omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John Westcott. John Hugh Westcott (3 November 1920 – 10 October 2014) was a British scientist specialising in control systems and Professor of Computing and Automation at Imperial College London.

Career
Westcott was educated at Wandsworth Grammar School, the City and Guilds College, both in London, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His career began in radar research during World War II. After a year in Germany with the Allied Commission, he obtained a scholarship to the MIT where many scientists returning from the services were addressing the early possibilities of computer applications.

He was the first to lecture on the new field of cybernetics in Britain and was a member of the Ratio Club with Grey Walter, Alan Turing, Giles Brindley and others from various fields, who met between 1949 and 1952 to discuss brain mechanisms and related issues. He researched servo-mechanisms at Imperial College London, where he headed the new Department of Computing and Control from 1966. A founder-member in 1957 of the International Federation of Automatic Control, one of the first professional bodies to liaise successfully across the Iron Curtain, he was a consultant to companies such as Shell, ICI, Westlands and British Steel Corporation in applying control systems to large and complex processes.  In the 1970s and 1980s he also worked on macro-economic modelling and computer modelling for policy-evaluation.

Awards and honours
Westcott was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1983 and a Fellow of the  Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1980.

References

1920 births
2014 deaths
Academics of Imperial College London
British computer scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
British expatriates in the United States
Lorraine 14A Antarès. The Lorraine 14A Antarès was a French 14-cylinder radial aero engine built and used in the 1930s.  It was rated in the  range.

Design and development
The Antarès was a conventionally laid out radial engine, with 14 cylinders in two rows.  The crankcase was a barrel-shaped aluminium alloy casting, with an internal integral diaphragm which held the front crankshaft bearing.  Forward of the diaphragm there was an integrally cast cam-gear case for the double track cam-rings.  The reduction gear was housed under a domed casing attached to the front of the crankcase.

Flange-mounted steel barrels were bolted to the crankcase and enclosed with cast aluminium alloy, screwed-on, cylinder heads with integral cooling fins. The pistons were also made of aluminium alloy and had floating gudgeon pins. The fourteen pistons drove the double throw crankshaft via two channel-section master rods and twelve circular section auxiliary rods.  The master rod had an integral, split type big-end. The crankshaft was machined from a single forging, with bolt-on balance weights.

The Antarès had a single pair of overhead inlet and exhaust valves per cylinder. The cam-rings drove roller tappets, mounted in the cam-case, which in turn operated rocker arms, fitted with ball bearings, via pushrods.  The cam-rings were concentric with the crankshaft and driven via epicyclic gears. Most Antarès were conventionally aspirated via a single carburettor.

Variants
14A
14Ac
14E
14L

Specifications

References

1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Antares
Xenon fluoride nitrate. Xenon fluoride nitrate, also known as fluoroxenonium nitrate, is the chemical compound with formula FXeONO2.

Synthesis 
This compound is formed via the reaction:

 [FXeOXeFXeF][AsF6] + 2NO2F → FXeONO2 + NO2AsF6.

Purification of FXeONO2 can then take place by dissolving in SO2ClF, which leaves the nitronium arsenic hexafluoride behind as a solid.

An alternate low yield method to make FXeONO2 is to dissolve xenon difluoride in liquid dinitrogen tetroxide at 0 °C.

 XeF2 + NO+ + NO3− → FXeONO2 + NOF

This method is inefficient as not much nitrate ion exists in the liquid and the xenon fluoride nitrate decomposes.

Another method claimed to make this substance is:

 XeF2 + HNO3 → FXeONO2 + HF

Properties 
FXeONO2 is a white crystalline material. The space group of the crystals is P21/c, which is monoclinic. The unit cell contains four molecules with a total volume of 386.6 Å3. The unit cell dimensions are a = 4.6663 Å, b = 8.799 Å c = 9.415 Å, with non-perpendicular angle β = 90.325°. With a molecular weight of 212.3, the crystal has density 3.648. (These measurements at -173 °C.)
The bond lengths in the molecule are 1.992 Å for Xe–F, 2.126 Å for Xe–O, 1.36 Å for O–NO2, 1.199 for N–Ocis and 1.224 Å for N–Otrans. The bond angles are 177.6° for F–Xe–O, 114.7° for Xe-O-N, 114.5° for (Xe)O–N–Ocis, 118.4° for (Xe)O–N–Otrans and 127.1° for Ocis–N–Otrans. The bond lengths and angles on the xenon atom are similar to that in FXeOSO2F and FXeOTeF5, indicating a polar oxygen bond. The Xe–O–N angle is larger than those in halogen nitrates, which indicates a lower bond density for the Xe–O bond. The N–Ocis bond length is longer than the N–Otrans bond length, opposite to other halogen nitrates.

FXeONO2 is not particularly stable and slowly breaks down at -78 °C, yielding XeF2·N2O4. This happens on a timescale of several days. At 0 °C, FXeONO2 has a half life of seven hours, decomposing to XeF2.

References 

Xenon(II) compounds
Nitrates
Fluorides
Satin (disambiguation). Satin is a type of woven material with a glossy surface.

Satin may also refer to:
Satin stitch
Satin finish, a type of surface finishing
Satin, Texas
Josh Satin (born 1984), American Major League Baseball player
Dennis Satin (born 1968), German film director and screenwriter 
Mark Satin (born 1946), American political theorist
4 Satin, a 1997 EP by Mogwai
Satin, a character in the DreamWorks Animation film Trolls
Satin (codec)

See also
 Sateen
 Don Satijn (born 1953), Dutch musician and artist
Future Soldier 2030 Initiative. Future Soldier 2030 Initiative was a US Army program that was launched in 2009 with the mission to research and develop future soldiers' equipments, weapons and body armors. The program investigated various futuristic technologies, including mind boosting drugs, powered exoskeletons and artificially intelligent assistants.

Cancellation
In late 2015, the Future soldier initiative was largely cancelled and shelved by its backers.

See also
 Future Soldier
 Futures studies
 Soldier 2025
 Supersoldier

References

Military robotics
Body armor
Prosthetics
 
Future soldier programs
Paul H. Steen. Paul H Steen was an engineer and scientist. He held the Maxwell M. Upson Chair in Engineering at Cornell University. Steen received degrees in Engineering and English Literature from Brown University, his PhD from Johns Hopkins University,  and postdoctoral training at Stanford University.

Steen’s primary area of focus was in the dynamical stability of fluid systems. A team led by Steen discovered a new periodic table classification of droplet motions. Steen co-invented a switchable adhesion device and introduced the Bessemer-meets-Gutenberg innovation to the rapid solidification processing of metallic alloys by planar-flow spin casting. He received awards including the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship and the Henry Marion Howe Medal and was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

At the time of his death, he served as an Associate Editor of the Nature journal npj Microgravity. From 2000 to 2012, he was Associate Editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

Steen died unexpectedly in Vermont on September 4, 2020.

External links
 Faculty Page at Cornell University

References

Living people
1952 births
Cornell University faculty
American fluid dynamicists
Engineers from New York (state)
Scientists from Ithaca, New York
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Magnus Olofsson. Magnus Olofsson (born December 8, 1965), is a Swedish engineer and managing director at Elforsk AB. He was previously Director General and Head of the Electrical Safety Authority. Since March 2013, he has also been the President of Värmeforsk.

He holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm in 1996, where he also received his Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. In March 2013, he was elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.

Olofsson was employed by ABB in 2002-2008 where from 2003 he held a position as global product manager for circuit breakers in the business area of high voltage products at the headquarters in Zurich. In spring 2007, he moved from Ludvika to Beijing, where he was head of development in the region for high voltage products.

Olofsson was involved in the establishment of the Academic Research Centre High Voltage Valley in Ludvika as Director of Research and Director of Administration from 2004 to 2006 Between 1998 and 2002 he worked at STRI AB in Ludvika, including as director of research for the electric power system. Olofsson was a systems engineer and group manager at Banverket years 1996 - 1998.

Olofsson is a member of the Board of Ångpanneföreningen Research Foundation and member of the Strategic Council for the School of Electrical Engineering at KTH. Meanwhile, Director General and Head of the Electrical Safety Board was Olofsson Chairman of the Board of Electrical Board and vice chairman of SEK Swedish Elstandard.

References

Swedish electrical engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
1965 births
Living people
Christofer Clemente. Christofer J. Clemente is an Australian scientist specialising in biomechanics. He is a Research Fellow in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and in 2011 was awarded a grant of A$375,000 for "Design of a biologically inspired running and climbing robotic lizard" by the Australian Research Council.

He has a B.Sc. (2000) and Ph.D. (2006) from the University of Western Australia, his doctoral thesis being on "Evolution of Locomotion in Australian Varanid lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae): Ecomorphological and ecophysiological considerations". He has held post-doctoral positions at Cambridge (2007-2009) and Harvard (2010-2012).

In October 2013 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity. His hypothetical donation to this fictional museum was "a lizard popping a wheelie": he explained that when a dragon lizard reaches a certain running speed its front legs lift off the ground because they cannot match the speed of the back legs, so it acquires a bipedal gait, analogous to a bicycle's wheelie.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian physiologists
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Western Australia alumni
Elmwood Aviation. Elmwood Aviation is a Canadian aircraft manufacturer, founded by aircraft designer Ron Mason and based in Frankford, Ontario (formerly in Belleville, Ontario). The company specializes in the design of light aircraft for amateur construction, especially for missionary aviation use. The Christavia aircraft series name means "Christ-in-Aviation".

Plans are marketed by Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co as well as directly by Elmwood Aviation.

All of Mason's designs use his own custom airfoil profile. The Christavia Mk I first flew in 1983 and over 350 had been completed and flown by 2002.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Canada
Homebuilt aircraft
35ft 6in Self-righting motor-class lifeboat. The 35ft 6in Self-righting motor-class  was a  displacement hull lifeboat built in single engine form between 1929 and 1940 and in twin-engined form between 1947 and 1950. The boats were operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution between 1929 and 1965.

History
The need to provide motor lifeboats at stations using carriage launching had first been addressed with the  Self-righting motor type of 1921. Three of these boats were built and were to all intents and purposes pulling and sailing boats with an auxiliary engine. The definitive boat for production appeared in 1929,  longer and with the same  beam as the second and third 35ft types. After the first two boats had been put on station, a crash programme of production was instituted in 1931 and twelve boats were produced that year. These gave many stations their first motor lifeboats, but experience proved that stability was lacking and from ON 763 beam was increased by . The final two single engine boats saw further beam increases, to  and  respectively. In common with the similar but non self-righting Liverpool-class, post war production switched to twin-engined versions, but only five were built. The RNLI was increasingly switching to more stable non self-righting lifeboats and the single engine 35ft 6in Self-righting motors were replaced at most stations by Liverpool-class boats in the early 1950s after only around twenty years service. The twin-engined boats had even shorter lives, being replaced at three stations by Liverpools and at the other two by  s after less than fifteen years service.

Description
The challenge of producing a motor lifeboat light enough to be manhandled for carriage launching resulted in a boat weighing around . The single RNLI-designed, Weyburn Engineering built AE6 6-cylinder petrol engine produced 35 bhp and sat in a watertight engine room beneath pent roof access hatches ahead of an aft cockpit shelter from which the mechanic operated the engine controls. Apart from a small shelter forward the boats were open. As described above, beam was increased during production in an attempt to improve stability. After World War II, five twin engined boats were built which had a beam of  and a larger shelter covering the engine room and very similar to the contemporary twin engined Liverpools. The first two of these boats were powered by two 18bhp Weyburn AE4 4-cylinder petrol engines, but the final three had 20bhp Ferry FKR3 3 cylinder diesels.

Fleet

Single engine

Twin engine

External links
RNLI

References
Olaf Rogstad. Olaf Rogstad (4 April 1877 – 7 July 1969) was a Norwegian engineer and civil servant.

Personal life 
Rogstad was born in Elverum, a son of farmer Ole Rogstad and Petronelle Marthea Grøtting. He was married to Hildur Louise Møystad from 1903.

Career 
Rogstad finished his secondary education in 1895 and graduated from the Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt in 1898. He was hired in the Canal Agency in 1898, and the Water Agency in 1907 as head of the hydrographic department. He was promoted to chief engineer in 1920 and director in 1920. From 1925 to 1947 he was the director-general of the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Agency, except for the period 1942 to 1945 when he was removed by the German occupiers. Hans Skarphagen was the one who took over in 1942.

Rogstad was also a glaciologist. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of Order of St. Olav.

References

1877 births
1969 deaths
People from Elverum
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian glaciologists
21 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom). 21 Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Engineers. It is currently based at Claro Barracks, Ripon, North Yorkshire. 

21 Engineer Regiment will move from Claro Barracks to Marne Barracks, Catterick in 2025.

History 
21 Engineer Regiment was first formed in 1949 at Holzminden to fulfill 7th Armoured Division engineer support requirements as the 21st Field Regiment. In 1958, the regiment was split as the 7th Armoured Division was disbanded and became the new 5th Infantry Division.  As a result of the change, the regiment was broken up and became the new 21st Engineer Regiment, the divisional engineer regiment for the 1st Armoured Division. In 1969, the regiment was reformed as 21 Engineer Regiment.  In 1978, the regiment was renamed to 1st Armoured Division Engineer Regiment. In 1992, as a result of the Options for Change, the division, along with the regiment, were disbanded, but later reformed in 1993. The regiment remained in Germany until 2008 when it moved to Ripon. 

15 Field Support Squadron of 21 Engineer Regiment were the first troops to use the Talisman suite of counter-IED tools operationally in Afghanistan, in 2010. In 25 October 2013, the British Army had 18 Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk UAVs in service as part of the Talisman C-IED suite.

Under Army 2020, the regiment joined the 12 (Force Support) Engineer Group.
As a result of the Better Defence Estate strategy, and Army 2020 Refine, the regiment will move to Marne Barracks, Catterick and gain a Mechanised Infantry Vehicle variant.

Structure 
Reportedly after the Army 2020 reforms:

 21 Engineer Regiment, in Ripon
 7 Headquarters and Support Squadron
1 Field Squadron
 4 Field Squadron
 29 Field Squadron 
 23 Amphibious Engineer Squadron, Royal Engineers, based at Talbot Barracks Sennelager, Germany 
REME Light Aid Detachment

References

External links

Regiments of the Royal Engineers
Military units and formations established in 1949
22 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom). 22 Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Engineers. It is based at Swinton Barracks, Perham Down, Tidworth, Wiltshire.

History 
22 Engineer Regiment can trace its postwar history back to 1948 when the 22nd Field Engineer Regiment was formed in British Libya from the former 1st Infantry Divisional Engineers. In 1951, the regiment moved to the Suez Canal Zone. In 1954, the regiment returned to Libya and in 1955 transferred to the British Middle East Land Forces.  When the 1st Division returned to the United Kingdom, the regiment fell under the command of  the 10th Armoured Division until 1957 when it shifted to Chiseldon, Wiltshire and joined the 3rd Infantry Division. 

The regiment was broken up in March 1960 and its headquarters was renamed as the Headquarters Royal Engineers, 3rd Division. In 1972 the regiment served in Northern Ireland. By 1975, the regiment moved to Perham Down, also in Wiltshire, and in 1979 assisted the civil community in the Dominican Republic during Hurricane David. In 1977, the regiment was assigned to the 8th Field Force and in 1982 fell under the command of the 1st Mechanized Brigade. In 1996, the regiment deployed as part of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia and returned in a second deployment in 1999.

As part of Operation Telic, the regiment deployed to Iraq and served in TELIC IV (April–November 2004) and TELIC X (June–December 2007). As part of Operation Herrick the regiment deployed for its last time to Afghanistan as part of HERRICK XVIII (April–October 2013).

Organization 
The regiment's structure is as follows:

 22 Engineer Regiment, in Tidworth
 6 Headquarters and Support Squadron
 3 Armoured Engineer Squadron
 5 Armoured Engineer Squadron
 52 Armoured Engineer Squadron
 Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Light Aid Detachment (Army Reserve)

References

External links

 

Regiments of the Royal Engineers
Royal Engineers
26 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom). 26 Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Engineers. It is based at Swinton Barracks, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire.

History 

The unit was formed in 1950 and in April 1956 moved to 4th Armoured Division in the same role. In November 1957, the regiment was reorganised and re-titled as "Headquarters Royal Engineers, 4th Division" and moved to Paderborn, Germany. By 1969, it was expanded in size and in 1970, the regiment moved to Iserlohn. From July to November 1974, the regiment was tasked as an infantry unit and served in Northern Ireland. By 1978, the regiment was reorganised again as the new 3rd Armoured Division's Armoured Engineer Regiment. The Regiment reformed in 2000 with 38 HQ and Support Squadron and 8 Armd Engr Sqn and from August to February of the same year the regiment served as part of Kosovo Force.  When the regiment came back from operations it moved to Horne Barracks, Larkhill, but later moved to Corunna Barracks Ludgershall.  The regiment served in both Operation Telic and Operation Herrick,  namely TELIC VI, HERRICK VI and HERRICK XVI.  In January 2009 the regiment moved to Swinton Barracks at Perham Down.

Under Army 2020 the regiment moved to 25 (Close Support) Engineer Group.

Organization 
Its structure is as follows:

 26 Engineer Regiment, in Swinton Barracks
 38 Headquarters and Support Squadron
 8 Armoured Engineer Squadron
 30 Armoured Engineer Squadron
 33 Armoured Engineer Squadron

References

External links

 
Regiments of the Royal Engineers
Military units and formations established in 2000
32 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom). 32 Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Engineers.

History 
32 Assault Engineer Regiment was formed in May 1948 at Perham Down after the re-designation of 42nd Assault Engineer Regiment. Shortly afterwards, the regiment disbanded in 1957. However, it was reformed in 1964 at Hohne as 32nd Armoured Engineer Regiment and assigned to  I Corps. In April 1969, the regiment was re-designated as 32nd Field Engineer Regiment and was assigned to the 1st Armoured Division.  By 1972, the regiment deployed to Northern Ireland. The regiment then disbanded for the second time in 1977 as a result of the Mason Review.

In 1980, the regiment was once again reformed at Verden and was re-titled 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment. In 1981, the regiment moved to Munsterlager and later served in the Gulf War.  In 1993, after the Options for Change reforms, the regiment was assigned to the 7th Armoured Brigade as a close support engineer regiment and served in Bosnia in 1995 and 1997.  The regiment later deployed to Kosovo in 2000 and to Iraq on Operation Telic in 2003. Under the initial Army 2020 reforms, the regiment moved to (Close Support) Engineer Group and saw the disbandment of 39 Armoured Engineer Squadron. Following the Army 2020 Refine reforms, the regiment was assigned to 12 (Force Support) Engineer Group.  In 2022 they came under the command of 7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team.

Structure 
Structure of the regiment after the initial Army 2020 reforms:

 32 Engineer Regiment, in Catterick
 2 Headquarters and Support Squadron
 26 Field Squadron
 31 Field Squadron
 37 Field Squadron 
REME Light Aid Detachment

References

External links

Regiments of the Royal Engineers
Metallic color. A metallic color is a color that appears to be that of a polished metal. The visual sensation usually associated with metals is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a simple solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the material's brightness varying with the surface angle to the light source. In addition, there is no mechanism for showing metallic or fluorescent colors on a computer without resorting to rendering software which simulates the action of light on a shiny surface. Consequently in art and in heraldry one would normally use a metallic paint that glitters like a real metal.

Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold (as gold leaf) was used for rendering gold in paintings, e.g. for the halo of saints. Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. More recent art styles, for example Art Houveau, also used a metallic, shining gold. However, the metallic finish of such paints was added using fine aluminum powder and pigment rather than actual gold.

The use of metallic colors is not limited to those colors that approximate the appearance of actual metals. In some instances, it has been noted, "beetles with bright metallic colors are made up into tie pins and cuff links". One popular modern use of metallic colors is for automobiles, which use metallic paint to achieve a particular shine. Such colors "are made from a combination of different pigments and aluminum flakes that have different weights and particle sizes". Crayon-maker Crayola has manufactured several lines of "metallic" products, including "Metallic FX" crayons, and "Metallic Colors" colored pencils, which have flecks of sparkles to achieve the metallic effect.

Textures and samples

See also 
 Anodizing
 Glitter
 Iridescence
 Metallic paint

References

Color appearance phenomena