omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Grivița (vehicle manufacturer). Compania Industrială Griviţa (former Atelierele Leonida and Întreprinderea de Reparații Auto (IRA) Grivița București) is a bus manufacturer based in Chitila, Ilfov county, Romania. The company is also specialized in vehicle servicing and spare parts production. Their main production line is the coach bus called Grivbuz.

Overview
The company started building its own series of buses in 1997 with a midibus prototype.

Their product line includes the:
 Grivbuz 7U midibus built in collaboration with Roman in 2001, and updated in 2003. Such buses have 44 passengers capacity and have been operating in the city of Tulcea.
 Grivbus city bus built in 1999 in three or two doors versions and powered by Renault engine. They have been operating in Cluj-Napoca and Tulcea under public operators and other cities by private owners.
 Grivbuz G07 or Mercedes-Griviţa which is a 7m midibus, based on a Mercedes-Benz Vario chassis with modified body. Has a 27/37 passenger capacity, depending on the version – urban or interurban.
 Grivbuz G12, a 12m coach bus manufactured in two versions – intercity or long-distance coach.  They have been developed in collaboration with Roman in 2004. The engines are either MAN EURO 3 – 285 HP or Renault EURO 3 – 265 HP. The Romanian Gendarmerie owns 50 Grivbuz G12 buses.
 Grivbus/Scania city bus built under Scania/Hess licence since 2006 equipped with a 260 HP EURO 3 engine. This type of buses are operating in the city of Târgu Jiu.

References

Gallery

External links

 Grivbuz vehicles
 Grivbuz (Facut In Romania) 
 Google Maps - Compania Industriala Grivita S.A.

Bus manufacturers of Romania
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1993
Romanian brands
Flakpanzer Coelian. The 3.7 cm Flakzwilling auf Panther Fahrgestell or Flakpanzer 341 was a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun designed by Rheinmetall during World War II. It was intended to be armed with two 3.7 cm Flak 341 gun in a fully enclosed, rotating turret on the hull of a Panther medium tank. In the end, only a wooden mock-up of the turret on a Panther chassis was built.

Development 
In the first years of the war, the Wehrmacht had less interest in developing self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, but as the Allies achieved air superiority, the need for more mobile and better-armed self-propelled anti-aircraft guns increased.
The Wehrmacht had adapted a variety of wheeled and half-track vehicles to serve as mobile forward air defence positions to protect armour and infantry units in the field as well as for temporary forward area positions such as mobile headquarters and logistic points. As Allied fighter bombers and other ground attack aircraft moved from machine gun armament and bombing to air-to-ground rockets, the air defence positions were even more vulnerable. The answer was to create tank-based Flakpanzers with armour that would protect the gun crews while they fired upon approaching Allied aircraft.

Rheinmetall had developed a design for a Panther armed with four 2 cm MG 151/20 guns in May 1943. However, the 2 cm guns were considered too weak already, and in December 1943 a tank committee decided that all future self-propelled anti-aircraft guns based on the Panther would be armed with two 3.7 cm guns, and later two 5.5 cm guns. Both Daimler-Benz and Rheinmetall were chosen to design a turret armed with twin 3.7 cm guns for the Panther, with the latter finishing their design in May 1944. A wooden mock-up of the turret was created and mounted on the chassis of a Panther Ausf. D.

However, it soon became clear that no chassis would be available for Flakpanzers for a variety of reasons, including the Allies' landing in Normandy, the increasing Allied strategic bombing offensive, and raw material shortages. Work on the Flakpanzer 341 continued throughout 1944, but in January 1945 all work on 3.7 cm armed Flakpanzer on the Panther chassis was stopped due to the 3.7 cm guns being considered inadequate.

Notes

References

External links 
3.7 cm Flakzwilling auf Panther Fahrgestell “341” at Tanks Encyclopedia
Panzer V »Panther« (German language) at Lexikon-der-Wehrmacht.de
photos at Panzerbaer.de
 Свирин М. Пантера Pz.Kpfw V. ( ()  — М.: М-хобби, 1996. — 48 с. — Армада, вып. № 5

World War II self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of Germany
Flakpanzer 341
Palestine Foundries and Metal Works. The Palestine Foundries and Metal Works was a large ferrous metal works located near Haifa which was established in Palestine during the Mandate period.

History
The foundry was founded by Alexander Kremener, who had previously been the Managing Director of Hartung A.G., Berlin, Germany. The company was incorporated in Palestine late in December 1933 and commenced activities the following month. The notice of incorporation gave the initial share capital as 30,000 Palestine pounds and the objects of the company as "To carry on the trade or business of iron masters, steel makers, manufacturers of and dealers in machinery, plant castings for machinery, copper and its various alloys and any other business in connection with the above." The erection of the iron and steel foundry and of enamelling works was started in June 1934.

The plant included an iron and steel foundry, the first of its kind in the Near East, an electric steel melting furnace and an enameling works. It produced enamelled bathtubs, sanitary appliances, cast iron pipes and connections, flushing cisterns and cast iron products.

In 1937, the Anglo-Palestine Bank petitioned the District Court of Haifa for the winding up of the company. The company went into voluntary liquidation in 1939.

References

Steel companies of Israel
Defunct manufacturing companies of Israel
Organizations based in Mandatory Palestine
Foundries
Industrial buildings in Israel
Manufacturing companies established in 1933
1933 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Companies with year of disestablishment missing
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1939
American Aerolights Double Eagle. The American Aerolights Double Eagle is a two-seat ultralight aircraft that can also be configured for single pilot operation.

Development
The Double Eagle is a modification to the Eagle ultralight designed by Larry Newman in 1980. The aircraft features a stall-resistant canard design with a two axis control system. The entire aircraft could be folded into an 11 ft by 9 inch package for car transport.

Operational history
The Monterey Park, California Police Department was the first police department to fly an ultralight aircraft for patrols, using the Double Eagle in 1982. The program lasted six months and was shelved after seven engine failures in flight. An example of the aircraft resides in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, and at one time also in the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Specifications (variant specified)

See also

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
American Aerolights aircraft
Canard aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
CADKEY. CADKEY is a 2D/3D mechanical CAD (computer aided design or computer aided drafting) software application released for various DOS, Solaris, and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Originally released for DOS in 1984, CADKEY was among the first CAD programs with 3D capabilities for personal computers.

History
Peter Smith and Livingston Davies founded Micro Control Systems (MCS) in 1981. MCS released CADKEY in 1984, the first 3D PC CAD product. After the success of the product the company took the name CADKEY, Inc. and set up headquarters in Windsor, Connecticut. CADKEY won editor's choice and CAD product of the year awards from PC Magazine in 1986 and 1988.

In June 1989, Cadkey, Inc. purchased the rights to DataCAD from Microtecture Inc.

In September 1992, Dr. Malcolm Davies (no relation to Livingston Davies) was elected president/CEO of Cadkey, Inc. Dr. Davies joined Cadkey, Inc. from Autodesk where from 1988 to 1992 he was V.P. marketing and sales. As part of a strategic shift to direct mail-based sales, Malcolm Davies reduced the price of the flagship CADKEY product from US $3,500 to $495.

By 1995, a Microsoft Windows version named CADKEY for Windows was introduced. Around this time CADKEY claimed 240,000 users.

In June 1996, Baystate Technologies of Marlborough, Massachusetts, purchased the rights to the CADKEY product. Previous to the CADKEY acquisition Baystate Technologies had developed third-party software component modules for CADKEY, AutoCAD, Ashlar-Vellum, and Microstation.

By 1999, Baystate Technologies was doing business as CADKEY Corporation, had added significant history-free solid modeling and freeform surface modeling capabilities to the product. A CADKEY variant without any solid or surface modeling capabilities was sold under the name CADKEY Wireframe.

In October 2003 Kubotek Corporation of Osaka, Japan, acquired Baystate Technologies. Kubotek formed Kubotek USA, Inc. based in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and continues development under the name KeyCreator. The first version of KeyCreator was shipped in early 2004.

References

External links
 kubotekusa.com

Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Windows
Computer-aided design software for Linux
Lavet-type stepping motor. The Lavet-type stepping motor has widespread use as a drive in electro-mechanical clocks and is a special kind of single-phase stepping motor.  Both analog and stepped-movement quartz clocks use the Lavet-type stepping motor (see Quartz clock). Through miniaturization, it can be used in wristwatches and requires very little power, making a battery last for many years. The French engineer Marius Lavet invented this kind of drive and described it in 1936 in his patent application FR823395.

Like other single-phase motors, the Lavet motor is only able to turn in one direction, which depends on the geometry of its stator. The rotor is a permanent magnet.  In a clock, a circuit generates the bipolar pulse train, which alternately delivers a positive and a negative voltage to the coil for short periods (providing a correct mechanical output to move a second hand). The motor can be built with a strong magnet and large stator to deliver high torque, but it is mostly built small, to drive the load through a low gear ratio.

The stator core looks a lot like one in a shaded-pole motor and defines the rotational direction according to the position of holes, grooves, or shade windings through the stator. However, unlike a shaded-pole motor, the grooves are at backward positions, and the positions where the rotor settles after each cycle are well determined, which is not the case for induction motors in general, where slip and load affect the angle that the rotor turns each cycle.

Essential for the movement of the Lavet motor are the cogging points of the rotor, which differ depending on whether the stator coil is energized or unenergized. The cogging points with no current are caused by reluctant force against a direct magnetic field, rather than retarding the propagation of an alternating magnetic flux, and in practice are the angles where the air volume between the poles of the magnetic rotor and the bulk of the stator is minimised.

Movement of the common two step Lavet motor:
 (a) currentless stator, north pole of rotor points to the upper left,
 (b) energized stator, rotor moves clockwise, and north pole points to the right afterwards,
 (c) after energization of the stator has declined, rotor moves further until north pole points downright,
 (d) stator energized in opposite direction, rotor moves clockwise, and north pole points to the left,
 (a') after energization of the stator has declined, rotor moves to its initial position (a).

To make a Lavet motor turn, the current through its stator coil must change direction each step (bipolar) followed by an interval without current while the rotor moves to its reluctant position.

Aside from clock drives, there are many variations of Lavet's concept. One example are types of dashboard instruments in cars.

Animation 

Animation of a Lavet-type stepping motor used in an analog quartz clock movement.

Literature

References 

Electric motors
Timekeeping components
French Engineering Works. The French Engineering Works, or FEW, is a manufacturer, exporter and importer of High Speed Steel cutting tools. The firm was founded in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1918 by Herman Moser to manufacture rock drill spares for the mining industry in Johannesburg. 

The business diversified into manufacture of precision tools, and HSS cutting tools for the metal industry. Their product range includes taps, dies, bits, cutters, toolbits, and thread-rolling dies (flat and circular).

References

External links
 

Tool manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Tool manufacturing companies of South Africa
Manufacturing companies based in Johannesburg
Manufacturing companies established in 1918
Technology companies established in 1918
South African brands
Cobham Technical Services. Cobham Technical Services (the trading name of Cobham CTS Ltd) is a UK-based technology organisation founded in 1920. It sells products for terrestrial and satellite communications, navigation and sensor applications; technical services and specialised systems for high-voltage and lightning testing; electromagnetic and multiphysics simulation software products.

History 
The history of Cobham Technical Services dates back to 1920 with the incorporation of the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association, which became generally known as the Electrical Research Association, or ERA. Initially, ERA’s funding came jointly from government, through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, from industry, and from the subscriptions of member companies.

During the 1939-1945 war, direct assistance to the war effort was given by ERA, having been recognised by the Ministry of Labour in 1941 as an "essential undertaking". Activities during the war included working on the development of radar and mine detection equipment.

Major new laboratories and offices were opened in Leatherhead, Surrey in 1957 which have remained the principal location of the organisation ever since. Development on the 15-acre campus site has continued to the present day with the addition of several large purpose-built facilities.

In September 1979 ERA formally changed its name from The Electrical Research Association Ltd to ERA Technology Ltd. During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s ERA expanded into new research areas, including RF technology and electronic systems.

In January 2001, the entire organisation was transferred to a new trading company, limited by shares. The original company, still limited by guarantee, was renamed The ERA Foundation. The trading operation, retaining the name ERA Technology, was run as a wholly commercial enterprise, responsible to its shareholders.

In September 2003, the company announced the agreement to sell the entire issued share capital of ERA Technology to Cobham plc.

In March 2009, ERA Technology, Culham Lightning and Vector Fields assumed the collective trading name Cobham Technical Services as part of a Group wide rebranding programme by FTSE 100 parent company Cobham plc.

In March 2011, Cobham plc completed the divestment of the engineering consultancy group of Cobham Technical Services to edif Group, which took the legal entity name “ERA Technology Ltd”.

References

External links 
 Cobham Technical Services homepage (on Cobham plc corporate website)
 ERA Foundation website

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Surrey
Mole Valley
Science and technology in Surrey
Technology companies established in 1920
1920 establishments in England
Partha Niyogi. Partha Niyogi (July 31, 1967 Kolkata – October 1, 2010 Chicago) was the Louis Block Professor in Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Chicago. 
He is known for his work in artificial intelligence, especially in the field of manifold learning and evolutionary linguistics.
 He wrote more than 90 academic publications and two books.

Notable work
Laplacian eigenmaps

References

External links
  Personal website
  Technical Reports

1967 births
2010 deaths
American computer scientists
University of Chicago faculty
American academics of Indian descent
Indian emigrants to the United States
IIT Bombay alumni
Sherpa Aircraft Sherpa. The Sherpa Aircraft Sherpa is an American five-seat utility aircraft designed and built by Sherpa Aircraft Manufacturing Inc. The aircraft is made in two variants, a piston engined K500 and a turboprop K650T. The aircraft has a fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel, also available with alternate large tundra tires, skis or floats.

Variants
Sherpa K500
Five-seat variant powered by a Lycoming IO-720 piston engine.

Sherpa K650T
Improved eight-seat variant powered by a Honeywell TPE331 turboprop. One completed and flown by 2011.

Specifications (K500)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Single-engined piston aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Autogiro Company of America AC-35. The Autogiro Company of America AC-35 was an early attempt to make a roadable aircraft in the United States during the 1930s. Although it was successfully tested, it did not enter production; a 1960s attempt to revive the aircraft in a non-roadable version also failed to achieve success.

Design and development

The aircraft design process started in 1935. The Experimental Development Section of the Bureau of Air Commerce contracted the building of a roadable aircraft based around an PA-22 autogyro from ACA's parent company, Pitcairn Autogiro Company. The vehicle could fly at high speed in the air, and drive at up to  on the ground with its rotors stowed. Six other companies were contracted to produce a roadable aircraft, but the AC-35 was the only one that met all the requirements.

The AC-35 had side-by-side seating with a small baggage compartment. The fuselage was a combination of steel tube in front, and wood construction in the tail with fabric covering overall. The engine was rear mounted with a shaft driven forward propeller. The vehicle had three equal size wheels (two in front, one in the rear). The rear wheel was shaft driven from the engine and the front wheels provided steering.

Operational history
On March 26, 1936, the AC-35 was flown by test pilot James G. Ray with counter rotating propellers. These were later replaced with a single conventional propeller arrangement. On October 2, 1936, Ray landed the AC-35 in a downtown park in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed, On October 26, 1936, The aircraft was converted to roadable configuration. Ray drove it to the main entrance of the Commerce Building where it was accepted by John H. Geisse, chief of the Aeronautics Branch.  It was driven to Bolling Field for additional testing and review by Hap Arnold.

The aircraft was tested by the Autogiro Company of America at Pitcairn Field until 1942. In 1950 the Bureau of Air Commerce transferred the AC-35 to the Smithsonian Institution.

Variants
In 1961, Skyway Engineering Company. Inc. in Carmel, Indiana, licensed the AC-35 with an intent to produce a non-roadable variant, powered by a 135-hp Lycoming O-290-D2Bs engine. One example was built and test flown out of Terry Field in Indianapolis, but did not go into production as the company failed.

Specifications (AC-35)

See also

Notes

External links
 Aerofiles – Autogiro
 "Tilt Rotor Steers New Autogiro" – Popular Science Monthly, October 1933, conceptual drawing based on information supplied by manufacture

Individual aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
Single-engined tractor autogyros
Roadable aircraft
1930s United States experimental aircraft
Pitcairn aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
World Energy Engineering Congress. The World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC) is an international energy industry conference and exposition hosted annually by the Association of Energy Engineers.

Professionals in the field of energy engineering from around the world convene annually at the WEEC to discuss energy-related issues and technology such as:
Energy efficiency and energy management
Renewable, green, and alternative energy
Combined heat and power, cogeneration, and distributed generation
Integrated building automation and energy management
Lighting efficiency
HVAC systems and controls
Thermal storage and load management
Boilers and combustion controls
Geoexchange technologies
Solar and fuel cell technologies
Applications specific to federal emergency management programs
Energy services and project financing

References

External links 
 
 energy.gov
 aeecenter.org

Engineering organizations
Yih-Ho Michael Pao. Yih-Ho Michael Pao (21 September 1934 – 11 September 2013) was a Chinese-born American entrepreneur and hydro-engineer. He was an early pioneer in developing large-scale wind turbines.

Pao graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1962. In 2009, JHU awarded Pao its Distinguished Alumni Award.

Between 1970 and 2000, he formed and led six commercial companies in the United States based upon new technologies. These efforts created, developed and commercialized four new technologies that produce industrial tools:
Waterjet technology
Horizontal directional drilling technology
Vertical axis wind turbine technology
Advanced wet-blasting technology

In 2000, Pao was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for his research, development, and commercialization of ultrahigh-pressure waterjet technology. Pao's elder brother Yih-Hsing had been elected to the NAE fifteen years earlier.

Pao died  in Houston, Texas on 11 September 2013.

Notes

Further reading
 Staff (March 2009) "China Needs More Innovations: Interview with Dr. Y. H. Michael Pao" iChina Magazine

Machine tool builders
American civil engineers
2013 deaths
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Engineers from Houston
1934 births
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese Civil War refugees