omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Calibration gas. A calibration gas is a reference gas or gas mixture used as comparative standard in the calibration of analytical instruments, like gas analysers or gas detectors.  Therefore, a calibration gas has to be of a precisely defined nature or composition, like zero gas or span gas, for example 500 ppm carbon monoxide in nitrogen.

To be a calibration gas, the gas must be traceable to a national or international standard.  Traceability is the unbroken chain of comparisons to an acceptable international standard.  The calibration gas standard establishes a known analyzer response to a certified chemical component concentration.  In the calibration gas, preparation tolerance (PT) and certification/analytical accuracy (CA) are of utmost importance.

Preparation tolerance is the concentration range that includes minor component and concentration.  PT is measured in range of concentration. It can also be referred to as blending tolerance.
For instance, a calibration gas of 500 ppm CO balance nitrogen having PT +/- 10% contains between 450 ppm and 550 ppm. Preparation tolerance can be minimized by using latest technologies for manufacturing such gases. Preparation tolerance is decided on the basis of the manufacturer's experience and the customer's requirements.

Certification/analytical accuracy is defined as the agreement of measured values with its true value.  Certification values are determined statistically, considering the uncertainties accompanied by the international standard (reference standard) to which it is traceable, instrument uncertainty, and instability (reactivity) of gas in the container.

External links 
 Definition at hiq.linde-gas.com

Gas sensors
Analytical chemistry
Industrial gases
Achit. Achit may refer to:
Acharya Institute of Technology (ACHIT), a private co-educational engineering and management college in Bangalore, India
Achit Lake, a lake in Mongolia
Achit (urban-type settlement), an urban locality (a work settlement) in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Achit (metaphysics), a term used in Vishishtadvaita to refer to the world of insentient entities as denoted by matter

Achit may refer to:
maharashtrian indian boy name (ACHIT), achit means unbeatable 
Achitkhot, 
Achit (achit khot instrumentation engineer ),  (a work settlement) [[administrative divisions of mspgcl
Microraft. A Microraft (Isoraft) is an arrays of microwells for cell sorting, isolating cells, analyzing cells over time, and generating clonal populations. This platform provides biomedical scientists with access to diverse cell culture surfaces with integrated, easy-to-use cell separating capabilities at low cost.

Platform
The microrafts have bases composed of detachable concave elements fabricated by a dip-coating process using a polydimethylsiloxane mold as the template and the array substrate. This manufacturing approach allows the microrafts to possess low autofluorescence and can therefore be utilized for fluorescence-based identification of cells. Cells plated on the microarray settle and attach at the center of the wells due to the microrafts’ concavity. Individual microrafts are dislodged using a needle inserted through the compliant polymer substrate. The hard polymer material of the microrafts protect the cells from damage by the needle. Cell analysis and isolation can be carried out using a standard inverted microscope. Released cells/microrafts can be collected, cultured and clonally expanded.

Utility
Using this system, extremely high single-cell cloning rates of greater than 95% have been achieved.

This system is ideal for both adherent and non-adherent cell types.

References

Cells
Cell culture
Biotechnology
Bristol Technology and Engineering Academy. Bristol Technology and Engineering Academy (or BTE Academy) was a University Technical College (UTC) that opened in September 2013 in Stoke Gifford, just north of Bristol, England. The University of the West of England and City of Bristol College were the lead academic sponsors of the UTC, and Airbus and GKN were the lead business sponsors of the UTC.

History
BTE Academy had an its first intake of students aged 14 and 16 (academic years 10 and 12) in 2013. The primary catchment area of the UTC is Bristol and areas of South Gloucestershire and Bath and North East Somerset.

BTE Academy specialised in engineering and environmental technologies. Pupils aged 14 to 16 studied GCSEs and additional technical core subjects which included a BTEC First Certificate in Engineering and a BTEC First Award in ICT, as well as additional GCSEs in Environmental Science and Business Communication. Sixth form students studied A Level Maths and a BTEC National Certificate in Environmental Sustainability, as well as options of other A Levels with BTEC Diplomas or Extended Diplomas in Engineering.

By the Ofsted inspection of 2015 where they assessed the school to be good, school was 30% empty, with only 333 spaces filled and only 105 in the sixth-form.

After the UTC had been open seven years. the numbers on roll has fallen to 230. Ofsted visited and declared that the school required improvement in every category. It was constrained by its structure and many of the pupils were sent here after they had failed elsewhere. The 2018 Ofsted report included the following assessment:

The UTC was formally merged with the neighbouring Abbeywood Community School in September 2022, with Abbeywood occupying the former BTE Academy buildings.

References

External links
 BTE Academy official website

Defunct University Technical Colleges
Educational institutions established in 2013
2013 establishments in England
University of the West of England, Bristol
Educational institutions disestablished in 2022
2022 disestablishments in England
Defunct schools in South Gloucestershire District
Methyl propionate. Methyl propionate, also known as methyl propanoate, is an organic compound with the molecular formula .  It is a colorless liquid with a fruity, rum-like odor.

Preparation
Methyl propionate can be prepared by esterification of propionic acid with methanol. Industrially, it is prepared by carboalkoxylation, i.e., the reaction of ethylene with carbon monoxide and methanol in the presence of a catalyst:

The reaction is catalyzed by nickel carbonyl and palladium(0) complexes.

Uses
Condensation of Methyl propionate with formaldehyde followed by dehydration yields methyl methacrylate:

Methyl propionate is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate and lacquers, and as a raw material for the production of paints, varnishes and other chemicals such as methyl methacrylate. 

Due to its fruity smell and taste, it is also used in fragrances and flavoring.

References

Propionate esters
Methyl esters
Ester solvents
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Platinum–iridium alloy. Platinum–iridium alloys are alloys of the platinum group precious metals platinum and iridium.

Typical alloy proportions are 90:10 or 70:30 (Pt:Ir). These have the chemical stability of platinum, but increased hardness. The Vickers hardness of pure platinum is 56 HV while platinum with 50% of iridium can reach over 500 HV. This improved hardness has also been considered as beneficial for use in platinum jewellery, particularly watch cases.

Owing to their high cost, these alloys are rarely used. They have been used for spinnerets in the manufacture of synthetic fibres.

Their well-known use is in metrology, where they were used to make the international prototypes used by international standards bodies for mass standards such as the International Prototype of the Kilogram and the International Prototype Metre, although both have been superseded during the 2019 revision of the SI.

The other extremely widespread use for Pt/Ir alloy is fabrication of metal microelectrodes for electrical stimulation of nervous tissue and electrophysiological recordings. Pt/Ir alloy has an optimal combination of mechanical and electrochemical properties for this application. Pure iridium is very difficult to pull into small diameter wires; at the same time, platinum has a low yield strength, which makes pure platinum wires bend too easily during insertion into nervous tissue. Additionally, platinum–iridium alloys containing oxides of both metals can be electro-deposited onto the surface of microelectrodes.

References 

Iridium, Platinum alloys
Iridium
Precious metal alloys
Philip Louis Pratley. Philip Louis Pratley (December 4, 1884 – August 1, 1958) was an English-born Canadian bridge designer.

He was born in Liverpool and received a BSc and BEng from the University of Liverpool. Pratley then apprenticed with Francis Morton & Co. Ltd. in Garston, Lancashire. In 1906, he came to Canada, first working for the Locomotive and Machine Company and then for the Dominion Bridge Company, both based in Montreal. In 1908, he earned a MEng from the University of Liverpool. In 1909, Pratley played an important role in the planning of the Quebec Bridge over the Saint Lawrence River. He went on to work with the Saint Lawrence bridge company in the construction of the Quebec bridge. He was also involved in the construction of the Boucanée River Viaduct (1913) and the Saint John Highway Arch Bridge (1915) in New Brunswick. In 1920, he conducted a review of the bridges on the Grand Trunk Railway on behalf of the Canadian government. The following year, Pratley formed the consulting company Monsarrat & Pratley in partnership with Charles Monsarrat. The company was responsible for the design and supervision of construction of the Jacques Cartier Bridge at Montreal, the Île d'Orléans Bridge at Quebec City, the Lions Gate Bridge at Vancouver, the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge at Halifax, Nova Scotia and the Burlington Bay Skyway Bridge near Hamilton, Ontario.

At the time of his death, Pratley was working on the Champlain Bridge at Montreal and the South Channel Bridge of Three Nations Crossing at Cornwall, Ontario. His son, H. Hugh L. Pratley, was also a bridge designer, whose work included collaborating with his father on the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, and completing the Champlain Bridge.

In 2005, Pratley was designated a Person of National Historic Significance by the government of Canada. A commemorative plaque has been placed at the northern approach to the Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal.

References 

1884 births
1958 deaths
Canadian civil engineers
Engineers from Liverpool
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
English civil engineers
British bridge engineers
British emigrants to the United States
University Technical College Lancashire. University Technical College Lancashire (or UTC Lancashire) was a university technical college (UTC) that opened in Burnley, Lancashire, England in August 2013. It was located on Trafalgar Street in Burnley, in the historic Victoria Mill which was extensively redeveloped and converted for use by the UTC. The college closed in August 2017.

Sponsors
University of Central Lancashire was the university sponsor of UTC Lancashire, while the National Skills Academy for Nuclear, North West Aerospace Alliance and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport were the strategic sponsors of the UTC.

Employer sponsors of UTC Lancashire included Chubb Systems, Cobham plc, Electricity North West, Enterprise plc, National Grid plc, Rolls-Royce plc, Safran Aircelle and Unison Industries.

Admissions
UTC Lancashire had an initial intake of students aged 14 and 16 (academic years 10 and 12) in 2013, but expanded to accommodate students aged 14 to 19.

The primary catchment area of the UTC was a 15-mile radius from the location of the UTC, which includes all of the Borough of Burnley and parts of Hyndburn, Pendle, Ribble Valley and Rossendale in Lancashire, and part of Calderdale in West Yorkshire.

Curriculum
UTC Lancashire specialised in engineering and construction. Pupils aged 14 to 16 followed one of three pathways of study divided by ability. A range of GCSEs were offered, as well as BTECs, NVQs and City and Guilds qualifications depending on the pathway.

Sixth form students also followed one of the three pathways, which could include A Levels, BTECs, NVQs and City and Guilds qualifications depending on the pathway.

All three of the pathways at both levels had a focus on the specialisms of engineering and construction.

Closure 
The college closed in July 2017 owing to low pupil numbers; in May 2016, there were 113 attending.

References

External links
 

Defunct schools in Lancashire
Schools in Burnley
Liverpool John Moores University
University of Central Lancashire
Educational institutions established in 2013
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in England
2013 establishments in England
Lancashire
Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute. The Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute is an oceanographic institute situated on the Île des Embiez. The island is in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in South Western France. Founded by Paul Ricard and Alain Bombard, the institute receives 25,000 visitors annually, and produces films and exhibitions to highlight marine life and issues.

In an early case of industrial pollution in the Mediterranean Sea, "red mud" was discharged at sea off the coast of the town of Cassis in Southern France. Industrialist Paul Ricard campaigned against the pollution, and in 1966 founded the Observatoire de la Mer, which later became the Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute.

The public aquarium at the institute was opened in 1973, it was the third aquarium on France’s Mediterranean coast. A research team was also created at the institute in 1973. An Urban Waste Treatment Plan for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur coastline was inspired by a film made by the institute in 1980, Pollutions et nuisances sur le littoral méditerranéen. The institute helped develop a product to treat oil slicks in 1981, this was used on beaches in Alaska in 1989, and in 1995 the institute was awarded the Grand prix de l’Académie des Sciences for its work.

The institute is currently studying the fin whale with the French branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature, and researching the quality of coastal waters, with the monitoring of underwater ecosystems within the Natura 2000 scheme. In addition the institute also studies the reproduction of the sea horse, the sea urchin, the Mediterranean pen shell, and has studied the impact of desalination of sea water.

References

External links

1966 establishments in France
Aquaria in France
Oceanographic organizations
Museums in Var (department)
Articles needing infobox zoo
Organizations based in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Sznycer SG-VI. The 'Sznycer SG-VI (aka Sznycer-Gottlieb SG-VI) was a single-engined three-seat utility helicopter designed and built in the United States and Canada in the late 1940s to the design of Bernard Sznycer, assisted by Selma Gottlieb and Engineering Products of Canada Ltd. (CanAmerican)

Design & development
Initial design work on the SG-VI began at Philadelphia in 1943 by a team led by Bernard Sznycer, including Selma Gottlieb, Harold Pitcairn and Agnew Larsen. Pitcairn and Larsen left the partnership by August 1945 when Sznycer and Intercity Airlines of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signed a contract for the detailed design, testing and certification of a prototype helicopter to be marketed and built by the Canadian helicopter Company.

The contract did not develop as planned and the first prototype, the SG-VI-C, was built by Engineering Products of Canada Ltd., (a BF. Goodrich subsidiary at Montreal). Construction of the first prototype commenced, but with inadequate management of resources and poor supervision of workers resulting in a lack of confidence in the safety of the aircraft. A second prototype, (SG-VI-D), was built with the sanction of Intercity Airlines and satisfactory supervision.

The SG-VI-D had a crude enclosed cabin and open tubular tailboom and was powered by an  Franklin 6GA4-165-BGF engine positioned horizontally above the tailboom driving a four-bladed main rotor with a complex control system. Given the registration CF-FGG-X and named Grey Gull, the SG-VI-D gained its type certificate in February 1951, becoming the first Canadian and British Commonwealth helicopter to do so.

After certification the SG-VI-D was re-engined with a  Franklin 6A4-200-C6 engine and offered to investors for development and production as the SG-VI-E'''. Sznycer eventually sold the helicopter and production rights to an investor from Brooklyn who failed to capitalise on his investment, ending the development of the SG-VI.

Presently the sole remaining prototype is preserved at the Reynolds Alberta Museum, Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada.

Variants
 SG-VI-C Initial prototype powered by a  Franklin 6GA4-165-BGF engine. Apparently little flown due to lack of confidence in the structural integrity of the airframe.
 SG-VI-D Second prototype used for flight testing and type certification.
 SG-VI-E the second prototype re-engined with a  Franklin 6A4-200-C6.

Specifications (SG-VI-E)

See also

References

Further reading 
 Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada: The Pioneer Decades, Vol. 1. Toronto: CANAV Books, 2008. , Enter the Helicopter, Bernard Sznycer and the Grey Gull'', pages 339-44

Canadian helicopters
Aircraft manufactured in Canada
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Belga Rise. Belga Rise was a Belgian automobile manufacturer, based in Haren, Brussels, specializing in luxury cars.

The company produced cars from 1928 to 1935. Initially, it produced cars under license for the French firm Sizaire-Naudin.

Engines used included the 6-cylinder Hotchkiss AMBO and straight-8s by F. N., Minerva, Continental, and Talbot (Darracq). These engines were used with conventional 3-speed and Cotal 4-speed gearboxes. 35 cars were purchased by the Belgian Army for use as staff cars.

References

Further reading

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Belgian companies established in 1928
1935 disestablishments in Belgium
Belgian brands
Manufacturing companies based in Brussels
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1928
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1935
Christopher AG-1. 

The Christopher AG-1 was a proposed Second World War American assault glider. Part of a United States Army assault glider project, none was built and the programme was cancelled in September 1943.

Design and development
The United States Army had an idea to procure an assault glider, an armed glider that would land first and help secure the landing site for the use by transport gliders. Each assault glider would have six glidermen as well as the pilot and co-pilot, the glidermen would be armed with two .50 and two .30 calibre machine guns and two rocket launchers. Contracts were awarded in May 1943 to two companies, the Christopher Company and the Timm Aircraft Company, each to build two prototypes. The Christopher prototype was designated the XAG-1 and was to have been a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a gross weight of 8500lb, the company delivered a wind tunnel model to the Army. General Chidlaw in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff decided that it was damned fool idea and cancelled the project in September 1943.

Specifications

See also

References

Note

Bibliography
 

1940s United States attack aircraft
1940s United States military gliders
Timm AG-2. 

The Timm AG-2 was a proposed Second World War American assault glider part of a United States Army assault glider project, none were built and the programme was cancelled in September 1943.

Design and development
The United States Army had an idea to procure an assault glider, an armed glider that would land first and help secure the landing site for the use by transport gliders. Each assault glider would have six glidermen as well as the pilot and co-pilot, the glidermen would be armed with two 0.50 and two 0.30 calibre machine guns and two rocket launchers. Contracts were awarded in May 1943 to two companies, the Christopher Company and the Timm Aircraft Company, each to build two prototypes. The Timm prototype was designated the XAG-2 and was to have been a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a gross weight of 8500 lb. General Chidlaw in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff decided that it was damned fool idea and cancelled the project in September 1943.

Specifications

See also

References

Note

Bibliography

1940s United States attack aircraft
AG-2
1940s United States military gliders
S-SCH. S-SCH stands for "Secondary Synchronization Channel in UMTS" (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).

S-SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcast over the entire cell. It is transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex with Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH). It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio frame. 

The S-SCH is repeated at the beginning of each time slot and the same code is used by all the cells and enables the UE to detect the existence of the UMTS cell. The slot synchronization is done using the P-SCH but S-SCH is used to synchronize the UE with the frame boundaries. It also enables the UE to identify the Primary Scrambling Code Group for the cell.

There are sixteen different codes for the 256 chips that are transmitted at the start of each time slot. Using these sixteen unique codes, 64 different code sequences are transmitted which serve two purposes. First the UE can identify the frame boundaries since the 64 sequences are known to a user equipment. Secondly the UE can identify the Primary Scrambling Code (PSC) group of the cell as every code sequence is assigned to a PSC group

References

Andrew Miceli. Wireless Technician's Handbook. Artech House. Second Edition. 2003. . Page 188.
Ajay R Mishra (ed). Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation: 2G/2.5G/3G ... Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2007. . Pages 89 and 92.

UMTS
Pfalz D.VI. The Pfalz D.VI was a German sesquiplane fighter aircraft from World War I. It was not put into production.

Design and development
The D.VI was a single bay sesquiplane with parallel chord wings which had angled tips The lower planes were smaller in span and chord than the upper ones but there was no stagger. The interplane struts were similar to those of the D.III, almost V-form but with a squared-off vertex and placed near the lower leading edge.  The fuselage and wing centre section were joined by a pair of outward leaning cabane struts on each side.  As on the D.III, the lower wing roots were carefully faired into the fuselage. There were ailerons only on the upper wings.

The Pfalz was fitted with a nine-cylinder  Oberursel U.II rotary engine, driving a two-blade propeller with a large spinner. The fuselage was nearly circular in cross section; smoothly covered with plywood, it tapered towards the tail.  The straight edged tailplane was mounted at mid fuselage and carried horn balanced elevators with angled tips.  A nearly triangular, flat-topped fin carried a D-shaped rudder, hinged at the elevator trailing edge. A single-seat, open cockpit placed the pilot under the upper trailing edge, which had a shallow but broad cut-out to enhance his view. The D.VI had a simple fixed conventional undercarriage, with mainwheels on a single axle supported at each end by a slender V-form pair of struts. There was a small tailskid.  It was armed with a pair of fixed LMG 08/15  calibre machine guns, the standard German single-seat fighter equipment of the time.

The D.VI was one of three Pfalz aircraft which competed at the first D-Type contest held at Adlershof in January and February 1918, the others being the D.VII and the D.VIII. It gained its Type Certificate in September 1918 but failed to win a production order.

Specifications

References

Further reading

D.VI
Sesquiplanes
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917