omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saxon Railway Museum. The Saxon Railway Museum (Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum or SEM, today "Schauplatz Eisenbahn") is located in Chemnitz, in the state of Saxony, eastern Germany. It is situated on the site of the former locomotive depot (Bahnbetriebswerk or Bw) for goods train locomotives in the district Hilbersdorf.

After the locomotive depot was closed in 1992, the society moved into the buildings which were protected as historical monuments. As a result, the museum has two roundhouses with  turntables. In addition there are coaling and sanding facilities, water cranes, a working jack for inspection pits and a range of other equipment found in an operational depot.

The exhibition area describes and portrays the evolution of the railway in Saxony and especially in the area of Chemnitz. In addition to an extensive range of steam, diesel and electric locomotives, the museum also has a large collection of operational, narrow-gauge, Feldbahn engines.

Many of the locomotives on show are loaned from private individuals, from the Dresden Transport Museum or the Nuremberg Transport Museum. As a result, the museum's collection includes the following:

 Ex-Saxon XII H2 steam locomotive, no. 38 205
 DRG Class 43 steam locomotive, no. 43 001
 Ex-Saxon XIV HT steam locomotive, no. 75 515
 DRG Class 86 steam locomotive, no. 86 001
 DR Class V 180 diesel locomotive, no. 180 141
 DR Class 119 diesel locomotive, no. 219 003
 DR Class V 60 diesel locomotive, no. V 60 1001
 DRB Class E 94 electric locomotive, no. 254 059
 DRG Class E 44 electric locomotive, no. E 44 045.

Special vehicles in the museum's fleet include a Tatra T141 tractor with a Culemeyer heavy trailer.

There is also a working DRG Class 50 steam locomotive, no. 50 3648, that is regularly used for special trips. At the end of August each year there is a large festival (Heizhausfest) with a parade of historic locomotives. 
1929 was a cable running system built in Hilbersdorf. This unique system of the marshalling yard was restored in 2014. Main components are the rope-tensioning system, the signal boxes and the historic machine station (with three rope-tensioning machines built by Siemens-Schuckert).

The SEM, together with the Museum of Technology Cable Haulage System, are also known as "Schauplatz Eisenbahn Chemnitz Hilbersdorf" (both located in Hilbersdorf). This new technical museum area is the largest one historic railway complex in Germany.

References

Literature 
Egon Kretzschmar: Die Bahnbetriebswerke in Chemnitz/Karl-Marx-Stadt Bildverlag Böttger, Witzschdorf 2003  (German)

External links 

Website of the Saxon Railway Museum

Railway museums in Germany
Transport in Chemnitz
Museums in Chemnitz
Regenerative cooling. Regenerative cooling is a method of cooling gases in which compressed gas is cooled by allowing it to expand and thereby take heat from the surroundings. The cooled expanded gas then passes through a heat exchanger where it cools the incoming compressed gas.

Regenerative cycles
Stirling cycle
Gifford–McMahon cycle
Vuilleumier cycle
Pulse tube refrigerator

History
In 1857, Siemens introduced the regenerative cooling concept with the Siemens cycle.  In 1895, William Hampson in England and Carl von Linde in Germany independently developed and patented the Hampson–Linde cycle to liquefy air using the Joule–Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling. On 10 May 1898, James Dewar used regenerative cooling to become the first to statically liquefy hydrogen.

See also
Cryocooler
Displacer
Fluid mechanics
Regenerative cooling (rocket)
Regenerative heat exchanger
Thermodynamic cycle
Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

External links
Regenerative Coolers 
 Regenerative Cycle Video

Cooling technology
Cryogenics
Thermodynamic cycles
Industrial gases
ja:潜熱#再生冷却
Spring Hill, New South Wales (Orange). Spring Hill is a small village 13 km south-east of Orange, Australia. Its buildings date back to the 1870s and a Heritage Trail has been established for tourists. At the , Spring Hill had a population of 304.

Mining 
Following the failure of Messrs G. & C. Hoskins in 1915 to persuade the New South Wales Government to construct a branch railway from the sidings at Spring Hill to the mines at Cadia where they had agreed to remove the ironstone overlay for processing in the ironworks at Lithgow, the company decided to construct a private railway line  from the Iron Duke Copper Mine at Cadia to the Great Western Railway at Spring Hill. The line remained until 1945, having enjoyed a renaissance during the Second World War.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
City of Orange (New South Wales)
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
Mead Johnson River-Rail-Truck Terminal and Warehouse. The Mead Johnson River-Rail-Truck Terminal and Warehouse is a historic terminal / warehouse at the Port of Evansville in Evansville, Indiana.  The complex was built in 1931 and consists of the terminal building and warehouse.  The terminal building is a rectangular canopied structure measuring 285 feet long, 110 feet wide, and 62 feet high. The building is cantilevered 45 feet over the Ohio River. The terminal is serviced by two electric cranes that each measure 54 feet long. The original warehouse is 585 feet long and 150 feet wide.  It was enlarged by a 310-foot addition in 1957.  The terminal is operated by Kinder Morgan and is served by CSX Transportation.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

References

Buildings and structures in Evansville, Indiana
Railway buildings and structures in Indiana
Trucking industry in the United States
Transport infrastructure completed in 1931
National Register of Historic Places in Evansville, Indiana
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places
CSX Transportation
Kinder Morgan
Transportation buildings and structures in Vanderburgh County, Indiana
Data Desk. Data Desk is a software program for visual data analysis, visual data exploration, and statistics.  It carries out Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and standard statistical analyses by means of dynamically linked graphic data displays that update any change simultaneously.

History

Data Desk was developed in 1985 by Paul F. Velleman, a statistics professor at Cornell University who had studied exploratory data analysis with John Tukey. Data Desk was released in 1986 for the Macintosh. It provided most standard statistical methods accessed through its own desktop interface.

In 1997, Data Desk was released for Windows, and included a General Linear Model (GLM), multivariate statistics, and nonlinear curve fitting. DD/XL is an add-in for Microsoft Excel that adds Data Desk Functionality directly to the Spreadsheet

Data Desk's developer, Data Description, pioneered linked graphic displays including a 3-D rotating plot and graphical slider control of parameters.  It has also developed proprietary technology for computer-based multimedia instruction and currently provides contract data analysis services.

Reviews

Macworld reviewed DD/XL on December 1, 2000 with a 4.5 out of 5.

InfoWorld reviewed Data Desk 6.0 and said "DataDesk Plus is by far the best Windows package for in-depth data exploration". Also, DataDesk Plus is easily the best Windows statistics package for teaching statistics" 

Macworld reviewed Data Desk in October 1997, and gave it 9.1 out of 10, and a 5 star rating.

See also
 Data visualization

References

Further reading

External links
 Data Description's Website
 Data Desk's History page

Plotting software
Fibronectin binding protein A. Fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) is a Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM cell surface-bound protein that binds to both fibronectin and fibrinogen.

It is an adhesin which enables Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to adhere to host cells of another organism, and an invasin facilitating its internalisation into these cells. This is true over a range of different cell types.  The FnBP alone is capable of providing this invasive property, without the requirement of co-receptors. Even FnBP coated beads have been shown to become internalised into cells

S. aureus is able to bind to host cells in the absence of the FnBP, but its adherence and invasive properties are much reduced (up to a 500-fold decrease in number of internalised cells)

Structure

The FnBP inserts into the cell wall of S. aureus by means of a C-terminal LPXTG anchor. Two fibronectin binding domains have been identified - one is present in the C-terminal D repeat region, and one in the N-terminal A region

Mechanism

The fibronectin binding protein is able to bind fibronectin present in the extracellular matrix. Similarly, the α5β1 integrin present on host cells also binds fibronectin to create a link to its actin cytoskeleton, binding via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif present in fibronectin. Fibronectin is able to act as a ‘bridge’ between S. aureus and the host cell, with both S. aureus and the host cell binding at either end of the molecule, and therefore facilitate adherence.

Clinical significance
The FnBP is involved in adherence to a wide range of mammalian cells and is hence implicated in various infections.

It is implicated in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, and is the predominant adhesin for adherence to osteoblasts, a cell type present in large quantities within bone. Few S. aureus cells become internalised into osteoblasts in the absence of the FnBP

FnBPs are essential in the formation of biofilms by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain LAC. They are specifically involved in primary attachment.

References

Blood proteins
Alba Regia (car). The Alba Regia was a Hungarian microcar project produced in Székesfehérvár by both the Ministry of Metallurgy and Machine Industry in conjunction with the Vehicle Developing Institute in 1952/1953. In 1955 three engineers were commissioned to work on the car; Ernő Rubik, Pal Kerekes, and Geza Bengyel. Along with two employees, József Zappel and József Horváth, the group conceived of the Alba Regia, named for the Latin name of the city, where it was made, and the Balaton, named for Hungary's Lake Balaton.

External links
Hungarian MircoCars of the 50s by Paul Negyesi

Cars of Hungary
Microcars
Cars introduced in 1955
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Hungary
1955 establishments in Hungary
Manufacturing companies established in 1955
HMAS Geraldton (FCPB 213). HMAS Geraldton (FCPB 213), named for the port city of Geraldton, Western Australia, was a  of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

Starting in the late 1960s, planning began for a new class of patrol boat to replace the , with designs calling for improved seakeeping capability, and updated weapons and equipment. The Fremantles had a full load displacement of , were  long overall, had a beam of , and a maximum draught of . Main propulsion machinery consisted of two MTU series 538 diesel engines, which supplied  to the two propeller shafts. Exhaust was not expelled through a funnel, like most ships, but through vents below the waterline. The patrol boat could reach a maximum speed of , and had a maximum range of  at . The ship's company consisted of 22 personnel. Each patrol boat was armed with a single Bofors 40mm gun as main armament, supplemented by two .50 cal Browning machineguns and an 81 mm mortar, although the mortar was removed from all ships sometime after 1988. The main weapon was originally to be two 30-mm guns on a twin-mount, but the reconditioned Bofors were selected to keep costs down; provision was made to install an updated weapon later in the class' service life, but this did not eventuate.

Geraldton was laid down by NQEA in Cairns, Queensland on 3 May 1982, launched on 22 October 1983, and commissioned into the RAN on 10 December 1983.

Fate
Geraldton was decommissioned on 7 October 2006. The patrol boat was broken up for scrap in Darwin during 2006 and 2007, at a cost of $450,000 to the Australian government.

Citations

References

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 17, 2005 in PDF and HTML formats.

Ships built in Queensland
Fremantle-class patrol boats
1983 ships
HMAS Geelong (FCPB 215). HMAS Geelong (FCPB 215), named for the city of Geelong, was a  of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

Starting in the late 1960s, planning began for a new class of patrol boat to replace the , with designs calling for improved seakeeping capability, and updated weapons and equipment. The Fremantles had a full load displacement of , were  long overall, had a beam of , and a maximum draught of . Main propulsion machinery consisted of two MTU series 538 diesel engines, which supplied  to the two propeller shafts. Exhaust was not expelled through a funnel, like most ships, but through vents below the waterline. The patrol boat could reach a maximum speed of , and had a maximum range of  at . The ship's company consisted of 22 personnel. Each patrol boat was armed with a single Bofors 40mm gun as main armament, supplemented by two .50 cal Browning machineguns and an 81 mm mortar, although the mortar was removed from all ships sometime after 1988. The main weapon was originally to have been two 30-mm guns on a twin-mount, but the reconditioned Bofors were selected to keep costs down; provision was made to install an updated weapon later in the class' service life, but this did not eventuate.

Geelong was laid down by NQEA in Cairns, Queensland on 15 November 1982, launched on 14 April 1984, and commissioned into the RAN on 2 June 1984.

Fate
Geelong was decommissioned at  on 8 July 2006. The patrol boat was broken up for scrap in Darwin during 2006 and 2007, at a cost of $450,000 to the Australian government.

Citations

References

Books

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 17, 2005 in PDF and HTML formats.

Websites

Ships built in Queensland
Fremantle-class patrol boats
1984 ships
Te Rapa cogeneration. The Te Rapa cogeneration plant is a 44 MW cogeneration plant owned and operated by Contact Energy.  It is located at the Fonterra dairy factory, at Te Rapa near Hamilton in New Zealand, and was commissioned in 1999.

The construction of the plant came as part of a wider upgrade to the dairy factory proposed in 1997. The original capacity applied for under the Resource Management Act was 150 MW, but there was opposition from Greenpeace about the carbon dioxide emissions and Tainui about pollution of the Waikato River; Subsequently the planned capacity was reduced to 45 MW and the change was announced at an Environment Court prehearing. The Waikato Times reported that “Greenpeace was pleased [with the change] but said even the smaller plant would pump out 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide”.

The plant is based on a gas turbine (a GE frame 6B) that can produce up to 44 MW of electricity.  Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are ducted to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to raise steam.  The HRSG has duct burners to increase steam output, which can be up to 180 tons of steam per hour.

The cogeneration plant is designed for flexible operation, and can provide electricity to the dairy factory, export electricity to the local network or import electricity for use in the dairy factory.  A common operating mode is 30 MW of electricity exported and 15 MW plus 120 tons per hour of steam provided to the dairy factory.

A 127 MW gas/diesel fired auxiliary boiler is used when the cogeneration plant is not in operation.

Fonterra has been authorised by the Waikato Regional Council to install and commission an alternative combustion plant if the co-generation plant ceases to be available.

Planned closing

On 21 June 2022 Contact Energy announced that it would be closing the gas turbine by June 2023 when their contract to supply Fonterra with electricity expires. Mike Fuge, the CEO of Contact Energy said that "The gap in generation created by the closure of Te Rapa next year will be replaced by new, renewable generation that is set to come on stream over the coming years,"

References

External links
 Pont Consultants
 Pont Consultants image

Natural gas-fired power stations in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Hamilton, New Zealand
Fonterra
Claudel-Hobson. Claudel-Hobson was a series of British carburettors manufactured by H. M. Hobson Ltd.

Introduced in 1908, they were widely used on British car and aircraft engines in the early 20th century. Applications included Sunbeam automobiles as well as Armstrong Siddeley, Bristol, de Havilland, and Napier aircraft engines.

References

External links
 Historywebsite.co.uk

Engine fuel system technology
Carburetor manufacturers
HMAS Warrnambool (FCPB 204). HMAS Warrnambool (FCPB 204), named after the city of Warrnambool, Victoria, was a Fremantle-class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

Starting in the late 1960s, planning began for a new class of patrol boat to replace the Attack class, with designs calling for improved seakeeping capability, and updated weapons and equipment. The Fremantles had a full load displacement of , were  long overall, had a beam of , and a maximum draught of . Main propulsion machinery consisted of two MTU series 538 diesel engines, which supplied  to the two propeller shafts. Exhaust was not expelled through a funnel, like most ships, but through vents below the waterline. The patrol boat could reach a maximum speed of , and had a maximum range of  at . The ship's company consisted of 22 personnel. Each patrol boat was armed with a single 40 mm Bofors gun as main armament, supplemented by two .50 cal Browning machine guns and an 81 mm mortar, although the mortar was removed from all ships sometime in the late 1990s. The main weapon was originally to be two 30-mm guns on a twin-mount, but the reconditioned Bofors were selected to keep costs down; provision was made to install an updated weapon later in the class' service life, but this did not eventuate.

Warrnambool was built by NQEA, Cairns. The ship was laid down on 30 September 1978, launched on 25 October 1980, and commissioned into the RAN on 14 March 1981.

Fate
Warrnambool was decommissioned on 29 November 2005.

The patrol boat was broken up for scrap in Darwin during 2006 and 2007, at a cost of $450,000 to the Australian government.

Citations

References

 The chapter is available separately as Semaphore, Issue 17, 2005 in PDF and HTML formats.

Fremantle-class patrol boats
Ships built in Queensland
HMAS
1980 ships
Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz DZ 710. The Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz DZ 710 was a German aircraft engine manufactured by Motorenfabrik Oberursel A.G. in the early 1940s. It was a 16-cylinder horizontally-opposed, two cycle diesel engine. A larger 32-cylinder variant, the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz DZ 720 was basically two DZ 710's 'bolted' together to make an H engine configuration.

Neither design saw operational use before the end of the war and work on them was halted in late 1945 after the factories were captured by the Allies and turned into makeshift tank repair depots.

Specifications (DZ 710)

References
 http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/airforce/engines.txt

Aircraft diesel engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
German submarine U-1195. German submarine U-1195 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine.

Her keel was laid down 6 February 1943, by F. Schichau, of Danzig. She was commissioned 4 November 1943.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-1195 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-1195 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one  Flak M42 and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
Under the command of Ernst Cordes, she sank the Liberty Ship John R. Park.  on 21 March 1945. Another account suggests the ship sunk was the  though this sinking is usually credited to .

U-1195 attacked Convoy VWP 16 in the English Channel, sinking the troop transport  on 6 April 1945. She was sunk by one of the convoys escorts, the Royal Navy destroyer , using a Hedgehog antisubmarine mortar on 7 April 1945 to the southeast of the Isle of Wight at  (WGS84) in 30 metres (98 feet) of water. Fifty crew members were alive when she sank; however, only 14 survived. Kemp reports the crew had to make a risky underwater escape from the wrecked vessel.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
U-boats sunk in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Wreck diving sites in the United Kingdom
Ships built in Danzig
1943 ships
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Ships built by Schichau
Maritime incidents in April 1945
Fantome-class sloop. The Fantome class was a six-ship class of 4-gun screw composite sloops  built for the Royal Navy during 1873 and 1874.

Design

Construction
Fantome and her sister ships were constructed of an iron frame sheathed with teak and copper (hence 'composite').

Propulsion
A two-cylinder horizontal compound-expansion steam engine provided by Humphrys, Tennant & Co. powered an  diameter screw.  Steam was provided by three cylindrical boilers working at . The indicated horsepower varied from .  Daring was fitted with a trunk engine provided by John Penn & Sons.

Sailing rig
All the ships of the class were provided with a full barque rig.

Armament
The Fantome class carried two  and two 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifles, all mounted on pivots.

Evaluation
Built at a time of great technological change in naval architecture, these composite sloops were obsolete before they were completed.   Nevertheless, they served a useful function on the far-flung stations of the British Empire, including participation in minor wars, such as the Perak War.  They were also used for hydrography, and for this reason Egeria was retained until 1911.

Ships

Notes

Bibliography

 

Sloop classes
 
 Fantome