omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane. 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (often abbreviated DOTAP  or 18:1TAP) is a di-chain, or gemini, cationic surfactant. It is most commonly encountered as an active ingredient in certain fabric softeners. The pure material can also be used for the liposomal-transfection of DNA, RNA and other negatively charged molecules.

Synthesis
The commercial material used for fabric softening is formed by the di-esterification of 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammoniumchloride (EPTAC) with partially hydrogenated palm oil and as such contains a mixture of fatty acid tails; palmitic (saturated C16), stearic (saturated C18), oleic (monounsaturated C18) and linoleic (polyunsaturated C18).
In practice the saturated di-sterate compound tend to be the major component of these mixtures.

Material intended for transfection is prepared similarly from high purity oleic acid.

Applications

Fabric softener
It was originally introduced into European markets during the 1990s due to concerns over the environmental effects of DODAC, which was the principle softener used at the time. The main difference was the incorporation of cleavable ester groups intended to accelerate its biodegradation. It is a superior softener to di- and triethanolamine based softeners but suffers from an increased tendency to hydrolyse. Small patch test studies have not shown any clear evidence of it acting is a skin irritant.

Liposomal transfection agent
DOTAP is a cationic surfactant and is able to form stable cationic liposomes in solution, these readily absorb DNA and other negatively charged organic compounds. The DNA laden liposomes can then be added directly to cell culture medium, where they will combine with the cell membrane and release their payload into the cell.

References

Quaternary ammonium compounds
Cationic surfactants
Laundry substances
Sonochemical synthesis. Sonochemical synthesis is the process which utilizes the principles of sonochemistry to make molecules undergo a chemical reaction with the application of powerful ultrasound radiation (20 kHz–10 MHz). Sonochemistry generates hot spots that can achieve very high temperatures (5000–25.000 K), pressures of more than 1000 atmospheres, and rates of heating and cooling that can exceed 10^11 K/s. High intensity ultrasound produces chemical and physical effects that can be used for the production or modification of a wide range of nanostructured materials. The principle that causes the modification of  nanostructures in the sonochemical process is acoustic cavitation.

References 

Physical phenomena
KINARM. Kinesiological Instrument for Normal and Altered Reaching Movement (KINARM) is an interactive robotic device designed to assess the sensorimotor and cognitive function of the brain through behavioural tasks using the upper limb. There are two types of KINARMs - the KINARM Exoskeleton and the KINARM End-Point. The technology is used by both basic and clinical researchers in order to develop a greater understanding of the neurological impacts of a variety of injuries and diseases. KINARMs allow researchers to collect more objective and quantitative data for assessing brain function than traditional methods. The devices are created by BKIN Technologies Ltd., doing business as Kinarm, in Kingston, Ontario.

History
The first KINARM robot to be created was the KINARM Exoskeleton. It was developed in 1999 by Stephen Scott, a neuroscientist and researcher at Queen's University. The KINARM Exoskeleton was commercialized in 2004 when BKIN Technologies was founded by Dr. Scott and Dr. Ian Brown with the assistance of PARTEQ Innovations.

Product
KINARM robots assess the user's ability to interact with a two-dimensional virtual reality environment using their upper limbs. The KINARM Exoskeleton uses a motorized exoskeleton to measure and manipulate the function of the upper limbs and is produced in both human and non-human primate (NHP) versions. The KINARM End-Point uses hand-held robotic rods and is used primarily for human use. Both robot labs are available with gaze-tracking technology.

As of 2018, there were roughly 100 KINARM labs distributed in 14 countries worldwide.

KINARM standard tests
The KINARM Standard Tests (KST) form a library of automated behavioural tasks designed for use with KINARMs. The KST database has been extensively used in research publications and has created a universal platform for the  comparison of data on neurological function among normal and impaired human populations.

Applications

There are over 275 published peer-reviewed journal articles that use KINARM Labs.

KINARM Labs are being used for concussion evaluation in high-performance athletes at the Canadian Winter Sport Institute as a part of the Canadian Olympic Committee's national concussion strategy.

See also
 Rehabilitation robotics
 Neuropsychology
 Powered exoskeleton
 Motor control

References

External links
 

Medical robots
Tsai-Hill failure criterion. The Tsai–Hill failure criterion is one of the phenomenological material failure theories, which is widely used for anisotropic composite materials which have different strengths in tension and compression. The Tsai-Hill criterion predicts failure when the failure index in a laminate reaches 1.

Tsai–Hill failure criterion in plane stress 
The Tsai-Hill criterion is based on an energy theory with interactions between stresses. Ply rupture appears when:

Where:
 is the allowable strength of the ply in the longitudinal direction (0° direction)
 is the allowable strength of the ply in the transversal direction (90° direction)
 is the allowable in-plane shear strength of the ply between the longitudinal and the transversal directions

The Tsai hill criterion is interactive, i.e. the stresses in different directions are not decoupled and do affect the failure simultaneously. Furthermore, it is a failure mode independent criterion, as it does not predict the way in which the material will fail, as opposed to mode-dependent criteria such as the Hashin criterion, or the Puck failure criterion. This can be important as some types of failure can be more critical than others.

References 

Composite materials
Mechanical failure
Martin Ostoja-Starzewski. Martin Ostoja-Starzewski is a Polish-Canadian-American scientist and engineer, a professor of mechanical science and engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. His research includes work on deterministic and stochastic mechanics: random and fractal media, representative elementary volume in linear and nonlinear material systems, universal elastic anisotropy index, random fields, and bridging continuum mechanics to fluctuation theorem.

Education and career
Ostoja-Starzewski is an immigrant to Canada and the United States from Poland. He received his undergraduate education at Cracow University of Technology, followed by Master’s and Ph.D. degrees at McGill University in 1980 and 1983, respectively. He worked as a faculty member at Purdue University, Michigan State University, Institute of Paper Science and Technology at Georgia Tech, McGill University, and (since 2006) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He is also affiliated with the university's Beckman Institute and National Center for Supercomputing Applications. He was Site co-Director of the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Novel High Voltage/Temperature Materials and Structures (2012-2022).

Recognition 
He serves as Editor of Acta Mechanica, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Thermal Stresses, and Chair Managing Editor of Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems. He is Fellow of ASME, American Academy of Mechanics, Society of Engineering Science, and Associate Fellow of AIAA. His distinctions include Timoshenko Distinguished Visitor at Stanford University (2012), the Worcester Reed Warner Medal of ASME (2018), membership in European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2022) and Academia Europaea (2023), and Rothschild Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences (2023).

Books 
	D. Jeulin and M. Ostoja-Starzewski, Eds., Mechanics of Random and Multiscale Microstructures, CISM, Vol. 430, Springer, Wien-New York, 2001.  (print), 9783709127803 (online)
	M. Ostoja-Starzewski, Microstructural Randomness and Scaling in Mechanics of Materials, CRC Press (2007). 
	J. Ignaczak and M. Ostoja-Starzewski, Thermoelasticity with Finite Wave Speeds, Oxford University Press (2009). 
	A. Malyarenko and M. Ostoja-Starzewski, Tensor-Valued Random Fields for Continuum Physics, Cambridge University Press (2019). 
	A. Malyarenko, M. Ostoja-Starzewski and A. Amiri-Hezaveh, Random Fields of Piezoelectricity and Piezomagnetism: Correlation Structures, Springer (2020).

References 

	Faculty page at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
	Publication Timeline.
	Google Scholar page.
	ResearchGate profile.

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
McGill University alumni
Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology alumni
20th-century Polish engineers
21st-century American engineers
Polish expatriates in the United States
Polish expatriates in Canada
Academic journal editors
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Canada Research Chairs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American materials scientists
Artemis V. Artemis V is the fifth planned mission of NASA's Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Blue Moon lander. The mission will launch four astronauts on a Space Launch System rocket and an Orion to the Lunar Gateway and will be the third lunar landing of the Artemis program. In addition, Artemis V will also deliver two new elements to the Gateway Space Station.

Overview 

Artemis V will launch four astronauts to the Lunar Gateway space station. The mission will deliver the European Space Agency's ESPRIT refueling and communications module and a Canadian-built robotic arm system for the Gateway. Also delivered will be NASA's Lunar Terrain Vehicle.

After docking to the Gateway, two astronauts will board the Blue Moon lunar lander and fly it down to the Lunar south pole to land near the Lunar Terrain Vehicle. This will be the first lunar landing since Apollo 17 to use an unpressurized lunar rover. It is planned to have the two astronauts on the surface of the Moon for about one week where they will conduct science and exploration activities.

, Artemis V is scheduled to launch no earlier than March 2030.

Spacecraft

Space Launch System 

The Space Launch System is a super-heavy-lift launcher used to launch the Orion spacecraft from Earth to a trans-lunar orbit.

Orion 

Orion is the crew transport vehicle used by all Artemis missions. It will transport the crew from Earth to the Gateway orbit, and return them to Earth.

Gateway 

Gateway is a small modular space station to be established in Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) in late 2024. The first two Gateway elements will launch together aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket in late 2024. The I-Hab habitat module will be delivered by Artemis IV.

Blue Origin's Blue Moon lander 

The Blue Moon lander will transfer astronauts from the Gateway to the Lunar surface and back. Blue Origin will be the second provider to deliver Artemis astronauts to the lunar surface. NASA previously contracted SpaceX to develop and demonstrate the Starship Human Landing System.

Blue Origin will design, develop, test, and verify its Blue Moon lander to meet NASA's human landing system requirements for recurring astronaut expeditions to the lunar surface. In addition to design and development work, the contract includes one uncrewed demonstration mission to the lunar surface and the crewed demo in 2030. The total award value of the contract is $3.4 billion.

Lunar Terrain Vehicle 

The Lunar Terrain Vehicle is an unenclosed rover being developed by NASA that astronauts will drive on the Moon while wearing spacesuits.

See also 

 List of Artemis missions
 List of missions to the Moon

References

External links 
 Orion website at nasa.gov
 Space Launch System website at nasa.gov

2029 in spaceflight
Artemis program
Crewed missions to the Moon
Orion (spacecraft)
Space Launch System
2029 in the United States
Missions to the Moon
Crewed spacecraft
Future human spaceflights
Lunar Gateway
Spaceflight
Space stations
Austempered Ductile Iron. Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is a form of ductile iron that enjoys high strength and ductility as a result of its microstructure controlled through heat treatment. While conventional ductile iron was discovered in 1943 and the austempering process had been around since the 1930s, the combination of the two technologies was not commercialized until the 1970s.

Microstructure 
Like all ductile iron, ADI is characterized by its spheroidal graphite nodules spaced within the matrix. These nodules reduce microsegregation of solutes within the material. For ADI, the material has been austempered such that the matrix is transformed into ausferrite, or a mixture of acicular ferrite and austenite. The microstructure is used to classify ADI into grades, which depend on the heat treatment process and not the composition of the material.

Mechanical properties 
The high strength and ductility of ADI are a direct result of its microstructure. Specifically, the ductility of ductile irons is a result of the lack of bainite in the matrix. Rather, the austempering process forms acicular ferrite and austenite. The latter of these has a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The FCC has 12 slip systems that allow for dislocations motion, resulting in high ductility in the austenitic phase of ADI. This ductility also translates to relatively high toughness in ADI.

The increase in ductility that ADI exhibits over other form of cast iron also comes as a result of the spheroidal graphite. As compared to the flake-like graphite present in gray iron, for example, the spheroidal graphite nodes are relatively easy for dislocations to bypass, increasing the ductility of the material. These nodules also decrease the stress concentration compared to flakes, as stress at the tip of an inclusion is proportional to the radius of curvature. The large radius prevents the propagation of cracks in the material, further resulting in high ductility and good fatigue properties in the material.

Some of the austenite phase mentioned above is mechanically metastable and will form martensite when subjected to high stress. The combination of hard, wear-resistant martensite with ausferrite results in good wear properties, as the regions near a crack tip strengthen and prevent further propagation. This is not an example of work hardening, which multiplies dislocations that inhibit each other's growth and result in higher strength. Rather, a phase transformation is taking place as a result of applied stress.

The mechanical properties of ADI are extremely dependent on processing. Wide ranges in strength and ductility are possible. High temperature heat treatment (>400C) results in high ductility, good impact toughness, with a yield strength around 500 MPa. Lower temperatures (~260C) results in a higher yield strength of 1400 MPa and high hardness but much lower ductility.

References

Ferrous alloys
Mo (grist mill). Mo () were stone implements used for grinding wheat in ancient China. It was a rotary quern millstone powered by a hand-operated crank fixed at the top to grind and pulverize grains, wheat, and rice into flour.

History
The Chinese have been using quernstones since the Neolithic Age to grind wheat into flour but rotary stone mills would not appear in China until the Warring States period during the Zhou dynasty. The crank-connecting rod mechanism on the manually operated rotary quern would exemplify the earliest uses of crank mechanisms in Han China as well as signifying one of the world's earliest application of the crank and connecting rod, an achievement in the history of ancient mechanical technology.

Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the Western Han dynasty. Revolving stone grist mills have been in use since the Han dynasty as they are mentioned several times in a number of times in the bamboo and wooden slip documents dating back to 102 BC. A reference to the mo is mentioned in the Book of Origins, a book dating back to the 2nd century BC, where it says: Gongshu zuo shiwei 公輸作石磑 "Gongshu invented the stone (rotary) mill". The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia published in 1725 glosses this with a commentary stating:

He made a plaiting of bamboo which he filled with clay (ni 泥), to decorticate grain and produce hulled rice; this was called wei 磑 (actually long 礱). He also chiseled out stones which he placed one on top of the other, to grind hulled rice and wheat to produce flour; this was called mo (磨).

See also
Gristmill

References

Chinese inventions
Grinding mills
Han dynasty
Sage Automotive Interiors. Sage Automotive Interiors is a portfolio company of Japan-based Asahi Kasei and a global supplier of technical textiles for the automotive industry. The company develops and produces automotive interior surfaces such as seating, door panels and automobile headliners that are used in cars, trucks, SUVs and minivans.

Sage Automotive Interiors specializes in fabric design, engineering and manufacturing. With corporate headquarters located on the campus of Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research in Greenville, South Carolina USA, Sage operates 22 design and support facilities in 18 countries, with plants in North America, Brazil, China, Japan, India, Thailand, Europe and Korea, and employees over 2,000 people.

History 
Sage Automotive Interiors was established in 1948 as Milliken Automotive Division. In the 1970s, the company became the first supplier to develop double-needle bar fabrics, acquiring Chrysler as a new U.S. customer and launching an export business with Japanese automakers Honda and Toyota. In 1984–85, the company began producing fabrics in North America for Honda and Toyota.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Milliken Automotive Division opened two new manufacturing facilities and added Nissan and Hyundai as customers. In 1996, the company opened a facility in Brazil and added Fiat and Volkswagen to its customer list.

Sage Automotive Interiors was officially established in 2009 by former Milliken & Co. executives. Throughout the 2000s, Sage invested in new technology for yarn manufacturing, texturing, knitting, coating and face finishing, and in 2011, invested in weaving technology that allowed Sage to expand into the automotive headliners market. In 2013, Sage established a location in China, acquired a facility in Poland and opened a facility in Mexico. And in 2014, Sage expanded into the premium seating market. In 2018, Sage was acquired by Asahi Kasei.

References 

Automotive companies of the United States
2-Aminobiphenyl. 2-Aminobiphenyl (2-ABP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C6H4NH2. It is an amine derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid, although aged samples can appear colored even black. Palladacycles obtained from 2-aminobiphenyl are popular catalysts for cross-coupling.

It is prepared by hydrogenation of 2-nitrobiphenyl.

See also
 4-Aminobiphenyl
 Herrmann's catalyst

References

2-Aminophenyl compounds
Biphenyls
ADARA Networks. Adara Networks (stylized as "ADARA Networks") is an American software company.

History
The company creates software-defined networking (SDN) infrastructure orchestration software and provides cloud computing. It has several dozen partners in its channel program. Adara's cloud software includes an SDI Visualizer for topological rendering, an SLA Manager for determining cost efficiency, and use Sirius Routers. Afterwards the company developed its Horizon SDA Platform, which has an Ecliptic SDN controller, Axis vSwitch, SoftSwitch, and cloud computing engine.

In 2008 Adara developed a networking electronic medical records project for the US Congress. Adara has served on Industry Advisory Panels for the Congress as well.

The company has held contracts with the Department of Defense, and spent its first ten years or so working in the public sphere before opening up to private companies, including SMEs, in 2011.

In 2012 Adara created a full stack network for its cloud, and in 2013 its controller became open source. Then in 2016, Adara partnered with Calient Technologies to develop an integrated SD-WAN. The company's CEO is Eric Johnson.

iN 2020 ADARA Networks were acknowledged as an Industry Leader in SDN.

References

External links 

 Official page
 Twitter

1998 establishments in California
American companies established in 1998
Companies based in San Jose, California
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies established in 1998
Software companies of the United States
Nano (cryptocurrency). Nano (Abbreviation: XNO) is a cryptocurrency characterized by a directed acyclic graph data structure and distributed ledger, making it possible for Nano to work without intermediaries. To agree on what transactions to commit (i.e., achieving consensus), it uses a voting system with weight based on the amount of currency an account holds.

Nano was launched in October 2015 by Colin LeMahieu to address the Bitcoin scalability problem and was created to reduce confirmation times and fees. The currency implements no-fee transactions and achieves confirmation in under one second.

History
Colin LeMahieu started the development of Nano in 2014 under the name "RaiBlocks". A year later, RaiBlocks was distributed for free through a captcha-secured faucet. In 2017, after 126,248,289 RaiBlocks were distributed, the faucet shut down. This fixed the total supply to 133,248,297 RaiBlocks, after addition of a 7,000,000 RaiBlocks developer fund. RaiBlocks was rebranded as Nano in 2018.

BitGrail hack 
On February 9, 2018, an Italian cryptocurrency exchange BitGrail announced its hack and eventual shutdown. Users were prevented from accessing assets stored on the platform, which was collectively worth 17 million Nano. The victims then launched a class-action lawsuit against BitGrail owner Francesco Firano for recoupment, inside the Florence Courthouse. The exchange was ruled to be guilty in January 2019, as it was found to fail at implementing safeguards and reporting losses. The Italian police branch Network Operations Command (Italy) alleged the Bitgrail founder had conducted fraud. Nano prices had been around $10 prior to the hack and after the hack fell to $1.

Design
Nano uses a block-lattice data structure, where every account has its own blockchain for storing transactions. It is the first cryptocurrency to use a directed acyclic graph data structure, by having a "block" consisting of only one transaction and the account's current balance.

Nano's consensus algorithm is similar to proof of stake. In this system, the voting weight is distributed to accounts based on the amount of Nano they hold; accounts then freely delegate this weight to a peer (node) of their choice.

If two contradictory transactions are broadcast to the network, indicating a double-spend attempt, nodes will vote for both transactions and broadcast their vote to the other nodes. The first transaction to reach 67% of the total voting weight is confirmed, while the other is considered invalid.

References

2015 software
Application layer protocols
Cryptocurrency projects
Currencies introduced in 2015
Private currencies
Lightweight software. In computing, lightweight software also called lightweight program and lightweight application, is a computer program that is designed to have a small memory footprint (RAM usage) and low CPU usage, overall a low usage of system resources . To achieve this, the software should avoid software bloat and code bloat and try to find the best algorithm efficiency.

See also 
 Software optimization
 Application footprint
 Light-weight process
 Lightweight protocol
 Lightweight Procedure Call
 Lightweight programming language
 Lightweight markup language
 Load (computing)

References 

Software optimization