omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ELLA (programming language). ELLA is a hardware description language and support toolset, developed in the United Kingdom by the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) during the 1980s and 1990s, which also developed the compiler for the programming language, ALGOL 68RS, used to write ELLA.

ELLA has tools to perform:
 Design transformation
 Symbolic simulations
 Formal verification

ELLA is a winner of the 1989 Queen's Award for Technological Achievement.

Sample 
Sample originally from ftp://ftp.dra.hmg.gb/pub/ella, public release.

Code for matrix multiplication hardware design verification:
MAC ZIP = ([INT n]TYPE t: vector1 vector2) -> [n][2]t:
  [INT k = 1..n](vector1[k], vector2[k]).
     
MAC TRANSPOSE = ([INT n][INT m]TYPE t: matrix) -> [m][n]t:
  [INT i = 1..m] [INT j = 1..n] matrix[j][i].

MAC INNER_PRODUCT{FN * = [2]TYPE t -> TYPE s, FN + = [2]s -> s}
                 = ([INT n][2]t: vector) -> s:
  IF n = 1 THEN *vector[1]
  ELSE *vector[1] + INNER_PRODUCT {*,+} vector[2..n]
  FI.

MAC MATRIX_MULT {FN * = [2]TYPE t->TYPE s, FN + = [2]s->s} =
([INT n][INT m]t: matrix1, [m][INT p]t: matrix2) -> [n][p]s:
BEGIN
  LET transposed_matrix2 = TRANSPOSE matrix2.
OUTPUT [INT i = 1..n][INT j = 1..p]
       INNER_PRODUCT{*,+}ZIP(matrix1[i],transposed_matrix2[j])
END.

TYPE element = NEW elt/(1..20),
     product = NEW prd/(1..1200).

FN PLUS = (product: integer1 integer2) -> product:
  ARITH integer1 + integer2.

FN MULT = (element: integer1 integer2) -> product:
  ARITH integer1 * integer2.

FN MULT_234 = ([2][3]element:matrix1, [3][4]element:matrix2) ->
             [2][4]product:  
  MATRIX_MULT{MULT,PLUS}(matrix1, matrix2).

FN TEST = () -> [2][4]product:
( LET m1 = ((elt/2, elt/1, elt/1),
            (elt/3, elt/6, elt/9)), 
      m2 = ((elt/6, elt/1, elt/3, elt/4), 
            (elt/9, elt/2, elt/8, elt/3),
            (elt/6, elt/4, elt/1, elt/2)).
  OUTPUT
    MULT_234 (m1, m2)
).

COM test: just displaysignal MOC

References

External links
 ELLA source code including the ALGOL 68RS translator

Hardware description languages
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Paul Crowell. Paul A. Crowell is a professor of physics at the University of Minnesota, United States. His research specialties include spin dynamics and transport in ferromagnets and ferromagnet-semiconductor heterostructures. Crowell received his BA in physics and mathematics from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania later earning his PhD in physics from Cornell University in 1994. He is an honors undergraduate physics instructor and is the leader of a research group exploring "Spin Dynamics, Transport and Magneto-optics."

He was elected in 2008 a Fellow of the American Physical Society for "application of elegant optical and transport techniques to the study of spin dynamics and transport in metals and semiconductors and experiments probing the excitation spectra of inhomogeneously magnetized systems, particularly magnetic vortices."

References

External links
Crowell Group website
Crowell's profile at UMN MRSEC
University of Minnesota biography

Cornell University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American physicists
University of Minnesota faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
FJG RAM. FJG RAM, short for Floating Junction Gate Random Access Memory, is a type of computer memory invented and subsequently patented in July 2009 by Oriental Semiconductor Electronics, Ltd.

According to Oriental Semiconductor researchers, FJG ram has an ultra-compact cell area of 4-5F2 (F refers to feature size) and a capacitor-less cell configuration. The FJG RAM can be produced in existing standard dynamic RAM fabrication plants. Due to the absence of a capacitor, the FJG cell process is more compatible with logic processes, allowing its use in standalone DRAM applications as well as embedded-DRAM applications. Other properties include non-destructive-read and the possibility for DRAM designers to use shared sense amplifiers to reduce the complexity of peripheral circuits.

As of July 2023, there is little evidence of ongoing development or near-term commercialization efforts.

References

External links
 Oriental Semiconductor webpage

Types of RAM
Upcoming integrated circuits
Chinese inventions
Science and technology in China
SIO (software). SIO is a serial port driver package for OS/2 written by Raymond L. Gwinn. It is designed to not only improve performance over OS/2's default serial drivers, but also improve compatibility. SIO contains a virtualized FOSSIL (VX00) driver that can be loaded to provide FOSSIL support to DOS based communications software. SIO later added the ability to create virtualized COM ports, which, combined with the included program VMODEM, allows incoming telnet connections to be directed toward the virtualized COM port. Older communications software are also able to "call out" to telnet sites. This is possible due to a custom set of "AT" commands that allow users to pass a hostname to the VMODEM software.

SIO (and the included VMODEM software) became very popular among Bulletin Board System operators due to the incoming telnet feature, as well as drastic speed improvements over other telnet solutions of the time.

See also

References

Device drivers
FOSSIL
OS/2 drivers
Application posture. The term application posture characterizes the nature of a software application's interaction with its user.

The term was coined by Alan Cooper, who characterized four 'postures' for applications: sovereign, transient, daemonic and parasitic.

 A sovereign application is a program that monopolizes the user's attention for long periods of time.
 Cooper defined transient applications thus: 'A transient posture program comes and goes, presenting a single, high-relief function with a tightly restricted set of accompanying controls. The program is called when needed, it appears and performs its job, then it quickly leaves, letting the user continue her more normal activity, usually a sovereign application.'
 Daemonic applications are background processes that require no direct user interaction.
 Parasitic or Auxiliary applications are similar to transient applications in providing a limited, focused set of functionality and occupy a small space, but they are shown persistently and can be used for a long period of time.

See also 
 Desk accessory
 Helper application

Bibliography
 About Face by Cooper, Alan, Reimann, Robert & Cronin, David , 2007

References

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090303083150/http://www.littlespringsdesign.com/blog/blog/2007/09/07/application-posture/

Computing terminology
User interface techniques
OpenXPKI. The OpenXPKI project stewards an open-source Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) software.

History
The OpenXPKI project commenced  2005 and began to produce usable software from  2010 but choose to take a precautionary approach with the first production level release in 2015.
The approach taken was to create a modular system with most modules capable of being re-utilised in other systems - a Workflow engine centered approach.

The software has been mostly written in Perl and designed to run on Unix-like operating systems such as FreeBSD and Linux. Database backends have been created for MySQL, PostgreSQL, the Oracle Database and IBM Db2.

Technical
After installation the software on the node is configured to act as a Certificate Authority (CA), Registration Authority (RA) or End-Entity Enrollment (EE) node.

One client implementation is a web frontend that allows end-users to access the OpenXPKI system using a web browser, and a command line interface also available for system administrators. OpenXKPI also has a SCEP interface available.

Reception
OpenXPKI has been used successfully in scenarios from performance testing up to enterprise level environments. Shortcomings are that it requires additional components to complete a certificate based authentication, including software for efficient certificate distribution.

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links
The OpenXPKI Project

Cryptographic software
Evolutionary data mining. Evolutionary data mining, or genetic data mining is an umbrella term for any data mining using evolutionary algorithms. While it can be used for mining data from DNA sequences, it is not limited to biological contexts and can be used in any classification-based prediction scenario, which helps "predict the value ... of a user-specified goal attribute based on the values of other attributes." For instance, a banking institution might want to predict whether a customer's credit would be "good" or "bad" based on their age, income and current savings. Evolutionary algorithms for data mining work by creating a series of random rules to be checked against a training dataset. The rules which most closely fit the data are selected and are mutated. The process is iterated many times and eventually, a rule will arise that approaches 100% similarity with the training data. This rule is then checked against a test dataset, which was previously invisible to the genetic algorithm.

Process

Data preparation

Before databases can be mined for data using evolutionary algorithms, it first has to be cleaned, which means incomplete, noisy or inconsistent data should be repaired. It is imperative that this be done before the mining takes place, as it will help the algorithms produce more accurate results.

If data comes from more than one database, they can be integrated, or combined, at this point. When dealing with large datasets, it might be beneficial to also reduce the amount of data being handled. One common method of data reduction works by getting a normalized sample of data from the database, resulting in much faster, yet statistically equivalent results.

At this point, the data is split into two equal but mutually exclusive elements, a test and a training dataset. The training dataset will be used to let rules evolve which match it closely. The test dataset will then either confirm or deny these rules.

Data mining

Evolutionary algorithms work by trying to emulate natural evolution. First, a random series of "rules" are set on the training dataset, which try to generalize the data into formulas. The rules are checked, and the ones that fit the data best are kept, the rules that do not fit the data are discarded. The rules that were kept are then mutated, and multiplied to create new rules.

This process iterates as necessary in order to produce a rule that matches the dataset as closely as possible. When this rule is obtained, it is then checked against the test dataset. If the rule still matches the data, then the rule is valid and is kept. If it does not match the data, then it is discarded and the process begins by selecting random rules again.

See also
Data mining
Evolutionary algorithm
Knowledge discovery
Pattern mining
Data analysis

References

Data mining
2-Chlorobenzoic acid. 2-Chlorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4CO2H.  It is one of three isomeric chlorobenzoic acids, the one that is the strongest acid.  This white solid is used as a precursor to a variety of drugs, food additives, and dyes.

Synthesis and reactions

It is prepared by the oxidation of 2-chlorotoluene.  The laboratory scale reaction employs potassium permanganate.  Alternatively it arises by the hydrolysis of α,α,α-trichloro-2-toluene.

The chloride is readily replaced by ammonia to 2-aminobenzoic acid.  Similarly, the chloride is displaced by diphenylphosphide, leading to 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid.

At elevated temperature it decarboxylates.

References

Benzoic acids
2-Chlorophenyl compounds
Arnold Power Station. The Arnold Power Station is a hydroelectric facility fed from Lake Brunner on the Arnold River in West Coast, New Zealand, owned and operated by TrustPower. Commissioned in 1932, the plant is rated at  and has an average annual output of .

History
Despite the pioneering achievements in supplying electricity to the town of Reefton in 1888, electricity was relatively late in coming to the settlements of the West Coast.  The Grey Electric Power Board was established in October 1922, but at that stage, there was no immediate prospect of supply from the Government, and the Board was permitted to construct its own power scheme and associated transmission network.  In 1923, a plan was developed to build a hydro-electric generating station on the Arnold River.  However, to meet pressing demands for electricity supply from local residents this plan was postponed, and a coal-burning steam engine power station was built at Dobson in 1926. However, after only a year's operation, the level of demand was such that more capacity was required, and the planning for the Arnold River hydro scheme recommenced.  Construction began in October 1929, and the power station was opened in September 1932.  Electricity from the station was transmitted at 33 kV.

Technical details
The station was built with a concrete gravity dam, with an earth wing wall.  An intake tunnel  in diameter and  long was built connecting to a surge chamber and two short penstocks. As originally constructed, the station had a head of , but this was later increased to . The Arnold station had two variable-pitch Kaplan turbines each driving generators rated at 1,500 kW.

Connecting to the National Grid
The settlements of the West Coast did not finally receive a supply of electricity from the National Grid until October 1938, when a 66 kV transmission line was completed from Lake Coleridge across the Southern Alps through Arthur's Pass to the West Coast.  In anticipation of becoming connected to the National Grid, in 1937 the Grey Electric Power Board agreed to sell the Arnold River hydro-electric power station to the Government, and also to surrender its right to generate power.

Further development 
TrustPower had been planning a new hydroelectric power station at Arnold, with an output of  and average annual generation of . Consents for this project were granted by the Grey District and West Coast Regional Councils in November 2008. Though the resource consents were upheld by the Environment Court in 2010, the project was put on hold indefinitely in 2012 due to changes in economic conditions.

In September 2019 Trustpower said that the scheme was unlikely to proceed as it was not economically viable. Consents for the scheme lapsed in December 2020.

See also

Electricity sector in New Zealand
List of power stations in New Zealand

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1932
Hydroelectric power stations in New Zealand
Grey District
Buildings and structures in the West Coast Region
Clarence Lionel Adcock. Clarence Lionel Adcock (October 23, 1895 – January 9, 1967) was a United States Army officer during World War II.

Early life

He was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, and attended the United States Military Academy from 1915 - 1918. Lucius D. Clay, William M. Miley, Edwin L. Sibert, James C. Marshall, Hugh John Casey were among his fellow graduates.

Military career
Commissioned into the Corps of Engineers in 1918, Adcock served as G-4 (supplies and logistics) to II Corps in the Mediterranean Theater in 1942, before performing the same duties for the Fifth Army.  In 1943, he was on the staff of Allied Forces Headquarters and then with the Sixth Army Group until the end of the war in Europe.
  
In June 1945, he was appointed Deputy to the Assistant Chief of Staff, Headquarters, U.S. Forces, European Theater (USFET); and then was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in July 1945. He served as Director of the Office of Military Government for the U.S. Zone in Germany from October 1945 to March 1946, and as Assistant Deputy Military Governor for Operations and Deputy to the Commanding General Lucius D. Clay, Office of Military Government for Germany, from April to October 1946.

Adcock retired from active duty in 1947, but was recalled to serve as the U.S. Chairman of the Bipartite Control Office, part of the Military Government in Germany.

Awards 
Adcock received a number of awards for his service, including the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster, Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the Croix de Guerre avec palmes.

Personal life 
He married Inez Elise Genrich on March 5, 1947.

Death and legacy 
He retired again in 1949, and died in Tucson, Arizona, on January 9, 1967.  He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery, in Virginia.

References

External links

"201" File of Clarence L. Adcock, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army Officers 1939−1945
Generals of World War II

1895 births
1967 deaths
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Legion of Honour
American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Tailor's ham. A tailor's ham or dressmaker's ham is a tightly stuffed pillow used as a curved mold when pressing curved areas of clothing, such as darts, sleeves, cuffs, collars, or waistlines. Pressing on a curved form allows a garment better to fit body contours. To accommodate tapering or garments of different sizes, it has roughly the shape of a ham.

It is possible to make a tailor's ham using a heavy weight fabric such as cotton canvas; a tailor's ham may be filled with sawdust or pieces of scrap fabric.

References

External links 

 How to make tailor's hams and sausages

Sewing equipment
Sun Chemical. Sun Chemical is the world's largest producer of printing inks and pigments and is located in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. It was incorporated in 1945. The company has its roots as the Lorilleux & Cie. Paris in 1818, but was incorporated under the Sun name in 1945. The company operates the Daniel J. Carlick Technical Center in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

Sun Chemical is a member of the DIC Corporation group of companies based in Japan. The company provides materials to packaging, publication, coatings, plastics, cosmetics and other industrial markets, including electronic materials, functional and specialty coatings, brand protection and product authentication technologies.

Sites

Africa

South Africa
In South Africa the chemical company trades under the name Sun Chemical S.A(Pty)Ltd. There is 1 manufacturing site and 13 inplant sites.

Manufacturing Sites
 Prospecton, Kwazulu-Natal - this site has two factories, manufacturing liquid inks and paste inks.

Inplant sites
 Gauteng - 4 inplants
 KwaZulu-Natal - 6 inplants 
 North West - 1 inplant 
 Western Cape - 2 inplants

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

References

External links

 

Companies based in Morris County, New Jersey
Manufacturing companies based in New Jersey
Chemical companies established in 1945
Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey
Chemical companies of the United States
United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. The United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) is a Federal Advisory Committee that provides independent advice on matters of science and technology relating to the Air Force mission, reporting directly to the Secretary of the Air Force and Chief of Staff of the Air Force.  In the past, it has provided advice on technologies such as: supersonic aircraft, weather forecasting, satellite communications, medical research, crewless airplanes, and defenses against aircraft and missiles. Today, the SAB performs in-depth reviews of the Air Force Research Laboratory's science and technology research, and performs studies on topics tasked by the Secretary and Chief of Staff. Members are appointed by the Secretary of Defense.

History
The board was established in 1944 under the name Scientific Advisory Group with General Henry H. Arnold as the military director and Dr. Theodore von Kármán as the board chair.  The group was asked to evaluate the aeronautical research and development programs and facilities of the Axis powers of World War II, and to provide recommendations for future United States Air Force research and development programs.
The group's name was changed to the Scientific Advisory Board in 1946.

SAB Chairs

Scientific Advisory Board Military Directors
1944–1946: Gen Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold
1946–47: Maj Gen Curtis E. Lemay
1947–1948: Lt Gen Laurence Craigie
1948–52,54- : Maj Gen Donald L. Putt

See also
 Scientific Advisory Group

Citations

United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1944
Think tanks based in the United States
American advisory organizations
Interfering thread nut. An interfering thread nut is a type of locknut that has an undersized root diameter. This creates an interference between the nut and the fastener, plastically deforming the threads on the fastener. Due to this deformation they are usually only used on permanent or semi-permanent installations.

A variation of this nut is the tapered thread nut. It utilizes a tapered thread to achieve the interference. The nut goes on easily, because the thread diameter starts at a standard size; as the nut is further threaded on it begins to lock, much like a distorted thread locknut.

References

Nuts (hardware)
Plate nut. A plate nut, also known as a nut plate, anchor nut or anchor plate, is a stamped sheet metal nut that is usually riveted to a workpiece. They have a long tube that is internally threaded and a plate with two clearance holes for rivets. The most popular versions have two lugs and they exist as fixed anchor nuts and as floating anchor nuts. The latter allows the nut to move slightly and so enlarges the positioning tolerances of the mounted parts. They were originally developed for the aerospace industry but are now also common in automotive racing.

Locknut types are available, which utilize deformed threads or a nylon locking element, much like a nyloc nut.  These locking plate nuts are used when the nut is subjected to constant changes in environment or to vibration.  The nylon insert expands and stops vibrations of the nut and acts as a locking arrangement.  Other types have a floating nut or replaceable locking elements. A typical U.S. military specification for plate nuts is MS21047.

See also
Rivet nut
Speed nut
Swage nut

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Nuts (hardware)
Puketiro Wind Farm. The Puketiro Wind Farm was a renewable energy project proposed for land owned by the Greater Wellington Regional Council (GWRC) in the Puketiro Forest near Pāuatahanui, north of Wellington, New Zealand. However, the project did not subsequently proceed.

The project was originally proposed by the Greater Wellington Regional Council (GWRC) in June 2005. After a tender process in 2006, RES NZ Ltd was selected to develop the project.

It was planned for approximately 40 wind turbines with a capacity of up to 130 MW. Wide public consultation was undertaken during early development of the project.  1300 submissions were received, with over 90% in favour. Nonetheless, a group of residents (Pauatahanui Futures Society Inc.) sought an injunction in May 2008 to stop the wind farm from proceeding. In September 2008 the GWRC withdrew permission for the three turbines that were to be installed in Battle Hill Farm Forest Park, and subsequently banned all turbines from the park. As of June 2011 the project was not expected to proceed.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "view from the hill" for .

See also 

Wind power in New Zealand
Electricity sector in New Zealand
List of power stations in New Zealand

References 

Proposed wind farms in New Zealand
Porirua
Buildings and structures in Porirua