omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electro-absorption modulator. An electro-absorption modulator (EAM) is a semiconductor device which can be used for modulating the intensity of a laser beam via an electric voltage. Its principle of operation is based on the Franz–Keldysh effect, i.e., a change in the absorption spectrum caused by an applied electric field, which changes the bandgap energy (thus the photon energy of an absorption edge) but usually does not involve the excitation of carriers by the electric field.

For modulators in telecommunications, small size and modulation voltages are desired. The EAM is candidate for use in external modulation links in telecommunications. These modulators can be realized using either bulk semiconductor materials or materials with multiple quantum dots or wells.

Most EAMs are made in the form of a waveguide with electrodes for applying an electric field in a direction perpendicular to the modulated light beam. For achieving a high extinction ratio, one usually exploits the Quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) in a quantum well structure.

Compared with an Electro-optic modulator (EOM), an EAM can operate with much lower voltages (a few volts instead of ten volts or more). They can be operated at very high speed; a modulation bandwidth of tens of gigahertz can be achieved, which makes these devices useful for optical fiber communication. A convenient feature is that an EAM can be integrated with distributed feedback laser diode on a single chip to form a data transmitter in the form of a photonic integrated circuit. Compared with direct modulation of the laser diode, a higher bandwidth and reduced chirp can be obtained.

Semiconductor quantum well EAM is widely used to modulate near-infrared (NIR) radiation at frequencies below 0.1 THz. Here, the NIR absorption of undoped quantum well was modulated by strong electric field with frequencies between 1.5 and 3.9 THz. The THz field coupled two excited states (excitons) of the quantum wells, as manifested by a new THz frequency-and power- dependent NIR absorption line. The THz field generated a coherent quantum superposition of an absorbing and a nonabsorbing exciton. This quantum coherence may yield new applications for quantum well modulators in optical communications.

Recently, advances in crystal growth have triggered the study of self organized quantum dots. Since the EAM requires small size and low modulation voltages, possibility of obtaining quantum dots with enhanced electro-absorption coefficients makes them attractive for such application.

See also
 Optical modulator
 Electro-optic modulator

References
 S. G. Carter, Quantum Coherence in an Optical Modulator, Science 310 (2005) 651
 I. B. Akca, Electro-optic and electro-absorption characterization of InAs quantum dot waveguides, Opt. Exp. 16 (2008) 3439
 X. Xu, Coherent Optical Spectroscopy of a Strongly Driven Quantum Dot, Science 317 (2007) 929

Optical devices
Nonlinear optics
Defense Systems. JSC Defense systems is a Russian-Belarusian air defense system manufacturer.

Overview
The company was formed on January 23, 1996 as a joint venture under a Russia-Belarus intergovernmental agreement. It consists of 38 subsidiaries in both countries. The company focuses on upgrading S-125 (SA-3) SAM systems to the modern Pechora-2M and Pechora-2A variants, and on the production of S-300PMU air defense systems.

In addition, JSC Defense Systems produces the Phoenix optronic round-scan target detection system, and the P-18 and Kama–N radars. The company also provides a wide range of services for foreign customers on maintenance and repair of ADMS means both in Russia and on the territory of the customer.

The company currently produces about 15-17 Pechora-2M systems each year. Some Russian media sources have reported that the portfolio of 2009-2011 export orders for Pechora-2M and Pechora-2A SAM systems totaled 200 units, including 70 for Egypt.

Missiles
 S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3 "Goa")

References

External links

Defence companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies of Belarus
Manufacturing companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Belarus
1996 establishments in Russia
Oboronprom
Belarus–Russia relations
Hilmi Volkan Demir. Hilmi Volkan Demir is a Turkish scientist, best known for his works on white light generation.

Biography
Hilmi Volkan Demir was born on July 4, 1976, in Kars, Turkey. He received his B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1998, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University, California, in 2000 and 2004, respectively. He received his Docent title (Assoc. Prof.) in Optics and Photonics from the Turkish Council of Higher Education in 2007. Since September 2004, he has been working as a faculty member at Bilkent University, where he holds joint appointments at the Department of Physics and at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He is the Associate Director of Nanotechnology Research Center. He also serves as a faculty member of the Advanced Research Laboratory and the Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology.
In August 2009, he was assigned as Nanyang Associate Professor jointly at the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Microelectronics Div.) and the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Physics and Applied Physics Division) at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Research
At Bilkent, he is the principal investigator of the Devices and Sensors Research Group. His current research interests and projects include the development and demonstration of innovative hybrid nanophotonic devices, nanocrystal, metal nanoparticle and nanowire embedded nanodevices, high-performance RF and Optoelectronics sensors, III-nitride optoelectronic devices, white LEDs, and photovoltaic devices. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles in major scientific journals and conferences, presented more than 100 invited lectures, seminars, and conference talks around the world, and has more than 10 patents at various stages of the process. He has an overall h-index of 34 and i10-index of 100, as per Google Scholar.

Awards
Dr. Demir is one of the winners of 2007 ESF-EURYI. He is also the recipient of 2008 METU Parlar Young Scientist Award, 2006 TUBA-GEBIP (Turkish National Academy of Sciences Distinguished Young Scientist Award), and 2005 European Union Marie Curie Fellowship Award. He is a member of the professional societies such as the Optical Society, IEEE Photonics Society, IEEE, and SPIE and the alumni associations of Stanford University, Bilkent University, and Ankara Science High School.

References

External links
Personal Page
List of Publications
Devices and Sensors Research Group at Bilkent University
LUMINOUS! Centre of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays at Nanyang Technological University

Turkish physicists
Living people
1976 births
People from Kağızman
Bilkent University alumni
Turkish electronics engineers
Electrical engineering academics
Academic staff of Bilkent University
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Optical engineers
Optical physicists
Academic staff of Nanyang Technological University
Turkish nanotechnologists
METU Mustafa Parlar Foundation Science Award winners
Stansfield Windmill. Stansfield Mill is a Grade II listed tower mill at Stansfield, Suffolk, England which is derelict.

History
Stansfield Mill was built in 1840, replacing an earlier post mill. The millwright who built the mill is probably William Bear of Sudbury. It is not recorded when the mill ceased work, but the cap was removed in 1922 and the mill subsequently became derelict.

Description

Stansfield Mill is a five-storey tower mill. It had a dome shaped cap winded by a fantail. There were four Patent sails. The machinery is of wood, including the clasp arm great spur wheel. The mill drove two pairs of millstones.

References

External links
Windmill World webpage on Stansfield Mill.

Windmills in Suffolk
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1840
Towers completed in 1840
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II listed windmills
Borough of St Edmundsbury
Tom Van Vleck. Tom Van Vleck is an American computer software engineer.

Life and work
Van Vleck graduated from MIT in 1965 with a BS in Mathematics. He worked on CTSS at MIT, and co-authored its first email program with Noel Morris. In 1965, he joined Project MAC, the predecessor of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He worked on the development of Multics for more than 16 years at MIT and at Honeywell Information Systems. He has also worked at Tandem Computers, Taligent, CyberCash, Sun Microsystems, Encirq (an internet advertising company), and SPARTA (a computer security company). 

He is also known as a computer security expert.

Notes

Bibliography
 Operational changes for MR 4.0, T. H. Van Vleck, MULTICS OPERATING STAFF NOTE MOSN-A001, Honeywell, April 23, 1976
 The Multics System Programming Process, Van Vleck, T. H. and Clingen, C. T.; Invited Paper, ICSE 1978, pp. 278–280
 Getting the picture; it can be done, IEEE Computer, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 112, May 1994
 SPMA - Java Binary Enhancement Tool, DARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition - Volume II, pp. 152, April 2003; (DOI)
 Self-Protecting Mobile Agents Obfuscation Report, L. D'Anna, B. Matt, A. Reisse, T. Van Vleck, S. Schwab, and P. LeBlanc, Report #03-015, Network Associates Laboratories, June 2003.
 Anti-Phishing: Best Practices for Institutions and Consumers; Tally, Gregg; Thomas, Roshan; Van Vleck, Tom; McAfee Research, Technical Report # 04-004
 Three Questions about Each Bug You Find, Software Engineering Notes 14:5:62-63 (July 1989)
 Cleaning Up the Basement in the Dark, Software Engineering Notes, (April 1992)
 --, ed., with David Walden, The Compatible Time Sharing System (1961-1973) Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview, (also at Multicians.org) IEEE Computer Society, 2011
 The IBM 7094 and CTSS
 The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS
 The IBM 7070
 1401s I have Known

References
 The Multics web site, Mirror of multicians.org
 Tom Van Vleck's home page
 Tom Van Vleck, "THVV Multics Bio", Multicians.org, most recent update 11/29/02
 Jeffrey R. Yost, "An Interview with Thomas Van Vleck", 24 October 2012, Computer Security History Project, Charles Babbage Institute

Computer systems engineers
American software engineers
Software engineering researchers
Computer security academics
American computer programmers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Multics people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
CppCMS. CppCMS is an open-source web application framework for the C++ programming language developed by Artyom Beilis. The primary goal of CppCMS is building performance-demanding web applications. It may also be used for embedded web applications for consumer devices (such as administration consoles for routers, or smart devices).  The library is available under MIT license. It currently targets POSIX-compatible platforms as well as Microsoft Windows.

Despite what the name suggests, it is not a content management system.

Major features
 A variety of web server APIs – FastCGI, SCGI, HTTP
 Support of various concurrency models: cooperative (single thread), thread pool, prefork
 Separation of content and layout with a powerful template engine
 Inheritance of web templates
 Cache framework with trigger-based and timeout-based invalidation
 Support of Ajax and Comet programming 
 Form processing and validation
 Session state management via different backends: encrypted cookies, files, cache, database and distributed solutions.
 Internationalization and localization, including support of right-to-left languages. CppCMS contributed its localization module to the Boost project.

See also

Comparison of web frameworks
Poco
Wt

References

External links
The CppCMS Project home page (blog with updates)
 
 

Free software programmed in C++
Software using the MIT license
Web frameworks
Baltic Sea Action Group. The Baltic Sea Action Group (BSAG) is an independent non-profit foundation based in Finland. Formed in 2008, it seeks to restore the Baltic Sea, one of the most polluted seas in the world.

The BSAG aims to mitigate eutrophication and the effects of climate change, and to combat marine biodiversity loss. Additionally, the foundation promotes responsible shipping, and encourages regenerative agriculture in the Baltic Sea. 

Cooperation with scientists, legislators, and farmers is important to the foundation’s approach. The BSAG also works with companies operating in and around the Baltic Sea, encouraging them to make Baltic Sea Commitments, i.e., promises to implement sustainability strategies.  For example, in 2009, the foundation pushed Finnish chemical company Kemira to pledge to control their sludge disposal, in order to prevent high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in waterways, therefore decreasing the risk of eutrophication. As of 2023, more than 300 commitments have been made.

History 
BSAG was established on 3 March 2008. Together with the President of the Republic of Finland and the Prime Minister of Finland, BSAG organised the Baltic Sea Action Summit in Helsinki on 10 February 2010. The summit brought together Baltic Sea Heads of State and more than 140 companies and organisations to commit to efforts to restore the Baltic Sea. This commitment was a prerequisite for participation in the Summit.

Names
The official name of the foundation is the Living Baltic Foundation. It has been translated into all 14 languages of the Baltic Sea basin. For convenience, the Living Baltic Foundation uses the working name BSAG – Baltic Sea Action Group.

Name of the Foundation:

 Finnish — Elävä Itämeri säätiö;
 English — Foundation for a Living Baltic Sea;
 Swedish — Stiftelsen för ett levande Östersjön;
 Russian — Living Baltica Foundation;
 German — Stiftung Lebende Ostsee;
 Estonian, Elava Läänemere fond;
 Latvian — Fonds dzīvībai Baltijas jūrā;
 Lithuanian — Gyvos Baltijos Jūros Fondas;
 Norwegian — Stiftelsen Den levende Østersjøen;
 Danish — Foreningen for en levende Østersø;
 Polish — Fundacja Nadzieja Dla Bałtyku;
 Belarusian — Fundatsia "Zhiva Baltyka";
 Czech — Nadace pro živé Baltské moře;
 Slovak — Nadácia na ochranu Baltického mora;
 Ukrainian — Foundation "Zhiva Baltika".

Sources

Baltic Sea
285th Civil Engineering Squadron. The United States Air Force's 285th Civil Engineering Squadron (285 CES) is an Air National Guard civil engineering unit located at St Croix ANGS.

History
On 7 May 1980 the 285th Combat Communications Flight (CMBTCF) was established, creating the first unit of the Virgin Islands Air National Guard.  The flight was upgraded to a squadron in 1996 and made a name for itself following the devastation of Hurricane Hugo to the region in 1989, when the unit and its installation became the heart of recovery operations for St. Croix.

Over the years, the unit has been involved in several contingency operations, to include Joint Endeavor, Uphold Democracy, Joint Forge, and both Iraqi and Enduring Freedom.

On 3 March 2012 the unit was redesignated a Civil Engineer Squadron after losing its communications mission.

Assignments

Major command/gaining command
 Air National Guard/ (???- ???)

Wing/group
 226th Combat Communications Group (1980–?)

Previous designations
 285th Combat Communications Flight (1980–1996)
 285th Combat Communications Squadron (1996–3 March 2012)
 285th Civil Engineer Squadron (3 March 2012 – present)

Bases stationed
 St Croix ANGS, Virgin Islands (1980–Present)

Decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 
 1989
 1 January 1990 - 31 December 1990
 1991
 1 September 1995 – 31 August 1997

Gallery

References

External links

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Communications squadrons of the United States Air Force
1980 establishments in the United States Virgin Islands
Server Technology. Server Technology, Inc. offers power distribution products for data centers, telecommunication equipment and remote administration. The company is headquartered in Reno, Nevada with offices in the United Kingdom, Germany, Hong Kong and India.

History 
Server Technology was founded in 1984, and by 1987 had grown large enough to acquire CrossPoint Systems, a manufacturer of PC data switches. In 1990, Server Technology introduced its first power and network control products.

Server Technology currently has 170+ employees with 16 offices worldwide.

In 2017 Legrand acquired Server Technology.

Patents 
Server Technology claims to have the largest patent library regarding power provision in zero-U and horizontal power distribution unit (PDU) configurations compatible with today's racks and dense computing infrastructure requirements. The company has been granted at least 48 patents and has at least 54 pending.

In June 2014, a Reno, Nevada jury awarded Server Technology, Inc. damages totaling $10,787,634 in an action for patent infringement brought against American Power Conversion Corporation (“APC”), a subsidiary of Schneider Electric SA (Euronext: SU). The Server Technology patents in suit are US Patent No. 7,043,543 (Vertical‐Mount Electrical Power Distribution Plugstrip) issued May 9, 2006, and US Patent No. 7,702,771 (Electrical Power Distribution Device Having A Current Display) issued April 20, 2010.
This finding was overturned in the US Federal Court of Appeals in September 2016.

The complaint was filed in United States District Court for the Northern District of Nevada in December 2006. In February 2007, APC was acquired by Schneider Electric SA (Euronext: SU) headquartered in Rueil‐Malmaison, France. The jury found APC's AP7900 series and AP8900 series vertical, switched Power Distribution Units infringed both of the Server Technology patents.

On September 23, 2016, The US Federal Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the June 2014 Award and found that APC/Schneider Electric did not infringe upon the Server Technology patents.

References 

Networking hardware companies
Electronics companies established in 1984
Electronics companies of the United States
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Companies based in Reno, Nevada
Mono Aircraft Monoprep. The Mono Aircraft Monoprep was an American light civil sporting monoplane of the late 1920s.

Development and operation
Mono Aircraft was founded in 1927 and their first design was the Monoprep high-wing sporting two-seat open cockpit monoplane. Eight Monopreps were built.

The improved Monoprep 218 followed the initial model in 1929, with a 3 ft (1 metre) shorter wingspan giving increased speed.  84 Monoprep 218s were built by 1930.  One long-nosed aircraft was used to test one of the two Lambert H-106 engines during 1930.

The sole surviving example of the Monoprep 218 NC179K was publicly displayed in airworthy condition in the Airpower Museum at Ottumwa Iowa. It has now changed into private hands and is under restoration to fly again.

Specifications (Monoprep 218)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Historical data on Mono Aircraft at aerofiles.com

1920s United States sport aircraft
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Biomedical Computation Review. Biomedical Computation Review (BCR) is a quarterly, open-access magazine funded by the National Institutes of Health and published by the Mobilize Center at Stanford University. First published in 2005, BCR covers such topics as molecular dynamics, genomics, proteomics, physics-based simulation, systems biology, and other research involving computational biology. BCR's articles are targeted to those with a general science or biology background, in order to build a community among biomedical computational researchers who come from a variety of disciplines.

Notes

External links 
 Biomedical Computation Review 
 Simbios

Stanford University publications
Quarterly journals
National Institutes of Health
Academic journals established in 2005
Open access publications
Bismuth pentafluoride. Bismuth pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula BiF5.  It is a white solid that is highly reactive.  The compound is of interest to researchers but not of particular value.

Structure
BiF5 is polymeric and consists of linear chains of trans-bridged corner sharing BiF6 octahedra. This is the same structure as α-UF5.

Preparation
BiF5 can be prepared by treating BiF3 with F2 at 500 °C.

BiF3 + F2 → BiF5

In an alternative synthesis, ClF3 is the fluorinating agent at 350 °C.

BiF3 + ClF3 → BiF5 + ClF

Reactions
Bismuth pentafluoride is the most reactive of the pnictogen pentafluorides and is an extremely strong fluorinating agent. It reacts vigorously with water to form ozone and oxygen difluoride, and with iodine or sulfur at room temperature. BiF5 fluorinates paraffin oil (hydrocarbons) to fluorocarbons above 50 °C and oxidises UF4 to UF6 at 150 °C. At 180 °C, bismuth pentafluoride fluorinates Br2 to BrF3 and Cl2 to ClF.

BiF5 also reacts with alkali metal fluorides, MF, to form hexafluorobismuthates, M[BiF6], containing the hexafluorobismuthate anion, [BiF6]−. Bismuth pentafluorude in hydrofluoric acid solvent also reacts with nickel fluoride to form the nickel salt of this anion, which can be incorporated into a complex with acetonitrile.

References

Bismuth compounds
Fluorides
Metal halides
Oxidizing agents
Fluorinating agents
Inorganic polymers
Coordination polymers
Belyayev Babochka. The Belyayev Babochka was a tandem seat research aircraft designed in the USSR in 1939.

Development
Viktor Nikolayevich Belyayev had an illustrious early career with TsAGI, AVIAVnito, Aeroflot, OMOS, AGOS, KOSOS and the Tupolev OKB. He also designed and built several gliders from 1920, including flying wing designs.

Belalyev and V.I. Yukharin, at the Kazan Aviation Institute, designed a tandem seat single-engine research aircraft to investigate the properties of Belyayev's forward swept wing with raked tips, used on the Belyayev DB-LK, particularly the resistance to structural instability and aileron reversal.  The aircraft was to have had quite sharply swept forward inner wings, with the outer third swept back at a similar angle, all with ailerons, except for flaps on the inner half of the inner wings. Relatively small tail surfaces were envisioned at the end of a relatively long fuselage.  The pilot and observer sat in enclosed cockpits, with the observer's cockpit halfway between the pilot's cockpit and the tail unit.
Further work on the Babochka was abandoned after the German invasion.

Specifications (Babochka)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links
 http://www.aviation.ru/Belyayev/

1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
Babochka