omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kalinin K-13. The Kalinin K-13 was a bombing aircraft designed by Konstantin Kalinin in 1933. The aircraft was developed in response to a set of requirements issued by the Soviet VVS for a bomber, but never actually entered production.

Development 
The Kalinin-led OKB began work on the K-13 beginning in 1933, in response to a specification issued by the Soviet Air Force for a new bomber aircraft. In detail, the required features provided for a long-range aircraft, capable of carrying one ton of bombs at a distance of 5000 km, flying at 4000 meters altitude at a speed of at least 350 km/h. In 1934, a passenger variant was also presented, the Kalinin K-14, which was unsuccessfully submitted to those responsible for civil air transport. A mock-up of the K-13 was built in Voronezh in 1936, but the aircraft was judged inferior to the designs submitted by Tupolev and Ilyushin, the other two companies that had responded to the specifications issued.

Design 
The K-13 used various technical solutions developed for the Kalinin K-12. This aircraft was supposed to be a metal monoplane, powered by two liquid-cooled M-34 engines placed in the wings. The expected payload was one ton of bombs, while for defense three machine guns were carried, two in the front and a turret in the tail. There were three crew: a pilot, front gunner/bomb aimer, and rear gunner. The passenger variant should have been able to carry twelve passengers in addition to two crew members. The average speed of the aircraft was expected to be approximately 429 km/h.

References 

1930s Soviet bomber aircraft
Kalinin aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
IPT-2 Aratinga. 

The IPT-2 Aratinga, was a Brazilian monoplane, single-seat glider designed and manufactured by the IPT engineers.

The glider had an outer covering of plywood and canvas, the cabin protected by a bubble canopy, a novelty at the time for gliders. The aircraft was ready a year and a half after the beginning of its construction, and was towed to Cumbica, where it underwent its first flight tests, conducted by Clay Presgrave do Amaral.

Once the tests were concluded, the Aratinga was towed by a de Havilland Tiger Moth aircraft to Rio de Janeiro, with stops made in São José dos Campos and Resende. There it was presented to the public countless times, until it was bought by a young engineer , who kept a small repair shop at Manguinhos Airport. Flight to the end of the decade.

Specifications

See also

 Maeda 703
 CVV-6 Canguro
 Zlin Z-25 Šohaj

References

External links
IPT’s official site
''J2mcL Planeurs site

High-wing aircraft
1940s Brazilian sailplanes
1940s military gliders
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
IPT-5 Jaraguá. The IPT-5 Jaraguá, was a Brazilian sailplane aircraft designed with two seats in a tandem-seat configuration for general flying.

Design and development
Due to the war, all aircraft designers focused on new developments to achieve better performance for fighter aircraft, including the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas from 1940. The institute's chief engineer, Romeu Corsini, worked with Clay Presgrave do Amaral, a glider design specialist, to develop an experimental sailplane that had a novel wing profile. By mid-1941, work on it had been completed and the first flight took place. From 1941, the aircraft was used for numerous tests over the next ten years.

The IPT-5 had a circular fuselage with a largely glazed aerodynamic nose containing the enclosed cockpit with two side-by-side seats. The aircraft was of wooden construction and was partly covered with paraná pine and partly with varnished linho. The IPT-5 was larger than any glider built in Brazil up to that time. The aircraft was designed as a mid-wing monoplane with a conventional tailplane and had a single wheel under the fuselage.

Specifications

See also

 List of gliders

References

External links
IPT’s official site

1940s Brazilian experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Mid-wing aircraft
Return to Space. Return to Space is an American documentary film made for Netflix and directed by Jimmy Chin and Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi. Its  story follows Elon Musk's and SpaceX employees' two-decade mission to send NASA astronauts back to the International Space Station and revolutionize space travel. The film was released on April 7, 2022.

Synopsis 
The film tells a story of SpaceX from their Falcon 1 and re-usable Falcon 9 to the Crew Dragon Demo-2, launched on 30 May 2020 with Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken aboard.

Featuring 
 Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX
 Bob Behnken, astronaut
 Doug Hurley, astronaut
 Jim Bridenstine, head of NASA
 Tim Dodd of Everyday Astronaut
 Kiko Dontchev of SpaceX
 Lori Garver, Deputy Administrator of NASA
 Hans Koenigsmann, Chief Engineer of SpaceX
 Gwynne Shotwell, COO of SpaceX
 Lars Blackmore, Chief of Entry, Descent and Landing of SpaceX
 Karen Nyberg, astronaut and wife of Doug Hurley
 Megan McArthur, astronaut, member of SpaceX Crew-2 mission, wife of Bob Behnken
 Balachandar Ramamurthy of SpaceX
 Anna Menon of SpaceX

Reception 
The film received mixed reviews. IndieWire called it an "Exasperating 2-Hour Commercial for Elon Musk"; a Wired review, meanwhile, points that the film "chronicles the company’s unlikely rise, but it avoids talking about its shortcomings". The review by Decider was more favourable, saying: "While a large part of Return to Space plays like a SpaceX promotional video, the meaningful way the film tells the story of a group of hopeful dreamers makes it more than worth your while." The review by Joe Morgenstern on the Wall Street Journal was also favourable while noting the promotional tone, writing: "In fact, it promotes the company quite effectively, and why not? Elon Musk’s aerospace venture has achieved remarkable things since it was founded two decades ago. The film is more than that, though. It’s a return to dramatic accounts of blastoffs, followed by soul-filling footage from beyond our sheltering atmosphere and implacable gravity; a portrait, by reflected light from fiery boosters, of one of Earth’s most curious (in every respect) overachievers; and a testament to failing upward—far, far upward."

References

External links 
 
 
 Return to Space at Rotten Tomatoes

2022 documentary films
2022 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Works about Elon Musk
Films directed by Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi
Films directed by Jimmy Chin
Films scored by Mychael Danna
Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams
Netflix original documentary films
2020s English-language films
2020s American films
English-language documentary films
IPT-7 Junior. The IPT-7 Junior was a light aircraft manufactured by the Brazilian Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT).

Design and development
Frederico A. Brotero, a chief-engineer at the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, designed a light multirole aircraft that first flew in 1945. The IPT-7 was designed as a low-wing monoplane with fixed tailwheel landing gear and had a conventional tailplane. The fuselage and wings were of freijó wooden construction, which was planked with plywood made from domestic timbers. The pilot and passenger sat side by side in the cockpit, which could be entered through a sliding canopy. The aircraft was powered by a Franklin 4AC with 48 kW. Despite good flight characteristics, no series production took place.

Specifications

See also

 CAP-5 Carioca
 CNNA HL-6
 IMPA Tu-Sa

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1940s Brazilian civil aircraft
1940s Brazilian experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Bridgman Award. The Bridgman Award is a prize given every two years by the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT) for research in the physics, chemistry, or technology of high pressure science. The award is named in honor of Percy Williams Bridgman, Nobel Prize winner and famous pioneer of the physics of high pressure.

Recipients
 1977 Harry George Drickamer
 1979 Boris Vodar, France
 1981 E. Ulrich Franck (1920–2004), professor for physical chemistry at the University of Karlsruhe
 1983 Albert Francis Birch (1903–1992), geophysicist and mineralogist, professor at Harvard University
 1985 Nestor Joseph Trappeniers (1922–2004), professor in Amsterdam
 1987 Francis P. Bundy (1910–2008), diamond synthesis under high pressure in 1954 at General Electric
 1989 Ho-kwang Mao, Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C.
 1991 Shigeru Minomura (1923–2000), professor at the Institute for Condensed Matter Research in Tokyo, later in Hokkaido and at Okayama University
 1993 Arthur L. Ruoff, professor at Cornell University
 1995 Bogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), professor of physical chemistry in Warsaw
 1997 William A. Bassett (born 1931), professor of geology at Cornell University
 1999 Vladimir Fortov
 2001 William J. Nellis
 2003 Neil Ashcroft
 2005 Sergei Mikhailovich Stishov, professor and direct of the Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 2007 Takehiko Yagi, professor at the Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Tokyo
 2009 Russell J. Hemley, director of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C.
 2011 Eji Ito, emeritus professor at Okayama University
 2013 Karl Syassen
 2015 Paul Loubeyre
 2017 Mikhail Eremets
 2019 Gilbert Collins
 2021 Tetsuo Irifune

References

Science and technology awards
Awards established in 1977
Scale Lane Footbridge. Scale Lane Footbridge is an apostrophe-shaped pedestrian swing bridge in Hull, England. The bridge has a rotating mechanism, allowing it to swing open horizontally, letting vessels pass beneath on the River Hull. It was the first bridge in the world to allow pedestrians to remain on the bridge while it is in motion.

Background
Planning for the black steel Scale Lane Footbridge began in 2005, and McDowell+Benedetti won a competition. Alan Baxter Ltd was hired as the structural engineer on the project. The bridge officially opened on 28 June 2013. The bridge spans the harbour between Hull's Old Town and an industrial section of the city, and was intended to connect the town centre to a planned housing development. It crosses the old harbour which is connected to the River Humber.

The bridge has space for a restaurant, seating for bridge visitors, and cost £7 million. It was the first in the world to allow people to remain on the bridge while it is opening and closing.

Design

The bridge is cantilevered and it curves upwards to allow small boats to pass beneath and swings open to allow larger boats past. Large gears and electric bevel gears are engaged for the opening and closing mechanism. The main pivot point for the bridge is a  hub. The bridge rotates slowly laterally, allowing pedestrians to remain on the bridge while it is rotating. The design includes a barrier on the western side to prevent entry, while, on the eastern side, pedestrians can step on and off the bridge while it is in motion. The speed of the bridge opening and closing is  per second. The bridge weighs  and has a capacity of 1,000 people per crossing. It is  long and the cantilevered portion is  long. From above, the bridge looks like an apostrophe. Locals say that the bridge looks like the flipper in a pinball game. Rowan Moore from The Guardian has said the bridge is designed in the style of Santiago Calatrava. The bridge allows pedestrians and cyclists, but prohibits motorised vehicles.

Reception
The bridge has earned several awards and has been recognised internationally. Popular Mechanics called it one of the "30 Most Impressive Bridges in the World". The Economic Times included it in a list of "Engineering marvels". The bridge is also featured in the book Britain's Greatest Bridges.

References

External links

Hull’s new swing bridge
Matter Architecture - Scale Lane Bridge
Scale Lane Footbridge opens to let a barge go through

Bridges in England
Bridges in Kingston upon Hull
Swing bridges in England
Bridges completed in 2013
Phone repair with rice. Submerging a mobile device into rice is a common repair advice for devices that suffered from water damage. This technique has not been shown to be effective in repairing them. Submerging these devices into a desiccant may or may not be more effective than leaving them to dry in open air. Uncooked rice is inferior to other common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter. Despite what has been said, it is not recommended as the starch and particles from the rice can get lodged inside the phone's inner parts.

History 
Rice has traditionally been used to keep camera equipment and films dry in tropical environments.

In July 2007, less than a month after the original iPhone was released, a member of MacRumors named jorsuss started a thread titled "I dropped my iPhone in water". They covered the phone in rice, which may have been the first documented attempt to use the procedure on an iPhone.

See also 
 IP Code

Further reading

References 

Smartphones
Misconceptions
Rice
IABSA Aerobatic 65-02. The IABSA Aerobatic 65-02 was a Brazilian single-engine, multirole aircraft and touring braced high-wing designed and built by Indústria Aeronáutica Brasileira (IABSA),  powered by a  piston engine. Although well rated, it never went into production.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1960s Brazilian aircraft
1960s Brazilian civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Aerobatic 65-02
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Blue Origin NS-20. Blue Origin NS-20 was a sub-orbital spaceflight mission operated by Blue Origin, which launched on 31 March 2022 using the New Shepard rocket. With six people on board, it was Blue Origin's fourth crewed flight, and twentieth flight overall to reach space.

The flight was originally scheduled to launch on 23 March, but was later postponed to 29 March, and then again to 31 March. American comedian Pete Davidson was expected to fly on board, but was unable to due to the launch date change. It was later announced that Blue Origin employee Gary Lai, chief architect of Blue Origin's New Shepard vehicle, would replace Davidson. Apart from Lai, the five other participants of the flight were paying passengers.

Crew 
The NS-20 crew was nicknamed the "Roaring Twenties".

References 

Space tourism
2022 in spaceflight
Test spaceflights
Aviation history of the United States
Suborbital human spaceflights
2022 in Texas
2022 in aviation
March 2022 in the United States
New Shepard missions
Kalinin K-15. The Kalinin K-15 was a planned rocket fighter designed by Konstantin Kalinin in the early 1930s. The armament most likely would have been two 20mm ShVAK cannons in the wing roots. The aircraft never left the design stage due to Kalinin's arrest while the aircraft was being designed.

The aircraft was designed in a tailless delta-wing configuration, similar to modern delta-wings.

See also 
 List of rocket aircraft

References 

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
Kalinin aircraft
Rocket-powered aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Antoinette Taylor. Antoinette Jane (Toni) Taylor is an American physicist known for her research on metamaterials and nanophotonics including terahertz metamaterials for controlling and generating submillimeter radiation. She is Associate Laboratory Director, Physical Sciences at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Education and career
Taylor was a student at Stanford University, earning bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in physics there in 1977, 1979, and 1982 respectively. Her dissertation, Two-Step Polarization Labeling Spectroscopy of Excited States of Diatomic Sodium, was supervised by Arthur Leonard Schawlow.

She was a postdoctoral researcher at Cornell University and a researcher at Bell Laboratories before joining the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1986. At Los Alamos, projects and teams that she has participated in include the Los Alamos Bright Source, Pulsed Power Hydrodynamics Program, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, and Division of Materials Physics and Applications.

Service and recognition
Taylor has served as chair of the Division of Laser Science of the American Physical Society. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2001, after a nomination from the Division of Laser Science, "for pioneering developments of ultrafast optoelectric techniques and their use in understanding dynamical processes in electronic materials and devices". In 2009, she was named a Los Alamos National Laboratory Fellow. She is also a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American physicists
American women physicists
Stanford University alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of Optica (society)
Cockshutt 30. The Cockshutt 30 row-crop tractor was the first production tractor to be manufactured in Canada. The Cockshutt Plow Company had previously imported rebranded Oliver and Allis-Chalmers tractors from the United States. The Model 30 marked Cockshutt's emergence as a full-line agricultural manufacturer. The tractors were built in Cockshutt's Brantford, Ontario plant. The Model 30 was noted for its introduction of a live power take-off (PTO), the first such accessory that could be operated whether the tractor was moving or stationary. Through the model's production span it was itself resold in the United States as the CO-OP E3 and the Gambles Farmcrest 30.

Description and production
Starting in 1939, Cockshutt studied designs for a Cockshutt-built tractor, with effort accelerating as World War II and war-related production drew to a close. In particular, a need was identified for a "live" power take-off (PTO) drive; i.e. a PTO that provided full power whether the tractor was moving or not, operated by its own clutch. The Cockshutt 30 was the first product of this effort, and was the first Canadian-produced tractor. The live PTO was incorporated into the Cockshutt 30, and the "live" PTO terminology was itself originated by Cockshutt engineers. The tractor was styled in a similar streamlined manner to the early styled Oliver tractors by Canadian architect Charles Brooks.  four-cylinder engines were provided by the American Buda Engine Company. Diesel and LP gas options were added to the product line in later years.

The new tractor was brought to market in 1947, rated for two or three plows. In addition to its optional live PTO, it could also operate belt-connected apparatus. Models were produced with narrow double or single front wheels, a wide standard fixed front axle and an adjustable wide row-crop front axle. Row-crop wheel spacing could be varied in  increments from  to . 37,328 Cockshutt 30s and derivatives were built at Brantford from 1946 to 1957. Base price in 1955 was CA$2,022. A fully-optioned 30 could cost more than CA$3,000.

Derivatives
Painted all-orange, the CO-OP E3 was a Cockshutt 30 rebranded for sale in the United States. The 30 was also sold with no significant modifications to the Cockshutt paint and styling as the Gambles Farmcrest 30, through the Gambles department store chain.

Comparable tractors to the Model 30 offered by competitors included the Farmall H, the Oliver 70, the John  Deere Model A, and the Minneapolis-Moline  ZTU.

References

Cockshutt tractors
Vehicles introduced in 1947
HW-4 Flamingo. The HW-4 Flamingo, was a Brazilian single-seat sailplane aircraft designed and manufactured for general flying.

Design and development
The Flamingo was built in Bauru in 1944, designed by Kurt Henrich and Hand Widmer, it resembled the high-performance German gliders of the time. When designing it, Widmer chose a profile with little penetration, but high elevation index. He made more than 40 drawings, and it was with these that the team started the work. Despite the great performance at low speed, it was not adequate to consider it a racing sailplane. The wings profile were strong cambered. Lighter than contemporary German DFS Weihe, though of similar general dimensions.

Construction
It was made largely of domestic wood; the outside was made with plywood and painted linho.

Operational history
It was based at the Aeroclube de Bauru while it was operational. He has won numerous Brazilian sailing championships, and several categories. It was retired for a structural reform in 2002 and continued flying until 2006. Its prefix was PT-PAY.

Specifications

See also

 List of gliders

References

1940s Brazilian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Glider aircraft
Neodymium(III) iodide. Neodymium(III) iodide is an inorganic salt of iodine and neodymium with the formula NdI3. Neodymium uses the +3 oxidation state in the compound. The anhydrous compound is a green powdery solid at room temperature.

Preparation
Heating neodymium and iodine in an inert atmosphere produces this salt:
 2 Nd + 3 I2 → 2 NdI3
It can also be prepared by the reaction of neodymium(III) oxide and hydroiodic acid to make a hydrate:
 Nd2O3 + 6 HI → 2 NdI3 + 3 H2O
The anhydrate can then be obtained by heating the nonahydrate with ammonium iodide:  
 NdI3 • 9 H2O + nNH4I → NdI3 + nNH3 + nHI + 9H2O

Physical properties

Neodymium(III) iodide forms green, water-soluble hygroscopic crystals. It has a melting point of 784°C. It forms a nonahydrate crystal NdI3.9H2O – belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pmmn, lattice constants a = 1.16604 nm, b = 0.80103 nm, c = 0.89702 nm, Z = 4.

Other compounds
NdI3 also forms some compounds with N2H4, such as NdI3·3N2H4·2H2O which is a dark green crystal, soluble in methanol and ethanol and insoluble in water, benzene and toluene, d20°C = 3.42 g/cm³.

NdI3 also forms some compounds with urea, such as NdI3 5CO(NH2)2 which is a lavender color crystal.

NdI3 also forms some compounds with thiourea, such as NdI3·2CS(NH2)2·9H2O which is a pale pink crystal.

See also
 Neodymium(II) iodide
 Neodymium
 Iodine
 Lanthanide

References 

Neodymium(III) compounds
Iodides
Lanthanide halides
Alexander Strelyukhin. Alexander Mikhailovich Strelyukhin (; 4 July 1958,  Engels, Saratov Oblast) is a Russian political figure, deputy of the 8th State Duma. 

In 1980, Strelyukhin started working as an engineer of the glass-making department of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical and Special Construction Glass. From 1981 to 1998, he held various positions as foreman, chief engineer at various local industrial enterprises. In 1998, he was appointed the First Deputy Minister of Housing and Communal Services of the Saratov Oblast. From 2001 to 2005, he was the Deputy head of the Engels municipality for industry, energy, transport and communications. In 2006-2007, Strelyukhin was the acting Head of the Marks municipality. In 2017, he was elected Head of the Engelssky District. Since September 2021, he has served as deputy of the 8th State Duma.

References

1958 births
Living people
United Russia politicians
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
IPT-6 Stratus. The IPT-6 Stratus, was a high-performance two-seat, high-wing sailplane.

Design and development
Stratus was conceived soon after its predecessor IPT-5 Jaraguá, created by Estonian engineer Johannes Lepper, who himself made the first flight of this sailplane.

Construction
It was built with the fuselage caves were made of guapuruvu and freijó, and the bird ribs were also made of freijó. The outer skin was made of pine plywood from paraná pine. The few metal sheets were chrome-molybdenum steel plates and tubes, 1/8-inch diameter flexible steel cables, and uprights also of chrome-molybdenum steel.

Specifications

See also

 List of Brazilian gliders

References

External links
IPT’s official site

High-wing aircraft
1940s Brazilian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1944