omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Krzysztof Kubryński. Krzysztof Kubryński (born 1954, Poland) is a researcher in aerodynamics. Author of a set of computer programs (KK-AERO) assisting in the design of the aircraft.  His methodology of 3D aerodynamic design and his software had been used in the majority of contemporary competition sailplane projects (ASW-27/ASG-29, Ventus-2, DG-1000, ASW-28, Antares, JS-1, Concordia) . Designer of the sail used by the winner (Mateusz Kusznierewicz) of the 1996 Summer Olympics Finn class competition. Recently he worked on the aerodynamics of the Flaris Jet 1.

Krzysztof Kubryński received his Ph.D. from Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology where he had been employed since 1990. His best known design is the wing of Diana 2 (multiple wins at World Gliding Championships and Grand Prix races).

As of 2018, Dr Kubryńki's newest design is the wing of the Diana 3 sailplane, already winning the 2019 European Championships.

Sources
 www.samolotypolskie.pl: Krzysztof Kubryński

References

1954 births
Aerodynamicists
Polish engineers
Living people
Lioré et Olivier LeO 40. 

The Lioré et Olivier LeO 40 was a French experimental biplane built by Lioré et Olivier. The two-seat LeO 40 had full span slats fitted to both wings, it was powered by a  Argus engine in Pusher configuration. Only one was built and the design was abandoned.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography 
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)

1930s French experimental aircraft
40
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Lioré et Olivier LeO 41. 

The Lioré et Olivier LeO 41 was a French experimental biplane built by Lioré et Olivier. The LeO 41 has been described as a "strange design" with long control surfaces fitted to struts behind each wing, it was powered by a  Renault 4Pb engine. Only one was built and the design was abandoned.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography 
 Hartmann, Gérard. Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.  (in French)

1930s French experimental aircraft
41
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Good Hope Jet. The Good Hope Jet is the northward-running shelf edge frontal jet of the Southern Benguela Current off the Cape Peninsula of South Africa's west coast. The jet, an intrusion of water from the Agulhas Current, was first described by South African oceanographers, Nils Bang and W.R.H. (Bill) Andrews in 1974. This warm water jet forms a sharp front as it comes into contact with the colder upwelled water over the shelf and plays a key role in carrying fish eggs and larvae from their food-poor Agulhas Bank spawning grounds to inshore nurseries.

References 

Oceanography
Union Iron Works (St. Louis). The Union Iron Works (first known as Carondelet Marine Railway Company and later as Union Marine Works) was a shipbuilding and engineering firm in Carondelet, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. 

It was founded in the 1850s by Primus Emerson as the Carondelet Marine Railway Company. It sat where Marceau Street, off South Broadway, met the Mississippi River. The yard had tracks and cranes that could haul ships in or out of the river using a railway car that descended into the water, mated with a ship's hull, and was hauled up the bank and into one of a handful of sheds. The yard employed 800 artisans, laborers and shipwrights. 

In 1861, riverboat salvager and engineer James Eads leased the yard and used it to build ironclads for the Union Navy during the American Civil War. In 1869 and 1870, facilities of the Union Iron Works were used by William Nelson and Co. to fabricate the caissons used to build Eads Bridge.

Ironclad boats constructed at Union Iron Works between 1861 and 1864 
City-class gunboats constructed at Union Iron Works

 USS Carondelet
 USS Louisville
 USS Pittsburgh
 USS St. Louis (Renamed Baron DeKalb)

City-class boats built by James Eads & Co. at the Mound City Marine Railway and Shipyard

 USS Cairo
 USS Cincinnati
 USS Mound City

Milwaukee-class monitors constructed at Union Iron Works

 USS Milwaukee
 USS Winnebago

Milwaukee-class monitors constructed by others under subcontract to Union Iron Works

 USS Chickasaw (subcontract by Gaylord, Son & Co, St. Louis)
 USS Kickapoo (subcontract by G.B. Allen & Co, St. Louis)

Neosho-class monitors

 Neosho
 Osage

Notes

External links 
 Union Iron Works, Carondelet MO
 Shipyard founder Primus Emerson
 Photos of USS Cairo under construction at the yard  =

Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Born equation. The Born equation can be used for estimating the electrostatic component of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an ion. It is an electrostatic model that treats the solvent as a continuous dielectric medium (it is thus one member of a class of methods known as continuum solvation methods).

It was derived by Max Born.

where:
NA =  Avogadro constant
z = charge of ion
e = elementary charge, 1.6022 C
ε0 = permittivity of free space
r0 = effective radius of ion
εr = dielectric constant of the solvent

Derivation 
The energy U stored in an electrostatic field distribution is:Knowing the magnitude of the electric field of an ion in a medium of dielectric constant εr is   and the volume element  can be expressed as , the energy  can be written as: Thus, the energy of solvation of the ion from gas phase (εr =1) to a medium of dielectric constant εr is:

References

External links
aspects about this equation

Enthalpy
Max Born
Diboron tetrachloride. Diboron tetrachloride is a chemical compound with the formula B2Cl4. It is a colorless liquid.

Synthesis
The modern synthesis involves dechlorination of boron trichloride using copper.  

It can also be formed by the electrical discharge procedure of boron trichloride at low temperatures:
BCl3 → BCl2 + Cl
Cl + Hg (electrode) → HgCl or HgCl2
2 BCl2 → B2Cl4
The most efficient synthesis technique uses no dechlorinating metal, instead passing radio-frequency AC current through gaseous boron trichloride.

Reactions
The compound is used as a reagent for the synthesis of organoboron compounds. For instance, diboron tetrachloride adds to ethylene:
CH2=CH2 + B2Cl4 → Cl2B–CH2–CH2–BCl2

Diboron tetrachloride absorbs hydrogen quickly at room temperature:

3 B2Cl4 + 3 H2 → B2H6 + 4 BCl3
With boranes, it replaces a hydrogen to form dichloroborane(3) and a polyhedral dichloroborane.  Heat induces disproportionation back to boron trichloride and a polyhedral boron(I) chloride.

References

Chlorides
Boron compounds
Nonmetal halides
Boron halides
BAE Systems/Dassault Telemos. The BAE Systems/Dassault Telemos was an unmanned military aircraft being jointly developed by BAE Systems and Dassault.

Development
The BAE Systems Mantis, which first flew in 2009, was being used as the basis of development. However, flying large UAVs in British airspace was a challenge.

A mockup of Telemos was unveiled at the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget in 2011; by this time BAE and Dassault were cooperating closely, with BAE in the lead role. There was not yet a formal joint requirement for the UAV from the French and British armed forces, but requirements were firming up, including round-the-clock ISTAR capability. Any acquisition would be influenced by EU competition law.

More agreements were planned at the Farnborough Airshow in 2012.

Telemos was expected to be a competitor with the EADS Talarion and American UAVs for a future order by the South Korean government. It could also have been a candidate for the Royal Air Force's "Scavenger" project.

There was an exclusive agreement between BAE Systems and Dassault; they would not cooperate with other partners to develop UAVs. Lacking serious rivals in the UK, this made the BAE/Dassault partnership much more likely to get contracts from the British government. The Telemos was likely to compete with the Talarion for various future European deals.

The Anglo-French Telemos programme was abandoned in July 2012, as the new French socialist government considered cooperating instead with other European partners on the EADS Talarion programme.

Design
Both turboprops and turbofans were considered for the initial design; the mockup shown at Le Bourget had turboprops, which would allow longer endurance at the cost of slower climbing.

See also

References

External links
 Photo of mockup Telemos

Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Telemos
International unmanned aerial vehicles
International proposed aircraft
BAE Systems Dassault Telemos
Telemos
Unmanned military aircraft of France
Line 2 (Hangzhou Metro). Line 2 of the Hangzhou Metro () is a north-south rapid transit line, connecting the downtown with the districts of Xiaoshan and Yuhang in Hangzhou.

The first phase of the line, between  and  stations, entered operation on 24 November 2014 after six years of construction. It was extended to  on 3 July 2017, and then to  on 27 December in the same year.

During the day, Automatic Train Operation (ATO) is used on the line, which does not require train operators to control the speed of the train manually, however, every night between the hours of 20:30 and 22:30, operators are required to drive the train manually to ensure they still have the ability to drive the train manually in case of exceptional circumstances when ATO is not functional.

Opening timeline

Stations

Rolling stock

See also
 Hangzhou Metro

References

02
Railway lines opened in 2014
2014 establishments in China
Standard gauge railways in China
2014 in Hangzhou
Layzell Merlin. The Layzell Merlin is a British autogyro that was designed by Scottish designer Jim Montgomery and produced by Layzell Gyroplanes of Quedgeley, Gloucester.  The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The type remained in production by Layzell through 2011, although by July 2012 the company website had been removed from the internet.

Design and development
The Merlin features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit with a fairing and a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, single-ignition  Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from bolted-together square aluminum tubing. Its  diameter Rotor Flight Dynamics rotor has a chord of . The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

After taking over Montgomery's design, company owner Gary Layzell expressed an interest in further developing the Merlin, but initially produced it unchanged.

Operational history
By January 2013, 28 examples had been registered in the United Kingdom with the CAA as Montgomerie-Bensen B8MR.

Specifications (Merlin GTS)

References

External links
Layzell Gyroplanes website archives on Archive.org
Photo of a Layzell Merlin GTS

1990s British sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Layzell Gyroplanes
Alberto Diaspro. Alberto Diaspro (born April 7, 1959, in Genoa, Italy) is an Italian scientist. He received his doctoral degree in electronic engineering from the university of Genoa, Italy, in 1983. He is full professor in applied physics at university of Genoa. He is research director of Nanoscopy Italian Institute of Technology. Alberto Diaspro is President of the Italian biophysical society SIBPA. In 2022 he got the Gregorio Weber Award for excellence in fluorescence.

References

External links
 People
 https://www.iit.it/people/alberto-diaspro
 Alberto Diaspro - Top Italian Scientist in Physics
 Alberto Diaspro è stato eletto Presidente della Società Italiana di Biofisica Pura e Applicata
 ISS Honors Prof. Alberto Diaspro with Gregorio Weber Award | ISS

1959 births
Living people
Electronic engineering
Engineers from Genoa
20th-century Italian educators
University of Genoa alumni
Severud Associates. Severud is a multinational structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City, with additional offices in London and Paris. The firm has worked on over 12,000 projects around the world.

History
Severud was founded in the year 1928 by Fred Severud, a Norwegian-born American structural engineer and member of the National Academy of Engineering. Originally the firm was called Severud-Elstad-Krueger Associates, then renamed Severud-Perrone-Sturm-Bandel, and finally shortened to Severud Associates.
 
The company has designed numerous notable structures in their early history. These include Place Ville Marie (1962), Arecibo Observatory (1963), the St. Louis Gateway Arch (1965), Madison Square Garden (1968), IDS Center (1973), and AXA Center (1985). Recently, Severud has been the structural engineer for the National Museum of the American Indian, Thomson Reuters Building (2001), the Bank of America Tower at One Bryant Park (2009), Eventi (2010), the Claire Tow Theater at Lincoln Center (2012)., One Vanderbilt, and the MSG Sphere at The Venetian in Las Vegas.

References

External links
 Severud Associates Corporate Website

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
James Amaziah Whitney. James Amaziah Whitney (30 June 1839, Rochester, New York - 1907) was an American lawyer and writer.

Biography
He was the son of Amaziah (22 July 1813 - 7 August 1853) and Margaret S. (née Taylor; 27 December 1818, Scotland - 29 March 1895) Whitney. In childhood, he moved with his parents to Maryland, New York, where he received a common-school education, and began his career as a farmer. In 1860, he began studying chemistry, mechanics, and engineering on his own.

In 1865, Whitney became a writer of specifications in the office of a firm of patent lawyers. Then in 1868 he became an editor of the American Artisan, and took an active part in organizing the New York Society of Practical Engineers, of which he was president for several years. From 1869 to 1872, he was professor of agricultural chemistry in the American Institute, and then he started a legal practice as a patent lawyer. In 1876 he was admitted to practice in the U. S. circuit courts. Iowa College gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1880.

Works
Besides numerous essays on scientific, mechanical, legal, and political subjects, Whitney wrote:
 The Relations of the Patent Laws to the Development of Agriculture, a monograph (New York, 1874)
 The Chinese and the Chinese Question (1880; enlarged ed., 1888) This work argued for the exclusion of the Chinese.
 Notes of Travel in Western Europe
 Shobab, a Tale of Bethesda, a poem (1884)
 Sonnets and Lyrics (1884)
 The Children of Lamech, a poem (1885)
 Poetical Works (2 vols., 1886)

Notes

References

External links
 

1839 births
1907 deaths
19th-century American poets
American male poets
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
People from Otsego County, New York
19th-century American male writers
Writers from Rochester, New York
PNE AG. PNE AG (formerly Plambeck Neue Energie AG) is a German company based in Cuxhaven that develops wind farms on land and at sea (offshore).

The business model of PNE AG includes planning, building, financing, operating and selling of wind farms. Besides Germany, the company is also active in Hungary, France, Turkey and USA.

The company received the permission for the first own offshore project "Borkum Reef Ground" approximately four years after examination by the competent Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency) in February 2004. In August 2006 the construction of the offshore wind farm "Gode Wind I" was permitted. The permission for the offshore wind farm "Gode Wind II" was granted in July 2009. Thus, the company may set up approximately 160 wind turbines in the North Sea with a total capacity of up to 637 MW. Another offshore wind farm "Gode Wind III" is in development and has been sold along with the wind farm Gode Wind I-II to the Danish energy company DONG Energy.

Until December 2010 PNE had built 97 onshore wind farms with 563 wind turbines and a total capacity of 804 MW. 299 wind turbines with a total capacity of 462 MW and 2 biogas plants with a total of 1 MW were in the operational management.

The stock ticker is PNE3.DE.

History 

1979 Norbert Plambeck and his father Otto Plambeck founded a group of companies. This group included the "Windpark Marschland GmbH" in 1995, which changed its name in 1998 to Plambeck Neue Energien AG as a company limited by shares (Aktiengesellschaft).

Wolfgang von Geldern accompanied Norbert Plambeck during the Initial public offering and belonged to the Board from 1998 until 2008.

In August 2019 Morgan Stanley Infrastructure announced an offer at €4 per share or €306m to acquire PNE AG.  The supervisory board of PNE AG agreed to the offer in October 2019.  A great number of PNE AG's shareholders disagreed with the offer, sighting the offer as too low. As of November 15th 2019 Morgan Stanley Infrastructure amassed a 21.9% stake in PNE AG.

References

External links

Cuxhaven
Wind power companies of Germany
Companies based in Lower Saxony
German brands
Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology. Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT) (formerly, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar) is an advanced research institute in the field of mineralogy to materials engineering, established in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. It was established in 1964 by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. The main focus area of research of IMMT is mining and mineral/bio-mineral processing, metal extraction and materials characterization, process engineering, industrial waste management, pollution monitoring and control, marine and forest products development, utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants, colloids and Materials Chemistry and environmental sustainability. Dr. Ramanuj Narayan is the Director of this Institute at present where 140 scientists are working towards nation building programme.

References

External links
 Official Website

1964 establishments in Orissa
Mineralogy
Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar
Mining in India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Research institutes in Bhubaneswar
Materials science institutes
Research institutes established in 1964
Extender (ink). An extender, also known as a filler, in printing ink technology is a white transparent, or semi-transparent, component whose purpose is to reduce the cost of the ink, by increasing the area covered by a given weight of pigment. They generally have little colouring power.

Composition and properties

Extenders are typically white inorganic solids. Their transparency in inks is frequently due to their refractive indices being similar to the ink, as opposed to opaque pigments, which are generally substantially higher.

Use

Extenders primarily serve to reduce the cost of the ink, but can also impart useful properties to it. They can reduce the colour strength of the ink without adding any white colour to it, which is useful if the pigment in the ink is very tinctorially strong. Extenders can also be used to adjust the ink's consistency and viscosity.

References

Inks
National Company "Strategic Infrastructure Projects". The National Company Strategic Infrastructure Projects (NCSIP) was a parallel road agency in Bulgaria during the 2011 - 2016 period. NCSIP was created with the amendments in the Bulgarian Roads Act in 2011. The company was a state enterprise subordinate to the Minister of Regional Development and Public Works. NCSIP became a beneficiary under OP Transport with the decisions of the Monitoring Committee from December 2011. In accordance with the Roads Act, NCSIP was responsible for the preparation and implementation of tender procedure for construction of Struma motorway, Hemus motorway and Cherno More motorway.

In April 2016, NCSIP was closed, with its assets being merged into the Road Infrastructure Agency.

References

Transport in Bulgaria
James Dredge. James Dredge may refer to:

James Dredge (minister) (1796–1846), Wesleyan Methodist local preacher, Assistant Protector of Aborigines at Port Phillip
James Dredge Sr. (1794–1863), English engineer and architect, designer of suspension bridges
James Dredge Jr. (1840–1906), English engineer, son of the senior, writer on engineering
Merrillite. Merrillite is a calcium phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Ca9NaMg(PO4)7. It is an anhydrous, sodium-rich member of the merrillite group of minerals.

Mineral species, sub-group and group
Merrillite is a distinct mineral species but it also gives its name to a set of similar minerals, which together form the merrillite sub-group of minerals. The merrillite sub-group and the whitlockite sub-group together form the merrillite group of minerals.

Merrillite Group
Merrillite Sub-group 		
Ferromerrillite 
Keplerite 	
Matyhite
Merrillite
Whitlockite Sub-group 		
Hedegaardite 
Strontiowhitlockite
Whitlockite 
Wopmayite

In September 2022 the discovery of another merrillite group mineral, changesite–(Y), was announced, but, , it is not yet clear where this new mineral sits in the merrillite group hierarchy.

Discovery and naming
Merrillite is named after George P. Merrill (1854–1929) of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1915, Merrill had described the mineral from four meteorites: Alfianello, Dhurmsala, Pultusk and Rich Mountain. However, it was not until 1975 that it was recognized as distinct from whitlockite by the International Mineralogical Association.

Occurrence
Merrillite is a very important constituent of extraterrestrial rocks. It occurs in lunar rocks and in meteorites (for example, pallasites and martian meteorites).

In 2022, for the first time, merrillite was found in a terrestrial environment, as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamonds from Sorriso River, Juína, Brazil.

References

Phosphate minerals
Meteorite minerals