omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Christoph Benzmüller. Christoph Benzmüller is a German computer scientist whose research interests include formalisation of rational arguments by using symbolic artificial intelligence. He has been professor at the University of Bamberg since 2022, in charge of the chair for AI Systems Engineering, and at the FU Berlin since 2021.

Education and career
Benzmüller studied computer science at Saarland University from 1989. He completed his studies in 1995 with a diploma. He then completed his doctorate under  in 1999 on the subject of Equality and Extensionality in Higher-Order Theorem Proving, supervised by Michael Kohlhase and Frank Pfenning.
After spending time abroad in Birmingham and Edinburgh, he worked as a university lecturer at Saarland University from 2001 to 2008, including a research stay in Cambridge. He was then a professor at the  in Bruchsal until 2009. Benzmüller gained his habilitation at Saarland University in 2008 and at the FU Berlin in 2012. After research stays in Stanford and Luxembourg, he has been an apl. professor at the FU Berlin since 2021. In February 2022, he accepted an appointment at the University of Bamberg.

Recognition
Benzmüller conducts research at the intersection of artificial intelligence, philosophy, mathematics and language processing. On the one hand, he is interested in formal reasoning and universal logic with applications in philosophy/metaphysics and mathematics, and on the other hand in the development of hybrid AI technologies for the ethical and legal control of AI systems. In the context of research stays and visiting professorships, he has established collaborations with numerous international institutions, including University of Luxembourg, Stanford University (USA), University of Cambridge (UK), Carnegie Mellon University (USA), BITS Pilani Dubai (UAE) and Zhejiang University (China). He serves on various international committees, advises AI start-ups, is the national contact person for the Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe (CLAIRE-AI), member of the Graduate School Berlin Mathematical Research Centre (MATH+) and the Federation of German Scientists.

He is best known for his work on formalising Gödel's ontological proof in 2014 and verifying the theorems using automated theorem proving with Isabelle in 2016. The proof could be confirmed by researchers from TU Vienna. For the formalisation and the proof, Benzmüller gained attention by the national press  and internationally across interdisciplinary researchers.

References

External links
Home page
Comments on the formalisation and automation of foundational theories from the point of view of LogiKEy
 Does God exist? (Terra X with Harald Lesch)

Living people
German computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Bamberg
Year of birth missing (living people)
Korean Train Control System. The Korean Train Control System (KTCS) is a train protection system established as a standard specification for the South Korean railway.

KTCS-1 is designed for general lines (ATP), KTCS-2 for high-speed lines, and KTCS-M for Urban rail transit.

History 
Before the development of the KTCS, South Korea did not have domestically produced train signal control system technology, so most of the core technology was imported. Afterwards, it was developed according to the national Research and development (R&D) project, the domestic signal system standardization and domestic production plan. If the Gyeongbu high-speed train signal control system is built in the country's version, KTCS-2, it will be possible to save about 1.2 trillion South Korean won or more in budget compared to the existing foreign system, and it will also be possible to provide infrastructure that supports operating speeds of up to 320 km/h.

In 2012, the Korea Railroad Research Institute, Korail and Hyundai Rotem participated as research institutes in a project led by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In 2018, the world's first LTE-R wireless communication-based train control system, KTCS-2, was developed as a national R&D project, and KTCS-2, manufactured by Hyundai Rotem, completed R&D, performance verification, and product certification in the same year. Lee Seong-hae, Chairman of Korail, evaluated KTCS-2 as "a unique railway technology developed through national research and development, and a key technology that simultaneously secures the safety, efficiency, and economy of railways."

In 2022, KTCS-2 successfully completed commercial operation on the Jeolla Line. As of 2024, the design for introduction to the Gyeongbu high-speed railway for KTX (Korea Train Express) is currently underway.

Usage 
KTCS is largely classified into three types: KTCS-1 is designed for general lines, KTCS-2 for high-speed lines, and KTCS-M for Urban rail transit. In addition, it meets the standards of European Train Control System (ETCS). In particular, KTCS-2 is compatible with both ETCS Level-1 and Level-2.

KTCS-2 manufactured by Hyundai Rotem was applied to the Daegyeong Line electric train that started operation on December 14, 2024. KTCS-2 is scheduled to be built sequentially on the Gyeongbu High Speed Line by 2028, followed by the Honam High-speed Line and Suseo High Speed Railway (SRT).

References 

Train protection systems
Railway signalling in South Korea
Francis Holley. Francis Holley (1868–1923) was an American railroad engineer and co-founder of the Bureau of Commercial Economics. Its film library was one of the largest of the kind in its day, and the only one that was international. In 1920, the Bureau had the largest educational film library in the world.

Early life and education
Francis Holley was born in Cook County, Illinois, in 1868. 

Self-educated, his only schooling was a winter's attendance at night school in New York.

Career
Holley began working at the age of thirteen as a messenger in an engineering corps on the Northern Pacific Survey.

He became an engineer by profession, and for many years was a railroad builder, being at one time chief engineer for the Northern Pacific Railroad. In 1893, at the age of thirty, Holley became totally blind due to excessive use of his eyes at night in the poor light of railroad construction camps.

For eighteen years, Holley searched for a cure to his blindness, including a trip to Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany for treatment. While there, the German government was holding in Dusseldorf its biennial exhibition of the manufactures of the empire. This exhibition was also a vocational guide to the youth of Germany at government expense. Holley conceived the idea that the exhibition would be even more of a success if taken to the homes of the boys by means of motion pictures. He told his idea to the then kalser and to the minister of education. They approved and told him to go ahead. He did so and met with considerable success, despite the inadequacies of the motion pictures of those days. 

After his sight was regained and in gratitude for this, Holley decided to devote the remainder of his life to broadening the views of others and enabling them to see and appreciate the wonders of the world through movie films. In 1913, he began to organize the bureau with Anita Maris Boggs.

Holley held an honorary college degree, and later in life, served on the faculty of the American University, in Washington, D.C., where he filled the chair of visual education.

Personal life
Holley was unmarried.

In early 1923, Holley had an operation at the Mayo hospital in Rochester, Minnesota, and returned to Washington, D.C. He died at the Mayo hospital on December 12, 1923.

Selected works
 The Army of the Vigilantes, Recruiting for National Defense, 1916 (text)

References

1868 births
1923 deaths
20th-century American educators
People from Cook County, Illinois
American founders
Akshai Runchal. Akshai Runchal (born 16 October 1943) is an Indian-origin professor, entrepreneur, and pioneer in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM). He completed his Ph.D. in 1969 at Imperial College London under the mentorship of Prof. D. B. Spalding. He was a key member of the 3-person team led by Prof. D. B. Spalding that invented the Finite Volume Method (FVM) of Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in mid 1960s. He has been recognized for his contributions with an ASTFE Fellowship at Oregon State University in 2024.

Early life and Education 
He obtained a Bachelor's in Engineering with Honors from Punjab Engineering College (PEC, Chandigarh) in 1964 and obtained his Ph.D. in 1969 from Imperial College (London).

Career 
He started his professional career as a faculty at IIT Kanpur in 1969 and has also taught as regular or adjunct faculty at Imperial College (London), University of California (Los Angeles), Cal Tech (Pasadena), and California State University (Northridge). He is a Fellow of the ASME and has served as Chairman of the IIT Kanpur Foundation Board. He has been a regular member of the IIT Gandhinagar Advisory Board since 2012. He has been engaged in assisting a number of educational institutes in their R&D and Industrial Relations Programs. He is the author or co-author of 12 books and over 200 technical publications.

In 1979, Runchal established the ACRi group of companies that has offices in Los Angeles, Nice and McLeod ganj. Since the 1970s, he has provided technology and CFD Simulation services to a over 200 clients that include major corporations, R&D organizations, cities and governments in over 20 countries. He is the principal author of the ANSWER, PORFLOW, TIDAL, and RADM CFD software tools which deal with a broad spectrum of problems in fluid dynamics, heat and mass transport, and environmental pollution and are widely employed by commercial / academic and research organizations across the world. In 2011, Dr. Runchal founded a non-profit CFD Virtual Reality Institute to further the cause of CFD education, training and R&D.

He is board of Governors Kangra Arts Promotion Society, an NGO working for the promotion of arts of the greater Kangra region which comprises the current district of Kangra and surrounding areas that were once ruled by the Kangra Dynasty.

References 

1943 births
Living people
Computational fluid dynamicists
Indian founders
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
People from Kangra district
Punjab Engineering College alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academics of Imperial College London
Academic staff of IIT Kanpur
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
California State University, Northridge faculty
Salawu Sadiku. Salawu Sadiku is a professor who was the first Vice-Chancellor of Confluence University of Science and Technology. He was appointed in 2020 by the Kogi State Government following the establishment of the institution.

Career 
Sadiku was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of Confluence University of Science and Technology in 2020 by Yahya Bello in 2020. He was replaced by Abdulrahman Asipita Salawu, a professor of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering in 2023.

References 

Nigerian educators
Vice-chancellors of Nigerian universities
Nigerian academics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Abdulrahman Asipita Salawu. Abdulrahman Asipita Salawu is a professor and the incumbent Vice-Chancellor of Confluence University of Science and Technology. He was appointed in 2023 after the tenure of his predecessor, Salawu Sadiku.

Career 
Salawu is a professor of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering and was an active member of the Technical and Implementation Committees before his appointment as the Vice-Chancellor in 2023.

References 

Nigerian educators
Vice-chancellors of Nigerian universities
Nigerian academics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Spring plunger. A spring plunger or detent spring is a spring-loaded mechanical part used for indexing, positioning, and securing of objects, as well as for making objects possible to disassemble in normal use without loosing parts. The spring force keeps the pin in position during normal use.

Typically, it is a machine part consisting of a hollow cylinder with an internal compression spring acting on a pin. The pin may, for example, be shaped as a rod with either a cylindrical or rounded tip (broadly categorized as a spring plunger), or a spring-loaded ball (ball plunger) if the spring acts against a ball.

Manufacture 

Spring plungers can be supplied as a complete unit that is mounted into the workpiece by screwing into threads, or in a pluggable version that is pressed into the workpiece. The sleeve is usually made of free machining steel.

Alternatively, it can be made directly into the workpiece by drilling and tapping a hole, then inserting a pin (or ball), spring, and finally a set screw.

The spring force is dimensioned for the intended use. In spring plungers with a screw, the spring pressure can be adjustable within a certain working range.

Different plungers may require different tools for installation, such as a hex key, socket wrench, or flathead screwdriver. Blind hole mounting variants may have tool slots on the same side as the pin.

Materials 
At high temperatures or when the parts are exposed to aggressive chemicals, plastic balls or balls made of corrosion-resistant materials such as silicon nitride can be used. The threaded sleeve is then typically made of stainless steel instead of carbon steel.

Use 

Spring-loaded plungers have a wide range of uses.

Some spring plungers are designed to be handled only when assembling or occasionally adjusting equipment. Other spring plungers are designed to be routinely manipulated (for example, to adjust the angle of an exercise bench), and may have an integrated operating lever that is pushed in (push pin plungers) or a lever that is pulled out to manipulate the object (pull pin plunger).

Similar principles are used in spring-loaded valves and valve stems(including safety valves), or automatic ejectors on firearms.

Mechanics 
Spring plungers can be used, for example, to lock levers in different positions. Spring-loaded plungers with anti-twist protection enable screwless fastening.

Electronics 

A pogo pin is a type of electrical connector mechanism widely used in modern electronics. Compared to other electrical connectors, they have better durability and are more resistant to mechanical shock and vibration.

Archery 

In modern archery, an archery plunger allows the arrow to be deflected as it is fired from the bow. It allows for adjusting the arrow's relative position on the arrow rest. By adjusting the stiffness and position of the plunger, the arrow can be adjusted to fly with the best possible flight, so that it travels straight.

See also 
 Spring pin, mechanical fastener that secures the position of two or more parts relative to each other
 Detent
 Ball detent

References 

Fasteners
Mechanical fasteners
Chuan Wu. Chuan Wu () is a Chinese computer scientist whose research interests include cloud computing, distributed machine learning, and applications in elderly care. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Hong Kong.

Education and career
Wu was a student of computer science and technology at Tsinghua University, where she received a bachelor's degree in 2000 and a master's degree in 2002. After working in industry in Singapore, she went to the University of Toronto in Canada for doctoral study in electrical and computer engineering, and completed her Ph.D. in 2008. Her doctoral dissertation,  Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Streaming: Modeling, Measurements, and Optimizing Solutions, was supervised by Baochun Li.

She joined the University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science in 2008, and is now a full professor there.

Recognition
Wu was named to the 2025 class of IEEE Fellows "for contributions to resource scheduling in cloud computing and distributed machine learning systems".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese women computer scientists
Tsinghua University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Hong Kong
Fellows of the IEEE
AN/ALQ-153. AN/ALQ-153 is an airborne Pulse-doppler tail warning radar for detecting missiles, protecting B-1B Lancer and B-52H Stratofortress aircraft. It replaced the AN/ALQ-127, introducing a solid-state transmitter, frequency-agile waveform and digital processing using non-scanning antennas that have low backlobes. The ALQ-153 was originally manufactured by Westinghouse (now Northrop Grumman).

History
Installed on B-52 aircraft at Barksdale Air Force Base, ten test flights were flown in May and June 1981. During these tests, totaling 39 hours, there were four failures with a mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) rate of 9.75 hours.

Technical Description

Features
Although primarily used for missile defense, the ALQ-153 could accurately warn of aircraft threats as well providing continuous range and time-to-intercept indications on the control indicator. When a missile is detected, an audible tone is transmitted to the electronic warfare officer (EWO) allowing him/her to respond with the proper countermeasures.

Components
The ALQ-153 consists of six line replaceable units (LRUs), with a total size of 2.36 cubic feet weighing 138 pounds. The LRUs include:

 Two antennas
 Radar receiver/transmitter (RT)
 Analog Data Signal Processor (ADSP)
 Digital Data Signal Processor (DDSP)
 Control indicator
 Signal Data Converter

See also

List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links
 AF.mil - B-52H Stratofortress Fact Sheet

Electronic warfare equipment
Military electronics of the United States
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Electronic countermeasures
Electronic warfare
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Loggro. Loggro S.A.S. is a Colombian cloud-based enterprise software platform offering solutions for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Loggro also offers specialized software solutions such as Point of Sales, restaurant management systems, payment processing, and hotel/accommodation management (PMS).

History 
Loggro originated as a project within PSL (Productora de Software S.A.S.), a Colombian software company founded in 1984 by Jorge Aramburo Siegert. Following PSL's acquisition by Perficient Inc. in 2020, Loggro continued to operate independently in the Colombian market.

In 2022, Loggro acquired PirPos, a startup focused on point-of-sale (POS) software for restaurants.

In 2023, Loggro was named by Forbes as one of the 100 best startups in Colombia and ranked among the top 5 fintech companies.

Currently Loggro is an authorized technology provider recognized by the Colombian National Directorate of Taxes and Customs, DIAN, for generating electronic invoicing in compliance with regulatory standards.

References

External links
Official site

Companies based in Medellín
Companies established in 2020
Software companies of Colombia
Colombian brands
Technomass. Technomass refers to the mass of all human-made (artificial/anthropogenic) structures and objects on Earth. The amount of technomass provides a quantitative characterization of the human impact on the planet. The term gained prominence when a study. showed that, around 2020, the amount of all technomass became greater than the global biomass, i.e. the mass of all of living organisms on the planet. Having crossed this symbolic level highlights the dramatic human-induced epoch of the Anthropocene. It has also been pointed out the production of technomass is on a scale greater than natural erosive terrestrial geological processes. In 2024, the total technomass is estimated to be about 1.4 teratons (1.4 trillion tons)

Main contributions 
Technomass is dominated by construction materials in structures (e.g. buildings) and infrastructure (e.g. pavements). Its main contributions are

 concrete: ~50%
 construction aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, sand): ~30%
 bricks: ~8%
 asphalt: ~5%
 metal structures: ~3%
 glass: a few %

In addition, manufactured plastics contribute to about 1%. Their production keeps increasing exponentially. Today, humans use about 100 times their own mass in plastic.

Maps of technomass can now be created using satellite-based observations of the Earth.

The 20th century rise of the technomass 

The concept of technomass is important in discussions about human impact on the environment, resource consumption, and the Anthropocene—the proposed geological epoch defined by significant human influence on Earth's geology and ecosystems. It was estimated that, in 2020, the total technomass was around 1.1 teratons (1,100 gigatons), most of which created over the past century. In comparison, the 1.1 teratons of biomass emerged over several billion years.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, technomass has doubled roughly every 20 years. It is a key indicator of human influence on the planet and its measurement helps track resource use and environmental impact. Today, the transformation of the Earth's land surface by mineral extraction and construction is on a scale greater than natural erosive terrestrial geological processes. Humans have become the most significant global geomorphological driving force. Each week, they produce an amount of technomass that is comparable to that of their own mass.

References

External links

 Biocubes: a visualization of biomass and technomass

Anthropocene