omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MUDC (New York City Subway car). The MUDC (Multiple-Unit Door Control) was a series of New York City Subway cars originally built by the St. Louis, Wason, Jewett, Cincinnati, and Barney and Smith companies, and rebuilt by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1923–1924 from former Manhattan El gate cars.

History
In 1923, the IRT selected 465 gate cars for the MUDC conversion program, which were inherited by the company upon acquisition of other elevated railway lines in Manhattan. The conversion was done with the intention of reducing the number of people required to operate the doors on the fleet, in addition to improving the safety of the passengers. The reconstructed cars have vestibuled platforms, with sliding doors in place of the old platform gates and railings. The sliding doors were made of sheet steel construction with two panels, one with glass and the other closed. The doors slide on the outside of the car. This construction had an advantage, as a pocket does not have to be provided inside, which would otherwise disturb the interior equipment. These rebuilt cars had the operator's controls installed on both ends of the car, and the operator controlled the doors in the middle of the train. The motorman's operating cab was in the same position, but received some minor upgrades.

Despite being a homemade conversion, the MUDCs presented a relatively fair appearance. The cars also proved to be extremely reliable for the crew and were the mainstay for the elevated lines. The first test train of MUDCs ran in 1923 on the IRT Second Avenue Line. They operated for many years until 1956, when all but the Bronx portion of the IRT Third Avenue Line was finally closed and demolished. None were preserved.

Other usage of the MUDC name
The term MUDC was sometimes extended to refer to a series of Hi-V and Lo-V cars (the Gibbs Hi-Vs, Hedley Hi-Vs, and Flivver Lo-Vs) that were modified in the early 1920s for multiple unit door control operation. Under normal circumstances, however, the term was usually reserved for the gate cars that were converted for the said operation.

References

External links
Chapter 1, The Elevated Lines
A Brief History of Standard Manhattan Elevated Cars
The Manhattan Elevated Fleet

Train-related introductions in 1923
New York City Subway rolling stock
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
1923 in rail transport
Scrapped locomotives
Combustion Theory and Modelling. Combustion Theory and Modelling is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on combustion. The editors-in-chief are Moshe Matalon (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign) and Mitchell D. Smooke (Yale University). It is published by Taylor & Francis and was established in 1997. The founding editors are John W. Dold and Mitchell D. Smooke.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in,

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.777.

See also

References

External links

Taylor & Francis academic journals
Chemistry journals
Physics journals
English-language journals
Engineering journals
Combustion
Academic journals established in 1997
Bimonthly journals
Linn Enslow. Linn Harrison Enslow (February 26, 1891 – November 3, 1957) was an American sanitary engineer and chemist, most famous for his work with Abel Wolman developing chlorination systems in Baltimore.

Life 

Enslow was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Linn Bliss Enslow and Marie (née Harrison) Enslow, the eldest of six children.

He died of a heart attack on his farm in Dublin, Virginia in 1957; at the time, he resided in Queens, New York, and was working as editor of the magazine Water and Sewage Works. He was buried in New Dublin Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Dublin, Virginia.

Work 

While studying chemistry at Johns Hopkins, he met Abel Wolman; together, the two devised a formula to appropriately chlorinate drinking water, depending on factors such as acidity. Between the time of discovery in 1919 and 1941, eighty-five percent of American water systems were using chlorination.

References 

1891 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from Virginia
People from Richmond, Virginia
Johns Hopkins University alumni
American hydrologists
People from Dublin, Virginia
People from Queens, New York
Engineers from New York City
William James (engineer). William James (15 November 1854 – 16 February 1889) was a British engineer, who worked in India.

William James was son of Edward  James, J.P., of Greenbank House, Plymouth. He was educated at the nearby private school of Dr. P. Holmes, of Mannamead. From 1872, he served a pupilage of three years to S. W. Jenkin, during  which he was engaged in connection with the parliamentary and working plans and sections of several branch lines for the Cornwall Minerals Railway, the Fal Valley Railway and the Truro and Penzance Railway. For one year from 1875 to 1876, he was a student at the School of Practical Engineering at Crystal Palace under W. J. Wilson. In 1876 he went to India, however, failing to obtain employment as an engineer, he became a pupil of H. Whymper, of the Murree Brewery, and was occupied for fifteen months on the water supply for the Murree Brewery Company in the Punjab.

Subsequently, he proceeded to Calcutta, where he was engaged by Mitchell and Co., engineers and contractors, of which he became a partner in 1881. He was first employed in  building bungalows, machine-shops, engine-sheds for the Northern Bengal State Railway at Saidpore, and afterwards, during the year 1879, was in charge of the construction of 10 miles of the Darjeeling Steam Tramway. He was also concerned in the making of a road through the Teesta Valley and on the Bengal Central Railway,  the Calcutta drainage works, the Dacca and Mymensingh Railway, and the Patna and Bankipore Tramway.

During the last two years of his life he was the resident partner in the firm of Walsh, Lovett, Mitchell and Co., contractors for the Tansa water-works, for bringing a large supply of good water to the City of Bombay. During this time he had in the working season from six thousand to ten thousand men under his charge, but the anxiety arising from his responsibilities acting on a frame already much weakened by jungle fever, was too much for him, and he died somewhat suddenly from heat apoplexy at Vasind on 16 February 1889, in his thirty-fifth year.

References 

English civil engineers
1854 births
1889 deaths
Engineers from Plymouth, Devon
Deaths from malaria
British people in colonial India
Engineer Yerevan. Engineer Yerevan (), are a professional basketball team formed in 2017, representing the National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia.

History
Engineer Yerevan is one of the founding members of the Armenia Basketball League A.

Among seven teams, they occupied the seventh place at the end of the regular season of the inaugural 2017–18 season. However, advancing to the quarterfinals, they were eliminated after losing to Artik BC.

Season by season

Technical staff

References

Basketball teams in Armenia
2017 establishments in Armenia
Basketball teams established in 2017
Sport in Yerevan
Arado E.583. The Arado E.583 (Arado Ar P.I ) was a project design from 1945 for a jet-powered night fighter aircraft of the German manufacturer Arado Flugzeugwerke.

History
The design of the E.583 goes back to the E.581, an earlier project by Arado, in which design variants for a single-beam, tailless night fighter were also examined. The starting point for the E.581 was again the studies in connection with the project E.555 for a multi-beam long-range bomber. However, due to the long inlet and the large hull surface, the Heinkel HeS-011 jet engine of the E.581, which was integrated into the fuselage, could only expect inadequate performance in the high-speed sector.

Arado then created two new project designs in accordance with the guidelines issued in January 1945 for the optimal solution of a night fighter. Under the overall designation E.583, the studies Ar-I and Ar-II - also referred to as Project I and II - were presented at the same time.

The Ar-I was based on the draft E.581-5, but had much larger dimensions. The experts criticized on 20./21. March 1945 again the resistance generating engine intakes and large surfaces. Arado then improved the design so that a third crew member and a larger amount of fuel could be included. A third variant received smaller and more swept wings. Allegedly, it is said to have served as inspiration for the US Vought F7U-3 Cutlass. However, head of the aerodynamic research department of Vought, William C. Schoolfield, denied that any orientation towards German research has taken place.

The Ar-II was regarded as an easier to implement night fighter. The design had swept wings and was strongly based on the Arado Ar 234 and the study TEW 16 / 43–23. The maximum speed was calculated at 775 km / h, lower than that of the Ar-I.

Construction
The Ar I was designed as a tailless aircraft, in which the ailerons also served as horizontal stabilizer. The two rudders were each placed on top of the wings.

Technical data

See also
List of aircraft types

References

Twinjets
Arado aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Flying wings
Aestivation hypothesis. The aestivation hypothesis is a hypothesized solution to the Fermi paradox conceived in 2017 by Anders Sandberg, Stuart Armstrong and Milan M. Ćirković. The hypothesis, published on 27 April 2017, suggests advanced alien civilizations may be storing energy and aestivating (hibernating in times of heat instead of cold), until the universe cools to better make use of the stored energy to perform tasks.

As the universe cools, the potential work producible by stored energy can increase by a multiplier of 1030 per Landauer's principle. If the goal of an advanced civilization is to maximize the number of calculations done, to generate information processing for tasks like mass-producing simulations, then aestivation would be purposeful to achieve this end.

Fermi paradox

There is no reliable or reproducible evidence that aliens have visited Earth. No transmissions or evidence of intelligent extraterrestrial life have been detected or observed anywhere other than Earth in the Universe. This runs counter to the knowledge that the Universe is filled with a very large number of planets, some of which likely hold the conditions hospitable for life. Life typically expands until it fills all available niches. These contradictory facts form the basis for the Fermi paradox, of which the aestivation hypothesis is one proposed solution.

Intentions of alien civilizations
Advanced alien civilizations may have intentions that differ considerably from one another and from humanity. If the intent is creating large amounts of "happiness", then energy resources may be used to generate perfect computer simulations of "the maximal number of maximally happy minds". If the intent is knowledge, resources may be focused on information storage. Such civilizations may go through a time of exploration and then remain dormant until the conditions of the universe are more energetically favorable to best achieve their objectives. While this may not achieve infinite value in terms of their intentions, the upper limit may still be extremely large.

Dispute
The theory has been disputed by a subsequent paper by Charles H. Bennett, Robin Hanson and Jess Riedel, who claim the notion that more computations could be performed later in the universe's history is based on a misunderstanding of the physics of computation.

References

Extraterrestrial life
Hypotheses
Fermi paradox
2017 introductions
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate. 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH2O2CCH3.  It is the ester of ethoxyethanol and acetic acid.  A colorless liquid, it is partially soluble in water.

Properties 
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is a liquid at room temperature that is used as a solvent. It can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, and dermally and should be avoided. It may form an explosive mixture with air. It is also incompatible with strong acids, strong alkalis and nitrates. It may form unstable peroxides and it can soften many plastics, attack plastics, rubber and coatings.

Uses 
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate has been used to dissolve polyester and short oil alkyd resins. It has also been used in coatings, dyes, insecticides, soaps and cosmetics. It is also a solvent for nitro-cellulose and is being used for the same applications as ethyl glycol

In automobile lacquers it has been used to reduce evaporation and to impart a high gloss.

Metabolism 
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is rapidly metabolized to 2-ethoxyethanol in the blood via hydrolysis. Then, 2-ethoxyethanol is metabolized, mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase, to 2-ethoxyacetaldehyde, which is further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 2-ethoxyacetic acid (2-EAA) in the liver. These two compounds are the likely active metabolites, which are thought to be involved in some of the toxic effects. Also in the liver, ethylene glycol is produced. All this reactions belong to the phase I of the biotransformation process. In rats, EAA can be conjugated with glycine or may suffer O-deethylated. After this, it can be metabolized to carbon dioxide. An extra pathway in these animals involves microsomal P450 mixed function oxidases, with deethylation producing acetaldehyde and ethylene glycol.

Safety 
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate can cause a slight skin and eye irritation after exposure. High exposure can lead to kidney damage and paralysis.  In animals, reproductive and teratogenic effects have been observed.

References 

Glycol ethers
Acetate esters
Solvents
Glycol esters
Hazardous air pollutants
MWfly B22. The MWfly B22 is a family of Italian aircraft engines, designed and produced by MWfly of Passirana di Rho for use in light aircraft.

Design and development
The B22 series are all four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, liquid-cooled, gasoline engine designs. They all employ single electronic ignition systems and have a compression ratio of 10.4:1.

Variants
B22D
Direct drive model with an output of  at 3300 rpm or  at 3500 rpm, or  at 4700 rpm.
B22G
Geared model with a mechanical gearbox reduction drive with a reduction ratio of 1.731:1 or 1.958:1 and an output of  at 4000 rpm, or  at 4700 rpm, respectively.
B22L
Model with a mechanical gearbox reduction drive with a reduction ratio of 1.73:1 and an output of  at 3950 rpm. By March 2018 the engine was no longer advertised on the company website and seems to be out of production.
B22R
Model with a mechanical gearbox reduction drive with a reduction ratio of 2.14:1 and an output of  at 4700 rpm. By March 2018 the engine was no longer advertised on the company website and seems to be out of production.

Specifications (B22D)

See also

References

External links

MWfly aircraft engines
Liquid-cooled aircraft piston engines
2010s aircraft piston engines
MWfly B25. The MWfly B25 is a family of Italian aircraft engines, designed and produced by MWfly of Passirana di Rho for use in light aircraft.

Design and development
The B25 series are all four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, liquid-cooled, gasoline engine designs. They all employ dual electronic ignition systems and have a compression ratio of 10.5:1.

Variants
B25D
Direct drive model with an output of  at 3300 rpm or  at 4700 rpm.
B25G
Geared model with a mechanical gearbox reduction drive with a reduction ratio of 1.731:1 or 1.958:1 and an output of  at 4000 rpm or  at 4700 rpm, respectively.
B25R
Model with a helical gear mechanical gearbox reduction drive with a reduction ratio of 1.731:1 and an output of  at 4550 rpm. By March 2018 the engine was no longer advertised on the company website and seems to be out of production.

Specifications (B25R)

See also

References

External links

MWfly aircraft engines
Liquid-cooled aircraft piston engines
2010s aircraft piston engines
KAB-500S-E. The KAB-500S-E () is a guided bomb designed for the Russian Aerospace Forces and is also the first guided bomb of the Russian Federation. It uses the GLONASS satellite navigation system and is the Russian equivalent of the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) weapons family. It was first used during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. The bomb's first trials were in 2000 and it was displayed at airshows in 2003.

It is designed to destroy targets in harbors, industrial facilities and depots and uses an impact fuse with three programmable modes. KTRV has fully completed testing of products of the K08B and K029B (UPAB-1500) types, both products are in serial production and are delivered to combat units.

See also
KAB-500KR
KAB-1500S-E

References

Aerial bombs of Russia
Guided bombs
John Samuel Slater. John Samuel Slater (born 1850 in Calcutta; died 1911 in Ealing) was a British professor of Civil Engineering at the Presidency College, Calcutta, and later principal of the Engineering College in Sibpur.

Life and work 
John Samuel Slater was educated at Pocklington Grammar School, and Bishop Cotton School, Simla. He graduated in 1870 at the Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, obtaining the gold medal for mathematics. The same year he was appointed to the Public Works Department of the Government of India and served at Dera Ghazi Khan and other locations in the Punjab.

In 1875, he was appointed Professor of Engineering at the Presidency College Calcutta, and in 1880, when the Engineering Department of that College was formed into an independent residential Engineering College at Sibpur, he took a leading part in its organisation, became one of the original members of its staff, and was eventually appointed Principal in 1891. He inaugurated a scheme of modern education for the District Schools of Bengal and Assam, and was responsible for the reorganisation of the technical schools of those two provinces. In 1897, he was for some months Inspector of Schools of the Rajshahi Division, and in 1901 officiated as head of the Educational Department of Bengal. In 1904, he was incapacitated by a serious illness which necessitated his retirement from India.

He was responsible for teaching astronomy to the students of the Engineering College, and was always keenly interested in that science. In 1891, while on leave, he devised and patented an armillary sphere. He presented this to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1891. which he used for instructional purposes.

After his retirement, he devoted himself enthusiastically to an investigation of the pollen of plants, and prepared by micro-photography a very large number of enlarged photographs of pollen grains. The value of his work in this direction was recognised by the botanical authorities at Kew.

Family 

He married in 1873 Jessie Frances, by whom he had a son and a daughter.

Patents 
 He didn't make the Armillary sphere. US patent No 482,278. Patented 6 September 1892.

References

External links 
 Photo of Slater's armillary sphere in the Museum of the History of Science

English civil engineers
Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata
1850 births
1911 deaths
British inventors
British people in colonial India
ETrice. eTrice is a CASE-Tool for the development of real-time software. It is an official Eclipse project.

The software architecture tooling eTrice is implementing the domain specific language Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling ROOM. It provides code generators for C, C++ and Java. Each release is accompanied with tutorials and a training is provided.

Since ObjecTime Developer went out of support, eTrice is the only remaining implementation of ROOM.

Literature 
 Bran Selic, Garth Gullekson, Paul T. Ward: Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York 1994, 
 New Edition: Bran Selic, Garth Gullekson, Paul T. Ward: Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling. MBSE4U, Hamburg 2023,

References

External links 
 eTrice project at eclipse.org

Real-time technology
Eclipse (software)
Software using the Eclipse Public License
Ocean Grazer. The Ocean Grazer is a conceptual energy collection platform, projected to house several renewable energy generation modules, including wave energy, solar energy and wind energy. The development of the Ocean Grazer platform has been carried out by the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, since 2014, and now by a spin-out company Ocean Grazer BV.

The concept of the platform is currently on its version 3.0 centering on the modular design as opposed to the massiveness of the platform, as in the previous concepts. The majority of the harvested energy for all concepts is to be delivered by a wave energy converter that uses the motion of ocean surface waves to generate electrical energy.

The company has also developed the Ocean Battery, which is a modular subsea pumped-storage hydroelectricity system. Unveiled in 2021, the technology can be deployed around offshore wind farms or floating solar, to store excess power generated.

Energy converter operation 
The operating principle of the Ocean Grazer energy converter is to store potential energy by creating a hydraulic head, due to the differences in pressure between two reservoirs. All three concepts rely on this principle to function. The hydraulic head is created by circulating internal fluid from the lower to the upper reservoir via a novel hydro-mechanical power take off system, composed of distributed and coupled floaters. Each floater is linked to a separate multi-piston pumping system, consisting of differently sized pistons that regulate the amount of pumped fluid and that can be adapted to the surface wave conditions. Check valve systems are needed to minimize the back flow when the pistons return to their resting position. Lastly, similar to a hydroelectric plant, once enough fluid has been stored in the upper reservoir it can be circulated through a turbine system to generate electrical energy.

Potential 
There are advantages in using a device like the Ocean Grazer energy converter, such as:
 Renewable, clean energy production from ocean surface waves.
 The adaptability of the device with respect to the incoming wave conditions, granted by the different pumping settings in the power take off system.
 The storage capabilities offered by the device, allowing to generate electrical energy with a controllable output as in hydroelectric plants.
 The modular design and scalability (concept 2.0 onward).

Challenges 
There are also disadvantages in using a device like the Ocean Grazer energy converter, namely:
 The installation, manufacture and production are difficult and expensive. 
 The connection to the electricity grid is still an open problem, a suitable solution to deliver the generated electrical energy needs to be developed.
 The moving parts, pumping systems and turbine systems in the device can create noise pollution and disrupt the habitat of different marine species.

See also 
 Wave power
 Hydropower
 Pumped-storage hydroelectricity

References 

Wave energy converters
Renewable energy in the Netherlands
University of Groningen