omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bodo von Borries. Bodo von Borries (born 22 May 1905 in Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany — died 17 July 1956 in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia) was a German physicist. He was the co-inventor of the electron microscope.

Von Borries studied  electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Danzig (today Gdańsk University of Technology), and at  Berlin (today Technische Universität Berlin), where he was awarded a PhD in 1932. 
Von Borries worked at RWE from 1934 to 1937. In 1937 he commenced work on electron microscopy with Ernst Ruska at Siemens & Halske AG in Berlin. In 1937 von Borries 1937 married Hedwig Ruska, Ernst Ruska's sister.

After World War II, he founded the "Rhine-Westphalia Institute for Electron Microscopy" in Düsseldorf in 1948. In 1949, he was involved in the foundation of the German Society for Electron Microscopy.

In 1953 he became a full professor at the Technical University of Aachen and established its Department of Electron Optics and Precision Engineering, where he worked until his sudden death in 1956.

References

20th-century German physicists
1905 births
1956 deaths
Gdańsk University of Technology alumni
People from Herford
Scientists from the Province of Westphalia
Presidents of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
FMA IA-59. 

The FMA IA-59 is a 1970s Argentine single-engined unmanned aerial vehicle, designed and built for the Argentine Air Force by Fabrica Militar de Aviones.

Development 
The small UAV first flew on 9 December 1972 powered by McCulloch piston engine.

Aircraft on display
The only IA-59 built is on display at the Museum of Industry in Córdoba Province, Argentina.

References

IA-59
1970s Argentine military aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Argentina
Tessier Biplane. The Tessier Biplane is a single place homebuilt biplane.

Development
The Tessier biplane is a single place tube and fabric construction aircraft with conventional landing gear. The wing spar is wood and ribs are plywood. The original engine was a Volkswagen air-cooled engine which was replaced with a Lawrance L-5 radial engine.

Aircraft on display
The original Tessier Biplane belongs to the EAA AirVenture Museum, but is neither airworthy nor on display.

Specifications (Tessier Biplane)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
OLinuXino. OLinuXino is an open hardware single-board computer capable of running Android or Linux designed by OLIMEX Ltd in Bulgaria.

The project's goal was to design DIY friendly industrial-grade Linux board which everyone can reproduce at home.
It leverages widely available hand-solderable components which are reasonable to purchase in low quantities, housed in TQFP packages.
The project's CAD files are hosted on GitHub, allowing everyone to study and customize them according to their needs.

Initially OLinuXino was designed with EAGLE.
In March 2016 the first boards designed with KiCad became available as OLIMEX Ltd announced plans on switching development to Open Source CAD tools.

iMX233

A13
The Chinese company Allwinner released in April 2012 Cortex-A8 SoC in TQFP package, this was spotted immediately by OLinuXino developers and they start working on OLinuXino board based on A13
Three OLinuXino boards with A13 processor were released:

A10S
In November 2012, Allwinner released a new A10S processor with HDMI and Ethernet and dual-core A20 processor.
The A13 has no native Ethernet capability, so the A10S processor was chosen for new OLinuXino boards.

A20

A64

Operating systems
Officially supported:
 Debian
 Android

Third party:
 Armbian
 Arch Linux ARM

See also
 List of open-source hardware projects

References

External links
 OLinuXino web site
 SUNXI: OlimexA64-OLinuXino
 OLinuXino looks to take on the Raspberry Pi
 Meet the iMX233 OLinuXino Nano
 Element14 Olimex A10S/A20-OLinuXino boards quite BBB-like
 Linux Sunxi Community Open Source Hardware
 Hackaday article - OLinuXino booting Android
 CNX-Software OLinuXino unboxing and review
 Slashdot Fully open OLinuXino computer
 PC Magazine - PC like the Raspberry Pi but faster and fully open
 Dangerous Prototypes - OLinuXino single board computer

Single-board computers
József Polics. József Polics (born November 12, 1955) is a Hungarian civil engineer and politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) for Komló (Baranya County Constituency IV) between 2010 and 2014. He was a member of the Committee on Employment and Labour during that time. He has been the mayor of Komló since October 2010.

References

1955 births
Living people
Hungarian civil engineers
Mayors of places in Hungary
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014)
People from Pécs
General Electric Pittsfield Plant. The General Electric Pittsfield Plant, which included Air Force Plant 69, was a plant of General Electric located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. GE acquired the facilities of the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company in 1903.

From circa 1932 until 1977, the Pittsfield Plant discharged PCB pollution to the Housatonic River. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) designated the Pittsfield plant and several miles of the Housatonic as a Superfund site in 1997, and ordered GE to remediate the site. EPA and GE began a cleanup of the area in 1999.

GE demolished some buildings on the  site in the 1990s. Other buildings were demolished between 2001 and 2010. GE transferred some of the cleaned-up properties to the Pittsfield Economic Development Authority (PEDA). As of 2022 GE has completed remediation and restoration of the 10 manufacturing plant areas within the city, and GE and PEDA are conducting inspection, monitoring and maintenance activities. Cleanup of the polluted downstream river areas has not been completed as of 2022.

References

Plants of the United States Air Force
Buildings and structures in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
General Electric
Superfund sites in Massachusetts
Rud Aero RA-3. The Rud Aero RA-3 is an American composite aerobatic training aircraft, produced by Rud Aero.

Design and development
The RA-3 is a single engine two-seat, side-by-side configuration, low wing, tricycle gear composite construction aircraft. The aircraft is built using carbon fiber construction throughout. The aircraft has a cambered training wing that can be exchanged for a constant chord symmetrical wing for advanced aerobatic training. The aircraft is designed to operate as an FAR Part 21.24 aircraft, with future modifications to meet American LSA standards.

Variants
RA-3
Base model
RA-3L 
LSA variant

Specifications (RA-3)

References

Aerobatic aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
CSS-12. The CSS-12 was a prototype Polish twin-engined feederliner of the 1950s. A single example was built and flown in 1950, but no production followed.

Design and development
The German invasion of Poland at the start of the Second World War resulted in the destruction of Poland's aviation industry, and following the end of the war the Polish government decided to re-establish a national aviation industry. Two design bureaus were set up to design and develop prototypes, Lotnicze Warsztaty Doświadczalne (LWD) (Aircraft Experimental Workshops) at Łódź and the Centralne Studium Samolotów (C.S.S.) (Central Aircraft Study) based at Warsaw, with production to be carried out at a series of State Aircraft Factories (PZL). The C.S.S., led by Franciszek Misztal, who worked as a designer in the pre-war PZL, was tasked with the design of three types, the CSS-10, a single-engined primary trainer, an aerobatic trainer, the CSS-11 and a twin-engined feederliner, which was designated CSS-12.

Work on the CSS-12 began in 1948, with the prototype making its maiden flight on 22 November 1950. It was a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, the first all-metal aircraft to be built in Poland following the end of the Second World War. The oval section fuselage accommodated seats for ten passengers in two rows of five, with the two pilots sitting in an enclosed flight deck forward of the passenger cabin, while a cloakroom and baggage compartment aft of the cabin. The aircraft's wings featured a mixture of smooth and corrugated duralumin skinning, with the corrugated sections covered in fabric to reduce drag. Full-span hydraulically operated trailing-edge flaps were fitted, while engine exhaust gas was used to de-ice the wings' leading edge. The aircraft was fitted with a retractable nosewheel undercarriage. Two  Argus As 411 engines, built in Germany during the war, drove two-bladed constant speed propellers.

At the end of 1950, the Polish aviation industry was re-organised, with large orders being placed for license-production of Soviet Mikoyan–Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighters. As part of this reorganisation, LWD and the CSS were disbanded, and work on the CSS-12 was suspended. In 1955 flight testing of the CSS-12 resumed. Although testing was successful, with the aircraft setting an international class altitude record of  while carrying a payload of  on 27 December 1957, no production followed, as the CSS-12 did not meet the requirements of Poland's national airline LOT and no suitable replacements for its out-of production German engines were available. Instead, the CSS-12 formed the basis of the larger four-engined PZL MD-12 airliner which made its first flight in 1959.

Specifications

Notes

References

1950s Polish airliners
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
Ernest Collins. Ernest Collins (18 February 1851 – 20 April 1914) was a British water supply engineer.

He was born in Harefield, Middlesex, the fifth son of the Rev. Robert Cave Wood  Collins, then Vicar of Harefield, and his wife, Rachel Vernor Miles. He was educated at Aldenham Grammar School and Neuchâtel.

After serving his articles to Ruston, Proctor and Company, of Lincoln, he took a post with Hopkins, Gilkes & Company.

In 1880, he joined the staff of the New River Company, which supplied clean water to London via an artificial waterway. He was their chief engineer when the company was transferred to the Metropolitan Water Board. In 1905, he was appointed Engineer of the New River District, a position he held until his retirement in 1911. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1892.

In 1883, Collins introduced the almost universally adopted system of testing and stamping water fittings.

He was also Chairman of Council of Hampstead General Hospital.

He died in Christchurch, Hampshire in 1914, aged 63.

References

1851 births
1914 deaths
English civil engineers
Hydraulic engineers
People from Harefield
Alloy (disambiguation). An alloy is a material composed of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal.

Alloy may also refer to:

Entertainment
 Alloy (Skepticism album), 2008
 Alloy (Trillium album), 2011
 Alloy (comics), a combined form of the fictional characters Metal Men
Alloy Digital, a digital media company folded into Defy Media
Alloy Entertainment, a print and television unit sold to Warner Bros. Television
 "Alloyed" (The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power), an episode of the first season of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power

Other uses
 Alloy (specification language), a declarative specification language
 Alloy wheel, wheels made from an alloy of aluminum or magnesium
 Alloy, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the US
 Alloy, a 35 story residential building in Los Angeles, US.

See also
 Aloy, the main playable character of the RPG games Horizon Zero Dawn and Horizon Forbidden West
Rud Aero RA-2. The Rud Aero RA-2 is an American, all carbon fiber, unlimited aerobatic aircraft built by Rud Aero in the Experimental-Exhibition category.

Design and development
The RA-2 is a single engine, tandem seat, low-wing, conventional landing gear equipped aircraft, made out of carbon fiber. It uses a constant chord symmetrical airfoil. It has interchangeable aerobatic and cross-country wings.

Variants
RA-2
Base model
RA-2T Trainer
Training model
RA-3
Two-seat trainer model

Specifications (RA-2)

References

External links

First Flight video on Youtube

Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Structural complexity (applied mathematics). Structural complexity is a science of applied mathematics that aims to relate fundamental physical or biological aspects of a complex system with the mathematical description of the morphological complexity that the system exhibits, by establishing rigorous relations between mathematical and physical properties of such system.

Structural complexity emerges from all systems that display morphological organization. Filamentary structures, for instance, are an example of coherent structures that emerge, interact and evolve in many physical and biological systems, such as mass distribution in the Universe, vortex filaments in turbulent flows, neural networks in our brain and genetic material (such as DNA) in a cell. In general information on the degree of morphological disorder present in the system tells us something important about fundamental physical or biological processes.

Structural complexity methods are based on applications of differential geometry and topology (and in particular knot theory) to interpret physical properties of dynamical systems. such as relations between kinetic energy and tangles of vortex filaments in a turbulent flow or magnetic energy and braiding of magnetic fields in the solar corona, including aspects of topological fluid dynamics.

Literature

References

Applied mathematics
Complex systems theory
Breguet's thermometer. Breguet's thermometer, also called a spiral thermometer, is a type of thermometer which uses the expansion of metal under heat to produce a measurement more sensitive, and with a higher range, than both mercury and air thermometers. Working on the principle of a bimetallic strip, it consists of a very slender strip of platinum soldered to a similar strip of silver, with a slip of gold soldered in between.

The strips of soldered metals are curved into a helix (a). The upper extremity of the helix is fastened to a metallic support (c) and the lower extremity is connected to an index, which projects over a graduated circle (b).

The expansion of silver with temperature is almost twice as great as platinum, with gold being somewhere in between. The result is that a temperature rise or fall will cause a corresponding twist in the spiral, moving the index. The slip of gold in between is to prevent "sudden starts".

References

Thermometers
Aquila A 211. The Aquila A 211 is a German, two seat side-by-side configuration light aircraft, built by Aquila Aviation.

Design and development
The A 211 is the follow on to the A 210. The A 211 is a low wing, side by side seating, single engine aircraft with tricycle landing gear. The aircraft is certified under German/EASA Part 21.17 rules. The A 211 is similar to the Aquila A 210 but has a revised spinner, cowling and canopy.

Variants
Aquila A 210
Earlier model
Aquila A 211
Conventional instrument panel
Aquila A 211GX
Glass cockpit model

Specifications (A 211)

See also

References
 

2000s German sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2000
Gridlock (economics). This is an extended usage of word gridlock specifically in economics to describe the common situation that occurs in the competition within an industry or a company. The similar usage of gridlock can be seen in politics as well. See also gridlock (Politics). However, the term gridlock was first used in engineering as, "A state of severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill; a traffic jam of this kind."

In microeconomics, gridlock refers to the difficult situation of firms to invest in long-term and sustainable business, especially in a fiercely competitive industry where most firms focus on the short-term returns. It is very hard for any player to make move towards sustainable and health direction, since if one party initiates the long-term investment, which is not very profitable in the short-term, the other competitors can easily take advantage of the situation to outcompete that firm, and even drive that firm out of market. As a result, no party will take the risk to make a move. This phenomenon is also called first-mover disadvantage. In the end, the unhealthy situation of the industry can be hardly improved by the market leaders themselves. In the business as in traffic, when gridlock happens, an industry is unable to function at a healthy level, which can be highly problematic and costly.

Not only in an industry, gridlock can also happen at company level. If there are several groups with conflicting interests exist within one company competing to gain the control and power, this can create a situation in which business transactions can not be completed until the problem is solved.

This kind of dilemma is also very often cited in game theory. If all the parties can cooperate, for example, companies can collaboratively invest in a sustainable way, the gridlock can be easily solved and the industry will function in a healthy way. But this is not happening because of the desire to maximize one's own benefit given the uncertainty about the others’ commitment to cooperation.

Solution 

Naturally to solve this problem, it requires institutions within the industry or company to regulate rules and prevent the inefficient situation to happen. Thus institution plays a role of traffic lights or traffic police in the conjunction of business world.

In the book Institutional Economics an introduction, professor John Groenewegen, Antoon Spithoven and Annette van den Berg explained approaches of analyzing this kind of situation and suggest the solutions to similar problems from institutional prospective. See also Institutional economics.

References 

Competition (economics)
Game theory
Nephelescope. A nephelescope is a device invented by James Pollard Espy to measure the drop in temperature of a gas from a reduction in pressure; originally used to explore the formation of clouds.

Original design 

The original design  consisted of an air compression pump (a), a vessel (b), and a barometer (c).

Air is pumped into the vessel until a desired pressure is reached, the stopclock is then closed and the temperature allowed to equilibriate. The stopclock is then opened, allowing the pressure of the container to equilibriate the atmosphere, and then closed again.

The air inside of the container would now be colder. As it warms up, pressure inside the container once again increases above atmosphere. This increase in pressure can be used to work out the number of degrees which the container had been cooled by.

Later developments

A later design  consisted of an air pump receiver (a) connected to a flask (c) by an intervening stopclock (b). Air was pumped out of the receiver, then the stopclock was opened. One advantage of using negative pressure was that a glass vessel could be used, which allowed the observation of condensation and droplets resulting from the drop in temperature. To observe this in a dry atmosphere, air would have needed to first be moistened by exposure to water.

Historical significance

The nephelescope enabled Epsy to predict the change in heat of air as water vapor became cloud. He showed that when dry air was used instead of moist air, temperature was reduced by about twice as much as moist air. In other words, latent heat released from the condensation of water mitigated some of the cooling from expansion of moist air. Since moist air is already lighter than dry air, the warmer and lighter moist air in clouds would continue to rise and cool, forcing more vapor to condense, which had consequences for meteorological theories at that time.

The nephelescope has been described as an "early cloud-chamber".

References

Temperature
TRACE (computer program). TRACE is a high-precision orbit determination and orbit propagation program.  It was developed by The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. An early version  ran on the IBM 7090 computer in 1964.  The Fortran source code can be compiled for any platform with a Fortran compiler.

When Satellite Tool Kit's high-precision orbit propagator and parameter and coordinate frame transformations underwent an Independent Verification and Validation effort in 2000, TRACE v2.4.9 was the standard against which STK was compared.

As of 2013, TRACE is still used by the U.S. Government and some of its technical contractors.

References

Astrophysics
Mathematical software
Physics software
FLUIDEX. FLUIDEX is an online bibliographic database that covers fluids behavior, applications, and engineering in civil engineering and process engineering. It is published by Elsevier.

Indexing includes more than 900,000 past and current records pertaining to relevant trade magazines and scientific journals from 1966–present. Further topical coverage includes research and technology in fluid dynamics, separation processes, offshore platform issues, and new hydraulic and pneumatic equipment applications and operations. Abstracts summarize 98% of all documents.

Global literature coverage includes over 400  trade and peer-reviewed publications. Additionally, archives contain several hundred cataloged trade, peer-reviewed, and book titles. The database is annually updated with more than 40,000 abstracts and citations. OVID  and Dialog are online access points. This database is also published in a printed paper format. Hence, the print counterparts are "Fluid Abstracts: Process Engineering" (), and "Fluid Abstracts: Civil engineering" ().

References

External links
 Fluid Abstracts: Process Engineering. Elsevier. 2013.
 Fluid Abstracts: Civil Engineering. Elsevier. 2013.
 FLUIDEX. Elsevier
 FACEBOOK. Facebook

Bibliographic databases in engineering
Elsevier
Online databases