omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Accelerated testing of adhesives. Accelerated testing of adhesives is used to predict long term performance of adhesive exposed to a variety of environmental factors. Adhesives are sometimes used as load bearing and sealing joints, which points great stress on them. In accelerated testing, factors like the temperature, moisture, vibrations, voltage, and UV light are greatly increased over a short period so long term predictions can be made about the effect of the aforementioned factors.

Adhesive failure prediction 

Accelerated testing may induce reaction kinetics that is not applicable to the actual service environment of an adhesive, which could cause greater concern than is necessary for certain adhesives. High temperatures are often avoided because it frequently causes new reactions to occur.

Adhesive stability 

Adhesives commonly react with oxygen at low temperatures, which leads to a slow break down of polymer chains. The breakdown of polymer chains is often undetectable until the adhesive has reached a critical point where the stability of remainder of the adhesive rapidly degrades. High temperature accelerated testing often cannot be used to estimate stability in oxygen environments since high temperatures often lead to new reaction pathways that would not typically exist at the temperature the adhesives would be used.

Moisture sensitivity accelerated tests involve either increased temperatures or increased surface area of a sample. The surface area of samples is increased by applying adhesives to a single surface rather than placing it between two surfaces and placing the sample in a water bath.

Chemiluminescence 

When polymers are oxidized, unstable alkyl radicals are formed which react further with oxygen to form peroxy bonds. The excitation and stabilization of the peroxy radical causes chemiluminescence. The light produced by this reaction is typically low wavelength infrared light. The amount of light emitted is used to determine the oxidation rate of an adhesive. 

Chemiluminescence (CL) light intensity can be measured at various isothermal oxidation cycles; however, the temperature need not be raised to high levels. Correlation of light intensity is made to oxidation process parameters such as Oxidation Induction Temperature (OIT). By obtaining measurements at different temperatures, an accelerated oxidation progression correlation can be established. The prediction of oxidation during service life can then be carried out.

References 

Adhesives
Chemical tests
Ghana Research Reactor-1. The Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) is a nuclear research reactor located in Accra, Ghana and is the only nuclear reactor in the country. It is operated by the National Nuclear Research Institute, a sub-division of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. The reactor is a commercial version of the Chinese Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) design.  The reactor had its first criticality on December 17, 1994.

Description 

GHARR-1 is a light water reactor with a maximum thermal power of 30 kW, a maximum thermal flux of 1012 s−1cm−2, and a maximum fast flux of 1.2·1012 s−1cm−2. Beryllium is used as a reflector and the reactor is cooled by natural convection. Low enriched fuel is used, although the reactor was initially designed for 90.2% enriched uranium. The reactor core has 347 fuel rods.

The reactor is mainly used as a research tool, including for neutron activation analysis and reactor physics experiments. Research has indicated that GHARR-1 could be used to produce the radionuclide Technetium-99 in the future. It is also used for education of university students at the University of Ghana School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences.

Conversion to low enriched uranium 

The miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) design originally operated with high enriched uranium (HEU), typically 90% uranium-235 or greater. In 2006, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed a Collaborative Research Project (CRP) and eventually a MNSR working group to coordinate conversion to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, typically defined as lower than 20% Uranium-235. HEU is associated with increased proliferation risks, as it can be more easily diverted to non-peaceful uses of atomic energy than LEU. The Ghana Atomic Energy Commission is a member of the MNSR working group, and has successfully transitioned GHARR-1 to low enriched fuel.

Ghana was the first country outside of China to successfully convert their MNSR reactor to LEU. The HEU core was removed in August 2016 and the operation was completed in 2017. The original nuclear fuel was UAl4 with Al-303-1 cladding while the new LEU fuel is uranium dioxide at 13% enrichment with Zircaloy-4 cladding.

See also 

 Nuclear energy in Ghana
 Research reactor
 Miniature neutron source reactor

References 

Nuclear power in Ghana
Nuclear research reactors
1994 establishments in Ghana
Buildings and structures in Accra
USS Nantucket (LCS-27). USS Nantucket (LCS-27) is a  littoral combat ship of the United States Navy. She is the third commissioned ship in naval service named after Nantucket.

Design 
In 2002, the Navy initiated a program to develop the first of a fleet of littoral combat ships. The Navy initially ordered two monohull ships from Lockheed Martin, which became known as the Freedom-class littoral combat ships after the first ship of the class, . Odd-numbered U.S. Navy littoral combat ships are built using the Freedom-class monohull design, while even-numbered ships are based on a competing design, the trimaran hull  from General Dynamics. The initial order of littoral combat ships involved a total of four ships, including two of the Freedom-class design.  Nantucket is the 14th Freedom-class littoral combat ship to be built.

Construction and career 
Marinette Marine was awarded the contract to build the ship on 6 October 2017.

The ship was christened on 7 August 2021 and launched into the Menominee River.  Her sponsor was Polly Spencer, wife of Richard V. Spencer, former Secretary of the Navy.

Nantucket was commissioned on 16 November 2024 at Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston under the command of Commander Angela Eickelmann. At the time it was commissioned, the ship's home port was identified as Naval Station Mayport near Jacksonville, Florida.

Sources
 The entry can be found here.

References

 

Freedom-class littoral combat ships
Lockheed Martin
Ships built by Marinette Marine
2021 ships
USS Savannah (LCS-28). USS Savannah (LCS-28) is an  of the United States Navy. She is the sixth ship to be named Savannah.

Design
In 2002, the United States Navy initiated a program to develop the first of a fleet of littoral combat ships. The Navy initially ordered two trimaran hulled ships from General Dynamics, which became known as the  after the first ship of the class, . Even-numbered US Navy littoral combat ships are built using the Independence-class trimaran design, while odd-numbered ships are based on a competing design, the conventional monohull . The initial order of littoral combat ships involved a total of four ships, including two of the Independence-class design. On 29 December 2010, the Navy announced that it was awarding Austal USA a contract to build ten additional Independence-class littoral combat ships.

Construction and career 
Savannah was built in Mobile, Alabama by Austal USA. Austal delivered Savannah to the Navy, in Mobile on 28 June 2021. Savannah was commissioned on 5 February 2022 in Brunswick, Georgia before sailing to her new home port in San Diego, California.

References

Independence-class littoral combat ships
2020 ships
Tsaigumi. The Tsaigumi UAV is an unmanned aerial vehicle designed and used by the Nigerian Air Force. It is one of the first UAVs indigenously developed in Nigeria.

The Tsaigumi was inducted in the Air Force in furtherance of the Nigerian military's ongoing drive to produce and incorporate made-in-Nigeria military weapons.

History
In September 2015, the Nigerian Air Force stated that they were planning to build a new UAV. Later, in 2016, it signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Portuguese company UAVision. The word "Tsaigumi" means surveillance in the  Hausa language of Nigeria. The designer was reported to be Nkemdilim Anulika Ofodile, an aerospace engineer in the Nigerian Air Force. The Tsaigumi UAV's airframe was built by the 431 Engineering Group of the Nigerian Air Force, with the avionics and telemetry equipment were developed by UAVision of Portugal.

After the drone was inducted into military service as Nigeria's first ever locally built military unmanned aerial vehicle, former President Goodluck Jonathan claimed that the Tsaigumi is actually the same drone as the GULMA, developed by Nigeria in 2013 under his presidency , and hence not the first domestic Nigerian UAV. Air Vice Marshall Olatokunbo Adesanya disputed this, claiming that the GULMA drone "was not operational", and that the Tsaigumi was thus the first completed Nigerian UAV. Also, in 2014, the PR & Information Director of the Nigerian Air Force, Air Commodore Yusuf Anas had said that it was not possible for the Air Force to deploy the GULMA due to difficulties in production. The GULMA is likely to have served as a prototype for the design of Tsaigumi.

Design
It is a twin-boom UAV spotting a pusher propeller configuration.

For take-off and landing, the Tsaigumi UAV is fitted with a tri-cycle landing gears which has two main wheels and a steerable front wheel attached to the nose of the vehicle.

Its maximum take-off weight is 95 kg.

General characteristics 
Crew: 3 Operator (Mission Commander, Pilot, Navigator)

Length: 

Wingspan: 

Max takeoff weight: 95 kg

Powerplant:

Performance 
Maximum speed: 

Mission radius: 

Range: 

Endurance: 10 hours

Service ceiling: 

Operational altitude:

Armament 
None

Avionics
 Day/Night EO FLIR
 GPS
 INS

Service history
The Tsaigumi was formally inducted into service on February 15, 2018. According to Air Vice Marshal Olatokunbo Adesanya, the Tsaigumi would be used monitoring of disasters, law enforcement, weather forecasting, protecting wildlife, and monitoring Nigeria's exclusive economic zone as well as naval search and rescue operations and maritime patrol.

References

Nigerian Air Force
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Nigeria
Military equipment of Nigeria
Stephen A. Mahin. Stephen A. Mahin (born Lodi, California; October 18, 1946 – February 10, 2018) was an American structural engineer. Mahin was a graduate of the Pacific Grove High School. Following his high school graduation, he attended the University of California, Berkeley, earning his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in civil engineering there. Upon earning his Ph.D, Mahin became an assistant research engineer at Berkeley before joining the faculty in 1974.

In 2014, Tongji University of Shanghai, China named Steve Mahin a Master Academician, a title which is given to the top 100 professors internationally in all fields by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Mahin later became the Byron L. and Elvira E. Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineering, and led the Structural Engineering, Mechanics, and Materials Program, as well as the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.

Awards
Walter Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize (1983)
Norman Medal (1987)
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Lifetime Achievement Award (2013)
Structural Engineers Association of Northern California Helmut Krawinkler Award (2017)

References

1946 births
2018 deaths
American structural engineers
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
People from Lodi, California
Engineers from California
People from Pacific Grove, California
Africa Aerospace and Defence Expo. The African Aerospace and Defence Expo (AAD) is an aerospace and defence exhibition held every two years at AFB Waterkloof, in Centurion, Gauteng, South Africa. The exhibition combines a trade exhibition and an air show. 

The AAD began in 1975 when the South African based aviation magazine World Airnews determined that a professional aerospace exhibition was appropriate, as distinguished from the traveling "barnstorming" air shows that were then prominent.

The first event was held October 1975 as "Aviation Africa", at Lanseria Airport near Johannesburg, South Africa under the sponsorship of the Commercial Aviation Association of Southern Africa. The same year, Lt. General Bob Rogers of the South African Air Force instituted an open day at AFB Waterkloof, in Centurion, which eventually turned into the Defence Exhibition of South Africa (DEXSA).

In 2000, Aviation Africa and DEXSA combined to become AAD. In 2006, the exhibition moved to AFB Ysterplaat in Cape Town. It returned to AFB Waterkloof in 2012.

The next AAD is scheduled for September 2026.

References

External links

 

Arms fairs
Air shows
Trade fairs in South Africa
Aviation in South Africa
1975 establishments in South Africa
Recurring events established in 1975
Biennial events
Robin DR100. The Robin DR100 series is a family of French light aircraft made by Pierre Robin, which first flew in 1958.  Of wooden construction, it has tailwheel undercarriage and 2+2 seating; as a development of Jodel aircraft, its wings feature the same distinctive marked outboard dihedral.  Whilst no longer produced, plans can be purchased for amateur construction.

Design and development
The first aircraft of the line was the ‘Jodel-Robin’ of amateur construction, which was essentially a larger three-seater Bébé Jodel.  It had the fuselage from a D11, and the wings from Jean Delemontez’s D10 project which were given to Pierre Robin.  To commercialise the concept, a DR100 prototype was then built at Dijon-Darois in 1959, followed by ten of the DR100A production model, initially for testing and feedback from local customers.  The DR105A aircraft were fitted with air brakes.  The later 1050 ‘Ambassadeur’ models further improved upon this design, cruising at 200 km/h for 19L/h fuel burn.  Robin set up CEA, Centre Est Aéronatique, to manufacture the aircraft, and later on also subcontracted to SAN, Société Aéronautique Normande, in order to fulfil demand.  790 were made in total: 331 by CEA and 459 by SAN; more have been made as homebuilts

Air races
In the 1961 Sicily Air Races, Ambassadeurs finished in 2nd, 11th, 13th, 14th and 15th places, and finished the 1962 Paris-Cannes race in all three podium positions.  As a result, Pierre Robin wanted to win the next year's Sicily Air Race and further honed the design to create the Ambassadeur ‘Sicile’.  This improved design resulted in Pierre Robin's personal aircraft winning, and a total of seven Siciles in the top ten.  The aircraft also finished first in the following year's Paris-Cannes
To celebrate this the design was further improved in 1963 and named the Sicile-Record.  Slightly lighter and more streamlined it flew 10 km/h faster; Robin's plane winning the 1964 Sicily ‘Giro’ with ten Sicile-Records in the top twelve positions.

Variants
In production order
Jodel-Robin CNRA
Continental C90 engine, prototype, registration F-PIER
DR.100 prototype
Continental C90 engine
DR.100A pre-series
Continental C90 engine
DR.105A Ambassadeur
Continental O200 100hp engine
DR.1050 Ambassadeur
Continental O200 100hp engine
DR.1051 Ambassadeur
Potez 4E20 105hp engine
DR.1050M Excellence
Record with the tail from a D140 and flaps
DR.1053M Excellence
Lycoming O235 120hp engine
DR.1052M Excellence
Lycoming O235 115hp engine
DR.1050M1 Sicile-Record
Continental O200A 100hp engine
DR.1051M1 Sicile-Record 
Potez 4E20 105hp engine
DR.1050MT, DR1052M2, DR1053M, DR1054, DR1055
Amateur-built tricycle versions

Specifications (Centre Est DR.100)

References
Notes

Bibliography 
 Besse, Francois La Saga Robin (de 1957 à nos jours).  Mayenne: Jouve, 2012.

 Masse, Xavier Avions Robin (du Jodel-Robin de 1957 au DR.500 de 2000).  Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 2000.
 

Robin aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
1950s French civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Matt Morris (engineer). Matt Morris (born 12 May 1974) is a British motor racing engineer and former chief engineer of the McLaren Formula One team.

Biography
Morris graduated from Coventry University with a degree in mechanical engineering, joining Cosworth soon after. He remained at Cosworth until 2006, after which he joined Williams, where he stayed for eight years before joining Sauber in 2011. Morris quickly rose up the ranks at Sauber to become their chief designer, a position he held for two seasons before moving back to the UK as McLaren's chief engineer in 2013, a role he held until 26 July 2018 when he resigned.

References

Formula One engineers
British automotive engineers
McLaren people
Alumni of Coventry University
Living people
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
1974 births
Richard P. Rothwell. Richard Pennefather Rothwell (May 1, 1836 – April 17, 1901) was a Canadian-American civil, mechanical and mining engineer. He was the co-founder of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and was awarded the gold medal at the Paris Exposition, in 1898, by the Soeiete d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale de France, as founder and editor of The Mineral Industry.

Early life and education
Richard Pennefather Rothwell was born May 1, 1836, at Ingersoll, Upper Canada. He studied in early life at Trinity College, Toronto, the Rensselaer Institute at Troy, New York, and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris.

Career
His professional practice in France and England, and his subsequent career as civil, mechanical and mining engineer in Pennsylvania, from the year 1866 to 1873, prepared him for his later work as editor, writer and manager of statistical and scientific publications. Rothwell already was known as an accomplished writer on engineering and mining topics when, in 1874 he became an editor, and afterward the owner of The Engineering and Mining Journal.

Later, he formed The Scientific Publishing Company, and in 1893, began the publication of The Mineral Industry, which fulfilled his  ideal of an annual that would cover the whole field of the world's mineral production and the world's mining and metallurgical progress. Rothwell was eminently fitted to organize and advance this undertaking. He possessed a quick perception of the value of material for publication, an extraordinary memory and a keen sense of fitness and preparation. While he possessed in an eminent degree the power of broad generalization, few men could analyze a compilation of figures so quickly or give to statistical results so clear and compact a form. He laid the lines on which The Mineral Industry had been carried forward, and it was primarily due to his good judgment and management that the book from the first possessed a value, which was generally acknowledged as scarcely without parallel in statistical and technical literature.

Rothwell was one of the three founders of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. He was awarded the gold medal at the Paris Exposition, in 1898, by the Soeiete d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale de France, as editor of The Mineral Industry.

He organized The Sophia Fund, which was incorporated in May 1900, as a memorial to his long-time employee, Sophia Braeunlich, with a donation of about , a part of which was contributed from moneys left by Braeunlich.

Personal life
Rothwell married Bertha Hillebrand in 1862.

He died at his residence in New York City, on April 17, 1901.

References

Bibliography
 
 

1836 births
1901 deaths
Emigrants from pre-Confederation Ontario to the United States
Immigrants to the United States
People from Ingersoll, Ontario
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian mechanical engineers
Canadian mining engineers
Canadian publishers (people)
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Shuttlecraft. A shuttlecraft, also known as a shuttle spacecraft, shuttle ship, drop shuttle, drop spacecraft, or dropship, is a type of spacecraft described in theory and science fiction. Serving the same purpose as a ship's tender, it is a smaller vessel that is launched from a mother ship, and has the ability to transport people or cargo between ships, or to and from a planet's surface without being damaged or destroyed. It has a secondary purpose as an evacuation ship if the mother ship is destroyed. While the Space Shuttle was envisioned to make this type of craft a reality and reduce the cost of going into space, it ultimately failed in its goal and expendable launch systems remained a more cost-effective option.

Examples 
The idea of a shuttle craft used for space travel first appeared in The Great Romance (1881), where it was called the Midge and was used to explore Venus. These types of craft later became a mainstay of science fiction. The use of the word "shuttle" was taken from nautical terminology.

The idea was later used in Star Trek, where they are called shuttlecraft. Similar craft are also used by the Visitors in V, and a more military-styled version known as the UD-4 Cheyenne-class dropship was used in Aliens (1986), popularizing the use of the term to refer to shuttles that serve the same purpose as military transport aircraft.

Usage in video games includes the drop shuttles from Mass Effect and the Pelicans and dropships from Halo, as well as the Terran dropship unit in the StarCraft series. 

Shuttlecraft have seen widespread use by all the major factions in the Star Wars franchise. There are numerous variations on the concept within the Star Wars  Expanded Universe, but the main uses include use as: drop-ships, boarding craft,  assault landing craft, and as non-combat personnel transports.

Hypothetical usage 
The use of shuttle ships was proposed as a means for economical transport to Mars. People would ride a shuttle to a mother ship in orbit around the Sun, which would not need to slow down. This would increase the speed of travel from Earth to Mars, being able to transport hundreds of people at regular intervals.

See also 
 Lambda-class shuttle

References 

Fictional spacecraft by type
Hypothetical spacecraft
RW Kit Cars. RW Kit Cars Ltd. was an English manufacturer of kit cars, founded in 1983 by Roger Woolley.

Vehicles

RW Karma

In 1984 RW Kit Cars took over Perry Automotive Development's Karma project. Perry had been manufacturing the Karma, which was designed by Custom Classics of California, since 1982.  It is a fibreglass copy of the Ferrari Dino 246 GT, built around the floor pan of a Volkswagen Beetle, a popular choice of donor vehicle at the time. RW continued to sell the VW-based car, but also added a new backbone chassis that allowed the engine to be mid-mounted and Ford components to be used as an alternative to the VW option.

RW Chopper

The Chopper is a tricycle powered by a VW Beetle engine. It was produced from 1983 until 1984, during which time about five were made.

RW Taurus

The Taurus is a Lamborghini Countach replica based on the VW Beetle. It was manufactured from 1984 until 1985, during which time about 32 were produced, most of them exported to Germany.

RW 427

The 427 is a replica of the AC Cobra, manufactured from 1988 until 1990. About 28 were built, 18 of them with a front engine and rear-wheel drive configuration, and 10 for export to France based on the VW floor pan.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Kit car manufacturers