omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CVV 1 Pinguino. The CVV1 Pinguino () was a single seat, high performance glider designed and built in Italy in the mid-1930s, the first of a series of gliders from the Milan Polytechnic. It did not go into production.

Design and development
The Pinguino was the first design from the Centro Volo a Vela (CVV), or Experimental Soaring Centre, of the Royal Polytechnic of Milan. Ermenegildo Preti was only eighteen when he began the design.  It was a wood and fabric aircraft, a cantilever, gull winged monoplane in the manner of the slightly earlier German DFS Rhönsperber.  The mid mounted wing was built around a single spar with a plywood covered D-box ahead of it and fabric behind.  In plan, it had a constant chord centre section, filling about a third of the span, and outer sections with taper on both leading and trailing edges ending in semi-elliptical tips. The centre section had positive dihedral but there was none on the outer panels. Ailerons occupied the whole of these outer panels, hinged parallel to the trailing edge.  Short span airbrakes extended upwards only, mounted just behind the spar at the outer ends of the centre section.

The fuselage of the Pinguino was blunt nosed and steadily tapering ventrally aft, with a ply covering formed by twenty round frames and six longerons. A slight step held the narrow tailplane just above the fuselage, far enough forward that the trailing edge of the fabric covered split elevator was ahead of the rudder hinge. Neither rear control surface was balanced.  Like the tailplane, fin was also narrow but the fabric covered rudder was broad, with a curved edge that reached down to the keel, protected by an integral tail bumper.  The main landing gear was a wooden skid mounted on rubber shock absorbers.  The pilot sat at the wing leading edge under a protuberant, multipiece glazed canopy of teardrop form.

The first flight of the Pinguino was made in December 1937 from Arcore.  No production followed.

Operational history

The Pinguino competed in the second National Meeting held at Asiago in 1938.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 535 airfoil
NACA 23012 airfoil

1930s Italian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
USCGC Robert Yered. USCGC Robert Yered (WPC-1104) is a  cutter based in Miami, Florida.  She was launched on November 23, 2012, and was commissioned on February 15, 2012. Debbie Wasserman Schultz, the Congressional Representative for the district containing the vessel's base, met the ship when she arrived in Miami on January 27, 2013.

Design
Like her sister ships, she is equipped for coastal security patrols, interdiction of drug and people smugglers, and search and rescue.
Like the smaller  she is equipped with a stern launching ramp.
The ramp allows the deployment and retrieval of her high speed water-jet powered pursuit boat without first coming to a stop. Robert Yered is capable of more than . She is armed with a remote controlled  M242 Bushmaster autocannon and four crew-served Browning M2 machine guns.

Operational career

On March 6, 2014, Robert Yered responded to a distress call from the ocean-going tug Patriarch, when containers on a large barge it was pushing burst into flame.

On April 28, 2018, Robert Yered, and another nearby vessel, rescued the five crewmembers of the fishing vessel La Bella.

The owners of the  pleasurecraft Family Time reported a fire had been triggered in their engine room, at 3:20pm, December 7, 2018.  They placed the distress call approximately  off Miami Beach.  They abandoned ship. Robert Yered was nearby, and was able to rescue all three survivors mere minutes after the distress call was placed.

On 20 May 2019, Robert Yered detected an overloaded 30-foot panga vessel and launched a smallboat crew to investigate. The smallboat crew then boarded the vessel and discovered 50 Haitian migrants, including 36 Haitian males and 14 Haitian females. Robert Yered crew safely embarked the migrants and then sank the unsafe vessel to prevent a hazard to navigation. The 50 migrants were then transferred to USCGC Vigilant (WMEC-617), which subsequently repatriated the migrants back to Haiti.

Namesake

She is named after Engineman First Class Robert J. Yered of the U.S. Coast Guard, who put out a fire on an ammunition barge while assigned with a U.S. Coast Guard Explosive Loading Detachment at Cat Lai, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Yered was awarded a Silver Star by the U.S. Army for his heroism.

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

Sentinel-class cutters
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
2012 ships
Ships built in Lockport, Louisiana
List of Mexican engineers. This list of Mexican engineers is a list of notable people who have been trained in or have practised engineering.

Bernardo Quintana Arrioja
León Ávalos y Vez
Juan Francisco Azcárate
Alexander Balankin
Mariano de la Bárcena
Francisco Barnés de Castro
Luis Enrique Bracamontes
Alberto Bustani Adem
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
Heberto Castillo
Pedro Celis
Eduardo Chávez (politician)
Francisco Escárcega
Jorge Galvan
Jesús García
Genaro García Luna
Fernando García Roel
José Antonio Garrido Nataren
Guillermo González Camarena
Jorge Gutiérrez Vera
José María Lanz
José Luis Luege Tamargo
Pablo Emilio Madero
Daniel Mastretta
Baltasar Mena Iniesta
Joaquín de Mendizábal y Tamborrel
Concepción Mendizábal Mendoza
Luis E. Miramontes
Rodolfo Neri Vela
Miguel Ángel de Quevedo
Jorge Matute Remus
Antonio Rivas Mercado
Sigfrido Cuen Rodelo
Alfonso Romo
Emilio Rosenblueth
Gerardo Ruiz Mateos
Javier Barros Sierra
Estanislao Tovilla Cortázar
Rodolfo Félix Valdés
California Odha Zertuche Díaz 
Heinrich Zoelly

 
Mexican
engineering
Presser foot. A presser foot is an attachment used with sewing machines to hold fabric flat as it is fed through the machine and stitched.  Sewing machines have feed dogs in the bed of the machine to provide traction and move the fabric as it is fed through the machine, while the sewer provides extra support for the fabric by guiding it with one hand. A presser foot keeps the fabric flat so that it does not rise and fall with the needle and pucker as it is stitched. When especially thick workpieces are to be sewn, such as quilts, a specialized attachment called a walking foot is often used rather than a presser foot.

Presser feet are typically spring-hinged to provide some flexibility as the workpiece moves beneath it. Presser feet have two toes, one to hold the fabric down on either side of the needle.

Types of presser feet

Shank
Different manufacturers have produced machines with one of three types of presser foot shank in mind.  These are the low shank, high shank, and the slant shank presser foot.  A low shank presser foot has a  distance from the bottom of the foot to the center of the thumbscrew; a high shank foot has a  distance; a slant shank foot is distinctly slanted.  The kind of foot a given machine requires is not interchangeable: a low-shank machine will only accept a low shank presser foot, and a high shank machine only a high-shank presser foot, though within these categories any low shank or high shank foot will fit any corresponding low shank or high shank machine; exceptionally, a slant shank foot can only be used with a Singer slant needle machine and no other (likewise, such a machine can accept no other kind of foot).

Feet

The most commonly used presser feet are the all-purpose foot and the zipper foot, which come standard with most household machines. However, an array of specialized feet have also been designed for a number of uses.  Among these are the following: 
binding foot, used to sew a long folded narrow strip of fabric that is wrapped around the edge of the workpiece
blind hem foot
button-attaching foot 
buttonhole foot
darning foot
fringe foot
gathering foot
invisible zipper foot
narrow hem foot called as well a rolled hem foot (comes in different sizes measured in mm of the hem)
open-toe foot
overedge/overcast foot
pintuck foot (comes in different sizes measured in the number of grooves)
piping/ cording foot
quarter-inch seam foot (6mm)
quilting quarter-inch seam foot
roller foot
satin stitch or decorative stitch foot
straight-stitch foot
tape attaching foot used for narrow ribbons, rick-rack, etc.

Most presser feet are made of steel or clear plastic; however, presser feet made of Teflon or other non-stick material are used for sewing with leather, plastic, vinyl and oilcloth.

References

Sewing machines
CVV 2 Asiago. The CVV 2 Asiago is a simple, single seat glider designed and built in Italy in the mid-1930s, the second of a series of gliders from the Milan Polytechnic and the first go into production.

Design and development
The Asiago was the second design from the Centro Volo a Vela (CVV), or Experimental Soaring Centre, of the Royal Polytechnic of Milan. It is a simple, all wood, short span, single seat glider with an open cockpit, cheap to buy and easy to rig but capable of both soaring and aerobatics, particularly as an advanced trainer.

The Asiago has a simple, flat sided fuselage, hexagonal at the front and rectangular at the rear, plywood covered all over.  The cockpit is immediately in front of the high wing, which is raised up on a pedestal so its leading edge is over the pilot's head. Particular attention was given to the seat, to minimise pilot fatigue on long flights. Aft, the pedestal drops away gradually and the fuselage tapers. The undercarriage consists of a fixed, semi-recessed monowheel with a tennis ball sprung skid ahead of it reaching to the nose, assisted by a very small tail bumper at the bottom of the rudder post.

The wing has a single box spar with spruce webs and ply caps.  Plywood skin forward around the nose of the wing forms a D-shaped torsion box ahead of the spar and there is fabric covering aft, including the ailerons.  In plan the wing centre section has constant chord; there are airbrakes which open above the wing only, placed immediately aft of the spar and about two-thirds the way out along this section.  The outer wing panels are tapered on both edges and have semi-elliptical tips; ailerons, hinged parallel to the trailing edge fill these panels spanwise.  On each side a single, faired, metal wing bracing strut runs from the lower fuselage longeron to the wing spar at about half centre section span. The horizontal tail is of similar construction to the wing and largely fabric covered, mounted on top of the fuselage far enough forward to place the trailing edge of the split elevator ahead of the rudder hinge.  The fin is small and straight edged but the rudder, again fabric covered, is full and slightly curved; it is horn balanced and extends down to the keel.

The Asiago was designed during 1937 and probably flew for the first time that year.  Serial production was undertaken by Aeronautica Lombarda, who built twenty five aircraft under the name GP.2 Asiago. The unit price in 1938 was $550 ex-Milan in 1938.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 535 airfoil
NACA M6 airfoil

1930s Italian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Taurosta Bridge. The Taurosta Bridge () is a bridge in Jonava, Lithuania, over which the A6 highway crosses the Neris river. It is the only bridge in the city that can be used by big trucks.

References 
 Bridges of Jonava // Darius Klibavičius. Jonavos tiltai. In: Jonavos rajono laikraštis „Naujienos“. – 2000 m. liepos 11 d., p. 4.

Bridges in Jonava
Cannulated bar. A cannulated bar is a bar manufactured with a central hollow that has several medical applications. A cannulated bar is differentiated from a standard medical cannula by its greater outer diameter and wall thickness.

Applications
Cannulated bars are used as intramedullary rods for the fixation of long bone fractures. The central hollow promotes marrow regrowth. In this application, a Kirschner wire may be fed through the hollow to provide fixation and traction at each end of the implant. Cannulated bars are also used as raw material, in the manufacturing of cannulated screws, drills, taps and medical instruments.

References

Medical equipment
Nils Arntzen Ramm. Nils Arntzen Ramm (13 August 1903 – 22 April 1974) was a Norwegian engineer, military captain, and businessperson.

He was born in Kristiania (Oslo, Norway) as a son of colonel Wilhelm Ernst Ramm (1861–1926) and Hilda Pleym (1866–1924). In 1932 he married Amélie Kallevig, a daughter of Waldemar Kallevig and niece of Gerhard C. Kallevig and Christian Wisbech.

He finished his secondary education in 1921, and after officer training in 1924 he graduated from the Norwegian Military College in 1927 and as a machine engineer from ETH Zurich in 1931. He was hired at Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikk in 1935, and became head of department at Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk in 1936. In the same year he was promoted to captain in the military. He also chaired the local rifle association Holmestrand og Omegns SL from 1939 to 1949. From 1932 to 1940 he was also an aide-de-camp for Crown Prince Olav of Norway. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany Ramm was incarcerated at the Grini concentration camp from January to December 1942, among the so-called "King's hostages". He was further arrested in August 1943, along with 1,100 other Norwegian military officers who were sent to prisons in Germany (Schildberg and Luckenwalde) where they were held as prisoners-of-war until the end of the war.

In 1939 he was hired as chief engineer in Nordisk Aluminiumindustri in Holmestrand. He directed the factory in Holmestrand from 1945, and from 1954 he became sales director in the head office in Oslo. From 1959 to 1967 he was the chief executive officer.

In the employers' associations, Ramm was a board member of Mekaniske Verksteders Landsforening from 1947 to 1954 and chaired its county branch in Vestfold from 1951 to 1954; was the vice chairman of Jern- og Metallvarefabrikantenes Landsforening from 1951 to 1954; was a board member of the Federation of Norwegian Industries from 1962 and working committee member from 1963 to 1967.

In other businesses and organizations, he chaired the board of Norsk Jernverk from 1967 to 1972 and Industrivernet from 1967 (board member since 1959), and the supervisory council of Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri from 1971 (member since 1964). He was also a board member of Studieselskapet for Norsk Industri from 1955 to 1960, Det norske Nitridselskap from 1967 and Forsikringsselskapet Norden from 1968, a supervisory council member of the Norwegian America Line from 1965, Tyssefaldene from 1967 and Årdal-Sunndal Verk, and a council member of Norges Forsvarsforening from 1963.

He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav (1939) and a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. He died on 22 April 1974 and was buried at Vestre gravlund.

References

1903 births
1974 deaths
Businesspeople from Oslo
ETH Zurich alumni
Norwegian Military College alumni
Norwegian expatriates in Switzerland
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Grini concentration camp survivors
Norwegian prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
20th-century Norwegian businesspeople
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Place of death missing
Burials at Vestre gravlund
Summit 103 Mini Breeze. The Summit 103 Mini Breeze is an American powered parachute, designed and produced by Summit Aerosports of Yale, Michigan.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Mini Breeze has a standard empty weight of  when equipped with a Rotax 447 engine and  when equipped with a Rotax 503. It features a parachute-style high-wing, single-place accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single  Rotax 447 engine in pusher configuration. The  Rotax 503 engine is a factory option.

The Mini Breeze's airframe is built from TIG-welded, powder coated 4130 steel tubing. The standard rectangular Mustang S-380 canopy has an area of  and is attached at four points to increase stability. The Mustang S-380 allows a gross weight of . Optional canopies include the elliptical Mustang E-280 and the elliptical Thunderbolt E-310 which both allow a gross weight of . In-flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has nosewheel steering controlled by a butterfly steering wheel and the main landing gear incorporates bungee suspension. The aircraft is factory supplied complete.

Specifications (103 Mini Breeze)

References

External links

2000s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
2014 aluminium alloy. 2014 aluminium alloy (aluminum) is an aluminium-based alloy often used in the aerospace industry.

It is easily machined in certain tempers, and among the strongest available aluminium alloys, as well as having high hardness. However, it is difficult to weld, as it is subject to cracking.

2014 is the second most popular of the 2000-series aluminium alloys, after 2024 aluminium alloy. It is commonly extruded and forged. The corrosion resistance of this alloy is particularly poor. To combat this, it is often clad with pure aluminium. If unclad 2014 aluminium is to be exposed to the elements, it should be painted as a corrosion protection measure.

Prior to the adoption of The Aluminum Association alloy designations in 1954, 2014 was known by the industry conventional designation "14S".

Chemical composition

The alloy composition of 2014 is:

Aluminium: Remainder
Chromium: 0.1% max
Copper: 3.9% - 5%
Iron: 0.7% max
Magnesium: 0.2% - 0.8%
Manganese: 0.4 - 1.2%
Remainder: Each 0.05% max
Remainder: Total 0.15% max
Silicon: 0.5% - 1.2%
Titanium: 0.15% max
Titanium + Zinc: 0.2% max
Zinc: 0.25% max

2014A Aluminium Alloy

2014A is an alloy of aluminium that is very similar (but not entirely identical) to 2014. Because of the naming similarity, the two can be confused. The alloy composition of 2014A is:

Aluminium: Remainder
Chromium: 0.1% max
Copper: 3.9% - 5%
Iron: 0.5% max (versus 0.7 for 2014)
Magnesium: 0.2% - 0.8%
Manganese: 0.4 - 1.2%
Remainder: Each 0.05% max
Remainder: Total 0.15% max
Silicon: 0.5% - 0.9% (versus 0.5-1.2 for 2014)
Titanium: 0.15% max
Titanium + Zinc: 0.2% max
Zinc: 0.25% max

Properties
Typical material properties for 2014 aluminium alloy are:
 Density: 2.80 g/cm3, or 175 lb/ft3.
 Young's modulus: 73 GPa, or 11 Msi.
 Electrical conductivity: 34 to 50% IACS.
 Ultimate tensile strength: 190 to 480 MPa, or 28 to 70 ksi.
 Thermal Conductivity: 130 to 190 W/m-K.
 Thermal Expansion: 23 μm/m-K.

Standards
2014 aluminium alloy is discussed in the following standards:
 ASTM B 209: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Sheet and Plate
 ASTM B 210: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes
 ASTM B 211: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire
 ASTM B 221: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes

References

Further reading
 "Properties of Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys: 2014, Alclad 2014". Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p. 67-68.

Aluminium alloy table 

Aluminium–copper alloys
Aerospace materials
Southern Hami–Zhengzhou UHVDC. The Southern Hami–Zhengzhou UHVDC is an ultra high-voltage direct current power transmission line from the north-west to central China.

Background 
It is the first ultra high-voltage project implemented by the Northwest China Grid Company, a subsidiary of the State Grid Corporation of China.  Construction started on 13 May 2012. It went into operation in January 2014.  Expected cost was 23.4 billion yuan.

Design 
The line was designed and built by several different Chinese companies. Converter transformers and components were supplied by ABB Group, by XD Group, and by Siemens AG.

Operation 
The transmission line starts at the Hami Nanhu converter station next to the Dananhu Power Station in Xinjiang and runs through Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Shanxi and Henan provinces to Zhengzhou converter station in Henan.  Its total length is . The line operates at ±800 kV voltage and is designed to have a transmission capacity of 8,000 MW, the highest in the world.

Coordinates 
 Southern Hami–Zhengzhou UHVDC – Converterstation Hami 
 Southern Hami–Zhengzhou UHVDC – Converterstation Zhengzhou

References

Electric power infrastructure in China
HVDC transmission lines
2014 establishments in China
Energy infrastructure completed in 2014
Oxychlorination. In chemistry, oxychlorination is a process for generating the equivalent of chlorine gas (Cl2) from hydrogen chloride and oxygen.  This process is attractive industrially because hydrogen chloride is less expensive than chlorine.

Mechanism
The reaction is usually initiated by copper(II) chloride (CuCl2), which is the most common catalyst in the production of 1,2-dichloroethane. In some cases, CuCl2 is supported on silica in presence of KCl, LaCl3, or AlCl3 as cocatalysts. Aside from silica, a variety of supports have also been used including various types of alumina, diatomaceous earth, or pumice. Because this reaction is highly exothermic (238 kJ/mol), the temperature is monitored, to guard against thermal degradation of the catalyst.  The reaction is as follows:
CH2=CH2  +  2 CuCl2   →   2 CuCl  +  ClH2C-CH2Cl

The copper(II) chloride is regenerated by sequential reactions of the cuprous chloride with oxygen and then hydrogen chloride:
½ O2  +  2 CuCl  →   CuOCuCl2
2 HCl  +  CuOCuCl2    →   2 CuCl2  +  H2O

Applications
Oxychlorination is employed in the conversion of ethylene into vinyl chloride.  In the first step in this process, ethylene undergoes oxychlorination to give ethylene chloride:
CH2=CH2  +  2 HCl  +  ½ O2    →    ClCH2CH2Cl  +  H2O
Oxychlorination is of special importance in the making of 1,2-dichloroethane, which is then converted into vinyl chloride. As can be seen in the following reaction, 1,2-dichloroethane is cracked: 
ClCH2CH2Cl    →   CH2=CHCl  +  HCl

The HCl from this cracking process is recycled by oxychlorination in order to reduce the consumption of raw material HCl (or Cl2, if direct chlorination of ethylene is chosen as main way to produce 1,2-dichloroethane).

Iron(III) chloride is produced commercially by oxychlorination (and other methods).  For example, dissolution of iron ores in hydrochloric acid gives a mixture of ferrous and ferric chlorides:

The iron(II) chloride is converted to the iron(III) derivative by treatment with oxygen and hydrochloric acid:

References

Organic reactions
Inorganic reactions
Halogens
Summit Steel Breeze. The Summit Steel Breeze is an American powered parachute, designed and produced by Summit Aerosports of Yale, Michigan. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft.

Design and development
The Steel Breeze is intended as a light-sport aircraft compliant design. It features a parachute-style high-wing, two seats in tandem accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. Engines available include the  Rotax 503, the  liquid-cooled Rotax 582, the  Hirth 3503 two-strokes and the four-stroke  HKS 700E.

The Steel Breeze's airframe is built from  TIG-welded, powder coated 4130 steel tubing. The standard rectangular Mustang S-500 canopy has an area of  and is attached at four points to increase stability. The Mustang S-500 allows a gross weight of . Optional canopies include the rectangular Mustang S-550 which allows a gross weight of  and the elliptical Thunderbolt E-340 which allows a gross weight of . In-flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has nosewheel steering controlled by a butterfly steering wheel and the main landing gear incorporates bungee suspension.

As of August 2012, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

Specifications (Steel Breeze)

References

External links

2000s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes