grows exponentially. The state space used by these methods can be reduced by maintaining only the parts of the state space that are relevant to the analysis. However, the use of state and memory reduction techniques makes runtime a major limiting factor.

See also
 Formal methods
 Model checking

References

Formal methods
Logic in computer science
Programming language implementation
SM UC-68. SM UC-68 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 12 August 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 December 1916 as SM UC-68. In two patrols UC-68 was credited with sinking two ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-68 was sunk by the detonation of one of her own mines at Start Point on 13 March 1917.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-68 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-68 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1916
U-boats sunk by mines
U-boats sunk in 1917
Maritime incidents in 1917
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
Submarines lost with all hands
SM UC-73. SM UC-73 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 26 August 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 24 December 1916 as SM UC-73. In ten patrols UC-73 was credited with sinking 16 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-73 was surrendered on 6 January 1919 and broken up at Brighton Ferry in 1919 – 20.

Design
A Type UC II submarine, UC-73 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-73 was fitted with six  mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC II submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1916
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships