omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bhola Thapa. Bhola Thapa (born July 7, 1967) is a Nepali educationist, researcher, author and the vice chancellor of Kathmandu University. He is also a professor in the department of mechanical engineering at Kathmandu University.

Early life and education 
Thapa initially received his School Leaving Certificate from HMG board from Laboratory High School, Kirtipur, Kathmandu in 1983. He then got his Proficiency Certificate Level (Science) from Amrit Science Campus, Lainchaur, Kathmandu in 1986 under Tribhuvan University. Thapa completed his Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College and got his degree from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India in 1991. Thapa completed his Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering in 1999 from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India. Thapa then worked from April 2001 – September 2004 to receive his PhD in thesis title Sand Erosion in Hydraulic Machinery from Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.

Career 
Thapa started his career in Kathmandu University as a lecturer in the department of mechanical engineering in 1994. He became an assistant professor in 2000, associate professor in 2005 and has been professor since 2008. Thapa worked as the in-charge of department of mechanical engineering for a decade in his two terms from 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010. Thapa worked as the head of the department of mechanical engineering at Kathmandu University from April 2005. Thapa also worked as associate dean of the school of engineering from May 2005. Then he worked as officiating dean of the school of engineering from July 2005 to 2007. He then worked as head of the department of computer science and engineering from August 2006. Thapa then worked as the acting dean of the school of engineering from March 2007 to 2008. He then served as the dean of the school of engineering from 2008 to April 2016. Thapa then served as the registrar of Kathmandu University from 15 June 2013 to 23 August 2018 (one complete term and next partial). In his term as the registrar of Kathmandu University, he also worked as the acting vice chancellor from 16 December 2017 to 20 January 2018. From January 20, 2021, Thapa is working as the vice chancellor of Kathmandu University.

Books published

Engineer of Engineering Education is the English translated version of इन्जिनियरिङ शिक्षाका इन्जिनियर, both having been written by Thapa. The book features the role of Norwegian Inge Johansen in the initiation and development of engineering education at Kathmandu University.

See also
 Suresh Raj Sharma
 Kathmandu University

References

1967 births
Living people
Academic staff of Kathmandu University
Rubidium acetate. Rubidium acetate is a rubidium salt that is the result of reacting rubidium metal, rubidium carbonate, or rubidium hydroxide with acetic acid. It is soluble in water like other acetates.

Uses
Rubidium acetate is used as a catalyst for the polymerization of silanol terminated siloxane oligomers.

References

Rubidium compounds
Acetates
Catalysts
Motihari-Amlekhganj pipeline. Motihari-Amlekhgunj pipeline is a  long trans-border petrolium pipeline between Amlekhgunj Oil Depot in Parsa of Nepal and Motihari of India. This pipeline transports petroleum from Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) to Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC).
It is also the first ever trans-national pipeline in the Indian subcontinent. It has an annual capacity of two million metric tonn.

History
The pipeline was first proposed in 1996. An agreement was reached between the NOC and IOC in 2004. The project finally was set for construction after the visit of Indian prime minister Narendra Modi to Kathmandu in 2014. 
Both governments inked an agreement to execute the project in August 2015. However, the project construction was delayed due to the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and supply obstruction along the southern border. The project construction works finally began in April 2018 and were completed in April 2020. The pipeline was jointly inaugurated by the Prime ministers of India and Nepal on 10 September 2019.

The pipeline displaces the need to carry petroleum products from India to Nepal by tankers that was done since 1973. The pipeline is expected to save NPR 2 billion annually on transportation.

The project was constructed in 15 months, though the actual duration allocated was 30 months.

Features of pipeline
 of the pipeline lies in Indian territory (from Raxaul to Motihari) and the  in Nepal from Raxaul to Amlekhgunj
About 6,500 large trees and about 4,000 small trees were cut off in the Parsa National Park area for the construction of the pipeline.

References

India–Nepal relations
Pipeline transport
Pipelines in Nepal
Oil pipelines in India
2019 establishments in India
2019 establishments in Nepal
Energy infrastructure completed in 2020
Aimsun. Aimsun (short for "Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non-Urban Networks") is a software company that provides simulation software and services for transportation planning and traffic management.

Overview 
Aimsun was founded in 1997 and developed Aimsun Next traffic modeling software, which simulates mobility in networks.

Aimsun also develops Aimsun Live, which is a simulation-based traffic forecasting software as well as Aimsun Auto for studying path planning in driverless vehicles, and Aimsun Ride for modeling demand-responsive transportation services.

Aimsun was acquired by Siemens in 2018 for an undisclosed sum, as part of the Siemens Mobility Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) unit.

In 2021, Siemens Mobility carved out the Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) unit, of which Aimsun is a part, and renamed it Yunex Traffic.

In 2022, Italian infrastructure group Mundys (then known as Atlantia) bought Siemens' Yunex Traffic division for 950 million euros ($1.1 billion) to expand its transport services, making Aimsun a part of the Mundys group.

Transport models 

 Paris (Aimsun Paris match)
 London (Transport for London, Aimsun Next platform)
 Sydney
 New York City
 Abu Dhabi (Aimsun Abu Dhabi transport model)
 Singapore (Aimsun Live Technology Trial in Singapore)
 Bergen (Aimsun smart traffic management pilot in Norway)
 Western Australia (Transport predictive solution)

Recognition 

 Highways Industry category award for Aimsun’s air quality modelling solution at the Highways Awards.
 Smart Transport Infrastructure Award (M4 Smart Motorway Project – Simulation-Based Support for Smart Motorway Infrastructure)
 Won Excellence in Research and Development Award by ITS for Sydney Victoria Road Intelligent Decision Support System

References 

Simulation software
Traffic management
Pesticide refuge area. A refuge area is a countermeasure against pesticide resistance in agriculture. In this technique two adjacent pieces of land are demarcated, and one is applied with a pesticide and one is not - the refuge. Given that resistance develops concurrent with application, a more complex way of dealing with the problem is needed than simply using or not using a particular pesticide. A refuge encourages the overall population to maintain a lower prevalence of resistance by segmenting them into two populations: The population receiving the pesticide and the pesticide-free population. Over time the population that suffers pesticide application will evolve resistance - and more widespread resistance. Meanwhile, the other will continue to be pesticide-naive. However the trick here is that a larger proportion of the main population will die off - allowing the pesticide-naive genetics to more successfully reproduce within the overall area, and thus to dominate the overall population.

Refugia are commonly used today especially to maintain effectiveness in Bt-modified transgenic crops.

References

Environmental effects of pesticides
Pesticides
Crop protection
Insect ecology
Population ecology
Agricultural pests
Ecological genetics
Biological evolution
Keihan 6000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Keihan Electric Railway in Kyoto, Japan, since 1983.

The series won the Laurel Prize from the Japan Railfan Club in 1984.

Overview 
The 6000 series was introduced in 1983 with 11 7-car sets built by the end of 1983. The remaining 38 cars would be built in 10 batches between 1986 and 1993.

The sixth batch, built in 1989, was a seven-car set with four cars being built as prototypes for next-generation VVVF traction motors. In 1993, three of those test vehicles would be renumbered and incorporated into an existing 7000 series set. In lieu, three replacement cars would be built in December 1993 as the tenth and last batch of the series.

These trains would be the basis for the 7000 series introduced in 1992.

Interior 
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout.

Formations 
The eight-car trains are formed as follows, with four motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 "Mc" cars are motored driving cars (with driving cabs).
 "M" cars are motored intermediate cars.
 "T" cars are unpowered trailer cars.
 The "Mc 6000" and "M 6150" cars each have two scissors-type pantographs.

History

Refurbishment 

Beginning in fiscal 2013, the 6000 series fleet has undergone a refurbishment programme. The refurbishment includes a redesigned interior based on that of the 13000 series, with wider bucket-style seats, audiovisual door warnings, internal LCD information displays, LED lighting throughout, and accessibility improvements. The first treated sets returned to service on 5 September 2014.

Gallery

References

External links 

  

Electric multiple units of Japan
6000 series
Train-related introductions in 1983
Kawasaki multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Hilda Counts. Hilda Counts (16 September 1893 – 17 May 1989) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder of the American Society of Women Engineers and Architects. She was the first woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Biography
Hilda Counts was born in 1893 in Runnels County, Texas to Sylvania (née) Whisnant and Thomas Peter Counts. She had a younger brother Oakley Ford. She got an associate degree from the University of Colorado before working as a high school mathematics and physics teacher for two years. She then returned to the University where she studied electrical engineering. She graduated in 1919 as the first woman to do so with that degree. Counts went to work in Westinghouse Electric Corporation until deciding to return again to gain a higher degree. However she married Arthur T. Edgecomb (1867–1936) around 1926 and retired for a number of years.

Counts returned to work after a fourteen-year gap and worked in the Rural Electrification Administration in Washington D.C.

She officially retired in 1963 but remained involved in the work until her 80s. Counts died in 1989 age 95.

Professional organisations
When Counts worked with Lou Alta Melton, to create an American Society of Women Engineers and Architects they wrote to all US universities with Engineering departments to find how many women were students. The replies were notable for the number which stated "this university does not have and never expects to have any women engineering students". Despite the great number of negative replies it turned out that there were about 200 women students in engineering courses. So the two women announced the establishment of the association, with support from fellow engineering student Elsie Eaves and a number of women joined in 1919 to 1920.

Long term the association did not last but it did foreshadow the US Society of Women Engineers. Counts remained focused on the creation and maintenance of such an organisation and in women's education in engineering. She was involved in the founding of the SWE. Counts was also on the board of the District of Columbia Society of Professional Engineers. The Society of Women Engineers has a scholarship in her name, The Pioneer Scholarship, established in memory of Hilda Counts, Elsie Eaves, and Lou Alta Melton.

References and sources

1893 births
1989 deaths
American women engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American women
Engineers from Colorado
Members of the Society of Women Engineers
Robert Carpick. Robert William Carpick is a Canadian mechanical engineer. He is currently director of diversity, equity, and inclusion and John Henry Towne Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics at the University of Pennsylvania. He is best known for his work in tribology, particularly nanotribology.

Education 
Carpick received his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Toronto in 1991, and his master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1997. His thesis was entitled "The Study of Contact, Adhesion and Friction at the Atomic Scale by Atomic Force Microscopy". His PhD supervisor was Miquel Salmeron, who pioneered the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in tribology. During his PhD, Carpick devised a method to obtain reproducible and quantitative friction measurements using AFM.

Research career 
After his PhD, he spent two years as a postdoctoral appointee at Sandia National Laboratory in the Surface and Interface Science Department, and then the Biomolecular Materials and Interfaces Department, where he worked under the supervision of Dr Alan R. Burns. In 2000, he joined the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the Engineering Physics Department. Carpick moved to the University of Pennsylvania in January 2007.

He has made a number of important discoveries in the field of nanotribology using AFM. These include that the friction of lamellar 2D-materials (e.g. graphene, molybdenum disulfide, niobium diselenide, and hexagonal boron nitride) increases as the number of layers decreases. He has shown that frictional ageing of the contacts between rock surfaces arises from the formation of interfacial chemical bonds. He found that the wear of AFM tips cannot be adequately described by macroscale models and instead is driven by nanoscale mechanochemical processes. His group has also given important insights into the mechochemical tribofilm formation of the lubricant antiwear additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). According to Google Scholar, as of 2021, his work had been cited on over 16,000 occasions.

Honours and awards 
Carpick was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2012, a Fellow of the American Vacuum Society in 2014, a Fellow of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers in 2016, a Fellow of the Materials Research Society in 2017, and a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 2019. He received a National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2001, and was named Outstanding New Mechanics Educator by the American Society for Engineering Education in 2003. In 2009, he was awarded the ASME Burt L. Newkirk Award.

Personal life 
Carpick has been married to his partner since 2003. He is also a fan and practitioner of curling and the organ.

References 

 

Tribologists
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian LGBTQ scientists
Canadian LGBTQ academics
21st-century Canadian LGBTQ people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Harmen Blok. Harmen Blok was a Dutch mechanical engineer. He was best known for his work in the field of tribology.

Early life and education 
Blok was born on 8 September 1910 in Amsterdam. He was the son of Pieter Engel Johannes Blok and Wikje Harmina Poort.

He graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering from Delft University of Technology in 1932.

He died on 16 August 2000 in The Hague.

Research 
After graduating from the Delft University of Technology, and a short period as research assistant, Harmen Blok joined the Delft Laboratory of the Royal Dutch Shell Group in 1933, to work on the fundamentals of lubrication. He left Shell in 1951 to take up a position as Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Delft University of Technology. Here, along with Professor Boerlage, he developed the now ubiquitous four-ball wear tester. One of his key contributions was the prediction of flash temperature rise inside rubbing contacts. He also worked on thin-film fluid lubrication and gear tribology. 

He was a Fellow of the American Society Mechanical Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In 1973, he was awarded the Tribology Gold Medal from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

He was a founding member of the International Tribology Council (ITC).

References 

 

1910 births
2000 deaths
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology alumni
Dutch mechanical engineers
Tribologists
2 Close Support Battalion REME. 2 Close Support Battalion REME is a battalion of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the British Army.

History
The battalion was formed in 1993, through the re-designation of 7 Armoured Workshop, at St Barbara Barracks, Fallingbostel. The battalion's initial role was supporting 7th Armoured Brigade, just like its predecessor unit did. 

Under the Future Soldier reforms, the battalion is due to be re-designated as 2 Force Support Battalion, and transfer from the close support to the divisional support role.

Structure
The battalion's current structure is as follows:
7 Close Support Company
11 Close Support Company

References

Battalions of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Military units and formations established in 1993
Yeshajahu Pomeranz. Yeshajahu Pomeranz (1922–1995) was an Israeli-American food scientist.

Early life and education
Pomeranz was born on 28 November 1922 in Poland to Rysia (née Bildner) and Dovid Pomeranz. He received bachelor's degrees from the Israel Institute of Technology in chemistry and chemical engineering in 1944 and 1945. He obtained a master's degree in chemical engineering from the University of London, and a doctorate in grain science and milling from Kansas State University.

Career

In 1982 he received a grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to conduct research in West Germany. He was editor-in-chief of Cereal Chemistry from 1985 to 1992.

Personal life and death
Pomeranz married an elementary school teacher from Israel and had two sons. He died of brain cancer on 21 July 1995, aged 72.

Awards and honours
 Wiley Award (1980) from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
 Thomas Burr Osborne Medal (1980) and William F. Geddes Memorial Award (1982) from the American Association of Cereal Chemists
 USDA Distinguished Service Award (1983)
 Award for advancement of application of agricultural and food chemistry (1984) from the Agriculture and Food Division of the American Chemical Society

Selected publications

Books

Articles

References 

1922 births
1995 deaths
Polish emigrants to Israel
20th-century Israeli scientists
Alumni of the University of London
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Academic journal editors
Kansas State University alumni
7 Aviation Support Battalion REME. 7 Aviation Support Battalion REME is a battalion of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the British Army.

History
The battalion was formed in the early 1990s at Detmold in Germany. It was a regular REME battalion, formed from 8 Close Support Company, 71 Close Support Company, 73 Close Support Company, and 72 (Depth) Company. It moved to Wattisham in 1994. The battalion went on to deploy to Iraq (after 2003) and Afghanistan, to support both 24th Airmobile Brigade and 16th Air Assault Brigade.

132 Aviation Supply Unit was formed in 1993 at Wattisham. In September 1999 it was redesignated 132 Aviation Supply Squadron. At some later point in time it was again redesignated to 132 Aviation Support Squadron. It is responsible for aviation supply support to the whole of the Army Aviation community.

Structure
The battalion's current structure is as follows:
Battalion Headquarters
70 Field Company
71 Aviation Company
72 Headquarter Company
73 Aviation Company
132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC

References

Battalions of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Military units and formations established in 1992
Marlene Rosenberg. Marlene Rosenberg is an American plasma physicist known for her work on cosmic and interplanetary dusty plasma.

Education and career
Rosenberg earned a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard University in 1976, under the supervision of Gabor J. Kalman; her dissertation was Waves and instabilities in plasmas in pulsar atmospheres.

After working on nuclear fusion in industry at General Atomics and Jaycor, in San Diego, California, she became a research scientist in electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), in the early 1990s, affiliated with the UCSD Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.

Research contributions and recognition
In 2000, Rosenberg was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Plasma Physics, "for pioneering contributions to the theory of dusty plasmas, especially related to strong coupling effects and the role of instabilities".

A 2003 paper by Rosenberg in the New Journal of Physics, "Plasma interaction with microbes" with Mounir Laroussi and D. A. Mendis, concerned "the germ-killing potential of cold plasmas"; in 2007 it was named one of the most significant articles from the journal over the previous decade.

She has also been one of the researchers on the Plasmakristall-4 (PK-4) plasma experiment, carried out beginning in 2017 on the International Space Station.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American physicists
American women physicists
Plasma physicists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American women
VISC architecture. In computing, VISC architecture (after Virtual Instruction Set Computing) is a processor instruction set architecture and microarchitecture developed by Soft Machines, which uses the Virtual Software Layer (translation layer) to dispatch a single thread of instructions to the Global Front End which splits instructions into virtual hardware threadlets which are then dispatched to separate virtual cores. These virtual cores can then send them to the available resources on any of the physical cores. Multiple virtual cores can push threadlets into the reorder buffer of a single physical core, which can split partial instructions and data from multiple threadlets through the execution ports at the same time. Each virtual core keeps track of the position of the relative output. This form of multithreading (simultaneous multithreading) can increase single threaded performance by allowing a single thread to use all resources of the CPU.
The allocation of resources is dynamic on a near-single cycle latency level (1–4 cycles depending on the change in allocation depending on individual application needs. Therefore, if two virtual cores are competing for resources, there are appropriate algorithms in place to determine what resources are to be allocated where.
Unlike the traditional processor designs, VISC doesn't use physical cores, instead the resources of the chip are made available as 'virtual cores' and 'virtual hardware threads' according to workload needs.

References

 
Digital electronics
Electronic design
Electronic design automation