omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Yonca-Onuk Shipyard. Yonca Shipyard () is a Turkish shipyard established in Istanbul, Turkey in 1986. It builds fast patrol boats for the defence and law enforcement missions.

History
The history of the building fast patrol craft goes back to 1986 when Dr. Ekber Onuk, an aviation engineer, and his partner Şakir Yılmaztürk decided to establish the Yonca Shipyard to enter shipbuilding industry. Ekber Onuk's son Kaan, also an aviation engineer, who spent his childhood at the shipyard, built in 1989, a -long boat, named Yontech 45. An enclosed top version, designed by Nissan called Yontech 105, was awarded the bronze medal by the Industrial Design Society of America in 1992. In 1993, father and son Onuk decided to start a project called "Multi Role Tactical Platform" (MRTP) of
developing a  longer fast craft for armed military missions. Kaan's classmate from the university and ship designer Erdoğan Ertekin joined the team. The project came to standstill when the 22-year-old Kaan died in a road accident, and his sorrowed father stopped the works.

In 1996, the Undersecretariat for Defence issued an  international invitation to tender for the procurement of six fast patrol boats for the Turkish Coast Guard. Şakir Yılmaztürk convinced Ekber Onuk to resume the project. The fast patrol boat Onuk MRTP-15 won the bid. The first Onuk MRTP-15 was launched in June 1998. The vessels were named Kaan-class by the Turkish Coast Gard commemorating the late boat designer.

Products
Works continued following the building of the first fast patrol boat. The shipyard exported its products to Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Malaysia. The product range cover eight different fast patrol craft and fast patrol/attack boats from -long MRTP 12  of speed plus  to -long MRTP 49  of  speed plus . An interceptor boat of type MRTP 16 , of which examples were sold to several countries, set a speed record at  with full payload. by mid-July 2020. The shipyard has delivered a total of 165 boats in different classes to 12 government organizations in 9 countries.

Built in advanced composite materials structure, the boats  are propulsed by twin diesel engines of size ranging from  up to , and driven by water jets installed.

The patrol boats are fitted with different type of armament, such as the  Aselsan 12.7 mm stabilized machine (STAMP), Aselsan stabilized turret 25/30 mm STOP, short range Surface-to-Ship Missile (SSM), Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM), and 40 mm Stinger Barrel Gun.

Coast Guard and Navy vessels

References

Shipyards of Turkey
Turkish companies established in 1986
Defence companies of Turkey
Shipbuilding companies of Turkey
Manufacturing companies based in Istanbul
Tuzla, Istanbul
Cellular beam. Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional castellated beam.  The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight, making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load capacity in building construction.

The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic. A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process. Cellular beams are usually made of structural steel, but can also be made of other materials. The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel framed buildings. The type of deflection is mainly done by bending.

Introduction
In 1987, Westok Structural Services Ltd of Wakefield invented and patented the structural steel cellular beam.

In 2009, the Steel Construction Institute developed software to assist engineers evaluating the dynamic behaviour of composite floors supported by cellular beams.

Since 1940, civil engineers have endeavoured to find solutions to reduce the cost and weight of steel frame construction. Due to the restrictions with regard to the maximum permissible deflections, the high-strength properties of structural steel cannot always be optimally used. As a result, several new steel mixtures have been identified to increase the stiffness of steel components without significantly increasing the required steel weight. The use of steel girders with web openings (SBWOs) for structures such as industrial buildings has proven to be extensive. Civil engineers came up with a solution to use a composite design of ultra-shallow floor joists together with concrete used on the Douala Grand Mall in Cameroon. Since the 2010s, further investigations into steel construction and fire protection have been carried out, which led to innovations in the field of passive fire protection that could save lives and assets.

See also 
 Castellated beam
 Open web steel joist
 Steel design
 Weld access hole

References 

Structural engineering
Structural steel
Valve metals. In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction. Usually, in an electrolytic cell, it can function generally as a cathode, but not generally as an anode because a (highly resistive) oxide of the metal forms under anodic conditions. Valve metals include commonly aluminium, titanium, tantalum, and niobium. Other metals may also be considered as valve metals, such as tungsten, chromium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, vanadium, bismuth or antimony.

References

Electrochemistry
Metallurgical processes
Metals
2002 Winter Olympics cauldron. The 2002 Winter Olympics cauldron held the Olympic flame during the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

Description and history
The Cauldron was designed with the official 2002 Olympic motto Light the Fire Within and the Fire and Ice theme in mind. It was designed to look like an icicle, and was made of glass which allowed the fire to be seen burning within. The actual glass cauldron is  high and stands atop a twisting glass and steel support, while the flame within burns at . Together with its support the cauldron stands  tall and was made of 738 individual pieces of glass. Small jets send water down the glass sides of the cauldron, both to keep the glass and metal cooled (so they would not crack or melt), and to give the effect of melting ice. The cauldron was designed by WET Design of Los Angeles, California, its frame built by Arrow Dynamics of Clearfield, Utah, and its glass pieces created by Western Glass of Ogden, Utah. The cauldron's cost was 2 million dollars, and it was unveiled to the public during its original install at Rice-Eccles Stadium on January 8, 2002.

During the Games, the cauldron was installed atop stands at the south-end of the stadium, which allowed it to be seen burning from various points around the Salt Lake Valley. Just prior to the start of the opening ceremony, wind blew out the pilot lights on the cauldron, requiring a failsafe plan to be activated. This plan required that the flame be manually pulled up with a string to ignite the cauldron.

Following the conclusion of the Games, the cauldron moved to the "Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park" just south of the stadium. There it was installed in a reflecting pool, at the center of the park, and was flanked by a V-shaped stone wall. The stones on this wall were engraved with the names of the 2002 medalists, and water cascaded down into the reflecting pool from the top of the wall. The cauldron remained operational and was lit on special occasions, which included the opening weekend of the 2006 Winter Olympics. During the 10-year anniversary of the Olympics, on February 8, 2012, an attempt was made to light the cauldron, but it did light but not on mark and remained lit for only a short period of time. The delayed lighting was blamed on weathered mechanical parts and a lack of maintenance.

To accommodate expansion of Rice-Eccles Stadium, the former cauldron park was removed in 2020. The cauldron itself was taken down on February 14, 2020 and transported to an off-site location where it underwent a refurbishment. The refurbishment included replacing all 738 panes of glass, wiring the structure with LED lights, and replacing the flame mechanisms to improve energy efficiency. The work was overseen by VCBO Architecture. The cauldron was installed atop a new pedestal (with a cascading water feature) at the Olympic and Paralympic Cauldron Plaza on January 29, 2021. This plaza replaced the former park and was officially unveiled on October 29, 2021.

References

External links

 

2002 Winter Olympics
Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City
Olympic cauldron
Sindee Simon. Sindee Lou Simon is an American chemical engineer and polymer physicist who studies the glass transition, thermosetting polymers, and nanoconfinement. Her research has included studies of ancient amber, showing that unlike liquids glass does not flow. She is the head of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at North Carolina State University.

Education and career
Simon grew up in Wichita, Kansas, the daughter of a schoolteacher and a technical salesman for the aircraft industry; she was directed towards chemical engineering by a high school mathematics teacher. She became an undergraduate at Yale University, where she competed in the Yale swimming team, serving as captain of the team for two years, and was named an All-American for 1982 by the College Swimming Coaches Association of America for the backstroke in NCAA Division I.

After graduating, she worked for four years at the Beech Aircraft Corporation, on the materials science behind their first composite aircraft. She went to Princeton University for graduate study, completing her Ph.D. in 1992.

She joined the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh as an assistant professor of chemical and petroleum engineering in 1992, before moving to Texas Tech University in 1999. The move solved a two-body problem for her and her husband, chemical engineer Gregory B. McKenna, who moved from the National Institute of Standards and Technology to Texas Tech at the same time. At Texas Tech, she was department chair for chemical engineering from 2012 to 2019. She moved again, to North Carolina State University, in 2021.

Recognition
Simon was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2010, after a nomination from the APS Division of Polymer Physics, "for pioneering contributions to the understanding of the thermal and mechanical properties of bulk and nanostructured polymeric glasses". She also became a fellow of the North American Thermal Analysis Society in 2003, of the Society of Plastics Engineers in 2005, and of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2015.

She was named P. W. Horn Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at Texas Tech in 2010.

She was the 2014 winner of the Mettler Toledo Outstanding Achievement of the North American Thermal Analysis Society, and the 2019 winner of the International Award of the Society of Plastics Engineers, the first woman to win the society's highest award.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Wichita, Kansas
American female backstroke swimmers
American chemical engineers
American women engineers
Yale University alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Texas Tech University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
21st-century American women
Advent of Code. Advent of Code is an annual set of Christmas-themed computer programming challenges that follow an Advent calendar. It has been running since 2015.

The programming puzzles cover a variety of skill sets and skill levels and can be solved using any programming language. Participants also compete based on speed on both global and private leaderboards.

The event was founded and is maintained by software engineer Eric Wastl.

History 
Advent of Code was created by Wastl, who is still the sole maintainer of the project.

The event was initially launched on December 1, 2015. By midnight EST (UTC−05:00), 81 people had signed up for the event, going slightly over Wastl's planned 70-participant capacity. Within 12 hours, about 4,000 people had joined, nearly causing a system crash. After 48 hours, there were about 15,000 people, and by the end of the 2015 event, the total had risen to 52,000.

In 2020, perhaps due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event saw a 50% growth in traffic, with over 180,000 participants worldwide.

On December 4, 2022, Wastl announced that the project had reached 1,000,000 registered users.

Puzzle design 
Puzzles consist of two parts that must be solved in order, with the second part not revealed to the user until the first part is solved correctly. Participants are awarded one gold star for completing each part of a daily puzzle.

Each puzzle contains a fictional backstory that is the same for all participants, but each person receives a different piece of input data and should generate a different correct result.

Puzzles are released on a daily schedule from December 1 to December 25 at midnight EST. There is no time limit to complete the puzzles, and puzzles from past years' events remain available to solve.

Some participants have used tools such as GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT to assist in solving the puzzles. In 2023, Wastl requested that users abstain from using these tools to solve the puzzles in an unattended fashion until after the leaderboard has been filled for the day, stating that "the leaderboards are for human competitors".

Preparations 

According to a comment in the HTML code on each page of the event's website, Advent of Code runs using custom Perl code. Wastl built almost the entire website himself, including the design, animations, prose, and puzzles. (He relies on other services for authentication, analytics, and social media integrations.)

Each year, Wastl creates and tests the 25 puzzles in advance. This takes 4–5 months of work each year.

References

External links 
 

Programming contests
Recurring events established in 2015
Code
Miss Ashley II. Miss Ashley II was a custom-built racing aircraft based on the North American P-51 Mustang.

Design and development 
Built by Bill L. Rogers in 1996, Miss Ashley II was a P-51R; a hybrid aircraft consisting of the fuselage of a P-51D fuselage and a P-51H vertical stabilizer, a Learjet 23 wing (without wingtip tanks) and horizontal stabilizer, and Piper Aerostar landing gear.  Power was provided by a 2,455 hp Rolls-Royce Griffon 58 driving two 3-bladed contra-rotating propellers from an Avro Shackleton.

History 
Miss Ashley II made its first flight in the spring of 1997.  The aircraft made its racing debut at the Reno Air Races later that year, piloted by Gary Levitz.  The aircraft carried the race number 38, which was also used by Levitz's original P-51D Miss Ashley and Don Whittington's Griffon-powered P-51XR Mustang, Precious Metal.

1999 Reno Air Races crash 
On September 18, 1999, Miss Ashley II participated in the Unlimited Gold class of the Reno Air Races with Levitz as the pilot.  On the first lap of heat 3A, Miss Ashley II was in fifth place coming around pylon 1 when the aircraft's empennage control surfaces apparently separated from the aircraft.  The nose of the aircraft pitched down and the left wing separated from the fuselage before the aircraft impacted the ground, killing Levitz and completely destroying the aircraft.  The wreckage struck two houses and a travel trailer, though there were no ground casualties.

The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident.  A spectator's video reviewed by the NTSB seemed to show that the rudder and vertical stabilizer had separated from the aircraft before the crash, as they were not visible in the video.  However, a video technician noted that this may have been the result of "video smearing", as the video's frame rate may have been too low to accurately capture the rapidly-moving aircraft.  Reconstruction of the empennage wreckage was also inconclusive.  The final NTSB report determined that the probable cause of the accident was flutter causing the empennage and rudder to separate from the aircraft, though the cause of the flutter was not determined.

Miss Ashley II's registration, N57LR, was canceled on August 8, 2002.

See also

References 

North American P-51 Mustang
Racing aircraft
Individual aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1997
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Daniel J. Scheeres. Daniel Jay Scheeres is an American aerospace engineer. He is the A. Richard Seebass Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder. In honor of his "pioneering work into the investigation of the dynamics of orbits close to small, irregularly shaped minor planets," Asteroid (8887) 1994LK1 was renamed (8887) Scheeres in 1999.

Early life and education
Scheeres completed his Letters and Engineering from Calvin College in 1985 and his Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Michigan. Following this, Scheeres remained at the University of Michigan for his Master's degree and PhD in aerospace engineering.

Career

University of Michigan
Upon completing his Ph.D., Scheeres worked at the Jet Propulsion Lab's Navigation Systems Section for five years. In honor of his "pioneering work into the investigation of the dynamics of orbits close to small, irregularly shaped minor planets," Asteroid (8887) 1994LK1 was renamed (8887) Scheeres in 1999. He then returned to the University of Michigan as an assistant professor of aerospace engineering, where he helped collect radar images of a metallic, dog bone-shaped asteroid in 2000. He used the measured shape of the asteroid to evaluate conditions on its surface and to discern whether the asteroid were two separate "ends" in orbit about each other. Following this, Scheeres was granted a promotion from the rank of assistant professor without tenure to associate professor with tenure.

In 2005, Scheeres co-led a team of scientists to discover, for the first time in history, how the Earth's gravity would disrupt a massive asteroid's spin. The following year, he was part of the team studying Itokawa, an asteroid, that determined the asteroid's mass, surface environment, and gravitational pull and helped interpret the images that were taken of the asteroid from the spacecraft.

CU Boulder
Scheeres joined the faculty at the University of Colorado, Boulder (CU Boulder) in 2008. As the A. Richard Seebass Endowed Chair in the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Scheeres was appointed to the rank of Distinguished Professor and elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 2017, Scheeres was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for his “pioneering work on the motion of bodies in strongly perturbed environments, such as near asteroids and comets."

References

External links

Living people
American aerospace engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Calvin University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harpoon 6.2. The Harpoon 6.2 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by C&C Design of Canada, as a racer and first built in 1979.

Production
The design was built by Boston Whaler in the United States between 1979 and 1983, with 150 boats completed, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Harpoon 6.2 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. The construction was fiberglass over a thick foam core for stiffness and which also renders the boat unsinkable. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard fin keel and is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for two people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin. The galley is located on both sides just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove on the starboard side and a sink to port. An anchor locker is provided in the bow. Cabin headroom is .

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 234 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "for a few years in the early 1980s, Boston Whaler went into she sailboat business, producing a '5.2' (17 feet long) and '6.2' ... Best features: The Harpoon 6.2 comes close to the best racing sailers among her comp[etitor]s, the Antrim 20 and the Mystic Mini-Ton 21, but we don't think she makes the grade in terms of beauty or grace. Worst features: A short waterline and relatively shallower and lighter ballast keeps her racing performance from equalling the Antrim or the Mini-Ton. Space below is equal to the roomy Antrim, but is not laid out as well—and includes only two berths, not four as with all her comp[etitor]s. Prices for used boats may be higher than what may seem rational, based on the hypnotic drawing power of the Boston Whaler name."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Photo of a Harpoon 6.2

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by C&C Design
Sailboat types built by Boston Whaler
Hilsenhoff Biotic Index. The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) is a quantitative method of evaluating the abundance of arthropod fauna in stream ecosystems as a measurement of estimating water quality based on the predetermined pollution tolerances of the observed taxa. This biotic index was created by William Hilsenhoff in 1977 to measure the effects of oxygen depletion in Wisconsin streams resulting from organic or nutrient pollution.

Calculating the HBI 
The collection sample should contain 100+ arthropods. A tolerance value of 0 to 10 is assigned to each arthropod species (or genera) based on its known prevalence in stream habitats with varying states of detritus contamination. A highly tolerant species would receive a value of 10, while a species collected only in unaltered streams with high water quality would receive a value of 0. The sum products of the number of individuals in each species (or genera) multiplied by the tolerance of the species is divided by the total number of specimens in the sample to determine the HBI value.

;

where n = number of specimens in taxa; a = tolerance value of taxa; N = total number of specimens in the sample.

Precautions should be taken to account for confounding variables, such as the effects of dominant species over-abundance, seasonal temperature stress, and water currents. Limiting the collection of individuals from each species to a maximum of 10 (10-Max BI) has been shown to minimize the effects of these phenomena on the True BI.

The biotic index is then ranked for water quality and degree of organic pollution, as follows:

References 

Arthropod ecology
Environmental indices
Eponymous indices
Water pollution
Environmental science
Water quality indicators