omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sotetsu 8000 series. The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Sagami Railway (Sotetsu) in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, since 1990.

Body 
The trains use a lightweight aluminium body.

Interior design 
Some cars have transverse seating.

Electrical equipment 
The motor system is based on the New 7000 series.

This series adopted variable-frequency drive motors named "Hitachi HSV-03"; the motor power is 150 kW and installed as 4 motors per car. Power cars are two cars as one pair. The 8100 car establishes the VFD-controller, and the 8200 car establishes a compressor, etc.

The brake system was finished with Hitachi HSC and adopted brake by wire with regenerative brake.

Bogies are based on the New 7000 series, too. The name is "KH132B" (for power cars) and "KH135B" (for others).

Safety system 
The safety system uses a dead man's switch and automatic train stop.

Formation 
, the fleet consists of 12 ten-car sets, formed as follows.

8701–8707

8708–8713

Key:
 CONT：VFD controller (1 Controller operates 2 cars, 8 Motors. 1C8M)
 MG：Motor-generator
 SIV：Inverter (electrical)
 CP：Reciprocating compressor
 PT：pantograph
 ★ Transverse seating

History 

A total of 130 cars were built between 1990 and 2000 by Hitachi in Yamaguchi Prefecture. They replaced many of the aging 6000 series and new 6000 series sets.

Set 8707 was involved in a collision with a track maintenance vehicle in March 2004, at Shonandai Station, and was scrapped in 2006. The set was replaced by a newer Sotetsu 10000 series set. Set 8702 was withdrawn from service on 13 March 2020 for aging reasons and due to the introduction of newly built set 12106 and was scrapped in April of the same year.

Refurbishment

Body 
 The air conditioners were changed to new freon-based type.
 Some diamond-shaped pantographs were changed to single-arm.
 From 2008, the livery was changed to a new livery based on that used on the Sotetsu 10000 series.
 One Set 8709 Was painted into The Yokohama Navy Blue further sets will be refurbished with new interiors and full led indicator destination

Interior design 
 Some early formations do not have wheelchair space, so it was added in the 8700 and 8500 cars.
 The bench seats were replaced with sculpted longitudinal seats and the seat covers were changed from orange to purple.
 Both ends of the seat were attached to white partition board and a curved pole.

Safety system 
 ATS was changed from original type to the same type as the East Japan Railway Company.
 A new safety system was established. If no control in one minute, then the emergency brake engages and the train stops. This system is named by Japan "EB".

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
8000 series
Train-related introductions in 1990
Hitachi multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Rhaetian Railway Ge 3/3. The Rhaetian Railway Ge 3/3 is a class of metre gauge 11 kV 16.7 Hz AC electric shunting locomotives operated by the Rhaetian Railway (RhB), which is the main railway network in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.

The class is so named under the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification system. According to that system, Ge 3/3 denotes a narrow gauge electric adhesion locomotive with a total of three axles, all of which are drive axles.  There are only two locomotives in the Ge 3/3 class, and they are numbered 214 and 215.

Delivered by Robert Aebi (Raco) and Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC), the Ge 3/3s feature some componentry — e.g., traction motor, compressor and vacuum pump — that are the same as the corresponding components in the second series locomotives of the Rhaetian Railway Ge 4/4 II class.

The orange liveried Ge 3/3 locomotives are used at major Rhaetian Railway stations: no 214 in Samedan and no 215 in Chur.

Gallery

See also
 History of rail transport in Switzerland
 Rail transport in Switzerland

References 

 
 
 
 

Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Co locomotives
Electric locomotives of Switzerland
11 kV AC locomotives
Rhaetian Railway locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1984
Metre gauge electric locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Handpresso. Handpresso SARL is a French manufacturer of portable espresso machines. In 2006, the handpresso SARL was founded in Fontainebleau by Henrik Nielsen. Nielsen established handpresso SARL as a derivative of Nielsen Innovation SARL. Handpresso WILD ESE was  the first handheld espresso maker and it is sold in 25 countries. The first Handpresso machines were designed for E.S.E. coffee pods. Handpresso WILD ESE is of Danish design.

In 2008, Handpresso won seven international design prizes, including IF and Formland.

In 2012, the company launched the "Handpresso Auto", an espresso machine for the car.

In 2013, the Handpresso Wild Hybrid achieved the "National Geographic's Gear of the Year" award.

Technology

The Handpresso Wild works by pumping the Handpresso unit up to 16 bar pressure. Hot water is then added from a kettle or a thermo flask to the 50 ml reservoir, and an E.S.E. pod or Domepod (ground coffee) inserted before serving the coffee at the push of a button. The infusion is stopped by pushing the button back. During the infusion the pressure drops in from 11 to 8 bar pressure.

The temperature of the water is very important for the final result. When freshly boiled water from a kettle is used, the water temperature is about 203 °F (95 °C) when it gets in contact with the coffee. The water from a thermo flask is usually cooler, but temperatures down to 176 °F (80 °C) still gives an acceptable result with most coffees.

Handpresso has filed several international patents.

See also

References

External links
 

French brands
Espresso machines
Manufacturing companies established in 2006
French companies established in 2006
Martin Hotine. Brigadier Martin Hotine CMG CBE (17 June 1898 – 12 November 1968) was the head of the Trigonometrical and Levelling Division of the Ordnance Survey responsible for the 26-year-long retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–1962) and was the first Director General of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (1946–1955).

He served on the North-West Frontier during the First World War and later in the Persian and Mesopotamian campaigns. He has been described as "decisive, ingenious and tough".

Cartography
Hotine was responsible for the design of the triangulation pillars constructed during the Geodetic resurvey of Britain. 6,173 of these were built. They provided a solid base for the theodolites used by the survey teams during the survey, thereby improving the accuracy of the readings obtained. They are sometimes referred to as "Hotine Pillars".

In the 1940s, Hotine developed a map projection for the Malay Peninsula and Borneo that is known as the Hotine oblique Mercator projection.

Personal life 
Hotine was married to Kate Amelia Hotine (née Pearson)(1895–1987) whose nickname to family and friends was 'Ajax'.

Honours
1947 Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal "For research work in Air Survey ... and for his cartographic work."
1955 Photogrammetric Society's first President's Medal
1964 The Institution of Royal Engineers' Gold Medal

Publications

References

1898 births
1968 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
English surveyors
People educated at Southend High School for Boys
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Rake angle. In machining, the rake angle is a parameter used in various cutting processes, describing the angle of the cutting face relative to the workpiece. There are three types of rake angles: positive, zero or neutral, and negative.

 Positive rake: A tool has a positive rake when the face of the cutting tool slopes away from the cutting edge at inner side.
 Zero rake: A tool has a zero (or neutral) rake when the face of the cutting tool is perpendicular to the cutting edge at inner side.
 Negative rake: A tool has a negative rake angle when the face of the cutting tool slopes away from the cutting edge at outer side.

Positive rake angles generally:
 Make the tool more sharp and pointed.  This reduces the strength of the tool, as the small included angle in the tip may cause it to chip away.  
 Reduce cutting forces and power requirements.  
 Helps in the formation of continuous chips in ductile materials. 
 Can help avoid the formation of a built-up edge.

Negative rake angles generally:
 Increase the strength of the cutting edge. The tool is more blunt.
 Increases the cutting force.
 Increases the power required for a cut.
 Can increase friction, resulting in higher temperatures.
 Can improve surface finish.

Zero rake angles:
 Easier to manufacture.
 Easier to resharpen.
 Less power and cutting forces than a negative raked tool.
 Chip will wear and 'crater' the rake face.

Recommended rake angles 
Recommended rake angles can vary depending on the material being cut, tool material, depth of cut, cutting speed, machine, setup and process. This table summarizes recommended rake angles for: single-point turning on a lathe, drilling, milling, and sawing.

References

Cutting tools
Metalworking terminology
Santa Bárbara Sistemas. Santa Bárbara Sistemas is a Spanish defense contractor based in Madrid, integrated under General Dynamics European Land Systems (GDELS), a business unit of General Dynamics which consolidated in one structure all European subsidiaries of GDLS.

It is one of the primary suppliers of the Military of Spain and is responsible for the assembly of heavy vehicles such as the Spanish Army's Leopard 2E main battle tank and the Pizarro infantry combat vehicle. The primary lines of business of Santa Bárbara Sistemas are armoured vehicles, special and amphibious vehicles, weapons systems, munitions and missiles, and Research & Development. The company is delivering the prototypes of the UK's Scout SV AFV through General Dynamics in the UK.

General Dynamics acquired the company from the Spanish government 25 July 2001.

History

SBS was founded in 1960 by bringing together factories of the Spanish Ministry of Defense under the Instituto Nacional de Industria. These included arsenals in Sevilla, Oviedo, Trubia and A Coruna.

SBS was denationalised by Spain and acquired by General Dynamics Europe in July 2001.

In June 2024 SBS announced the reactivation of its artillery gun barrel manufacturing capacity at Trubia.

Products and programmes

Weapons and systems
 Firearms:
 CETME - Assault rifle
 CETME Ameli - Light machine gun
 CETME L - Assault rifle
 LAG 40 - Automatic grenade launcher
 Artillery:
 Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52 SIAC
 Gun turrets:
 TC-25 - Turret
 TC-13 - Turret
 TC-3 - Turret
 TC-7 - Turret
 TC-19 - Turret
 TC-9 - Turret

Munitions and powders
 Powders
 Pólvora Dx
 Pólvora Esferoidal
 Munitions
 Artillery
 Small Caliber
 Medium Caliber
 Tank ammunitions
 Explosives
 Cutting and perforating explosives

Armoured vehicles
 Tracked Vehicles
 Pizarro - Infantry fighting vehicle
 Scout SV
 Wheeled Vehicles
 BMR- Vehículo blindado medio de ruedas
 Dragón AFV - Vehículo blindado medio sobre ruedas
 VEC- Vehículo blindado de exploración de caballería

Cooperative programs
 Armoured vehicles
 Leopardo 2E - Tank
 RG-31 Mk5E, local assembly of the units bought by the Spanish Army.
 AMX-30E - Tank
 Weapons and systems
 G36E - Assault rifle
 Mauser Mk30 - Automatic cannon
 MG3 - General purpose machine gun
 Heckler & Koch MG4 - Light machine gun
 Missiles
 Warhead and other system components
 Meteor program
 Anti-tank Missile Spike: Partial manufacture and assembly line of the missiles acquired by the Spanish Army and the Spanish Marines, under the license of Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd.
 Civilian Sector
 Aeronautics
 Thermal and surface components

Modernisation programs
 Tanks
 AMX-30E
 M60 Patton
 Armoured vehicles
 BMR 2

References

External links
 Official web site  
 Official spanish site  
 Official german site  

Firearm manufacturers of Spain
Defence companies of Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Madrid
General Dynamics
Manufacturing companies established in 1960
Spanish companies established in 1960
Spanish subsidiaries of foreign companies
MasterImage 3D. MasterImage 3D is a company that develops stereoscopic 3D systems for theaters, and auto-stereoscopic 3D displays for mobile devices.

3D Cinema Technology
The MasterImage 3D MI-CLARITY3D system for cinemas is a polarized 3D system that is based on the projector presenting a spinning polarized filter, which contains alternating segments of circularly polarized material. Mounted in front of the projector lens, this filter is synchronized to the projected images, giving each frame a polarization perpendicular to the previous one, which can be viewed with polarized 3D glasses. The filter wheel can be lowered out of the lens' path for non-3D material. It has been noted that an earlier version of the spinning polarized filter malfunctioned, but the problem has been addressed with an updated replacement filter which was supplied to all theaters using the system. MasterImage 3D offers different types of 3D cinema technology (including those based on a polarized filter disc, as well as solid-state liquid crystal), based on different cinema configurations. The company also produces passive 3D eyewear that is optically matched to their 3D systems.

Auto-Stereoscopic Cell-Matrix 3D Technology

MasterImage 3D also produces auto-stereoscopic displays for smartphones and tablets, which allow devices to present 3D images without the need for glasses. MasterImage 3D provides screens ranging from 4.3 inches to 10.1 inches. They achieve the effect through its patented Cell-Matrix Parallax Barrier technology, which uses a cell-gap approach that enables landscape and portrait modes, provides a 10 degree viewing angle, and reduces the Moire pattern that causes ghosting. MasterImage 3D's auto-stereoscopic display was used in one of the world's first glasses-free 3D mobile phones, the Hitachi Wooo, available in Japan in 2009. Another device featuring the MasterImage 3D Cell-Matrix 3D display, the Micromax A115 Canvas 3D, was released in April 2013.

References

External links 
 MasterImage 3D website
 MasterImage 3D blog
 Film-Tech(independent cinema technology web site)
 MarketSaw

Motion picture film formats
Mass media companies of the United States
3D imaging
3D cinema
Morse system. MORSE system is a unique communication system developed by RACOM. The system has been primarily designed for narrow band radio modems. However, it has been extended for the next communication channels afterwards: IP (any network using UDP/IP, e.g. Internet) and GPRS, EDGE, UMTS.

The system is used primarily for communication in SCADA & Telemetry, Fleet management and transaction & financial networks.
There are more than 70 automation protocols implemented in MORSE system. Some of them are implemented in “cache mode”, when there is a mirror of data from all RTU in central modem. So the response time for SCADA is really fast.

External links 
MORSE system

Telecommunications systems
Rachpal Singh Gill. Er. Rachpal Singh Gill (3 April 1908 – 10 August 2001) was a Sikh Indian civil engineer responsible for key engineering projects such as the Bhakra Nangal hydro power complex, Ranjit Sagar Dam, Pong Dam, and the thermal power plants at Bathinda as well as Roopnagar.

Early life and education
Rachpal Singh graduated in civil engineering from King's College, University of London.

Career
He started his career when he joined the Irrigation Branch in 1943. After partition, he was selected to work as Officer on Special Duty dealing with the sensitive problems of water disputes.

He also served as the Chairman for the Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) in the 1960s, Chairman of the Board of Consultants and Construction, Planning and Equipment Committee of Ranjit Sagar Dam.  and was widely regarded as an excellent technocrat.

Family
The second son of the first Sikh railway engineer Sardar Nagiah Singh Gill, he was born in Ludhiana and studied his civil engineering at Kings college University of London. His children include the famous DGP of Punjab K.P.S. Gill.

Works
 Manufacture and Control of Concrete for the Bakhra Dam, by R. S. Gill and Harish Chander Indian Concrete Journal (ICJ), Vol.34 No. p .444

References

1908 births
2001 deaths
Engineers from Punjab, India
Indian civil engineers
Alumni of King's College London
Indian Sikhs
20th-century Indian engineers
People from Punjab Province (British India)
Slingsby Swallow. The Slingsby Type 45 Swallow was designed as a club sailplane of reasonable performance and price. One of the most successful of Slingsby's gliders in sales terms, over 100 had been built when production was ended by a 1968 factory fire.

Design and development

The Slingsby Swallow was a wooden-framed aircraft, covered in a mixture of plywood and fabric.  Its high mounted, cantilever, straight-tapered and square-tipped wing had 3.3o dihedral.  It was Gaboon plywood-skinned and built around a single spruce spar, with a leading-edge torsion box. Its unbalanced ailerons were fabric covered; there were no flaps but dive brakes could be extended in pairs above and below the wings.  The prototype had a 12 m span wing, but all production aircraft had their performance enhanced by an extension to 13.05 m.

The forward fuselage was a plywood semi-monocoque, with the perspex enclosed cockpit immediately ahead of the wing.  The strong curvature of the single piece canopy in front of the pilot was later reduced, in Mk.2 aircraft, by extending it forwards.  In both versions, access was by removal of the canopy and a surrounding fuselage fairing. The whole fuselage was flat sided, but at the rear fabric covering was used. Fixed tail surfaces were plywood skinned and control surfaces fabric covered.  Fin and rudder were noticeably straight edged, the unbalanced rudder extending down to the keel.  The slightly tapered tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and placed far enough forward that the rudder hinge was behind the elevator trailing edge, so that no cutout for rudder movement was needed.  The Swallow used a conventional glider undercarriage, a combination of a rubber sprung skid from nose to below the wing leading edge, plus a fixed, unsprung monowheel below mid wing and a small skid at the rear.

Operational history

The Swallow flew for the first time on 11 October 1957 and it remained in production for 11 years.  About 115-120 Swallows were completed, though two were destroyed at the factory in a fire.  Part of the uncertainty lies with kits issued by Slingsby for construction abroad. The short-span first prototype was later rebuilt as the Reussner Swift.  The RAF used five Swallows, known as Swallow T.X. Mk.1, in its Air Training Corps.  Approximately nine Swallows were used by branches of the Royal Air Force Gliding and Soaring Association at airfields across the world, and the equivalent Royal Navy association had four.  25 were sold in Spain, nine in Pakistan and four in Burma.  Most of the rest flew with clubs in the UK, though a few went to Commonwealth countries and the USA.

Specifications

See also

In popular culture
A balsa wood model of the Swallow was featured in James May's Toy Stories season 1 Christmas special called "Flight Club," which aired on 23 December 2012 on BBC HD.

References

Notes

Bibliography

1950s British sailplanes
Swallow
Aircraft first flown in 1957
High-wing aircraft
Starck AS-70 Jac. The Starck AS-70 Jac is a French-built single-seat light aircraft of the mid-1940s.

Development

The AS-70 was developed during 1945 as a single-seat light low-wing monoplane aircraft to serve the early postwar needs of French private pilots and aero clubs. It is of mixed welded steel tube and wooden construction with fabric covering, and is fully aerobatic.

A small series of Jacs was constructed by Avions Starck. These were fitted with a range of engines with power outputs of between . Different designations were given to aircraft powered by the various engines, as listed below.

Operational history
The Jac proved to be a popular aircraft with private pilots and aero clubs and four examples remained in service in 2009.

Variants
 AS-70  Fitted with a  Salmson 9 ADb radial engine.
 AS-71  Fitted with a  Walter Mikron II engine.
 AS-72  Fitted with a Salmson 9 ADr radial engine.
 AS-72/1 Fitted with a Percy II engine.
 AS-75  Fitted with a  Continental A65-8S 4-cylinder air-cooled engine.

Specifications (AS-75)

Notes

References
 

|

Further reading

External links

Aviafrance site with details and image of the A.S. 70 Jac

1940s French civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Shaw Hall factory. Shaw Hall factory was a 19th century cotton mill in lower Matley, Hyde, Greater Manchester in which nearly 200 people worked. The mill is marked as Shawhall Mill and Mount Pleasant Mill in maps of 1898 and 1910, respectively.

History

The cotton mill was built during the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century. It was run as the Shaw Hall Cotton Spinning Company and owned by the Ashton Brothers & Co Ltd. It was located where present-day Shaw Hall Avenue is. The factory was demolished in the 1920s to make way for the street.

Fires

The factory had many fires in its time, with there being multiple fatal events. The original millstones and bricks still have smoke stains on them and were used for walls of houses built in the 1930s. Some curved bricks have been found at the site of the mill.

References

External links 
 : search for Shaw Hall

Textile mills in Tameside
Cotton mills in Greater Manchester
Demolished buildings and structures in Greater Manchester
LibrePilot. LibrePilot is a Free software unmanned aerial vehicle project for model aircraft aimed at supporting both multi-rotor craft as well as fixed-wing aircraft. Initially founded by David Ankers, Angus Peart and Vassilis Varveropoulos in late 2009, under the name OpenPilot, it was conceived as both a learning tool and to address areas the developers perceived were lacking in other small UAV platforms. In July 2015 OpenPilot, was forked to create LibrePilot.

The OpenPilot open source autopilot software could be combined with hardware such as an inertial navigation system board, a main control board, a GPS receiver, and a 2.4 GHz serial communications link with the ground station. The OpenPilot software is released under the GPL version 3 license.

Components 
The OpenPilot project consisted of two component parts, these are the on-board firmware and the ground control station (GCS). The firmware part of the project is written in C whilst the ground control station is written in C++ utilizing Qt.

Hardware 
The current on-board hardware is based on the STM32 microcontroller. There are two physical boards that are part of the hardware, the first is the main OpenPilot board which contains the core microcontroller, SD socket, barometer plus servo connectors and second, the AHRS board which contains the sensor hardware. In other words, the hardware consists of two boards: the microcontroller board (the core) and the sensors board (the AHRS).

AHRS
The OpenPilot AHRS was a 9DOF unit and contains MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers and a 3 direction magnetometer. Combined with the sensors, the OpenPilot AHRS contains its own Cortex M3 microcontroller which runs a Kálmán filter. Filtered orientation data and inertial measurements are presented back to the main OpenPilot board using an SPI interface.

The OpenPilot AHRS contained the following components:
 STM32 F1 Onboard (STM32F103C8)
 3× ADXRS610 Rate Gyros
 1× HMC5843 Magnetometer
 1× LIS344ALH 3-Axis Accelerometer

See also
Open-source robotics
ArduCopter
Paparazzi Project open-source autopilot
PX4 autopilot
Slugs (autopilot system)

References 

Avionics computers
Transport software
Open-source hardware
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the GNU General Public License