omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Xwing (aviation). Xwing is an autonomous aircraft company founded in 2016, initially focusing on cargo operations.

The company was founded by Marc Piette (former CEO) and Maxime Gariel (CTO). It received a $4 million seed round in 2018 led by Eniac Ventures, and a $10 million Series A in May 2020 led by R7 Partners, also including funding from Thales Group. Its staff also includes Earl Lawrence, formerly at the FAA in unmanned aircraft and aircraft certification.

In 2020, the company performed a four-hour fully autonomous flight, and was performing gate-to-gate autonomous operations in February 2021. In October 2022, the company announced NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate awarded a contract to share data and study autonomous flights in the national airspace.

Xwing operates N101XW, a Cessna 208 Caravan under an experimental license with its autonomous system.

The company acquired Airpac Aviation, a cargo feeder.

The company acquired Martinaire, another cargo feeder, in 2022.

The Autonomy Division of Xwing was acquired by Joby Aviation in June 2024.

References

External links
 

Cargo airlines of the United States
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Rockcliffe St. J. Manley. Rockcliffe St. J. Manley (26 March 1925 – 31 December 2011) was a Jamaican-Canadian chemist known for his development of the electrospinning technique of producing polymer nanofibres and for his work on cellulose.

Early life 
Manley was born in Kingston, Jamaica. His parents were Harvey Arnold Manley and Vinette Madaline Bingham, and he had 3 brothers and one sister.

Academic career 
He spent most of his later academic career at McGill University in Canada, in the Pulp and Paper Science Division of the Chemistry Department.

In 1953 he received his PhD from McGill University on the subject “Rotations, Collisions and Orientations in Model Suspensions” (supervised by Stan Mason), and published early papers on the physics of particle motions.

He made substantial contributions to cellulose research, but he was the first person to publish the electrospining of a polymer melt. Manley electrospun molten polymers, and showed that they (if thin enough) had a shish-kebab structure. Later the technique of electrospinning was carried out by other authors using polymer solutions. Manley's PhD student, Lidia Larrondo, with whom he published the electrospinning work, was a refugee from General Pinochet’s Chile.

He developed a chain folding theory for the structure of cellulose, which was criticised at the time. He based his work on that of the Bristol University physicist Andrew Keller. Keller had come up with a structure for polyethylene that required the polymer chains to fold, in what are now known as lamellae, making up a spherulitic structure. Manley applied the same theories to cellulose, carrying out high resolution electron microscopy. Later it was generally accepted that the crystalline structure of cellulose is not chain folded.

Manley won the Anselme Payen Award from the Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division of the American Chemical Society in 2002.

Honors and awards 

 2002 - Anselme-Payen Award by the American Chemical Society
 1976 - Fellow of the American Physical Society
 Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada

Personal life and death 
He was married twice, to Ulla-Brita Henriksson, and later to Linda St-Denis. His second cousin once removed was the Prime Minister of Jamaica - Michael Norman Manley. He had three children, Peter, Martin & Annie. Manley died on 31 December 2011 in St. Mary's Hospital (Montreal).

References 

Canadian chemists
1925 births
2011 deaths
Mohammed Saddiq. Mohammed Habedat Saddiq is Lord-lieutenant of Somerset.  A utilities-sector engineer and manager he was born in Leeds, Yorkshire in June 1970 after his parents came to England in the late 1960s from a small village in Pakistan.

Career 
He has held management and engineering positions in the water, waste and renewables sectors, including as founder of green energy business GENeco and director of Swiss Combi Technology.

In 2020 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of the West of England for enhancing the sustainable development of Bristol.

Saddiq was appointed as Lord-lieutenant of Somerset with effect from 29 October 2022, taking over from Mrs Annie Maw CVO who retired after eight years in the role.

Personal life 
He is married to Paula with whom he has five children.  He lives in Midford, Somerset.

References 

1970 births
Living people
English people of Pakistani descent
Lanny Smoot. Lanny Smoot (born December 13, 1955) is an American electrical engineer, inventor, scientist, and theatrical technology creator. With over 100 patents, he is Disney's most prolific inventor and one of the most prolific Black inventors in American history.
Throughout his career he has worked to inspire young people, especially Black youth, towards STEM.

Biography 
Lanny was born in Brooklyn, NY, USA, and later attended Brooklyn Technical High School. He attended Columbia University, supported by a Bell Labs Engineering Scholarship and received his Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. He then started work at Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), and while working at Bell (later Telcordia), he also completed his Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering from Columbia. Smoot worked at Bell for two decades, where his mentors included James West, co-inventor of the electret microphone. Around 2000, he moved to Disney where he is currently a Disney Research Fellow.

Notable work 

At Bell, Smoot was known for his work on early development of video-on-demand and other video and fibre-optic technology. He anticipated a future where anyone could broadcast video.

At Disney, Smoot's accomplishments include the drive system for the Star Wars BB-8 droid, interactive zoetropes for facial animation of objects, eye imaging for superhero masks and helmets, “Where’s the Fire?” at Innoventions (Epcot), many Haunted Mansion special effects, virtual interactive koi ponds in Hong Kong Disneyland, Fortress Explorations at Tokyo DisneySea, Power City" in Spaceship Earth (Epcot), and lightsabers for the Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser experience. Other patented inventions include new ride technology and glassless 3D displays.

Recognition

References

Further reading
 Disney's Inventor Lanny Smoot 1h 2m video
 Incomplete List of Smoot's US patents

1955 births
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American inventors
20th-century African-American scientists
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American inventors
21st-century African-American scientists
African-American engineers
African-American inventors
American scientists
Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Disney imagineers
Disney Research people
Living people
Scientists at Bell Labs
Scientists from Brooklyn
Ya-Jun Pan. Ya-Jun Pan is a Chinese and Canadian mechanical engineer whose research involves robust and nonlinear control for teleoperation and multi-agent systems. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at Dalhousie University, where she directs the Advanced Control and Mechatronics Laboratory.

Education and career
Pan studied mechanical engineering at Yanshan University, graduating in 1996. After earning a master's degree in mechanical engineering at Zhejiang University in 1999, she completed a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at the National University of Singapore in 2003.

Before becoming a faculty member at Dalhousie, she was a postdoctoral researcher in France with CNRS at the Laboratoire d'automatique de Grenoble, and in Canada at the University of Alberta.

Recognition
Pan was named as an ASME Fellow in 2017. In 2021 she was elected as a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, as "an internationally renowned expert in robust nonlinear control and networked control systems with successful in-depth applications to tele-robotics, cooperative systems, unmanned systems, industrial automation, and rehabilitations".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian mechanical engineers
Canadian women engineers
Chinese mechanical engineers
Chinese women engineers
Control theorists
Yanshan University alumni
Zhejiang University alumni
National University of Singapore alumni
Academic staff of Dalhousie University
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Walter Nazarewicz. Walter Nazarewicz () was a Ukrainian-American chemist born on July 18, 1927, in New York.

He came from Derevliani family of Ukrainian immigrants from Dusaniv, a village in Peremyshliany Raion, Lviv Oblast, who arrived to the US in 1916. Nazarewicz studied at the Cooper Union, where he received his undergraduate degree in chemical engineering. 
He then got a master's degree in chemical engineering at NYU. 
Once he graduated Nazarewicz joined Pfizer, where he became president of one of its divisions.
Later in life Nazarewicz's career took him to Japan. There he created a subsidiary of Pfizer - Pfizer-Quigley KK - the largest steel industry in the world.

Nazarewicz became a member of the Ukrainian Institute of America, an important center of Ukrainian culture in the US. 
During his presidency at the institute (1981-1999), he did much to encourage new members to join.
In 2007 Nazarewicz spent much time in an effort to modernize a steel plant in Mariupol, Ukraine. He also reconnected with his long lost relatives, who in 1947 were deported from Ukraine to the gulag in Magadan, Russia.

In honor of his collaboration with Bohdan Havrylyshyn the International Management Institute gave one of their departments his name.
He devoted himself to philanthropy until his death on November 20, 2011.

References

American chemists
Pfizer people
American people of Ukrainian descent
1927 births
2011 deaths
Thomas Stuart Chalmers. Thomas Stuart Chalmers (June 1816 – July 13, 1903) was an American businessman. A pioneer of Chicago industry, he founded Fraser & Chalmers, a precursor to Allis-Chalmers (now part of AGCO).

Life
Chalmers was born in Dronley, Scotland, in June 1816. He emigrated to the United States around 1842 or 1843.

In 1872, Chalmers founded Fraser & Chalmers in Chicago. By 1880, the company employed over 170 workers. Frasers & Chalmers produced mining machinery, boilers, and pumps, becoming one of the largest mining manufacturing companies in the world by 1890.

Chalmers died at his home at 179 Ashland Boulevard in Chicago on June 28, 1903.

Chalmers' son William served as President of Allis-Chalmers.

Legacy
The Chalmers School of Excellence in Chicago is named in honor of Thomas Chalmers.

See also

Allis-Chalmers

References

External links
Thomas Chalmers House at 315 South Ashland Boulevard, Connecting the Windy City blog
The Men Behind The Allis-Chalmers Brand, The Badge Factory

1816 births
1903 deaths
American businesspeople
American Presbyterians
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Cornell University alumni
People from Angus, Scotland
Businesspeople from Chicago
Scottish emigrants to the United States
BLOOM (language model). BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model (BLOOM) is a 176-billion-parameter transformer-based autoregressive large language model (LLM). The model, as well as the code base and the data used to train it, are distributed under free licences. BLOOM was trained on approximately 366 billion (1.6TB) tokens from March to July 2022.

BLOOM is the main outcome of the BigScience collaborative initiative, a one-year-long research workshop that took place between May 2021 and May 2022. BigScience was led by HuggingFace and involved several hundreds of researchers and engineers from France and abroad representing both the academia and the private sector. BigScience was supported by a large-scale public compute grant on the French public supercomputer Jean Zay, managed by GENCI and IDRIS (CNRS), on which it was trained.

BLOOM's training corpus, named ROOTS, combines data extracted from the then-latest version of the web-based OSCAR corpus (38% of ROOTS) and newly collected data extracted from a manually selected and documented list of language data sources. It encompasses 46 natural languages (in amounts ranging from 30% of the whole dataset for English to 0.00002% for Chi Tumbuka) and 13 programming languages.

References 

Large language models
Generative pre-trained transformers
Open-source artificial intelligence
Alan D. Swain. Dr. Alan D. Swain III (Nov. 21, 1923 – Nov. 2, 2021) was a human factors engineer who specialized in weapons systems and nuclear power plants. He was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories, where he developed the technique for human error-rate prediction (THERP). According to a bibliometrics analysis performed in 2020, Swain is the most highly cited author in the field of human reliability analysis.

Swain co-authored the Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications, which became a basic guide for many in the human factors field.

Education 
Swain graduated from Marion Harding High School in 1941. He received an MA in 1948, and a Ph.D. in psychology in 1953, from The Ohio State University.

Career 
Swain served as a radioman-navigator in the United States Navy during World War II, from 1942 to 1945.

In 1961, Swain joined Sandia National Laboratories as a human factors engineer. At Sandia, Swain developed the technique for human error-rate prediction (THERP), and collected human performance data for the Sandia Human Error Rate Bank (SHERB).

Awards 
Swain was a Fellow in the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES).

In 1984, Swain received the HFES Jack A. Kraft Innovator award

References 

1923 births
2021 deaths
Jorge Manuel Dengo Obregón. Jorge Manuel Dengo Obregón was a civil engineer from Costa Rica who served as First Vice President of Costa Rica. He was elected as Vice President on February 2, 1986. He belonged to the National Liberation Party. He played a leading role in the founding of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute.

Personal life 
He was born in Heredia, Costa Rica on 19 February 1918 to teachers Omar Dengo and María Teresa Obregón Zamora and was one of the founders of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad in 1949 and became its first General Manager. On 23 January 2012, he died in the age of 93.

Awards and Honors 

 In 2012, he was presented with an Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Public Works by the American Society of Civil Engineers for his public service in engineering and economic development in Central America.
 He was also the recipient of the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws by University of Minnesota.
 The Highest Technology Award in Costa Rica, Jorge Manuel Dengo Award is named after him. It was created by XXI Century Strategy Award Organization.

References 

1918 births
2012 deaths
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) politicians
Katie Bentley. Katie Bentley is a British computer scientist who is group leader in the Cellular Adaptive Behaviour Laboratory at the Francis Crick Institute and an academic at King's College London. Her research considers computational simulations of cellular interactions.

Early life and education 
Bentley studied mathematics as an undergraduate at the University of Sussex. She moved to University College London for doctoral research, where she studied morphological plasticity in robotic and biological systems. Bentley was then appointed a postdoctoral researcher with Holger Gerhardt at the Cancer Research UK Research Institute in London, where she studied experimental biology.

Research and career 
In 2013, Bentley was made an assistant professor at the Harvard Medical School, where she worked in the Center for Vascular Biology Research, and after two years established a satellite modelling laboratory. She was appointed to the Biological Design Centre in Boston University in 2017. In 2019 Bentley joined the Francis Crick Institute in London.

Bentley builds computational software to understand the communication between cells. Bentley is interested in emergent behaviour of cells and how nearby cells influence them. She has shown that it is possible for cells to help their nearby cells ('adaptive') or help a pathogen ('maladapted'). She has investigated the growth of blood vessels. Under normal conditions, these blood vessels adopt a hierarchical branching structure, but they can become maladapted and bulbous in tumours. This degeneration can lead to increased tumour metastasis. To tackle cancer progression, Bentley has proposed that it should be possible to switch the blood vessels back to a normal network structure – and that by studying blood vessel growth using artificial life simulations it should be possible to understand their organisation.

Selected publications

References

External links 

Living people
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Academics of King's College London
British computer scientists
British biologists
Women biologists
British women computer scientists
British women biologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Robustness (disambiguation). Robustness is the property of being strong and healthy in constitution.

Robustness may also refer to:

 Robustness (computer science), the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution
 Robustness (economics), the ability of a financial trading system to remain effective under different markets
 Robustness (evolution), the persistence of a certain characteristic in a system under perturbations or conditions of uncertainty
 Structural robustness, the strength of a structure to withstand adverse events
 Robust control, an approach to controller design that explicitly deals with uncertainty
 Robust decision-making, an iterative decision analytics framework
 Robust optimization, a field of mathematical optimization theory
 Robust statistics, which maintain their properties even if the underlying distributional assumptions are incorrect
 Robustness (morphology), the opposite of gracility

See also

 Fault tolerance
Gin Fizz 37. The Gin Fizz 37 is a French sailboat that was designed by Michel Joubert of the Joubert-Nivelt design firm, as a cruiser and first built in 1974.

Production
The design was built by Jeanneau  and also by Gibert Marine in France, from 1974 until 1981 with 494 boats completed, but it is now out of production. A number were imported into the United States.

Design
The Gin Fizz 37 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig or optional ketch rig, with a deck-stepped mast, two sets of straight spreaders and aluminum spars with stainless steel wire rigging. The hull has a raked stem, a reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed swept fin keel. Both center and aft cocopit models were built. It displaces  and carries  of iron ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel.

The boat is fitted with a British Perkins Engines 4-108 diesel engine of  for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has sleeping accommodation for ten people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an U-shaped settee and a straight settee in the main cabin along with two pipe berths and an aft cabin with a double berth. The galley is located on the starboard side at the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a three-burner stove, an ice box and a double sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the port side. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side and includes a shower. Cabin maximum headroom is , with the aft cabin headroom .

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of .

The design has a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2007 review for Sailing magazine, John Kretschmer wrote, "the boat is a capable cruiser with ideal accommodations for a couple, or small family. It is well built, looks nice when you row out to her on the mooring and is extremely affordable."

A review in Blue Water Boats stated, "the Jeanneau Gin Fizz is saltier than its name might suggest. Peddled by the fledgling Jeanneau company in the late 1970's she's a 37 ft 6 inch fibreglass production cruiser, designed by Michel Joubert, that has earned a credible reputation as an affordable offshore passage maker. Although not a classic blue water cruiser, the Gin Fizz has proved her mettle on a number of circumnavigations and plentiful ocean crossings."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Keelboats
Catamarans
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Michel Joubert
Sailboat types built by Jeanneau
Sailboat types built by Gibert Marine
Kamov A-7. The Kamov A-7 is a Soviet two-seat wing-type autogyro with a three-blade rotor, developed by Nikolai Kamov and built by the Central Aerohydronamic Institute (TsAGI). It was the world's first combat autogyro and the first mass-produced rotary-wing aircraft in the USSR. Two experimental machines were built, the A-7 and A-7bis, and five production aircraft (A-7-3A) were completed.

History and development

Development of the A-7 began in 1931 at TsAGI, which had previously manufactured the TsAGI A-4 autogyro. It was intended to be used for communications, reconnaissance, and artillery spotting, with possible use on naval vessels. The A-7 was completed in 1934. The A-7bis featured better aerodynamics and test flights for it began in 1937. The prototype of the lightened production aircraft, the A-7-3A, was completed in 1940.

The autogyros were propelled by a 353 kW M-22 air-cooled engine with a maximum speed of 221 km/h. The tricycle landing gear featured hydraulic dampeners and it, along with the rotor mounts and wheels were covered in fairings for better aerodynamics. The wing could be folded up in the center and slotted ailerons were installed in the tail.

Armament consisted of three machine guns. The front armament consisted of a single, belt-fed, PV-1 machine gun fired through the propeller. Rear armament consisted of the twin mount DA-2 variant of the Degtyaryov machine gun on an annular turret. Later modifications added the capability of carrying four FAB-100 bombs and six RS-82 unguided rockets. A 13-SK3 radio, superseded by the RSI-3 radio, was installed for communications and a PO1TE 1B camera was used for aerial photography.

Operational history
During the Winter War, the A-7 and A-7bis were used as artillery spotters, piloted by Colonel A. Ivanovsky and Colonel D. Kosits. They were also used for several reconnaissance sorties. 
In the spring of 1941 the A-7 was used to pollinate fruit trees in an expedition to the foothills of the Tien Shan. During World War II the A-7-3A aircraft were used on the Western Front near Smolensk to assist with adjusting artillery fire. The aircraft were also used during night flights to drop leaflets on enemy positions. One of the A-7-3A models has its fuselage, wings, and blades pierced by heavy machine gun fire. The observer's legs were wounded as was the pilot's arm, but they were able to fly the damaged autogyro back to their own lines. It was repaired at the village of Bilimbai (Sverdlovsk Oblast), where the design bureau had been relocated due to advancing German forces.

References

Bibliography

Single-engined tractor autogyros
1930s Soviet military utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
A-7
A-7
Single-engined piston aircraft