omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chandrasekhar–Fermi method. Chandrasekhar–Fermi method  or CF method or Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method is a method that is used to calculate the mean strength of the interstellar magnetic field that is projected on the plane of the sky. The method was described by Leverett Davis Jr in 1951 and independently by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Enrico Fermi in 1953. According to this method, the magnetic field  in the plane of the sky is given by

where  is the mass density,  is the line-of-sight velocity dispersion and  is the dispersion of polarization angles and  is an order unity factor, which is typically taken it to be . The method is also employed for prestellar molecular clouds.

References

Astrophysics
Equations of astronomy
Fighting Shark No.1. Fight Shark No. 1 (Bo-Sha-Yi-Hao, 搏鲨1号) is a little known Chinese UAV mother ship built in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).

Designed by Nanjing Long Peak Aerospace Electronic Science and Technology Corporation (南京长峰航天电子科技有限公司), a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), the ship was first revealed during the 13th Zhuhai Airshow in 2021,after launched in May of the same year. The ship is a catamaran design, with helipad on the foredeck in front of the superstructure, with five spots on the helipad to accommodate a total of five unmmaned helicopters. Multiple large antenna radomes mounted atop of the superstructure is presumably to house high-band width communication systems to control large numbers of UAVs.According to the information released by the developer at the Zhuhai Airshow, the ship is capable of simulating hostile drone swarms, high-volume anti-ship missile strikes, and electronic warfare attacks.

References

Auxiliary ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Beidiao 991. Chinese Research Ship Beidiao 991 is a research ship that has served both in civilian use and in the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). It was built in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This ship has the NATO reporting name Kandao (), meaning Surveying Island.

Design 
The steel-hulled Beidiao 991 adopts a Small-waterplane-area twin hull design, with a 2800 kW Integrated electric propulsion (IEP). It is the first ship with a displacement greater than one thousand tons to adopt an IEP in China. Research activities are conducted on the 120 square meter afterdeck and the five onboard labs (two on port, two on starboard, and one at the stern). The ship is equipped with a galley, conference room, command center, and various equipment for different scientific research missions, such as hydrographic, oceanographic, geologic and acoustic surveys. 

Initial service proved unsatisfactory: when operating in high seas. The ship suffered from excessive vibration that generated enough noise to prevent onboard scientific research equipment from working properly. Fuel and fresh water reserves were inadequate, causing a need for frequent replenishment. 

The ship went through a major upgrade to resolve these issues, which resulted in a Type 639 oceanographic surveillance ship that is forty percent larger with displacement reaching fifteen hundred tons.

References

Auxiliary ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Mitsubishi Airtrek (China). The Mitsubishi Airtrek () is a battery-electric compact crossover SUV produced by GAC Mitsubishi, a joint venture of Guangzhou Automobile Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors from 2021 to 2023.

Overview 

The Airtrek was revealed at Auto Guangzhou in November 2021 after previewing the Airtrek as a namesake concept in April 2021 at Auto Shanghai. It is based on the same platform as the Aion V and features Level 2 semi-autonomous driving functionality using nine radars and cameras for accelerate, brake, and lane assist functions.

The Airtrek gone on sale exclusively in China in early 2022.

In September 2023, Mitsubishi ended vehicle production in China.

Powertrain 
The Airtrek is powered by a 70kWh lithium-ion battery, paired to a  electric motor delivering a claimed range on China's CLTC test cycle of . Driving dynamics are aided by a low-mounted battery with a low-positioned center of mass and a 50:50 weight distribution.

References

External links 

  (in Chinese)

Airtrek
Cars introduced in 2021
Compact crossover sport utility vehicles
Production electric cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Amazonas 5. The Amazonas 5 is a Spanish commercial communications satellite developed by SSL and operated  by Hispasat. Launched on , it has an expected service life of 15 years. Its orbit allows it to cover all of South America, allowing for broadband and broadcast services. It replaces the Amazonas 4A and 4B satellites, the former of which experienced a performance loss and the latter which was cancelled.

Design

Satellite bus 
The satellite is based on the SSL 1300, a satellite bus produced by SSL. It has a launch mass of  and has two deployable solar panels.

Propulsion 
The satellite uses a chemical propulsion system for orbit raising with the main engine providing a force between 450 and 490 N and several altitude control thrusters. Although the SSL 1300 spacecraft bus can be equipped with an electric propulsion system, it is unknown if Amazonas 5 comes with it.

Communications 
The satellite's communication system is its main payload. It consists of 24 Ku band transponders for its South America beam and 34 Ka band spot beams for its Brazil beam. It can provide broadband and television services and can deploy 3G, LTE, and 5G networks.

Launch 
Amazonas 5 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200, Kazakhstan, on , on board a Proton-M Breeze M rocket. The launch was initially slated to happen on 9 September instead but the Proton rocket's arrival from Moscow  was delayed.

It was launched to a geostationary orbit with a periapsis of , an apoapsis of , and orbital inclination of 0.0°. It is placed at a longitude of 61° W in order to serve South America. It would provide internet connectivity to around 500,000 people in the region, and opens 500 new television channels.

See also 
Hispasat

References 

2017 in spaceflight
Communications satellites
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
Satellites of Spain
Spacecraft launched in 2017
Aircraft of Czechoslovakia interwar period. This is a list of  aircraft of Czechoslovakia during the interwar period. This list aims to show aircraft of the Czechoslovak Air Force during the interwar period hence it does not include prototypes of Czechoslovak aircraft.

Fighters 

 Aero A.18
 Avia BH-3
Letov Š-4
Letov Š-20
 Avia BH-21
 
 Avia BH-33
Letov Š-31
 Avia B-34
 Avia B-534

Bombers 

 Letov Š-6
 Aero A.11
 Aero A.12
Letov Š-16

 Aero A.30
 Aero A.32
 Aero A.100
 Bloch MB.200
 Aero A.304

Reconnaissance 

 Letov Š-1
 Avia BH-26
 Letov Š-28

Trainers 

 Aero Ae 01
 Letov Š-18

References

Lists of aircraft
Military equipment of the interwar period
Czech and Czechoslovak military aircraft
Interwar Czechoslovakia
Graham & Schlageter. Graham & Schlageter (also known as G&S) was an American naval architecture design firm based in Chicago, Illinois. The company specialized in the design of fiberglass sailboats.

The company was founded by Scott Graham and Eric Schlageter in 1975.

History
The first boat designed by G&S was an International Offshore Rule (IOR) Three-Quarter Ton class racing boat called Chocolate Chips. The design was quite successful and won the 1978 North American Three-Quarter Ton class championships, before going on to place third in the world championships. The success of this boat quickly brought additional commissions for racing designs to the firm.

G&S's successful one-off racing designs attracted the attention of S2 Yachts, a company that primarily produced  cruising sailboats between 1974 and 1989.  S2 Yachts became interested in offering racing boats, and engaged G&S to design the S2 7.9, which would go on to become a successful one design class and Midget Ocean Racing Club (MORC) racer. The boat was produced in fixed keel (1979) and swing keel models (1981) and remained in production until 1986, with 545 boats built.

In 1983, S2 had G&S take the hull for their existing S2 6.7 and make changes to the cockpit, cabin, the sailplan and the keel. The resulting S2 6.9 was no faster than the original, however. Reviewer Steve Henkel wrote in The Sailor's Book of Small Cruising Sailboats:

S2 Yachts had the firm design more boats for production including the S2 9.1, S2 10.3, S2 22 and the S2 35.

The firm also continued to design custom IOR and MORC racing boats and became part of the design team for the Chicago Yacht Club's 12 Metre class entry in the America's Cup race, Heart of America.

The partnership was dissolved in 1989, when S2 Yachts stopped sailboat production and the partners moved onto independent projects. Graham became the offshore technical director for the United States Yacht Racing Union, while Schlageter went to work for SAIC, a company involved in America's Cup boat design as well as some military projects.

Schlageter died in 2009, Graham in 2016.

Boats 
Summary of boats designed by Graham & Schlageter:

G&S 30 - 1979
S2 7.9 FK - 1979
S2 7.9 - 1981
S2 6.9 - 1983
S2 9.1 - 1983
S2 10.3 - 1983
S2 22 - 1985
S2 27 - 1985
G&S 27 - 1986
S2 35 - 1986
Mariah 27 - 1986
Thomas 35 - 1988

See also
List of sailboat designers and manufacturers

References

Graham & Schlageter
TNet. TNet is a secure top-secret-level intranet system in the White House, notably used to record information about telephone and video calls between the President of the United States and other world leaders. TNet is connected to Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), which is used more widely across different offices in the White House. Contained within TNet is an even more secure system known as NSC Intelligence Collaboration Environment (NICE).

NSC Intelligence Collaboration Environment
The NSC Intelligence Collaboration Environment (NICE) is a computer system operated by the United States National Security Council's Directorate for Intelligence Programs. A subdomain of TNet, it was created to enable staff to produce and store documents, such as presidential findings or decision memos, on top secret codeword activities. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the material held on it, only about 20 percent of NSC staff can reportedly access the system. The documents held on the system are tightly controlled and only specific named staff are able to access files.

The system became the subject of controversy during the Trump–Ukraine scandal, when a whistleblower complaint to the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community revealed that NICE had been used to store transcripts of calls between President Donald Trump, and foreign leaders, apparently to restrict access to them. The system was reportedly used for this purpose from 2017 after leaks of conversations with foreign leaders. It was said to have been upgraded in the spring of 2018 to log, who had accessed particular files, as a deterrent against possible leaks.

See also
 Classified website
 Intellipedia
 Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS)
 NIPRNet
 RIPR
 SIPRNet

References

Computer systems
United States National Security Council
Wide area networks
United States government secrecy
Cryomicroscopy. Cryomicroscopy is a technique in which a microscope is equipped in such a fashion that the object intended to be inspected can be cooled to below room temperature.  Technically, cryomicroscopy implies compatibility between a cryostat and a microscope. Most cryostats make use of a cryogenic fluid such as liquid helium or liquid nitrogen. There exists two common motivations for performing a cryomicroscopy. One is to improve upon the process of performing a standard microscopy. Cryogenic electron microscopy, for example, enables the studying of proteins with limited radiation damage.  In this case, the protein structure may not change with temperature, but the cryogenic environment enables the improvement of the electron microscopy process. Another motivation for performing a cryomicroscopy is to apply the microscopy to a low-temperature phenomenon. A scanning tunnelling microscopy under a cryogenic environment, for example, allows for the studying of superconductivity, which does not exist at room temperature.

History
Although optical microscopes have existed for centuries, cryomicroscopy is a modern methodology. In the 1950s, ice crystals were studied by installing an electron microscope inside of an igloo. Circa 1980, the adaption of the electron microscope, the vacuum, and the cryostat led to the conception of the modern cryomicroscopy. This development of the cryoelectron microscopy led to the awarding of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson.

Cryogenic electron microscopy 

The processes of scanning and transmission electron microscopy carried out under cryogenic conditions are known as cryoSEM and cryoTEM, respectively.

Cryogenic optical microscopy 

Cryogenic environments are used in combination with different types of optical microscopy techniques. Cryogenic environments also minimize bleaching, which, in turn, improves the contrast of the microscopy technique.
The growth of artificial ice crystals is, for example, studied by optical microscopy. With polarized light microscopy, the birefringence effect from, for example, orthorhombic domain structures, can be observed at cryogenic temperatures. In the field of biology, fluorescence microscopy has enabled resolution beyond the diffraction limit. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, and William E. Moerner for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.

References 

Microscopes
INS Sandhayak (2021). INS Sandhayak (Hindi: संधायक lit. coordinator) is the lead ship of her class of survey ships. It is a hydrographic survey ship built by GRSE for the Indian Navy.

Design 
The ships have a displacement of  and a length of . They have a cruising speed of  with a maximum speed of  and an operating range of  at a speed of . The ships have a complement of 231 and are equipped with hydrographic sensor equipment and a hangar which can accommodate one advanced light helicopter. In the secondary role, the ships can be fitted with a CRN 91 naval gun. In addition, the vessels will follow MARPOL (marine pollution) Standards of the International Maritime Organisation and will be built per Classification Society Rules and Naval Ship Regulations.

The primary role of the vessels would be to conduct coastal and deep-water hydro-graphic survey of ports, navigational channels, Exclusive Economic Zones and collection of oceanographic data for defence. Their secondary role would be to perform search & rescue, ocean research and function as hospital ships for casualties.

Construction 
The keel of the ship was laid on 8 November 2019 and launched on 5 December 2021. She is the lead ship of her class.

The ship was delivered to the Indian Navy on the eve of Navy Day celebration on 4 December 2023. The ship was commissioned on 3 February 2024 in Visakhapatnam.

Gallery

See also
Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023) - class of survey ship
INS Sandhayak (J18) -predecessor ship with the same name

References

Ships built in India
2021 ships
American Bicycle Group. American Bicycle Group (ABG) is a manufacturer of bicycles based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States.
 The company operates under a consumer-direct business model: selling their made-to-order bikes online
 and shipping them direct to the consumer. 

In July 2019, ABG was honored at a White House "Made in America Product Showcase".

Technology
Best known for its cold-worked titanium bikes, the company also built the titanium legs of the Mars Land Rover Curiosity for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2009.

Since 2012, ABG has used 3D printing technology for rapid prototyping and product development.

Brands

ABG owns three brands:

 Litespeed is the company's flagship line of titanium bikes.

Litespeed has received Bicycle Guide Magazine Best of Cycling Award (1988) and Eurobike Design Award.

 Quintana Roo (QR) builds triathlon bikes with a Fit-Ready service.

QR has received LAVA Magazine Gear-of-the-Year Award (2015)  and (2016)  and Interbike/TBI Innovation Award (2016).

QR also produces a line of triathlon-specific wetsuits and swimskins.

QR has been an official partner of USA Triathlon since 2013.

 Obed Bikes (formerly called Remōt and Ocoee)  specializes in carbon fiber all-road, mountain, and gravel bikes.

References

External links
 

Cycle manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Tennessee
Mountain bike manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1986
1986 establishments in Tennessee
Gila River Bridge. The Gila River Bridge near Clifton, Arizona, also known as the Clifton Bridge, is a Luten Arch bridge which was built in 1918.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

It is a two-span Luten arch reinforced concrete bridge which was ordered by Arizona state engineer B.M. Atwood. A Luten arch is a bridge design created by Daniel B. Luten, which is widely regarded as elegant in appearance.

A longer, higher steel deck arch bridge was planned in 1917 by Arizona state engineer Thomas Haddock, but bids came in high over budget, and steel was relatively unavailable at the time (during World War I), so that approach was dropped.  Secondly, R.V. Leeson, the Assistant Chief Engineer of the Topeka Bridge and Iron Company, was hired to design a long open spandrel arch bridge with concrete girder approaches.  But instead of that, a new state engineer, B.M. Atwood, required the design to become two equal-span Luten arches, at a lower and shorter crossing.  This design was constructed by a convict work force at cost of $60,191 in 1918.

If it had been built to the state engineer's plan for a single-span concrete arch bridge, it would have been one of the longest such in the United States.

It still carries traffic on the Black Hills Back Country Byway, also known as Old Safford Road.  The Owl Creek Campground on the byway has seven campsites upon a cliff overlooking the bridge.  A small picnic area is on the north end of the bridge;  the south end is a launch site for floating the river and is a catfish fishing site.

References

External links
 

Luten bridges
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Greenlee County, Arizona
Bridges completed in 1918
Gila River
John W. Finch. John Wellington Finch (November 3, 1873 – February 19, 1951) was an American mining engineer and the 6th director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines.

Early life
John Wellington Finch was born on November 3, 1873, in Lebanon, New York, to Mary Ellen () and Deloss L. Finch. He graduated from Colgate University in 1897 with a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts degree in 1898. He then went to the University of Chicago for graduate studies.

Career
While working on his graduate studies, Finch taught at the University of Chicago. Finch was appointed as state geologist of Colorado by Governor Orman in 1901. He worked as a consulting geologist and engineer for a variety of companies, including the Amalgamated Copper Company, the Anaconda Copper Company, Hayden, Stone & Co., J.P. Morgan & Co., and William Boyce Thompson. He was also used as an expert witness in mining cases, including a 1914 dispute between the Jim Butler Tonopah Mining Company and the West End Consolidated Mining Company in Nevada.

Finch traveled and conducted mining surveys in China, Siam, India, Asia Minor, and Africa between 1916 and 1922. In 1922, Finch was one of ten men to enter the tomb of King Tutankhamun in Egypt.

From 1925 to 1929, Finch was a professor of mining geology at the Colorado School of Mines. In 1930, he was appointed the dean of the mining school at the University of Idaho until 1934. He resigned from his post in July 1934 to serve as director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines. However, the appointment was postponed due to an investigation into his political affiliations with former U.S. President Herbert Hoover being conducted by Postmaster General James Farley. Finch returned back to his post at the University of Idaho.

Finch replaced Scott Turner as the director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines on August 17, 1934. Turner led the Bureau as it added conserving natural resources and protecting workers and communities to its mission. In 1936, a Coal Division was created within the Technologic Branch to focus on coal research within the Bureau. He led the Bureau until 1940.

Personal life
Finch married Ethel Ione Woods, the daughter of Dr. Byron A. Woods, a pastor in Philadelphia, on April 10, 1901. Together, they had two daughters: Ione and Nancy.

The John Wellington Finch–Arthur Bosworth House is part of the Country Club Historic District in Denver, Colorado.

Death
Finch died on February 19, 1951, in Denver.

Awards
Finch received a Doctor of Science honorary degree in 1913.

References

External links 
 Denver Library Archives: Residence for Mr. John Wellington Finch (drawings)

1873 births
1951 deaths
People from Madison County, New York
Colgate University alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Idaho faculty
Colorado School of Mines faculty
American mining engineers
United States Bureau of Mines personnel
Tutankhamun
HMS Espiegle (J216). HMS Espiegle (J216) was a steam turbine-powered  during the Second World War.

Design and description

The turbine-powered ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships measured  long overall with a beam of . The turbine group had a draught of . The ships' complement consisted of 85 officers and ratings.

The ships had two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines produced a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave them a range of  at .

The Algerine class was armed with a QF  Mk V anti-aircraft gun and four twin-gun mounts for Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. The latter guns were in short supply when the first ships were being completed and they often got a proportion of single mounts. By 1944, single-barrel Bofors 40 mm mounts began replacing the twin 20 mm mounts on a one for one basis. All of the ships were fitted for four throwers and two rails for depth charges.

Construction and career
The ship was ordered on 15 November 1940 at the Harland & Wolff at Belfast, Ireland. She was laid down on 5 February 1942 and launched on 12 August 1942. The ship was commissioned on 1 December 1942 and in April, she was put into the 12th Minesweeping Flotilla.

In May 1943, she was nominated for joint operations with 13th Minesweeping Flotilla for mine clearance of passage through Galita and Sicilian Channels during Operation Antidote. In June, she was nominated for minesweeping and escort duties during the Operation Husky. In September, she was deployed for minesweeping support of Operation Avalanche. In December, she was chosen to take part in the Operation Shingle.

On 14 July 1944, the ship took part in operation to clear a channel to Port of Leghorn with ships of the 19th and 13th Minesweeping Flotilla during Operation Lobster. In October, she was nominated for minesweeping service with her Flotilla in support of the Operation Manna.

From October 1945 until 1948, the ship and her flotilla intercepted ships carrying illegal immigrants into Palestine. The ship was transferred to the 5th Flotilla in December 1946 and put into the reserve fleet in the UK in 1948.

In 1966, she was sold to BISCO for scrap by the Arnott Young at Dalmuir in which she arrived in March 1967.

References

Bibliography

External links
 HMS Espiegle (J 216) at uboat.net

Algerine-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Belfast
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom