omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bay of Biscay soil. Bay of Biscay is a term used in South Australia for a dark clay soil of a highly reactive nature, forming a sticky mass when wet and shrinking during long dry spells, developing deep cracks. Though found elsewhere, it is prevalent in many parts of the Adelaide plain.

It is a particular challenge to all-masonry structures, resulting in fractured foundations and vertical cracks in walls. It is not uncommon to see older buildings with walls braced with railway iron or having long steel rods at ceiling level, holding opposite walls together.

A common type of construction in such areas is brick-veneer — essentially a timber-framed building with non-structural brick outer walls — accepting cracks as a likely, but cosmetic outcome, not affecting the building's performance.

See also
Gilgai

References 

Environment of South Australia
Geology of South Australia
Building defects
Nigar Shaji. Nigar Shaji (born 1964) is an Indian aerospace engineer who works at Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency.

Early life and education 
Nigar Shaji was born Nigar Sultana to a Tamil Muslim family. Her father, Sheikh Meeran, was a farmer, and her mother, Sythoon Beevi, is a homemaker. Shaji was raised in Sengottai, in the Tenkasi district of Tamil Nadu. She did her schooling in an SRM Government Girls Higher secondary school in Sengottai before going to the Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli Madurai Kamaraj University, where she earned an engineering degree in electronics and communications. She went on to earn a master's degree in electronics from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. She has a brother, Sheik Saleem.

Career 
Nigar Shaji joined ISRO in 1987 as part of the U R Rao Satellite Centre. She has worked on multiple satellite programmes, including serving as study director for India's proposed mission to Venus, which she spoke about in 2012.  She was the Associate Project Director of Resourcesat-2A. As of 2023, she is the project director of Aditya-L1, India's first solar mission, which launched successfully on 2 September 2023.

Awards and honors 
In 2023, Times Now recognized Shaji and P Veeramuthuvel for their "contributions to India's space endeavors", and she was given the 'Eve of Excellence' honor by Tiruchirappalli Regional Engineering College.

Personal life 
Nigar Shaji lives in Bangalore with her mother and daughter. Her husband works in Dubai.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Indian scientists
21st-century Indian Muslims
21st-century Indian women scientists
Tamil Muslims
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra alumni
Madurai Kamaraj University alumni
Muslim women
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
Tenkasi district
Waterhall. Waterhall is a  Local Nature Reserve in Brighton, East Sussex. It is owned and managed by Brighton and Hove City Council.

At the site Brighton Hove City Council are working to restore the rare chalk grassland. Chalk grassland was the reason the South Downs was designated as a National Park. The Waterhall Wilding scheme hopes to connect local residents and communities with the importance of this natural treasure on Brighton and Hove's doorstep.

Waterhall was a Council golf course, but the natural effect of grazing animals will return the site to nature and allow the biodiversity that lives on chalk grassland to use it to its full potential. The area will also include biodiverse native scrub, woodland, and dew ponds.

Wild flowers on the site include orchids, cowslips, yellow rock rose, purple knapweeds and harebells and chalk grassland butterflies, including silver spotted skipper and adonis blue.

References

Local Nature Reserves in East Sussex
Ogbonna Oparaku. Oparaku Ogbonna Ukachukwu is a Nigerian professor of electronic engineering from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He is a former dean of faculty of Engineering and head of department of electrical and electronics engineering. He is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Education 
Ogbonna obtained his West African School Certificate from Government Secondary School Afikpo in 1975. He got  admission into the University of Nigeria Nsukka in the same year and graduated in 1980. He was a beneficiary of British Council Scholarship in 1985 and he used it to further his  doctorate degree. In 1988, he obtained his PhD in  Solid State Electronics and focus on the  “Fabrication, Characterization  and Stability Studies of InP/ITO Solar Cells from University of Northumbria at Newcastle.

Career 
Ogbonna started his career after his NYSC as a Maintenance Engineer as General Electric Company (Telecommunications) at Apapa. In 1983, he was employed by University of Nigeria Nsukka as a graduate assistant where he worked at the department of Electronic Engineering and the National Centre for Energy Research and Development till he was appointed a professor in 2003.

Administrative appointments 
Ogbonna was appointed as the Director of the National Centre for Energy Research and Development from 2004 to 2009. In 2011, he was appointed the Head of Department of Electronic Engineering.

Membership and fellowship 
Ogbonna is a member of Nigerian Society of Engineer, Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Solar Energy Society of Nigeria. He is a  fellow of International Solar Energy Society, the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria(COREN) and Nigerian Meteorological Society

Selected publications

References

1956 births
Living people
Nigerian electronic engineers
Members of the IEEE
University of Nigeria alumni
Alumni of Northumbria University
Academic staff of the University of Nigeria
Slinger (weapon system). Slinger is an anti-drone weapon system developed by Electro Optic Systems (EOS) of Symonston, Australia. It was introduced in May 2023.

It consists of:
 a remote controlled weapon station (RCWS) based on the EOS model R400 RCWS that uses a lightweight Bushmaster M230LF autocannon which is fully stabilised and capable of on-the-move operation. 150 radio frequency proximity fused, high-explosive/fragmentation 30x113 mm rounds are carried. Rate of fire is selectable at single-shot, 100 rpm, or 200 rpm. 
 a secondary MAG 58 coaxial machine gun.
 an Echodyne EchoGuard 4D multi mission surveillance radar is integrated into the system providing detection ranges of more than 3.5 km for vehicles and more than 2.2 km for individuals, while small drones can be detected out to 1-1.4 km and engaged at beyond 800 m. 
 the sensor unit includes a day camera and thermal imager which can identify objects at 12 km and 13.7 km respectively. 

The turret system weighs 355 kg and has a height of 90 cm, so it can be mounted on the roofs of vehicles or even the flatbed of a pickup truck. It can elevate the guns up to +70° and depress them down to -10°. An operator controls the turret using a joystick from inside the vehicle; it is capable of tracking a target on its own for the controller to engage. 

The Slinger is designed for low-cost counter-drone interception. Compared to traditional missiles that cost hundreds of thousands of dollars being used against drones costing in the low tens of thousands or less, Slinger has a cost per engagement ranging from $155-$1,550; unit cost is less than $1.55 million.

In September 2023, it was announced that 160 Slingers would be provided to Ukraine by EOS for use in that country's defence during the ongoing invasion by Russia. 110 will be mounted on M113 armored personnel carriers and 50 will be integrated onto  4x4 light MRAPs.

See also
Skyranger 30

References

External links 
 Slinger product sheet 

Counter unmanned air systems
Weapons countermeasures
Remote weapon stations
Military equipment introduced in the 2020s
Valeria La Saponara. Valeria La Saponara (born 1970) is an Italian-American mechanical and aerospace engineer whose research studies mycelium-based materials and the durability of biodegradable fiber-reinforced composite materials, particularly for applications in aerospace and in wind energy. She is a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of California, Davis.

Education and career
La Saponara graduated in 1994 from the University of Naples Federico II with a degree in aerospace engineering. After continued work at the MARS Center, an aerospace contractor in Naples, she completed a Ph.D. in aerospace 2001 at Georgia Tech.

After a year of postdoctoral work as an instructor at Georgia Tech, she became an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Utah. She moved to her present position at the University of California, Davis in 2005.

Recognition
La Saponara was elected as an ASME Fellow in 2018.

References

1970 births
Living people
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian mechanical engineers
Italian aerospace engineers
Italian women engineers
American mechanical engineers
American aerospace engineers
American women engineers
University of Naples Federico II alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
University of Utah faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Bilal Akin. Bilal Akin is an electrical engineer and faculty member of The University of Texas at Dallas. He is the recipient of a National Science Foundation CAREER Award and is a fellow of the IEEE.

Education 
Akin studied at the Middle East Technical University in Turkey, where he obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in science. In 2007, he received his PhD in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University.

Career 
Akin has been a faculty member of The University of Texas at Dallas since 2012, serving as director of their Power Electronics and Drives Lab. He is a vehicular electronics and systems area editor for the IEEE journal Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Akin previously worked in research and development with Toshiba (2005–2008) and Texas Instruments (2008–2012).

Honours 

 National Science Foundation CAREER Award no.1454311 (2015)
 Jonsson School Faculty Research Award (2015)
 Transactions on Vehicular Technology Top Editor Award (2016)
 IEEE Industry Applications Society Society Prize Paper Award (2018)
 Jonsson School Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award (2019)
 Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to control, diagnosis and condition monitoring of AC drives" (2023)

References

External links 

 Personal page at The University of Texas at Dallas

Fellows of the IEEE
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Middle East Technical University alumni
University of Texas at Dallas faculty
Texas A&M University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lize Refuse Incinerator Plant. The Lize Refuse Incinerator Plant () is an incinerator in Wujie Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.

History
The incinerator was built in 1996 by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Yilan County Government.

Architecture
The incinerator was built on a 10 hectares of land.

Technical specifications
The incinerator has an annual recycling capacity of 150,000–200,000 tons of waste.

See also
 Waste management in Taiwan

References

1991 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Yilan County, Taiwan
Incinerators in Taiwan
Infrastructure completed in 1991
Amir G. Aghdam. Amir G. Aghdam is an electrical engineer and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Concordia University, Montreal. He is a fellow of the IEEE and the Engineering Institute of Canada.

Education 

In 2000, Aghdam obtained his PhD in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Toronto.

Career 

Aghdam is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Concordia University and additionally serves as associate dean of graduate studies at the university's Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science. He chairs the Conference Editorial Board of IEEE Control Systems Society and the IEEE Medals Council, as well as being editor-in-chief of the IEEE Systems Journal. Previously, he served on the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ECE Evaluation Group (2014–2016) and served as the president of IEEE Canada from (2014–2015). During his time as president, he served on the IEEE's awards board. Aghdam was also a member of the IEEE's Medal of Honor committee. Aghdam was a visiting scholar at Harvard University (2015) and was an associate of the university's John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences  (2015–2016).

Honours 

 IEEE MGA Achievement Award (2009)
 Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (2014)
 IEEE Canada J.M. Ham Outstanding Engineering Educator Award (2020)
 Fellow of the IEEE "for research leadership in distributed control of large-scale interconnected systems" (2023)

References

External links 

 Personal page at Concordia University

Fellows of the IEEE
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Academic staff of Concordia University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gail-Joon Ahn. Gail-Joon Ahn is an electrical engineer and professor of computer science and engineering at Arizona State University. He is a fellow of the IEEE.

Education 

Ahn received his PhD in information technology from George Mason University in 2000.

Career 

Ahn is professor of computer science and engineering at the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University. He is the founder of the university's Security Engineering for Future Computing laboratory and served as its first director. Ahn has contributed to over 200 research papers and holds 10 United States patents. He is the co-editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, an associate editor of ACM Transactions on Information and Systems Security and a member of the editorial board of Computers & Security. Before joining Arizona State University, Ahn was an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte's College of Computing and Informatics and director of their Center for Digital Identity and Cyber Defense Research.

Honours 

 Federal Information Systems Security Educators Association Educator of the Year Award (2004)
 Senior Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (2007)
 Arizona State University Most Outstanding Research Award (2013)
 Distinguished Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (2015)
 Fellow of the IEEE "for development of applications of information and systems security" (2023)

References 

Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Arizona State University faculty
George Mason University alumni
Electrical engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Walter Podbielniak. Walter Joseph Podbielniak (1899-1978), known as 'Dr Pod' was an American chemist, chemical engineer, and inventor of centrifugal devices for distillation and liquid-liquid contacting used in the petroleum industry and the production of penicillin.

Life
Podbielniak was born Władisław Josef Podbielniak March 13, 1899, to Polish immigrant parents in Buffalo, New York, and graduated in Analytical Chemistry at Buffalo University in 1920.
He first worked as an analytical chemist for the National Aniline and Chemical Company, then went to study chemical engineering at the University of Michigan, receiving a BSc in 1923.  He stayed on to do research on distillation in association with Phillips Petroleum Company, earning a PhD entitled Vaporization of Complex Mixtures in 1928.

On June 18, 1928, he married chemist Władzia Gajda.

His PhD equipment was the basis for a commercial analytical device to fractionate petroleum, which he patented, and he and his wife sold to the expanding petroleum industry.  Two models covered low (–180 to +100 °C) and high temperature (0 to +300 °C). In 1934, they set up a company Podbielniak Inc. to sell them and offer analytical and consultancy services. They produced automatic versions of their fractionator, and expanded into analytical gas chromatography.  
For the low temperature fractional distillation apparatus, Podbielniak received the Hanlon Award of the National Gasoline Association of America in 1951, which was said to be "the most valuable single tool in the analysis of gas and liquid hydrocarbons ... familiarly known as the ‘Pod column’ in practically every oil company plant and laboratory," 

In the 1930s they published a series of patents for centrifugal devices for both fractional distillation and for liquid-liquid extraction. The Podbielniak Contactor for liquid-liquid extraction was particularly successful and important in the production of penicillin during World War II.

In 1961 Podbielniak Inc. was taken over by Dresser Industries

In 1959 the couple divorced, and in 1966 he married Nancy Bruce.

He died 13 December 1978 in Rancho Santa Fe, California.

References

1899 births
1978 deaths
American chemical engineers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
American inventors
IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques. IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It was co-founded in 2016 by the IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, and IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society. The journal covers the advances in computational electromagnetics, computational physics and applications of numerical methods in electrical engineering. Its editor-in-chief is Costas D. Sarris (University of Toronto).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.8.

References

External links

Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques, IEEE Journal on
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2016
Continuous journals
Electronics journals
Electromagnetism journals
Quadram Quadcolor. The Quadram Quadcolor is a graphics card for IBM PC computers by Quadram Corporation, first sold in 1983. It is a superset of the then-current CGA standard, using the same monitor standard (4-bit digital TTL RGBI monitor or NTSC composite video) and providing the same pixel resolutions.

Description 
The Quadcolor has twice the memory of a standard CGA board (32k, compared to 16k), and offers a  mode with two freely definable colours. If used with the Quadcolor II enhancement board, the additional memory can be used in graphics modes to double the color depth, allowing for two additional graphics modes —  resolution with 136 colors, or  resolution with 16 colors.

This card is supported by Dr. Halo II and Turbo Pascal Graphix Toolbox.

Models 
 Quadram Quadcolor I
 Quadram Quadcolor II

Output capabilities 
Quadram Quadcolor I offers the following modes:

  with 4 colors (standard CGA mode)
  with 2 colors (from a 4-bit RGBI hardware palette)

With the Quadcolor II enhancement board, Quadram Quadcolor offers the following modes: 
  with 136 colors (obtained from a mix of two 16 color palettes)
  with 16 colors (4-bit RGBI hardware palette).

See also
 Tandy Graphics Adapter, a graphics hardware system with similar capabilities. 
 Plantronics Colorplus
 Hercules InColor Card
 Orchid Graphics Adapter

References

External links
 Quadram Quadcolor I and II Drivers
 Quadram Quadcolor I – Operation Manual
 Quadram Quadcolor II – Operation Manual
 Quadram Quadjet manual

Computer display standards
Graphics cards
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Friedrich von Martini. Friedrich von Martini (24 March 1833 – 29 January 1897) was a Swiss engineer and inventor, for whom the influential Martini–Henry rifle was named in part.

Von Martini was born in Herkulesbad in the Austrian Empire on 24 March 1833. He died in Frauenfeld, Switzerland, on 29 January 1897.

References

Sources 

 
 

1833 births
1897 deaths
19th-century Swiss engineers
Swiss inventors
People from Caraș-Severin County
Layers of protection analysis. Layers of protection analysis (LOPA) is a technique for evaluating the hazards, risks and layers of protection associated with a system, such as a chemical process plant. In terms of complexity and rigour LOPA lies between qualitative techniques such as hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) and quantitative techniques such as fault trees and event trees. LOPA is used to identify scenarios that present the greatest risk and assists in considering how that risk could be reduced.

Introduction 
LOPA is a risk assessment technique that uses rules to evaluate the frequency of an initiating event, the independent protection layers (IPL), and the consequences of the event. LOPA aims to identify the countermeasures available against the potential consequences of a risk. An IPL is a device, system or action that prevents a scenario from escalating. The effectiveness of an IPL is quantified by its probability of failure on demand (PFD), in the range 0 to 1. An IPL must be independent of the other protective layers and its functionality must be capable of validation.

LOPA was developed in the 1990s in the chemical process industry but has found wider application. In functional safety, LOPA is often used to allocate a safety integrity level to instrumented protective functions. When this occurs in the context of the analysis of process plants, LOPA generally leverages the results of a preceding HAZOP. LOPA is complementary to HAZOP and can generate a second in-depth analysis of a scenario, which can be used to challenge the HAZOP findings in terms of failure events and safeguards.

Layers of protection in process plants 
Safety protection systems for process plant typically comprises eight layers:

LOPA is used to determine how a process deviation can lead to a hazardous event if not interrupted by an IPL.

The LOPA procedure 
LOPA is a risk assessment undertaken on a 'one cause–one consequence' pair. The steps of a LOPA risk assessment are:

 Identify the consequences, using a risk matrix
 Define the risk tolerance criteria (RTC), based on the tolerable/intolerable regions on the risk matrix
 Define the relevant accident scenario, e.g. mechanical or human failure
 Determine the initiating event frequency, again using the risk matrix
 Identify the conditions and estimate the probability of failure on demand (PFD)
 Estimate the frequency of unmitigated consequences
 Identify the IPLs and estimate the PFD for each one
 Determine the frequency of mitigated consequences
 Evaluate the need for additional IPLs.

Other uses 
Although the LOPA methodology started in the process industry, the technique can be used in other fields, including:

 General design
 Management of change
 Facilities siting risk
 Mechanical integrity programs
 Incident investigations
 Screening tool for Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA)

See also 

 Hazard and operability study
 Hazard analysis
 Fault tree analysis
 Risk assessment

References 

Hazard analysis
Process safety
Safety engineering