omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Song Lin (chemist). Song Lin is a Chinese-American organic electrochemist who is a Tisch University Professor at Cornell University. His research involves the development of new synthetic organic methodologies that utilize electrochemistry to forge new chemical bonds. He is an Associate Editor of the journal Organic Letters, and serves on the Early Career Advisory Board of Chemistry - A European Journal. He was named by Chemical & Engineering News as one of their Trailblazers of 2022, a feature highlighting LGBTQ+ chemists in academia.

Early life and education 
Lin was born in Tianjin. He became interested in science as a child, doing simple household experiments, and was supported by his high school chemistry teacher to pursue a career in research. He completed his bachelor's degree in chemistry at Peking University where he worked under the supervision of Zhangjie Shi. Lin moved to the United States for graduate studies and joined the organic chemistry department at Harvard University for doctoral research, where he researched small molecule asymmetric catalysis with Eric Jacobsen.

Research and career 
Lin moved to the University of California, Berkeley for his postdoctoral research, where he worked in the lab of Christopher Chang. While studying electrocatalysis in Chang's lab, he became aware of the use of porous materials like covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to absorb carbon dioxide. In collaboration with the Yaghi group, Lin showed that porphyrin-containing COFs could catalyze the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO under applied current and in an aqueous environment.

Lin began his independent career at Cornell University where his group's research has focused on the identification of novel synthetic pathways for medicinally relevant compounds. He focuses on the use of electrochemistry to drive chemical reactions. Electrochemistry can make organic synthesis cheaper and more environmentally friendly. For example, Lin demonstrated an electrochemical approach to synthesize 1,2-diamines from alkenes, which are useful precursors to bioactive natural products, therapeutic agents, and molecular catalysts. More recently, Lin's group has developed a method to directly couple alkyl halides using electrochemistry, providing a promising approach towards this difficult chemical transformation.

Awards and honors 
 2017 Thieme Chemistry Journal Award
 2018 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
 2019 MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 
 2019 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship
 2019 Office of Naval Research Young Investigator
 2020 Princeton University Bristol-Myers Squibb Lectureship
 2020 Research Corporation Cottrell Scholar Award
 2021 American Chemical Society National Fresenius Award
 2021 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award
 2021 FMC New Investigator Award

Selected publications

References 

Peking University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Electrochemists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Flywheel training. Flywheel training is a type of strength training where the resistance required for muscle activation is generated by the inertia of a flywheel instead of gravity from weights as in traditional weight training.

In contrast to weight training, flywheel training offers variable resistance throughout the range of motion, which facilitates isoinertial training and eccentric overload. Flywheel training is shown to lead to improvements of strength and power, hypertrophy, muscle activation, muscle length, and tendon stiffness. This in turn can improve athletic performance in speed, jump height, change of direction and resilience to injury.

History

An early scientific research paper on flywheel training was conducted by researchers Hansen and Lindhard at the University of Copenhagen in 1924 and looked at the maximum realizable work of the elbow flexors.

After that, flywheel resistance training was studied in space travelers exposed to microgravity environments to fight the effects of sarcopenia and bone mineral density loss, started at Karolinska Institute in the 1990s funded by NASA and ESA. Since then, flywheel training has been studied in different populations like youth and professional athletes, as well as older adults.

Current evidence suggests that flywheel training-based training is superior to gravity-based training for increasing muscle strength, power, and hypertrophy.

References

External links
 

Strength training
Flywheels
Athletic training
Anaerobic exercise
Kosovo Energy Corporation. Kosovo Energy Corporation J.S.C. (, abbreviated as KEK) is a company based in Kosovo engaged in generation of electricity and allied activities. Its capacity is estimated to be around 1480+ MW.

History 

On 6 June 2014, the Kosovo Energy Corporation's Kosovo A Power Station exploded killing two people and injuring thirteen others. The station was then subsequently shut down. The cause of the explosion was due to the explosion of a hydrogen tank located in a separate part of the power station from the generator.

Capacity 
Total electricity produced locally by Kosovo Energy Corporation:

See also 

 Electrical energy in Kosovo
 KOSTT
 Kosovo Electricity Distribution and Supply
 List of companies of Kosovo

References

External links 
 

Companies with year of establishment missing
Electric power companies of Kosovo
Electric power companies of Europe
German trawler V 104 Falke. V 104 Falke was a German-built cargo ship which was converted into an auxiliary warship for the Kriegsmarine as a Vorpostenboot and then Sperrbrecher. The ship was built as Toreador and was also known as Poldorf and Düsseldorf.

Description 
The ship was built from steel. It had a length of , a beam of , and a depth of . It was assessed at , . The ship was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by Bremer Vulkan and was rated at 160nhp. The engine drove a single screw propeller, and could propel the ship at .

History 
The ship was built in Bremen-Vegesack by Bremer Vulkan in 1909 as Toreador for J. D. Stücken, Bremen. It was launched on 31 July. J. D. Stücken operated it until 1916, when it was bought by the Argo Line, Bremen. Renamed Düsseldorf, it was captured off the coast of Norway by the Royal Navy Q-ship  between 19 and 24 February 1918 whist on a voyage from Tromsø, Norway to Stettin with a cargo of iron ore. It was seized by the British government and was renamed Poldorf. The United Kingdom Official Number 142674 was allocated. Due to the ship being captured in neutral waters, a legal dispute with Norway came before the British Prize Court in July 1920. Judgement was given that the declaration of the ship as a British prize could not be reversed.

In 1919, the ship was returned to Argo Line and reverted to its previous name. In 1923, Argo Line merged with the Roland Line to form Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH. The ship was renamed Falke, serving with the Roland Line. The Code Letters QJRM were allocated. Around 1925/26, Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH was absorbed by Norddeutscher Lloyd. Falke was transferred to Argo Reederei AG in 1934, in which year the Code Letters DOBY were allocated. The ship was transferred to Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. in 1937.

Falke was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine and converted into a Vorpostenboot, joining the 1st Vorpostenflotille on 1 October 1939. On 1 October 1940, the 1st flotilla was disbanded and Falke was designated as a Sperrbrecher, or mine clearing ship. It was given the identification number of 34, which was later changed to 134. It was bombed and sank off Lorient on 8 August 1944.

References 

1909 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Steamships of Germany
Merchant ships of Germany
World War I merchant ships of Germany
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Auxiliary ships of the Kriegsmarine
Maritime incidents in August 1944
Ships sunk by aircraft
Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age. Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age is a book by science historians Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson about the creation of modern solid-state electronics, starting with invention and development of the transistor, and ending with the invention of integrated circuit. Published by W. W. Norton in 1997, it is widely regarded as the definitive history of the transistor, for which Riordan and Hoddeson won the inaugural Sally Hacker Award of the Society for History of Technology in 1999. The book has been translated into Chinese and Japanese. Reviews described it as "an absorbing, historically precise narrative that reads like a suspense novel," and "an important book about a group of scientists at least one of whom had the future in his bones and the knowledge of what it held".

Of note is a detailed history (in Chapter 6, "The Fourth Column") of the accidental discovery of the p–n junction by Russell Ohl at Bell Labs in early 1940; this is the key discovery that enabled the whole field of solid-state electronics. The book also contains biographical information of Ohl and other Bell Labs scientists and engineers who do not have official biographies, as well as people such as transistor inventors John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, who do.

Chapters 7 ("Point of Entry") and 8 ("Minority Views") recount the events of December 1947, during which Bardeen and Brattain invented the first, "point-contact" transistor, followed by Shockley's conception of the junction transistor in January 1948. These accounts formed the basis of a PBS-TV documentary, "Transistorized!", whose script was adapted from Crystal Fire and which won the American Association for Advancement of Science Award for scientific television programming.

Crystal Fire is still in print, in a paperback edition, in 2022 — 25 years after its initial, hardcover publication by Norton.

References

External links

 The origins of the pn junction - Excerpt from chapter 6, published in IEEE Spectrum, June 1997, pp. 46-51
 Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age - Theme: Sources - excellent summary prepared for the OpenCourseWare 'Introduction to the History of Technology' at MIT
 Crystal Fire: the birth of the information age - the 1997 reprint by Norton

1997 books
Collaborative non-fiction books
1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether. 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. Its formula is C14H24O4 and the IUPAC name is 2-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxymethyl)cyclohexylmethoxymethyloxirane. It has the CAS number of 14228-73-0 and is REACH registered in Europe. An industrial chemical, a key use is in the reduction of the viscosity of epoxy resin systems functioning as a reactive diluent.

Synonyms 
The material is known under various names which include:
 2,2'-[1,4-Cyclohexanediylbis(methyleneoxymethylene)]bis[oxirane]
 1,4-Bis(glycidoxymethyl)cyclohexane
 1,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane diglycidyl Ether
 1,4-Bis[(2,3-epoxypropoxy)methyl]cyclohexane
 1,4-Bis[(glycidyloxy)methyl]cyclohexane
 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl Ether

Manufacture 
The manufacturing process involves reacting cyclohexanedimethanol with epichlorohydrin, using a Lewis acid as catalyst, to form a halohydrin. This is followed by washing with sodium hydroxide in a dehydrochlorination step to form the epoxide rings. The waste products are water and sodium chloride and excess caustic soda. One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the Epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

Uses 
As the molecule has oxirane functionality, a key use is reducing the viscosity of epoxy resins. These reactive diluent modified epoxy resins may then be further formulated into which may then be formulated into CASE applications: Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers, and electronic encapsulant. The use of the diluent does affect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins.

It is also used as a monomer in UV curing systems. In addition it is used to synthesize other molecules such as the acrylated version.

Toxicology 
The material is classed as a skin irritant.

See also 
 Glycidol

References

Further reading

External links 
 Hexion difunctional epoxy diluents
 Denacol epoxy diluent range
 Cargill Reactive diluents
  AALChem DE 204 CHDMDGE

Glycidyl ethers
Reactive diluents
Cyclohexanes
US Yachts US 27. The US Yachts US 27 is an American sailboat that was designed by Doug Peterson and Daryl Watson as a  racer-cruiser and first built in 1983.

The design is a unauthorized development of Peterson's International Offshore Rule Half Ton class Chaser 29 racer, using the same hull design with a different deck and other changes. The US 27 molds were later sold to Pearson Yachts and developed into the Triton 27 in 1984.

Production
The design was built by US Yachts in the United States, starting in 1983, but it is now out of production.

Design
The US 27 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel or optional shoal draft keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is optionally fitted with a Swedish Volvo diesel engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a U-shaped settee and drop-down dinette table in the main cabin on the port side. The galley is located on the starboard side amidships and is equipped with a two-burner stove, ice box and a sink. The enclosed head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side. Cabin headroom is .

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Doug Peterson
Sailboat type designs by Daryl Watson
Sailboat types built by US Yachts
Augustin Frigon. Augustin Frigon, CMG (6 March 1888 – 9 July 1952), was a Canadian engineer and administrator. He was principal of the École polytechnique de Montréal from 1933 to 1952 and general manager of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1944 to 1951.

Born in Montreal, Frigon was educated at the École polytechnique de Montréal, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Paris. He was a professor at the École polytechnique from 1909, director of the school from 1923 to 1935, and principal from 1936 to 1952 (ad interim from 1933 to 1935).

He was Director-General of Technical Training of the Province of Quebec from 1924 to 1935 and a member of the National Research Council Canada from 1924 to 1939. A member of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting from 1928 to 1929, he became deputy general manager of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 1936 to 1944, then general manager from 1944 to 1951.

References

Further reading
Alain Canuel (1995). Augustin Frigon et la Radio Nationale au Canada. Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine 19: 29–50 

1888 births
1952 deaths
20th-century Canadian engineers
Engineers from Quebec
Canadian electrical engineers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation people
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian civil servants
List of bridges in Malaysia. 

Historical and architectural interest bridges

Major bridges 
This table presents a non-exhaustive list of the road and railway bridges with spans greater than  or total lengths longer than .

Planned bridges

See also 

 Transport in Malaysia
 Rail transport in Malaysia
 List of expressways and highways in Malaysia
 Malaysian Expressway System
 Malaysian Federal Roads System
 Malaysian State Roads system
 Geography of Malaysia
 List of rivers of Malaysia

Notes and references 
 Notes

 

 Others references

Further reading

External links 
 

Malaysia
 
Bridges
Bridges
Tellurogallate. Tellurogallates are chemical compounds which contain anionic units of tellurium connected to gallium. They can be considered as gallates where tellurium substitutes for oxygen. Similar compounds include the thiogallates, selenogallates, telluroaluminates, telluroindates and thiostannates. They are in the category of chalcogenotrielates or more broadly tellurometallates or chalcogenometallates.

Formation 
Tellurogallates may be produced by heating a metal with gallium and tellurium in a sealed tube.

Properties 
Some tellurogallates are semiconductors

Use 
Tellurogallates are primarily of research interest. They are investigated for their infrared, thermoelectric and semiconductor characteristics.

List

References 

Gallium compounds
Tellurium compounds
C12–C14 alcohol glycidyl ether. C12-C14 alcohol glycidyl ether (AGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. It is a mixture of mainly 12 and 14 carbon chain alcohols, also called fatty alcohols that have been glycidated. It is an industrial chemical used as a surfactant but primarily for epoxy resin viscosity reduction. It has the CAS number 68609-97-2 but the IUPAC name is more complex as it is a mixture and is 2-(dodecoxymethyl)oxirane;2-(tetradecoxymethyl)oxirane;2-(tridecoxymethyl)oxirane. Other names include dodecyl and tetradecyl glycidyl ethers and alkyl (C12-C14) glycidyl ether.

Manufacture
A fatty alcohol mixture rich in C12-C14 alcohols is placed in a reactor with a Lewis acid catalyst. Then epichlorohydrin is added slowly to control exotherm which results in the formation of the halohydrins. This is followed by a caustic dehydrochlorination, to form C12-C14 alcohol glycidyl ether.
The waste products are water and sodium chloride and excess caustic soda. One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the Epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

Uses
As an epoxy modifier it is classed as an epoxy reactive diluent. It is one of a family of glycidyl ethers available used for viscosity reduction of epoxy resins. These are then further formulated into coatings, sealants, adhesives, and elastomers. Resins with this diluent tend to show improved workability. It is also used to synthesize other molecules. The use of the diluent does effect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins.

Toxicology
The toxicology is well known, and it is classed as a skin irritant.

See also
 Epoxide
 Glycidol

References

Further reading

External websites
 Denacol epoxy diluent range
    Reactive Diluents – Olin Epoxy
  Hexion Epoxy Functional Modifiers
 Cargill Reactive diluents

Glycidyl ethers
Reactive diluents
Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency. Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency (LMCR) refers to a range of climate change adaptation strategies of coastal management to address impacts on the city in the wake of the extensive Hurricane Sandy flooding of 2012.

A more localized alternative to the New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier, it has some continuity with the centuries-long Lower Manhattan expansion trend and seeks to compensate for the historical loss of wetland buffer zones, and would be integrated into the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway.

History
After Sandy, Governor Andrew Cuomo and Mayor Michael Bloomberg differed on their preferred infrastructure responses, with Cuomo favoring a storm barrier to protect the entire estuary, and Bloomberg localized protection for Lower Manhattan inspired by Battery Park City. Several studies have been commissioned since, including the BIG U from Bjarke Ingels Group for a semi-circle of berms that would allow small-scale controlled floods, in contrast with the more ambitious seawall proposals.  Their 2014 plan largely involved constructing a series of berms in Lower Manhattan, inland from the shoreline. but has been deemed inadequate in parts and too costly to maintain.

Bloomberg's 2013 concept of "Seaport City" has been replaced by the FiDi-Seaport plan, as part of the wider LMCR initiative by the De Blasio administration.  It updates the BIG U with more substantial land reclamation that could be funded and finished, avoiding the occasional temporary flooding of the earlier plan and its maintenance costs.  Initial plans focus on landfilling and building up East River Park.

See also
Land reclamation in Lower Manhattan

References

Climate change adaptation
Environmental issues in New York City
Government of New York City
Hurricane Sandy
Lower Manhattan
Proposed buildings and structures in New York City
Climate change policy in the United States
Abdel-Moneim Mustafa. Abdel-Moneim Mustafa (; born 1930, Omdurman) is a Sudanese architect and lecturer. In a career that spanned more than 60 years, Mustafa produced a number of landmark buildings in Sudan. He is considered one of the pioneers of Modernist architecture in Sudan, as well as one of its "most admired architects."

Early life and education 
Abdel-Moneim Mustafa was born in 1930 in Omdurman, Anglo-Egypt Sudan. Mustafa first studied engineering at the University of Khartoum, which did not yet have an architecture department. During that time he received a fellowship to study architecture at the University of Leicester in the UK, where he graduated in 1958. Abdel Moneim Mustafa obtained a Master's degree from Australia in the mid 1960s, and then a higher diploma from the Netherlands.

In 1964, Mustafa joined the Department of Architecture at the University of Khartoum, and was the first Sudanese lecturer there after Sudan's independence in 1956. He later became department head between 1972 — 74. During that time Mustafa published a number of scientific papers that discussed various topics such as the type of housing units in Sudan, analysis of real estate trusts and finally he discussed the effect of transportation on the cost of building materials and construction.

Architectural practice and legacy 
Mustafa joined the Ministry of Public Works in 1963, and at the same time established his private practice, Technocon. He designed a range of building types including administrative, educational, industrial, recreational and residential buildings. He collaborated with a number of architects, including Australian academic Peter Muller. 

Mustafa is considered one of the pioneers of Modernist architecture in his country, as well as one of its "most admired architects." His style was noted for reflecting the architecture of Africa. His creativity and radical thinking can be considered as the main reasons for the architectural development Sudan witnessed in the 1960s and continue to experience till today.

Main work 
Khartoum Villa, Khartoum.
Al-Merrikh Stadium

Nifidi and Malik Mixed Use Developments, Khartoum.
University of Khartoum, Department of Biochemistry and Structures Laboratory, Khartoum, 1967.
El Turabi School, Blue Nile Province, 1967.
El Ikhwa Building, Khartoum, 1970.
Bank of Khartoum Headquarters Khartoum
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) Headquarters, Khartoum, 1980.
Mansoor Khalid's House in Khartoum

References

Further reading 

 Fathi Beshir. Modern Architecture in Khartoum1950 — 1990. In: Regional Architecture and Identity in the Age of Globalization (pp.589- 602).
 
 Akcan, Ezra. Abdel Moneim Mustafa (1930-). The Architectural Review, May 28, 2024. https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/reputations/abdel-moneim-mustafa-1930.
 

1930 births
University of Khartoum alumni
Alumni of the University of Leicester
Architecture in Sudan
20th-century architects
Academic staff of the University of Khartoum
People from Omdurman
N-Butylmercuric chloride. n-Butylmercuric chloride is an organic mercury salt that is used as a catalyst and a precursor to other organomercuric compounds.

Preparation 
n-Butylmercuric chloride is made by reacting n-butylmagnesium bromide with mercury chloride.

It can also be prepared by reacting 1-butene with mercury acetate.

References 

Mercury(II) compounds
Organomercury compounds