omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Accuracy International AX50. The Accuracy International AX50 is a .50 BMG anti-materiel rifle manufactured by British firearms company Accuracy International.

Devised as an upgrade to the AW50 rifle, the AX50 is built to withstand sustained, heavy usage and constant military deployment. It was designed to allow the operator a high level of accuracy and performance in harsh conditions.

History
The AX50 is a variant of the AX series of sniper rifles that entered production in 2010. Designed by Accuracy International to meet the modern demands of military and police units alike, the AX50 Is designed with long range precision accuracy in mind for a more accurate anti-materiel weapon.

According to Accuracy International, the development of the series was partly influenced by the Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) U.S. Special Operations Command solicitation, an undertaking by the U.S. military for a new and improved Precision long range rifle. The PSR contract was ultimately granted to Remington's Modular Sniper Rifle.

Design
The AX50 is a bolt-action, .50 BMG anti-materiel rifle weighing , and is  in overall length with a  free floated barrel that can be changed in less than 10 minutes. The rifle itself is built on an aluminum chassis, and has a stock which can be folded to the left to shorten the overall length of the rifle when needed, and features a two-stage trigger with a 3.3 to 4.4 lbs. adjustable pull. The receiver and bolt featuring a 60° bolt throw are made of steel. The AX50 comes with an integrated Picatinny rail as well as a "Firing pin cocking indicator" safety allowing the user to ascertain whether a cartridge is chambered.
Accuracy International actively promotes fitting the Schmidt & Bender PM II / MILITARY MK II product line as sighting components on their sniper rifles and sells these telescopic sights as accessories, which is rare for a rifle manufacturer.

Variants

The AX sniper rifle series comprises variants which were designed for various cartridges.
 AXMC multi calibre sniper rifle that can be chambered either in .338 Lapua Magnum, 300 Winchester Magnum or 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester when it is reconfigured by changing the 22 mm (0.87 in) diameter bolt, magazine/insert, and barrel.
 AX308 non-multi calibre sniper rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester using a 20 mm (0.79 in) diameter bolt.
 AX50 non-multi calibre anti-materiel rifle chambered in 12.7×99mm NATO/.50 BMG using a 30 mm (1.18 in) diameter bolt.

Users
*
: AX-50 used by the Cypriot Special Forces.
: the standard anti-materiel precision rifle for the Royal Danish Army.
: In service with Turkish Police Special Operation Department.
: It has replaced the AW50.
: Used in multiple divisions.

See also
List of sniper rifles

References

External links

AX50

.50 BMG sniper rifles
Bolt-action rifles of the United Kingdom
Sniper rifles of the United Kingdom
Liñán's diffusion flame theory. Liñán diffusion flame theory is a theory developed by Amable Liñán in 1974 to explain the diffusion flame structure using activation energy asymptotics and Damköhler number asymptotics. Liñán used counterflowing jets of fuel and oxidizer to study the diffusion flame structure, analyzing for the entire range of Damköhler number. His theory predicted four different types of flame structure as follows,

 Nearly-frozen ignition regime, where deviations from the frozen flow conditions are small (no reaction sheet exist in this regime),
 Partial burning regime, where both fuel and oxidizer cross the reaction zone and enter into the frozen flow on other side,
 Premixed flame regime, where only one of the reactants cross the reaction zone, in which case, reaction zone separates a frozen flow region from a near-equilibrium region,
 Near-equilibrium diffusion-controlled regime, is a thin reaction zone, separating two near-equilibrium region.

Mathematical description
The theory is well explained in the simplest possible model. Thus, assuming a one-step irreversible Arrhenius law for the combustion chemistry with constant density and transport properties and with unity Lewis number reactants, the governing equation for the non-dimensional temperature field  in the stagnation point flow reduces to

where  is the mixture fraction,  is the Damköhler number,  is the activation temperature and the fuel mass fraction and oxidizer mass fraction are scaled with their respective feed stream values, given by

with boundary conditions . Here,  is the unburnt temperature profile (frozen solution) and  is the stoichiometric parameter (mass of oxidizer stream required to burn unit mass of fuel stream). The four regime are analyzed by trying to solve above equations using activation energy asymptotics and Damköhler number asymptotics. The solution to above problem is multi-valued. Treating mixture fraction  as independent variable reduces the equation to

with boundary conditions  and .

Extinction Damköhler number
The reduced Damköhler number is defined as follows

where  and . The theory predicted an expression for the reduced Damköhler number at which the flame will extinguish, given by

where .

See also
Liñán's equation
Emmons problem
Clarke–Riley diffusion flame
Burke–Schumann flame

References

Fluid dynamics
Combustion
William B. Russel. William Bailey Russel () was an American chemical engineer, Arthur W. Marks '19 Professor of Chemical Engineering, emeritus, and dean emeritus of the graduate school at Princeton University. He earned his BA and MChE degrees at Rice University in 1969 and his PhD at Stanford University in 1973. He was a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at Cambridge University in 1974.

Russel was known for his significant contribution to the study of surface and colloid chemistry, and was published widely in these scientific fields.

Russel joined the faculty of Princeton University in 1974 as an assistant professor. He was the director of the Princeton Materials Institute. He served as the dean of the graduate school of Princeton University for 12 years before retiring in 2014.

In 1993, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for research on the influence of polymers on the phase behavior, coagulation, and rheology of colloidal dispersions. He was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He was awarded the Bingham Medal in 1999 by the Society of Rheology.

References 

1945 births
2023 deaths
Rice University alumni
Princeton University faculty
American chemical engineers
Stanford University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American engineers
Presidents of the Society of Rheology
DiRAC. Distributed Research using Advanced Computing (DiRAC) is an integrated supercomputing facility used for research in particle physics, astronomy and cosmology in the United Kingdom. DiRAC makes use of multi-core processors and provides a variety of computer architectures for use by the research community.

Development
DiRAC: DiRAC was initially funded in 2009 with an investment of £12 million from the Government of the United Kingdom's Large Facilities Capital Fund combined with funds from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and a consortium of universities in the UK.
DiRAC II: In 2012, the DiRAC facility was upgraded with a further £15 million of UK government capital to create DiRAC II which had five installations.
DiRAC-3: was launched in 2021,  with three services offered at four sites:
 Data intensive service, jointly hosted by the universities of Cambridge (part share in the "Cumulus" HPC platform) and Leicester (Data Intensive 3 and Data Intensive 2.5x supercomputers)
 Memory intensive service, hosted by Durham University at the Institute for Computational Cosmology (Memory Intensive 3 "COSMA8" and Memory Intensive 2.5 "COSMA7" supercomputers)
 Extreme scaling service, hosted by the University of Edinburgh (Extreme Scaling "Tursa" supercomputer)

Paul Dirac
"DiRAC" is a backronym which honours the theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Paul Dirac.

References

College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Supercomputers
South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282. South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282 was a historic bridge in rural Turner County, South Dakota, carrying 461st Avenue across the East Fork Vermillion River southwest of Centerville. Built in 1909, it was a well-preserved example of bridges built for the county by the Iowa Bridge Company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.  The bridge's original Pratt through main span was replaced by a steel girder span in 2009–10.

Description and history
South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282 was located about  west and  south of Centerville, carrying 461st Avenue over the East Fork Vermillion River just north of 296th Street. It was a three-span structure, with timber-framed approach spans on either side of a central Pratt through truss. The main span was , and rested on steel tubular piers, while the outermost supports were timber crib abutments. The truss elements were riveted together, and the bridge's deck support consisted of two layers of wooden planking set on timber beams laid over steel I-beams, which were riveted to hangar plates on the trusses.

The bridge was built in 1909 by the Iowa Bridge Company of Des Moines, Iowa. The county had a contract with that company to provide its steel truss bridges between 1905 and 1911, apparently as part of a common but illegal practice of "pooling", in which companies divided the state into areas where they did not compete against one another. This bridge was a typical example of the company's work.  It was replaced between 2009 and 2010.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Turner County, South Dakota
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota

References

National Register of Historic Places in Turner County, South Dakota
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Bridges completed in 1909
Transportation in Turner County, South Dakota
Victualling Inshore Craft. The Victualling Inshore Craft, or VIC, was a type of auxiliary vessel built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. The VIC was modelled on the Clyde puffer, and over 100 were built during the conflict.

Background
During the First World War the Royal Navy had need of an auxiliary vessel suitable for lightering supplies to its ships in a variety of settings, often with insufficient, or completely without, shore facilities. Numerous civilian vessels were requisitioned, but the type found most suitable was the Clyde puffer. This was a small, coal-fired, steam ship, with a comparatively large hold and equipped with a derrick for unloading. The puffers were employed ferrying all manner of supplies around the Firth of Clyde and Scotland's west coast, where small communities had limited, or no, harbour facilities.

Design
With the outbreak of the Second World War, and the decline in numbers of the puffers during the 1930s, led the Admiralty to order the Victualling Inshore Craft, to a design based on two recent puffers, the Hay boats Anzac and Lascar. 
These were both coal-fired and steam-powered, limiting the pressure on supplies of fuel oil and diesel, though later VICs were diesel-powered. 
The puffers were typically divided into "shorehead" (or coastal) boats, with a maximum length of 66 ft, and "outside" (sea-going) boats, of 80 ft. The shorehead boats were within the dimensions of the Forth & Clyde Canal sealocks, making it possible for them to enter the  inland waterway system, though the outside boats were more suited to the Atlantic conditions off the west coast.

Construction
Some 107 VICs were ordered by the Admiralty; of these four were later cancelled, and four others were unfinished at the war's end, being completed for merchant service. Of the 99 in RN service, 63 were of the coastal (66 ft) type, and 36 (mostly later) of the sea-going (80 ft) type. The majority, 88, were steam-powered, while 11 (9 coastal, and 2 sea-going) had diesel engines.

While the puffer was a Scottish design, the Clyde shipyards were fully occupied with building and repairing ships for the Merchant and the Royal Navys, so the VICs were built at river and canal yards in England. The main yards involved were Dunston, of Thorne, South Yorkshire (40 in total built) and Pimblotts of Northwich (28). Other yards employed were S&D Brown, of Hull; Watson, of Gainsborough; Pollock, of Faversham; Richards, of Lowestoft; Harker, of Knottingley; Goole Shipbuilding and Rowhedge Ironworks.

Service history
The VICs were employed at RN harbours and anchorages around the coast of Britain, lightering all manner of supplies as needed. Their largely unsung work was nonetheless vital to the smooth running of naval operations.
With the war's end the VICs were sold into merchant service, many being employed on the Clyde into the late 1940s and 50's.

Notes

References
Burrows, George W. (1981). Puffer Ahoy!. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, 

Auxiliary ships of the Royal Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United Kingdom
Audio interface. An audio interface is a piece of computer hardware that allows the input and output of audio signals to and from a host computer or recording device.

Audio interfaces are closely related to computer sound cards, but whereas sound cards are optimized for audio playback an audio interface is primarily intended to provide low-latency analog-to-digital and digital format conversion for professional audio applications. 

Audio interfaces may include microphone preamps, as well as analog line inputs, DI inputs, and ADAT or S/PDIF digital inputs.  Outputs are analog line, headphones and digital. They're typically available as external units, either as desktop devices or in a 19-inch rackmount format. Audio interfaces range from two channels in and out, to over 30.

History 
Standalone audio interfaces grew from the proprietary hard disk recording market of the 1980s and 1990s, but advances in processor power and hard drive speed meant that, by the mid-1990s, standard home computers were capable of recording multi-channel audio at 16-bit, 44khz compact disc standard.

Early systems such as Digidesign's Sound Tools (1989) and Session 8 (1993) and the Ensoniq PARIS (1998) consisted of an external unit that connected to the host computer with a ISA or SCSI card, but from the late 1990s onwards it became practical to use standard computer interfaces such as FireWire, USB, and eventually Thunderbolt instead.

Versus mixers 
Although there is a degree of functional overlap, audio interfaces are differentiated from audio mixers in that they are intended to pass multi-channel audio directly to a host digital audio workstation, whereas mixers generally sum their inputs into a simple two-channel stereo pair. Audio interfaces are therefore often simple rackmount boxes, without faders, although as of 2020 some digital mixers provide multi-channel audio passthrough.

Manufacturers 

 Apogee Electronics
 Arturia
 Audient
 Avid, optimised for Pro Tools
 Behringer
 Focusrite
 M-Audio
 MOTU
 Native Instruments
 PreSonus
 Roland
 Solid State Logic
 Steinberg
 TASCAM
 Universal Audio

References

External links

Sound production technology
Audio engineering
BVG Class IK. The BVG Class IK is a type of electrical multiple unit used on the Berlin U-Bahn.

History 
In August 2011, BVG announced an order of IK series to replace A3L71 stock which had reached the end of its working life. Two prototypes were bought from Stadler Rail with the remaining 38 units being delivered between 2015 and 2017. These trains are based on the Stadler Tango family of trams and light rail vehicles, but resemble and function like a full-fledged subway train. The number '1xxx' will be jumped into '18Yxxx' (where Y is the train car number). Due to regenerative braking the trains will recuperate up to 20% of the energy they require.

In 2012, BVG had awarded the tender for Class IK to Stadler Pankow, which replaced the life-expired A3L71 trains, which consists of 24 trains. It costed 158 million Euros and had the option for 10 more trains. In May 2015, BVG nicknamed the train "Icke". In September 2015, the first two trains were delivered - 1025 and 1026, into U1 and U2 respectively. In July 2016, BVG unveiled plans to buy 27 more trains.

From July to December 2017, BVG delivered 11 more trains under IK17. The trains were deployed to the bigger profile U5, which is due to shortage of trains. It is also called "Class I". The first train began running on 27 October 2017.

From April 2018, BVG had bought 27 more trains and delivered under IK18, which replaced the A3L71.

In August 2017, U5 needed 20 more trains under I20. This is because of various reasons as mentioned above. The Class D trains were retired when the U55 extended to Alexanderplatz and was replaced by I-Class trains. With the delivery of the first IK20 unit 5065 on 25 May 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the next delivery series of the IK series began, which again, like the IK17, would initially be in the large profile on the U5 line in order to have enough rolling stock for the planned end of 2020, to have a connection to Berlin Hauptbahnhof. The gap bridges known from the IK17 were installed accordingly. Significant differences to previous series are, for example, the new seat upholstery with the name "Urban Jungle", which is based on the well-known worm pattern from older BVG series and can already be found in new vehicles in the bus sector. Significantly fewer passenger information monitors were also installed in the passenger compartment. The numbering is also different here. Unlike its predecessors, the trains are included in the 5000 range. The reason for this is that in the small profile the numbers from 1070 to 1094 are still occupied by the GI/1E series, which is in active passenger use, and are therefore no longer free for numbering. The plan is to classify trains in the 1000 range after the GI/1E series has been withdrawn.

References 

Berlin U-Bahn
Electric multiple units of Germany
750 V DC multiple units
Stadler Rail multiple units
Datex II. Datex II or Datex2 is a data exchange standard for exchanging traffic information between traffic management centres, traffic service providers, traffic operators and media partners. It contains for example traffic incidents, current road works and other special traffic-related events. These data is presented in XML-format and is modeled with UML.
The standard is developed by the technical body Intelligent transport systems (CEN/TC 278) of the European Committee for Standardization.

The standard contains 12 parts:
 Context and framework
 Location referencing
 Situation publication
 Variable Message Sign (VMS) Publications
 Measured and Elaborated Data Publications
 Parking Publications
 Common data elements
 Traffic management publications and extensions dedicated to the urban environment
 Traffic signal management publications dedicated to the urban environment
 Energy infrastructure
 Publication of machine interpretable traffic regulations
 Facility related publications

References

External links
 Official Datex II website
 Datex II example messages
 Datex on openstreetmap 

EN standards
Intelligent transportation systems
Charlotte Deane. Charlotte Mary Deane  (born 1975) is an English Professor of Structural Bioinformatics and the former Head of the Department of Statistics at the University of Oxford. Deane was appointed as Executive Chair of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) on 16 November 2023.

Early life and education 
Charlotte Deane was born in May 1975. She completed her undergraduate education at University College, Oxford studying chemistry, completing her final year project in Graham Richards' group. She then went to the University of Cambridge to study structural bioinformatics supervised by Tom Blundell. In 2000 she published her thesis entitled "Protein structure prediction: amino acid propensities and comparative modelling".

Career and research 
Deane moved to UCLA where she stayed for two years supervised by David Eisenberg as a Wellcome Trust Research Fellow, before moving back to Oxford.

Her research is focused on the prediction of protein structures, particularly antibodies. Her research group, Oxford Protein Informatics Group (OPIG), created a database of antibody structures called SABDab and a server for prediction of antibody structures called SAbPred.

In addition, Deane's research is focused on immunoinformatics, biological networks and small molecules.

Honours and awards 
In 2007 and 2008, Deane was awarded an Oxford Teaching Award. In 2002 she was elected as fellow of Kellogg College and University Lecturer. In 2010 she was elected as Professor of Structural Bioinformatics and in October 2015 she was appointed Head of the Department of Statistics at the University of Oxford. She is the first female Head of department since the department was created in 1988.

In 2014, Deane became Associate Head of the Mathematical Physical and Life Sciences (MPLS) division and the Deputy Head of the Division in 2018.

Deane became a fellow of St Anne's College in 2015.

In September 2019, Deane was appointed Deputy Executive Chair of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

As of January 2022, Deane joined Exscientia as Chief Scientist of Biologics AI.

She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to Covid-19 research.

References

External links

Living people
British statisticians
British women statisticians
Biostatisticians
Alumni of University College, Oxford
1975 births
Fellows of St Anne's College, Oxford
Members of the Order of the British Empire