omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BL 4-inch Mk IX naval gun. The BL 4-inch Mk IX naval gun was a British medium-velocity naval gun introduced in 1917 as secondary armament on the  battlecruisers and  "large light cruisers", but which served most notably as the main armament on s throughout World War II.

History

World War I 

The gun was based on the barrel of the QF 4-inch Mk V and the breech mechanism of the BL 4-inch Mk VIII and was first introduced in World War I on capital ships as secondary armament in triple-gun mountings, intended to provide rapid concentrated fire. This turned out to be unworkable in practice. Jane's Fighting Ships of 1919 commented, "4-inch triples are clumsy and not liked. They are not mounted in one sleeve; have separate breech mechanism, a gun crew of 23 to each triple". Guns were thereafter used in single-gun mountings, typically on smaller ships as the main armament.

World War II 

In World War II, the gun was employed on many small warships such as s and minesweepers, primarily for action against surfaced submarines.

This was the last BL 4 inch gun in British service: all subsequent guns have used charges in metal cartridges "QF".  It was succeeded on new small warships built in World War II by the QF 4-inch Mk XIX gun which fired a slightly heavier shell at much lower velocity and had a high-angle mounting which added anti-aircraft capability.

Surviving examples 
 On board , the last surviving , at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
 A gun at the entrance to the marina in Hull, UK
 A gun at Port Isaac, Cornwall, UK
 Leith Harbour, South Georgia.

See also 
 List of naval guns

Notes

References

Bibliography 

 Tony DiGiulian, British 4"/45 (10.2 cm) BL Marks IX and X
 

Naval guns of the United Kingdom
World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
100 mm artillery
Solid surface material. Solid surface material, also known as solid surface composite, is a man-made material usually composed of a combination of alumina trihydrate (ATH), acrylic, epoxy or polyester resins and pigments. It is most frequently used for seamless countertop installations.

A solid surface material was first introduced by DuPont in 1967 under the name of Corian. Since the expiration of their patent other manufacturers have entered the market with their own branded products. These include Hi-Macs by LX Hausys, Hanex Solid Surface by Hyundai L&C, Staron by Lotte Chemical and Velstone.

History and characteristics

DuPont created and marketed the first solid surface material in 1967, trademarked as Corian. The product was invented by DuPont biochemist Don Slocum that year, and was patented in 1968. Corian consists of a blend of alumina trihydrate, acrylic resin and various pigments. Originally marketed as a countertop material for both residential and commercial applications, it has since been used in many other applications including furniture.

 
Other companies introduced competing products of greater or lesser similarity. Competitors included Gibraltar, Fountainhead, Avonite, Hanex, HiMacs, Staron and Surrell. Some of these brands used different resins such as polyester which have different performance characteristics and some are no longer on the market. Solid surface materials are usually approximately 70% aluminum trihydrate.

Solid surface materials are available in a wide variety of colors and patterns. Some of the patterns emulate granite and marble, while other patterns are original. The most common thickness is 1/2" (13 mm) although other thicknesses are available for other applications, such as tub and shower surrounds.

These products are non-porous, sanitary, moderately heat resistant and repairable.  Versions of solid surface materials based on acrylic resins can be thermoformed into components of various curved shapes.

Fabrication and installation

Standards for properly working with solid surface materials are well established within the construction industry. These include procedures for creating inconspicuous seams, built-up decorative edges and various styles of backsplashes, and for installing sinks, including integral solid surface sinks. The use of power tools with solid surface materials generates airborne dust, but any effect on health from exposure is poorly understood; one death from pulmonary fibrosis was reported in 2014 in association with long-term exposure.

See also
Engineered stone
Epoxy granite
Paper composite panels

References

External links 

Materials
Kitchen countertops
Iraq–Serbia relations. Iraq and Serbia maintain diplomatic relations established between Iraq and SFR Yugoslavia in 1958.

History

Yugoslav relations with Ba'ath-era Iraq 
Yugoslavia established a large engineering and technology presence in Iraq soon after Saddam Hussein came to power. Upon the 2003 Iraq invasion, Western military analysts referred to maps and advice from former engineers of the now-defunct Serbian company Aeroinženjering, which had built Saddam Hussein's underground bunkers along with many airports in Iraq by the 1980s.

Later on, in the 1990s when FR Yugoslavia was isolated by international sanctions, Serbian company Yugoimport SDPR designed and built Ba'ath party headquarters in Baghdad along with an additional five underground bunkers for Saddam Hussein; Yugoimport SDPR's blueprints of the bunkers in which Saddam and loyalists hid during the United States invasion merited enough importance that they were handed over to the United States when the invasion began.

A rumor was speculated by the media in 1999 during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia that Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević and Saddam Hussein allegedly negotiated a discreet military alliance that would improve their ability to defy the West and withstand Allied bombing attacks, along with low-profile support from Russia and China.

Boka Star seizure

In 2002, a Yugoslav ship Boka Star, owned by a Montenegrin named Marko Balić was seized by the United States Navy after it was tipped off to have a large weapons shipment to Iraq. Serbia and Montenegro was one of the only countries in the world to have continued military shipments to Iraq during sanctions against Iraq and the Hussein regime. The shipment was attempted just a year before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Recent period

In 2010, Serbian foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić said after talks with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki that Serbia and Iraq share a common stance on international law and issues of territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Military relations
In 2008, Serbia signed a $235 million-dollar deal to export weapons and military equipment to Iraq. The deal included the delivery of 20 Utva Lasta aircraft to the Iraqi Air Force, all of which were delivered by early 2012.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade. 
 Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.

See also 
 Foreign relations of Iraq
 Foreign relations of Serbia
Iraq–Kosovo relations 
 Iraq–Yugoslavia relations
 Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement

References

External links 
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iraq
 Embassy of Serbia in Iraq
 Embassy of Iraq in Serbia

 
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
Jean Aubert (engineer). Jean Aubert was a French engineer. In 1961, he used the idea of the German engineer Julius Greve from the last century to describe a pente d'eau (), which was a way of moving boats up the gradient of a canal without locks.  The design consisted of a sloping channel, through which a wedge of water on which the boat was floating could be pushed up an incline.  This concept was used in both the Montech water slope and the Fonserannes water slopes.

Education
Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris.
1913 - École Polytechnique.  Soon left for service in First world war. Returned in 1919.
1920-1922 - École nationale des ponts et chaussées.
University of Paris (Bachelor of law).

Career
1922-1932 - Engineer in charge of the navigation works in Paris.
1932-1961 - Professor in the Chair of Internal Navigation at the École nationale des ponts et chaussées. () 
1933-1945 - General manager and later chairman of the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône.
1945-1953 - Chairman of the electricity board of the SNCF
1949-1967 -  Chairman of the Rhine Navigation Company 
years unknown - Chairman of the Société de Construction des Batignolles.
years unknown - President, Societe des Ingenieurs Civils de France.
years unknown - Inspecteur Général des Ponts et Chaussées 
1966-unknown - Consulting engineer and honorary chairman of Spie Batignolles.
Chairman of several other companies.

Publications
In 1919 he published La Probabilité dans les tires de guerre and was awarded the Pierson-Perrim prize by the Académie des Sciences in 1922.
His article Philosophie de la pente d'eau appeared in the journal Travaux in 1984 when he was 90 years old.
In 1961 he published his revolutionary ideas on the pente d'eau, or water slope, which was designed to transfer barges from one level to another without the use of locks.

Awards
Croix de Guerre in 1916.
Académie des Sciences: Prix Pierson-Perrim 1922.
Awarded the Caméré prize in 1934 by the Académie des Sciences for a new type of movable dam.
Ingénieur Général des Ponts et Chaussées 1951,
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur 1960.

Principle works
Construction of the Pont Edouard-Herriort on the Rhône at Lyon.
Design and construction of the Génissiat dam and Lonzères-Mondragon dam on the Rhône.
Conception and design of the Denouval dam on the Seine near Andrésy, completed in 1980.

Further reading
David Tew, 1984, Canal Inclines and Lifts, Gloucester: Alan Sutton.

References

1894 births
1984 deaths
20th-century French engineers
Canal inclined planes
Engineers from Paris
University of Paris alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
FA2. FA2 or variant, may refer to:
 Harrier FA2, VTOL fighter airplane
 Fulton FA-2 Airphibian, car-airplane hybrid
 ALCO FA-2 locomotive
 Osella FA2 racecar
 Casio FA-2 programmable calculator interface
 Fresh Aire II, 1977 Mannheim Steamroller album
 (12315) 1992 FA2, an asteroid
 1985 FA2, the asteroid 3713 Pieters
 1993 FA2, the asteroid 10806 Mexico
 Fruit bromelain FA2, an enzyme

See also
 2AF, the Second Air Force
 AF-2 (disambiguation)
Data processing (disambiguation). Data processing is the collection and manipulation of data to produce meaningful information, especially by computers.

Data processing may also refer to:

Automatic Data Processing, a computer services company
Data analysis, the processing of data with the goal of highlighting, drawing conclusions, and supporting decision making
Data entry performed by a data entry clerk
Data processing system, a system which processes data which has been captured and encoded in a format style recognizable by the data processing system or has been created and stored by another unit of an information processing system
Electronic data processing, the use of automated methods to process data
Information and Software Technology, a scientific journal formerly published under the name Data Processing
Information processing, the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer
Unit record equipment, a class of machines that processed data before the advent of electronic computers

Data processing
Continental A40. The Continental A40 engine is a carbureted four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled aircraft engine that was developed especially for use in light aircraft by Continental Motors. It was produced between 1931 and 1941.

Design and development

The  A40 was introduced in the depths of the Great Depression. At the time there were a number of small engines available but all suffered from either high cost, complexity, or low reliability. The A-40 addressed all those shortcomings and was instrumental in the production of light aircraft in the difficult economic constraints of the period. The A-40-4 introduced an increase in power to . The engine later inspired the A-50 and subsequent engines.

The A40 featured single ignition until the A-40-5 version, which introduced dual ignition. All engines in this family have a 5.2:1 compression ratio and were designed to run on fuel with a minimum octane rating of 73.

The entire family of engines had its certification terminated on 1 November 1941. Engines produced before that date are still certified, but none can be produced after that date.

Variants

A40
Single ignition,  at 2550 rpm, dry weight 
A40-2
Single ignition,  at 2550 rpm, dry weight 
A-40-3
Single ignition,  at 2550 rpm, dry weight  Featured cadmium-nickel connecting rod bearings.
A40-4
Single ignition,  at 2575 rpm, dry weight , Steel backed connecting rod inserts
A40-5
Dual ignition,  at 2575 rpm, dry weight

Applications

Aeronca KC
Arup S-2
Heath Parasol LNA-40
Nicholson Junior KN-2
Piper J-3 Cub
Porterfield CP-40 Zephyr
Rose Parakeet
Taylor E-2 Cub
Piper J-2 Cub
Taylorcraft A
Welch OW-5M

Engines on display
Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome

Specifications (A40-5)

See also

References

External links

 E-2 "Cub" Powerplant Instl - Holcomb's Aerodrome. The A-40, as installed in the Taylor E-2 Cub.
 90 Years of General Aviation Powered by the Continental A-40 Engine

Boxer engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
A-40
HARBEC. HARBEC manufactures prototypes, highly toleranced tooling, machined components, and injection molded parts. They produce engineered custom plastic parts for customers in the medical, automotive, electronic, telecommunications, consumer goods, and other industries. HARBEC performs initial design and concept molding; production tooling; low and high volume production injection molding and secondary processes.

HARBEC was initially established in 1977 as a contract tool and die/general machine shop. Currently, the 40,000sf facility is located just east of Rochester, in Ontario, NY. Its founder, Bob Bechtold, who expanded the business, claimed to pursue opportunities for innovation in the tool and die market. Although the company has continued to attempt to innovate, environmental concerns have also been an area of recent focus, as shown by features in various case studies.

Environmental actions
HARBEC has been certified as an ISO9000 and ISO14000 company, demonstrating its use of “eco-economic” decisions and policies, designed to ensure that its activities are long-term sustainable. Further independent awards gained include the Energy Star Small Business award for significant efforts to reduce their environmental footprint. This is reflected in their slogan “technical innovation with environmental responsibility”.

HARBEC has developed and implemented new solutions to offset emissions, utilize waste and conserve resources. An example of this is their water conservation program. They have an 800,000 gallon reservoir for their fire suppression system and heat exchange equipment. Storm water and industrial waste water are diverted into the pond, where natural vegetation and cattail remediation are used to clean the water in which fish are raised. The pond provides thermal mass which is used to dissipate the heat prior to sending it to a cooling tower. This reduces the energy necessary for total cooling requirements.

HARBEC has a goal of "no carbon footprint by 2015". Currently, the facility has a 250 kW wind turbine and a twenty-five microturbine combined heat and power plant which generate electricity and provide the heating and cooling requirements of the facility.

Additional points include:

 Energy efficient equipment. All-electric presses have lowered energy costs by up to 50% and have increased processing speed and cycle time.
 Use of low-emissions transportation. The company owns hybrid, all electric, biodiesel, and compressed natural gas vehicles.
 Conversion of two of their turbines from natural gas to a liquid or gas biofuel.
 A lighting system upgrade which reduced the amount of energy used by 50%. This was accomplished by replacing existing lighting with T-8 type fluorescent bulbs and reflectors throughout the plant.
 Application of insulation to the barrels of every injection molding machine. This reduced 40-50% of the total process energy required for normal operation.

References

 Anderson, Alex (March 2009)  Automation World.
 Goldsberry, Clare (December 2008). "It's Really Easy Being Green". Modern Plastics Worldwide.

External links
HARBEC's website

Manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
SIMION. SIMION is an ion optics simulation program that calculates electric fields for electrodes of defined voltages and ion trajectories in those fields.

Program development
The program was developed in the late 1970s by Don C. McGilvery at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia as part of his Ph.D. research  working with James Morrison, and was later adapted for personal computers in 1985 by David A. Dahl at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. With Richard Morrison at Monash University, McGilvery developed a Macintosh version of SIMION, known as MacSIMION. In recognition of the importance of their work, McGilvery and Dahl shared the Distinguished Contribution Award from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry in 1998.

SIMION 8.0 was initially released in 2006.  The current version is SIMION 8.1, released in August 2011; minor updates are being released continuously.

Calculations
SIMION 3D is a widely used ion-optics simulation program in many branches of physics. In SIMION, electrostatic fields can be modelled as boundary value problem solutions of an elliptical partial differential equation called the Laplace equation. The specific method used within SIMION to solve this equation is a finite difference method called over-relaxation. This technique is applied to a three-dimensional potential array (PA) of points representing electrode and non-electrode regions. The objective is to obtain a best estimate of the voltages for the points between the electrodes. The three-dimensional array is chosen to have either cylindrical or planar symmetry or no symmetry at all. The Laplace equation has the convenient property that its solution is a sum over the contribution from each electrode. Therefore, after the electric field array has been found once by iteration, the voltages of the individual electrodes can be changed and the new fields are immediately obtained.

When the electric fields have been obtained, the trajectories of charged particles in these fields can be calculated. Particle trajectory calculations are a result of three interdependent computations. First, electrostatic forces must be calculated at the current position of the ion. These forces are then used to compute the current ion acceleration and then by numerical integration techniques to predict the position and velocity of the ion at the next time step. Moreover, the time step itself is continuously adjusted to maximize trajectory accuracy. A standard fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used for numerical integration of the ion trajectory in three dimensions.

See also
Electrostatic lens
Einzel lens

References

External links
SIMION home page
SIMION 7.0 at INL

Mass spectrometry software
Science software for Windows
Die swell. In fluid dynamics, the die swell, extrudate swell or Barus effect, is a common phenomenon in polymer processing. Die swell occurs in instances of polymer extrusion, in which a stream of polymeric material is forced through a die, a specialized tool in manufacturing to shape or cut polymeric materials. Die swell is an instance where a polymer stream is compressed by entrance into a die, and is followed by a partial recovery or "swell" back to the former shape and volume of the polymer after exiting the die, hence the term die swell. The Barus effect is named after his discoverer Carl Barus, who published about it in 1893.

Explanation 
Die swell is a phenomenon directly related to entropy and the relaxation of the polymer within the flow stream. Initially, a flow stream has a constant rate before entering the die, and the polymers within the stream occupy a roughly spherical conformation, maximizing entropy. Extrusion through the die causes an increase in flow rate through the polymer flow stream. As the polymer spends time inside the die and is subject to the much increased flow rate, the polymers lose the spherical shape, becoming longer due to the increased flow rate. Physical entanglements may relax, if the time scale of the polymer within the die is long enough. When the polymer stream leaves the die, the remaining physical entanglements cause the polymers in the die stream to regain a portion of its former shape and spherical volume, in order to return to the roughly spherical conformation that maximizes entropy.

The disentanglement of polymer chains is a kinetic process, and so the longer the die is, the more time is given for the physical entanglements within the polymer stream to disentangle. With a longer die and a slower polymer flow stream, less pronounced die swell will be observed. This is due to the longer die providing a longer time period for polymer, when subject to the increase flow rate, to disentangle. This characteristic relaxation time determines the length of time the polymer must spend inside the die to minimize die swell.

References

Polymer chemistry
Rubber properties
Log shipping. Log shipping is the process of automating the backup of transaction log files on a primary (production) database server, and then restoring them onto a standby server. This technique is supported by Microsoft SQL Server, 4D Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.  Similar to replication, the primary purpose of log shipping is to increase database availability by maintaining a backup server that can replace a production server quickly. Other databases such as Adaptive Server Enterprise and Oracle Database support the technique but require the Database Administrator to write code or scripts to perform the work.

Although the actual failover mechanism in log shipping is manual, this implementation is often chosen due to its low cost in human and server resources, and ease of implementation.  In comparison, SQL server clusters enable automatic failover, but at the expense of much higher storage costs.  Compared to database replication, log shipping does not provide as much in terms of reporting capabilities, but backs up system tables along with data tables, and locks the standby server from users' modifications. A replicated server can be modified (e.g. views) and is therefore unsuitable for failover purposes.

References

External links
 Log Shipping, MS SQL Server implementation
 Hot Standby, PostgreSQL implementation

Databases
Data synchronization
Fault-tolerant computer systems