omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sterling Armaments Company. The Sterling Engineering Company Ltd was an arms manufacturer based in Dagenham, famous for manufacturing the Sterling submachine gun (L2A3), ArmaLite AR-18 and Sterling SAR-87 assault rifles and parts of Jaguar cars. The company went bankrupt in 1988.

During World War II, engineers George Lanchester and George William Patchett oversaw the manufacture of the Lanchester submachine gun. Patchett afterwards went on to design the Patchett machine carbine which, after a competitive trial in 1947, was adopted by the British Army in 1953 as the L2A1 Sterling submachine gun, replacing the Sten gun.  The weapon was later upgraded to the L2A3, the Sterling Mk IV.

The Sterling brand name was revived in 2016 by James Edmiston, a former director of the original company. It is, however, a dormant company, according to accounts filed with Companies House, with no stated plans to do any business beyond engraving services.

References

Sources
 The Guns of Dagenham - Collector Grade Publications,Canada (5 Jan 1996), 
 Last Enfield - SA80: The Reluctant Rifle, Steve Raw, R.Blake Stevens, 
 Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 4th Edition, by Ian V. Hogg and John Weeks, ,Ca 1981
 AK56 magazine, December 2006

Defunct engineering companies of England
Defunct firearms manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies of England
Military history of London
Osmium borides. Osmium borides are compounds of osmium and boron. Their most remarkable property is potentially high hardness. It is thought that a combination of high electron density of osmium with the strength of boron-osmium covalent bonds will make osmium borides superhard materials, however this has not been demonstrated yet. For example, OsB2 is hard (hardness comparable to that of sapphire), but not superhard.

Synthesis
Osmium borides are produced in vacuum or inert atmosphere to prevent formation
of osmium tetroxide, which is a hazardous compound. Synthesis occurs at high temperatures (~1000 °C) from a mixture of MgB2 and OsCl3.

Structure
Three osmium borides are known: OsB, Os2B3 and OsB2. The first two have hexagonal structure, similar to that of rhenium diboride. Osmium diboride was first also sought as hexagonal, but one of its phases was later reassigned to orthorhombic. In recent methods of synthesis, it has also been found that a hexagonal phase of OsB2  exists with a similar structure to ReB2.

References

Osmium compounds
Borides
Superhard materials
Ruthenium boride. Ruthenium borides are compounds of ruthenium and boron. Their most remarkable property is potentially high hardness. Vickers hardness HV = 50 GPa was reported for thin films composed of RuB2 and Ru2B3 phases. This value is significantly higher than those of bulk RuB2 or Ru2B3, but it has to be confirmed independently, as measurements on superhard materials are intrinsically difficult. For example, note that the initial report on extreme hardness of related material rhenium diboride was probably too optimistic.

Structure
Ruthenium diboride was first thought to have a hexagonal structure, as in rhenium diboride, but it was later tentatively determined to possess an orthorhombic structure.

References

Ruthenium compounds
Borides
Superhard materials
Tine 2.0. Tine 2.0 is an open-source business software package covering the software categories groupware and Customer Relationship Management (CRM), released under the terms of the agpl license.

Tine 2.0 is platform independent and implemented as a service-oriented architecture (SOA) consisting of two major parts:
 The server component, acting as the master data source is written in PHP, and uses a SQL database as the central data storage.
 The client component, acting as the graphical user interface (GUI) is written in JavaScript and runs in the user's web browser.

Tine 2.0 wraps a set of API's around the software libraries ExtJS and Zend Framework to model an open architecture Rapid Application Development.

History
Development of Tine 2.0 emerged from development of Egroupware, stemming from a discussion started in March 2007. Some developers of Egroupware wished to improve the quality of code and the technology upon which Egroupware is based. The discussion was held under the topic eGroupWare 2.0.
In July 2007, the first design studies were released. At this time, the primary goal of development was the creation a new user interface for Egroupware.
In November 2007, the concepts for eGroupWare 2.0 got more detailed. The main idea was still to provide way how to improve the existing code base of Egroupware.
Unfortunately, not every developer agreed with the new ideas. The main concern was backward compatibility.
In the end, some developers requested that this development should not be named eGroupWare 2.0 anymore. This led to the name Tine 2.0. The name of the project is based on the first letters of This is not eGroupWare 2.0.

After the renaming, Tine 2.0 migrated its source code to the eGroupWare svn repository. At this time, the main goal was to try out new technologies for the upcoming eGroupWare releases. As there was no demand in the eGroupWare project to try out new technologies, the Tine 2.0 project split from the eGroupWare project.

In 2008, Tine 2.0 was finalist of the SourceForge.net Community Choice Awards 2008 in the category best new project. More than 150,000 people voted for different open-source projects in different categories.

In 2009, Tine 2.0 was a finalist in Les Trophées du Libre in the professional category.

Main features
 Calendar
 IMAP webmail client
 Addressbook
 CRM
 Task management
 Time tracker
 Synchronisation with mobile devices
 VoIP integration (click to dial)
 Provisioning of Snom VoiP telephones
 Course management for schools
 Filemanager
 CardDAV and CalDAV support
 HumanResources
 Inventory
 LDAP and ActiveDirectory support

See also

 compares its features with others

References

External links

 Pro-Linux Infopage
 Golem News about Kristina release
 Freecode project site

Groupware
Free groupware
Software using the GNU Affero General Public License
Tantalum boride. Tantalum borides are compounds of tantalum and boron most remarkable for their extreme hardness.

Properties
The Vickers hardness of TaB and TaB2 films and crystals is ~30 GPa. Those materials are stable to oxidation below 700 °C and to acid corrosion.

TaB2 has the same hexagonal structure as most diborides (AlB2, MgB2, etc.). The mentioned borides have the following space groups: TaB (orthorhombic, Thallium(I) iodide-type, Cmcm), Ta5B6 (Cmmm), Ta3B4 (Immm), TaB2 (hexagonal, aluminum diboride-type, P6/mmm).

Preparation 
Single crystals of TaB, Ta5B6, Ta3B4 or TaB2 (about 1 cm diameter, 6 cm length) can be produced by the floating zone method.

Tantalum boride films can be deposited from a gas mixture of TaCl5-BCl3-H2-Ar in the temperature range 540–800 °C. TaB2 (single-phase) is deposited at a source gas flow ratio (BCl3/TaCl5) of six and a temperature above 600 °C. TaB (single-phase) is deposited at BCl3/TaCl5 = 2–4 and T = 600–700 °C.

Nanocrystals of TaB2 were successfully synthesized by the reduction of Ta2O5 with NaBH4 using a molar ratio M:B of 1:4 at 700-900 °C for 30 min under argon flow.

Ta2O5 + 6.5 NaBH4 → 2 TaB2 + 4 Na(g,l) + 2.5 NaBO2+ 13 H2(g)

References

Tantalum compounds
Borides
Superhard materials
Bioptics. Bioptics may refer to:

Bioptics (device), head-mounted eyeglasses of extreme magnification, which look somewhat similar to binoculars or which are mounted on existing glasses, to improve the distance vision of those with extreme vision impairment, most commonly those with albinism. Also known as a bioptic telescope.
Bioptics (surgery), a combinatorial vision-correction surgical technique, pioneered by Roberto Zaldívar, in which refractive error is treated on both the lenticular and corneal optical planes.
Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2. The M-2 () was a computer developed at the Laboratory of Electrical Systems in the Institute of Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The successor to the M-1, it was developed in 1952 by a team of engineers led by I.S. Brook (or Bruk).
The computer was developed and assembled in the period between April and December 1952. In 1953 M-2 became fully operational and was used for solving applied problems on round-the-clock basis, mostly having to do with nuclear fission and rocket design.
 
M-2 was the basis for several other Soviet computers, some of them developed at other research institutes.

References

External links 
  Google translation

Soviet computer systems
Soviet inventions
Bioptics (device). Bioptics, also known as a bioptic in the singular, and sometimes more formally termed a bioptic telescope, is a term for a pair of vision-enhancement lenses.  They magnify between two and six times, and are used to improve distance vision for those with severely impaired eyesight, especially those with albinism. They can either be a combination of head-mounted eyeglasses (termed the "carrier") and binoculars, or be designed to attach to existing glasses. Some use monoculars which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses, so that they can look through either the regular lens or the telescope. Newer designs use smaller lightweight mini telescopes magnifying up to six times, which can be embedded into the spectacle glass and improve aesthetic appearance. The mini telescopic eyeglasses have been shown to be used in the treatment of nystagmus.  In some jurisdictions, those with low vision may be permitted to drive automobiles when using Bioptics.



Bioptic driving
Bioptic driving [sometimes written with uppercase O as biOptic, or hyphenated as bi-optic, to differentiate with other types of bioptic] is a method of driving that utilizes the patient's unmagnified vision in combination with intermittent spotting through a small telescopic system that improves the sharpness of the patient's far vision. Bioptic patients look through just their carrier lens about 95% of the time. When they want magnification, the patient quickly glances through the binocular portion to see details such as street signs, traffic lights and far distant objects. The brief use of the bioptic telescope is much like the quick look all drivers make into their rear view mirror. Bioptic driving requires careful fitting of the system followed by extensive training in both the use of the bioptic and behind-the-wheel driver's training.

Determining whether a visually impaired individual may become a bioptic driver requires a multidisciplinary approach. This may include the low vision specialist, physicians, driving rehabilitators, occupational therapists and orientation and mobility instructors. The process includes a number of checks and balances to rule out those patients who would not be safe, while identifying those with the potential to be a safe bioptic driver.

References

External links 
 BiopticDrive.org: video clips
 BiopticDriving.org
 BiopticDrivingNetwork.org: on Facebook
 BiopticDrivingUSA.com
 BiopticDriversAus.com

Corrective lenses
Albinism
Tungsten borides. Tungsten borides are compounds of tungsten and boron. Their most remarkable property is high hardness. The Vickers hardness of WB or WB2 crystals is ~20 GPa and that of WB4 is ~30 GPa for loads exceeding 3 N.

Synthesis
Single crystals of WB2−x, x = 0.07–0.17 (about 1 cm diameter, 6 cm length) were produced by the floating zone method, and WB4 crystals can be grown by arc-melting a mixture of elemental tungsten and boron.

Structure
WB2 has the same hexagonal structure as most diborides (AlB2, MgB2, etc.). WB has several forms, α (tetragonal), β (orthorhombic) and δ (tetragonal).

Properties
δ-WB and WB2 crystals have metallic resistivities of 0.1 and 0.3 mΩ·cm, respectively. The oxidation of W2B, WB and WB2 is significant at temperatures above 600 °C. The final oxidation products contain WO3 and probably amorphous B2O3 or H3BO3. The melting temperatures of W2B, WB and WB2 are 2670, 2655 and 2365 °C, respectively.

References

Tungsten compounds
Borides
Superhard materials
Automatic Digital Computer M-1. The project to build the M-1 or Automatic Digital Computer (ADC) M-1 () was completed at the end of 1951, at the Energetics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Overview
In charge of the Laboratory of Electrosystems was Isaak Semenovich Brook (or Bruk), who obtained the first domestic patent with the title "Digital Computer with Common Bus" in 1948.

Work to build the computer based on Brook's design began in 1950. Parts were very difficult to get due to postwar rationing. On the other hand, due to availability of copper oxide diodes which were brought as trophies from Germany, the machine had the lowest lamp count of contemporary designs, at 730. The memory was based on an original invention of an electrostatic memory using the ordinary oscilloscope cathode-ray tube. Each tube was capable of holding 32 words, 25 bit each. The computer had 8 such tubes for a total fast memory of 256 machine words.

The computer turned out to work rather reliably and was immediately put to practical use, for numerical calculations in nuclear physics. For a period of about a year this was the first and the only working digital computer in Russia, and one of the first in the world.

References

Further reading

External links
 

Early computers
Soviet computer systems
Ōigawa Dam. The  is a dam on the Ōi River in Haibara District, Kawanehon, Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a hydroelectric power generating station owned by the Chubu Electric Power Company.

History
The potential of the Ōi River valley for hydroelectric power development was realized by the Meiji government at the start of the 20th century. The Ōi River was characterized by a high volume of flow and a fast current. Its mountainous upper reaches and tributaries were areas of steep valleys and abundant rainfall, and were sparsely populated.

In 1906, a joint venture company, the  was established, and began studies and design work on plans to exploit the potential of the Ōi River and Fuji River in Shizuoka Prefecture. The British interests were bought out by 1921. The Ōigawa Dam was the second dam to be constructed on the main stream of the Ōi River. Construction began in 1934 and was completed in 1936. Electrical production was nationalized under the aegis of the  in 1938, which was divided after World War II into regional power corporations. The Oikawa Dam is now operated and maintained by the Chubu Electric Power Company.

Design
Construction of the Ōigawa Dam was facilitated by its location on the Ōigawa Railway Ikawa Line, which was built largely to more materials and works up the Ōi River valley for dam construction. The design is a solid-core concrete gravity dam. The associated Ōigawa Hydroelectric Power Plant produces 68,200 KW of power.

Surroundings
Public access to the dam and its lake are by Shizuoka Prefectural Road 60, with bus connections to Shizuoka Station or Shin-Shizuoka Station.

References
Japan Commission on Large Dams. Dams in Japan:Past, Present and Future. CRC Press (2009). 
Photo site

Gravity dams
Dams in Shizuoka Prefecture
Hydroelectric power stations in Japan
Dams completed in 1936
Binishell. Binishells are reinforced concrete thin-shell structures that are lifted and shaped by  air pressure. The original technology was invented in the 1960s by Dante Bini, who built 1,600 of them in 23 countries. 

The original Binishell method needs expensive and sophisticated equipment but it remains as one of the fastest and cost-effective ways to construct dome-shaped, monolithic, and reinforced shell structures.

Development 
The original Binishells are circular in plan and are reinforced via a system of springs and rebars. They can often be constructed in less than one hour. The technology was derived from air structure, which is erected just as a balloon is erected. Bini further drew insights from the pneumatic air-supported tennis dome. In 1965, the first Binishell was built. It had a 12-meter diameter, 6-meter height, and was lifted using Bini's patented pneumatic formwork.

Uses for the Binishells range from schools, housing, tourist villages, sports arenas, storage, silos and discothèques. An example of a Binishell was opened in 1978 as a sports hall for the Malvern Girls College. This Binishell had a size of 36 meters in diameter.

Later, Bini designed a smaller version of the Binishell, known as a Minishell, as a low-cost, 8-meter by 8-meter shell structure. In 1971, several Binishells were constructed in Australia, for a governmental initiative that required rapid building system for multi-purpose centers. Bini also completed the construction of a tourist village in Cairns, Australia, using Minishells in 1980.

More recently the system is being re-launched by Dante Bini's son Nicoló Bini, AIA. Improvements to the original system include greater architectural flexibility, compliance to international building codes, simplification of the construction process and integration of latest material and passive heating/cooling technologies. It is touted as a sustainable building technology since it is said to have one-third the environmental impact over its lifespan. The prototype for this new technology, called System A was completed in Malibu for actor Robert Downey Jr.

The latest Binishells technology no longer requires air pressure, but relies on tensile forces to give shape to a parabolic hyperboloid shaped building envelope. The resulting building has all the safety and environmental benefits of the improved Binishells, but has added advantages. These additional advantages include a rectangular floor plan, multi-floor capabilities, built-in openings and natural venting. The two story prototype for this technology was built on Vancouver Island, BC Canada.

See also
Monolithic dome

References

External links
 http://www.binishells.com/ 
 https://failures.wikispaces.com/Binishell+Domes 

Italian inventions
Concrete shell structures
Xenoy. Xenoy is a blend of plastics with many industrially-useful properties. It is typically polyester (polybutylene terephthalate, PBT, or polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and polycarbonate (PC): it is often labeled PBT+PC or PET+PC.

Xenoy resins can be created with recycled post-consumer PBT plastic, consuming less energy and yielding less carbon dioxide () in their manufacturing than traditional resins.

References

Plastics
Saunders T.1. The Saunders T.1 was the first aircraft built by the Saunders Company, a two-seat single-engined biplane with unusual monocoque fuselage construction. Only one was built.

Development
Before World War I, the Cowes-based firm of S.E. Saunders Ltd was well known for its motor boats and in particular for Sam Saunder's patented method of jointing plywood structures for marine environments. In the absence of waterproof glues, Saunders sewed sheets together with copper wire, a method known by the trade name Consuta.  Consuta-built hulls were produced by Saunders for several flying boats between 1912 and 1915, but most of the company's war time was spent building other companies' designs.  The T.1 (T for Henry Haberfield Thomas, its designer) was the first all-Saunders aircraft, appearing in 1917.

It was a single-engined two-seat biplane with single bay wings.  These were unswept, carried no stagger and had parallel chord apart from the tips; notable was the large interplane gap and the large (6 ft 4 in, 1.93 m) overhang of the upper wing, wire braced from upward extensions of the interplane struts.  It had unbalanced ailerons on the upper wing only.  The most unusual feature of the aircraft, though no surprise given Saunders' previous experience was the fuselage, a wooden frame with Consuta-fastened plywood panels, one of the earliest monocoque aircraft structures.  This carried a conventional tail, with an unbraced tailplane and fin bearing unbalanced control surfaces. The pilot's cockpit was below the wing trailing edge with a pair of inboard cut-aways in the trailing edge of the lower wing to improved downward visibility. He controlled a synchronised forward firing Lewis gun and the observer, sitting behind in a separate cockpit, operated a Lewis gun mounted on a Scarff ring.  Dual controls were fitted.

The T.1 was originally intended to be powered by a 200 hp (150 kW) Hispano-Suiza engine, but all of these were prioritised for S.E.5as and instead a water-cooled 150 hp (112 kW) Sunbeam Nubian was installed, with a radiator immediately behind the four-bladed propeller.  Initially the single exhaust pipe went up from the nose at an angle of about 30° to the vertical, though this was replaced by a more conventional arrangement later.

The T.1 first flew in 1917 and seems to have flown quite well, the only reported problem being a tendency to engine overheating.  Only one was built though and its intended role is not clear; development ended when its designer, H.H. Thomas, died in the 1918–19 influenza epidemic.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1910s British military aircraft
T.1
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Eckel Industries. Eckel Industries is an acoustics noise control company founded 1952 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company engineers and constructs anechoic (echo-free) sound chambers.

Noteworthy Projects
Largest anechoic chamber ever constructed at General Electric in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
World's quietest room, located at Orfield Labs in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Orfield Labs chamber was certified by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2005 as the quietest room on Earth.
The Eckel anechoic chamber located at Microsoft in Redmond, Washington was certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the quietest place on earth in 2015, measuring -20.6 dB.

References

Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Manufacturing companies established in 1952
1952 establishments in Massachusetts
Intelsat III F-7. Intelsat III F-7 was an American communications satellite owned by Intelsat. The satellite had an estimated useful life of 5 years.

Design 
The seventh of eight Intelsat III satellites to be launched, Intelsat III F-7 was built by TRW. It was a  spacecraft equipped with two transponders to be powered by body-mounted solar cells generating 183 watts of power. It had a design life of five years and carried an SVM-2 apogee motor for propulsion.

Launch 
Intelsat III F-7 was launched by a Delta M rocket, flying from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

See also

 1970 in spaceflight

References

Intelsat satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1970
1970 in spaceflight
Satellite launch failures