omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Freeform surface machining. In manufacturing, freeform surface machining refers to the machining of complex surfaces that are not uniformly planar. The industries which most often manufactures free-form surfaces are basically aerospace, automotive, die mold industries, biomedical and power sector for turbine blades manufacturing. Generally 3- or 5-axis CNC milling machines are used for this purpose. The manufacturing process of freeform surfaces is not an easy job, as the tool path generation in present CAM technology is generally based on geometric computation so tool path are not optimum. The geometry can also be not described explicitly so errors and discontinuities occurrence in the solid structure cannot be avoided. Free-form surfaces are machined with the help of different tool path generation method like adaptive iso-planar tool path generation, constant scallop tool path generation, adaptive iso-parametric method, iso-curvature, isophote and by other methods. The different methods are chosen based on the parameters which is needed to be optimized.

Different tool path generation methods
 Iso-planar tool path method: This is the most common and robust method used to machine free-form surface. In this process tool path generation is done by intersection of surfaces with parallel plane in Cartesian space.
 Adaptive iso-planar tool path method: In this process the surface are partitioned into different regions according to their slope with the intersection planes by applying the concept of isophote.
 Iso-scallop method: Scallop generated between two adjacent machining path is constant.

Optimization of free-form surface machining
CAM software generally creates a tool path without considering any mechanics process. These causes risk of tool damage, tool deflection and errors on surface finish. By minimizing the forces we can increase tool life. Different optimization method can be used considering process parameters like feed rate, spindle speed, steps, tool diameter, magnitude and preset maximum force. The optimization can be done for minimum machining time, minimum tool travel, minimum production cost or for good surface finish. Efficiency of surface machined  is also considered by maximum scallop height and by gouging. Gouging are the main reason for discrepancies of surface accuracy and texture specification. It also causes damage to parts, surface and machine tool. Scallop height tolerance help us in measuring the quality of free-form surface. Selection of proper topology result in minimum path length. In CAM software choosing NURBS to create surface is considered to be good method for presenting surface as it is accepted by both IGES and STEP files of CAM software.

See also
 Freeform surface modelling
 CNC
 G-code
 Multiaxis machining
 NURBS

References

Computer-aided manufacturing
DSB Class MH. The class MH was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives of the Danish State Railways (DSB), built by Danish manufacturer Frichs. A total of 120 units, numbered 301–420, were delivered between 1960 and 1965. They were primarily used for shunting and light freight traffic.

Their design was strongly based on that of the slightly earlier MH 201–203 built by Henschel, using the same MAN diesel engine and Voith hydraulic transmission.

Apart from a few units damaged in accidents, the locomotives were mostly retired between the late 1980s and 2000.

Notes

Bibliography

External links 

 DSB Litra MH at jernbanen.dk 

MH
Frichs locomotives
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1960
Diesel locomotives of Denmark
Standard gauge locomotives of Denmark
Shunting locomotives
Yannis Tsividis. Yannis Tsividis is Charles Batchelor Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University. Tsividis designed and built the first integrated MOSFET operational amplifier in 1976. Tsividis is Fellow of the IEEE and received the Golden Jubilee Medal of the IEEE in 2000. He is a well known lecturer who taught over 30 classes across Columbia University, MIT, UC Berkeley and the National Technical University of Athens. He is the author of several books, including a common reference on the operation and modeling of MOS transistors. 

Tsividis was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2019. He received his B.S. from the University of Minnesota and M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

References 

Living people
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)

Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Minnesota alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Mayo-Smith pyramid. A Mayo-Smith pyramid is a triangle divided into a sequence of isosceles trapezoids configured such that the outer perimeter maintains the shape of a triangle with each additional element. A Mayo-Smith pyramid is used to describe system development methodologies adapted for scenarios characterized by schedule and resource uncertainty.

"Two Ways to Build a Pyramid" was published in 2001. In this, the Mayo-Smith pyramid sequence (see Figure B) is used to illustrate a specific case study, and contrasted with a less favorable sequence (see Figure A).

While Mayo-Smith's pyramid is typically depicted as a two dimensional sequence, it may also be depicted in three dimensions.

References

Types of polygons
Software development philosophies
Warren Elvin Wilson. Warren Elvin Wilson was an American professor of civil engineering and college administrator. He was educated at Lehigh University with a B.S. in 1928, followed by Cornell University with an M.C.E. in 1932, California Institute of Technology with an M.S. in 1939. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1941. He served as president of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology from 1948 to 1953.

References

Lehigh University alumni
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of Iowa alumni
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology faculty
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
FSS Code. The FSS Code or International Code for Fire Safety Systems is a set of international treaties organised by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the SOLAS Convention that are designed to reduce the risk of fire, and aid in emergency response aboard ships. Some of the components of the code were constructed after some high-profile passenger ship disasters over the last century.

Components
The FSS Code covers:

 International shore connection - specifics on how to connect to shores and ports (to refill, and to fight fires while docked).
 Personal protection - Fire fighting apparel and breathing apparatus.
 Extinguishing:
 Fire Extinguishers - Specification of portables extinguishers
 Fixed gas fire extinguishing systems
 Fixed foam fire extinguishing systems
 Fixed pressure water and water spraying systems
 Auto sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm systems
 Fixed Emergency fire pumps
 Fixed deck foam system
 Inert gas system
 Fire detection and alarm systems
 Sample extraction smoke detection system
 Low Location Lighting system - for the lower parts of the ship
 Means of Escape

History

The FSS Code has been through some evolution:

 1914 and 1929 SOLAS Conventions after the RMS Titanic sinking
 1948 and 1960 SOLAS Conventions after the Morro Castle sinking in 1934
 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1 November 1974, that introduced Chapter II-2 (on construction - fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction)
 1981 revision - a rewrite of Chapter II-2
 1990 MS Scandinavian Star disaster that led to a revision - Amendments to Chapter II-2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1 November 1974 (Fire Safety Measures for Existing Passenger Ships) signed in London 
 International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures London,  on laboratory testing of systems.
 IMO Resolution MSC.327(90): 2012 Amendments to the International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code) London, 
 IMO Resolution MSC.339(91): 2012 Amendments to the International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code) London,

References

International Maritime Organization
Law of the sea
Emergency services
Grae Worster. Michael Grae Worster (born 16 July 1958) is a British fluid dynamicist at the University of Cambridge. He is a professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Since 2007, he has been the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics. He is also an associate faculty member of the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences. In 2006, he was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the European Mechanics Society.

Education
In 1979, he obtained a B.A. from the University of Cambridge, where he then continued his studies, completing his Ph.D. there in 1983 under the supervision of Herbert Huppert.

History of Employment

Source:

1983–1989: Research Fellow, Trinity College, University of Cambridge, UK.

1983–1985: Instructor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.

1989–1992: Assistant Professor, Northwestern University, USA.

1992–2000: Assistant Director of Research, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK.

2000–2001: Senior Lecturer, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK.

2001–2004: Reader, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK.

2004–present: Professor, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK.

Personal life
He married Jacqueline Bould of Cottenham in June 1988.

References

Living people
1958 births
British physicists
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff
British expatriates in the United States
Journal of Fluid Mechanics editors
James C. Nance (scientist). James C. Nance is an American scientist who served as the Orion Project's director. Nance worked alongside Ted Taylor to declassify papers on Orion to ensure the military could adopt the project.

Born in Arkansas in 1927, Nance came to General Atomic in 1960, after seven years as a project engineer on the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program at Convair aircraft in Fort Worth, where as part of the flight-test crew for the Aircraft Shield Test Reactor, he was the first person to operate a nuclear reactor in the air. After three years as Ted's assistant, he became the manager of Project Orion in the fall of 1963, remaining at its helm until the end.

Nance died on January 14, 2019.

References

Further reading
 
 
 J. C. Nance, "Nuclear Pulse Propulsion," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 12, No. 1, 117 (1965)

American scientists
1927 births
2019 deaths
CGS Aviation. CGS Aviation, Inc. is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Grand Bay, Alabama. The company was founded by Chuck Slusarczyk in the early 1970s in Broadview Heights, Ohio as Chuck's Glider Supplies. Today it is run by Danny Dezauche and specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft in the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules category.

History
The company started in the early 1970s as a hang glider manufacturer and aircraft parts supplier under the name Chucks' Glider Supplies. Founder Chuck Slusarczyk later carried out experiments with powered hang gliders and developed a reduction drive system to turn larger propellers more slowly to reduce noise and improve efficiency. He was granted a US patent for his system.

In October 1979 the company was renamed CGS Aviation, Inc.

In 1980 development of the CGS Hawk aircraft series was begun, starting with a survey of pilot expectations and desires for a new ultralight aircraft design.

Products
The Hawk line of ultralight aircraft was introduced at Sun 'n Fun, Lakeland, Florida, in March, 1982. The Hawk was the first fully enclosed ultralight, the first with fully strut-braced wings, three-axis controls, a steerable nose or tail wheel and wing flaps. The original 1982 CGS Hawk Classic remains in production in 2015.

The Hawk series includes the single seat Hawk Arrow, Hawk Plus, Hawk Sport, Hawk Ultra and AG-Hawk. Two seat models include the Hawk Classic II and the Hawk Arrow II. More than 1700 Hawks series aircraft have been flown.

The Hawk prototype was named Best New Design for 1982 at Sun 'n Fun in March 1982. At the EAA Convention in Oshkosh, Wisconsin that same year the Hawk was named Outstanding New Design and also Reserve Grand Champion. At Oshkosh 1983, the Hawk won the Dupont Kevlar Air Recreational Vehicle Design Competition against more than 126 other aircraft designs in the competition.

Aircraft

References

External links

Company website archives on Archive.org

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Energy and environmental engineering. The Energy and Environmental Engineering field seeks to conserve and maintain the natural environment by using efficient sources of energy. Energy and environmental engineers are continually searching for solutions to emerging, environment-related issues such as erosion, water disposal, air and water pollution, land resources, human health, and environmental restoration.

Careers in this field focus on improving the built environment, renewable, and traditional energy industries. Industry sectors can range from government, transportation, remediation, waste management, water, sewage, consulting, fossil fuel, construction, and architectural services.

In this field, solar radiation is important and must be understood. Solar radiation affects the Earth's weather and daylight available. This affects not only the Earth's environment but also the smaller internal environments which we create. Energy and environmental engineers acquire knowledge across many disciplines. Energy engineering requires at least an understanding of mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, materials, stoichiometry, electrical machines, manufacturing processes and energy systems.

Environmental engineering can be branched into two main areas: internal environments and outdoor environments.

Internal environments may consist of housing or offices or other commercial properties. In this area, the environmental engineering sometimes stands for the designing of building services to condition the internal environment to a comfortable state or the removal of excess pollutants such as carbon dioxide or other harmful substances.

External environments may be water courses, air, land or seas, and may require new strategies for harnessing energy or the creation of treatment facilities for polluting technologies.

This broad degree area covers many areas but is mainly mechanically and electrically biased. It seeks to explore cleaner, more efficient ways of using fossil fuels, while investigating and developing systems using renewable and sustainable resources, such as solar, wind and wave energy.

References

Energy engineering
Valence Industries. Valence Industries is the former name of Quantum Graphite Limited (ASX:QGL), the owner of the century old Uley Mine and associated facilities near Port Lincoln in regional South Australia. The project is one of the largest coarse flake graphite deposits in the world. It is located on South Australia's Eastern Eyre Peninsula, acknowledged as a significant area of graphite mineralisation. The company was listed on the ASX in January 2014 and changed its name and listing code on 14 July 2017. 

The Uley Mine was reopened in 2014 for approximately 12 months by the Valence Industries management to produce various graphite products for delivery to key customers in Europe and North Asia. 

Quantum Graphite has prepared a definitive feasibility study for the next stage of mine development, the Uley 2 Project.  An update to the feasibility study was released in December 2023. The  project has all approvals required to commence production.

Project overview

The Uley 2 Project is located near the major regional town of Port Lincoln, in the Lower Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.

The project contains near surface, disseminated, high-grade flake graphite. The project comprises two Mining Licences and two associated Retention Licences, plus an extensive Exploration Licence which provides the opportunity for project expansion in the future.

Quantum Graphite owns the land on which its current operations are conducted, including extensive existing infrastructure. It also owns the land where proposed expanded operations would be carried out.

Project history
Graphite was discovered in the area of the Uley project in the early 1800s  and was mined intermittently at the site since the 1920s. When in production, the open cut mine was capable of producing up to 14,000 tonnes of graphite concentrate annually. It was placed on care and maintenance in 1993 and was not worked again until 2014 when the company reported the first sales of graphite since the early 1990s.

References

External links 
Valence Industries website

Graphite mines in Australia
Mining companies of Australia
Standard Paper Box Corporation. The Standard Paper Box Corporation is a historic industrial complex at 110 Kenyon Street in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.  The complex consists of four buildings built between 1914 and 1971, primarily for the purpose of manufacturing boxes for the jewelry industry that was a major economic force in Pawtucket and adjacent Attleboro, Massachusetts.  The buildings are notable in the historical development of power systems for industrial facilities, retaining in situ elements of several generations of electro-mechanical power infrastructure.  The main building, now a two-story brick structure was built in 1914 by the Standard Paper Box Corporation, which operated on the premises until 1933, enlarging it with a second building in the 1920s.  The complex was purchased by Donald Young, Inc., which expanded the premises again, raising the main building from one to two stories, enlarging the second building, and constructing a third in 1939.  That company also produced boxes, operating until 1971.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

References

Industrial buildings completed in 1914
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Elza Erkip. Elza Erkip is a Turkish-American electrical and computer engineer, professor and wireless technology researcher at New York University.

Education

Erkip received her B.S. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Middle East Technical University in Turkey, and her M.S. and Ph.D. (1996, under Thomas Cover) in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University. She ranked among the top 1% of highly cited scholars in computer science from 2002 to 2012 according to Thomson Reuters.

Background

Erkip is one of the researchers at NYU WIRELESS, where they are currently conducting indepth research into 5G wireless cell technology using millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communications. She is also a fellow and member of the Board of Governors of IEEE, and a member of The Science Academy Society of Turkey.

Awards
 IEEE Fellow, 2011, for contributions to multi-user and cooperative communications.
 Finalist, The New York Academy of Sciences Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists, 2010
 Best Paper Award, IEEE ICC Communication Theory Symposium, 2007
 Student Paper Award, co-author, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, 2007
 IEEE Communications Society Stephen O. Rice Paper Prize in the Field of Communication Theory, 2004
 National Science Foundation CAREER Award, 2001

References

Computer engineers
Turkish women computer scientists
Turkish computer scientists
American academics of Turkish descent
Fellows of the IEEE
Electrical engineers
Living people
Middle East Technical University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Henschel DH 440. The DH 440 is a type of diesel-hydraulic locomotive built by Henschel in 1956–58 as one of their second-generation diesel locomotive types. They had wheel arrangement C, with three axles powered through a jackshaft.

Six units of the type were built, of which three were bought by the Danish State Railways (DSB) and designated Class MH, numbered 201–203. These formed the basis for the 120 locomotives MH 301–420, built by Danish company Frichs without licence from Henschel. The other three units were purchased by different German industrial railways.

References

External links 

 Henschel - DH 440 at rangierdiesel.de 
 DSB Litra MH at jernbanen.dk 

MH 201–203
DH 440
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
Diesel locomotives of Denmark
Standard gauge locomotives of Denmark
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Shunting locomotives
Model 15. Model 15 may refer to:
 Boeing Model 15, a United States single-seat open-cockpit biplane fighter aircraft of the 1920s manufactured by the Boeing company
 Consolidated Model 15, a variant of the O-17 Courier observation and training airplane used by the United States National Guard in the 1920s and 1930s
 Ford Model 15-P, a flying wing aircraft developed by the Stout Metal Airplane Division of the Ford Motor Company in 1935
 Iver Johnson Model 15-7, a motorcycle developed by the Iver Johnson company in 1915
 MG 08/15, a German machine gun used extensively during World War I
 Model 15 mine, a copy of the Soviet POMZ stake mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine
 Singer Improved Family, known as Model 15, a sewing machine produced by the Singer Manufacturing Company
 Skoda 75 mm Model 15, a mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I
 Smith & Wesson Model 15, an American revolver
 Swanson Coupe Model W-15, a monoplane produced in 1931 by Swedish aircraft designer and manufacturer Swen Swanson
 Teletype Model 15, a teleprinter made by the Teletype Corporation patented in 1930

See also
 Type 15 (disambiguation)
Industrial dye degradation. Industrial dye degradation is any of a number of processed by which dyes are broken down, ideally into innocuous products.  Many dyes, specifically in the textile industry such as methylene blue or methyl red, are released into ecosystems through water waste. Many of these dyes can be carcinogenic. In paper recycling dyes can be removed from fibres during a deinking stage prior to degradation.

Methods 
 Heterogeneous photocataylsis is one approach to the degradation of dyes.

As applied to dye-containing effluents from the textile industry, several approaches are standardized for removal or degradation of dyes.  These include oxidation, e.g. using air or hydrogen peroxide, ozone, or Fenton chemistry.  One challenge is that oxidants can be indiscriminent such that large amounts of reagents can be required (see Chemical oxygen demand).  One promising approach combines oxidation with photocatalysis.  Reduction is also employed, a standard reagent being dithionite, which traditionally affords leuco dyes.  Precipitation, often coupled with flocculation, is yet another approach, although it can produce substantial quantities of solids.

References 

Dyes
Pollution control technologies