omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PWS-6. The PWS-6, was a Polish liaison aircraft, developed in 1930 by the PWS (Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów – Podlasie Aircraft Factory), that remained a prototype.

Design and development
The PWS-6 was a successor of an earlier liaison aircraft design, the PWS-5, which was not accepted for mass production. The designers, Aleksander Grzędzielewski and Augustyn Bobek-Zdaniewski, utilized the experience they had gained on PWS-11 and PWS-12 trainers, and as a result the new plane had improved aerodynamics, an oval shaped fuselage section and rounded wingtips. The layout of wings and their bracing were similar to the PWS-5, as was the engine and fixed undercarriage, while the front of the fuselage and the empennage was similar to a final variant of the PWS-12. It was the first Polish aircraft fitted with slats.

The design was produced in 1929–1930 and a scale-model of the aircraft was tested in the wind-tunnel. The prototype was built on the factory's own initiative and first flew in late 1930 in Biała Podlaska, piloted by Franciszek Rutkowski. In 1931 it was tested in the Aviation Technical Research Institute (ITBL) in Warsaw. It was evaluated as much better than the PWS-5, with better performance, good handling and a short landing. However, the aircraft was not produced, because the Polish Air Force had just ordered a production of the Lublin R-XIII aircraft.

The PWS-6 was a two-seater biplane of a wooden construction. A fuselage, oval in cross-section, was covered with canvas skin on a wooden frame, except the engine part, which was covered with aluminium sheets. The wings were two-spar, two-section, rectangular with rounded tips, covered with canvas and plywood (in front). Lower and upper wings halves had the same dimensions, therefore the upper wing had smaller span, lacking a central section. The upper wing was staggered forward, and connected with a lower wing by N-shaped struts and a slanted transverse strut, without wires. The empennage was of wooden construction, canvas covered.

The two-man crew sat in tandem in open cockpits. The rear observer's cockpit could be fitted with a ring machine gun mounting in case of serial production. The plane had a fixed, split axle conventional landing gear, with a rear skid. The fuel tank was located in the fuselage, in front of the cab. It had a maximum capacity of 210 L, but the normal capacity was 190 L.

The engine was a 9-cylinder Skoda-Wright Whirlwind J-5 air-cooled radial engine, built under licence in the Polish Skoda Works. Its nominal power was 220 hp, the take-off power was 240 hp. The engine had a Townend ring. The propeller was a wooden Szomański two-blade with a fixed pitch, although later a metal Ratier propeller with an adjustable-pitch was also tried. Cruise fuel consumption was 45–50 L/h.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

External links

Photos and drawing at Ugolok Neba

1930s Polish military utility aircraft
PWS-06
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Corkite. Corkite is a phosphate mineral in the beudantite subgroup of the alunite group.  Corkite is the phosphate analogue of beudantite and with it, a complete solid solution range exists. Corkite will also form a solid solution with kintoreite.

Corkite is named after County Cork, Ireland; the location where the first notable amount was discovered in 1869.  Like many of the other minerals in the beudantite group, corkite is a relatively uncommon, secondary mineral that occurs in oxidation zones near hydrothermal base metal deposits. It occurs associated with pyromorphite, malachite, plumbojarosite, limonite  and quartz.

References 

Phosphate minerals
Sulfate minerals
Lead minerals
Iron minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 160
Beudantite group
Akaflieg Berlin B13. The Akaflieg Berlin B13 is a two-seat motor-glider designed and built in Germany.

Development 
Students at Akaflieg Berlin studied a high-performance motor-glider with the engine in the nose and an automatically folding propeller. After approval was given, a prototype was built in 1991, as the ' Akaflieg Berlin B13', using GFRP (glass-fibre re-inforced plastic) to form a fuselage with smooth lines, housing the engine in the nose and a two-seat side-by-side cockpit covered by a large plexiglas canopy.

Intended to use a sustainer motor, for sustaining flight only, power was to be supplied by a modified 24.5KW (33 hp) engine in the extreme nose driving a 5-blade folding retractable propeller, specially developed by Prof. Oehler. However, problems with the integration of the engine with the fuselage have prevented the fitting of the engine, resulting in the 'B13' being restricted to un-powered flight only.

Specifications (B13 power off)

See also

References

External links

   Akaflieg Berlin B13
  Akaflieg Berlin
  Sailplane Directory
  Akaflieg Berlin

1990s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Berlin aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1991
Rift sawing. Rift sawing is a woodworking process that aims to produce lumber that is less vulnerable to distortion than flat-sawn lumber. Rift-sawing may be done strictly along a log's radials—perpendicular to the annular growth ring orientation or wood grain—or as part of the quarter sawing process.

Process 
Leading to some confusion, the terms "rift sawing" and "quarter sawing" are interchanged between various sources.

Radial cut 
Civil Engineering Materials describes rift-sawing as a process where boards are cut radially. Thus, the grain is always nearly parallel to the short edge of the board and thus nearly perpendicular to the long edge of the board. This produces stable boards with comparatively thin grain; least susceptible to warping, twisting, or cupping; and hence most valued for products where dimensional stability is critical (e.g. musical instruments, high-end sports equipment).

This is similar to the process used to make wood shingles. The word rift derives from rive which describes the splitting of a bolt of lumber along its radius.

The Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI) refers to such cuts as having "radial" or "edge grain", but does not describe them as "rift sawn".

Quarter cut 
Sources such as Band Saw Fundamentals refer to quarter round logs cut at a diagonal to the initial quartering cuts as being "rift sawn". Central boards correspond to the radial cuts described above, while lateral boards will have more angled grain.

Rift-sawing may also be described as lumber produced during latter stages of stepped cuts on a quarter round, where the subsequent cuts are parallel to either of the initial quartering cuts. The AWI defines "rift sawing" as a technique of cutting boards from logs so the grain is between 30–60° to the face of the board, with 45 degrees being "optimum". In Understanding Wood, Hoadley describes "rift grain" as occurring at an angle between 45–90° to the surface, and describes the AWI definition as "bastard sawn".

Comparison 
Compared to other sawing methods, radially cut rift-sawn lumber is more difficult to produce, and results in much more waste in the form of wedges. The thin grain reduces the appearance of "ray fleck", markings occurring on some wood species (such as white oak) from shallow cuts through medullary rays.

Diagonal- and stepped-cut rift-sawing is intermediate to flat-sawn and radial cut lumber. The angle of the bastard grain may differ along the width of the board or between opposing sides, and enhances the appearance of ray fleck.

Flat-sawing is the quickest method, producing the least wood waste and largest possible boards from a log. However, it can produce boards that are more susceptible to cupping and shrinkage. The grain is often irregular, and may display loops, hyperbolas, and more elaborate patterns depending on species.

Quarter-sawing produces smaller boards than flat sawing but has a straighter grain. This process takes many more steps, especially if later cuts are alternated rather than parallel.

References

External links 

 Flat sawing
 Quarter sawing

Woodworking
Ofeq-9. Ofeq-9, also known as Ofek 9 ("Horizon in Hebrew), is part of the Ofeq family of reconnaissance satellites designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) for the Israeli Ministry of Defense.

Launch 
It was launched on 22 June 2010, at 19:00 UTC, from Palmachim Air Baise in Israel. It was delivered using an improved version of the Shavit launcher.

Mission 
The payload is believed to be the multi-spectral "Jupiter" space camera produced by El-Op. While precise imaging capabilities remain classified, sources say that like the still operating Ofeq-5 and Ofeq-7, Ofeq-9 offers a resolution "much better than" a half-meter. The satellite was also said to be able to detect objects being carried by people. The satellite operates in a retrograde low Earth orbit.

References 

Reconnaissance satellites of Israel
Spacecraft launched by Shavit rockets
Spacecraft launched in 2010
2010 in Israel
Israel Aerospace Industries satellites
Integer circuit. In computational complexity theory, an integer circuit is a circuit model of computation in which inputs to the circuit are sets of integers and each gate of the circuit computes either a set operation or an arithmetic operation on its input sets.

As an algorithmic problem, the possible questions are to find if a given integer is an element of the output node or if two circuits compute the same set. The decidability is still an open question, but there are results on restriction of those circuits. Finding answers to some questions about this model could serve as a proof to many important mathematical conjectures, like Goldbach's conjecture. 

It is a natural extension of the circuits over sets of natural numbers when the considered set contains also negative integers, the definitions, which does not change, will not be repeated on this page. Only the differences will be mentioned.

Complexity of the membership problem 

The membership problem is the problem of deciding, given an integer circuit C, an input to the circuit X, and a specific integer n, whether the integer n is in the output of the circuit C when provided with input X. The computational complexity of this problem depends on the type of gates allowed in the circuit C. The table below summarizes the computational complexity of the membership problem for various classes of integer circuits.
Here, MF(O) denotes the classes defined by O-formulae, which are O-circuits with maximal fan-out 1.

References 

Computational complexity theory
Arithmetic
SS Peralta. SS Peralta is a concrete floating breakwater in Powell River in British Columbia. She was built as a concrete oil tanker by the San Francisco Shipbuilding Company, and was launched in February 1921. The ship is 128 m long, with a beam of 15.4 m and has a volume of 6,144 GRT. Her sister ship is .  She was acquired in 1924 and converted into a sardine cannery in Alaska.  After spending 24 years in this role the ship was moored off Antioch, California. She was bought by Macmillan Bloedel in 1958 and moored as part of a giant floating breakwater in Powell River to protect the company's log storage pond. She is the oldest and largest American-built concrete ship still afloat.

With the downsizing of operations at the pulp mill in late 2000, it was proposed to sink the Peralta as an artificial reef, but this was later rejected. However, after the scuttling of YOGN-82 in 2018, a fellow barge completed in 1944, it is now proposed to sink it as an artificial reef at a later date.

References

External links
SS Peralta at concreteships.org
Powell River's giant hulks

Design 1100 tankers
Concrete ships
Ships built in Oakland, California
1921 ships
Oil tankers
Ships sunk as breakwaters
PWS-11. The PWS-11 was a Polish aerobatic and trainer aircraft, developed in 1928-1929 by PWS (Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów - Podlasie Aircraft Factory), which remained a prototype.

Design and development

In parallel with development of a fighter aircraft, the PWS-10, the design team of Aleksander Grzędzielewski and Augustyn Bobek-Zdaniewski from the PWS factory, started work on an intermediate aircraft for training fighter pilots. Like the PWS-10, the new plane was of a parasol wing configuration, but the shape of the fuselage, wings and empennage were similar to a liaison aircraft, the PWS-5 of the same designers and powered by the same engine. In 1929, the Aviation Department of the Polish War Ministry ordered the prototypes and an airframe for static tests. The plane was initially known as PWS-11SM, for szkolno-myśliwski (fighter/trainer).

The first prototype of the PWS-11 was flown in November 1929 at Biała Podlaska by Franciszek Rutkowski. Its handling characteristics were lacking and as a result, its empennage underwent several modifications. The second prototype of 1930, designated the PWS-11bis was much improved. The rectangular section fuselage was replaced by an oval one and an engine was fitted with a Townend ring. After further changes to the empennage and Townend ring, the aircraft was then highly maneuverable and was found satisfactory. The Air Force however was not interested and the plane was not built in series.

Operational history
The second prototype PWS-11bis received a registration number SP-ADS and was used for aerobatics, flown by Col. J. Kossowski, among others.

Construction
The PWS-11 was a single-seater parasol wing monoplane of wooden construction. The framed fuselage had a skin made of plywood (PWS-11) or aircraft fabric on wood strips (PWS-11bis), except for the engine compartment which was covered with duralumin sheeting. The rectangular wooden wings had two spars, which were covered with fabric and plywood and were supported by twin struts. The empennage was wooden, with the fixed surfaces  plywood covered and fabric on the control surfaces. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, protected by a windshield. The undercarriage consisted of a fixed common axle conventional landing gear, with a rear skid. Fuel was carried in a 170 L tank mounted in the fuselage, forward of the pilot's cockpit.

The 9-cylinder Skoda-Wright Whirlwind J-5B air-cooled radial engine was built under licence in the Polish Skoda Works, giving a nominal power of 220 hp (164 kW) and take-off power of 240 hp (179 kW), driving a two-blade fixed pitch wooden propeller. A cruise fuel consumption was 48 L/h.

Specification (PWS-11bis)

See also

References

External links

Photos and drawing at Ugolok Neba

1920s Polish military trainer aircraft
1930s Polish sport aircraft
PWS aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Policy and charging rules function. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is the software node designated in real-time to determine policy rules in  a multimedia network. As a policy tool, the PCRF plays a central role in next-generation networks. Unlike earlier policy engines that were added onto an existing network to enforce policy, the PCRF is a software component that operates at the network core and accesses subscriber databases and other specialized functions, such as a charging system, in a centralized manner.  Because it operates in real time, the PCRF has an increased strategic significance and broader potential role than traditional policy engines.  This has led to a proliferation of PCRF products since 2008.

The PCRF is the part of the network architecture that aggregates information to and from the network, operational support systems, and other sources (such as portals) in real time, supporting the creation of rules and then automatically making policy decisions for each subscriber active on the network. Such a network might offer multiple services, quality of service (QoS) levels, and charging rules. PCRF can provide a network agnostic solution (wire line and wireless) and can also enable multi-dimensional approach which helps in creating a lucrative and innovative platform for operators. PCRF can also be integrated with different platforms like billing, rating, charging, and subscriber database or can also be deployed as a standalone entity.

PCRF plays a key role in VoLTE as a mediator of network resources for the IP Multimedia Systems network for establishing the calls and allocating the requested bandwidth to the call bearer with configured attributes. This enables an operator to offer differentiated voice services to their user(s) by charging a premium. Operators also have an opportunity to use PCRF for prioritizing the calls to emergency numbers in the next-gen networks.

References

External links 
 Mobile Broadband & the Rise of Policy: Technology Review & Forecast
 "It's all a matter of policy," Telecom TV
 3GPP TS 23.203 - Policy and charging control architecture

Internet Protocol
Network architecture
Telecommunications engineering
Telecommunications infrastructure
UBIS (Asia). UBIS (Asia) Public Company Limited (UBIS) is a manufacturer and distributor of sealing compounds, lacquers and coatings used in can production and bottle closure for the food, beverage and general industries based in Thailand. It is listed on the Market for Alternative Investment on 9 May 2007.

History
UBIS (Asia) was established on 17 June 1997 with initial registered capital of 4 million baht. In June 2006, UBIS increased its registered capital to 190 million baht (190 million shares).

In June 2005, Henkel signed license agreement with the company to sale and produce Can End Sealants with UBIS's technology for Europe, Middle East, Africa and America.

References

External links
 UBIS (Asia) official site

Companies established in 1997
Chemical companies of Thailand
Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
Manufacturing companies based in Bangkok
1997 establishments in Thailand
Arabsat-5A. Arabsat-5A is a Saudi Arabian communications satellite operated by Arabsat. It will be used to provide television, internet and telephone services to Arabia, Africa and Europe.

History
Arabsat-5A was constructed by Astrium, and is based on the Eurostar-3000 satellite bus. It has a mass of , and carries forty transponders; sixteen broadcasting in the G/H band of the NATO-defined spectrum, or the C band of the IEEE-defined spectrum, and twenty four operating in the NATO J band or the IEEE Ku band. Its solar arrays are expected to generate around 12 kilowatts of power at the beginning of the satellite's design life, and around 11 kilowatts at the end of it.

Arabsat-5A was launched by Arianespace using an Ariane 5ECA carrier rocket lifting off from ELA-3 at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.  The first attempt to launch it occurred on 23 June 2010, however the launch was scrubbed due to a problem with one of the rocket's subsystems. A subsequent attempt on 24 June was also scrubbed, due to a problem with the pressurisation of the rocket's fuel tanks. The launch occurred at 21:41 UTC on 26 June 2010. The South Korean COMS-1 satellite was launched by the same rocket, with a SYLDA adaptor being used to separate the spacecraft. Arabsat-5A was mounted atop the SYLDA, with COMS-1 underneath it.

Following launch, Arabsat-5A separated into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. It then use an apogee motor to raise itself into geostationary orbit. Once it reached geostationary orbit, it underwent testing before beginning operations at a longitude of 30.5 degrees East, where it replaced Arabsat-2B. It is expected to operate for fifteen years.

References

External links

IMS Official provider's site

Spacecraft launched in 2010
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Ariane commercial payloads
Satellites of Saudi Arabia
2010 in Saudi Arabia
William H. Barringer. William H. Barringer (May 27, 1841 – April 7, 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

Union assault
On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack.

The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment.

The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed.  Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.

Family 
William H. Barringer married Katherine Timely in June 1865. They went on to birth thirteen children throughout his life.

Medal of Honor citation
For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863.

See also

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
Battle of Vicksburg
4th Regiment West Virginia Volunteer Infantry

Notes

References

External links

A Forlorn Hope
Vicksburg Medal of Honor Recipients

1841 births
1917 deaths
Union army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
People from Meigs County, Ohio
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Henry G. Buhrman. Henry G. Buhrman (January 1844 – June 1, 1906) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

Union assault
On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack. This was to be a diversionary attack.
The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment.
The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed. Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.

Medal of Honor citation
For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863.

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
Battle of Vicksburg
54th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry

Notes

References

External links

A Forlorn Hope
Vicksburg Medal of Honor Recipients

1844 births
1906 deaths
Union army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Roy Wilcox Airport. Roy Wilcox Airport  is a public use airport in Washington County, Alabama, United States. The airport is owned by the town of Chatom and located three nautical miles (6 km) east of its central business district.

Facilities and aircraft 
Roy Wilcox Airport covers an area of 40 acres (16 ha) at an elevation of 165 feet (50 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 12/30 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,000 by 80 feet (1,219 x 24 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 11, 2012, the airport had 3,694 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 10 per day. At that time there were 7 aircraft based at this airport: 86% single-engine and 14% multi-engine.

See also
 List of airports in Alabama

References

External links 
 Aerial image as of January 1998 from USGS The National Map
 

Airports in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Alabama
Transportation in Washington County, Alabama