omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kirill Shikhaev. Kirill Nikolaevich Shikhaev (born 1925) is a Soviet and Russian scientist. Professor, Doctor of technical sciences, academician of International Informatization Academy. With a team of mathematicians, he worked over the calculation of flight trajectory to Mars. He also participated in creating the main trajectory of launching the first space vehicles into orbit.

He held the positions of Director of Scientific Research Centre for Control Systems, director of Scientific Research Center for Economics and Complex Communication Problems. Under his leadership, Industrial Control System (ICS) was made, which is now responsible for everything from subway trains to military defense systems.

For a number of years directed advisory council of Higher Attestation Commission, in the section of control systems and computer science. He was a chief designer of control systems in the ministries of the military-industrial complex, a design project leader of special-purpose system “Almaz” of the Soviet gosplan (the USSR State Planning Committee).

Contribution to arithmetic

Shikhaev's main studies are dedicated to the theory of numbers. He is the author of the new arithmetic of second order differences, where main theses of arithmetic in the theory of numbers obtain development and new solving methods, due to introduction into the "classical" basis of these subjects of the second order difference.

Shikhaev created the mathematical apparatus and research methods of number systems. He solved one of arithmetical problems, namely, he obtained virtually unlimited connection between traditional arithmetic operations, which made it possible to obtain new efficient methods of problem research in the theory of numbers.

Research works and inventions

Shikhaev is the author of over 100 research papers and inventions, of which the main are dedicated to the theory of differences. Among the main works are the following: "New arithmetic of second order differences", "Introduction to the theory of different algorithms of parallel computational processes", Different algorithms of parallel computational processes", "Differential model of the theory of numbers" etc.

Shikhaev–Anokhin method

The mathematical works known as “Shikhaev–Anokhin method” was patented as a teaching method for solving algebraic equations by numerical simulation.

Awards

Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Patriotic War
USSR State Prize
USSR Council of Ministers Prize
Academician I.I. Yuzvishin International Prize
(With V. Anokhin) Prince of Asturias Award in the category "Technical and scientific research", for the "Shikhaev–Anokhin method".

References

External links
http://www.slaviza.ru/english/604-arithmetic-of-double-degree-with-numerical-series-in-the-solution-of-algebraic-equations.html
http://www.engineeracademy.ru/otrasli/477-novyy-sposob-resheniya-zadach-teorii-chisel.html

20th-century Russian mathematicians
1925 births
Living people
Soviet mathematicians
Joseph Farey. Joseph Farey (1796–1829) was an English mechanical engineer and draughtsman.

He was the third son of John Farey, Sr. (1766–1826) and Sophia Hubert (1770–1830) and was born at Potsgrove, Bedfordshire. He was the brother of John Farey, Jr.

Nothing is known of his education, but he was a talented draughtsman. He was part of the family business of assisting inventors in developing new machines and preparing patent specifications, and for publishers preparing descriptive texts and drawings. As well as technical and scientific periodicals he helped illustrate Rees's Cyclopædia (1802–1819), Smeaton's Reports, (1812), Pantologia (1808) and the British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences 1808.

He became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1822, and in July 1825 became paralysed from an infected minor flesh wound. In that year he took out a patent for an oil lamp (Woodcroft No 5214). He died in 1829 in Paris.

References

1796 births
1829 deaths
English draughtsmen
English mechanical engineers
Meyer's Little Toot. Meyer's Little Toot is a homebuilt biplane that was designed by George W. Meyer (1916–1982) of Corpus Christi, Texas.

Design and development
Design of the original Little Toot was started by George Meyer in 1952. Along with drawings, a scale model was built of the aircraft during the design phase. It was designed with aerobatics in mind and is stressed for 10g+/- loads.

The Little Toot is a single seat, open cockpit, biplane with conventional landing gear. Its design accommodates an optional cockpit canopy. The fuselage is welded steel tubing aluminum covering. The original tail section is a metal monocoque truss section from a Luscome 8A. The wings use spruce spars with wooden ribs and are fabric covered. The upper wing is swept back eight degrees. The lower wing has 2.5 degrees of dihedral with nearly full-length ailerons. The landing gear and wheel pants were sourced from a Cessna 140 tail-dragger. The production cost of the original Little Toot aircraft was 2,000 in 1958.

The aircraft was named Little Toot after the tugboat that liked doing figure eights in a Disney movie, itself based on a children's story written and illustrated by Hardie Gramatky.

Operational history

The Little Toot prototype was first displayed at the 1957 Experimental Aircraft Association convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. At this event, Little Toot, N61G, won the Mechanix Illustrated Trophy for Outstanding Achievement, First Place and Second Place for Outstanding Design. EAA founder Paul Poberezny flew Little Toot several times.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Biplanes
1950s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1957
Spider9. Spider9 Inc. is an American environmental technologies company headquartered in Northville, MI which develops and manufactures advanced control systems for energy storage and solar fields. It was founded in 2011 by Glynne Townsend (A123 Systems), Dave Park (former Vice President of Production at Wave Crest Energy Systems), Dave Smith (former chairman of USABC), and Bill Beckman (former Vice President of Finance at Johnson Controls).

Spider9 acquired control system technology from the University of Michigan, Office of Technology Transfer and is developing the technology at their facilities at the Water Wheel Centre, in the historic Ford Valve Plant.

History 
Spider9 was founded on control system technology patents licensed from the University of Michigan Real-Time Computing Laboratory. In the summer of 2011, the Spider9 leadership team brought the technology out of the Office of Technology Transfer, where it had been incubating. In July 2011, Spider9 pivoted the technology's business plan to target grid energy storage and solar field optimization rather than electric vehicles. On November 3, 2011, Spider9 received a Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) grant to install a solar field on the roof of the Water Wheel Centre in Northville, MI.

Technology 
Spider9 systems are capable of reconfiguring the architecture of systems through in-house developed hardware and software algorithms. Using a Spider9 system, individual cells and panels are monitored and managed. The system architecture is dynamically reconfigured around the components to deliver a consistent voltage output, compensating for performance variances and failures.

Facilities 
Spider9's facilities are equipped with a waterwheel designed by Albert Kahn (architect) which once provided constant, sustainable hydroelectric power to the facility. The waterwheel no longer fulfills the electricity needs of the building. Spider9 is designing a control system for an 85 kW rooftop solar field with backup battery storage to supply the building with renewable power.

References

External links 
 Spider9 Official Website
 Real-Time Computing Laboratory
 Michigan Economic Development Corporation

Solar energy companies
Photovoltaics
Energy storage
Electric battery
Energy technology
Renewable energy technology
Technology companies established in 2011
Companies based in Detroit
2011 establishments in Michigan
American companies established in 2011
Daiichi Kosho Whisper. The Daiichi Kosho Whisper is a Japanese paramotor that was designed and produced by the Daiichi Kosho Company for powered paragliding.

Design and development
Daiichi Kosho, a Japanese electronics company, specializing in Karaoke equipment, decided to enter the paramotor market in circa 1993, expecting that it would become immensely popular and result in a mass market. As a result, they designed and manufactured their own engine, the DK 472 and even created their own line of canopies.

The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. It features a paraglider-style high wing, single-place accommodation and a single Daiichi Kosho DK 472  engine in pusher configuration. As is the case with all paramotors, takeoff and landing are accomplished on foot.

The company invested heavily in research and development, producing a whole line of paramotoring equipment including a twin-cylinder and single-cylinder engine. In addition to the two different engines they also produced a trike carriage, the DK Sky Trike, that could be mated to the backpack engine. The company created a distributor network, notably in the US where they were represented by Paraborne Aviation, who created a dealer network. In the US the aircraft is often referred to as the Paraborne DK Whisper. The mass market the company hoped for never appeared and with a high degree of competition from European manufacturers the company ceased all production of the line circa 2003. The line was sold to Giles Cardoza of the United Kingdom who developed it into the Parajet.

Variants
Beat
Initial model, powered by a twin-cylinder,  horizontally opposed, air-cooled, two-stroke custom designed Daiichi Kosho DK 472 engine driving a  direct-drive propeller and producing .
Whisper
Also called the Beat Whisper. Second model, powered by a DK 472 engine with a belt reduction drive and larger propeller.
Whisper GT
Third model, optionally powered by a single-cylinder, two-stroke engine with a belt reduction drive.
Whisper GTO
Fourth model, powered by a single-cylinder, two-stroke engine with a belt reduction drive. Can optionally carry a passenger in tandem.
Sky Trike
Wheeled carriage that adapts to motor package, made from ABS plastic and aluminium, weight

Specifications (Whisper)

References

1990s Japanese ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Short No.1 biplane. The Short No.1 biplane was an early British aircraft built in 1909 by Short Brothers. Although it never flew, it was notable for being the first aircraft designed by Horace Short.

Design and development
The Short No.1 was built for Francis McClean, who had seen Wilbur Wright's flight demonstrations at Le Mans in France. McClean, a keen astronomer, had to leave on an expedition to observe a solar eclipse in China, but wrote to Horace Short, whom he had only met once, asking him to build him an aeroplane.  Horace Short began design work in November 1908, and construction of the aircraft was started at Short Brothers' Battersea workshop in early 1909. The uncovered airframe was exhibited in March at the 1909 London Aero Show at Olympia.

The aircraft was a three-bay biplane with a biplane elevator and central fin mounted on two pairs of converging booms in front. The chord of the outer bay of each wing was extended aft to form flexible extensions to effect lateral control: between the tips of these extensions, four balanced rudders were pivoted. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of ash skids extending forward, almost as far as the elevators. No wheels were fitted, as it was intended to use a launching rail for takeoff. Apart from the skids, the entire airframe was built of spruce, and was covered with Continental brand rubberised fabric. The engine, originally intended to be a version of the Wright's vertical 4-cylinder engine made by Bariquand et Marre, drove a pair of pusher propellers, mounted slightly above mid-gap using a chain drive. This was arranged so that both propellers revolved in the same direction, since crossing them to make them revolve in opposite directions might have infringed patents held by the Wright brothers.

Work continued at the newly established Short Brothers works on the Isle of Sheppey, and was complete upon McClean's return from China. The Bariquand et Marre engine was not yet available, so a  engine taken from a Nordenfelt car was installed. However, at more than  in weight, when a first attempt at flight was made in September, the engine failed to propel the machine even as far as the end of the launching rail. The Bariquand et Marre engine arrived in October, and McClean made three attempts at flight on 2, 3 and 6 November, almost succeeding in becoming airborne, but on the last attempt he applied full up-elevator, and the machine stalled and fell back on the launch rail, breaking the undercarriage and propellers: it was not repaired. McClean's next aircraft was a copy of the Wright Model A built under license by Short Brothers.

Specifications

References
Citations

Bibliography

Barnes, C.H. Shorts Aircraft Since 1900. London: Putnam, 1967

Short No.1 biplane
1900s British experimental aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Unflown aircraft
Biplanes
Payments as a service. Payments as a service (PaaS) is a marketing phrase used to describe software as a service to connect a group of international payment systems. The architecture is represented by a layer – or overlay – that resides on top of these disparate systems and provides for two-way communications between the payment system and the PaaS.  Communication is governed by standard APIs created by the PaaS provider.

History

Since the 1980s, credit cards and international wire transfer systems like the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) have been primary methods for making and receiving electronic cross-border payments.  Within individual countries, payers and payees have used various electronic systems to make such payments.  In the United States, for instance, the Federal Reserve Bank operates the automated clearing house (ACH) system.

In the Eurozone the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) defines the rules for credit transfer (SCT) and direct debits (SDD) for Euro payments and these are implemented by various clearing and settlement both within Eurozone countries and for pan-European payments. SEPA Instant (SCT Inst) has been available since November 2017 for single immediate payments. The ECB provides a real time gross settlement system (RTGS) for SEPA payments called TARGET2. The ECB also provides TIPS for immediate settlement of SEPA payments using TARGET2. RT1 from EBA Clearing provides a pan-European ACH (PEACH) for SEPA instant payments settling on TARGET2.

With the advent of the World Wide Web, it became necessary to provide alternative payment systems.  At first, consumers were hesitant to use their credit cards on the Web due to security concerns.  Entrepreneurs tried to market an "electronic wallet". As early as 1994, CyberCash allowed consumers to make secure purchases over the Internet.

CyberCash eventually failed.  In March 2000, PayPal was formed and became a predominant electronic wallet in the U.S.  Similar regional services include WebMoney and Yandex.Money in Russia and Alipay in China.  While popular in their own countries, these do not have significant global reach.  PayPal and Moneybookers (Skrill) became regional electronic wallets, providing greater liquidity, but still do not provide for the free flow of funds between all popular electronic wallet solutions.

See also 
 as a service

References 

Digital currencies
Payment systems
Credit cards
Electronic funds transfer
Cloud applications
Software industry
As a service
Magnussen model. Magnussen model is a popular method for computing reaction rates as a function of both mean concentrations and turbulence levels (Magnussen and Hjertager). Originally developed for combustion, it can also be used for liquid reactions by tuning some of its parameters. The model consists of rates calculated by two primary means. An Arrhenius, or kinetic rate, , for species  in reaction , is governed by the local mean species concentrations and temperature in the following way:

This expression describes the rate at which species  is consumed in reaction . The constants  and , the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and activation energy,
respectively, are adjusted for specific reactions, often as the result of experimental measurements. The stoichiometry for species  in reaction  is represented by the factor , and is positive or negative, depending upon whether the species serves as a product or reactant. The molecular weight of the species  appears as the factor . The temperature, , appears in the exponential term and also as a factor in the rate expression, with an optional exponent, . Concentrations of other species, , involved in the reaction, , appear as factors with optional exponents associated with each. Other factors and terms not appearing in the equation, can be added to include effects such as the presence of non-reacting
species in the rate equation. Such so-called third-body reactions are typical of the effect of a catalyst on a reaction, for example. Many of the factors are often collected into a single rate constant, .

References 

Magnussen, B. F., and B. H. Hjertager, “On Mathematical Mod-
els of Turbulent Combustion with Special Emphasis on Soot For-
mation and Combustion,” Proc. 16th Int. Symp. on Combustion,
The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1976).

Chemical engineer
International Institute of Nuclear Energy. The International Institute of Nuclear Energy (I2EN) is a French government initiative to bring together the leading universities and engineering schools to contribute to responsible development of nuclear energy. The institute's partners with research organizations and companies in the French nuclear energy domain. Its worldwide dimension makes I2EN a source of solutions in educating and training for development of human resources in nuclear energy.

The core purpose of I2EN is to establish a responsible approach to the management of safety for a sustainable nuclear industry.

Mission

The Institute's aim is to provide solutions for education and training to contribute to responsible development of nuclear energy. Training requests from governments, institutions, industry bodies or from individual students are received and analyzed and responses tailored to the specific needs identified. I2EN defines the standard of nuclear training for the French Ministry of Higher Education in the respect of the international standards established. The I2EN has an agreement with the UK National Skills Academy for Nuclear. Being a part of an international network, the I2EN leads seminars and professional scientific or sociological forums. These are meant to support a vision of a sustainable development of nuclear energy.

Key dates 
June 2011: Official inauguration
September 2010: Opening of the Institute. The first classes are given.
June 2010: A report is made to Valérie Pécresse (Minister of High Education & Research) and Jean-Louis Borloo (Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable development and Sea affairs) by Catherine Cesarsky, High commissioner of atomic energy.
March 2010: French President of the Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, announces the establishment of the International institute of nuclear energy “that will house an international school of nuclear”. He expressed its commitment in assisting countries wishing to develop a nuclear program in the respect of safety, security, non-proliferation and respect of the environment.
October 2008: Minister of Higher Education and Research set up the Nuclear Energy Training Council (CFEN).

I2EN's 24 partners in June 2011 
Catherine Cesarsky, High commissioner of atomic energy, presiding over the Council of Partners, these institutions ratified the agreement related to the I2EN. A second Council, gathering new potential partners, will be given in 2012.

References

External links 

2010 establishments in France
Engineering education
Nuclear industry organizations
Nuclear research institutes in France
Educational institutions established in 2010
Slow strain rate testing. Slow strain rate testing (SSRT), also called constant extension rate tensile testing (CERT), is a popular test used by research scientists to study stress corrosion cracking. It involves a slow (compared to conventional tensile tests) dynamic strain applied at a constant extension rate in the environment of interest. These test results are compared to those for similar tests in a, known to be inert, environment. A 50-year history of the SSRT has recently been published by its creator. The test has also been standardized and two ASTM symposia devoted to it.

Effect of strain rate 
The important characteristic of these tests is that the strain rate is low, for example extension rates selected in the range from 10−8 to 10−3 s−1. The selection of the strain rate is very important because the susceptibility to cracking may not be evident from result of tests at too low or too high strain rate. For numerous material-environment systems, strain rates in range 10−5 - 10−6 s−1 are used; however, the observed absence of cracking at a given strain rate should not be taken as a proof of immunity to cracking. There are known cases wherein the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking only became evident at strain rates as low as 10−8 or 10−9 s−1. Nevertheless, the method is very suitable for mechanistic studies, as well as for relative ranking of susceptibility to cracking of different alloys, or the aggressiveness of environments and the effect of temperature, pH, metallurgical condition etc.
The fastest strain rate that will still promote SCC for a given environment-material system is sometimes called the "critical strain rate", some values are given in the table:

The importance of other test parameters 
Electrode potential and other environmental factors such as temperature, pH and degree of aeration can greatly impact the results off this accelerated stress corrosion cracking test, as can the specimen surface finish and metallurgical condition.

The evaluation of the results 
The evaluated parameters are:
 time to specimen failure (e.g., breakage, or from other "failure" criteria)
 ductility (by elongation  to fracture or the reduction of the area)
 ultimate tensile strength (from the maximum load)
 area under the elongation - load curve (which represents the fracture energy)
 percent of ductile/brittle fracture on the fracture surface
 threshold stress for cracking

The results of the SSRT tests are evaluated using the ratio:

The departure of the ratio below unity quantifies the increased susceptibility to cracking.
The test is best used in combination with electrochemical measurements and other stress corrosion cracking tests.

References 

Corrosion
Fracture mechanics
Materials testing
Daiichi Kosho DK 472. The Daiichi Kosho DK 472 is a Japanese aircraft engine that was developed by the Daiichi Kosho Company in the early 1990s for powered paragliding. The company had been previously noted for producing electronics, particularly karaoke equipment.

Design and development
The DK 472 was a custom-designed engine that was part of the manufacturer's plan to build a mass-market paramotor. The DK 472 was supplanted by a single cylinder design and then, when the market never developed into the size envisioned by the company, all engine production was ceased in circa 2003.

The DK 472 is a twin cylinder, horizontally-opposed, air-cooled, two stroke engine that produces . Early versions were direct drive using a small diameter  propeller. Later versions used a belt reduction drive system and a larger propeller. Electric start was standard equipment.

Applications
Daiichi Kosho Beat
Daiichi Kosho Whisper

Specifications (DK 472)

References

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Daiichi Kosho aircraft engines
Two-stroke aircraft piston engines