omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CodeChef. CodeChef is an online educational and Programming Education platform. It began as an educational initiative in 2009 by Directi, an Indian software company. In 2020, it was purchased by Unacademy.

After failing to reach profitability, Unacademy announced it would retain a 30% stake in CodeChef while returning the remaining equity to the company's founding team to support further growth.

In addition to monthly coding contests, CodeChef has initiatives for schools, colleges and women in competitive programming. It has hosted the India regionals of the ICPC for college students, as well as for the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) for school students in India.

Most parts of CodeChef are available without charge, but the more advanced features require a monthly subscription. CodeChef competes with similar Ed-Tech companies such as LeetCode, HackerRank, SPOJ, PrepInsta Prime, Topcoder, and GeeksforGeeks.

History
In 2010, Directi launched Code-Chef to help programmers improve their problem-solving skills through active participation in programming contests. The goal was to strengthen problem-solving skills by fostering friendly competition and community engagement. In July of that year, the organization introduced the "Go for Gold" initiative, enabling Indian teams to excel at the world finals of the International Collegiate Programming Contest (formerly known as ACM-ICPC).

In July 2013, Directi launched the "Code-Chef for Schools" program to encourage school students to participate in programming. The initiative hopes to enable Indian students to excel at the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). The competition requires contestants to show necessary IT skills such as problem analysis, algorithm and data structure design, programming, and testing.

In November 2017, the first Code-Chef Certification exam was conducted. By 2018, the organization launched CodeChef for Business to target technology enterprises.

In 2020, its ownership was changed from Directi to Unacademy.

Starting 2023, CodeChef operates as an independent company owned and run by its independent management team and employees.

References

Programming contests
Indian educational websites
Anupam (supercomputer). Anupam is a series of supercomputers designed and developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for their internal usages. It is mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics, theoretical physics, computational chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, and finite element analysis.

The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya.

Introduction 

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) carries out inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary R&D activities covering a wide range of disciplines in physical sciences, chemical sciences, biological sciences and engineering. Expertise at BARC covers the entire spectrum of science and technology.

BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed parallel processing as the underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the core architecture. BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computations.

To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in the areas of system integration, system engineering, system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users.

The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in the series of supercomputers is the 4608 core ANUPAM-Adhya system developed in 2010-11, with a sustained performance of 47 TeraFLOPS on the standard High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark. The system is in production mode and released to users.

In 2001, BARC achieved a new milestone in developing a supercomputer 20-25 times faster than the fastest computer built by other institutes in the country when it commissioned ANUPAM-PENTIUM.

Anupam Systems

See also 
 PARAM
 SAGA-220, a 220 TeraFLOP supercomputer built by ISRO
 EKA
 Wipro Supernova
 Supercomputing in India

References

Supercomputers
Information technology in India
Supercomputing in India
MEGA International S.A.. MEGA International is a French software company founded by Lucio de Risi in 1991 in Paris in France as a spin off from Cap Gemini, and is known for the modeling tools, in the domain of Enterprise Architecture and Enterprise Governance Risk and Compliance (software) (GRC).

MEGA International is a member of the Object Management Group (OMG), and participates in their publications, and a member of The Open Group.

References 

Software companies of France
Kinetica (software). Kinetica is a distributed, memory-first OLAP database developed by Kinetica DB, Inc. Kinetica is designed to use GPUs and modern vector processors to improve performance on complex queries across large volumes of real-time data. Kinetica is well suited for analytics on streaming geospatial and temporal data.

Background
In 2009, Amit Vij and Nima Neghaban founded GIS Federal, a developer of software they called GPUdb. The GIS stood for Global Intelligence Solutions.  GPUdb was initially marketed for US military and intelligence applications, at Fort Belvoir for INSCOM.

In 2014 and 2016, the analyst firm International Data Corporation mentioned Kinetica for its production deployments at the US Army and United States Postal Service, respectively. As a result of their work with USPS, IDC announced that Kinetica was the recipient of the HPC Innovation Excellence Award.

On March 3, 2016, the name of the company was changed to GPUdb to match the name of the software, and a $7 million investment was announced which included Raymond J. Lane. In September 2016, it announced another $6 million investment, and an office in San Francisco, while keeping its office in Arlington, Virginia.  After adding marketing and service people, the name of both the company and product was changed to Kinetica.

In June 2017, the company announced US$50 million in Series A funding led by Canvas Ventures and Meritech Capital Partners, along with new investor Citi Ventures and existing backer Ray Lane of GreatPoint Ventures.

The company has headquarters in Arlington, Virginia and regional offices in Europe and Asia Pacific.

Software
The software is designed to run on graphics processing units such as the Tesla from Nvidia. Partners include Cisco, Dell EMC, HPE, IBM, NVIDIA, Confluent, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, and Oracle.  At Kinetica's core is a distributed, memory-first relational SQL database that utilizes the processing power of CPUs with the acceleration of multi-core GPU devices to analyze and visualize data with fast (often millisecond) response times. Kinetica is designed to handle streaming, batch and historic data. Other features include graph solving algorithms, user defined functions, geospatial functions, the Advanced Analytics Workbench for deploying machine learning and deep learning algorithms, natural language processing, automatic storage tiering, and Kinetica Reveal - a web-based dashboarding tool.

Customers 
The United States Postal Service deployed Kinetica in to production 2014. Other public customers include Telkomsel, Softbank, GSK, Pubmatic, and OVO.

References

External links
 Official Kinetica website

Proprietary database management systems
Geographical databases
Cross-platform software
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Big data companies
Software companies of the United States
Robert M. Koerner. Robert M. Koerner (December 2, 1933 – December 1, 2019) was an American engineer and academic. He was Professor Emeritus at Drexel University and director emeritus of the Geosynthetic Institute. He died on December 1, 2019.

Biography
Koerner had been interested in geotechnical/geosynthetic engineering since graduating from Drexel with a Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree in 1956.  Academically this was followed with an MSCE from Drexel in 1963 and a Ph.D. from Duke in 1968.  He took additional engineering courses at Columbia and Delaware and also law courses at Temple between his masters and doctoral degrees.  His teaching/research faculty career began in 1968 and continued at Drexel until his retirement in 2004.

In 1980, Koerner co-authored the first textbook on geosynthetics along with Joseph P. Welsh. The book, Construction and Geotechnical Engineering Using Synthetic Fabrics, was published by Wiley (publisher).

Subsequently, he was founder and director, and then director emeritus at the Geosynthetic Institute in the Philadelphia suburb of Folsom, Pennsylvania.  Koerner published widely (~850 books, book chapters, papers in journals, conferences, symposia, magazines and major research reports).  His most widely used publication is the sixth edition of his textbook Designing With Geosynthetics.  It has sold over 40,000 copies and has been translated into several languages.

Koerner was a registered professional engineer in Pennsylvania, an honorary member of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a “diplomate”, “hero” and “legend” of the ASCE Geo-Institute. He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Diplomate in the Academy of Geo-Professionals in its inaugural class of 2009. Symposia in his honor are from Drexel in 2003, ASCE's Mechanics Section in 2005, and GeoInstitute's Geoenvironmental Engineering Division in 2015. He was awarded the Geosynthetic Materials Association's Robert M. Koerner Biennial Lectureship and the annual GeoMiddle East Conference Lectureship both in 2017.

Koerner was awarded the A. J. Drexel Paul Alumni Award from Drexel University Alumni Association in 2018–2019.

The Koerner Family supports doctoral engineering candidates pursuing careers in engineering research through the Koerner Family Foundation at http://www.KFFoundation.org.

Select works 
Koerner, R. M. and Welsh, J. P. (1980), Construction and Engineering Using Synthetic Fabrics, Wiley (John) & Sons, Limited, 267 pgs.
Koerner, R. M. and Koerner, P. W. (2008), Bob and Paula Koerner: A Success Story, Xlibris Publishing Co., 255 pgs.
Koerner, R. M. (2012), Designing With Geosynthetics, 6th Edition, Xlibris Publishing CO., 914 pgs.
Koerner, R. M. (2016), Geotextiles: From Design to Applications, Woodhead Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 617 pgs.

See also
List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Civil)

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
21st-century American engineers
Duke University alumni
Drexel University alumni
Drexel University faculty
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Lucio de Risi. Lucio de Risi (born 1953) is an Italian electrical engineer, founder and CEO of MEGA International Srl.

Biography 
De Risi's father and grandfather were shoemakers.

De Risi graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from the Politecnico di Napoli, nowadays University of Naples Federico II. In 1981 he received his Master's from the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied after being awarded a scholarship from the Fulbright Association, with the thesis entitled A System for a Total Matching of Stereo Pairs of Images.

After graduation De Risi started working for a small consulting firm in the software industry in Paris that was eventually acquired by Cap Gemini. He spun off the small firm from Cap Gemini and created MEGA International Srl. He developed the company into a leading supplier of tools for business modeling, and enterprise architecture modelling.

Personal life 
While a student in Philadelphia, he met Véronique, his future wife. He moved to Paris with her and launched MEGA International in the French capital.

Selected publications 
 De Risi, Lucio. A System for a Total Matching of Stereo Pairs of Images. University of Pennsylvania (1981).

References 

1953 births
Living people
Italian computer scientists
Italian chief executives
University of Naples Federico II alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Kwon Oh-hyun. Kwon Oh-hyun (born 15 October 1952) is the former Vice Chairman and CEO of Samsung Electronics. In 2013, Time Magazine added him to their top 100 list of most influential people. In 2014, he was awarded the Top Scientist and Technologist Award of Korea by the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies ().

In October 2017, he announced that he would resign in March 2018, citing an "unprecedented crisis".

Education
Kwon has a B.S. in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, a M.S. in electrical engineering from KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Career
Since Kwon joined Samsung Electronics' Semiconductor Business in 1985, he has played a pivotal role in Samsung Electronics' rapid advance in the semiconductor industry. He successfully led the development of the industry's first 64Mb DRAM in 1992, and was promoted to Vice President of Samsung's Memory Device Technology unit three years later. In 1998, Kwon was appointed Senior Vice President and head of System LSI Division's ASIC business. In 2000, he became Executive Vice President and head of LSI Technology. In January 2004, Kwon was appointed President and General Manager of the System LSI Division. During his 10 years at the System LSI Division, he gained special recognition for achieving top market shares of display driver ICs, application processors and CMOS image sensors. In May 2008, Kwon was appointed President of Semiconductor Business (now Device Solutions). In December 2011, he was promoted to Vice Chairman of Samsung Electronics.

Awards
 2012: Inchon Award

References

Stanford University alumni
Samsung people
Living people
1952 births
Seoul National University alumni
KAIST alumni
SNCASE SE-700. The SNCASE SE-700 was a three-seat passenger autogyro designed during World War II.  Two were completed but only the first flew and the programme was soon abandoned.

Design and development

Design of the SE-700 began in 1939 but World War II delayed its completion and first flight until 25 May 1945.  Compared with most autogyros of its time it had a very advanced appearance, with a sleek, streamlined fuselage, an enclosed central engine and a three blade rotor on a straight edged, aerofoil section  pylon. The enclosed cabin, which seated three, was ahead of the engine and behind a nose which tapered smoothly into the spinner of the two blade propeller.

At the rear of the short fuselage was a low aspect ratio tailplane, externally braced to the fuselage underside and fitted with elevators. It carried swept, oval tail fins taken from the SNCASE SE-100 twin engine fighter at its tips, which were externally braced to the tailplane underside.  The fins were fitted with rudders and, more unusually, wheels; the SE.100 had fin mounted tail wheels but the SE.700 had tricycle gear so these became the main wheels, tidily faired into the bottom of the fins. Its nosewheel retracted backwards, placing the wheel partly in the fuselage and its leg within a small ventral fairing.

The first prototype, piloted by Stakenburg, flew with a  Renault 6Q-01 six cylinder, inverted air-cooled inline engine. It proved difficult to control and crashed after a few test flights. Though the damage was not great, the SE-700 was not repaired and SNCASE decided instead to complete a more refined second prototype, the SE-701 or SE-700A. This was fitted with a more powerful  Béarn 6D-07 engine, another six cylinder, inverted air-cooled inline.  However, the company then decided that the post-war market for small commuter autogyros was too limited to proceed, so the SE-700A did not fly and a proposed production series of four SE-702s or 700Bs were not begun.

Specifications (SE-700A)

References

SE-0700
Single-engined tractor autogyros
SNCASE SE-0700
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Autogyros
Howard Hughes Engineering. Howard Hughes Engineering Pty Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer, boat and automobile builder and general engineering company based in Ballina, New South Wales.

The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight and the American light-sport aircraft categories.

Australian Lightwing is an aircraft brand of Howard Hughes Engineering.

History
The company was formed in the mid-1970s as a boat building and general engineering concern, based in West Ballina. In 1985 the company expanded into aircraft design, as a result of the new ultralight aircraft rules enacted in Australia. The first aircraft design, the Australian LightWing GR532, was first accepted by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority on  29 September 1986. Working in welded 4130 steel tubing, the company offered an alternative to the aluminium and Dacron sailcloth ultralights then being produced.

In 1995 the company relocated to the Ballina Byron Gateway Airport industrial park.

Products
The company has produced a wide range of aircraft, including the high-wing GR 532 GR 582, GR912, Pocket Rocket, ALW Sport and Tapis, the low-wing two-seat SP-2000 Speed, four seat SP-4000 Speed and the low or high-wing SP-6000. There is also a biplane design the PR BiPe and the PR Breeze parasol wing.

The SP-2000 has been accepted by the US Federal Aviation Administration as a light-sport aircraft. The company has also entered electric car design with the three-seat Hughes Engineering Road-e.

Other products include a flight simulator, the Hughes Engineering Cunning Cat  sailboat and a CAD/CAM Cutting Table. The company has also developed computer software, including a telephone messaging system and a business costing and payroll program.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Circe effect. The Circe effect is a phenomenon proposed by William Jencks seen in chemistry and biochemistry where in order to speed up a reaction, the ground state of the substrate is destabilized by an enzyme.

Mechanism
Highly favourable binding of a substrate at a non-reactive site will force the reactive site of the substrate to be more reactive by putting it in a very unfavourable position. This effect was observed in orotidine 5‘-phosphate decarboxylase. This can occur by positioning a charged amino acid group next to the charged substrate thus destabilizing it, thus making the reaction occur faster. Furthermore, the substrate is put into an optimal position by the enzyme for the reaction to occur, thus decreasing the entropy greatly. 

A corollary of the effect is to explain the existence of one-way enzymes that are much more effective catalysts for one direction of reaction than the other. For example, the limiting rate in the forward direction of the reaction catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase is about 2 × 105 times higher than it is for the reverse reaction. This concept is frequently misunderstood: it does not imply any violation of thermodynamic principles. It is a kinetic effect, not a thermodynamic one, and the  reaction always proceeds toward equilibrium, regardless of where the process starts. And when it is at equilibrium the rate is always zero.

Etymology
This process was named after Circe in Homer's Odyssey, who lured men and turned them into pigs.

References

Biomolecules
Catalysis
Metabolism
Process chemicals
Circe
Australian Aircraft Kits. Australian Aircraft Kits Pty Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer based in Taree, New South Wales, that was established in 2003. The company principal is Ole Hartmann.

The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft in the light-sport aircraft category. The company also does aircraft repair work on homebuilt aircraft.

The company produces four aircraft, the high-wing two-seat Hornet STOL, Hornet Cub and Bushman, plus the shoulder-wing Wasp. The Hornet STOL was named Most Innovative Ultralight Design in 2004 at Narromine.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2003
Australian companies established in 2003
Manufacturing companies established in 2003
French submarine Saphir (1908). Saphir was one of six s built for the French Navy () in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Émeraude class were built as part of the French Navy's 1903 building program to a Maugas single-hull design. The submarines displaced  surfaced and  submerged. They had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draft of . They had an operational diving depth of . Their crew numbered 2 officers and 23 enlisted men.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two Sautter-Harlé  diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 300-metric-horsepower electric motor. They could reach a maximum speed of  on the surface and  underwater. The Émeraude class had a surface endurance of  at  and a submerged endurance of  at .

The boats were armed with four internal  torpedo tubes, two in the bow and two in the stern, for which they carried six torpedoes.

Construction and career
Saphir was laid down in October 1903 at the Arsenal de Toulon, launched on 6 February 1909 and commissioned on 10 December 1910. Upon her completion, Saphir was assigned to the Mediterranean. In 1913, she joined a squadron based in Bizerte, French Tunisia, to defend the region. In late 1914, she moved to a base at Tenedos so as to be closer to the Dardanelles and to participate in monitoring and blockading of Turkish Straits.

On 13 December 1914, a British submarine, , entered the straits and sank the Ottoman Navy central battery ironclad Messudiyeh. On 15 January 1915, to follow the example of B11 and without prior orders, the commanding officer of Saphir, Lieutenant Henri Fournier, tried to force the entrance of the straits. As Saphir dived under a minefield off Çanakkale, she sprang a leak. The flooding forced Saphir to surface under fire from Ottoman guns, and Fournier gave the order to destroy Saphir′s code documents and scuttle the submarine 1,500 meters (1,640 yards) from the coast. The crew tried to gain ground by swimming. Thirteen of 27 enlisted men and the two officers did not survive the swim to shore, perishing from the cold; the 14 survivors were recovered by two Ottoman Army boats and transferred, after interrogation, to prisons, including the one in Afyonkarahisar. Some soon after were transferred to prisoner-of-war camps in Asia Minor, where they managed to escape.

Citation

A French citation read:

Citations

Bibliography

Émeraude-class submarine (1906)
World War I submarines of France
1908 ships
Maritime incidents in 1915
Scuttled vessels
World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles