omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bernard SIMB AB 14. 

The Bernard SIMB AB 14 was a 1920s French single-seat sesquiplane fighter aircraft designed and built by the Société Industrielle des Métaux et du Bois (SIMB). With a reluctance of the French authorities to purchase monoplanes the Bernard 14 was designed as a sesquiplane with Y-form struts bracing the wings on each side. It was powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Hb inline piston engine and had a fixed tailskid landing gear. While on a test flight on 22 February 1926 the aircraft suffered a catastrophic structural failure of the upper wing and the only Bernard 14 was destroyed.

Specifications

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Bernard 14

1920s French fighter aircraft
AB014
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Drop table. A drop table or wheel drop is a device used in railway engineering during maintenance jobs that require the removal of locomotive or rolling stock wheelsets. The machine is built in a drop pit allowing a locomotive or rolling stock to be rolled onto it, avoiding the need for heavy cranes or jacks to lift the vehicle off the rails.

The vehicle is placed over the drop table, and the connections attaching the wheelset to the vehicle are unfastened. This allows the wheel set to 'float' independently of the locomotive. The wheelset is lowered into the drop pit on a short section of rail, and a dummy rail, normally a part of the drop table machinery, is then inserted in the gap over the lowered wheelset. This enables the vehicle to be moved clear of the drop table on its remaining wheels, so that the removed wheelset can then be lifted out of the drop pit for maintenance work to be performed on it.

References

External links

 An example of a wheeldrop in use (with photos and web-movies)

Rail technologies
Maintenance of way equipment
Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company. The Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company, originally known as the Pittsburgh Engine Company, was a company founded in 1811 by Oliver Evans to manufacture high-pressure steam engines.

History 
This company opened for business shortly after Fulton's low-pressure New Orleans left Pittsburgh on her maiden voyage as the first steamboat west of the Appalachian Mountains. It was located at the corner of Front Street and Redoubt Alley in Downtown Pittsburgh, just blocks from the Monongahela wharf.

In addition to engines, the company made other heavy equipment and iron castings, including anchors on ships used by Commodore Perry in the War of 1812 on Lake Erie. 

The company also manufactured rolling mills for the iron industry.

References

History of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
History of Pittsburgh
Ironworks and steel mills in Pennsylvania
Steam engine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Pittsburgh
Industrial buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Alexandre Chan. Alexandre Chan (born ) is a Brazilian architect best known for designing the President Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge in Brasília, Brazil with structural engineer Mario Vila Verde, and the Bridge of Knowledge in Rio de Janeiro. He has been described as "one of Brazil's leading architects".

Chan's idea for the President Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge was to create a landmark for the enjoyment of the community as much as to simply traverse a body of water. The bridge includes large arches that cross over the roadway midspan and drop on the opposite side of the roadway while radial cable stays "between the roadway and the underside of each arch form a sort of tunnel for travelers." The road itself is three lanes in each direction with a sidewalk on each side. The bridge won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal at the International Bridge Conference in 2003.

Notable works

 President Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge, Brasilia (2004)
 Bridge of Knowledge, Rio de Janeiro (2012)
 Rio Sul Complex, Shopping Center and Tower, Rio de Janeiro (1980)

References

Brazilian architects
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1942 births
Network-Integrated Multimedia Middleware. The Network-Integrated Multimedia Middleware (NMM) is a flow graph based multimedia framework. NMM allows creating distributed multimedia applications: local and remote multimedia devices or software components can be controlled transparently and integrated into a common multimedia processing flow graph. NMM is implemented in C++, a programming language, and NMM-IDL, an interface description language (IDL). NMM is a set of cross-platform libraries and applications for the operating systems Linux, OS X, Windows, and others. A software development kit (SDK) is also provided.

NMM is released under dual-licensing. The Linux, OS X and PS3 versions are distributed free as open-source software under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Windows version is distributed free as binary version under the terms and conditions of the NMM Non-Commercial License (NMM-NCL). All NMM versions (i.e., for all supported operating systems) are also distributed under a commercial license with full warranty, which allows developing closed-source proprietary software atop NMM.

See also
 Java Media Framework
 DirectShow
 QuickTime
 Helix DNA
 MPlayer
 VLC media player (VLC)
 Video wall

Sources
 Linux gains open source multimedia middleware
 
 KDE to gain cutting-edge multimedia technology
 Multimedia barriers drop at CeBIT in March
 A Survey of Software Infrastructures and Frameworks for Ubiquitous Computing

External links
 NMM homepage

Computer networking
Computer libraries
Saker LSV. The Wessex Saker Light Strike Vehicle was a British Army light vehicle similar to a sandrail.
They were produced in the late 1980s for the British Special Air Service.

Design was by Wessex and Devonport Management Limited. The frame was welded tube and power, to the rear wheels only, was from a Volkswagen 1.6 litre air-cooled petrol engine.

It was a two-man vehicle which could be armed with either a 7.62 mm GMPG or a 0.5 inch M2 machine gun.

See also
Desert Patrol Vehicle/Light Strike Vehicle
Light Strike Vehicle (Singapore)

Notes and references

Military Vehicle club featured vehicles

Military vehicles of the United Kingdom
Military light utility vehicles
Special Air Service
Searle's bar method. Searle's bar method (named after George Frederick Charles Searle) is an experimental procedure to measure thermal conductivity of material. A bar of material is being heated by steam on one side and the other side cooled down by water while the length of the bar is thermally insulated. Then the heat ΔQ propagating through the bar in a time interval of Δt is given by

where
 ΔQ is the heat supplied to the bar in time Δt
 k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the bar. 
 A is the cross-sectional area of the bar,
 ΔTbar is the temperature difference between each end of the bar
 L is the length of the bar

and the heat ΔQ absorbed by water in a time interval of Δt is:

where
 Cw is the specific heat of water,
 Δm is the mass of water collected during time Δt,
 ΔTwater is difference in the temperature of water before and after it has gone through the bar.

Assuming perfect insulation and no energy loss, then 

which leads to

References 
 

Heat conduction
Knut Brautaset. Knut Brautaset (born 16 September 1939) is a Norwegian engineer.

He worked as a civil engineer in Detroit, Michigan from 1965 to 1970. When moving back to Norway in 1970, he was hired at the Southern Norway Technical School, which changed its name to Agder Regional College of Engineering (). From 1982 to 1989 he was the rector of this Grimstad-based college. When Agder University College was created through a merger of the region's colleges in 1994, Brautaset became the first rector there, and served until 2000. He has also been the board chairman of the Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Higher Education for six years.

He resides in Grimstad.

References

1939 births
Living people
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Academic staff of the University of Agder
Rectors of universities and colleges in Norway
People from Grimstad
Strike package. A strike package is a group of aircraft with different capabilities that are launched together to perform a single attack mission. It is a combined arms effort in the air. The United States Navy calls the same concept "alpha strike".

The term is normally applied to ground attack missions, where the strike package for attacking the primary target will include bombers, fighters to defend them from enemy aircraft, wild weasels to defend against ground-based anti-aircraft weapons, reconnaissance aircraft for pre-raid and post-raid reconnaissance and tanker aircraft to extend the mission radius. AWACS and stand-off jamming aircraft may support the strike package without entering the most dangerous airspace.
In some cases all of these roles can be carried out by a single aircraft type with different payloads, but it is more common to use a variety of different aircraft, launched from different locations and times.

Strike packages are a tactical adaptation to substantial threats (fighters, air defenses) and are less efficient than an all-strike fighter effort would be in face of little resistance. Often, only about 40% of the strike package aircraft are equipped to engage the primary ground targets. The strike package tactic gives up continuous air/ground operations over a target area in favor of discontinuous presence. This leaves periods of little air threat and thus relatively good freedom of movement to the opposing ground forces.

See also
Index of aviation articles

References

External links
 Website written for wargamers, describing historical Vietnam War strike packages

Military aviation
International Grooving & Grinding Association. International Grooving & Grinding Association (IGGA) is a non-profit trade association located in West Coxsackie, New York. Founded in 1972, the organization represents the grooving, grinding, and Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) and Concrete Pavement Preservation (CPP) industry. The organization became an affiliate of the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) in 1995. 

The IGGA is made up of contractors, manufacturers, suppliers, consultants and public officials representing the industry. In addition to a diversified Board of Directors, the IGGA is served by a Communications Committee whose activities include public relations, development of marketing materials and industry promotion. The Environmental Committee is in place to research and educate the industry about key issues affecting the marketplace.

History

The IGGA was first incorporated in Lakewood, California, in June 1972. In 1995, the IGGA affiliated with the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) to represent its newly formed CPR Division, to serve as a technical resource and industry representative in the marketing of grooving, grinding, and CPR/CPP to Departments of Transportation, municipalities, and engineers worldwide.

Awards

The IGGA has an annual awards competition to honor individuals and organizations for contributions made to the grooving, grinding, and concrete pavement restoration industry. The awards are:

The Lester F. Kuzmick Award recognizes individuals, companies, and organizations for excellence in the industry, named in honor of Lester Kuzmick, a former IGGA leader.
The Operator of the Year ("Iron Man") is a leadership award with special emphasis on dedication to quality.
The Government Official of the Year Award, for leadership in transportation activities with an emphasis on grooving, grinding, and CPR.
The Honorary Life Member Award is for retired or retiring professionals who have rendered outstanding service to the industry and the IGGA.

References

External links
 International Grooving & Grinding Association

Companies based in New York (state)
Organizations established in 1972
Grinding and lapping
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (OECD TG) are a set of internationally accepted specifications for the testing of chemicals decided on by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).  They were first published in 1981. They are split into five sections:

 Section 1: Physical Chemical Properties
 Section 2: Effects on Biotic Systems
 Section 3: Environmental Fate and Behaviour
 Section 4: Health Effects
 Section 5: Other Test Guidelines

Guidelines are numbered with three digit numbers, the section number being the first number.  Sometimes guidelines are suffixed with a letter.

Guidelines are under constant review, with guidelines being periodically updated, new guidelines being adopted, and guidelines being withdrawn.  Previous guidelines are maintained on the website for reference purposes.  Animal welfare concerns are dealt with by ensuring that animal tests are only permitted where necessary.

The guidelines are available in both English and French.

List of guidelines

Section 1: Physical Chemical Properties

Section 2: Effects on Biotic Systems

Section 3: Environmental Fate and Behaviour

Section 4: Health Effects

Section 5: Other Test Guidelines

External links 
 OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals

OECD
Toxicology
Regulation of chemicals
Volatile suspended solids. Volatile suspended solids (VSS) is an analytical parameter that represents the undissolved organic matter in a water sample. More technically, it is a water quality parameter obtained from the loss on ignition of total suspended solids. The heating of sample generally takes place in an oven at a temperature of 550 °C to 600 °C. It represents the amount of volatile matter present in the undissolved solid fraction of the measured solution. VSS is an important parameter in wastewater treatment and characterization.

See also 
 Settleable solids
 Turbidity
 Water pollution
 Water quality

References

External links and further reading 
National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
Environmental Business Specialists

Water quality indicators
Caspar U.1. The Caspar U.1 (sometimes known as the Caspar-Heinkel U.1) was a 1920s German patrol seaplane designed by Ernst Heinkel and built by Caspar-Werke. The U.1 was designed to fit into a cylindrical container to allow it to be carried, then launched from a submarine.

Development
The U.1 was designed to meet a requirement to fit inside a cylindrical container  long with a diameter of ; this allowed the aircraft to be carried by a submarine. To reduce the time to launch the aircraft, it was built as a cantilever biplane to remove the need to rig struts and wires on assembly. The U.1 had two single-step floats and was powered by a front-mounted  Siemens radial piston engine. The pilot had an open cockpit behind the upper wing which gave a clear view forward. It is claimed that during tests, four men could remove the U.1 from the container and erect it in 1 minute 3 seconds. Two aircraft were bought by the United States Navy for evaluation; these were delivered to Naval Air Station Anacostia in late 1922, and were tested during 1923; one of the aircraft was damaged beyond repair whilst mounted on a truck for a parade.

Operators

Reichsmarine

United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Floatplanes
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Submarine-borne aircraft
U1
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Nanoneuronics. Nanoneuronics is an emerging discipline involving the application of nanometer-scale methods, materials, science and technology to neurons and neural tissue in order to design and develop advanced medical applications.

Overview
Nanoneuronics is a new discipline of engineering that aims to harness the collaborative power and knowledge of nanotechnology, neuroscience, electrical engineering, neural engineering and ethics for the design and development of advanced medical interventions with the nervous system.
Although non-invasive approaches to the nervous system have been effective for diagnosis and therapy in many treatments, an overwhelming number of severe neurological conditions will likely require invasive approaches for effective therapY.

History
The term “nanoneuronics” was coined in 2006 by Prof. Richard Magin, at the time the head of the Bioengineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
The National Science Foundation has approved initial funding toward the study of ways in which experts in these fields can work together to promote interdisciplinary research.

References

 Handbook of Neural Engineering, Metin Akay (Editor), 

Biotechnology
VSTOL Support Ship. The VSTOL Support Ship (VSS) was a proposed light aircraft carrier design for the United States Navy in the late 1970s that would be smaller and less expensive than the Navy's existing aircraft carriers such as the .  The design would cost one-quarter as much, although the V/STOL aircraft it would carry would have reduced performance.  The United States Senate and others supported the design, but it was ultimately rejected by the Navy.

Development and design
In the early 1970s, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Elmo Zumwalt, proposed that the US Navy build the Sea Control Ship (SCS), a small aircraft carrier equipped with helicopters and V/STOL aircraft such as the AV-8A Harrier which was intended for convoy escort operations. The austere SCS design was heavily opposed by factions within the US Navy, including Admiral Hyman G. Rickover and much of the Naval aviation community and plans to purchase the SCS were rejected by the US Congress in 1975.

Zumwalt's successor as CNO, James L. Holloway III abandoned plans for the SCS and instead proposed a larger and faster design, the VSTOL Support Ship, or VSS. By June 1976, it was planned that the VSS would be  long and would be powered by four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines driving two propeller shafts (essentially double the machinery of the single shaft SCS) which would give a speed of . It would carry 22 helicopters (16 H-53 Sea Stallions and six LAMPS light helicopters) together with four Harriers. Holloway hoped to develop a series of advanced V/STOL aircraft, including a supersonic fighter and a utility aircraft for Anti-Submarine and Airborne Early Warning duties which could operate from the VSS as well as from the Navy's existing carriers, although these types were never fully defined. The need to accommodate the new designs resulted in the carrier's design being reworked in February 1978 as the VSS II. This design had a larger hangar and greater beam than the original design to allow the potentially larger advanced aircraft to be carried, and carried substantially more aviation fuel.

A third variant, the VSS III, evolved by July 1978 as a result of a requirement to protect the ship's magazines. In order to cope with the extra weight of the armor, the ship had a new hull form with less freeboard but allowing greater speed. The final VSS III design was  long overall and  at the waterline, with a beam of  and a draft of . Displacement was  light and  full load. As well as the ship's aircraft, two quadruple Harpoon anti-ship-missile launchers were to be mounted on the fantail, with two Phalanx Close-in weapon systems were to be fitted. A complement of 49 officers and 910 other ranks were to operate the ship while the ship's air wing had 87 officers and 541 other ranks.

See also
 Sea Control Ship
 Aircraft Carrier (Medium)

References

 All Hands, July 1976, at 
 
 
 
 

Ship types
Aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States
Proposed aircraft carriers
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
Presidency of Jimmy Carter
Plastigauge. Plastigauge is a measuring tool used for measuring plain bearing clearances, such as in engines. Other uses include marine drive shaft bearings, turbine housing bearings, pump and pressure system bearings, shaft end-float, flatness and clearance in pipe-flanges and cylinder heads. Wherever it is required to determine the separation between hidden surfaces. Plastigauge is a registered trademark of Plastigauge Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom. Plastigauge was introduced to US retail sales in 1948.

Plastigauge consists of a strip of soft material with precise known dimensions and deformation characteristics. This is sandwiched between a clean bearing surface on a shaft and the bearing shell itself. The plastigauge flattens after the bearing cap is tightened. The dimensional clearance is then determined by comparing the amount that the gauge material has flattened using a template. Letter designation describes the range of measurement use for each gauge.

References

External links
Manufacturers website
USA distributor website
RUSSIA distributor website
Plastigauge in use
Как пользоваться plastigage

Dimensional instruments
Engineered bamboo. Engineered bamboo is a set of composite products produced from bamboo. It is designed to be a replacement for wood or engineered wood, but is used only when high load bearing strength is not required because building standards for this type of use have not been agreed by regulatory bodies. Engineered bamboo comes in several different forms, including bamboo scrimber and laminated bamboo, which has three times the structural capacity as normal timber and is defined and regulated by the ASTM International Standards.

Engineered bamboo has been used as paneling, vehicle beds, concrete formworks, lightweight building construction and even for shelters after the 2004 tsunami. In comparison to the woods that have been traditionally used, a number of benefits and drawbacks have been identified. Lower cost, especially when replacing wood that would otherwise have been imported, is a key advantage. Further benefits include greater hardness and shape retention, especially in high temperatures.

However, bamboo is not as resilient as most woods and will decay more rapidly than other woods if not treated with preservatives.

New building methods have had to be developed for engineered bamboo as its properties are sufficiently different, and make normal wood-working methods used with (non-engineered) bamboo unsuitable.

In order to overcome the typical loss of strength bamboo incurs when bending takes place post-harvest, an alternative method to overcome this has been developed.

Pre-harvest bending of the bamboo stems in zig-zags, allows the bamboo to later form a Warren truss.

Alexander Vittouris has proposed a much simpler 2D S-bend shape, which—after harvesting, and in sufficient quantities—could be assembled into a variety of 3D shapes. The arboriculture technique used to make both shapes is similar to tree shaping, and result in parts similar to woodworking knees.

References

Bamboo
Engineered wood
Thermofoil. Thermofoil is a surface finish applied to cabinets by multiple manufacturers. It is a plastic material which is thermoformed to the profile of an underlying engineered wood core such as medium-density fiberboard.  Thermofoil typically has a high-quality sheen and may incorporate metallic elements in its finish (analogous to the metallic paint on an automobile).

Often used for making kitchen cabinet doors, this reasonably priced and commonly available synthetic material is a thin, tight, heat-sealed plastic wrap used to mold over an MDF substrate. Thermofoil cabinet doors can be a solid color or imitation wood grain. The cabinet boxes that accompany these doors can be finished in various materials such matching thermofoil, coordinating paint, and laminates. Thermofoil is available in a range of textures and sheen levels, the most popular choice being solid white with a matte sheen. For a budget kitchen remodel, a thermofoil cabinet door is an easy and economical alternative to white paint. 

The downside of thermofoil is its greater susceptibility to heat and moisture damage compared to other materials. Heat-generating appliances such as coffeemakers and toasters should not be placed too close to the cabinets. Heat shields can be placed between cabinets and major appliances such as dishwashers and ranges. Many appliances come with built-in shields.

References

Surface decorative techniques in woodworking