omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electron-refractive effect. The electron-refractive effect, also known as electron induced permittivity modification (EIPM), is an electro-optic effect observed in some crystals and amorphous materials, such as chalcogenide glasses and oxides, where the permittivity reduces or increases when the material is illuminated by high energy electrons, typically from a transmission electron microscope or scanning electron microscope. The effect is non-linear and reversible.

The effect was observed by N. Normand and O. Normand., who observed that the permittivity, of chalcogenide glass increased by as much as 5% when irradiated with an electron gun in the 30 keV range; they also noticed that the change was accompanied by a change in the thickness of the film.   Recently San-Roman-Alerigi, Anjum and Ooi, demonstrated that the permittivity of chalcogenide thin films could also be reduced by as much as 50% when  the sample was illuminated by 300 keV electrons; moreover they also demonstrated that the electron induced permittivity modification was reversible

Mechanism
The change in permittivity occurs because of the disruption in the atomic structure of the materials. That is, the changes are due to the breaking of bonds and re-bonding within the atomic structure of the amorphous or crystalline structures. This modification in turn modifies the carrier traps within the band structure, reducing them, and hence ensuing the decrement in the permittivity

This contrasts with the photorefractive effect where the change is induced by the alteration in the electron distribution due to the photon-absorption.

References

Nonlinear optics
List of MIPS architecture processors. This is a list of processors that implement the MIPS instruction set architecture, sorted by year, process size, frequency, die area, and so on. These processors are designed by Imagination Technologies, MIPS Technologies, and others. It displays an overview of the MIPS processors with performance and functionality versus capabilities for the more recent MIPS Aptiv families.

MIPS Computer Systems/MIPS Technologies

Imagination Technologies
MIPS Technologies was acquired 17 December 2012, by Imagination Technologies. Since then, the following processors have been introduced by Imagination Technologies.

Imagination Technologies sold MIPS processor rights to Tallwood MIPS Inc in 2017. MIPS Technologies was acquired by Wave Computing in 2018, where "MIPS operates as an IP licensing business unit".

The Warrior P-Class CPU was announced on 14 October 2013.

The CPU IP cores comprising the MIPS Series5 ‘Warrior’ family are based on MIPS32 release 5 and MIPS64 release 6, and will come in three classes of performance and features:
 'Warrior M-class': entry-level MIPS cores for embedded and microcontroller applications, a progression from the popular microAptiv family
 'Warrior I-class': mid-range, feature-rich MIPS CPUs following on from the highly efficient interAptiv family. The I6400, with its 64-bit core, was launched September 2014.
 'Warrior P-class': high-performance MIPS processors building on the proAptiv family

Other designers
A number of companies licensed the MIPS architecture and developed their own processors.

Other
 PhysX P1 - A multi-core physics processing unit that contains MIPS cores

References

MIPS
MIPS architecture
Sure Chill Technology. Sure Chill Technology is a cooling technology that is currently being used in medical refrigerators, but is thought to have wider potential in the future for domestic refrigerators and beverage coolers. According to BBC, the refrigerator's temperature 'can stay at 4°C for more than 10 days without power, and is used mainly in Africa' to store vaccines and other medical supplies. It can be powered by electricity or solar, and uses the physics of water to store energy, thus not relying on batteries. 

In 2013, the technology that uses an ice-mass to maintain refrigerator temperature without power won a $100,000 research award from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. In 2014, the company was awarded a further $1.4 million from the Gates Foundation to develop a life-saving vaccine cooler as part of the foundation’s goal to eliminate preventable diseases worldwide.

The Inventor 

Ian Tansley is the inventor of the technology in Tywyn, Wales, with extensive experience in cooling technologies. Tansley spent many years working with vaccine refrigerators in some of the world’s most inhospitable places. A constant frustration for him was their dependence on re-chargeable batteries, which were costly, unreliable and hard to replace in remote areas.

Advisory board 

In 2013, both Sir Richard Feachem and Sir John Houghton were announced as Advisory Board members to the company. Sir Richard stated, “It is my view that Sure Chill Technology will make a huge contribution to childhood vaccination programmes worldwide, especially in poorer communities.” Whilst Sir John stated, “Sure Chill Technology has the potential to improve living conditions and healthcare of populations in some of the poorest countries, and to lessen the impact of global warming on mankind. There can be no greater purpose.”

References 

Inventions
Cooling technology
Patrick H. Irwin. Patrick Henry Irwin (c. 1837 – 1908) was an American self-taught civil engineer and surveyor from Pennsylvania who was also mayor of the city of Westminster, Maryland.

Career 
From 1852 to 1856, Irwin spent summer vacations with an engineering corps working on the
construction of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad later purchased in May 1880 by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad and thereafter controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Irwin then was appointed
Assistant Engineer to Chief engineer Joseph S. Gitt for the Gettysburg Railroad. This was the second collaboration with Gitt who was also Chief Engineer for the earlier construction of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad.  Two years later Irwin was Assistant Engineer and Resident Engineer for the Western Maryland Railroad, and by 1861 had become Superintendent.

In 1867, he worked with Gitt again as part of the survey effort for the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company.

In 1874 he left railroad work to go into the manufacturing business, but in 1879 was appointed Assistant Engineer in charge of the surveys and construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. After this he was, successively, Chief Engineer of Construction of Branch Lines and then Assistant Chief Engineer. In July, 1905, he was appointed Consulting Engineer to the railroad.

Irwin was mayor of the city of Westminster, Maryland from May 15, 1876, to June 4, 1883. Irwin died in 1908.

References 

American railroad pioneers
19th-century American railroad executives
1830s births
1908 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania
American civil engineers
American surveyors
John Scott-Scott. John Lanfear Scott-Scott (22 June 1934 – 12 December 2015) was a British mechanical and aerospace engineer.
After graduating from the University of Birmingham, he joined Armstrong Siddeley Motors in 1955, becoming a hydrodynamicist at their Rocket Department. He worked there on Black Arrow, making important contributions to the fuel pump system.

Later he helped to form, and worked at, Reaction Engines Limited until he retired in 2011.

Scott-Scott married Pauline W. A. Cullen in 1955; they had two daughters and a son.

He was the Chairman of the Coventry Branch, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust from November 2000 until May 2014.

External links
BBC4: The Three Rocketeers
 An Oral History of British Science, interview with John Scott-Scott interview

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Rocket scientists
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
GrabCAD. GrabCAD, Inc. is a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based startup that created a free cloud-based collaboration environment that helps engineering teams manage, view and share CAD files.

History

GrabCAD was founded in Estonia in 2009 by current CEO, Hardi Meybaum, and Indrek Narusk  as a marketplace to connect engineers with CAD-related jobs. GrabCAD evolved into a community for engineers to share CAD models and moved its HQ to Cambridge, MA in 2011. According to the company site, GrabCAD was founded with the goal of bringing together all the tools engineers need to manage and share CAD files into one platform.

On September 16, 2014, GrabCAD was acquired by  Stratasys. Stratasys Ltd. is a manufacturer of 3D printers and 3D production systems for office-based rapid prototyping and direct digital manufacturing solutions.

Products

Community

GrabCAD began as a Community where engineers could upload and download models from a free CAD library. As of March 2023, the Community consists of over 11,640,000 users and is over 5,570,000 open source models. The Community also offers a range of challenges with prizes, from Ultimaker's "3D Printer Toy Design Challenge" to GE's "Jet Engine Bracket Challenge", as well as pro bono challenges like ModVic's "Steampunk Wheelchair" and the "Eyes to Hear" Challenge.

Workbench

In April 2013, GrabCAD released Workbench, a free cloud-based collaboration solution that helps engineering teams manage, share, and view CAD files. Workbench is used by companies to support the design of physical products ranging from basic screws to jet engine brackets. The idea behind Workbench is to replace costly and complex solutions that engineering teams often use when versions and revisions become hard to track. Workbench allows multiple engineers to work on the same files at the same time without conflict. Workbench also lets engineers share files externally.

Workbench is hosted on Amazon's S3 secure server cloud architecture, and has a range of features including viewing of all major CAD file formats, file locking, local folder sync, model comparison, and management of bill of materials and revisions. Workbench users can view 3D models, as well as markup, explode, measure and pin comments, all directly in the browser.

Toolbox

Toolbox was released June 2013, which enables Workbench users to access third-party CAD applications that run on GrabCAD's platform. Currently there are four apps available from KeyShot, Autodesk, IronCAD and Solid Edge, but GrabCAD is focused on drawing in new CAD application developers to grow Toolbox's usefulness to engineers.

See also
SketchUp 3D Warehouse
TurboSquid

References

Software companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies established in 2009
2009 establishments in Estonia
2014 mergers and acquisitions
Programmable unijunction transistor. A programmable unijunction transistor (PUT) is a three-lead electronic semiconductor device which is similar in its characteristics to a unijunction transistor (UJT), except that its behavior can be controlled using external components. In a UJT, the base region is divided into two parts by the emitter. The two parts of the base form a voltage divider, which sets the operating point of the UJT. That voltage divider can be programmed with two physical resistors connected to the gate terminal of the PUT. This allows the designer some control over the operating point of the PUT.

Construction
In construction, the programmable transistor is similar to the silicon controlled rectifier. It consists of four layers, two p-type layers and two n-type layers in equal proportion.

Applications
 It is used to trigger thyristors.
 It is also used as a relaxation oscillator.

As of 2012 ON Semiconductor manufactured a part: 2N6027. 2N6028 was also made in the past.

References

Transistor types
General Electric inventions
Evolution Revo. The Evolution Revo is an American ultralight trike, designed by Evolution Trikes of Zephyrhills, Florida. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

The Revo was derived from the Hungarian Apollo Monsoon and is built under sub-contract in the United States by Powrachute of Middleville, Michigan. It was designed specifically to complete with the British Pegasus Quik.

Design and development
The Revo was designed to comply with the American light-sport aircraft category and has been accepted as an S-LSA.

The aircraft features a strut-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit with a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The Revo is made from welded steel tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span North Wing Reflex wing has no kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a four-cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912ULS engine or  Rotax 912UL. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

A number of different wings can be fitted to the basic carriage, including the Reflex 11 and 13.

Specifications (Revo)

References

External links

2000s United States sport aircraft
2000s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Light-sport aircraft
Kışlaköy coal mine. Kışlaköy Coal Mine or Afşin Elbistan Mine is a lignite mine in Elbistan coalfield. The largest operating lignite mine in Turkey, it is open pit and can produce 7 million tonnes a year, which feeds the Afşin-Elbistan power stations.

The average energy value of coal is 1.031 Kcal/kg, seam depths are 50 – 175 m, moisture content 53%, ash content 20% and sulfur content 1.2%.

Electricity exports to the EU will be subject to the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism from 2026 unless Turkey implements its own carbon price. Energy thinktank Shura suggests that people whose jobs are at risk of this could be offered retraining or early retirement.

After a slope failure at an overburden dump site in 2024, the Chamber of Engineers said they had warned about it 4 years before. Although there were no injuries this time, one independent expert said that lessons had not been learned from the fatal 2011 landslides at nearby Çöllolar coal mine, and that safety measures still lacked oversight.

References

External links 

 Afşin-Elbistan Coal Mines on Global Energy Monitor

Coal mines in Turkey
Kahramanmaraş Province
Elbistan
Günther Tschabuschnig. Günther Tschabuschnig (born 1982) is an Austrian computer scientist.

Raised in Carinthia, Tschabuschnig studied Medical computer science at the Vienna University of Technology and the Medical University of Vienna. It was followed by a study of information management at these two universities as well as research in Washington, DC, Olmüz and Erlangen. Since 2009 he has worked as a consultant in the field of e-government in the Austrian Federal Chancellery and in various organizations. His focus is on innovation planning and management, implementation of IT projects on issues of e-government and e-democracy (open government data), as well as in collaborations with government, academia and industry. Tschabuschnig is a board member of the Association for Data Processing (ADV) Vienna. In 2012 he was co-winner of the eAward in Vienna. When Cooperation Open Government Data Austria he worked as a "Technology Evangelist". At the University of Bremen he works on his PhD-degree in the field of Open Data with Professor Herbert Kubicek.

References

Living people
1982 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Austrian computer scientists
TU Wien alumni
Dark Snow Project. The Dark Snow Project is a field and lab exploration to measure the impact of changing wildfire and industrial soot and snow microbes on snow and ice reflectivity.

The project
Its initial goal was to raise funding to transport a research team to Greenland. The crowd funding campaign was successful. The funds were spent primarily on commercial air travel and chartering a helicopter to transport the team onto the Greenland ice sheet. One of its members, climatologist Jason Box, is a professor at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland and used to work at the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center. Peter Sinclair, a YouTube blogger from Midland, Michigan who makes global warming related videos, was invited to participate and ultimately was a powerful co-producer of the work.

Bill McKibben was to participate with the Greenland field team. McKibben ultimately could not make the trip. Rolling Stone magazine supported alternatively Jeff Goodell who wrote a magazine piece on Box's work and Dark Snow Project. Their project has been promoted on The Weather Channel. If they succeed in proving that the soot from wildfires contributed to the melting of the Greenland ice sheet, then Box intends to encourage wildfire management "through the indirect policy of greenhouse gas emission reduction." Once they reach Greenland, "Box hopes to drill into the inland ice sheet to examine the black carbon littering the layers of snow, in order to determine where it's coming from: tundra fires, exhaust from ships, or manufacturing dust from the continents, for example."

Funding
Box originally asked for funding from the National Science Foundation's rapid funding program, but his request was turned down. As a result, the project has brought new attention to the concept of crowdfunding with regard to research projects. As Outside put it, "If it takes off, crowdfunded science could create a platform for more nimble, fast-paced research that isn't bogged down by bureaucracy."

Results
In October 2014, the Dark Snow Project published a blog on some findings, and noted surprising dark surfaces of Greenland ice.

Background
"Soot darkens snow and ice, increasing solar energy absorption, hastening the melt of the cryosphere." The soot comes in part from wildfires, of which there were many in 2012. Also in 2012, almost all of the surface of Greenland was observed to be melting. The increase in size of the wildfires may itself be a result of global warming.

See also
Ice–albedo feedback

References

External links
 Dark Snow Project

Climate change organizations based in the United States
Climate change feedbacks
Crowdfunded science
Expeditions from Denmark
SIUI. Shantou Institute of Ultrasonic Instruments Co., Ltd (SIUI) is China's biggest manufacturing base  of ultrasound with longest history. 
SIUI goes through a technology development of A-B-C-D-E. Each step has driven the industry progress in China. A: A mode 
ultrasound equipment. B:B mode ultrasound imaging equipment. C:Color Doppler. In 1997, SIUI manufactured its first color Doppler system Apogee 800.D:Real-time 3D/4D ultrasound. In 2008, SIUI developed the real-time 3D/4D technology, and released a series of real-time 3D/ 4D color Doppler systems. E: Elastography.

SIUI develops and manufactures a variety of ultrasound imaging systems and accessories for both human and veterinary use, and NDT equipment including phased-array ultrasonic flaw detector, conventional flaw detector, thickness gauge, probes and accessories. The company is currently organized into three product category divisions: ultrasound imaging systems, medical X-Ray imaging products, and non-destructive testing instruments. SIUI has been certified by ISO9001 Certification, European CE Marking and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In addition to its facilities in and around Shantou, SIUI maintains more 20 offices around China and around the world.

The Ultrasound Imaging Systems division develops and manufactures a complex medical ultrasound imaging solution including B/W, color Doppler, volume 4D imaging & veterinary ultrasound products.

The Non Destructive Testing Products division provides phased-array ultrasonic flaw detector, conventional flaw detector, thickness gauge, probes and accessories serving in machinery, metallurgy, railway, shipbuilding, aircraft and building. SIUI is the member of the following professional societies: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, The Chinese Society of NDT, JSNDI and British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing.

References

External links
 History of SIUI
 News of SIUI @ Sina.com
 News of SIUI @ Xinhuanet
 SIUI attends ASNT and APCNDT
 

Companies based in Shantou
Manufacturing companies established in 1978
Medical technology companies of China
Chinese brands
1978 establishments in China
Chinese companies established in 1978
Dharmasagar (pond). Dharmasagar is a man-made water body in Comilla, Bangladesh. The pond was dug by the Tripura king Dharma Manikya I in 1458.

Sachin Dev Burman and Kazi Nazrul Islam were here during their time in Comilla. There is memorial center of Nazrul beside the pond.

To facilitate the local habitat with mineral water ‘Dharmashagar’ was established, which is considered one of the earliest evidences of urban water heritage of Bangladesh. Since the establishment, this water body has been the centre of the social & economic growth of the city. Cumilla, like all other major cities in Bangladesh, has been dealing with the erosion of its distinctive aspect because of fast unplanned growth, which has harmed the city's primordial urban fabric and identity. Since then, governmental and non-governmental organizations have worked to protect and conserve the Dighi environment as a distinct entity.

Dharmashagar is defined as the centre of Cumilla city. From the beginning, the central recreational zones of the city were developed based on the east bank of this water body, by the time it was divided & converted into a stadium and central Eidgah. The north bank is the administrative territory of the city. The walk running beside the west bank of the Dighi, is the only open space in the city. However, private residential properties entirely block the South bank and strict public access. Unplanned development near the bank has ruined the waterfront character created a negative space behind it.

References

Ponds of Asia
Reservoirs in Bangladesh
Cumilla
1458 establishments
Har Sarup Chahal. Engineer Har Sarup Chahal is the former Vice Chancellor of Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, beginning May 2013. From 2008 to 2013, he was Vice Chancellor of Deenbandhu University of Science and Technology, Murthal.

Early life 
Chahal was born on 6 May 1949 in Bhiwani, Haryana.  He completed his schooling at Jat Heroes Memorial School, Rohtak. Chahal's father was a headmaster at Jat School and Vaish School in Rohtak. He graduated in Civil Engineering and obtained a postgraduate diploma in Highway Engineering from the Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh.

Career 
Chahal was initially selected as a lecturer in Regional Engineering. College, Kurukshetra (now National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra), but later joined Haryana Irrigation Department for a short spell. He made his career in Haryana Public Works Department (Buildings & Roads), where he rose from an assistant engineer to the  rank of engineer-in-chief. He  also served as a managing director of Haryana State Roads & Bridges Development Corporation and general manager in National Highways Authority of India.

In his career as an engineer spanning 37 years, he completed many projects for Haryana PWD, Delhi Development Authority and National Highways Authority of India in the States of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh.

He was a council member and vice president of Indian Roads Congress. In addition, he is a member of Rigid Pavement Committee and Highway Planning, Transportation and Road Safety Committee of Indian Roads Congress. He is also a fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and is on the boards of directors of WARCO's (Ministry of Water Resources. G.O.I.). He is credited with authoring many technical papers on road safety in Indian and foreign journals.

References 

Living people
1949 births
Maharshi Dayanand University
People from Bhiwani
Punjab Engineering College alumni
Engineers from Punjab, India
Indian civil engineers