omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Final cover. Final cover is a multilayered system of various materials which are primarily used to reduce the amount of storm water that will enter a landfill after closing.  Proper final cover systems will also minimize the surface water on the liner system, resist erosion due to wind or runoff, control the migrations of landfill gases, and improve aesthetics.

A final cover system can include a top soil layer composed of nutrient rich soil, a protective layer to reduce the effects of freeze/thaw, a drainage layer which moves storm water, a barrier layer, and a grading layer.

Cover integrity 
For a final cover system consisting of a geomembrane, an analysis of the mechanical properties of the geomembrane should be conducted to ensure cover integrity is not jeopardized by localized subsidence, bending, and cover slope stability.

Localized subsidence 
Localized subsidence induces tensile stresses in geomembranes, which can threaten the final cover integrity. The magnitudes of the tensile stress can be viewed as a function of the dimensions of the subsidence zone and the properties of the cover soil. Allowable tensile stress of a geomembrane is usually known; in order to ensure the stability of final cover, the tensile stress allowable by a geomembrane should exceed the calculated value for tensile stress induced by waste.

Geomembrane bending 
Geomembrane bending, both from its self-weight and soil cover may also induce tensile stress.  Tensile stress from bending should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the geomembrane.

Cover slope stability 
Cover slope stability analysis involves evaluation of the interface strengths under static and seismic conditions.  In order to perform an evaluation of the effects of a final cover system placed on a refuse side slope, slope stability analyses are required. A slope stability analysis assumes that the driving forces causing movement are due to the weight of the materials and the forces governing resistance are due to material strength. Most engineers design the permanent slope to have a minimum Factor of Safety of 1.5 at the designed inclination (typically 3H:1V) for static loading. Steepening of a slope past the design inclination increases the driving forces thus decreasing the Factor of Safety. Decreasing the Factor of Safety past 1.0 could possibly push the final cover system components beyond their limits of stability.

See also
Daily cover
Landfill

References

Landfill
Mamdouh Hosny Khalil. Mamdouh Hosny Khalil or Mamdouh Hosni Khalil (born 7 November 1964) is an Egyptian politician.

He received a university qualification of Bachelor of Civil Engineering.
He was the chief executive officer of Alex. Steel Group which manufactured pre-engineered steel buildings, and operated a steel service center, and a sheet metal works.

As a member of the Egyptian People's Assembly he is the director of the Industry and Energy Committee.
He is also a member of the Pan African Parliament belonging to the Committee on Transport, Industry, Communications, Energy, Science and Technology
In his political affiliation with  the National Democratic Party (NDP) he is a member of Policy Committee and Energy Committee.

Personal life
His hobbies include volleyball and tennis.
He is a member of Alexandria Business Men Association, the Rotary Club of Alexandria  and the Alexandria Sporting Club.

References

1964 births
Living people
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Egypt
Members of the House of Representatives (Egypt)
National Democratic Party (Egypt) politicians
Give and Take (Smith). Give and Take, a sculpture by American artist Michael Smith, is located on the campus of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. It is situated on New York Street in front of the  Herron School of Art and Design.  The sculpture was made in 2005.

Description
Give and Take is made of fabricated mild steel and is painted yellow. It is on a metal sheet, which is situated on top of an 8-inch concrete platform. The placement of the sculpture is in front of the Herron School of Art and Design facing southwest. The sculpture was placed at its present location along New York St. in front of the Herron School of Art and Design in 2005, the same year that Eskenazi Hall, the building for Herron School of Art and Design, was completed. Originally the school was located at 16th St. and Pennsylvania St. in Downtown Indianapolis.

Documentation
A Museum Studies course at IUPUI recently undertook the project of researching and reporting on the condition of 40 outdoor sculptures on the university campus. Give and Take was included in this movement. This documentation was influenced by the successful Save Outdoor Sculpture! 1989 campaign organized by Heritage Preservation: The National Institute of Conservation partnered with the Smithsonian Institution, specifically the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Throughout the 1990s, over 7,000 volunteers nationwide have cataloged and assessed the condition of over 30,000 publicly accessible statues, monuments, and sculptures installed as outdoor public art across the United States.

References

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection
Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis
2005 sculptures
Steel sculptures in Indiana
Procession of Ants. Procession of Ants is a public sculpture by American artist, David Bowen, located on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus, which is near downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. The sculpture can be found in the flower bed of Taylor Hall on the north side of the building. It was accessioned in 1998 as a part of a competition to create more artwork for IUPUI.

Description
Procession of Ants by David Bowen is a series of 15 ants made of steel. Stretching over a span of about 20 feet, the ants travel from the east to the west and up a wall. The grounds on which the sculpture is located consists of a flower bed holding trees and gravel.  The back side of each ant consists of a large bent piece of steel facing open towards the east side. The centers and heads of the ants are smaller in size with oversize bent pieces of steel attached as legs. The sculpture was both created and acquired in 1998 when Bowen won the competition to create more artworks for IUPUI.

Artist
The artist, David Bowen, works mostly with kinetic, robotic, interactive and sculptural pieces. Bowen attended Herron School of Art and Design for his undergraduate degree and he attended the University of Minnesota where he earned his MFA in 2004. He is now an assistant professor of sculpture at the University of Minnesota in Duluth. Bowen is interested in botany and the kinetic growth of organisms in relation to technology. In an interview, Bowen states that his work is based on interactive growth. In 2008, Bowen exhibited his work in New York City, NY in collaboration with Sculpture Space.

References

Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection
1998 sculptures
Steel sculptures in Indiana
MV British Bombardier. British Bombardier was an  tanker which was built in 1942 as Empire Fusilier and completed as Empire Bombardier. She was built for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT); postwar, she was sold to British Tanker Co Ltd, serving until she was scrapped in 1959.

Description
Empire Fusilier was built by Harland and Wolff Ltd, Belfast. She was yard number 1158, and was launched on 8 August 1942. She was completed in February 1943 as Empire Bombardier. The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was propelled by a four stroke, Single Cycle Single Action diesel engine which had eight cylinders of  bore by  stroke. The engine was built by Harland & Wolff.

Career

The MoWT placed Empire Bombardier under the management of Dodd, Thomson & Co Ltd. Her port of registry was Belfast. Empire Bombardier was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

HX 242
Convoy HX 242 departed New York on 31 May 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 15 June. Empire Bombardier was bound for the Stanlow Refinery, Ellesmere Port.

HX 304
Convoy HX 304 departed New York on 17 August 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 1 September. Empire Bombardier was bound for Thameshaven.

In 1946, Empire Bombardier was sold to the British Tanker Co Ltd and renamed British Bombardier. Her port of registry was changed to London. In 1955, the British Tanker Company was renamed to BP Tanker Company. She served until 1959, when she was sold for scrap to a firm in Tamise, Belgium. She arrived for scrapping on 15 March 1959.

Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. The ship had the UK Official Number 168521. Empire Bombardier used the Code Letters BFJY. British Bombardier is recorded as using the same code letters in 1946.

References

1942 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ministry of War Transport ships
Empire ships
World War II tankers
Tankers of the United Kingdom
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Insley Manufacturing Co.. The Insley Manufacturing Company produced heavy construction equipment, and was based in Indianapolis, Indiana.

History
The company was founded in 1907 by William Henry Insley. The company holds many patents for cable-operated digging equipment, such as Dragline excavators and power shovels, such as the Insley model k12. Insley lost its independence in 1975 when purchased by United Dominion Industries; the name is currently held by Badger Equipment Co.

See also
 M1918 light repair truck
 Dump truck (bottom dump)

External links
 Bio.
 http://www.google.ca/patents?scoring=2&num=100&q=+INSLEY+Manufacturing&btnG=Search+Patents patent list
 hoe
 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/United-Dominion-Industries-Limited-Company-History.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091128070829/http://www.badgerequipment.com/about/history-badger-equipment.php

Defunct companies based in Indianapolis
Construction equipment manufacturers of the United States
Mining equipment companies
Mining in the United States
Embossing. Emboss, embosser, or embossing may refer to:

Process
The term usually refers to several techniques for creating a raised pattern on a material:
Embossing (manufacturing), commercial scale embossing of sheet metal
Image embossing, the process to create highlights or shadows that will replace light/dark boundaries of an image
Leather embossing
Paper embossing, the raising of paper and other non-metal products using specific tools to accomplish the task
Embossed in register (EIR) aligns embossing with an underlying image 
Repoussé and chasing, by hammering sheet metal by hand

Equipment
Handheld embossers, see embossing tape
Braille embosser, an impact printer that renders text as tactile braille cells

Other uses
EMBOSS, an acronym for European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite
 Embossing, a modification performed on harmonicas, narrowing reeds for the technique of overblowing
Wayne Ison. Wayne Ison (June 28, 1924 – August 9, 2014) was an aircraft designer whose designs include the Airbike, Mini-MAX, Hi-MAX and PDQ-2.

He first worked for the Ford Motor Company, then  received a draft notice following the U.S. entry into the Second World War.  He served as a Douglas C-47 Skytrain radio operator during World War II.

He, along with others, formed the Tennessee Engineering And Manufacturing incorporated, known as TEAM Incorporated, to market his Mini-MAX design. Following a lawsuit, TEAM was dissolved with the transfer of the Mini-MAX and Airbike designs to ISON Aircraft.

Ison was inducted into the Experimental Aircraft Association Ultralight Hall of Fame in 2000.

The Mini-MAX line, with the exception of the Airbike, is now marketed by Team Mini-Max.

References

Aircraft designers
2014 deaths
1924 births
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Team Mini-Max. Team Mini-Max, LLC is a kit aircraft manufacturer located in Niles, Michigan. The company produces the Mini-MAX and Hi-MAX lines of aircraft. All the designs feature wooden construction with aircraft fabric covering.  The current models offered are powered by either Rotax or Hirth two-stroke or Volkswagen four-stroke engines.

History
The Mini-MAX family was originally produced by TEAM Incorporated (Tennessee Engineering and Manufacturing) of Bradyville, Tennessee.  The company was eventually bankrupted by a lawsuit and production passed to Ison Aircraft also of Bradyville, Tennessee and then to JDT Mini-MAX of Nappanee, Indiana. The Mini-MAX name stands for MINImum cost, MAXimum fun.

The company was renamed Team Mini-Max in 2012 and moved to Niles, Michigan.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ashburtonite. Ashburtonite is a rare lead copper silicate-bicarbonate mineral with formula: HPb4Cu2+4Si4O12(HCO3)4(OH)4Cl.

Geological occurrence
Ashburtonite was first described as a secondary mineral in a shear zone in a series of shales and graywackes. It is an alteration product of galena and chalcopyrite. The secondary minerals within the shear consist of carbonates, arsenates, and sulfates of lead and copper, and to a much lesser extent of zinc and iron. Ashburtonite is associated with beudantite, brochantite, caledonite, cerussite, diaboleite, duftite, malachite, plattnerite, adamite, antlerite, bayldonite, bindheimite, carminite, chenevixite, chlorargyrite, chrysocolla, cinnabar, hemimorphite, hydrozincite, jarosite, lavendulan, linarite, mimetite, olivenite, paratacamite, and rosasite.

Ashburtonite was first described in 1991 for an occurrence in the Anticline prospects  southwest of Ashburton Downs in the Capricorn Range of Western Australia. It has also been reported from the Tonopah–Belmont Mine in the Big Horn Mountains of Maricopa County, Arizona.

References

Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 87
Cyclosilicates
Jensen P66. Jensen P66 was a model range planned by Jensen Motors in the 1960s, which was aborted after two examples were made and one was exhibited at the 1965 London Motor Show.

It was planned as a replacement for the Austin-Healey 3000, which at that time Jensen were assembling at their factory in West Bromwich. BMC were planning to drop the Healey and Jensen asked Eric Neale, their house stylist, to design a replacement for the US market. In a break from their recent tradition of using glassfibre, he used an aluminium body on a steel platform and tube chassis. The optional engine continued to be a 6.2 litre Chrysler V8 similar to that used in the contemporary CV8, or a 4.5 litre in stock form.  The car was priced at £2,200 in the UK against £3,500 for the CV8, and would possibly have been renamed as Interceptor if put into production.

Reception to the convertible car was generally favourable, although the strakes over the wheel arch were criticised in the press as outdated.  A hardtop version was also produced with plain wheel arches. The company founders, Richard and Alan Jensen, favoured putting the model into production. The Norcros group had been controlling the company for some years and preferred to adopt an Italian styled body, a view shared by Managing Director Brian Owen and Deputy Chief Engineer Kevin Beattie.  They approached Touring of Milan who produced a rival design that was put into production by Vignale as the Interceptor.

After making some changes to the Touring design to make it suitable for tooling, Eric Neale felt that he had no role left in the company and resigned. He was followed by the Jensen brothers.

The convertible P66 was soon broken up, the parts and the other hardtop model being sold on. The second, hardtop, model has survived in original condition and has been used regularly; following a thorough rebuild it won Car of the Show in the 'Classic & Sports Car' Club Awards at the 2015 Lancaster Insurance Classic Motor Show.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 "Jensen" by Keith Anderson  ISBN 0-85429-682-4   Foulis Motoring / Haynes book 1989
 "Jensen & Jensen-Healey" by Keith Anderson ISBN 0-7509-1808-X  Sutton

External links
 Jensen Owners' Club
 P66 Owner's Website

P66
Integrity engineering audit. An Integrity Engineering Audit is carried out within an Integrity engineering function so as to ensure compliance with international, national and company specific standards and regulations. 

It is carried out in order to prove that the system is compliant, transparent, effective and efficient.  API Recommended Practice 580, Risk-Based Inspection (see American Petroleum Institute) outlines such an audit as part of a Risk Based Inspection program.  It checks that the most efficient and cost effective implementation of inspections and integrity management programs are being carried out.  It ensures that the integrity of plant facilities including all onshore and offshore structures and pipelines, stationary equipment, piping systems are being correctly addressed.  It checks and ensures that the Integrity Engineer has identified, investigated and assessed all deterioration/corrosion as well as timely maintenance of the affected facilities.  It audits the Inspection and Corrosion Control Policy and Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methods which manage the integrity and checks that the optimum inspection frequency, maintenance cost and plant availability are being met. It may be approached under a generic framework such as ISO 19011 on the basis of a technical audit without formal documentation, but with a regulatory or statutory criteria.

References
1 Implementation of Asset Integrity Management System Muhammad Abduh PetroEnergy Magazine April – May 2008 Edition http://abduh137.wordpress.com/2008/05/04/aims/

2 Offshore Information Sheet 4/2006 Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005 Regulation 13 Thorough Review of a Safety Case (Revised and reissued July 2008)

3 Structural integrity management framework for fixed jacket structures Prepared by Atkins Limited for the Health and Safety Executive 2009 Research Report RR684

4 Audit of Integrity Management Systems http://www.advantica.biz/Default.aspx?page=639 

5 Plant Integrity Management Services Germanischer Lloyd 
https://web.archive.org/web/20110807181637/http://www.gl-nobledenton.com/assets/downloads/13.Plant_Integrity_Management_Services_external.pdf

6 Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems Ccps, Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) - Technology & Engineering - 2011 - 250 pages

Maintenance
Bystrite. Bystrite is a silicate mineral with the formula (Na,K)7Ca(Si6Al6)O24S4.5•(H2O), and a member of the cancrinite mineral group. It is a hexagonal crystal, with a 3m point group. The mineral may have been named after the Malaya Bystraya deposits in Russia, where it was found.

Bystrite is a cancrinite mineral and exhibits similar physical properties, composition and structure as other cancrinites.

Structure 

Bystrite has a structure that is shared with many of the minerals in the cancrinite group. It exhibits a hexagonal crystal structure with a 3m point group. Bystrite also has a P31c space group. The structure of bystrite could not be easily found due to the mineral exhibiting a strong pseudotranslation, therefore, mineralogists made a model to find out the internal structure of the bystrite mineral, the idea was based on analyzing the tetrahedral frameworks of cancrinite minerals, and it did yield accurate results in predicting the structure of the mineral. Bolotina et al. (2004)

Geologic occurrence 

The most studied sample of the mineral was found in the Malaya Bystraya deposit in Russia. Bystrite occurs in lazurite deposits, and is usually associated with lazurite, calcite, and diopside.

The mineral is not very widely spread, either that or it has not been really searched for due to the lack of importance or significance. There is only one bystrite deposit that was mentioned in the literature, and that deposit is found in the Malaya Bystraya lazurite deposit located  to the west of Slyudyanka, and just south of Lake Baikal in Russia.

Literature survey 

The first paper addressing Bystrite was by Sapozhnikov, et al. and was originally written in Russian, but mineral data publishing translated most of the important information to English in 2001.

References

Cancrinite group
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 159
Campigliaite. Campigliaite is a copper and manganese sulfate mineral with a chemical formula of Cu4Mn(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O. It has a chemical formula and also a crystal structure similar to niedermayrite, with Cd(II) cation replacing by Mn(II). The formation of campigliaite is related to the oxidation of sulfide minerals to form sulfate solutions with ilvaite associated with the presence of manganese. Campigliaite is a rare secondary mineral formed when metallic sulfide skarn deposits are oxidized. While there are several related associations, there is no abundant source for this mineral due to its rare process of formation. Based on its crystallographic data and chemical formula, campigliaite is placed in the devillite group and considered the manganese analogue of devillite. Campigliaite belongs to the copper oxysalt minerals as well followed by the subgroup M=M-T sheets. The infinite sheet structures that campigliaite has are characterized by strongly bonded polyhedral sheets, which are linked in the third dimension by weaker hydrogen bonds.

History
S. Menchetti and C. Sabelli discovered campigliaite in one of the side tunnels of the Temperino Mine in Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany, Italy. The new mineral was named after its type locality and was approved by the Commission of New Minerals and Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association.

Structure
When tested with a Weissenberg camera and single-crystal diffractometer, campigliaite is found to be twinned with the (100) as its twinning plane. Campigliaite is monoclinic with a point group of 2 and space group of C2. The infinite sheet structures that campigliaite has are characterized by strongly bonded sheets of polyhedra which are linked in the third dimension by the weaker hydrogen bonds.

Physical properties
Campigliaite crystals are transparent with a vitreous luster. Crystals of campigliaite and gypsum are often mixed but small amounts of pure crystals appear to grow on gypsum. Campigliaite crystals are flattened on the {100} and elongated on the [010]. These crystals are light or pale blue in color but under light transmission, the crystal color changes to pale greenish blue. The measured density was 3.0 g cm−3 by heavy-liquid method but this is uncertain due to the size of the crystals. The calculated density was 3.063 g cm−3 with a normalized empirical formula of 7 H2O.

Geologic occurrence
The formation of campigliaite is related to the oxidation of sulfide minerals to form sulfate solutions with ilvaite associated with the presence of manganese. Campigliaite is closely associated with gypsum because of the geologic processes that form campigliaite.

In addition to the type locality, campigliaite has also been reported from the Biccia Mine in Alessandria Province, Piedmont, Italy, and from the Deer Trail Mine of the Tushar Mountains of Piute County, Utah, US.

References

External links
 http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/minerals/Campigliaite

Copper minerals
Manganese minerals
Sulfate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Tetrahydrate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 5