omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Abdulmohsen Al-Bassam. Abdulmohsen Hamad Al-Bassam () is a retired Royal Saudi Air Force officer and a former astronaut. He was the back-up payload specialist for Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud on STS-51-G.

He was born on December 12, 1948, in Unayzah, Saudi Arabia. 

He graduated from King Faisal Air Academy in Riyadh (Bachelor of Science in Air Science) and was a fighter pilot with the Royal Saudi Air Force. Selected in April 1985, he served as the back-up payload specialist for STS-51-G Discovery (June 17–24, 1985) on which Arabsat-1B was deployed. With the conclusion of this flight, he retired from active duty as a payload specialist. He later served as the Air Force Attache at the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in London, United Kingdom. 

He is married and has two sons and three daughters.

References

External links 
 Spacefacts biography of Abdulmohsen Hamad Al-Bassam

1948 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian astronauts
Saudi Arabian military aviators
Royal Saudi Air Force personnel
People from Unaizah
Air attachés
Northern Ireland Association of Aeromodellers. The Northern Ireland Association of Aeromodellers (NIAA) is the governing body for all British Model Flying Association (BMFA) affiliated clubs in Northern Ireland. The NIAA committee is elected by, and from representatives of the local Northern Ireland flying clubs, with an aim to promote, protect, organise and encourage model aircraft flying throughout Northern Ireland. Additionally the organisation coordinates local club events and activities, and acts as a contact and representative on their behalf to the BMFA. The NIAA is accredited in these roles by the Sports Council for Northern Ireland (SCNI), and the BMFA who are delegated by the Royal Aero Club to be responsible for all aspects of model flying in Great Britain. The BMFA is also recognised as the sole representative organisation for the sport in the UK by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) which is the worldwide governing body for all forms of sporting aviation, including model flying.

Activities
With a full size aircraft, there are many types of model flying activities. NIAA clubs participate in the following;

 Indoor aerobatics
 Floatplane
 Helicopters
 Jet aircraft
 Gliding / soaring 

Members of the NIAA were responsible for organising the 2007 International Jet Model Community Jet World Masters, an international turbine powered (jet) scale model aircraft competition.

Affiliated Clubs

 North West Model Aircraft Club

References

External links
Northern Ireland Association of Aeromodellers
British Model Flying Association
Sports Council for Northern Ireland
The Royal Aero Club for the United Kingdom
Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI)
International Jet Model Community (IJMC)
Northern Ireland Model Soaring Association
Lanford Model Aviation
NI JETS

Model aircraft associations
Clubs and societies in Northern Ireland
Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
DBAG Class 225. The DBAG Class 225 are a set of related 4 axle diesel hydraulic locomotives from the DB V 160 family.  The series does not represent a new build, but a reclassification and/or rebuilding of 1960s and 1970s locomotives of Class 215 and 218 units.

The class were transferred to DB Cargo for freight only operations. The individual details of the members are as the locomotive classes they were derived from, excluding any modifications undertaking for the conversion to non-passenger work.

Background, history and design modifications

After passenger work for many of the DB Class 215 disappeared, DB Regio transferred 68 locomotives to DB Cargo (later Railion) for freight work.

From 2001 onwards the units underwent conversion to Class 225. Later, between 2003 and 2005, another six engines, prototypes of the DB Class 218, were transferred and converted to Class 225.8.

The steam heating was removed since it was no longer needed; instead, a heater for pre-heating the engine machinery was installed. A large part of them went into service still unmodified, the removal of the steam boiler taking place later concurrently with scheduled overhauls.

All of the class have multiple working control, allowing pairings to be formed with both DB Class 217 and DB Class 218 (for example, a pair consisting of a 217 and 225 class were often in use around Mühldorf).

There are differences between the individual class members; locomotives 225 001-004 and 225 802-811 lack a hydrodynamic brake. The locomotives 215 030 to 215 032 also were transferred to this class. The auxiliary generator in these special examples was not removed.

The top speed for this class is limited to 130 km/h. Their central depot is in Leipzig, locomotives in use work from the depots of Giessen, Gremberg, Kornwestheim, Mainz-Bischofsheim, Mühldorf and Oberhausen-Osterfeld.

As of June 2008 the locomotives have been partially phased out, but there are still about 50 machines operating in active service. A complete phasing out of the locomotives is not currently (2015) planned since the remainders are still in use.

References

External links

Diesel locomotives of Germany
225
B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2001
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Germany
Heat generation in integrated circuits. The heat dissipation in integrated circuits problem has gained an increasing interest in recent years due to the miniaturization of semiconductor devices. The temperature increase becomes relevant for cases of relatively small-cross-sections wires, because such temperature increase may affect the normal behavior of semiconductor devices.

Joule heating
Joule heating is a predominant heat mechanism for heat generation in integrated circuits and is an undesired effect.

Propagation

The governing equation of the physics of the problem to be analyzed is the heat diffusion equation. It relates the flux of heat in space, its variation in time and the generation of power.

Where  is the thermal conductivity,  is the density of the medium,  is the specific heat
 
the thermal diffusivity and  is the rate of heat generation per unit volume. Heat diffuses from the source following equation ([eq:diffusion]) and solution in a homogeneous medium of ([eq:diffusion]) has a Gaussian distribution.

See also
Thermal simulations for integrated circuits
Thermal design power
Thermal management in electronics

References

Further reading 

 

Integrated circuits
Electrical power control
Myford. Myford Limited is a British machine tool manufacturer originally based at 10-12 East Parade, Leeds, West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom under its former name of L & P 240 Limited. The company is notable for its continuation of production of Myford metalworking lathes since the original company (Myford (Holdings) Ltd was wound up.

Original company
The company's original name was the Myford Engineering Company, having been founded by Cecil Moore in 1934.

Very few changes took place to the core product after 1953 when the Super 7 lathe was introduced, itself an improvement of the ML 7. This model of lathe is still widely used within the field of model engineering.

Other products made by the company include ML8 wood turning lathe, 4" planer, MG12H cylindrical grinder, 254 engineers lathe and the Speed 10 lathe. Most of these are no longer in production.

 the business was still owned by the family, and run by Moore's grandson Christopher Moore.  During mid-July 2011 Myford announced a "liquidation sale" stating that it would be last opportunity to buy "spares, lathes and plant equipment" from Myford themselves at the Beeston site.

New company

Myford Ltd was founded by solicitor Jonathan Oxley with an original name of L & P 240 Limited. The name was changed to Myford Ltd on 26 August 2011 and continues to run from its base in West Yorkshire, where lathes are still built and refurbished.

Oxley left the company on 1 August 2011, leaving the company in the hands of the Dickinson brothers, Richard and Christian, and their mother Christine. Richard also has a machine tool supplying business, RDG Tools, based at the same premises which he started in 1992

Beeston
Ian Mills, Notts County F.C.'s statistician, worked as an electrician at Myford until 2011.

In 2013 property developers M & R E submitted outline planning condition for transforming the old Myford site at Wilmot Lane in Beeston into housing.

References

External links
 

Companies based in Nottinghamshire
Manufacturing companies established in 1934
Machine tool builders
English brands
1934 establishments in England
NetScreen Technologies. NetScreen Technologies was an American technology company that was acquired by Juniper Networks for US$4 billion stock for stock in 2004.

NetScreen Technologies developed ASIC-based Internet security systems and appliances that delivered high performance firewall, VPN and traffic shaping functionality to Internet data centers, e-business sites, broadband service providers and application service providers. NetScreen was the first firewall manufacturer to develop a gigabit-speed firewall, the NetScreen-1000.

History
NetScreen Technologies was founded by Yan Ke, Ken Xie, and Feng Deng. Ken Xie, Chief Technology Officer and co-founder was also the CEO until Robert Thomas joined in 1998.

Robert Thomas, NetScreen's president and chief executive officer, came to NetScreen in 1998 from Sun Microsystems, where he was General Manager of Intercontinental Operations for Sun's software business, which includes security, networking, and Internet tools.

Ken Xie left NetScreen in 2000 to found Fortinet, a competing ASIC-based firewall company.

NetScreen acquired its core IPS technology through the purchase of OneSecure, Inc. for US$45 million in stock in 2002. OneSecure was created by Rakesh Loonkar (subsequently the co-founder of Trusteer), and Israeli engineer Nir Zuk, who had been one of Check Point Software’s first employees.

In 2003, NetScreen hired Anson Chen as its vice president of research and development.  Anson Chen, a 12-year veteran of Cisco Systems, Inc. and former vice president and general manager of the Network Management and Services Technology Group, led engineering, research and development efforts for NetScreen's entire product line, including its firewall, IPSec virtual private network (VPN) and intrusion detection and prevention technologies. Chen also had functional management responsibility for NetScreen's secure access products.

2015 "unauthorized code" incident

Analysis of the firmware code in 2015 showed that a backdoor key could exist using Dual_EC_DRBG. This would enable whoever held that key to passively decrypt traffic encrypted by ScreenOS.

In December 2015, Juniper Systems announced that they had discovered "unauthorized code" in the ScreenOS software that underlies their NetScreen devices, present from 2012 onwards. There were two vulnerabilities: One was a simple root password backdoor, and the other one was changing a point in Dual_EC_DRBG so that the attackers presumably had the key to use the pre-existing (intentional or unintentional) kleptographic backdoor in ScreenOS to passively decrypt traffic.

References

Juniper Networks
Defunct companies based in California
Computer companies established in 1997
Computer companies disestablished in 2004
Networking hardware companies
Server appliance
Computer security companies
2004 mergers and acquisitions
2001 initial public offerings
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Tidalforce Electric Bicycle. The Tidalforce Electric Bicycle was an electric bicycle manufactured by Wavecrest Labs from 2003 until the company went out of business in 2006.  All models of Wavecrest Tidalforce electric bikes have a 36 volt electric hub motor built into the rear wheel hub and a 36 volt battery pack built into the front wheel hub. Wavecrest Labs manufactured three models of Tidalforce bikes: The Wavecrest Tidalforce M-750, the S-750 Traditional hard tail mountain bike and the iO-750 Cruiser. Any of the three bikes with an X suffix denotes that the motor is a 1000 watt motor without a set speed restriction as compared to the speed limit 750 watt version.

The Wavecrest Tidalforce M-750 was based on The original military experimental M-313 model. The M-313/M-750X was the first electric bike to be made and tested by Wavecrest Labs. It is based on a design developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) that was meant to allow zero-heat long distance troop movements for the United States Marine Corps in Afghanistan. The rear wheel in-hub motor and 36 volt/8ah front-hub battery were mounted onto a standard Montague Bicycles Paratrooper Bicycle frame.  The 1000 watt rear hub motor had no set speed restriction, but was limited to about 25-32 (depending on load weight) MPH on a flat course. The distance the bike traveled on a single charge ranged from 15 miles (heavier load with no pedaling) to about 25 miles (vigorous assisted pedaling with less hill climbing).

The later commercial versions had speed restrictions to comply with federal law with 750 watt restrictions (500 watts maximum in the Canadian version) but had 1000 watt unrestricted speed as an add on option.

After Wavecrest Labs went out of business, it was arranged for service and support for Tidalforce bicycles to be taken over by Light Electric Vehicle Technologies, located in Idaho.

See also 
Electric motorcycles and scooters
Low-speed vehicle
Montague Bicycles
Timeline of transportation technology

References

Electric cycle manufacturers
Robuń. Robuń (; ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gościno, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kołobrzeg and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 400.

References

Villages in Kołobrzeg County
Earth3D. Earth3D was developed as part of a diploma thesis of Dominique Andre Gunia at 
Braunschweig University of Technology to display a virtual globe of the earth. It was developed before Google bought Keyhole, Inc and changed their product into Google Earth. Earth3D downloads its data (satellite imagery and height data) from a server while the user navigates around. The data itself is saved in a Quadtree. It uses data from NASA, USGS, the CIA and the city of Osnabrück.

One of the strengths of Earth3D is the capacity of showing meteorological phenomena, like Low-pressure areas, anticyclones, etc. in near-real time.

The original version of Earth3D was developed using Trolltech's QT framework. Later a version built with Java and JOGL was developed. But the demand for a Java-based version was very little. This may be because NASA's WorldWind also has an open source Java version. So most people wanted to use a C++ based globe in their applications. That was the reason why a minimalized version, the Earth3dlib was developed. It contains only the most necessary functions to display the earth itself and to add own visualizations to it.

All these three projects can be retrieved from SourceForge's CVS (C++) or Subversion (Java) repository.

See also
 Marble, a free software of a virtual globe that allows the user to choose among the Earth, the Moon, Venus, Mars and other planets.
 World Wind, virtual Earth globe open-source developed by NASA.
 OpenStreetMap, collaborative project to create free and editable maps.
 Comparison of web map services
 Neogeography

References

External links 
 
World 3D Maps Earth

Free software programmed in C++
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Virtual globes
Programming tools for Windows
MacOS programming tools
Euroluna. The European Lunar Exploration Association (Euroluna) is a Danish-Italian-Swiss team led by Palle Haastrup, which is participating in the Google Lunar X Prize Challenge.

The team 
The members of the Euroluna team are:
Palle Haastrup
Søren Rasmussen
Tor Foss Mortensen
Sten Haastrup
Erik Haastrup
Mogens Rasmussen
Signe Terkelsen

Lunar Rover 
, EuroLuna was designing a lightweight solar-powered four-wheeled Luna Rover called ROMIT, which will be pared down to just 110 pounds by minimising redundant systems.

References

Sources 
 News article in Danish
 Euroluna website

See also 

 Lunar Rover
 Lunokhod programme

Google Lunar X Prize
Cancelled spacecraft
Tsuhan Chen. Chen Tsuhan is the Deputy President (Research and Technology) at National University of Singapore. He is currently the Chief Scientist of AI Singapore. Prior to his current appoint he was the Dean of the College of Engineering at Nanyang Technological University from 2015 to 2017. He was previously Director of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University from 2009 to 2013.

Chen was educated at National Taiwan University and the California Institute of Technology; at Caltech, his adviser was P. P. Vaidyanathan. He won the Charles Wilts Doctoral Prize for his 1993 Ph.D. thesis on filters. Prior to joining Cornell, he worked for Bell Labs from 1993 to 1997 and as a professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1997 to 2009. He was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Multimedia from 2002 to 2004, and was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE in 2007.

Chen's research interests include signal processing and multimedia. His research projects have included systems for three-dimensional photography for automated analysis of security video footage, and for gesture-based control of vehicle functions.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American academics of Taiwanese descent
National Taiwan University alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Mercury polycations. Mercury polycations are polyatomic cations that contain only mercury atoms. The best known example is the  ion, found in mercury(I) (mercurous) compounds. The existence of the metal–metal bond in Hg(I) compounds was established using X-ray studies in 1927 and Raman spectroscopy in 1934 making it one of the earliest, if not the first, metal–metal covalent bonds to be characterised.

Other mercury polycations are the linear  and  ions, and the triangular  ion   and a number of chain and layer polycations.

Mercury(I)

The best known polycation of mercury is , in which mercury has a formal oxidation state of +1. The  ion was perhaps the first metal-metal bonded species confirmed. The presence of the  ion in solution was shown by Ogg in 1898. In 1900, Baker showed the presence of HgCl dimers in the vapour phase. The presence of  units in the solid state was first determined in 1926 using X-ray diffraction. The presence of the metal-metal bond in solution was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy in 1934.

 is stable in aqueous solution, where it is in equilibrium with  and elemental Hg, with  present at around 0.6%. Anions of insoluble salts readily shift the equilibrium: , which forms an insoluble Hg(II) salt, induces complete disproportionation, whereas , which forms an insoluble Hg(I) salt, induces the reverse.  Most salts with main group elements tend to contain only Hg(II) and metallic mercury, because the presence of strong Lewis bases destabilizes the intermetallic bond.  In appropriate solvents, however, Hg(I) salts with derivatives of amides, pyridines, phosphorus trifluoride, tin(II), and certain other main group elements are all known.  

Minerals that are known that contain the  cation include eglestonite.

Linear trimercury and tetramercury cations

Compounds containing the linear  (mercury()) and  (mercury()) cations have been synthesised. These ions are only known in the solid state in compounds such as  and . The Hg–Hg bond length is 255 pm in , and 255–262 pm in . The bonding involves 2-centre-2-electron bonds formed by 6s orbitals.

Cyclic mercury cations

The triangular  cation was confirmed in a reinvestigation of the mineral terlinguaite in 1989 and subsequently synthesised in a number of compounds. The bonding has been described in terms of a three-center two-electron bond where overlap of the 6s orbitals on the mercury atoms gives (in D3h symmetry) a bonding "a1" orbital.

Chain and layer polycations
The golden yellow compound ), named "alchemists' gold" by its discoverers, contains perpendicular chains of Hg atoms.

The "metallic" compounds  and  contain hexagonal layers of mercury atoms separated by layers of  anions. They are both superconductors below 7 K.

References

Mercury compounds
Cations
City Stable and Garage. The City Stable and Garage is a historic public works building at 74 Elliot Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  The 1.5-story brick building was built in 1926–27, and represents a transitional period between the use of horse-drawn equipment and the advent of combustion-powered vehicles.  Built on a hillside, it has a fully exposed basement with four garage bays, while its main level originally housed 26 horse stalls.  It was designed, however, so that the main floor could be converted to automotive use when horses were no longer needed.  The building is also a fine example of Flemish Revival design, with stepped gable ends.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

See also
 Crafts Street City Stable
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Government buildings completed in 1926
Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts
Bitstate hashing. Bitstate hashing is a hashing method invented in 1968 by Morris. It is used for state hashing, where each state (e.g. of an automaton) is represented by a number and it is passed to some hash function.

The result of the function is then taken as the index to an array of bits (a bit-field), where one looks for 1 if the state was already seen before or stores 1 by itself if not.

It usually serves as a yes–no technique without a need of storing whole state bit representation.

A shortcoming of this framework is losing precision like in other hashing techniques. Hence some tools use this technique with more than one hash function so that the bit-field gets widened by the number of used functions, each having its own row. And even after all functions return values (the indices) point to fields with contents equal to 1, the state may be uttered as visited with much higher probability.

Bitstate Hashing, although proposed earlier in time, is an application of Bloom Filters.

Use 
 Bitstate hashing is utilized in the SPIN model checker for deciding whether a state was already visited by a nested-depth-first search algorithm or not. This purportedly led to memory savings of 98% in the case of using one hash function (175 MB to 3 MB) and 92% when two hash functions are used (13 MB). The state coverage dropped to 97% in the former case.

References 

Hash functions