omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kirovets K-700. The K-700 () is a four-wheel drive, heavy duty tractor from the former USSR and current Russian manufacturer of Kirov Plant ().

History 

The tractor was manufactured in 1962, its basic design has been adopted in several subsequent models. The K-700s were also exported to the Comecon member—GDR imported K-700s starting from year 1968. The K-700 is a heavy four-wheel drive tractor-pulling force of 50 kN-class articulated and disconnectable rear wheel drive. The connecting piece of the front and rear frame part is movable about the vertical and the longitudinal axis, the steering takes place by lateral bending by means of hydraulic. It is powered by a turbo diesel V8 engine with 215 HP. The K-700 1975 was the further development of K-700A, including the disposal of the next larger fuel tanks (two tanks of 320 liter capacity) due to larger tires for better traction. The K-700A provided only a temporary solution. Also in 1975, a successor of K-700 appeared: the K-701. The K-701 has a naturally aspirated 12-cylinder diesel engine with 300 HP. The K-700 tractors were particularly large sized, handling well although the noise and vibration load on the driver was relatively high. In the GDR, its size in off-field operations was sometimes cumbersome. Furthermore, the tractor's sheer size often resulted in soil degradation.

Kirovets tractors were imported to the United States and Canada for a time under the Belarus brand.  They have recently been reintroduced under the MTZ brand.

K-700s and its variants are still used today in former east bloc countries. They are mostly referred as "Ka", because of the model prefix K.

Models and Variants

 K-700 - the base model.
 K-700A - Next model (with a unified K-701, the engine YaMZ-YaMZ-238NDZ () turbo).
 K-701 - Next model (unified with R-700A, YaMZ-240 ()).
 K-701M - engine power increased to 300 HP
 K-701 Truck 6X6 V12 All wheel driven truck model for all kinds of roles based on the K701 model.
 K-702 - Industrial modification for use as a base machine for loaders, bulldozers, rollers, scrapers: the system changed portions, only the hydromechanical transmission, suspension rigid.
 K-703 - Industrial modification. The tractor has a reversing control station, allowing the driver to work in a normal position as in the course of the tractor forward, and in the course of the tractor back..
 K-704 - Industrial modification for use as truck crane.
 K-710 - Prototype of tractor with increased engine power to 500 HP

Specifications
Dimensions
Length: 7400 mm
Width: 2880 mm
Height (in cockpit): 3950 mm
Minimum turning radius: 7200 mm
Track width: 2115 mm
Weight of K-700 A: 12.8 tonnes
Weight of K-701: 13.4 tonnes
Speed
 forward 2,9-33,8 km/h
 backwards 5,1-24,3 km/h
Powertrain
Power of YaMZ-240 B () V12  at 1900 rev/min. Maximum torque of 1240 Nm.
Power of YaMZ-238 NB () V8 turbo  at 1700 rev/min. Maximum torque of 950 Nm.

References

External links
 Video of a K-700 emerging from a body of water
 Museum of the Russian tractors
 Technical data
 К-700 АТ and К-701 C
 Information about K-7xx series

Tractors of the Soviet Union
Kirov Plant products
Disilene. Disilene is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . The name disilene, referring to the structure of a particular prototropic tautomer of the molecule. It is the simplest silene.

Properties and bonding 
Disilene is a molecule with one Si=Si bond and four equivalent Si-H bonds. Its structure is like that of ethylene if ethylene's carbon atoms were replaced by silicon. However, unlike ethylene, disilene is kinetically unstable with respect to tautomerisation. Disilene has two other tautomers, that are very close in energy: (μ2-H)disilene, and disilanylidene.

Organodisilenes

Disilenes bearing sterically bulky substituents are isolable and have been well characterized although they remain mainly of academic interest. The first stabilised disilene was tetramesityldisilene, (C6Me3H2)4Si2. The Si=Si distance in this molecule is 2.15 Å, about 10% shorter than a typical Si–Si single bond. The Si2C4 core is roughly planar.  Such species are typically prepared by reduction of organosilicon halides:
2 R2SiCl2 + 4 Na → R2Si=SiR2 + 4 NaCl.
An alternative synthesis involves photolysis of trisilacyclopropanes. When the R group is not bulky, cyclic or polymeric, polysilanes are the products.

In one study a disilene is prepared by an intramolecular coupling of a 1,1-dibromosilane with potassium graphite. The silicon double bond in the resulting compound has a bond length of 227 picometer (second largest ever found) with trans-bent angles 33° and 31° (by X-ray diffraction). 

In addition to this the substituents around the Si-Si bond are twisted by 43°. The disilene isomerizes to a tetracyclic compound by heating at 110 °C in xylene thereby releasing its strain energy.

See also
 Disilane
 Disilyne

References

Silicon hydrides
List of ships built by Fincantieri. Fincantieri – Cantieri Navali Italiani S.p.A. () is an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste, Italy. The following is a list of ships built by Fincantieri:

1959–1970

1971–1980

1981–1990

1991–2000

2001-2010

2011–2020

2021–present

Notes 

Fincantieri
Ships Fincantieri
Fincantieri
Fly Synthesis Catalina. The Fly Synthesis Catalina NG is an Italian ultralight and light-sport amphibious flying boat, designed and produced by Fly Synthesis, introduced at the Aero show held in Friedrichshafen in 2010. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The manufacturer says the design borrowed from the development of the earlier Fly Synthesis Storch, stating, "The Catalina NG project evolved from the Storch amphibious aircraft experience".

The Catalina was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration open cockpit, electrically retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composite material, predominantly carbon fibre and fibreglass. Its  span wing has an area of  and electrically-operated flaperons. The standard engine available is the  Rotax 582 two-stroke powerplant. Folding wings and a ballistic parachute are optional equipment.

Specifications (Catalina NG)

References

External links

2010s Italian ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Flying boats
Life in 2050. Life in 2050 is a 2011 futurology book by Ulrich Eberl. The book deals with the effects that climate change, peak oil and the 2000s energy crisis has on the year of the mid-21st century.

This book is intended primarily for students, young professionals, university professors and politicians.

Summary
According to Eberl, computers would act as medical assistants. Robots may become household servants to the higher class as well as middle class, electric cars may develop an entire sensory system composed of several sensory organs, supercomputers may shrink down in size to the size of peas, vertical farming may allow farms to appear in large urban centers (utilizing specially made skyscrapers as energy-efficient farms), and virtual universities may exist online for everyone to access due to their relative lack of entry requirements; relegating the brick-and-mortar university as an  "elitist status symbol." Trends in business, science and politics may lead the way for breathtaking innovations to take place.

China will become the biggest economy; picking up slack from the sagging American economy. Economy prosperity will continue in Brazil, Russia, India, and China and the N-11 countries.

Buildings may become energy traders instead of being merely energy consumers. Power plants may become reality in desert regions like the Sahara and the Mojave Desert in the Southwestern United States. Seven billion people will live in urban areas by 2050; vastly outnumbering rural people. There will be more senior citizens than young people (between the ages of 12 and 17) and children (people under the age of 12). Wind power, in addition to solar power, hydrogen and biomass may eventually replace petroleum-based products as a universal energy carrier.

Remote work may become possible from "smart apartments" that can recognize a person's face and even tell what the weather is going to be like outside. Traffic lights and stop signs may disappear by 2050 because automobiles will gain the ability to communicate with each other. According to Patrick Tucker of the World Future Society, individual automobile ownership is becoming a hassle and vehicle cooperatives may solve the issues involved in owning a single vehicle. Interconnectedness may advance to the point where people may even not have to carry a phone. The communication system would be present on just a glass sheet or something more advanced than that also. This may result in no further need for communication towers.

References

Futurology books
2011 non-fiction books
2011 in the environment
2050
Beltz & Gelberg books
Unit of work. A unit of work is a behavioral pattern in software development. Martin Fowler has defined it as everything one does during a business transaction which can affect the database. When the unit of work is finished, it will provide everything that needs to be done to change the database as a result of the work.

A unit of work encapsulates one or more code repositories[de] and a list of actions to be performed which are necessary for the successful implementation of self-contained and consistent data change. A unit of work is also responsible for handling concurrency issues, and can be used for transactions and stability patterns.[de]

See also 
 ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), a set of properties of database transactions
 Database transaction, a unit of work within a database management system
 Equi-join, a type of join where only equal signs are used in the join predicate
 Lossless join decomposition, decomposition of a relation such that a natural join of the resulting relations yields back the original relation

References 

Software engineering
Amplitude domain reflectometry. Many soil moisture measuring instruments are based on the principle of Amplitude Domain Reflectometry (ADR). This method measures the electrical impedance. Electromagnetic waves traveling along Transmission Lines (TL) enter in soil medium whose impedance is different from TL a part of the energy is reflected back to transmitter. The reflected wave interferes with incident wave and produces a standing wave along the TL, this changes the amplitude of wave along the TL. The impedance can be measured from difference in amplitude. The impedance has two components: electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. The effect of conductivity can be minimized by selecting an appropriate frequency.

References 
Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, S. B. Jones, R. Knight, F. Ogden, J. Selker and O. Wendroth (2008), Soil moisture measurement for ecological and hydrological watershed-scale observatories: A review, Vadose Zone Journal, 7(1), 358–389.

Soil science
Impedance measurements
2012 Indonesian Air Force Fokker F27 crash. On 21 June 2012, a Fokker F27 military transport aircraft of the Indonesian Air Force crashed into a housing complex near Halim Airport in Jakarta, Indonesia, while conducting a training flight. All seven people on board, four people on the ground were killed and 11 more injured.

Accident
The F27 was on a training flight when it crashed while trying to land. Officials previously said that the aircraft crew had been conducting a touch-and-go exercise before the crash. The aircraft was not equipped with flight data recorders.

Aircraft
The plane was built in 1958 and used by the Air Force for the past several years. TNI has said that it is in the process of procuring CN-295s to replace its Fokker F27s.

References

External links
 

Aviation accidents and incidents in Indonesia
Accidents and incidents involving the Fokker F27
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2012
2012 disasters in Indonesia
Accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
June 2012 in Indonesia
2012 in military history
Military history of Indonesia
Indonesian Air Force
2010s in Jakarta
Richard Norman (chemist). Sir Richard Oswald Chandler Norman,  (April 27, 1932 – June 6, 1993) was a British chemist.

Biography
Norman was born in Norbury, London. His father Oswald managed a bank in the area. Norman received his primary education at St Paul's School, London. He graduated with a first in chemistry from Balliol College, Oxford in 1955, and the following year joined Merton College, Oxford as a Junior Research Fellow, completing his DPhil in 1957. His doctoral thesis investigated using continuous flow mixing techniques to study rapid free radical reactions.  He was elected as a Fellow of Merton College in 1958, lecturing, tutoring and building up a research team.

In 1965 Norman moved to the University of York to create a new chemistry department, where he gained a reputation for the study of organic reactions. In 1987 he returned to Oxford as Rector of Exeter College, Oxford, where he remained until his death.

He married Jennifer Margaret Tope in 1982; they had no children. He died in Oxford in 1993; his body was cremated at Oxford.

Textbooks and Monographs
 Electrophilic Substitution in Benzenoid Compounds (with Roger Taylor) (published 1964)
 Principles of Organic Synthesis (published 1968; 3rd ed. 1993, with James M. Coxon)
 Modern Organic Chemistry (with David J. Waddington) (published 1972; 4th ed. 1983)
Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry: Case Studies (with Michael J. Tomlinson and David J. Waddington, published 1978)

Recognitions, honours, awards
 President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (1978–1980)
 President of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1984–1986)
 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1977)
 Appointed (Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire) (1987 New Year Honours)
 Named as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence (1983–1988)
 Meldola Medal and Prize, Royal Society of Chemistry (1961)
 Corday–Morgan Medal, Royal Society of Chemistry (1967)

References

1932 births
1993 deaths
People from Streatham
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Rectors of Exeter College, Oxford
Presidents of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Academics of the University of York
Chief Scientific Advisers to the Ministry of Defence
Scientists from London
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Aemulor. In computing, Aemulor is an emulator of the earlier  addressing-mode ARM microprocessors. It runs on ARM processors under  addressing-mode versions of . It was written by Adrian Lees and released in 2003. An enhanced version is available under the name Aemulor Pro.

The software allows Raspberry Pi, Iyonix PC and A9home computers running  to make use of some software written for older hardware. , compatibility with the BeagleBoard single-board computer was under development.

Development 

The software's existence was first reported around the time of the announcement of the Iyonix in October 2002. A demo version was released in February 2003, with the commercial release in March of that year.

Aemulor Pro was released in 2004. This added enhancements, including support for low colour modes, required by scorewriter Sibelius and many games. A version for the A9home was released in 2005. The software was exhibited at the 2006 Wakefield Show.

In 2009, author Adrian Lees posted on The Icon Bar, showing an early prototype of the software running on the BeagleBoard. Progress on further compatibility for the Raspberry Pi single-board computer was announced by Lees on the RISC OS Open forum in 2012. Developer R-Comp was reported in May 2012 to be hoping to make Aemulor available for its BeagleBoard-xM-based ARMini computer.

Features 

The software provides full 26-bit emulation for applications written in C and ARM assembly language. It employs an XScale-optimised ARM code interpreter, supports SWI emulation from  to 5, flag preservation and creation of dynamic areas in low memory. Support for running A310Emu is included, allowing users to further emulate earlier versions of the OS, going back to Arthur. , due to the memory remapping employed, native 32-bit applications are restricted to a maximum size of 28Mb while Aemulor is running.

The original release included an Easter egg, with a prize of an upgrade to the Pro version for the person who found it.

Aemulor Pro adds support for low-bpp screen modes, sound, hardware emulation of VIDC/IOC, an altered memory map and  filing systems. Some software, such as Sibelius, can be run both in the desktop and in full screen.

Compatible software

References

External links 
 Official website

RISC OS emulators
RISC OS emulation software
Proprietary software
Sonex Aircraft SubSonex. The SubSonex is an experimental, single-seat, amateur-built jet aircraft from Sonex Aircraft's "Hornet's Nest" development division.

Design and development 

The JSX-1 is a single place, single engine jet aircraft similar in design to an Onex, with a Waiex style Y tail, fixed main landing gear and a retractable nosewheel. Introduced at AirVenture 2009, it is powered by a Czech-built PBS TJ100 turbojet engine mounted above the aft fuselage, with the exhaust exiting between the Y-tail. It achieved first engine test runs in December 2009. The engine produces 1100 N (240 lb) of thrust. Originally developed with only a central mono pod wheel, tail wheel and small wing tip outriggers, the prototype exhibited directional controllability problems during taxi tests. It was flight tested by jet-sailplane performer Bob Carlton in August 2011.

The production model of the SubSonex is the JSX-2. The landing gear was changed to a fully retractable, pneumatically-operated tricycle configuration.

At AirVenture 2013 the company began taking US$10,000 deposits on production kits. The kit's projected price was US$125,000 in 2013 and US$135,000 in 2014.

The first JSX-2 kit was shipped to a customer in February 2015, and completed and flown in October 2015.

Operational history
By January 2022, 17 examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

In August 2024, two JSX-2s were used by the Michigan Air National Guard as "cruise missile threat replication aircraft" and drones during Exercise Northern Strike. The JSX-2s are supplied by KestrelX.

Variants
JSX-1
Prototype version.

JSX-2
Second version with a BRS parachute, wider fuselage, more streamlined nose, and fully retractable undercarriage. Bob Carlton performed the first test flight with the prototype JSX-2 on 10 July 2014 from Wittman Field. Entered production as an amateur-built kit in the fall of 2014.
JSX-2T
Two-seats in side-by-side configuration version announced in July 2019. It will use the same PBS TJ-100 turbojet engine with the PBS TJ-150 as an option. The design is projected to offer a cruise speed of over  and an estimated useful load of . The aircraft was expected to be first publicly displayed at Airventure in July 2020, but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
NASC Tracer
Twin-jet UAV model for military and civil applications, designed by Sonex and the Navmar Applied Sciences Corporation (NASC)

Specifications (JSX-2)

See also

References

External links

Web Interview on SubSonex Progress 
The Second Coming of the Microjet, by Paul Bertorelli, AVweb

Homebuilt aircraft
Microjets
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2011
V-tail aircraft
2010s United States sport aircraft
Fly Synthesis Storch. The Fly Synthesis Storch () is an Italian ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Fly Synthesis, introduced in 1990. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft or as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Storch was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is of mixed construction, with the fuselage made from composites and the tail boom an aluminum tube. The HS model has a  span wing with an area of  and flaperons. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912UL and the  Jabiru 2200 four-stroke powerplants. All controls are operated by teleflex cables, except the ailerons, which are operated by push-pull tubes.

Variants
Storch CL
Model with a longer  span wing with an area of  and a gross weight of , sold as the Lafayette Stork Classic in the USA.
Storch HS
Model with a shorter  span wing with an area of  and Junkers-style flaperons. Gross weight of  It is sold as the Lafayette Stork Super Sport in the USA.
Storch S
Model with separate flaps and ailerons, in place of flaperons and a gross weight of .

Specifications (Storch HS)

References

External links

1990s Italian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Stand development. Stand development is a photographic development process where film is left in a very dilute developing solution for an extended period of time, with little or no agitation. The technique dates back to at least the 1880s, and results in fine grain, increased perceived sharpness, and smooth tonality, but is time-intensive and runs the risk of producing certain processing defects.

Process
In traditional film development, film is processed in concentrated development fluid for a brief period, typically 8 to 12 minutes. During this period the developing fluid is agitated, often by inverting the development tank several times every few minutes. This has the effect of spreading the developing fluid evenly over the surface of the film and preventing localised overdevelopment. Stand development instead uses a very dilute solution of developer, often one part developer to fifty or one hundred parts water. There is almost no agitation beyond initial mixing, and developing times are greatly increased, often an hour or more. A related technique is semi-stand development, which uses a small amount of agitation.

Advantages
Stand development is noted for its perceived sharpness and relative simplicity. The process was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was used by Eugene Atget and William Mortensen, among others. It has a compensating effect in that the developer exhausts itself in areas which require greater development while remaining active in less-exposed areas, which has the effect of boosting shadow detail while preserving bright highlights. Stand development is also largely insensitive to variations in exposure, and allows for the development of films rated at different speeds in the same batch.

Disadvantages

Without agitation stand development can suffer from bromide drag. The developing process produces bromide ions, which settle towards the bottom of the developing tank. In doing so they create streaks of uneven development on the surface of the film. In the example to the right the developing fluid has filtered through the sprocket holes of a frame of 35mm film, producing streaks of overdevelopment that would have been masked with more agitation.

References

Stand Development With Rodinal

Photographic processes