omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Remote Activation Munition System. The Remote Activation Munition System (RAMS) is a radio frequency controlled system that is used to remotely detonate demolition charges.  It can also be used to remotely operate electronic equipment such as beacons, laser markers, and radios. 

RAMS  was developed by a team of researchers led by James Chopak at the Army Research Laboratory from 1996 to 2000. The system consists of a transmitter and two different types of receivers, one to initiate blasting caps and one to initiate C4 directly.

RAMS was designed to serve as a more portable and convenient alternative to conventional remote activation systems like the model XM-122, which was considered too big, heavy, and fragile for efficient use. In addition, the XM-122 was limited in its range (about 1 km) and relied on very large high capacity batteries. 

In contrast, the RAMS weighed only a couple pounds and its microprocessor-based transmitter was powered by at most seven standard 9-volt batteries. The device was capable of reaching a range up to 2 kilometers, and the combination of the crystal filter in the receivers and the FM detector circuit made it possible to maintain high signal sensitivity at a low power consumption rate. 

In addition, the RAMS was operational in harsh environments with temperatures as low as  and as high as . It was also capable of functioning when submerged in saltwater, up to depths of . However, testing performed by the Army Research Laboratory have found that due to the low power levels of the RAMS receiver’s electrical signals output, the system has demonstrated a noticeable level of unreliability in performance past a certain distance.

More modern versions of the RAMS can weigh as little as  and can reach a range of more than 5 kilometers, allowing operators to stand farther away from the blast at a safer distance.

References 

Radio waves
Military technology
Explosives engineering
Magneto Inductive Remote Activation Munition System. The Magneto Inductive Remote Activation Munition System (MI-RAMS) is a variant of the Remote Munition System (RAMS) that uses electromagnetic induction to control electronic equipment, including demolition charges, munitions, and active barriers. The handheld MI-RAMS receiver consists of a box-shaped device with a fixed bulkhead-style receptacle connector on the top with a non-leaking metal shell threaded in the rear section of the connector and sealed with an O-ring.

With the use of quasi-static AC magnetic fields, MI-RAMS is capable of sending signals through ice, rock, soil, water, and concrete. As a result, MI-RAMS is often used to remotely control ordnance items and communication systems in areas in which radio frequency devices under-perform or fail. These areas include caves, bunkers, tunnels, dense jungle, ice fields, urban structures, and up to 66 feet underwater. The wireless channel created by MI-RAMS does not produce any far field (RF) emissions, which decreases likelihood of detection outside of the operating area. The MI-RAMS transmitters and receivers have also been designed to work with existing communication technology, allowing other types of handsets to link to the system and communicate with each other as long as one MI-RAMS unit is present.

MI-RAMS was designed and modified by researchers at the Army Research Laboratory for U.S. Army Combat Engineer Forces and Army and Navy Special Operations Forces (SEALs) to aid in establishing terrain dominance.

References 

Military technology
Radio waves
Explosives engineering
Robotic magnetic navigation. Robotic magnetic navigation (RMN) (also called remote magnetic navigation) uses robotic technology to direct magnetic fields which control the movement of magnetic-tipped endovascular catheters into and through the chambers of the heart during cardiac catheterization procedures.

Devices
Because the human heart beats during ablation procedures, catheter stability can be affected by navigation technique. Magnetic fields created by RMN technology guide the tip of a catheter using a “pull” mechanism of action (as opposed to “push” with manual catheter navigation). Magnetic catheter navigation has been associated with greater catheter stability.

Medical use

Atrial fibrilation
As of 2015 there were two robotic catheterization systems on the market for atrial fibrilation; one of them used magnetic guidance.

After long-term follow up, RMN navigation has been associated with better procedural and clinical outcomes for AF ablation when compared with manual catheter navigation for cardiac ablation.

Ventricular tachycardia
RMN has been shown to be safe and effective for cardiac catheter ablation in various patient populations with  ventricular tachycardia.

References

Medical technology
Amel Ben Abda. Amel Ben Abda is a professor of mathematics at the National Engineering School of Tunis. She was the first person in Tunisia to earn a PhD in applied mathematics. She is the Tunisian representative of the steering committee of the International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics on the advisory board of the Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association.

Early life and education 
Ben Abda studied applied mathematics at the National Engineering School of Tunis, graduating in 1988. After her degree, she worked in the Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Nabeul. She went on to earn the first PhD in Applied Mathematics in Tunisia in 1993.

Research and career 
In the field of applied mathematics, Ben Abda has worked on a "reciprocity gap" method that can be used as an indication of defects in materials. She also works on the problem of reconstructing boundary conditions from incomplete data.

In 1993, Ben Abda joined the Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, where she was promoted to assistant professor that same year. In 1999 she joined the National Engineering School of Tunis. She defended Tunisia's first habilitation in 1998. She is responsible for the inverse theorems team at the Laboratory of Mathematical Modelling and Numeric in Engineering Sciences (LAMSIN).

She is the Tunisian representative of the steering committee of the International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics. She is on the advisory board of the Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association (TWMA). The TWMA give an annual award for the best PhD thesis in mathematics.

In 2018 she was selected as one of OkayAfrica's Top 100 Women.

References 

Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Tunisian mathematicians
21st-century mathematicians
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
On-Demand Small Unmanned Aircraft System. The On-Demand Small Unmanned Aircraft System (ODSUAS) is a custom-tailored, miniature 3D printed drone created by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Georgia Technical Institute’s Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory. It was designed to provide flexible unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) support, where soldiers can input the specific requirements they need, such as size, weight, and endurance, into the mission-planning software before the drone is configured and 3D printed within 24 hours. The  process allows the manufacturing of additional drone parts as needed, eliminating the need to carry spare parts for different configurations. While a 3D printer constructs the body of the UAV, the motors, sensors, cameras, propellers, and other apparatus would have to be obtained from a standing inventory.

The device can be tasked for missions involving perimeter surveillance, aerial defense, and reconnaissance. In December 2016, ARL researchers first tested it at Fort Benning, Georgia as part of the Army Expeditionary Warrior Experiments (AEWE) program. The researchers were given feedback s for possible improvements, such as improved agility, noise reduction, and heavier payload capacity. The ODSUAS was shown to demonstrate flight speeds of up to 55 miles per hour.

ARL researchers have stated that the manufacturing of 3D printed drones is only the first step of the project and that the overall goal is to leverage 3D printing as a way to produce mission-specific tools in a short amount of time.

References 

Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Brother Nut. Brother Nut is an internationally-known performance artist based in Beijing, China. He is known only by his pseudonym, 坚果兄弟, which is also sometimes translated in English as "Nut Brother." He was born in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1981.

Career
His best known work is 2015's "Project Dust," which consisted of the creation of a brick made entirely from particulate matter vacuumed out of heavily polluted Beijing city air. This project spotlighted Beijing's ongoing air pollution problems at a time when China sought to recast itself as an environmentally-aware nation. Project Dust received press coverage in the United States and Europe, as well as in Asian press. An online photo gallery is also maintained to summarize the activity of the project.

In 2016 Nut Brother was a speaker at the Enter the Anthropocene Creative Time Summit in Washington DC.

In 2018, he made headlines again with his project, “Nongfu Spring Market” in which he exhibited 9000 bottles of polluted water from the village of Xiaohaotu, in Shaanxi. The bottled water was then exhibited in the form of a street market set up in the 798 Art District in Beijing. While the art show was shut down by authorities, the government also began investigations into the town's water pollution problems.

In 2020, he was profiled on the Al Jazeera documentary 101 East: China's Activist Artist, which showed him collecting toys from children in Baishizhou which would be used for an art work involving a giant game of grab (as in an arcade claw machine), which would highlight the eviction of families in the area.

References 

Chinese performance artists
Chinese contemporary artists
1981 births
Pollution
Living people
Grandma Got STEM. Grandma Got STEM is a blog by Rachel Levy, a mathematician at Harvey Mudd College, about earlier generations of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Levy founded the blog in March 2013, and by June 2013 had already accumulated 100 posts to it.

The blog is aimed at a general audience.
Its entries include pictures and stories about women who worked in STEM fields, and are intended to counter stereotypes of older women as being technologically inept, as well as to inspire future generations of women in STEM.

As the name of the blog suggests, the women featured on the blog are generally old enough to be grandmothers, although not all of them had children. Although many famous researchers are included, the blog posts also feature women who worked at lower-level teaching and laboratory assistant positions in STEM.

References

External links
Grandma Got STEM

American blogs
Feminist blogs
Science blogs
Albanian Aviation Regiment 4020. The Aviation Regiment 4020 was the bomber regiment of the Albanian People's Air Force.

History 
Aviation Regiment 4020 operated one Il-28 acquired in 1957 attached to 2 Skuadrilja (2nd Squadron). This aircraft was traded for an H-5, the Chinese version of the Soviet Il-28, in 1971 and retired from service in 1992.

The Aviation Regiment 4020 was Europe's last operator of the Harbin H-5. The last role the H-5 played in the Albanian Air Force was a target tug.

Inventory

Gallery

References 

Military units and formations of Albania
Air force regiments
Bomber aircraft units and formations
Breakthrough Laminar Aircraft Demonstrator in Europe. The Breakthrough Laminar Aircraft Demonstrator in Europe (BLADE) is an Airbus project within the European Clean Sky framework to flight-test experimental laminar-flow wing sections on an A340 from September 2017.

Design

Natural laminar flow is opposed to hybrid laminar flow artificially induced through hardware.
It is difficult to industrialise a wing smooth enough to sustain the laminar flow in operation, due to having very low design and manufacturing tolerances, leading-edge retractable slats, and fasteners, that is aerodynamically robust enough, and can withstand surface deformations and dirt, de-icing fluid, and rain-droplet contamination.

The  metallic outboard section with a carbon fiber reinforced plastic upper laminar flow surface is isolated from the rest of the wing and has two ailerons on each side.
Its wing sweep is around 20° for a Mach 0.75 cruise, instead of 30° for a Mach 0.82–0.84 cruise.
Laminar flow is expected along 50% of chord length instead of just aft of the leading edge, halving the wing friction drag, reducing the overall aircraft drag by 8% and saving up to 5% in fuel on an 800nm (1,480km) sector.

Development

The demonstrator took off on 26 September, 2017.

In April 2018, after 66 flight hours, drag reduction is better than expected at 10% and laminar flow is more stable than anticipated, including when the wing twists and flexes.
Both wings with their carbon fibre upper sustainably generate the desired effect, while the carbon fibre left wing leading edge and metallic right wing leading edge have small differences in aerodynamic effects.
The aerodynamic benefits could be sustained at Mach 0.78 up from Mach 0.75 and next-generation single-aisles could use from the late 2020s.

Tests will continue until 2019 and will include wing contamination and a fixed Krüger flap.

Morphing flaps should be flight tested from May 2020.

References

Further reading

 

2010s international experimental aircraft
Aerodynamics
Air pollution organizations
Airbus A340
European Commission projects
European Union and science and technology
International aviation organizations
Pan-European trade and professional organizations
Research and development in Europe
Research projects
Musytari-class offshore patrol vessel. The Musytari class is a class of two offshore patrol vessels of the Royal Malaysian Navy in service from 1980s to 2006. They were then handed over to the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency / Malaysia Coast Guard in June 2006, renamed and known as the ''Langkawi'' class.

History

The ships was purchased by the Royal Malaysian Navy in 1980s and served as an offshore patrol vessels until 2006 before both of the ships handed over to the Malaysia Coast Guard. The armament includes one Bofors 57 mm gun as the primary weapon and two to four 12.7 mm machine guns. The ships are also equipped with a helicopter deck to operate one medium-sized helicopter.

Ships of the class

The ships are currently active in the Malaysia Coast Guard after being decommissioned from the Royal Malaysian Navy in 2006.

References 

Patrol vessels of Malaysia
Rail Bridge over the Iset River, Kamensk-Uralsky. The Rail Bridge over the Iset River - is an experimental bridge over the Iset River is a unique engineering structure made according to the advanced technology of the late 1930s in Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk oblast.

The building was granted the status of regional significance on 28 December 2001 (the Sverdlovsk oblast Government Decree № 859). The object number of cultural heritage of regional significance is 661710946850005.

Architecture 
In 1934 the construction of the Ural Aluminum Plant began. To support the plant, the Yekaterinburg-Shadrinsk-Kurgan railway line running through Kamensk, but located north of the plant at a considerable distance, was used. By 1938 a project was developed for supplying vehicles through a single-span arched railway bridge.

The bridge was designed by a Moscow engineer, Professor VA Rosnovsky. The professor conducted scientific research in the field of designing of pipe-concrete bridges (for the design and construction of the railway bridge in Kamensk-Uralsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor).

The railway bridge is located on the eighth kilometer of the Sinarska-Chelyabinsk railway line in the city of Kamensk-Uralsky.

Construction work was carried out from 1938 to 1940. The length of the span of the bridge was 140 meters, the length of the coastal overpass: the left - 56 meters, the right - 42 meters, the boom - 22 meters. It was built by the Mostotrest organization, the manufacture of metal structures and assembly welding were made by the Verkhnaya Salda factory.

During the construction, a new technology was used at that time - pipe-concrete, the filling of steel pipes with concrete. A constructive scheme was used with the use of a two-hinged arch (externally the bridge is similar to the Konstantinovsky bridge across the Dnieper in the city of Zaporozhye).

References

Literature 
 
 Памятники архитектуры Каменска-Уральского / С. И. Гаврилова, Л. В. Зенкова, А. В. Кузнецова, А. Ю. Лесунова — Екатеринбург: Банк культурной информации, 2008. — 92 с.
 

Tourist attractions in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Buildings and structures in Kamensk-Uralsky
Cultural heritage monuments in Kamensk-Uralsky
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Tun Fatimah-class offshore patrol vessel. The Tun Fatimah class is a series of offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) built by the Malaysian company THHE-Destini with the assistance of Damen company from the Netherlands based on the design of the Damen 1800-class OPV vessel. THHE-Destini is a joint venture between two local company which is THHE and the  builder, Destini Berhad. The class is also known as the Damen 1800-class offshore patrol vessel and the class changed names after the first ship of the class, KM Tun Fatimah. A total of three ships of this class are planned to be built.

Development

The Damen 1800 OPV contract was awarded to THHE-Destini local company in early 2017. The ship contract is worth RM738.9 million and the construction started in December 2017. The first ship will be completed in mid-2020.
The OPV class has a length of , a beam of , and a draught of . She has a displacement of 1,890 tonnes and a speed of . The main armament of the ship are one 1 × 30 mm Aselsan SMASH  RWS and light defensive weapons such as 12.7 mm and 7.62 mm machine guns. She also has a complement of 46 crew. To fulfill the patrol duty, she also able to operate one medium-sized helicopter and one unmanned aerial vehicle. All ships will be named after female warriors of Malaysia.

Ships of the class

References

Patrol vessels of Malaysia
Proposed ships
Rhenium(VI) chloride. Rhenium(VI) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ReCl6.  It is a black paramagnetic solid. The molecules adopt an octahedral structure as seen in tungsten(VI) chloride.

Preparation and reactions
Rhenium(VI) chloride was first generated as a mixture by chlorination of Re films. Bulk samples can be prepared by combining rhenium hexafluoride with excess boron trichloride:
2 ReF6  +  6 BCl3  →   ReCl6  +  6 BF2Cl

It is unstable at room temperature with respect to rhenium(V) chloride:
2 ReCl6  →   [ReCl5]2  +  Cl2

References

Rhenium compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Rhenium(IV) chloride. Rhenium(IV) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ReCl4.  This black solid is of interest as a binary phase but otherwise is of little practical value.  A second polymorph of ReCl4 is also known.

Preparation
ReCl4 can be prepared by comproportionation of rhenium(V) chloride and rhenium(III) chloride.  It can also be produced by reduction of rhenium(V) chloride with antimony trichloride.

Tetrachloroethylene at 120 °C is also effective as a reductant:

Structure
X-ray crystallography reveals a polymeric structure.  The Re–Re bonding distance is 2.728 Å. Re centers are octahedral, being surrounded by six chloride ligands. Pairs of octahedra share faces.  The Re2Cl9 subunits are linked by bridging chloride ligands. The structural motif - corner-shared bioctahedra - is unusual in the binary metal halides.

References

Rhenium(IV) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Consorzio Interuniversitario Lombardo per l'Elaborazione Automatica. The Consorzio Interuniversitario Lombardo per l'Elaborazione Automatica (CILEA) was a consortium of universities in Italy. Founded in 1974, it operated from headquarters in Milan. In July 2013 CILEA merged into the CINECA academic consortium.

History
The consortium aimed to promote the applications of computer science to meet the needs of research and, secondly, university teaching. Over time the consortium diversified its activities and developed services related to electronic publishing, digital libraries, high-performance computing, software development, and technical support. It also increased its staff, and expanded its target audience to include both Lombardy and the rest of Italy.

In 1998 the consortium launched the CILEA Digital Library (CDL), which participated in several related groups: Osservatorio italiano sulla cooperazione per le risorse informative elettroniche (INFER), International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC), and Southern European Libraries Link (SELL). The library also collaborated with Italian consortia Coordinamento Interuniversitario Basi dati & Editoria in Rete (CIBER) and Cooperazione Interuniversitaria Periodici Elettronici (CIPE).

With the , the consortium developed the online  in 1999.

See also
 List of universities in Italy

References

Further reading
  1984-2012

External links
 Former official site: 
  (runs on Open Journal Systems software)

Universities in Italy
College and university associations and consortia in Europe
Educational organisations based in Italy
1974 establishments in Italy
2013 disestablishments in Italy
Organizations established in 1974
Science and technology in Italy
Supercomputer sites
Organizations disestablished in 2013
Ferranti Perseus. Perseus was a vacuum tube (valve) computer built by Ferranti Ltd of Great Britain. It was a development of the Ferranti Pegasus computer for large-scale  data processing. Perseus, which was one of Ferranti's computer systems that included Orion and Sirius, was the company's first production machine marketed towards commercial users. The system used the automatic checking method. Two were sold, both to overseas insurance companies in 1959.

Design
Perseus has two components that functioned independently of each other. The first was the central computer – the processing unit that handled data processing and commercial work. The second was the unit for printing from half-inch magnetic tape. The design aim of Perseus was to enable large-scale data-processing, rather than scientific computing. It used the same electronic technology as the Ferranti Pegasus, similarly engineered. The envisaged applications would involve vast amounts of file data, for which 1/2" magnetic tape was provided. The word length was 72 bits, with 160 words of random-access memory provided by single-word nickel acoustic delay lines. Unlike Pegasus with its magnetic drum, further internal store was provided by 864, 16-word delay lines. Large-scale data input was provided by punched card readers available for both round- and rectangular-hole cards. Data output was via magnetic tape to an off-line unit equipped with 300 lines per minute Samastronic line printers.

Old Mutual (South Africa)
The South African Mutual Life Assurance Society (Old Mutual) had a Perseus installed at their head office in Pinelands, Cape Town in 1960. It is considered one of the earliest computers in South Africa. Many years later an eagle-eyed employee spotted some of the decommissioned Perseus enclosures at the back of the building, ready to be scrapped. He discovered that they were in fact aluminium and stamped inside it said "Made by Rolls Royce"! The staff member purchased the about-to-be-scrapped enclosures for next to nothing and eventually built himself a sports car from the "Made by Rolls Royce" aluminium sheet metal! It is safe to assume that every Perseus sold was clad in enclosures made by Rolls Royce.

References

Bibliography

Vacuum tube computers
1950s computers
Perseus
Early British computers