omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nektar Therapeutics. Nektar Therapeutics is an American biopharmaceutical company. The company was founded in 1990 and is based in San Francisco, California. The company develops new drug candidates by applying its proprietary PEGylation and advanced polymer conjugate technologies to modify chemical structure of substances, which improves drug characteristics like retention and solubility. It is a technology supplier to a number of pharmaceutical companies including Affymax, Amgen, Merck, Pfizer and UCB Pharma, etc. The company developed the world's first inhalable non-injectable insulin, Exubera, which was awarded as the bronze award by Wall Street Journal for its technological breakthrough.

Background
The company is engaged in developing a proprietary pipeline of drug candidates for several therapeutic areas including oncology, pain, anti-infectives, anti-viral and immunology. The company's research and development involve in small molecule and biologic drug candidates. Its drug candidate base consists of naloxegol (Movantik), a Phase III oral opioid antagonist, etirinotecan pegol, a topoisomerase inhibitor under Phase III clinical study as of 2012, NKTR 061, NKTR-181, NKTR-214, etc.

In 2013, the company was assigned a patent which was developed by the company and other four co-inventors. The products of the company is served as a supplement to improve the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, half-life, bioavailability and other areas of drugs for the patients worldwide. As of March 2014, the company had a market capitalization of $1.7 billion with an enterprise value of $1.67 billion. 

As of December 2024, at a stock price-per-share of roughly $1, the market cap is roughly $171 million. Nektar underwent periods of downsizing after unsuccessful partnerships were ended with Eli Lilly in 2023 and Bristol Myers Squibb in 2022, resulting in layoffs of most company employees.

Pipeline
Etirinotecan pegol was in the phase III BEACON trial as well as in the I-SPY2 adaptive clinical trial for breast cancer in 2016. The European Medicines Agency refused a marketing authorisation in 2017.

Bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214) is a CD122-biased immune-stimulatory cytokine, Phase I results were announced in November 2016. It is now in a phase 2 trial in combination with nivolumab for various advanced cancers.

In 2023 Nektar's partnership with Eli Lilly in development of "rezpeg" was ended. Eli Lilly claimed the drug lacked suitable efficacy, while Nektar responded that Eli Lilly had botched the analysis.

References

External links
 

Biotechnology companies of the United States
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1990
Biotechnology companies established in 1990
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
1994 initial public offerings
Companies based in San Francisco
Health care companies based in California
Biopharmaceutical companies
Cummins-Wärtsilä. Cummins-Wärtsilä Engine Co. was an Anglo-French joint venture which existed between 1995 and 2000. Jointly owned by Cummins and Wärtsilä NSD, it was a manufacturer of operated diesel engines.

Background 
In the 1990s, Cummins was the world's biggest high-speed diesel-engine producer in the category of 200 horsepower and over.  Meanwhile, Wärtsilä NSD, then Wärtsilä Diesel, was focussed on medium-speed engines. Cummins wanted to extend its selection in the upper range and Wärtsilä Diesel in its lower range.

Establishment 
Cummins and Wärtsilä Diesel agreed about setting up a joint venture to produce engines which would cover the gap in the engine ranges between both companies. The companies signed a letter of intent for the foundation of Cummins-Wärtsilä in December 1994. The ownership was shared 50% / 50% between Cummins and Wärtsilä Diesel. Both Cummins president Tim Solso as well as Wärtsilä Diesel chief Pentti-Juhani Hintikka had high expectations about the co-operation. In March 1995, Iain M. Barrowman, who had served for eight years at Cummins, was appointed president of Cummins-Wärtsilä.

Scope 
The joint venture designed, developed and produced two product families of diesel and gas engines for power generation and marine propulsion use. Wärtsilä Diesel sold these engines under the Wärtsilä brand, and Cummins under its own name. Initially the sales and services were carried out by both companies separately; these operations were combined in 1997.

The Wärtsilä 200 family was launched shortly before the joint venture establishment. Its power range was 2,200–4,500 kW and it was produced at the Wärtsilä SACM Diesel factory in Mulhouse, France. Cummins sold this engine type under the name Cummins QSZ.
Cummins QSW was produced in the Cummins Daventry plant and came into the market in 1997. It had a power range of 550–2,700 kW.

End of the joint venture 
According to analytics, Cummins-Wärtsilä failed  at introducing new engine types onto the market. The joint venture created significant losses.

In December 1999 Cummins reported about the dissolution of the joint venture. Cummins kept the Daventry factory where it continued producing the Cummins QSW (Wärtsilä 170/180) series, and the Mulhouse factory was transferred back to Wärtsilä NSD together with the production of Wärtsilä 200/220 engines.

In January 2000 Ole Johansson, the president of Wärtsilä NSD, said that both companies will continue the production and development of their own engine families, providing both parties better synergy benefits and improving profitability from the prevailing deficient level.

References 

Wärtsilä
Cummins
Diesel engine manufacturers
Marine engine manufacturers
1995 establishments in Europe
2000 disestablishments in Europe
Sharad P. Kale. Sharad P Kale is a scientist known for developing a biogas plant based on biodegradable waste resource (Nisargruna). He is the head of Technology Transfer and Collaboration at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).  On 26 January 2013, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri Award in the Discipline of Science and Engineering.

Nisargruna 
Nisargruna is a biogas technology that uses biodegradable waste as an input and produces biogas as an output. The Nisargruna plant can process a variety of biodegradable wastes such as kitchen waste, grass, gobar (animal dung), dry leaves, animal carcasses, effluent sludge from textile manufacture, etc.

The Nisargruna process is unique as it uses a combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes. In the first phase the biodegradable input (also called feedstock) is mixed with recycled water to form a slurry. This slurry enters a pre-digester tank where it undergoes an exothermic reaction that increases its temperature. In the second phase, this mixture enters the anaerobic digestion (AD) tank where methanogenesis takes place and methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed. 

While traditional AD plants yield a biogas with methane content of 55–65%, the Nisargruna plant with its two-phase process yields a biogas with methane content of 70–80%. The higher concentration of methane in the biogas means that it is a higher grade fuel. 

In addition to generating biogas, which may be used as a cooking or heating fuel, the Nisargruna plant also produces a weedless organic manure slurry. This slurry has a C:N (carbon to nitrogen) ratio of 12:1 to 16:1 and is a good organic soil conditioner. 

An independent study of a 0.5 TPD (tonnes per day) capacity Nisargruna plant conducted in 2015 showed that the plant had a payback period of less than three years.

The Technology Transfer and Collaboration Department at BARC owns the intellectual property for the Nisargruna plant and has licensed it to over 50 companies () that may deploy it for their customers.

References

Indian biochemists
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
Irene Mill Finishing Plant. Irene Mill Finishing Plant, also known as the Cherokee Finishing Company, is a historic factory building located at Gaffney, Cherokee County, South Carolina, United States of America.  The building was constructed in 1915–1916, and is a large, rectangular, one-story brick building with a gable roof with exposed support beams. Also on the property are two small, square brick structures with pyramidal roofs covered with pressed metal shingles. The mill produced damask which was shipped to New England for finishing.  In the finishing plant the cloth was washed, soaked, boiled, bleached, and calendered, enabling the mill to produce finished damask products.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1916
Buildings and structures in Cherokee County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Cherokee County, South Carolina
Gaffney, South Carolina
Textile mills in South Carolina
Rama Govindarajan. Rama Govindarajan is an Indian scientist specialized in the field of fluid dynamics. She previously worked at the Engineering Mechanics Unit of the 
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research from 1998 to 2012 and as a professor at the TIFR Hyderabad Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences from 2012 to 2016.  As of 2019 she is working as a professor at International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bengaluru. Govindarajan is a recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for the year 2007.

Education
Govindarajan did her undergraduate degree (B.Tech.) in chemical engineering from IIT Delhi in 1984. She got her master's degree (M.S.) in chemical engineering, from Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States in 1986. Her doctoral degree (Ph.D.) thesis was on the subject of aerospace engineering from the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore in 1994. She worked in post-doctoral research in the Department of Aeronautics at Caltech in 1994.

Career
Govindarajan started her career as scientist in the Computational and Theoretical fluid dynamics division of National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, and worked there for a decade from 1988 to 1998. She  became a faculty member at the Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research and worked in that position between 1998 and 2012. From 2012 to 2016, she was a professor at the TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences. She has published a large number of technical papers in her field of specialization of fluid physics and has also published a few books. Her main research interests relate to instability and transition to turbulence of shear flows, physics of interfacial flows.

Awards
Of the many awards that she has received so far, the most notable is the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for the year 2007 for her "original contributions to the understanding of instabilities in shear and non-parallel flows, flow entrainment, turbulent transition and small-scale hydraulic jumps". 
She was also awarded with the Young Scientist award of 1987 and Outstanding Scientist award of 1996 given by the National Aerospace Laboratories. She received the CNR Rao Oration award of 2004 at JNCASR Bangalore.

References

External links

Living people
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science
Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Indian chemical engineers
Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014
Indian women chemists
20th-century Indian chemists
Scientists from Hyderabad, India
Indian Institute of Science alumni
20th-century Indian engineers
20th-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian women scientists
Indian fluid dynamicists
20th-century Indian physicists
Indian women physicists
Women scientists from Andhra Pradesh
21st-century Indian chemists
21st-century Indian physicists
21st-century Indian engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century Indian women engineers
20th-century Indian women engineers
Synairgie Jet Ranger. The Synairgie Jet Ranger is a French homebuilt ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Synairgie of Montauban, introduced in the 1990s. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Despite its name the aircraft is not powered by a turbine engine, but by a choice of piston two stroke and four stroke aircraft engines.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of .

A development of the Synairgie Sky Ranger, the Jet Ranger features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit accessed via doors, fixed tricycle landing gearwith wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. The tubing used is all straight, to simplify fabrication and repairs. Its  span wing, is supported by "V"-struts with jury struts, mounts flaps and has a wing area of . The cabin width is . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engines used are the  Rotax 503,  Rotax 582 two-stroke powerplants or the  Rotax 912UL four-stroke engine.

The Jet Ranger has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for pilot, passenger and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off and landing roll with a  engine is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that 15 kits had been sold and 12 aircraft were completed and flying.

Specifications (Jet Ranger)

References

External links
Photo of a Jet Ranger
Photo of a Jet Ranger

Jet Ranger
1990s French sport aircraft
1990s French ultralight aircraft
1990s French civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Synairgie. Synairgie was a French aircraft manufacturer based in Montauban. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft.

In the 1990s the company produced more than 150 copies of the Best Off Skyranger as the Synairgie Skyranger. They went on to develop a derivative design, the Synairgie Jet Ranger, a tandem two seat microlight. At least 12 Jet Rangers were completed and flown.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
Homebuilt aircraft
Browning X-Bolt. The X-Bolt Rifle is a bolt-action rifle designed by the American Browning Arms Company. It is manufactured by Miroku Corp. in Japan.

Description 
The X-BOLT rifle is a bolt-action rifle. Its name comes from the "X-Lock" scope mounting system. In addition, it uses the "X-BOLT Feather Trigger" which features an adjustable trigger pull.

Variations 

The X-Bolt rifle has many variations, yet most are small differences such as different barrel lengths and caliber.

 RMEF Special Hunter
 RMEF White Gold
 Composite 3D Birds Eye Maple Blued / Stainless
 Composite Stalker
 Eclipse Hunter
 Stalker Typhon Suppressor Ready
 High Grade Hunter Full Line Dealer
 Hunter
 Hunter Full Line Dealer
 Hunter, Left-Hand
 Long Range Hunter Carbon Fiber
 Long Range Hunter Realtree Max-1
 Medallion
 Medallion Maple
 Medallion, Left-Hand
 Micro Buckthom Pink
 Micro Hunter
 Micro Hunter, Left-Hand
 Micro Midas
 Mossy Oak Brush
 SSA Predator Hunter Mossy Oak Brush
 SSA Predator Hunter Realtree Max-1
 Stainless Stalker
 Stainless Stalker Carbon Fiber Fluted
 Stainless Stalker, Open Sights
 Varmint Stalker
 White Gold

See also
 List of firearms
 List of rifle cartridges

References

External links 
 The official Browning Arms Company website
 X-Bolt rifle page from the Official Browning arms website

Bolt-action rifles of the United States
Bolt-action rifles of Japan
Dale F. Rudd. Dale F. Rudd (1935–2018) was an American Chemical Engineer and Donald C. Slichter Professor Emeritus of Engineering Research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is known for his influential work in process engineering, in particular for introducing computer aided process synthesis design strategies for large scale chemical industries. He co-wrote the first textbook in process engineering, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1978.

Early life 

Rudd was born in 1935 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and received his BS in 1956 and his Ph.D. in 1959 in Chemical Engineering under Neal Amundson from the University of Minnesota. He was an assistant professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor before joining the Chemical and Biological Engineering department at University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1961.

Professor at Wisconsin 

At the University of Wisconsin he developed the field of process synthesis in computerized process design. Process synthesis is used to design processes that can be used in commercial chemical plants. The significance is it uses computer algorithms to determine the chemical processes, reducing the costly need to test chemicals in full-scale production. Rudd's strategies have been used in areas such as waste treatment, chemical production and food processing.  University of California Provost C. Judson King called Rudd's work “truly pioneering and important”.

Rudd co-wrote with Charles C. Watson "Strategy of Process Engineering" (1968, John Wiley & Sons; Spanish Edition 1976), the first textbook in the field. His other textbooks include "Process Synthesis" with Gary Powers and Jeffrey Siirola (1974 Prentice-Hall), "Strategy of Pollution Control" with P. Mac Berthouex (1977, Wiley; Russian Edition 1980, Chinese Edition 1985), "Petrochemical Technology Assessment" with Fathi-Afshar, Trevino and Stadtherr (1981, Wiley), "Impact of Future Catalytic Developments on the Chemical Industry" with Dumesic and Trevino (1985, Catalytica Associates) and "The Microkinetics of Heterogeneous Catalysis" with Dumesic, Aparicio, Rekoske and Trevino (1993, American Chemical Society). He was on the editorial boards of John Wiley & Sons, International Chemical Engineering and AIChE Journal, and founded the engineering company Shanahan Valley Associates.

Honors 

Rudd's awards include a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1970, an Outstanding Educator in America in 1975, election to the National Academy of Engineering in 1978 and election to the founding class of the Washington State Academy of Sciences in 2008.

References

External links 
Profile at University of Wisconsin

1935 births
2018 deaths
Educators from Minneapolis
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
University of Michigan faculty
 University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Chemical engineering academics
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Minnesota CEMS
Synthetic virology. Synthetic virology is a branch of virology engaged in the study and engineering of synthetic man-made viruses. It is a multidisciplinary research field at the intersection of virology, synthetic biology, computational biology, and DNA nanotechnology, from which it borrows and integrates its concepts and methodologies. There is a wide range of applications for synthetic viral technology such as medical treatments, investigative tools, and reviving organisms.

Constructing de novo synthetic viruses

Advances in genome sequencing technology and oligonucleotide synthesis paved the way for construction of synthetic genomes based on previously sequenced genomes. Both RNA and DNA viruses can be made using existing methods. RNA viruses have historically been utilized due to the typically small genome size and existing reverse transcription machinery present. The first man-made infectious viruses generated without any natural template were of the polio virus and the φX174 bacteriophage. With synthetic live viruses, it is not whole viruses that are synthesized but rather their genome at first, both in the case of DNA and RNA viruses. For many viruses, viral RNA is infectious when introduced into a cell (during infection or after reverse transcription). These organisms are able to sustain an infectious life cycle upon introduction in vivo.

Applications

This technology is now being used to investigate novel vaccine strategies. The ability to synthesize viruses has far-reaching consequences, since viruses can no longer be regarded as extinct, as long as the information of their genome sequence is known and permissive cells are available. As of March 2020, the full-length genome sequences of 9,240 different viruses, including the smallpox virus, are publicly available in an online database maintained by the National Institutes of Health. Synthetic viruses have also been researched as potential gene therapy tools.

See also
Bioterrorism
Disease X

References

External links
First synthetic polio virus (2002) – 
First synthetic bacteriophage, φX174 (2003) – 
Codagenix – Synthetic virology technology to investigate novel vaccine strategies
SynVaccine – Synthetic virology technology to investigate novel vaccine strategies
West Nanorobotics – Metamorphic bacteriophage MV-28 (2019), Chimeric bacteriophage MV-3 (2018), Extremophile chickenpox vector CPV-2 (2017), and Multivalent viral vector MRHHS MV-5 (2016), synthetic virology technology to investigate anti-bacterial viruses and gene therapy vectors for cancer

History of virology
Synthetic biology
Fighter Wing Skrydstrup. Fighter Wing Skrydstrup is an air base of the Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) situated in southern Jutland. It is home to the 30 operative F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters of the RDAF along with a Saab T-17 Supporter, and a single search and rescue helicopter covering southern Denmark.

A total of 1000 people work at the fighter wing serving in the three groups Wing Staff, Operations Group and Maintenance Group. The air base covers an area of 838 hectares with three runways with a length of 3,500 meters.

History
The air base was constructed by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation of Denmark as Fliegerhorst Hadersleben in 1943 as part of the Atlantic Wall. The air base was designed to base 24 Heinkel He 177 bombers and a squadron of Messerschmitt Bf 109 or Focke-Wulf 190 fighters, along with a series of training and reconnaissance aircraft. 
Due to shortages in material and later alterations of the atlantic defence, the intended flights were never based at Skrydstrup. Instead, various smaller units of minesweepers, transport planes and training units used the air base in the last years of the occupation.

After the war the air base was used as a camp for German refugees. In 1953 the Royal Danish Air Force decided to expand the runways to 3000 meters making it possible to base jet aircraft in Skrydstrup.

Squadron 727
Based i Skrydstrup

Squadron 730
In 1954, squadron 730 was established by the Danish Ministry of Defence and based at Skrydstrup. The squadron consisted of F-84G Thunderjets facing ten crashes until their replacement in 1961 by F-100 Super Sabre, forming the core of the squadron for more than 20 years.

In the mid-1970s the Super Sabres caused a series of crashes leading to a total grounding of the squadron for more than four months. Mechanical investigations revealed engine failures which were fixed and improved by 1977. But at this time preparations were being made to replace the Super Sabres with the new General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which arrived at Skrydstrup in January 1980.

Deployment abroad
The introduction of the F-16 changed the physical setup at the air base as it was fit only for air defence, air policing, and air-to-surface attacks. The capability to perform long-range attacks and deploy aircraft around the world dominated the new setup instead of the traditional defensive structure. As a result, the first Danish military aircraft were deployed to the Red Flag exercise in Nevada in 1984. Since then, the squadron has been deployed in a series of military conflicts including Operation Allied Force in 1999, Operation Enduring Freedom in 2002, Operation Unified Protector in Libya in 2011 and seven F-16AM based at Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base in Kuwait to fight the Islamic State forces (ISIS / ISIL) in October 2014.

References

Military installations of Denmark
Royal Danish Air Force
Region of Southern Denmark