omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reusable Vehicle Testing. The Reusable Vehicle Testing (RVT) project was conducted by the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) from 1998 until 2003. The project involved a series of experimental vehicles to test repeated flights of a reusable rocket. Four complete vehicles were developed during the project. The design of the experimental vehicles addressed various technical challenges for future Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) such as flight on demand, quick turnaround, higher performance, lightweight structures and materials.

The project involved ground and flights tests with the flight testing conducted at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) Noshiro Rocket Testing Center in the northern part of Japan's main island.

JAXA proposed to develop a reusable high altitude rocket based on the technologies demonstrated in the RVT project. The rocket would take a payload of about 100 kg to an altitude of 100 km. RVT-derived equipment such as engines and attitude control will be used. The development and flight testing is expected to take 5 years and the cost is estimated at 50 billion yen. The rocket, capable of five flights in a day. The cost per flight, based on 2500 flights, is expected to be 10,000 yen, reducing the per flight cost compared to current day expendable rocket systems, which cost between 2 and 6 billion yen. The experimental payloads will be recovered after the flight, which will also minimize costs for the payload developer. Moreover, it will be possible to stop and hover the vehicle at any altitude, which is impossible with conventional sounding rockets.

See also
 McDonnell Douglas DC-X
 CORONA
 Kankoh-maru
 Winged Reusable Sounding rocket
 Grasshopper
 Blue Origin and its New Shepard rocket
 Armadillo Aerospace and Quad (rocket)
 Lunar Lander Challenge
 Project Morpheus, NASA program to continue developing ALHAT and Quad landers

References

External links
 Currell Models
 YouTube Video of Vehicle Flight Test
 YouTube Video of Vehicle Flight Test Campaign
 JAXA Website Interview with Yoshifumi Inatani 
 Hobbyspace Interview with Yoshifumi Inatani
 RVT-derived reusable sounding rocket proposal at Hobbyspace
 Technical paper - Flight Demonstration and a Concept for Readiness of Fully Reusable Rocket Vehicles
 A Concept & Readiness to the Reusable  Sounding Rocket, Norway-Japan Symposium on Polar, Space, and Climate Research May 29. 2007

Reuse
VTVL rockets
JAXA
Bolt (cloth). A bolt is a piece of cloth woven on a loom or created by a knitting machine, as it is processed, stored and/or marketed.  Consequently, its dimensions are highly variableflexible and dependent upon the manufacturing, machinery, quantity, size, thickness and quality of the product.  It is a unit used in manufacturing, transport and inventory.  It is also used as a descriptor for wallpaper, which uses different fabrication machinery. Being encompassing, it is by its nature a generic and ambiguous term of convenience and context, used to describe fabric and wallpaper.

In modern production 
Textile manufacturing is about converting fiber into yarn, yarn into fabric, and finally, the fabric into clothing and other useful products. At every stage, production activity is managed by unique batches. When it comes to fabric, a set of bolts or rolls forms a batch, representing the production.

Manufacturing 
The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns the yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. and knitting is another method of cloth manufacturing.

Boltsare the rolls of cloth manufactured by a loom or knitting machine, which moves through subsequent processes of textile finishing.

Loom 
Looms are equipped with devices that can measure the length of the bolt during manufacturing on the machine itself.

Packing and trading 
Cloth merchant were marking the end of bolts with notations. This practice is continued in the industry  to avoid mixing.

Garment manufacturing 
After fabric inspection, the bolts are layered manually or fabric-spreading machines for relaxing and cutting with patterns.

For more information, see Pattern; Ready-made garment

Unit 

The length of a bolt varied according to the type of material measured.  The length is usually either , but varies depending on the fabric being referred to; for example, a bolt of canvas is traditionally .

The width of a bolt is usually ,  but widths may include , , , , , ,  and , , , and . For more on breadths of bolts, see narrow cloth.

The word has been long-lived.  For example, Herman Melville used it casually in Moby-Dick. It is also the standard linear measurement of canvas for use at sea: .

See also 

 Piece goods
 Greige goods
 Fabric inspection
 Tanmono - In Japan case.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Customary units of measurement in the United States
Units of length
Textiles
ISA100.11a. ISA100.11a is a wireless networking technology standard developed by the International Society of Automation (ISA).  The official description is "Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications".

The ISA100 committee is part of ISA and was formed in 2005 to establish standards and related information that will define procedures for implementing wireless systems in the automation and control environment with a focus on the field level. The committee is made up of over 400 automation professionals from nearly 250 companies worldwide.  The committee also represents end users, wireless suppliers, system integrators, research firms, consultants, government agencies, and industry consortia. Committee members lend their expertise to the advancement of the ISA100 series of standards.

In 2009, the ISA Automation Standards Compliance Institute established the ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute.  The ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute owns the 'ISA100 Compliant' certification scheme which provides independent testing of ISA100 based products to ensure that  they conform to the ISA100 standard.

Timeline
 May 2009: the ISA100 standards committee voted to approve ISA100.11a, "Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications".
 July 2009: Nivis announced ISA100.11a software.
 September 9, 2009: ISA officially released ISA100.11a.
 October 2009: Arkema in Crosby, Texas, in conjunction with the ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute, conducted a multi vendor interoperability test.
 Honeywell Process Solutions announced ISA100.11a compliant starter kits and complete systems.
 Yokogawa announced products based on ISA100.11a standards, including wireless gateway with pressure and temperature transmitter.
 2010: the ISA100 committee approved a major corrigendum to the 2009 edition of the standard reflecting comments received from organizations implementing the standard, and other commenters seeking clarification. The 2010 edition of the standard was submitted to the IEC SC65C in the form of a PAS (Publicly Available Specification) and as a New Work Item for international standardization. In this form, it has been numbered as IEC 62734.

References

External links
 ISA100 Wireless Compliance Institute
 ISA 100.11a Standard Closes in on Approval
 Cambridge Whitepaper
 ISA100.11a, ISA Expo 2006 SP100 Overview ppt 
 Standard Download 
 ISA100 Roadshow: Standards and Status 

Wireless sensor network
Ice pond. An ice pond is a large volume of ice or snow produced by natural winter freezing. The ice is then used for cooling or air conditioning.

Before refrigeration was common, ice ponds were mined by ice companies, with product transported to consumers and food businesses through much of the year. Refrigeration technology replaced this technology.

In more recent times, ice ponds have been revived as an environmentally friendly way to air condition buildings in the summer.  The best known experiment is the 'Princeton ice pond' by Ted Taylor in 1981.  He then persuaded the Prudential Insurance Company to use a bigger pond to provide air conditioning for a larger building.  Taylor also investigated the possibility of using the technology for water purification, which he demonstrated during a non-fiction segment on the 1984 educational series The Voyage of the Mimi.

See also
 Ice house (building)
 Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
 Snowmaking
 Solar pond

Notes and references

Energy storage
List of military aircraft of Denmark. The following list contains the aircraft used by the Royal Danish Air Force or its predecessors, the Danish Army Air Corps and Royal Danish Naval Aviation. During the Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1945, Danish military aviation was prohibited. The aircraft currently in use are highlighted in blue.

Key
Esk means eskadrille (squadron).
FLSK means Flyveskolen (flying school).
HFT means Hærens Flyvetjeneste (Army Air Corps).
SHT means Søværnets Helikoptertjeneste (Danish Naval Air Squadron).
Bold are present users.

Before the Second World War 

Before the war Danish efforts to acquire new aircraft had been increased. Denmark ordered 12 Fokker G.I together with a production license, and allegedly production of the Fairey Battle for the Danish Air Force was under way when the Germans invaded the country in 1940. Production of 12 Fairey P.4/34 for the air arm of the Danish Navy had started, but could not be completed before the invasion either.
The Italian Macchi MC.200 was chosen as a replacement for the ageing Nimrødderne fighters of the naval air arm, the acquisition contract being ready to be signed at the time of German invasion, but never concluded.
The Orlogsværftet J.1 indigenous Danish fighter design did not reach beyond project stage.

Second World War (Danish Brigade in Sweden)

Post-Second World War 

 [F-35 Lightning ii- antal 27 og i 2027 erstatter de F-16 ] ham der  tjekker kan rette på mig og ordene det med kilde da jeg er ny her kilde officielle Danmarks forsvares hejmmeside:https://www.forsvaret.dk/da/nyheder/2023/danmarks-f-35-er-landet/

Navy 
Danish Naval Air Squadron (Søværnets Helikoptertjeneste) disbanded 2010 and equipment transferred to air force (Esk 723).

Army 
Army Air Corps (Hærens Flyvetjeneste) ended in 2003 and equipment transferred to air force (Esk 724).

See also 
 Royal Danish Air Force

References

Bibliography 
 Butler, Phil and Tony Buttler. Gloster Meteor: Britain's Celebrated First-Generation Jet. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2006. .
 Crawford, Alex. Bristol Bulldog, Gloster Gauntlet. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. .
 De Jong, Peter. Le Fokker D.21 (Collection Profils Avions 9) (in French). Outreau, France: Éditions Lela Presse, 2005. . 
 Hall, Alan W. Hawker Hunter - Warpaint Series No 8. Bedfordshire, UK: Hall Park Books, 1997. ISSN 1363-0369.
 Hansen, O.S.:Danskernes Fly, 2003, Aschehoug,  
 Kofoed, Hans. Danske Militaerfly Gennem 50 Ar 1912-62. Copenhagen: Flyv's Forlag, 1962.
 Schrøder, Hans A. Det Danske Flyvevåben, Tøjhusmuseet, Denmark 1992. 
 Schrøder, Hans A. Historien om Flyvevåbnet, Komiteen til udgivelse af "Historien om Flyvevåbnet", 1990. .

Denmark Military Aircraft
Royal Danish Air Force

Aircraft
UNIO Satu Mare. UNIO, established in 1911, is a large company specialised in machine building, mechanical assembling works and hydraulic, pneumatic and electric equipment assembling commissioning and service for the mining, energy and assembling industries. It is one of the largest companies in Satu Mare.

In January 2005 UNIO signed a contract with the German industrial company KUKA for the manufacturing of several assembly lines for the giant carmaker Mercedes-Benz.

References

See also
Official site

Engineering companies of Romania
Companies based in Satu Mare
Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix. Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix (20 February 1798 – 14 February 1870) was a German mathematician and engineer. The unit for specific gravity of liquids,  degree Brix (°Bx), is named after him.

Brix made a career as a civil servant in professions related to civil engineering, measurements and manufacture (1827 Bauconducteur, 1834 Fabriken-Commisionsrath, 1853 geheimer Regierungsrath) and retired in 1866 (when he was promoted to geheimer Oberregierungsrath). He was director of the Royal Prussian Commission for Measurements, member of a technical committee in the Ministry of Trade, and the technical building committee. He was also a teacher of applied mathematics at Gewerbeinstitut zu Berlin (1828–1850), as well as in higher analysis and applied mathematics at the Bauakademie, both of which are forerunners of Technische Universität Berlin.

He participated in many public works in Berlin and Potsdam.

Selected publications 
 Lehrbuch der Statik und Mechanik ("Textbook of statics and mechanics", 1831, 2nd edition 1849, supplement 1843)
 Über Festigkeit und Elasticität der Eisendrähte ("On the strength and elasticity of iron wires"), 1847
 Über den Widerstand der Fuhrwerke ("On the drag of wagons"), 1850
 Über Alkoholometrie ("On the measurement of alcohol"), 1850, 1851, 1856

References 

19th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German engineers
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
1798 births
1870 deaths
Engineers from Wesel
Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia
Engineers from the Kingdom of Prussia
Lewis Ferry Moody. Lewis Ferry Moody (5 January 1880 – 18 April 1953) was an American engineer and professor, best known for the Moody chart, a diagram capturing relationships between several variables used in calculating fluid flow through a pipe. He has 23 patents for his inventions. He was the first Professor of Hydraulics in the School of Engineering at Princeton.

Biography 
He was born on 5 January 1880.

Lewis F. Moody as professor of fluid mechanics and machine design taught at Princeton University starting in 1930. He co-wrote the book Fifty Years’ Progress in Hydraulics with fellow engineer Blake R. Van Leer.

He married Eleanor Greene. His wife died in 1937. His daughter, Eleanor Lowry Moody, married in 1944. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1945.

He was awarded an Honorary Membership of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1951.

He died on 18 April 1953.

Legacy
Five years after his death, ASME created an Award to his honours: The Lewis F. Moody award, which is awarded for outstanding original papers useful to the practice of mechanical engineering by the Fluids Engineering Division (FED).

References

Further reading

1880 births
1953 deaths
American fluid dynamicists
20th-century American engineers
Akaflieg München Mü27. The Mü-27  is a research glider aircraft that designed and built in  Germany in 1979. Only one example was constructed.

Development 
Germany had established Akademische Fliegergruppe at several universities after World War I. The first and lead group was established in Berlin, but one of the most prolific, up to World War II, was Akaflieg München, and design activities continued after World War II.

The Akaflieg München Mü-27 is a two-seat research aircraft intended to explore the performance characteristics of slotted Fowler flaps when used on a high-performance Sailplane. The  Mü-27 is a large glider. The empennage and fuselage are constructed of glassfibre re-inforced plastic with conticell foam sandwich cores throughout. The wings have aluminium alloy spars and webs.

The full-span slotted flaps/ailerons extend and retract in and out of the wing trailing edge, increasing the area of the wings by up to 36%. A tall retractable undercarriage and a T-tail reduce the risk of damage during field landings and reduce drag when in flight. Flight trials commenced at Oberpfaffenhofen airfield with Thomas Fischer at the controls.

Specifications (Mü-27)

See also
List of gliders

References

Coates, Andrew. “Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders new edition”. London, Jane's. 1980.

External links

sailplanedirectory

1970s German sailplanes
Mu26
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Urban Air Samba. The Urban Air Samba is a Czech designed and built light aircraft of the 1990s which incorporates composite construction. It remained in series production in 2017.

Production of the Urban Air's designs, including the Samba, was taken up by Distar Air of Ústí nad Orlicí, Czech Republic in about 2010.

Development

Urban Air SPO designed and built their first model, the two-seat side-by-side Urban Air UFM-13 Lambada, which first flew in 1996. From their original model, they developed the UFM-10 Samba which was of similar overall design, using all-composite construction. The wings were reduced in span and a conventional tail unit was incorporated in place of the 'T' layout of the Lambada. The earlier tailwheel undercarriage was replaced by a fixed tricycle layout.

The Samba XXL is a further development, introduced in 2003 for the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, with a modified fuselage providing a larger and repositioned cockpit canopy, modified engine cowling and a more streamlined tail unit.

Variants
Airo 5
Licensed version produced by Airo Aviation, Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone, United Arab Emirates.

Specifications (Samba XXL)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Official website

1990s Czech and Czechoslovak civil utility aircraft
Distar Air aircraft
Airo Aviation aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1999
Low-wing aircraft
Kobian. Kobian is a robot created by scientists at Waseda University in Japan. It is capable of displaying expressions of emotion and was developed to realize culture-specific greetings. It can also simulate human speech including the movement of the lips and the oscillations of the head.  

Kobian is based on the WABIAN-2R robot and the emotion expression humanoid robot called WE-4RII and is 1,470 mm tall and weighs 62 kilograms. The robot's two eyeballs are outfitted with CMOS cameras. It is a bi-pedal standalone robot with control units such as motor drivers placed in the robotic head, making this particular part larger than the human head. The robotic head for the Kobian-R, the newer and more downsized version of the robot, has 24 degrees of freedom (DoFs) and a blue facial color due to an electro luminescence sheet. The original Kobian robot has a DoF of 48. Two versions of the Kobian-Rs have been built - a Western and a Japanese variant - to develop the system that produces the robot's facial cues. 

The Kobian robot has another version called Debian, which has a slightly different facial and body color to provide these robots distinctions when interacting with each other and with other subjects. The color has no cultural significance.

See also
 Robotics

References

External links
 A robot displaying human emotion has been unveiled, By Emma Barnett, Technology and Digital Media Correspondent, UK Telegraph, 23 Jun 2009.

Bipedal humanoid robots
Social robots
Robots of Japan
2000s robots
Davis gun. The Davis gun was the first true recoilless gun developed and taken into service. It was developed by Commander Cleland Davis  of the United States Navy in 1910, just prior to World War I.

Development

Davis' design connected two guns back to back, with the backwards-facing gun loaded with lead balls and grease of the same weight as the shell in the other gun, acting as a counter. His idea was used experimentally by the British and Americans as an anti-Zeppelin and anti-submarine weapon mounted on the British Handley Page O/100 and O/400 bombers and the American Curtiss Twin JN and Curtiss HS-2L and H-16 flying boats. The direct development of the gun ended with the end of World War I in November 1918, but the firing principle has been copied by later designs.

Description
The gun was made in three sizes: 2-pounder, 6-pounder and 12-pounder; , , and  in caliber respectively, firing , , and  shells. The 3-inch gun carried a pressure of 15 tons per square inch (2,109 kg per cm2) when fired. Usually a Lewis machine gun was mounted on top of the Davis gun's barrel for use in sighting and as an auxiliary and anti-aircraft weapon.

Aircraft used
The gun was tested on various aircraft and some aircraft were designed to carry the gun:
Airco DH.4
Armstrong-Whitworth FK.5 and FK.6 - "escort fighter" triplane
Curtiss F5L - patrol flying boat used by US Navy
Felixstowe Porte Baby - large flying boat
Handley-Page O/100 - twin engined bombers with 6pdr Davis gun added for ground attack and anti-submarine
Handley-Page O/400 - larger version of the O/400
Naval Aircraft Factory N-1 - patrol floatplane designed by US Navy, four prototypes built, project canceled
Short Type 184
Short 310-B seaplane
Pemberton-Billing PB.29E
Pemberton-Billing PB.31E - long endurance anti-Zeppelin night fighter with 37mm Davis gun, prototypes only
Robey-Peters RRF.25 Gun-carrier - two Davis guns. Single prototype for Royal Navy completed

Surviving examples
There are examples at the Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola, Florida, the Imperial War Museum in London, and the Kentucky Historical Society in Frankfort, Kentucky.

See also
COW 37 mm gun

References

Bibliography

External links
 Patent 1108714
 Patent 1108717

Recoilless rifles of the United States
World War I aircraft guns
Deep space exploration. Deep-space exploration is the branch of astronomy, astronautics, and space technology that is involved with exploring the distant regions of outer space. However, little consensus has been reached on the meaning of "distant" regions. In some contexts, it is used to refer to interstellar space. The International Telecommunication Union defines deep space to start at a distance of  (about 0.01 AU) from Earth's surface. NASA's Deep Space Network has variously used criteria of  from Earth. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights (deep-space astronautics) and by robotic spacecraft.

At present the farthest space probe humankind has constructed and launched from Earth is Voyager 1, which was announced on December 5, 2011, to have reached the outer edge of the Solar System, and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012. Deep space exploration further than this vessel's capacity is not yet possible due to limitations in the propulsion technology currently available.

Some of the best candidates for future deep space engine technologies include nuclear fusion propulsion, laser/maser propulsion,  and antimatter. The latter, beamed propulsion, appears to be the best candidate for deep space exploration presently available, since it uses known physics and known technology that is being developed for other purposes.

Current research

In 2012, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced the award of $500,000 to former astronaut Mae Jemison to fund a project with the goal of sending future astronauts out of the Solar System. Jemison aims to increase public interest in future deep space exploration projects. Upon awarding the money to Jemison, a "100 Year Starship" symposium was held in Houston, Texas, to discuss interstellar travel. Topics discussed include "time-distance solutions, life sciences in space exploration, destinations and habitats, becoming an interstellar civilization, space technologies enhancing life on Earth, and commercial opportunities from interstellar efforts".

Research in deep space is ongoing and rapidly developing. In 2011, after the retirement of the Space Shuttle, NASA announced its intentions to invest money into developing three technologies vital to deep space exploration. The "must-have technologies" include a deep space atomic clock, a large solar sail and a more advanced laser communications system to improve communication, navigation, and propulsion in future missions. In June 2013, NASA announced the selection of eight American astronauts that will begin to train for future deep space missions beyond low Earth orbit. NASA intends that these eight astronauts to train for future Mars or asteroid travel.

See also
Intergalactic travel
Interplanetary spaceflight
Interstellar travel
List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System
Space colonization

References

External links
Human Space Flight at NASA.gov
Solar System Exploration at NASA.gov

Spaceflight concepts
Space exploration
Solar System