omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Częstochowa University of Technology. Częstochowa University of Technology () is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Częstochowa, Poland. All faculties of the university have the right to grant doctoral degrees (currently over 300 post-graduate students), and three of them also offer PhD habilitation.

General information
The university was founded in 1949 as the School of Engineering (). In 1955, the name was changed to the current . The university employs over 1,400 staff, including 840 academic teachers, out of whom 165 are independent scientific researchers. There are around 12,000 students, studying 90 courses within 19 fields of study, full-time and part-time.

For over 9 years the university is home to an academic choir Collegium Cantorum and an Academic Sports Association () with 13 different sports divisions.

Faculties

Currently there are 6 faculties ():
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science ()
 Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology ()
 Faculty of Civil Engineering ()
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering ()
 Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment ()
 Faculty of Management ()

Rectors
Jerzy Kołakowski (1949–59)
Wacław Sakwa (1959–65)
Jan Grajcar (1965–70)
Kazimierz Moszoro (1970–74)
Józef Ledwoń (1974–81)
Janusz Braszczyński (1981–82)
Józef Ledwoń (1982–84)
Janusz Elsner (1984–90)
Janusz Braszczyński (1990–96)
Janusz Szopa (1996–2002)
Henryk Dyja (2002–2005)
January Bień (2005–2008)
Maria Nowicka-Skowron (2008–2016)
Norbert Sczygiol (2016–present)

Doctors honoris causa
Jan Węglarz, Polish computer scientist
Olgierd Zienkiewicz,  British mathematician and civil engineer of Polish descent
Tomasz Winnicki, Polish chemist

References

External links
 Official website in Polish and English

Engineering universities and colleges in Poland
Culture in Częstochowa
Microalloyed steel. Microalloyed steel is a type of alloy steel that contains small amounts of alloying elements (0.05 to 0.15%), including niobium, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, boron, and rare-earth metals. They are used to refine the grain microstructure or facilitate precipitation hardening.

In terms of performance and cost, microalloyed steels are between a carbon steel and a low alloy steel. Their yield strength is between  without heat treatment. Weldability is good, and can even be improved by reducing carbon content while maintaining strength. Fatigue life and wear resistance are superior to similar heat-treated steels. The disadvantages are that ductility and toughness are not as good as quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels. They must also be cooled enough for all of the alloys to be in solution; after forming, the material must be quickly cooled to .

Cold-worked microalloyed steels do not require as much cold working to achieve the same strength as other carbon steel; this also leads to greater ductility. Hot-worked microalloyed steels can be used from the air-cooled state. If controlled cooling is used, the material can produce mechanical properties similar to Q&T steels. Machinability is better than Q&T steels because of their more uniform hardness and their ferrite-pearlite microstructure.

Because microalloyed steels are not quenched and tempered, they are not susceptible to quench cracking, nor do they need to be straightened or stress relieved. However, because of this, they are through-hardened and do not have a softer and tougher core like quench and tempered steels.

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Steels
Emulsion dispersion. An emulsion dispersion is thermoplastics or elastomers suspended in a liquid state by means of emulsifiers.

Preparation

Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable liquid/liquid dispersions that are stabilized.
Emulsion dispersion is not about reactor blends for which one polymer is polymerized from its monomer in the presence of the other polymers; emulsion dispersion is a novel method of choice for the preparation of homogeneous blends of thermoplastic and elastomer. In emulsion dispersion system the preparation of well-fined polymers droplets may be acquired by the use of water as dispersing medium. The surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of emulsion by creating a dispersion of droplets, which reduces interfacial tension and retards particle flocculation during mixing. The molecules of surfactant have polar and non-polar parts which act as an intermediary to combine polar and non-polar polymers; the intermolecular interactions between the polar and the non-polar polymer segments resemble the macroscopic hydrocarbon-water interface. The idea of the emulsion dispersion inspired by emulsification of liquid natural rubber (LNR), from particle size analysis and optical microscopy results showed that the droplet size of emulsion of LNR with higher molecular weight is greater than that of the lower molecular weight. Emulsion dispersion was able to produce homogeneous low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/LNR blends  and nylon 6/LNR blends. Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram indicated a single glass transition temperature (Tg) showed that the blends were compatible and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph showed no phase separation between blend components. In addition, exfoliated HDPE/LNR/montmorillonite nanocomposites were successfully achieved by using emulsion dispersion technique as well.

References

Further reading

Colloidal chemistry
Free machining steel. Free machining steel is steel that forms small chips when machined. This increases the machinability of the material by breaking the chips into small pieces, thus avoiding entanglement in the machinery. This enables automatic equipment to run without human interaction. Free machining steel with lead also allow for higher machining rates. Free machining steel costs 15 to 20% more than standard steel, but this higher cost is offset by increased machining speeds, larger cuts, and longer tool life.

The disadvantages of free machining steel are: ductility is decreased; impact resistance is reduced; copper-based brazed joints suffer from embrittlement with bismuth free machining grades; shrink fits are not as strong.

Types
There are four main types of free machining steel: leaded, resulfurized, rephosphorized and super. Super free-machining steels are alloyed with tellurium, selenium, and bismuth.

Mechanics
Free machining steels are carbon steels that have sulfur, lead, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, or phosphorus added. Sulfur forms the compound manganese sulfide, which is soft and acts as a chip-breaking discontinuity. It also acts as a dry lubricant to prevent a built up edge on the cutting tool. Lead works in a similar way to sulfur. Bismuth achieves a free machining steel by melting into a thin film of liquid for a fraction of a microsecond to lubricate the cut. Other advantages to bismuth include: more uniformly distributed because of its similar density to iron; more environmentally friendly, as compared to lead; still weldable.

References

Bibliography
.

Steels
Dejen Aviation Engineering Industry. The Dejen Aviation Engineering Industry (DAVI)  is a center for overhauling and upgrading military aircraft. Its primary objective is to provide depot level maintenance and carry out upgrading/modification to the fleet of the Ethiopian Air Force. It is one of the Defense organizations of the Ethiopian Defense Industry under the Ministry of Defense.

History
The aircraft overhauling center was started in mid-1980s as a project under the name Aircraft Heavy Maintenance Center to overhaul MiG-21 and MiG-23 aircraft of the Ethiopian Air Force. The center was intended to have a capacity for overhauling 50 aircraft annually. It never reached full capability by the time the civil war ended in 1991.

In 1995, the transitional government started reevaluating the project. A team was formed from different organizations and the scope of the center was enlarged to include overhaul of helicopters and transports in addition to fighters as well as carry out upgrade/modification work. The project was implemented in phases and the center was formally inaugurated in 2004.

Operations

DAVI has capability to overhaul and repair the following aircraft types and their systems:

 Combat aircraft: MiG-21, MiG-23 fighters, L-39 jet trainer
 Transport and Attack helicopters: Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-24, Mi-35
 Transport and Light Aircraft: Antonov 12 and various light aircraft

In addition, the complex carries out:
 Manufacture of various aircraft bodies, military and civil boats from fiber glass and composite materials.
 Manufacture of aircraft parts and accessories
 Manufacture of rubber parts for aircraft and other services
 Production of plexi glass for aircraft and helicopters
 More than nine electro-plating services

It was reported in December 2008, DAVI has started manufacturing steel structures and fiber glass for construction of green house to support the fast-growing horticulture sector in Ethiopia.

References

 FDRE Defense Industry, May 2008
 DAVEC profile

External links
 Official Website

Ethiopian Air Force
Military industrial facilities of Ethiopia
GenevaERS. GenevaERS is an enterprise reporting system that currently executes in the IBM mainframe z/OS environment. It is similar to MapReduce or Apache Spark but predates their development by a decade.  It has been used as a data warehousing ETL, reporting, and application development platform.  It was designed to support business systems using William McCarthy's theory of Resources, Events, Agents.

GenevaERS was created by PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting as part of their practice.  (IBM acquired PwC Consulting in 2002.) IBM renamed GenevaERS IBM's Scalable Architecture for Financial Reporting (SAFR), marketing and licensing it through its IBM Global Services division, typically with customer-specific services. The product solves business intelligence problems for large operational databases, especially in insurance and financial industries.   GenevaERS is also popular among SAP and other ERP system users, including manufacturing companies, with large databases and significant reporting needs. (Despite the SAFR name, GenevaERS is not confined to financial industry roles.) In July 2020, IBM contributed the SAFR code base to the Linux Foundation's Open Mainframe Project,.

GenevaERS uses a "single pass" I/O approach and takes advantage of the IBM mainframe's parallelism to create multiple reports concurrently.  The software is CPU-efficient, with an internal capability to execute report queries using generated, high-performance IBM Z assembler code. Most GenevaERS users run reports daily, overnight, during a batch window, but jobs can run at any time, including concurrently and without disruption to online workloads. IBM continues to offer a commercial version of GenevaERS under the SAFR name which is able to exploit 

Additional GenevaERS performance optimizations include in-memory join processing, either direct access or through a technical called Common Key Buffer joins for very large dimensional tables, piping from one process to another, and Extract-Phrase Record Aggregation] to immediately collapse data for summary outputs.

Although GenevaERS can access multiple types of mainframe-based data, including Db2 and VSAM, like MapReduce, GenevaERS's higher performance comes with the use of sequential files.  GenevaERS processes are called VIEWSs, and any number of VIEWs can be run in one pass of the data.  These VIEWS can be defined through the graphical user interface termed the Workbench.

See also 

 z/OS
 Resources, Events, Agents

References

External links 
 Open Mainframe Project: GenevaERS project
 GenevaERS.org project website
 Exploiting IBM SAFR to Solve Financial Accounting Challenges (An IBM Redguide publication)

Scalable Architecture for Financial Reporting
Financial reporting
IBM mainframe software
P.I.P.S.. P.I.P.S. is a term (recursive acronym) for Symbian software libraries, and means "P.I.P.S. Is POSIX on Symbian OS". It is intended to help C language programmers in migration of desktop and server middleware, applications to Symbian OS based mobile smartphone devices.

Software libraries
The PIPS software libraries provides C and C++ application programming interfaces in standard C libraries such as

 POSIX
 libc – The "C Standard Library" with system APIs mapped to Symbian OS APIs for better performance
 libm – A mathematical library
 libpthread – Implements POSIX-style threading support in terms of the underlying Symbian OS thread support
 libdl – Implements POSIX-style dynamic linking which extends the dynamic loading model of Symbian OS
 LIBZ
 libz
 OpenSSL
 libcrypt
 libcrypto
 libssl
 GNOME
 libglib

Limitations
The P.I.P.S. environment does not support true signalling. Basic signal support is emulated using threads.

Extensions and successors: Open C and Open C++
Open C and Open C++ are extensions by Nokia of P.I.P.S. In contrast to mere P.I.P.S., they were only for Series 60 phones.

Naming
The name was the result of an internal competition in the Symbian Developer Marketing department, organised by Bruce Carney (Developer Marketing) and Erik Jacobson (Product Manager). The full-stops were inserted by Symbian's Legal department to ensure there were no trademark or copyright infringements.

See also
 POSIX
 POSIX Threads
 C POSIX library

References

External links
 P.I.P.S. – Nokia Developer Wiki – page does not exist 
 A Guide To P.I.P.S. – Nokia Developer Wiki – page does not exist

ISO standards
IEEE standards
Unix
POSIX
S60 (software platform)
Hydrogen silsesquioxane. Hydrogen silsesquioxane(s) (HSQ, H-SiOx, THn, H-resin) are inorganic compounds with the empirical formula [HSiO3/2]n. The cubic H8Si8O12 (TH8) is used as the visual representation for HSQ. TH8, TH10, TH12, and TH14 have been characterized by elemental analysis, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy.

High purity semiconductor-grade HSQ has been investigated as a negative resist in photolithography and electron-beam (e-beam) lithography. HSQ is commonly delivered in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and can be used to form 0.01–2 μm films on substrates/wafers. When exposed to electrons or extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV), HSQ cross-links via hydrogen evolution concomitant with Si-O bond crosslinking. Recently, the possibility of crosslinking HSQ using ultrashort laser pulses through multiphoton absorption and its application to 3D printing of silica glass have been demonstrated. Sufficiently dosed and exposed regions form a low dielectric constant (low-k) Si rich oxide that is chemically resistant/insoluble towards developers, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Sub-10 nm patterning is achievable with HSQ. The nanoscale patterning capabilities and low-k of the Si rich oxide produced is potentially of broad scope of nano applications and devices.

HSQ has been available as 1 and 6% (wt%) MIBK solutions from Dow Inc. (Formally Dow Corning), called XR-1541-001 and XR-1541-006, respectively. HSQ in MIBK has a short shelf life. Alternatively, Applied Quantum Materials Inc. (AQM) produces HSQ with a longer shelf life. HSQ solutions derived from AQM dry silone resin are available in the United States from DisChem, Inc in concentrations ranging from 1-20% in MIBK under the brand name H-SiQ. EM Resist Ltd (UK) also supplies HSQ worldwide both as powder and in solution.

References

Further reading

Optical materials
Technical documentation. Technical documentation is a generic term for the classes of information created to describe (in technical language) the use, functionality or architecture of a product, system or service.

Classes of technical documentation
Classes of technical documentation may include:
 patents
 specifications of item or of components/materials
 data sheets of item or of components/materials
 test methods
 manufacturing standards
 system requirements
 system architecture
 system design documents and data including those necessary for the system development, testing, manufacturing, operation and maintenance

Standardizing technical documentation
Historically, most classes of technical documentation lacked universal conformity (standards) for format, content and structure. Standards are being developed to redress this through bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization(ISO), which has published standards relating to rules for preparation of user guides, manuals, product specifications, etc. for technical product documentation. These standards are covered by ICS 01.110.  Technical product documentation not covered by ICS 01.110 are listed in the subsection below.

Discipline-specific
 ISO 15787
 ISO 3098
 ISO 10209
 ISO 2162
 ISO 5457
ISO 6433

EU Medical Device Regulation 
A technical documentation is also required for medical devices following EU medical device regulation.
Annex II, Technical documentation, and Annex III, Technical documentation on post-market surveillance, of the regulation describe the content of a technical documentation for a medical device.
This includes e.g. information on the device specification, labelling and instructions, design and manufacture, safety and performance requirements, risk management, and the validatain and verfification of the device, including the clinical evaluation; and also information from postmarketing surveillance.

Formats for source data
 Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA)
 DocBook
 S1000D
 reStructuredText

Documentation architecture and typing
Some documentation systems are concerned with the overall types or forms of documentation that constitute a documentation set, as well as (or rather than) how the documentation is produced, published or formatted.

For example, the Diátaxis framework (which is mostly used in the field of software documentation ) posits four distinct documentation forms, corresponding to four different user needs: tutorials, how-to guides, reference and explanation. By contrast, DITA asserts five different "topic types": Task, Concept, Reference, Glossary Entry, and Troubleshooting, while RedHat's Modular Documentation system uses three "modules": Concept, Procedure and Reference.

See also
 Document management system
 Method engineering
 Network documentation
 Technical communication
 Technical editing
 Technical file
 Technical standard

Citations

Documents
Technical communication
Jinnah Polytechnic Institute. The Jinnah Polytechnic Institute (JPI) is a private polytechnic institute located in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

Academics

Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) programs
The college offers 3-year Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) programs in following disciplines:
 Civil Technology
 Electrical Technology
 Mechanical Technology
 Electronics Technology
 Architecture Technology
 Instrument Technology

Bachelor's programs
The college also offers following bachelor's degree programs:

 BS Electrical Engineering Technology
 BS Mechanical Engineering Technology
 BS Civil Engineering Technology
 BS Computer Science

See also 
Government College of Technology, Faisalabad

References

External links
Official website

Universities and colleges in Faisalabad District
Vocational education in Pakistan
Memorials to Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Byl's loop. The Byl's loop is an artificial lifeform similar in concept to Langton's loop. It is a two-dimensional, 5-neighbor cellular automaton with 6 states per cell, and was developed in 1989 by John Byl, from the Department of Mathematical Sciences of Trinity Western University.

Details 
The Byl's loop was developed just a few years after Langton's simplification of Codd's automaton, which produced a simpler automaton that would reproduce itself in 151 time-steps. John Byl simplified Langton's automaton further, with an even smaller automaton that reproduced in just 25 time-steps. Byl's automaton consisted of an array of 12 chips — of which 4 or 5 could be counted as the instruction tape — and 43 transition rules, while Langton's device consisted of some 10×15 chips, including an instruction tape of 33 chips, plus some 190 transition rules.

Essentially, the simplification consisted in using fewer cellular states (6 as compared with Langton's 8) and a smaller replicating loop (12 cells as compared with Langton's 86).

See also 
 Langton's loops
 Chou-Reggia loop

References

Further reading

External links 
 visual representation of the Byl's loop in a Java applet
 Cellular Automata FAQ - Applications (section "What are Byl's rules for a self reproducing CA?") for the full rule set of Byl's loop
 

Artificial life
Cellular automaton rules
Generals' Highway Stone Bridges. The Generals' Highway Stone Bridges, built in 1930, are part of the Generals' Highway from the General Grant Grove of giant sequoias in Kings Canyon National Park (then called General Grant National Park) through Sequoia National Park. One bridge spans the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River in a wooded setting, while the other, similar bridge spans Clover Creek in a bare canyon.

Design
The bridges are typically reinforced concrete barrel arches with uncoursed stone facing on the sides, in a National Park Service Rustic style. The concrete is not visible to passersby, whose attention is taken by the mass of the masonry. Of the two, the Clover Creek bridge is the more impressive, due to its setting. The bridges were designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs in cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads.

The design inspiration for the bridges was the Westchester County, New York parkway system, which included the Bronx River and Hutchinson River parkways.  The National Park Service sent two designers to observe the construction, and one of these, John Wosky, was the designer of the Generals' Highway bridges. Wosky developed the architectural design of the Marble Fork bridge in the fall of 1928, and structural plans were developed by the Bureau of Public Roads in January 1929.  The Clover Creek bridge was designed in 1930, with construction the same year on both bridges. The contractor for both bridges was W. A. Bechtel.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in California

References

External links

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Three Rivers, Tulare County, CA:

National Register of Historic Places in Sequoia National Park
Rustic architecture in California
Bridges completed in 1930
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Transportation buildings and structures in Tulare County, California
History of the San Joaquin Valley
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in California
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
1930 establishments in California
Freezing (disambiguation). Freezing is the process in which a liquid turns into a solid when cold enough.

Freezing may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Freezing (film), a 2007 comedy film
 Freezing (manga), a manga and anime series written by Dall-Young Lim and illustrated by Kwang-Hyun Kim
 Freezing (TV series), a BBC comedy series
 "Freezing", a 2023 song from Amelia (Mimi Webb album)

Healthcare
 Freezing, using local anesthetics in dentistry
 Frostbite, freezing of tissues
 Gait freezing, a common motor symptom of Parkinson's disease
 Hypothermia, a biological condition in response to colder temperatures

Other uses
 Directional freezing
 Freezing, the melting point of water,  
 Freezing air temperature
 Freezing of assets
 Freezing behavior

See also
 Freeze (disambiguation)
 Frozen (disambiguation)
 Hang (computing)