omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SIR-Spheres. SIR-Spheres microspheres are used to treat patients with unresectable liver cancer. These are mostly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), or metastatic neuroendocrine tumours (mNET).

Therapy goals are local disease control, downstaging to resection, bridging to transplantation, and extended survival.

Description
SIR-Spheres microspheres contain resin based microspheres with an average diameter between 20 and 60 micrometre. The microspheres are impregnated with 90Y, a beta radiating isotope of yttrium with a half-life of 64.1 hours.

Mode of action
Once injected into the hepatic artery via a catheter by an interventional radiologist the microspheres will preferably lodge in the vasculature of the tumour. The radiation will lead to damage of tumour tissue and, in the best case to a complete elimination of the tumour. Due to the half-life almost all of the radiation is delivered within two weeks. After one month almost no radioactivity will remain.

The procedure is also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) or radioembolization.

See also
TheraSphere
Sirtex

References

External links
Sirtex

Radiation therapy procedures
Photon-intermediate direct energy conversion. Photon-intermediate direct energy conversion (PIDEC) is a scheme for direct conversion of nuclear power to electricity.

PIDEC process is somewhat similar to a concept of fluorescent light - as in the CFL, in the nuclear reactor the original type of energy generated is not useful to humans. CFL uses a fluorescent coating on the inside of the light bulb to convert that energy into visible spectrum of the light. PIDEC uses fluorescer (in the form of gas) surrounding nuclear fuel acting as photon producer - fluorescer gets excited by neutron emissions and in turn emits narrow band ultraviolet light. That light is then relatively easily converted into electricity by special photo-voltaic converter.

Because the photons emitted by fluorescer are narrow band, the conversion efficiency is much higher than efficiency of common solar cells. The overall efficiency of PIDEC is expected to be around 40%. The remaining residual heat is still high enough to use it in traditional thermalized way via Carnot Cycle e.g. steam turbine. A combined efficiency of such conversion system (PIDEC + traditional) could reach as much as 70%. In comparison, due to limitations of using solid nuclear fuel and water as coolant, current generation of nuclear plants average only about 35% conversion efficiency.

PIDEC would work best with some IV Generation nuclear reactor designs. For instance in molten salt reactor low pressure liquid serves both as fuel and as coolant. This way reactor can safely operate at very high temperatures increasing the energy conversion efficiency.

A lot of theoretical work has been done at University of Missouri with some patents applied for by Mark A. Prelas. Professor Prelas is best known for advocating the concept of nuclear lightbulb.

References

External links
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/769
http://nuclearstreet.com/blogs/nuclear_power_news/archive/2009/04/15/etf.aspx
http://www.physorg.com/news158848950.html
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_n2577_v121/ai_13953440

Energy conversion
JCT College of Engineering and Technology. JCT College of Engineering and Technology (AUTONOMOUS) located in Pichanur Village, Madhukarai (via) Coimbatore in the state of Tamil Nadu in India, was established with the objective of providing education to all especially the down trodden and rural population. The Shri Jagannath Educational Health and Charitable Trust started the college.

It opened for the academic year of 2009-2010.

It aims at providing students with opportunities to interact with industries, knowledge, values and hands on training.

Infrastructure 
Library

The library has more than 500000 books covering all titles with reference to the norms prescribed by AICTE and Anna University. Texts, reference materials, educational encyclopedias, year books, journals and maps, audio and video cassettes  and other electronic study material including software materials are available where the students can have free access. More than one lakh national and international Journals are subscribed.

Computer Lab

Internet facility with LAN and WAN is available in the center for the students. 800 plus computers are available with latest configuration Computers

Class Room

The college has more than 1,50,000 square meter buildings, world class laboratories, workshops, CNC lathe and CNC Machining Center,  and facilities for indoor games and athletics.

Facilities 
JCT College of Engineering and Technology provides 10 different facilities for its students:

Sports

Indoors and outdoors sports facilities are available for all students to further develop their skills and train.

Seminars are regularly taking place

Transport

Buses ply from strategic points to enable the students and the members of staff to travel from their home to college and back. There are 23 bus routes so far serving towns and villages like: Puthukode, Pollachi, Shornur and many more.

Mechanical Lab

Hostels

Separate Hostels are available for boys and girls.

Industry visit

The institution organizes visits to industry.

Placement Cell 
With a view to provide placement opportunities to the students on completion of their course, the institution has set up a cell.

References

External links 
 

Engineering colleges in Coimbatore
Merkwelt. The merkwelt (, meaning "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness") is a concept in robotics, ethology and biology that describes a creature or android's capacity to view things, manipulate information and synthesize to make meaning out of the universe.  In biology, for example, a shark's merkwelt for instance is dominated by smell due to its enlarged olfactory lobes whilst a bat's is dominated by its hearing, especially at ultrasonic frequencies.

This term was particularly developed by the German biologist Jakob von Uexküll who framed it as part of his theory of umwelt. This basically stated that any living 'observer' of the broader environment or umwelt through their particular werkwelt or 'mechanical viewing' (that is to say, the organs through which they view the world- their eyes, ears, mouth etc. in humans and electrical sensors in sharks for instance) could have a merkwelt or 'perceptual universe'.

The term has not achieved wide currency, but has been used by several influential writers, including the ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the roboticist Rodney Brooks.

References

Consciousness
Ampthill Tunnel. Ampthill tunnel is a railway tunnel at Ampthill on the Midland Main Line, being positioned between Bedford and Flitwick. It consists of two separate bores, each one accommodating double-track throughout.

The first Ampthill Tunnel was built during the 1860s; growing demand on the line led to the original double-track configuration being inadequate for further growth. Thus, during the 1890s, a second Ampthill Tunnel was constructed directly alongside, facilitating the Midland Railway's expansion plans of running a quadruple-track arrangement between Kettering and London wherever practical to do so. Both bores have remained active through to the present day. During mid 2012, Ampthill Tunnel was subject to a series of high speed evaluation runs, including a record maximum speed for the route of ; in the following year, the line speeds were increased to 125 mph along much of the Midland Main Line.

History
The Ampthill Tunnel was constructed during the early 1860s on behalf of the Midland Railway to convey what would become the Midland Main Line. It was necessary to traverse a hill on the outskirts of the town of Ampthill, the summit of which was reported to be  above the level of the railway. The local geology that the tunnel was bored through, which largely consisted of Oxford clay, was found to contain numerous fossils; a number of these were recovered during the excavations for the tunnel and subsequently studied.

By the 1890s, company officials had recognised that, due to a lack of free capacity for running further services, an expansion programme was required for the Midland Main Line, which primarily involved its widening from two tracks to four along much of the route between Kettering and London. In accordance with this policy, between June 1893 and 1895, a second Ampthill Tunnel was constructed alongside the first bore. As it was determined to be impracticable to drive a bore between the faces due to the lengthy cuttings on either side for the operating line, the additional tunnel was instead entirely excavated from three shafts that were sunk from above. The completed second tunnel had a length of ; this was slightly shorter than the original tunnel, which reportedly possessed a length of .

On 1 July 2012, a new record maximum speed for the Midland Main Line was established by a British Rail Class 222 diesel multiple unit (DMU), which traversed Ampthill Tunnel at a speed of ; the tunnel was closely monitored by engineers to evaluate the effects of the pressure waves generated by the train's speed run. Having found the conditions imposed acceptable, numerous stretches of the line were cleared for trains to regularly run at the elevated maximum speed of 125 mph, including Ampthill Tunnel.

References

External links

 Ampthill Tunnel on the Midland Mainline via geograph.org.uk
 60103 'Flying Scotsman' races out of Ampthill Tunnel on 'The Yorkshireman' - 30/06/18 via youtube.com

Railway tunnels in England
Ampthill
Midland Railway
Rail transport in Bedfordshire
Tunnels in Bedfordshire
EDAC. EDAC may refer to:

Science and technology
 Excessive dynamic airway collapse, a medical condition
 Error detection and correction, techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels
 EDAC (Linux), a set of Linux kernel modules for handling hardware-related errors
 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, a water-soluble carbodiimide

Other uses
 Leipzig–Altenburg Airport (ICAO code), Germany
 El Dorado Arts Council, an arts council in California, US
 Electronic Design Automation Consortium

See also
S. L. Hakimi. Seifollah Louis Hakimi (1932–June 23, 2005) was an Iranian-American mathematician born in Iran, a professor emeritus at Northwestern University, where he chaired the department of electrical engineering from 1973 to 1978. He was chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Davis, from 1986 to 1996.

Hakimi received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1959, under the supervision of Mac Van Valkenburg. He has over 100 academic descendants, most of them via his student Narsingh Deo.

He is known for characterizing the degree sequences of undirected graphs, for formulating the Steiner tree problem on networks, and for his work on facility location problems on networks.

Selected publications
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.
.
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References

1932 births
2005 deaths
Northwestern University faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Graph theorists
20th-century Iranian mathematicians
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Project commissioning. Project commissioning is the process of ensuring that all systems and components of a building or industrial plant are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the owner's or final client's operational requirements. A commissioning process may be applied not only to new projects but also to existing units and systems subject to expansion, renovation or revamping.

In practice, the commissioning process is the integrated application of a set of engineering techniques and procedures to check, inspect and test every operational component of the project: from individual functions (such as instruments and equipment) up to complex amalgamations (such as modules, subsystems and systems).

Commissioning activities in the broader sense applicable to all phases of the project from the basic and detailed design, procurement, construction and assembly until the final handover of the unit to the owner, sometimes including an assisted operation phase.

Similarly Refinery commissioning is defined as "The sequential, planned, and documented process of verifying, testing, and validating the performance of each refinery unit, system, and equipment to ensure they operate safely, efficiently, and within design specifications, culminating in the successful startup and steady-state operation of the entire refinery".

Objective and impact 

The main objective of commissioning is to effect the safe and orderly handover of the unit from the constructor to the owner, guaranteeing its operability in terms of performance, reliability, safety and information traceability. Additionally, when executed in a planned and effective way, commissioning normally represents an essential factor for the fulfillment of schedule, costs, safety and quality requirements of the project.

Commissioning management systems 

For complex projects, the large volume and complexity of commissioning data, together with the need to guarantee adequate information traceability, normally leads to the use of powerful IT tools, known as commissioning management systems, to allow effective planning and monitoring of the commissioning activities.

Independent discipline 
There is currently no formal education or university degree which addresses the training or certification of a Project Commissioning Engineer. Various short and online training courses are available, but they are designed for qualified engineers.

Large civil and industrial projects for which Commissioning as an independent discipline is as important as traditional engineering disciplines, i.e. civil, naval, chemical, mechanical, electrical, electronic, instrumentation, automation, or telecom engineering, include chemical and petrochemical plants, oil and gas platforms and pipelines, metallurgical plants, paper and cellulose plants, coal handling plants, thermoelectric and hydroelectric plants, buildings, bridges, highways, and railroads.

See also

References  

Engineering disciplines
Project management
Service-oriented software engineering. Service-oriented Software Engineering (SOSE), also referred to as service engineering, is a software engineering methodology focused on the development of software systems by composition of reusable services (service-orientation) often provided by other service providers. Since it involves composition, it shares many characteristics of component-based software engineering, the composition of software systems from reusable components, but it adds the ability to dynamically locate necessary services at run-time. These services may be provided by others as web services, but the essential element is the dynamic nature of the connection between the service users and the service providers.

Service-oriented interaction pattern
There are three types of actors in a service-oriented interaction: service providers, service users and service registries. They participate in a dynamic collaboration which can vary from time to time. Service providers are software services that publish their capabilities and availability with service registries. Service users are software systems (which may be services themselves) that accomplish some task through the use of services provided by service providers. Service users use service registries to discover and locate the service providers they can use. This discovery and location occurs dynamically when the service user requests them from a service registry.

See also
 Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
 Service-oriented analysis and design
 Separation of concerns
 Component-based software engineering
 Web services

References

Further reading
Breivold, H.P. and Larsson, M. "Component-Based and Service-Oriented Software Engineering: Key Concepts and Principles" in Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, 2007. 33rd EUROMICRO Conference on, .
Stojanović, Zoran, A Method for Component-Based and Service-Oriented Software Systems Engineering. Doctoral Dissertation, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

External links
University of Notre Dame Service-oriented Software Engineering Group homepage
Lancaster University Component & Service-oriented Software Engineering project homepage

Software engineering
Frederick Gilbert Mitchell. Frederick Gilbert Mitchell (20 January 1884 – 8 October 1962) was an English civil engineer and businessman who founded a major international construction business and promoted the development of a new range of helicopters.

Biography
Born on 20 January 1884, in London, Mitchell became an apprentice on the railways at age 14. After working for a firm of consulting engineers as a draughtsman, he joined the engineering firm of Fraser and Chalmers. During World War I he worked as a civilian troubleshooter for Lord Kitchener. After the War Mitchell established an engineering business in London supplying coal handling plant and boilers for power stations. In 1933, he diversified into construction activities founding Mitchell Construction which focused on the construction of power stations and which, after his death, was to become one of the largest construction companies in the UK.

His passion was sailing and in 1931 he became Commodore of the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club where he was responsible for completing the new clubhouse at Burnham-on-Crouch. During the 1950s, Mitchell's business expanded rapidly enabling him to acquire a former minesweeper and restore it. He instituted the Finn Gold Cup for the Finn Class of Sailing in 1956.

In 1960, Mitchell together with J.S. Shapiro established Rotorcraft, a business which developed the Grasshopper series of helicopters.

Mitchell married Hilda Butcher in 1911, having two sons. Their eldest son Roy was a sailor who competed in the 1960 Olympics later succeeding his father as chairman of Mitchell Engineering Ltd.

Mitchell lived at Clopton Manor in Northamptonshire. He died in hospital in Zürich, on 8 October 1962, aged 78.

References

1884 births
1962 deaths
English civil engineers
People from Peterborough
Businesspeople from London
20th-century English businesspeople
Robin Inskip, 2nd Viscount Caldecote. Robert Andrew "Robin" Inskip, 2nd Viscount Caldecote  (8 October 1917 – 20 September 1999) was a British peer and engineer.

The son of Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote, Inskip succeeded to the Viscountcy on the death of his father in 1947. Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, he served in the RNVR during World War II gaining the DSC. When peace returned he was a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at Cambridge University and after that Managing Director of English Electric Aviation. He was instrumental in setting up the British Aircraft Corporation and also Chairman of the Delta Metal Company and Investors in Industry. Additionally he was President of the Fellowship of Engineering, Chairman of the Crown Appointments Committee and Pro-Chancellor of the Cranfield Institute of Technology. His wife died in 2009.

Arms

References

External links

Independent obituary

1917 births
People educated at Eton College
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Electrical engineering academics
English chief executives
People associated with Cranfield University
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Presidents of the Royal Academy of Engineering
1999 deaths
Viscounts Caldecote
20th-century English businesspeople
John Laurence Tann. John Laurence Tann (born 1890) was an English rower who won the Wingfield Sculls, the amateur single sculling championship of the River Thames, in 1914.

Tann was born at Holborn, the son of Edward Tann. The Tann family were the first in the business of manufacturing iron safes. Tann studied engineering at London University and entered the family safe business. He joined Thames Rowing Club and in 1914 won the Wingfield Sculls and the London Cup at the Metropolitan Regatta. 

Tann was an Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Mechanical Engineers and obtained patents relating to safes. Tann was the last member of the family to run the safe making company, and having no male heir, sold the business in 1965. 

Tann married Christine X Bevan at Wandsworth in 1916. His grandson Tim Crooks was an Olympic rower who also won the Wingfield Sculls.

References

1890 births
British male rowers
Year of death missing
Pedrail wheel. The pedrail wheel is a type of all-terrain wheel developed in the late 19th and early 20th century by Londoner Bramah Joseph Diplock. It consists of a series of "feet" (pedes in Latin) connected to pivots on a wheel. As the wheel travels, pressure exerted by springs within it increases the number of feet in contact with the ground, thus reducing ground pressure and allowing the wheel to negotiate obstacles and uneven ground.

Definition
According to the 1913 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, a pedrail is:

Fiction

H. G. Wells, in his short story The Land Ironclads, published in The Strand Magazine in December 1903, described the use of large, armoured cross-country vehicles, armed with automatic rifles and moving on pedrail wheels, to break through a system of fortified trenches, disrupting the defence and clearing the way for an infantry advance:

In War and the Future, Wells acknowledged Diplock's pedrail as the origin for his idea of an all-terrain armoured vehicle:

Although Wells describes the pedrail wheels in detail, a number of authors have mistakenly taken his description to be of some form of caterpillar track. Diplock's version of an endless track was not designed until some ten years after the publication of Wells' story. The pedrail wheel played no part in the design of the first British tanks.

Chaintrack

In 1910, Diplock abandoned the Pedrail Wheel and began developing what he called the Chaintrack, in which fixed wheels ran on a moving belt, very like the caterpillar track as it is now understood. It was a complicated and high-maintenance system, and in 1914 Diplock eventually produced a version on a simpler, single wide track. With a body fitted, the machine could carry a ton of cargo and be pulled with minimal effort by a horse. It demonstrated the attributes of the caterpillar track: low friction and low ground pressure.

Bibliography
 .
 .
 .
 .

References

Wheels
English inventions
British inventions
Chilton Street Mill, Clare. Chilton Street Mill is a tower mill at Clare, Suffolk, England which is derelict.

History
Chilton Street Mill was erected in 1846. It ceased work when the sails were blown off sometime before the First World War. The mill was stripped of machinery in the late 1920s or early 1930s and stands today as a shell.

Description

Chilton Street Mill is a five-storey tower mill. It had a domed cap winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones.

References

External links
Windmill World webpage on Chilton Street Mill.
Roughwood

Windmills in Suffolk
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1846
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Clare, Suffolk