omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Stanhope Demonstrator. The Stanhope Demonstrator was the first machine to solve problems in logic.  It was designed by Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope to demonstrate consequences in logic symbolically.

The first model was constructed in 1775.  It consisted of two slides coloured red and gray mounted in a square brass frame.  This could be used to demonstrate the solution to a syllogistic type of problem in which objects might have two different properties and the question was how many would have both properties.  Scales marked zero to ten were used to set the numbers or proportions of objects with the two properties.  This form of inference anticipated the numerically definite syllogism which Augustus De Morgan laid out in his book, Formal Logic, in 1847.

Construction
The device was a brass plate about four inches square which was mounted on a piece of mahogany which was three-quarters of an inch thick.  There was an opening with a depression in the wood about one and a half inches square and half an inch deep.  This opening was called the holon, meaning whole, and represented the full set of objects under consideration.

A slide of red translucent glass could be inserted from the right across the holon.  A slide of gray wood could be slid under the red slide.  When the device was used for the "Rule for the Logic of
Certainty", the gray slider was inserted from the left.  When it was used for the "Rule for the Logic of Probability", the gray slider was inserted from above.  The red and the gray sliders represented the two affirmative propositions which were being combined.  Stanhope called these ho and los.

At least four of the devices with this square style were built.  In 1879, Robert Harley wrote that he had one which he had been given by Stanhope's great-grandson, Arthur, who had kept one.  The other two were owned by Henry Prevost Babbage – the son of Charles Babbage, who continued his work on the Analytical Engine.  One of the devices was donated to the Science Museum, London by the last Earl in 1953.  Other styles, such as circular models, were constructed, but these were less convenient.

See also
 Logical piano
 Venn diagram

References

Automated reasoning
Computer-related introductions in the 18th century
English inventions
History of logic
Mechanical calculators
Mechanical computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Oomachikulam. Oomachikulam  is a neighbourhood in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India.

Oomachikulam is located at an altitude of about 172 ,m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of .

From Tallakulam area of Madurai district to Natham area of Dindigul district, a four-lane road of 35 km long, is planned to be constructed at a cost of Rs.1,028 crore. As one phase of the project, a bridge of length 7.5 km from Tallakulam to Oomachikulam has been constructed at a cost of ₹612 crore. Also, bridges are being constructed to connect Madurai to Thuvarankurichi area of Tiruchirappalli district via Natham. As a part of this, the works of beautifying the banks of Oomachikulam tank is also going on. The bridge at Oomachikulam area has an elevated corridor. Also, as there are many centre medians at short intervals on this highway, it is considered that accidents are likely to occur. This four-lane road is known to be the longest road in Tamil Nadu and shortens the travel distance considerably.

References 

Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai
Mercury(II) stearate. Mercury(II) stearate is a metal-organic compound, a salt of mercury and stearic acid with the chemical formula . The compound is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid. The compound is highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.

Synthesis
An exchange reaction of sodium stearate and mercury dichloride:

Also, heating mercurious oxide with stearic acid.

Physical properties
The compound forms yellow waxy substance.

Uses
It is used as a germicide 
and as a plasticizer in the production of ceramics.

References

Stearates
Mercury compounds
Julie Linsey. Julie Stahmer Linsey (born 1979) is an American mechanical engineer whose research concerns creativity in the early phases of engineering design. She is a professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech.

Education and career
Linsey majored in mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan, graduating in 2001. After working for a year at Agilent Technologies, she went to the University of Texas at Austin for graduate study in mechanical engineering, earning a master's degree in 2005 and completing her Ph.D. in 2007.

She became an assistant professor at Texas A&M University in 2008, and moved to Georgia Tech in 2013. She was promoted to associate professor in 2015, and to full professor in 2021.

Recognition
Linsey was the 2012 winner of the Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award of the American Society for Engineering Education.

References

External links
Home page

1979 births
Living people
American mechanical engineers
University of Michigan alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
Georgia Tech faculty
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Zhongxin Bridge. The Zhongxin Bridge () is a historic stone arch bridge over the South Market River in Tianning District of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China. The bridge is  long and  wide.

History
Zhongxin Bridge was built in 1918, at the dawn of the Republic of China. On 26 February 2008, it was classified as a municipal cultural relic preservation organ by the Government of Changzhou.

Gallery

References

Bridges in Jiangsu
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in 1918
Buildings and structures completed in 1918
1918 establishments in China
Dongcang Bridge. The Dongcang Bridge () is a historic stone arch bridge over the Dongcang River in , Yixing, Jiangsu, China. The bridge measures  long,  wide, and approximately  high.

History
Dongcang Bridge was originally built in the Baoqing period (1225–1227) of the Southern Song dynasty by magistrate Zhao Rumai (), but because of war and natural disasters has been rebuilt numerous times since then. The present version was completed in March 1997. In June 2006, it was inscribed as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the Government of Jiangsu.

Gallery

References

Bridges in Jiangsu
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in 1997
Qing dynasty architecture
1997 establishments in China
Stone bridges in China
Cobalt(II) stearate. Cobalt(II) stearate is a metal-organic compound, a salt of cobalt and stearic acid with the chemical formula . The compound is classified as a metallic soap, i.e. a metal derivative of a fatty acid.

Synthesis
An exchange reaction of sodium stearate and cobalt dichloride:

Physical properties
Cobalt(II) stearate forms a violet substance, occurring in several crystal structures.

It is insoluble in water.

Uses
Cobalt(II) stearate is a high-performance bonding agent for rubber. The compound is suitable for applications in natural rubber, cisdene, styrene-butadiene rubber, and their compounds to bond easily with brass- or zinc-plated steel cord or metal plates as well as various bare steel, especially for bonding with brass plating of various thicknesses.

References

Stearates
Cobalt(II) compounds
Xu Binshi. Xu Binshi (; 12 March 1931 – 15 February 2023) was a Chinese engineer specializing in equipment maintenance surface engineering, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Xu was born in Harbin, Heilongjiang, on 12 March 1931, while his ancestral home is in Zhaoyuan County (now Zhaoyuan), Shandong. In 1947, he was admitted to Harbin Institute of Technology, where he majored in mechanical manufacturing and welding. After graduating in 1954, he was despatched to Harbin Military Academy of Engineering (now National University of Defense Technology), where he developed the first vibration arc surfacing equipment of China. He moved to the PLA Armored Corps Engineering Academy in 1961. He attained the rank of major general (shaojiang) in June 1990.

Xu died on 15 February 2023, at the age of 91.

Honours and awards
 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 Foreign Academician of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)

References

1931 births
2023 deaths
People from Harbin
Engineers from Heilongjiang
Harbin Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the National University of Defense Technology
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
People's Liberation Army generals from Heilongjiang
Myo Myint Kyaw. Myo Myint Kyaw (: born 1985) is a Burmese technopreneur, software engineer, founder and former CEO of Revo Tech, one of Myanmar's largest tech companies. He has been one of the pioneers in Myanmar's tech industry. Myo Myint Kyaw is currently a director of the Earth Group of Companies, a major industrial conglomerate, and the managing director of a subsidiary, Earth Renewable Energy.

Career
Myo Myint Kyaw sold crisps and coke in high school; rented out his PlayStation to friends for an hourly rate; and went on to hawk games on eBay when he moved to London where he studied business information systems at Middlesex University, and worked as a part-time barista at Starbucks to help pay his tuition. After nine years in London, he relocated to Singapore, where he worked as a software engineer at ExxonMobil for three years. He returned to Myanmar in 2012 and established Revo Tech, a software and web design company. He began to receive calls from large corporations, followed by Anthem Asia. Two years after starting Revo Tech, Myo Myint Kyaw transformed it into one of Myanmar's largest digital firms. He represents an emerging community of young tech enthusiasts in Myanmar, and his narrative serves as a reflection of the obstacles encountered by startups in the country, several of which are specific to the country.

In 2016, he founded the Akhayar Media, a local digital media outlet. He sold all of his Revo Tech and Akhayar Media shares at the end of 2018, and Earth Group Companies offered him a director post in 2019.

References

1985 births
Burmese business executives
Living people
Yiling Chen. Yiling Chen is a Chinese-American computer scientist who studies computational economics, social computing, algorithmic game theory, prediction markets, and algorithmic fairness in machine learning. She is Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science in the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Education and career
Chen was an undergraduate at the Renmin University of China, where she earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1996, specializing in commodity science. She continued her studies in economics with a master's degree at Tsinghua University in 1999, and began doctoral work at Iowa State University in 2000. However, in 2001 she moved to the program in information sciences and technology at Pennsylvania State University, where she completed her Ph.D. in 2005.

After a short assistant professorship at Framingham State College and postdoctoral research at Yahoo! Research, she joined Harvard University as an assistant professor of computer science in 2008. She was promoted to associate professor in 2012, named as the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of Natural Sciences in 2013, and promoted to full professor as Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science in 2015.

Recognition
The Pennsylvania State University alumni gave Chen their Graduate School Alumni Society (GSAS) Early Career Award in 2016.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese women computer scientists
Renmin University of China alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Framingham State University faculty
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
Henry Prevost Babbage. Henry Prevost Babbage (1824–1918) was a soldier in the Bengal Army of the East India Company.  After retiring with the rank of major general, he continued the work of his father, Charles Babbage, whom he had assisted as a student.  He organised and edited his father's papers and prototypes and arranged for their publication and completion.  These works included Babbage's Calculating Engines (1889) and a working Analytical Engine Mill – a simplified portion of the full Analytical Engine design.

Military career
He was brevetted as a colonel in the Bengal Staff Corps on 10 June 1874.

References

1824 births
1918 deaths
Alumni of University College London
British computer scientists
British soldiers
Major generals
People educated at University College School
Guangxiang Bridge. The Guangxiang Bridge () is a historic stone arch bridge over the Old City River in Yuecheng District of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.

Etymology
Guangxiang Bridge is named after Guangxiang Temple () near the bridge.

History
Guangxiang Bridge was originally built in the Eastern Jin (317–420), but because of war and natural disasters has been rebuilt numerous times since then. The present version was completed in 1982.

On 6 May 2013, it was listed among the seventh batch of "Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang" by the State Council of China.

Gallery

References

Bridges in Zhejiang
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in 1982
Qing dynasty architecture
1982 establishments in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang
Baiwang Bridge. The Baiwang Bridge () is a historic stone arch bridge over a stream in Yuecheng District of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.

History
The original bridge dates back to the Tang dynasty (618–907), but because of war and natural disasters has been rebuilt numerous times since then. The present version was completed in 1689, during the reign of Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). 

On 6 May 2013, it was listed among the seventh batch of "Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang" by the State Council of China.

Gallery

References

Bridges in Zhejiang
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in the 17th century
Transport infrastructure completed in the 1680s
Qing dynasty architecture
Buildings and structures completed in 1689
1689 establishments in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang
Lishui River Bridge (Yongjia County). The Lishui River Bridge () is a historic stone bridge over the Lishui River in the town of , Yongjia County, Zhejiang, China.

History
Lishui River Bridge was built in 1558 during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).

In August 1997, it was classified as a provincial-level cultural heritage site by the Government of Zhejiang.

References

Bridges in Zhejiang
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in the 16th century
Transport infrastructure completed in the 1550s
Ming dynasty architecture
Buildings and structures completed in 1558
1558 establishments in China
Computational literacy. Computational literacy is a term that is used to describe the broad ability to apply computational thinking and awareness of the range, scope and limitations of computational techniques. It is distinct from the ability to perform math calculations by hand, instead anticipating that the actual computations will be performed by computers.

A leading advocate of Computational literacy, Conrad Wolfram explains the difference as "The maths taught around the world today does not fit how it is used in the real world. Computation technology is more accessible than ever before, but no curriculum in the world assumes it exists. Instead, it is focussed on the mechanics of hand calculation, rather than the essence of real-world maths." Andrea diSessa has stated that "computers might fundamentally change learning".

Impact
Wolfram has argued that "to achieve stable societies, because enfranchisement requires a good level of computational literacy" and has argued for the introduction of computational literacy qualifications.  Sharin Jacob of the University of California says that "Today’s students will enter a workforce that is powerfully shaped by computing. To be successful in a changing economy, students must learn to think algorithmically and computationally" 

Projects at the Educational Development Center have shown success developing computational literacy at pre-school level.

See also
 Computational thinking
 Literacy

References

Literacy
Hydroxyethyl acrylate. Hydroxyethyl acrylate is an organic chemical and an aliphatic compound. It has the formula C5H8O3 and the CAS Registry Number 818–61–1. It is REACH registered with an EU number of 212–454–9. It has dual functionality containing a polymerizable acrylic group and a terminal hydroxy group. It is used to make emulsion polymers along with other monomers and the resultant resins are used in coatings, sealants, adhesives and elastomers and other applications.

Synthesis
There are a number of patents and synthesis papers to produce the material mostly aimed at reducing or removing heavy metals as catalysts. The traditional manufacturing process calls for the reaction of ethylene oxide with acrylic acid in the presence of a metal catalyst.

Properties
The material is a clear water-white liquid with a mild but pungent ester like odor. It has a low freezing point.

Applications
The most common use for the material is to be copolymerized with other acrylate and methacrylate monomers to make emulsion and other polymers including hydrogels.  Modification of rubbers and similar compounds is also a use for the material. The resultant polymers may be used to manufacture pressure-sensitive adhesives.

Toxicity
The toxicity of the material has been studied and is fairly well understood.

See also 
 (Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate
 Synthetic resin

References 

Monomers
Acrylate esters
Magnetoactive phase transitional matter. Magnetoactive phase transitional matter (MPTM) are miniature robotic machines that can change their shape by switching between liquid and solid state.

Description 

MPTMs consist of liquid metal embedded with a neodymium magnet. MPTMs can be programmed to change shape when needed, by using heating and ambient cooling. Heat is generated from an incorporated heating element, or by use of magnetic pulses, switching the robot into liquid mode. Ambient temperatures provides cooling to change the robot into a solid state. The magnetism of the metal holds the machine together while in liquid mode.

History 
MPTMs were first created by a collaboration of scientists from Sun Yat-sen University, Carnegie Mellon University, Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Zhejiang University. Their robot incorporated a heating element, and was able to melt itself to change shape. The first MPTM incorporated neodymium, iron, and boron microparticles in gallium and had a melting point of 29.8 °C.

Potential uses 
A January 2023 academic paper demonstrated the potential to use MPTMs for mechanical assembly in hard to reach locations, and in medical procedures. Medical use cases were delivery of drugs in the human stomach and the removal of foreign objects.

See also 
 Shapeshifting

References 

2022 in science
Matter
Shapeshifting
2020s robots
Medical robots
VR-61. Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 (VR-61), nicknamed Islanders, is a transport squadron of the Fleet Logistics Support Wing of the United States Navy Reserve, based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington. It is a reserve unit composed of both active duty and Selected Reserve sailors.  The squadron maintains three modified Boeing Next-Generation 737-700C aircraft, designated as the C-40A Clipper.

"VR-61 compiled more than 126,000 mishap-free flight hours while flying its previously assigned four C-9B aircraft. The squadron has received the Meritorious Unit Commendation, Navy Unit Commendation, two Congressman Bill Chappell awards, eight Safety "S" awards, four Battle "E" awards, four retention awards and the James M. Holcombe Maintenance Award."

See also
 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

External links
C-40A Clipper U.S. Navy fact file
Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 (VR-61)

Fleet logistics support squadrons of the United States Navy
Porous medium equation. The porous medium equation, also called the nonlinear heat equation, is a nonlinear partial differential equation taking the form:where  is the Laplace operator. It may also be put into its equivalent divergence form:where  may be interpreted as a diffusion coefficient and  is the divergence operator.

Solutions 
Despite being a nonlinear equation, the porous medium equation may be solved exactly using separation of variables or a similarity solution. However, the separation of variables solution is known to blow up to infinity at a finite time.

Barenblatt-Kompaneets-Zeldovich similarity solution 
The similarity approach to solving the porous medium equation was taken by Barenblatt and Kompaneets/Zeldovich, which for   was to find a solution satisfying:for some unknown function  and unknown constants . The final solution to the porous medium equation under these scalings is:where  is the -norm,  is the positive part, and the coefficients are given by:

Applications 
The porous medium equation has been found to have a number of applications in gas flow, heat transfer, and groundwater flow.

Gas flow 
The porous medium equation name originates from its use in describing the flow of an ideal gas in a homogeneous porous medium. We require three equations to completely specify the medium's density , flow velocity field , and pressure : the continuity equation for conservation of mass; Darcy's law for flow in a porous medium; and the ideal gas equation of state.  These equations are summarized below:where  is the porosity,  is the permeability of the medium,  is the dynamic viscosity, and  is the polytropic exponent (equal to the heat capacity ratio for isentropic processes). Assuming constant porosity, permeability, and dynamic viscosity, the partial differential equation for the density is:where  and .

Heat transfer 
Using Fourier's law of heat conduction, the general equation for temperature change in a medium through conduction is:where  is the medium's density,  is the heat capacity at constant pressure, and  is the thermal conductivity.  If the thermal conductivity depends on temperature according to the power law:Then the heat transfer equation may be written as the porous medium equation:with  and .  The thermal conductivity of high-temperature plasmas seems to follow a power law.

See also 

 Diffusion equation
 Porous medium

References

External links 

 The Porous Medium Equation: Mathematical theory

Partial differential equations
Diffusion
Hydrogeology
Heat transfer
Transport phenomena
Exactly solvable models