omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Project Debater. Project Debater is an IBM artificial intelligence project, designed to participate in a full live debate with expert human debaters. It follows on from the Watson project which played Jeopardy!

Development 
Project Debater was developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel. The project was proposed by Noam Slonim in 2011 as the IBM Research next Grand Challenge, following Deep Blue and the victory of Watson in Jeopardy! It was exposed for the first time in a closed media event at June 18, 2018, in San Francisco, under the leadership of Ranit Aharonov and Slonim, both from the IBM Research lab in Haifa, Israel. The AI technology debated two human debaters, Noa Ovadia, who was the 2016 Israeli debate champion and Dan Zafrir. The two debated on the topics "We should subsidize space exploration" and "Should we increase the use of telemedicine."

A demonstration of Project Debater also aired on the Discovery Channel in June 2018 debating the question of whether sports gambling should be legalized.

Live Debate 
On February 11, 2019, Project Debater was revealed to the world in a live debate in San Francisco. Nonpartisan media group Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates hosted the debate which was moderated by journalist John Donvan. The debate took place between Project Debater and Harish Natarajan, who holds the world record in number of debate competition victories. The motion was “We should subsidize preschools.”

That's Debatable Television Show 
Project Debater was featured in a television series called “That’s Debatable” presented by Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates and Bloomberg Media. For each episode of “That’s Debatable,” Project Debater provided insight into three distinct debate topics on the redistribution of wealth, modern monetary theory, and a US-China space race. More than 5,000 arguments were submitted online from around the world across the three topics, which were then analyzed and distilled into key points that were highlighted on the television show and discussed by human debaters.

Artificial Intelligence Capabilities 
To develop Project Debater, the IBM Research team had to endow the system with the following AI capabilities:

 Data-driven speech writing and delivery: Project Debater is the first demonstration of a computer that can digest massive corpora, and given a short description of a controversial topic, write a well-structured speech, and deliver it with clarity and purpose, while even incorporating humor where appropriate.
 Listening comprehension: the ability to identify the key concepts and claims hidden within long continuous spoken language.
 Four minutes of persuasive speech: the guarantee of producing four minutes of persuasive speech.
 Modeling human dilemmas: modeling the world of human controversy and dilemmas in a unique knowledge representation, enabling the system to suggest principled arguments as needed.

An article on the project was published in Nature in March 2021.

References 

IBM software
Argument technology
Joseph Marron. Joseph Charles Marron (born 1959) is an American optical engineer and a principal engineering fellow at Raytheon. He is known for his work in developing advanced laser radar and the invention of holographic laser radar. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and in June 2018 was awarded the 10 millionth U.S. patent.

Marron was educated at University of Rochester's Institute of Optics. He received his undergraduate degree in 1981 and his PhD in 1986. While working at the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) he was issued his first patent in 1991.

While at ERIM Marron was part of NASA's Hubble Aberration Recovery Project (HARP) team that "fixed" the Hubble Space Telescope through the installation of the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) instrument. His was one of the groups that calculated the error in the mirror from the faulty images using phase retrieval, allowing the corrective optics to be designed.

in 1993, still at ERIM, Marron developed a method for holographic laser radar imaging. In 2004, while at Corning, he was elected a Fellow of the Optical Society of America for "contributions to the science of coherent imaging and the invention of holographic laser radar." Marron also worked for Lockheed Martin and later became a principle research fellow at Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems.

On June 19, 2018, Marron was granted patent number 10,000,000 titled "Coherent LADAR Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection" It is for a system to improve laser detection and ranging (LADAR). The patent was also the first to receive the USPTO's redesigned patent cover, specifically unveiled in conjunction with the milestone event. President Donald Trump signed the patent during a special ceremony at the White House. Marron was joined at the event by Secretary of Commerce, Wilbur Ross, USPTO Director Andrei Iancu, and Raytheon CEO Thomas Kennedy. The patent has been assigned to Raytheon.

References 

20th-century American engineers
Living people
University of Rochester alumni
21st-century American engineers
1959 births
Optical engineers
Fellows of Optica (society)
Raytheon Company people
Lockheed Martin people
EMotorWerks. eMotorWerks, an Enel Group Company, is an electric vehicle infrastructure company, based in San Carlos, California.  eMotorWerks was founded in 2010 by Val Miftakhov, who was also its CEO until it merged with Enel X. eMotorWerks was acquired by Enel through its EnerNOC, and is part of the Enel X group.

History

eMotorWerks Modular Mechanical Conversion System
The company started as a developer of Electric Vehicle conversion kits in 2010, and by 2012 had a product. The Modular Mechanical Conversion System was designed "to hold all the EV components and attach them to the donor vehicle. The system is adaptable with minor modifications to many types of passenger vehicles."

JuiceBox EVSE
eMotorWerks started development of its JuiceBox as a DIY kit, funding it via Kickstarter in 2013.

JuiceNet

JuiceNet enabled Charging stations pay the user back in average EV driver $133/year for consuming cleaner (and cheaper) electricity. "the average EV owner returning about that amount over 3 years.

Awards
 2018 Global Cleantech 100
 2018 Silver Edison Awards on Energy & Sustainability, Vehicle Advancements
 2017 Inc. (magazine) America's 500 highest growth companies
 2017 Grid Edge Awards
 2016 Energy Productivity Innovation Challenge (EPIC) Award at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) side event at the UN Climate Summit

See also
Charging station
Plug-in vehicle
Plug-in hybrid vehicle

References

External links
 

Electric vehicle infrastructure developers
American companies established in 2010
Cadia Engine House. Cadia Engine House is a heritage-listed engine house at Cadia, in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1865 to 1867. The property is owned by Newcrest Mining Limited, forming part of the company's Cadia-Ridgeway Mine lease. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History 
In 1865 a "Cornish type" copper mine engine house was established on the south-eastern slopes of Mt Canobolis near Orange in New South Wales.

The mine operated for a short time until it was abandoned as uneconomical in 1867.

Subsequently, much of the equipment was removed and the structures fell into ruin. Some of the machinery was salvaged for scrap in the 1920s.

In 1993 some stabilisation works were undertaken, including roofing over the engine house.

Description 
The Cadia Engine House consists of a rubble stone and brick chimney and stone engine house and crusher house in open country side.

The beam engine was used to raise ore, drive the pump, drive the crushing machine and power other machinery. The engine house of several storeys was built to house the beam engine. The crusher house was constructed of stone and possesses some timbering, but this building is in much poorer condition. The chimney is constructed of local stone for the first 15m; the top 5m are built of red brick. Abutting the base of the chimney is remnant walling of the boiler house. Extant machinery items include remains of the beam engine, drive and brake mechanisms, pump parts, and elements of the crushing machinery and the boiler.

A 1995 conservation management plan stated "Surface historical mining fabric related to all post 1880s phases is fragmented, partial and often ephemeral, but the precinct has high potential to contain significant archaeological deposits related to the lifestyle and technology of the former community and mining activity."

Heritage listing 

The Cadia Engine House, associated buildings and immediate surrounding mine infrastructure constitute a historic site of national significance. The high level of integrity of the surviving structural elements, and the physical evidence of the mine layout, combined with the presence of unique components of the engine and crushing machinery, as well the manufacturer's original drawing of the engine and engine house, make the site one of the most important of its kind in Australia.

Cadia Engine House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution 

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Industrial buildings in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Mandy Vaughn. Mandy Vaughn (née Chambers) is an American aeronautical engineer. She was President of Virgin Orbit's sister company, VOX space.

Early life and education 
Vaughn began flying aged 11 and earned her pilots license aged 18. She studied mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She stayed at MIT for her graduate studies and earned a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2002. At MIT, Vaughn went through the Reserve Officers Training Course (ROTC). Whilst at MIT Vaughn relaunched the skydiving club, and has since completed more than 700 sky dives.

Career 
In 2000 Vaughn joined the United States Air Force. She joined Hill Air Force Base  as a developmental engineer in the intercontinental ballistic missiles system program office in 2002. From 2004 she worked at the Los Angeles Air Force Base in the Space Superiority Systems Directorate. Vaughn worked with the General Dynamics Mission Systems Space and Intelligence directorate, where was responsible for space control and investment portfolios.

In 2015 Vaughn joined Virgin Orbit as Senior Director of Business Development. She created the business program for LauncherOne for commercial and government clients. Vaughn is a member of the National Space Council's User Advisory Group. She was appointed director of VOX Space in 2017. In November 2017 the first Defence Department agency account was announced. VOX Space focus on servicing government contracts for Virgin Orbit. Vaughn has climbed Kilimanjaro and Aconcagua.

References 

Living people
American women engineers
American mechanical engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
List of engineering physics schools. Engineering physics (or engineering science)  can be studied at the bachelors, masters and Ph.D. levels at many universities, typically offered in a partnership between engineering faculties and the departments of physics.

Canada 
In Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board is responsible for accrediting undergraduate engineering physics programs, graduate study in aerospace engineering is also available at several Canadian post-secondary institutions, though Canadian post-graduate engineering programs do not require accreditation.

 University of Alberta - Engineering Physics
 University of British Columbia - Engineering Physics
 Carleton University - Engineering Physics
 Dalhousie University - Engineering Physics
 McMaster University - Engineering Physics
 Queen's University - Engineering Physics
 Royal Military College of Canada - Engineering Physics
 University of Saskatchewan - Engineering Physics
 Simon Fraser University - Engineering Science
 University of Toronto - Engineering Science

Only undergraduate engineering programs in Canada are accredited, and this is done by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board.

References 

Engineering education
Lists of engineering schools
Universal dielectric response. In physics and electrical engineering, the universal dielectric response, or UDR, refers to the observed emergent behaviour  of the dielectric properties exhibited by diverse solid state systems. In particular this widely observed response involves power law scaling of dielectric properties with frequency under conditions of alternating current, AC. First defined in a landmark article by A. K. Jonscher in Nature published in 1977, the origins of the UDR were attributed to the dominance of many-body interactions in systems, and their analogous RC network equivalence.

The universal dielectric response manifests in the variation of AC Conductivity with frequency and is most often observed in complex systems consisting of multiple phases of similar or dissimilar materials. Such systems, which can be called heterogenous or composite materials, can be described from a dielectric perspective as a large network consisting of resistor and capacitor elements, known also as an RC network. At low and high frequencies, the dielectric response of heterogeneous materials is governed by percolation pathways. If a heterogeneous material is represented by a network in which more than 50% of the elements are capacitors, percolation through capacitor elements will occur. This percolation results in conductivity at high and low frequencies that is directly proportional to frequency. Conversely, if the fraction of capacitor elements in the representative RC network (Pc) is lower than 0.5, dielectric behavior at low and high frequency regimes is independent of frequency. At intermediate frequencies, a very broad range of heterogeneous materials show a well-defined emergent region, in which power law correlation of admittance to frequency is observed. The power law emergent region is the key feature of the UDR. In materials or systems exhibiting UDR, the overall dielectric response from high to low frequencies is symmetrical, being centered at the middle point of the emergent region, which occurs in equivalent RC networks at a frequency of :. In the power law emergent region, the  admittance of the overall system follows the general power law proportionality , where the power law exponent α can be approximated to the fraction of capacitors in the equivalent RC network of the system α≅Pc.

Significance of the UDR 
The power law scaling of dielectric properties with frequency is valuable in interpreting impedance spectroscopy data towards the characterisation of responses in emerging ferroelectric and multiferroic materials.

References

Dielectrics
Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Condensed matter physics
Electrical engineering
Electronic engineering
East Main Street Bridge (Corbin, Kentucky). The East Main Street Bridge in Corbin, Kentucky, spanning Lynn Camp Creek between Knox County, Kentucky and Whitley County, Kentucky, was built in 1890.  Also known as the Engineers Street Bridge, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

It is a Pratt truss through truss bridge built by the Louisville Bridge Co.  It brings Engineers St. (formerly E. Main St.) across Lynn Camp Creek in Corbin.

It was an old bridge of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad which was offered to the city in 1902. They donated the railroad bridge which was moved into place in 1905 as a road bridge, which was later converted to a pedestrian bridge.

References

Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Whitley County, Kentucky
Bridges completed in 1890
Corbin, Kentucky
Transportation in Whitley County, Kentucky
Transportation in Knox County, Kentucky
1890 establishments in Kentucky
Relocated buildings and structures in Kentucky
Pedestrian bridges in Kentucky
Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Rail trail bridges in the United States
David Silver (roboticist). David Silver was a student at MIT in the early 1970s, who was the primary developer of the Silver Arm, an improved robotic arm which was used for experimenting in mechanisms for fine motor control using motions similar to human hand and finger movements.

While still a high school student, prior to enrolling at MIT, Silver had frequented the Project MAC offices, and was taught to program in PDP-6 assembly language by some of the early hackers, who picked him up as a 'mascot' of their group. According to Steven Levy's book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, his presence at the lab, and his being allowed to work on independent robotics projects, became a source of friction between the nascent Hacker group and the project's administrators.

See also 
 L. Peter Deutsch, another early MIT hacker who began with the Project MAC group's computers as a teen before enrolling at MIT, and who went on to develop several important software systems such as Ghostscript
 Tom Knight, who would also join the MIT hackers while still underage, and went on to be a significant figure in the subsequent Lisp Machine projects.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
21st-century American engineers
American roboticists
Nworie River. The Nworie River is a river in Nigeria that passes through Owerri and drains into the Otamiri River at Nekede. The length of the river from its source to its confluence is 9.2 km. The river is heavily polluted; in 2017 the local government issues warnings against using water from the river. In order to increase the state's supply of electricity, the formal President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari approved the conceptual design of a proposed power producing facility near the Nworie River in Owerri, the capital of Imo.

Pollution 
Professor of Biology Alexander Nwaozuzu Acholonu, an Awaka, Owerri North local government area native and native of Imo State, made this known in a lecture he gave at the Imo Diaspora Lectures and Awards, organized by Concept Masters in the state. He stressed that a study on the potability of Nworie River had warned Imo people to avoid contact with it, stressing that it could be harmful to health as it is no longer safe for consumption.

References 

Rivers of Nigeria
Tributary states
Zhou Ren. Zhou Ren (; 5 August 1892–3 December 1973) was a Chinese materials engineer and metallurgist. He was an educator and one of the founders of the Science Society of China, a major science organization in the 20th century before the establishment of the Communist State.

He was an academician of the Academia Sinica and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was also a delegate to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd National People's Congress.

Biography

Early life and education
Zhou was born in Jiangning County, Jiangsu, on August 5, 1892. After graduating from the Jiangnan Higher School, he arrived in the United States in 1910 at the age of 18 to begin his education at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

Republic of China
He returned to China after graduation and worked as an engineer in a construction company under the recommendation of Shi Liangcai, the chief editor of Shen Bao. He was a professor of Nanjing Higher Normal School from 1917 to 1979. In 1919 he was hired as the chief engineer of Sichuan Steelmaking Plant, serving until 1921. In 1922, he moved to Shanghai as dean of National Chiao Tung University, he remained there until 1927. After a short period (1927–1928) of teaching students at National Central University, he went to the Academia Sinica, where he served as director of Institute of Engineering. Zhou  was elected a fellow of the Academia Sinica in 1948.

People's Republic of China
Zhou remained in China after the defeat of the Nationalists over the Communists in the Chinese Civil War. After the founding of the Communist State, Zhou successively served as president of Laboratory of Engineering Experiment of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Metallurgy and Ceramics of CAS, Shanghai Metallurgy Institute, Shanghai Institute of Silicate Chemistry and Engineering, and Shanghai University of Science and Technology. He became an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

In 1966, Mao Zedong launched the ten-year Cultural Revolution, Zhou suffered political persecution in the massive socialist movement, the Red Guards searched his house and confiscated his property. They put Zhou in isolation and under investigation, where he was mistreated and tortured. Zhou died on December 3, 1973, aged 82.

Personal life
Zhou married Nie Qibi (; 1901–1990), the youngest daughter of Nie Jigui (; 1855–1911), an official and the son-in-law of Qing dynasty statesman, military general, and Confucian scholar Zeng Guofan (1811–1872). The couple had two sons and a daughter.

Zhou's elder sister Zhou Jun () was the third wife of Cai Yuanpei, an exceptional educator, esperantist, president of Peking University, and founder of the Academia Sinica.

References

1892 births
1973 deaths
Chinese metallurgists
Cornell University alumni
Educators from Nanjing
Engineers from Jiangsu
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Nanjing
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Leyland Beaver-Eel. The Leyland Beaver-Eel, known officially as the Tender, Armoured, Leyland Type C, was an armoured truck used by the Royal Air Force throughout World War II for airfield defence duties.

Overview
The Leyland Beaver-Eel was one of several armoured vehicle types designed in 1940 on the orders of Lord Beaverbrook and Admiral Sir Edward Evans for the defence of Great Britain, as a part of the hasty measures taken by the British Government following the Dunkirk evacuation and the threat of invasion.

The first prototype was designed, built, tested and approved, and deliveries of production vehicles commenced, all within 10 days of Admiral Evans’ visit to the Leyland Motors factory in June 1940.  Leyland built 250 Beaver-Eels in its own factory, whilst an additional 86 were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway's Derby Carriage Works.

The Beaver-Eel consisted of an open topped armoured body mounted a Leyland Retriever 3-ton 6x4 lorry chassis. The vehicle was armed with a 20mm cannon and .303in machine guns.

The Beaver-Eel was used throughout the war by the Royal Air Force on the British mainland for aerodrome and aircraft factory defence.

See also
British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II

References

Brian Terence White, British Tanks and Fighting Vehicles, 1914-1945, London: Ian Allan, 1970, 

World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Beaver-Eel
Vehicles introduced in 1940
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944