omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Revolute joint. A revolute joint (also called pin joint or hinge joint) is a one-degree-of-freedom kinematic pair used frequently in mechanisms and machines.  The joint constrains the motion of two bodies to pure rotation along a common axis. The joint does not allow translation, or sliding linear motion, a constraint not shown in the diagram. Almost all assemblies of multiple moving bodies include revolute joints in their designs. Revolute joints are used in numerous applications such as door hinges, mechanisms, and other uni-axial rotation devices. 

A revolute joint is usually made by a pin or knuckle joint, through a rotary bearing. It enforces a cylindrical contact area, which makes it a lower kinematic pair, also called a full joint. However, If there is any clearance between the pin and hole (as there must be for motion), so-called surface contact in the pin joint actually becomes line contact. 

The contact between the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces is usually assumed to be frictionless. But some use simplified models assume linear viscous damping in the form , where  is the friction torque,  is the relative angular velocity, and  is the friction constant. Some more complex models take stiction and the Stribeck effect into consideration.

See also

 Cylindrical joint
 Kinematics
 Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
 Kinematic pair
 Mechanical joint
 Prismatic joint

References 

Kinematics
Rigid bodies
Phillip Ragon. Phillip Terrence "Terry" Ragon is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded InterSystems and is the current CEO.

Early life and education

The son of a U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, Ragon was born in Arizona. He grew up in a variety of states and graduated from high school in Bogota, Colombia. He graduated from MIT in 1971 with a B.S. in physics.

Career

In 1978, Phillip Ragon founded InterSystems Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to develop and sell database management and healthcare information systems. He is currently the CEO and owner.

Ragon is a member of the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows, and a member of MIT Corporation (the governing body of MIT), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Jameel Clinic.

In 2020, with a net worth of $2.2 billion, Forbes ranked Ragon No. 378 on the Forbes 400 list of the richest people in America.

Philanthropy

In March 2017, Ragon, and wife Susan, signed The Giving Pledge, vowing to donate at least half of their money to philanthropic causes.

In 2009, Ragon pledged to donate US $100 million over 10 years period for AIDS research through the Phillip T. and Susan M. Ragon Institute at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) after witnessing the plight of the disease in South Africa. The Ragons donated $200 million to MGH in 2019, the largest donation in the hospital's history.

In April 2019, Ragon and his wife announced that they were donating a further $200 million to Massachusetts General Hospital for a vaccine-research center.

Awards and honors
In 2022, Ragon received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

References

Living people
21st-century American philanthropists
American technology chief executives
Harvard Medical School people
Massachusetts General Hospital benefactors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cylindrical joint. A cylindrical joint is a two-degrees-of-freedom kinematic pair used in mechanisms.  Cylindrical joints constrain two bodies to a single axis while allowing them to rotate about and slide along that axis. This can be pictured by an unsecured axle mounted on a chassis, as it may freely rotate and translate. An example of this would be the rotating rods of a  table football (foosball).

See also
 Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
 Kinematic pair
 Kinematics
 Prismatic joint
 Revolute joint

References 

Kinematics
Rigid bodies
Screw joint. A screw joint is a one-degree-of-freedom kinematic pair used in mechanisms.  Screw joints provide single-axis translation by utilizing the threads of a lead screw to provide such translation.  This type of joint is used primarily on most types of linear actuators and certain types of cartesian robots.

A screw joint is sometimes considered as a separate type but it is actually a variation of bolted joint. The difference is that a screw is used rather than a bolt, thus requiring an internal thread in one of the jointed parts. This can save space, however, continuous reuse of the thread would probably damage the coils, making the whole part unsuitable.

See also
 Biological screw joint
 Cylindrical joint
 Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
 Kinematic pair
 Kinematics
 Mechanical joint

References 

Kinematics
Rigid bodies
AS1 (networking). AS1 (Applicability Statement 1) is a specification about how to transport structured business-to-business data securely and reliably over the Internet. Security is achieved by using digital certificates and encryption.

AS1 technical overview 

The AS1 protocol is based on SMTP and S/MIME. It was the first AS protocol developed and uses signing, encryption and MDN conventions. In other words:
 Files are sent as "attachments" in a specially coded SMIME email message
 Messages can be signed, but do not have to be
 Messages can be encrypted, but do not have to be
 Messages may request an MDN back if all went well, but do not have to request such a message
 If the original AS1 message requested an MDN...
 Upon the receipt of the message and its successful decryption or signature validation (as necessary) a "success" MDN will be sent back to the original sender. This MDN is typically signed but not encrypted. 
Upon the receipt and successful verification of the signature on the MDN, the original sender will "know" that the recipient got their message (this provides the "Non-repudiation" element of AS1)
 If there are any problems receiving or interpreting the original AS1 message, a "failed" MDN may be sent back.

Like any other AS file transfer, AS1 file transfers typically require both sides of the exchange to trade X.509 certificates and specific "trading partner" names before any transfers can take place.

See also
AS2
AS3
AS4

External links
  - AS1 specification
 AS1 Providers - Drummond Certified

Computer networks
Cryptographic protocols
Internet Standards
ACube Systems Srl. ACube Systems Srl is a company that started in January 2007 from the synergy of the Italian companies Alternative Holding Group Srl, Soft3 and Virtual Works.

The three companies have been engaged in the areas of sale, distribution and engineering of hardware and software for mainstream systems and alternative platforms for years. They have joined their efforts in the realization of the Sam440ep platform. The ongoing dispute over ownership of AmigaOS cast doubts about the actual release of AmigaOS 4 for this new hardware, support for Sam440ep was later introduced in AmigaOS 4.1. Since November 2007 Acube Systems distributed AmigaOS 4.0 for Amiga computers with PowerPC CPU cards on behalf of Hyperion Entertainment.
They also built the first Amiga redesign in hardware, the Minimig.

In September 2011, Acube Systems introduced AmigaOne 500 based on Sam460ex mainboard.

References

See also 

Amiga companies
Italian companies established in 2007
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
AmigaOS 4
Privately held companies of Italy
Technology companies established in 2007
Italian brands
Cloud testing. Cloud testing is a form of software testing in which web applications use cloud computing environments (a "cloud") to simulate real-world user traffic.

Steps 
Companies simulate real world Web users by using cloud testing services that are provided by cloud service vendors such as Advaltis, Compuware, HP, Keynote Systems, Neotys, RadView and SOASTA. Once user scenarios are developed and the test is designed, these service providers leverage cloud servers (provided by cloud platform vendors such as Amazon.com, Google, Rackspace, Microsoft, etc.) to generate web traffic that originates from around the world. Once the test is complete, the cloud service providers deliver results and analytics back to corporate IT professionals through real-time dashboards for a complete analysis of how their applications and the internet will perform during peak volumes.

Applications 

Cloud testing is often seen as only performance or load tests, however, as discussed earlier it covers many other types of testing. Cloud computing itself is often referred to as the marriage of software as a service (SaaS) and utility computing. In regard to test execution, the software offered as a service may be a transaction generator and the cloud provider's infrastructure software, or may just be the latter. Distributed Systems and Parallel Systems mainly use this approach for testing, because of their inherent complex nature. D-Cloud is an example of such a software testing environment.

Tools 
Leading cloud computing service providers include, among others, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, RadView, Skytap, HP and SOASTA.

Benefits 
The ability and cost to simulate web traffic for software testing purposes has been an inhibitor to overall web reliability. The low cost and accessibility of the cloud's extremely large computing resources provides the ability to replicate real world usage of these systems by geographically distributed users, executing wide varieties of user scenarios, at scales previously unattainable in traditional testing environments. Minimal start-up time along with quality assurance can be achieved by cloud testing.

Following are some of the key benefits:
 Reduction in capital expenditure
 Highly scalable

References 

Cloud computing
Software testing
HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady. HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady was the first experimental HVDC transmission line in the United States. Built in 1932, the circuit traversed  from Mechanicville, New York to Schenectady, New York.

The system used mercury arc rectifiers at a voltage of 20,000 volts and a rated power of 5 MW. The facility was dismantled after World War II.

Mechanicville - Schenectady HVDC line 
General Electric built an experimental 15 kV DC transmission system with a maximum transmission rate of 150 kW at their plant in Schenectady. In 1932, a 27.4 kilometres long experimental HVDC line designed for a bipolar voltage of 15 kV and a maximum transmission power of 5 MW from  Mechanicville Hydroelectric Plant was built. This system first used mercury arc valves, and then later ignitrons, as the first power electronic devices used for HVDC transmission. The line was in service until 1945 and operated in constant current mode. In 1945 the scheme was dismantled.

This experimental system also demonstrated frequency conversion. The Mechanicville plant generated power at 40 Hz, and the HVDC line transmitted power to the Schenectady 60 Hz  system.

See also
 Albert Hull

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1932
HVDC transmission lines
Energy infrastructure in New York (state)
1932 establishments in New York (state)
Nanobama. Nanobama is the name of microminiature portraits of United States President Barack Obama. They were created by Professor John Hart of University of Michigan's Mechanical Engineering department to celebrate the election of Obama. The portrait, which considered the world's smallest presidential portrait, measures 500 μm across (about the size of a period in the average printed text).

The portrait is composed of some 150 million carbon nanotubes representing the number of people who voted for him in the 2009 presidential election. Each nanotube is 10,000 times smaller than a human hair. These were grown together on a silicon substrate, with the 3D artwork produced using photolithography.  Hart actually created the portraits before the election's outcome was known, and he let the secret out to the world in early November 2008. There are several Nanobamas extant, but they all reside on a silicon wafer in the professor's office.

Aside from serving as homage to Obama, nanobama was also created to draw attention to the growing capabilities of nanotechnology. According to Hart, the nanotubes are the strongest molecule known to man and, although it has fantastic electrical and thermal properties, effective methods of organizing large numbers of these nanotubes are needed.

References

 Chemical & Engineering News, 19 January 2009, "Newscripts", p. 88
 Professor Hart's Nanobama website, archived

Nanotechnology
EnerWorks. EnerWorks Inc. is a North American solar thermal technology provider headquartered in Woodstock, Ontario, which develops and manufactures renewable energy appliances for the residential, commercial and industrial markets. 

EnerWorks solar water heating appliances were the first to qualify for the USDOEs "Energy Star" residential water heater program. 

In 2009, in conjunction with Vanir Energy, EnerWorks constructed what both companies considered the largest solar thermal heating and cooling installation in the world at that time, comprising 640 collectors on a 1-million square-foot location in Fletcher, North Carolina.

See also
Renewable energy in the United States

References

Solar energy companies
Energy companies of the United States
Solar energy
HNLMS Isaac Sweers (1940). HNLMS Isaac Sweers was one of four  built for the Royal Netherlands Navy during World War II.

Design and construction
The keel was laid on 26 November 1938. The ship was launched on 16 March 1940 and the unfinished ship was evacuated to England after the German invasion of the Netherlands. She was completed in Great Britain, with six British 4-inch dual purpose guns instead of planned five 120 mm guns. The ship was modern for her time, she was fast and had two manually stabilized 40 mm Bofors AA guns, each with its own Hazemeyer fire control, an on-mount mechanical analog fire control computer integrated with a on-mount optical rangefinder. It was the first Dutch ship to use a Dutch radio direction finder (RDF 289), to aim its AA guns. The ship's plans were saved from the Germans and elements were incorporated into Royal Navy ship designs.

Operations 

Isaac Sweers was part of the Allied flotilla of destroyers which torpedoed and sank the Italian cruisers  and  on 13 December 1941, at the Battle of Cape Bon. She riddled Alberto di Giussano with gunfire at short range and launched four torpedoes against the ; all of them missed their target. She escorted the important convoy MW 8B to Malta in January 1942. During this mission the British destroyer  was torpedoed by the German submarine  on 12 January 1942. Isaac Sweers towed the stricken British destroyer through a field of burning oil and saved her entire crew of 240 sailors. They were taken to Tobruk.

During Operation Torch, on 11 November 1942, along with , Isaac Sweers helped rescue 241 men from the ship Nieuw Zeeland, a Dutch troop transport that had been torpedoed by the  at  - about  east of Gibraltar, in the Mediterranean. On 13 November 1942, Isaac Sweers was hit by two torpedoes from the German submarine  under command of Wilhelm Dommes. She sank with the loss of 108 of her 194 crew.

Notes

References

External links 
 Dutch navy destroyers in WWII 
 Dutch radar developments 1936-1941

Gerard Callenburgh-class destroyers
Ships built in Vlissingen
Ships built in Southampton
1940 ships
World War II destroyers of the Netherlands
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in November 1942
McKeesport Connecting Railroad Bridge. The McKeesport Connecting Railroad Bridge, also known as the Riverton Bridge, is a bridge that spans the Monongahela River between McKeesport, and Duquesne, Pennsylvania.

History
The bridge connected the U.S. Steel Duquesne Works and the National Tube Works in McKeesport and was used by Pennsylvania Union Railroad which is owned and operated by Transtar, Inc., the railroad division of U.S. Steel. In the late 1950s/early 1960s the large blast furnace Dorothy (named for the U.S. Steel president's wife) was built to supply steel to both plants, replacing many smaller furnaces.  In the 1980s, during the decline of the American steel industry, both mills were closed and razed.  The Bridge remained unused for several years, until 2007, when it became part of the Great Allegheny Passage  bike trail from the C&O Canal Towpath in Cumberland MD to Pittsburgh PA.
The bridge is next to the McKeesport – Duquesne vehicular bridge.

See also
List of crossings of the Monongahela River

References

Bridges over the Monongahela River
Bridges in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
U.S. Steel
Steel bridges in the United States
Ironing. Ironing is the use of an iron, usually heated, to remove wrinkles and unwanted creases from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of , depending on the fabric. Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibres of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibres are straightened by the weight of the iron, and they hold their new shape as they cool. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics (developed in or after the mid-twentieth century) are advertised as needing little or no ironing. Permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton.

The first known use of heated metal to "iron" clothes is known to have occurred in China. The electric iron was invented in 1882, by Henry W. Seely. Seely patented his "electric flatiron" on June 6, 1882 (U.S. Patent no. 259,054).

Equipment

Iron

The iron is the small appliance used to remove wrinkles from fabric. It is also known as a clothes iron, steam iron, flat iron, smoothing iron or iron box.

On 15 February 1858 W. Vandenburg and J. Harvey patented an ironing table that facilitated pressing sleeves and pant legs. A truly portable folding ironing board was first patented in Canada in 1875 by John B. Porter. The invention also included a removable press board used for sleeves. In 1892 Sarah Boone obtained a patent in the United States for improvements to the ironing board, allowing for better quality ironing for shirt sleeves.

Ironing board cover sizes

Tailor's ham
A tailor's ham or dressmakers ham is a tightly stuffed pillow in the shape of a ham used as a mold when pressing curves such as sleeves or collars.

Commercial equipment

Commercial dry cleaning and full-service laundry providers usually use a large appliance called a steam press to do most of the work of ironing clothes. Alternatively, a rotary iron may be used.

Historically, larger tailors' shops included a tailor's stove, used to quickly and efficiently heat multiple irons. In many developing countries a cluster of solid irons, heated alternatively from a single heating source, are used for pressing clothes at small commercial outlets.

Recommended ironing temperatures

Another source suggests slightly higher temperatures; for example, 180-220 °C for cotton.

Chemistry 

When the fabric is heated, the molecules are more easily reoriented. In the case of cotton fibres, which are derivatives of cellulose, the hydroxyl groups that crosslink the cellulose polymer chains are reformed at high temperatures and become somewhat "locked in place" upon cooling the item. In permanent press pressed clothes, chemical agents such as dimethylol ethylene urea are added as crosslinking agents.

See also
 Domestic robot
 Extreme ironing
 Hair iron
 Laundry symbol
 Mangle (machine)
 Self-service laundry
 Washing machine

References

External links

 History of Ironing from oldandinteresting.com
 Theory and Technology of Ironing
 Antique Irons from the Virtual Museum of Textile Arts

 
Domestic implements
Caudron C.190. The Caudron C.190 was a French two-seat low-wing single-engine sports plane, built by the French aeroplane manufacturer Caudron in the late 1920s. The only variant of the C.190 family (C.190/191/192/193) to be built in series was the C.193.

Operational history
Information in publications is vague, but at least six C.193s were produced (reg. F-AJHG, F-AJOB, F-AJSG, F-AJSH, F-AJSI, F-AJSJ) and one Salmson-powered C.192 (F-AJHF). One aircraft, C.193 F-AJSI, was sold to Great Britain in 1930 and registered as G-ABFX, but returned to France in 1931 to be registered as F-ALLJ.

In 1929, aircraft F-AJHF and F-AJHG participated in the Challenge 1929 international touring plane contest, and one of them completed it in 28th place, flown by Raymond Delmotte

In 1930, three C.193s participated in the Challenge 1930 international touring plane contest (F-AJSG, F-AJSH, F-AJSI), Maurice Finat completing it in 17th place and François Arrachart in 24th place.

Variants

 C.190 - first variant, with 80 hp (58.8 kW) Renault straight engine
 C.191 - variant with 95 hp (69.8 kW) Salmson 7AC radial engine
 C.192 - variant with 95 hp (69.8 kW) Salmson 7AC radial engine
 C.193 - series variant, with 98 hp (72 kW) Renault 4Pb straight engine

Specifications (C.193)

References

Bibliography

 Marian Krzyżan: Międzynarodowe turnieje lotnicze 1929-1934, Warsaw 1988,

External links

Caudron C.193 at Aviafrance.com

1920s French sport aircraft
C.190
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
ANDROS. The ANDROS is a series of remote control military robots designed by REMOTEC, a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman. The ANDROS series is primarily designed for military, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and law enforcement or SWAT applications. The ANDROS gained notability in 2016 for being involved in the first instance of a robot being used to kill another person, Micah Xavier Johnson, the gunman involved in the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers.

Variants

The robot is made in the following variants:
 F6-A is the basic variant. Its dimensions are 52" x 29" x 56.5" (L X W X H), it weighs 485 lbs, has 4 cameras, and a manipulator arm capable of lifting 25 lbs at full extension.
An earlier variant, the F-5, was used to kill the perpetrator of the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers.
 MarkV-A1 has a similar design to the F6-A model, but is appreciably larger with a weight of 790 lbs.
 Mini ANDROS-II is a smaller variation of the design.  Its dimensions are 53" x 24.5" x 27" (L X W X H) and it has a weight of 225 lbs.
 Wolverine is a wheeled and optionally tracked design and is the largest in the ANDROS family at 810 lbs.
 Wolverine V2 is a mine-permissible variant of the Wolverine for use by the Mine Safety and Health Administration.  With the added safety equipment, the V2 weighs 1200 lbs.  The V2 was a custom design and is not offered for sale with the other models.
 HD-1 is wheeled and optionally tracked like the Wolverine, but is the smallest (and newest) ANDROS variant, weighing 200 lbs.

References

External links

Northrop Grumman REMOTEC Robots
MSHA Sago Mine Robot Details

Military robots
Bomb disposal robots
Northrop Grumman