omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Water Mission. Water Mission (previously known as Water Missions International) is a nonprofit, Christian engineering organization. Water Mission's global headquarters is located in North Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. where the organization designs, builds and implements safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) solutions for people in developing countries and disaster areas. Water Mission hosts the Walk For Water, an annual fundraiser which attracted five thousand people in 2019.

Water Mission's goal is to solve the global water crisis. In 2020, Water Mission served 1.1 million people and has in total provided access to safe water for more than seven million people in 57 countries. Water Mission has completed 2,800 water projects and has more than 400 staff members working around the world in permanent country programs located in Africa, Asia, North, South, and Central America, and the Caribbean.

History
In 1998, under the direction of George and Molly Greene, General Engineering Laboratories responded to the devastation in Honduras caused by Hurricane Mitch. They designed, constructed and delivered six drinking water treatment units, each capable of producing safe drinking water at the rate of 10 gallons per minute. Within three weeks of the hurricane, sixteen volunteers from the company were in remote locations of Honduras setting up these water treatment units. This initial effort was called "Project Living Water" and the water treatment unit became known as the Living Water Treatment System (LWTS). Most recently, they responded to the 2015 Nepal earthquake, with both Living Water Treatment Systems and Erosion Chlorinators being installed at numerous locations throughout Kathmandu and the surrounding area.

Out of this effort, Water Mission was founded. George and Molly went on to sell General Engineering Laboratories and Water Missions International was officially established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit in 2001. WMI now has country programs with full-time staff located in Belize, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, and Uganda. "In 2004, the water mission sent more than 100 purification systems to communities in Indonesia and Sri Lanka after the deadly tsunami, restoring drinking water to hundreds of thousands of people." They responded to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with both Living Water Treatment Systems and Erosion Chlorinators being installed at numerous locations throughout Port-au-Prince and the surrounding area.

References

External links
Water Mission - official website
WMI rating on Charity Navigator - financial review
WMI profile at ECFA.org
WMI Partner of Haiti Renewal

Development charities based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in South Carolina
Christian organizations based in the United States
Water-related charities
Organizations established in 2001
2001 establishments in South Carolina
Drafting machine. A drafting machine is a tool used in technical drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted to form a right angle on an articulated protractor head that allows an angular rotation.

The protractor head (two scales and protractor mechanism) is able to move freely across the surface of the drawing board, sliding on two guides directly or indirectly anchored to the drawing board. These guides, which act separately, ensure the movement of the set in the horizontal or vertical direction of the drawing board, and can be locked independently of each other.

The drafting machine was invented by Charles H. Little in 1901 (U.S. Patent No. 1,081,758),  and he founded the Universal Drafting Machine Company in Cleveland, Ohio, to manufacture and sell the instrument.

Drafting machines were present in the design offices of European companies since the 1920s. 
The Encyclopædia Britannica explicitly specifies 1930 as the year this tool was introduced, but an advertisement of "Memorie di architettura pratica" from 1913 places it twenty years before this date—at least in Italy.

In the older design sets, the movement of the protractor head was assured by a pantograph system that could keep the head in the same angular position throughout its range of motion. The arms were balanced by a system of counterweights or springs.

Typically, the machine is mounted on a drawing board with a hard and smooth surface, anchored to a base that allows its tilting and lifting. Thus, the realization of a drawing can be achieved in the most convenient way on a working surface that can be tilted at any angle from horizontal to vertical.

There are special versions for A0 double-sized boards, to make large drawings, or copying-boards with background illumination, which have all that is necessary to provide specific support.

With the drafting machine one can perform a series of drawing operations that otherwise could only be achieved with a much more complex use of the classic ruler square and protractor, as, for example, drawing parallel lines,  orthogonal lines, inclined lines according to a preset angle, measurement of angles, etc.

With the development of computer-aided design (CAD), the use of drafting machines, especially in the professional sector, has drastically declined, supplanted first by pen plotters, and then by large-format inkjet printers.

Notes 

Visual arts materials
Technical drawing tools
Gramm-Bernstein Company. Gramm-Bernstein Company, also known as Gramm Motor Car Co. and Gramm Truck Co., was an automobile company in Lima, Ohio in the early 20th century. The company was an early manufacturer of power wagons and advertised 1, 2, 3, and 5 ton  models with "any style of body desired". Vehicles were sold through the Willys-Overland Motors. Gramm received a $1,225,000 order "for trucks said to be for commercial purposes in Great Britain" in 1916. A manufacturing plant was designed by Lima architectural firm McLaughlin & Hulsken.

History
From 1930 to 1935, the Ahrens-Fox Fire Engine Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, had been building its smaller fire engines on chassis made by LeBlond-Schacht Truck Company, also of Cincinnati. But by 1935, Depression-weakened Ahrens-Fox owed Schacht so much money for chassis already supplied, that Schacht refused to supply any more truck chassis to AF. Ahrens-Fox the turned to Gramm Trucks of Lima, Ohio, to supply radiators, hoods, and fenders for its smaller fire trucks. Schacht Trucks bought-out Ahrens-Fox Company in 1936, and AF again began to build fire engines on Schacht chassis. But the Ahrens-Fox with Gramm sheet metal continued to be available until 1939. All of the smaller Ahrens-Fox apparatus of 1939-1940 were on Schacht chassis; Gramm/Ahrens-Fox models were no longer available starting in mid 1939. Schacht and Ahrens-Fox both ceased production of new vehicles in 1940, although Ahrens-Fox resumed production in 1946 and continued to be made until 1958 (but using their own custom chassis, no longer using Gramm or Schacht as suppliers).

From 1937 to 1939, the Bickle Fire Engine Company of Woodstock, Ontario, built fire engines using very similar sheet metal designs to those that Ahrens-Fox was using at that time, and as with Ahrens-Fox, these radiators, hoods, and fenders were also supplied to Bickle by Gramm Trucks of Lima, Ohio. Bickle had been Ahrens-Fox's Canadian sales and service agency from 1923 to 1936; starting in 1936, Bickle was the Canadian sales and service agency for Seagrave Corporation fire engines of Columbus, Ohio.

The Gramm/Ahrens-Fox fire engines had Hercules motors and either Northern or Hale fire pumps, while the Gramm/Bickles used Seagrave motors and pumps. Bickle also made fire engines on Seagrave's own chassis, and on various other commercial truck chassis, at the same time that they were making Gramm/Bickles.

Walt McCall of Windsor, Ontario, Ed Hass of Sacramento, California, and the late Bob Johnson of Peoria, Illinois (the latter was an Ahrens-Fox fire engine salesman from 1923 to 1939) provided the research about the Ahrens-Fox and Bickle connections with Gramm Trucks.

References

Lima, Ohio
Defunct automotive companies of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Michael Reiter (computer scientist). Michael K. Reiter is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and a James B. Duke Professor at Duke University. He was formerly the Lawrence M. Slifkin Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  He was previously a professor of electrical and computer engineering and computer science at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.  Reiter's research interests are in computer and communications security and distributed computing.

References

External links 
 Michael Reiter home page at the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 

American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Computer systems researchers
Cornell University alumni
2008 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
Researchers in distributed computing
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Engineers from North Carolina
Year of birth missing (living people)
Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis. Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis (Frenchified as Joseph Antoine Borgnis) 1781–1863, was an Italian engineer, professor of Applied mathematics and then of Architecture at the University of Pavia. His book Théorie de la mécanique usuelle is considered by historian Donald Cardwell to be one of the great engineering textbooks of the early 19th century.

Biography

Works 

Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux art, 1818
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Théorie de la mécanique usuelle, ou Introduction à l'étude de la mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1821.
Traité élémentaire de construction appliquée à l'architecture civile, 1823; 1838.
Dictionnaire de mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1823.
Elementi di statica architettonica, 1842.

References

French engineers
1863 deaths
1781 births
Italian engineers
People from Craveggia
Consensus dynamics. Consensus dynamics or agreement dynamics is an area of research lying at the intersection of systems theory and graph theory. A major topic of investigation is the agreement or consensus problem in multi-agent systems that concerns processes by which a collection of interacting agents achieve a common goal. Networks of agents that exchange information to reach consensus include: physiological systems, gene networks, large-scale energy systems and fleets of vehicles on land, in the air or in space. The agreement protocol or consensus protocol is an unforced dynamical system that is governed by the interconnection topology and the initial condition for each agent. Other problems are the rendezvous problem, synchronization, flocking, formation control. One solution paradigm is distributed constraint reasoning.

To investigate the argumentation of different subjects, a simulation is a useful tool. It can be measured, if an argument provides an additional truth value for a debate.

See also
 Consensus (computer science)

References

 Ghapani, S.; Mei, J.; Ren, W.; Song, Y. (2016), "Fully distributed flocking with a moving leader for lagrange networks with parametric uncertainties", Automatica, 67–76, doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2016.01.004
 

Multi-agent systems
Network theory
Control theory
Graph theory
Game theory
Distributed computing
Constraint programming
Franciszek Misztal. Franciszek Misztal (15 March 1901, in a village Lisie Jamy near Lubaczów – 9 June 1981, in Warsaw) - Polish aircraft designer.

He studied at Lviv Polytechnic and received his doctorate in 1929 at the Technical University in Aachen. From 1928 he worked in the PZL in Warsaw as a constructor. Contributor to the design of aircraft PZL.23 Karaś (caisson wings), PZL.19, PZL.26  and the chief designer (and author of the concept) of PZL.38 Wilk. Inventor of the caisson structure with corrugated wings.

During World War II he was teaching mechanics in Warsaw. After the war, the founder of CSS construction bureau, then professor at the Warsaw University of Technology and the Institute of Aviation, where together with Leszek Dulęba constructed the prototype 4-engine passenger aircraft PZL MD-12, and the secretary of Division IV of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

References
 Jerzy Ryszard Konieczny, Tadeusz Malinowski, Mała encyklopedia lotników polskich, tomik II, series Biblioteczka Skrzydlatej Polski, Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa 1988, , p. 75

1901 births
1981 deaths
Polish designers
Academic staff of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology
Aircraft designers
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland
Sustainable lighting. Sustainable lighting is lighting designed with energy efficient light sources. "There are simple design strategies and some materials that can facilitate the energy saving advantages of natural light. Light colored interiors and open floor plans are good choices. This approach also augments artificial light efficiency. Energy efficient lighting is not simply finding the most light for the least wattage or the longest lasting light bulb. Proper sizing of the light to the needs of the location and the tasks that will be performed, called task lighting, is an energy saving strategy."

"The most sustainable source of lighting is daylight, other forms are solar lamps harvesting daylight and lighting controlled by occupation sensors. Furthermore technologies such as light-emitting diodes can be used to drastically reduce the energy requirement for energy.  Part L of the UK lighting regulations contains criteria that effects efficient lighting design.

Both day lighting and electric lighting are used in architectural lighting design, and not just as something installed to enable people to see their task.
Satisfaction surveys indicate that people prefer rooms that are day lit to interiors dominated by electric lighting. In addition, the use of daylight can significantly reduce a building's use of energy. Post-occupancy research indicated that the success of a scheme in reducing energy is not determined solely by the quantity of light from windows, but also on the efficiency and control of the electric lighting and that the users of the building were motivated towards energy management.

In cloudy climates, diffuse light from the sky is the main source of lighting. At the site planning stage, a sufficient area of sky must be made visible to give good interior lighting.

People’s needs and preferences to sunlight dependent on the type of building – incoming sunlight can give warmth and brightness but can also cause glare and thermal discomfort. The designer must to analyses the clients’ requirements in advance to determine which parts of a building would benefit from direct sunlight. Once the day lighting has been assessed, electric lighting needs to be designed to complement the daylight; where necessary electric light will take over when the daylight fades. Zones can be considered relative to the daylight distribution – without this there will be a tendency for the lights to be in all the time. Electric lighting can also be integrated within  the architecture. Daylight and the aesthetics can be considered as well as the installation into the buildings fabric and lighting effect.

References 

Lighting
Virtual geographic environments. Virtual geographic environments (VGEs) are geographic analysis tools. A VGE is a multi-user, intelligent virtual environment which represents an actual geographic feature; it is used for geo-spatial analysis, geo-visualization, and geography-related planning and decision making, as well as for training, education, and entertainment.

Further reading 
 Hui Lin, Min Chen, Guonian Lv. 2013. Virtual Geographic Environment: A Workspace for Computer-Aided Geographic Experiments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(3): 465-482. 
 Hui Lin, Min Chen, Guonian Lu, Qing Zhu, Jianhua Gong, Xiong You, Yongning Wen, Bingli Xu, Mingyuan Hu. 2013. Virtual Geographic Environments (VGEs): a New Generation of Geographic Analysis Tool. Earth-Science Reviews,126:74-84.
 Yin, L. and Hastings, J. 2007. “Capitalizing on Views: Assessing Visibility Using 3D Visualization and GIS Technologies for Hotel Development in the City of Niagara Falls, USA” Journal of Urban Technology, 14(3), pp59–82. 
 Yin, L. 2010. “Integrating 3D Visualization and GIS in Planning Education,” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 34(3), pp419–438. 

Cartography
The Dirty Energy Dilemma. The Dirty Energy Dilemma: What’s Blocking Clean Power in the United States is a 2008 book by academic Benjamin K. Sovacool, published by Praeger. In the book, Sovacool explores problems with the current U.S. electricity system and ways to overcome them.

Synopsis
In the first part of the book, Sovacool explores the problems with the current system of large-scale electricity generation being used in the United States, powered by fossil fuels and nuclear power reactors. He identifies "The Big Four Energy Challenges" as rising fossil fuel costs, increasing pollution, inefficient and brittle transmission networks, as well as widespread system vulnerability to natural disasters, sabotage, and financial manipulations. "The Big Four Clean Solutions" of renewable energy, efficient energy use, distributed generation, and combined heat and power will do a better job of providing needed energy while protecting consumers and the planet.

Sovacool suggests that the barriers to clean energy adoption are institutional, not technological, and he sees no role for nuclear power in a clean energy transition.

Award
The Dirty Energy Dilemma won a 2009 Nautilus Silver Award for Best Book in the "Ecology/Environment/Sustainability/Green Values" category.

See also

Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility
Brittle Power
Clean Edge
Clean Energy Trends
Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
The Clean Tech Revolution

References

Further reading
Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown (Eds.) (2007). Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths, Springer.
Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs and Benjamin K. Sovacool, (2009). Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-In Tariff Handbook, Earthscan. 
Benjamin K. Sovacool (2010). Climate Change and Energy Security: A Global Overview of Technology and Policy Options, MIT Press.

Climate change books
Renewable energy commercialization
Environmental non-fiction books
Books about environmentalism
2008 non-fiction books
2008 in the environment
Books about energy issues
Resonant column test. The resonant column test is used to determine the shear or elastic modulus and damping characteristics of soils based on the theory of wave propagation in prismatic rods. Details on this theory can be found in Richart et al. (1970)(chapter 3). Both solid and hollow specimens can be used with this equipment.

References

External links 
 Drnevich Long-Tor Apparatus in University of British Columbia, Canada

Geotechnical investigations
Magnetophosphene. Magnetophosphenes are flashes of light (phosphenes) that are seen when one is subjected to a changing magnetic field such as when in an MRI.  This changing field causes current within the retina or visual cortex resulting in the illusion of light.  In one series, 8 out of 1023 people having an MRI experienced flashing lights.

Magnetophosphenes have been proposed as an explanation for ball lightning.

References

Magnetic resonance imaging
Bukit Timah (disambiguation). Bukit Timah, is an area located within the Central Region of Singapore.

 The term can be applied to several things associated with the area:
 Bukit Timah Hill, the area's namesake hill and the highest elevation point in Singapore
 Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the nature reserve that surrounds the hill
 Bukit Timah Expressway, an expressway that passes through Bukit Timah
 Bukit Timah Road, a road that runs through the area
 Bukit Timah MRT line, a future MRT line
 Bukit Timah railway station, a former railway station located along the Railway Corridor
 Bukit Timah Race Course, a race course in Bukit Timah
 Bukit Timah Primary School, a primary school in Bukit Timah
 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station, a telecommunication station located in Bukit Timah
 Bukit Timah Monkey Man, a cryptid said to inhabit the Bukit Timah forest
 Holland–Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency, a political constituency that serves Bukit Timah
 Battle of Bukit Timah, a battle fought during the Battle of Singapore
 Former Bukit Timah Fire Station, a former fire station
U.S.T. Atlantic-class supertanker. The two ships of the U.S.T. Atlantic class, the U.S.T. Atlantic and U.S.T. Pacific, were the largest ships ever built in the Western Hemisphere.

Newport News Shipbuilding were the builders, the only American shipbuilders with the facilities for ULCC construction.  A third vessel of the class ordered by Zapata Ocean Carriers was canceled.

At full load, the ships drew nearly  and were unable to visit any ports in the continental United States, unless lightered or light ship.

History
The tankers were built in 1979 at Newport News Shipbuilding's shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. Each vessel cost approximately 136.4 million USD.

In June 2004, the Marine Atlantic—ex U.S.T. Atlantic—was sold to Indian breakers. After clearing Indian customs, she was intentionally beached in India for ship breaking.

In 2007, the Marine Pacific I—ex U.S.T. Pacific—was extensively rebuilt as an FSO for the Campos Basin and renamed Cidade de Macae.

See also
List of world's longest ships

Notes

External links
 
 
 Cidade de Macae, ex U.S.T. Pacific 

Oil tankers
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
MMAS. MMAS may refer to:

 Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport, airport in Mexico with ICAO code MMAS
Master of Military Art and Science, degree awarded by the U.S. School of Advanced Military Studies
Master of Mobile Application Security, see List of professional designations in the United States
 Matt Morgan Appreciation Society, fan club of wrestler Matt Morgan
 Make Me a Supermodel (Australian TV series)
 Max-Min Ant System, a type of Ant colony optimization algorithm, see Ant colony optimization algorithms#Max-Min Ant System (MMAS)

See also

MMA (disambiguation), for the singular of MMAs
MAS (disambiguation)
E. E. B. Mackintosh. Colonel Ernest Elliot Buckland Mackintosh,  (3 November 1880 – 25 November 1957) was a British Army officer, engineer, and a Director and Secretary of the Science Museum in London. He was appointed Director and Secretary of the Science Museum following the retirement of Sir Henry Lyons in October 1933, and continued in the role until 30 November 1945.

Military career
Mackintosh was educated at Eton College and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, then commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1899. During the First World War he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and the French Legion of Honour. After the war he reached the rank of colonel before retiring in 1933. He came out of retirement briefly during the Second World War to be commandant of the School of Military Engineering, Chatham, from 1939 to 1940.

Quotations

Publications
 E. E. B. Mackintosh, Special Exhibitions at the Science Museum. Museums Journal, Volume 37, 317–327, October 1937.
 E. E. B. Mackintosh, Preservation of physical apparatus of historical importance. Journal of Scientific Instruments, Volume 19, Issue 10, pages 156–157, October 1942. Institute of Physics.

References

External links
 E. E. B. Mackintosh, The National Archives, UK

1880 births
1957 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Directors of the Science Museum, London
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II