omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edo Ronchi. Edo Ronchi (born 31 May 1950) is an Italian engineer and politician. He served as minister of environment and protection of land and sea from 1996 to 2000 in three different cabinets. He was the first Green politician to hold a cabinet post in Italy.

Early life and education
Ronchi was born in Treviglio on 31 May 1950. He holds an electrical engineering degree from the Politecnico di Milano.

Career and activities
Ronchi had a revolutionary communist political leaning. Later he became a member of the Federation of the Greens. He joined the party in 1983 and became a member of its steering committee in 1989. He was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1983. In 1989 he was elected to the European Parliament, but resigned from office after serving in the post just for one month to concentrate on his initiative, namely Rainbow Greens, which he had cofounded with Francesco Rutelli earlier in 1989. In 1992 Ronchi became senator and was the leader of the Federation of the Greens in the Italian Senate.

He was named minister of environment on 17 May 1996 to the cabinet headed by Prime Minister Romano Prodi. Ronchi became the first member of the party who assumed a cabinet post in the country.

After serving in the post in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema on 21 December 1999 Ronchi was reappointed minister of environment in the second cabinet of D'Alema. His tenure ended in April 2000 when the cabinet resigned. Ronchi was offered by Prime Minister Amato the post of minister of European affairs, but he did not accept the post due to his intention of serving as minister of environment. However, Ronchi's proposal was not endorsed, and Willer Bordon replaced him as minister of environment. When Ronchi was in office as environment minister Italy signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.

After leaving public office, Ronchi began to work at the Sustainable Development Foundation, and as of 2013 he was on the national advisory board of Ecomondo, an initiative for green movement.

Electoral history

Source:

References

External links

20th-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
1950 births
Democrats of the Left politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Federation of the Greens MEPs
Federation of the Greens politicians
Living people
People from Treviglio
Politicians of Lombardy
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Proletarian Democracy politicians
Rainbow Greens (Italy) politicians
Senators of Legislature XII of Italy
Senators of Legislature XIII of Italy
Senators of Legislature XV of Italy
Italian electrical engineers
Environment ministers of Italy
Rubicon Technology. Rubicon Technology, Inc. is an American company specializing in sapphire crystal growth and large-diameter sapphire technology. Their improvement to the Kyropoulos technology is known as "ES2", and was developed in their Illinois-based crystal growth facilities. Rubicon Technology has been producing the industry's first 12-inch sapphire wafer since 2010, and has shipped millions of wafers and core products in sizes from 2" to 12" since 2001. The company's products have been used in the LED industry and for the production of silicon on sapphire wafers for integrated circuits (RFICs), as well as on high-quality optical and industrial applications for high-performance sapphire.

History
In 2000, Rubicon Technology began its commercial production and was incorporated in 2001. The company successfully grew a 30 kg sapphire boule in 2002. In 2003, its polishing capacity was added, and it received ISO 9001 certification in the following year. In 2013, Rubicon launched 4" and 6" Patterned Sapphire Substrates, extending vertical integration "from powder to pattern".

Products
Rubicon Technology is engaged in developing, manufacturing and selling monocrystalline sapphire and other crystalline products for light-emitting diodes, radio-frequency integrated circuits, optoelectronics, and other optical applications.

Rubicon Technology produces Patterned Sapphire Substrates in 4" through 8" diameters. The company also produces sapphire ingots, which are used as raw material for further fabrication. Additionally, Rubicon produces optical windows, with applications ranging from defense/aerospace and instrumentation to medical devices and polished epi-ready substrates.

References

External links
 

Technology companies of the United States
Companies established in 2001
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
Bensenville, Illinois
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Martinsville Novelty Corporation Factory. The Martinsville Novelty Corporation Factory is a historic factory complex located at Martinsville, Virginia. The main factory was built in 1929, and is a long, three-story, brick building that was constructed for the purpose of manufacturing small pieces of furniture called "novelty" pieces in the furniture trade.  Associated with the main factory are the contributing wood storage area and the kilns where the wood was dried; a long, metal Quonset hut; a railroad spur and trestle; a long concrete-block and frame storage building; and a small, rectangular, brick building that at one time housed a restaurant that served the employees of Martinsville Novelty and W. M. Bassett Furniture factory.  The Martinsville Novelty Corporation was the last significant furniture concern established in Martinsville before the Great Depression. The factory closed in 1995.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

References

Defunct furniture manufacturers
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Industrial buildings completed in 1929
Buildings and structures in Martinsville, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Martinsville, Virginia
Furniture companies of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Virginia
Fufu machine. A fufu machine is a kitchen appliance used to pound cooked starchy vegetables, particularly cassava, plantains, or yams, into the West and Central African staple food fufu.

Fufu machines can achieve the fine, dough-like, pasty texture of fufu in about one minute; traditional hand-pounding methods generally required at least 30 minutes for the same result.

Development
The first fufu machine was developed in 2004 by Ghanaian electrical-equipment dealer Fadegnom Charles, who produced small numbers of electric fufu machines for local consumption. A mass-marketable design by a team led by Professor Kwadeo Kesse, Dr Lawrence Ansong and R.E Doddoo at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) was released shortly thereafter. The machine saw significant adoption in both homes and small businesses in Accra by 2014.

In 2017, a Togolese entrepreneur named Logou Minsob successfully invented the model Foufoumix which allows for efficient mixing of the fufu into a well-set texture and consistency.

References

Cooking appliances
Ghanaian cuisine
Togolese cuisine
Causey's Mill. Causey's Mill is a historic grist mill located in Causey's Mill Park at Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1866, and is a small two-story wood-frame building originally supported by a brick and concrete foundation.  It retains its original machinery and is one of the two last surviving grist mills on the Peninsula.  The mill operated until nearly the 20th century. In 2011, the mill was moved about 75 feet from its original location away from the shore of the Mariners' Lake and set on a new foundation.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

References

External links
"Causey's Mill On the Move"

Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Industrial buildings completed in 1866
Buildings and structures in Newport News, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Newport News, Virginia
1866 establishments in Virginia
Long steel products. In steel industry terminology long steel products or long products refers to steel products including wire, rod, rail, and bars as well as types of steel structural sections and girders.

Overview
The term long products may include hot rolled bar, cold rolled or drawn bar, rebar, railway rails, wire, rope (stranded wire), woven cloth of steel wire, shapes (sections) such as U, I, or H sections, and may also include ingots from continuous casting, including blooms and billets. Fabricated structural units, such bridge sections are also classed as long products. The definition excludes "Flat Products" - slab, plate, strip and coil, tinplate, and electrical steel; and also excludes certain tubular products including seamless and welded tube.

Long products find general use in construction industries, and in capital goods sectors.

References

Steel
Chen Shi-shuenn. Chen Shi-shuenn () is a Taiwanese engineer and politician. He has been the Minister of the Public Construction Commission (PCC) of the Executive Yuan since 22 October 2013.

Education
Chen holds a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Taiwan University, a master's degree in civil engineering from University of Delaware and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States.

Early career
He was a professor of construction engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.

Political career
In 1995–1996, Chen was the Deputy Director-General of the National Expressway Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. In 1999–2001, he was the member of Disaster Prevention and Safety Committee of the Ministry of the Interior. In 2005–2009, he was the member of Public Construction Commission.

References

Living people
Political office-holders in the Republic of China on Taiwan
National Taiwan University alumni
University of Delaware alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Taiwanese civil engineers
Presidents of universities and colleges in Taiwan
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
TUTSIM. TUTSIM was the first commercial simulation software ever to run on an IBM-PC. The package was used for the modeling and simulation of multi-domain systems using differential equations and bond graphs.

History
TUTSIM (Twente University of Technology SIMulator) was developed at the Control Laboratory of the University of Twente in the early-1970s. The program was initially created for the PDP-11 and LSI-11 series of DEC. At the end of the 1970s it was ported  to run on microprocessors like the MOS Technology 6502 of the Apple II and the Intel 8086 of the IBM Personal Computer.

The company Meerman Automation took over the development of the package in the early-1980s. The rise of the IBM PC gave TUTSIM its world fame, making scientific simulation software available for researchers all over the world. Failing to meet the demands of a graphical user interface with the rise of Microsoft Windows in the late-1980s the popularity of TUTSIM slowly faded away. Multiple requests from bond graph researchers caused the University of Twente to begin development of a successor to TUTSIM. This resulted in the software 20-sim, released by Controllab, which contained many of the features that made TUTSIM popular.

Use 
TUTSIM was an interactive simulation language for continuous dynamical systems. Input had to be given in block diagram form or in bond graph form. The lack of a graphical UI required inputs in textual form by entering commands and arguments. For simulation, fixed step integration methods were provided. Simulation results were displayed in a graphical form or numerically in tables.

See also

 Bond graph
 University of Twente
 Controllab
 20-sim

References

Simulation software
1970s in computing
SDC Verifier. SDC Verifier (Structural Design Codes Verifier) is a commercial structural design and finite element analysis software with a calculation core for checking structures according to different standards, either predefined or self programmed, and final report generation with all checks. The goal is to automate routine work and speed up a verification of the engineering projects. It works independently or as an extension for popular FEA software Ansys, Femap and Simcenter 3D.

In 2023, SDC Verifier launched a standalone version that does not require third-party FEA software to operate, allowing it to not only work with FEA models from other applications, but also import drawings from CAD files and create models from scratch.

It is possible to apply complex loads: buoyancy, tank ballast, wind, current and wave. The software has an automatic detection of structural elements such as beams, joints, welds, stiffeners, and panels.

Implemented Standards
The rules for popular design standards are predefined in SDC Verifier. The open structure of the standard makes all checks customizable. The Custom standard can be saved and used for other models, password protected and added to the custom library. This standard can be shared between other users. 

ABS 2004: Guide for buckling and ultimate strength assessment for offshore structures;
ABS 2014: Rules for building and classing (floating production installations);
AIJ 2017 (Design Standard for Steel Structures);
AISC ASD 9th edition (July 1989);
AISC 360–10 and 360-22;
API RP 2A LRFD, 1st edition (1993);
API RP 2A WSD 21st edition (2007);
ASME B31.8 (2018) and ASME VIII (Div2, 2010);
Bureau Veritas BV NR615;
DIN 15018 (1984);
DNV OS C101 LRFD (April 2011)
DNV OS C201 WSD (April 2011)
DNV Classification Notes NO. 30.1 (Buckling Strength Analysis, July 1995);
DNV RP C201: Buckling Strength of Plated Structures (Recommended Practice, October 2010);
DVS (German Welding Society) 1608 and 1612;
FEM 1.001, 3rd edition (1998);
Eurocode 3, Part 1-9: Fatigue (2006);
Eurocode 3, Part 1-1: Member checks (2005);
Eurocode 3, Part 1-8: Weld Strength;
FKM (guidline) 5th (2003) and 6th (2012) editions;
ISO 19902, 1st edition (2007);
Norsok N004, Rev. 3 (2013);
Standards Australia AS 3990 (1993) and AS 4100 (2020);
VDI 2330 (Part 1, 2015);

Alternative software

Abaqus
Bentley SACS, STAAD
Calculix
Midas
nCode
RFEM
Salome
Sesam GeniE
SkyCiv

References

External links
Femap and SDC Verifier
Siemens and SDC Verifier
SDC Verifier Presentation
SDC Verifier new version

Computer-aided engineering software
Finite element software
Product lifecycle management
Siemens software products
Lee's Mill Earthworks. Lee's Mill Earthworks is a historic archaeological site located at Newport News, Virginia. The earthworks formed part of the fortifications along the James River, which included fortifications at Fort Crafford, as well as, Dam No.1, and Wynne's Mill in Newport News Park. On April 5, 1862, advance units of Union Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes' IV Corps, under the command of Union Brigadier General William Farrar Smith, encountered Confederate units commanded by Brigadier General Lafayette McLaws at Lee's Mill.  Heavy rains and massive earthen fortifications defending the river crossing stopped the Union troops from proceeding to Richmond.  Confederate Major General John B. Magruder's extensive defensives beginning at Lee's Mill and extending to Yorktown along the Warwick River caused the Union Army of the Potomac Commander Major General George B. McClellan to initiate a month-long siege of the Warwick-Yorktown Line which lasted until May 3, 1862 and contributed to the eventual failure of McClellan's campaign.

Lee's Mill has recently been preserved and is being transformed into a passive park with trails interpreting the fortifications.  The earthen fortifications remain visible in many locations, including Newport News Park and the Lee's Mill subdivision.  An active effort will be made to delineate, preserve and interpret these earthworks for the future.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Newport News, Virginia
1862 establishments in Virginia
Acrinathrin. Acrinathrin (Rufast and other trade names) is a pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide derived from hexafluoro-2-propanol. In beekeeping, it is used to control the mite Varroa jacobsoni, though resistance is developing.

References

(cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl) 2,2,3-trimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates
Acaricides
Pyrethroids
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Hulsebos-Hesselman axial oil engines. Hulsebos-Hesselman axial oil engines were five cylinder, four stroke, wobble plate engines that originated in and were used throughout the Netherlands during the late 1930s. Numerous patents can be found concerning this engine, all of which appear to attribute the engine's "wabbler" operating principles to the inventor Wichert Hulsebos.

Combustion system
This engine used the Hesselman engine low compression combustion system where oils of varying grades were sprayed into the cylinder during compression but ignition was initiated and assisted by a spark plug. Overhead inlet and exhaust valves, water cooling and a magneto for ignition were standard features.

Dimensions
The capacity of 4 litres was achieved with a bore of 95 mm and a stroke of 114 mm and it made use of a compression ratio of 6 to 1. Power output was said to be 70 bhp at 2400 rpm.

Wobble plate arrangement
The wobble plate arrangement cleverly employed a bevel gear set to prevent its rotation around the crankshaft. One bevel gear was fitted to the rear of the wobble plate itself and meshed with another which was fixed to the main body of the engine.

Production
They were manufactured by Hulsemo N.V., Casimirlaan 5, Arnhem, The Netherlands, and were exhibited in the Berlin and Amsterdam Shows during 1938.

References 

Diesel engines
Engine technology
USA-211. USA 211, or Wideband Global SATCOM 3 (WGS F3) is a United States military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global SATCOM programme. Launched in 2009, it was the third WGS satellite, and final Block I satellite, to reach orbit. It was originally stationed in geostationary orbit at 12° West (Atlantic Ocean).

Overview 
The WGS system is a constellation of highly capable military communications satellites that leverage cost-effective methods and technological advances in the communications satellite industry. The WGS system is composed of three principal segments: Space Segment (satellites), Control Segment (operators) and Terminal Segment (users). Each WGS satellite provides service in multiple frequency bands, with the unprecedented ability to cross-band between the two frequencies on board the satellite. WGS augments other satellites.

In early 2001, a satellite communications industry team led by Boeing Satellite Systems was selected to develop the Wideband Gapfiller Satellite (WGS) system as successors to the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) series of communications satellites. This satellite communications system is intended to support the warfighter with newer and far greater capabilities than provided by current systems. In March 2007, the acronym WGS was changed to Wideband Global SATCOM.

Just one WGS satellite provides more SATCOM capacity than the entire legacy Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) constellation.

Satellite description 
Built by Boeing Satellite Systems, WGS F3 is based on the BSS-702 satellite bus. It had a mass at launch of , and was expected to operate for fourteen years (to 2023]). 
The satellite is equipped with two solar arrays to generate power for its communications payload, which consists of military cross-band X-band and Ka-band transponders. 

Propulsion is provided by a R-4D-15 apogee motor, with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping.

Launch 
WGS F3 was launched by United Launch Alliance (ULA), who placed it into orbit using a U.S.Con. Delta IV launch vehicle, which flew for the first time in the Medium+ (5,4) configuration. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 37B (SLC-37B) at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), with at 01:47:00 UTC on 6 December 2009 (5 December 2023, 20:47ET). The launch was successful, placing the satellite into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), from which it raised itself into geostationary orbit using its propulsion system. Following launch, the satellite was designated USA 211 under the U.S. military's designation system, and received the International Designator 2009-068A and Satellite Catalog Number 36108.

Location

 12° West (Atlantic Ocean)
 121.8°W(06/2021-11/2021)
 179.8°E (12/2021-03/2022)
 85.7°E (04/2022-07/2022)
 78.1°E (08/2022-11/2022)
 24.0°E (12/2022-03/2023)
 42.8°W i=0.2° (04/2023-10/2023])

References 

Spacecraft launched in 2009
USA satellites
Wideband Global SATCOM
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Titanium(III) bromide. Titanium(III) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula TiBr3.  It is a blue black paramagnetic solid with a reddish reflection.  It has few applications, although it is a catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes.

Production and structure
TiBr3 can be produced by heating the tetrabromide in an atmosphere of hydrogen:
2TiBr4  +  H2   →   2TiBr3  +  2HBr
It can also be produced by comproportionation of titanium metal and titanium tetrabromide.
Ti  +  3TiBr4   →   4TiBr3

Two polymorphs of TiBr3 are known, each exhibiting octahedral Ti centers.

Reactions
Heating the tribromide gives titanium(II) bromide together with the volatile tetrabromide:
2 TiBr3   →    TiBr4  +  TiBr2

The solid dissolves in donor solvents (L) such as pyridine and nitriles to produce 3:1 adducts:
TiBr3  +  3 L   →   TiBr3L3

References 

Bromides
Titanium(III) compounds
Titanium halides