omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Erwin Cotton Mills Company Mill No. 1 Headquarters Building. Erwin Cotton Mills Company Mill No. 1 Headquarters Building, also known as Erwin Square, is a historic textile mill complex located at Durham, Durham County, North Carolina. The mill was built in 1892, and is a two-story, 748 feet long, brick building. It features three square towers projecting from the east facade and hundreds of large and closely spaced windows. The building exemplifies "slow burn" construction with its exterior load bearing brick walls and its heavy timber heart pine beams and columns.  The headquarters building is a Late Victorian style brick building built in 1892 and enlarged in 1896 and 1905. Attached to the headquarters building is a warehouse. In 1983–1984, the complex was renovated as offices and apartments.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is located in the West Durham Historic District.

References

Textile mills in North Carolina
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Victorian architecture in North Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1892
Buildings and structures in Durham, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Durham County, North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina
1892 establishments in North Carolina
Brick buildings and structures in North Carolina
Bucket chain excavator. A bucket chain excavator (BCE) is a piece of heavy equipment used in surface mining and dredging.  BCEs use buckets on a revolving chain to remove large quantities of material. They are similar to bucket-wheel excavators and trenchers. Bucket chain excavators remove material from below their plane of movement, which is useful if the pit floor is unstable or underwater.

History
The first documented use of a bucket chain excavator was in 1859  by Alphonse Couvreux, a French entrepreneur. Several Couvreux BCEs were used in the construction of the Suez Canal.

Overview
A bucket chain excavator works similarly to a bucket wheel excavator, using a series of buckets to dig into the material before dumping it in the bucket chute and depositing it through a discharge boom. The primary difference is that the buckets are mounted on a flexible chain similarly to a  chainsaw blade rather than on a rigid wheel. BCEs are used primarily to excavate material below the vehicle's superstructure while bucket wheel excavators focus primarily on excavating top soil overburden and/or resources.

BCEs vary in range and size, although the majority of them are extremely large, with some capable of excavating 14,500 m3/h. The average BCE from Tenova Takraf for example, weighs around 1,150 tons and has a combined length of 58.5 meters, with a 23.5 meter long bucket ladder. The speed of the bucket chain is 1.22 m/s with a digging force of 1,170 kN/m2. BCEs such as the RK 5000 from the Czech Republic weigh up to 5,000 tons. The largest BCE model currently known is the Takraf Type Es 3750, with a length of over 130 meters, a height of around 40 meters and a weight of  

Nevertheless, bucket chain excavators are usually smaller than bucket wheel excavators, dragline excavators or conveyor bridges due to the limitations of excavating materials below the base of the vehicle.

Structure
The superstructure of a bucket chain excavator is similar to that of a bucket wheel excavator.

The primary component of bucket chain excavators is the bucket ladder and the bucket-chain. Unlike the buckets on a BWE, the buckets on the chain face downwards, allowing the machine to remove overburden or materials significantly below the bench or travel level.

The excavated materials are deposited through the bucket chute. Material can be transferred to a bench conveyor directly or via a discharge boom or mobile conveyor bridge.

Like the BWEs, bucket chain excavators also feature a fixed or rotating superstructure with a counterweight boom that allows the cutting boom a certain degree of verticality. Likewise have a substructure equipped with either a rail or crawler-mounted undercarriage for mobility and transportation. Some BCEs have 'hopping' pontoons similar to those found on walking dragline excavators.

Gallery

See also
 Long reach excavator

References

Engineering vehicles
Excavators
Dredgers
Mining equipment
Articles containing video clips
Root Cause Analysis Solver Engine. Root Cause Analysis Solver Engine (informally RCASE) is a proprietary algorithm developed from research originally at the Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG) at Warwick University. RCASE development commenced in 2003 to provide an automated version of root cause analysis, the method of problem solving that tries to identify the root causes of faults or problems. RCASE is now owned by the spin-out company Warwick Analytics where it is being applied to automated predictive analytics software.

Algorithm
The algorithm has been built from the ground up to be particularly suitable for the following situations:
 'dirty' data
 incomplete data
 big data
 small datasets
 complex problems for example multi-modal failure or with more than one solution
RCASE is considered to be an innovator in the field of Predictive analytics and falls within the category of classification algorithms. Because it was built to handle the data types above, it has been proven to have many advantages over other types of classification algorithms and machine learning algorithms such as decision trees, neural networks and regression techniques. It does not require hypotheses.

It has since been commercialised and made available for operating systems such as SAP, Teradata and Microsoft. RCASE originated from manufacturing and is widely used in applications such as Six Sigma, quality control and engineering, product design and warranty issues. However it is also used in other industries such as e-commerce, financial services and utilities where root cause analysis is required.

Notable applications
Motorola, the home of Six Sigma, used the research technology behind RCASE to support their quality processes. It was used to eliminate No Fault Found quality issues for a particular mobile phone model.

Mechanism & architecture
RCASE is non-statistical and thus does not require any hypotheses. If the key parameters causing the issue or fault in a process are not present in a dataset, it will still narrow the search space and advise where the root cause may lie. This is a different approach to statistical theories which try to find a best fit.

RCASE is based on optimised combinatorial theory and runs on either a grid cluster or a high performance in-memory database. The software will interface with all MES and ERP systems. The result is a security system monitoring and preventing defective products from being produced. The output from the analysis will be markers that identify either an exact root cause of failure or a parametric region pointing high probability of failure (i.e. data-driven guidance on where to look next to gather data and resolve the root cause exactly).

The software can be installed on Linux or Microsoft operating systems and deployed as On-Premises or Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS” or “cloud”).

See also
 Predictive maintenance

References

External links
 Warwick Analytics

Statistical classification
Analytics
Business intelligence software
MicroSolutions Backpack. MicroSolutions Backpack was a line of peripheral devices introduced in 1990 allowing users to attach a peripheral drive, namely hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and DVD±RW drives, to their system. When the original model was released, USB ports did not yet exist, so the drive plugged into a system's printer port. Backpacks could be daisy-chained and still allow for printer usage. Some models also offered audio capability via expansion. Later models introduced faster connectivity to the host system by means of a proprietary PC Card, and later USB.  MicroSolutions was located in DeKalb, Illinois, USA.

References

Computer peripherals
Aircraft Technologies. Aircraft Technologies, Inc. was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Lilburn, Georgia. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of aerobatic aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.

The company is out of business and its products are no longer available.

The company's kits used fiberglass, carbon fiber and 4130 steel tubing construction. Both the Aircraft Technologies Atlantis and the Acro 1 were engineered for +15/-15 g.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Aerobatic aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Nitrapyrin. Nitrapyrin is an organic compound with the formula ClC5H3NCCl3, and is described as a white crystalline solid with a sweet odor. It is used as a nitrification inhibitor and bactericide, which is applied to soils for the growing of agricultural crops since 1974. Nitrapyrin was put up for review by the EPA and deemed safe for use in 2005. Nitrapyrin is an effective nitrification inhibitor to the bacteria Nitrosomonas and has been shown to drastically the reduce the amount of N2O emissions from the soil.

Synthesis
Nitrapyrin is commonly produced by the photochlorination of 2-methylpyridine:
CH3-C5H4N  +  4Cl2   →  CCl3-ClC5H3N + 4 HCl

Function
Nitrapyrin affects the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway, which is important for NH3 oxidation in nitrification; it also functions as an inhibitor of the urease enzyme in the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas, preventing hydrolytic action on urea.  It is applied to the region of soil and inhibits nitrification for 8–10 weeks. Urease Inhibition specifically prevents the following reaction:

(NH2)2CO + H2O → CO2 + 2NH3

Without this capability Nitrosomonas cannot produce nitrite thus inhibiting nitrification:

2NH4+ + 3O2 → 2NO2− + 2 H2O + 4H+

Degradation/Decomposition
Nitrapyrin decomposes both in soil and in plants.  The compound itself tends not to persist in nature. The primary decomposition is the hydrolysis of the trichloromethyl functional group, resulting primarily in 6-chloro-picolinic acid which is the only detected residue in plant metabolisms.

Effects in Agriculture 
In an agricultural setting, nitrapyrin is seen to increase nitrogen retention and decrease nitrogen leaching in root zone. Nitrapyrin also has the effect of increasing crop yield and decreasing emissions of N2O gas. Nitrapyrin isn't the only product applied to soils for the growing of crops, when combined with urea and mulch, wheat biomass increased by 33% and overall yield increased by 23%. Total N2O emissions reduced by 66-75% when compared to urea only experiments, suggesting that nitrapyrin affects the ability of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to engage in nitrification and produce N2O gas.

References

Chloropyridines
Trichloromethyl compounds
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Query Abstraction Layer. QAL is an open-source development project that aims to create a collection of libraries for mixing, moving, merging, substituting and transforming data; also in some cases, such as MongoDB, schemas.

Description 
Sources and destinations include different database backends, file formats like .csv, XML and spreadsheets. Even untidy HTML web pages can be used as both a source and destination.

For SQL/RDBMS backends, it has a database abstraction layer that supports basic connectivity to Postgres, MySQL / MariaDB, IBM Db2, Oracle and MS SQL Server. It uses XML formats (the SQL schema is self-generated) for representation of queries, transformation and merging, making it all processable by scripts.

With regards to SQL, QAL uses a subset of SQL features and data types, which while obviously not complete however is sufficient for most usages. It is however easy to instead use backend-specific SQL when the queries do not have to be backend-agnostic.

It is currently distributed as a Python Library (.egg) and a Debian package file (.deb).

It is related to the Optimal BPM (Business Process Management) project. The Optimal BPM SourceForge project used to be DAL/QAL.

References

External links
 QAL Documentation and examples
 API documentation

Python (programming language) libraries
Free software programmed in Python
Cross-platform free software
Benjamin Bevan. Benjamin Bevan (26 December 1773 — 2 July 1833) was a British civil engineer, noted for his proof of the equivalence of the elastic moduli of ice and water. He was a principal engineer on the Grand Junction Canal.

Bevan was born on Boxing Day in 1773; his parents were Joseph Bevan, a yeoman of Ridgmont, and Mary Ravens. He inherited his father's farm and holdings at the age of nine. He had five children with his wife Mary Allen, whom he married in 1799. Prior to entering the engineering profession, he worked as a brewer, but was encouraged to take up engineering after meeting the geologist William Smith.

In 1802 he completed his first engineering project; a redesign of the Lake Bridge at Leighton Buzzard. Two years later he began working on canals, first working on the Wendover branch of the Grand Junction, and later taking over (along with John Woodhouse and Henry Provis) from the canal's original engineer James Barnes. On this canal, Bevan pioneered the use of iron as a material for aqueducts, constructing one of Britain's earliest iron aqueducts over the River Great Ouse. The work he did on the Grand Junction led to his involvement in other canal construction projects, including the original Grand Union Canal and the Newport Pagnell Canal (although he declined the post of chief engineer for the Wey and Arun Canal).

He did extensive surveying work, looking at means of creating navigable stretches of the River Ivel and River Nene, and proposing canals between Market Harborough and Stamford and a branch out as far as Taunton. His survey of Deeping Fen resulted in an Act allowing the provision of steam engines for drainage, one of the earliest uses of steam power for this purpose.

In later life, he developed an interest in materials science and meteorology, writing numerous scientific papers. He served on the committee which established the London Mechanics' Institution, and introduced George Birkbeck as the chair.

He died from heart failure on 2 July 1833 whilst observing a lunar eclipse, and was interred at Ridgmont.

References

British hydrologists
British civil engineers
1773 births
1833 deaths
North Washington Street Bridge (DeWitt). The North Washington Street Bridge is a historic bridge in DeWitt, Arkansas, USA. Built in 1910, it carries North Washington Street over Holt Branch, just south of Holt Lane, and is the oldest known concrete bridge span in the state. It consists of two spans of steel girders, resting on concrete abutments and a concrete central pier, with concrete decking. It is  long and has a roadbed  wide. Its guard rails consist of metal piping mounted on concrete piers with simple recessed panels as a decorative effect. The short spans of the bridge demonstrate the unfamiliarity with the use of concrete as a bridge-building material.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

See also
North Jackson Street Bridge
Maxwell Street Bridge
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas County, Arkansas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Bridges completed in 1942
1942 establishments in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas County, Arkansas
Steel bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Transportation in Arkansas County, Arkansas
DeWitt, Arkansas
Riyaz Kharrat. Riyaz Kharrat is a professor of engineering at Montanuniversität Leoben.

His research interests and activities are about enhanced oil recovery (EOR), improved oil recovery (IOR), asphaltene & wax studies, thermal recovery methods, and reservoir modeling and simulation.

Kharrat was born on 8 December 1956 in Karbala. He graduated from Hakim Sanai High School of Esfahan, Iran in 1975. He then went to the United States to continue his studies.
He obtained his BSc degree in chemical engineering from Kansas University in the United States in 1981, then continued his education with a master's degree and doctorate in chemical engineering, majoring in enhanced oil recovery.  During his staying at Kansas University, he was teaching math courses and was working in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Project (TORP). 

Kharrat has published more than 170 ISI International publications in well-known international journals, 48 SPE papers, 27 national journals and had participated in more than 165 national and international seminar and symposia and had supervised more than 130 MSc. and PhD. thesis in the field of chemical and petroleum engineering.

Books
 Practical Improved Hydrocarbon Recovery- An Industrial Guide Book for EOR and IOR, Published by Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017.
 Reservoir insitu stress and Geomechanic, publication by Setayesh Publication Institute, 2015.
 Asphaltene and Wax in Oil Field: Remedy and Solution, published by Setayesh Press, 2012.
 Material and Energy balances in Chemical engineering, Published by Kerman University, 2009.
 Enhanced oil recovery, Published by Nehr Danish Institute, 2008.
 Description of Problem Solution of Applied Mathematic in Chemical Engineering, Vol. II, Published by Amir Kabir University, 2008.
 Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering – Numerical Solution, Vol. II, Published by Mir Kabir University, 2002.
 Mathematical Modeling in Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Published by Amir Kabir University, 2002.
 Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering- Mathematical Formulation and Analytical Methods, Vol. I, Published by Amir Kabir University, 2001.
 Description of Problem Solution of Applied Mathematic in Chemical Engineering, Vol. I, Published by Amir Kabir University, 2001.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Iranian chemical engineers
University of Kansas alumni
Academic staff of the University of Leoben
Metal testing. Metal testing is a process or procedure used to check composition of an unknown metallic substance. There are destructive processes and nondestructive processes. Metal testing can also include, determining the properties of newly forged metal alloys. With many chemical-property databases readily available, identification of unmarked pure, common metals can be a quick and easy process. Leaving the original sample in complete, re-usable condition. This type of testing is nondestructive.  When working with alloys (forged mixtures) of metals however, to determine the exact composition, could result in the original sample being separated into its starting materials, then measured and calculated. After the components are known they can be looked up and matched to known alloys. The original sample would be destroyed in the process.  This type of testing is destructive.

Destructive testing (DT)

In this kind of testing, the material undergoes mechanical testing and is discarded thereafter. Test results are compared with specifications. Subtypes include:

 Bend test
 Impact test – Further categorised as Charpy test and Izod test
 Hardness test
 Tensile test
 Fatigue test
 Corrosion resistance test
 Wear test

Nondestructive testing (NDT)

Raw and finished material undergoes testing according to code specifications such as ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V. The tested material is not damaged by the test. Subtypes include:
 Visual testing
 Dye penetrant inspection
 Magnetic particle inspection
 Radiographic testing
 Ultrasonic testing
 Leak testing
 Eddy current testing
 Remote field electromagnetic testing
 LR UT

See also

Metallurgical assay

References

Metalworking
Air pollution episode. An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and meteorology - usually low or stagnant winds and temperature inversion - that creates prolonged and widespread air pollution lasting two to seven days. Effects range from eye irritation to deaths across age groups. Examples of air pollution episodes include:
1930 Meuse Valley Episode
1939 Saint Louis Episode
 1948 Donora Episode
 1952 London Episode
 1997 Indonesian forest fires Episode
 2005 Malaysian Haze Episode
 2006 Southeast Asian Haze Episode
 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy Episode

See also
Smog, Haze, Ozone, PM2.5, Air Pollution, Inversion

In the United States

References

Atmosphere of Earth
Kathleen McKeown. 

Kathleen R. McKeown is an American computer scientist, specializing in natural language processing. She is currently the Henry and Gertrude Rothschild Professor of Computer Science and is the Founding Director of the Institute for Data Sciences and Engineering at Columbia University.

McKeown received her B.A. from Brown University in 1976 and her PhD in Computer Science in 1982 from the University of Pennsylvania and has spent her career at Columbia. She was the first woman to be tenured in the university's School of Engineering and Applied Science and was the first woman to serve as Chair of the Department of Computer Science, from 1998 to 2003. She has also served as Vice Dean for Research in the School of Engineering and Applied Science.

She has held the positions of President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer of the Association for Computational Linguistics and has been a board member and secretary of the board of the Computing Research Association.

McKeown's research focuses on natural language processing and has included the Newsblaster multi-document summarization program to derive summary news stories from the contents of a number of news sites; for a few years this included multilingual news.

Honors
 1985 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation
 1991 Faculty Award for Women, National Science Foundation
 1994 AAAI Fellow
 2003 ACM Fellow
 2010 Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award in Innovation
 2012 Association for Computational Linguistics founding Fellow
 2019 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2022 Elected to the American Philosophical Society

Selected publications
Text Generation: Using Discourse Strategies and Focus Constraints to Generate Natural Language Text. Studies in natural language processing. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University, 1985, 2nd ed. 1992. .
with Ani Nenkova. Automatic Summarization. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval 5:2–3. Hanover, Massachusetts: Now, 2011. .

References

External links

Kathleen McKeown's faculty page at Columbia University

Living people
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Brown University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2003 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Natural language processing researchers
Computational linguistics researchers
21st-century American women
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the Association for Computational Linguistics
IBM ALP. IBM Assembly Language Processor (ALP) is an assembler written by IBM for 32-bit OS/2 Warp (OS/2 3.0), which was released in 1994.

ALP accepts source programs compatible with Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) version 5.1, which was originally used to build many of the device drivers included with OS/2.  For OS/2 versions 3 and 4 ALP was distributed, along with other tools and documentation, as part of the Device Driver Kit (DDK).  The DDK was withdrawn in 2004 as part of IBM's discontinuance of OS/2.

References

External links
 ALP binaries and documentation 

ALP
Assemblers
OS/2 software
Programming tools