omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
J. Halcombe Laning. J. Halcombe "Hal" Laning Jr. (February 14, 1920, in Kansas City, Missouri – May 29, 2012) was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology computer pioneer who in 1952 invented an algebraic compiler called George (also known as the Laning and Zierler system after the authors of the published paper) that ran on the MIT Whirlwind, the first real-time computer. Laning designed George to be an easier-to-use alternative to assembly language for entering mathematical equations into a computer. He later became a key contributor to the 1960s race to the Moon, with pioneering work on space-based guidance systems for the Apollo Moon missions. From 1955 to 1980, he was deputy associate director of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

In 1956 he published the book Random Processes in Automatic Control (McGraw-Hill Series on Control System Engineering), with Richard Battin as a coauthor.

In collaboration with Phil Hankins and Charlie Werner of MIT, he initiated work on MAC (MIT
Algebraic Compiler), an algebraic programming language for the IBM 650, which was completed by early spring of 1958.

Career
Laning received his PhD from MIT in 1947 with a dissertation titled "Mathematical Theory of Lubrication-Type Flow". His undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering (1940) was also from MIT.

He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1983 for his work in aerospace engineering, particularly his "unique pioneering achievements in missile guidance and computer science—the Q-guidance system for Thor and Polaris [missiles] and George". He was also an honorary member of the American Mathematical Society.

Laning features prominently in the third episode of the Science Channel's documentary miniseries titled Moon Machines which aired in June 2008.

Apollo Program 

He later worked in the MIT Draper Lab, with Richard H. Battin, to develop a scheme for doing onboard navigation on the Apollo program's command/service module guidance system.  He designed the Executive and Waitlist operating system for the LGC (Lunar Module Guidance Computer) in the mid 1960s; he built it up from scratch with no examples to guide him, and the design is still valid. The allocation of functions among a sensible number of asynchronous processes, under control of a rate and priority-driven preemptive executive, still represents the state of the art in real-time GN&C computers for spacecraft.  His design saved the Apollo 11 landing mission when the rendezvous radar interface program began using more register core sets and "Vector Accumulator" areas than were physically available in memory, causing the infamous 1201 and 1202 errors.  Had it not been for Laning's design the landing would have been aborted for lack of a stable guidance computer.

References

External links
 A portrait of J. Halcombe Laning, taken in 1997

NASA people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
1920 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
2012 deaths
Centre for Environmental Studies. The Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) was an environmental think-tank in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1967 by the second Wilson government as an independent charitable trust for the purpose of advancing education and research in the planning and design of the physical environment. It began with $750,000 funding from the Ford Foundation and grants from the British government.

The first director was A. H. Chilver, Professor of Civil Engineering in the University of London. The centre began to assess the needs for research in planning the environment for human living, and to consider how and where this research could most effectively be undertaken. In 1969 David Donnison took over as Director and remained until 1976. During that time he oversaw the establishment of the Planning Exchange.

Funding for the centre was withdrawn by the Thatcher government in 1979. The centre continued for some years as an independent body, closing in the 1980s.

References

Political and economic think tanks based in the United Kingdom
Think tanks established in 1967
Environmental studies organizations
Noro–Frenkel law of corresponding states. The Noro–Frenkel law of corresponding states is an equation in thermodynamics that describes the critical temperature of the liquid-gas transition T as a function of the range of the attractive potential R. It states that all short-ranged spherically symmetric pair-wise additive attractive potentials are characterised by the same thermodynamics properties, if compared at the same reduced density and second virial coefficient

Description

Johannes Diderik van der Waals's law of corresponding states expresses the fact that there are basic similarities in the thermodynamic properties of all simple gases. Its essential feature is that if we scale the thermodynamic variables that describe an equation of state (temperature, pressure, and volume) with respect to their values at the liquid-gas critical point, all simple fluids obey the same reduced equation of state.

Massimo G. Noro and Daan Frenkel formulated an extended law of corresponding states that predicts the phase behaviour of short-ranged potentials on the basis of the effective pair potential alone – extending the validity of the van der Waals law to systems interacting through pair potentials with different functional forms.

The Noro–Frenkel law suggests to condensate the three quantities which are expected to play a role in the thermodynamics behavior of a system (hard-core size, interaction energy and range) into a combination of only two quantities: an effective hard core diameter and the reduced second virial coefficient. Noro and Frenkel suggested to determine the effective hard core diameter following the expression suggested by Barker based on the separation of the potential into attractive Vatt and repulsive Vrep parts used in the Weeks–Chandler– Andersen method. The reduced second virial coefficient, i.e., the second virial coefficient B2 divided by the second virial coefficient of hard spheres with the effective diameter can be calculated (or experimentally measured) once the potential is known. B2 is defined as

Applications

The Noro–Frenkel law is particularly useful for the description of colloidal and globular protein solutions, for which the range of the potential is indeed significantly smaller than the particle size. For these systems the thermodynamic properties can be re-written as a function of only two parameters, the reduced density (using the effective diameter as length scale) and the reduced second-virial coefficient B. The gas-liquid critical point of all systems satisfying the extended law of corresponding states are characterized by same values of B at the critical point.

The Noro-Frenkel law can be generalized to particles with limited valency (i.e. to non spherical interactions). Particles interacting with different potential ranges but identical valence behave again according to the generalized law, but with a different value for each valence of B at the critical point.

See also
Equation of states
Van der Waals equation

References

Thermodynamic properties
Condensed matter physics
Thermodynamic equations
Delimited search. In computing, delimited search refers to a search user interface in which the user must type their query in full before initiating a search and receiving results. This is in contrast to incremental search, in which results are displayed to the user as they type their query.

Critique 
Interface design expert Jef Raskin critiqued delimited search (compared to incremental search) in his book The Humane Interface:
With a delimited search, the computer waits for the user to type a pattern and delimit it, after which it is the user who waits while the computer does the search.  When using a delimited search the user must guess, beforehand, how much of a pattern the computer needs to distinguish the desired target from other, similar targets.  With an incremental search, he can tell when he has typed enough to disambiguate the desired instance, because the target appeared on the display. (..) In spite of near agreement about the desirability of incremental searches on the part of both designers and users, almost all interface-building tools make it easy to implement delimited searches and difficult or impossible to implement incremental searches.

References

External links
If It Isn't Incremental, It's Excremental  — Programming and Human Factors by Jeff Atwood.

User interface techniques
Peroxide fusion. Peroxide fusion is used to prepare samples for inductively coupled plasma (ICP), atomic absorption (AA) analysis and wet chemistry.  Sodium peroxide (Na2O2) is used to oxidize the sample that becomes soluble in a diluted acid solution. This method allows complete dissolution of numerous refractory compounds like chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, and even silicon, carbides, alloys, noble metals and materials with high sulfide contents.

Peroxide fusion can be performed either manually or with automated systems. The latter have the advantage of increasing productivity, improving safety, maintaining repeatable preparation conditions, and avoiding spattering as well as cross-contamination.

Peroxide fusion vs. other dissolution methods

Acid digestion is the most common dissolution method used for many types of samples. Unfortunately, acid digestion involves numerous manipulations of concentrated acids. Some types of samples even require the use of perchloric acid (HClO4) that is explosive when it comes into contact with any organic materials. It can be readily combined with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and brought to a fumic state to drive off this volatile acid that is extremely dangerous to human health, not to mention it will dissolve the walls of any glass container it is being processed within. Moreover, it is often difficult to get full dissolution of the sample, even when using these hazardous chemicals.

References

 Enzweiler,J., Potts,P. and Jarvis,K. 1995. Determination of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and iridium in geological samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a sodium peroxide fusion and tellurium coprecipitation. Analyst, 120, p1391-1396
 Jin,X. and Zhu,H. 2000. Determination of platinum group elements and gold in geological samples with ICP-MS using a sodium peroxide fusion and tellurium co-precipitation. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15, p747-751
 Galindo, C., Mougina, L. and Nourreddinea,A. 2007. An improved radiochemical separation of uranium and thorium in environmental samples involving peroxide fusion. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 65, p9-16
 Pitre,J. , Bédard, M. , Hineman, A. 2011. Quick and Easy Dissolution of Chromite Ores, Ferrochromes, and Chromium Slags for ICP-OES without using HF or HClO4. Spectrocopy Online, May 1, 2014. Volume 29, Issue 5.

Analytical chemistry
St. Louis CG-5. The St. Louis CG-5 was a 1940s American prototype military transport glider designed and built by the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation.

Development
In 1941 the United States Army Air Force decided to use secondary sources to boost aircraft production and the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation was contracted to design and build a prototype of both an eight-seat and fifteen-seat troop carrying glider. In total with the St. Louis examples, eight prototypes were ordered from different aircraft manufacturers.

The model SL-5 eight seat glider was given the military designation CG-5 and the prototype designated XCG-5. Howard C. Blosom test flew the XCG-5 from Lambert Field in 1942. It proved to have serious aerodynamic flaws and structural problems causing Dutch Roll at speed. The heavier fifteen-seat glider (designated the XCG-6) was not built.

The USAAF ordered the Waco CG-3 for the eight/nine seat requirement, although only 100 were built. The fifteen-seat requirement was met by the Waco CG-4 of which more than 13,000 were built.

Specifications (CG-5)

See also

References

Notes

Further reading

1940s United States military gliders
Vought O5U. 

The Vought O5U was a 1930s prototype American observation floatplane to meet a United States Navy requirement for a catapult launched scouting aircraft. The contract was won by Curtiss who went on to produce the SOC Seagull; only one O5U was built.

Development
The United States Navy contracted three companies to produce prototypes to meet a requirement for a catapult launched biplane, with a central float and folding wings. Douglas produced the XO2D-1, Curtiss the XO3C-1 and Vought the XO5U-1.

The XO5U-1 (serial number 9399) was powered by a single Pratt & Whitney R-1340-12 piston engine and first flew on the 8 May 1934.

The contract was awarded to Curtiss and only one XO5U-1 was built. The Status of Naval Aircraft, dated June 1937, listed the XO5U-1 as assigned at Mustin Field at the Naval Aircraft Factory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It crashed in May 1938.

Specifications (XO5U-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

O05U
1930s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Floatplanes
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Arthur Duckham. Sir Arthur McDougall Duckham (8 July 1879 – 14 February 1932) was one of the founders of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and its first president.

Duckham was born in Blackheath, London, the second son of a Falmouth-born mechanical and civil engineer, Frederic Eliot Duckham (1841 – died 13 January 1918 in Blackheath), who had patented improvements in governors for marine engines and invented a 'Hydrostatic Weighing Machine'. His mother was Maud Mary McDougall (1849–1921), sister of John McDougall of the flour-making family, which had a mill at Millwall Dock. His older brother was Alexander Duckham, notable for the development of machine lubricants.

Arthur Duckham became a trainee gas engineer, while also taking evening classes at King's College, London, and was appointed assistant superintendent of a London gasworks. Along with Harold Woodall he formed a company, Woodall-Duckham, which developed the continuous vertical retort for manufacturing gas from coal.

He married Maud Peppercorn, daughter of Arthur Douglas Peppercorn, and they had three children.

During the First World War he was involved in the supply of coal-derived chemicals for use in the manufacture of explosives, becoming Deputy Controller of Munitions Supply in 1915. He performed a number of other executive and advisor roles, notably Chairman of the Advisory Committee, Ministry of Munitions, which resulted in his being knighted with the Order of the Bath (KCB).  He was eventually Director of Aircraft Production.  He also received the Légion d'honneur (Cross of Officer).

After the war his business flourished, expanding into other areas of chemical engineering. He joined the Institution of Civil Engineers (which then included all non-military engineers) in 1918, but chaired the committee which created the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and became its first president.

In 1928 he led a British trade mission to Australia, and following this received a further knighthood, GBE.

He died 14 February 1932 at Ashtead, Surrey.

References

Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Legion of Honour
1879 births
1932 deaths
British chemical engineers
Alumni of King's College London
Artists' Rifles soldiers
LoFLYTE. LoFlyte (Low Observable Flight Test Experiment) is a supersonic / hypersonic unmanned technology demonstrator stealth aircraft, designed in a joint effort between the US Air Force and NASA to test the characteristics of hypersonic vehicles at low speeds and low altitudes.  It first flew in 1996. Built by Accurate Automation.

See also
 NASA X-43
 Boeing X-51

References

Hypersonic aircraft
Unmanned stealth aircraft
Sequoyah Fuels Corporation. Sequoyah Fuels Corporation owned and operated a uranium processing plant near Gore, Oklahoma. The company was created in 1983 as a subsidiary of Kerr-McGee. In 1988 it was sold to General Atomics.

Uranium processing plant 

The plant is located near Gore, Oklahoma, close to the Illinois River and Interstate 40. The plant started construction in 1968 and began operation in 1970. It converted yellowcake uranium into uranium hexafluoride. In 1987 it started converting depleted uranium hexafluoride into depleted uranium tetrafluoride. The plant ceased operation in 1993. A leak and explosion in 1986 left one worker dead and extreme groundwater and soil contamination across the 600-acre site. 

The plant was operated under Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corporation. In 1983 KMNC split into Quivira Mining Corporation and Sequoyah Fuels Corporation. The latter was given control of the plant. In 1988 Sequoyah Fuels Corporation was sold to General Atomics.

In 2008 a company named International Isotopes said it would buy equipment and intellectual property from the Sequoyah Fuels Corp plant. The equipment would be used in a new location. It would be used for converting depleted uranium hexafluoride to depleted uranium tetrafluoride.

The 1986 Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release in Oklahoma 

On January 4, 1986, Sequoyah Fuels Corporation experienced a rupture which killed 26-year-old worker, James Harrison and hospitalized 37 of the 42 onsite workers. The American Journal of Public Health describes the plant as having "never fully recovered" from the accident.

Another accident involving the release of UF6 occurred in 1992. The plant ceased production operations in 1993 and was decommissioned.

See also 
Church Rock uranium mill spill
Uranium mining in the United States
Kerr-McGee
General Atomics
Uranium hexafluoride

References

External links 
New York Times

Nuclear fuel companies
Uranium mining in the United States
Nuclear technology in the United States
Energy companies of the United States
Radioactively contaminated areas
Mining in Oklahoma
Radiation accidents and incidents
Robot Galaxy. Robot Galaxy was a mall-based retail and entertainment company that allowed children to build their own personalized robots. The Robot Galaxy brand included retail stores, an online virtual world, and a comic book series.

History
Robot Galaxy was founded in 2007 by entrepreneur Oliver Mitchell and former retail executive Ken Pilot . The first two stores opened October 2007; one in the Palisades Center in West Nyack, NY and the other in the Freehold Raceway Mall in Freehold, NJ. In November 2008, Robot Galaxy opened a store within Toys R Us Times Square .

Retail
The store experience allowed children to customize their own personal robots. Children began by picking a character from the comic book series and then choose from a variety of different motorized parts and accessories to construct a unique robot. Considering the number of robot parts to choose from, there were over a thousand possible robots.

Once activated, the robots have a USB connection that allowed robot owners to plug their robots into their computers, connecting to the Robot Galaxy virtual world.

Online virtual world
The online virtual world provided a safe community for children to play games and battle with other robots. By playing games and collecting points, children can unlock new features on their robots.

Comic book series
There are four comic books. The comic books explain the story of the Robot Galaxy, and include all robots available for sale in stores.

References

 The Vindicator - Google News Archive Search

External links
 

Retail companies of the United States
Toy companies of the United States
Robotics companies of the United States
American companies established in 2007
Goethals (dredge). Goethals was an ocean-going hopper dredge operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers named for George Washington Goethals, who supervised much of the building of the Panama Canal.

The dredge's keel was laid at Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Plant, Quincy, Massachusetts, on 5 October 1936 with launch in August 1937 and delivery in December. The dredge was operated under the direction of the Philadelphia District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers until its retirement in 1982.

References

External links
 Dredge Goethals at Jacksonville, ca. March 1974.
 Goethals dredge angle view port, from Wesley E. Johnson, Dredge history interviewee.
 Dredge Goethals. no date, ca. 1957-63.
 Goethals dredge at Virginia Beach November 14, 1974
 Goethals dredge bottom looking fwd., Maryland Dry Dock Co. December 5, 1947.
 Goethals, underside stern, Maryland [Dry Dock] Co. December 5, 1947. Showing twin screws

Ships of the United States Army
1937 ships
Dredgers
United States Army Corps of Engineers
RoEduNet. RoEduNet is a Romanian educational and research network NREN, member of the European research and education network GÉANT. The network is under the administration of the Administration Agency of the National Network for Education and Informatics Research, AARNIEC (Romanian: Agenția de Administrare a Rețelei Naționale de Informatică pentru Educație și Cercetare).

History
The RoEduNet network appeared as a consequence of an evolutionary process that started after the Romanian Revolution of 1989

1990
Universitatea Politehnica of Bucharest and Technische Universitat Darmstadt started a project whose aim was to develop an experimental e-mail system, and to develop a communications infrastructure connected to the international data network. The German partner donated the equipment and in October 1990 the e-mail system became operational, and the international connectivity was actually a dialup connection.

1991-1992
A new project was developed in collaboration with Deutsches Forschungsnetz. Its purpose was to install a communications server in Bucharest, connected to the German Scientific Network WIN using x25. At the end of 1992, a dedicated x25 line was operational between Bucharest and Germany, and also other Romanian Universities was using the system for e-mail messages.

1993
Universitatea Politehnica implements its first LAN in November, and it was connected to EuropaNet through a 9.6 kbit/s dedicated line, whose other end was in Düsseldorf - Germany.

1996
128 kbit/s line

References

External links

Educational organizations based in Romania
Internet in Romania
National research and education networks
Charles Law. Charles Law may refer to:
 Charles's law, also known as the law of volumes, experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated
 Charles Law (British politician) (1792–1850), British judge and Conservative Party MP
 Charles B. Law (1872–1929), United States Representative from New York

See also
 Charles Towry-Law, 3rd Baron Ellenborough (1820–1890), son of the politician above
 Charles Towry-Law, 4th Baron Ellenborough (1856–1902), son of the 3rd Baron