omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bubble octant. The bubble octant and bubble sextant are air navigation instruments. Although an instrument may be called a "bubble sextant", it may actually be a bubble octant.

Use
Ships had long used sextants for navigation, but sextants had problems in aircraft navigation. A ship at sea is on a relatively flat surface and can use the horizon to measure the altitude of celestial objects. However, an aircraft may not have the sea's horizon as a flat reference surface. It may be flying over land where the horizon is formed by mountains of unknown height.

A solution to the problem was to use a bubble to determine the reference plane. The bubble in an airplane is subject to the plane's acceleration. If the plane is in sharp turn, the bubble will be displaced. Consequently, when the navigator is using a bubble sextant, the pilot tries to fly the plane straight and level.

Even when flying straight, a plane is subject to acceleration from air density and wind changes. Consequently, use of a bubble octant requires many readings be taken and then averaged for a more accurate result. Some bubble octants have accessories to make the averaging simpler.

Development

Isaac Newton developed the quadrant. The octant was a further improvement. It could measure altitudes of up to 90° above the horizon. The first bubble instruments, which were developed by Gago Coutinho, were bubble sextants that copied the features of an ordinary sextant.

See also
Amelia Earhart. Her navigator, Fred Noonan, used a bubble octant.
Eddie Rickenbacker. A damaged bubble octant caused a navigation error, resulting in a ditching at sea.

References

External links
 Aircraft Sextant. Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 
 "Bubble sextant", Smithsonian Institution. Bausch and Lomb type 23
 
 
 
 

Air navigation
Celestial navigation
Navigational equipment
Lithic scatter. Lithic scatter consists primarily of lithic flakes and other stone tool use remnants. Scatter occurs in surface areas that have often been disturbed by agricultural and natural events. Lithic scatters are used to study past inhabitants and are often the only evidence remaining. Lithic scatter is an indicator of Paleolithic or Mesolithic occupation. Techniques are used to evaluate the technologies that were employed and to date the scatter. Scatter can include relics from multiple historic periods.

See also
Lithic analysis

References

Archaeological artefact types
Lithics
AMOS-8 (satellite). AMOS-8 was a planned Israeli communications satellite, one of the Spacecom AMOS series, to be built by Maxar Technologies, a US defense and aerospace company, to replace AMOS-3 and AMOS-7

Terminology 
AMOS stands for "Affordable Modular Optimized Satellite" and is also an allusion to the prophet Amos.

History 
AMOS-8 was to include flexible high power Ku-band, Ka-band, and S-band payloads with steerable antennas to enable customers to deliver various added value services. Spacecom had originally selected in March 2018 SSL to build the satellite, for US$112 million, but in September 2018 it was announced, that the satellite would not be built by SSL,.
Eventually the project was cancelled by Spacecom Satellite Communications.

The Government of Israel decided to order a satellite named "Dror-1", this satellite will be built by the state-owned Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) to preserve the satellite building capability, although at a much higher price.

See also 

 List of Falcon 9 launches

References

External links 
 Amos-Spacecom

AMOS-8
Communications satellites of Israel
SpaceX commercial payloads
Cancelled spacecraft
Punjab Remote Sensing Centre. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre (PRSC) is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab state in India. PRSC has MoUs with Panjab University, Chandigarh, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana and Lovely Professional University.

Projects
e-Pehal, an android Mobile app for monitoring tree plantation.
i-Khet Machine, e-PeHaL and e-Prevent apps for informers to make the government aware regarding stubble burning incidents around them.
Online property information by geospatial technology in revenue and property mapping.

See also
E-governance in Punjab

References 

Companies based in Punjab, India
State agencies of Punjab, India
1987 establishments in Punjab, India
Government agencies established in 1987
L&YR 111 class. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LY&R) Class 111  were designed by Kitson and Company for William Barton Wright, who had a requirement for a short-distance passenger tank locomotive.

Design and construction
On his appointment in to the LY&R in 1875 Barton Wright inherited over 800 engines of more than 30 different types and many were insufficiently powerful for their required duties and resolved the L&YR would target achieving a minimum number of standard locomotive types with interchangeable components in order to meet future traffic needs.  He addressed the most urgent needs for freight locomotives and higher end passenger locomotives first before addressing the requirement for a short-distance passenger locomotive in 1877.  The  was essentially a Kitson design with  coupled wheels, and Kitson delivered the first 12 locomotives between April 1877 and July 1878.  The first pair, Nos. 111 & 112 had extended side tanks whose weight restricted the route availability of the engines so subsequent locomotives were delivered with shorter side tanks.

Subsequent batches were ordered from different manufactures and some included some detail variations.  Ten came from Dübs & Co. from September 1878.  Ten more from Neilson & Co. from August 1879 but had even smaller tanks and a water capacity of  and had a total working weight of .  The final batch of 40 from Sharp, Stewart & Co. arrived between October 1885 and August 1886 with a working weight of .

The rear bogie, of an Adams type but with Timmis springs compressed to  replacing the indiarubber side check springs and the large indiarubber pad being omitted.  It was said to give "steady running" at the rear of the locomotive.

Service
The original locomotives, Nos. 111 and 112 with long side tanks were found to be heavy and generally were allocated to pilot duties at .  Others were initially allocated for expresses from Manchester to Leeds, Hellifield and Manchester before later being displayed by  tender locomotives to local services.  Bulleid, in the biography The Aspinall Era the class is commended on "doing grand work".

Notes

References

Sources and further reading

0-4-4T locomotives
05
Railway locomotives introduced in 1877
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Inorganic carbodiimide. Inorganic carbodiimides (or cyanamides depending on the NCN2- form) design a family of compounds containing the carbodiimide (or cyanamide) anion NCN2- bonded to an inorganic group such as a metal. This anion exhibits pseudochalcogenide character.

History 
Adolph Frank and Nikodem Caro were the first to synthesize calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) and to develop a route for its production at the industrial level in 1898. But, the very first beginning of the metal carbodiimides/cyanamides goes back to the 1870s. One can find detailed reports by E. Drechsel on the preparation of Ag2NCN, CaNCN, BaNCN, K2NCN and Li2NCN between 1875 and 1898 (before even XRD invention). The preparation of  Cd, Zn, Tl, Cu, Pb and Hg carboimides has been described during the 1950s. CaNCN is by the far the most known since it has been produced since 1898 and used as a fertilizer.

Starting from 2000s, rare earth metal carbodiimides Ln2(NCN)3 (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Tm) and transition metal carbodiimides TNCN (T= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)  and Cr2(NCN)3have been reported. Non-metallic carbodiimides are also known such as Si(NCN)2.

Structure 
Tx(NCN)y binaries adopt generally structures with cationic layers made of octahedrally coordinated T2+/T3+ cations alternating with anionic layers of NCN2– in various structures such as rock-salt, NiAs- and NaN3-like structures. A side of binary carbodiimides, ternary (SrZn(NCN)2) and quaternary ones (Li2Sm2Sr(NCN)5 ) have also been prepared via solid-state metathesis.

Dimorphism is observed in inorganic carbodiimide. HgNCN for example can adopt two structures with two different NCN configurations, this means that HgNCN can have either carbodiimide or cyanamide structures.

Recently, metal carbodiimides are explored as anode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries and found to present better specific capacities compared to conventional graphite and hard carbon electrode materials.

References 

Cyanamides
Atlas A/S. Atlas A/S was a Danish machine factory and iron foundry headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark.

History

The company was founded in 1888 and started operations on 1 January 1889. as a continuation of Tuxen & Hammerich.  Tuxen & Hammerich specialized in the manufacture of steam engines but had in 1891 started a production of industrial refrigerators. 

The company was headquartered at the corner of Nørrebrogade and Baldersgade. The property was acquired from Nørrebro Tramways (Nørrebros Sporveje) and had previously house a remise complex. In 1898, Atlas also acquired a property at the corner of Lyngbygade (now Hillerødgade) and Gasanvej, which was used for the construction of an iron foundry and boiler forge.

Atlas acquired Nielsen & Winther's hydraulics division in 1931. During World War II, a group of employees secretly used the factory for manufacturing weapons for the resistance group Holger Danske.

In 1950, Atlas relocated to Lundtofte. In the 1950s, the number of employees reached around 2,000. Atlas manufactured approximately half of all refrigerators sold to consumers on the Danish market. The refrigerator division was sold to Electrolux in 1968.

The remainder of the company started a collaboration with Thomas Ths. Sabroe & Co.. and changed its name to Sabroe-Atlas A/S after merging with the company in 1974. The company was acquired by employees in 1983 and the name was changed its name first to Atlas-Danmark A/S in 1984 and then in 1986 til to Atlas Industries A/S. In 1987, it was acquired by Norwegian company Stord International AS. It was later sold to Haarslev Industries and closed as an independent subsidiary.

Further reading
 Gerhard Eriksen, Poul: Atlas – et barn af industrialiseringen. Byhornet. Ballerup Historiske Forening, 4 (1999).
 Lange, Ole: Logbog for Lauritzen 1884–1995. Historien om konsulen, hans sønner og Lauritzen Gruppen. Handelshøjskolens Forlag, 1995. 
 Laubjerg, Anders: Den store bølge. Erindringsbilleder fra københavnske industriarbejdspladser.  Forlaget Sohn, 2006. 
 Martens, Heinrich: Aktieselskabet Atlas København. De første Femogtyve Aar. Copenhagen, 1923.
 Meister, Knud: Atlas, København N. 1899 – 1/1 – 1949, Copenhagen, 1949.
 Nørskov Laursen, Axel: Sådan skabtes Danmarks største virksomheder, Erhvervsbladets Forlag.
 Ørvad, H.: A/S Atlas i perioden fra 1949 til 1974 (manuskript).

See also
 Titan A/S

References 

Defunct manufacturing companies of Denmark
Foundries in Denmark
Metal companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1898
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers (sometimes abbreviated IEEE TCAS-I) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the theory, analysis, design, and practical implementations of electrical and electronic circuits, and the application of circuit techniques to systems and to signal processing. It is published by the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. The journal was established in 1952 and the editor-in-chief is Jose M. de la Rosa (Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the 2022 impact factor of the journal is 5.1.

Title history
Adapted from IEEE Xplore.

1992–2003: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications
1974–1991: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
1963–1973: IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory
1954–1962: IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory
1952–1954: Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Circuit Theory

Editors-in-chief
The following people are or have been editor-in-chief:

References

External links

Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
Academic journals established in 1952
English-language journals
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Monthly journals
Michèle Sebag. Martine-Michèle Sebag is a French computer scientist, primarily focused on machine learning. She has over 6,000 citations.

Biography
Sebag studied mathematics at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and later worked in the computer science industry, starting at Thomson Corporation, where she was introduced to artificial intelligence. She then moved into the research field, at the Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides at Ecole Polytechnique.

She was awarded a PhD from the University of Paris-Sud, Paris Dauphine University and Ecole Polytechnique. Sebag started work at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) as a research fellow in 1991.

Sebag is deputy director of the Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique at the CNRS; Head of group A-O at the latter; co-head of Projet TAO at INRIA Saclay; and principal scientist at the CNRS.

She was named chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 2019.

Selected research
Gelly, Sylvain, et al. "The grand challenge of computer Go: Monte Carlo tree search and extensions." Communications of the ACM 55.3 (2012): 106–113.
Bordes, Antoine, Léon Bottou, and Patrick Gallinari. "SGD-QN: Careful quasi-Newton stochastic gradient descent." Journal of Machine Learning Research 10.Jul (2009): 1737–1754.
Termier, Alexandre, M-C. Rousset, and Michèle Sebag. "Treefinder: a first step towards xml data mining." 2002 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2002. Proceedings.. IEEE, 2002.
Sebag, Michèle, and Antoine Ducoulombier. "Extending population-based incremental learning to continuous search spaces." International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998.

Further reading
José L. Balcázar; Francesco Bonchi; Aristides Gionis; 2010. Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: European Conference, ECML PKDD 2010, Barcelona, Spain, September 20–24, 2010. Proceedings. Springer. .

References

External links
article by Sebag in Le Monde

Living people
French women computer scientists
University of Paris alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Transcontinental Railroad Grade. The Transcontinental Railroad Grade is a section of railway in northwest Utah, near Corinne, Utah, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

It is an abandoned  section of the original 1869 grade of the first transcontinental railroad. Its raised grade (trackway), 11 trestles, and 21 culverts were built in 1869 or in years soon after. This section was built poorly by the Union Pacific, consistent with financial incentives, and was acquired by the Central Pacific in 1869, which found it necessary to replace trestles and otherwise rebuild the route here.

The trestles were built largely with redwood, and have vertical round beams supporting stringers supporting railway ties. Just three of them were in good condition in 1992.

The section runs roughly from  miles west of Corinne for about  further west along what is now Utah State Route 83. It is near Promontory Summit where the ceremonial golden spike was hammered in to complete the six-year project by three companies to build the transcontinental railway.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Utah
National Register of Historic Places listings in Box Elder County, Utah

References

External links
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Corinne, Box Elder County, UT:

Note: HAER No. UT-64-H is within the boundaries of Golden Spike National Historical Park

Trestle bridges in the United States
Rail infrastructure in Utah
Historic American Engineering Record in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Box Elder County, Utah
Buildings and structures completed in 1869
Bridges in Utah
Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Chilkhaajavyn Avday. Chilkhaajavyn Avday (; b. 1943) is a Mongolian engineer and politician. He is a member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.

Awards 
 People's Teacher () of Mongolia
 Honorary degree (Mongolian University of Science and Technology)

References

Mongolian politicians
Mongolian engineers
People's Teacher of Mongolia
National University of Mongolia alumni
1943 births
Living people
Members of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Peoria Air National Guard Base. Peoria Air National Guard Base, located in Peoria County, Illinois, is the base of the 182d Airlift Wing (182 AW), an Air Mobility Command (AMC)-gained unit of the Illinois Air National Guard and "host" wing for the installation. Located at Peoria International Airport, at this joint civil-military airport.

Overview
The 182d Airlift Wing air mobility mission is the ability to rapidly move personnel and equipment anywhere in the world when needed, and to sustain that force for as long as needed. This will include the strategic airlift of personnel and cargo, tactical airdrop of personnel, equipment and supplies and the transport of litters and ambulatory patients during aeromedical evacuations when required.

The wing's C-130H3 Hercules primarily performs the tactical portion of the airlift mission. The aircraft is capable of operating from rough, dirt strips and is the prime transport for airdropping troops and equipment into hostile areas.

Units
The 182d Airlift Wing consists of the following units:
 182d Operations Group
 169th Airlift Squadron
 182nd Air Support Operations Group
 168th Air Support Operations Squadron
 169th Air Support Operations Squadron
 264th Combat Communications Squadron
 566th Air Force Band

Base Commander
 Colonel Daniel R. McDonough - November 2017 – Present

See also

 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

Military installations in Illinois
Installations of the United States Air National Guard
Solar Cruiser. Solar Cruiser was a planned NASA spacecraft that would have studied the Sun while propelled by a solar sail. The mission would have supported NASA's Solar Terrestrial Probes program by studying how interplanetary space changes in response to the constant outpouring of energy and particles from the Sun and how it interacts with planetary atmospheres. It was expected to launch as a rideshare payload alongside IMAP in February 2025. However, the spacecraft was not selected for further development and project closeout efforts concluded in 2023.

The principal investigator was Les Johnson at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

Overview 
The mission had been selected to launch along with NASA's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) and Global Lyman-alpha Imagers of the Dynamic Exosphere (GLIDE). The Solar Cruiser spacecraft would have demonstrated solar sailing around the Sun at an unusual polar orbit, while its coronagraph instrument would enable simultaneous measurements of the Sun's magnetic field structure and velocity of coronal mass ejections. The craft's nearly  solar sail was expected to demonstrate the ability to use solar radiation as propulsion and facilitate views of the Sun not easily accessible with current technology, such as a close-up view of its poles.

Solar Cruiser was awarded US$65 million for mission execution. Previously, US$400,000 for nine-month mission concept studies was presented to the Heliophysics Solar Terrestrial Probes program, which is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. However, Solar Cruiser was not approved for advancement to phase C of its development cycle.

References 

Solar sail spacecraft
Sun
Space weather
Cancelled spacecraft
Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors. The Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors (BERH) was a federal board organized under the US Government's War Department (later, the Department of Defense), U.S. Army.  It was a part of the civil works program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The board was created by the Rivers and Harbors Bill of 1902.  The Board consisted of a group of Army engineer officers with a resident large staff including many civilian employees.

During World War II, the board established a branch to produce, maintain, and distribute intelligence concerning foreign ports and harbors.  Following the war, the board continued performing that function until 1962 when it was absorbed by the newly organized US Army Area Analysis Intelligence Agency.  The intelligence function of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors are discussed in the section on "The Statistical Division" (pages 125–127) in a 1980 official history.

In 1963, some functions of the Beach Erosion Board, another Army organization concerned with civil works, were transferred to the newly created US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, while others were transferred to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors.

The Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors was disestablished by the Water Resources Development Act of 1992 which transferred its functions to the Chief of Engineers.

Sources

 A history of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors

References

United States Army Corps of Engineers
1930 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
Aloha 32. The Aloha 32 is a Canadian sailboat that was designed by Mark Ellis as a cruiser and first built in 1979.

Production
The design was built by Aloha Yachts, a brand of Ouyang Boat Works, in Canada from 1979 to 1988, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Aloha 32 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with teak wooden trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a spooned raked stem, a raised transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of lead ballast. The bow has an anchor chain locker and roller.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is fitted with a Westerbeke diesel engine  or a Universal diesel of . The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has two interior layouts, one that dispenses with the bow "V"-berth. The galley is located to port, at the bottom of the companionway steps and features foot-pumped water, a single sink and a two-burner kerosene stove. The head is to starboard, opposite the gallery. The cabin sole is teak and holly and the provided interior lockers have cane doors. There are teak battens mounted on the cabin ceiling. There is  of headroom in the main cabin.

Ventilation is provided by two large translucent hatches and two small ones, plus six opening, screened posts.

From the factory the boat came with an "Ulmer" mainsail and two genoas, a number 1 and number 3. Reefing, outhaul and halyards are all by internal lines.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 171.

Operational history
A review by Richard Sherwood described the design, "the Aloha is light and should accelerate well. It is primarily a cruiser.

In a review Michael McGoldrick wrote, "Mark Ellis appears to have successfully squeezed in everything from the Niagara 35 into this 32 footer - everything is just a little tighter. Aside from 3 feet in the overall length, the main difference between the two boats is that one was manufactured by Hinterhoeller, and the other by Aloha (two builders who had good reputations)."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Bayfield 30/32
Beneteau 323
C&C 32
Columbia 32
Douglas 32
Hunter 32 Vision
Hunter 326
Mirage 32
Nonsuch 324
Ontario 32
Ranger 32
Watkins 32

References

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Mark Ellis (yacht designer)
Sailboat types built by Ouyang Boat Works