omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George K. Hooper. George Kennard Hooper (July 1, 1868 – February 9, 1939) was an engineer and architect in New York City. Later he became city engineer in Pasadena, California.

Early life
Hooper was born in Boston on July 1, 1868. His father, George Kennard Hooper, was a local merchant. He was educated in Boston Public Schools, graduating from Dwight School in 1883.

Hooper entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1887, graduating in mechanical engineering in the class of 1891.

Engineering and Architecture
Hooper designed foundries and industrial plants during much of his career. Nelson Valve Company and Otis Elevator Company were noted clients. He worked with architect Louis Sullivan on an addition to the Crane Company factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut and other projects.

In 1910 Hooper designed a 10-story building for the Adams Express Company, but the building was never constructed.

Military service
Hooper was president of Hooper-Faulkenau Engineering Company, and toward the end of World War I  both he and Arthur Falkenau joined the US Army. Lt. Col. Hooper was in charge of tank, track, truck, and trailer production. He resumed his duties at Hooper-Faulkenau in 1919.

Pasadena
In the mid-1920s, Hooper moved to Pasadena, California to work as a civil engineer for the city. He became City Engineer in 1929.

Hooper died February 9, 1939.

References

1868 births
1939 deaths
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Architects from Boston
Architects from Pasadena, California
Vicki Gardiner. Vicki Gardiner is an Australian scientist who is the general manager of the Tasmania Division of Engineers Australia.

Education

Graduating with a BSc (Hons), Gardiner went on to do her PhD in Synthetic Chemistry at Monash University from 1994-1997. In 2005, she also attained a Graduate Certificate in Management, specialising in Project Management, from the University of New England (AU).

Career

After graduating with a PhD from Monash University, Gardiner attained Post-Doctoral positions at both the University of Southampton and University of New South Wales. From 2000-2004, Gardiner was an Australian Research Council (ARC) Post-Doctoral Fellow and lecturer at the University of Tasmania.

Following on from her time spent in academia, Gardiner moved to industry, and attained a position as Customer Service Manager at AusIndustry (Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research). Her capacity in this role involved promoting innovation in new product, process and service development. Gaining three years of experience in this field, Gardiner then transferred to the biotechnology company Marinova. As operations manager at Marinova, she was involved in research and development activities, supply chain management and various business development areas.

In 2013, Engineers Australia announced that Gardiner had accepted a position as the new general manager of their Tasmania Division, where she currently still works.

Projects

During 2010-2011, Gardiner took on the role of Convenor for the Royal Australian Chemical Institute International Year of Chemistry, overseeing the Institute's activities that focussed on the role of chemistry in the daily lives of people. The event involved a travelling exhibition focussing on art-meets-chemistry and was featured at the 2011 Prime Minister's Science Awards.

As part of the 2011 National Science Week program, Gardiner co-authored the education resource book titled "React to Chemistry"

Organisations

Gardiner has contributed to the following organisations, in the following roles:

 Board member, as well as Hon. General Secretary, of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (2007-2011) and President (2019-2020).
 Member of the National Chemistry Committee of the Australian Academy of Science (2011-2013).
 Advisory Board member of the Tasmania Major Projects Approval Agency (2014).

Awards and honours

Gardiner was elected Companion of Engineers Australia in 2013, Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, and is the recipient of the 2012 RK Murphy Medal granted by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute.

References

Australian scientists
Australian women scientists
Monash University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jane Hunter (scientist). Jane Hunter was the interim Director of the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN). She has held roles such as the Director of University of Queensland's e-Research Lab and Chair of the Australian Academy of Science's National Committee for Data in Science; Vice-President of the National Executive Committee for Digital Humanities; and Member of Scientific Committee of the ICSU World Data System. E-research has emerged through the exponential expansion of information technologies.  New online tools, networks, data capture, management and visualisation techniques are needed to enhance collaboration and data sharing between researchers who need access to very large data collections, high-performance analysis and modelling particularly across disciplines.

Her research projects cover a wide range of topics and include the OzTrack Project looking at how to store, analyse and visualise animal tracking data;   The Twentieth Century in Paint a multidisciplinary project to inform the preservation of modern art;  HuNI - Humanities Networked Infrastructure applying new data tools to integrate Australia's most significant cultural datasets for humanities researchers.  In speaking of a joint project on Queensland's waterways, Hunter notes, 'There is a massive amount of monitoring data being collected, and Health-e-Waterways provides a high-tech approach to turning that data into meaningful information".

References

External links
AURIN. Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network – Australia's Urban Intelligence Network
Information about Jane Hunter
Data Science - School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering - The University of Queensland, Australia
Academic Programs
list of Professor Hunter's publications

Women data scientists
Data scientists
Australian women scientists
21st-century Australian women scientists
People in digital humanities
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Survey camp. Survey camp is a traditional component of civil engineering training, where students do fieldwork to learn about surveying and related practices, such as developing maps. A version of survey camp remains part of the curriculum at schools including Texas A&M University, University of Toronto, Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, Aryans College of Engineering (Rajpura), and General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University.

History 
Cornell University started requiring summer survey camp for civil engineering students in the 1870s and conducted it until the early 1960s.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison had a survey camp requirement from 1909 to 1972, because of the importance of surveying to civil engineering in the US military. Vanderbilt University had a summer school for surveying from 1927 to 1960. Tulane University had a summer survey camp from 1918 through the 1970s.

The University of Toronto camp was established in 1919-1920 and has been updated to include water quality sampling, among other topics.

Subjects 
In survey camp, students obtain hands-on experience in the use of surveying instruments. It can include project-based learning to support development of communication and problem-solving skills.

Students may also learn applications such as AutoCAD and Carlson Survey. The students use these programs to take data collected from the field to develop topographic maps of the particular area. The basic aim of the survey camp is to know various works carried out in the industrial field by surveying, which includes determining the topography of particular area with the help of survey work, map study and reconnaissance work.

Instruments
The instruments used may include:
 Theodolite (transit)
Total station and prism
 Compass (prismatic and surveyor)
 Ranging rods
 Measuring tape
 Level staff
 Tripod stand (for optical instruments)
 Level

Practicals
The survey practicals generally performed in survey camp are:
Simple levelling
Fly levelling
Trigonometric levelling
To determine and draw RL's of longitudinal and cross section of road
Measuring horizontal angles by ordinary, repetition and reiteration methods
Compass traversing
Gale traverse
Topographic map preparation

References

Surveying
Civil engineering
Career and technical education
CryptoNote. CryptoNote is an application layer protocol designed for use with cryptocurrencies that aims to solve specific problems identified in Bitcoin. 

The protocol powers several decentralized privacy-oriented cryptocurrencies, including Monero, Zano, MobileCoin and Safex Cash.

Nothing is known about the original author of CryptoNote, "Nicolas van Saberhagen." Its mathematical component and motivation are described in the article "CryptoNote Whitepaper", released in two editions: in 2012 and in 2013. Launched in the summer of 2012, Bytecoin was the first cryptocurrency to use this technology. Later, several teams launched their networks, based on the Bytecoin code. Andrey Sabelnikov, one of the creators of the CryptoNote codebase, launched Boolberry after his career at Bytecoin, which later became the foundation for Zano.

Emission 
Just like in Bitcoin, miners are rewarded for finding solutions. But the stepped release curve characteristic of Bitcoin has been replaced with a smooth one in CryptoNote: the reward decreases with each block.

One implementation of the CryptoNote protocol has resulted in a non-smooth emission curve, specifically, the S-curve of the Safex Blockchain, which was designed to match the Diffusion of Innovations technology adoption curve theory.

See also 

 Monero (cryptocurrency)

References

Application layer protocols
Cryptocurrencies
Digital currencies
Lynn and Boston Railroad. The Lynn and Boston Railroad was a streetcar railway chartered for operations between Boston and Lynn, Massachusetts in 1859. Following a number of acquisitions, the railway was a part of a 1901 street railway merger that formed the Boston and Northern Street Railway.

The Thomson-Houston Electric Company developed and implemented electrification in Lynn on the Highland Circuit route of the Lynn & Boston, the first electrified streetcar in Massachusetts with regular electric service begun November 19, 1888. The electrified cars were able to ascend the steep 8% grade into the Lynn Highlands far easier than even a team of four horses.

Acquisitions 

 Boston and Chelsea Railroad (leased in 1880)
 East Middlesex Street Railway (leased in 1893)
 Essex Electric Street Railway (purchased in 1894)
 Lynn Belt Line Street Railway (purchased in 1894)
 Naumkeag Street Railway (purchased in 1894)
 Salem and Danvers Street Railway (leased to NSR in 1887, lease transferred to L&BSR in 1894)
 Salem Street Railway (leased to NSR, lease transferred to L&BSR in 1894)
 Boston and Revere Electric Street Railway (leased in 1895)
 Gloucester Street Railway (purchased in 1900)
 Gloucester and Rockport Street Railway (leased to GSR in 1895, lease transferred to L&BSR in 1900, purchased by L&BSR in 1901)
 Wakefield and Stoneham Street Railway (purchased in 1900)
 Beverly and Danvers Street Railway (purchased in 1901)
 Winnisimmet Street Railway (leased)

Merger 
In 1901, the Lynn and Boston Railroad merged with the Lowell, Lawrence and Haverhill Street Railway and the North Woburn Street Railway. The result was the formation of the Boston and Northern Street Railway.

See also
 Massachusetts list of streetcar systems

References

Defunct Massachusetts railroads
Railway companies disestablished in 1901
Railway companies established in 1854
Streetcars in the Boston area
Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts
American companies established in 1854
1854 establishments in Massachusetts
Rhino ferry. A rhino ferry is a barge constructed from several pontoons which are connected and equipped with outboard engines, used to transport heavy equipment and people. Rhino ferries were used extensively during the Normandy landings and other theaters (Attu, Africa, Sicily, Italy); their low draft was well-suited for shallow beaches, and they could also be used as piers when filled with water. An alternative to tank landing craft, they were operated by United States Navy Construction Battalions. They ferried their cargo from the outlying Landing Ships, Tank to the shore.

For the Normandy invasion, components were shipped from the US. Initial construction in the UK was by the USN Construction battalions. Rhinos (and causeways, which used the same components) were also assembled by British Army Royal Engineers.

See also
 , similar device, 1960s to present day

References

External links
 US Navy footage of Rhino barges in action, Normandy, June 11, 1944.

Buoyancy devices
Coastal construction
Operation Overlord
Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)
Hog chains. Hog chains were a technological device that permitted river boats to have lightly built hulls so they could travel in shallow water.

Engineering problem
It was advantageous for river vessels to operate in very shallow water, so that work could be done at all seasons and in areas that lacked deeper rivers.  This required flat-bottomed boats with lightly built hulls.   However, the hulls tended to bend out of shape over time, particularly with sternwheelers, which had heavy components at stern (the sternwheel) and also towards the bow (the boilers).   If the boat hull became bowed upwards in the middle, this was called "hogging".  If the boat bowed down in the middle, this was called "sagging".

Description
To forestall hogging and sagging, since about 1850, the hulls of wooden river boats were held in shape by a system of wire trusses, called "hog chains".  These were not chains at all, but rather iron rods  in diameter, which ran from strong points in the hull to vertical timbers, called "hog posts", which looked like masts, rising above the hull.  Tension on the hog chains was adjusted through the use of turnbuckles.  Generally the hog posts which carried the chains did not rise above the cabins on Mississippi River-style steamers.  This was not the case with steamboats designed in the Pacific Northwest style, where the hogposts were often clearly visible rising above the superstructure.

Consequences of failure
Should the hog-chains break, the hull would come out of tension, and start sagging on the ends.  This was called being "hogged".  In some cases the sagging on the ends would be so great that a boat's hull would break in half.   Accidents such as running aground were the kind of things that could cause hog-chains to break.

Notes 

Steamboats
Florida Municipal Electric Association. The Florida Municipal Electric Association (FMEA) is the non-profit trade association representing the unified interests of Florida’s 33 public power communities.

Based in Tallahassee, FMEA was established in 1942 in response to WWII fuel shortages.

Member utilities

 Alachua
 Bartow
 Blountstown
 Bushnell
 Clewiston
 Chattahoochee
 Fort Meade
 Fort Pierce Utilities Authority
 Gainesville Regional Utilities
 Green Cove Springs
 Havana
 Homestead Energy Services
 JEA
 Key West
 Kissimmee Utility Authority
 Lake Worth Beach
 Lakeland Electric
 Leesburg
 Moore Haven
 Mount Dora
 New Smyrna Beach
 Newberry
 Ocala
 Orlando Utilities Commission
 Quincy
 Starke
 Tallahassee
 Wauchula
 Williston
 Winter Park

External links 

 

Electric power in the United States
Trade associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Tallahassee, Florida
Hollinger box. A Hollinger box, also known as a "document box" or "archives box," is a specially constructed cardboard box used in archives for preservation of documents and photographs. The term "Hollinger" refers to the manufacturer, Hollinger Metal Edge, a company founded in 1945 in Arlington, Virginia. Hollinger Metal Edge worked with officials at the Library of Congress and National Archives of the United States to develop acid free papers, storage boxes and envelopes that would preserve archival collections. The boxes are designed for long-term storage, and typically rest on standard library shelving.

The Society of American Archivists defines it as a "container that holds folders containing paper documents vertically and that measures roughly 10 inches high, 12 or 15 inches wide, and 6 or 3 inches deep, and that usually has an integral top hinge at the upper back", although they are made in a variety of sizes for flat storage as well.

References

Archival science
Preservation (library and archival science)
Osbert Edwin Williams Jr.. Osbert Edwin Williams Jr. (December 15, 1875 – October 25, 1917) was a Michigan-born pioneer aviator, engineer, and safety advocate. Williams established the first aviation flight training school in the state of Michigan, the Williams Aeroplane Company,  in Fenton, Genesee County.

Biography
Williams was born on December 15, 1875, in Webster Township, Michigan to Osbert Edwin Williams Sr. and Sarah E. Williams (née Cook).

Williams died on October 25, 1917, in Mobile, Alabama.

Students
Some of his students died in crashes or served in World War I. Notable students are listed below:
Lieutenant  Cyrus K. Bettis (1893–1926) served in World War I
Lieutenant John Thad Johnson (1893–1927) served in World War I

References

External links
 Regulator for dampers and the like (1912)
Osbert Edwin Williams Jr. at Early Aviators

1875 births
1917 deaths
Businesspeople from Scranton, Pennsylvania
American aerospace engineers
Aviation history of the United States
American inventors
American aviation pioneers
Aviators from Michigan
Engineers from Pennsylvania
19th-century American businesspeople
Sigurd Aalefjær. Sigurd Arthur Aalefjær (14 September 1917 – 10 March 1991) was a Norwegian engineer, civil servant and director of Norwegian hydropower plants.

He was born in Bend, Oregon as a son of Wilhelm Torjussen Aalefjær (1881–1969) and Inger Larsen Kostøl (1890–1975); the family soon moved to Vennesla  in Vest-Agder, Norway. He married Magda Synnøve Berg (1920–2002) in 1943. He resided and died in Bærum.

He finished his secondary education at Kristiansand Cathedral School in 1937 and graduated as a construction engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology  in Trondheim during 1941. He worked for the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Agency from 1942 to 1946, Drammens Elektrisitetsverk from 1946 to 1949 and the Water Resources and Energy Agency again from 1949. From 1960 to his retirement in 1984 he was the director of Statskraftverkene (now Statkraft).

He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1983.

References

1917 births
1991 deaths
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
People from Bend, Oregon
People from Vennesla
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Norwegian civil servants
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Amir Malekyazdi. Amir Khan Malekyazdi or Malekzadeh (23 October 1923 – 6 November 2019) was an Iranian-Canadian civil engineer, real-estate developer and builder, and philanthropist based in Vancouver, Canada, and Paris, France.

He started Arme Construction Company, shortly after he graduated from the University of Charlottenburg in Berlin. Arme became one of the largest construction and development companies in Iran and the Middle East  having built numerous civic and infrastructure projects including roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, whole townships, and an entire Azadi /Asian Games Sports Complex in Tehran, including a 105,000 seat stadium, indoor Olympic Swimming Pool, Velodrome, Olympic Village and a giant man-made lake, all designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill of Chicago and A. Farmanfarmaian and Associates Architects, and all built with a future Tehran Olympic Games in mind.

Arme Construction Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates including Parc des Princes Co, Vanak Park Co, Kamsaz Co, Paziran Co, were also responsible for building some of the Middle East's largest private real estate development projects including the 200,000 sq. metre Parc des Princes and Vanak Park high rise communities and various commercial buildings in Tehran, including the Paziran, Pan American Oil Co and Iranian National Railways office buildings.

Abbas Milani, Director of Iranian Studies at Stanford University, in his book 'Eminent Persians' (Syracuse University Press), names Amir Malekyazdi as one of the men and women who made modern Iran.

The family, including brothers S. Peter Malek & Shahram Malek and sisters Marjan, Maryam and Elham, has been active in Canada and France since 1981. Through their companies, Armeco Construction, Belmont Construction, Millennium Development Group and others they have continued their legacy of building roads, bridges, sewage treatment plants, civic and municipal projects, and major award-winning developments such as the 7 tower and 3 tower City in the Park and OMA projects in Burnaby, L'Hermitage, Lumiere  and Alexandra towers in Downtown Vancouver, the Edgewater and Water's Edge projects in West Vancouver, and the Vancouver Olympic Village for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, to mention a few.

Having settled his family in Canada, but later returned to Paris, France in the lates 1980s with his wife, Mahin. At the age of 67 he started a successful real estate development company from scratch, undertaking such high-profile projects as the East Side office building in Marne La Vallee, the seat of the French Post Office, Regent Park, St. Georges, Villa du Theatre residences and numerous other successful projects.

He died in Paris in November 2019 at the age of 96.

References

1923 births
2019 deaths
People from Yazd
Canadian civil engineers
Iranian emigrants to Canada
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian businesspeople in real estate
Canadian expatriates in France
General Software. General Software was a Washington, USA based creator and supplier of system software headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. It was founded in 1989 by Steve Jones and later incorporated in 1990 as General Software, Inc. In 2008, the company was purchased by Phoenix Technologies, Inc.

General Software developed firmware to support telecommunications, data communications, UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer), general consumer electronics, and support models designed for embedded ODMs (Original Design Manufacturer) and OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer).

Some of the products included General Software OEM-DOS, Network-DOS, Embedded DOS, Embedded DOS-ROM, Embedded DOS-XL and Embedded BIOS.

In 1998 they partnered with Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. in order to ship their Embedded BIOS with Caldera DR-DOS.

See also
 Datalight ROM-DOS

References

Software companies based in Washington (state)
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies established in 1989