omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Margaret A. Ellis. Margaret A. Ellis is a notable author of computer books.

Ellis received a master of science degree in computer science from the University of California. She is the coauthor of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, with Bjarne Stroustrup. She also coauthored Designing and Coding Reusable C++ with Martin D. Carroll (1995). She has worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories, UNIX System Laboratories, and Novell in compiler development.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American technology writers
Women technology writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women
Olation. In inorganic chemistry, olation is the process by which metal ions form polymeric oxides in aqueous solution.  The phenomenon is important for understanding the relationship between metal aquo complexes and metal oxides, which are represented by many minerals.

At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aquo complexes with the formula [M(H2O)6]3+.  As the pH increases, one O-H bond ionizes to give the hydroxide complex, the conjugate base of the parent hexaaqua complex:

The hydroxo complex is poised to undergo olation, which is initiated by displacement of one water by the hydroxide ligand on another complex:

In this product, the hydroxide ligand bridges between the two metals, this bridge is denoted with the symbol μ.
In the resulting 5+ ion, the remaining water and hydroxo ligands are highly acidic and the ionization and condensation processes can continue at still higher pHs. 

The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called oxolation:
, where L = ligand

Ultimately olation and oxolation lead to metal oxides:

Olation and oxolation are responsible for the formation of many natural and synthetic materials. Such materials are usually insoluble polymers, but some, the polyoxometallates, are discrete and molecular.

Olation and leather tanning
One application where olation is important is leather tanning using chromium(III) sulfate.  This salt dissolves to give hexaaquachromium(III) cation, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ and sulfate anions. [Cr(H2O)6]3+ acts as an acid according to the reaction:
[Cr(H2O)6]3+  [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+;  Keq ~ 10−4 M  
Thus, higher pH favors [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+.  This hydroxy complex can undergo olation:
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ → [(Cr(H2O)5)2(μ-OH)]5+ + H2O
2[Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ → [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+  +  2 H2O
The "diol" (second reaction) is favored and is accelerated by heat and high pH.   The balance of these two factors, temperature and pH of the solution, along with the concentration of chromium(III), influence the continued polymerization of [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+.  The chromium(III) hydroxide is susceptible to oxolation:	
[(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+ → [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-O)2]2+ + 2 H+
Products of oxolation are less susceptible to acidic cleavage than the hydroxy bridge. The resulting clusters are  active in crosslinking the protein in tanning, which essentially involves the cross-linking  of the collagen subunits. The actual chemistry  of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is more complex in the tanning bath rather than in water due to the presence of a variety of ligands. Some ligands include the sulfate anion, the collagen's carboxyl groups, amine groups from the side chains of the amino acids, as well as "masking agents."  Masking agents are carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, used to suppress formation of  polychromium(III) chains.  Masking agents allow the tanner to further increase the pH to increase collagen's reactivity without inhibiting the penetration of the chromium(III) complexes.  The crosslinks formed by the polychromium species are approximately 17 Å long.

References
Healthy community design. Healthy community design is planning and designing communities that make it easier for people to live healthy lives. Healthy community design offers important benefits:
 Decreases dependence on the automobile by building homes, businesses, schools, churches and parks closer to each other so that people can more easily walk or bike between them.
 Provides opportunities for people to be physically active and socially engaged as part of their daily routine, improving the physical and mental health of its citizens.
 Allows persons, if they choose, to age in place and remain all their lives in a community that reflects their changing lifestyles and changing physical capabilities.

Health benefits 

Healthy places are those designed and built to improve the quality of life for all people who live, work, learn, and play within their borders—person is free to make choices amid a variety of healthy, available, accessible, and affordable options.

Healthy community design can provide many advantages:
 Promote physical activity
 Promote a diet free of additives, preservatives, and pesticides
 Improve air quality
 Lower risk of injuries
 Increase social connection and sense of community
 Reduce contributions to climate change

Principles 
 Encourage mixed land use and greater land density to shorten distances between homes, workplaces, schools and recreation so people can walk or bike more easily to them.
 Provide good mass transit to reduce the dependence upon automobiles. Build good pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, including sidewalks and bike paths that are safely removed from automobile traffic as well as good right of way laws and clear, easy-to-follow signage.
 Ensure affordable housing is available for people of all income levels. *Create community centers where people can gather and mingle as part of their daily activities.
 Offer access to green space and parks.

See also

References

External links 
 Healthy Community Design Initiative  (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
 Active Living by Design
 Healthy Communities by Design
 Project for Livable Communities
 LEED for Neighborhood Development
 Congress for New Urbanism

Health promotion
Urban design
Silicon (journal). Silicon is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer and founded in 2009 by editor in chief Stephen Clarson. It deals with all aspects of silicon. Published research involves materials biology, materials physics, materials chemistry, materials engineering, and environmental science. The journal caters to chemists, physicists, engineers, biologists, and environmental scientists.

External links 

Chemistry journals
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 2009
Silicon
Return flow. Return flow is surface and subsurface water that leaves the field following application of irrigation water. While irrigation return flows are point sources, in the United States they are expressly exempted from discharge permit requirements under the Clean Water Act.

Return flows generally return to the irrigation centre after a period of about three to four weeks; due to this, the farmers usually need to pour bleach into the water to clean it of any organisms that have entered the stream. If this is not taken care of, diseases such as typhoid or cholera could enter the irrigation and pose a risk of epidemic disease to surrounding towns and cities.

The return flows in irrigation is nearly 50% of the water supplied in silty clay soil type in tropical countries. The salinity of the return flow water increases with decrease in % of return flow quantity. Rest of the water supplied to irrigation evaporates to atmosphere due to evapotranspiration.

When ground water is extracted for irrigation and other uses, most of the return flows seep back into the ground instead of joining the nearby surface stream. When ground water is used in excess of recharge from rainfall/precipitation, the quality of groundwater deteriorates over a period of time and becomes unfit for irrigation use.

References 

 

United States Department of Agriculture
Water law
Water pollution
Space Science and Engineering Center. The Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) is a research and development center with primary focus on Earth science research and technology to enhance understanding of the atmosphere of Earth, the other planets in the Solar System, and the cosmos. SSEC is part of the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Graduate School.

Major SSEC initiatives
 Atmospheric studies of Earth and other planets
 Interactive computing, data access, and image processing
 Spaceflight hardware development and fabrication

See also
Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)
McIDAS
Vis5D
Cave5D
VisAD
National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS)

External links
Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences Library @ Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)

University of Wisconsin–Madison
M1918 light repair truck. The Dodge M1918 light repair truck (G10) was an open cab pickup used to carry tools for emergency repair of vehicles. It was used by the U.S. Army during and after World War I.

Specifications
The truck consists of a small steel body, built by Insley Manufacturing Co. mounted on a Dodge commercial car chassis. It carries chests containing carpenter's and mechanic's tools, supplies, and lubricants for emergency repair. It was issued to heavy motorized regiments, machine-gun battalions, mobile ordnance repair shops, Ammunition trains, etc. this was the first example of what the modern army calls a contact truck.

Surviving Examples
 there is one at the Fort MacArthur museum.
 a second one at The Pennsylvania Military Museum
 and at least three in private collections

See also
 G-numbers (G10)
 List of Dodge automobiles
 Motor Transport Corps (United States Army) (World War I)
 Dodge WC series
 Liberty truck

References

 Handbook of Ordnance Data 1918
 Service handbook of the 155-mm howitzer matériel, model of 1918 (Schneider) page 109-111
 America's Munitions 1917–1918 (1919)

External links

 https://books.google.com/books?id=JM5BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=the+steering+wheel++motor+transport+corps&ei=ZXhfSu2XJIz-lQTd7sDHBg page 61 para. 261

Military vehicles of the United States
Vehicles by supply catalog designation
Vehicles by supply catalog designation
World War I vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 1910s
Project Tuva. Project Tuva was a collaborative research project between Bill Gates and Microsoft Research in 2009 demonstrating the potential value of an interactive video player platform for learning.

Overview
The platform hosted the Messenger Lectures series titled The Character of Physical Law given at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. According to his video introduction, Gates saw the lectures when he was younger. He enjoyed the physics concepts and Feynman's lecturing style, and later acquired the rights to make the video available to the public. He hopes that this will encourage others to make educational content available for free.

Project Tuva was officially released at the Microsoft Research Faculty Summit, July 13 and 14, 2009. At its inception, Project Tuva included video of the lectures with expert commentary from Stephen D. Ellis of the University of Washington and the Student Physics Society at the University of Washington. The Silverlight application also includes text search over transcripts (which are shown synchronized with the video), support for time-stamped note-taking, and "Extras" that complement the video with external links, formulae, interactive demonstrations, and embedded WorldWide Telescope astronomical objects and tours. Upon release the Extras and commentary were only available for the first of the seven lectures: The Law of Gravitation - An Example of Physical Law. In April 2011, Tuva was updated with new content and extras curated by MIT Jane and Otto Morningstar Professor of Physics Robert Jaffe. Then, in July 2016, the Project Tuva Silverlight application was retired.

The project gets its name from a late-life goal of Feynman's; namely, that he would someday travel to the Siberian land of Tuva. He was never allowed to travel to Tuva during his lifetime, with permission from the Soviet government coming the day following his death. The name then invokes the idea that a dream of his is now accomplished – not, of course, traveling to Tuva, but rather that the world may now be able to appreciate physics the way he did.

Content released under Project Tuva

References

External links
Feynman's Messenger Lectures
The best teacher I never had

Microsoft software
Bill Gates
Richard Feynman
Abbey Fleck. Abigail (Abbey) M. Fleck is an American child inventor, born in St. Paul, Minnesota. She is known for her 1993 invention, Makin' Bacon, a microwavable bacon cooking plate. This device, which she created at the age of 8, is an inch-deep, dual compartment tray made of microwave-safe plastic, containing three T-shaped beams protruding up from the center. Abbey and her father, Jonathan Fleck, founded the A. de F. Ltd. company to manufacture this product. In 1996 their "microwave cooking vessel" was granted a U.S. Patent. Following an endorsement from Armour, Fleck embarked on a promotional tour of her product, which included appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with David Letterman, and two features on Dateline NBC.

References

Further reading

External links
 MIT Inventor of the Week article
 Makin' Bacon product website
 Article from Lubbock NBC affiliate KCBD
 U.S. Patent Office entry

20th-century American inventors
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Brown B-1 Racer. The Brown B-1 Racer was an American-built small monoplane racing aircraft of the 1930s.

Design and development
The B-1 Racer was built in 1933 by the Brown Aircraft Co. of Montebello, California, which had been founded by Lawrence W. Brown, previously of Clover Field, Santa Monica, California.

The B-1 was designed by Dean Holloway and was intended for competitive flying at the hands of Ralph Bushey.  The diminutive aircraft was a low-winged monoplane with an open single-person cockpit and a fixed tail-skid undercarriage.

Operational history
Ralph Bushey raced the aircraft NR83Y in several prewar competitions in the United States, but the aircraft was damaged in a crash after the engine fell out during the race.  It was rebuilt in 1947 with a removable closed cabin and powered by an  Continental C-85 engine.

The aircraft continued to compete as a "midget racer", named Suzie Jayne.

The B-1 was withdrawn from flying in the late 1940s, and is currently owned by Kermit Weeks. The aircraft was on public display at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida, alongside the Brown B-2 replica.

Specifications (as rebuilt in 1947)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Ogden, Bob. Aviation Museums and Collections of North America, Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. .

1930s United States sport aircraft
Racing aircraft
B-001
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Brown Aircraft Co.. The Brown Aircraft Co was an American aircraft manufacturer of the 1930s and 1940s.

History
During 1926 Lawrence W. Brown established a small aircraft modification and design operation at Clover Field Santa Monica, California. His initial project was to modify a Thomas-Morse S-4 as a parasol monoplane with a 90 h.p. Curtiss OX-5 engine. In 1929 he built a similar two-seat aircraft powered by a 260 h.p. Menasco-Salmson engine.

In 1931, Brown moved to Montebello, California and established the Brown Aircraft Co.. From 1933 he built a series of small low-wing racing monoplanes and these competed in the major air racing meetings held in the United States. Postwar he built the L-20 Brownie, a high-wing monoplane intended for operation by private pilots, but on Brown's death on 25 December 1945, the firm's activities ceased.  The sole surviving original aircraft built by the firm is the Brown B-1 Racer which is preserved in the Wings over Miami aircraft museum at Tamiami Airport near Miami.

Aircraft 
B-1 Racer
1 built 1933, crashed but rebuilt in 1947 and preserved.
B-2 Racer "Miss Los Angeles"
1 built 1934,  Menasco B6 engine, raced by Roy Minor and Marion McKeen. Crashed 1939, restored with wider-span wings but destroyed in 1938, pilot Lee Williams killed. This airplane was named the Miss Los Angeles. A replica built by Ed Marquart and Bill Turner, renowned replicator of Golden Age racers, is currently part of the collection at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
B-3
1 built 1936, improved B-2 with closed cockpit and  Menasco D-6, maximum speed 225 mph.
B-3 Super Sport
1 built 1935 with two seats and supercharged Menasco engine, maximum speed 200 mph.
L-20 Brownie
1 built 1945. Single-seat open-cockpit high parasol-wing aircraft with  Haines M-2 pusher engine. Intended for use by private pilots. Development ceased after Brown's death.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Montebello, California
Ernst Christian Julius Schering. Ernst Christian Julius Schering (13 July 1833 – 2 November 1897) was a German mathematician.

Early life and career
Born in 1833 near Bleckede at the Elbe as the son of a forester, he attended Realschule ("Johanneum") in Lüneburg from 1845 to 1850, where he already showed a certain talent for mathematics. With the intention to engage in architectural engineering, he attended the Polytechnicum in Hannover from 1850 to 1852.

At the University of Göttingen
Following a fondness of mathematics and physics, in 1852, at the age of 19, he moved on to study in Göttingen, attending classes by Gauß, Weber, Dirichlet, Stern and Riemann. In 1857, he received a doctoral degree for his award-winning manuscript "Zur mathematischen Theorie electrischer Ströme" ("On the mathematical theory of electric currents"). In 1858, he habilitated based on his work "Über die conforme Abbildung des Ellipsoids auf der Ebene" ("On the conformal mapping of the ellipsoid on the plane").

After turning down a call to Gießen in 1860, he was appointed associate professor, and he became a member of the Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities) in 1862. From 1860 onwards he was also appointed by the Göttingen Academy to edit the works of Gauß, of which he eventually completed six volumes.

During the 1860s he was appointed by the hanoverian government as a member of a commission for the European arc measurement. In 1868, management of the Göttingen Observatory was divided into two divisions, one for practical astronomy and one for theoretical astronomy, geodesy and mathematical physics, of which Schering took over the former division from Wilhelm Klinkerfues and was appointed full professor. Among other observations, he was particularly busy with magnetic observations in connection with the polar expeditions in 1882/1883.

Family
His younger brother Karl Schering
also studied physics and mathematics in Göttingen. He later became professor of mathematics at the University of Strasbourg
and subsequently professor of physics at the Technical University of Darmstadt. His wife, Maria Heliodora, whom he married in 1876, was the daughter of the Swedish mathematician Carl Johan Malmsten. They had one daughter and two sons, one of which, physicist Harald Schering, would later become professor of electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Hannover.

Selected publications

Further reading

External links
 
 

1833 births
1897 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German astronomers
19th-century German physicists
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Knights of the Order of the Polar Star
People from Bleckede
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Recycled Energy Development. Recycled Energy Development, LLC (RED) aims to profitably reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and recycling waste energy, especially through cogeneration and waste heat recovery.

Overview
RED develops, owns, and manages energy recycling facilities.  These facilities take energy that’s normally wasted and convert it into electricity and thermal power for manufacturers, universities, hospitals, and other large institutions.  Energy recycling is considered a form of “decentralized” energy because it takes place on site at such institutions rather than at large, remote power plants that serve entire regions.

The company’s goal is to cut global warming pollution and energy costs simultaneously, thereby providing an economical approach to mitigating climate change.  The company’s work has been featured in media outlets such as Forbes, Nature, the Atlantic, and National Public Radio.

Founders
 Tom Casten, chairman, has been developing decentralized energy recycling projects for over three decades.  He was founding president and CEO of Trigen Energy Corporation from 1977 through 2000 and then served as founding chair and CEO of Primary Energy until 2006.  Casten has also served as president of the International District Energy Association, co-founder and chairman of the World Alliance for Distributed Energy, and co-founder of the U.S. Clean Heat & Power Association.  Casten is also the author of Turning off the Heat: Why America Must Double Energy Efficiency to Save Money and Reduce Global Warming.
 Sean Casten, president and CEO, served as president and CEO of Turbosteam Corporation, a company that focused on small-scale applications of energy recycling, from 2000-2006.  He has also served as chairman of the U.S. Clean Heat & Power Association and founding chairman of the Northeast Combined Heat & Power Initiative.

References 

Energy companies of the United States
Avro 528. The Avro 528 was an unsuccessful large span single-engined biplane built to an Admiralty contract in 1916. It carried a crew of two; only one was built.

Development
Very little is known about the Avro 528 apart from a photograph and a general arrangement diagram. It was a two-seat single-engined biplane ordered by the Admiralty in 1915, and not even the task for which it was intended is recorded.  It had some similarities with the Avro 519 (a single-seater intended for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC)) and the twin-seat 519A, built for the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), though neither of these were armed and both had 150 hp Sunbeam Nubian engines rather than the 225 hp Sunbeam of the 528.  Both the 519s and the 528 had some shared features with the Naval Avro 504.

It was a large three-bay biplane with unswept, unstaggered and constant-chord wings of unequal span, the lower plane having a span  less than the upper.  Ailerons were carried on the upper wings; both wings folded for storage.  The fuselage had similarities with the RNAS 504s though the overall length of the 528 was greater by about : both had a generous fixed fin in contrast to the all moving, comma shaped rudder of the RFC's 504s.  The vertical stabiliser was also close in size to that of the 504, but the rather rectangular horizontal tail was nearly 60% greater in span.  Like the  519s, the top of the fuselage carried a raised decking that provided deeper cockpits for the pilot, placed under the trailing edge of the wing and the observer/gunner, in a separate cockpit close behind equipped with a ring-mounted gun.  The fixed single-axle undercarriage had no central skid.

The Sunbeam engine drove a four-bladed propeller and had a single, central, and nearly vertical exhaust pipe.  There were two radiators, mounted edge on (longitudinally) between the wings, rather than the single but similarly mounted radiators of the Avro 519s and the Avro 527.  Two tank-like features are shown in both image and diagram on the lower wings just inboard of the innermost interplane struts; they may be fuel tanks.

Operational history
The first flight was on 19 December 1916 at Avro's Hamble factory.  The aircraft remained troublesome, with a variety of propellers being tried but the Admiralty lost interest and the 528 last flew in April 1917.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

  

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
528
1910s British military aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916