omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MyHDL. MyHDL is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL).

Features of MyHDL include:
 The ability to generate VHDL and Verilog code from a MyHDL design.
 The ability to generate a testbench (Conversion of test benches) with test vectors in VHDL or Verilog, based on complex computations in Python.
 The ability to convert a list of signals.
 The ability to convert output verification.
 The ability to do co-simulation with Verilog.
 An advanced datatype system, independent of traditional datatypes. MyHDL's translator tool automatically writes conversion functions when the target language requires them.

MyHDL is developed by Jan Decaluwe.

Conversion examples 

Here, you can see some examples of conversions from MyHDL designs to VHDL and/or Verilog.

A small combinatorial design

The example is a small combinatorial design, more specifically the binary to Gray code converter:
def bin2gray(B, G, width: int):
    """Gray encoder.

    B -- input intbv signal, binary encoded
    G -- output intbv signal, gray encoded
    width -- bit width
    """

    @always_comb
    def logic():
        Bext = intbv(0)[width + 1 :]
        Bext[:] = B
        for i in range(width):
            G.next[i] = Bext[i + 1] ^ Bext[i]

    return logic

You can create an instance and convert to Verilog and VHDL as follows:
width = 8

B = Signal(intbv(0)[width:])
G = Signal(intbv(0)[width:])

bin2gray_inst = toVerilog(bin2gray, B, G, width)
bin2gray_inst = toVHDL(bin2gray, B, G, width)

The generated Verilog code looks as follows:
module bin2gray (
    B,
    G
);

input [7:0] B;
output [7:0] G;
reg [7:0] G;

always @(B) begin: BIN2GRAY_LOGIC
    integer i;
    reg [9-1:0] Bext;
    Bext = 9'h0;
    Bext = B;
    for (i=0; i<8; i=i+1) begin
        G[i] <= (Bext[(i + 1)] ^ Bext[i]);
    end
end

endmodule

The generated VHDL code looks as follows:
library IEEE;
use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
use IEEE.numeric_std.all;
use std.textio.all;

use work.pck_myhdl_06.all;

entity bin2gray is
    port (
        B: in unsigned(7 downto 0);
        G: out unsigned(7 downto 0)
    );
end entity bin2gray;

architecture MyHDL of bin2gray is

begin

BIN2GRAY_LOGIC: process (B) is
    variable Bext: unsigned(8 downto 0);
begin
    Bext := to_unsigned(0, 9);
    Bext := resize(B, 9);
    for i in 0 to 8-1 loop
        G(i) <= (Bext((i + 1)) xor Bext(i));
    end loop;
end process BIN2GRAY_LOGIC;

end architecture MyHDL;

See also 
 Comparison of Free EDA software
 Comparison of EDA Software
 Electronic design automation (EDA)
 C to HDL compilers

References 

Hardware description languages
Variational transition-state theory. Variational transition-state theory is a refinement of transition-state theory.  When using transition-state theory to estimate a chemical reaction rate, the dividing surface is taken to be a surface that intersects a first-order saddle point and is also perpendicular to the reaction coordinate in all other dimensions.  When using variational transition-state theory, the position of the dividing surface between reactant and product regions is variationally optimized to minimize the reaction rate.  This minimizes the effects of recrossing, and gives a much more accurate result.

References

Chemical kinetics
Diisononyl phthalate. Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a phthalate used as a plasticizer. DINP is typically a mixture of chemical compounds consisting of various isononyl esters of phthalic acid, and is commonly used in a large variety of plastic products.

Health Issues

The European Union has set a maximum specific migration limit (SML) from food contact materials of 9 mg/kg food for the sum of diisononyl phthalates and diisodecyl phthalates.

DINP is listed as a substance "known to the State of California to cause cancer" under Proposition 65 legislation.

Studies find that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of DINP in zebrafish disrupt the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and affect reproduction in a gender specific manner, and have other adverse effects on aquatic organisms, as DINP upregulates orexigenic signals and causes hepatosteatosis together with deregulation of the peripheral ECS and lipid metabolism.

The ECHA's Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) has concluded, on March 7, 2018, that Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) does not warrant classification for reprotoxic effects under the EU's Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulations.

See also
 Diisoheptyl phthalate
Plastic pollution

References

Phthalate esters
Plasticizers
Martin S. 

The Martin S was a two-seat observation seaplane produced by the Glenn L. Martin Company in the United States in 1915. Designed along the same general lines as the preceding Model T, it was a largely conventional two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span. The fuselage was not directly attached to the lower wings, but was carried on struts in the interplane gap. The undercarriage consisted of a single large pontoon below the fuselage and outrigger floats near the wingtips. The Model S was 23-year-old Donald Douglas' first and only design for the Martin company, and it set three world altitude records and a flight duration record that stood for three years.

Six, possibly fourteen, of these aircraft were operated by the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, and another two by the United States Navy. All of the Army aircraft, S.C. 56-59 and 94-95, were assigned to the first U.S. aviation unit based overseas, the 1st Company, 2d Aero Squadron at Fort Mills, Corregidor, in March and April 1916, where they used a radio transmitter with a range of 29 miles to adjust battery fire for the Coast Artillery.

Operators

United States Army
United States Navy

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

1910s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
S
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Single-engined piston aircraft
Welcome Aboard Toxic Airlines. Welcome Aboard Toxic Airlines is a 2007 British documentary film about aerotoxic syndrome directed and produced by former airline captain Tristan Loraine.

Synopsis
This documentary shows that for nearly fifty years, airline passengers and crews have been supplied with unfiltered air, called bleed air, taken directly from the engines. It shows how pressure groups have stated that this air supply sometimes becomes contaminated with neurotoxins, carcinogens, and other hazardous chemicals. When this contamination occurs on an aeroplane, it is called a "fume event". Many fume events have been reported, some in which the passenger cabin was filled with smoke and fumes.

Global Cabin Air Quality Executive 
Former British Airways Captain Tristan Loraine, who produced the film, is co-chair of Global Cabin Air Quality Executive (GCAQE).

Contrary opinions
Research by the UK government did not find a link to long-term health problems. The UK Parliament Select Committee on Science and Technology concluded in 2000 that the concerns about significant health risks were not substantiated.

In 2008 Michael Bagshaw, the former Head Doctor at British Airways, and later an advisor to Airbus, claimed that no peer-reviewed, recorded cases of neurological harm in humans followed low-level exposure to the organophosphate tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is used as a lubricant in jet engines.

See also

References

External links
 Official website

British aviation films
British documentary films
2007 documentary films
2007 in aviation
2007 in the United Kingdom
Documentary films about environmental issues
Documentary films about aviation
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
English-language documentary films
RealityEngine. RealityEngine is a 3D graphics hardware architecture and a family of graphics systems which was developed and manufactured by Silicon Graphics during the early to mid 1990s. RealityEngine was positioned as the company's high-end visualization hardware for its MIPS/IRIX platform. RealityEngine is designed for deployment exclusively within the company's Crimson and Onyx family of visualization systems, which are sometimes referred to as "graphics supercomputers" or "visualization supercomputers". The RealityEngine was marketed to large organizations, such as companies and universities that are involved in computer simulation, digital content creation, engineering and research.

It was succeeded by the InfiniteReality in early 1996, but coexisted with it for a time as an entry-level option for older systems.

RealityEngine 

The RealityEngine is a board set comprising a Geometry Engine board, up to four Raster Manager boards, and a DG2 Display Generator board. These boards plug into a midplane on the host system.

The Geometry Engine is based on the 50 MHz Intel i860XP.

VTX 

The VTX is a cost-reduced RealityEngine and as a consequence, its features and performance are below that of the RealityEngine. It is not the VGX or VGXT board set. The name is said to stand for Venice To eXpensive, Venice being the internal name for RealityEngine.

RealityEngine2 

The RealityEngine2, stylized as "RealityEngine2", is an upgraded RealityEngine with twelve instead of eight Geometry Engines. The Reality Station workstation is based on RealityEngine2. In February 1995, SGI reduced the entry price of Reality Station to .

RealityEngine2 was succeeded by the InfiniteReality in early 1996. It uses the GE10 Geometry Engine board, RM4 Raster Manager board and DG2 Display Generator board.

References 

 

3D computer graphics
Graphics chips
SGI graphics
Motech. Motech Industries Inc. or Motech Solar,  is a solar cell manufacturer based in Taiwan, ranked as the 6th largest solar cell manufacturer in the world in 2007.

As part of an expansion effort into the US, Motech purchased the AstroPower plant in Newark but subsequently closed it down in 2014 due to operational costs. Since then, the company has expanded operations to include production of whole panels.

History
Motech Industries Inc. was founded in 1981 as a designer and manufacturer of test and measurement instruments. The company entered into solar cell production in 1999 as a pioneer in the manufacturing and marketing of high-quality single and polycrystalline silicon solar cells in Taiwan. The company is the largest solar cell manufacturer in Taiwan and one of the top ten manufacturers worldwide in terms of production capacity and output.

See also
Solar energy
List of photovoltaics companies

References

Companies based in Tainan
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Solar energy companies
Taiwanese brands
Kleemenko cycle. The Kleemenko cycle or one-flow cascade cycle is a single-stream mixed-refrigerant technique used to cool or liquefy gases. The term "Kleemenko cycle" is used in refrigeration if multi-component refrigerants (MCR) are used in a cycle.

The Russian scientist Aleksandr Petrovich Klimenko (Александр Петрович Клименко) described the one-flow cascade cycle in the Proceedings of XIII International Conference of Refrigeration in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1959. It was published in "Progress in Refrigeration Science and Technology", Volume, I Pergamon Press, 1960, pp. 34–39.

See also
Hampson–Linde cycle
Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

External links
Kleemenko cycle coolers: Low cost refrigeration at cryogenic temperatures

Soviet inventions
Thermodynamic cycles
Ballistic impact. Ballistic impact is a high velocity impact by a small mass object, analogous to runway debris or small arms fire. The simulation of ballistic impacts can be achieved with a light-gas gun or other ballistic launcher. It is important to study the response of materials to ballistic impact loads. Applications of this research include body armor, armored vehicles and fortified buildings, as well as the protection of essential equipment, such as the jet engines of an airliner.

References

See also
Impact (mechanics)

Ballistics
Firearms
Forensic techniques
Materials testing
Projectiles
Swallow TP. The Swallow TP was a trainer aircraft produced by the Swallow Airplane Company in the United States from 1928.

Design and construction
The TP was a simple and rugged biplane design with room for an instructor and student in tandem open cockpits. The fuselage was made from welded steel tubing, faired to shape and then fabric covered. The wings were typical of the day with Spruce spars, spruce & plywood ribs with fabric covering. Built to be easy to fly, and for ease of maintenance, the Swallow TP was quite popular with nearly 200 being built. Initially the TP was offered with the ubiquitous Curtiss OX-5. Later, it was offered with a choice of a Siemens-Halske, Kinner, or Warner engines. Most customers opted for the OX-5 which was the cheapest.

Variants
Data from:Aerofiles
TP
Main production variant with a Curtiss OX-5 engine, about 200 built.
TP-K
Production variant with a five-cylinder Kinner K-5 engine, 20 to 25 built.
TP-W
Production variant with a seven-cylinder Warner Scarab engine, three built
TP-Sh
Production variant with seven-cylinder Siemens-Halske Sh 14 engine.

Specifications (Swallow TP)

References

External links

FAA Approved Type Certificate 105 Swallow TP

1920s United States civil trainer aircraft
Swallow Airplane Company. The Swallow Airplane Company was an early manufacturer of airplanes.

History
In January 1920, the E.M. Laird Aviation Company Ltd. was started with the purchase of the six-month-old Wichita Aircraft Company, its aircraft and the factory of the Watkins Manufacturing Company. Oilman Jacob Mollendick and Buick-Franklin salesman William A. Burke each contributed $15,000. The first Swallow designed by Buck Weaver and was test flown in April 1920. Later, in 1921, the company moved into a new factory building on North Hillside Street. Laird hired several aviators that became prominent in the business later, Buck Weaver who would co-found Waco Aircraft, Walter Beech, and Lloyd Stearman who would develop the Swallow New Swallow. Following the departure of Emil Matthew Laird in 1923 and his formation of the E. M. Laird Airplane Company, on 22 January 1924 the company was renamed as the Swallow Airplane Manufacturing Company.

Swallow was notable for producing the Swallow TP in quite large numbers, for its day. A large proportion of pilots trained in the late 1920s and early '30s did so on the TP. In late 1927, owner Mollendick bet most of the company fortune on a record setting aircraft flown by noted aviator William Portwood Erwin, the Dallas Spirit, which was lost on a record attempt to Asia concurrent with the Dole Air Race. In December of the following year the company was purchased by the General Aero Corporation of America – a holding company that also counted the Cessna Aircraft Company among its assets. Swallow was sold again in 1933 to E. B. Christopher – who would be killed in the crash of one of the company's airplanes in 1937. Sam Bloomfield, the company's chief engineer, eventually took over as company president. No longer manufacturing complete aircraft, it existed as an aircraft mechanic school and subcontractor for the B-29 and B-47 until 1956.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Tihen Notes – A listing of newspaper articles that mention, among other Wichita aircraft manufacturers, the Swallow Airplane Company

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Language primitive. In computing, language primitives are the simplest elements available in a programming language. A primitive is the smallest 'unit of processing' available to a programmer of a given machine, or can be an atomic element of an expression in a language.

Primitives are units with a meaning, i.e., a semantic value in the language. Thus they are different from tokens in a parser, which are the minimal elements of syntax.

Types of primitives

Machine-level primitives
A machine instruction, usually generated by an assembler program, is often considered the smallest unit of processing although this is not always the case. It typically performs what is perceived to be one operation such as copying a byte or string of bytes from one computer memory location to another or adding one processor register to another.

Microcode primitives
Many of today's computers, however, actually embody an even lower unit of processing known as microcode which interprets the machine code and it is then that the microcode instructions would be the genuine primitives. These instructions would typically be available for modification only by the hardware vendor's programmers.

High-level language primitives
A high-level programming language (HLL) program is composed of discrete statements and primitive data types that may also be perceived to perform a single operation or represent a single data item, but at a higher semantic level than those provided by the machine. Copying a data item from one location to another may actually involve many machine instructions that, for instance, 
 calculate the address of both operands in memory, based on their positions within a data structure, 
 convert from one data type to another
before finally
 performing the final store operation to the target destination.

Some HLL statements, particularly those involving loops, can generate thousands or even millions of primitives in a low-level programming language (LLL), which comprise the genuine instruction path length the processor has to execute at the lowest level. This perception has been referred to as the abstraction penalty.

Interpreted language primitives
An interpreted language statement has similarities to the HLL primitives, but with a further added layer. Before the statement can be executed in a manner very similar to an HLL statement: it must first be processed by an interpreter, a process that may involve many primitives in the target machine language.

Fourth and fifth-generation language primitives
Fourth-generation programming languages (4GL) and fifth-generation programming languages (5GL) do not have a simple one-to-many correspondence from high-to-low level primitives. There are some elements of interpreted language primitives embodied in 4GL and 5GL specifications, but the approach to the original problem is less a procedural language construct and are more oriented toward problem solving and systems engineering.

See also
 Primitive data type
 Hardware-software codesign

References

Programming language topics
Felix Airways. Felix Airways Limited, also known as Al Saeeda, (both meaning "Happy," from the Roman term for Yemen, Arabia Felix) is a regional airline based in Sana'a, Yemen.

History
The airline was established in 2008 as a subsidiary of flag carrier Yemenia by the Islamic Bank for Development, to serve the growing market for low-cost travel in the region. In late October 2008, Felix Airways began domestic operations with CRJ 700 aircraft, and expanded both domestically and regionally.

Operations have been severely disrupted since 2015 due to the ongoing military conflict affecting its hub at Sana'a International Airport. From 2015 the airline, in common with the entire Yemeni tourist industry, suffered a near-complete reduction in activity due to the conflict and the siege in the region; Felix Airways flights were reported (in April 2019) to have declined from 55 to only 3 weekly flights. The airline originally also had two Bombardier CRJ700s, but one was destroyed by bombing at Sana'a International Airport in April 2015.

Destinations

Current destinations
As of February 2021, Felix Airways serves the following scheduled destinations:

Djibouti
Djibouti - Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport

Yemen
Aden - Aden International Airport 
Seiyun - Sayun Airport
Socotra - Socotra Airport

United Arab Emirates
Dubai - Dubai International Airport

Former destinations
As of January 2015 (before the air blockade), Felix Airways served the following destinations:

Fleet
As of February 2021, the Felix Airways fleet included the following aircraft:

See also
List of airlines of Yemen

References

External links
Official website

Airlines of Yemen
Low-cost carriers
Airlines established in 2008
2008 establishments in Yemen
Ferroelectric liquid crystal display. Ferroelectric liquid-crystal display (FLCD) is a display technology based on the ferroelectric properties of chiral smectic liquid crystals as proposed in 1980 by Clark and Lagerwall. Reportedly discovered in 1975, several companies pursued the development of FLCD technologies, notably Canon and Central Research Laboratories (CRL), along with others including Seiko, Sharp, Mitsubishi and GEC. Canon and CRL pursued different technological approaches with regard to the switching of display cells, these providing the individual pixels or subpixels, and the production of intermediate pixel intensities between full transparency and full opacity, these differing approaches being adopted by other companies seeking to develop FLCD products.

Development
By 1985, Seiko had already demonstrated a colour FLCD panel able to display a 10-inch diagonal still image with a resolution of . By 1993, Canon had delivered the first commercial application of the technology in its EZPS Japanese-language desktop publishing system in the form of a 15-inch monochrome display with a reported cost of around £2,000, and the company demonstrated a 21-inch 64-colour display and a 24-inch 16-greyscale display, both with a  resolution and able to show "GUI software with multiple windows". Other applications included projectors, viewfinders and printers.

The FLCD did not make many inroads as a direct view display device.  Manufacturing of larger FLCDs was problematic making them unable to compete against direct view LCDs based on nematic liquid crystals using the Twisted nematic field effect or In-Plane Switching. Today, the FLCD is used in reflective microdisplays based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon technology. Using ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in FLCoS technology allows a much smaller display area which eliminates the problems of manufacturing larger area FLC displays.  Additionally, the dot pitch or pixel pitch of such displays can be as low as 6 μm giving a very high resolution display in a small area. To produce color and grey-scale, time multiplexing is used, exploiting the sub-millisecond switching time of the ferroelectric liquid crystal.
These microdisplays find applications in 3D head mounted displays (HMDs), image insertion in surgical microscopes, and electronic viewfinders where direct-view LCDs fail to provide more than 600 ppi resolution.

Ferroelectric LCoS also finds commercial uses in Structured illumination for 3D-Metrology and Super-resolution microscopy. Some commercial products use FLCD. High switching speed allows building optical switches and shutters in printer heads.

References

Display technology
Liquid crystal displays
Confederate effect. The confederate effect is the phenomenon of people falsely classifying human intelligence as machine (or artificial) intelligence during Turing tests. For example, in the Loebner Prize during which a tester conducts a text exchange with one human and one artificial-intelligence chatbot and is tasked to identify which is which, the confederate effect describes the tester inaccurately identifying the human as the machine.

The confederate effect is the reverse of the ELIZA effect, which Sherry Turkle states is humans' "more general tendency to treat responsive computer programs as more intelligent than they really are": that is, anthropomorphizing. 

The phenomenon was seen in the University of Surrey 2003 Loebner Prize for Artificial Intelligence, when both confederate (tested) humans, one male and one female, were each ranked as machine by at least one judge. More precisely, Judge 7 and Judge 9 ranked the female 'Confederate 2' as "1.00=definitely a machine"; the male 'Confederate 1' was ranked "1.00=definitely a machine" by Judge 4 and Judge 9. Also, the gender of these two hidden-humans were incorrectly identified (male considered female; woman considered man) in independent transcript analysis ('gender-blurring' phenomenon, see Shah & Henry, 2005).

Notes

References

 

Human–computer interaction