omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Induction period. An induction period in chemical kinetics is an initial slow stage of a chemical reaction; after the induction period, the reaction accelerates. Ignoring induction periods can lead to runaway reactions.

In some catalytic reactions, a pre-catalyst needs to undergo a transformation to form the active catalyst, before the catalyst can take effect. Time is required for this transformation, hence the induction period. For example, with Wilkinson's catalyst, one triphenylphosphine ligand must dissociate to give the  coordinatively unsaturated 14-electron species which can participate in the catalytic cycle:

Similarly, for an autocatalytic reaction, where one of the reaction products catalyzes the reaction itself, the rate of reaction is low initially until sufficient products have formed to catalyze the reaction.

Reactions generally accelerate when heat is applied. Where a reaction is exothermic, the rate of the reaction may initially be low. As the reaction proceeds, heat is generated, and the rate of reaction increases. This type of reaction often exhibits an induction period as well.

The reactions to form Grignard reagents are notorious for having induction periods. This is usually due to two reasons: Firstly, the thin film of oxide on the magnesium reagent must be removed before the bulk magnesium can react. Secondly, Grignard reactions, while exothermic, are typically conducted at low temperature for better selectivity. For these two reasons, Grignard reactions often can have a long induction period, followed by a thermal runaway, even causing the reaction solvent to boil-off.

References

Catalysis
Chemical kinetics
Amnon Yariv. Amnon Yariv (born April 13, 1930) is an Israeli-American professor of applied physics and electrical engineering at Caltech, known for innovations in optoelectronics. Yariv obtained his B.S., M.S. and PhD. in electrical engineering from University of California, Berkeley in 1954, 1956 and 1958, respectively.

Career 
In 2010, Yariv was selected as a winner of the National Medal of Science for "scientific and engineering contributions to photonics and quantum electronics that have profoundly impacted lightwave communications and the field of optics as a whole".  He has also been selected to receive the IEEE Photonics Award for 2011.

Yariv has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1991. In 1985 he was awarded the Harold Pender Award by the University of Pennsylvania. In 1992 he was awarded the Harvey Prize by the Technion in Haifa, Israel, for "pioneering contributions to opto-electronics, wave propagation in crystals and nonlinear and phase-conjugate optics, and his demonstration of semiconductor-based integrated optics technology leading to the development of high-speed and stable solid-state lasers".

His work has also been recognized by the Optical Society of America. He is a Fellow, and has received the Frederic Ives Medal and Esther Hoffman Beller Medal. In 2017, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.

Yariv has authored several texts on optical electronics and photonics. He has said that the highlight of his group's work was the invention of the semiconductor distributed feedback laser, a device widely used in the Internet's fiber-optic communications.

Personal life 
Amnon Yariv currently resides in Pasadena, California.  He is married to Frances Yariv.  He has three daughters: Danielle Yariv, Dana Yariv and Gabriela (Gavi) Yariv.

References

External links
 Optical and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Yariv's Caltech group
 Laureate Photos  with President Obama

1930 births
Living people
Israeli emigrants to the United States
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Jewish American physicists
American electronics engineers
Laser researchers
California Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Israeli physicists
Optical engineers
Optical physicists
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Israeli electrical engineers
Israeli academics
Electrical engineering academics
21st-century American Jews
KAN Little Joe. The Little Joe, also known by the United States Navy designation KAN, was an early American ship-based, short-range surface-to-air missile, the development of which was initiated in 1945 as a response to the Kamikaze tactics used by the Japanese. Although the missile was successfully tested, the end of World War II removed the requirement for the missile, and the project was abandoned in 1946.

Design and development
The development of the Little Joe rocket began in 1945, as the United States Navy sought an effective point defense against Japanese Kamikaze aircraft. The definitive surface-to-air missile project, Lark, was expected to take some time to come to fruition, so a simpler missile, based on existing parts, was proposed by the Naval Air Material Unit.

Named "Little Joe", and designated KAN-1, the missile was the first SAM developed and tested by the United States. The Little Joe's fuselage was essentially the same as the standard Aerojet Jet-Assisted Take-Off (JATO) rocket, ordinarily used to provide additional takeoff thrust for heavily loaded aircraft. Cruciform wings and canard control surfaces were fitted to the missile; guidance was provided by a radio command-to-line-of-sight system. Four auxiliary rockets were mounted as boosters to provide for the rapid launch response needed to deal with Kamikaze aircraft.

The warhead used was a standard  general-purpose aerial bomb. A proximity fuse would cause the warhead to detonate within lethal distance of the target; the heavy warhead was expected to ensure the destruction of the attacking aircraft.

Operational history

Initial tests of Little Joe took place in July 1945. Testing showed that the missile's performance was less than had been anticipated. In addition, smoke from the boosters and the sustainer made it difficult for the missile's controller to keep track of the weapon.

In an attempt to deal with the missile's issues, an improved version of Little Joe, designated KAN-2, was developed. This used a new, less smokey propellant for the sustainer; in addition, flares were installed on the missile's tail to assist in visual tracking, while two additional boosters, for a total of six, were added to boost performance.

A total of 15 Little Joe missiles were built and flown during the test program. With the end of World War II having removed the immediate requirement for the missile, in addition to the test program continuing to be problematic, the Little Joe program was canceled during 1946.

References
Citations

Bibliograpby

External links
  "Rocket Built For Warships" , March 1947, Popular Science article and photo middle of page 26
  "Pacific Shooting Gallery" , July 1947, Popular Mechanics photo left-top page 101

Naval surface-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
World War II guided missiles of the United States
Winchester Liberator. The Winchester Liberator was a prototype 16-gauge, and later on 12-gauge, four-barreled shotgun, similar to a scaled-up four-shot double-action derringer. It was an implementation of the Hillberg Insurgency Weapon design. Robert Hillberg, the designer, envisioned a weapon that was cheap to manufacture, easy to use, and provided a significant chance of being effective in the hands of someone who had never handled a firearm before. Pistols and submachine guns were eliminated from consideration due to the training required to use them effectively. The shotgun was chosen because it provided a very high volume of fire with a high hit probability. 

The mechanism used was that of a derringer, with four fixed barrels. The linear hammer and its integral firing pin rotated within a fixed breechblock behind these barrels. The lock action was driven by a central coil spring around the hammer rotation axis, cocked by the ratchet mechanism that rotated the hammer after each shot. This ratchet mechanism, although only visible when the hammer was stripped and removed, bore some relation to the cylinder of the Webley-Fosbery self-loading revolver or even some retractable ballpoint pens. A similar rotating hammer in a 4-barrel breech was later used by Hillberg in the COP .357 Derringer. Reloading was in the usual derringer fashion, by the barrels tipping forward on a hinge ahead of the breech block.

Both Winchester and Colt built prototypes, although the Colt Defender eight-shot design came late in the Vietnam War and was adapted for the civilian law enforcement market. No known samples were ever produced for military use.

See also
 List of multiple-barrel firearms

References

External links
 Winchester's Liberator Shotguns (Archive)

Winchester Repeating Arms Company firearms
Multiple-barrel firearms
Insurgency weapons
Shotguns of the United States
Trial and research firearms of the United States
Machine control. In civil engineering, machine control is used to accurately position earthwork machinery based on 3D design models and GPS systems, and thus aid machine operators to e.g. control the position of a road grader's blade. Many machine control systems utilize the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) system to improve the positioning accuracy.

There are six dominant manufacturers of machine control systems: iDig, Leica Geosystems, MOBA Mobile Automation AG, Trimble Navigation Limited, Unicontrol and Topcon Positioning Systems. In 2010, The Kellogg Report was published to serve as a resource for comparing the systems from these and other manufacturers.

See also
 GPS in the Earthmoving Industry

References

Civil engineering
Civil engineering articles needing expert attention
K. Guilavogui. K. Guilavogui is a Guinean politician and engineer and the Minister of Hydraulic works and energy in Guinea. He spoke at HYDRO 2006 in Porto Carras, Greece and at HYDRO 2007 in Huerta del Sello in Granada, Spain in which he spoke of Guinea's vast hydro potential and role it will play in meeting the regional power requirements of the country in the future.

References

Guinean engineers
Living people
Government ministers of Guinea
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sertco. In April 1979, Sertco Industries, Inc. was incorporated for the purpose of general manufacturing and assembly as well as sales of machined parts. Operations began using the latest CNC machinery available at the time. As of 2015, the company employs 65 people and manufactures for multiple industries including aerospace and compressors.

Aerospace Division 
Sertco was among the first aerospace machine shops to use one-hundred 100 percent CNC machines, when manual milling machines were predominantly used.still the norm Customers Sertco worked with included Cessna, McDonnell Douglas, Boeing, the United States Department of Defense and others. The aerospace industry requires very specific weights and strengths in parts and components, and are made from aluminum billet, stainless steel or other high stress alloys.

High Performance Division 
In May 1984, Sertco developed an improved motorcycle engine cylinder for race applications that increased the reliability and maximum displacement available to racers.

Following the 'big block,' Sertco developed a shock absorbing rear sprocket that drastically reduced transmission breakage. The 'torsion sprocket received the "Murdoch Award" in 1993 as the year's most significant new product in the sport of motorcycle racing.

Energy Division 
The methods developed to support the aerospace and high performance industries led to the formation of the energy division in late 1997 which became Sertco's main focus.

The application of the technology from the aerospace and high performance divisions were deployed in the development of a reciprocating natural gas compressor. This represents a significant cost savings to small and medium size natural gas producers. One compressor design is based on the rotating assembly from the Chevrolet 350 (5.7L) automobile motor packaged in a split case horizontally opposed cylinder arrangement.

To date, over 1,000 units have been produced logging millions of hours of continuous service. Sertco utilizes several distributors and currently has units operating worldwide. Besides hundreds of units operating in the United States, many more are operating in Mexico, South America, Europe, Russia and Indonesia. Other emerging markets such as Australia are also being studied and investigated for their potential opportunities.

Facility Expansions 
In November 2005 and July 2010, Sertco expanded its operations adding a total of 60,000 square feet of additional fabrication and assembly area that include 4 separate manufacturing facilities. The additional space and staff have allowed the company to quadruple production rates from pre-expansion levels. Independent areas include a 9 machine CNC shop, weld and engine building, a 6 line (32 station) production building, as well as, a blast and paint booth and test loop area. A new load dock and automated paint and blast booths are in the works.

References

External links
Sertco's Official Website

Natural gas companies of the United States
ACS Catalysis. ACS Catalysis is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2011 by the American Chemical Society. The journal covers research on all aspects of heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biocatalysis. The editor-in-chief is Cathleen Crudden, who assumed the position in early 2021. The journal received the Association of American Publishers’ PROSE Award for "Best New Journal in Science, Technology & Medicine" in 2013.

Types of content
The journal publishes the following  types of articles: Letters, Articles, Reviews, Perspectives, and Viewpoints. Reviews, Perspectives, and Viewpoints appear mostly on invitation.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Ei Compendex
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 11.3.

References

External links

Catalysis
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 2011
English-language journals
Catalysis
Oracle BPA Suite. Oracle Business Process Analysis (BPA) Suite is a group of Oracle Corporation software products that provide modeling and analysis of business processes.

The suite is based on the IDS Scheer software Architecture of Integrated Information Systems (ARIS) Design Platform after an agreement between the two organisations in 2006.

Components 
 Business Process Architect
 Business Process Repository
 Business Process Simulator
 Business Process Publisher

See also 
 Oracle SOA Suite

References

External links 
 

Oracle software
Vought Model 1600. The Vought/General Dynamics Model 1600 series was a fighter aircraft proposal for the United States Navy's Navy Air Combat Fighter (NACF) program. The Model 1600 was a carrier-based derivative of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, but lost to the Northrop/McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet.

Development

Following the YF-16's victory over the Northrop YF-17 for the U.S. Air Force's Air Combat Fighter program, General Dynamics decided a navalized variant of the F-16 could also be suitable in the Navy's Navy Air Combat Fighter (NACF) program. Having no carrier aircraft experience, General Dynamics teamed up with Vought (LTV Aerospace), which had designed the successful carrier-capable F-8 Crusader and A-7 Corsair II for the Navy. If selected, Vought would have produced the carrier version of the F-16.

Vought created three concepts for the navalized F-16. The main proposal was the Model 1600, which was based on the Block 10 F-16, which featured structural strengthening, an arrestor hook, and a more robust undercarriage to accommodate carrier launch and recovery operations. The Model 1600 featured the Pratt & Whitney F401, but two other powerplant choices were also explored. The Model 1601 had an improved Pratt & Whitney F100, while the Model 1602 used the General Electric F101. The aircraft was to be armed with AIM-7 Sparrow missiles.  Launch rails were to be added on the sides of the intake for AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. However, the Navy preferred a twin-engine aircraft, among other reasons, and on 2 May 1975 it selected the Northrop-McDonnell Douglas YF-17-based Model 267 proposal, which became the F/A-18 Hornet.

Variants
Model 1600  A strengthened version of the F-16 Block 10 with carrier arrestor hook and revised nosewheel. It was powered by the Pratt & Whitney F401 (JTF22A-26C) afterburning turbofan.
Model 1601  Similar to Model 1600, except equipped with an upgraded Pratt & Whitney F100 (JTF22B-25) afterburning turbofan.
Model 1602  Similar to Model 1601, except with a General Electric F101-100 engine, a further enlarged fuselage, and avionics and armament changes.
Model 1602B  Final submission in March 1975; least like the F-16.

Specifications (Model 1600)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 F-16 page on GlobalSecurity.org

1600
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Single-engined jet aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
Mid-wing aircraft
Proposed military aircraft of the United States
1970s United States fighter aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Model 45. Model 45  may refer to:
 Model 45A, an experimental rifle developed by the U.S. Army in 1945.
 Beech Model 45, better known as the T-34 Mentor, an American basic training aircraft.
 Fairchild Model 45, an American utility aircraft of the 1930s.
 Firestone Model 45, better known as the XR-9, an American experimental helicopter of the late 1940s.
 Wedell-Williams Model 45, an American racing aircraft of the 1930s.
National Aviation. National Aviation may refer to:

Civil aviation authority, also known as a national aviation authority, the government statutory authority in each country that oversees the approval and regulation of civil aviation
National Aviation Academy (NAA), an aviation maintenance training school located in Clearwater, Florida
Aviación Nacional (Nationalist Aviation), the air force established by the army in revolt in the Spanish Civil War  
National Aviation Hall of Fame, located at the National Museum of the United States Air Force 
National Aviation University, a university located in Kyiv, Ukraine 
National Aviation Day, a United States national observation 
National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) 
National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center (NAFEC)
Australian National Aviation Museum, at the Moorabbin Airport in Melbourne
China National Aviation Corporation 
Rantoul National Aviation Center, a public airport located in Rantoul, Illinois
Germán García Durán. Germán García Durán is a Colombian civil and environmental engineer, graduated from the University of Los Andes in Bogota, Colombia, and the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, USA.

Biography 
After being a consultant in Colombia and the United States and a university professor in Colombia, he twice served as Ambassador of Colombia to Kenya. During his diplomatic mission, García, who is an environmental engineer and had been General Manager of the National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment prior to his appointment, pursued global environmental policies as Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Nairobi which includes the United Nations Environment Programme, and UN-HABITAT. He was Chairman of the Group of 77 on several occasions, Vice President of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, and is currently Executive President of Río Urbano, a Waterkeeper Alliance member NGO that looks to protect riverbeds in urban areas.

References

Living people
People from Norte de Santander Department
Colombian environmental engineers
Colombian environmentalists
University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
University of Notre Dame alumni
Ambassadors of Colombia to Kenya
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ronald Thomas Shepherd. Ronald Thomas Shepherd OBE (1896 – 1 March 1955) was a British aviator and test pilot for Rolls-Royce. He was the first person to fly an aircraft powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero-engine.

Early life
Shepherd was born in Kensington, London in 1896 the son of Thomas and Agnes Shepherd, his father was a lithographic printer.

Career
At first he was employed by Vickers-Armstrongs in the manufacture of guns but on the outbreak of the First World War he joined the Honourable Artillery Company. Shepherd joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1916 where he flew with 102 Squadron and 37 Squadron. He left the RFC (now the Royal Air Force) in 1918 but re-joined in 1921 and served in England and Egypt until 1929.

After a few years as a civilian flying instructor he joined Rolls-Royce in 1931. In 1935 he was appointed chief test pilot. Shepherd was responsible for the first flight of many of the company's aero engines, including the Merlin, Kestrel and Griffon piston engines and the Nene and Avon jet engines.

After a serious illness in 1951 he relinquished his chief test pilot role and became an aviation consultant. Although no longer flying full-time, on 3 July 1953, aged 58, he made the first free flight of the unusual Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig, a pioneering vertical take-off and landing experimental aircraft at Hucknall Aerodrome.

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946 for his work as a test pilot, particularly in the development of the Merlin. He died on 1 March 1955 at his home at Nuthall and was buried in the village's New Farm Lane cemetery.

References

1896 births
1955 deaths
English test pilots
English aviators
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Kensington
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Docking Shoal wind farm. Docking Shoal Wind Farm was a proposed 500 MW offshore wind farm in the outer-Wash area of the Lincolnshire and Norfolk (UK) coastline; the wind farm was one of three Centrica was developing the area, together with Lincs wind farm and Race Bank wind farm.

An application was submitted in 2009. In 2012 the application was refused, mainly due to concerns on impact on bird wildlife.

History
In 2004 Centrica was awarded a 50-year lease from The Crown Estate to develop a Round 2 wind farm on Docking Shoal.

Docking Shoal, Lincs wind farm and Race Bank wind farms were to share the same onshore cable export route, and onshore substation. The environmental statement for the onshore works was submitted as part of the Lincs Wind Farm application.

The wind farm planning consent application was submitted in December 2008. The proposed 500 MW wind farm was to be located approximately  north of the north Norfolk coast, and  off the Lincolnshire coast, and covered an area of approximately  in water depths ranging from . Centrica was developing the project in association with AMEC and RES Group on this project.

In 2012 the application was refused due to environmental concerns over wildlife (Sandwich terns).

References

Sources

Further information

Proposed wind farms in England
Offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Round 2 offshore wind farms