omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring. FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) is an Earth observing satellite that is scheduled to launch in 2027.

The FORUM mission is led by the European Space Agency (ESA) and has as its main goal the study of the Earth's radiation budget. It is expected that FORUM's measurements will be improving climate models and offer new insights into the way climate change is affecting the planet.

Background 
On 24 September 2019, ESA announced that FORUM was selected to become the ninth Earth Explorer mission, beating the Sea surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) proposal following a two-year feasibility study phase.

The main scientific purpose of FORUM is to better understand the Earth's radiation budget - the balance between the incoming radiation mostly from the Sun at short wavelengths, and outgoing radiation, which is a combination of reflected radiation from the Sun and radiation emitted by the Earth system, much of it a longer wavelengths - and the way this exchange is affected by the changes in the Earth's atmosphere caused by human activity. FORUM will especially be measuring the long-wavelength outgoing energy, which is strongly influenced by water vapour and thin ice clouds in the Earth's atmosphere. According to available data, about 50 percent of the total energy emitted by the Earth is in this long-wavelength range, but these emissions were not monitored in detail from space until now.

These insights will offer a better understanding of the climatic changes taking place on Earth and improve climate predictions. According to ESA, the FORUM mission was selected over SKIM specifically because it promises to "fill in a critical missing piece of the climate jigsaw".

The mission is scheduled for launch in 2027, and its budget is expected to cost a maximum of 260 million euros.

See also 
 European Space Agency
 Living Planet Programme:
 GOCE
 SMOS
 CryoSat & CryoSat-2
 Swarm
 ADM-Aeolus
 EarthCARE
 FLEX
 BIOMASS

References 

Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency
Proposed satellites
2027 in spaceflight
Geospace monitoring satellites
European Space Agency programmes
Sushmita Ruj. Sushmita Ruj is an Indian-Australian computer scientist whose research concerns access control, computer security and information privacy. Formerly an associate professor at the Indian Statistical Institute and senior research scientist at CSIRO in Australia, she is a senior lecturer in computer science and engineering at the University of New South Wales.

Ruj graduated from the Bengal Engineering College (now the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur) in 2004, with a bachelor's degree in computer science. She earned a master's degree in computer science in 2006 from the Indian Statistical Institute, and completed her Ph.D. there in 2010. Her dissertation, Application of Combinatorial Structures to Key Predistribution in Sensor Networks and Traitor Tracing, was supervised by Bimal Kumar Roy.

After postdoctoral research at Lund University and the University of Ottawa, Ruj returned to India as an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Indore in 2012, and moved back to the Indian Statistical Institute in 2013. She was promoted to associate professor there before moving to CSIRO and then UNSW.

References

External links
Home page at ISI

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian women computer scientists
Indian Statistical Institute alumni
Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute
Academic staff of the University of New South Wales
Carbon nanohoop. Carbon nanohoops are a class of molecules consisting of aromatic sections curved out of planarity by the inherent cyclic geometry of the molecule. This class of molecules came into existence with the synthesis of cycloparaphenylenes by Ramesh Jasti in the lab of Carolyn Bertozzi and since then has been expanded into cyclonaphthylenes, cyclochrysenylenes, and even cyclohexabenzocoronenylenes. Moreover, several nanohoops containing such antiaromatic units as dibenzo[a,e]pentalene and pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole are reported. Carbon nanohoops often map on to a certain chirality of carbon nanotube. If the diameter is adequate, these molecules can host a fullerene. For example, [10]cycloparaphenylene can host a C60 fullerene.

References

Cyclophanes
Nanomaterials
Rolf Buch. Rolf Eberhard Buch (born 2 April 1965) is a German business executive. In 2013, he was appointed CEO of the real estate company Deutsche Annington, which, following the takeover of GAGFAH in the year 2015, was renamed Vonovia. Previously, Buch held an executive position at Arvato.

Early life and education 
Buch was born in Weidenau near Siegen. At age three, his family moved to the Kettwig district in the city of Essen. After completing his secondary education ("Abitur"), Buch studied mechanical engineering and business administration at the RWTH Aachen University and received his engineering degree in 1990.

Career

Bertelsmann 
in 1991, Buch began his career in the print and industrial division of Bertelsmann, which was later renamed Arvato. After serving in various positions in sales and marketing of domestic and foreign subsidiaries, he became a member of the executive board of Arvato in 2002. Under his leadership, the international services business grew into a key revenue and profit generator.

In 2008, Buch succeeded Ostrowski as CEO of Arvato and also took up duties as a member of the Bertelsmann executive board. In this position, he promoted business involving services for cities and communities. Moreover, he increasingly invested in digital services to prepare Arvato for the digital transformation.

At the end of 2012, Buch stepped down from the Arvato executive board upon his own wishes and left the group.

Vonovia 
In 2013, the real estate company Deutsche Annington announced Buch's appointment as CEO. He took the company public, expanding the property portfolio through acquisitions. With the takeover of competitor GAGFAH in the year 2015, he created Germany's largest real estate group. Under the new name of Vonovia, the company was later listed in the DAX blue-chip index.

Other activities

Corporate boards
Until May 2009, Buch was member of the supervisory board of the internet service provider Lycos Europe. Besides, in 2017 and 2018, he was on the board of directors of the Swedish real estate company . To date, Buch serves on the supervisory board of the Gesellschaft zur Sicherung von Bergmannswohnungen (GSB) and is an active member of the board of trustees of Sparkasse Gütersloh's Woldemar Winkler Stiftung foundation.

Non-profit organizations
 Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group

Personal life 
Buch lives with his wife and two children in Gütersloh.

References

External links 

 Executive Board of Vonovia

RWTH Aachen University alumni
German businesspeople in real estate
1965 births
Living people
German chief executives
20th-century German businesspeople
21st-century German businesspeople
People from Siegen
Dwight Nishimura. Dwight G. Nishimura is the Addie and Al Macovski professor in the School of Engineering, and professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. 
He leads the Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory (MRSRL), which designs improved MRI techniques and equipment.

Education and career
Nishimura received his MS and BS in 1980 and a PhD in 1984 from Stanford University. All three degrees were in electrical engineering.

He develops new acquisition and processing techniques for improved medical imaging.

Nishimura holds approximately 25 patents as of July 2019.

Awards and honors
 Gold Medal of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) (2018)
IEEE Senior Member (2014)
F. E. Terman Engineering Scholastic Award (1979). First cohort to receive this scholastic achievement award in the School of Engineering.
Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2004)

References

External links 
U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Dwight Nishimura’s Bibliography

American electrical engineers
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Living people
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
American biomedical engineers
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics. Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics  of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences () is a research institute based in Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1957.

History
The research institute was founded in the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok in 1957. In 1994, the institute was named after Samson Kutateladze.

Scientific activity
Energy and energy-saving technologies and installations, the theory of heat and mass transfer, physical hydro-gas-dynamics, thermophysical properties of substances, thermophysical aspects of hydrogen energetics.

Magazines
 "Thermophysics and Aeromechanics" («Теплофизика и аэромеханика»)

Bibliography

External links
 Official website.
 Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of the RAS.
 В Институте теплофизики им. С.С. Кутателадзе СО РАН обсудили новейшие разработки для промышленности. Наука в Сибири.

T
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Science and technology in Siberia
Research institutes established in 1957
Sovetsky District, Novosibirsk
1957 establishments in the Soviet Union
Topper Topaz. The Topper Topaz is a British single-handed or two-handed sailing dinghy that was designed as a beginner and intermediate racer.

The boat is referred to by the manufacturer as the Topaz System, as the basic hull can be fitted with four interchangeable rig and sail combinations, with the aim of matching performance to sailor skill level.

The design is recognized as an International Sailing Federation (ISAF) Learn To Sail Class and was named Best Dinghy by Sail Magazine.

Production
The design is built by Topper International in the United Kingdom.

Design
The Topaz is a recreational sailboat, with the hull built from a Metalicene superlinear polyethylene and honeycomb structure tri-laminate. It has a fractional sloop rig, with a tapered mast, a plumb stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller with a hiking stick and a daggerboard. The hull displaces

Variants
Topaz Uno Plus
This base model has a dacron mainsail and jib with an area totalling 
Topaz Race
This model has a clear, fully-battened mylar mainsail and jib with an area totalling  
Topaz Race X
This model has a clear, fully-battened mylar mainsail and jib with an area totalling , plus an  asymmetrical spinnaker.
Topaz Tres X
This model has a clear, fully-battened mylar mainsail and jib with an area totalling , plus an asymmetrical  spinnaker and a trapeze.

Operational history

An evaluation published in Yachts and Yachting concluded that the Race X model provides "seriously fast sailing for the club sailor right through to a professional sailor. The asymmetric system is simple, easy to use and easy to rig and takes the boat to yet another level only found in boats costing twice the retail price." About the Tres the report states, "Once the kite [spinnaker] is up, the Tres fairly shoots away. Reaching performance is truly in the apparent wind sailing league".

In a Sailing World article in 2017, American writer Tim Zimmermann praised the design as the ideal boat for a family with young children learning to sail. He indicated that the boat combines excitement, durability, versatility, is fast to rig and de-rig, "semi-indestructible", affordable and able to accommodate a three or more children, or a child and an adult.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats

Laser (dinghy)
Laser 2

References

External links

Dinghies
2010s sailboat type designs
Sailboat types built by Topper International
ČSD Class T 499.0. The ČSD Class T 499.0 (ČD Class 759 since 1987) is a Czech diesel electric locomotive originally designed for express passenger use on unelectrified lines. Two locomotives were built by ČKD as prototypes, with the locomotive never entering mass production, due to the locomotive's high weight, and progress in electrifying main lines.

History 
The locomotives were initially developed due to the requirement in the late 1960s for powerful diesel locomotives to be used on express services. 2 prototypes were built between 1974 and 1975 by ČKD Praha, who leased the locomotives to ČSD.

The locomotives were initially tested between Prague and Ostrava, working the express train Ostravan. Although the locomotive could keep to the timings of the ČSD Class E 499.1 locomotives, the locomotives suffered from reliability problems. In 1976 the second locomotive was returned to the manufacturer, due to frequent unavailability. In January 1977, both locomotives were moved to Děčín, and used on freight services between Děčín and Prague.

The first locomotive was withdrawn in November 1979, following an engine room fire, with the second following in March 1980 due to an engine fault. The two where then purchased by VÚŽ (Výzkumný Ústav Železniční), the Czech Railway Research Institute, and moved to the Velim test circuit. The first locomotive was used as a spare parts source for the second, and was eventually used for crash tests, then scrapped. In 1992, locomotive two was withdrawn after an engine room fire.

Later use 
In December 2012, the second locomotive was moved to DPOV's Nymburk works for a return to operation, with adaptations being made to overcome the initial reliability problems, including the fitting of an entirely new electrical control system. This overhaul was completed in late 2014, with locomotive testing beginning in 2015, and moving to its new home at the Velim test circuit in February 2015.

Since 2015, the locomotive has been used by VÚŽ, for testing work.

See also 

List of České dráhy locomotive classes

References 

Diesel–electric locomotives of the Czech Republic
Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of the Czech Republic
ČKD diesel locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1974
Halman Horizon. The Halman Horizon, also referred to as the Halman 27, is a Canadian sailboat that was designed by Michael Volmer as a cruiser and first built in 1982.

Production
The design was built by Halman Manufacturing in Beamsville, Ontario, Canada, but it is now out of production. A total of 42 examples were completed, with production commencing in 1982.

The designer, Michael Volmer, was also CEO of the company.

Design

The Horizon is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. The majority were built with a masthead sloop rig, although some were built with a cutter rig. It features a spooned raked stem, a very rounded and bulbous transom, a skeg-mounted rudder, with a portion protruding around the transom, controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard fin keel. It was factory-fitted with a Swedish Volvo diesel engine of . The fuel tank holds , while the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Halman 20

Similar sailboats
Aloha 27
C&C 27
Cal 27
Cal 2-27
Cal 3-27
Catalina 27
Catalina 270
Catalina 275 Sport
Crown 28
CS 27
Edel 820
Express 27
Fantasia 27
Hotfoot 27
Hullmaster 27
Hunter 27
Hunter 27-2
Hunter 27-3
Irwin 27 
Island Packet 27
Mirage 27 (Perry)
Mirage 27 (Schmidt)
O'Day 272
Orion 27-2
Tanzer 27
Watkins 27
Watkins 27P

References

External links

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Michael Volmer
Sailboat types built by Halman Manufacturing
IBM 6670. The IBM 6670 Information Distributor (6670-001) was a combination laser printer and photocopier introduced by IBM. Announced on February 14, 1979, as part of Office System/6, its feature set included two-sided printing.

The New York Times described it in 1979 as "A key component of the office of tomorrow." Although Wang was first to market an Intelligent copier, the 6670 is "closer to the standard envisioned."

The IBM 6670 Information Distributor and its Collator unit (the IBM 6671) were withdrawn from marketing on November 19, 1986.

History
IBMs goal with the 6670 was to produce:  "A high-speed copying machine that can be linked electronically to computers, word-processing typewriters and other automated office equipment" 

The IBM 6670 was essentially a half speed IBM Series III Copier Model 10 to which a laser imaging system and associated electronics was added.  Due to the speed of available solid state logic at that time, it was necessary to run the photoconductor drum at half the speed of the Series III, meaning it could only print up to 36 pages per minute, where the model 10 copier  was rated at 75 copies per minute.

The IBM 6670 used a 5 milliwatt HeNe laser (compared to 25 milliwatts in the earlier IBM 3800 or 1 milliwatt in the IBM 3666 barcode scanner). As part of the printing process it used an 18 facet rotating mirror that ran at 8000 RPM.  Print resolution was 240 x 240 dots per inch.

The IBM 6670 Model II Information Distributor (6670-002) was announced around August 1981 The main differences were:

 The Model I could receive SNA data at 4800 bits per second. The Model II could receive SNA data at 9600 bits per second. 
 The Model I could hold 6 fonts per document, 4 per page.  The Model II could hold 20 fonts, 14 communication loaded, 4 standard and 2 optional.

The IBM 6670 Model III Information Distributor (6670-003) was announced Aug 2, 1983.  It had no copier function and offered 25 fonts.

In late 1982 it was considered by Hewlett-Packard as competing against the HP2680A laser printer.

As envisioned, an extension released a year later by a third party enabled "6670 .. terminal users (sic; to) send and receive data directly from other 6670s" in what the New York Times described as (a form of) electronic mail.

See also
 IBM 5520
 IBM 3800
IBM Copier Family

References

Computer printers
Computer-related introductions in 1979
Photocopiers
Laser printers
IBM printers
Canadian Niagara Power. Canadian Niagara Power Inc. is an electricity transmission and distribution utility servicing Fort Erie and Port Colborne, Ontario. Founded in 1892 as the Canadian Niagara Power Company, it operated the Rankine Generating Station from 1905 to 2006.

Founded in Niagara Falls, Ontario, by American William Birch Rankine, the company was acquired by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation in 1950 and owned by Fortis Inc. since 2002. With the closure of Rankine GS in 2009, the company now focuses on power distribution and transmission network.

References

1892 establishments in Ontario
Fortis Inc.
Electric power companies of Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario
Fort Erie, Ontario
Port Colborne
Canadian companies established in 1892
Hydroelectric power companies of Canada
Chini (reservoir). Chini is a small reservoir located in Melfa (Dogu’a Tembien woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia). The 151-metres long earthen dam that holds the reservoir was built in 1993 by the Relief Society of Tigray. It was mainly constructed for purpose of livestock watering.
The catchment of the reservoir is 1.86 km² large, with a perimeter of 5.15 km and a length of 1800 metres. The reservoir suffers from rapid siltation. The lithology of the catchment is composed of Ashangi Basalts. Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost through seepage; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to groundwater recharge. Actually, in the wider surrounding of the reservoir, both upstream and downstream the level of the watertable has strongly raised, and the area has become remarkably greener.

References 

Reservoirs in Ethiopia
1993 establishments in Ethiopia
Tigray Region
Dogu'a Tembien
ČSD Class E 422.0. The ČSD class E 422.0 (Class 100 since 1987) is a Czech electric locomotive, intended for secondary lines electrified at 1.5kV DC. The locomotives were produced by Škoda Works in 1956 and 1957 under the designation Škoda 15E.

History
The locomotives were built for the Tábor–Bechyně and Rybník–Lipno nad Vltavou railways, both of which were electrified with non standard 1.5kV DC electrification. The locomotives were delivered to ČSD during early 1957. After approval testing had been carried out, and modifications made, the locomotives entered service in July 1957. They were then used mostly on freight services until 1973, when the new ČSD E 426.0 class locomotives were delivered, cascading the locomotives onto passenger work.

The locomotives started to be withdrawn in 1997, with locomotive 4 being scrapped in 1998, and locomotive 2 being used as a source of spare parts. The last 100 in regular service was locomotive 3, withdrawn in 2002.

Preservation
Since withdrawal, locomotive 1 and 3 have been kept operational by ČD, and are used occasionally on special journeys, based at Tábor. Locomotive 2 is currently owned by the National Technical Museum, and stored at Chomutov.

See also

List of České dráhy locomotive classes

References 

Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of the Czech Republic
Electric locomotives of the Czech Republic
Electric locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Škoda locomotives

Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe
Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. Benchmark Mineral Intelligence also known as Benchmark Minerals, founded and owned by Simon Moores in 2014, is a London-based Price Reporting Agency (PRA) and specialist information provider for the lithium-ion battery to electric vehicle (EV) supply chain. The company had £11 million in assets as of 2022.

Overview 
Benchmark Minerals’ price assessment division regularly price raw material on lithium, cobalt, graphite and nickel. In August 2019, the company was awarded the highest International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) assurance, known as Type 1 Reasonable assurance by Ernst & Young (EY) for its lithium prices. 

In 2021, Benchmark was awarded the IOSCO accreditation by PwC for all of its key battery raw materials of lithium, cobalt, nickel and graphite - the first time ever such an accreditation was awarded individually for each.  

Its Lithium ion Battery Megafactories Assessment tracks the global build out of cell capacity worldwide including cathode, anode, raw material demand, cell format and end users.

Benchmark Minerals holds events where its own expert analysts present their latest data, analysis and views on the market. The Benchmark World Tour is the series of free-investment seminars for the industry. Originally starting with 8 cities back in 2015, the Benchmark World Tour has grown to 15 cities world-wide including New York, Toronto, Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Seoul, London, Frankfurt, and Cape Town.

Benchmark Minerals’ premier industry event is known as Benchmark Minerals Week that takes place in California each year, it features two main shows, Cathodes Conference and Graphite & Anodes Conference.

Benchmark Minerals Summit takes place in Washington DC each year in May. The conference brings together both US-based lithium-ion battery to electric vehicle supply chain and US government departments and policy makers.

Benchmark Mineral Intelligence has testified to the US Senate Committee for Energy & Natural Resources on three occasions, in 2017, 2019, and 2020

References 

Lithium-ion batteries
Energy companies of the United Kingdom