omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kynal. Kynal was a brand name for a series of aluminium alloys developed and originally produced by the British chemical manufacturer Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The name was derived from Kynoch, an existing ICI trademark for ammunition, and aluminium. It was largely used as substitute for Alclad, a popular corrosion-resistant aluminium alloy.

ICI produced Kynal in quantity at a facility in Waunarlwydd, outside Swansea. The material was extensively used by the British aviation industry during the Second World War, being recognised as a strategic resource. Numerous variations upon the material were devised by ICI around this time. During the 1950s, British Railways became a key consumer of Kynal, using the material on numerous members of its new fleet of diesel traction, including the first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs). By the twenty-first century, the material was largely considered to be obsolete, while the Waunarlwydd chemical works was permanently closed during the 2000s.

History
A key facility involved in the production of Kynal was the Ministry of Aircraft Production's factory at Waunarlwydd, near Swansea. ICI built and operated the plant on the government's behalf. Functionally, Kynal was similar to, and could be a substitute for, Alclad. Applications included various forged items, including pipework, vessels, and heat exchangers, as well as fuselage elements of aircraft. By 1938, the material was being producing at a very high volume as a consequence of the European powers having entered a period of rearmament around the time of Munich crisis, which led into the Second World War.

During the postwar era, Kynal continued to hold its strategic importance. The material proliferated throughout British engineering throughout the 1950s and 1960s; it began to be used in the frames of road vehicles during the mid 1950s. Kynal was used extensively for British Railways' modernisation of the 1950s, specifically in the construction of the publicly-owned organisation's new diesel fleet. The majority of the 'lightweight' diesel multiple units (DMUs) featured the material. Around the same era, the company was also involved in studies into the use of Kynal as a roofing material.

By the twenty-first century, Kynal was largely considered to be obsolete as a material. During the 2000s, the original Waunarlwydd plant, which was by then owned by Alcoa, was closed down. Despite this, research efforts into fields such as battery technology have involved the use of Kynal.

Table

See also 
 Kycube, a similarly named series of copper beryllium alloys produced by IMI.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 AIDS FOR THE CORROSION ENGINEER via emerald.com

Aluminium alloys
Mustapha Abdullahi. Mustapha Abdullahi (born January 1985) is the Director-General and Chief Executive Officer of the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). He was appointed to the position by President Bola Tinubu on 24 October 2023. Prior to his appointment as the third DG of the ECN, Abdullahi was the Senior Technical Adviser (STA) to the Minister of Innovation, Science and Technology, Uche Geoffrey Nnaji. Abdullahi is a chartered Engineer (CEng) and a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (MIMechE)

Early life and education 
Abdullahi was born in January 1985 in Kano, but he hails from Okene Local Government Area in Kogi State.

He has a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology (ADUSTECH, formerly Kano University of Science and Technology (KUST)). Proceeded to obtain an MSc from the University of Salford, UK. Abdullahi gained a Postdoctoral fellowship as a Research Associate in the School of Engineering at the University of Manchester after securing funding award from the Industry Collaboration Fund (ICE). He received his PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering at University of Manchester with a focus on oil and gas structural health monitoring.

Career 
He was appointed by President Bola Tinubu on 24 October 2023, as Director General of the Energy Commission of Nigeria. Abdullahi was before then the Chief of Staff and the Senior Technical Adviser (STA) to the Minister of Innovation Science and Technology Chief Uche Gregory Nnaji.

Prior to joining Nnaji at the ministry, he served as a Research Associate and Teaching Assistant in the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at the University of Manchester and was a staff member of the former Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), now Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC). Abdullahi had also worked at the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) with a cumulative experience in oil & gas, Renewable Energy, Sustainability, space technology, and research, having worked at NUPRC and NASRDA for over 14 years.

Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) 
The Energy Commission (ECN), in collaboration the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and other partners, launched a training program in the skills needed to enforce energy performance standards for air conditioners in the country.

He was part of Nigeria's delegation to COP 28 in Dubai UAE where he represented Nigeria's commitment to Global Cooling Initiative.

On the sidelines of the event, he sealed a tripartite agreement with an energy consulting group, the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), and the Niger State Government on wind energy development in Niger State.

References 

Nigerian civil servants
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People from Kaduna
21st-century Nigerian businesspeople
Nigerian mechanical engineers
1985 births
Living people
Violations of Japanese airspace. Violations of Japanese airspace have occurred on a number of occasions. There have been 39 cases from 1967 to 2017. The vast majority have involved Soviet aircraft during the Cold War, or Russian aircraft afterwards.

There have been several prominent cases of airspace violations.

 Viktor Belenko MiG-25 defection (September 6, 1976)
 Soviet Tu-16 violation of airspace over Okinawa (December 9, 1987)

In addition to actual violations there are many cases of foreign aircraft skirting Japanese airspace or entering Japan's Air Defense Identification Zone. In 2016 fighter squadrons of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) aircraft launched 851 times to intercept Chinese aircraft and 301 times in response to Russian aircraft.

List of airspace violations

See also
 Tokyo Express (flights)

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in Japan
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Protocol Labs. Protocol Labs is an open-source software research and development company, founded in 2014.  It is best known for creating the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a peer-to-peer decentralized web protocol, and Filecoin, a decentralized file storage network.

History 
Juan Benet founded Protocol Labs in May 2014. Early work on open-source tools to simplify management, indexing, and conversion of large data sets led to the creation of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) - a peer-to-peer protocol for distributed files and offline applications. To support the project and spur adoption, they developed a Filecoin protocol and token for decentralized file storage, to let users rent out unused disk space. In 2020 Protocol Labs set up the Filecoin Foundation.

Projects 
IPFS was released in January 2015, and Filecoin launched in 2017. Other projects developed by Protocol Labs include libp2p, a network stack for peer-to-peer apps and systems, which is used as the networking layer for IPFS; IPLD, a data model for interoperable protocols; and the SAFT, a legal framework for token fundraising.

See also 

 InterPlanetary File System
 Filecoin

References

External links 

  Protocol.ai

Software companies established in 2014
Mapzen. Mapzen, founded in 2013 and headquartered in New York City, was an open source mapping platform company focused on the core components of geo platforms, including search (geocoding), rendering (vector tiles), navigation/routing, and data. Mapzen's components are used by OpenStreetMap, CartoDB, and Remix, amongst others. The components, hosted on GitHub, are written in JavaScript, Ruby, Java, and Python. Mapzen's CEO, Randy Meech, was previously SVP of engineering for MapQuest.
Mapzen was supported by Samsung Research America and was known to have hired mapping specialists from Apple.

Mapzen shut down operations in late January, 2018.

On the 28th of January 2019 The Linux Foundation announced Mapzen would become a Linux Foundation Project.

Projects

Mapzen's hosted products were powered by open-source components, including:

 Pelias - a geocoder/search engine
 Tangram - a set of cross-platform 3D map rendering libraries
 Tilezen - vector map tiles based on OpenStreetMap data
 Valhalla - a multi-modal routing engine
 Transitland - an open transit data platform that aggregates GTFS feeds
 Who's on First - a gazetteer

References

External links
Mapzen · an open, sustainable, and accessible mapping platform
Documentation · Mapzen

Web mapping
Companies based in New York City
Linux Foundation projects
Aoji-ri Chemical Complex. The Aoji-ri Chemical Complex () is a large industrial complex in Haksong-ri (formerly Aoji-ri), Kyŏnghŭng county, South P'yŏngan province, North Korea, which produces about 51 different products, including methane (35,000 tons per year), ammonia (26,000 tons per year), ammonium bicarbonate (100,000 tons per year), and coal tar derivatives (15,000 tons per year). It also allegedly produces blood agents and vomiting agents, including Adamsite.

The  opened the complex in 1937, originally to produce synthetic oil from the high-quality bituminous coal mined in the area. After the establishment of North Korea, the company was nationalised.

The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Hoeam station on the Hoeam Line.

References

Chemical companies of North Korea
LMS-9/19. The LMS-9 and LMS-19 (Russian: Легкие многоцелевые самолеты - ЛМС, Lightweight multifunctional airplanes) are light airliners projected by Austrian Diamond Aircraft and Russian Rostec via Oboronprom subsidiary Ural Works of Civil Aviation based in Yekaterinburg.

Development 

At the June 2013 Paris Air Show, they agreed to develop a 19 seater composite airframe.
At the August 2013 MAKS Air Show, it was priced at Rb120 million ($3.62 million) along a Rb million ($2.41 million) nine-seater, with scale models on display.
In November, first flight was planned for 2015.

Aircraft design process should be completed in 2014, to proceed to aircraft testing before production in 2017-2018.
With a 9.4 billion rubles cost estimate, Rostec is committing 383 million rubles within 2 bln secured, leaving a 8 bln need.
In 2013-2016, 5 billion rubles will be leveraged from the Russian National Wealth Fund for research and development, transfer of technologies, new factory creation and type certification.
In 2016-2017, 3 billion rubles from the federal budget of Russia will fund certification completion, initial required equipment acquisition and aircraft maintenance and repair system creation.
In 2016-2018 900 million rubles will be needed to achieve the design capacity.
Rostec plan to sell for 51.4 billion rubles by 2025 (excluding VAT) for a 16.235 billion rubles accumulated profit - a 32% return on sales, and to supply 800 aircraft by 2030, after the 10.39 years discounted payback period.

Design 

The aircraft should be powered by efficient, turbocharged  diesel aircraft engines burning jet fuel to be introduced in 2016.
In Russia, a modern and affordable light airplane is lacking: more than 200 are needed to replace the obsolete fleet and Rostec plans to create an aircraft lease program.
Initially the aircraft and engines will be assembled in Austria, then components will be produced in Russia before all the airplane components and engines.
In service An-2 and L-410 have low fuel efficiency and high operating costs.
The new aircraft family could operate in arctic conditions, attach skids landing gear for snow or pontoons for water.
Both will benefit from 80% commonality.
They will employ cabin pressurization.

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev mentioned its pivotal use of composite materials.
Fuselage length differs through extension plugs with the longer variant having a large aft door, and both share a common wing, nose and empennage.
Also involved are RT-Khimkomposit (Chemical Composites) and TsAGI (the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute), having tested MC-21 wing boxes.
Similar out of autoclave infusion methods will reduce costs of monocoque structures over a large production run.
Limited ground handling is needed and low-pressure tires enable operations from unpaved soil/ or grass runways.

Specifications

References 

Proposed aircraft of Austria
Proposed aircraft of Russia
Oboronprom
Chōsen Coal Industry Company. The Chōsen Coal Industry Company (Japanese: 朝鮮石炭工業株式會社 Chōsen Sekitan Kōgyō Kabushiki Kaisha; ) was a kabushiki kaisha in colonial Korea that operated collieries in Aoji, Sinaoji and Obong in Gyeongheung County, North Hamgyeong Province. In addition to the mines, after the Chōsen Synthetic Oil Company opened a large factory in Aoji-ri (now Haksong-ri) in 1937 to produce synthetic oil from the bituminous coal mined in the area, the Chosen Coal Industry Company built a railway line, called the Ao Line, to connect its mines to the chemical factory and to the South Manchuria Railway's North Chōsen East Line, opening the line in two parts in 1938 and 1942.

Following the partition of Korea and the establishment of North Korea, the company was nationalised. The Ao Line, along with all other railway lines in the country, was nationalised on 10 August 1946, becoming part of the Korean State Railway.

References

Rail transport in North Korea
Rail transport in Korea under Japanese rule
Defunct railway companies of Korea
Companies of Korea under Japanese rule
Defunct companies of Japan
Defunct energy companies of Japan
VOTCA. Versatile Object-oriented Toolkit for Coarse-graining Applications (VOTCA) is a Coarse-grained modeling package, which focuses on the analysis of molecular dynamics data, the development of systematic coarse-graining techniques as well as methods used for simulating microscopic charge (and exciton) transport in disordered semiconductors. It was originally developed at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, and is now maintained by developers at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology with contributions from researcher worldwide.

Features

VOTCA has 3 major parts, the Coarse-graining toolkit (VOTCA-CSG), the Charge Transport toolkit (VOTCA-CTP) and the Excitation Transport Toolkit (VOTCA-XTP). All of them are based on the VOTCA Tools library, which implements shared procedures.

Coarse-graining toolkit (VOTCA-CSG) 
VOTCA-CSG supports a variety of different coarse-graining methods, incl. (iterative) Boltzmann Inversion, Inverse Monte Carlo, Force Matching (also known as the multiscale coarse-graining method) and the Relative entropy method and hybrid combinations of those as well as optimization-driven approaches, like simplex and CMA. To gather statistics VOTCA-CSG can use multiple molecular dynamics package incl. GROMACS, DL_POLY,  ESPResSo, ESPResSo++, LAMMPS and HOOMD-blue for sampling.

Charge Transport toolkit (VOTCA-CTP) 
VOTCA-CTP is a module, which does molecular orbital overlap calculations and can evaluate energetic disorder and electronic couplings needed to estimate charge transport properties.

Excitation Transport toolkit (VOTCA-XTP) 

VOTCA-XTP is an extension to VOTCA-CTP, allowing to simulate excitation transport and properties. Therefore, it provides its own implementation of GW-BSE and a basic DFT implementation, employing localized basissets. Polarized QM/MM calculations for excited states are provided in the Thole framework. It features an interface to the Quantum Chemistry package ORCA for large scale production runs.

Release names
Major releases have names assigned to them:
 1.1 SuperAnn
 1.2 SuperDoris
 1.3 SuperUzma
 1.4 SuperKurt - in occasion of Kurt Kremer's 60th birthday
 1.5 SuperVictor - named after Victor Rühle, one of the original core developers
 1.6 SuperPelagia
 1.6.2 SuperGitta

See also
 GROMACS
 MARTINI
 OpenMM

References

Molecular modelling software
Molecular dynamics software
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Pickle lifter. A pickle lifter or lifting tray is a device for elevating food from a container to make it more accessible for extraction. Typically, it acts as a strainer to assist in raising pickles and cornichons from their brine solution towards the top of a jar or container. Those used in commercial products are often made of plastic, while some are made of metal. 

The Tupperware corporation makes a product under the trademark Pick-A-Deli that contains a built-in pickle lifter in the form of a lift-up strainer.

References

External links 
 
 Tupperware Pick-A-Deli

Culinary terminology
Pickles
Nattai, New South Wales. Nattai is a small village in the Macarthur Region of New South Wales, Australia, in the Wollondilly Shire.  The area around Burragorang and Nattai was home to numerous collieries from the 1920s to the 1990s, such as the Nattai-Bulli, Oakleigh, Wollondlly, Nattai North and Valley collieries. It is estimated 72 million tonnes of coal was mined in the Burragorang-Nattai region (NSW Mines Department records).

ZEN Energy is proposing to turn degraded coal industry land at Nattai on the escarpment above the Burragorang Lake into a 1,000 megawatts (1GW) Western Sydney Pumped Hydro project capable of supplying up to eight continuous hours of ‘firming’ energy, essential to stabilise the state’s electricity grid  ( https://www.zenenergy.com.au/knowledge-base/industry-news/turning-western-sydneys-coal-mining-past-into-a-clean-energy-future ).

References

Localities in New South Wales
Wollondilly Shire
Suneet Singh Tuli. Suneet Singh Tuli is the co-founder of DataWind. He was born in 1968 to Lakhvir Singh, the head of an entrepreneur, Sikh family. He graduated from Toronto University in 1990 in Applied Sciences in Engineering. While being student he started working In his brother Raja Tuli's entrepreneurial firm, Widekom. He started work with the objective of developing sales of large size fax machines.  He got large size fax machines recorded in Guinness book of world records. By getting boosting sale of 600 machInes in six months at Can $20000 ; Tuli brothers turned into millionaires.

In his second innovative venture, he started creating battery operated handheld printers and hand held scanners under the name of the DocuPort Company.
These two companies were among first formed by people of Indian origin in making public offerings on NASDAQ.
Most recently, Datawind's Aakash/Ubislate tablets have attracted worldwide attention due to its affordable price to weaker sections of world's population for empowering them with computational and internet access.

Awards & Recognitions

Suneet Singh Tuli has been recognised by Forbes Magazine in its 2012 Impact 15 list as a Class Room Revolutionary
Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of United Nations, while launching his product Aakash 2 tablet spoke about it being great enabler to transform people's lives, in educating and empowering poor with internet and computing access.
In 2012, he and his brother received a technology achievement award from the Indo-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.
Chief Khalsa Dewan honoured him on 65th and 66th World Sikh educational conference in 2014, 2016 consecutively and in 2012 he has been recognised as Enterpreuner of the Year at World Sikh awards.

References

Canadian people of Indian descent
Canadian people of Punjabi descent
1968 births
Living people
Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex. The DPRK Sci-Tech Complex () is a science and technology centre housed in a large atom-shaped building located on Ssuk Island in Pyongyang, accessed by the Chungsong Bridge. It was completed in 2015. According to KBS World, it then had over 100,000 square meters of floor area.

From above, the facility is built to resemble an atom. The facility has an e-library. It has about 3,000 computer terminals. To North Koreans, these provide access to the national intranet, the Kwangmyong network.

See also 

 South Hamgyong Sci-Tech Library

References

Further reading

External links

  
 Virtual Tour of Sci-Tech Complex

Buildings and structures completed in 2015
Museums in Pyongyang
2015 establishments in North Korea
Arunachala College Of Engineering For Women. Arunachala College of Engineering for Women at Kanyakumari ranks No.1 among all women's engineering college in Tamil Nadu and 2 among all engineering college in Tamil Nadu based on Anna University Results. Arunachala College offer various MCA, MBA, UG, PG and Research programs in Engineering and Technology. Arunachala College of Engineering for Women is located at Manavilai, Vellichanthai, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari district.

Achievements 
 Awarded as ″Best Women's Engineering College in India″ by AICTE Chairman during ISTE Awards, New Delhi.
 2nd Place among all Engineering College in Tamil Nadu 
1st among all Women's Engineering College in Tamil Nadu 
  21 University Ranks in 2013 Batch
  23 University Ranks in 2014 Batch
  32 University Ranks in 2015 Batch
  34 University Ranks in 2016 Batch University Gold Medal in M.E (CEM)
  15 University Ranks in 2017 Batch
  20 University Ranks in 2018 Batch
 418 Students of 2016 Batch are placed in Reputed Companies
 373 Students of 2017 Batch are placed in Reputed Companies 
 Awarded as Startup TN Incubation Center by Tamil Nadu Government - https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tirunelveli-campus-connect/article69019417.ece  
 Accredited with NAAC 'A' Grade with maximum CGPA of 3.24 out of 4.

Courses offered 
 B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
 B.E. in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
 B.Tech. in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science (AI & DS)
 B.Tech in Information Technology (IT)
 B.E. in Civil Engineering
 B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
 M.E Communication Systems
 M.E Applied Electronics
 M.E Computer Science and Engineering
 M.E Construction Engineering & Management
 M.E Power Electronics & Drives
 Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 M.B.A
 M.C.A

References

Women's engineering colleges in India
Private engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Universities and colleges in Kanyakumari district
Borane carbonyl. Borane carbonyl is the inorganic compound with the formula . This colorless gas is the adduct of borane and carbon monoxide. It is usually prepared by combining borane-ether complexes and CO. The compound is mainly of theoretical and pedagogical interest.

Structure and properties 
The structure of the molecule of borane carbonyl is . The  linkage is linear. The coordination geometry around the boron atom is tetrahedral. The bond distances are 114.0 pm for the  bond, 152.9 pm for the  bond, and 119.4 pm for the  bonds. The  bond angle is 113.7°. The  vibrational band is at 2164.7 cm−1, around 22 cm−1 higher than that of free CO.

Borane carbonyl has an enthalpy of vaporization of 19.7 kJ/mol (4750 cal/mol). It has electronic state 1A1 and point group symmetry C3v.

Synthesis and reactions 

Borane carbonyl was discovered in 1937 by reacting diborane with excess carbon monoxide, with the equation:
.
The reaction quickly reaches equilibrium at 100°C, but at room temperature, the reverse reaction is slow enough to isolate borane carbonyl. This reaction is performed at high pressures, typically with a maximum pressure observed of 1000 to 1600 psi (68.95 to 110.32 bar). It can also be performed at atmospheric pressure, with ethers as a catalyst.

A more recent synthesis of borane carbonyl involves slowly bubbling carbon monoxide through a 1 M  solution. The resulting gas stream can be condensed and subsequently bubbled through ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce the boranocarbonate anion ( or ).

References 

Boranes
Carbonyl complexes
Organoboron compounds