omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Locomotive change. A locomotive or engine change is a location where a locomotive is exchanged for another locomotive.

History
For as long as there have been railroads, locomotive changes have been essential to the officials of the railroads, so that a locomotive could be exchanged for the rest of the trip to the next locomotive changing facility or the destination of the train. Without these facilities, locomotives will suffer from wear and tear or in the era of the steam locomotive, the locomotive will also suffer a lack of fuel and water. Many of the original locations where steam was exchanged for another steam locomotive for the remainder of the trip have been closed since diesel locomotives replaced steam locomotives on the point of both freight and passenger trains.

In some cases, an electric locomotive would be replaced by a steam or diesel locomotive for the remainder of the trip.  For example, the Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Central Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad had locations where electric locomotives were exchanged for steam or diesel locomotives.

Notable locations
There are many locations where locomotives were exchanged for another locomotive. Some are still in use today, while others are gone.
South Amboy, New Jersey
Before electrification to Long Branch, New Jersey in the 80s, diesels for the Pennsylvania Railroad (steam as well), Penn Central, Conrail and New Jersey Transit were exchanged for electrics, for the trip to Penn Station in New York City.
Bellefontaine, Ohio
The New York Central exchanged locomotives on all trains where two main lines crossed each other.
Manhattan Transfer (PRR) station: Where Pennsylvania Railroad DD1 third rail electrics were exchanged or replaced steam locomotives on trains.
Enola Yard
A Pennsylvania Railroad yard where prior to the 1980s, Conrail, Penn Central and Pennsylvania Railroad electric locomotives replaced or cut off to allow diesel or steam locomotives to take over. There are many more locations where locomotives were exchanged for another.

Today

Today, locomotive changes are still used, although not as much as in yesteryear. But, there are still locations such as at Harrisburg Transportation Center where Amtrak electrics are replaced by diesels. Other very busy stations where such changes take place include Philadelphia's 30th Street Station, Washington, D.C.'s Union Station, New Haven's Union Station, and Albany-Rensselaer (In the past, locomotives were changed at Croton-Harmon, but today it is only the end of electrification, much of which Amtrak does not use.).

References 

Rail transport operations
WELS rating. The Water Efficiency Labelling and Standard (WELS) scheme is an Australian Government urban water conservation program. Its aim is to reduce demand for drinking water by informing consumers about water efficiency at the point of sale.

Products covered 
The WELS scheme sets the water efficiency for the following products sold in Australia:

 Taps and showers
 Toilets and urinals
 Dishwashers and washing machines
 Flow controllers

These products must be registered for the Australian market and labelled with their water efficiency information when they are offered for sale.

The WELS label 

There are three parts to the label:

 The star rating at the top shows the water efficiency of the product. The more stars, the more water efficient.
 The water consumption rate in the middle shows the amount of water used.
 The company name and the WELS license number are at the bottom. This company is responsible for registering the product.

See also
Water efficiency
 Energy rating label

References

2006 introductions
Ecolabelling
Water conservation
Water supply and sanitation in Australia

External links 

WaterMark certification scheme
Your Home
WELS scheme
WELS product database
Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve. Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve is a  area of steeply sloping valley-side on Clydach Gorge,  east of Brynmawr, southeast Wales. It is protected for its ancient semi-natural beech woods, designated by the Nature Conservancy Council (now managed by its successor authority Natural Resources Wales).

The reserve is a part of the Cwm Clydach site of special scientific interest (SSSI) and of the Cwm Clydach Woodlands/Coedydd Cwm Clydach special area of conservation (SAC).

There is good public access to much of the reserve through a network of public footpaths, a section of the national cycleway and by public roads. Interpretive panels at access points to the reserve provide maps of the reserve and information.

Flora
The dense foliage of the beech canopy results in a rather minimal ground flora but species like bird's nest orchid are found amongst the leaf litter. The high humidity of the more sheltered parts of the gorge encourage the growth of ferns, mosses and other lower plants including the lichen, Stricta sylvatica and the hay-scented buckler fern.

Fauna
Woodland birds in the reserve include nuthatch and both the green woodpecker and greater spotted woodpecker. Birds of prey include sparrowhawk, kestrel and tawny owl.

References

National nature reserves in Wales
Geography of Monmouthshire
Geography of Blaenau Gwent
Brecon Beacons
3-Hydroxypropionate bicycle. Many photosynthetic life forms (plants, algae, phototrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, and archaea) require a way to utilize carbon into their metabolic pathways. This usually occurs in pathways that fix carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2). In the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, photosynthetic organisms like Chloroflexus aurantiacus, fix CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3− ) as part of their metabolic processes.

Pathway 
The 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, also known as the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway, is a process that allows some bacteria to generate 3-hydroxypropionate using carbon dioxide.  It is divided into two parts or reactions. The overall reaction of the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway is 3 HCO3− + 5 ATP + 6 NADPH + 1 quinone → 1 pyruvate + 6 NADP + 1 quinoneH2 + 3 ADP + 3 phosphate + 2 AMP + 2 pyrophosphate.

Part I 
In this pathway CO2 is fixed (i.e. incorporated) by the action of two enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase.  These enzymes generate malonyl-CoA and (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA, respectively.

Part II 
Malonyl-CoA, in a series of reactions, is further split into acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. Glyoxylate is incorporated into beta-methylmalyl-coA which is then split, again through a series of reactions, to release pyruvate as well as acetate, which is used to replenish the cycle.

Prevalence 
This pathway has been demonstrated in Chloroflexus, a nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium; however, other studies suggest that 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle is used by several chemotrophic archaea. T In E. coli 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle has been studied and found to be insensitive to oxygen. This means that within the pathways there is nothing that oxygen can affect because in either part of the pathway or the oxygen is used to drive the reaction forward.

See also
 Carbon fixation

References

External links
 Pathways

Biochemical reactions
Metabolic pathways
Hydrophilization. Hydrophilization is a process used on hydrophobic drugs to increase their release rate from capsules, which depends on the rate of dissolution, by covering the surfaces of their particles with minute droplets of a dissolved hydrophilic polymer (such as methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose). In tablet or capsule formulations, this enhances the dissolution and disintegration of the drug.

References

Dosage forms
UMLsec. UMLsec is an extension to the Unified Modeling Language for integrating security related information in UML specifications. This information can be used for model-based security engineering. Most security information is added using stereotypes and covers many security properties including secure information flow, confidentiality, and access control. Using an attacker model these properties can be checked on a model level.

Development
It was first proposed by Jürjens et al. in 2002 and later revised and extended by the same author.

Profile definition
UMLsec is defined as a lightweight extension for UML. 

The profile is defined through a set of prototypes with properties (tag definitions) and constraints. UMLsec defines 21 stereotypes listed below.

Adversary model
To ensure security it is necessary to specify what kind of attacker is assumed. In UMLsec, the attacker model is defined through the threats that it poses. The table below defines the default adversary. Other adversaries may of course be defined.

References

Unified Modeling Language
Speedwire. Speedwire is a solderless prototyping system manufactured by BICC-Vero for constructing electronic circuit boards. The system is based on a circuit board pre-drilled with holes in a regular 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) square grid. The boards are available in standard sizes such as Eurocard modules. Some of the holes are through-plated and interconnected with copper strips to form power and ground rails. 

Special terminals are provided, which are inserted, using a special tool, into the holes in the prototyping board where components are to be fitted. Some boards are also available pre-populated with terminals. Each terminal is a metal tube with a component socket at one end and an insulation-displacement fork at the other. The component socket accepts a wire lead, such as the lead of a resistor or capacitor, or the leg of a 0.1-inch-pitch DIL package. The insulation-displacement fork accepts an insulated wire specially manufactured for the Speedwire system. The wire is pressed between the forks using a special tool. The forks cut through the insulation and grip the wire, making a gas-tight contact. The wire can then be cut off, or continued to another terminal. Wires can be pulled out of terminals and re-routed.

References 

Electronics manufacturing
Electronics prototyping
John Couch (American executive). John Couch is an American business executive and author who served as Apple Computers First Vice President of Education.

After becoming one of the first fifty computer science graduates from UC Berkeley, Couch joined Hewlett-Packard as software engineer and, in 1978, was recruited by Steve Jobs as Director of New Products for Apple Computer, Inc., making him the company's 54th employee. Soon thereafter he became Apple's first Vice President of Software and then General Manager overseeing the Apple Lisa computer division.

In 1984, Couch left Apple to take over a struggling Christian school in Solana Beach, California. He also served as Executive in Residence for the Mayfield Fund and, in 1997, became CEO of biotechnology software maker DoubleTwist (then called Pangea Systems). After leaving DoubleTwist, he was again recruited by Steve Jobs to return to Apple and take on the newly created role of Vice President of Education.

In May 2018, Couch and his co-author, Jason Towne, published the book Rewiring Education which became the best-selling education book in China. That same year, Couch founded Eden Inspirations, a ministry that works with Christian music artists and labels, such as Aaron Gillespie and Bethel Music. By 2019, the company had released three CDs: Songs of the Night, Songs of Freedom, and Songs of Wisdom.

In June 2018, Couch was announced as an executive producer of the action film Sound of Freedom, starring Jim Caviezel. Later that same year, Couch launched a wine tasting company called Eden Estate Wines. Couch's memoir, My Life at Apple and the Steve I Knew, was published in July 2021. Sound of Freedom was released theatrically in 2023.

References

Apple Inc. employees
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sargent Fletcher. Sargent Fletcher is a subsidiary company of Cobham plc. which makes aircraft equipment, including aerial refueling systems, external fuel tanks, and special purpose pods.

History
Sargent Fletcher was founded as Fletcher Aviation in 1940 and bought by Cobham in 1994.

According to a 1991 report the company submitted to regional air quality officials, the company's El Monte chrome-plating plant showed the highest cancer-risk level of any business in the San Gabriel Valley. It was later closed in 2010.

Customers
The KC-130J was supposed to be equipped with Flight Refuelling Ltd's Mk32B-901E hose-and-drogue units, but operational problems meant that the aircraft went into production using equipment from Sargent Fletcher instead.

Aircraft using Sargent Fletcher equipment include:

Boeing 707
Dassault Mirage 5
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
Lockheed C-130 Hercules / HC-130 / KC-130 / MC-130
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
McDonnell Douglas KC-10A
Northrop F-5
Panavia Tornado

References

Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
El Monte, California
Manufacturing companies based in California
Roberto Battiti. Roberto Battiti (born 1961) is an Italian computer scientist, Professor of computer science at the University of Trento, director of the LIONlab (Learning and Intelligent Optimization), and deputy director of the DISI Department (Information Engineering and Computer Science) and delegate for technology transfer.

Biography 
Battiti received the Laurea degree in physics from the University of Trento in 1985, and the Ph.D. in Computation and Neural Systems from the California Institute of Technology in 1990 under supervision of Geoffrey C. Fox.

His main research interests are heuristic algorithms for problem-solving, in particular Reactive Search Optimization, which aims at embodying solvers with internal machine learning techniques, data mining and visualization.

Battiti was elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2009, in recognition of his "contributions to machine learning techniques for intelligent optimization and neural networks", is author of highly cited publications.

He wrote the books The LION way. Machine Learning plus Intelligent Optimization.   and Reactive Business Intelligence. From Data to Models to Insight. (with Mauro Brunato),
about integrating data mining, modeling, optimization and interactive visualization, into an end-to-end discovery and continuous innovation process powered by human and automated learning. His ideas form the basis of the Grapheur and LIONsolver software.

See also
Grapheur
LIONsolver
Reactive search optimization
Reactive business intelligence

Selected publications

Articles, a selection:

References

Fellows of the IEEE
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Trento
1961 births
7×7. 7x7 may refer to:

Boeing 7x7 series, Boeing's "7-Series" of airliners
Boeing 767, wide-body aircraft codenamed "7X7" during development
7x7 (magazine), a San Francisco-focused fashion, food, and entertainment magazine
7x7 (website), a Russian website
V-Cube 7, the 7×7×7 version of Rubik's Cube

See also
7 & 7
7/7
Lossa Engineering. Lossa Engineering is a custom motorcycle manufacturer based in Long Beach, California. 

Lossa Engineering creates made-to-order motorcycles and does restoration and customization of vintage motorcycles. In-house work includes custom fabrication, motor work, paint, and upholstery. Buyers include Jason Lee.

Jay LaRossa

The owner of Lossa Engineering, Jay LaRossa was born in San Fernando Valley, California, on September 9, 1970. Both sides of his family owned motorcycle dealerships in Southern California.  LaRossa grew up customizing cars and anything with wheels.  He opened his first business customizing cars and trucks in 1998 and gained recognition with vehicles appearing in magazines from US to Japan.  Jay's shop built several high end vehicles for aftermarket companies to be displayed at the yearly SEMA Show.  Around 2007 Jay started to focus on motorcycles. Due to the love of Café Racers, he decided to build his first one from scratch.  

He has appeared on the first aired episode of Monster Garage, "White Trash", and then worked for Jesse James at West Coast Choppers before starting his second business venture, Lossa Engineering. Jay and his shop Lossa Engineering will also be featured in an upcoming TV series (airing October 1, 2010) focused solely on Café Racers and the lifestyle.

Media

Lossa Engineering's motorcycles have been featured in several magazines such as Café Racer and Iron Horse in the US, and Cafe Racer Magazine in the UK. Their bike won a 1st place award at the Grand National Roadster Show in Pomona, California. Several bikes have also been featured at the Long Beach International Motorcycle Show.

Notes

References

External links

 Lossa Engineering

Motorcycle builders
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Chichibu Railway 1000 series. The  was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for local services operated by Chichibu Railway in Japan from 1986 until March 2014.

History
Twelve three-car trains were converted in 1986 from former JNR 101 series commuter EMUs. Conversion included the addition of a second pantograph on the DeHa 1000 cars and the inclusion of a luggage area at the cab ends separated by a curtain arrangement.

Air-conditioning was added to the end cars from fiscal 1994, with the centre cars in each set left without air-conditioning.

The trains were modified for wanman driver only operation from December 1999. The final train ran on 23 March 2014.

Formations
The formations and former 101 series identities were as shown below.

The DeHa 1000 car was fitted with two lozenge-type pantographs.

Livery variations

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1986
Chichibu Railway
Kawasaki multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
De Sweachmermolen, Langweer. De Sweachmermolen  is a smock mill between Langweer and Boornzwaag, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1782. The mill has two functions: it is a drainage mill and a corn mill. It has been restored to working order as a drainage mill and is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 13241.

History
De Sweachmermolen was built in 1782 as a corn mill for Frans Julius Johan van Eijsinga. It was later converted so that it could also drain the Grote Polder Langweer, Dijken en Boornzwaag. The mill previously had four patent sails. On 12 August 1925, an electric motor was installed in the mill to drive the Archimedes' screw. The mill then became derelict. Through T.A.J. van Eijsinga, an influential member of De Hollandsche Molen (), the mill was acquired in 1949 by Stichting tot instandhouding van de Langweerder molen (). De Sweachmermolen is now used as a holiday home, the base and lowest storey of the smock having been converted. Income from letting the mill is put towards its upkeep. In 1998, the mill was restored so that it could again pump water. It is not planned to restore the milling machinery. De Sweachmermolen is listed as being held in reserve for use in times of emergency. It is the only combined corn and drainage windmill in Friesland.

Description

De Sweachmermolen is what the Dutch describe as a Stellingmolen. It is a three-storey smock mill on a two-storey base. The stage is at second-floor level,  above ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft which was cast by Gietijzer Pletterij Enthoven en Companië, The Hague, in 1896. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 58 cogs. This drives the wallower (32 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. The great spur wheel, which has 90 cogs, drove a pair of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 25 staves. At the bottom of the upright shaft the crown wheel, which has 35 cogs, drives a gearwheel with 43 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw.

Millers
Frans Julius Johan van Eijsinga (1782- )
Sipke Jolles Hoekstra (c1912/15)

Public access
De Sweachmermolen is open to the public.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Buildings and structures completed in 1782
Windmills completed in the 18th century
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
1782 establishments in the Dutch Republic
18th-century architecture in the Netherlands
Chichibu Railway 2000 series. The  was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for local services operated by the private railway operator Chichibu Railway in Japan.

History
Four 4-car trains were converted in 1991 from former Tokyu 7000 series commuter EMUs. The trains were not air-conditioned.

Formation
Trainsets were formed as follows.

The 2100 and 2300 cars each had one lozenge-type pantograph.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1991
Chichibu Railway
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Chichibu Railway 3000 series. The  was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for Chichibuji express services operated by Chichibu Railway in Japan from 1992 to 2006.

History
Three 3-car trains were converted in 1992 from former JR East 165 series EMUs built in 1965, with the first set entering service in April 1992, and the second set entering service in June of the same year. The conversion involved sealing the end gangways, adding new headlight clusters, and removing the toilets. The trains were later replaced by 6000 series EMUs, and the last train in service was withdrawn in November 2006 and cut up by January 2007.

Formations
The three 3-car sets were formed as shown below.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1992
Chichibu Railway
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Chichibu Railway 5000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Chichibu Railway on Chichibu Main Line local services in Japan.

Fleet details
, three three-car sets (sets 5001 to 5003) were in service.

The DeHa 5000 and 5100 cars are each fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.

History
Four 3-car trains were converted in 1999 from former Toei 6000 series (Toei Mita Line) commuter EMUs.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1999
Chichibu Railway
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Kawasaki multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Alna Koki rolling stock
Hitachi multiple units