omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Harley Dalrymple-Hay. Sir Harley Hugh Dalrymple-Hay (1861-1940) was an engineer working on underground railways in and around London, England. He was awarded the Telford Medal in gold by the Institution of Civil Engineers for his paper on the Waterloo and City Railway.

Life and career
Harley Dalrymple-Hay was educated privately in Edinburgh and was articled as pupil to the Chief Engineer of the Midland Railway, working on the lines being built by that company in South Wales. From there he moved on to the drawing office of the London & South Western Railway. In 1894 he was appointed resident engineer on the Waterloo & City Railway, and after this he continued to work on various underground railway lines. He worked on the Bakerloo line, the Hampstead tube and the Piccadilly line, and was consulting engineer to the London Post Office Railway which was completed in 1928.

After World War I he was involved in an extensive programme of station reconstruction on the London Underground system, including the replacement of many lifts with escalators.
He died in 1940.

References

1861 births
1940 deaths
English civil engineers
British railway civil engineers
People associated with transport in London
People from Chorleywood
British people in colonial India
People from the Bengal Presidency
Movement Tracking System. The United States Army's Movement Tracking System (MTS) is a logistics communication platform under the Program Executive Office (PEO) for Enterprise Information Systems (PEO EIS). It is designed for commanders to track assets on the battlefield with encrypted text messaging. It is a satellite-based tracking and communicating system designed to provide command and control over distributed assets supporting and conducting theater operations.

This system provides units with digital National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency maps, global positioning system (GPS) location data, and L-band (long band) satellite two-way text messaging.
—Lifesaving Technology for Logistic Vehicle Operators

Operation 

MTS can operate anywhere in the world giving over-the-horizon communications to vehicles on the move. Messages are transmitted via commercial satellites in near real-time and vehicle locations are displayed on computers with NGA maps. All messages are encrypted end-to-end, including sender and recipient addresses for information security purposes. MTS operates over a variety of [geostationary satellites] and is designed to transition automatically from one satellite system to another, as required.

Configuration 
MTS computer systems come in two configurations, a mobile system that mounts in tactical vehicles and a laptop control station for use at a command post or at a higher headquarters.
With this system implemented, it enables soldiers to communicate with other MTS-enabled vehicles and control stations as well as seeing their position. It is ideal for accurately identifying current vehicle locations and sending messages to and from the unit. With these two systems, the commander has accountability of the missions and orders directed and the subordinate units have a higher level of force protection due to the ability of the system. Leaders can pass critical information such as mission changes, alternate routes and other information essential to the mission to subordinate units in the field.

History 

Prior to the use of MTS, there existed a system called DTRACS from Qualcomm.

References 
 CPT Hilt, Jeffrey J.; SFC Jones, Ronald L. (2004). "MTS: An Untold Commo Success Story in OIF."
 Tapp, Kelly M. (2004). "MTS Is Revolutionizing Logistics on the Move."
 CPT Weigner, Heather E.; Laudan, John E. (2005). "MTS: A Success Story of Battlefield Logisticians."

External links 
 "MTS: An Untold Commo Success Story in OIF"
 "MTS Is Revolutionizing Logistics on the Move"
 "MTS: A Success Story for Battlefield Logisticians"
 "Lifesaving Technology for Logistic Vehicle Operators"

Military cartography
Anders Henrik Bull. Anders Henrik Bull (25 January 1875 – 29 July 1956) was an American-born Norwegian electrical engineer.

Early life and education 
Bull was born in Minneapolis as the son of ophthalmologist Ole Bornemann Bull (1842–1916) and his first wife Marie Cathrine Lund (1843–1884). The family moved to Norway in 1876. He took his engineering education in Kristiania and Hanover.

Career 
Bull returned to Norway from Hannover in 1901, and became noted in the engineering community for his pioneering work on wireless telegraphy. He also worked for Norsk Hydro, as a consultant to Kristian Birkeland, from 1906 to 1909, in that company's formative phase. He married Agnes Emilie Rosenkvist, née Lund, in November 1908. They later remigrated to the United States.

He was awarded the Louis E. Levy Medal in 1943.

Personal life 
Anders Henrik Bull was the brother of Fredrik Rosing Bull, and a half-brother of Jens Bull and Johan Bull.

References

Norwegian electrical engineers
Norsk Hydro people
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
1875 births
1956 deaths
Tsui Shung-yiu. Tsui Shung-yiu is a former director of the Hong Kong Marine Department.

He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star in 2006. Tsui retired as director after 28 years with the government. He was a member of the marine and naval architecture discipline advisory panel of the HKIE (Hong Kong Institute of Engineers). He was part of a high-level delegation to promote Hong Kong's maritime services at the Posidonia 2002 International Shipping Exhibition in Greece in June 2002.

He is currently a consultant to Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management.

External links
Hong Kong government information site
Hong Kong Marine Department info site

Hong Kong civil servants
Hong Kong engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Standard Project Hurricane. The Standard Project Hurricane, or SPH, was the initial model used to determine how strong the hurricane protection system should be in order to protect the New Orleans, Louisiana area from flooding due to hurricanes.

History 

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began developing the model with the Weather Bureau in 1959.

The standard was developed before the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale came into use, and the features of the Standard Project fit poorly with the scale. The wind speed for the project hurricane was just 100 miles per hour, which falls into Category 2; other features more closely resemble a much more severe Category 4. The United States Army Corps of Engineers generally calls it the equivalent of a fast-moving Category 3.

The standard project hurricane became "enshrined within the corps," according to an investigation of the levee failures in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, who noted that "the corps saw little need to go back and reanalyze "the true risks of catastrophic flooding" in New Orleans.  Even when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the successor agency to the Weather Bureau, recommended increasing the strength of the model, the corps did not change its construction plans."

Shortcomings 

Dr. David Daniel, the chairman of a panel reviewing the corps' investigation, said in an interview, "It was not a terribly sophisticated or detailed analysis by today's standards."

The creators of the standard project hurricane, in an attempt to find a representative storm, actually excluded the fiercest storms from the database.

"Storms like Hurricane Camille in 1969 were taken out of the data set as lying too far out of the norm; the Berkeley researchers noted that 'excluding outlier data is not appropriate in the context of dealing with extreme hazards.' Also, the calculations of the cost-benefit ratio did not take into account the costs of failure, both economic and social, far greater in an urban area like New Orleans than a rural one."

See also
Flood Control Act of 1965
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)
2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
When the Levees Broke (film)
London Avenue Canal
17th Street Canal
Industrial Canal
Reconstruction of New Orleans
Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina
Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina
Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
 Levees.org - Non profit in New Orleans holding the Army Corps accountable for their flood protection nationwide

References 

Hurricanes in Louisiana
955 acorn triode. The type 955 triode "acorn tube"  is a small triode  thermionic valve (vacuum tube in USA) designed primarily to operate at high frequency. Although data books specify an upper limit of 400–600 MHz, some circuits may obtain gain up to about 900 MHz. Interelectrode capacitances and Miller capacitances are minimized by the small dimensions of the device and the widely separated pins. The connecting pins are placed around the periphery of the bulb and project radially outward: this maintains short internal leads with low inductance, an important property allowing operation at high frequency. The pins fit a special socket fabricated as a ceramic ring in which the valve itself occupies the central space.  The 955 was developed by RCA and was commercially available in 1935.

The 955 is one of about a dozen types of "acorn valve", so called because their size and shape is similar to the acorn (nut of the oak tree), introduced starting in 1935 and designed to work in the VHF range. The 954 and 956 types are sharp and remote cut-off pentodes, respectively, both also with indirect 6.3 V, 150 mA heaters. Types 957, 958 and 959 are for portable equipment and have 1.25 V NiCd battery heaters. The 957 is a medium-μ signal triode, the 958 is a transmitting triode with dual, paralleled filaments for increased emission, and the 959 is a sharp cut-off pentode like the 954. The 957 and 959 draw 50 mA heater current, the 958 twice as much. In 1942, the 958A with tightened emission specs was introduced after it turned out that 958s with excessively high emission kept working after the filament power was turned off, the filament still sufficiently heating on the anode current alone.

Pin connections

When viewing the device from above (the end without the exhaust tip), the pins are arranged in a group of three and a group of two, starting with the centre pin in the group of three and going in a clockwise direction, the pins are cathode, heater, grid, anode, heater.

Ratings
The 955 is an indirectly heated triode with heater electrically isolated from the cathode. The heater has a 6.3 volt rating, which it shares with many other common thermionic valves/electron tubes, and it draws about 150 mA.

The maximum anode voltage is 250 V, with an anode current of 420 microamperes and anode load 250 kilohm, and the maximum anode current is 4.5 mA at a voltage of 180 V with an anode load of 20 kilohm. The 955 is designed to be used in the frequency range of 60–600 MHz (5-0.5 metres wavelength).
The amplification factor obtained is between 20 and 25 depending on details of the specific stage design and operating voltage.

See also
Micropup

References 

Products introduced in 1935
Vacuum tubes
Acorns
Bristol Type 123. The Bristol Type 123 was a single-seat, single-engine biplane fighter built to a United Kingdom Air Ministry specification for a four-gun fighter in the early 1930s. Only one was built.

Development
In late 1931 the Air Ministry released Air Ministry specification F.7/30. This was for a four-gun fighter with better high-altitude performance and endurance than current fighters, outstanding climb rate, manoeuvrability and all-round vision combined with a low landing speed. It was made clear that the evaporatively-cooled Rolls-Royce Goshawk was the preferred engine. The best-known outcome of this specification was the crank-winged Supermarine Type 224 monoplane with an open cockpit and fixed undercarriage designed by R.J. Mitchell. Bristol submitted several biplane designs, none of which brought an order for a prototype, but they were invited to offer a private-venture aircraft.

The Bristol Type 123 was the result. Bristol's last biplane, it was of compact, striking appearance and had innovative control features. It was a single-bay biplane with wings of constant chord almost to the tips and heavy stagger. The upper wings were swept and without dihedral, the cantilever lower wings unswept with 6° of dihedral. Both wings carried full-span ailerons. The upper wing also carried full-span slots on the leading edge, arranged in inner and outer groups. The ailerons were linked to interceptors behind the outer slots which rose when the inner slots opened at high angles of attack. As this happened, the ailerons drooped symmetrically. The slot-plus-interceptor combination was intended to prevent a stall turning into a spin and had been tested by Handley Page on a de Havilland Moth and later by Bristol on a Bulldog. Rudder and elevators were horn balanced, the latter carrying trim tabs. The wings, empennage and fuselage behind the cockpit were all fabric covered over a metal structure.

The combination of heavy stagger and a slender nose gave the Type 123 a slightly humpbacked appearance, with the pilot's open cockpit at the top above the centre of the lower wing and well behind the trailing edge of the upper wing. There were pairs of machine guns on either side of the engine. The undercarriage was fixed and almost completely enclosed in forward-thrusting fairings with a cross-axle between the wheels.

The aircraft was powered by a Goshawk III loaned by the Air Ministry, which used condensers in the lower wing leading edge for cooling, coupled to a forward-mounted ventral condenser. Engine cooling problems delayed the first flight, made by Cyril Uwins on 12 June 1934. Testing revealed serious lateral instability that a series of modifications to fin, rudder and the inner slots failed to cure, and which may have been structural. Development was therefore abandoned.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British fighter aircraft
Type 123
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Molecular Discovery. Molecular Discovery Ltd is a software company working in the area of drug discovery.

Founded in 1984 by Peter Goodford, its aim was to provide the GRID software to scientists working in the field of Drug Design, and enabled one of the first examples of rational drug design with the discovery of Zanamivir in 1989. In combination with statistical methods such as GOLPE, GRID's method of modeling molecular interaction (known as a "forcefield") can also be used to perform 3D-QSAR.

In the last decade, the GRID forcefield has been applied to other areas of drug discovery, including virtual screening, scaffold-hopping, ADME and pharmacokinetic modelling, optimisation of metabolic stability and metabolite prediction, as well as pKa and tautomer modelling.

Molecular Discovery manages a Cytochrome P450 Consortium aimed at generating a large set of homogeneous experimental data for human metabolism, allowing the development of predictive in silico models.

Products 
 GRID, a program for rational or structure-based design using molecular interaction fields
 MetaSite, a program for predicting metabolic "hotspots" or "soft spots" and subsequent metabolite formation
 Mass-MetaSite, a program for identifying metabolites based on experimental LC-MSMS data
 WebMetaBase, a program for storing, visualising, and data-mining the results from Mass-MetaSite
 VolSurf+, a program for modelling pharmacokinetic or ADME properties 
 SHOP, a program for scaffold replacement
 MoKa, a program for modelling pKa and tautomerisation
 Pentacle, a program for 3D-QSAR (an update of Almond)
 FLAP, a program for virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling, docking, water prediction, and 3D-QSAR

References

External links
 Molecular Discovery Ltd official homepage

Drug discovery companies
Molecular modelling software
Companies based in Hertsmere
Scholander pressure bomb. A pressure bomb, pressure chamber, or Scholander bomb is an instrument that can measure the approximate water potential of plant tissues. A leaf and petiole or stem segment is placed inside a sealed chamber. Pressurized gas (normally compressed nitrogen) is slowly added to the chamber. As the pressure increases, at some point the liquid contents of the sample will be forced out of the xylem and will be visible at the cut end of the stem or petiole. The pressure that is required to do so is equal and opposite to the water potential of the sample (Ψleaf or Ψtotal). Pressure bombs are field portable and mechanically simple, which make them the predominant method for water potential measurements in the fields of plant physiology and ecophysiology.

Measurements

Several water potential variables can be determined using the pressure bomb analysis.  The most common of which are predawn leaf water potential and midday leaf water potential. Measurements conducted on plants predawn are considered a good representation of the total water status of plant. As no transpiration through stomata should be occurring at night, the plant's water potentials should be in equilibrium across the entire plant and be similar to the water potential of the soil around the roots. Midday leaf water potential is less commonly used as it is more variable and does not correlate well with other physiological measurements of water status. However, midday water potentials can be used to determine times of peak water stress or diurnal changes in plant water status. Additional variables and methods that involve pressure bombs for analysis include: stem conductance, xylem embolisms, and vulnerability curves.

Pressure-volume Curves

A more advance method that uses the pressure bomb in plant physiology is pressure-volume curves analysis or p-v curve.  Through this method one measures the changes in leaf or stem water potential and relative water content to isolate the underlying components of total leaf or stem water potential. While the measurements can be time intensive, variable such as solute potential (Ψs), turgor loss point (Ψtlp), apoplastic water content and symplastic water content can all be determined using this method. The general protocol for measuring p-v curves involves repeated measure of water potential and mass in succession.  As water is forced out of the sample with each measurement in the pressure bomb the mass is also reduced. Tracking these changes over many measurement should show a precipitous drop and then a steady linear decline after an inflection point.

References

Further reading

Plant physiology
Nguyễn An. Nguyễn An (Chinese 阮安; 1381 - 1453), known in Chinese as Ruan An (pinyin) or Juan An (Wade-Giles), was a Ming dynasty architect and hydraulics specialist between the first and fifth decades of the 15th century. According to some sources, he was a key architect in designing, planning and constructing of the Forbidden City during the Ming dynasty. Born in Vietnam, he was taken as tribute to China and later became a eunuch and architect in service to the Chinese emperors. He, along with other architects, such as master designers and planners Cai Xin (蔡信), Kuai Xiang (蒯祥), Chen Gui (陳珪), and Wu Zhong (吳中), was a builder of the Forbidden City in Beijing.

Under the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor, Nguyen An also had a role in the reconstruction of the wall of Beijing. He was also a hydraulics specialist, and was involved in at least three hydraulic projects and had a flawless record.  He died in 1453.

See also
History of the Forbidden City

References

Chinese people of Vietnamese descent
Ming dynasty eunuchs
1381 births
1453 deaths
15th-century Chinese architects
Vietnamese architects
Year of birth unknown
G. I. Taylor Professor of Fluid Mechanics. The G. I. Taylor Professorship of Fluid Mechanics is a professorship in fluid mechanics at the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1992 and named in honor of G. I. Taylor, after a fundraising campaign by George Batchelor.

Philip Saffman, a student of Batchelor and Taylor, was offered the chair in the 1990s. However, he turned it down. He stated later that he was "very tempted" by the offer, but that he was stopped by the difficulty of moving his family from California to England.

List of G. I. Taylor Professors of Fluid Mechanics 

 1992 – 1994 Grigory Barenblatt
 1996 – 2009 Tim Pedley FRS
 2010 – 2017, Paul Linden FRS
 2017 – present, Rich Kerswell FRS

References

Fluid Mechanics, Taylor, G. I.
School of Technology, University of Cambridge
Fluid Mechanics, Taylor, G. I., Cambridge
1992 establishments in England
Weatherchem. Weatherchem is a company managing plastic dispensing for packaging headquartered in Twinsburg, Ohio.

General
Founded with the acquisition of Akheny Co. in 1971, Weatherchem created the original Flapper dispensing closure. Weatherchem's customers include manufacturers of food, chemical and personal-care products. The caps are injection-molded and made from polypropylene.

Products
Weatherchem's original Flapper Dispensing Closure was made in 1983. This technology was made in food industry by such companies as McCormick, and other uses such as healthcare. In 2006, the company introduced four new products: the Grinder NR, LiquiFlapper, FlapMate and NutraGen II to expand the management of plastic dispensing.

Historical highlights

1971 Albert J. Weatherhead acquires Ankeny Co. and renames it Weatherchem Corporation
2006 Joins GMA-SAFE audit program
2012 Weatherchem Corporation was acquired by Mold-Rite Plastics.

References

External links
Weatherchem Corp. stands as an example of how an injection molder can remain healthy in down times and flourish in good times
Weatherchem Company looking to cap success
Weatherchem founder molded by adversity
Flip-top flavor enhancers for dog food
Closure for pourable products
New LiquiFlapper closure on maple syrup

Privately held companies based in Ohio
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Distributed garbage collection. Distributed garbage collection (DGC) in computing is a particular case of garbage collection where a remote client can hold references to an object.

DGC uses some combination of the classical garbage collection (GC) techniques, tracing and reference counting. It has to cooperate with local garbage collectors in each process in order to keep global counts, or to globally trace accessibility of data. In general, remote processors do not have to know about internal counting or tracing in a given process, and the relevant information is stored in interfaces associated with each process.

DGC is complex and can be costly and slow in freeing memory. As a cheap way of avoiding DGC algorithms, one can rely on a time lease – set or configured on the remote object; it is the stub's task to periodically renew the lease on the remote object. If the lease has expired, the server process (the process owning the remote object) can safely assume that either the client is no longer interested in the object, or that a network partition or crash obstructed lease renewal, in which case it is "hard luck" for the client if it is in fact still interested. Hence, if there is only a single reference to the remote object on the server representing a remote reference from that client, that reference can be dropped, which will mean that the local garbage collector on the server will garbage-collect the object at some future point in time.

References 

 

Automatic memory management