omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Morphogenetic robotics. Morphogenetic robotics  generally refers to the methodologies that address challenges in robotics inspired by biological morphogenesis.

Background

Differences to epigenetic 
Morphogenetic robotics is related to, but differs from, epigenetic robotics. The main difference between morphogenetic robotics and epigenetic robotics is that the former focuses on self-organization, self-reconfiguration, self-assembly and self-adaptive control of robots using genetic and cellular mechanisms inspired from biological early morphogenesis (activity-independent development), during which the body and controller of the organisms are developed simultaneously, whereas the latter emphasizes the development of robots' cognitive capabilities, such as language, emotion and social skills, through experience during the lifetime (activity-dependent development). Morphogenetic robotics is closely connected to developmental biology and systems biology, whilst epigenetic robotics is related to developmental cognitive neuroscience emerged from cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience.

Topics 
Morphogenetic robotics includes, but is not limited to the following main topics:
 "Morphogenetic swarm robotics" deals with the self-organization of multi-robots using genetic and cellular mechanisms governing the biological early morphogenesis;
 "Morphogenetic modular robots" are when modular robots adapt their configuration autonomously using morphogenetic principles;
 "Developmental approaches" deals with the design of the body plan of robots, such as sensors and actuators, as well as the design of the controller, e.g., a neural controller using a generative coding  gene regulatory network model.

See also
Artificial life
Cognitive robotics
Developmental robotics
Evolutionary robotics
Evolutionary developmental robotics
Modular design

References

External links
A website on Morphogenetic Robotics maintained by Prof. Yaochu Jin
EC FP7 Project: SWARM-ORGAN
European Projects: Symbiotic Evolutionary Robot Organisms (SYMBRION)and Robotic Evolutionary Self-Programming and Self-Assembling Organisms (REPLICATOR)
Laboratory of Intelligent Systems of Prof. Dario Floriano
Cornell Computational Synthesis Laboratory of Prof. Hod Lipson
Dynamic and Evolutionary Machine Organization Lab of Prof. John Pollack

Robotics
Modular design
PICMG 2.14. PICMG 2.14 is a specification by PICMG (PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group) that defines a packet-based communications between heterogeneous PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) agents (multi-computing) within the CompactPCI (3U or 6U Eurocard-based industrial computer) system architecture.

Status
 Adopted: 9/5/2001
 Current Revision: 1.0

References

Open standards
PICMG standards
Andrew Clive Simpson. Andrew Clive Simpson is a British Computer Scientist. He is Director of Studies, Software Engineering Programme at University of Oxford. He is Governing Body Fellow of Kellogg College.

Biography

He obtained first class BSc (Hons) in Computer Science from University of Wales, Swansea (1989–1992); followed by MSc in Computation (1992–1993) and DPhil in Computation (1993–1996) from University of Oxford.

Career
Before his current post he was research officer in Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science)(1996–1999) and  Principal Lecturer in Computing at Oxford Brookes University (1999–2001).

Publications
Andrew Simpson's publications covers a wide range of topics covering Software Engineering, Computational Biology, Security, and Formal Methods.

References

Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of Kellogg College, Oxford
British computer scientists
Living people
Academics of Oxford Brookes University
Alumni of Swansea University
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Year of birth missing (living people)
Batchelor scale. In fluid and molecular dynamics, the Batchelor scale, determined by George Batchelor (1959),  describes the size of a droplet of fluid that will diffuse in the same time it takes the energy in an eddy of size  to dissipate.  The Batchelor scale can be determined by:

where: 
 is the Kolmogorov length scale.
 is the Schmidt number.
 is the kinematic viscosity.
 is the mass diffusivity.
 is the rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass.

Similar to the Kolmogorov microscales – which describe the smallest scales of turbulence before viscosity dominates – the Batchelor scale describes the smallest length scales of fluctuations in scalar concentration that can exist before being dominated by molecular diffusion. For , which is common in many liquid flows, the Batchelor scale is small when compared to the Kolmogorov microscales.  This means that scalar transport occurs at scales smaller than the smallest eddy size.

References

External links 

 

Fluid dynamics
Turbulence
Chotia Gypsy. The Chotia Gypsy is an American single engine, high-wing, conventional landing gear-equipped ultralight aircraft that was designed by John Chotia in 1980.

The Gypsy design was also produced as a kit plane in the early 2000s by Endeavor Aircraft & Automation as the Explorer. Even though kits are no longer available the Vintage Ultralight and Lightplane Association still offers plans for the design.

Development
Designer John Chotia created the Gypsy in 1980 as a development of the Chotia Woodhopper. The Woodhopper was itself a development of the Chotia Weedhopper. The Gypsy was intended as an easier design for amateur builders to construct than the Woodhopper, with its all-wood construction. The Gypsy features bolted aluminum tube construction, a wire-braced wing with a span of , with the ground wires supported by a kingpost. The wing is of aluminum tube construction, with foam ribs and a covering of doped aircraft fabric. The design has a standard empty weight of  easily allowing it to qualify for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, with its maximum  empty weight requirement. The initial engine was a two stroke powerplant of  and the recommended power range is . The engine is mounted on the overhead keel tube in tractor configuration.

Unlike the open-air pilot seat of the Woodhopper, the Gypsy design places the pilot in a cockpit bathtub pod with a windshield that provides wind protection. The main landing gear has no suspension and the tailwheel is attached to, and steered by, the rudder directly. The controls are conventional three-axis.

The Gypsy was put into production in 2000 as a kit aircraft by Endeavor Aircraft & Automation of Paw Paw, Michigan at a price of US$6,900 for a complete kit. Production was completed in the mid-2000s and the kit is no longer available. Endeavor specified the  Rotax 277 as the standard engine and recommended a power range of . The kit version has a higher empty weight of .

Variants
Chotia Gypsy
1980 version, plans still available.
Endeavor Explorer
Kit version, production commenced in 2000, out of production.

Specifications (Explorer)

See also

References

Chotia Gypsy
1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Electrium. Electrium is a German-owned  British manufacturer of electrical wiring accessories, circuit protection, cable management, and control equipment.

Electrium has two sites across the UK as of 2025: the old main factory in Wythenshawe, Manchester closed in 2024, leaving only
the distribution center at Hindley Green, Wigan, and the head office at Cannock, West Midlands.

The company is under the ownership of Siemens AG UK.

Brand names

Siemens 

After the takeover of Electrium Sales Ltd by Siemens AG in 2005, Electrium began to manufacture and distribute Siemens branded circuit protection and electrical equipment.

Crabtree 

J. A. Crabtree & Co was founded in 1919 by John Ashworth Crabtree.
The company became one of Britain's leading manufacturers of electrical accessories, low voltage switchgear and motor control gear. In 1972, the company was acquired by the British Ever Ready Electrical Company, which was itself acquired by Hanson Trust in 1981. For many years the company was based at the Lincoln Works in Walsall, Staffordshire, which was closed in 1997.

Volex 

Ward & Goldstone Ltd. was founded in 1892 by James Henry Ward and Meyer Hart Goldstone.
The company's  Volex Accessories brand is now part of the Electrium Group and manufactures and sells circuit protection and wiring accessories.

Wylex 

George H. Scholes Ltd. was founded in the mid-1920s by George Hamer Scholes to manufacture electrical accessories and fuse boxes. In 1934, he built the Wylex Works at Wythenshawe, near Manchester. 

The company's Wylex brand consumer units still dominate the UK market. However, in recent years RCD protected consumer units have generally replaced the old rewireable fuse units. Parent company Siemens have now begun manufacturing the MCBs used in the more of the company's products in Europe.

Appleby 

H. & L. Appleby Ltd. was founded in 1840. The company's factory was in Short Heath, Willenhall, Staffordshire. 

The company offers a comprehensive range of pattress boxes, dry lining boxes and bulkhead light fittings.

Marbo 

Marbourn Ltd. was a British manufacturer of electrical accessories, based in the North East of England. The company closed its factory in Hartlepool in 2000.

Other uses 
There is also a science museum in Sainte-Julie, Quebec called Electrium, see Électrium .

References 

Siemens
Camas National Wildlife Refuge. About half of the Camas National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Idaho consists of lakes, ponds, and marshlands; the remainder is grass sagebrush uplands, meadows, and farm fields. Camas Creek flows through the length of the refuge.

Mammal species that inhabit this refuge are coyote, pronghorn, moose, elk, porcupine, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, muskrat, and weasel.

Water management is a critical component of Camas Refuge operations. An extensive system of canals, dikes, wells, ponds, and water-control structures is used to manipulate water for the benefit of wildlife, with an emphasis on nesting waterfowl. Haying and prescribed fire are used to manipulate vegetation in some fields, and small grain crops are grown to provide supplemental feed for geese and cranes and to keep them from damaging private croplands.

Geography
The refuge has a surface area of .

Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Camas National Wildlife Refuge has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded at the weather station in Hamer was  on July 20, 1960 and August 12, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was  on January 1, 1979.

Bird habitat
During migration, which peaks in March–April and October, up to 50,000 ducks and 3,000 geese may be present on the refuge. Tundra and trumpeter swans visit in the hundreds during migration. Short-eared owls and long-billed curlews are commonly seen in this refuge. It has become a popular swan watching destination with hundreds of tundra and trumpeter swans stopping over during migration. Several state record songbird observations have been made in refuge cottonwood groves on the refuge.

References
 Profile of Camas National Wildlife Refuge
 Refuge website

National Wildlife Refuges in Idaho
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Idaho
Wetlands of Idaho
Landforms of Jefferson County, Idaho
Protected areas established in 1937
1937 establishments in Idaho
HITAC S-820. The HITAC S-820 is a family of vector supercomputers developed, manufactured and marketed by Hitachi. Announced in July 1987, it was Hitachi's second supercomputer, succeeding the HITAC S-810. The S-820 is categorized as a second generation Japanese supercomputer.

The S-820 system has both a scalar and vector processor, similar to the architecture of the S-810. The scalar processor is based on the Hitachi M-series mainframe processor, so is compatible with its operating system. The S-820 was reported to have a theoretical peak performance of 2 GFLOPS, and a theoretical maximum computational performance of 3 GFLOPS.

Initially the S-820 was available in two variations: the S-820 model 80 and the S-820 model 60 (hereafter S-820/80 and S-820/60). The S-820/80 had double the vector computational capability, as well as more storage capability, compared to the S-820/60. The peak performance of the S-820/80 was 3 GFLOPS, and that of the S-820/60 as 1.5 GFLOPS.

There were five models. The first two, the mid-range S-820/60 with a peak performance of 1.5 GFLOPS and the top-end S-820/80 with a peak performance of 3.0 GFLOPS, were announced in July 1987. These two models differ in the number of vector pipelines installed. In May 1988, the S-820/20 and S-820/40 were announced, followed by the S-820/15 in November 1989.

A team from the Institute for Supercomputing Research (Tokyo) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory benchmarked the S-820/80 against the similar generation NEC SX-2 and Cray X-MP/416, as well as the S-810, during early 1988. They concluded that the S-820 was "a great deal faster in vector mode than any other supercomputer we have measured".

See also
 HITAC S-810
 HITAC S-3000
 Supercomputing in Japan

References

Hitachi supercomputers
Vector supercomputers
HITAC S-3000. The HITAC S-3000 is a former family of vector supercomputers, which was developed, manufactured and marketed by Hitachi. Announced in April 1992, the family succeeded the HITAC S-820. The S-3000 family comprised the low-end and mid-range S-3600 models and the high-end S-3800 models. Unlike Hitachi's previous generations of supercomputers, the S-3000 family was marketed outside Japan.

The S-3600 was an improved version of the S-820 implemented in more modern semiconductor technology. The S-3800 was a new design, differing significantly from the previous generations. It was a parallel vector processor and supported one to four vector processors.

In 1994, the S-3000 family was complemented by an MPP machine that used superscalar microprocessors, the SR2001. Hitachi eventually discontinued development of vector supercomputers in favor of this approach. The S-3000 family was replaced in 2000 by the SR8000, making it the last vector supercomputer from Hitachi.

The CPU architecture of HITACHI S-3800 Series was based on IBM System/370, and compatible with Hitachi's mainframe systems. It supported two operating systems: OSF/1 Unix and Hitachi's own VOS3 (a fork of IBM MVS).

See also
 HITAC S-810
 HITAC S-820
 Hitachi SR2201
 Hitachi SR8000
 Supercomputing in Japan

References

Hitachi supercomputers
Vector supercomputers
Mainframe computers
J/80. The J/80 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Rod Johnstone as a one design racer and first built in 1992.

The design is a recognized International Sailing Federation world class with a crew of three sailors.

Production
The design has been built by Tillotson Pearson since 1992, for J/Boats in the United States, with over 1,700 built and still in production . At one time it was produced by Waterline Systems, also located in the US.

Design

The J/80 is a racing keelboat, with the hull built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with a  retractable bowsprit controlled from the cockpit by a deployment line. The hull has a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed swept fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast. The cockpit is  long and the hull has a sealed buoyancy compartment on the bow.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel. It can be transported on land on a towed double-axle boat trailer.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an  asymmetrical spinnaker of . It will plane under spinnaker.

The design has a hull speed of .

Operational history
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the International J/80 Class Association. There are 30 fleets racing in 12 countries, including in North America, Europe and China. It has also been used for two-boat match racing.

In a 1994 expert review in Sailing World Magazine Doug Logan concluded, "In the test's light airs, the J/80 could often sail at or close to windspeed, and in several instances recorded the best leg times. While hard to define as a "conservative" boat, this Rod Johnstone creation doesn't go to the max in sailplan and (lack of) stability, and employs the proven construction materials used in thousands of earlier J/Boats. This might cost a bit of speed in light air with chop, but should broaden the boat's user-friendliness in stronger winds."

Events

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

J/80
Keelboats
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
One-design sailing classes

Sailboat type designs by Rod Johnstone
Sailboat types built by J/Boats
Sailboat types built by Pearson Yachts
Sailboat types built by Waterline Systems
Centre de Technologia Aerospacial. The Centre Tecnològic per a la Indústria Aeronàutica i de l’Espai (CTAE, Technological Centre for the Aeronautical and Space Industry), was founded in March 2005 as a non-profit private foundation by academia, government and industry in the region of Catalonia, Spain.

CTAE is committed to boost the aeronautical and space sector in Catalonia, with a mission to enhance industrial competitiveness, stimulating innovation, and undertaking transversal initiatives involving research centers, government and companies.

CTAE offers services of Research, Development and Innovation ("R+D+i") to companies, helping transform concept into product, with the support and the competences of universities and research centers, and financing projects with a mixed formula of public-private funding.

CTAE promotes also trans-regional and international cooperation, transfer of technology with other non-aerospace sectors, as well as promotion of activities related to outreach the aerospace sector to society.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090930100827/http://www.ctae.org/

Non-profit organisations based in Spain
Science and technology in Catalonia
Organizations established in 2005
Andalusia Technology Park. The Andalusia Technology Park () in Málaga is a small science park.

The Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía was conceived as a technological nucleus to stimulate industry in Andalusia. This complex is one of the most important economic centres in the south of Spain, with over 600 companies and 16,774 employees in 2015.

The sectors with the greatest presence at the PTA are: Information Technology (Electronics, Information, Computing and Telecommunications) together with Engineering, Consultancy and Advisory services.  Most of the companies are focused on information technology, telecommunications, and research and development. They include some multinationals such as Oracle, Ericsson, IBM,  TDK, Ciklum, CGI,  Accenture and Huawei.

PTA is one of the most important technological parks in southern Europe and since 1995, the world headquarters of the International Association of Science Parks (IASP).

References

External links 

 Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía 
 Malaga, the place for global companies 
 Malaga Open for Business 
 Digital Malaga, virtual space of the Malaga Innovation Ecosystem 
 IASP, International Association of Science Parks
 Foro PTA

Buildings and structures in Málaga
Science parks in Spain
German submarine U-45 (1938). German submarine U-45 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 21 November 1936 and laid down on 23 February 1937 at Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 580. She was launched on 27 April 1938 and commissioned on 25 June 1938 under the command of Kapitänleutnant (Kptlt.) Alexander Gelhaar.

Design
German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. U-45 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-45 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and an anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history

During her Kriegsmarine service, U-45 conducted only two war patrols and sank two vessels for a loss of .

While operating with others in an attack on an Allied convoy, U-45 was sunk by depth charges from the British destroyers ,  and  on 14 October 1939 southwest of Ireland.

First war patrol

Her training exercises completed, U-45 left Kiel on her first war patrol on 19 August 1939 (prior to the outbreak of World War II) under the command of Kptlt. Alexander Gelhaar. During 28 days at sea no enemy vessels were attacked and the submarine returned to her base at Kiel on 15 September 1939.

Second war patrol
Sailing again on 9 October 1939 under the command of Kptlt. Alexander Gelhaar, U-45 began her second and final war patrol. On 14 October, the U-boat sighted and attacked convoy KJF-3 about  southwest of Ireland. This attack yielded the only two successes by U-45, the 9,205 ton British freighter Lochavon and the 10,108 French merchant ship Bretagne. U-45 also attacked but failed to damage the 10,350 ton British steam merchantman Karamea; the single torpedo fired at this ship detonated prematurely (a common problem early in the war). Survivors of this attack were picked up by  and landed at Plymouth.

Fate
U-45 was depth-charged and sunk on 14 October 1939 by ,  and  at position . All 38 crew members went down with the submarine.

Summary of raiding history

Gallery

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIB submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
1938 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1938
U-boats sunk in 1939
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Ships built in Kiel
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in October 1939