omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Robotic sensors. Robotic sensors are used to estimate a robot's condition and environment. These signals are passed to a controller to enable appropriate behavior.

Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human sensory organs. Robots require extensive information about their environment in order to function effectively.

Classification 
Sensors provide analogs to human senses and can monitor other phenomena for which humans lack explicit sensors.
 Simple Touch: Sensing an object's presence or absence.
 Complex Touch: Sensing an object's size, shape and/or hardness.
 Simple Force: Measuring force along a single axis.
 Complex Force: Measuring force along multiple axes.
 Simple Vision: Detecting edges, holes and corners.
 Complex Vision: Recognizing objects.
 Proximity: Non-contact detection of an object.

Sensors can measure physical properties, such as the distance between objects, the presence of light and the frequency of sound.
They can measure:
 Object Proximity: The presence/absence of an object, bearing, color, distance between objects.
 Physical orientation. The co-ordinates of object in space.
 Heat: The wavelength of infrared or ultra violet rays, temperature, magnitude, direction.
 Chemicals: The presence, identity, and concentration of chemicals or reactants
 Sound: The presence, frequency, and intensity of sound.

Motion controllers, potentiometers, tacho-generators and encoder are used as joint sensors, whereas strain-gauge based sensing is used at the end-effector location for contact force control.

Internal sensor*
It is the part of the robot. Internal sensors measure the robot's internal state. They are used to measure position, velocity and acceleration of the robot joint or end effectors.

Position  sensor 

Position sensors measure the position of a joint (the degree to which the joint is extended). They include:
 Encoder: a digital optical device that converts motion into a sequence of digital pulses.
 Potentiometer: a variable resistance device that expresses linear or angular displacements in terms of voltage.
 Linear variable differential transformer: a displacement transducer that provides high accuracy. It generates an AC signal whose magnitude is a function of the displacement of a moving core.
 Synchros and Resolvers

Velocity Sensor 

A velocity or speed sensor measures consecutive position measurements at known intervals and computes the time rate of change in the position values.

Applications 

In a parts feeder, a vision sensor can eliminate the need for an alignment pallet. Vision-enabled insertion robots can precisely perform fitting and insertion operations of machine parts.

See also
 Robotic sensing
 Tactile sensor
 Robot locomotion
 Outline of robotics
 Robot App Store
 Liquid handling robot
 Glossary of robotics
 Index of robotics articles
 Mechatronics

References

Robotics hardware
Robotic sensing
Sensors
Brick Works De Panoven. The Brick Works De Panoven is a brick museum in Zevenaar, the Gelderland, the Netherlands.
The museum is an Anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
 It is also a rijksmonument (number 338309).

History
There was a  kiln in Zevenaar when it received its charter in 1487 . The region has large natural supplies of clay.  Nijmegen had used tiles from Zevenaar since 1583. Brickmakers expanded beyond the borders of the town. De Panoven  was set up in 1860; continuing the tradition. It started with a single shaft kiln then expanded embracing new technology. In 1901 De Panoven began supplying the first machine-made roof tiles and bricks and 20 years later the first drying sheds were built. The last innovation was the zigzag kiln erected in 1926. This basically operated like a ring kiln, but could be continually fired, saving on fuel. This  kiln is the sole remaining intact model in Western Europe. The business was closed in 1982.

Museum
The museum displays clay pits (De Gelderse Poort) with their interesting biotope. There is also the kiln and opportunity to make hand-made bricks using an old Aberson cascade handform press

References

External links

 Official Website

Brickworks
Industry museums in the Netherlands
Museums in Gelderland
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
Buildings and structures in Zevenaar
Sirio-class torpedo boat. The Sirio class (also known as the Saffo class) was a class of six sea-going steam-powered torpedo boats of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built by the German shipyard Schichau-Werke from 1904–1906. They served in the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War.

Design
In 1904, work began at the German shipyard of Schichau-Werke,  Elbing (now Elbląg, Poland) on a class of six torpedo-boats for the Italian Navy. They were  long between perpendiculars and  overall, with a beam of  and a draught of . Two Coal-fired Schultz-Thornycroft boilers fed Vertical triple-expansion steam engines rated at , giving a rated speed of , which corresponded to an in-service sea speed of about . Sufficient coal was carried to give a range of  at  or  at . Displacement was .

Three  torpedo tubes were fitted, with a gun armament of three 47 mm guns. The ships had a crew of 38 officers and men.

Service
On delivery, the ships of the class equipped the 1st Squadron of High Seas Torpedo Boats, based first at La Spezia and then at Messina. The ships of the class were active during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, with Spica leading four Pegaso-class torpedo boats on a reconnaissance of the Dardanelles on the night of 18/19 July 1912, penetrating under fire about  before being stopped by a boom across the straits, and then escaping with little damage and no casualties. Two ships, Scorpione and Serpente, were lost following collisions during the First World War, with the remaining ships being rearmed, with two 76 mm anti-aircraft guns replacing the 47 mm guns. A third ship, Saffo was lost after running aground off Turkey on 2 April 1920. The surviving ships were disposed of in 1923.

Ships

Notes

Citations

References

External links
 Classe Sirio (1905) Marina Militare website

Torpedo boats of the Regia Marina
World War I naval ships of Italy
MSC Marc. MSC Marc is a nonlinear finite elements analysis software used to simulate behavior of complex materials and interaction under large deformations and strains. It can also simulate multi-physics scenarios across structural, thermal, piezoelectric, electrostatic, magnetostatic, and electromagnetic behaviors. It uses automatic two-dimensional and three-dimensional remeshing to analyze structures undergoing large distortions, and crack propagation.

History 

Marc was the first commercial nonlinear finite element software developed by Marc Analysis Research Corporation founded in 1971 by Dr. Pedro Marcal. It was acquired in 1999 by MSC Software Corporation. Mentat is the dedicated pre- and post-processor used to support Marc.

Introduction
Engineering structures and systems often use nonlinear materials and experience complex interactions between various parts. For example, the stress-strain curve of an elastomer is highly nonlinear.  During installation, elastomeric components could fold onto themselves and could undergo buckling. Their properties change with temperature and time. These nonlinearities are often grouped into three major categories, namely geometric, material and boundary condition nonlinearities. Marc is used to perform Finite Element Analysis of structures accounting for all these nonlinearities, in one, two and three dimensions.

Technology 
Marc can be used to run various types of mechanical simulations.
 Linear statics
 Linear dynamics
 Nonlinear statics
 Nonlinear dynamics
Buckling
 Heat transfer
Diffusion
 Electromagnetics
 Electrostatics
 Magnetostatics

Marc can also simulate coupled physical phenomena like:
 Themomechnical
 Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical
 Piezoelectric
Induction heating
 Thermal-Electrical (Joule heating)
 Magnetodynamic-Thermal
 Magnetostatic-Structural
 Magnetostatic-Thermal

Various constitutive formulations are used during simulations to represent the behavior of materials used in the designs. Marc can be used to model materials like:
Metals, below and above yield point
Composite materials
Gaskets
 Thermomechanical shape memory alloys
Soils
Powder metals
Concrete
Elastomers
Plastics

Applications 
Marc is used in several industries including automotive, aerospace, machinery, electronics, biomedical, oil and gas, consumer goods and packaging, manufacturing, civil engineering and mining to solve complex nonlinear problems that involve large deformations and strains, contact interaction, damage, fracture and failure.

See also
 MSC Software

References

External links
 
 MSC Software
 MSC Software's Blog
 MSC Software's YouTube Channel
 MSC Software on Twitter

Finite element software
Finite element software for Linux
Computer-aided manufacturing software
Computer-aided engineering software
Mildenberg Brick Work Park. The Mildenberg Brick Work Park is a visitor attraction and museum in Mildenberg, (Zehdenick) on the Havel in Brandenburg, Germany. The museum is an anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Context 
The area offers a high quality of the brick-making clay, the River Havel runs through the site and provides a direct transport route to Berlin. In the 1880s Berlin needed bricks. Up to 5,000 workers hand cut the clay, many of whom were internal migrants from the Lippe region in North Rhine-Westphalia and later from Silesia. They were housed in brick makers’ garrisons. There were 57 ring kilns and an annual production of 625,000,000 building bricks.

Later the clay was cut by chain-and-bucket excavators.

Museum
The 58 ha park has two working brickworks from the GDR (East Germany) period, ring kilns, railways and engine workshops- a stationary steam engine and the flooded clay pits that provide an interesting environment for wildlife: including beavers and great bitterns.

References
Notes

Footnotes

External links

 

Museums in Brandenburg
Industry museums in Germany
Brickworks
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
Verifax copier. The Kodak verifax is a photo copying approach that uses a wet colloidal diffusion transfer technique patented by Yutzy, H.C. and Yackel, E.C. (1947) The light source is projected to the top crossing the negative being reflected -more or less, according to the color- against the original to be copied exposing the negative. Has a base that contains the recipient with the liquid developer and the exposure timer.

Due to its extreme simplicity, the method was commonplace until the late 1960s, when it was surpassed by the popularity of the xerocopies using plain paper. Copies had some chemical smell and lost contrast over time.

Diffusion transfer 
The DT (Diffusion transfer) was widespread in several countries since 1960:
 CopyRapid Agfa;
 Gevacopy of Gevaert (1950);
 Verifax Kodak (1952-1976);
 Copyproof (1980?);
Other products not specifically intended for copying, but employing a similar PMT technology include: Kodak Ektaflex (1981); Polaroid, sepia (1948), id, White Black (1950), id, color (1963)...

Process 
The original sheet to be copied is placed face-down against the shiny side of a sheet of translucent sensitized "negative matrix" paper, then placed with the matte side of the matrix paper against the glass.
The papers are exposed to light (not infrared) for about 15 seconds, where shorter exposure darkens the copy, and longer exposure lightens it.
The original sheet is removed, and the matrix paper is immersed into the developing solution for 30 seconds, then extracted by pulling it out through pressure rollers, finishing the negative.
This wet negative is pressed against a sheet of sensitized copy paper, and fed back through the rollers, giving gentle pressure.
Finally, the two sheets are peeled apart, obtaining a slightly damp copy of the original, that has to lay on some surface while waiting to dry-out.

See also 
 Light table
 Photo mask
 Diazo copier
 Photolith
 Thermal Copier
 Edith Weyde

References 

Printing
Photographic processes
Christine Wiedinmyer. Christine Wiedinmyer is an American atmospheric chemist who is research scientist in the Atmospheric Chemistry Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. She has a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.

Wiedinmyer developed the Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN), "a high resolution global fire emissions model now used by local, regional, and global chemical modelers to better quantify the impacts of fire emissions on atmospheric composition, both in hindsight and forecast model applications." She used the model to estimate that the 2010 Russian wildfires liberated 22 teragrams of carbon monoxide, though this amount was less than the cumulative carbon monoxide emissions of 2012 and 2003. Wiedinmyer discovered that in the long run, controlled burning of forests will produce up to sixty percent less carbon dioxide emissions compared to the full-fledged wildfires they prevented. Undergrowth will be destroyed by the controlled burns while carbon-rich mature trees survive. Without removing the undergrowth, wildfires can quickly escalate out of control using the undergrowth as fuel, and then burn down mature trees as well.

Wiedinmyer is also a co-founder of the Earth Science Women's Network (ESWN).

References

External links
Christine Wiedinmyer's expert profile on the UCAR website
List of Christine Wiedinmyer's publications, ResearchGate

Living people
21st-century American chemists
Atmospheric chemists
Tulane University alumni
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
American women chemists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women scientists
Noor Vijeh Company. The Noor Vijeh Company () (NVCo) is a private company based in Tehran involved in financing, execution, and operation of major water desalination schemes via reverse osmosis (RO).



History 
The company was established in 2001 and is currently one of Iran's largest private investors in reverse osmosis.

Noor Vijeh's RO plant in the city of Qom with a capacity of approximately  per day successfully completed its contract in 2006.

As of June 2020, the registered capital of the company according to the Official Gazette stands at nearly 209.3 billion Rials.

The newest plants to start operation are located in the city of Kangan and Bushehr, for which the opening ceremonies in 2016 received widespread media attention.

Business model 
The preference in NVCo is given to BOO (Build-Own-Operate) and BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) contracts.

Noor Vijeh's plants are located in Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, Kangan, Hendijan, and Chabahar (2 phases).

References 

Water desalination
Water companies of Iran
Restaurant order wheel. In a restaurant an order wheel is a piece of equipment used to track customer orders ("tickets"). It is used to facilitate a process whereby a new order ("ticket") is clipped onto a wheel which is then turned clockwise from the server or "waitress" side of the restaurant around to the kitchen or "cook" side. Orders are made in sequence and turned further back around to the server as completed.

This process has continued into the electronic age where the mechanical wheel is no longer a physical device, but an order is still sent to the kitchen and then returned to the server once completed via a sequential process of first in - first out.

When certain orders take longer to cook, (i.e. well done steak) the "ticket" can be pulled from the wheel and re-inserted when completed.

The term "working the wheel" is a reference to the cook responsible for coordinating what to start cooking first and timing all food finishing at the same time.

Restaurant terminology
Wheels
Airsport. Airsport s.r.o. is a Czech aircraft manufacturer based in Zbraslavice. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of microlight aircraft and motorgliders in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

The organization is a Czech společnost s ručením omezeným (s.r.o.), or private limited company.

The company has three designs in production as of 2015, all constructed from composite materials. The Airsport Sonet is a light touring aircraft derived from the Airsport Sonata motorglider. The Airsport Song is a single-seat motorglider, with an unusual twin-boom and inverted V-tail layout.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Czech brands
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Czech companies established in 2002
Manufacturing companies established in 2002
Shyu Jyuo-min. Shyu Jyuo-min () is a Taiwanese engineer and politician. He was the Minister of Science and Technology from 23 January 2015 until 20 May 2016.

Education
Shyu obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University in 1977 and 1979, respectively. He then obtained his doctoral degree in electrical engineering from University of California, Berkeley, in the United States in 1988.

Early career
In 1981–1984, Shyu worked as a researcher at Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. In 2000–2001, he became the director-general of the SoC Technology Center of Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and as director-general of Electronics Research and Service Organization of ITRI in 2000–2004. In 2003–2007, he became the executive vice president of ITRI. In 2007–2010, he was the dean of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of National Tsing Hua University and in 2009-2010 as the vice chancellor of University System of Taiwan.

Minister of Science and Technology

Ministry appointment
On 23 January 2015, the Executive Yuan appointed Shyu to be the Minister of Science and Technology, replacing former Minister Chang San-cheng.

References

Living people
Ministers of science and technology of Taiwan
National Taiwan University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes. Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes is a chemical reaction in enantioselective synthesis that reacts an alkenylmetal with an aldehyde to give an allyl alcohol (Figure "Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes"). The stereoselectivity in the reaction is typically controlled by the asymmetric ligands used providing a strategy to introduce controlled asymmetry into the molecule. Controlled molecular asymmetry (or enantioselectivity) is crucial for controlling the bioactivity of the synthesized molecules and demanded by drug authorities in drug synthesis. In this case the ligands chelate to the transition metal to create a chiral environment which enables the selective formation of a particular enantiomer. Various transition metals such as Zinc, Nickel, Chromium, and Rhodium have been used in this reaction.

Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes has been widely used in total synthesis of natural product. For example, the key cyclization step in the total synthesis of (R)-(-)-Muscone was an intramolecular asymmetric addition of a vinylzinc derivative to an aldehyde using a chiral amino-isoborneol ligand (Figure "(a) Asymmetric addition of alkenylzinc to aldehyde in the total synthesis of muscone"). The reaction used a terminal alkyne (A) as the substrate which generated alkenylborate reagent (B) through monohydroboration reaction. After transmetalation with diethylzinc, the generated alkenylzinc reagent (C) further reacted with the aldehyde (D) through exclusive addition to the π-face under the control of (-)-3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol (DAIB) as a ligand (Figure "(b) Detailed steps for the reaction").

References

Chemical reactions
Seeding. The term seeding and related terms such as seeded are used in several different contexts:
Sowing, planting seeds in a place or on an object
Cloud seeding, manipulating cloud formations
Seeding (computing), a concept in computing and peer-to-peer file sharing
Seeding (fluid dynamics), a process done while attempting to evaluate the flow of a fluid
Seeding (sex act), a reference to internal ejaculation inside of a sexual partner
Seeding (sports), setting up and/or adjusting a tournament bracket
 Planet seeding, or Panspermia, a theory dealing with propagation of simple lifeforms to inhabit planets
A seeding machine, a mechanical device often used in agricultural work
A seeding trial, an event done during a business' marketing research 
Database seeding, populating a database with an initial set of data

See also
 Seed (disambiguation)
 Seedling (disambiguation)
 Super-seeding algorithm
Peter Sanders (computer scientist). Peter Sanders (born 1967) is a German computer scientist who works as a professor of computer science at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. His research concerns the design, analysis, and implementation of algorithms and data structures, and he is particularly known for his research on suffix sorting finding shortest paths in road networks.

Sanders earned his Ph.D. from Karlsruhe in 1996,
and worked for seven years at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken (completing his habilitation there in 2000) before returning to Karlsruhe as a professor in 2004.

Sanders was one of the winners of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize in 2012.

Selected publications
Books

Research papers
.
.
.
.

References

External links
Google scholar profile

1967 births
Living people
German computer scientists
Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners