omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
St Leonards Depot. St Leonards Depot is a traction maintenance depot located in Bulverhythe, East Sussex, England. The depot is situated on the East Coastway Line and is on the north side of the line between Bexhill and St Leonards Warrior Square railway stations.

The depot code is SE.

History 
The depot was opened in March 1957 as a DEMU depot. From 1963 to 1967, Class 33 locomotives could be seen at the depot. The depot was electrified in 1986. In 1987, the depot had an allocation of Classes 203, 205, 206 and 207 DEMUs and Class 411 EMUs. By 2010, it was used for servicing Class 377 EMUs.

Present 
As of 2017, the depot is used for stabling of Class 66 diesel locomotives, Class 73 diesel-electric locomotives and Class 171 DMUs.

References

Sources

 Railway depots in South East England
Thomas Botfield. Thomas Botfield  (14 February 1762 – 17 January 1843) was an English metallurgist, geologist, magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Shropshire, and inventor of a method of  smelting and making iron using the principle of "gas flame or heated air in the blast of furnaces". Botfield's 1828 patent seems to have anticipated most of the elements of the blast furnace as it was used in the 1830s and 1840s.

His father was Thomas Botfield (1738–1801) who acquired a fortune from collieries and iron manufacture, his mother Margaret, only daughter of William Baker of Bromley, Worfield, Shropshire. Thomas Botfield, the younger, born at Dawley, Shropshire, in 1762, was educated at the endowed school of Cleobury Mortimer. He worked as a colliery manager and married in 1800. Seated at Hopton Court in Hopton Wafers, whose manor he purchased in 1812, he funded the rebuilding of Hopton's parish church in 1825. He served as High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1818

He was elected F.R.S. on 18 April 1833.

In 1842, the year before his death, he was appointed treasurer of the Salop Infirmary in Shrewsbury. He died in January 1843 aged 80.

See also
 Hot blast

References

External links 

1762 births
1843 deaths
English geologists
English metallurgists
Fellows of the Royal Society
High sheriffs of Shropshire
British Plastics Federation. The British Plastics Federation (BPF) is the main trade body for the plastics industry in the UK.

History
It was incorporated on 21 December 1933; the first Chairman was Charles Waghorne of Insulators Limited. It is the longest-established plastics federation in the world.

It was the 1930s that was the decade in which many common plastics were discovered, some in the UK. On 27 March 1933 Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett (with Francis Arthur Freeth FRS and Sir Michael Perrin) discovered polyethylene (polythene) at ICI's Winnington Research Laboratory at Winnington, Cheshire; John Crawford, at the Explosives group of ICI at Ardeer, North Ayrshire near Stevenston, produced a commercial synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate), also known as Perspex with production beginning in 1934. Polythene is the world's most widespread polymer, and was first produced by ICI from 1939; many plastic bottles are made from LDPE. Polystyrene was invented in Germany in 1937. PTFE was discovered in America (New Jersey) in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett when at DuPont.

PET beverage bottles were introduced from 1973. PEEK was developed by ICI in 1977. HDPE water pipes were introduced from 1980. In 1988, a number code for recycling plastics was introduced.

Structure
It is headquartered in Old Street in central London. It houses the UK office of the PlasticsEurope Europe-wide organisation.

Membership
Companies in the BPF include:

 BASF
 Polypipe
 Rehau Group
 RPC Group

Function
It represents the UK plastics industry. It runs its Plastipedia, a resource on plastics. In 2009 it launched the Plastics 2020 Challenge.

Plastipedia
Plastipedia is an online encyclopedia about plastics, starting from their birth in 1862 with the invention of Parkesine; it is hosted and maintained by the BPF.  It has a comprehensive list of plastic manufacturing processes, and lists the 25 main processing technologies, including detailed animations. It also deals with energy management in the plastic industry and offers a guide to the main standards associated with the plastic industry.

See also
 PET bottle recycling
 Polymer Library, produced by the Rubber and Plastics Research Association (RAPRA)
 Society of the Plastics Industry (USA)

References

External links
Official Website
Expanded Polystyrene Group

Plastics industry organizations
1933 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade associations based in the United Kingdom
Rajindar Pal Wadhwa. Rajindar Pal Wadhwa (born 1932) is an Indian engineer, microwave technologist and a former deputy general manager of Bharat Electronics Limited. He is also a former deputy director of the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) and the National Physical Laboratory of India and is known for his studies on Microwave Engineering and Vacuum Devices. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1972.

Biography 

R. P. Wadhwa, born on 3 September 1932, secured a PhD from Indian Institute of Science in 1955 and started his career at Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) but moved to the US in 1956. In US, he worked at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as a graduate teaching assistant (1956–58), at EBSCO Information Services as a junior engineer (1957), at IBM and as Engineer (1958–59), at University of Michigan as a research engineer (1959–63), at Litton Industries as a senior engineer (1963–66) and also had a short stint at University of California Extension Service as a part-time teacher. Returning to India in 1966, he resumed his career at CEERI as an assistant director. He served CEERI till 1970 when he was appointed as the deputy general manager of Bharat Electronics Limited and in 1978, he joined the National Physical Laboratory of India as the deputy director, scientist (Grade-F) and the head of the Test Evaluation and Calibration Centre. He has also served as the member secretary of the Research Advisory Council of NPL and as the project leader of the Carcinotron Project, a joint venture of CEERI and UNESCO.

Wadhwa is known to have done extensive research in the fields of Indicator, X-ray, TV and transmitting tubes as well as crossed field devices, especially on 3.5-dB Noise Figure Crossed-field amplifier. He has documented his researches by way of a number of articles and several authors have cited his work. He holds three patents and has delivered several keynote addresses and invited speeches. He has also mentored several masters and doctoral scholars in their studies. A former vice president and president of the Indian Vacuum Society
and an Information Technology Advisor to NTCS Technology Consulting Services, he is a fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 1972 and he received the J. C. Bose Memorial Award in 1980.

See also 
 Vacuum tubes

References

External links 
 
 

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1932 births
20th-century Indian engineers
Indian Institute of Science alumni
20th-century Indian inventors
Living people
Thermophyte. Thermophyte (Greek thérmos = warmth, heat + phyton = plant)  is an organism which is tolerant or thriving  at high temperatures. These organisms are categorized according to ecological valences at high temperatures, including biological extremely. Such organisms included the hot-spring taxa also.

A large amount of thermophytes are algae, more specifically blue-green algae, also referred to as cyanobacteria. This type of algae thrives in hot conditions ranging anywhere from 50 to 70 degrees Celsius, which other plants and organisms cannot survive in. Thermophytes are able to survive extreme temperatures as their cells contain an “unorganized nucleus”.

As the name suggests, thermophytes are found in high temperatures. They can be found in abundance in and around places like freshwater hot springs, such as YellowStone National park and in the Lassen Volcanic National park.


Mutualism in Thermophytes 

There are instances in which a fungus and plant become thermophytes by forming a symbiotic relationship with one another. Some thermophytes live with a fungal partner in a symbiotic relationship with plants, algae, and viruses. Mutualists like the panic grass and its fungal partner cannot survive individually, but thrive when they are in the symbiotic relationship. This means the fungus, plant, and virus function together to survive in such extreme conditions by benefiting from each other. The fungi typically dwells in the intracellular spaces between the plant's cells.

In a study performed at Washington State, it was discovered that panic grass living near the hot springs in Yellowstone National park thrive due to their relationship with the fungus Curvularia protuberata. Neither organism can survive on their own at such high temperatures. The mycoviruses infect the fungi that live within these plants and algae. These mycoviruses prevent the fungi from having a pathogenic effect on the plants, thus preventing the fungus from harming the plant. The panic grass benefits because the fungi potentially help to disperse the heat and alert the plant of any environmental stress that the plant should activate its response.

The study at Washington State has led to the discovery of a way to use these relationships between fungi and plants to make crops more thermo-tolerant, allowing them to resist damage by heat.

The most famous of these ecological groups of organisms are:
Deinococcota, including Thermus aquaticus, a species of bacteria.
Cyanobacteria,  blue-green algae.
Oscillatoria terebriformis
Oscillatoria brevis 
Heterohormogonium (motile cell filaments formed by cyanobacteria)
Synechococcus elongatus
Scytonema
Panic grass (panic grass with a fungal association with Curvularia)

See also
Thermophylae
Cyanobacteria
Thermophylae
Cyanobacteria
Mycovirus 
Algae
Curvularia protuberata

References

Ecology
Habitat
Cyanobacteria
Organisms by adaptation
Plants
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. The Proceedings of the Combustion Institute are the proceedings of the biennial Combustion Symposium put on by The Combustion Institute. The publication contains the most significant contributions in fundamentals and applications, fundamental research of combustion science and combustion phenomena. Research papers and invited topical reviews are included on topics of reaction kinetics, soot, PAH and other large molecules, diagnostics, laminar flames, turbulent flames, heterogenous combustion, spray and droplet combustion, detonations, explosions and supersonic combustion, fire research, stationary combustion systems, internal combustion engine and gas turbine combustion, and new technology concepts. The editors-in-chief are Daniel C. Haworth (Pennsylvania State University) and Terese Løvås (no) (Norwegian University of Science and Technology).

History
The need for development of automotive engines, fuels, and aviation formed the basis for the organization which became The Combustion Institute. The first three symposiums were held in 1928, 1937, and 1948. Since 1952, symposiums have been held every second year. The first combustion symposium with published proceedings was in 1948.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 4.120.

See also

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Physics journals
Academic journals established in 1948
Elsevier academic journals
Engineering journals
English-language journals
Combustion
Biennial journals
Douglas Fregin. Doug Fregin is a Canadian entrepreneur and engineer. He is best known as the co-founder of Research In Motion (now known as BlackBerry) alongside his childhood friend, Mike Lazaridis.

Early life and education 
Fregin had been friends with Mike Lazaridis since grade school. Fregin studied electrical engineering at the University of Windsor. After university, they developed a video signaling device.

Research In Motion (RIM) and achievements 
In 1984, Fregin and Lazaridis founded Research In Motion to market their innovative device. In February 1985, they received a $15,000 Ontario New Ventures loan.

Fregin played a vital role in designing the initial circuit boards used in the company's wireless technology.

Beyond Research In Motion's success in the mobile industry, Fregin was also involved in the creation of other groundbreaking technologies. The DigiSync film reader, developed by RIM, revolutionized the work of movie editors by significantly reducing the time required for post-production tasks. This technology earned RIM both an Emmy and a technical achievement award from the Academy Awards.

In recognition of his contributions, Fregin, along with Eastman Kodak and the National Film Board of Canada, received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award in 1994 for the 'Development of a Keycode Reader'.

Ownership and philanthropy 
As Research In Motion went public in 1997, Fregin's ownership stake in the company amounted to 5% of shares, valued at $23.6 million. Over the years, the value of his ownership increased, and in 2005, he owned 2.7% of RIM, which had a value of $396 million.

In 2000, Fregin donated $10 million to help found the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.

Fregin retired from his position as vice president of operations at RIM in May 2007. At that time, he held a 2% ownership stake in the company, valued at $1.3 billion.

Canadian Business estimated Fregin's net worth to be $1.72 billion in November 2007.

Fregin sold all his stock in Research In Motion around the same time Apple released the first iPhone.

In response to strategic changes at BlackBerry, Fregin and Lazaridis established Quantum Valley Investments, a venture fund, in March 2013.

They also considered acquiring BlackBerry and engaged Goldman Sachs Group Inc and Centerview Partners LLC to review their options.

Personal life and recognition
Beyond his entrepreneurial endeavors, Fregin is known for his low-key and low-profile nature. He is a car enthusiast and participates in Toyota's charitable Pro/Celebrity Race.

Fregin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Engineering by the University of Waterloo on June 19, 2022, for his achievements.

He was played by Matt Johnson in the 2023 biographical film BlackBerry.

See also 
 List of Canadians by net worth

Notes 

Canadian businesspeople
Living people
BlackBerry Limited people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Budaraju Srinivasa Murty. Budaraju Srinivasa Murty (born 13 February 1964) is an Indian metallurgical engineer. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, for the year 2007 in engineering science category. From August 2019 he serves as the Director of Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,  NIT Andhra Pradesh from 14 February 2024 and he was also director of IIIT Raichur till November 2024. Prior to that he was head of department at Indian Institute of Technology Madras and professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

Early life and education
Murty was born on 13 February 1964 in Vijayawada, India. He did his diploma in metallurgical engineering from Government Polytechnic, Vijayawada. He graduated B.Tech. in metallurgical engineering from Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering, Nagpur (now Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology), in 1986 at the top of the class. He then joined Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, for his master's degree. From there he got his Ph.D. in 1992. His PhD supervisor was Professor S. Ranganathan.

Research
Murty's Ph.D. dissertation was titled "Study of Amorphous Phase Formation by Mechanical Alloying in Ti Based Systems", in which he started one of the earliest works in Mechanical alloying in India. His research interests span over nanocrystalline metals and alloys, High entropy alloys, Bulk metallic glass, quasicrystalline alloys, grain refinement and modification of Al alloys, Al-based composites, in-situ composites, non-equilibrium processing, particulate technologies, thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations, transmission electron microscopy and Atom-probe tomography. He has set up a National Facility for Atom Probe Tomography at IIT Madras with a remotely operable Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP) (first such facility globally) that can characterize materials in 3D at the atomic scale. He has also set up Deakin-IITM Centre of Excellence on Advanced Materials and Manufacturing at IIT Madras jointly with Deakin University, Australia. He has authored above 400 journal publications and 4 books. He has supervised 39 PhDs and 20 PhDs are ongoing. He has completed over 55 sponsored research projects and currently handling 13 projects and filed 20 patents.

References

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
Indian metallurgists
Indian materials scientists
Scientists from Vijayawada
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Academic staff of IIT Madras
Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur
Living people
1964 births
Engineers from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian engineers
Indian Institute of Technology directors
Andrew Jamieson. Andrew Jamieson (1849–1912) was a Scottish engineer and academic author.

Life

He was born in October 1849 in Grange in Banffshire in northern Scotland the son of Rev George Jamieson DD, minister of St Machar's Cathedral, and his wife, Jane Wallace. He went to school at the Gymnasium in Old Aberdeen. He was apprenticed to Hall, Russell & Company, shipbuilders in Aberdeen, around 1864, at its foundation. He then studied Mathematics and Engineering at Aberdeen University.

From 1880 to 1882 he was President of the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland (IESIS). From 1880 to 1887 he was Principal of the Glasgow College of Science and Arts. At this time he lived at 38 Bath Street in Glasgow. In 1887 he accepted the role of Professor of Engineering at the West of Scotland Technical College.

In 1882 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Fleeming Jenkin, John Gray McKendrick, and George Chrystal.

In 1902 he was the consultant engineer on the electrification of Glasgow tramways.

He died at 16 Rosslyn Terrace in Glasgow on 4 December 1912.

Publications

Electrical Rules and Tables for the use of Electricians and Engineers (1894)
A Textbook on Steam and steam Engines Twelfth Edition contains questions for the 1897 Examinations in "Steam" which was held post printing of book. (1897)
Elementary Manual on Applied Mechanics (1902)
A Textbook of Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering (1903)

Family

He married Isabella Anne Trail, daughter of Very Rev Prof Samuel Trail.

He was the elder brother of William Jamieson (1853–1926), mine manager, and Mathew Buchan Jamieson (1860–1895), civil engineer, both closely identified with the young town of Broken Hill, New South Wales.

References

1849 births
1912 deaths
Scottish electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People from Banffshire
Electronic persons. Electronic persons is a term first proposed by the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs in a draft report on civil law rules on robotics dated May 31, 2016. The term is used to describe the potential legal status of the most sophisticated autonomous robots so that they may have "specific rights and obligations, including that of making good any damage they may cause, and applying electronic personality to cases where robots make smart autonomous decisions or otherwise interact with third parties independently".

See also
Walkovszky v. Carlton, 223 N.E.2d 6 (NY 1966) a US corporate law case, showing how legal personality of taxi corporations was used for to evade responsibility to people for personal injury
 Humanoid robot
 Ethics of artificial intelligence
 Mady Delvaux-Stehres

References

European Union law
Personhood
Northwich Motive Power Depot. Northwich Motive Power Depot was a traction maintenance depot located in Northwich, Cheshire, England. The depot was situated on the Mid-Cheshire line and was located immediately to the southeast of Northwich station.

The depot code was latterly NW.

History 
Before its closure in 1984, Class 08 shunters, Class 25 and 40 locomotives could be seen at the depot.

References 

 Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Cheshire
Northwich
Rivers and Harbors Act under the Obama administration. 

Introduction to Rivers and Harbors Act 
The Rivers and Harbors Act was passed in 1899 by the Fifty Fifth Congress of the United States of America. The original goal of the bill was to give the U.S. government more legal control over U.S. lakes, rivers, and waterways entering the U.S. by creating quality control standards and regulations to help maintain these standards. In addition to pollution control, the act identified U.S. waterways as a vital resource and requires a permit for any obstruction to navigable water. The Rivers and Harbors Act also identified commonly used U.S. waterways, allowing congress to distribute funds for improvements. The amount designated to each of the identified waterway was based on how economically stimulating the waterway was.

The Rivers and Harbors Act is regulated under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Coast Guard. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining the standards set by the Rivers and Harbors Act, while the U.S. Coast Guard is primarily responsible for the permits needed to build in U.S. navigable waters.

As a result of the bill being passed in 1899, the Rivers and Harbors Act became the first environmental law in the U.S. that directly regulated pollution of waterways and served as a precursor to the revision of the Clean Water Act.

Renewal of permits under the Obama administration 
On January 6, 2017, the Army U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reissued 50 existing nationwide permits (NWPs) and 2 new NWPs. NWPs are permits required under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1988 for construction of projects interacting or crossing U.S. waterways. Under the Clean Water Act and the Rivers and Harbors Act, NWPs require that the project has a minimal individual and cumulative impact on the current environment during the timeframe of the issued NWP. Meaning developers must take care that any disruption to the surrounding environment is necessary for the project to be completed. The permits issued under the NWPs are set to expire on March 18, 2022, 5 years from their official issue date (March 19, 2017).

Part of the 50 reissued permits also include construction of natural gas, oil, and other fossil fuel pipelines. This includes the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, which has caused major controversies over its possible effects on the surrounding environment. Because of this controversy, the Obama administration did not grant a real estate easement to the developers. This action by the Obama administration did not stop the construction because the jurisdiction still falls under the Rivers and Harbors Act, which is overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

References 

Presidency of Barack Obama