omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hinge (disambiguation). A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects.

Hinge or hinges can also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Hinge, former name of the band Dry Kill Logic
 "Hinge I" and "Hinge II", tracks on If You Saw Thro' My Eyes album by Iain Matthews

Science and mathematics
 Hinge joint (ginglymus), a bone joint 
 Hinge line of bivalve shells
 Hinge teeth of bivalve shells
 Ligament (bivalve) or hinge ligament of a bivalve shell
 Molecular hinge, a molecule that can be selectively switched from one configuration to another in a reversible fashion
 Hinge functions in multivariate statistics
 Hinge theorem in geometry
 Hinge decomposition of hypergraphs, used when studying constraint satisfaction problems

People
 See Hinge (surname)
 Hinge and Bracket, stage personae

Places
 Hinges, Pas-de-Calais, a place in France

Types of hinge
 Floating hinge, a type of hinge that enables one of the objects to move away from the other 
 Geared continuous hinge, a type of continuous hinge
 Living hinge, a thin flexible hinge made from the same material as the two rigid pieces it connects
 Plastic hinge in structural engineering beam theory
 Stamp hinge in philately

Other uses
 Hinge (app), a dating app
 Hinge Studios in California
 Jonbar hinge in science-fiction criticism

See also
 Hing (disambiguation)
 Unhinged (disambiguation)
 Hinge loss in machine learning
 Hinge pearl, a type of imitation pearl
 Hinge-action, or break-action, in firearms
 Hell's Hinges, silent film
 The Crooked Hinge, novel
 Pressure the Hinges, album by Haste the Day
 Kinixys, genus of hinge-back tortoises
Lincoln TMD. Lincoln TMD was a traction maintenance depot located in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. The depot was situated on the south side of the Lincoln to Grimsby line and was to the east of Lincoln Central station.

The depot code is LN.

History 
Around 1987, the depot had an allocation of Classes 105 and 114 DMUs. During the 1980s, Classes 03, 08 and 31 locomotives could also be seen stabled at the depot. The depot was closed in the late 1980s.

References

Bibliography

Railway depots in England
Levich constant. A Levich constant (B) is often used in order to simplify the Levich equation. Furthermore, B is readily extracted from rotating disk electrode experimental data.

The B can be defined as:

where
 n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the half reaction (number)
 F is the Faraday constant (C/mol)
 A is the electrode area (cm2)
 D is the diffusion coefficient (see Fick's law of diffusion) (cm2/s)
 v is the kinematic viscosity (cm2/s)
 C is the analyte concentration (mol/cm3)

References

Electrochemical equations
Electrochemistry
Water farming. Water farming is a practice in Florida where farmers are paid to keep stormwater on their properties and receive water from other areas to store on their properties. This practice is also known as Dispersed Water Management by the South Florida Water Management District, and as Water Farcing by critics.

History
In 2005, the South Florida Water Management District created a new program for water farming called the "Dispersed Water Management Program" with eight farmers. The program uses shallow-water storage on existing lands to hold water.

Lobbying
In 2014, Alico dispatched lobbyists to the Florida legislature to try to get funding for the project. When asked about this effort, Alico spokeswoman Sarah Bascom is reported to have said that Alico was just helping a state agency in need by lobbying for the SFWMD who was not permitted by law to lobby. Prior to this effort, funding was provided by the South Florida Water Management District. Though $31.8 million was appropriated for the project in the 2015 legislative session, Gov. Rick Scott vetoed the funding.  The largest contract entered into by the South Florida Water Management District -- for 11 years and $122 million -- went to Alico, which would use approximately 35,192 acres of ranchland for water farming. The return on the investment for Florida taxpayers for $122 million invested is about a 1.5-inch reduction in the Lake Okeechobee water level.

Controversy
Much controversy surrounds the use of water farms due to their cost and hard to quantify benefit.  A state audit found that the cost of a water farm on public land would be approximately $25 per million gallons, while the cost using privately owned land can be as high as $418 per million gallons. As such, the audit makes clear that the programs costs tens of millions of dollars more than it should.

Contract Termination
Another concern about the contracts by the South Florida Water Management District with the water farmers is the District is paying for capital improvements to the land owned by the water farmers, but the water farmers can terminate the contract at will. This could make the investment by the District a very poor one if the water farmers decide to plant as solutions to citrus greening emerge.

References

Environmental mitigation
1918–19 WPI Engineers men's basketball team. The 1918–19 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 1918–19 NCAA men's basketball season. They were coached by Henry C.  Swasey. The Engineers played their home games at Alumni Gym in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team finished the season with 8 wins and 5 losses.

References

WPI
WPI Engineers men's basketball seasons
WPI Engineers men's basketball
WPI Engineers men's basketball
International Advisory Council. The International Advisory Council (IAC) rules the International Teletraffic Congress (ITC). ITC was created in 1955 by Arne Jensen to initially cater to the emerging need to understand and model traffic in telephone networks using stochastic methodologies, and to bring together researchers with these considerations as a common theme. Over the years, it has broaden its scope to address a wide spectrum ranging from the mathematical theory of traffic processes, stochastic system modelling and analysis, traffic and performance measurements, network management, teletraffic engineering to network capacity planning and cost optimization, including network economics and reliability for various types of networks.

The IAC gathers a number of technical experts, from universities and the research arms of key corporations in the industry, from countries having a strong tradition in teletraffic development. The IAC responsibilities are to disseminate information on teletraffic which is of interest for the whole community and:
 to select the locations of Plenary Congresses and to ensure their high-level technical programme;
 to support Specialist Seminars on specific topics of current interest;
ITC congresses were organized on most continents. That time ITU was the leading standardization in telecommunications. The long tradition of ITC in connection with ITU fostered the liaison activity in standardization and in the development program.

List of IAC Chairpersons
Source:
 Arne Jensen: 1955-1991
 Paul Kuehn: 1991-2007. He was elected in 1991 in Copenhagen, after Arne Jensen.
 Prosper Chemouil: 2007-2015. He was elected in 2007 at ITC 20 in Ottawa and chaired his first IAC meeting in 2009 at ITC 21 in Paris.
 Michela Meo: 2015–present. She is the current IAC chairperson.

References

External links 
Official ITC website

Teletraffic
1919–20 WPI Engineers men's basketball team. The 1919–20 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season. They were coached by Henry C.  Swasey. The Engineers played their home games at Alumni Gym in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team won its first ever championship and finished the season with 14 wins and 2 losses.

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#AC2B37; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

Source:

References

WPI Engineers men's basketball seasons
1920–21 WPI Engineers men's basketball team. The 1920–21 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 1920–21 NCAA men's basketball season. They were coached by Henry C.  Swasey. The Engineers played their home games at Alumni Gym in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team won its second consecutive New England Championship and finished the season with 15 wins and 3 losses.

References

WPI Engineers men's basketball seasons
Josef Anton Hofmann. Josef Anton Hofmann (July 22, 1924 – November 12, 2010) was a London-born American audio engineer and speaker-system designer. He is known for Hofmann's Iron Law, and was a son of pianist Josef Hofmann.

Biography
Hofmann was born in London in 1924, grew up in Philadelphia and Los Angeles, and graduated from Fairfax High School of Los Angeles in 1942. He studied at the California Institute of Technology and the University of Pennsylvania and worked on the Manhattan Project as a member of the United States Army. After World War II, Hofmann attended Harvard University, ultimately earning a doctorate there in 1953. Hofmann went on to have a 35-year career as an audio engineer, including work at Acoustic Research, KLH, and Advent Corporation, all in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hofmann was the "H" of KLH, which he co-founded with Henry Kloss and Malcolm S. Low.

Hofmann and his wife, who were married in 1951, had three children. Hofmann died from lung cancer in 2010 in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Hofmann's Iron Law
Hofmann theorized that when woofers are mounted in speaker enclosures, the designer would have to accept that there are three trade-offs. Hofmann argued that the designer had "...three parameters that cannot all be had at the same time. They are low-bass reproduction, small (enclosure) size, and high (output) sensitivity." Hofmann stated that designers could pick two of these three parameters, but in doing so, it would compromise the third parameter.

For example, a designer who wants good, deep low-frequency sound and high sensitivity can obtain these goals, but they will have to use a large speaker enclosure. Similarly, if a designer is forced by space constraints to use a very small cabinet, and they aim to get good, deep low-frequency sound, the sensitivity will be compromised (i.e., a small cabinet with deep bass would need a very powerful amplifier).

References

Further reading

1924 births
2010 deaths
Engineers from London
Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Audio electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Harvard University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Manhattan Project people
Deaths from lung cancer in Massachusetts
Stormwater treatment area. Stormwater treatment areas (STAs) are constructed wetlands divided into flow-through treatment cells that remove nutrients from agricultural and urban runoff water. The nutrients are consumed through plant growth, and captured by accumulation of dead plant material in a layer of sediment. STAs were introduced around the Everglades National Park in an effort to reduce nutrient levels in water flowing towards the park. STAs have been estimated to reduce phosphorus levels by about 80%.

Description

Agricultural and urban runoff water containing excess phosphorus is channeled through pump stations into shallow marshes that have been planted with a selection of plants with useful characteristics for water purification, like cattails, submerged aquatic plants and algae. These plants species absorb phosphorus, storing it in their roots, stems and leaves. When they die, they decompose creating a sediment layer that continues to absorb and hold decades worth of phosphorus. Water that flows out of the STAs into Everglades National Park has significantly lower levels of phosphorus than it did when it first entered.

History of phosphorus in Everglades National Park

The Everglades is a delicate ecological system with a naturally low level of existing phosphorus, resulting in a landscape of sawgrass, wet prairies and tree islands that were well adapted to the low nutrient environment. Increasing levels of nutrients such as phosphorus can encourage the growth of invasive species, smothering and crowding out the natives. STAs have been implemented in key positions at the northern edge of the Everglades to help keep phosphorus laden water from reaching the park,  but concerns remain that the already elevated phosphorus levels in both Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades Agricultural Area (both heavy contributors to nutrient laden runoff) are so high that phosphorus loads into the park could continue for many decades.

References

Water resources management
Evans, Anderson, Phelan & Co. Evans, Anderson, Phelan & Co was an Australian engineering and railway rolling stock manufacturer, located at Kangaroo Point, Queensland. It manufactured steam locomotives for the Queensland Railways until 1927. The works were not located near a railway, so completed locomotives were delivered along Main Street on temporary track.

In 1892 The North Queensland Register described the company as one of the oldest established iron works in this colony... noted for excellent designs and high class work...(which) manufacture everything incidental to mining and milling work.

Products

25 A12 class locomotives
21 B15 class locomotives
70 PB15 class locomotives
41 C16 class locomotives
28 C17 class locomotives

 Pissoirs

References

Kangaroo Point, Queensland
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Australia
Engineering companies of Australia
Pietrino Manca. Pietrino Manca (1927  – 25 January 2001) was an Italian physicist. He studied chemistry at the University of Cagliari under Aldo Iandelli, and graduated in 1951. He later became a professor of the science of materials at the university, and head of its department of physics. He wrote a paper in 1961 describing the relation between gap energy and mean bond energy in semiconductors, later called "Manca's relation". He was nominated for a Nobel Prize in 1987. He died in Cagliari on 25 January 2001.

References 

1920s births
2001 deaths
20th-century Italian physicists
Academic staff of the University of Cagliari
Willington Dene Viaduct. Willington Dene Viaduct carries the Tyne and Wear Metro railway over the Wallsend Burn between Wallsend and Howdon, Tyne and Wear.  Designed by architects John and Benjamin Green, it was originally built in the late 1830s for the Newcastle & North Shields Railway.  It is a Grade II listed building.

The viaduct is  long and  high with seven segmental arches each of  span. When originally built the viaducts were made of laminated timber construction on the Wiebeking system supported on tall stone pillars and cost £25,000. Each arch was made from 14 layers of  timbers held together by trenails and built by Messrs. Robson. A paper on the viaducts's design won Benjamin Green a silver Telford Medal from the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1841.

The viaduct was rebuilt in wrought iron between 1867 and 1869 by the Weardale Iron & Coal Company to the designs of engineer Thomas Elliot Harrison, preserving the bridge's original shape and form. It now carries the Tyne and Wear Metro rapid transport system between Newcastle and North Shields.

See also
 Ouseburn Viaduct

References

Railway bridges in Tyne and Wear
Grade II listed buildings in Tyne and Wear
John and Benjamin Green buildings and structures
Rapid casting. Rapid casting is an integration of investment casting with rapid prototyping/3D printing. In this technique disposable patterns that are used for forming molds are created by any 3D printing technique, including fused deposition modeling and stereolithography.

Advantages 
 Cheap for batch production
 Reduced turnaround time
 Representative prototypes
 Easier to make patterns
 Possibility to make the part lighter by removing unwanted material and stiffer by adding rib features.

Advantages of pressure die casting 
 Cheap at scale
 Large parts
 Good surface finish
 High dimensional accuracy
 High tensile strength

Procedure 
 A disposable pattern is 3D printed (can be of wax or any plastic used in 3D printing PLA, PETG, Etc.).
 The pattern, if made of wax, undergoes wax infiltration and other procedures to increase its strength and dewaxing properties.
 A mold is made by coating the printed pattern using a ceramic slurry.
 The pattern is melted out of the ceramic mold.
 Molten metal is poured into mold.

References 

Casting (manufacturing)
Product design
Industrial processes
3D printing processes
Computer-aided manufacturing
Prototypes
Digital manufacturing
High temperature hydrogen attack. High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA), also called hot hydrogen attack or methane reaction, is a problem which concerns steels operating at elevated temperatures (typically above ) in hydrogen-rich atmospheres, such as refineries, petrochemical and other chemical facilities and, possibly, high pressure steam boilers. It is not to be confused with hydrogen embrittlement.

If a steel is exposed to very hot hydrogen, the high temperature enables the hydrogen molecules to dissociate and to diffuse into the alloy as individual diffusible atoms. There are two stages to the damage:
 First, dissolved carbon in the steel reacts with the surface hydrogen and escapes into the gas as methane. This leads to superficial decarburization and a loss of strength in the surface. Initially, the damage is not visible.
 Second, the reduction in the concentration of dissolved carbon creates a driving force which dissolves the carbides in the steel. This leads to a loss of strength deeper in the steel and is more serious. At the same time, some hydrogen atoms diffuse into the steel and combine with carbon to form tiny pockets of methane at internal surfaces, such as grain boundaries and defects. This methane gas cannot diffuse out of the metal, and collects in the voids at high pressure and initiates cracks in the steel. This selective leaching of carbon is a more serious loss of strength and ductility.

HTHA can be managed by using a different steel alloy, one where the carbides with other alloying elements, such as chromium and molybdenum, are more stable than iron carbides. Surface oxide layers are ineffective as a protection as they are immediately reduced by the hydrogen, forming water vapour.

Later-stage damage in the steel component can be seen using ultrasonic examination, which detects the large defects created by methane pressure. These large defects in a stressed component are usually the cause of failure in service: which is usually catastrophic as hot flammable hydrogen gas escapes rapidly.

See also
 2010 Tesoro Anacortes Refinery disaster
 Corrosion engineering
 Hydrogen embrittlement
 Hydrogen safety

References

Corrosion
Hydrogen
Materials degradation
Verwey transition. The Verwey transition is a low-temperature phase transition in the mineral magnetite associated with changes in its magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties. It typically occurs near a temperature of 120 K but is observed at a range of temperatures between 80 and 125 K, although the spread is generally tight around 118-120 K in natural magnetites. Upon warming through the Verwey transition temperature (), the magnetite crystal lattice changes from a monoclinic structure insulator to the metallic cubic inverse spinel structure that persists at room temperature. The phenomenon is named after Evert Verwey, a Dutch chemist who first recognized, in the 1940s, the connection between the structural transition and the changes in the physical properties of magnetite. This was the first metal-insulator transition to be found.

The Verwey transition is near in temperature, but distinct from, a magnetic isotropic point in magnetite, at which the first magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant changes sign from positive to negative. 

The temperature and physical expression of the Verwey transition are highly sensitive to the stress state of magnetite and the stoichiometry. Non-stoichiometry in the form of metal cation substitution or partial oxidation can lower the transition temperature or suppress it entirely.

See also

References 

Phase transitions
Paleomagnetism
Rock magnetism
Magnetism
36 Combat Engineer Regiment. 36 Combat Engineer Regiment (36CER) is a reserve unit of the Canadian Military Engineers in Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada. It is part of the 36 Canadian Brigade Group, 5th Canadian Division.

Organization 
There is currently One Engineer Squadron providing general engineer support to the brigade, and a Regimental Headquarters in 36 CER:
 RHQ is composed of the regimental command staff, Ops and training staff, and administration and logistics staff. Also within the RHQ is 20 Engineer Troop, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia the troop consists of a number field sections and a training section.
 45 Engineer Squadron is located in Sydney, Nova Scotia.

Order of precedence

See also 

 Military history of Canada
 History of the Canadian Army
 Canadian Forces
 List of armouries in Canada

References 

Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations of Nova Scotia
April 13 Ironworks. The April 13 Ironworks, one of North Korea's primary metal industries, is an ironworks in Posan-dong, Ch'ŏllima-guyŏk, Namp'o. Originally opened during the Japanese colonial era, it was nationalised after the partition of Korea and has been renovated several times, in the 1960s and again in the 1980s. As of 1997 it has a production capacity of hundreds of thousands of tons of pig iron, of which all is shipped to the Ch'ŏllima Steel Complex in nearby Kangsŏn.

The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Posan Station on the P'yŏngnam Line.

References

Metal companies of North Korea
Kumsong Tractor Factory. The Kŭmsŏng Tractor Factory, located in Kiyang-dong, Kangsŏ-guyŏk, Namp'o, is North Korea's largest manufacturer of tractors, bulldozers, and other agricultural equipment. Employing around 10,000 workers, the factory has a floor area of  on a total area of . Peak production capacity is 10,000 tractors per year. The factory's current product is the Chollima-804Ka tractor. Claims have been made this factory also produces TEL mobile missile platforms.

The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Kangsŏ Station on the P'yŏngnam Line.

Four brother factories
According to North Korean media, along with Taean Heavy Machine Complex, Chollima Steel Complex and Taean Friendship Glass Factory, the factory is a member of the  "four brother factories(네형제공장,Nehyongjegongjang)" and is reported to engage in "Socialist competitions" between the companies that are held every year in the country.

History

The plant was opened in 1954, rebuilt from the ruins of a chemical fertiliser plant destroyed during the Korean War, producing various agricultural implements. The first tractor, the 'Ch'ŏllima 28, entered production in 1958. The prototype of this tractor, which was reverse engineered from a Soviet design, was built up in forty days. Production capacity was expanded significantly in the following years; between 1970 and 1978, output increased 8.7 times, and by 1979, only 30% of production was of the 28-horsepower model, with the other 70% being accounted for by the 75-hp P'ungnyŏn model. Automation is also extensive; for example, the process of making the gearbox and the engine blocks are each overseen by a single person. Both Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il visited the factory numerous times to offer on-the-spot guidance; there is a large monument commemorating the first of Kim Il Sung's visits.

On 26 July 1973, a large new expansion of the factory was opened, and it was renamed from Kiyang Tractor Factory to Kumsong Tractor Factory, with Kim Il Sung in attendance. The new factory featured automated machinery for both the Pungnyon bulldozer and the Chollima tractors.

In 2017, the factory started producing the new 80-hp Ch'ŏllima 804 tractor model.

References

Manufacturing companies of North Korea
Agriculture companies of North Korea