omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Human Interference Task Force. The Human Interference Task Force was a team of engineers, anthropologists, nuclear physicists, behavioral scientists and others convened on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy and Bechtel Corp. to find a way to reduce the likelihood of future humans unintentionally intruding on radioactive waste isolation systems.

See also

References

Further reading

 Roland Posner (Hg.): Warnungen an die ferne Zukunft – Atommüll als Kommunikationsproblem. Raben-Verlag, München, 
 J. Kreusch und H. Hirsch: Sicherheitsprobleme der Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle in Salz. Gruppe Ökologie, Hannover 1984
 Umberto Eco: The search for the perfect language, Wiley-Blackwell, 1995, pages 176–177.  . The Search for the Perfect Language 
 Vincent Ialenti: Deep Time Reckoning , The MIT Press, 2020, . Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now 
 Thomas A. Sebeok; Communication Measures to Bridge Ten Millennia (Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Memorial Institute, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, 1984)
 Sebastian Musch: "The Atomic Priesthood and Nuclear Waste Management - Religion, Sci-fi Literature and the End of our Civilization". Zygon. Journal of Religion and Science, Volume 51, Issue 3, p. 626–639.
 Sebastian Musch: "Hans Jonas, Günther Anders, and the Atomic Priesthood: An Exploration into Ethics, Religion and Technology in the Nuclear Age". Religions 2021, Volume 12, Issue 9. Hans Jonas, Günther Anders, and the Atomic Priesthood: An Exploration into Ethics, Religion and Technology in the Nuclear Age

External links
 Spiegelfeuer (Der Spiegel)
 TU Cottbus - Wissen für die Zukunft (PDF, 527 kB)
 Pandora's Box: How and Why to Communicate 10,000 Years into the Future (Th. A. Sebeok)
 The Trouble with Pictures, first chapter from John Mans "Alpha Beta" (pdf, 105 kB)
 Human Interference Task Force Reducing the Likelihood of Future Human Activities That Could Affect Geologic High-level Waste Repositories. Technical Report, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, 1984.
 excerpt from "Deep Time"  by Gregory Benford
 Signs of Danger: Waste, Trauma and Nuclear Threat (Peter C. van Wyck) 
 "Ten Thousand Years", by Roman Mars, 99% Invisible
  Sebastian Musch: The Atomic Priesthood and Nuclear Waste Management - Religion, Sci-fi Literature and the End of our Civilization
 Sebastian Musch: Hans Jonas, Günther Anders, and the Atomic Priesthood: An Exploration into Ethics, Religion and Technology in the Nuclear Age
Semiotics
Radioactive waste
Zero-curtain effect. The zero-curtain effect occurs in cold (particularly periglacial) environments where the phase transition of water to ice is slowed due to latent heat release. The effect is notably found in arctic and alpine permafrost sediments, and occurs where the air temperature falls below 0°C (the freezing point of water) followed by a rapid drop in soil temperature.

Because of this effect, the lowering of temperature in moist, cold ground does not happen at a uniform rate. The loss of heat through conduction is reduced when water freezes, and latent heat is released. This heat of fusion is continually released until all the subsurface water has frozen, at which point temperatures can continue to fall.

Therefore, for as long as water is available to the system (for example, through cryosuction/capillary action) the temperature of the sediment will remain at a constant temperature.

References 

Geography of the Arctic
Geomorphology
Phase transitions
Scott & Hodgson Ltd. Scott & Hodgson Ltd, was a manufacturer of stationary steam engines in Guide Bridge, Greater Manchester. For instance, in 1914, they supplied an inverted vertical compound engine with Corliss valve gear to Hardman and Ingham's Diamond Rope Works, Royton, Lancashire. This engine is now in the Bolton Steam Museum.

The Engine Works
Scott & Hodgson Ltd had an engine shop near Guide Bridge Station. It was convenient for the Ashton Canal, and later the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway – important transport links for the supply of raw materials and the delivery of parts of the finished engines. In 1938, the factory was taken over by J & E Arnfield Ltd, makers of Mono-Pumps.

The steam engines
Waterloo Mills, Silsden
Dee Mill (ex Courtaulds), Cheetham Street, Shaw
Diamond Rope Works, Shaw
Stalybridge Mill, Stalybridge A rebuild of a 1600 ihp engine

Diesel Engine
The Diesel engine was exhibited for first time in England on 30 March 1901 at Scott & Hodgson's Guide Bridge works. The demonstration took place with a 20 to 22 horsepower engine which was subjected to tests in front of experts, about 130 in all, who had journeyed from London by a special train. During the inspection, the engine was working at a pressure of 550psi, but was capable of 750psi. The heavier the load, the greater the pressure required and vice versa. Rudolf Diesel had invented his engine; Scott & Hodgson constructed the engine to the order of the company which had been founded to take over the English patent for the inventor.

See also
Hick, Hargreaves & Co. Ltd.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
One Guy from Barlick– Forum discussing Lancashire mill engines
 http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Scott_and_Hodgson

Textile machinery manufacturers
Companies based in Tameside
Steam engine manufacturers
Stewart Headwind. The Stewart Headwind JD1HW1.7 and SAC-1VW is a single-seat high-wing tube-and-fabric construction homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The first Headwind was flown on March 28, 1962. It was one of the first aircraft to fly in the United States using a VW engine. The prototype flew with a Huggins VW conversion. To use a standard propeller, a patented PRSU (propeller speed reducing unit) was developed to keep the engine RPM high and propeller RPM at its optimum speed.

The design was inspired by the Demoiselle by Alberto Santos-Dumont. The fuselage is triangular sections of welded tube steel covered in fabric.

Variants
A Volkswagen air-cooled engine was the only engine specified for this model, however many examples exist with alternate engine installations.

Specifications Stewart Headwind

See also

References

Sport Aviation Feb 1972, pp 22. Stewart Headwind
Sport Aviation June 1976, pp 70. On To Oshkosh! Headwind Caravan

External links
https://sites.google.com/site/flywithstewart/
http://www.airbum.com/pireps/PirepPeanutHeadwind.html
http://www.pilotfriend.com/experimental/acft3/66.htm

Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Single-engined piston aircraft
Core recovery parameters. Core recovery parameters describe the quality of core recovered from a borehole.

Total core recovery

Total core recovery (TCR) is the borehole core recovery percentage.

TCR is defined as the quotient:
% 
 = Sum of length of core pieces
 = Total length of core run

Solid core recovery

Solid core recovery (SCR) is the borehole core recovery percentage of solid, cylindrical, pieces of rock core.

SCR is defined as the quotient:
%
 = Sum of length of solid, cylindrical, core pieces
 = Total length of core run

Rock quality designation
Rock-quality designation (RQD) is a rough measure of the degree of jointing or fracture in a rock mass, measured as a percentage of the drill core in lengths of 10 cm or more. High-quality rock has an RQD of more than 75%, low quality of less than 50%.
Rock quality designation (RQD) has several definitions. The most widely used definition was developed in 1964 by D. U. Deere. It is the borehole core recovery percentage incorporating only pieces of solid core that are longer than 100 mm in length measured along the centerline of the core. In this respect pieces of core that are not hard and sound should not be counted though they are 100 mm in length. RQD was originally introduced for use with core diameters of 54.7 mm (NX-size core). RQD has considerable value in estimating support of rock tunnels. RQD forms a basic element in some of the most used rock mass classification systems: Rock Mass Rating system (RMR) and Q-system.

RQD is defined as the quotient:
 % 
 = Sum of length of core pieces that are > 100 mm (4 inches) measured along the centerline
 = Total length of core run

Rock mass classification
Many rock mass classification systems use core recovery parameters as input parameter, such as Rock Mass Rating and Q-system.

References
 Deere, D U (1964). "Technical description of rock cores", Rock Mechanics Engineering Geology, 1 (16-22).
 Deere, D U (1989). "Rock quality designation (RQD) after twenty years", U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Contract Report GL-89-1, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS (67).
 Deere, D U & Deere, D W (1988), "The RQD index in practice", Proc. Symp. Rock Class. Engineering Purposes, ASTM Special Technical Publications 984, Philadelphia, (91-101).
 Deere, D U, Hendron, A J, Patton, F D & Cording, E J (1967). "Design of surface and near surface constructions in rock", Proc. 8th U.S. Symp. Rock Mechanics, ed. Fairhurst, publ. AIME, New York, (237-302).

Further reading

Rock mass classification
Tunnel construction
TCP/IP Illustrated. TCP/IP Illustrated is the name of a series of 3 books written by W. Richard Stevens.  Unlike traditional books which explain the RFC specifications, Stevens goes into great detail using actual network traces to describe the protocol, hence its 'Illustrated' title.

The first book in the series, "Volume 1: The Protocols", is cited by hundreds of technical papers in ACM journals.

Volumes

Volume 1: The Protocols
After a brief introduction to TCP/IP, Stevens takes a bottom-up approach by describing the protocol from the link layer and working up the protocol stack.  The Second Edition was published on 15 November 2011.

Volume 2: The Implementation
500 illustrations, combined with 15,000 lines of actual code from the 4.4BSD-Lite release, serves as concrete examples of the concepts covered in Volume 1.

Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols
This volume goes into detail on four topics:

 T/TCP (TCP for Transactions)
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
 UNIX Domain Protocols (see Unix domain socket)

As with Volume 2, examples from 4.4BSD-Lite are used.

References

External links
 Author's page about Volume 1
 Author's page about Volume 2
 Author's page about Volume 3

Illustrated
Computer books
Addison-Wesley books
711th Air Refueling Squadron. The United States Air Force's 711th Air Refueling Squadron (711 ARS) was an aerial refueling unit that operated the KC-10 Extender at Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina.  The unit was activated on 29 April 1994 to replace the departing 911th Air Refueling Squadron, then inactivated later in 1994.

References

Air refueling squadrons of the United States Air Force
744th Air Refueling Squadron. The United States Air Force's 744th Air Refueling Squadron (744 ARS) was an aerial refueling unit that operated the McDonnell Douglas KC-10 at Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina.  The unit was activated on 29 April 1994 to replace the departing 344th Air Refueling Squadron, The unit was inactivated in 1995.

References

Air Refueling
Military units and formations in North Carolina
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in the United States
Organizations with year of establishment missing
Nebulae (computer). Nebulae () is a petascale supercomputer located at the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Built from a Dawning TC3600 Blade system with Intel Xeon X5650 processors and Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPUs, it has a peak performance of 1.271 petaflops using the LINPACK benchmark suite. Nebulae was ranked the second most powerful computer in the world in the June 2010 list of the fastest supercomputers according to TOP500. Nebulae has a theoretical peak performance of 2.9843 petaflops. This computer is used for multiple applications requiring advanced processing capabilities. It is ranked 10th among the June 2012 list of top500.org.

See also

Computer science
Computing
 Supercomputer centers in China
 TOP500

References

Further reading 
 "National Supercomputing Center starts construction in Shenzhen", People's Daily, November 17, 2009
 Fildes, Jonathan, "China aims to become supercomputer superpower", BBC News, 31 May 2010

GPGPU supercomputers
One-of-a-kind computers
Petascale computers
Supercomputing in China
X86 supercomputers
Mount Zion College of Engineering. Mount Zion College of Engineering (MZC) was established in 2001 at Kadammanitta, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India. Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in Thiruvananthapuram and Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, it is managed by the charitable Educational and Welfare Society.

See also
 List of Engineering Colleges in Kerala

References

Engineering colleges in Kerala
Universities and colleges in Pathanamthitta district
Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Kerala
APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
BlueHat. BlueHat (or Blue Hat or Blue-Hat) is a term used to refer to outside computer security consulting firms that are employed to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Their role involves searching for weaknesses or security gaps that could be exploited, and their aim is to rectify and close these potential vulnerabilities prior to a product or system launch. In particular, Microsoft uses the term to refer to the computer security professionals they invited to find the vulnerability of their products, such as Windows.

Blue Hat Microsoft Hacker Conference
The Blue Hat Microsoft Hacker Conference is an  invitation-only conference created by Window Snyder that is intended to open communication between Microsoft engineers and hackers. The event has led to both mutual understanding and the occasional confrontation. Microsoft's developers were visibly uncomfortable when Metasploit was demonstrated.

See also 
Hacker culture
Hacker ethic
Black hat hacker
White hat 
Grey hat

References

External links 
 Microsoft's BlueHat Security Briefings
 BlueHat Security Briefings Blog
 BlueHat Security 
 Homeland Security Consultants
 FedRAMP 

Microsoft culture
Hacking (computer security)
Cybersecurity engineering
BWI Center for Industrial Management. The BWI Center for Industrial Management at the ETH Zürich (formerly Institute of Industrial Engineering and Management of the ETH) conducts enterprise research as well as education and services for the ETH and commercial enterprises.

History
The private-sector Association for the Promotion of the ETH Institute of Industrial Engineering and Management (BWI) was founded on 26 June 1929. The BWI was inaugurated the same year on 1 October 1929, together with a specialized library.

Currently, 650 companies and individual customers draw services of the BWI every year. The subscribers of the journal io new management are not included in that number.

Research
The research of the BWI in the areas logistics, operations management and supply chain management, global service management and service innovation addresses enterprises that concentrate on technology and deals with questions and challenges concerning their value added. The goal of the applied science at the BWI is to obtain generalizable recommendations for action for the decision-making of an enterprise on the basis of practice-oriented problems.

Management further education
BWI Management Further Education organizes seminars and workshops since 1931. About 150 seminars with 400 seminar days are held every year. The publicly announced seminars cover 45 titles and originate from the four subject areas project management, leadership, supply chain management and management techniques. The company-internal seminars are "in-house"-organized standard seminars for enterprises from the areas engineering industry, information and communication industry, medical engineering, banks and insurance companies, chemical and pharmaceutical industry as well as public administration.

Journal 
The BWI is editor of the management journal io new management. The journal was launched in 1932 as Industrial Organization (io). It appears 10 times a year and is now published by Axel Springer Schweiz. The circulation figure in 2008 was, according to WEMF,  4428.

Erfa-group
The know-how group on "Production and Information Management" (Erfa-group PIM) is a working group of participants from industry and the university. It deals with the topics production, logistics and information management. Goal of the Erfa-group PIM is to inform its members about trends and to promote the exchange of experiences.

External links
 BWI Center for Industrial Management
 BWI Center for Industrial Management. Logistics, Operations and Supply Chain Management
 BWI Management Weiterbildung
 Department of Management, Technology, and Economics
 Zeitschrift io new management
 Erfa-Gruppe Produktion- und Informationsmanagement

Sources
 Annual Report 2009 / BWI Center for Industrial Management. Logistics, Operations, and Supply Chain Management
 IO new management: Zeitschrift für Unternehmenswissenschaften und Führungspraxis / hrsg. vom Zentrum für Unternehmenswissenschaften der ETH Zürich und der Verlagsgruppe HandelsZeitung. Jg. 70 (2001)-

ETH Zurich
Research institutes in Switzerland
Drilling stabilizer. A drilling stabilizer is a piece of downhole equipment used in the bottom hole assembly (BHA) of a drill string. It mechanically stabilizes the BHA in the borehole in order to avoid unintentional sidetracking, vibrations, and ensure the quality of the hole being drilled.

It is composed of a hollow cylindrical body and stabilizing blades, both made of high-strength steel. The blades can be either straight or spiralled, and are hardfaced for wear resistance.

Several types of drilling stabilizers are used in the oilfield today. While integral stabilizers (fully machined out of a single piece of steel) tend to be the norm, other types can be used, such as :
 Replaceable sleeve stabilizer, where the blades are located on a sleeve, which is then screwed on the body. This type can be economical when no repair facilities are available close to the well being drilled and air freight has to be used.
 Welded blades stabilizer, where blades are welded onto the body. This type is usually not advised on oil wells due to the risks of losing blades, but is regularly used when drilling water wells or on low-cost oilfields.

Usually 2 to 3 stabilizers are fitted into the BHA, including one just above the drill bit (near-bit stabilizer) and one or two among the drill collars (string stabilizers).

See also 
Drilling rig
Driller (oil)
Drag bit
Drill Bit
Hole opener

External links 
 Integral Stabilizer product sheet from Drillstar
 Replaceable Sleeve Stabilizer product sheet from Drillstar
 Welded Blades Stabilizer product sheet from JA

Drilling technology
Invert level. In civil engineering, the invert level is the base interior level of a pipe, trench or tunnel; it can be considered the "floor" level. The invert is an important datum for determining the functioning or flowline of a piping system. For example, the invert of a street sewer connection could affect the feasibility of adding a toilet in the basement of a house. 

Conversely, the obvert level is the highest interior level, and can be considered the "ceiling" level, being the highest level of that sewer. 

The bottom of the sewer is called the invert from a general resemblance in construction to an "inverted" arch. An inverted arch is a rounded structure with its crown facing in the downward position. This is a common term in structural architect drawings.

Invert Level is found through measuring the distance from the lowest level of a pipe, to a fixed datum. A pipe laser, or another vertical distance measuring device is most commonly used for this. Invert levels are important for the drainage of a non-pressured fluid pipe. Typically, a good design requires that the invert level of the pipe will be lower (or at least not higher) for each section of pipe before it reaches its final destination.

Many common types of pipe have pipe sections with a male and female end. These are sometimes known as the spigot and bell ends. The spigot end will fit inside the bell end of the next pipe section. It is important to know which one of these you are referring to because this will change the desired results of what you are measuring. Measurement should be taken from the bottom of the bell end. This will be the lowest point of the pipe, and also where the water will flow.

Corrugated pipe will be measured differently than a smooth wall pipe. When trying to find the invert level of a corrugated pipe, you will want to use the ridge on the inside of the pipe as water will fill up the grooves before it will allow for a steady flow down the pipe. The diameter of the ridge on the inside of the pipe will also be the nominal value of the pipe.

References

Drainage
Hydraulic engineering
Tunnels
Crack arrestor. A crack arrestor (otherwise known as a rip-stop doubler) is a structural engineering device. Being typically shaped into ring or strip, and composed of a strong material, it serves to contain stress corrosion cracking or fatigue cracking, helping to prevent the catastrophic failure of a device.

The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal, or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can be designed to withstand deformation without failure. When correctly applied, the technique is capable of redirecting movement and safely distributing stresses. It is compatible with fail-safe design practices.

Applications
Crack arrestors have seen extensive use in the aviation sector, particularly upon large pressurised aircraft as a means of guarding against progressive metal fatigue. Specifically, the skin of the fuselage typically has a large number of high stress locations, rivetting being a leading cause, making these points of potential crack initiation. Calculations are frequently used to simulate crack propagation, as well as the effectiveness of mitigating measures, such as crack arrestors, in ensuring the aircraft can be safely operated.

Following two catastrophic airframe failures in 1954, crack arrestors were used as additional reinforcement of the fuselage of the de Havilland Comet, although this was only one of several design changes made to address structural design weaknesses related to metal fatigue and skin stresses that had been previously unknown to the aviation industry.

Naval vessels are another place where crack arrestors have been extensively used. As of the 2010s, the United States Navy frequently applies them to areas of the ship that have been damaged or otherwise have received repairs in order to ensure that the affected element is not lacking in either strength or durability. It has been acknowledged that ships primarily composed of aluminium are significantly more prone to crack propagation than older steel counterparts; thus, the use of mitigating measures is likely to become more commonplace.

Crack arrestors have also been used in civil engineering. They have long been used in the nuclear industry as a structural element of reactors. Numerous pipelines used from transporting chemicals have been reinforced with such devices to protect against bursting and exterior damage alike. While commonly applied to metal alloys, appropriately designed crack arrestors have been used with composite materials as well. During 2008, Airbus Group was awarded a patent for a new design technique for a crack arrestor component.

Citations

Fracture mechanics
Aircraft components
Aerospace engineering