omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Emirates subsidiaries. Emirates Airline has diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, event organization, engineering, catering, and tour operator operations. Emirates has four subsidiaries, and its parent company has more than 50.

Subsidiaries
Emirates has over six subsidiaries and associates, which include:

Congress Solutions International
The company is a subsidiary of Emirates providing administrative support, managing data, and coordinating third party suppliers such as venues, catering, and accommodation. It deals with conferences and provides support to delegates, as well as providing leisure and recreational activities for visiting delegates.

CSI has hosted large events such as the Global Travel and Tourism Council, which around 1,300 delegates attended. It also hosted on behalf of the World Economic Forum and the government of Dubai, a summit on the Global Agenda attended by 700 business, government and academia representatives.

Arabian Adventures
Arabian adventures is a subsidiary of Emirates, and organises tours, safaris and other activities across the UAE.

Emirates Holidays
Emirates Holidays is the tour operating arm of Emirates.
Emirates Holidays top destinations are Dubai, Malaysia, Thailand, the Maldives and Mauritius.

Emirates Tours
This is the official tour operator of Emirates. It provides holiday packages and special vacation offers to passengers travelling on Emirates.

Emirates hotels and resorts
As of 1 November 2007, the Emirates Group has launched the first of the Emirates Hotels & Resorts Residences with The Harbour Hotel & Residence. This is a hotel and residential tower located in Dubai Marina. It was the first of six international properties expected to open in 2008.

Emirates Destination and Leisure Management
Destination and Leisure Management manage the Emirates Group portfolio of hotels, serviced apartments, spas and business conference facilities. The portfolio includes the Emirates Al Maha Desert Resort.

References

External links
 Official Emirates website
 The Emirates Group
 Desert Safari

Subsidiaries
Rouging. Rouging is a form of corrosion found in stainless steel. It can be due to iron contamination of the stainless steel surface due to welding of non-stainless steel for support columns, or other temporary means, which when welded off leaves a low chromium area.

There are three classes of rouging: Class I, Class II, and Class III.

Class I – stainless steel surface and the Cr/Fe ratio of the metal surface beneath such deposits usually remain unaltered.
Class II – Iron particles originating in-situ on unpassivated or improperly passivated stainless steel surfaces. By their formation the Cr/Fe ratio of the metal surface is altered.
Class III – Iron oxide (or scale) which forms on surfaces in high temperature steam systems. The Cr/Fe ratio of the protective film is usually altered.

References

Corrosion
Vockerode Power Plant. Vockerode Power Plant (also called Elbe Power Plant) was a lignite and later also gas-fired power plant in Vockerode, East Germany. It was built in 1937 and shut-down between 1994 and 1998.

History
Vockerode has been the site of a power plant for almost 60 years. While the four chimneys of the plant were demolished in 2001, much of the original building still exists today. Till 2013 it was used for events and art display. Today plant is unsafe and closed to public. 

The first block of the lignite-fired power plant (6 x 35 MW) was built between 1937 and 1940. After 1943 installation was begun on the world's first commercial HVDC, the Elbe Project. It was completed in 1945, but never went in service.
The power plant suffered no damage during World War II. After dismantling of the equipment during the soviet occupation the inverter hall was transformed into a workshop. A lot of equipment from the power plant was also dismantled. Between 1953 and 1959 the power plant was refurbished and a second block (12 x 36 MW) was built to provide for growing electricity demands of industry and households in the German Democratic Republic.

On July 22, 1960 an Ilyushin Il-14 plane of the GDR armed forces flying through dense fog scratched one of the chimneys and crashed. Seven people on board the plane and a worker on the ground were killed.

After 1968 the city of Dessau was supplied with heat from Vockerode Power Plant via a 15 kilometres long line. In 1971 a gas turbine power plant was built, which consisted of six 27 MW units. Between 1972 and 1974 greenhouse facilities were built on an area of 64 hectares, which were heated by the power plant, for growing tomatoes and cucumbers.

The green house facilities were shut down in 1991, and demolished in 1997. In 1994 the lignite power plant was shut down. In 1998 the gas turbine power plant was shut down and on September 22, 2001 the chimneys were demolished by explosives. In 2005 the oil tanks of the gas turbine plant were demolished.

References

Coal-fired power stations in Germany
Buildings and structures demolished in 2001
Demolished buildings and structures in Germany
SVFlux. SVFLUX is a finite element seepage analysis program developed by SoilVision Systems Ltd.. The software is designed to analyze both saturated and unsaturated flow through the ground through the solving of Richard's equation. The program is used in the fields of civil engineering and hydrology in order to analyze seepage and groundwater regional flow. The software is used for the calculation of flow rates, pore-water pressures, and pumping rates associated with regional groundwater flow. The software can be coupled with CHEMFLUX in order to calculate diffusion, advection, and decay rates or with SVHEAT in order to calculate thermal gradients and freeze/thaw fronts.

Methodology
SVFLUX makes use of a general finite element solver to solve the Richards equation for both saturated and unsaturated flow. The finite element solver makes use of automatic mesh generation and automatic mesh refinement in order to aid in problem solution. The software has been used on large projects including the Questa Weathering Study which examined the flow regime through waste rock piles. Several forms of the flow governing equation are implemented in the software which provides greater flexibility in solving unique flow situations.

The user enters geometry, material properties, and analysis constraints through a CAD-type graphical user interface (GUI). The results may also be viewed in the context of a graphical user interface. The geometry is simply entered as regions which may be drawn, pasted in from Excel, or imported from AutoCAD DXF files. The factor of safety for a specific failure surface is computed as the forces driving failure along the surface divided by the shear resistance of the soils along the surface.

A library of benchmark models are distributed with the software.

Features
The developers of SVFLUX have implemented all of the classic features traditionally found in seepage analysis software as well as an interesting list of new features.

The following is a list of some of the more distinct features of SVFLUX:
 Probabilistic analysis
 Unsaturated analysis with improved convergence
 Coupled climatic boundary conditions and calculation of actual evaporation (AE)
 Automatic mesh generation
 Automatic mesh refinement
 Support for parallel processing
 Large library of example models
 Simple and intuitive graphical user interface

Classic features also supported by the software include:
 Right-click application of boundary conditions and properties
 Help system and tutorial manual
 Solution for saturated and unsaturated flow
 Regional groundwater analysis
 Plotting of flowlines and streamtraces
 Reporting of fluxes

References

External links
 SoilVision Systems Ltd.

Geotechnical engineering software
Erich Übelacker. Erich Übelacker (19 October 1899 Vienna – 30 June 1977 Bremen) was a German automobile engineer.

Übelacker studied mechanical engineering at Prague Technical University and subsequently worked there as an assistant to Professor Rudolf Dörfl. During 1927–39 he worked at Tatra Works in Kopřivnice in Moravia under the leadership of Hans Ledwinka. Together with Ledwinka's son Erich Ledwinka, Übelacker developed the Tatra type 57 and designed the first Tatra aerodynamic cars with air-cooled rear engines T77, T77a, T87 and T97. During 1939–41 he worked for Austrian automobile factory Steyr, subsequently moving to Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart constructing turbine engines there between 1941 and 1945. As a captured soldier he continued the work on turbine engines at Turbomeca in Pau, France. From 1949 to 1961 he was employed as chief designer of utility and special automobiles at Borgward in Bremen, Germany. He was an author of large number of technical patents relating to automobile design.

See also 
 List of automobile manufacturers
 Hans Ledwinka

References

Sources 

1899 births
1977 deaths
German automobile designers
Tatra (company)
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German prisoners of war in World War II held by France
Sopwith Snark. The Sopwith Snark was a British prototype fighter aircraft designed and built towards the end of the First World War to replace the RAF's Sopwith Snipes. A single engined triplane, the Snark did not fly until after the end of the war, only three being built.

Development and design

In spring 1918, although the Sopwith Snipe had not yet entered service with the Royal Air Force, the British Air Ministry drew up a specification (RAF Type I) for its replacement.  The specification asked for a fighter capable of operations at high altitude and powered by the ABC Dragonfly engine, which was an air-cooled radial engine  which had been ordered in large numbers based on promises of high performance and ease of production.

Sopwith produced two designs to meet this requirement, a biplane, the Snapper, and a triplane, the Snark.  Sopwith received orders for three prototypes each of the Snapper and Snark, as well as orders for 300 of a Dragonfly powered version of the Snipe, the Sopwith Dragon.  The Snark had a wooden monocoque fuselage like that of the Sopwith Snail lightweight fighter, and had equal span single-bay wings with ailerons on each wing.  The wings had unequal spacing and stagger, with the gap between the mid and upper wings less than that between the lower and mid wings to minimise the height of the aircraft.

The Snark was fitted with what was, for the time, a very heavy armament for a single-seat fighter.  In addition to the normal two synchronised Vickers guns inside the fuselage, it had four Lewis guns mounted under the lower wings, firing outside the propeller disc.  These guns were inaccessible to the pilot, and so could not be reloaded or unjammed in flight.

The first prototype was complete by October 1918, but flight-ready engines were not available until March 1919, and the Snark did not make its first flight until July 1919. While it demonstrated reasonable performance and good maneuverability, (although not as good as the earlier Sopwith Triplane), by this time, it had been realised that the Dragonfly engine had serious problems, being prone to overheating and severe vibration, and plans for production of the Snark had been abandoned.  The three Snarks continued in use for trials purposes until 1921.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes
  A similar installation of two Lewis guns on the lower wings of Sopwith Dolphin fighters was tested by No. 87 Squadron RAF.

Bibliography

Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters Volume Three. London:Macdonald, 1969. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .
Robertson, Bruce. Sopwith-The Man and his Aircraft. Letchworth, UK:Air Review, 1970. .

1910s British fighter aircraft
Triplanes
Snark
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Wet storage stain. Wet storage stain, more commonly known as white rust or white corrosion, is a type of zinc corrosion. It is called wet storage stain because it occurs when a fresh zinc surface is stored in a wet environment with limited oxygen and carbon dioxide sources; the restriction in air is usually due to the items being stacked on one another or otherwise stored in close quarters. This type of corrosion does not usually occur to zinc surfaces that have had time to form their normal layers of corrosion protection.

Chemistry
Wet storage stain is a white, crumbly, and porous substance that is a mixture of three chemical compounds: 2ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2, ZnO, and β-Zn(OH)2. Underneath the white coating is usually a dark gray surface. The corrosion product is very voluminous; it is approximately 100 times greater in volume than the zinc consumed. Because of this the corrosion is not usually detrimental to the usability of the item, unless the zinc surface is only a thin coating, such as zinc electroplating.

Wet storage stain only occurs in situations where there is a lack of oxygen or carbon dioxide, because it usually forms zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide in open air environments. These oxides are usually present on zinc surfaces, but do not protect them from wet storage stain because they are only loosely adherent to the surface and any moisture can attack the oxides from underneath. Also, chlorides and sulfates accelerate the formation of corrosion.

Removal
To stop the corrosion from continuing the object just needs to be aired out to remove any moisture and allow the normal layer of protection to form. Washing and a wire brush will remove most of the corrosion. For complete removal, 10% acetic acid or a mixture of polishing chalk and 20–40% NaOH can be used. Both require a thorough water rinsing afterward and do not restore lustrous surface finish if one was previously present.

Prevention
Wet storage stain can be prevented for a limited amount of time by coating in a light oil, chromate conversion coatings, or phosphate conversion coatings. A more permanent solution is to paint the surface.

References

Bibliography
.

Corrosion
Zinc
State postulate. The state postulate is a term used in thermodynamics that defines the given number of properties to a thermodynamic system in a state of equilibrium. It is also sometimes referred to as the state principle. The state postulate allows a finite number of properties to be specified in order to fully describe a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Once the state postulate is given the other unspecified properties must assume certain values.

The state postulate says:

A more general statement of the state postulate says:

the state of a simple system is completely specified by r+1 independent, intensive properties where r is the number of significant work interactions.

A system is considered to be a simple compressible one in the absence of certain effects which are uncommon in many engineering applications. These are electromagnetic and gravitational fields, surface tension, and motion. For such a system, only two independent intensive variables are sufficient to derive all the others by use of an equation of state.  In the case of a more complex system, additional variables must be measured in order to solve for the complete state.  For example, if gravitation is significant then an elevation may be required.

Two properties are considered independent if one can be varied while the other is held constant.  For example, temperature and specific volume are always independent.  However, temperature and pressure are independent only for a single-phase system; for a multiphase system (such as a mixture of gas and liquid) this is not the case. (e.g., boiling point (temperature) depends on elevation (ambient pressure)).

See also 

Gibbs' phase rule

References 

Thermodynamics
645th Aeronautical Systems Group. Big Safari is a United States Air Force program begun in 1952 which provides management, direction, and control of the acquisition, modification, and logistics support for special purpose weapons systems derived from existing aircraft and systems. To that end, the program operates under procurement procedures which allow it in most cases to designate the contractor. The sole-source arrangement that allows the pairing of contractors to specific requirements is paramount to the program's success.

The program's mission statement begins:
The BIG SAFARI acquisition and sustainment system employs the necessary flexibility to respond to high-priority, dynamic operational requirements for programs that involve a limited number of systems that require a rapid response to changes in the operational environment throughout the life of the system. BIG SAFARI focuses on acquiring, fielding, and sustaining key operational capabilities that otherwise would not be achievable or supportable in the required timeframe. Events and processes are tailored to meet the user's operational and schedule needs.

The program was reconstituted as the BIG SAFARI Systems Group on 23 November 2004 and activated as same on 18 January 2005. It was redesignated as the 645th Aeronautical Systems Group (645 ASG) on 14 July 2006 and is now aligned as the 645th Aeronautical Systems Group (Big Safari) under the 303rd Aeronautical Systems Wing (303 ASW) of the Air Force Materiel Command, although the program itself receives some direction from National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC). 

Both the 645 ASG (Big Safari) and 303 ASW are headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, although Big Safari also has facilities at Hanscom AFB and Majors Airport in Greenville, Texas. The program oversees, among other aircraft, the RC-135 and EC-130 aircraft as well as unmanned aerial vehicles and remotely piloted aircraft. 

The Air Force has referred to Big Safari as a "rapid procurement force," which tests the fielding of new weapons systems, sensors, and platforms. By some accounts, the program has been operating since the late 1950s, when the BQM-34 Firefly drone was procured and evaluated. This effort led to the first operational unmanned reconnaissance vehicle, the redesignated Ryan Aeronautical AQM-34 Lightning Bug. Programs conducted under the auspices of Big Safari are identified by two-word names beginning with the word "Rivet." For instance, the RC-135V and RC-135W model aircraft are part of the "Rivet Joint" program.

The program is still operational as of 6 May, 2022.

References

Bibliography

See Also
List of U.S. Department of Defense and partner code names

External links
 BIG SAFARI for National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA)

Groups of the United States Air Force
1952 establishments in the United States
Projects of the United States Air Force
Equipment of the United States Air Force
United States Air Force procurement
Military units and formations in Ohio
BASE24. For the number system, see Base 24.
BASE24 is a series of applications produced by ACI Worldwide, Inc. that support payment systems used by large financial institutions.

BASE24-atm 
BASE24-atm is an EFT processing and switching system that provides ATM support and management including transaction routing and authorization, electronic data interchange, settlement, reporting,  network control, and stored-value card functionality.

BASE24-eps 
BASE24-eps, formerly BASE24-es, is a payment engine that the financial payments industry uses. It is used to acquire, authenticate, route, switch, and authorize financial transactions across multiple channels.  It is supported by mainframe computer platforms including z/OS, HP NonStop (Tandem), UNIX (IBM pSeries, Sun Sparc) and Linux (x86_64).

BASE24-infobase 
BASE24-infobase is used to collect ATM transactions, including EFT payments, and distribute operational data, such as automated software updates.  It operates on HP NonStop and is able to receive data from a range of ATMs.

BASE24-pos 
BASE24-pos is a data integrity support application.  It is supported by HP NonStop servers. It has a Stored Value Module component that provides online issuance and validation of stored-value card data.  It also has an ACI Commerce Gateway component which serves as a firewall between internal servers and the Internet or other payment networks.

References 

Payment systems
YikeBike. The YikeBike mini-farthing is a type of folding electric motorbike released on 2 September 2009 at Eurobike, going into production mid 2010. It weighs  and when folded, it is small enough to fit in a carry bag, so it can be transported in an urban bus. The YikeBike was invented by Grant Ryan and designed by a team in New Zealand over 5 years.

Characteristics
The YikeBike looks like a mini version of a penny farthing (mini-farthing). The YikeBike folds to  and weighs , so it can be carried around.

The vehicle has no chain, pedals, gear box, mechanical brake, cables or levers. These functions are provided by a  electric motor and controller. The YikeBike has regenerative electronic anti-skid brakes. There are also built-in lights, indicators and horn for safety.

Media appearances
In September 2009, YikeBike was launched at Eurobike in Germany.

YikeBike was ranked 15th on Time magazine's 50 Best Inventions of 2009 list.

YikeBike featured on Discovery Channel's Daily Planet show.

YikeBike featured on A&E's Storage Wars. A yikebike was found in a storage locker in Season 4's Episode 2 (Series show #74, The Young and the Restless).

Stephen Fry tested the YikeBike in season 1, episode 1 of Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets

Specifications
Original model / Fusion

See also
Electric motorcycles

References

External links
Official Website

Electric concept cars
Bicycles
New Zealand design
NPO ELSIB. NPO "ELSIB" OAO () (ELSIB Research and Production Association Open Joint Stock Company) is a machine building company involved in the research, production and design of electric generators and large machines for metallurgy. It is based in Novosibirsk, Russia.

Overview 
The company has three main production segments: turbogenerators and hydroelectric generators; asynchronous motors and frequency converters, as well as other equipment, such as drives of the wheel and excitation systems. In addition, the company provides repair and modernization services for both equipment of its own production as well as other producers. Production facilities are concentrated in a single industrial site supporting almost the full production cycle, while the use of co-operation and subcontracting is being kept at minimum. As of 2008, the company's work force consists of about 1200-1300 people.
  
Most of the company's sales go to domestic customers in industries such as oil and gas, chemical, electric and thermal power transportation, coal and metallurgy.

In 2008, NPO ELSIB was the largest company of Novosibirsk Oblast receiving foreign investment. During its history, NPO ELSIB has delivered turbo- and hydrogenerators to more than 700 power plants worldwide. Currently, more than 60,000 large electric machines produced by the company are being operated in 52 countries of the world. About 30% of power plants in Russia use generators produced by NPO ELSIB. The company's stock is listed at the Russian Trading System.

History 

NPO ELSIB's history dates back to the 1950s, when it was founded as the "Novosibirsk turbogenerator plant." In 1957 the company achieved its first foreign exports. By the end of the 1960s, the company became one of the leading players of the Russian machine building sector. In 1988, the enterprise was transformed into the Research and Production Corporation "Sibelectrotyazhmash." In 1992 it became the JSC "ELSIB," which was then transformed into the present company in 2001, by a merger with the Research Institute "ELSIB."

References

External links 
Company website

Russian brands
Mechanical engineering companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies based in Novosibirsk
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union
Gas turbine manufacturers
Kirovsky District, Novosibirsk
Engine manufacturers of Russia
Engine manufacturers of the Soviet Union