omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of ovens. This is a list of oven types. An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking or drying of a substance, and most times used for cooking or for industrial processes (industrial oven). Kilns and furnaces are special-purpose ovens. Kilns have historically been used in the production of pottery, quicklime, charcoal, etc., while furnaces are mainly used in metalworking (metallurgical furnace) and other industrial processes (industrial furnace).

Materials; the two basic historical types
Ovens historically have been made by either digging the heating chamber into the earth, or by building them from various materials: 
 Earth ovens, dug into the earth and covered with non-permanent means, like leaves and soil
 Masonry ovens, a term historically used for "built-up ovens", usually made of clay, adobe and cob, stone, and brick.

Modern ovens are made of industrial materials.

Earth ovens
An earth oven, or cooking pit, is one of the most simple and long-used cooking structures. At its simplest, an earth oven is a pit in the ground used to trap heat and bake, smoke, or steam food. Earth ovens have been used in many places and cultures in the past, and the presence of such cooking pits is a key sign of human settlement often sought by archaeologists.  They remain a common tool for cooking large quantities of food where no equipment is available.

Masonry ovens
See below under "Baking ovens", both for masonry oven in general and for various types.

Purpose
Broadly speaking, ovens have always been used either for cooking, prominently for baking; or for industrial purposes – for producing metals out of ores,  charcoal, coke, ceramic, etc.
 Baking ovens
 Industrial devices
 Industrial ovens
 Furnaces such as metallurgical and industrial furnaces
 Kilns

Baking
Baking is a food cooking method that uses prolonged dry heat by convection, rather than by thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. Bread is a commonly baked food.

Industrial

Industrial ovens & furnaces
Industrial ovens are heated chambers used for a variety of industrial applications, including drying, curing, or baking components, parts or final products.  Industrial ovens can be used for large or small volume applications, in batches or continuously with a conveyor line, and a variety of temperature ranges, sizes and configurations.

Coke ovens

Kilns
A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Various industries and trades use kilns to harden objects made from clay into pottery, bricks etc. Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing—to calcinate ores, produce cement, lime, and many other materials.

See also

 Autoclave (industrial)
 Cooker
 Industrial furnace
 Gas mark
 List of cooking appliances
 List of cooking techniques
 List of home appliances
 List of stoves
 Primitive clay oven
 Redstone Coke Oven Historic District
 Stove

References

Ovens

Technology-related lists
Bal Dattatreya Tilak. Bal Dattatreya Tilak (26 September 1918 – 25 May 1999) was an Indian chemical engineer and a director of the National Chemical Laboratory.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian honour of the Government of India, in 1972.

References

1918 births
1999 deaths
Marathi people
Institute of Chemical Technology alumni
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
20th-century Indian chemists
People from Wardha district
Scientists from Maharashtra
Indian chemical engineers
Philippe Klein. Philippe Klein () is a French-born engineer and businessman. He is Chief Planning Officer of Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan.

Education

Born in 1957, Klein was educated at the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris (The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) where he obtained his diploma in 1980. He gained a higher level diploma from the École Nationale Supérieure du Pétrole et des Moteurs (National Higher Educational Institution of Oil and Engines).

Career

In 1981, Klein started his career at Renault as an engineer in the Engine Development Department. In 1992, he was appointed executive assistant to the chairman. In 1999, Renault entered into a partnership with the Japanese auto-maker Nissan. The two corporations took minority shareholdings in one another and embarked on a sustained programme of technical and commercial collaboration which included the exchange of senior executives. At this point, Klein relocated to Tokyo, joining Nissan as a vice-president. He subsequently progressed to the position of Senior Vice-President, remaining with Nissan until 2003.

In 2003, he was appointed "Vice President, Industrial System Performance Department" with Renault. In September 2008, Philippe Klein was appointed "Deputy Director General Product Planning, Programs" of the Renault Group. Until 2014 he was "Executive Vice President, Product Planning, Programs" and, from 2005 to 2014, a member of the company's Executive Management Committee.

In September 2014, his appointment was announced as chief planning officer and member of the executive committee at Nissan, in succession to Andy Palmer.

References

1957 births
People in the automobile industry
Renault people
Living people
Air Force Special Projects Production Facility. The Air Force Special Projects Production Facility was a top-secret facility operational at Westover Air Force Base from 1961 to 1976. It was responsible for developing film from the Corona satellite program and other film projects that were top secret. The facility was co-located with the 8th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron and developed the film used during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was also the primary production facility for the National Reconnaissance Program during this time. The facility was also in charge of the Controlled Range Network, which served to calibrate Corona, Gambit, and Hexagon satellite programs.

See also
 List of military installations in Massachusetts

References

Installations of the United States Air Force in Massachusetts
1961 establishments in Massachusetts
1976 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Ramco Institute of Technology. Ramco Institute of Technology (RIT), is an Engineering college in Rajapalayam, approved by AICTE and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.  Promoted by the Raja Charity Trust, the college started functioning in 2013-14.

Governance 

RIT is run by the Raja Charity Trust.

RIT has the following five departments:
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 Electronics & Communications Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Computer Science and Business System

Academics 
The institute offers eight Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree programmes:
 Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science & Business Systems
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 Electronics & Communications Engineering
 Information Technology
 Mechanical Engineering

Campus amenities

Student clubs

References

External links 
 Official website

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Education in Virudhunagar district
Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke. Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke was head of Electronics division at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
He was also the founder of the Indian Vacuum Society.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, third-highest civilian honour of India by the President of India, in 1972.

References

Marathi people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Wear coefficient. The wear coefficient is a physical coefficient used to measure, characterize and correlate the wear of materials.

Background
Traditionally, the wear of materials has been characterized by weight loss and wear rate. However, studies have found that wear coefficient is more suitable. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. Although, measurement variations by an order of 10-1 have been observed, the variations can be minimized if suitable precautions are taken.

A wear volume versus distance curve can be divided into at least two regimes, the transient wear regime and the steady-state wear regime. The volume or weight loss is initially curvilinear. The wear rate per unit sliding distance in the transient wear regime decreases until it has reached a constant value in the steady-state wear regime. Hence the standard wear coefficient value obtained from a volume loss versus distance curve is a function of the sliding distance.

Measurement

The steady-state wear equation was proposed as:

where  is the Brinell hardness expressed as Pascals,  is the volumetric loss,  is the normal load, and  is the sliding distance. 
 is the dimensionless standard wear coefficient.

Therefore, the wear coefficient  in the abrasive model is defined as:

As  can be estimated from weight loss  and the density , the wear coefficient can also be expressed as:

As the standard method uses the total volume loss and the total sliding distance, there is a need to define the net steady-state wear coefficient:

where  is the steady-state sliding distance, and  is the steady-state wear volume.

With regard to the sliding wear model K can be expressed as:

where  is the plastically deformed zone.

If the coefficient of friction is defined as:

where  is the tangential force. 
Then K can be defined for abrasive wear as work done to create abrasive wear particles by cutting  to external work done :

In an experimental situation the hardness of the uppermost layer of material in the contact may not be known with any certainty, consequently, the ratio  is more useful; this is known as the dimensional wear coefficient or the specific wear rate. This is usually quoted in units of mm3 N−1 m−1.

Composite material
As metal matrix composite (MMC) materials have become to be used more often due to their better physical, mechanical and tribological properties compared to matrix materials it is necessary to adjust the equation.

The proposed equation is:

where  is a function of the average particle diameter ,  is the volume fraction of particles.
 is a function of the applied load , the pin hardness  and the gradient  of the  curve at .

Therefore, the effects of load and pin hardness can be shown:

As wear testing is a time-consuming process, it was shown to be possible to save time by using a predictable method.

See also
 wear rate
 weight loss

References

Notes

Further reading
 Nam P. Suh, Tribophysics, Prentice-Hall, 1986,

External links

Materials science

Materials science
Materials degradation
Building engineering
Edward Kresge. Edward N. Kresge (July 31, 1935 – October 30, 2023) was an American Exxon scientist, noted for his development of ethylene-propylene viscosity index modifiers, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers, and tailored molecular weight density EPDM elastomers.

Life and career
Kresge was born on July 31, 1935. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Florida.

Kresge joined Exxon in 1961, working under Francis P. Baldwin and later Albert M. Gessler.  He retired from Exxon in 1993.  His most cited work was a collaboration on the topic of copolymer compatibilizers with notable coworkers Sudhin Datta and David J. Lohse.

Kresge died on October 30, 2023, at the age of 88.

Awards
 1976 – National Inventors Hall of Fame Medal.
 1993 – Arnold Smith Award from the ACS Rubber Division.
 1995 – Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award
 1998 – Midgley award of the American Chemical Society for his role in the development of thermoplastic elastomer polyolefin blends for automobile bumpers
 2010 – Charles Goodyear Medal of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society.

References

1935 births
2023 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
21st-century American engineers
Place of birth missing
ExxonMobil people
German submarine U-985. German submarine U-985 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 18 September 1942 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 185, launched on 20 May 1943 and commissioned on 24 June 1943 under Kapitänleutnant Horst Wilhelm Kessler.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-985 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-985 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 24 June 1943, followed by active service on 1 January 1944 as part of the 7th Flotilla for the remainder of her service.

In three patrols she sank one merchant ship, for a total of .

Wolfpacks
U-985 took part in four wolfpacks, namely:
 Stürmer (26 January – 3 February 1944)
 Igel 1 (3 – 17 February 1944)
 Hai 1 (17 – 22 February 1944)
 Preussen (22 February – 10 March 1944)

Fate
U-985 was decommissioned on 15 November 1944 following heavy damage suffered on 23 October 1944 when she hit a German mine at Lister in Southern Norway. She returned to Kristiansand and taken out of service. She was captured at the end of the war and broken up.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1943 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1943
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Solid State Ionics. Solid State Ionics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. Established in 1980, it covers all aspects of diffusion and mass transport in solids, with a particular focus on defects in solids, intercalation, corrosion, oxidation, sintering, and ion transport. The journal has an irregular publication frequency, having one or two releases per month, with additional conference proceedings; each release may be one issue, multiple issues or one volume. The editor-in-chief is Joachim Maier (Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.785.

References

External links 
 

Elsevier academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1980
English-language journals
Materials science journals
Rainer Gerhards. Rainer Gerhards (born March 11, 1967) is a German software engineer, network engineer, and protocol designer best known for his Computer data logging work including Rsyslog and Reliable Event Logging Protocol. He began developing Rsyslog in 2004, to forward log messages in an Internet Protocol Network from UNIX and Unix-like computer systems. In 1988, Gerhards founded the company RG Informationssysteme, which was later rebranded as Adiscon GmbH in 1997.

Life and career
Gerhards was born in Baesweiler, Germany. In 1983 he started professional computing on Univac 1100 mainframes. He was appointed as the head of data center of Dörries GmbH (member of Voith group) where he introduced a company-wide PC network and was among the first in Germany to utilize Windows in larger-scale environments.  In 1996, he started work on  Computer data logging, and developing network and protocol software based on it.

Protocol design
Gerhards focused on the IETF syslog standardization and authored four RFCs  on syslog. He wrote the base RFC 5424, which describes the syslog protocol architecture and stack. As a board member of Mitre's CEE effort, he worked on standardizing event expression formats and providing interoperability between different logging systems.
 
He used his software projects as testbeds for IETF standardization including rsyslog for the development of  and . He implemented , the syslog over  protocol. Later, Gerhards designed the Reliable Event Logging Protocol, and its predecessor Simple Event Transport Protocol (SETP).

Open source projects
In 2004, he started working on rsyslog project and later on other open source logging projects, including Project Lumberjack, Adiscon LogAnalyzer, liblogging, and librelp  on Linux system logging infrastructure. From 1988, he had started working on the open source projects during his early career.
He wrote a library for portable graphics as well as a portable data exchange tool (cugcpio) and released it as public domain software. This code was distributed on Diskette by the C User's Group.

Closed source projects
In 1996, Gerhards wrote the first syslog server for Windows, that was launched by his company, Adiscon. In 1997 he wrote the first ever Windows Event Log to syslog forwarding tool  and invented this class of software. The tool EventReporter never made a  prominent share in the market, but was a base for Gerhards and other developers to create similar tools. While developing this tool further, Gerhards designed a forwarding tool for Microsoft Internet Information Server log files, based on a paper by him and Dr. Tina Bird.

References

External links 
 Personal Blog

German computer scientists
1967 births
Living people
ICL Fellows. The ICL Fellows scheme celebrated the highest levels of pioneering achievement in the field of computing at International Computers Limited, a British IT company.

ICL Fellows were appointed on the basis of their technical excellence and peer recognition in order to develop technical leadership across the company and to represent it externally. ICL Fellows also acted as technical advisers to senior company management.

History of the ICL Fellowship
Robb Wilmot – the then managing director of ICL – appointed Professor Brian Warboys, the chief designer of ICL’s VME mainframe operating system and later Professor of Software Engineering at the University of Manchester as an "ICL Fellow" in 1984. The role was to share good engineering practice across the company.

The ICL Fellows scheme was formally initiated in 1990 by Sir Peter Bonfield who was Chairman and CEO of ICL plc at that time. Five more technical leaders with a range of expertise were appointed. At this point, Professor Brian Warboys became the Senior ICL Fellow. Further appointments were made throughout the 1990s.

In 1993, The ICL Fellows introduced the ICL Distinguished Engineer Scheme in order to build an engineering network across the company that would remain resilient to organisational change. They also introduced an annual engineering conference that ran until 2001.

Following ICL’s acquisition by and rebranding to Fujitsu in the early 2000s, support for the Fellowship scheme became limited.  However, in 2013 the scheme was re-launched as the Fujitsu Fellowship, with the same ambition to recognise and celebrate outstanding achievement and technical excellence.  Three prior ICL Fellows – Nig Greenaway, Nic Holt and Jeff Parker – were appointed inaugural Fujitsu Fellows.  The revived programme also includes recognition & development of Distinguished Engineers, and the return of an annual engineering conference.

Notable ICL Fellows
Notable fellows include Professor Brian Warboys (1984), Michael Kay (1990), Professor Steve Molyneux (1996) who was the first non-employee Fellow, and Ron Brunt (1999) who was the first ICL Fellow appointed in the United States.

References

External links
 "Bits & Bytes, ICL Pensioners Newsletter", Spring 1998, p2.

1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Awards established in 1990
International Computers Limited
 
British science and technology awards
Fiat TwinAir engine. Fiat's TwinAir engine is a Straight-twin engine designed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies as part of its Small Gasoline Engine (SGE) family — employing Fiat’s MultiAir hydraulically actuated variable valve timing and lift technology.

Offered in a variety of FCA vehicles in turbocharged and naturally aspirated variants, the engine is noted for its reduced size, weight, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

In the 2011 International Engine of the Year awards, the  TwinAir won Best Engine Under 1 Litre, Best New Engine, Best Green Engine and International Engine of the Year.
 Dean Slavnich, editor of Engine Technology International and co-chairman of the International Engine of the Year Awards, called the TwinAir one of the "all-time great engines.”

Development and launch 

Fiat's TwinAir debuted at Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung 2007 in the Fiat Panda Aria concept car. as an , turbocharged, CNG-hydrogen mix and gasoline bifuel unit.

The production TwinAir engine was launched at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in , turbocharged gasoline form and became available later in 2010 in the Fiat 500.

Later, it was launched also in other FCA vehicles such as the 2012 Punto. The naturally aspirated 1.0 L  version became available on the 2012 Fiat Panda and the 500 in select markets, and so two other turbocharged 0.9 L variants: the 80 PS bi-fuel CNG/petrol unit (on Panda, 500L and Ypsilon) and the 105 PS unit (on MiTo, Punto, 500L and 500).

Applications 
 Fiat 500
 Fiat Panda
 Fiat Punto
 Fiat 500L
 Lancia Ypsilon
 Alfa Romeo MiTo
 Chrysler 200C EV (Concept)

Awards 
 Technobest 2010
 Die Besten Autos 2011:
 Paul Pietsch Prize
  International Engine of the Year 2011:
 International Engine of the Year
 Sub 1-litre class
 Best New Engine
 Best Green Engine
  International Engine of the Year 2013:
 Best Green Engine (TwinAir CNG bifuel)

References

Fiat engines
Gasoline engines by model

Straight-twin engines
Arkay College of Engineering and Technology. Arkay College of Engineering and Technology is a private engineering college established in 1999 in Bodhan town of Nizamabad district, Telangana state, India. The college is located 25 kilometres west of district headquarters, Nizamabad. It is a Muslim Minority college affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad and approved by AICTE, New Delhi.

Academics

The college admits undergraduate students through the statewide EAMCET exam conducted every year. It offers B.Tech & M.Tech courses.

Departments

 Civil Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Computer Science Engineering
 Information Technology
 Automobile Engineering

Intake
Diploma 

UG 

PG

See also
Vijay Rural Engineering College
List of educational institutions in Nizamabad
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of institutions of higher education in Telangana

References

External links
Official Website

Engineering colleges in Telangana
Nizamabad district
1999 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1999
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University