omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Akaflieg Berlin B2 Teufelchen. The Akaflieg Berlin B2 Teufelchen was a glider built in Germany in the 1920s. It featured a high-wing, cantilever sailplane configuration of all-wood construction.

Design and development
Kurt Tank studied electrical engineering, but he also tried his hand at a home-built glider, nicknamed Teufelchen (en:Little devil). Anxious to compete at the Rossitten coastal gliding competition in 1923 Tank had the LFG-Stralsund works complete the glider in time for the competition; transporting the aircraft by horse-drawn cart.

The 'B2' was characterized by warping wing-tips, in the hope of dispensing with ailerons. Construction was mixed with wooden structure covered with aluminium sheeting, which earned the Teufelchen a prize for best construction.

After Tank crashed the B2 it was returned to Berlin and repaired at the Sablatnig works where it had been built. The B2 next attended the 4th Rhön meeting in August 1923, where Tank had a hard landing. The 2nd Rossitten coastal meeting saw many of the competitors flying over the dunes and sea, including the B2, which Möller was forced to land in and the B2 sank.

Specifications (B2)

See also
List of gliders

References

1920s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
High-wing aircraft
Akaflieg Berlin B3 Charlotte II. The Akaflieg Berlin B3 Charlotte II was a glider built in Germany in the 1920s. It featured a high-wing, tailless sailplane configuration of all-wood construction, which had a single skid for landing and applied brakes.

Specifications

References

1920s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Tailless aircraft
Akaflieg Berlin B4 F.F.. The Akaflieg Berlin B4 F.F. was a single-seat aircraft built in Germany in the early 1930s. It was a high-wing monoplane of all-wood construction with fabric-covered foldable wings

Design and development
In 1931 the Deutsche Luftfahrt-Verband e.V. (DLV) opened a competition for an inexpensive light aircraft. Two entries were put forward; Akaflieg Berlin's B4 F.F. (D-2229) and Dipl.-Ing. Hermann Mayer's MM-1 (D-2230), with both aircraft exhibited at the 1932 Deutschen Luftsport-Ausstellung (DELA) in Berlin.

Like the Mayer MM-1 the B4 F.F. was constructed at the DLV workshops in Adlershof. Design took eight months and construction a further nine.

Specifications (B4 F.F.)

References

Tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
1930s German aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Akaflieg Berlin B5. The Akaflieg Berlin B5 was a glider built in Germany in the late 1930s. It featured a high-wing, cantilever sailplane configuration of all-wood construction, with cantilevered gull-wings, retractable landing-gear, all-moving-tail, dive air-brakes.

Specifications (B5)

See also
List of gliders

References

1930s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Akaflieg Berlin B6. The Akaflieg Berlin B6 was a glider built in Germany in the late 1930s. It featured a high-wing, cantilevered mid-wing sailplane configuration with Junkers-flaps, retractable landing gear, all moving tail, dive air brakes, wood and steel body.

Specifications (B6)

See also
List of gliders

References

1930s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Akaflieg Berlin B8. The Akaflieg Berlin B8 was a German sailplane built in the late 1930s for the 1939 Olympic games glider competition in Rome. It was a high-wing sailplane with a cantilever shoulder-wing, dive air-brakes and all wood construction.

Specifications (variant specified)

See also
List of gliders

References

1930s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Isopropylmagnesium chloride. Isopropylmagnesium chloride is an organometallic compound with the general formula (CH3)2HCMgCl. This highly flammable, colorless, and  moisture sensitive material is the Grignard reagent derived from isopropyl chloride. It is commercially available, usually as a solution in tetrahydrofuran.

Synthesis and reactivity
Solutions of isopropylmagnesium chloride by treating isopropyl chloride with magnesium metal in refluxing ether:

This reagent is used to prepare other Grignard reagents by transmetalation. An illustrative reaction involves the generation of the Grignard reagent derived from bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene:
(CH3)2HCMgCl + (CF3)2C6H3Br → (CH3)2HCCl + (CF3)2C6H3MgBr
Addition of one equivalent of LiCl to isopropylmagnesium chloride gives "Turbo Grignard" solutions, named so due to the increased rate and efficiency for transmetalation reactions.

Isopropylmagnesium chloride is also used to prepare isopropyl compounds, such as chlorodiisopropylphosphine:
PCl3 + 2 (CH3)2CHMgCl → [(CH3)2CH]2PCl + 2 MgCl2
This reaction exploits the bulky nature of the isopropyl substituent.

Turbo-Grignard reagents
As initially reported by Knochel et al., lithium chloride, isopropylmagnesium chloride enhances the ability of isopropylmagnesium chloride toward transmetalation reactions. The  more reactive species, a LiCl-iPrMgCl complex, is called a Turbo-Grignard reagent.  These species are related to Turbo-Hauser bases, a family of magnesium amido compounds containing also LiCl.  "Turbo-Grignards", as they are often called, are aggregates with the formula [i-PrMgCl·LiCl]2.  These species promote formation of aryl and heteroaryl Grignard reagents by halogen-magnesium exchange:
fast, homogeneous: 
The traditional method for generating the aryl Grignard reagent proceeds less predictably:
slow, heterogeneous: 
Furthermore, traditional routes to Grignard reagents has limited functional group compatibility, whereas the Turbo-Grignard method tolerates other halides, some ester groups, and nitriles.

References

Organomagnesium compounds
Isopropyl compounds
Caspar CJ 14. The Caspar CJ 14 was a German fighter aircraft prototype built in the 1920s.

Design and development

The Caspar CJ 15 was designed by Caspar's engineer E. von Lössl but built in Copenhagen by Dansk Aero in order to avoid the restrictions on military aircraft construction imposed on Germany by the Allies after World War I. It was an equal span, two bay, single seat biplane intended to be powered by a  Armstrong-Siddeley Jaguar radial engine, though the prototype was at first fitted with a water-cooled,  Hispano-Suiza engine. The broadly similar though longer span (and later two seat) Caspar CS 14 was powered by a Napier Lion W-12.

The wings had wooden structures and plywood covering and, for a biplane of the period, quite thick-sections informed by the early post-war German concentration on gliders. In plan they had rectangular centre-sections and trapezoidal outer panels. The upper wing was a one piece structure, held high over the fuselage by a cabane of outward-leaning, N-form steel tube cabane struts, and the lower was in two parts, mounted on steel tube false spars under the fuselage. Upper and lower wings were braced together with light stagger by N-form struts. Ailerons were fitted only to the upper wing. 

The CJ 14's fuselage was in three parts, with a steel tube forward section mounting the engine, a central wooden, ply-covered section containing the cockpit and a metal, pointed tail section carrying the empennage. The pilot was positioned just behind the upper trailing edge and there were transparent apertures in the upper wing to increase the field of view. Proposed armament was a pair of Vickers guns mounted in the nose. The tail was conventional, though the near triangular fin and rudder were both unusually tall and narrow as well as being well ahead of the rear of the fuselage.

The CJ 14's powerful engine required a large diameter propeller and hence long landing legs to provide ground clearance. The axle was streamlined and hinged on pairs of narrow-V form drag struts.

Operational history

The CJ 14 was first flown in 1924 but only one was built. Development of its successor, the CS 14, was abandoned in 1926.

Specifications

References

1920s German fighter aircraft
CJ014
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Caspar CS 14. The Caspar CS 14 was a German military aircraft built in the 1920s. At first it was seen as a single seat fighter but was later modified to the reconnaissance role with a second seat.

Design and development

The Caspar CS 14 was designed by Caspar's engineer E. von Lössl but built in Copenhagen by Dansk Aero in order to avoid the restrictions on military aircraft construction imposed on Germany by the Allies after World War I. It was an equal span, two bay biplane powered by a  Napier Lion W-12.

Apart from the more powerful engine and a  increase in the span of the rectangular inner panels and a consequent increase in wing area, the CS 14 was unchanged from the earlier Caspar CJ 14.

Operational history

Like its predecessor the CJ 14, the CS 14 failed to sell. Despite the proposed change in role enabled by the second seat only one was built and development was ended in 1926.

Specifications (two seat variant)

References

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s German fighter aircraft
CS014
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Friedrichshafen FF.1. The Friedrichshafen FF.1 was a German experimental floatplane built in 1912. It was the first aircraft designed and built by the newly established Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. Only one prototype was constructed and it set a German national record for endurance in 1913 before crashing in early 1914.

Development and description
Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen was founded after Theodor Kober had purchased a Curtiss A-2 floatplane to test the hydrodynamic performance of its central float in 1912. Dissatisfied with its performance in rough water, he designed the FF.1 with a float of his own design that he believed would have better performance. It first flew on 2 November although towed testing of various float shapes continued into January 1913.

The aircraft was a two-seat biplane with a  Argus As I straight-four engine in pusher configuration mounted at the rear of the fuselage. The engine's radiators were mounted on the sides of the fuselage. The span of the upper and lower wings was initially  and  respectively, but these were later extended to  and 14 meters respectively. The ailerons were fitted between the wings. A pair of wheels could be attached to the airplane to allow it to maneuver on the ground.

History
During one flight in bad weather, the engine failed and the FF.1 was forced to land on Lake Constance. Despite high waves and a heavy snowfall, the aircraft drifted for 2½ hours before it was recovered; it did not require any repairs to the airframe or floats afterwards. Piloted by the company's test pilot, , on 14 February 1913, the FF.1 set a German national flight endurance record of 2 hours, 32 minutes, and 30 seconds. The floatplane was destroyed in a crash in February 1914.

Specifications (variant specified)

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Friedrichshafen aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1912
Friedrichshafen FF.2. The Friedrichshafen FF.2 was a floatplane built in Germany in 1913. It was derived from a design by the Swiss pilot and designer René Grandjean. Only one aircraft was built before the design was reworked into the Friedrichshafen FF.4 the following year.

Background and description
Grandjean licensed the design for one of his aircraft to Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen which modified it as the FF.2. One aircraft was commissioned for a customer and it first flew sometime in 1913. Its ultimate fate is unknown.

The FF.2 was a single-seat monoplane with a pair of large floats attached to the forward fuselage with struts and a small one under the tail structure. It was powered by a  Oerlikon four-cylinder flat engine in a tractor configuration at the front of the fuselage. The engine was cooled by radiators positioned on the sides of the fuselage.

Specifications (FF.2)

References

Bibliography

Friedrichshafen aircraft
Floatplanes
Friedrichshafen FF.63. The Friedrichshafen FF.63 was a German experimental floatplane produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen.

Development and design
The FF.63 was an experimental monoplane floatplane powered by one Benz Bz.IV. Its first flight took place in August 1918, only shortly before the Armistice that ended all further development. Only one was built.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

FF.63
1910s German experimental aircraft
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Friedrichshafen FF.67. The Friedrichshafen FF.67 was a German experimental floatplane produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen.

Development and design
The FF.67 was an experimental monoplane floatplane powered by one Mercedes D.IV. Its first flight took place in December 1918, a month after the Armistice.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

1910s German experimental aircraft
Floatplanes
FF.67
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Fauvel AV.46. The Fauvel AV.46 was a (AV for aile volante () was a 2-seat tail-less motor-glider designed, but not built, in France. The AV.46 was derived from the single-seat Fauvel AV.45, fitted with a dual tandem cockpit similar to the Fauvel AV.22.

Specifications

References

Tailless aircraft
Flying wings
Fauvel aircraft
Abdigani Diriye. Abdigani Diriye (born 1986) is a Somali computer scientist and research scientist at IBM Research – Africa, working in the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI), data mining and financial technology (FinTech). Diriye was named a TEDGlobal 2017 fellow, an MIT Technology Review 'Innovator Under 35', and a 'Next Einstein Forum' fellow.

Education 
Abdigani Diriye was schooled in the United Kingdom, moving from Somalia at age 5 due to civil unrest. Diriye received a Bachelor's degree in Computer science and  Mathematics from Queen Mary University of London. Continuing onto the postgraduate level, Diriye earned a Master's in Advanced Computing from King's College London, a PhD in Computer Science at University College London in 2012 and an MBA from INSEAD in 2022.

Research and career 
Under the guidance of Prof. Ann Blandford and Dr. Anastasios Tombros, Diriye conducted his PhD research on understanding the role searching interfaces play in the process of information seeking.

Diriye, during his PhD, undertook internships with Microsoft Research (June 2010 - October 2011) and Fuji-Xerox Palo Alto labs (June 2011).

Following his PhD, Diriye worked as a post-doctoral researcher at the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. This position, working with Dr. Aniket Kittur led Diriye to develop new approaches that combine human and machine-generated data that helps people find and understand information on the internet more effectively.

Currently Diriye is a research scientist and manager at IBM Research Africa and steers Innovate Ventures: a startup technology fund in Somalia, having founded it in 2012. With Innovate Ventures, Diriye has partnered with Oxfam, VC4Africa, and Telesom. Diriye, through Innovate Ventures, has funded over $17,500 towards startups in Africa.

With IBM, Diriye and his team develop and deploy new approaches to securely mine, model and score individuals who are applying for financial loans. In 2016, Diriye and his team developed a machine learning approach that leverages new data sources to evaluate financial profiles and credit scores of hundreds of millions of Africans.

Over his career, Diriye has published over 35 patents and papers.

Awards 
 TEDGlobal 2017
 Next Einstein Fellow (NEF) 2017-2019 
 MIT Technology Review 'TR35' 2017 
 Quartz Africa Innovators 2018

References 

1986 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of University College London
Computer scientists
Somalian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Somalian scientists
Barium hydride. Barium hydride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula .

Preparation and structure
Barium hydride can be prepared by reacting elemental barium with hydrogen at relatively high temperatures between 150-200 °C:

Reactions
Barium hydride reacts with oxygen and water. It is easily explosive when it is mixed with a solid oxidant such as a halide or chromate.

References

Barium compounds
Hydrides
Cirq. Cirq is an open-source framework for noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) computers.

History 
Cirq was developed by the Google AI Quantum Team, and the public alpha was announced at the International Workshop on Quantum Software and Quantum Machine Learning on July 18, 2018.  A demo by QC Ware showed an implementation of QAOA solving an example of the maximum cut problem being solved on a Cirq simulator.

Usage 
Quantum programs in Cirq are represented by "Circuit" which is made up of a series of "Moments" representing slices of quantum gates that should be applied at the same time. The programs can be executed on local simulators or against hardware supplied by IonQ, Pasqal, Rigetti, and Alpine Quantum Technologies

The following example shows how to create and measure a Bell state in Cirq.
import cirq

# Pick qubits
qubit0 = cirq.GridQubit(0, 0)
qubit1 = cirq.GridQubit(0, 1)

# Create a circuit
circuit = cirq.Circuit(
    cirq.H(qubit0),
    cirq.CNOT(qubit0, qubit1),
    cirq.measure(qubit0, key="m0"),
    cirq.measure(qubit1, key="m1")
)

Printing the circuit displays its diagram
print(circuit)
# prints
# (0, 0): ───H───@───M('m0')───
#                │
# (0, 1): ───────X───M('m1')───

Simulating the circuit repeatedly shows that the measurements of the qubits are correlated.  
simulator = cirq.Simulator()
result = simulator.run(circuit, repetitions=5)
print(result)
# prints
# m0=11010
# m1=11010

Projects

OpenFermion 
OpenFermion is a library that compiles quantum simulation algorithms to Cirq.

TensorFlow Quantum 
TensorFlow Quantum is an extension of TensorFlow that allows TensorFlow to be used to explore hybrid classical-quantum machine learning algorithms.

ReCirq 
ReCirq is a repository of research projects done using Cirq.

Qsim Cirq 
Qsim is a high performance wave function simulator that leverages gate fusing, AVS/FMA instructions, and OpenMP to achieve fast simulation rates. Qsimcirq allows one to use qsim from within Cirq.

References 

Articles with example Python (programming language) code
Quantum programming
N-Butylbenzene. n-Butylbenzene is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C4H9.  Of two isomers of butylbenzene, n-butylbenzene consists of a phenyl group attached to the 1 position of a butyl group.  It is a slightly greasy, colorless liquid.  

The synthesis of n-butylbenzene by the reaction of chlorobenzene and butylmagnesium bromide was one of the first demonstrations of the Kumada coupling using nickel diphosphine catalysts.  This mild and efficient process contrasted with older methods.

See also
 C4-Benzenes

References

Alkylbenzenes
C4-Benzenes
Butyl compounds
Epsilon class blimp. The Epsilon class blimp was a proposed British airship designed for the British Army in the 1910s.

When the Army abandoned involvement in British airship development, the Royal Navy (RN) took over the Epsilon I and Epsilon II airships on order, which were re-designated HMA No.21 and HMA No.22, but both were cancelled before completion.

References

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British experimental aircraft
Eta (airship). The Eta airship was a British airship built in 1913 for the British Army and later the Royal Navy.

Eta was completed in August 1913, the last airship to be built for the British Army. It was smaller than its predecessor, Delta, with a capacity of 118,000 cubic feet. An improvement was the method of securing the gondola, whose six suspension cables were repeatedly divided so that thirty-six cables were actually attached to the envelope by redesigned patches. It carried a crew of five and was driven by a pair of 80 horse-power  Canton-Unné engines. She was commanded by The Hon. Claud Maitland Patrick Brabazon of the military wing of the Royal Flying Corps.
When the army abandoned airships on 1 January 1914, Eta was transferred to the Royal Navy (RN) and given the designation His Majesty's Airship No.20.

Service
On 19 November 1914 the Eta airship was en route to Dunkirk when she flew into a snowstorm near Redhill. After making a forced landing, she broke away from her moorings and was damaged beyond repair.

External links 

 Oral history interview with Chief Petty Officer J S Middleton, an engineer who served on Eta in November 1914

References

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British experimental aircraft
Fullerene whiskers. Fullerene whiskers are thin rods composed of fullerene molecules, such as C60, C70, or their mixtures. Hollow fullerene whiskers are called fullerene tubes. Such structures typically have a diameter of a few micrometers. When the diameter becomes smaller than 1 micron, the corresponding structures are called fullerene nanowhiskers or fullerene nanotubes. 

Fullerene whiskers and tubes are held together by weak van der Waals forces, and hence are very soft. They can be grown by precipitation at an interface between two liquids. They are semiconductors and have potential uses in field-effect transistors, solar cells, chemical sensors, and photocatalysts. When doped with alkali metals, such as potassium, they become superconductors at . 

As-grown fullerene nanotubes have hexagonal shapes and face-centered cubic crystal structures. Owing to their relatively large inner diameters (approx. 100 nm) and low reactivity they can accommodate a wide range of nanoparticles. C60 nanotubes decompose upon heating to  in air.

References

Allotropes of carbon
Synthetic fibers
Fullerenes
Stealth Falcon. Stealth Falcon is a cybercrime group affiliated to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) which is associated with Project Raven.

The nickname "Stealth Falcon" was given to the group by Citizen Lab.

The group has been known to deploy spear-phishing attacks against journalists and human rights activists. The group uses a variety of attack vectors, including PowerShell macros, URL shorteners, and social engineering.

See also
 DarkMatter (Emirati company)

References

Cybercrime
MIAG. The MIAG Mühlenbau und Industrie Aktiengesellschaft was a mechanical engineering company from Braunschweig, Germany which was acquired by Bühler in Uzwil, Switzerland in 1972.

The company was founded in 1925 in Frankfurt am Main from the merger of the resident Hugo Greffenius AG with four other grain mill manufacturers:

 Mühlenbauanstalt und Maschinenfabrik vorm. Gebrüder Seck – Dresden-Zschachwitz, founded 1873
 Maschinenfabrik für Mühlenbau, vorm. C.G.W. Kapler Akt.Ges. – Berlin, founded. 1875
 G. Luther, Maschinenfabrik und Mühlenbau (Luther-Werke) – Braunschweig, founded 1875
 Braunschweigische Mühlenbauanstalt Amme, Giesecke & Konegen (AGK) – founded in 1895 by former Luther employees Ernst Amme, Carl Giesecke Julius Konegen

External links
 

Companies based in Braunschweig
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Machine manufacturers
Grinding mills
1925 establishments in Germany