omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scarab (rover). Scarab is a 2010 robotic lunar rover prototype designed to assist astronauts take rock and mineral samples.  Scarab is capable of autonomously traversing in dark polar craters using laser mapping to navigate and carries a science payload. The science payload is capable of taking a core sample from 1 m depth and analyzing it for water and gasses, and also has an 80 cm bucket wheel for collecting lunar samples. The rover has a mass of 312 kg.  Scarab will also be used to test varying mobility techniques and lunar wheels. It is being developed by the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, with support by NASA.

See also

 LORAX (robot)
 TriDAR
 Robotic exploration of the Moon
 Lunar rover

References

External links
Lunar Rover Initiative page

Carnegie Mellon Vehicles and Rovers
Lunar rovers
Robots of the United States
Four-wheeled robots
2010 robots
Schöma. Schöma is a company based in Diepholz, Germany, specialising in the construction of small diesel locomotives.

After Christoph Schöttler left his father's business, the Diepholzer Maschinenfabrik Fritz Schöttler (DIEMA), because of disagreements about the product range, in 1930 he founded his own machine factory, the Christoph Schöttler Maschinenfabrik GmbH, on the former premises of DIEMA. The company was first called SCHÖMAG for short, which was changed a few years later to Schöma. In the early years, Schöttler continued the production of mill machines and tractors, but soon started building rail vehicles.

Schöma soon became one of the most important manufacturers of field railways, mine railways, narrow-gauge diesel locomotives, and railway service vehicles. They also developed their own engines and transmissions, as well as a drive shaft for diesel locomotives. At the beginning of the 1960s, Schöma developed, in cooperation with the German Federal Railways, the heavy-duty Klv 53, and in the 1970s manufactured the Klv 54 vehicles.

In 1970, the construction of tunnel locomotives began; today they make up the majority of the locomotives produced by the company. They are used for the construction of subways, traffic tunnels, or supply tunnels. In addition to the tunnel locomotives, Schöma also manufactures shunting locomotives and locomotives for island railways in normal and narrow gauge. On the day of the 75th anniversary of the company, the 6000th locomotive was delivered. Many locomotives are one-offs. The company also handles the conversion of used locomotives.

Since May 19, 2011 a Schöma-Feldbahn locomotive, built in 1943 with an attached peat car, has sat in the middle of a roundabout on the highway between Vechta and Damme in Lohne (Oldenburg) - about seven kilometers away from Diepholz - where for decades peat was transported from the Südlohner Moor on the foothills of the Dammer mountains.

As of 2012, the fourth generation of the Schöttler family took over control of the company.

Examples

Sources 
    Andreas Christopher, Ulrich Völz: Die Feldbahn, Band 7: 75 Jahre SCHÖMA, Ingrid Zeunert, Gifhorn 2005,  (Christoph Schöttler Maschinenfabrik 1930–2005)
    Dieter Holtbrügger:" Qualität made in Diepholz." In: eisenbahn-magazin 12/2012, S. 38f.
    Georg Thomas: "Gefragte Loks". In: Niedersächsische Wirtschaft 02/2014 S. 28

External links

Schöma corporate website

Manufacturing companies of Germany
Waterwijk. Waterwijk  (also: Gemeente Waterleiding Terrain) is a neighborhood of Amsterdam, Netherlands built on the site of the Amsterdam municipal waterworks on the corner of Haarlemmerweg and Van Hallstraat in Amsterdam-West. In this neighborhood, an ecodistrict has been implemented.

In the 6-hectare neighborhood, cars may only access the parking areas for the apartment buildings from the streets that form the edges of the neighborhood; all of the inner areas of the neighborhood are car-free.

References

Amsterdam-West
Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam
Car-free zones in the Netherlands
Sharpshooter-class torpedo gunboat. The Sharpshooter-class torpedo gunboat was a class of torpedo gunboat built for the Royal Navy in the late 19th century.  One of the class was hulked in 1904, seven were scrapped before World War I and five were converted to minesweepers.  Of these minesweepers, Seagull was lost to a collision in 1918 and the rest survived the war to be broken up in the early 1920s.

Design
The Sharpshooter class was designed by Sir William White in 1888.  They had a length overall of , a beam of  and a displacement of 735 tons.  They were engined with two sets of Belliss and Morcom triple-expansion steam engines, two locomotive-type boilers, and twin screws.  This layout produced  with natural draught and  with forced draught, giving them a top speed of .  They carried 100 tons of coal, giving them a range of about  at  and were manned by 91 sailors and officers. The following Alarm class were essentially an enlarged version of the Sharpshooters.

From 1895 to 1898 a series of different boilers were fitted to Sharpshooter, Sheldrake, Seagull, Spanker and Salamander.

Armament
At build the class was fitted with two QF /45-pounder guns and four 3-pounder guns.  Five  torpedo tubes were fitted, except in Plassey and Assaye, which had three tubes.  Three reloads were provided.

Those vessels converted to minesweepers in 1909 retained their guns and had a kite winch and gallows fitted on the quarterdeck.

Service
Plassey and Assaye were built for the Bombay Marine (renamed the Royal Indian Marine in 1892). Whiting and Wizard (renamed Boomerang and Karakatta before commissioning) were assigned to the Australia Station.  Seven of the class, including all the colonial service boats, were sold for breaking in 1904 - 1907, and five of the class were converted to minesweepers in 1908 - 1909.  Of the five minesweepers, Seagull was lost in a collision with SS Corrib in the Clyde in 1918, and the others were sold for breaking after World War I.  Sharpshooter was hulked for instructional duties in 1904 and renamed Northampton, surviving until 1922 until being sold for breaking.

Ships

See also
List of torpedo gunboats of the Royal Navy

References

Bibliography

Torpedo gunboat classes
 
 S
Pollution in New Zealand. Pollution is an environmental issue in New Zealand with a number of measures being taken to reduce its severity. New Zealand is sometimes viewed as being "clean and green" but this can be refuted due to pollution levels, among other factors. New Zealand does have a relatively low air pollution level, but some areas have high levels of plastic pollution.

Types

Water pollution

Water pollution in New Zealand varies depending on the level of development in the water catchment areas. In recent years concerns have been raised about the effect of intensification of dairy farming on water quality. The Drying and Clean Streams Accord was established to address problems with water pollution due to dairy farming.

Marine pollution

Fertiliser runs off farms and yards into nearby rivers and streams, which carry it out to the ocean. It is also carried by the cloud and when it rains it drops in the ocean, which is carried by the current.

Air pollution
Smog was a problem in Christchurch.

New Zealand has a relatively unique greenhouse gas emissions profile. In 2007, agriculture contributed 48.2% of total emissions, energy (including transport); 43.2%, industry; 6.1%, waste; 2.4%. In other Kyoto Protocol Annex 1 countries, agriculture typically contributes about 11% of total emissions. From 1990 to 2007, total greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand increased by 22.1%. Emission increases by sector were - agriculture; 12.1%, energy; 39.2%, industry; 35.0%. Only the small waste sector reduced emissions, by 25.3%.

Legislation
Clean Air Act 1972
Resource Management Act 1991

Notable occurrences
Contaminated site at Mapua
Tui mine tailings dam

See also
Environment of New Zealand
Pesticides in New Zealand
Litter in New Zealand

References

External links
Hazardous substances page at the Ministry for the Environment
Water Regulations Advisory Scheme. The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) was a company that provided a range of services around UK drinking water safety. Since 2021, the company and its services were split into two entities; WaterRegsUK and Water Regulations Approval Scheme with the latter keeping the WRAS logo and an approvals process for water fittings.

After its creation in 1999 the WRAS term became a 'shorthand' within the UK as a conformance mark that demonstrates that an item complies with high standards set out by water regulations 1999 in the United Kingdom. In more recent years WRAS approval is now one of a few competing compliance schemes available.  

Water Regulation 4 compliance is a way of proving that the item meets PART of the above legislation. So a plumbing fitting might be tested and approved - but if installed and/or operated incorrectly might breach the Water Regulations 1999. 

Service provider, NSF and KIWA offer third party testing for WRAS approval. Although not widely known other companies such as KIWA offer their own direct testing and approval services for a plumbing fitting (Water Regulation 4 compliance).

References

Sources

External links
 WRAS official site

Certification marks
Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
Clean Air Act 1972. The Clean Air Act 1972 was an Act of Parliament passed in New Zealand in 1972.  It aimed to regulate industrial pollution by establishing a licensing system for permissible emission levels. This legislation also enhanced the monitoring of air quality in major urban centers and allowed for the creation of clean air zones by local authorities, as was done in Christchurch. The Act represented an early effort to reduce pollution from both residential and industrial sources. It was repealed by the Resource Management Act 1991.

See also
Pollution in New Zealand

References

External links
Text of the Act

Statutes of New Zealand
Environmental law in New Zealand
Air pollution in New Zealand
Repealed New Zealand legislation
1972 in the environment
1972 in New Zealand law
Tonejet. Tonejet is a drop-on-demand inkjet printing technology that enables the direct digital deposition of printing ink onto substrates. The Tonejet digital printing process is targeted at commercial and industrial applications.

Tonejet was first disclosed in Patent Cooperation Treaty publication WO 93/11866 dated June 24, 1993, with the inventor named as Luis Lima-Marques assigned to Research Laboratories of Australia Pty. Ltd., in Adelaide, Australia. A number of patents relating to the technology, including United States Patent 6,260,954, have been granted. Research Laboratories of Australia formed a partnership with The Technology Partnership plc, a technology and product development company from the UK, to add hardware development expertise. Tonejet now has its headquarters in Cambridge, UK.

Process 

The Tonejet process is an electrostatic drop-on-demand deposition technology that enables high-quality images to be printed onto virtually any type of absorbing or non-absorbing substrate at high speed. The Tonejet process consists of electrostatic concentration and ejection of particles from a fluid. The Tonejet print head enables an electric field to be applied to the ink. The Tonejet ink is a key part of the ejection process; it consists of electrically charged conventional pigments in a non-conductive liquid. In the Tonejet printhead, an electric force is applied directly to the charged ink particles. The longer the electric pulse is applied, the more ink is ejected. The Tonejet ejection process concentrates the ink prior to ejecting the droplets onto the substrate, with continuous greyscale control. The Tonejet printhead is a three-dimensional structure consisting of side walls, flow channels and ejectors. An ink meniscus is formed between the side walls and the ejector. The Tonejet printhead is therefore a simple, nozzleless, open structure.

Commercial products 

In  late 2007, Tonejet announced that it had produced the world's widest integral printhead for use in an industrial printer. The  wide printhead would enable the vast majority of food and drink packaging to be printed in a single pass, thereby bringing substantial logistics and cost savings to the packaging industry.

In 2008, Ball Packaging Europe announced that in cooperation with Tonejet, they would supply individually designed beverage cans using the Tonejet process with photo quality, 600 dpi resolution.

In June 2010, Air Berlin launched its own line of beverage cans after becoming the first customer for Ball Packaging Europe's technology co-operation with Tonejet. There is some interest particularly in printing cans for the craft beer market.

See also
 Inkjet technology

References

External links

Non-impact printing
Danger from the Deep. Danger from the Deep, often abbreviated as DftD, is an open-source World War II German U-boat simulation for PC, striving for technical and historical accuracy.

Development 
The project was registered in 2003 on sourceforge.net and is since then developed as open source software under the GPLv2. In 2004 it reached beta status.

The game targets Multi-platform, supporting FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Mac OS X, Linux distributions, and Microsoft Windows by utilizing SDL and OpenGL. Hardware addressed is OpenGL 1.5 (while recommending "OpenGL 2.0 or greater") with around 256 MB of RAM, 1 GHz processor and common PC input devices (keyboard, mouse).

Development is intermittent. As of June 11 2020 the latest commit to the Git repo was May 10, 2020.  The last downloadable release was May 8, 2010

Reception 
A Linux Journal review from 2010 received DftD quite positive.

In 2004 The Wargamer recommended the game to "serious sim gamers" which should "head over to Danger from the Deep's official web site and take a look.". In 2011 an Ars Technica article on the history of simulation games noted Danger from the Deep as: "These days, submarine sims [...] are kept alive by the open-source Danger from the Deep".

The game was downloaded between 2003 and April 2017 1.3 million times alone from SourceForge, chip.de counted another 100,000 downloads.

See also

External links

References

Linux games
Submarine simulation video games
Open-source video games
IBM 357. IBM 357 Data Collection System is a now obsolete punched card-based terminal system for sending and receiving remote data.

It consisted of:
 IBM 357 Input Station (Badge and/or serial card reader)
 IBM 358 Input Control Unit 
 IBM 360 Clock Read-Out Control
 IBM 361 Read-Out Clock
 IBM 372 Manual Entry
 IBM 373 Punch Switch
 IBM 374 Cartridge Reader
 IBM 013 Badge Punch
 IBM 024/026 Card Punch (81 col)

History 
The IBM 357 system was announced worldwide in 1959. It began to be installed the following year, at libraries, manufacturing plants, etc.

The IBM 1030 Data Collection System and IBM 1050 Data Communications System were typically used in an office environment; the IBM 357 system carried out similar functions in manufacturing plants, for example steel mills.

Many of the devices are described and pictured in 1961 IBM Data Collection in the Factory manual.

References

357
52 series. The  EMUs were manufactured in 1936-1937 in 3 batches and operated by Japanese Government Railways (JGR, later JNR) for use on the Hanwa Line, and later used on the San'yō Main Line, JR Kobe Line, JR Kyoto Line in the Kansai region and the Iida Line in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The trains were developed from the 42 series EMUs.

The 52 series EMUs were retired between 1976 and 1983.

Preserved examples

 KuMoHa 52001: Suita Depot, Osaka
 KuMoHa 52004: (built in 1937 by Kawasaki Sharyo), SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1936
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
2003 Altai earthquake. The 2003 Altai earthquake, or 2003 Chuya earthquake, occurred on September 27 at  with a moment magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter of this oblique-slip shock was in Altai Republic, Russia near the borders of Mongolia, China, and Kazakhstan. Three deaths and five injuries were reported and the total damage was listed as $10.6–33 million.

Earthquake
This earthquake had components of right-lateral strike-slip and reverse movement in a segmented fault zone which had not been previously recognized.

Damage
Between 99 and 300 houses destroyed, along with 1,942 other buildings affected. It was the strongest earthquake in this region since an estimated magnitude 7.7 earthquake on December 20, 1761.

Ground effects
Landslides affected the Kosh-Agachsky and Ust'-Ulagan Districts.

See also
List of earthquakes in 2003
List of earthquakes in Russia

References

External links

2003 earthquakes
Altai Earthquake, 2003
Earthquakes in Russia
Natural disasters in Siberia
September 2003 in Russia
+Rus
Alexey Ekimov. Alexey Ekimov  or Aleksey Yekimov (; born 1945) is a Russian solid state physicist and a pioneer in nanomaterials research. He discovered the semiconductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots in 1981, while working at the Vavilov State Optical Institute. In 2023, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery.

Life

Early years and education 
Ekimov was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union in 1945. In 1967, he graduated from the Faculty of Physics, Leningrad State University. He went on to receive his PhD in physics at the Ioffe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1974.

Research and career 
After graduation, Ekimov moved to the Vavilov State Optical Institute to conduct research. He began studying  semiconductor-activated glasses, known as Schott glasses, and developing theories to explain their color. When the glasses were heated and then cooled, copper chloride crystals formed, as revealed by X-rays, creating blue colors. Smaller crystals produced bluer glass.

In 1981, Ekimov, along with Alexei A. Onushchenko, reported the discovery of quantum size effects in copper chloride nanocrystals in glass, a phenomenon known now known as quantum dots. During his time at the institute he further investigated these system and developed the theory of quantum confinement with Alexander Efros.

Since 1999, Ekimov has been living and working in the United States as a scientist for Nanocrystals Technology, a company based in New York State.

Honors and awards 
Ekimov was awarded the 1975 USSR State Prize in Science and Engineering for work on electron spin orientation in semiconductors. He is co-recipient of the 2006 R. W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America for "discovery of nanocrystal quantum dots and pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties" shared with Alexander Efros and Louis E. Brus.

Ekimov, Brus and Moungi Bawendi were the recipients of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots".

Selected publications

References

External links 
 

1945 births
Living people
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Physical chemists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Russian physicists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Soviet physicists
Russian Nobel laureates
Nanotechnologists
20th-century Russian scientists
Moist static energy. The moist static energy is a thermodynamic variable that describes the state of an air parcel, and is similar to the equivalent potential temperature. The moist static energy is a combination of a parcel's enthalpy due to an air parcel's internal energy and energy required to make room for it, its potential energy due to its height above the surface, and the latent energy due to water vapor present in the air parcel. It is a useful variable for researching the atmosphere because, like several other similar variables, it is approximately conserved during adiabatic ascent and descent.

The moist static energy, S, can be described mathematically as:

where Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, T is the absolute air temperature, g is the gravitational constant, z is the geopotential height above sea level, Lv is the latent heat of vaporization, and q is water vapor specific humidity. Note that many texts use mixing ratio r in place of specific humidity q because these values tend to be close (within a few percent) under normal atmospheric conditions, but this is an approximation and not strictly correct.

Through the study of moist static energy profiles, Herbert Riehl and Joanne Malkus determined in 1958 that hot towers, small cores of convection approximately  wide that extend from the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause, were the primary mechanism that transported energy out of the tropics to the middle latitudes. More recently, idealized model simulations of the tropics indicate that the moist static energy budget is dominated by advection, with shallow inflow in the lowest  of the atmosphere with outflow concentrated about  above the surface. Moist static energy has also been used to study the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). As with the tropics as a whole, the budget of moist static energy in the MJO is dominated by advection, but also is influenced by the wind-driven component of the surface latent heat flux. The relationship between the advection component and the latent heat component influence the timing of the MJO.

See also
Hot tower
Latent heat
Western Hemisphere Warm Pool

References

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Fuad Guliyev. Fuad Halil oghlu Guliyev ( (Latin), Фуад Хәлил оғлу Гулиев (Cyrillic), IPA: [fuˈad χæˈlil oɣˈlu ɡuˈlijef]; Russian: Фуа́д Хали́лович Кули́ев, IPA: [fuˈat xɐˈlʲiləvʲɪtɕ kuˈlʲijɪf]); born 6 July 1941), was the 5th Prime Minister of Azerbaijan.

Honoured Engineer, Laureate of the State Prize of Azerbaijan, and recipient of the USSR orders: the Order of the Badge of Honour and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

Early life
Fuad Guliyev was born on 6 July 1941 in Baku, Azerbaijan. He attended Secondary School No. 160 in Baku from 1948 through 1958, after which he was admitted to the Azerbaijan State Oil Academy. In 1963, he graduated with a degree in Petroleum Engineering.

Between 1963 and 1965, Guliyev served in the administrative division of a cement factory in Krychaw, Belarus. Upon returning to Baku, Fuad Guliyev held various managerial positions at the Research and Design Institute of Petroleum Engineering between 1965 and 1973, contributing to the development of innovative technologies in Azerbaijan's oil industry.

From 1973 to 1977, Fuad Guliyev held the position of Head of the Production Department, followed by his appointment as Chief Engineer of the Baku Air-Conditioners Factory from 1977 to 1982. 

In 1982, prior to Heydar Aliyev's departure as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party, he appointed Guliyev as Director of the Baku Air-Conditioners Factory. Fuad Guliyev remained in this position until 1994.

Political career
Following Heydar Aliyev's return to power as the President of Azerbaijan Republic, Fuad Guliyev was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Azerbaijan. Priority tasks assigned to Guliyev were implementing reforms in the agricultural sector and preventing further inflation. In May 1995, Fuad Guliyev was appointed Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, succeeding Suret Huseynov, and served in this capacity until July 1996.
In November 1995, Fuad Guliyev was elected as a Deputy to the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. During his term, he participated in a United Nations project to designate Sumgait as a free economic zone and signed contracts with foreign oil companies for the exploration, development, and production of the Karabakh oil field. 

In 1996, Fuad Guliyev stepped down from the position of Prime Minister due to health concerns. He was succeeded by Artur Rasizade.

Awards
Guliyev has been awarded with various orders and medals of USSR for his innovations in the agricultural sector of economy and received recognition awards from Azerbaijani leadership for his contributions in the oil industry of the country. Fuad Guliyev holds the title of Recognised Engineer of Azerbaijan.

References

Prime ministers of Azerbaijan
Deputy prime ministers of Azerbaijan
Politicians from Baku
1941 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Azerbaijan)
Engineers from Baku