omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
August Coenders. August Coenders (1890 — 1974) was a German engineer working for Stahlwerke Becker AG during World War I, where he built a 20 mm antiaircraft gun. In the 1930s, he worked for several years in the UK, and in Putaux, France as well as at Oerlikon, Switzerland. In 1936 Hermann Röchling brought him to Wetlzlar, Germany, where he worked at Röchling'sche Eisen und Stahlwerke GmbH during World War II .

Cönders designed the Röchling shell that was  tested in 1942 and 1943 against the Belgian Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau and the V-3 cannon. Very little is known of his life after the V-3 project.

He was involved in the development of several firearm designs: submachine gun, machine gun, Röchling Volksgewehr and Volkssturmkarabiner.

References

External links 

 
 

Engineers from Saarland
Weapon designers
1890 births
1974 deaths
VEF I-15. The VEF I-15 was a Latvian advanced trainer aircraft of the 1930s. Two prototypes of the I-15, a small, single-engined monoplane, were built by the VEF to the designs of Kārlis Irbītis and were used by the Latvian Air Force

Development and design
In 1938, the Latvian aircraft designer Kārlis Irbītis, working at the Valsts Elektrotehniskā Fabrika (VEF) at Riga commenced design of a single-seat advanced trainer as a follow on to his earlier, similar VEF I-14 aircraft.  The I-15 was a low-winged monoplane of all-wooden construction, powered by a single de Havilland Gipsy Six air-cooled engine, and fitted with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.

In April 1939, the first prototype, the I-15a, powered by a 200 hp (149 kW) Gypsy Six I driving a two-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propeller, made its maiden flight, while a second prototype, the I-15b, powered by a 220 hp (167 kW) Gypsy Six II engine driving a variable-pitch propeller, and armed with a single synchronised machine gun, followed. This demonstrating improved performance.

The two I-15 prototypes were transferred to the Latvian Air Force for use as advanced trainers, while a further two aircraft, to be designated I-15bis and powered by Hispano-Suiza 6 Mb engines were ordered by the Air Force, but on 17 June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Latvia, ordering all aviation related work to be stopped.

Specifications (I-15b)

Notes

References

 Davis, Chuck. "Latvia's Little Hawk". Air Enthusiast, Forty-eight, December 1992 to February 1993. . pp. 58–64.
"Plane Facts:Latvian lightweight". Air International, January 1979, Vol. 16 No. 1. pp. 45–46.

External links
VEF I–15 Latvian aircraft (In Latvian)

1930s Latvian military trainer aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
VEF aircraft
Translucence (disambiguation). Translucence is the physical property of allowing light to pass through a material diffusely.

Translucence may also refer to:

 Social translucence, a concept in social information processing
 Translucence (John Foxx and Harold Budd album), a 2003 ambient album
 Translucence (Ply Styrene album), a 1981 post-punk album
 Venous translucence

Translucent may refer to:

 Translucent (manga)
 Translucent Flashbacks – The Singles, an album by Spacemen 3
SHARON Wastewater Treatment. SHARON (Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) is a sewage treatment process. A partial nitrification process of sewage treatment used for the removal of ammonia and organic nitrogen components from wastewater flow streams. The process results in stable nitrite formation, rather than complete oxidation to nitrate. Nitrate formation by nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB) (such as Nitrobacter) is prevented by adjusting temperature, pH, and retention time to select for nitrifying ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) (such as Nitrosomonas). Denitrification of waste streams utilizing SHARON reactors can proceed with an anoxic reduction, such as anammox.

Mechanism 
The SHARON (Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) wastewater treatment process is a combination of two already used nitrogen removing reactions. One process utilizes fast growing nitrifiers utilizing nitrification of ammonia to nitrite and Anammox which is the denitrification of nitrite to atmospheric nitrogen using ammonia as an electron donor. The combination of the two processes allows for a more efficient conversion of ammonia and prevents a buildup of nitrate in the water. This combination also provides an improvement to the already established processes by having a much lower energy and COD requirements.

Waste entering this process must first undergo the nitrification of ammonia to nitrite so there is nitrite in high enough concentration for anammox to be fueled. This first step typically needs to convert ~50% of the ammonia in the waste stream before anammox can begin. To obtain this delay a key technique used is to utilize the different growth rates found in ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers. Ammonia oxidizers have a significantly higher growth rate then Nitrite oxidizers at high temperatures so if utilized properly ammonia oxidizers will reach the log phase and begin the nitrification before the nitrite oxidizers start anammox. Once the Anammox process begins the reactions rates of nitrification vs Anammox must be closely controlled as to completely remove ammonia from the stream. To maintain the balance between these two processes control of the pH is utilized.

In this process works as a chemostat making the SLT(Sludge Retention Time) the same as the HLT(Hydraulic Retention Time). This characteristic makes the process insensitive to suspended solids concentrations in the water.

References

External links 
  M2T Technologies

Anaerobic digestion
Berwick Bay Bridge. The Berwick Bay Bridge is a vertical lift bridge in the U.S. state of Louisiana which carries the BNSF Railway over the Atchafalaya River between Berwick and Morgan City. The bridge is primarily used for freight, but Amtrak runs the Sunset Limited three times weekly per direction over the line.

References

Railroad bridges in Louisiana
Vertical lift bridges in Louisiana
Transportation buildings and structures in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
BNSF Railway bridges
Union Pacific Railroad bridges
Morgan City, Louisiana
Berwick, Louisiana
Atchafalaya River
Garney Holding Company. Garney Holding Company is a provider of water and wastewater piping systems in the United States with a construction volume of $347 million in 2008. It is based out of Kansas City, Missouri.

History
Charles Garney founded Garney Construction in 1961 as a pipeline and utility construction company. Over the next two decades it also became a contractor in water and wastewater systems. In 2001 the company acquired Grimm Construction, a contractor with operations in Colorado and Arizona.

References 

Companies based in Kansas City, Missouri
Waste management companies of the United States
Sawins Pond. Sawins Pond is a man-made pond created in the 19th century in Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. Its banks were the site of an upscale hotel, and it was a popular fishing and swimming spot.  It was then used by Hood Rubber Company, and then BF Goodrich. They deposited scores of barrels onto the site, filled with rubber scraps.

Boston Edison/NSTAR and PCBs 

Boston Edison Company (currently NSTAR) for many years operated a facility just behind the Watertown Mall. From this facility, there are culverts (large underground water drains) that carry storm water and drains under the mall parking lot, into the Sawins and Williams Pond.

Boston Edison used PCBs extensively in the 1970s and 1980s, and still does to this day, albeit on a much more limited basis. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were documented spills at the Boston Edison/NSTAR facility at 480 Arsenal Street. Most of these spills were transformer oil, most of which contains PCBs. In 1982, over 1,100 gallons of PCBs spilled from a truck and went into a storm drain. Unfortunately the spill was not realized by Boston Edison (now NSTAR) company until about a month later, according to EPA and DEP reports. Almost one thousand gallons of high PCB oil reached Sawins, some of it was recovered by Boston Edison company through remediation efforts on the property. The rest is likely to have made its way into the Charles River, with the balance remaining in the pond sediments and comprising the detectable elevated levels seen by scientists today.

NSTAR, a major New England public electric utility, is responsible for the PCB pollution, but has refused to pay for the cleanup or for any assessment/engineering costs.

Watertown, Massachusetts
Lakes of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Ponds of Massachusetts
Saki Corporation. is a Japanese company established in 1994 that manufactures high-speed automated optical inspection (AOI) and solder paste inspection (SPI) systems for the electronics assembly markets. Saki Corporation has headquarters in Tokyo, Japan with offices and sales and support centers on the world.

Saki Corporation has Quality Management System JIS Q 9001:2008 and ISO9001:2008 certifications. The company's CEO is Koike Norihiro.

AOI 

References

External links
  

Engineering companies of Japan
Japanese companies established in 1994
Battery Council International. Battery Council International (BCI) is a trade association of manufacturers, recyclers, distributors, and retailers of original-equipment and after-market automobile batteries and other batteries. Founded in 1924, BCI has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA.

BCI focuses its efforts on batteries used for the following applications:

 SLI and low-voltage applications in vehicles, marine, and power sports equipment 
 Motive power in non-road-going vehicles and industrial and material handling equipment
 Stationary storage, local backup power, and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications
 Renewable energy support, EV fast charge support, and grid regulation services

It promotes the recycling of lead batteries, and claims that 99% of all lead batteries are eventually recycled.  In 1989, BCI created a model law to require the proper disposal and recycling of lead batteries, and promoted its adoption nationwide. According to BCI, more than 40 U.S. states have adopted the elements of the model law, and the rest have implemented it in practice.

The trade association provides industry standards for testing, dimensions, and sizes of lead batteries worth over $14 billion in the North American market each year (as of 2021). BCI provides market trend data and maintains the industry's definitive index of automotive battery replacement fitment data for 85+ years of vehicles.  

It also organizes regular conferences and meetings, including the BCI Convention + Power Mart, North America's longest running battery-industry trade show.

References

External links
Official Website
Essential Energy Everyday

Trade associations based in the United States
Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator. Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD) is an instrument that allowed the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope to observe celestial objects with most of the atmosphere's blurring removed.  As with other adaptive optics systems, it works by performing real-time corrections to the atmospheric turbulence by means of computer-controlled deformable mirrors. Its particularity is the correction over a wider field of view than previous systems, which only used a single deformable mirror.

References

Telescopes
Abutment (dentistry). In dentistry, an abutment is a connecting element. This is used in the context of a fixed bridge (the "abutment teeth" referring to the teeth supporting the bridge), partial removable dentures (the "abutment teeth" referring to the teeth supporting the partial) and in implants (used to attach a crown, bridge, or removable denture to the dental implant fixture). The implant fixture is the screw-like component that is osseointegrated.

Bridge abutments

Dental bridge abutments are made such that the path of insertion of the teeth involved is nearly parallel with each other.

Partial denture abutments
Partial denture abutments are unique in that they may incorporate elements such as rest seats, guide planes, and recontouring.

Implant abutments
These are usually called prosthetic implant abutments and are responsible for making the connection between the prosthesis and the implant. These abutments can be made from a variety of materials, such as titanium, surgical stainless steel, gold and zirconia.

The adjacent images show how a ceramic abutment can enhance a ceramic crown by giving it a more lifelike appearance. Ceramic abutments have to be used with care, since their compressive strength is nowhere near that of titanium, gold or other noble metals. Most clinicians feel more comfortable using a metal prosthetic abutment in the posterior molar areas, due to the increased masticatory forces present in these areas.

An abutment is not necessarily parallel to the long axis of the implant. It is utilized when the implant is at a different inclination in relation to the proposed prosthesis. Most crowns and fixed partial dentures have a cemented or screw-retained fixation on the abutment.

Three-piece implant

In a three-piece implant the abutment is fixed on the implant with a screw butt joint. This screw needs to be tightened to a predetermined torque with a dental torque wrench, in order to avoid screw loosening during chewing, which can often create a counter-clockwise torque on the implant–abutment interface, encouraging the abutment screw to come loose. This can largely be prevented with proper screw design and torquing of the abutment.

Two-piece implant
In a two-piece implant the abutment is morse tapered or [Note: Titanium metal does not cold weld|weldguru.com</ref>] on the implant. Microbial leakage and colonization between the implant and the abutments can result in inflammatory reactions and crestal bone loss. Morse taper conical abutments showed a cumulative implant survival rate of 98.23% in terms of seal performance, microgap formation, torque maintenance, and abutment stability.

One-piece implant
A one-piece implant incorporates the trans-mucosal abutment as an integral part of the implant. This type of implant is often used with a flapless procedure and immediate loading (the crown is placed a short time after placing the implant).

See also 

 Multi-unit abutment

References

External links
Dental Implant Options

Dentistry
Titanium metal is not suitable to be cold welded weldguru.com<weldguru.com/ weldminds.com>
OPT. OPT or Opt may refer for:

Computing 
 /opt, a directory in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
 Option key, a modifier key on Apple keyboards
 OPT, the theoretically optimal page replacement algorithm, a page replacement algorithm for swapping out pages from memory

Other uses 
 Occupied Palestinian territories, another name for the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
 Ocean Power Technologies, a US owned renewable energy company
 Office des postes et télécommunications, especially in French Polynesia (Office des postes et télécommunications de Polynésie française) and in New Caledonia
 Operation Prime Time, a consortium of TV Stations to provide alternative prime time programming
 Optical projection tomography, a form of tomographic tissue imaging used in biomedical research
 Optional Practical Training, a period during which university students with an F-1 are permitted by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to work for one year on a student visa without needing an H-1B
 Optimized Production Technology, a production planning system created by Eliyahu M. Goldratt
 Outdoor Payment Terminal, a name sometimes used for the self-service user interface hardware at fuel stations
 Oral pressure therapy, a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea
 Overseas Passenger Terminal, Sydney
 Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye (, ОРТ in Cyrillic script), the former name of Channel One Russia, a public broadcaster in Russia
 Oxford Placement Test

See also 
 Opt-out, to avoid receiving unsolicited product or service information
 Opting out, a political expression in Canada, describing the intention of a province to remove itself from a program administered by the federal government
 Opt in email, the option to receive bulk e-mail
 ORT (disambiguation), an acronym in Russian and Greek which appears like OPT
Avia B-158. The Avia B.158 was a prototype Czechoslovak twin-engined light bomber aircraft of the 1930s.  Only a single example was built and it was abandoned, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.

Development and design
In 1935, the Czech aircraft company Avia produced the B-58 design for a small twin-engined bomber with a fixed undercarriage, powered by two 313 kW (420 hp) Avia Rk.17 radial engines.  This design was abandoned in 1936 and replaced by a more powerful and advanced derivative, the Avia B.158, which was designed to meet a requirement from the Czechoslovak Ministry of National Defense (MNO) for a high performance medium bomber, capable of operation during both day and night, and competing against Aero Vodochody's A.300.

In 1937, Avia started to build a single prototype of the B-158, a three-seat low-winged  monoplane with inverted gull-wings, a retractable tailwheel undercarriage and 634 kW (850 hp) Avia (Hispano-Suiza) 12Ydrs engines, making its maiden flight in mid-1938. It was fitted with a twin-tail to give a better field of fire for the dorsal gun position.

While the competing Aero A.300 gave superior performance, neither had entered into production by the time Germany completed its conquest of Czechoslovakia. After testing by the Luftwaffe at their test centre at Rechlin, the prototype B-158 was scrapped in 1940.

Specifications (B.158)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 "Plane Facts: One-off Czech". Air International, January 1981, Vol 20 No. 1. p. 48.

External links

AVIA B-158 (In Czech)
Avia 158, Zweimotor Flugsport, April 1939 (in German, + several photos}

Low-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
1930s Czechoslovak bomber aircraft
B-158
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Outwelling. Outwelling is a hypothesized process by which coastal salt marshes and mangroves, “hot spots” of production, produce an excess amount of carbon each year and “outwell” these organic nutrients and detritus into the surrounding coastal embayment or ocean, thus increasing the productivity of local fisheries or other coastal plants. Outwelling also nourishes plankton communities and causes a spike in activity.
The majority of outwelling is dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and some particulate organic carbon (POC) Outwelling expels salt (90 g salt/m2), silicate (1.0 mmol/m2), orthophosphate (0.03 mmol/m2), and nitrate (0.04 mmol/m2) during each tidal cycle.
 
Outwelling is affected by a number of different factors. For one, the amount of outwelling is dependent upon the primary production of an estuary, thus, highly productive salt marshes result in increased outwelling. It is also dependent on tidal amplitude and geomorphology of the estuary. Outwelling is not a steady process, and is affected by large rainfalls or inundation events (the larger the inundation, the greater the outwelling).
Outwelling occurs as pulses that correlate to inundation and precipitation events, productivity and tidal fluctuations. In some cases, it is macrofauna and algae that are pulsed out of the salt marsh into the water column rather than nutrients, but this has a similar effect of attracting small fish and nourishing the marine environment.

Outwelling does not occur in every estuary. It is more evident and occurs more in estuaries bordering extensive coastal marshes. For example, a study done in a  New England salt marsh found no evidence of outwelling, and in fact found that the salt marshes import carbon; however, another study done in Louisiana near the extensive salt marshes where tidal amplitude is larger found that outwelling contributed a significant amount of organic carbon to the nearby waters.

Ramifications 
Because of this hypothesis, many states have passed laws protecting estuaries based on the rationale that protecting estuaries will protect the food source of local fish populations.

Controversy 
The Outwelling hypothesis has been hotly debated for decades. There are many studies examining this hypothesis, but there has not yet been a firm conclusion.  It appears that it may occur in some estuaries at some times, but there is a body of evidence contesting the claimed amount of organic carbon export, and even whether marshes export carbon at all.

References 

Ecological processes
China Overseas Engineering Group. China Overseas Engineering Group Co., Ltd. known as COVEC is a Chinese construction and engineering company that is subsidiary of China Railway Group Limited, which is organized as a large collection of engineering and design firms.

The company premiered in South Africa in 2006 when it won a 425-million rand public tender held by Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority, the state agency responsible for bulk water infrastructure.  The selection of COVEC was described by a local trade publication as unsettling to the other short listed bidders, two local construction consortia.  One consisted of Group Five Construction, Grinaker-LTA, Rainbow Construction and WBHO Construction; the other was Vaal Civils, made up of Concor, CCC, Kgalagadi Multi Projects, Thuso Water, SET-MAK Civils, Mascrete and Betsy Building.  COVEC's bid was 25% below the lowest other bid, and as a consequence local construction companies expressed fears about downward price pressure that would end hopes they had of a strong rebound in the construction market with better profit margins.

In Morocco, COVEC built the 67 km section of the Fez-Oujda road extending from Taza to Guercif.  The project presented difficulties in terrain and geology for COVEC, requiring the levelling of hills and valleys and provision of porous materials that would provide adequate drainage in a region with water absorbing soil.

In Poland, COVEC, won the bid for construction of a highway linking Warsaw with city of Berlin in September 2009, but didn't manage to complete construction and withdrew its operations from Poland, and is now facing the threat of a €200 million compensation claim, which include four month of projected toll losses and 10 percent fine.
Highway was planned to be ready for use at the time when UEFA Euro 2012 in Poland would begin, BÖGL a KRÝSL took construction after COVEC reneged contract and finished it on time.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of China