omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity (explosives). In explosives engineering, sensitivity refers to the degree to which an explosive can be initiated by impact, heat, or friction. Current in-use standard methods of mechanical (impact and friction) sensitivity determination differ by the sample preparation (constant mass or volume is usually used; pile or pressed pellet), sample arrangement (confined/unconfined sample etc), instrument type, go/not go criteria, and the statistical analysis of  results.

Sensitivity, stability and brisance are three of the most significant properties of explosives that affect their use and application. All explosive compounds have a certain amount of energy required to initiate, analogous to the minimum ignition energy of fuel-air mixtures. If an explosive is too sensitive, it may go off accidentally. A safer explosive is less sensitive and will not explode if accidentally dropped or mishandled. However, such explosives are more difficult to initiate intentionally.

Explosive train
Less sensitive explosives can be initiated by smaller quantities of more sensitive explosives, called primers or detonators, such as blasting caps. The use of increasingly less sensitive explosive materials to create an escalating chain reaction is known as an explosive train, initiation sequence, or firing train.

Classifications
High explosives are conventionally subdivided into two explosives classes, differentiated by sensitivity:
 Primary explosives are extremely sensitive to mechanical shock, friction, and heat, to which they will respond by  burning rapidly or detonating.
 Secondary explosives, also called base explosives, are relatively insensitive to shock, friction, and heat.
The dataset for 150 CHNOFCl energetic compounds is available.

References

Explosives
Salmson 9 AD. The Salmson 9 AD was a family of air-cooled nine cylinder radial aero-engines produced in the 1930s in France by the Société des Moteurs Salmson.

Design and development
The 9 AD followed Salmson practice after the First World War, of being air-cooled and utilising the Canton-Unne epicyclic geared crank-case system. The major attributes of the engine include a bore of  and stroke of .

Variants
9 ADThe standard production model with LH rotation direct drive.
9 ADb
9 ADr
British Salmson AD.9Production of the Salmson 9AD in Great Britain by the British Salmson Company at New Malden, Surrey.
British Salmson A.D.9R srsIIIThe A.D.9 with a 0.5:1 reduction gear

Applications

Specifications (9 AD)

See also
Salmson air-cooled aero-engines
Salmson water-cooled aero-engines
List of aircraft engines

Notes

References

 
 

Salmson aircraft engines
1920s aircraft piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Tuwairqi Steel Mills. The Tuwairqi Steel Mills Limited (TSML), was a Steel mill, based in Karachi, Sindh,  Pakistan.

An environmentally friendly and established by a private sector, the steel mill is co-financed by the Al-Tuwairqi Holdings (Saudi Arabia), POSCO (South Korea)  and the Arif Habib Group owners of downstream facility Aisha Steel Mills (Pakistan), and currently aiming to compete against the Pakistan Steel Mills (PSM) at the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) indexes. The steel mills is well expanded over an area of  at Bin Qasim, Karachi and employs the world's most advanced DRI (Direct Reduction of Iron) technology of the  owned by Kobe Steel of Japan.

Pakistan refused to supply the gas to the company and Saudi Arabia decided to provide the gas to the company on cheaper rate. The Tuwarqi Management warned to disassemble and shift the plant to Saudi Arabia. The Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) President Iftikhar Ahmad Vohra requested Federal Minister Ishaq Dar to resolve the issue of gas supply to the TSML.

Capacity
Its production capacity  is 1.28 million tons of steel per annum.

See also
 Pakistan Steel Mills
 Ittefaq Group
 Aisha Steel Mills

External links
 Tuwairqi Steel Mills Limited

References 

Manufacturing companies based in Karachi
Steel companies of Pakistan
Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations
Multiway branch. Multiway branch is the change to a program's control flow based upon a value matching a selected criteria. It is a form of conditional statement. A multiway branch is often the most efficient method of passing control to one of a set of program labels, especially if an index has been created beforehand from the raw data.

Examples
 Branch table
 Switch statement  - see also alternatives below
 Multiple dispatch - where a subroutine is invoked and a return is made

Alternatives
A multiway branch can, frequently, be replaced with an efficient indexed table lookup (using the data value itself or a calculated derivative of the data value, as the index of an array)
"...the implementation of a switch statement has been equated with that of a multiway branch. However, for many uses of the switch statement in real code, it is possible to avoid branching altogether and replace the switch with one or more table look-ups. For example, the Has30Days example [presented earlier] can be implemented as the following:[C example]""A Superoptimizer Analysis of Multiway Branch Code Generation" by Roger Anthony Sayle
 switch (x) {                     /* x is month no */
   case 4:                        /* April         */                             
   case 6:                        /* June          */
   case 9:                        /* September     */
   case 11:                       /* November      */
   return true;
 }
can be replaced, using a "safe-hashing" technique, with -
 unsigned int t = x | 2;
 switch (t) {
   case 6:
   case 11:
   return true;
 }
or it can be replaced, using an index mapping table lookup, with -
 x %= 12;                                           /* to ensure x is in range 0-11*/                                                 
 static const int T[12] ={0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1}; /* 0-based table 'if 30 days =1,else 0'  */
 return T[x];                                       /* return with boolean 1 = true, 0=false */
(in view of the simplicity of the latter case, it would be preferable to implement it in-line, since the overhead of using a function call may be greater than the indexed lookup itself.)

Quotations

See also
Conditional (programming)
Lookup table

References

External links
Coding Multiway Branches Using Customized Hash functions by H. G. Dietz
Learning Python By Mark Lutz
Programming in C++ By Nell B. Dale, Chip Weems
A Superoptimizer Analysis of Multiway Branch Code Generation by Roger Anthony Sayle

Conditional constructs
OW2 Orchestra. OW2 Orchestra is open source software for orchestration of web services.

It is WS-BPEL 2.0 compliant. It organizes web services calls following a process description written in the BPEL XML grammar. It has a graphical editor and an administration console.

Features
 Supports WS-BPEL 2.0 specifications
 Supports several communication layers: one based on Axis (Web Services http transport) and another one based on the CXF
 Distribution package as OSGi bundle
 Hot-deployment of processes
 API to administrate and monitor processes, instances and messages
 Web 2.0 Administration Console

Programming tools
Namco System 10. The Namco System 10 is an arcade system board released by Namco in 2000 based on the Sony PlayStation hardware. It was preceded by the Namco System 23 in 1997 and succeeded by the Namco System 246.

System 10 specifications
Source:
Main CPU: R3000A 32 bit RISC processor, Operating performance - 30 MIPS, Instruction Cache - 4KB
OSC: 53.693175 MHz and 101.4912 MHz
BUS: 132 MB/sec.
OS ROM: 512 Kilobytes
Additional Sound Chips: PlayStation SPU, 24 Channels, 44.1 kHz sample rate, PCM audio source, Digital effects include: Envelope, Looping, Digital Reverb, Load up to 512K of sampled waveforms, Supports MIDI Instruments.
Main RAM: 2 Megabytes
Video RAM: 2 Megabyte
Sound RAM: 512 Kilobytes
Graphical Processor: 360,000 polygons/sec, Sprite/BG drawing, Adjustable frame buffer, No line restriction, 4,000 8x8 pixel sprites with individual scaling and rotation, Simultaneous backgrounds (Parallax scrolling)
Sprite Effects: Rotation, Scaling up/down, Warping, Transparency, Fading, Priority, Vertical and horizontal line scroll
Resolution: 256x224 - 740x480
Colours: 16.7 million colors, Unlimited CLUTs (Color Look-Up Tables)
Other Features: custom geometry engine, custom polygon engine, MJPEG decoder
Roms: Roms and some CD/DVD Based (Taiko No Tatsujin)

List of System 10 games
GAHAHA Ippatsudou (2000) by Metro
Mr. Driller 2 (2000) by Namco
Point Blank 3 / Gunbalina (2000) by Namco
GAHAHA Ippatsudou 2 (2001) by Metro
Gekitoride-Jong Space (2001) by Metro
Honne Hakkenki (2001) by Namco
Kotoba no Puzzle: Mojipittan (2001) by Namco
Mr. Driller G (2001) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin (2001) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin 2 (2001) by Namco
Gamshara (2002) by Mitchell
Hard Puncher Hajime no Ippo 2 Ouja e no Chousen (2002) by Taito
Panikuru Panekuru (2002) by Namco
Puzz Ball (2002) by Namco
Slot no Oji Sama (2002) by Namco
Star Trigon (2002) by Namco
Sugorochikku Japan (2002) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin 3 (2002) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin 4 (2002) by Namco
Tsukkomi Yousei Gips Nice Tsukkomi (2002) by Metro
Uchuu Daisakusen - Chocovader Contactee (2002) by Namco
Kono e-Tako (2003) by Mitchell
Kotoba no Puzzle: Mojipittan (2001) by Namco
NFL Classic Football (2003) by Namco
Petter the Shepherd (2003) by Namco
Seishun Quiz Colorful High School (2003) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin 5 (2003) by Namco
Dokidoki! Flower (2004) by Namco
Sekai Kaseki Hakken (2004) by Namco
Taiko no Tatsujin 6 (2004) by Namco
Ball Pom Line (2005) by Namco
Medal No Tatsujin (2005) by Namco
Puzz Cube (2005) by Namco
Medal No Tatsujin 2 (2006) by Namco

References

External links
System 10 at System16 - The Arcade Museum

MIPS architecture
Namco arcade system boards
Bergen Program. The Bergen Program for Transport, Urban Development and the Environment () is a political agreement for financing road and light rail investments in Bergen, Norway, from 2002 to 2015. The projects cost , and will be partially financed through state grants and partially through a toll ring.

The main projects are:
 Construction of the Bergen Light Rail from the city center via Nesttun and Rådal to Bergen Airport, Flesland.
 The Skansen Tunnel in the city center
 Ring Road West
 Various pedestrian and cyclist roads

References

External links
Official site

Transport in Bergen
Bergen Light Rail
Looptworks. Looptworks is a Portland, Oregon business that upcycles or re-purposes abandoned, pre-consumer and post-consumer materials into limited-edition products. By re-using the world's pre-consumer excess, the U.S.-based company aims to "break the cycle of waste". The products created by Looptworks primarily focus on bags, accessories and clothing.

It is estimated that a single garment factory can create up to 60,000 pounds (27 metric tons)  of textile waste, which normally goes to landfills. Looptworks intends to use that waste to make new products.
"Our intent is to follow the waste stream. We as western society have gone over [to Asia] and asked a lot of people to do favors for us but haven’t considered what the implications are. We have to clean up our mess", according to Scott Hamlin, Looptworks's co-founder. Looptworks intends to call attention to excess and waste, and encourage "thoughtful consumption."
  
Looptworks's designs will change frequently, as sources of supply vary, making each design effectively a "limited edition", which the company hopes adds to the attraction for some consumers.

Looptworks will have a much quicker design cycle than most apparel makers with an estimated 9 weeks as opposed to 54 weeks.

Looptworks has introduced "laptop sleeves" constructed from a wetsuit factory's scrap neoprene.

According to Ariel Schwartz of Fast Company: "Looptworks isn't the first company to manufacture upcycled goods-but it is the first clothing line to exclusively use textile waste that would otherwise end up in the garbage."

Sponsorship
Looptworks was the official supplier and sponsor of the Cascadia official soccer team during June 2014 - May 2018.

See also
 Upcycling
 Pre consumer

References

External links
 Company site

Clothing companies of the United States
Recycling in the United States
Sportswear brands
Recycling industry
Pre-consumer recycling. Pre-consumer recycling is the reclamation of waste materials that were created during the process of manufacturing or delivering goods prior to their delivery to a consumer. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be broken down and remade into similar or different materials, or can be sold "as is" to third-party buyers who then use those materials for consumer products. One of the largest contributing industries to pre-consumer recycling is the textile industry, which recycles fibers, fabrics, trims and unsold "new" garments to third-party buyers.

There are generally two types of recycling: post-consumer and pre-consumer. Post-consumer recycling is the most heavily practiced form of recycling, where the materials being recycled have already passed through to the consumer.

According to the Council for Textile Recycling, each year 750,000 tons of textile waste is recycled (pre- and post-consumer) into new raw materials for the automotive, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishings, paper and other industries. Although this amount accounts for 75% of textile waste in the United States, there is little research on textile excess produced in countries that play a larger role in global textile production, such as China, Vietnam, Thailand, India and Bangladesh.

See also
Looptworks
TerraCycle
Upcycling

References

Recycling
Frank W. Bubb Sr.. Frank Bubb (July 3, 1892 – May 3, 1961) was a scientist and a mathematician at Washington University in St. Louis. He was a part of the team that developed the cyclotron that produced the first batch of plutonium for the then secret program only referred to as the Manhattan Project, which produced the atomic bomb.

References
Frank W. Bubb Sr.'s obituary

American mathematicians
Manhattan Project people
1892 births
1961 deaths
Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians
OpenProject. OpenProject is project management software for cloud and on-premises based companies with a focus on transparency and data sovereignty. OpenProject is open source software, released under the GNU (General Public License) Version 3 (GPLv3). OpenProject is available as a free, community edition and a commercial, enterprise edition.

Uses
Users can create and track projects, timelines, tasks, work packages, calendars, meetings, and more through a configurable and flexible system.

Development
Development is mostly done by OpenProject GmbH. The current release schedule and future development roadmap can be observed and discussed on the OpenProject development platform.

OpenProject is developed and has a robust open source community of contributors on GitHub. To learn more about their top contributors and the frequency of code commits, as well as their community standards and code of conduct.

OpenProject Foundation
The OpenProject Foundation was established by OpenProject's developers and users in October 2012. After founding the association in April 2013, it was registered (VR 32487)  in the Amtsgericht (local court) of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (district of Berlin) in June of the same year.

The association provides an organizational framework for technical decisions and the propagation, acceleration, and perpetuation of development by the worldwide community and by a full-time development team, funded by the members of the OpenProject Foundation.

The association aims at the following objectives:
 Establishing and promoting an active and open community of developers, users, and companies for continuously developing the open-source project collaboration software OpenProject
 Defining and developing the project vision, the code of conduct, and principles of the application
 Creating development policies and ensuring their compliance
 Defining and evolving the development and quality assurance processes
 Providing the source code to the public
 Providing and operating the OpenProject platform

The association does not pursue economic goals of its own.

History
OpenProject has been developed since 2010 along with its ancestor project ChiliProject. The initial motivation for this fork was the OPF founding members' performance, security, and accessibility requirements, which could not be easily reached by plugins for either Redmine or ChiliProject.

Awards
In August 2011, OpenProject won the first prize in the category "Best Practice" of the open source competition of the Berlin Technology Foundation "Berlin's future is open".

In April 2018, OpenProject won the INNOVATIONSPREIS-IT 2018 of the Initiative Mittelstand in the category Open Source.

In October 2018, OpenProject won the Open Source Business Award (OSBAR, "OpenSource-Oscar") in silver.

See also
 Comparison of project management software

References

External links
 

Bug and issue tracking software
Collaborative software
Project_management_software
Free project management software
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in Ruby
Free wiki software
Colour co-site sampling. Colour co-site sampling is a system of photographic colour sensing, wherein 4, 16 or 36 images are collected from the sensor and merged to form a single image. Each subsequent image physically moves the sensor by exactly one pixel, in order to collect R, G and B data for each pixel, known as microscanning. This is a viable alternative to the typical Bayer filter array of pixels which returns a lower quality images with interpolated pixel colours.

Operation
Several images are captured and combined to a sharp resulting image. After the acquisition of each image a piezo mechanism moves the sensor by precisely the distance of one pixel and delivers the complete colour information for each detail and with the same sharpness in all three colour channels.

Microscanning is essential for the method. 4 (2×2), 16 (4×4) or 36 (6×6) shots can be used for improved colour reproduction.

 Advantages
 Higher resolution possible in comparison with the basic CCD pixel count
 No colour interpolation required
 Better sensitivity than a three-chip camera
 Live colour image possible at the basic CCD sensor's resolution
 Only one colour sensor required
 Disadvantages
 Stable imaging conditions required due to microscanning
 Longer acquisition times because of multiple exposures

Comparison to Bayer filter

With standard digital cameras, colour images are acquired with only one sensor (see CCD and CMOS sensor). Each pixel of the sensor is sensitive to just one of the three basic colours. For each single pixel on the CCD only one third of the required information is provided and two thirds are missing, as at least three monochrome pixels would be necessary for one colour pixel. As only one image is acquired, the missing colour information is determined by the interpolation. In current cameras sophisticated interpolation algorithms are used to reconstruct the colour information (see filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing), so the reduction in the "colour" resolution can turn out to be better than the expected one third.  Because of the interpolation, however, unwanted side-effect artifacts, such as colour Moire patterns or false coloured edges, can occur.

 Advantages
 R, G, B in one exposure
 Colour live image and dynamic scenes possible
 Disadvantages
 Colour interpolation
 Reduced spatial resolution
 Susceptible to colour errors

References
  European patent EP0396687 (1989-10-26), Reimar Lenz, Optoelectronic image sensor　Family patent of that EP687 patrent is also published as US5877807 .

External links
 Brian L. Kuyatt, Robert Weaver, and Philip Merlo (2005). "Image Capture Methods",  Advanced Materials & Processes, 163 (4), April 2005
 Colour co-site sampling:  how does it work?

Digital photography

ja:CCDイメージセンサ#CCDイメージセンサによるカラー撮像
RAE Zephyr. The RAE Zephyr was a single-seat, single-engined light pusher configuration biplane designed and built by the Aero Club of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) for the 1923 Lympne Motor Glider Competition. At a late stage the Aero Club chose to enter the more promising RAE Hurricane instead, using the Zephyr's engine, and the Zephyr itself was abandoned.

Design and development
The Zephyr was the first of three light aircraft designed and built by the Aero Club of the RAE. It was designed by Samuel Childs. As the Club originally considered it as an entrant to the Lympne Motor Glider Competition where the Daily Mail prize of £1000 for a 50-mile flight was limited to aircraft with engines of less than 750 cc capacity, it was fitted with a 600 cc Douglas flat-twin engine that produced only about 20 hp (15 kW).

The Zephyr was a two bay biplane with wings without stagger or sweep and of constant chord with square tips. It was a pusher design, reminiscent of the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E series, for example the FE8, with a full fuselage replaced with a pod or nacelle with the cockpit and the engine behind it, the empennage supported on an open frame. The Zephyr's pilot sat under the front wing with a long but downward sloping nose ahead of him. Four booms ran rearwards from the wings, two on each side converging in the vertical plane from the inner interplane struts to the tail, with rectangular bracing to stiffen them. The tailplane was mounted at the meeting of the booms and twin triangular fins, each bearing a near rectangular rudder were placed at the ends of each vertical pair of booms. The twin-wheeled main undercarriage was supplemented by twin sprung tails skids, one under each fin.

The Zephyr flew for the first time with Paul Bulman in control on 3 September 1923, with just over a month before the start of the Lympne Trials on 8 October. It was certainly later than intended, for the Zephyr had been registered as a competitor in the Vauvilles (near Cherbourg) Light Plane and Glider event which ended on 26 August. The first flight went well, and Bulman reported excellent handling. However, by this time the Aero Club had designed and built the much more modern looking Hurricane, a cantilever monoplane with less air resistance and slightly lower weight, though no lightweight. The Zephyr was therefore even more underpowered than the Hurricane, and it was decided to put the Douglas engine into the latter aircraft and enter it for the trials. The wing area of the biplane was more than three times that of the Hurricane, making for such a low wing loading (2.54 b/sq. ft. or 12.4 kg/m2) that the Zephyr would have been hard to fly except in a dead calm.  With the loss of its engine the sole Zephyr, registered G-EBGW was abandoned, though not destroyed until 1925.

Specifications

References

Notes and citations

Cited sources

1920s British sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923