omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electro-kinetic road ramp. The electro-kinetic road ramp is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of automobiles that drive over the ramp. In June 2009, one of the devices was installed in the car park at a Sainsbury's supermarket in Gloucester, United Kingdom, where it provides enough electricity to run all of the store's cash registers. The ramp was invented by Peter Hughes, an electrical and mechanical engineer who is employed by Highway Energy Systems Ltd. The company says that under normal traffic conditions, the apparatus will produce 30 kW of electricity. Other proposed applications for the road ramps include powering street and traffic lights, heating roads in the winter to prevent ice from forming and ventilating tunnels to reduce pollution.

The idea was dismissed as Talk of 'kinetic energy plates' is a total waste of energy in the Guardian by David MacKay, a professor of natural philosophy in the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge. MacKay wrote, "The savings from parking at the green car park thus amount to one four-thousandth of the energy used by the trip to the supermarket."

References

Sustainable energy
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs16. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs16, nicknamed Wippsterz (German: Wagtail) was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. Only one example of the design was constructed.

Development
Akaflieg Stuttgart wanted to build a glider with reasonable performance that was safe and simple to fly, the result was the fs16. The design employed a cantilever wing attached to the top of the fuselage; the rear portion of the fuselage was raised, similar to the Akaflieg Stuttgart F.1. The fs16 as constructed had no vertical tail, but used pivoting panels on the wingtips for roll and yaw control. It had no tail-skid, using a single large skid under the front fuselage with a spur extending rearwards for support and stability on the ground. Flight characteristics with the rotating wing-tip panels were not as expected so a conventional vertical fin on an extended rear fuselage, and ailerons constructed from fabric-covered Duralumin on the outer wing trailing edges, were added after initial flights.

Specifications

Similar aircraft
Schleicher Rhönadler

References

Further reading

1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. It notably featured a prone seating position for its pilot.

Development
Realising that aircraft form drag is directly related to cross-sectional area of bodies moving through the air, the students of Akaflieg Stuttgart (Akademische Fliegergruppe – academic flying group) investigated methods of reducing the cross-sectional area of fuselage bodies, including the prone-position pilot, where the pilot lies horizontally with his body roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. They noted an additional benefit of such a configuration is the pilot's increased resistance to the effects of 'g'. With very little previous research to take advantage of Akaflieg Stuttgart designed the FS 17 glider for flight trials of prone position cockpits.
The fs17 was an all-wood low-wing cantilever monoplane with emphasis on good low-speed flight characteristics, to reduce the risk to the pilot in stalling accidents, and a maximum load factor of 14g. The fuselage was designed with increased stiffness, to provide increased crash protection for the pilot, and the wing leading edges formed torsion boxes. The pilot lay above the wing centre section under an extensively glazed canopy.

Specifications

References

Further reading

1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
Neurosecurity. Neurosecurity has been defined as "a version of computer science security principles and methods applied to neural engineering", or more fully, as "the protection of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of neural devices from malicious parties with the goal of preserving the safety of a person’s neural mechanisms, neural computation, and free will". Simply put, Neurosecurity is, at least in principle, an antivirus and firewall for the mind. Neurosecurity also refers to the application of neuroscience to behavioral information security to better understand and improve users' security behaviors. Neurosecurity is a distinct concept from neuroethics; neurosecurity is effectively a way of enforcing a set of neuroethical principles for a neural device. Neurosecurity is also distinct from the application of neuroscience to national security, a topic that is addressed in Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense by Jonathan D. Moreno.

The Center for Neurotechnology Studies of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, in Arlington, VA, US works with a number of university and governmental partners on issues, problems and protocols for neurosecurity. James Giordano, Director of the Center, defines neurosecurity as "concepts, practices, guidelines and policies dedicated to identifying threats to, and preserving the integrity of neuro-psychiatric information about persons, groups and populations obtained in neuroscientific research and/or through the use of neurotechnologies (such as neuroimaging, neurofeedback, neurogenetics, and neuro-computational data banks) in medicine, the social sphere, and national intelligence and defense".

Popular culture
 The anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002–2003) prominently features hackers manipulating neural implants. One example is the Laughing Man's use of hacking to interfere with the reports of eyewitnesses. In another example, Major Kusanagi makes a point by taking control of some of Batou's implants and forcing him to punch himself.
 Neal Stephenson's book The Diamond Age (1995) briefly refers to corporations hacking neural implants in order to superimpose advertisements onto a user's field of vision.
 The world in video game Remember Me is set in the world where memory manipulation is commonplace.

See also
 Brain implant
 Brain-reading
 Cyberware
 Hacker (computer security)
 Neuroprosthetics

References 

Computational neuroscience
Security
AGP Inline Memory Module. AGP Inline Memory Module (AIMM) also known as Graphics Performance Accelerator (GPA) is an expansion card that fits in the AGP slot of PC motherboards based on Intel 815 chipsets with onboard graphics, like the ASUS CUSL-2 with an AGP Pro slot and Abit SH6 with an AGP Universal slot. It is intended to be a mid-level cost solution between shared graphics memory and dedicated graphics memory found on more expensive discrete AGP expansion card. AIMM cards are special memory modules that are used as dedicated video memory (display cache) to store Z-buffering and they usually have 4 MB of 32-bit wide SDRAM.

References

Computer memory form factor
Intel chipsets
HMS Comet (1910). HMS Comet was one of 20 s built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. Completed in 1911 she saw active service in the First World War.

Design and description
The Acorn class marked a return to oil-firing as pioneered in the Tribal or F class of 1905 and  of 1907. The Admiralty provided general specifications, but each shipyard did their own detailed design so that ships often varied in size. The Acorns had an overall length of , a beam of , and a deep draught of . The ships displaced  at deep load and their crew numbered 72 officers and ratings.

The destroyers were powered by a single Parsons steam turbine that drove three propeller shafts using steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The engines developed a total of  and were designed for a speed of . Comet reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The Acorns had a range of  at a cruising speed of .

The primary armament of the ships consisted of a pair of BL  MK VIII guns in single, unprotected pivot mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. They were also armed with two single QF 12-pounder () guns, one on each broadside between the forward and centre funnels. The destroyer were equipped with a pair of single rotating mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes amidships and carried two reload torpedoes.

Construction and career

Comet was ordered under the 1909–1910 Naval Programme from Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company. The ship was laid down at the company's Govan shipyard on 1 February 1910, launched on 23 June and commissioned in June 1911. She was torpedoed and sunk on 6 August 1918.

References

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

Acorn-class destroyers
1910 ships
Ships built in Govan
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk in collisions
World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs18. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs18a was a glider designed and built in Germany from 1938. It was characterized by a gull wing and was the first glider to have a retractable undercarriage. Only one example of the design was constructed.

Development
With the experience gained from the Rhön gliding competitions, the students at Akaflieg Stuttgart (Akademische Fliegergruppe – academic flying group) designed the fs18, which was able to turn tightly in thermals and had a relatively low sink rate, over the six months preceding the next Rhön competition at Wasserkuppe. The result was the fs18 which was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with gulled centre section, to ensure that the wings joined the fuselage at 90 degrees, rectangular midsection and tapered outer section. Flaps were fitted to the trailing edge of the midsection to 30% chord, and ailerons were mounted on the trailing edges of the outer wing sections. The fuselage consisted of the cockpit pod smoothly narrowing to a boom-like rear fuselage supporting the tail unit. The main undercarriage was manually retractable into an enclosed wheel well behind the cockpit. After the first flight on 21 July 1938, testing of the fs18a continued until 7 December 1938 when the fs18 crashed, killing pilot Ernst Scheible.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
Zacherlfabrik. The Zacherl factory (Zacherlfabrik) is a former factory in the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling. It was built in an oriental style.

History 
Johann Zacherl began importing insecticide made from pyrethrum from Tiflis in 1842. In 1870, he started to produce moth powder in Unterdöbling, which he sold under the name Zacherl’s insect-killing tincture (Zacherlin). By 1873, the four employees in his factory were already producing 600 tonnes of Zacherlin per year, which were sold in Zacherl's shops in Paris, Istanbul, Amsterdam, London, New York and Philadelphia.

In 1880, Zacherl left the company to his son, Johann Evangelist Zacherl. The factory in Unterdöbling was rebuilt between 1888 and 1892 to produce insecticide. The street-facing administrative wing of the building, which was designed by Karl Mayreder, is a rare example of commercially motivated Orientalism in European architecture. The Yenidze cigarette factory in Dresden is another example of this trend.

The ceramic tiles that were used in the facade and on the roof of the Zacherl factory were produced by the Wienerberger AG.

Johann Evangelist Zacherl expanded the Zacherl company's activities from the production of insecticide to include the cleaning, repair and storage of fur and rugs. Between 1903 and 1905, he built the Zacherlhaus at the Wildpretmarkt.

Following World War I, sales of insecticide were stunted by expensive import taxes and the growth of chemical industries. After Johann Evangelist Zacherl's death in 1936, his son Gregor Zacherl took control of the family factory, which from 1933 also produced ski bindings, but in 1949 Gregor Zacherl surrendered his merchant's licence. He died in 1954 and the name Zacherl was removed from the register of companies in 1958.

The factory building and its gardens stood empty for several decades, until in 2006 Veronika and Peter Zacherl, in cooperation with the Jesuit art fund, opened the former factory up for artistic projects. Since then, exhibitions and music soirees have been held in the building every summer.

References 
 Christine Klusacek, Kurt Stimmer: Döbling. Vom Gürtel zu den Weinbergen. Schmid, Wien 1988, . 
 Stefan Koppelkamm: Exotische Architekturen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Ausstellungskatalog Stuttgart 1987. Ernst, Berlin 1987, , . 
 Felix Czeike: Historisches Lexikon Wien, volume 5. Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 1997, ,

External links 

 Offizielle Webseite der Zacherlfabrik 
 Text zur Zacherlfabrik 

Buildings and structures in Döbling
Cultural venues in Vienna
Zhang Xiaowen (scientist). Zhang Xiaowen (Simplified Chinese: 张孝文; Traditional Chinese: 張孝文), born 1935, is a Chinese material scientist and politician. Zhang is the former President of Tsinghua University.

Biography
Zhang was born in 1935 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Zhang graduated (B.S.) from the Department of Mechanical Manufacture of Tsinghua University in 1957.

From 1980 to 1985, Zhang was an associate professor at Tsinghua. From 1983 to 1984, Zhang was a visiting scholar in the United States at Lehigh University then at the University of California, Berkeley. Zhang was promoted to professor at Tsinghua in 1985. Zhang was former head of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University. Zhang was Vice-dean of Tsinghua's College of Science, then the Vice-president of Tsinghua University. Zhang was the President of Tsinghua from October 1988 to January 1994.

Zhang was also a former Vice-minister of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.

In 1995, Zhang received an honorary doctorate from the Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan.

Zhang was an expert on ceramic materials and chemical engineering. During his presidential office at Tsinghua, Zhang made significant contributions to the development of the university, and the university started readopting into a comprehensive university status instead of a technical institute.

References

External links
 Tsinghua University Department of Material Science & Engineering: Professor Xiao-wen Zhang (English)
 Tsinghua University Presidents: Zhang Xiaowen (English)
 China Vitae: Biography of Zhang Xiaowen (English)
 Tsinghua University: Biography of Zhang Xiaowen (Simplifed Chinese)

1935 births
Living people
Chinese materials scientists
Educators from Ningbo
People's Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
Politicians from Ningbo
Presidents of Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Grid code. A grid code is a technical specification which defines the parameters a facility connected to a public electric grid has to meet to ensure safe, secure and economic proper functioning of the electric system. The facility can be an electricity generating plant, a consumer, or another network.
The grid code is specified by an authority responsible for the system integrity and network operation. 
Its elaboration usually implicates network operators (distribution or transmission system operators), representatives of users and, to an extent varying between countries, the regulating body.

Contents of a grid code vary depending on the transmission company's requirements. Typically, a grid code will specify the required behavior of a connected generator during system disturbances. These include voltage regulation, power factor limits and reactive power supply, response to a system fault (e.g. short-circuit), response to frequency changes on the grid, and requirement to "ride through" short interruptions of the connection.

There is not a common grid code in all countries and each electric grid has its own grid code. Even in North America, there is no grid code that applies to all territories.

Independent power producers
All generators including Independent power producers like photovoltaic power stations or wind farms have to comply with the grid code.

Categorizing
Grid code requirements can be divided into two categories: static and dynamic requirements.

See also 
 Smart grid
 RISSP

References

External links
 Indian grid code
 Italian grid code (for direct connections to TSO)
 Italian grid code (for connections to DSOs)
 UK grid codes
 International Grid Code Listing

Electric power transmission
Regulation of technologies
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs23. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs23, nicknamed Hidalgo (Spanish: "Nobleman"), was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in West Germany from 1953. It was lighter than most contemporaries. Only one example of the design was constructed, which was destroyed in a fatal crash in 1971.

Development
Design of the fs23 was started in 1953 and took thirteen years, including a hiatus while the fs24 Phönix was developed. The goal of the fs23 designers was a lightweight high-performance glider to meet the proposed 13m mini-standard class for competition gliders. To achieve this goal the students at Akaflieg Stuttgart thoroughly tested fibreglass re-inforced composites, as well as birch ply and balsa/fibreglass sandwiches, for E- and G-modulus, compressive and torsional strength as well as bonding and rivetting methods. Once the testing was complete the aircraft could be designed to ensure adequate strength with light weight, (1/3 to 2/3 the weight of typical gliders of the time), and good aerodynamic qualities, the result being the fs23 Hidalgo.

Built primarily of balsa core sandwiched in fibreglass, the fs23 was a high-wing, high aspect ratio, cantilever monoplane with moderate dihedral and -6o sweep, (to reduce the tail moment required and thus the size and weight of the rear fuselage and tail unit), and a V-tail. A fixed undercarriage and a brake parachute were used.
Flight trials began on 1 February 1966 demonstrating that the fs23 had sensitive controls, side-slipped well and gave adequate warning of a stall. It recovered easily from a spin, within half a turn. In 1967 the fs23 suffered severe tail flutter and the pilot was thrown out of the cockpit, descending by parachute, as the aircraft dived towards the ground from 1500 meters altitude. The aircraft landed with minimal damage and was repaired to continue the test programme until July 1971 when the fs23 crashed a second time, with the pilot, Heinz Jahn, losing his life.

Specifications

See also

References

https://akaflieg-stuttgart.de/en/projects/fs23-hidalgo/

Glider aircraft
1960s German sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
Harold Brown Award. The Harold Brown Award is the highest award given by the United States Air Force to a scientist or engineer who applies scientific research to solve a problem critical to the needs of the Air Force.

History and purpose

The Harold Brown Award is intended to recognize significant achievements in research and development. It is named for Harold Brown, a physicist who served as United States Secretary of the Air Force  from 1965-1969, and later as United States Secretary of Defense (1977-1981).

The Harold Brown award is presented annually to a person whose achievements in research and development have led to, or demonstrated promise of, a substantial improvement in the operational effectiveness of the Air Force. It is awarded through the United States Air Force chief scientist's office.

The winner of the award receives a brass medallion set in a block of Lucite and a certificate signed by the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. The name of the winner is also engraved on a plaque near the office of the Secretary of the Air Force and he or she may also wear the Air Force Recognition Ribbon (military) or Air Force Recognition Lapel Pin (civilian) as appropriate.

List of recipients

Recipients of the Harold Brown Award include:

See also 

 List of general science and technology awards 
 List of engineering awards
 List of physics awards
 List of space technology awards

References

Aerospace engineering awards
Physics awards
Space-related awards
Awards established in 1969
Metallic roller bearing. In earthquake engineering, a metallic roller bearing is a base isolation device which is intended for protection of various building and non-building structures against potentially damaging lateral impacts of strong earthquakes.
This bearing support may be adapted, with certain precautions, as a seismic isolator to skyscrapers and buildings on soft ground. Metallic roller bearings are employed by a housing complex (17 stories) in Tokyo, Japan.

See also

 Earthquake-resistant structures
 Elevated building foundation

References

Earthquake engineering
Seismic vibration control
Willard Ray Custer. Willard Ray Custer (, Warfordsburg, Pennsylvania, Hagerstown, Maryland) was an American engineer and aircraft visionary, inventor of the channel wing concept.

Custer left school at age 13, working as a blacksmith and, later, an engineer and mechanic.

The inspiration to the channel wing concept came in 1925 when Custer had observed how the roof of a barn was lifted during a very strong gust of wind. He started investigating the phenomenon and, by 1928, he had developed the first Model of a new airplane wing for which he received a patent in 1929. This channel wing managed much lift even at very low airspeeds and allowed start and landing on very short airfields.

In 1939 Custer founded the National Aircraft Corporation and, on , started development of the CCW-1 (CusterChannelWing 1) experimental aircraft. With the CCW-2 that followed, he could achieve almost vertical starts, and flight almost like a helicopter. The military started a number of trials which were subsequently canceled despite some interesting achievements. Later, Custer founded the Custer ChannelWing Corporation and, in 1954, built more aircraft. The last one, the CCW-5, almost reached series production.

The principle of the channel wing was not well understood by many, especially at the time. Custer was an experimenter and visionary, with many patents filed, but he did not have a strong theoretical and scientific background. The Custer Channelwing Corporation had to cease its activities, and the channel wing principle was mostly forgotten. Today, only two CCW aircraft survive. The CCW-1 is displayed at the Smithsonian´s National Air and Space Museum, Suitland, Maryland, while the CCW-5 is at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum, Pennsylvania.

References

External links 
 Custer ChannelWing Corp.
 Custer Channel Wing 1, 1942, the Aviation History Online Museum

1899 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American aerospace engineers
Aviation inventors
Businesspeople in aviation
Engineers from Pennsylvania
People from Fulton County, Pennsylvania
Inertia damper. An inertia damper is a device that counters vibration using the effects of inertia and other forces and motion. The damper does not negate the forces but either absorbs or redirects them by other means. For example, a large and heavy suspended body may be used to absorb several short-duration large forces, and to reapply those forces as a smaller force over a longer period.

Real-world applications and devices 

Inertial compensators are also used in simulators or rides, making them more realistic by creating artificial sensations of acceleration and other movement.  The Disneyland ride “Star Tours: The Adventure Continues” is a fair example of this principle.

There are many types of physical devices that can act as inertia dampers:
 Stockbridge damper - absorbs resonant wave motions in wire and support cables, seen on high voltage power lines.
 Shock absorber - motion redirected as heating of viscous oil forced through a restrictive passage
 Inerter (mechanical networks) A mechanical analog to an electrical capacitor.
 Rotary damper - rotary motion is dissipated as heat in a highly viscous fluid or gel. May use a smooth surface rotating cylinder and a smooth surface stationary interior wall with fluid/gel between. For more forceful motion absorption and higher surface area, a paddle wheel or toothed gear is used, with a similarly ribbed or studded stationary interior wall to more forcefully grip the fluid/gel.

See also

References 

Force
Mass