omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
JNR Class C61. The  is a class of steam locomotives formerly operated in Japan. The class was the first type in Japan to use the 4-6-4 "Hudson" wheel arrangement and was designed by Hideo Shima. A total of 33 locomotives in the class were built between 1947 and 1949 (one in 1947, 19 in 1948, and 13 in 1949). The locomotives were not built entirely from scratch, however, but used boilers from former D51 2-8-2 "Mikado" freight locomotives.

History 

The immediate post-war years saw a dramatic decline in freight, while at the same time passenger traffic once again surged, requiring a programme to rapidly build new passenger locos (classes C57 and C58) as well as rebuilding passenger locos from former freight types (classes C61 and C62). These nominal conversions were also seen as a way of bypassing the difficulties in obtaining approval from GHQ (General Headquarters, or Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) for building completely new locomotives at the time.

The locomotives were notable in being the first in Japan to incorporate automatic stokers. The first eighteen locos delivered were allocated to Utsunomiya and Sendai depots to work express passenger duties on the Tōhoku Main Line. Nine locos were allocated to Oku and Mito depots to work on Jōban Line duties, and six locos were delivered to Tosu depot in Kyūshū to work on the Kagoshima Main Line. With the spread of electrification together with the influx of C59s displaced from Tōkaidō Main Line duties, the C61s found themselves gradually pushed further north to Morioka and Aomori depots. In later years, they were to be seen at the head of the newly inaugurated Hakutsuru limited express (between Sendai and Aomori) and the Hayabusa blue train (between Hakata and Kagoshima). With the completion of electrification from Morioka to Aomori in October 1968, the six last remaining C61s were moved to Aomori depot where they worked on the Ōu Main Line between Akita and Aomori. The six Kagoshima-based locos originally delivered new to Kyūshū were withdrawn, but the six remaining Tōhoku locos were transferred to Miyazaki depot in October 1971 to work on the Nippō Main Line between Miyazaki and Kagoshima. They worked there until finally being withdrawn in 1974.

Specifications

Fleet details
(Source:)

Preserved examples

 C61 2 (formerly D51 1109) - Umekōji Steam Locomotive Museum in Kyoto (in working condition)
 C61 18 (formerly D51 874) - Front section only preserved privately in Yatsushiro, Kumamoto
 C61 19 (formerly D51 1027) - Shiroyama Park in Kokubu, Kagoshima
 C61 20 (formerly D51 1094) - JR-East Takasaki, Gunma (Operating condition - April 2011)

See also
 Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification
 List of operational steam locomotives in Japan
JNR Class C60
JNR Class C62

References

Steam locomotives of Japan
4-6-4 locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Preserved steam locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1947
Passenger locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
Motexafin lutetium. Motexafin lutetium is a texaphyrin, marketed as Antrin by Pharmacyclics Inc.

It is a photosensitiser for use in photodynamic therapy to treat skin conditions and superficial cancers.

It has also been tested for use in photoangioplasty (photodynamic treatment of diseased arteries).

It is photoactivated by 732 nm light which allows greater depth of penetration.

Clinical trials
Phase II clinical trials were in progress in 1999.

A phase I trial for prostate cancer reported in 2009.

References

Tetrapyrroles
Lutetium complexes
Petrocasa. Petrocasa ("Oil House") is a type of Venezuelan family houses, built in mass production. These houses are produced since 2007 by Corporación Petroquímica de Venezuela (Pequiven) and are largely utilized in rural areas under the public housing program, Mission Habitat. The houses typically have 70 m2 of living space, which is distributed in three bedrooms, two bathrooms, living room, kitchen and dining room. The houses are made of PVC profiles which are assembled locally, and then filled with concrete, steel and iron girders. The walls are self-extinguishing in case of a fire, and resist an attack with nine-millimeter ammunition virtually unscathed. The German Technical Inspection Association (TÜV) Rheinland certified in August 2009 that the PVC used was free of carcinogenic substances.

See also 
 Futuro

References

Urban planning in Venezuela
Newell's car-following model. In traffic flow theory, Newell’s car-following model is a method used to determine how vehicles follow one another on a roadway. The main idea of this model is that a vehicle will maintain a minimum space and time gap between it and the vehicle that precedes it. Thus, under congested conditions, if the leading car changes its speed, the following vehicle will also change speed at a point in time-space along the traffic wave speed, -w.

Overview
Assuming the fundamental diagram (flow-density) is a triangular function, a traffic state A with speed vA and density kA can be assumed in the congestion region. The density on the roadway can be determined using the spacing between vehicles and is computed simply the equation:

kA = 1/sA

Geometric relations from the fundamental diagram can be used to calculate the density as well, given by the equation:

kA = (kj  w)/(vA+w)
 
In the time-space diagram, the trajectories of the leading (top) and following (bottom) vehicle are separated by the distance δ and time τ. The spacing between vehicles at traffic state A can be found using a geometric relationship found in the time-space diagram:

sA = vA(τ)+δ

Using relationships between the previous equations, variables τ and δ can be solved for:

τ = 1/(wkj)

δ = 1/kj

Thus, τ and δ are constants defined by the wave speed and jam density, independent of the speed of the leading vehicle and the traffic state. The path of vehicle i, a function of time, can be determined using  the equation:

xi(t) = min(xAF(t), xAC(t))

Position of vehicle i under free-flow conditions:

xiF(t) = xi(t-τ) + vf * τ 

Position of vehicle i under congested conditions:

xiC(t) = xi-1(t-τ) - δ

Driver aggressiveness
Under real-world conditions, a hypothetical following driver may drive improperly, resulting in deviations from the time-space trajectories proposed under Newell’s model. Time-space trajectories from data collected on roads and highways can be compared to its respective Newell’s car-following model trajectory to determine whether a driver is cautious or aggressive. The following figures show the trajectories of two vehicles (black) and the trajectory predicted by Newell’s car-following Model for the following vehicle (blue).

Time-space trajectory for a normal driver:

Time-space trajectory for a cautious driver:

Time-space trajectory for an aggressive driver:

When the following driver reacts early when decelerating or reacts late when accelerating, the time and distance gap between the leader and the follower increases. The follower can be described as a cautious driver. In the other situation, the follower reacts later when decelerating or earlier when accelerating decreasing the time and distance gap between the leader and follower. The follower can be described as an aggressive driver.

See also 
 Annual average daily traffic
 Gipps' model
 Intelligent driver model
 Traffic simulation

References 

Road traffic management
Draw (terrain). A draw, sometimes known as a re-entrant in orienteering, is a terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. The area of low ground itself is the draw, and it is defined by the spurs surrounding it. Draws are similar to valleys on a smaller scale; however, while valleys are by nature parallel to a ridgeline, a draw is perpendicular to the ridge, and rises with the surrounding ground, disappearing up-slope. It is usually etched in a hillside by water flow, is usually dry, but many contain an ephemeral stream or loose rocks from eroded rockfall.

In a draw the ground always slopes downward in only one direction, and upward in the other three. The slope on a draw is generally quite sharp, with a clearly established fall line and characterized by a generally steep vertical drop over a short horizontal distance.

See also

References

Canyons and gorges
Slope landforms
Bio-Blend Fuels. Bio-Blend Fuels Inc. is a company producing bio-diesel from various materials including beef tallow and vegetable oil. They are based in Manitowoc, Wisconsin and have an annual capacity of 2.6 million US gallons. The company is notable for producing bio-diesel from pig fat recovered from commercial bacon production facilities.

History

The company was founded in 2005 by husband and wife Dan and Tracy Kaderabek. It was originally launched merely to supply the Kaderabek's boat business with cheap fuel. However, in May 2009, a new plant was opened with a capacity of  per year which provides biodiesel direct to the pump for sale to the public.

The company is a very small player even in terms of just the U.S market, but in terms of Wisconsin they have a significant share of the market for biodiesel. However, they are a long way behind the leading Wisconsin producer, Sanimax, who produce  per year.

Blends
Bio-Blend Fuels produce and sell 100% biodiesel (B100) manufactured from the raw materials by a process called transesterification. However, unblended biodiesel is problematic in that it tends to gel at a temperature of 32 °F or below. For this reason biodiesel sold for use in private vehicles is usually blended with petrodiesel, a common blend being 20% biodiesel to 80% petrodiesel (B20). A B20 blend gels at around 17 °F, a full 15 degrees below freezing and hence is much more reliable. Commercial users on the other hand, such as operators of farm vehicles, are better able to deal with the shortcomings of B100 with appropriate planning and may still wish to take advantage of the price difference. Bio-Blend Fuels are selling B100 at significantly below the national average cost of diesel. Other groups of users may wish to reach a different compromise with a different blend.

For this reason, Bio-Blend Fuels have installed a patented blending system at the new facility. This is able to deliver a blend at the pump to the individual needs of the customer. Sales direct to the public are made through a separate company, American Fuel Blending Systems which also carries out the on-site blending.

Raw materials

A number of sources are used in the production of biodiesel, including the more traditional vegetable oils. However, much publicity surrounded Bio-Blend's decision to source its main ingredient from pig fat. This is largely obtained from meat rendering plants who are producing cooked bacon from pork in microwave ovens. The fat is an unwanted by-product of this process.

Amongst the claimed advantages of Bio-Blends biodiesel is that it has a sweeter smell than regular biodiesel. The product smells of bacon, unlike regular biodiesel, described by one reviewer, as smelling of "rancid popcorn".

The company has stated that it is researching the possibility of using algae as a raw material.

References

External links
Bio-Blend Fuels Inc. official site

Biodiesel producers
Oil companies of the United States
Companies based in Wisconsin
Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Pressure Vessel for Human Occupancy. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers defines a Pressure Vessel for Human Occupancy (PVHO) as a container that is intended to be occupied by one or more persons at a pressure which differs from ambient by at least . Since 1977, the ASME's PVHO committee has published standards governing the construction of a number of PVHO applications. The current design standard is PVHO-1-2023. The current code for maintenance and operation guidances is ASME PVHO-2-2019. Similar standards are published by a range of national and international standards organisations.

List of PVHO types
Types of pressure vessels for human occupancy include:
 diving chambers
 decompression chambers
 closed diving bells, also known as dry bells or personnel transfer capsules
 high altitude chambers
 hyperbaric chambers
 hyperbaric stretchers
 medical hyperbaric oxygenation facilities
 recompression chambers
 submarines
 crewed submersibles
 atmospheric diving suits
 pressurized tunnel boring machines

A typical pressure vessel is not defined until there is at least one atmosphere (14.7 psig) of contained gas pressure. Less than that is typically a storage tank, even if there is some overpressure added by design. The rules for PVHO are invoked at 2 psig (13.8 kPa), per Section 1-2.1 "Application" of the ASME PVHO-1 code.  This lower threshold is due to the potential for serious injury if a person under pressure as low as 2 psig is rapidly decompressed. 

Section 1-3 "Exclusions" specify nuclear reactor containments, aerospace cabins, caissons are not considered under the ASME PVHO-1 code.  This is because each of those types of occupied pressurized chambers  are under other jursidictions and therefore under other design codes. It is noted while "caissons" are under other applicable rules depending on the specific application, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration specifies the chambers in pressurized tunnel boring machines are under ASME PVHO-1 and any chamber used to decompress tunnel workers must meet ASME PVHO-1.

Titan submersible implosion 
In 2018, prior to the 2023 Titan submersible implosion, William Kohnen, the chair of the Marine Technology Society Submarine Committee, drafted a letter with 38 signatures to respond to OceanGate's public stance on not using existing codes and standards. The cause of the implosion is still under investigation, but it was noted the other nine submarines that could reach the depth of the wreck of the Titanic were all designed using recognised engineering codes.

References

External links 
 ASME PVHO Committee homepage

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Diving support equipment
Decompression equipment
Hyperbaric medicine
Christensen Shipyards. Christensen Shipyards is a custom series composite-hull motor yacht builder located in Vancouver, Washington, United States.

Facilities
Founded in 1983, the original yard is located on a  marina, and contains  of climate controlled manufacturing space. Sister company RECS (Renewable Energy Composite Solutions), occupies , manufacturing wind turbine and hydrokinetic composite component fabrication.

In 2012, the company began construction of a  climate controlled manufacturing facility on Tellico Lake, close to Knoxville, Tennessee, capable of construction of yachts of over  in composite or steel. To this date this building has not been completed and sits unfinished.

Vessels

Hull 026 Privacy
Hull 026 was delivered to golfer Tiger Woods in summer 2006. It was specified by Woods, but owner-checked and with interior colour schemes chosen by his then fiancee Elin Nordegren, the  yacht was registered in the Cayman Islands as Privacy. The $20 million,  vessel features a master suite, six staterooms, a theatre, gym, and Jacuzzi, and sleeps 21 people. During ordering and construction, the yacht was covered by a strict non-disclosure agreement, meaning that details of the yacht specification and owner would not be released. After details leaked to various nautical publications and later gossip columns, Woods successfully sued Christensen, and reached an out of court settlement. Woods used the yacht as accommodation at some golf tournaments, but placed it on the market after his divorce in 2011.

Sea Hunter 

In 2012 Christensen was contracted by Leidos to manufacture the Sea Hunter unmanned surface vessel under the supervision of Oregon Iron Works. When Christensen went into receivership work on the vessel stopped and the incomplete hull had to be transferred to Vigor Industrial (parent of Oregon Iron Works) for completion.

References

Companies based in Vancouver, Washington
American boat builders
Yacht building companies
Sunbeam Pathan. The Sunbeam Pathan, also known as the Sunbeam P.1, was a 1920s British diesel aero engine.

Design and development
Louis Coatalen, Sunbeam engine designer, started work on a diesel powered aero-engine, that would be suitable for use in airships, in 1928. Using his experience with both aero-engines and auto-mobile diesel engines, the result, given the company designation P.1, was based on the Dyak. Given the name Pathan, a prototype engine was displayed at the  1929 Olympia Aero Show, but attracted no orders.

Using the same bore and stroke of the Dyak (120mm x 130mm - 4.72in x 5.12in ), the Pathan was a water-cooled six-cylinder in-line diesel engine with a cubic capacity of 8.8l (537cu in). Rated to give 100 hp (74.6 kW) @ 1,500rpm the engine was fitted with a new type of fuel injection system allowing cold starts without other assistance.

The engine did not enter production as the British Airship Programme was cancelled, and with no need for the engine only prototypes were built.

Coatalen continued the development of Diesel engines after he left Sunbeam and returned to France, developing the Coatalen V-12 Diesel engine with limited success, due to the German invasion of 1940 halting further work.

Specifications

See also

References

Pathan
1920s aircraft piston engines
N&W Class J. N&W Class J may refer to:
N&W J class (1879), a Class of Norfolk and Western Railroad 4-4-0 steam locomotives first manufactured in 1879 
N&W Class J (1903), a Class of Norfolk and Western Railroad 4-4-2 steam locomotives first manufactured in 1903 
N&W J class (1941), a Class of Norfolk and Western Railroad 4-8-4 steam locomotives first manufactured in 1941
Grid Trade Master Agreement. The Grid Trade Master Agreement (GTMA) is an agreement for trading electricity within the United Kingdom.

It is normally used either when a power station has excess electricity, which it wishes to "sell back" to the power grid, or when the electricity company wishes to buy surplus power to meet a surge in demand, or reduction in supply.

Although electricity is a non-tangible asset, these agreements are used in order to trade guarantees to provide power for a certain length of time.

Notes

Electric power in the United Kingdom
Samuel Fedida. Samuel Fedida, OBE (4 May 1918 – 10 August 2007) was an Egyptian-born British telecommunication engineer responsible at Post Office Telecommunications for the development of Viewdata.

Fedida was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He had the idea for Viewdata in 1968 after reading a publication with the title The Computer as Communications Device. The first prototype became operational in 1974. In 1977 the system was introduced in the United Kingdom. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1980 Birthday Honours.

The book Viewdata Revolution authored by Fedida and Rex Malik, ISBN 0852272146, was published in 1979.

He died in 2007 in Hemel Hempstead.

References

Sources

1918 births
2007 deaths
English computer scientists
20th-century British inventors
British telecommunications engineers
British Telecom people
History of computing in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Alexandria
Egyptian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Egyptian Jews
William Joseph Still. William Joseph Still was an English engineer. He was born at Reigate on 17 August 1870. In 1884, he went to Canada to work for a firm of electric vehicle manufacturers.  In 1894, he returned to England, where he invented a double-acting diesel-steam engine in which waste heat from the cylinder jacket and the exhaust was used to produce steam to assist the diesel engine. This is covered by U.S. patent 1230617 of 1917. Still also invented the Still heat-transmitting tube which was used in refrigeration plant.

The Still engine

The Still engine was used experimentally for stationary, marine and locomotive applications. The best-known application was the Kitson-Still locomotive of 1926 which was tried out on the London and North Eastern Railway

The Still engine gave an increase in thermal efficiency over an ordinary diesel engine but was not a long-term success because of the added complexity of the steam system.

Patents
Still obtained a large number of British, Canadian and U.S. patents. Some examples follow:
  GB191317862, Improvements in means for injecting fuel into the cylinders of internal-combustion engines 
  CA49886, Rectifier for electrical currents 
  US547043, Rectifier for electrical currents 
  US1171899, Manufacture of gilled tubular apparatus 

In February 1920 Still (with his engineering collaborator Francis Acland) sold his steam-diesel engine patents to the Still Engine Company Limited,  a company floated on the London Stock Exchange to exploit his invention, for  £10,000 (). The prospectus claimed that shipbuilders Dennys of Glasgow, Armstrong Whitworth of Newcastle, ACL of Nantes and Scotts of Greenock (with others under negotiation, including Nobel frères of Sweden) had taken licences to produce marine versions of Still's engine; of these only Scotts is known to have placed it into production.

References

1870 births
English mechanical engineers
Year of death missing
British expatriates in Canada
Vyas Institutes of Higher Education. The Vyas Institutes of Higher Education is a group of college set up in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, in 1999 by the Rajasthan Vikas Sansthan. The society educates in the fields of medical, engineering, and management.

Colleges
Vyas Dental College and General Hospital (VDCH)
Vyas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VIET)
Vyas College of Engineering & Technology (VCET)
Vyas Institute of Management (VIM)
Vyas College of Nursing (VCON)
Vyas B.Ed. College (VBC)
Vyas Nursing Institute(VNI)
Vyas College of Commerce and Business Administration (VCCBA)
Vyas Institute of Management(VIM)

Courses
 MDS
 BDS
 B.Tech
 MBA
 Nursing
 B.com
 B.ed
 PGDM

Infrastructure

Campus
The campus is spread over 30 acres and has many green areas. The world-class infrastructure is in the form of auditoriums, seminar halls, many laboratories, classrooms, libraries, canteens, faculty corporate visitors and foreigners.

Hostel
The college has AC 2 girls hostels. The boys and girls hostel has 92 rooms which can accommodate 214 students. Rooms are spacious, clean and can accommodate 2 members. There is 24*7 water and electricity supply and provides hygienic meals all around the day.

Transport
The college provides 25 buses to all students equipped with GPS tracking system.

External links
 Official website

Universities and colleges in Jodhpur
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Rajasthan
Parma Metal Center. The Parma MFD (Metal Fabricating Division) is a General Motors stamping and metal assembly plant located on the south side of Cleveland, Ohio in the suburb of Parma — and a key part of the town's economic vibrancy.   The  plant supplies stamped metal parts and metal assemblies to numerous GM assembly plants located across North America, including specialized parts which have allowed it to continue to exist despite the downsizing of other auto industry plants.

During the tumultuous years surrounding the 2009 General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization, Parma MFD worked to make its stamping operations more lean and relevant to GM's production, and worked with management and union leadership to increase productivity and adapt the plant to new requirements — ultimately remaining vital to GM's production systems. Parma MFD's fate was nonetheless highly tied to GM's brand strategies and overall health.

References

External links
 GM Company Info - Parma Metal Center

Motor vehicle assembly plants in Ohio
General Motors factories
Parma, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Cuyahoga County, Ohio