omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
German submarine U-856. German submarine U-856 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-856 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-856 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  SK C/30 as well as a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
U-856 was ordered on 5 June 1941 from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen under the yard number 1062. Her keel was laid down on 31 October 1942 and the U-boat was launched the following year on 11 May 1943. She was commissioned into service under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich Wittenberg (Crew X/37) in 4th U-boat Flotilla.

The U-boat was working up for deployment in the Baltic Sea until transferring to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla for front-line service. She left Kiel on 24 February 1944 for operations off the US east coast. In March she had two brief encounters with submarine-hunting aircraft, but escaped unscathed. In the morning of 7 April 1944 however, she was picked up by an aircraft of  and attacked by . Surviving the initial attack, she was attacked with depth charges by a second group consisting of  and , the later ramming U-856 and severely damaging her. When the U-boat re-surfaced a little while later, she came under heavy artillery fire from the US warships. Wittenberg ordered the crew to abandon ship and scuttled her. Of the 55 men on board only 28, Wittenberg among them, survived. They were picked up by the destroyers and brought to New York City where they disembarked on 10 April 1944.

References

Bibliography

External links

World War II submarines of Germany
German Type IX submarines
1943 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1943
U-boats scuttled in 1944
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Maritime incidents in April 1944
German submarine U-878. German submarine U-878 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-878 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-878 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  Flak M42 as well as two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
U-878 was ordered on 2 April 1942 from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen under the yard number 1086. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1943 and the U-boat was launched the following year on 6 January 1944. She was commissioned into service under the command of Kapitänleutnant Johannes Rodig (Crew 36) in 4th U-boat Flotilla.

After completing training and work up for deployment, U-878 was transferred to the 33rd U-boat Flotilla. Her first war patrol was a supply run for the beleaguered U-boat base of St. Nazaire. The U-boat left Horten Naval Base on 9 February 1945 and arrived at her destination on 20 March. On the return leg, she was picked up by escorts of convoy ONA 265 on 10 April 1945.  and  attacked U-878 with depth charges and squid mortar. U-878 was sunk in position , all 51 crew members were lost.

References

Bibliography

External links

World War II submarines of Germany
German Type IX submarines
1944 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1945
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Maritime incidents in April 1945
German submarine U-879. German submarine U-879 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-879 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-879 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  Flak M42 as well as two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
U-879 was ordered on 2 April 1942 from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen under the yard number 1087. Her keel was laid down on 26 June 1943 and the U-boat was launched the following year on 11 January 1944. She was commissioned into service under the command of Kapitänleutnant Erwin Manchen (Crew 36) in 4th U-boat Flotilla.

U-879 was transferred to 33rd U-boat Flotilla after completing training and working up for deployment. She left her base in Horten Naval Base on 9 February 1945 for operations off the US east coast. Since another U-boat,  was operating at the same time in the vicinity, it is not clear, which ships were attacked U-879 or the other U-boat, which is missing. The US tanker Atlantic States was probably hit and damaged on 5 April 1945, while the Belgian steamer Belgian Airman and the US tanker Swiftscout may have been sunk by U-879 on 14 and 18 April respectively. The Norwegian tanker Katy might have been hit and damaged on 23 April.

Late on 29 April, a U-boat was picked up by escorts of convoy KN 382.  tried to ram her but missed. Natchez with three more escorts, , , and , chased the contact for several hours with depth charges and a hedgehog anti-submarine weapon. In the early hours of 30 April, a strong explosion was heard and the contact disappeared. Only in 1968 a wreck was discovered, confirming the sinking of a U-boat. It is assumed that the U-boat in question was U-879, but there are indicators that it might have been U-857 instead.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

World War II submarines of Germany
German Type IX submarines
1944 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1945
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by US warships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in April 1945
Jan Bosch. Jan Bosch (born 1967) is a Dutch computer scientist, Professor of Software Engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology and at Chalmers University of Technology, and IT consultant, particularly known for his work on software architecture.

Biography 
Bosch received his MSc in computer science in 1991 from the University of Twente, and in 1995 his PhD degree in computer science from Lund University. 

In 1994 Bosch got appointed Professor of Software Engineering at the Blekinge Institute of Technology, and from 2000 till 2020 he was affiliated with the University of Groningen, where he became Professor of Software Engineering. Since 2011 he is also Professor of Software Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology. Since 2020 he is affiliated with Eindhoven University of Technology

In 2004 Bosch became also Vice President and the Head of Laboratory at the Nokia Research Center, and from 2007 to 2011 he Vice President Engineering Process at Intuit. In 2011 he co-founded the consultancy firm Boschonian AB, where he is partner.

Selected publications 
 Bosch, Jan. Design and use of software architectures: adopting and evolving a product-line approach. Pearson Education, 2000.
 Bosch, Jan. Speed, Data, and Ecosystems: Excelling in a Software-Driven World., CRC Press 2016.

Articles, a selection:
 Aksit, M., Wakita, K., Bosch, J., Bergmans, L., & Yonezawa, A. (1994). "Abstracting object interactions using composition filters." In Object-Based Distributed Programming (pp. 152-184). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
 Van Gurp, Jilles, Jan Bosch, and Mikael Svahnberg. "On the notion of variability in software product lines." Software Architecture, 2001. Proceedings. Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on. IEEE, 2001.
 Bengtsson, P., Lassing, N., Bosch, J., & van Vliet, H. (2004). Architecture-level modifiability analysis (ALMA). Journal of Systems and Software, 69(1), 129-147.
 Svahnberg, Mikael, Jilles Van Gurp, and Jan Bosch. "A taxonomy of variability realization techniques." Software: Practice and Experience 35.8 (2005): 705-754.
 Hartmann, H., Trew, T., Bosch, J., 2012.  The changing industry structure of software development for consumer electronics and its consequences for software architectures. Journal of Systems and Software 85, 178–192. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.08.007.

Investments 
Jan Bosch is also an angel investor in several Scandinavian companies including Remente and Fidesmo in Sweden, and Kosli in Norway.

References

External links 
 Jan Bosch homepage

1967 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
German submarine U-880. German submarine U-880 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-880 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-880 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  Flak M42 as well as two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
U-880 was ordered on 2 April 1942 from DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen under the yard number 1088. Her keel was laid down on 17 July 1943 and the U-boat was launched the following year on 10 February 1944. She was commissioned into service under the command of Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Schötzau (Crew 36) in 4th U-boat Flotilla.

After completing training, U-880 was transferred to the 33rd U-boat Flotilla and left base for her first war patrol on 23 January 1945. Mechanical failures, however, forced her to return prematurely in two cases. She finally left Bergen for the West Atlantic on 14 March 1945. She joined group Seewolf in April, but was picked up by Task Force 22.5 before she could attack any ships.  made radar-contact with the U-boat just after midnight on 16 April. Frost and  chased the submerged U-boat for several hours and finally attacked U-880 with hedgehogs, sinking her. There were no survivors.

References

Bibliography

External links

World War II submarines of Germany
German Type IX submarines
1944 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1945
U-boats sunk by US warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in April 1945
Günter Böckle. Günter Böckle (born 1949) is a German software engineer and project manager at Siemens Corporate Technology, known for his work on Software product line engineering.

Böckle received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1976 from the University of Stuttgart. He started his career in industry working in the fields of software engineering, and systems engineering, particularly in systems modelling and simulation and evaluation. Late 1990s he moved into the field of software product line engineering, on which he published several papers and books. He is member INCOSE, the International Council on Systems Engineering.

Selected publications 
 Klaus Pohl, Günter Böckle, and Frank Van Der Linden. Software product line engineering: Foundations, Principles, and Techniques. Springer 10 (2005): 3-540.
Articles, a selection:
 Böckle, G., Muñoz, J. B., Knauber, P., Krueger, C. W., do Prado Leite, J. C. S., van der Linden, F., ... & Weiss, D. M. (2002). Adopting and institutionalizing a product line culture. In Software Product Lines (pp. 49–59). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
 Knauber, P., Bermejo, J., Böckle, G., do Prado Leite, J. C. S., van der Linden, F., Northrop, L., ... & Weiss, D. M. (2002). "Quantifying product line benefits." In Software Product-Family Engineering (pp. 155–163). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
 Böckle, G., Clements, P., McGregor, J. D., Muthig, D., & Schmid, K. (2004). "A cost model for software product lines." In Software Product-Family Engineering (pp. 310–316). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

References 

1949 births
Living people
German computer scientists
German software engineers
20th-century German engineers
21st-century German engineers
CSS3 (disambiguation). CSS3 is an abbreviation for Cascading Style Sheets, level 3, a declarative stylesheet language for structured documents.

CSS3 may also mean:

 CSS3, the ICAO airport code for Montréal/Les Cèdres Airport
 CSS-3 (also known as the Dong Feng 4 or DF-4), a land-based ballistic medium-range missile of the People's Republic of China

See also 
 CSS (disambiguation)
Ocean Researcher V. RV Ocean Researcher V () was a research vessel owned by the Taiwan Ocean Research Institute that sank off the coast of Penghu, Taiwan in 2014.

History
At a cost of  (), the Ocean Researcher V was built by Jong Shyn Shipbuilding Company, Kaohsiung, and launched in August 2012 for the Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, part of the National Applied Research Laboratories under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Sinking

On 9 October 2014 the ship departed from Anping Harbor in Anping District, Tainan for an eight-day cruise  researching pollutants in the atmosphere and how they propagate. Those aboard included researchers from the Academia Sinica, Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute, graduate students from National Taiwan Ocean University, National Yang Ming University, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology and National Cheng Kung University.

On the evening of 10 October 2014, due to Typhoon Vongfong, the ship ran onto a reef off the Penghu Islands. The ship listed and began to take on water, sinking at 8:11 pm. Most of the occupants boarded life-rafts to await rescue.

Rescue operations
Eight rescue helicopters, two C-130 transport planes, four navy frigates and five patrol boats were sent to the accident scene.

Casualties
One researcher was pronounced dead upon arrival at hospital and another died when attempts to resuscitate him failed.

See also
 Transportation in Taiwan

References

2014 in Taiwan
Maritime incidents in 2014
Ships of Taiwan
Internet Digital DIOS. The LG Internet Digital DIOS (also known as R-S73CT) is an internet refrigerator released by LG Electronics in June 2000. The technology is the result of a project that started in 1997 and staffed by a team of 55 researchers with a budget cost of 15 billion won (US$49.2 million).

Features
The refrigerator has a TFT-LCD (thin-film transistor-liquid crystal display) screen with TV functionality and Local Area Network (LAN) port. It includes a LCD information window that features electronic pen, data memo, video messaging and schedule management functions and provides information, such as inside temperature, the freshness of stored foods, nutrition information and recipes. Other features are a webcam that is used as a scanner and tracks what is inside the refrigerator, a MP3 player and a three-level automatic icemaker. In addition, the electricity consumption is half the level of conventional refrigerators and the noise level is only 23 decibels.

References

Home appliances
Internet of things
Food storage
Cooling technology
Food preservation
LG Electronics
Refrigerators
Norman F. Carnahan. Norman F. Carnahan (born February 27, 1942, in New Iberia, Louisiana) is an American chemical engineer, a fellow of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is the Founding Chair of the Upstream Engineering and Flow Assurance (UE&FA) Forum of AIChE. From 2011 to 2019, he was the AIChE member on the board of directors of The Offshore Technology Conference.

Education
His education in science and mathematics began at St. Pius X High School in Houston, Texas, and continued with engineering and science studies at the University of Houston, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering in 1965. During his undergraduate studies, Professor H. Wm. Prengle guided him in the fundamentals of thermodynamics and equations of state. After graduation, he worked with Dow Chemical Company Research and Development, where he was mentored by Dr. Daniel R. Stull.

In 1968, Carnahan began graduate studies at the University of Oklahoma. His graduate advisor was Professor Kenneth Earl Starling. During his graduate studies, he was influenced by Professors Sherrill D. Christian, Jack Cohn and Cedomir Sliepcevich, and by correspondences with Berni Alder, Bill Hoover, E. Brian Smith and Ben Widom. Carnahan's vision of molecular interactions and fluid behavior was strongly influenced by the works of Johannes Diderik van der Waals and by René Descartes.

Career
His interest in statistical mechanics, physics of fluids, molecular phenomena and fundamentals of equations of state led to the development of the Carnahan-Starling equation of state (1969) for the fluid phase of rigid non-attracting spheres, as single components and mixtures (Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland, 1971)

                    

After completion of his doctoral studies at University of Oklahoma, in 1971, he began a long research and teaching association with Professors Riki Kobayashi and Thomas W. Leland, Jr., at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

In the 1980s, he resumed work on extending the Carnahan-Starling equation of state to systems of rigid non-attracting non-spherical particles. Together with Professor Erich A. Muller, a series of papers were published in which a shape factor concept was incorporated to enable the equation developed for rigid sphere fluids to be extended to describe the fluid phase of many rigid nonattracting nonspherical particles.

References

Living people
1942 births
American chemical engineers
University of Houston alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
Dow Chemical Company employees
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Technical file. A technical file is a set of documents that describes a product and can prove that the product was designed in accordance with the requirements of a quality management system.

All products that have a CE mark must have a technical file which must contain the information that proves that the product conforms with the EU directives and regulations for CE-marked products. EU enforcement authorities may demand a copy of the technical file for many years after the last product was made. Customers do not usually have access to the technical file.

Content
A technical file is usually based on a document archive system that ensures longevity of documents and can either be on paper or in electronic files. It can include drawings, specifications, reports, review records, meeting minutes, labels, instructions for use, software source code, production process flow charts, etc.  One document may be named "technical file" and list all other documents that are considered part of the technical file but it can be made available to the competent authority on request.

Medical devices
The sub-clause 4.2.3 of ISO 13485:2016 requires a manufacturer of a medical device to establish a technical file (medical device file, device master record, design dossier, or device master file). Annex II and III of the EU medical device regulation (MDR) and of the In-vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR) contain an overview of the contents and structure of a technical file, here called Technical documentation.

See also
 Device Master Record a similar concept in the US for medical devices
 Technical documentation

References
Conformance Ltd explanation about Technical File
United Kingdom HSE explanation of Technical File
U.S. Government export page explaining Technical File

External links
Tolerance Management

Quality management
Regulation of medical devices
Qamar Rahman. Qamar Rahman is an Indian scientist who has worked extensively in the last 40 years to understand the physiological effects of nanoparticles. She is known internationally for her work on asbestosis, the effects of slate dust and other household and environmental particulate pollution and means for improving occupational health.

She is currently the Dean of Research Science and Technology, Amity University, Lucknow, India.

Rostock University, Germany awarded an honorary doctorate to her in 2009. Rahman is the first Indian to receive this honor from this 600-year-old university. She has studied extensively on toxicity of asbestos, soot and many other pollutants. She has also made a film on the subject of women getting exposed to toxic chemicals in the work place

Her most cited paper has been cited 450 times, according to Google Scholar.

References

External links
 Material Days Rostock

1944 births
Living people
20th-century Indian chemists
University of Lucknow alumni
Indian women biochemists
Indian toxicologists
20th-century Indian biologists
20th-century Indian women scientists
Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh
People from Shahjahanpur
Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh