omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
APV plc. APV was the name of a company making process equipment, and remains as a brand name.

History
It was founded in 1910 as the Aluminium Plant & Vessel Company Limited, fabricating equipment for breweries and vegetable oil in Wandsworth.  In the 1950s it moved to Crawley and expanded considerably, under the name A.P.V. Co. Ltd.  In 1967 it acquired Kestner Evaporator and Engineering Co, another major process plant manufacturer.

Continuing expansion led to a works of 1600 employees under the name APV International, supplying equipment services to the dairy, food and chemical industries by 1984. In addition a foundry employing 350 people named APV Paramount made high alloy steels and Vent-Axia a subsidiary company making fans, were near by.
In 1987 it merged with Baker Perkins to become APV Baker, later shortened to APV.  The two manufacturing arms remained physically separate and the APV section was acquired by Siebe plc in 1997.  After the merger of Siebe with BTR plc, APV was acquired by SPX Corporation in 2007 where it remains as a brand name for pumps, valves, heat exchangers, mixers and homogenizers in the process industries.

References

Further reading

Manufacturing companies established in 1910
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Crawley
Chemical engineering
1910 establishments in England
Utva 213 Vihor. Utva 213 Vihor was a late 1940s Yugoslavian two-seat advanced trainer.

Design and development
Designed and built by the Yugoslav state factory, the Type 213 was first flown in 1949, a cantilever low-wing monoplane powered by a 
 Ranger SVG-770-CB1 engine. The prototype had a conventional landing gear which retracted forward, the second prototype and production aircraft had a wider track main gear that retracted inwards. It had an enclosed cockpit for the instructor and student in tandem under a long glazed canopy. For training the Vihor had two forward-facing machine guns and could carry up to 100 kg of bombs. In 1957 an improved radial engined variant entered service as the Type 522.

Aircraft on display

One aircraft is on display at the Museum of Yugoslav Aviation, Belgrade, Serbia.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1940s Yugoslav military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
213
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Musculair. Musculair 1 and Musculair 2 are two human-powered aircraft designed and built by German academic and engineer Günther Rochelt.

Musculair 1
Rochelt designed Musculair 1 and completed building it in 1984. His son, Holger, won a Kremer prize in the same year for his flight over a  triangular course, improving the record to 4 minutes and 25 seconds. In the same year, he set a world speed record at , receiving a second Kremer prize. Later that year, Holger and his sister Katrin, at that time still a child, became the first passengers in a human-powered aircraft.

 Length: 7.20 m
 Wingspan: 22.00 m
 Wing area: 16.50 m2
 Glide ratio: 1:38
 Height: 2.20 m
 Mass of the aircraft: 28 kg
 Propeller diameter: 2.72 m
 Required minimum power: 200 watts
 Required performance (): 280 watts

Musculair 2
Günther designed Musculair 2, and Holger slimmed down to just  to reduce the total mass of craft and human, leading to him setting a new Fédération Aéronautique Internationale world record for a human-powered aircraft at  on 2 October 1985. The record, which still stands as of 2023, was set over a circuit at the Sonderlandeplatz Oberschleißheim airfield, near Munich.

Length: 6.00 m
Wingspan: 19.50 m
Wing area: 11.70 m2
Glide ratio: 1:37
Height: 1.50 m
Mass of the plane: 25 kg
Propeller diameter: 2.68 m

Aircraft on display
Today, Musculair I is on display at the main Deutsches Museum, Munich. Musculair 2 is on display at the specialist Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim in Oberschleißheim.

See also
Solair
List of human-powered aircraft

References

External links

Data on Musculair 2

Human-powered aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1984
Pusher aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Solair. Solair I and Solair II are two German-designed electric aircraft.

Solair 1
The human piloted Solair I was developed from 1980 by Günther Rochelt - developer of the Musculair human-powered aircraft series - based on a Hans Farner canard design. It employed 2499 wing-mounted solar cells giving an output of between 1.8 kilowatts (kW), equivalent to approximately 2.4 horsepower (hp), and . The aircraft first flew at Unterwössen, Germany on 21 August 1983. It flew for 5 hours and 41 minutes, "mostly on solar energy and also thermals". The aircraft is now displayed at the German Museum in Munich. The newly developed piloted Solair II made its first flight in May 1998 and further test flights that summer but the propulsion system overheated too fast. Development stopped when Günther Rochelt suddenly died in September 1998.

Solair II
The Solair II project began in 1996, and aimed to develop a higher-powered successor aircraft. Modelled on glider construction, the aircraft has a V-tail tail, and fin headed on each propeller for propulsion. The aircraft was manufactured in half-shells sandwich construction with honeycomb cores. With charged batteries, it required an input of 755 W power for the straight flight.
Wingspan: 20.00 m, wing area: 17.00 m2, fuselage length: 6.12 m
Empty weight: 140 kg
Maximum take off weight (MTOW): 230 kg
Solar generator
Solar cells: 13,44 m2 Mono-crystalline silicon cells
Max efficiency: 17.3%
Max power (radiation 500 W / m2): 1163 W
Drive
2 x permanent magnet DC motor with pusher propeller (1.46 m diameter) in the tail
Nominal voltage: 30 V each (motors in series connected)
Max power: 2 × 4500 W
Used 2 × 4 kW motors with 2-sheet folding propellers (2 m diameter) with pitch after a modification
Batteries
Battery type: 54 cells in series 2-4 of battery packs parallel, voltage: 65 V
Capacity: Max 4 × 5.2 AH 20.8 = Ah, storable energy: Max 1352 WH

See also
Musculair

References

Electric aircraft
Canard aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Solar-powered aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
Spirit of Berlin. Spirit of Berlin was a driverless car developed by the Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.

The autonomous vehicle project by Freie Universität Berlin was initiated in 2007 with the participation in the DARPA Urban Challenge as Team Berlin, a joint team by the Freie Universität Berlin, Rice University, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (IAIS), and industrial partners (Micro-Epsilon, Berlin Sciences, IBM Germany, IBEO). The participating vehicle Spirit of Berlin was a 2000 Dodge Caravan, retrofitted to be controlled autonomously by a computer. It finished the DARPA Urban Challenge as one of the semifinalists and demonstrated safe unmanned driving in urban traffic.

Spirit of Berlin has a modular sensor setup with most of its sensors mounted on top of the car on a flexible rack. Obstacle processing is done by a combination of Velodyne HDL-64E, Ibeo Alasca XT, Sick LMS, and stereo camera systems. In addition, the car localizes itself with an Applanix GPS/INS unit and RTK correction signals.

After the Urban Challenge the focus shifted to driving in heavy traffic in crowded city environments like Berlin, Germany, itself. Spirit of Berlin handled intercity traffic, traffic lights and roundabouts between International Congress Centrum and Brandenburg Gate. It was the first car licensed for autonomous driving on the streets and highways in Germany and financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Spirit of Berlin was also a test vehicle for semi-autonomous control, being remote controlled with an iPhone or iPad app, an eye tracking system  or a Brain–computer interface. This allowed a half automated mode to be used for handicapped people to participate in normal traffic.

See also 
Driverless car
DARPA Grand Challenge
DARPA Urban Challenge
MadeInGermany
ARGO Project on autonomous cars
ELROB trials

References 

Experimental self-driving cars
MadeInGermany. MadeInGermany was a driverless car developed by the Freie Universität Berlin and AutoNOMOS Labs in 2011.

MadeInGermany is a Volkswagen Passat Variant 3C with a built-in drive-by-wire control. It measures  in length,  in width, and  in height with a total weight of 1.7 tons. Furthermore, it is equipped with a 2.0 liter Turbocharged Stratified Injection (TSI) engine. Parts of the CAN gateway interfaces have been opened by Volkswagen for research purposes so that a computer can access and control the car. In addition, various lidar and radar scanners are integrated into the vehicle's chassis without exceeding the ex factory measurements of the vehicle (except for the Velodyne sensor).

The sensor configuration is designed to have a 360-degree field of view around the car with redundant coverage. The Velodyne and six Ibeo LUX laser scanners cover almost any area around the car for up to . In addition, radar sensors from TRW, Hella, and SMS support the sensor fusion process by adding accurate velocity information about surroundings objects. Camera sensors are used for lane detection, traffic light detection, and stereo vision.

After participating in the DARPA Urban Challenge, the research focus of Freie Universität Berlin shifted to driving in heavy traffic in crowded city environments like Berlin, Germany, itself. For this undertaking, a new vehicle has been designed to meet the criteria for a city approval to drive autonomously on real roads. The vehicle was named MadeInGermany and has driven over  autonomously on Berlin's city roads and highways with no human intervention. The primary goal is to operate autonomously in urban environments with dense human traffic and obeying traffic regulations.

In order to obtain permission to drive autonomously and freely in daily traffic alongside other traffic participants, the sensors have been primarily mounted inside the car's body. MadeInGermany was also a test vehicle for semi-autonomous control, being remote-controlled with an iPad app or a brain–computer interface.

See also
 DARPA Grand Challenge
 Spirit of Berlin
 ELROB trials

References

External links
ARGO Project on autonomous cars

Self-driving car companies
Tiruchirappalli Monorail. Tiruchirappalli Metrorail was a proposed monorail system for the city of Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, part of a major expansion of public transport in the city.

 the proposal was still only on paper.  After a feasibility study, it was replaced by a rail project, the Tiruchirappalli Metro.

Overview 
As the monorail market is estimated to be  in India, the then Governor of Tamil Nadu, Banwarilal Brohit announced in Legislative assembly that the Government of Tamil Nadu has decided to do a feasibility study for introducing monorail system in Tiruchi along with Salem Metro, Madurai Metro, and Tirunelveli.

Cost 
The government has earmarked a sum of about  for metro and monorail projects in Tamil Nadu.

Network 
A faculty member from SASTRA, using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, had worked out a proposal for a suburban railway route linking the Srirangam Island with Tiruchirapalli and its suburbs. 

The proposal suggested circular operation in the following routes:
 Srirangam → Amma Mandapam → Tiruchirappalli Fort → Palakkarai → Railway Junction → Golden Rock → Tiruchirappalli Town → Srirangam
 Railway Junction → Palakkarai → Fort → Amma Mandapam → Srirangam → Town → Golden Rock → Railway Junction.

The proposal also suggested a new rail link between Chord line and Tiruchirapalli-Karur railway lines, Via. Amma Mandapam and also a possible extension to Kailasapuram (BHEL) and Bikshandarkovil neighbourhoods. There is no decision on extending the line to cover the Central and Chathiram bus stations and the Tiruchirappalli International Airport.

References

External links 

Proposed monorails in India
Rail transport in Tiruchirappalli
Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu
Haridwar University. Haridwar University (HU), formerly Roorkee College of Engineering, is a state private university located at Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. The university is located at Roorkee on the Roorkee Haridwar Canal Road.

The university offeres various courses in engineering & technology, computer science, management, paramedical, agriculture, commerce, business Studies, health sciences, arts & humanities and graduate studies.

Department

Haridwar University Roorkee has 10 academic departments covering engineering, management programs, agriculture and master of technology programs.

Departments
Civil Engineering
Computer Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Management Studies
Applied Science and Humanities
Masters of Technology 
Computer science Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Agriculture
 Forestry
 Nursing
 Pharmacy

References

Haridwar University 
About Us
Private Universities | RAJBHAWAN UTTARAKHAND | India
Top Private Universities in Uttarakhand: Ranking 2024

External links

Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand
All India Council for Technical Education
Education in Roorkee
Educational institutions established in 2010
2010 establishments in Uttarakhand
IIL IS-4. The IIL IS-4 was a single seat, high performance sailplane designed by Iosif Șilimon and built in Romania in the late 1950s.

Design and development
From about 1950 to his death in February 1981, Iosif Șilimon was Romania's most prominent glider designer, his aircraft distinguished by his initials. The IS-4 first flew on 5 June 1959. It was a high wing cantilever monoplane with an all wood structure and was largely plywood skinned.  The wings, mounted with 2.5° of dihedral, were double straight tapered, with a little more taper outboard and an almost unswept leading edge.  They were built around a single spar with a forward torsion box between it and the leading edge.  The tips carried the small streamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time.  Ply and fabric covered ailerons ran from the tips over the more tapered outboard panels, with mid-chord spoilers immediately inboard, opening above and below the wing.

The fuselage was a plywood monocoque, tapering to the tail. A single piece, side hinged, moulded perspex canopy enclosed the single seat cockpit from the nose to the leading edge, with an additional small roof transparency aft of the leading edge. The empennage was conventional, with a straight tapered tailplane mounted on a small step above the fuselage, carrying straight edged elevators with gaps at their roots between elevator and fin and at the tips between them and rearward extension of the tailplane tips. The elevators were mass balanced by a weight within the fuselage but not aerodynamically balanced. A narrow fin with a small forward fillet rose above the tailplane to the full height of the rudder, which was broad with a rounded heel, flat tipped and also unbalanced.  The rudder extended down to the keel, requiring a cut-out in the aft part of the elevators for its movement.  Like the ailerons the horizontal tail was covered with fabric over ply but the fin was simply ply skinned and the rudder fabric covered.  The IS-4 had a short, rubber sprung skid reaching from the nose to under about mid-canopy and a fixed, unsprung monowheel under the wing, fitted with a brake.  There was also a small tail bumper, protecting the bottom of the rudder.

The IS-4 was the first Romanian sailplane designed to meet FAI Standard Class rules.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 549 airfoil 
Göttingen 693 airfoil 

1950s Romanian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1959
High-wing aircraft
Β-Nitrostyrene. β-Nitrostyrene is an aromatic compound and a nitroalkene used in the synthesis of indigo dye and the slimicide bromo-nitrostyrene.

Applications
β-Nitrostyrene is a chemical precursor for slimicides and dyes. Specifically bromo-nitrostyrene is obtained upon treatment with bromine followed by partial dehydrohalogenation while 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is obtained by treatment with ozone respectively.

Many of the syntheses of psychedelic substituted phenethylamines and substituted amphetamines described by Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL use substituted nitrostyrenes as precursors. They are the final precursor, reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the final product (an amine).

Chemical synthesis
The chemical is produced by either the Henry reaction of benzaldehyde and nitromethane or by direct nitration of styrene using nitric oxide.

Related compounds
3-Nitrostyrene ()

References

Alkene derivatives
Nitro compounds
Phenyl compounds
Fungicides
Georg Benoit. Georg Benoit (3 March 1868 – 20 October 1953) was a professor of mechanical engineering at the former TH Karlsruhe (today: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology).

Life 
Benoit was born in Wesel in 1868. He was raised in a Huguenot family. He studied mechanical engineering at the TH Charlottenburg. After working in the industry sector for a couple of years and serving as director of the Preußische Höhere Maschinenbauschule in Hagen, he was appointed to professorship for elevation and transport machines at the TH Karlsruhe in 1901. This professorship was newly established at that time. He retired in 1935.  While being a professor in Karlsruhe, he was appointed to president in 1911/12 as well as in 1921/22. He died in Baden-Baden in 1953.

Efforts 
Benoit worked in the field of aerial lifts and wire rope technology. Under his direction, the first gondola lift providing continuous operation with multiple cabins was designed and built. This was mounted in the Black Forest on the Schauinsland mountain and inaugurated in the summer of 1930.

Works 
G. Benoit, R. Woernle (1915). Die Drahtseilfrage - Beanspruchung, Lebensdauer, Bemessung von Seilen, insbesondere von Aufzugseilen und ihre experimentelle Erforschung.

External links 
 S. Friedrich Wagner. „Georg Benoit und die Gründung des Instituts für Fördertechnik“

References 

1868 births
1953 deaths
German mechanical engineers
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Engineers from Wesel
DSSAT. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) is a set of computer programs for simulating agricultural crop growth. It has been used in over 100 countries by agronomists for evaluating farming methods. One application has been assessing the possible impacts on agriculture of climate change and testing adaptation methods.

DSSAT is built with a modular approach, with different options available to represent such processes as evapotranspiration and soil organic matter accumulation, which facilitates testing different representations of processes important in crop growth. The functionality of DSSAT has also been extended through interfaces with other software such as GIS. DSSAT typically requires input parameters related to soil condition, weather, any management practices such as fertilizer use and irrigation, and characteristics of the crop variety being grown. Many common crops have their characteristics already implemented as DSSAT modules.

DSSAT grew out of the International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnological Transfer (IBSNAT) in the 1980s, with the first official release in 1989. Version 4, released in 2003, introduced a more modular structure and added tools for agricultural economic analysis and risk assessment. Development has continued in affiliation with the International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications (ICASA).

Notes

External links
 DSSAT website

Agronomy
Environmental science software
Lithuanian Space Science and Technology Institute. Lithuanian Space Science and Technology Institute () is private research organization established by the Lithuanian Space Association in 2010, based in Vilnius, Lithuania.

In 2013 LSSTI was one of the creators of one of the first two scientific nano-satellites in Lithuania, which were intended both for scientific tasks, technologies demonstrations, educational purposes and popularization of science. The satellite was successfully launched in 2014.

LSSTI is a member of Neva Consortium.

See also 
Lithuanian Space Association
NanoAvionics

References 

2010 establishments in Lithuania
Organizations based in Vilnius
Research institutes in Lithuania
Space program of Lithuania
IIL IS-5. The IIL IS-5 was a single seat, high performance sailplane designed by Iosif Șilimon and built in Romania in 1960.

Design and development
From about 1950 to his death in February 1981, Iosif Silimon was Romania's most prominent glider designer, his aircraft distinguished by his initials.  The IS-5 first flew on 14 June 1960.  It was a shoulder wing cantilever monoplane developed from the URMV-3 IS-3 and of mixed wood and metal construction. The wings had an all wood structure and were plywood skinned. Mounted with 3° of dihedral, they were straight tapered in plan and  built around a single spar with a forward torsion box between it and the leading edge.  The tips carried the small streamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time.  The slotted ailerons, which filled about half the span, were ply skinned but with an outer fabric covering.

The IS-5's pod and boom style fuselage was a metal monocoque with the pod ending abruptly at the wing trailing edge and a slender boom aft.  The cockpit was enclosed by a single piece, side hinged, moulded perspex canopy.  Rectangular airbrakes hinged outwards from the fuselage sides under the wing, each with an area of . The empennage was conventional, with a ply covered fin which was narrow at the top but faired into the boom above and below.  It carried a fabric covered, rounded, unbalanced rudder, broad at its heel, as well as the straight edged tailplane placed just above the boom. There were rounded, spring balanced elevators with gaps at their roots to clear the fin and a small cut out for rudder movement; these control surfaces were ply skinned and fabric covered like the ailerons.

The IS-5 had a short, rubber sprung skid under the cockpit and a fixed, unsprung monowheel under the wing, fitted with a brake.  There was also a small extension of the fin to act as a tail bumper.

Specifications

References

External links
NACA 23015 airfoil 
NACA 23012 airfoil 

1960s Romanian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Istobal. Istobal is a Spanish company specialised in the design, manufacturing and selling of car wash equipment.
Headquartered in L'Alcúdia (Valencia), the company has 9 subsidiaries and assembly plants in Spain, France, the US and Brasil.
Istobal markets its products in over 60 countries through its extensive distributors network and its own subsidiaries.
The company has more than 600 employees, most of them based in L'Alcudia (Valencia).

History 
Istobal was founded by D. Ismael Tomás Alacreu in March, 1950. The company started out as a small vehicle repair shop, and it was in this workshop that the founder designed the first lubricating machine. 
The machine was an enormous success and, on the strength of this, Ismael Tomás decided on a new business strategy, leaving behind the vehicle repair world, he entered into the development and manufacturing of lubricating equipment.
 
Istobal started exporting its products for lubrication and car lifts in the 60s. In the 70s, Istobal developed its first automatic car wash machine.
 
Istobal's line of products includes rollovers, wash tunnels, jet washes, rollovers for commercials, equipment to wash trains and trams, accessories, chemicals and water treatment solutions.

References 

1. ABC  (31-10-2013 / 15:42 h EFE). “http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1524801." 
2. Las provincias (17.07.12 - 00:28 - S. PARRILLA | L'ALCÚDIA.) “http://www.lasprovincias.es/v/20120717/ribera-costera/empresa-istobal-alcudia-ejemplo-20120717.html." 
3. Expansión (23.01.2012 Valencia A.C.A.) “http://www.expansion.com/2012/01/20/valencia/1327089013.html." 
Istobal has the regulation certificate ISO9001 // ISO14001

Manufacturing companies established in 1950
Automotive companies of Spain
1950 establishments in Spain