omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0. The British Railways (BR) ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 was a class of 733 2-8-0 steam locomotives designed for heavy freight.  These locomotives of the WD Austerity 2-8-0 type had been constructed by the War Department, as war locomotives 1943–1945.  After the war, they were surplus and so in 1946 the LNER bought 200 of them, classifying them as LNER Class O7, and by the end of 1947 when the LNER was nationalised, had taken another 278 O7s on loan.  After nationalisation, BR purchased 533 more 2-8-0s, including all of those on loan, giving a class total of 733.  As many of these needed overhauling before being put to work, they were activated slowly.  BR chose to reclassify from LNER Class O7 and renumbered them from the 6xxxx LNER series in the 90000–732 series for BR standard designs.

Naming
90732 was named Vulcan after the Vulcan Foundry.

Classification

BR considered them as standard classes, numbering them in the numbering series allocated for BR standard classes, assigned them the boiler diagram BR10; while their tenders were assigned the diagram BR5.  BR built 53 new boilers at Crewe between 1951 and 1954.

Operation
The class were used almost entirely on freight services, and were always unusual on passenger work. Well over half the total number were always on the former LNER system, from East Anglia up to Scotland, and there was also a large number across the former Lancashire & Yorkshire railway depots. Some were initially used on the Southern Region, but later left there, while another smaller group was on the Western Region for much of their lives. The Scottish ones later spread from just the ex-LNER lines across the rest of the Region.

Accidents and incidents
On 16 January 1958, locomotive 90277 was standing foul of the line at  when it was run into by a passenger train due to a signalman's error. The passenger train was derailed, 90277 ended up on its side. Thirteen people were injured.

Withdrawal 

The engines were withdrawn from service as follows:

Preservation 

None of the BR Austerity 2-8-0s was preserved. However, one Austerity 2-8-0 (out of a total of 935 engines) has survived; WD No. 79257. This has returned to Britain via the Netherlands and Sweden, and has been restored to original condition and given the "BR number" 90733. It is based at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway.

See also
 BR ex-WD Austerity 2-10-0
 WD Austerity 2-8-0

References 

 Roger Tourret Allied Military Locomotives of the Second World War
Willie Yeadon, Yeadon's Register of LNER Locomotives Vol.15: Class J94, O6, and O7 the engines from the years of expediency. Challenger, 1999

Notes

2-8-0 locomotives
War Department locomotives
NBL locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1943
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
System on TPTP. System on TPTP is an online interface to several automated theorem proving systems and other automated reasoning tools.
It allows users to run the systems either on problems from the latest releases from the TPTP problem library or on user-supplied problems in the TPTP syntax.

The system is maintained by Geoff Sutcliffe at the University of Miami. In November 2010, it featured more than 50 systems, including both theorem provers and model finders. System on TPTP can either run user-selected systems, or pick systems automatically based on problem features, and run them in parallel.

References

Automated theorem proving
Migratory Bird Conservation Act. The Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929 () of February 18, 1929, (also known as the "Norbeck-Andresen Act") created the United States Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC) to consider and approve any areas of land and/or water recommended by the Secretary of the Interior for purchase or rental by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and to fix the price or prices at which such areas may be purchased or rented.

The Commission considered the establishment of new waterfowl refuges. While perhaps unimportant because of the Great Depression, the act was an important step for the conservation movement.

See also
Migratory Bird Treaty Act

References 

United States federal environmental legislation
1929 in the environment
Bird migration
Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition. The Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) is a research laboratory at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York. The center was established with funding from the United States Postal Service and National Institute of Justice.   CEDAR was formalized by the United States Postal Service by Postmaster General Anthony Frank in 1991.The primary goal of CEDAR was to conduct research and development for developing software useful for the automation of postal sorting equipment. Work at CEDAR, with Sargur Srihari as principal investigator, led to the first handwritten address interpretation system in the world. CEDAR-FOX, the first system for automatic comparison of handwriting for the purpose of forensic analysis, was developed at CEDAR.

Handwritten Analysis Interpretation 

HandWritten Address Interpretation is a software system developed at CEDAR. Known as HWAI, it was first deployed by the United States Postal Service through its contractor Lockheed-Martin in Tampa, Florida during the holiday December season in 1997. Initially 10% of the handwritten mail was successfully sorted and the project was considered a success. This was due to the large volume of mail that the US Postal Service processes and the cost of labor involved. The key to the success was the discovery of a heuristic by researchers Sargur Srihari and Jonathan Hull that the street number and ZIP code could be relatively easily recognized, because they only consist of numerals, which could then be used to constrain the possible street. Subsequent improvements to HWAI led to a 45% sort rate with a 2% error rate. Today more than 95% of the handwritten mail is sorted automatically. Versions of HWAI were developed for Australia Post and UK Royal Mail.

References

External links 
CEDAR Homepage

University at Buffalo
J. Clifford Turpin. James Clifford Turpin (6 May 1886 – January 1966) was a pioneer aviator with the Wright Exhibition Team.

Biography
He was born on May 6, 1886.

He attended Purdue University, the first graduate (class of 1908) to receive a pilot's license. Turpin joined the Wright Exhibition team in 1910, flying demonstrations across the country. The group was disbanded in 1911. In May 1912, Turpin rented a Wright Model C for his own exhibitions. While flying his Fowler-Gage biplane in a Seattle stadium, Turpin clipped an iron railing whilst avoiding a cameraman, and veered into a grandstand, killing two spectators.  After the death of his flying partner, Phil Parmalee, in Yakima, Washington, Turpin quit flying. 

He died in January 1966. He was buried in Lothrop Hill Cemetery in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Turpin reputedly was the father of one daughter.

External links

Washington's first airplane fatality occurs at the Meadows Race Track in Georgetown on May 30, 1912.

References

1886 births
1966 deaths
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Wright brothers
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1912
Ceibo emulator. A ceibo emulator is an in-circuit emulator for microcontrollers and microprocessors.

These emulators use bond-out processors, which have internal signals brought out for the purpose of debugging. These signals provide information about the state of the processor that is otherwise unobtainable.

Supported microprocessors and microcontrollers include Atmel, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon, Intel,
Microchip, NEC, Philips, STMicroelectronics and Winbond.

References

Embedded systems
Debugging
Green Power Usage Effectiveness. Green Power Usage Effectiveness (GPUE) is a proposed measurement of both how much sustainable energy a computer data center uses, its carbon footprint per usable kilowatt hour (kWh) and  it uses its power; specifically, how much of the power is actually used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead). It is an addition to the power usage effectiveness (PUE) definition and was first proposed by Greenqloud.

The Green Grid has developed the Power Usage Effectiveness metric  or PUE to measure a data centers' effectiveness of getting power to IT equipment. What the PUE tells in simple terms is how much extra energy is needed for each usable kWh for the IT equipment due to the power going into cooling, power loss etc. and it's a simple formula (in theory):

PUE = Total Facility Power/IT Equipment Power

The PUE can change depending on where measurements are made, when they are made and the timespan the measurements are made in.
Data centers are subtracting factors from their PUE to lower it e.g. district heating. Some of the issues with PUE are being addressed with the PUEx definition.

GPUE is a way to "weigh" the PUE to better see which data centers are truly green in the sense that they indirectly cause the least amount of CO2 to be emitted by their use of sustainable or unsustainable energy sources.

This new metric GPUE or Green Power Usage Effectiveness is defined as:

GPUE = G × PUEx (for inline comparison of data centers)
or = G @ PUEx  (a better display and for CO2 emission calculations)

The "G" is the key factor here and it is a simple calculated value:

G = Weighed sum of energy sources and their lifecycle KG CO2/KWh

G =Σ( %EnergySource × ( 1 + weight) )

P
Example:

PUE 1.20, 50/50 Coal/Hydro
G = 0.5*(1+1.050) + 0.5*(1+0.013)
G = 1.531, GPUEx = 1.84 or 1.531@1.20

Kg CO2 per usable kWh = (G-1) × PUEx = 0.64 kg

See also
 Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
 Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources
 Data center infrastructure efficiency
 Performance per watt
 Green computing
 IT energy management

References

Sustainable technologies
Computers and the environment
Benchmarks (computing)
Energy conservation
Electric power
Goodwin plc. Goodwin plc is a heavy engineering firm located in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. The company, which specialises in the supply and fabrication of castings, is listed on the London Stock Exchange. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History

The company was founded by Ralph Goodwin as a supplier and fabricator of machined castings in Stoke-on-Trent in 1883. It established a foundry as well as a fabrication plant. The fabrication plant carried out machining, fabrication and assembly work on the castings produced by the foundry. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1958, and it remains one of the 10 oldest companies listed there.

In 1984, Goodwins became the first steel foundry in the world to be awarded accreditation by the British Standards Institution to BS5750 (now ISO9001) for casting production. In 2006 the company was awarded the Queen's Award for International Trade.

The company was criticised in 2012 for its failure to comply with the requirements of the Financial Services Authority that it have non-executive directors on the board.

Applications
Goodwin castings are used in a variety of projects. Some of the more high-profile projects are listed below:

Bridges
Hardanger Bridge
Oakland Bay Bridge Eastern Span Replacement
Tsing Ma Bridge
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge

Structural/Architectural
Faslane Naval Base
Stratford station
Ludwig Erhard Haus, Börse Berlin
Paddington station

Power Generation (including Nuclear)
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
Sizewell B nuclear power station
Sellafield re-processing plant

References

External links 
 Official site

Companies based in Stoke-on-Trent
British companies established in 1883
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1883
1883 establishments in England
Close-out (aerospace). Closeout is the process that is completed in preparing an aircraft or spacecraft and its crew for flight.

The seven members of the Space Shuttle closeout crew help astronauts strap in and take care of any other last-minute needs that arise. The crew is also responsible for closing and sealing the crew access hatch and are the last non-crew members that astronauts see before returning from the mission.  The Shuttle closeout crew consists of elite technicians, an active astronaut who is not assigned to that mission and a NASA quality inspector.

References

NASA
Sludge incineration. Sludge incineration is a sewage sludge treatment process using incineration. It generates thermal energy from sewage sludge produced in sewage treatment plants. The process is in operation in Germany where Klärschlammverbrennung GmbH in Hamburg incinerates 1.3m tonnes of sludge annually. The process has also been trialed in China, where it has been qualified as an environmental investment project. However the energy balance of the process is not high, as sludge needs drying before incinerating. 

Sewage sludge can be incinerated in mono-incineration or co-incineration plants. In co-incineration, sewage sludge is not the only fuel and it can be processed at coal fired power plants, cement plants and in some waste incineration facility.

Examples
Germany currently has around 27 mono-incineration facilities, where only sewage sludge is processed.

References

External links
Sewer Cleaning

Renewable energy
Sewerage
Luz para Todos. Luz para Todos ("Light for All") is a program of the Federal Government of Brazil, launched in November 2003, with a goal of bringing electricity to more than 10 million rural people by the year 2008. It was initiated by Dilma Rousseff, then Minister of Mines and Energy of Brazil, operated by the large power utility company Eletrobras, and executed by electricity concessionaires and cooperatives.

The project promotes renewable energy as the most practical solution in remote areas. To encourage utilizing that kind of energy, the federal government pays up to 85% of the costs for renewable energy projects in those areas.

During the program execution, more families without power at home were located, and the program was extended to be completed in 2010.

References

Electric power infrastructure
Electric power in Brazil
Stolp Acroduster Too. The  Stolp SA 750 Acroduster Too is an American two place homebuilt aerobatic biplane, stressed to plus or minus 9g. The aircraft was introduced in 1971 and is supplied in the form of plans and some parts for amateur construction by Aircraft Spruce & Specialty.

Design and development
The Acroduster Too is a scaled down version of the Stolp Starduster Too. It was originally named the Schrack-Stolp Super Starduster Too. Much of the redesign of the SA-300 was done by TWA pilot Morgan Schrack.

The aerobatic aircraft is described as having a sharp stall, and ability to keep wings level using rudder alone. The Acroduster has shorter span and length, has larger ailerons than the Starduster Too, and has a stronger tail.

The aircraft is constructed with fabric covered 4130 steel tube structure and spruce wing spars. Ribs are plywood with cap strips.

Specifications

See also

References

Starduster Too
Homebuilt aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Biplanes
Aerobatic aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Pont-barrage de Monsin. The Pont-barrage de Monsin ("bridge-dam or bridge-weir" of Monsin), across the Meuse at Liège, Belgium, was inaugurated for the 1930 Liège International Exposition. The new structure permitted the replacement of several locks and stabilized the course of the Meuse. It incorporates a hydro-electric plant. Work began on the project in 1928, with metal fabrications made locally by Cockerill. It was partly destroyed on 11 May 1940 during the Battle of Belgium.

The dam is topped by a road linking Jupille and the Port of Liège.

References 

Bridges over the Meuse
Bridges in Wallonia
Dams in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Liège
Dams completed in 1930
Bridges completed in 1930
Optical conductivity. Optical conductivity is the property of a material which gives the relationship between the induced current density in the material and the magnitude of the inducing electric field for arbitrary frequencies. This linear response function is a generalization of the electrical conductivity, which is usually considered in the static limit, i.e., for time-independent or slowly varying electric fields.  

While the static electrical conductivity is vanishingly small in insulators (such as diamond or porcelain), the optical conductivity always remains finite in some frequency intervals (above the optical gap in the case of insulators). The total optical weight can be inferred from sum rules. The optical conductivity is closely related to the dielectric function, the generalization of the dielectric constant to arbitrary frequencies.

High frequency limit 

In the simplest cases, this property can be considered as a complex valued scalar function of frequency only. This formulation applies in the limit of long wavelengths, coarse grained structure, and cubic material symmetry.  In this approximation, the electric current density  (a three-dimensional vector), the scalar optical conductivity  and the electric field vector  are linked by the equation: 

For comparison, the permittivity  relates the electrical displacement to the electric field:

In SI units, this implies the following connection between the two linear response functions:

,

where  is the vacuum permittivity and  denotes the imaginary unit.

Measurement 

The optical conductivity is most often measured in optical frequency ranges via the reflectivity of polished samples under normal incidence (in combination with a Kramers–Kronig analysis) or using variable incidence angles. For samples that can be prepared in thin slices, higher precision is obtainable using optical transmission experiments. To fully determine the electronic properties of the material of interest, such measurements are combined with other techniques that work in different frequency ranges, e.g., in the static limit or at microwave frequencies.

References

External links
Lecture notes Optical Properties of Solids by E. Y. Tsymbal

Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Fiber-optic communications
Towel warmer. A towel rails radiator or a heated towel rail is a feature designed to heat towels before using them. For many years, European hotels have used them as combined towel- dryers/racks. The towel warmer is a bathroom heater suitable for both drying and heating towels and the environment. There are two versions: traditional ones that are plumbed like a radiator with water heated from a central boiler, and electric ones where an electrical resistance heats water or oil contained in the unit. Towel rails are typically fitted by plumbers.

Composition and functioning 
Towel dryers can be made from different metals such as, steel, stainless steel, or aluminum. In some types, brass or copper is used. The finish can be in chrome plating, polished steel, or lacquer.

Dryers can be heated electrically (heating cartridge or heating cable), or by circulating hot water (connected to the central heating). Often, a combination of the methods is used. In these cases, the dryer is heated by hot water in wintertime, and by electricity in the summer.  A towel dryer, with high output, can also serve as a radiator in a small bathroom.

Dryers come in a variety of appearances, including ladder types, turnable types, and others.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages 

Towel warmers dry towels more quickly. Towel warmers come in varied shapes. There are towel warmers of different sizes, from () to those  in height.

Disadvantages 
Insulating a room heater slows the heating of the room. Another is that the flow of heating fluid through a towel rail, optimised for heating and drying towels, is generally the reverse of that of a simple room-heating radiator, which is optimised for heat transfer to air convecting through it.

Note

See also 
 Radiator (heating)
 Radiator reflector
 Thermostatic radiator valve

Residential heating appliances
Bathroom equipment
Bathroom fixture companies
Transposition tower. In electrical power transmission, a transposition tower is a transmission tower that changes the relative physical positions of the conductors of a transmission line in a Polyphase system. A transposition tower allows these sections to be connected together, while maintaining adequate clearance for the conductors. This is important since it distributes electrical impedances between phases of a circuit over time, reducing the problem of one conductor carrying more current than others.

Double-circuit lines are usually set up with conductors of the same phase placed opposite each other. This reduces the reactance due to mutual inductance; the reactance of both circuits together is less than half that of one circuit. For example, a section of a line may be (top-to-bottom) phases A-B-C on the left, also phases C'-B'-A' on the right. The next section may be B-C-A on the left, also A'-C'-B' on the right. Therefore, the rotation on each side of the tower will be opposite.

Gallery

See also

 Suspension tower
 Dead-end tower

External links

Temporary Electric Pole

Overhead power lines
Electric power transmission
Unitika. is a Japanese company based in Osaka. Primarily, the company produces various textiles, glass, plastics, and carbon fiber products. They are also known for their films, which are used in consumer products like athletic apparel and food packaging.

As of July 2009, they gained notoriety when they announced their new plastic, which exceeds ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) in terms of carbon emissions during production and heat/impact durability.

Unitika has 46 subsidiary companies across Japan, in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Hong Kong, Brazil and the US. The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Osaka Securities Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index.

Business segments and products
 Polymers
 Films
 Resins and plastic molding
 Nonwoven
 Biomass-based material (Terramac)
 Advanced materials
 Glass cloth
 Glass beads
 Activated carbon fiber
 Metallic fiber
 Thermosetting resin
 Aromatic polyimide
 Fibers and Textiles
 Industrial materials
 Garments, lifestyle materials, bedding
 Biomass-based material (Terramac)
 Health and Amenity
 Health
 Medical
 Others
 Environmental survey and analysis
 Real estate services, operation of leisure facilities (such as swimming schools and golf courses), software design, and mechanical parking facilities

Gallery

References

External links
 Official global website 
 Products list 

Chemical companies of Japan
Textile companies of Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Osaka Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Chemical companies established in 1889
Japanese companies established in 1889
Science and technology in Japan
Manufacturing companies based in Osaka
Japanese brands
Midori-kai