omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PowerMILL. PowerMill is a 3D CAM software that runs on Microsoft Windows operating system which is used for the programming of toolpaths for 5-axis CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling machines. PowerMill is developed and sold by Autodesk Inc. The software is used in a range of different engineering industries to determine optimal tool paths to reduce time and manufacturing costs as well as reduce tool loads and produce smooth surface finishes.

History

The code of PowerMill originates from the software DUCT which was developed in 1973 by Donald Welbourn and Ed Lambourne along with the help of Delta Metal Group, whose funding aided the transfer of the system into industry. DUCT was initially developed with the sponsorship of Control Data in Germany in the form of access to their time-sharing computing resources. The advancement of mini computers from 1982 meant that it became economically viable to design complex 3D shapes using a computer.

From 1995 to 1998 DUCT was gradually replaced with a new range of products, which covered the full manufacturing cycle from conceptual design through to manufacture. Delcam's Power Solution range of products that built upon the functionality of the DUCT suite, incorporated the latest user interface technology and offered users many new benefits.

Release History

Ad-ons

PowerMILL Pro includes PS-Exchange a CAD data translator for all neutral import and export (IGES and VDA and STEP)

PowerMILL 3+2 Machining where a 3 axis milling program is executed with the cutting tool locked in a tilted position

PowerMILL 4&5 axis machining for 4 and 5 axis machines

PowerMILL Rotary Axis for machines using a rotary axis

PowerMILL Training Seat/IGES Viewer

PowerMILL Port Machining for the machining of tubular apertures

PowerMILL Blade, Blisk & Impeller Machining

PowerMILL Robot Interface for programming of robotic arms

See also 
Autodesk
Delcam
PowerSHAPE
PowerINSPECT

References

Computer-aided manufacturing software
VTOL Aircraft Phillicopter. 

The VTOL Aircraft Phillicopter is a 1970s Australian light utility helicopter designed and built by VTOL Aircraft of Newcastle West, New South Wales.

Design
Duan A. Phillips began work on design of a two-seat helicopter in 1962, and started to build a prototype in 1967. The prototype, the Phillicopter Mark I, was completed and first flew in 1971, powered by a single  Rolls-Royce Continental O-200 engine. Phillips set up VTOL Aircraft Pty Ltd in 1971 to construct and develop the Phillicopter. The Phillicopter was granted its Australian type certificate in 1984, and the prototype was modified to represent a pre-production standard.

The Phillicopter is a conventional two-seat helicopter with a two-blade rotor powered by a  Lycoming O-360 piston engine.  It has an enclosed cabin with removable doors and is fitted with dual controls. The open frame fuselage has a two-blade tail rotor at the rear. A 91-litre fuel tank is fitted and an optional 91-litre central tank can be fitted, although this can also be used for crop spraying chemicals rather than fuel. The Phillicopter has a fixed skid type landing gear.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Flight 22 June 1985

1970s Australian civil utility aircraft
1970s Australian helicopters
Phenylpropanoic acid. Phenylpropanoic acid or hydrocinnamic acid is a carboxylic acid with the formula C9H10O2 belonging to the class of phenylpropanoids. It is a white, crystalline solid with a sweet, floral scent at room temperature. Phenylpropanoic acid has a wide variety of uses including cosmetics, food additives, and pharmaceuticals.

Preparation and reactions
Phenylpropanoic acid can be prepared from cinnamic acid by hydrogenation. Originally it was prepared by reduction with sodium amalgam in water and by electrolysis.

A characteristic reaction of phenylpropanoic acid is its cyclization to 1-indanone.  When the side chain is homologated by the Arndt–Eistert reaction, subsequent cyclization affords 2-tetralone, derivatives.

Uses 
Phenylpropanoic acid is widely used for flavoring, food additives, spices, fragrance, and medicines as it acts as a fixative agent, or a preservative.

Food industry
Phenylpropanoic acid is used in the food industry to preserve and maintain the original aroma quality of frozen foods. It can also be used to add or restore original color to food. Shelved foods are protected from microorganism by adding phenylpropanoic acid to prevent deterioration to the food by microorganisms as well as  acting as an antioxidant to prolong shelf life foods. This compound is used as a sweetener as well to sweeten food and can be found in table top sweeteners. It can also act as an emulsifier, to keep oil and water mixtures from separating. Phenylpropanoic acid  is also added to food for technological purposes in a wide variety including manufacturing, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage, and food additives. It also provides flavorings for ice cream, bakery, and confectionery.

Cosmetics
This compound is used frequently in cosmetic products such as perfumes, bath gels, detergent powders, liquid detergents, fabric softeners, and soaps as it gives off a floral scent. The acid is commonly used as flavoring for toothpastes and mouthwashes in addition to providing floral scents and possible fruity, minty, spearmint, strawberry, lychee, and herbal flavorings.

References

Phenyl alkanoic acids
Phenylpropanoids
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Lead(IV) chloride. Lead tetrachloride, also known as lead(IV) chloride, has the molecular formula PbCl4. It is a yellow, oily liquid which is stable below 0 °C, and decomposes at 50 °C. It has a tetrahedral configuration, with lead as the central atom. The Pb–Cl covalent bonds have been measured to be 247 pm and the bond energy is 243 kJ⋅mol−1.

Synthesis 

Lead tetrachloride can be made by reacting lead(II) chloride PbCl2, and hydrochloric acid HCl, in the presence of chlorine gas (Cl2), leading to the formation of chloroplumbic acid H2PbCl6. It is then converted to the ammonium salt (NH4)2PbCl6 by adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Finally, the solution is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4, to separate out lead tetrachloride. This series of reactions is conducted at 0 °C. The following equations illustrate the reaction:

PbCl2 + 2HCl + Cl2 → H2PbCl6
H2PbCl6 + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2PbCl6 + 2HCl
(NH4)2PbCl6 + H2SO4 → PbCl4+ 2HCl + (NH4)2SO4

Reaction with water 

Unlike carbon tetrachloride, another group IV (IUPAC: group 14) chloride, lead tetrachloride reacts with water. This is because the central atom is bigger (Pb is bigger than C) so there is less cluttering and water can easily access it. Also, because of the presence of empty d orbitals on the Pb atom, oxygen can bind to it before a Pb–Cl bond has to break, thus requiring less energy. The overall reaction is thus as follow:

PbCl4 + 2H2O → PbO2(s) + 4HCl(g)

Stability 

Lead tetrachloride tends to decompose further into lead dichloride and chlorine gas:
PbCl4 →  PbCl2 + Cl2(g)

There are reports that this reaction can proceed explosively and that the compound is best stored under pure sulfuric acid at -80 °C in the dark.

The stability of the +4 oxidation state decreases as we travel down this group of the periodic table. Thus while carbon tetrachloride is a stable compound, with lead the oxidation state +2 is favored and PbCl4 quickly becomes PbCl2. Indeed, the inert pair effect causes lead to favor its +2 oxidation state: Pb atom loses all its outermost p electrons and ends up with a stable, filled s subshell.

Toxicity 

Lead is a cumulative poison. Only limited evidence have been shown of lead's carcinogenic effect, but lead tetrachloride, as well as all other lead compounds, is "reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens" according to the Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition (2011). Lead can be absorbed by the body through several routes, primarily inhalation but also ingestion and dermal contact. Lead compounds are also teratogens.

References

Lead(IV) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Calix Limited. Calix Limited is an Australian technology company whose core technology is a "kiln" built in Bacchus Marsh that produces "mineral honeycomb". Calix's technology includes work on CO2 capture to address global sustainability challenges across several industries including wastewater treatment, aquaculture, advanced energy storage and cement / lime production.

Products 
Calix's products include ACTI-Mag, BOOSTER-Mag and AQUA-Cal+.

ACTI-Mag - Wastewater management
AQUA-Cal+ - Sustainable aquaculture farming, lake & pond remediation
BOOSTER-Mag - Crop protection

History 
The origins of Calix began in 2005, with work on flash calcining. In 2007 their first pilot calciner facility was built to test what was possible with a fully established CFC 850 calciner plant at Bacchus Marsh in 2011. In 2012 Calix acquired mining tenements at Myrtle Springs, South Australia. Between 2013 and 2017 Calix established a plant in South East Asia and won several awards and funding for a variety of sustainable technologies including Advanced Battery research, and Agricultural applications. Calix listed publicly in the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in 2018 and in coordination with the LEILAC (Low Emissions Intensity Lime & Cement) project in Europe, began construction of a pilot plant in Lixhe, Belgium. In 2019 Calix acquired the US-based company Inland Empire Resources.

Project LEILAC 
Calix is a key partner in, and provides the core technology towards, Project LEILAC (Low Emissions Intensity Lime & Cement), as part of Horizon 2020, a programme established by the European Commission.

Financial information 
Calix Limited is a listed Australian public company, having listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in 2018. Prior to its listing, Calix was backed by investors including Och-Ziff Capital Management Group and Washington H Soul Pattinson. Since its foundation in 2005, Calix Limited has to date committed more than $40 million to commercialising its technologies and processes.

References 

 
 Building a Better World With Green Cement, By Michael Rosenwald. Smithsonian, December 2011

External links 
 
 LEILAC Project

Climate change mitigation
Energy storage
Biotechnology
Companies based in Sydney
Companies of Australia
Chemical companies of Australia
Technology companies established in 2005
Australian companies established in 2005
Wafering. Wafering is the process by which a silicon crystal (boule) is made into wafers. This process is usually carried out by a multi-wire saw which cuts multiple wafers from the same crystal at the same time. These wafers are then polished to the desired degree of flatness and thickness.

In the past, conventional circular saws were used during the 1950s and 1960s, followed by inner diameter saws in the 1970s and 1980s. These saws had diamond particles embedded into their blades to cut silicon. Multi-wire saws were introduced during the early 2000s. The motivation behind this evolution was to reduce material losses from the saw's kerf, and to improve wafer's surface quality, flatness, and bow.

See also
 Wafer (electronics)
 Monocrystalline silicon

External links
 How Silicon Chips Are Made - How Silicon Chips Are Made article on TechRadar
 Wafering - By SolarWorld USA
 Silicon Wafer Fabrication Process - By the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University

Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor growth
Crystals
Dremel (software). Dremel is a distributed system developed at Google for interactively querying large datasets.

Dremel is the query engine used in Google's BigQuery service.

Dremel is the inspiration for Apache Drill, Apache Impala, and Dremio, an Apache licensed platform that includes a distributed SQL execution engine.

In 2020, Dremel won the Test of Time award at the VLDB 2020 conference, recognizing the innovations it pioneered.

References

Google software
Triethoxysilane. Triethoxysilane is an organosilicon compound with the formula HSi(OC2H5)3.  It is a colourless liquid used in precious metal-catalysed hydrosilylation reactions.  The resulting triethoxysilyl groups are often valued for attachment to silica surfaces.  Compared to most compounds with Si-H bonds, triethoxysilane exhibits relatively low reactivity.  Like most silyl ethers, triethoxysilane is susceptible to hydrolysis.
As reducing agent, triethoxysilane can for example be used in reduction of amides, reduction of carbonyl compounds in the presence of cobalt(II) chloride as catalyst, Cu-catalyzed reductive hydroxymethylation of styrenes, and Rh-catalyzed hydrodediazoniation.

Applications 
Compounds based on triethoxysilane might be used in fluoride varnish.

References

Silyl ethers
Ethoxy compounds
Methylpyridinium. Methylpyridinium is an ion with the formula .  It is the N-methylated derivative of pyridine.  It confers no color to its salts.  The ion is classified as an quaternary ammonium ion.

Preparation and occurrence
Methylpyridinium is prepared by treating pyridine with dimethylsulfate:

It is found in some coffee products. It is not present in unroasted coffee beans, but is formed during roasting from its precursor chemical, trigonelline. It is under investigation by scientists regarding its potential anti-carcinogenic properties, particularly an effect on colon cancer.

Ionic liquid

The chloride salt of N-methylpyridinium behaves as an ionic liquid. Mixtures of that salt and zinc chloride have been characterised over the temperature range .

See also
 Pyridinium
 4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide

References 

Pyridinium compounds
Ionic liquids
Cations
Allyl phenyl ether. Allyl phenyl ether is an organic compound with the formula C6H5OCH2CH=CH2. It is a colorless solid.

Preparation
Allyl phenyl ether is prepared by the reaction of sodium phenoxide with allyl bromide:
C6H5ONa  +  BrCH2CH=CH2  →  C6H5OCH2CH=CH2  +  NaBr
The yield is almost quantitative when the reaction is conducted in homogeneous solution using dimethoxyethane.  When the reaction is conducted as a slurry in diethyl ether, the predominant product is, after acidic work-up, 2-allylphenol.

Reactions
Allyl phenyl ether converts to 2-allylphenol in the presence of acid catalysts. This conversion is an example of the Claisen rearrangement.

References

Phenol ethers
Phenyl compounds
Allyl compounds
Modified compression field theory. The modified compression field theory (MCFT) is a general model for the load-deformation behaviour of two-dimensional cracked reinforced concrete subjected to shear. It models concrete considering concrete stresses in principal directions summed with reinforcing stresses assumed to be only axial. The concrete stress-strain behaviour was derived originally from Vecchio's tests and has since been confirmed with about 250 experiments performed on two large special purpose testing machines at the University of Toronto. Similar machines have been built in Japan and the United States, providing additional confirmation of the quality of the method's predictions.

The most important assumption in the MCFT model is that the cracked concrete in reinforced concrete can be treated as a new material with empirically defined stress–strain behaviour. This behaviour can differ from the traditional stress–strain curve of a cylinder, for example. The strains used for these stress–strain relationships are average strains, that is, they lump together the combined effects of local strains at cracks, strains between cracks, bond-slip, and crack slip. The calculated stresses are also average stresses in that they implicitly include stresses between cracks, stresses at cracks, interface shear on cracks, and dowel action. For the use of these average stresses and strains to be a reasonable assumption, the distances used in determining the average behaviour must include a few cracks.

History
Frank J. Vecchio defined the original form of MCFT in 1982 from the testing of 30 reinforced concrete panels subjected to uniform strain states in a specially built tester. The theory of MCFT traces back through the compression field theory of 1978 to the Diagonal compression Field Theory of 1974. The definitive description of the MCFT is in the 1986 American Concrete Institute paper "The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear".

References

Reinforced concrete
Structural engineering
Ethylene diurea. Ethylene diurea (EDU) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHCONH2)2.  It is a white solid.  

The compound has attracted interest as a potential antiozonant for crop protection. With respect to preventing the harmful effects on crops by ozone, EDU appears to either prevent the harmful effects of ozone or it stimulated plant growth. Trees treated with EDU were significantly healthier in both leaf longevity and water use efficiency.

The effectiveness of EDU depends upon several environmental factors.

References

Ureas
Shared-disk architecture. A shared-disk architecture (SD) is a distributed computing architecture in which the nodes share same disk devices but each node has its own private memory. The disks have active nodes which all share memory in case of any failures. In this architecture, the disks are accessible from all the cluster nodes. This architecture has quick adaptability to the changing workloads. It uses robust optimization techniques. Multiple processors can access all disks directly via intercommunication network and every processor has local memory.

It contrasts with shared-nothing architecture, in which all nodes have sole access to distinct disks, and with shared-memory, in which they also share memory.

Shared-disk has two advantages over Shared-memory. Firstly, each processor has its own memory, the memory bus is not a bottleneck; secondly, the system offers a simple way to provide a degree of fault tolerance.

References

Data partitioning
Distributed computing architecture
Software architecture
Whittaker MW5 Sorcerer. The Whittaker MW5 Sorcerer is a British amateur-built aircraft that was designed by Mike Whittaker in the mid-1980s and supplied as plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft features a strut-braced parasol wing, a single-seat open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration, mounted on the keel tube, above the cockpit.

Whittaker MW5 Sorcerer is made from aluminium tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine used is the  Rotax 447 two-stroke powerplant.

The design is approved by the Light Aircraft Association in the UK.

Variants

MW5A
Initial version
MW5D
Model with folding wings and the same wing area as the "A" model
MW5K
Seaplane version with a single monohull Full Lotus inflatable float and wing tip pontoons
MW7
Aerobatic version with shorter wingspan

Specifications (MW5A Sorcerer)

References

External links

Photo of Whittaker MW5D Sorcerer

Homebuilt aircraft
1980s British civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Whittaker MW6. The Whittaker MW6 is a family of British amateur-built aircraft that was designed by Mike Whittaker and supplied as plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The MW6 series is based upon the earlier single-seat Whittaker MW5 Sorcerer. The MW6 features a strut-braced parasol wing, a two-seat open cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration, mounted on the keel tube, above the cockpit.

The aircraft is made from aluminium tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine used is the  Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant.

The design is Whittaker's most popular aircraft, with over 200 sets of plans sold. It is approved by the Light Aircraft Association in the UK.

Operational history
Bayerl et al. said of the MW6S and MW6T, "Both are very solid and safe, though performance doesn't match the latest hotships."

Variants

MW6S Fatboy
Model with side-by-side configuration seating
MW6T Merlin
Model with tandem seating

Specifications (MW6S Fatboy)

References

External links

Photo of Whittaker MW6T Merlin
Photo of Whittaker MW6S Fatboy

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Kamerton-N Ratnik. 

The Kamerton-N Ratnik is a 1990s Russian light autogyro designed and built by Kamerton-N Ltd of Shchyolkovo.

Design and development
The Ratnik, with an enclosed glazed cabin and side-by-side configuration seating for two, was developed by Kamerton-N in partnership with the Chkalov Air Force Science and Research Institute. The Ratnik has a two-blade main rotor and is powered by a  Samson 760 piston engine driving a pusher propeller inside a duct ring, the rudder is also mounted inside the duct. The autogyro started flight trials in 1995.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1990s Soviet and Russian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Aircraft first flown in 1995
Strandpulling. Strandpulling is the general term for the practice of stretching steel springs, rubber cables or latex tubing, as a form of exercise and as a competitive sport, using a "chest expander", with many specific movements designed to target different muscles and provide progressive resistance usually, but not always, to the upper body.

History
In 1857, the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science claimed the modern chest expander was invented and patented by Henry Cost, but does not provide the year it was invented.

The chest expander has been used for medical rehabilitation since at least 1851, and they have been used in some formal physical education programs since at least the 1880s.  By the end of the 1800s, they were a common household exercise device, found in many affluent homes in parts of Europe.  Strandpulling reached its height of popularity in the early 1900s, although they are still very commonly used as home-based exercise equipment.

Design
The chest expander comprises a pair of handles joined by a variable number of springs or rubber cables.  While still popular with some enthusiasts, steel springs have largely been superseded by rubber cables or tubing, although steel spring sets are still manufactured and sold around the world on a limited basis. The first rubberized versions appeared in 1857.

Modern developments of strandpulling include longer cables which provide a greater variety of whole-body movements, being largely cable-stretching substitutes for weight-training exercises.  Many weight-trainers use cables for assistance movements in order to overcome sticking points, and/or speed enhancement.

The user holds a handle in each hand and pulls the handles apart against the resistance of the springs or cables.  To increase the resistance as the muscles are developed, the user can simply add additional springs or cables.

Uses
Strandpulling with a chest expander can be done for a variety of fitness purposes, not just building chest muscles. There are several classic strandpulling movements, such as the Front Chest Pull and Lateral Raise, and many more totalling well over 30 movements for the upper body alone. Several of these classic strandpulling exercises have been used for competition,  more so in the UK than elsewhere,  and as a sport,  it has enjoyed considerable popularity from time to time, with some competitors able to perform movements with enormous pullweights.

Strandpulling can provide stand-alone progressive strength and endurance training, and be used as an addition to weight-training and other forms of exercise.  Strandpulling is also used for rehabilitation and is generally easier on the joints (elbows, shoulders etc.) than other forms of resistance training.

See also
Bullworker
Elasticity (physics)#Hooke.27s law The source of resistance in cable training.

References

Bodybuilding