omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LDE – Borsdorf to Zittau. The BORSDORF to ZITTAU series of early, German tender locomotives were used by the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company (Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn-Compagnie or LDE) for mixed duties.

History
Between 1866 and 1868 the Leipzig-Dresden Railway had procured at total of 20 locomotives in 3 batches from the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen (Emil Keßler). They had a boiler with a rectangular dome, an inside Stephenson valve gear and Kirchweger condensers.

In LDE service the engines only sported names; no running numbers or classification was used. On being taken over by the Royal Saxon State Railways in 1876 they retained their names, as long as they were not duplicated elsewhere. In addition, they were given running numbers 584 to 603 and incorporated into Class K III. In 1885 the classification was changed to K II and in 1892 they were renumbered from 676 to 695.  In 1896 the classification changed again simply to II and in 1900 the running numbers were increased by 2000 and the name boards removed. Because the older engines were no long fully operational, the numbering was no longer sequential.

By 1913 the locomotives had been retired.

See also
 Royal Saxon State Railways
 List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
 Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

References

 
 
 

Locomotives of Saxony
2-4-0 locomotives
Esslingen locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1866
Pilling–Bedworth ratio. In corrosion of metals, the Pilling–Bedworth ratio (P–B ratio) is the ratio of the volume of the elementary cell of a metal oxide to the volume of the elementary cell of the corresponding metal (from which the oxide is created).

On the basis of the P–B ratio, it can be judged whether the metal is likely to passivate in dry air by creation of a protective oxide layer.

Definition
The P–B ratio is defined as
 

where
  is the atomic or molecular mass,
  is the number of atoms of metal per molecule of the oxide,
  is the density,
  is the molar volume.

History
N.B. Pilling and R.E. Bedworth suggested in 1923 that metals can be classed into two categories: those that form protective oxides, and those that cannot. They ascribed the protectiveness of the oxide to the volume the oxide takes in comparison to the volume of the metal used to produce this oxide in a corrosion process in dry air. The oxide layer would be unprotective if the ratio is less than unity because the film that forms on the metal surface is porous and/or cracked. Conversely, the metals with the ratio higher than 1 tend to be protective because they form an effective barrier that prevents the gas from further oxidizing the metal.

Application 

On the basis of measurements, the following connection can be shown:
 RPB < 1: the oxide coating layer is too thin, likely broken and provides no protective effect (for example magnesium) 
 RPB > 2: the oxide coating chips off and provides no protective effect (example iron) 
 1 < RPB < 2: the oxide coating is passivating and provides a protecting effect  against further surface oxidation (examples aluminium, titanium, chromium-containing steels).

However, the exceptions to the above P–B ratio rules are numerous. Many of the exceptions can be attributed to the mechanism of the oxide growth: the underlying assumption in the P–B ratio is that oxygen needs to diffuse through the oxide layer to the metal surface; in reality, it is often the metal ion that diffuses to the air-oxide interface. 

The P–B ratio is important when modelling the oxidation of nuclear fuel cladding tubes, which are typically made of Zirconium alloys, as it defines how much of the cladding that is consumed and weakened due to oxidation. The P–B ratio of Zirconium alloys can vary between 1.48 and 1.56, meaning that the oxide is more voluminous than the consumed metal.

Values

References

Corrosion prevention
Rajasthan Technical University. Rajasthan Technical University (RTU) is an affiliating university in Kota in the state of Rajasthan, India. It was established in 2006 by the Government of Rajasthan to enhance technical education in the state. It has many affiliated colleges under its umbrella.

RTU is on the campus of the University Engineering College, Kota, previously Engineering College of Kota and now University Teaching Department which is now an autonomous institute.

The university affiliates about 130 engineering colleges, 4 B.Arch colleges, 41 MCA colleges, 95 MBA colleges, 44 M.Tech colleges and 03 hotel management and catering institutes. More than 2.5 lakh students study in the institutes affiliated to the university.

The university offers Bachelor of Technology, Master of Technology, Master of Business Administration, Master of Computer Applications, and Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology.

Campus

Rajasthan Technical University is on the campus of University Engineering College, Kota (formerly Engineering College, Kota). The lush green campus is at the bank of river Chambal in an area of more than 385 acres.

The campus is on the Rawatbhata Road, about 14 km from Kota Railway Station and 10 km from Kota bus stand. It is approximately  from New Delhi, and about  from the state capital Jaipur.

Organisation and administration

Governance
The Governor of Rajasthan is the chancellor of the university. Santosh Kumar Singh was appointed Vice Chancellor (VC) in August 2022 replacing Ram Avatar Gupta.

Departments
 Aeronautical Engineering
 Ceramic Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics Instrumentation & Control Engineering
 Humanities and English Studies
 Information Technology Engineering
 Mathematics
 Mechanical Engineering
 Nano Technology
 Petroleum Engineering
 Petrochemical Engineering
 Production & Industrial Engineering
 Physics Studies
 Management Studies

Academics
RTU is an affiliating university. Its affiliated colleges offer the degrees of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), Master of Technology (M.Tech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Computer Applications (MCA) and Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology (BHMCT).

, RTU affiliates 202 colleges. B.Tech degrees are offered at nine government aided institutes and 109 are private ones. MBA degrees are offered at seven government aided institutes and 122 are private ones.

MCA degrees are offered in at seven government aided institutes and 25 are private ones. M.Tech is offered in 24 colleges and BHMCT in four colleges. In addition, two colleges offer Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) degrees.

References

External links

 

Universities and colleges in Kota, Rajasthan
Universities in Rajasthan
All India Council for Technical Education
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Rajasthan
Lockwood Aircam. The Lockwood Aircam (also called the Air Cam and AirCam) is a high-wing, twin engine pusher configuration aircraft with conventional landing gear, based on the single engine Lockwood Drifter and sold in kit form by Lockwood Aircraft. The open-cockpit aircraft seats two in tandem. As of 2019, 250 Aircams were licensed and flying. In 2019, a complete kit with Rotax 912ULS engines, less instruments, paint, shipping and crating was priced at US$128,990.

Design and development
The first prototype Aircam was built in 1995. Designed by Phil Lockwood, founder of Lockwood Aircraft, it was built for the National Geographic Society for research and photography in the Ndoki Rain Forest in the northern Congo Basin. It was built to fly low and slow and to provide a wide, unobstructed view, with the additional security of a second engine. The design has since been improved while retaining the same layout.

The initial version, produced by Leza-Lockwood Corporation, was powered by twin Rotax 582 powerplants of  each. Twin  Rotax 912 and  914 engines were optional. Later, the 582 was eliminated, the 912 engine became standard and Leza-Lockwood's name was changed to Lockwood. In 2015, an optional bubble canopy kit was introduced. The aircraft can also be configured with floats to become amphibious.

The Aircam was designed to be able to take off on one engine if needed, and the positioning of the engines close to the centerline contributes to this capability as well as its benign single engine handling.

The Aircam has a landing roll of 300 feet and a takeoff roll of under 200 feet.

Accidents and incidents
The United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) lists eight accidents involving Aircams between 1993 and February 2010. In these eight accidents, there was one fatality, one serious injury, one minor injury and seven people uninjured.

Jack Roush of NASCAR team Roush Fenway Racing nearly lost his life after the Aircam he was flying struck a power line and sank in a lake near Troy, Alabama in April 2002. He was saved in a dramatic rescue by retired U.S. Marine Larry Hicks.

Specifications (Aircam)

See also

References

External links

The AirCam Experience by Paul Dye, AVweb

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
Clausius–Duhem inequality. The Clausius–Duhem inequality is a way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics that is used in continuum mechanics. This inequality is particularly useful in determining whether the constitutive relation of  a material is thermodynamically allowable.

This inequality is a statement concerning the irreversibility of natural processes, especially when energy dissipation is involved. It was named after the German physicist Rudolf Clausius and French physicist Pierre Duhem.

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of the specific entropy 
The Clausius–Duhem inequality can be expressed in integral form as

In this equation  is the time,  represents a body and the integration is over the volume of the body,  represents the surface of the body,  is the mass density of the body,  is the specific entropy (entropy per unit mass),  is the normal velocity of ,  is the velocity of particles inside ,  is the unit normal to the surface,  is the heat flux vector,  is an energy source per unit mass, and  is the absolute temperature. All the variables are functions of a material point at  at time .

In differential form the Clausius–Duhem inequality can be written as

where  is the time derivative of  and  is the divergence of the vector .

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of specific internal energy 
The inequality can be expressed in terms of the internal energy as

where  is the time derivative of the specific internal energy  (the internal energy per unit mass),  is the Cauchy stress, and  is the gradient of the velocity. This inequality incorporates the balance of energy and the balance of linear and angular momentum into the expression for the Clausius–Duhem inequality.

Dissipation 
The quantity 

is called the dissipation which is defined as the rate of internal entropy production per unit volume times the absolute temperature.  Hence the Clausius–Duhem inequality is also called the dissipation inequality.  In a real material, the dissipation is always greater than zero.

See also 
 Entropy
 Second law of thermodynamics

References

External links 
 Memories of Clifford Truesdell by Bernard D. Coleman, Journal of Elasticity, 2003.
 Thoughts on Thermomechanics by Walter Noll, 2008.

Continuum mechanics
Crémone. A Crémone or "Crémone Bolt" is a type of decorative hardware used as a locking device to fasten a pair of casement windows. A knob or lever handle is linked by a rack and pinion to a pair of half-round rods or "surface bolts" which slide over the outside surface of the door or window and extend into sockets at the head and sill of the opening. The gear mechanism operates the two vertical rods at the same time; one rod extends up into the door head, and the other extends down into the door sill. The device is similar in appearance to an "espagnolette" lock, but uses a half-round rod.

Shown from the rear, the parts of the crémone bolt gearbox (1) includes the lever or knob (3), which rotates the pinion gear (4), engaging the pair of rack gears (2),  which push the two half-round bars (5) upward and downward at the same time (only the bottom bar is shown), into the sockets.

References

Windows
Gloster Goral. The Gloster Goral was a single-engined two-seat biplane built to an Air Ministry contract for a general-purpose military aircraft in the late 1920s.  It did not win the contest and only one was built.

Development
In 1927, driven by conflicting pressures of an ageing, World War I aircraft stock and the continual need for economy the Air Ministry was attracted by the idea of a general-purpose, multi-tasking machine which used many components from the large stocks of Airco DH.9A accumulated ten years before.  The result was Air Ministry specification 26/27, which also encouraged the use of a metal airframe for use overseas and of the abundant Napier Lion engine.  At least eight manufacturers responded and the Goral was Gloster's submission.

The Goral was an all-metal framed, fabric-covered biplane using DH9A wings of two-bay construction and of slight stagger, with parallel interplane struts.  There were ailerons on all wings.  The fuselage was oval in cross section and quite slim.  The wire-braced, round-tipped tailplane carried unbalanced elevators but the small fin carried a square-topped horn-balanced rudder.  The pilot sat under the wing trailing edge cutout, with the gunner behind him, his gun on a ring, mounted on the raised rear decking.  The undercarriage had a single axle strutted to the fuselage near the front spar and forward to the engine firewall.

The Goral was powered by an uncowled 425 hp (315 kW) Bristol Jupiter VIA   radial engine rather than the suggested Lion, driving a 12 ft (3.65 m) two-bladed fixed-pitch propeller.  The engine exhausts ran along  both sides of the lower fuselage from the Goral's long nose to below the gunner's cockpit.

The Goral was designed to allow the wings to be replaced with those from existing DH.9A stocks and the fuselage was constructed so that metal components could be replaced by wooden ones to optimise the possibility of overseas sales.  Nevertheless, these did not materialise, despite Argentinian interest as late as 1931.  At home, the Goral had been in competition for the Air Ministry contract almost immediately after its first flight in February 1927.  The competition winner was the Westland Wapiti.

The name
Goral is the local name for a goat-antelope, native to the mountains of Northern India, Nemorhaedus goral.

Specifications

See also

References

1920s British aircraft
Goral
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Andrea Naccari. Andrea Naccari (12 August 1841 – 2 October 1919) is notable for his study of  the thermoelectric properties of metals, the photoelectric effect of metals immersed in liquids, and the electrical conductivity of gases and liquid dielectrics. He showed that the variation in the electrical resistance of distilled water was due largely to the solubility of the glass of the receptacle in which it was contained.

He obtained his PhD in pure maths in 1862 at the University of Padua under  Francesco Rossetti.

References
 Atti della R. Accad. delle Scienze di Torino 1927, 63, pp. 24–30.
 Nuovo Cimento [ser. 8] 1927, 4, pp. 49–59.

External links
 
 Naccari biography
 Naccari obituary

19th-century Italian physicists
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
1841 births
1919 deaths
700 series. 700 series may refer to:
 700 Series Shinkansen, Japanese high-speed train
 N700 Series Shinkansen, Japanese high-speed train
 Choshi Electric Railway 700 series electric multiple unit
 GeForce 700 series of graphics processing units from Nvidia
 Iyotetsu 700 series electric multiple unit
 Keihan 700 series electric multiple unit
 Keikyu 700 series (1956), electric trains operated by Keikyu in Japan from 1956, and later reclassified 600 series
 Keikyu 700 series, electric trains operated by Keikyu in Japan from 1967 to 2005
 IBM 700 series, vacuum tube digital computers in the 1950s
 IdeaPad 700, a discontinued brand of notebook computers, same as Lenovo's IdeaPad 100
 ThinkPad 700 series, a line of laptop computers

See also
 Series 7 (disambiguation)
 7000 series (disambiguation)
Ivar (brand). IVAR is a brand of backpacks known for a patented ergonomic and organizational file-like design called the IVAR-LIFT Design. Ivarson launched IVAR in July 2006 from Marin County, California.

Company background
In 1998 Ian Ivarson conceived and designed an internal shelf system for backpacks with an aim to create better organization and weight distribution ergonomics. At the time, Ivarson was a high school student at Marin Catholic in Kentfield, California. Early prototypes were developed with a sewer in Berkeley, California, and eventually progressed to direct relationships with unionized factories in Asia. 

During early development, Ivarson also filed for patents. Until the actual launch of IVAR, development of the IVAR backpack was slow as Ivarson was a college student and student-athlete during most of that time.

Following graduation from the University of Denver, Ivarson launched IVAR in July 2006 with one single daypack model from an office and warehouse on Bank Street in San Anselmo, California.

Over the years, IVAR's retail distribution reached a height of over 300 retail doors. Today, the brand is sold primarily online and in an array of brick-and-mortar retailers in the sporting goods, outdoor, luggage, and bookstore categories.

References

External links

IVAR: Official Website
“San Rafael man touts design of more efficient backpack,” Marin Independent Journal
“Leaders of the packs: Help kids choose wisley,” The Denver Post
IVAR Facebook Page Resource

Companies based in Marin County, California
Luggage brands
Manufacturing companies based in California
American brands
European Technology Exposure Facility. The European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) was a payload mounted on the exterior of the European Columbus laboratory, one of the modules of the International Space Station. The facility, mounted onto the exterior of Columbus, provided a platform for multiple types of experiments and materials to be exposed directly to the harsh space environment.

The EuTEF is a programmable, multifunctional architecture that provides uniform interfaces for instruments. Nine instrument modules are accommodated and operated simultaneously. Each experiment is mounted on the Columbus External Payload Adapter (CEPA), which consists of an adapter plate, the Active Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanism (A-FRAM) and the connectors & harness. The experiments are mounted either directly onto the adapter plate or a support structure that elevates them for optimum exposure to the ram (direction of flight) and zenith directions.

In total, the facility has a mass of . The first set of experiments (successfully mounted during STS-122 and removed during STS-128) mounted to the facility included:
DEBris In-orbit Evaluator (DEBIE-2): micrometeoroid and orbital debris detector
EuTEF Thermometer (EuTEMP): measure EuTEF's thermal environment
Earth Viewing Camera (EVC): Earth observing camera
Exposure experiment (EXPOSE): An exobiological exposure facility
Flux(Phi) Probe EXperiment (FIPEX): atomic oxygen detector
Material Exposure and Degradation Experiment (MEDET): examine material degradation
Plasma Electron Gun Payload (PLEGPAY): plasma discharge in orbit
An Experiment on Space Tribology Experiment (Tribolab): testbed for the tribology (study of friction on moving parts) properties of materials

See also
Scientific research on the ISS

References

External links
 EuTEF brochure - ESA
 EUTEF - European Technology Exposure Facility - Carlo Gavazzi Space

Columbus (ISS module)
Science facilities on the International Space Station
Space exposure experiments
TID-class tug. TID was a standardized British design for a tugboat drawn up and built during the Second World War. One hundred and eighty two (TID-1 to TID-12 and TID-14 to TID-183) were built for the Ministry of War Transport.

Manufacture
Richard Dunston Ltd., a shipbuilding company with yards at Thorne on the Stainforth and Keadby Canal and at Hessle on the Humber, had pioneered the use of welded construction, rather than the more conventional rivetting, since 1933, although they had never built an all-welded vessel. An order for 12 tugs in 1942 was the opportunity to try such a design. They designed the hulls so that they could be made up from eight separate sections, which were fabricated by manufacturers with spare welding capacity. Shipbuilders with spare capacity were in short supply at the time, but other non-shipbuilding industry was available. Each of the sections was a maximum of  by  by , and weighed less than 6 tons, so that they could be transported by road to the Thorne yard. At the yard, the sections were fitted together by welders, many of whom were women, and the engines were installed. The first tug was ready for despatch in February 1943, and for more than a year, one left the yard every five days.

The first 90 tugs built were fitted with coal-fired boiler, while subsequent ones were oil-fired. Dunston's built a total of 159 TID tugs, of which 152 were built at Thorne and seven at Hessle. These were supplemented by 23 which were built at the yard of William Pickersgill & Co., of Sunderland. Several of the oil-fired tugs were shipped to the Far East as deck cargo on larger vessels.

As designed they were  long by  in the beam by  deep, measuring 54 GRT. Draught when laden was  - a displacement of 124 tons. Propulsion was a 220 ihp 2 cylinder reciprocating steam engine driving a single screw. Steam was from coal or later oil - the change being to allow use in the Far East. They were capable of around 8 knots.

Gallery

See also
CHANT (ship type) - a standardized coastal tanker

References

Bibliography

External links

pictures of preserved TID
List of TID at medway maritime trust
Steam Tug TID 172 History & Preservation

Ministry of War Transport ships
Tugboats of the United Kingdom
Armored Task Force. The Armored Task Force is a computer wargame developed by ProSIM Company and published by Shrapnel Games in 2002. The lead developer was Pat Proctor, the founder of ProSIM Company.

Gameplay 
The game is a combat simulation that includes four campaigns in the following settings: 
 Death Valley, California. 
 The National Training Center in Fort Irwin, California. 
 A hypothetical World War III in the Fulda Gap. 
A fictional war in Iraq (the game was created before Operation Iraqi Freedom). 

The gameplay framework was built on the real-time gameplay of its predecessor, BCT Commander. The game has an AI and hierarchy system that allows players to command their forces, from individual vehicles to larger units.

The game engine for Armored Task Force inspired a series of ProSIM games, including The Falklands War: 1982,  Raging: The Second Korean War, and The Star and the Crescent.

References

2002 video games
Computer wargames
Shrapnel Games games
Video games set in California
Video games set in Iraq
World War III video games