omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sky computing. Sky computing is a paradigm that aims to develop cloud computing model further. It aims to combine existing clouds of different service providers into a comprehensive, interoperable sky. The concept behind sky computing is to create a cloud of clouds that behaves in a similar way to the internet, which consists of a network of networks.  There is a limited number of credible sources supporting this assertion. As of 2024, this trend has not achieved widespread adoption, and therefore, its efficacy remains unproven.

Description 
Sky computing aims to achieve a complete abstraction of cloud resources from different providers so that applications and users can access these resources without having to worry about where the resources or services are located in the individual clouds. The key features of Sky Computing include:

 Cloud of clouds: a unified, interoperable cloud made up of numerous individual clouds.
 Levels of abstraction: These ensure the interoperability of clouds.
 Distributed infrastructure: A comprehensive infrastructure for cloud services.
 Dynamic scalability: Resources can be scaled dynamically across multiple clouds.
 Universality: Applications can be run in any cloud.

Sky computing significantly reduces the complexity of technology and cloud resources for developers and users.

History 
The idea of sky computing stems from research conducted in the early 2010s by scientists in the fields of distributed systems and cloud computing, drawing on concepts introduced in a paper by R. Buyya et al in 2008.

The concept was further developed by Ion Stoica and Scott Shenker of UC Berkeley in 2021.

References 

Cloud computing
Dorothy Pile. Dorothy Lilian Pile (26 July 1902 – 1 February 1993) was a British metallurgist, first woman to be admitted to the Institution of Metallurgists and past president of the Women's Engineering Society.

Early life 

Dorothy Lilian Pile was born in Yorkshire on 26 July 1902.

Career 
In 1920 Pile's first job was as at the Midland Laboratory Guild Ltd. where her father was the chief metallurgist. Her role was in the chemical laboratory as an assistant working on physical testing and metallography before she became more involved in sheet metal research.

In 1949, Pile was appointed as a metallurgist at the Design and Research Centre of the Gold, Silver and Jewellery Trade, in London and later became an industrial liaison officer.

Professional memberships 

Pile was the first woman to become a member of the Institution of Metallurgists in 1946. Later in 1983 she also became the first woman to be awarded honorary fellowship. As a thank you she presented the institution with a presidential tankard which is still held by the IOM3 Historical Collection.

Pile was an active member of the Birmingham Metallurgical Association and in 1949 she was elected president. Pile was the first woman to become president of any British metallurgical societies.

Pile became the president of the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1954, succeeding Ella Mary Collin in the role. Pile's successor as president was Kathleen Mary Cook. Pile presented WES with a President's Medal on 29th August 1964, featuring the organisation's logo at the time in green enamel.

Pile had various other roles and memberships to industrial societies and would often be the only woman in attendance at society dinners. She is known to have been referred to as the "metallurgical aunt" at such events.

References 

1902 births
1993 deaths
British women engineers
Metallurgists
Women's Engineering Society
Luminous Power Technologies. Luminous Power Technologies Pvt. Ltd., stylized as LUMINOUS is an Indian electricals and home appliances manufactures company, headquarters is based in Gurgaon, India. Their products include Inverter, Batteries, Solar off-grid and battery. Since July 1, 2022 Preeti Bajaj is MD and CEO of Luminous Power Technologies. Indian former cricketer Sachin Tendulkar is brand ambassador of LPT since May 2010.

History 
Luminous Power Technologies was founded in 1988 by engineering graduate Rakesh Malhotra. Luminous was seeded with 4 people in 600 sq ft space in South Delhi.

In 2011, French company Schneider Electric acquired a 74% stake of Luminous Power.

In April 2022, wires and cables manufacturer RR Kabel Ltd. acquired Luminous Power's Home Electrical Business (HEB) from Schneider Electric.

See also 

 Electric power
 Battery
 Inverter

References

External links 
 

Indian companies established in 1988
Companies based in Gurgaon
Companies based in Delhi
Edmonton Construction Association. The Edmonton Construction Association (ECA) is a nonprofit association in the Greater Edmonton Area, with over 1,300 members from four classifications: General Contractors, Trade Contractors, Manufacturers & Suppliers, and Associate Members (including Architects, Engineers, and related professional services)

Public advocacy

The ECA serves as an advocacy group for the construction industry in Edmonton, informing government on behalf of its members to influence public policy and regulatory changes. The association engages with government bodies, industry stakeholders, and the community to represent member interests and to promote a favorable business environment for the construction sector.

Advocacy projects from the ECA include

 Communicating with local governance regarding construction delays
 Public engagement related to budget announcements from provincial governing bodies
 Promotion and development of construction-related financial incentives

References

Construction industry of Canada
Trade associations based in Alberta
Yan Lindsay Sun. Yan Lindsay Sun is a Chinese-American power engineer whose research focuses on cyber-physical systems security and the security of power grids. She is a professor in and chair of the Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Rhode Island.

Sun graduated from Peking University in 1988. After completing a Ph.D. at the University of Maryland, College Park in 2004, advised by K. J. Ray Liu, she joined the University of Rhode Island in the same year.

She was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2018, "for contributions to trust modeling and statistical signal processing for cyber-physical security". In 2022, the University of Maryland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering gave her their Distinguished Alumni Award.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electrical engineers
American women engineers
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese women engineers
Women electrical engineers
Peking University alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
University of Rhode Island faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Demul. Demul is a village in Himachal Pradesh, India. It is located in Lahaul and Spiti district. The taluk is Spiti and pincode 172114. Demul is a remote settlement and situated at an elevation of 14,170 feet.

Economy and demographics
The village has only a few hundred residents. Most belong to Bodh tribe. They are engaged in agriculture with barley being the main crop. Other sources of income include tourism and handicrafts.

Climate change
Climate change in recent years has resulted in glaciers retreating in the area, leading to droughts. Falling snow levels have worried villagers about access to water, and also decreased agricultural output. Local NGOs have experimented with dams and artificial glaciers to freeze water before it can flow off the land.

Tourism and commercialization
Demul's inhabitants have benefited from significant development of tourism in recent years. However, there are concerns related to commercialization.

References 

Villages in Lahaul and Spiti district
Villages in Himachal Pradesh
Ammonium hexafluorostannate. Ammonium hexafluorostannate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .

Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluorostannate typically appears as a white crystalline solid. The compound is soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents.

Uses
Ammonium hexafluorostannate is a source of tin in various chemical synthesis processes, facilitating production of tin-containing compounds and materials.

References 

Fluoro complexes
Stannates
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides
Dorothy Cridland. Dorothy May Cridland (15 February 1903 - 25 May 1987)  was a mechanical engineer, who worked for Leyland Motors and the Institute of Mechanical Engineers over her career. She was president of the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1964.

Career
After leaving school, Cridland joined Leyland Motors as a junior technical assistant in the 1930s. During her early years at Leyland she studied a number of technical courses at various institutions. She rose up through the company to become the Deputy Regional Manager for the Southern Region and left in 1955.

Between 1955 and 1963 she was a technical editor for the Institute of Mechanical Engineers.

Memberships
Cridland joined the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1943, and became an associate member in 1948. Cridland became the president of the Women's Engineering Society (WES) in 1964, succeeding Cicely Thompson, before Thompson returned to the role in 1965. She later became an honorary member of WES in 1977.

Cridland was also one of the early women to be admitted to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in 1951.

References

1903 births
1987 deaths
20th-century English engineers
20th-century English women engineers
Women's Engineering Society
Canadian Lumber Standard. Canadian Lumber Standard, typically abbrievated as CLS, is a type and standard/grade of processed and sawn lumber (timber) used in many countries.

History
CLS was originally a product of Canada used in the construction of sturdy timber-framed houses as rated by the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB). Following the end of the Cold War it was increasingly used by manufacturers in Baltic countries as a reference grade for export to the UK and other Western European countries. For these reasons, Latvian CLS, Swedish CLS and other European graded timber are now available, despite not originating from Canada. Most CLS now originates from Europe, including Scandinavia.

Usage
CLS is primarily used in internal construction because of is strength and durability. As such, CLS is widely utilised as a general standard for timber suitable for wall studs, DIY and other construction projects, including housebuilding. It is very commonly employed in conventional timber frames for roofs, lofts and attics. It is typically used in the UK for timber wall studs.

For use outside, CLS timber should be treated for external use.

Details
CLS timber is kiln-dried and is white wood. Tree sources include Fir, Pine and Spruce.

CLS is planed and fished with eased or rounded edges. CLS timber is commonly graded at two strengths, C16 or C24. C24 is the stronger and is typically more expensive.

It is often pressure treated and may also be treated with pesticides to stop insect and fungal growth.

References

Forestry
Timber industry
Wood products
Woodworking
Santa Barbara Amorphous-15. SBA-15, an acronym for Santa Barbara Amorphous-15, is a silica-based ordered mesoporous material that was first synthesized by researchers at the university of California Santa Barbra in 1998. This material proved important for scientists in various fields such as material sciences, drug delivery, catalysis, fuel cells and many other due to its desirable properties and ease of production.

Synthesis procedure 
The procedure is a typical Liquid-Crystal templating that consists of three steps:

 Solution preparation — Pluronic P123 is dissolved in an acidic solution of water at specific molar ratios and the silica precursor typically TEOS or TMOS (sometimes EGMS) is added and mixed in for some time.
 Hydrothermal treatment — The solution is sealed in a container and subjected to a temperature T1 for about 24 hours and then a higher temp T2 for 48 hours.
 Washing and calcination — The gel obtained from the previous step is washed with water and ethanol under centrifuging, and finally calcinated at about 550 °C  for 6 hours.

Structure 

The interest in SBA-15 comes from the fact that its mostly mesopoures – meaning the pores are in the range of 2 nm to 50 nm  according to the IUPAC definition and the fact that these pores have a well defined structure that is cylindrical shape in hexagonal ordering with their relatively thick pore walls which gives thermal stability.

The sorption isotherms of these materials, demonstrate typical hysteric behavior, which is still under discussion for its causes.

TEM 

The transmission electron microscopy of the sample shows the cylindrical pores but also highlights then fact that the pores of this material exhibit geometric deformations.

SAXS 
The small-angle X-ray scattering pattern shows typical Bragg peaks to the hexagonal structure of the material. The peak positions, is directly related to the lattice parameter.

where h and k are the miller indices.

References

Materials science
Chemical substances
Cindy Smith. Cindy Smith is a British engineer who is a professor of environmental microbiology at the James Watt School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow. Her research looks to develop low cost, sustainable drinking water for rural communities. She was appointed the Royal Academy of Engineering Scottish Water Research Chair on Biofiltration by Biological Design.

Early life and education 
Smith studied environmental biology at University College Dublin. She remained there for her doctoral research, where she investigated the bacterial communities associated with marine fish, and developed a biological tag. She was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Exeter and University of Sheffield, where she studied the molecular ecology of the nitrogen cycle. In 2010. she joined the National University of Ireland as a University Fellow.

Research and career 
Smith was appointed a Science Foundation Ireland Starting Investigator at the National University of Ireland, where she studied molecular microbial ecology in coastal bay sediments. She joined the University of Glasgow in 2018. Smith develops new strategies to bring low-cost, sustainable drinking water to rural communities. Water treatment in areas of low population density has high economic and environmental costs, whilst urban communities have centralised water treatment provision. Water treatment for rural communities of one hundred homes are equivalent to services provided for ten thousand. Smith develops low-cost, decentralised filtration technologies (e.g. slow san filtration). She studies the microbial community structures involved in "natural" biogeochemical water treatments.

In 2018, Smith was made a Royal Academy of Engineering Scottish Water Research Chair.

Selected publications

References 

Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Academics of the University of Glasgow
British engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Katja Hölttä-Otto. Katja Hölttä-Otto is a Finnish mechanical engineer and an expert in modular product design. She has worked as an engineering processor in Finland, Singapore, the US, and Australia; she is Professor of Engineering Design at the University of Melbourne.

Education and career
Hölttä-Otto earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering at the Helsinki University of Technology (now part of Aalto University) in 2000, and completed a Ph.D. there in 2005.
While doing her doctoral studies, she was a visiting scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in its Center for Innovation in Product Development. Her dissertation, Modular Product Platform Design, was supervised by Kalevi "Eetu" Ekman.

She became an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in the US, in 2005. She was an associate professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Design and at Aalto University in Finland before taking her present position as Professor of Engineering Design at the University of Melbourne, in its Department of Mechanical Engineering.

At UMass Dartmouth, she was honored in 2012 by the Center for Women, Gender & Sexuality for her support of women students in engineering. At Aalto University, she became chair of the Professors' Council in 2017.

Recognition
Hölttä-Otto was elected as an ASME Fellow in 2023.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Finnish expatriates in Australia
Finnish engineers
Finnish industrial designers
Finnish women engineers
Mechanical engineers
Women mechanical engineers
Aalto University alumni
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty
Academic staff of Aalto University
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Finnish expatriates in Singapore
Finnish expatriates in the United States
Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project. The Lhasa 500kV transmission and substation project () begins at the Wokha 500kV substation in Sangri County, Shannan City, and extends to the Lhasa 500kV substation in Lhünzhub County, Lhasa City.

Background 
This project is part of the DC Phase II Expansion Project of the Qinghai-Tibet Networking Project (). The DC Phase II of the Qinghai-Tibet Interconnection Project was approved by National Development and Reform Commission in February 2024, with a total project investment of RMB 2.603 billion.

Electricity Transmission 
The route passes through Lhasa and Shannan cities and spans five districts and counties in 2024. The project is divided into seven bidding segments, comprising six line segments and one substation segment. As a key annual supply guarantee initiative of State Grid Tibet Power, the project will address the central Tibet power grid's load demand upon completion. It will also support surplus hydro-power transmission in central Tibet and the electrification of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, contributing to the sustainable development of Tibet's society and economy.

References 

2024 in Lhasa
Power stations in China
Industry in Tibet
Ferrous tungstate. Ferrous tungstate () is an inorganic compound. It can be synthesized from iron(III) chloride and sodium tungstate under hydrothermal conditions with the presence of L-cysteine reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+. Ferberite is composed of this compound.

Synthesis techniques

Hydrothermal process 
The hydrothermal process is a method for synthesizing  crystals. Reagents used in this process are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt () and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT).  helps in controlling the morphology of  crystals by binding to metal ions and preventing their premature precipitation and HMT acts as a pH buffer and a source of ammonia.

See also 
 Ferberite

References 

Iron(II) compounds
Tungstates
Ammonium hexafluorochromate. Ammonium hexafluorochromate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .

Physical properties
Ammonium hexafluorochromate forms crystals of cubic system, space group F43m.

Chemical properties
When heated, ammonium hexafluorochromate decomposed directly to the pure chromium(III) fluoride.

References 

Fluoro complexes
Chromates
Ammonium compounds
Fluorometallates
Hexafluorides
Isobutyric anhydride. Isobutyric anhydride is an organic compound with the formula . It is an acyclic carboxylic anhydride of isobutyric acid. It is classified as an organic acid anhydride, being derived from dehydration of isobutyric acid.  It is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent odor. 

Isobutyric anhydride is a reagent in the production of the ester of cyclohexanone oxime.

Applications 
Isobutyric anhydride is used as an acylating agent in organic synthesis. Its primary application is in the production of esters, such as cyclohexanone oxime. Isobutyric anhydride is used in the synthesis of various dyes. It is also used in the production of cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose isobutyrate and cellulose acetate isobutyrate. Another application of isobutyric anhydride is in the synthesis of various chemical derivatives. For example, it is used to produce 4-O-isobutyryl derivatives of monosaccharides.

References 

Carboxylic anhydrides
Reagents for organic chemistry
Lhasa Converter Station. Lhasa Converter Station () is the first ±400 kV converter station designed for high-altitude and cold-climate conditions. It is the largest of its kind, situated in Langtang Village, Lhünzhub County, Lhasa City, at an altitude of 3,825 meters. The station officially began operations on December 9, 2011, marking a significant milestone in addressing the power supply challenges faced by the Tibetan power grid at the time.

History
The primary construction work was carried out by Hubei Power Transmission and Transformation Engineering Company (), with construction commencing in September 2010. By October 2011, the Pole I and Pole II converters at the Lhasa Converter Station were successfully energized in a single attempt, marking the beginning of the system commissioning phase for the station.

Between 2011 and 2021, the Lhasa Converter Station achieved remarkable progress, evolving from a modest starting point to a major power hub. It transitioned from dependency on external assistance to fully independent operations and inspections. The station's transmission capacity grew from an initial 135 MW in 2011 to reaching full-load operation at 600 MW on December 15, 2018. The Lhasa Converter Station has been pivotal in resolving power shortages in winter and addressing electricity demands during summer in Tibet. By 2021, the station had transmitted a total of 5.894 billion kWh of electricity to the Golmud Converter Station, which is equivalent to replacing approximately 19 million tons of standard coal. Meanwhile, it had received 8.391 billion kWh of electricity from Golmud. This energy exchange has substantially contributed to the economic and ecological development of both the Qinghai-Tibet region, enhancing livelihoods and promoting sustainable growth.

On April 10, 2024, the State Council of the People's Republic of China officially approved the Qinghai-Tibet DC Phase II Expansion Project, which primarily involves expanding the Golmud Converter Station in Qinghai and the Lhasa Converter Station in Tibet. The project carries a total investment of RMB 2.603 billion, with RMB 1.301 billion allocated from the central budget, covering approximately 50% of the total cost. The project is expected to be fully completed and operational by 2025. Once in operation, the transmission capacity of the Qinghai-Tibet DC system will double from 600,000 kilowatts to 1.2 million kilowatts.

See also 

List of HVDC projects
Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project
Golmud Converter Station
Golmud CPV Solar Park
Qinghai Golmud Solar Park

References 

2011 in Lhasa
Buildings and structures in Tibet
Converter stations
Ammonium hexachlorostannate. Ammonium hexachlorostannate (also known as pink salt) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula .

Synthesis
A reaction of pure tin tetrachloride with ammonium chloride:

Physical properties
The compound is composed of white crystals and is a corrosive agent.

Use
The compound is used as a mordant in dyeing.

References 

Chloro complexes
Stannates
Ammonium compounds
Chlorometallates