omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gail F. Forrest. Gail F. Forrest is an associate director of Human Performance and Engineering Research at Kessler Foundation and an associate professor in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at  New Jersey Medical School. She has also conducted more than 20 federal, state, and national clinical trials for patients with spinal cord injury. She is also part of the research team winning the Neuromod Prize in 2022 for new collaborative work on the development of neuromodulation therapies.

Education 
Gail Forrest received a Ph.D in biomechanics. from Temple University in 2001.

Career 
As a postdoctoral fellow at Kessler Foundation Research Center in 2002, Forrest received a grant funding by the New Jersey Commission on Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Research to evaluate independent walking after incomplete spinal cord injury through body weight support treadmill training.

Dr. Forrest developed knowledge and expertise over time in research involving peripheral and central nervous systems. She has studied neuromuscular abilities for people with SCI. Forrest has conducted numerous, over 20, randomized clinical trials on all levels, from regional to federal. These are focused on individuals with spinal cord injury. 

Forrest received state and federal funded grants to research on neuroplasticity, improvement in secondary consequences and restoration of function for individuals after SCI. She has published extensively in the area of neuroplasticity and the use of exoskeleton on posture and walking after SCI.

Forrest also collaborates with the Victory over Paralysis organization as part of the Epidural Simulation Program.

Awards and funding 
Forrest is part of the team that won the Neuromod Prize in 2022 for a proposal that presents a pathway for greater independence for people paralysed with spinal cord injury. This is a collaborative project including research teams from the Kessler Foundation, the University of Louisville, Medtronic, and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab. 

She also received major funding from the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation for her ongoing study titled “Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation: Addressing Spasticity and Motor Function.”

References

External links 

 Gail F. Forrest at Google Scholar
 Lessons in leadership:  Steven Kirshblum and Gail Forrest  (video)
 In the news with Gail Forrest, Ph.D.  (video)

American medical academics

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Temple University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Women medical researchers
American medical researchers
Women bioengineers
Jade Le Maître. Jade Le Maître is technical director and co-founder of Hease Robotics, a robotic startup which was liquidated by court order on the 7th of November 2019. She also co-launched Lyon-Is-AI and co-founded the Social Robots Community. She grew up in Châteaufort (France).

Education 
Le Maître is a graduate engineer. She graduated from the EPF School of Engineering in Sceaux and the Munich University of Applied Sciences.

Career 
Le Maître worked in the Communications directorate at the University Pierre and Marie Curie, then joined Innorobo where she worked for two years. In 2016, she co-founded Hease Robotics, a start-up based in Lyon. She is an expert advisor to the European Commission. She figured in the Forbes' "Europe's Top 50 Women In Tech"  and "The World's Top 50 Women In Tech" lists of 2018.

Awards 
Le Maître was Silver national laureate in the category "Promising Woman Business Executive" for the prize "Les Femmes de l'économie" in 2017.

References 

Living people
People from Yvelines
French women company founders
Year of birth missing (living people)
French roboticists
Women roboticists
French company founders
21st-century French engineers
21st-century French women engineers
Engineering Division CO-2. 

The Engineering Division XCO-2 was an observation aircraft designed at the United States Army Air Corps Engineering Division.

Development
The XCO-2 was a conventional biplane with four machine guns and a Liberty 12 engine, as well as a fabric covering. The prototype flew in 1922 but crashing during flight tests.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

CO-2
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Caspar C 30. 

The Caspar C 30, aka Caspar LE 30 was an aerial reconnaissance aircraft developed in Germany and built in Denmark in the late 1920s.

Design and development
It was a single-bay biplane with staggered, equal-span wings.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
C030
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Polikarpov BDP-2. Polikarpov BDP-2 was a Soviet transport glider developed by Polikarpov during World War II.

Design
After Polikarpov's initial design for an assault glider, given the designation BDP (Boyevoi Desantnyi Planer – troops assault glider), to compete with the Antonov A-7 and Gribovskii G-11 was rejected, the design was re-surrected, in modified form, in 1942, as the BDP-2.

The BDP-2 was an all-wood high wing glider capable of carrying 20 troops and a pilot. The BDP-2 took-off on jettisonable twin wheel dollies and landed on large wooden skids either side of the fuselage.

Specifications

References

1940s Soviet military transport aircraft
BDP-2
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
1940s military gliders
Polikarpov MP. The Polikarpov MP (Поликарпов М П - Motoplanior - motor glider) was a Soviet transport aircraft developed by Polikarpov during World War II.

Development
Experiments undertaken by Aeroflot to use the Polikarpov BDP-2 as a cargo transport led to the idea of turning the glider into a motorized aircraft, with the possibility of a small series being produced. Two 145 hp M-11F cowled engines coupled with 2.35-meter propellers taken from Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes were installed on the leading edge of the wing. In 1943 the prototype was built by the Novosibirsk Factory No.51, with acceptance tests carried out at the Moscow Central Airfield by Captain SA Anojin. Seventy flights were undertaken by several test pilots between July 12 and September 10. When towed by a Tupolev SB, the MP was able to achieve speeds of up to 270 km and a height of 4,500 m. The test pilots concluded that the stability was good and it was easy to pilot.

The plane was evaluated by the Soviet Airborne Forces between September 10–13 with various tests loads of roughly 4,000 kg:
Eleven troops with light weapons
Anti-tank artillery unit (6 troops with a 45 mm anti-tank gun and 40 shells)
DShK anti-aircraft battery (5 troops with ammunition)
Light anti-tank group (ten troops and 3 anti-tank weapons)
3 Velocette-style motorcycles
2 Indian-style motorcycles

After these evaluations the aircraft was recommended for use by paratroopers and transport with series production proposed. Unfortunately for Polikarpov, by the winter of 1943 the Red Army had liberated a large part of the previously German-occupied territory and the need for the MP was heavily reduced. Only the one prototype was completed.

Design
The MP was an all-wood high wing transport capable of carrying 4,000 kg (combined) of troops and equipment, plus the pilot. Although it was meant to be able to take off and land on its own, the low engine power meant that when it was fully loaded it often had to be towed to the designated area, but could return to the landing site under its own power.

The MP featured two doors, one 860x900 mm at the front starboard side and one 850x950 mm on the rear port side in the lower part of the fuselage, as well as a hatch behind the cargo area. The pilot also had a wooden covered emergency hatch. The lower area of the cabin was glazed to improve visibility. Benches were attached to the fuselage's frame on both sides with a 600 mm corridor in-between. Wheels and rubber shock absorbers were added to the ski-type landing gear inherited from the glider.

The MP was unarmed, but had ports and attachments for seven DP-type machine guns. Armor consisted of twelve 5.5 mm thick 480x550 mm plates, which added 127 kg to the already overburdened weight.

Specifications

References

1940s Soviet military transport aircraft
MP
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Islwyn Watkins. Islwyn Watkins (1938 – December 30, 2018) was a Welsh artist, educator and slipware ceramics expert. Born in Tonypandy, Rhondda, he studied at Cardiff College of Art from 1954 to 1959 and was influenced by the work of  Kurt Schwitters. Watkins was a member of The Welsh Group from 1959.

Watkins taught art at Ravenscroft School from 1959 to 1964 and later studied lithography at Hornsey College of Art. In 1960 Watkins started to make abstract, waste wood assemblages. He collaborated with Jeff Nuttall, the author of Bomb Culture. A book by Nuttall called Mr Watkins got drunk and had to be carried home was named after him.

In 1965 together with Bruce Lacey and John Latham he  helped create the sTigma, an installation at Better Books in Charing Cross Road, London. Watkins completed a master's degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

In 1967 he lectured at Birmingham School of Art. Moving to Knighton, Powys Wales in 1978 he was appointed chair of the Welsh Group. He also ran the Offa's Dyke Antique Centre in a Grade II listed building, in Knighton. At the 2000 Brecon Jazz Festival, Watkins and Nuttall created Merz Jam, an installation inspired by Kurt Schwitters with Lol Coxhill performing.

His work is in the collection of Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales.

References

1938 births
2018 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
People from Tonypandy
Welsh artists
Transpiration cooling. Transpiration cooling is a thermodynamic process where cooling is achieved by a process of moving a liquid or a gas through the wall of a structure to absorb some portion of the heat energy from the structure while simultaneously actively reducing the convective and radiative heat flux coming into the structure from the surrounding space.

One approach to transpiration cooling is to move liquid through small pores in the outer wall of a body leading to evaporation of the liquid to a gas via the physical mechanism of evaporative cooling.  Other approaches are possible.

Applications 

Transpiration cooling is used in the aerospace industry, in jet and rocket engines. In 2018, researchers at the University of Oxford were experimentally testing transpiration cooling as a Thermal Protection System for Hypersonic Vehicles such as rockets or spaceplanes.
   

Transpiration cooling is one of a variety of cooling techniques that may be used to reduce regenerative cooling loads in rocket engines and subsequently reduce propellant requirements.  Other techniques exist, such as film cooling, ablative cooling, radiative cooling, heat sink cooling and dump cooling.

Transpiration cooling is being considered for use in space vehicles reentering the Earth's atmosphere at hypersonic velocities where a transpirationally cooled outer skin could serve as a part of the thermal protection system of the reentering spacecraft.
SpaceX publicly mentioned such a system in 2019 for use on their Starship reusable second stage and orbital spacecraft to mitigate the harsh conditions of reentry.  
The design concept envisioned a double stainless-steel skin, with active coolant flowing between the two layers, with some areas additionally containing multiple small pores that would allow for transpiration cooling.
After design and testing in terrestrial labs, SpaceX subsequently stated that although an alternative heat mitigation approach—using low-cost ceramic tiles on the windward side of Starship—was being developed, transpiration cooling could be used in some areas. Few details on the design are expected to be publicly released, as US law prevents SpaceX from releasing such information.

See also
 Evapotranspiration

References 

Thermodynamic processes
Spaceflight technology
Martin XLB-4. The Martin XLB-4 was a 1920s proposal for a light bomber by the Glenn L. Martin Company.

Design and development
The XLB-4 would have been a biplane bomber of all metal construction, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) ordered a single prototype serialled 27-332, but the aircraft was cancelled because the USAAC leadership was lukewarm about experimenting with all-metal aircraft.

Specifications (XLB-4 estimated)

See also

References

Huff-Daland XlB-04
XLB-04
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Murphy Yukon. The Murphy Yukon is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft, produced by Murphy Aircraft of Chilliwack, British Columbia, introduced at the AirVenture show in 2007. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The design is derived from the Murphy SR2500 Super Rebel and Murphy Moose.

Design and development
The Yukon was designed as a bush aircraft for fishing and camping flights, but with lower power and thus lower fuel consumption over the radial engine-powered Murphy Moose, making it more economical to operate. Design goals included simple jig-less construction, good cruise speed and docile low speed handling characteristics.

The aircraft features a strut-braced high-wing, a four-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cabin accessed by doors, fixed tricycle landing gear or conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The design features a large cargo compartment with a separate door for access.

The aircraft is made from semi-monocoque 6061-T6 aluminum sheet construction, with pre-punched holes from a numerical control design. The Yukon's wing employs a modified NACA 4415 airfoil, has an area of  and mounts flaps. The standard engines used are the  Lycoming O-360  and the  Lycoming IO-390 four-stroke powerplants.

The aircraft is available as a complete kit, a fast build kit, or as three component sub-kits that can be purchased separately over time. These consist of a tail kit, wing kit and fuselage kit.

The kit is available in both nosewheel or taildragger configurations. The aircraft can also be mounted on straight or amphibious floats and skis.

Operational history
In a 2008 review, Aero-News Network stated, "It's an adaptable bird, none-the-less, due to a "larger than life" passenger cabin and flexible seating arrangements. With all four seats in place, there is still sufficient room for two tents, coolers, chairs and camping gear for four. Removing the rear seat opens a HUGE area within which you can load items from stretchers to bicycles, or even use as sleeping accommodations!"

By January 2019, one example had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and two with Transport Canada.

Specifications (Yukon)

References

External links 
 

2000s Canadian civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Yukon
Aircraft first flown in 2007
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Kendra Sharp. Kendra Vail Sharp is an American engineer. She is a professor of mechanical engineering and the Richard and Gretchen Evans Professor in Humanitarian Engineering at Oregon State University College of Engineering.

Education 
Sharp completed a Bachelor of Science at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1993. In 1994, she completed a master of philosophy at University of Cambridge. Sharp earned a master of engineering from University of California, Berkeley in 1996. In 2001, she earned a doctor of philosophy from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Her dissertation was titled "Experimental investigation of liquid and particle -laden flows in microtubes." Sharp's doctoral advisor was Ronald Adrian.

Career 
Sharp joined the faculty at Oregon State University (OSU) in mechanical engineering in 2010. She is the director of the humanitarian engineering program at OSU. In 2015, Sharp was named the Richard and Gretchen Evans Professor of Humanitarian Engineering.

Sharp's expertise is in experimental fluid mechanics. She researches international development, applying technology to humanitarian engineering, and sustainable energy and water systems.

Awards and honors 
In 2018, Sharp received the Edwin F. Church Medal.

Personal life 
In graduate school, Sharp was married to David Hill.

References

External links
 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Oregon State University faculty
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American women engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Zach Kirkhorn. Zach Kirkhorn (born 1984) is a financial executive working in the automotive manufacturing industry. He served as the chief financial officer of Tesla, Inc. from 2019 until he stepped down in August 2023.

Early life and education
Kirkhorn grew up in the suburbs of Washington, D.C.

From 2002 to 2006, Kirkhorn studied both Economics at The Wharton School and Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics at the University of Pennsylvania as part of the Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology. In 2013, he received an MBA from Harvard Business School.

Career
During his studies in 2005, Kirkhorn joined Microsoft as a financial analyst intern. In 2006, he did another four-month internship at Microsoft as program manager intern. After graduating in 2006, Kirkhorn worked at the consulting firm McKinsey & Company as a business analyst.

In 2010, Kirkhorn joined Tesla as a senior analyst in finance. In December 2014, he became director of finance, and in December 2018 he was appointed as vice president of finance. On January 30, 2019, Kirkhorn was announced to replace Deepak Ahuja as Tesla's new CFO on the fourth-quarter Tesla earnings call. In March 2021 he was given the title 'Master of Coin' within Tesla, a reference to the Game of Thrones title for a treasurer.

Kirkhorn stepped down from his role as CFO of Tesla in August 2023.

Personal life
In April 2018, Kirkhorn married his partner Daniel Alexander Naughton, then a senior finance manager at OpenTable. Having met at McKinsey in 2010, the couple own homes in Oakland, California and Austin, Texas.

References

Living people
Tesla, Inc. people
Wharton School alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
American chief financial officers
1984 births
Naglo D.I. The Naglo D.I was a German single seat quadruplane fighter, flown late in World War I.  It took part in one of the fighter competitions but did not reach production.

Design and development
The D.I was built by Naglo but it was designed by Ing. Gnädig, who at the time was an employee of Albatros Flugzeugwerke and it partly reflected their practice. It was, though, one of the few quadruplanes of World War I. The three upper wings were all similar, having constant chord, squared tips, no sweep and the same span.  The lowest of these was attached to the lower fuselage, the middle one to the upper fuselage with a cutout for downward vision. Inboard N-form interplane struts held the upper plane high over the fuselage in place of a cabane.  Outboard there was one more N-interplane strut between each wing, four in all.  Ailerons were fitted on all three upper wings.  The fourth wing, lowest of all, was quite different, much shorter in span.  It was mounted independently of the other three, fixed to a dorsal keel extension and braced on each side with a V-strut from about mid-span to the root of the wing above.  When the aircraft was parked, the wing was close to the ground and not far behind the undercarriage wheels.

The D.I was powered by a 160 hp (120 kW) Mercedes six-cylinder water-cooled engine, driving a two-blade propeller with a large, domed spinner which was blended into the round, converging contours of the fuselage. The engine's cylinder heads and exhausts were exposed above the fuselage, which overall appeared similar to that of the Albatros D.V and may have been based upon it. The D.I had a fixed, single axle conventional undercarriage, the axle fixed to the lower fuselage with a pair of V-struts, and with a tailskid at the rear.

The first flight occurred before 24 May 1918 when the D.I was type tested.  It took part in the second D-type contest at Adlershof in mid-1918 and received complimentary comments on its build quality.  A need to improve flight characteristics was noted; Naglo was therefore asked to present the D.I for further tests after making modifications.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links
Photo of the NAGLO D.I

Quadruplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s German fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Rigault Deproux RD-3. The Rigault-Deproux RD-3 was a tourism gyroplane built by the French company Rigault-Deproux in the 1960s.

Design
The RD-3 was a two-seat design powered by a  Potez 4E-20 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine.

References

Further reading
 
 

Single-engined pusher autogyros
Aircraft first flown in 1966
1960s French aircraft
Lioré et Olivier LeO H-22. The Lioré et Olivier LeO H-22 was a French amphibious plane, primarily intended for aerial mail transport.

Design
The LeO H-22 was a flying boat with a three part cantilever high wing, primarily of both wood and metal construction. The Gnome-Rhône 5Bc 5-cylinder radial engine, driving apusherpropeller, was mounted in a streamlined nacelle, supported on struts, over the wing centre-section.

The LeO H-221 three-seat trainer flying boat, derived from the H-22, differed in cockpit arrangement and was powered by a  Salmson 9Ab 9-cylinder radial engine, also driving a pusher propeller.

Variants
H-22 Airmail transport amphibious plane, Gnome-Rhône 5Bc 5-cylinder radial .
H-221 Trainer  amphibious plane, Salmson 9Ab 9-cylinder radial.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)

Amphibious aircraft
1930s French civil aircraft
H-22
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Lioré et Olivier LeO H-46. 

The Lioré et Olivier LeO H-46 was a bomber seaplane built in France in 1936.

Development and design
The LeO H-46 was a twin-tail monoplane floatplane bomber of all-metal construction, powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14Knr radial engines of LH and RH rotation. The production aircraft would have been powered by  engines. The LeO H-46 was first flown in May 1936 by Lucien Bourdin. During flight testing in 1938 at l'Etang de Vaine, near Marseille the H-46 was badly damaged. Expensive lengthy repairs and changing priorities led to the cancellation of the program.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)
 

1930s French bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
H-046
Aircraft first flown in 1936