omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EL/W-2085. The EL/W-2085 is an airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) multi-band radar system developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Elta Electronics Industries of Israel. Its primary objective is to provide intelligence to maintain air superiority and conduct surveillance. The system is currently in-service with Israel, Italy, and Singapore.

Design and features

The EL/W-2085 was developed from the single-band EL/M-2075 "Phalcon" system.

Instead of using a rotodome, a moving radar found on some AEW&C aircraft, the EL/W-2085 uses an active electronically scanned array (AESA) – an active phased array radar. This radar consists of an array of transmit/receive (T/R) modules that allow a beam to be electronically steered, making a physically rotating rotodome unnecessary. AESA radars operate on a pseudorandom set of frequencies and also have very short scanning rates, which makes them difficult to detect and jam.  Up to 1000 targets can be tracked simultaneously to a range of 243 nmi (450 km), while at the same time, multitudes of air-to-air interceptions or air-to-surface (includes maritime) attacks can be guided simultaneously. The radar equipment of the Israeli CAEW consists of each one L-band radar left and right sides on the fuselage and each one S-band antenna in nose and tail. The phased array allows positions of aircraft on operator screens to be updated every 2–4 seconds, rather than every 10 seconds as is the case on the rotodome AWACS.

Operational history
In 2005, the Israeli Air Force purchased five Gulfstream G550-based Eitam aircraft to serve as the new IDF platform for its newer generation of AEW systems. The new aircraft use the EL/W-2085 dual-band sensor suite, and are more capable and less expensive to operate than the older Boeing 707-based EL/M-2075. Extensive modifications were made to the Gulfstream's fuselage by IAI, such as the addition of protruding composite radomes, to house the radar arrays in conformal body modifications. Based at Nevatim Airbase.

In 2007, four similar G550-EL/W-2085 aircraft were purchased by the Republic of Singapore Air Force to replace its upgraded E-2C Hawkeyes. The new G550 aircraft entered service on 13 April 2012.

Italy initially purchased two G550-EL/W-2085 aircraft in 2011 and recently ordered two more in 2022.

In 2018, the U.S. Navy accepted delivery of a G550-EL/W-2085 intended to be further modified by Raytheon to become the NC-37B.

Operators

Israeli Air Force

Italian Air Force

Singapore Air Force

See also

References

External links

 EL/W-2085 Archives The Aviationist article on CAEW
 EL/W-2085 official brochure (PDF)
 IAI product page

Aircraft radars
Military radars of Israel
Elta products
City Bus Simulator 2010. City Bus Simulator 2010 is a game by TML Studios. It was released in the 3rd quarter of 2009. There is a demo version of the game which is available on their website. It simulates the M42 bus line, operated by the MTA, from the Circle Line or the Jacob Javits Center to the UN Headquarters (though the Javits branch has since been discontinued by the MTA).  It goes through Times Square and by the Grand Central Terminal. The player drives a typical Nova Bus RTS with multiple views inside and outside of the bus.

References

External links
City Bus Simulator 2010 Website
Aerosoft
TML-Studios Website

2009 video games
Aerosoft games
Bus simulation video games
MTA Regional Bus Operations
TML-Studios games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
OntoCAPE. OntoCAPE is a large-scale ontology for the domain of Computer-Aided Process Engineering (CAPE). It can be downloaded free of charge via the OntoCAPE Homepage.

OntoCAPE is partitioned into 62 sub-ontologies, which can be used individually or as an integrated suite. The sub-ontologies are organized across different abstraction layers, which separate general knowledge from knowledge about particular domains and applications.

 The upper layers have the character of an upper ontology, covering general topics such  as mereotopology, systems theory, quantities and units.
 The lower layers conceptualize the domain of chemical process engineering, covering domain-specific topics such as materials, chemical reactions, or unit operations.

Further reading 
 Marquardt et al. (2010). OntoCAPE: A Re-Usable Ontology for Chemical Process Engineering. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.

External links 
 OntoCAPE Homepage

Knowledge representation
Ontology (information science)
Henschel Hs 298. 

The Henschel Hs 298 was a 1940s German rocket-powered air-to-air missile designed by Professor Herbert Wagner of Henschel.

Design and development
The Hs 298 was designed specifically to attack Allied bomber aircraft and was the first missile designed specifically for air-to-air use. It was to be carried on special launch rails by Dornier Do 217s (five missiles) or Focke-Wulf Fw 190s (two missiles) and carried 48 kg (106 lb) of explosive, slightly more than the 40.8 kg warheads carried by unguided BR 21 heavy-calibre air-launched rockets in use from the spring of 1943 onwards. 

The Hs 298 was a mid-wing monoplane with tapered swept back wings and it had a single horizontal stabiliser with twin vertical fins. It was powered by a Henschel-designed rocket motor built by Schmidding as the 109–543; it had two stages, the first high velocity stage was designed to leave the launch aircraft at 938 km/h (585 mph), in the second stage the speed was brought back to 682 km/h (425 mph) to give a maximum range of about . It used a Kehl-Straßburg MCLOS radio guidance system (the Funkgerät FuG 203-series Kehl transmitter in the launching aircraft, the FuG 230 Straßburg receiver in the ordnance) powered by a propeller-driven (mounted on the nose) electric generator. The missile needed two crew on the launch aircraft to control it, one operator used a reflector-type sight to aim at the target and the other flew the missile using a joystick on the Kehl transmitter, and another sight paired to the first with a servo system.

The only known test firings were carried out on 22 December 1944 with three missiles carried by a Junkers Ju 88G. Only two missiles left the launch rails with one failing to release, of the two released one exploded prematurely and nose-dived into the ground. It was planned to enter mass production in January 1945 but the project was abandoned in favour of the X-4.

Survivors
One Hs 298 is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford.
One Hs 298 is on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

Specifications
Wing span – 1.24m (4 ft 1in)
Length – 2.06m (6 ft 9in)
Launch weight – 120 kg (265 lb)
Launch speed – 938 km/h (585 mph)
Cruise speed – 682 km/h (425 mph)

References

World War II guided missiles of Germany
Air-to-air missiles of Germany
Prepolymer. In polymer chemistry, the term prepolymer or pre-polymer, refers to a monomer or system of monomers that have been reacted to an intermediate-molecular mass state. This material is capable of further polymerization by reactive groups to a fully cured, high-molecular-mass state. As such, mixtures of reactive polymers with un-reacted monomers may also be referred to as pre-polymers. The term "pre-polymer" and "polymer precursor" may be interchanged.

Polyurethane and polyurea prepolymers
In polyurethane chemistry, prepolymers and oligomers are frequently produced and then further formulated into CASE applications - Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, and Elastomers. An isocyanate (usually a diisocyanate) is reacted with a polyol. All types of polyol may in theory be used to produce polyurethane prepolymers. These then find use in CASE applications. When polyurethane dispersions are synthesized, a prepolymer is first produced usually modified with DMPA. In polyurea prepolymer production, instead of a polyol a polyamine is used.

Lactic acid as a polymer precursor

Two molecules of lactic acid can be dehydrated to the cyclic molecule lactide, a lactone. A variety of catalysts can polymerise lactide to either heterotactic or syndiotactic polylactide, which as biodegradable polyesters with valuable (inter alia) medical properties are currently attracting much attention.

Nowadays, lactic acid is used as a monomer for producing polylactic acid (PLA) which later has application as biodegradable plastic. This kind of plastic is a good option for substituting conventional plastic produced from petrochemicals because of low emission of carbon dioxide. The commonly used process in producing lactic acid is via fermentation; to obtain the polylactic acid, the polymerization process follows.

See also
Synthetic resin
Resin

References

Plastics
Polyamides
Polymers
Polyurethanes
Synthetic resins
Mill Street Stone Arch Bridge. The Mill Street Stone Arch Bridge is located on that street in Pine Hill, New York, United States. It is a small bridge over a local creek built around the turn of the 20th century. It is one of two stone arch bridges in the former village built by local stonemason Matthew G. Thompson. It has remained intact and in use since then, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is located in the Pine Hill Historic District.

It is located on Mill Street just south of where it splits off from Bonnie View Avenue. The bridge is  in length with its arch  above the creek's waters. The neighborhood is residential and wooded. It is roughly  west of the very similar Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge.

Structurally, the bridge is a 12-foot–long (4 m) arch 7 feet (2.1 m) above the creek level, carrying the paved street. It is built of locally quarried stone using rough voussoirs with a central keystone, anchored in abutments of larger stone courses dressed to allow for tight mortar joints. The spandrel walls are of random coursed stone mortared in place.

In 1897 the Shandaken Town Board approved the construction of the two bridges in Pine Hill. Three years later it hired local mason Matthew G. Thompson to build the bridge for $208 ($ in contemporary dollars). He employed construction techniques dating to the early 18th century, in which the abutments were built first on a small span, followed by a temporary wooden centering to support the arch. Its interior would be filled with earth or stone, and often waterproofed with coal tar or mortar on the inside of the stonework. On the exterior joints packed as tightly as possible prior to mortaring. The centering would be left in place until the mortar had completely set, which could take weeks.

It is not known when Thompson completed the bridge. It has remained intact and unaltered since its original construction, and is currently maintained by the town.

See also
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

Bridges in Ulster County, New York
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Bridges completed in 1900
Catskills
Shandaken, New York
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Systems Biology Ireland. Systems Biology Ireland (SBI) is a Science Foundation Ireland-funded centre for science, engineering and technology research. It is an initiative between University College Dublin (UCD) and University of Galway (UCG). It is based on the Belfield campus of UCD, and works in the areas of systems biology, systems medicine and personalised medicine.

SBI designs new therapeutic approaches to cancer, its research enabling the development of technologies that can be used for early identification of responsive patient groups and accelerated discovery of new combination therapies.

People associated with SBI include its director Prof. Walter Kolch and deputy director Prof. Boris Kholodenko

References

External links 
 SBI webpage

Systems biology
Systems science institutes
Medical research institutes in the Republic of Ireland
University College Dublin
Belfield, Dublin
University of Galway
Organizations established in 2009
Iranian railway industry. The Iranian railway equipment industry started its activity with wagon production.

It was formed by the inauguration of train-manufacturing company Wagon Pars in 1974. The railway is being developed with Iranian-government backing and forms a part of the Iranian Economic Reform Plan.

The Iran Khodro Rail Transport Industries Company (IRICO) was established in 2003 to produce passenger cars, and the Mapna Locomotive Engineering and Manufacturing Company was established in 2006 to manufacture locomotives.

In July 2012, a Mapna Locomotive Engineering and Manufacturing Company production plant was officially inaugurated. The plant is projected to manufacture 120 locomotives with a maximum speed of  each year.

Iranian rail companies

 Arvin Tabriz Company  established in 1993, TSI certified Y25 bogie manufacturer; Freight wagons leasing service provider.
 Esfahan Steel Company (also known as Zob Ahan) established 1994; rail production; U33
 Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company (also known as DESA Amol)  established in 1991, manufactures diesel-engines
 Iran Khodro Rail Transport Industries Company established 2003; manufactures passenger rolling stock
 Iranian Railroad Industries Development Company switches
 Jala Pardazan Alvand designs and manufactures industrial parts in the railway and automotive industries
 Maharan signaling
 Taam Locomotive Arya
 Mapna Locomotive Engineering and Manufacturing Company established 2006; manufactures locomotives
 Polour Sabz passenger wagons
 Tehran Wagon Manufacturing Company Wagon Sazi Tehran
 Wagon Pars established 1974; manufactures Freight trains, Passenger trains, diesel multiple units and locomotives

See also

 Industry of Iran
 Islamic Republic of Iran Railways

References

Rail industry of Iran
Data mule. A data mule is a vehicle that physically carries a computer with storage between remote locations to effectively create a data communication link. A data mule is a special case of a sneakernet, where the data is automatically loaded and unloaded when the data mule arrives at its terminal locations. Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) can use data mules to exchange data among computers that do not have access to the TCP/IP-based Internet.

Data mules have been used to offer internet connectivity to remote villages. Computers with a disk and wifi link are attached to buses on a bus route between villages. As a bus stops at the village to pick up passengers and cargo, the DTN router on the bus communicates with a DTN router in the bus station over Wi-Fi.  Email is down-loaded to the village and up-loaded  for transport to the Internet or to other villages along the bus route.

Data mules are a cost-effective mechanism for rural connectivity because they use inexpensive commodity hardware, can be quickly installed, and can be piggy backed on existing transportation infrastructure.

Despite potentially long delays for receiving data, surprisingly large bandwidths can be achieved. For example, delivering a 1 TB disk once per day has an effective bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s.

The term data mule is likely based on the use of the term mule in smuggling, but the backronym MULE (Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension) is also claimed to be the source.

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173432/http://www.communityict.ca/docs/daknet-case.pdf

Network architecture
KFM 112M. The KFM 112M is a four-cylinder, four-stroke, dual ignition, horizontally opposed aircraft engine designed for ultralight aircraft and motor gliders.

The engine was designed and produced by the KFM (Komet Flight Motor) Aircraft Motors Division of Italian American Motor Engineering of Italy as a follow-on engine to their KFM 107 series and has been out of production since 1990.

Development
The KFM 112 is a conventional four-cylinder engine that is very compact and lightweight at only , including the starter, alternator and carburetor. The engine features dual electronic ignition, a single OVC carburetor, hydraulic valve lifters, nickel-silicon treated cylinders and bi-metallic valves with chromed stems. It was offered without a reduction system. Starting is electric starter only.

The engine produces  at 3400 rpm for three minutes for take-off,  at 3200 rpm for five minutes and  at 3090 rpm continuous.

Applications
Partenavia P.86 Mosquito

Specifications (112M)

See also

References

1980s aircraft piston engines
Chrysler VZ-6. The Chrysler VZ-6 was an American VTOL ducted-fan test vehicle designed and built by Chrysler for the United States Army Flying Jeep competition.

Design and development
Ordered in 1958, two VZ-6s were built.  It was a rectangular-shaped vehicle with two three-bladed propellers inset at the front and back. The 500 hp Lycoming engine was located in the center driving the ducted fan propellers. It was also fitted with rubber skirts around the bottom edge of the vehicle similar to a hovercraft.

Operational history
The VZ-6 started tethered flight tests in 1959, but these showed that the vehicle was overweight and underpowered with stability problems. An attempt at a non-tethered flight resulted in the VZ-6 flipping over, writing off the vehicle, but the pilot escaped without any serious injuries. Both VZ-6s were scrapped in 1960.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

VZ-6
1950s United States experimental aircraft
Ducted fan-powered aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
VTOL aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Roger M. Natsuhara. Roger M. Natsuhara was the acting United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment).

Biography

Roger M. Natsuhara was born in Stockton, California.  He was educated at the University of California, Berkeley, receiving a B.S. in civil engineering.

Upon graduating, Natsuhara took a job as an engineer with Boeing in Renton, Washington.  He was a senior engineer on the Boeing 757 Flight Test Integration Group.

In 1982, Natsuhara attended Officer Candidate School at Naval Station Newport and was commissioned as an Ensign in the United States Navy.  His first posting was as a Surface Warfare Officer on the USS Harold E. Holt (FF-1074).  During this assignment, he was selected to become a member of the Civil Engineer Corps, and he would spend the next 22 years as an engineer with the Civil Engineer Corps.

After retiring from the Navy at the rank of captain, Natsuhara attended the Executive Program at the Ross School of Business in 2003.  He then took a job at the Battelle Memorial Institute as Navy
Market Sector Senior Market Manager.  He later joined the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as Director of the Real Property, Facilities and Logistics Office.

In August 2009, Natsuhara was appointed Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment).  Since the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) was unfilled, he was the acting Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) until March 5, 2010, at which time Jackalyne Pfannenstiel assumed office.

References

 Biography at Navy website

United States Navy officers
Living people
Obama administration personnel
Year of birth missing (living people)
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Air). The Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air/Ground Programs (DASN (Air/Ground)) is a civilian office in the United States Department of the Navy.  The DASN (Air/Ground) reports to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition, and serves as the principal adviser to the Assistant Secretary on issues involving aircraft, sea-based cruise missiles, air-launched weapons and other airborne systems.

The DASN monitors and advises the assistant secretary on programs managed by the Naval Air Systems Command; tactical aircraft programs; air anti-submarine programs; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles; the Joint Strike Fighter and other programs.  The DASN makes programmatic and technical development recommendations; conducts independent studies; and analyzes industry capability for production and repair of aircraft.

The current DASN (Air/Ground) is William "Bill" E. Taylor.

References

External links
 DASN (Air/Ground) Website

Office of the Secretary of the Navy
M series (computer). M-20, M-220 and M222 were a range of general-purpose computers designed and manufactured in the USSR.
These computers were developed by the Scientific Research Institute of Electronic Machines (NIIEM) and built
at Moscow Plant of Calculating and Analyzing Machines (SAM) and 
the Kazan Plant of Computing Machines (under the Ministry of Radio Industry of the USSR).

Operating systems
The operating system provided batch processing and simultaneous execution, subsequently enhanced to provide a multitasking mode.
 OS4-220 – for the М-220 
 DM-222 – for the М-222

Available programming languages
 FORTRAN – an optimized ALPHA translator – by A.P. Ershov
 ALGOL 60 – compiler
 ALGOL 68 – compiler, written in ALGOL 60

See also
 The Association of M-20 Users – a M-20 software distributor

Further reading
 L.N. Korolyov. The computer structures and their software base. Moscow, Nauka, 1974.
 Electronic digital computation machines for general purposes. Vol. 4. NII EIR Publication, 1972.

External links
 http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/m220.htm

Ministry of Radio Industry (USSR) computers
Energy in Oregon. The U.S. state of Oregon is the third largest renewable energy producing state in the United States. Hydroelectric power dominates the power market in Oregon, providing nearly two-thirds of the electricity generated in the state, although it accounts for only 38.91% of the total percentage consumed when electricity imported from other states is accounted for. Natural gas is the second largest source of energy consumption in Oregon, that being one third of Oregon's net power generation. This is mostly due to recent reserves of natural gas being found in Coos Bay, OR. As well as persistent extraction from the Mist Field in northwest Oregon, near Astoria. The energy used in Oregon comes mainly from hydroelectric power at 38.91%, coal at 26.47%, natural gas at 21.50%, and wind at 7.01%.

Electricity

The following table uses official statistics from the Oregon Department of Energy to show Oregon's changing electric fuel mix:

Renewable energy
The Oregon Renewable Energy Act was signed into law in 2007.  It mandated that at least 20% of all energy resources comes from renewable resources by 2020, and it raises the standard to 25% by 2025.

On March 8, 2016, Gov. Kate Brown signed the Clean Energy and Coal Transition Act into law.  This new law mandates increases in renewable energy resources to 27% by 2025, 35% by 2030, 45% by 2035, and 50% by 2040.  Under terms of the legislation, Oregonians will no longer pay for any energy from coal by 2035.

See also
 Trojan Nuclear Power Plant, Oregon's only nuclear power plant in service 1970 to 1992
 List of power stations in Oregon
 Wind power in Oregon
 Solar power in Oregon
 Energy in the United States

References

External links
 Oregon Department of Energy Official webpage

 
Energy policy of the United States
Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride is an organic compound with formula  (an oxide of carbon) which can be seen as the result of removing two molecules of water  from benzoquinonetetracarboxylic acid.

It is a red solid, stable in dry air up to 140 °C and insoluble in ether, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and carbon disulfide.  It reacts with acetone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, and water.  It dissolves in methylated derivatives of benzene to give solutions ranging from orange to violet. When the molecule is exposed to moist air, it quickly turns blue.

The compound was synthesized in 1963 by P. R. Hammond, who claimed it was "one of the strongest π-electron acceptors so far described."

See also
 Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
 Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate
 Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone bisoxalate

References

Oxocarbons
1,4-Benzoquinones
Phthalic anhydrides
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings