omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vanadium–gallium. Vanadium–gallium (V3Ga) is a superconducting alloy of vanadium and gallium. It is often used for the high field insert coils of superconducting electromagnets.

Vanadium–gallium tape is used in the highest field magnets (magnetic fields of ). The structure of the superconducting A15 phase of  is similar to that of the more common .

In conditions where the magnetic field is higher than  and the temperature is higher than ,  and  see use. 

The main property of  that makes it so useful is that it can be used in magnetic fields up to about , while  can only be used in fields up to about .

The high field characteristics can be improved by doping with high-Z elements such as Nb, Ta, Sn, Pt and Pb.

Physical Properties 

 has an A15 phase, which makes it extremely brittle. One must be extremely cautious not to over-bend the wire when handling it.

Superconducting properties 
 Critical temperature (Tc): 
 Upper critical field (Hc2): over .

Fabrication of superconductive wires or tapes 
 wires can be formed using solid-state precipitation.

History

References 

Superconductors
Vanadium compounds
Gallium alloys
Fusion Camera System. Fusion Camera System (a.k.a. Reality Camera System 1) is a digital movie camera system developed by James Cameron and Vince Pace. It was developed as a way to shoot features in stereoscopic 3-D. The Fusion Camera System made first use of Sony HDC-F950 and later of Sony HDC-1500 HD cameras when they became available. The cameras are equipped with Fujinon lenses from Fujifilm.

Films that used the Fusion Camera System

References

Film and video technology
Digital movie cameras
3D imaging
James Cameron
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers. The South African Institute of Electrical Engineers (SAIEE) is a professional association representing electrical and electronic engineers, technologists and technicians in Southern Africa. The organisation is listed as a recognised Voluntary Association by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA), the statutory body that registers professional engineers, professional certificated engineers, professional engineering technologists and professional engineering technicians in South Africa. Over a century, the activities of the SAIEE have included publication, education, the promotion of electrical engineering, professional development of its members, public events, and participation in public debate affecting the profession, industry and society.

Sections

The SAIEE has sections that cover the following aspects of electrical engineering:

 Power and Energy 
 Electronics and Software
 Historical
 Rotating Machines
 Telecommunications
 Lightning
 Systems Engineering

Education

The SAIEE administers a number of university bursaries and scholarships in the field of electrical and electronic engineering in South Africa. Through its marketing and outreach activities, the organisation promotes engineering, and encourages young people to enter the profession. The SAIEE also provides accreditation for courses for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) points, as required by ECSA for renewal of professional registration.

Seminars and Lectures

The SAIEE runs regular seminars, lectures and other events for its members and the public. Notable annual events include the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture, arranged jointly with the University of the Witwatersrand since 1951, and the President's Invitation Lecture.
 SAUPEC

Publications 

 SAIEE Africa Research Journal (ARJ), a peer-reviewed journal, which changed name from Transactions of the SAIEE in 2005
 wattnow, a magazine for members

Presidents 
 Pascal Motsoasele, 2024 
 Prince Moyo, 2022
 Prof. Sunil Maharaj, 2021
 (Ms) Sy Gourrah, 2020
 George Debbo, 2019
 Dr Hendri Geldenhuys, 2018
 Jacob Machinjike, 2017
 TC Madikane, 2016
 Andre Hoffmann, 2015
 Dr Pat Naidoo, 2014
 Paul van Niekerk, 2013
 Mike Cary, 2012
 Andries Tshabalala, 2011 
 Dr Angus Hay, 2010
 du Toit Grobler, 2009 Centenary Year
 VM Wilson, 2008
 IS Mckechnie, 2007
 VJ Crone, 2006
 (Ms)BM Lacquet, 2005
 BNB Ngulube, 2004
 PC Ballot, 2003
 RG Coney, 2002
 JW Gosling, 2001
 RH Hayes, 2000
 AME Schulze, 1999
 SC Bridgens, 1998
 KC Plowden, 1997
 RA Harker, 1996
 (Ms)MT Davison, 1995
 WS Calder, 1994
 MA Crouch, 1993
 DH Jacobson, 1992
 EJ Davison, 1991
 RA Leigh, 1990
 Walter Henry Milton, 1947
 Thomas P Stratten, 1940-

References

External links
 South African Institute of Electrical Engineers

Electrical engineering organizations
Engineering societies based in South Africa
Organisations based in Johannesburg
NCAT Pavement Test Track. The NCAT Pavement Test Track is an oval-shaped track in Lee County, Alabama,  long, used for testing experimental asphalt pavements. It is managed by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), the largest asphalt research center in the western hemisphere and a cooperative venture between the National Asphalt Pavement Association's (NAPA) Research and Education Foundation and Auburn University.

In 2003, the project was inducted into the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame following the initial 2000 research cycle. The track has continued operations in subsequent research cycles.

References

External links 
 NCAT Pavement Test Track
 National Center for Asphalt Technology

Industrial buildings and structures in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Lee County, Alabama
Road test tracks
Auburn University
Baumann Brigadier. The Baumann Brigadier was a prototype American light transport aircraft of the late 1940s. It was a twin-engined monoplane, which, unusually, was of pusher configuration. Only two were built, plans for production never coming to fruition.

Development and design
Jack Baumann, who had worked for the Taylor Aircraft Company (later to become Piper Aircraft) and Lockheed, set up the Baumann Aircraft Corporation in Pacoima, Los Angeles, California in 1945.  His first design for the new company was the B-250 Brigadier, a twin-engined pusher monoplane intended as an executive transport. It was of all-metal construction, with cantilever shoulder mounted wings, and with the pusher engines mounted in nacelles on the wing. An enclosed cabin accommodated a pilot and four passengers, while the aircraft was fitted with a retractable nosewheel undercarriage.

The first prototype, powered by two  engines (hence the B-250 designation) flew on 20 June 1947. Piper Aircraft was interested in building a tractor version of the Brigadier, and purchased the B-250 prototype and its drawings, designating it the PA-21, with some sources  claiming that the B-250 formed the basis of the Piper Apache, although other sources state that Piper abandoned work on the PA-21 and that the Apache was unrelated.

Baumann continued development of the pusher Brigadier, with the second example, the B-290, being fitted with  Continental C-145 engines but was otherwise similar to the B-250. The B-290, registered N90616, crash-landed at Pacoima on January 8, 1953, heavily damaging the fuselage and injuring pilot Ward C. Vettel and flight engineer Thomas Cox. Production at a rate of one aircraft per month was planned for the B-290. The Brigadier was chosen by Willard Ray Custer as the basis of his Custer CCW-5, which used the fuselage and tail of the Brigadier, but had a modified wing with the engines sitting in U-shaped ducts, but other than the two CCW-5s no production of the B-290 followed. Baumann continued to propose more powerful versions of the Brigadier, but no airframes resulted.

Variants
B-250 Brigadier 
Initial prototype. Two  engines.
B-290 Brigadier
More powerful second prototype (two  engines).
B-360 Brigadier
Planned version with  Lycoming engines.
B-480 Super Brigadier
Planned enlarged version with  Continental O-470 engines.
Piper PA-21
Tractor-engined version, abandoned.

Specifications (B-290)

See also

Notes

References

Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1953.
Mondey, David. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London:Hamlyn Publishing, 1978. .

Further reading

External links

"Baumann B290 Brigadier". edcoatescollection
  "One Engine Keeps It Flying" , April 1949, Popular Science see bottom of page

Baumann aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined pusher aircraft
Piper Aircraft, Inc.
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Bernard Price. Dr. Bernard Price, OBE, (1877 – 9 July 1948) was the founding Chief Engineer and later General Manager of the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company in South Africa between 1911 and 1936.

Background
Price was born in England, in 1877 and was employed by the consulting engineers Merz & McLellan from 1901 until leaving for Transvaal Colony in 1909. He was President of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1915, and was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the SAIEE in 1940. Dr Price was a benefactor of the University of the Witwatersrand, being instrumental in the founding of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research. The annual Bernard Price Memorial Lecture, named in his honour, is hosted by the SAIEE and the University of the Witwatersrand.

References

1877 births
1948 deaths
South African electrical engineers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British emigrants to Transvaal Colony
List of high-voltage underground and submarine cables. This is a list of high voltage (above 150 kV) AC electrical  transmission lines. This list is incomplete.

For high-voltage direct current, both underground and submarine, see List of HVDC projects.

Austria

Belgium

Belgium/Germany

Czech Republic

Denmark

Denmark/Germany

Denmark/Netherlands

Denmark/Norway

Denmark/Sweden

Egypt/Jordan

Germany

Germany/Norway

Germany/Sweden

Morocco/ Spain

Italy

Italy / Malta

Japan

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Netherlands/Norway

New Zealand

Norway

Spain

Switzerland/ Italy

Turkey

United Kingdom

UK – Europe

Canada

United States of America

References

High voltage
Chaotianmen Bridge. The Chaotianmen Bridge (), is a road-rail bridge over the Yangtze River in the city of Chongqing, China. The bridge, which opened on 29 April 2009, is the world's longest through arch bridge.

The continuous steel truss arch bridge with tie girders has a height of  from middle supports to arch top, main span of  and a total length of . It carries six lanes of traffic with a pedestrian walkway on each side on the upper deck. The lower deck has 2 traffic lanes on each side with the Chongqing Metro Loop Line running down the middle.

See also

 Yangtze River bridges and tunnels
 List of longest arch bridge spans

References

External links
 

Bridges completed in 2009
Bridges in Chongqing
Arch bridges in China
Bridges over the Yangtze River
Through arch bridges in China
Steel bridges in China
Road-rail bridges in China
Timothy S. Leatherman. Timothy S. Leatherman is the founder and Shareholder of Leatherman Tool Group, Inc..

Biography
Leatherman graduated from Oregon State University in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. According to an article in The Oregonian, "Leatherman came up with the idea of a 'Boy Scout knife with pliers' during a 1975 driving tour of Europe with his wife, when he was unable to use his pocket knife to fix his repeatedly malfunctioning car." It took him several months afterwards to refine his idea, and he was granted a patent on the first Leatherman tool in 1980. Leatherman spent the next few years attempting to market his product to large companies with technical staff, such as AT&T, but this was largely unsuccessful. The tool eventually gained popularity through mail order catalogues.

See also
List of Oregon State University alumni

References 

Living people
American inventors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Oregon State University alumni
Businesspeople from Oregon
SEPCO3. SEPCO3, stylized as sepcoIII, (Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation III or SEPCO III) () is a Chinese construction and engineering company that designs, builds, operates and owns power plants.

SEPCO3 offers the construction of power plants via the EPC method (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) on a turnkey lump sum basis. Moreover, SEPCO3 also offers the development of power plant projects through BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) and BOO(T) Build-Operate-Own(-Transfer) methods.  The technologies engineered by the company include  Thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, gas fired simple and combined cycle plants, wind power, biomass power, solar power and hydro power as well as substations.  As a large company, vertically integrated parts like logistics and shipping, operation, maintenance, design and financing are also handled internally.

The company has gone on the path of international expansion and has carried out construction in Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore.  In overseas work, SEPCO3 has had particular success in India where it held 20% of the market for power generation construction in 2011 which compares well to the market share of about 50% in India held by all Chinese power construction companies.  From the period of 2005-2011, SEPCO3 has taken US$9 billion worth of projects in India.  The subsidiary in India has become a substantial operation in its own right employing 7,000 Indian workers directly and more than 50,000 local people engaged with its subcontractors.  The management has stated plans to increase localization by increasing the numbers of Indians among management personnel with the number of local nationals holding managerial positions being about 50% in 2011.

References

Manufacturing companies of China
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Chinese companies established in 1985
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1985
Aviation Boulevard. Aviation Boulevard is a major north–south thoroughfare in western and the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, California.

Route Description
Aviation Boulevard runs for 7.1 miles (11.4 km), starting near Westchester, and through the beach cities of El Segundo, Manhattan Beach and Hermosa Beach, where its southern terminus is at Pacific Coast Highway. It lies adjacent to Los Angeles International Airport, and forms part of the boundary between North Redondo Beach and Manhattan Beach. The former Aviation High School was located at the intersection of Aviation Boulevard and Manhattan Beach Boulevard. Aviation Boulevard also intersects with Century Boulevard, El Segundo Boulevard, Imperial Highway, Rosecrans Boulevard, and Artesia Boulevard.

The northern end is a continuation of Florence Avenue at Manchester Avenue in Inglewood.

Transportation
Bus routes on Aviation Boulevard include  Santa Monica Transit lines 3 and Rapid 3, Culver City Transit lines 6 and Rapid 6, Beach Cities Transit line 109, and Torrance Transit line 8. The Metro C Line operates a station under Interstate 105, as well as another station (also served by the Metro K Line) at Century Boulevard. The future LAX/Metro Transit Center station will open early next year, for LA Metro's C and K Line service along with LAX Automated People Mover service (to open by late next year), which is located near Aviation Boulevard.

References

Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Streets in Los Angeles
Boulevards in the United States
El Segundo, California
Hawthorne, California
Hermosa Beach, California
Inglewood, California
Manhattan Beach, California
Westchester, Los Angeles
Kurt Gruber (aviator). Kurt Gruber (1896 – 4 April 1918) was an Austro-Hungarian flying ace during the First World War who held the rank of Offiziersstellvertreter. He was credited with eleven aerial victories, 5 shared with other pilots.

Early life

Kurt Gruber was born in 1896 in Linz, Austria. 
Gruber was a technical student studying engineering in Saxe-Altenburg, Germany when World War I began.

Entry into military service

He began service in the Austro-Hungarian army at the outbreak of war in 1914. He volunteered to transfer to aviation. He was accepted for pilot's training because of his engineering background. By August 1915 he was assigned to Flik 1 on the Russian Front under Hauptmann Otto Jindra. Gruber became the pilot of choice for the observers of the group. In September he was promoted to Zugsführer (lance sergeant). In January 1916 he received his first Silver Bravery Award.

Aerial service

Gruber scored his first aerial victories on 14 April, 2 May, and 6 June 1916, with Godwin Brumowski manning the observer's guns in the Albatros B.I on the 2nd. The 6 June victory was the first by a lone Austro-Hungarian aviator; flying without a gunner, he used his front machine gun to force a Morane-Saulnier Parasol to land. 

On 1 June Gruber was promoted well ahead of cycle to Feldwebel (sergeant). Ten weeks later he was promoted to Stabsfeldwebel (sergeant major). In December 1916 Gruber was assigned a five-month test pilot stint at the Army Air Service Arsenal. In mid-May 1917 he was assigned to Austria-Hungary's first true fighter squadron, Flik 41J. On 21 May 1917 he spun in from low altitude, destroying his Hansa-Brandenburg D.I and suffering injuries that kept him non-operational until September. He scored his fourth victory on 29 September. He became both an ace and a balloon buster on 3 October 1917 when he destroyed an Italian observation balloon. This late in the war, he was still flying an Albatros D.III without interrupter gear; the airplane's machine gun was angled to the left to fire past the end of the propeller arc.

Gruber was transferred to Flik 60J on 23 December 1917, under Frank Linke-Crawford. The squadron was equipped, with the Phönix D.I. Between 10 January and 4 April 1918, Gruber scored six more victories. Gruber was shot down and killed on 4 April 1918 in combat with Sopwith Camels of No 66 Squadron, moments after his final claim.

Gruber was recommended by his commanding officers for commissioning as an officer, but the Austro-Hungarian military did not believe in battlefield promotions. Kurt Gruber died as a senior sergeant. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Bravery Medal for the fourth time, becoming one of only two quadruple recipients of the decoration (Julius Arigi). He was buried with honors at Feltre, Italy.

Endnotes

References

1896 births
1918 deaths
Austro-Hungarian World War I flying aces
Austro-Hungarian military personnel killed in World War I
Military personnel from Linz
Intrinsics. Intrinsics or intrinsic may refer to:

 Intrinsic and extrinsic properties, in science and engineering
 Intrinsic motivation in psychology
 Intrinsic muscle, in anatomy
 Intrinsic function, a function in a programming language that is dealt with specially by a compiler
 X Toolkit Intrinsics, a library
 Intrinsic factor (biology)
 Intrinsic semiconductor (materials science)
 Intrinsic equation (geometry)

See also
Meker–Fisher burner. A Méker burner (sometimes named Méker-Fisher burner for its distributor in USA) is an ambient air laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than one attainable using a Bunsen burner, or when a flame of larger diameter is desired, such as when working with inoculation loop needing sterilization or in some glassblowing operations. The burner was introduced by French chemist Georges Méker in an article published in 1905.

The Méker burner heating power can be around 3.6 kW using liquefied petroleum gas. Flame temperatures of up to  are achievable. Compared with a Bunsen burner, the lower part of its tube has more openings with larger total cross-section, admitting more air and facilitating better mixing of air and gaseous fuel. The tube is wider and its top is covered with a plate mesh, which separates the flame into an array of smaller flames with a common external envelope, ensures uniform heating, also preventing flashback to the bottom of the tube which is a risk at high air-to-fuel ratios and limits the maximal rate of air intake in a Bunsen burner. The flame burns almost without noise, unlike the Bunsen or Teclu burners.

See also 
 Bunsen burner
 Teclu burner

References

External links 

 Video of Meker burner in use.

Burners
Laboratory equipment
French inventions
Condensation cloud. A transient condensation cloud, also called a Wilson cloud, is observable surrounding large explosions in humid air.

When a nuclear weapon or high explosive is detonated in sufficiently humid air, the "negative phase" of the shock wave causes a rarefaction of the air surrounding the explosion but not of the air contained within it. The rarefied air is temporarily cooled, which causes condensation of some of the water vapor within the rarefied air. When the pressure and temperature return to normal, the Wilson cloud dissipates.

Mechanism

Since heat does not leave the affected air mass, the change of pressure following a detonation is adiabatic, with an associated change of temperature. In humid air, the drop in temperature in the most rarefied portion of the shock wave can bring the air temperature below its dew point, at which moisture condenses to form a visible cloud of microscopic water droplets. Since the pressure effect of the wave is reduced by its expansion (the same pressure effect is spread over a larger radius), the vapor effect also has a limited radius. Such vapor can also be seen in low pressure regions during high–g subsonic maneuvers of aircraft in humid conditions.

Occurrence

Nuclear weapons testing

Scientists observing the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 at Bikini Atoll named that transitory cloud a "Wilson cloud" because the same pressure effect is employed in a Wilson cloud chamber to let condensation mark the tracks of electrically-charged sub-atomic particles. Analysts of later nuclear bomb tests used the more general term condensation cloud.

The shape of the shock wave (influenced by different speed in different altitudes), and the temperature and humidity of different atmospheric layers determine the appearance of the Wilson clouds. During nuclear tests, condensation rings around or above the fireball are commonly observed. Rings around the fireball may become stable and form rings around the rising stem of the mushroom cloud. The lifetime of the Wilson cloud during nuclear air bursts can be shortened by the thermal radiation from the fireball, which heats the cloud above to the dew point and evaporates the droplets.

Non-nuclear explosions

Any sufficiently large explosion, such as one caused by a large quantity of conventional explosives or a volcanic eruption, can create a condensation cloud, as seen in Operation Sailor Hat or in the 2020 Beirut explosion, where a very large Wilson cloud expanded outwards from the blast.

Aircraft and rockets

The same kind of condensation cloud is sometimes seen above the wings of aircraft in a moist atmosphere. The top of a wing has a reduction of air pressure as part of the process of generating lift. This reduction in air pressure causes a cooling and the condensation of water vapor. Hence, small, transient clouds appear. The vapor cone of a transonic aircraft or rocket on ascent is another example of a condensation cloud.

See also
 Rope trick effect
 Contrail

References

Physical phenomena
Explosions
Cloud types
Shock waves