omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Burnett equations. In continuum mechanics, a branch of mathematics, the Burnett equations are a set of higher-order continuum equations for non-equilibrium flows and the transition regimes where the Navier–Stokes equations do not perform well.

They were derived by the English mathematician D. Burnett.

Series expansion

Series expansion approach 
The series expansion technique used to derive the Burnett equations involves expanding the distribution function  in the Boltzmann equation as a power series in the Knudsen number :

Here,  represents the Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution function, dependent on the number density , macroscopic velocity , and temperature . The terms  etc., are higher-order corrections that account for non-equilibrium effects, with each subsequent term incorporating higher powers of the Knudsen number .

Derivation 
The first-order term  in the expansion gives the Navier-Stokes equations, which include terms for viscosity and thermal conductivity. To obtain the Burnett equations, one must retain terms up to second order, corresponding to . The Burnett equations include additional second-order derivatives of velocity, temperature, and density, representing more subtle effects of non-equilibrium gas dynamics.

The Burnett equations can be expressed as:

Here, the "higher-order terms" involve second-order gradients of velocity and temperature, which are absent in the Navier-Stokes equations. These terms become significant in situations with high Knudsen numbers, where the assumptions of the Navier-Stokes framework break down.

Extensions
The Onsager-Burnett Equations, commonly referred to as OBurnett, which form a superset of the Navier-Stokes equations and are
second-order accurate for Knudsen number.

Eq. (1)

Eq. (2)

Derivation

Starting with the Boltzmann equation

See also
Fluid dynamics
Lars Onsager
Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations
Stokes equations
Chapman–Enskog theory
Navier-Stokes equations

References

Further reading

Continuum mechanics
Hans Max Jahn. Hans Max Jahn (4 July 1853 – 7 August 1906) was a German physical chemist who worked on thermochemistry and electrochemistry. As an experimental chemist he identified problems in the contemporary theory of electrolyte conductivity and examined the thermodynamic validity of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.

Jahn was born in Küstrin (now in Poland) and was educated at the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg in chemistry and mathematics. His early influences included A. W. von Hofmann whom he assisted as a student, Robert Bunsen, G. Kirchhoff and the mathematician L. Kronecker. After receiving a doctorate in 1875 for work in organic chemistry he became an assistant to Anastassios Christomanos at Athens. In 1877 he moved to Vienna, working under Ernst Ludwig (1842–1915) and in 1884 he moved to Graz. From 1899 he taught at the agricultural school and university in Berlin. Jahn worked with Walther Nernst and one of his experimental result in 1900 was that there was an increased conductivity with increase in concentration of certain electrolytes. This went against the theory that Svante August Arrhenius has proposed and resulted in a major debate.

Jahn married Sophie von Sichrovsky in 1883. Jahn was a keen violinist but suffered from deteriorating hearing. He died in 1906 following complications after an appendictomy.

References

External links 

 Grundriss der Elektrochemie (1895)

1853 births
1906 deaths
Physical chemists
Electrochemists
Heidelberg University alumni
Nickel tungstate. Nickel tungstate is an inorganic compound of nickel, tungsten and oxygen, with the chemical formula of NiWO4.

Preparation

Nickel tungstate can be prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) nitrate and sodium tungstate:

Ni(NO3)2 + Na2WO4 → NiWO4 + 2 NaNO3

Nickel tungstate can also be prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) oxide and tungsten(VI) oxide.

It can also be obtained by the reaction of ammonium metatungstate and nickel(II) nitrate or from the reaction of sodium tungstate, nickel(II) chloride and sodium chloride.

Nickel tungstate undergoes a phase transition at 700°C.

Properties 

Nickel tungstate is a light brown, odourless solid that is insoluble in water. The amorphous form is green and the polycrystalline form is brown. It crystallizes in the wolframite crystal structure of the monoclinic crystal system with space group P2/c (No. 13). The compound is antiferromagnetic.

Applications

Nickel tungstate has no commercial uses. It has been examined as a photocatalyst, in humidity sensors, and in dielectric resonators. It is also considered as a "promising" cathode material for asymmetric supercapacitors.

Other compounds 
Nickel tungstate forms compounds with ammonia, such as NiWO4·2NH3·H2O which are cyan crystals, NiWO4·4NH3 which are green crystals, NiWO4·5NH3·H2O as dark blue crystals or anhydrous NiWO4·6NH3 which is crystalline purple, while the octahydrate of hexamine is dark blue.

References

Nickel compounds
Tungstates
U Kyi. U Kyi (; born 1 June 1934) is a Burmese inventor and lecturer who invented the first robot in South East Asia. His robot was designed to spray paint on cars. It can sit, stand and move freely. However, due to the lack of maintenance, the robot can no longer move.

Early life and education
U Kyi was born on 1 June 1934 in Dawei, Tanintharyi Division to parent Ba Hlaing and Ah Mar. He was the only child in his family. He got his diploma from the Associate of Government Technology Institute (A.G.T.I) in 1954. Later, he served as a tutor at the Insein GTI.

Invention 
In the 1960s, the Robotic Technology test was developed and U Kyi was preparing to be sent as a scholar to the United States. In 1963, he arrived back in Myanmar and started inventing robot which is now displayed at the front of the Insein GTI Student Reunion building. From 1970 to 1980, he served as a lecturer in GTI.

His first robot was created in 1986, 7 years before Japan's 007 Honda robot. The function of the robot is to spray paint on cars. It can sit, stand and move well. Nevertheless, without maintenance, the robot can no longer work or move. It took about six months for U Kyi to build this robot. He built it with scrap pieces of iron and aluminium from the Phawt Kan market. He proposed to the government about his car-painting robot project but was rejected by the government. Later after the 8888 Uprising in 1988, the student group, now the new government, gave support. However, the government withdrew their support when U Kyi requested further assistance for his project and was forbidden from creating any more inventions. He was appointed as the principal of Aung San Industrial and General Training School and retired in 1994.

Legacy
U Kyi's robot is considered as the Myanmar's first humanoid robot and displayed in front of the Insein GTI Student Reunion building.

References 

1934 births
Burmese inventors
Living people
Electric tractor. Electric tractors are tractors powered by electric vehicle batteries (sometimes called Battery Electric Tractors or BET), or in the case of plug-ins, by an electric power cable.

Advantages 
Electric tractors offer several advantages over diesel tractors. An electric motor needs less maintenance than a diesel motor, which has hundreds of moving parts.It Is Powered by Household Electricity or any Electricity can offer cost savings over diesel fuel. Greenhouse gas emissions, estimated at 53 tons per year for a typical diesel tractor, are drastically reduced.

Manufacturers 
Electric tractors are manufactured by a German company, Fendt, and by US companies, Solectrac and Monarch Tractor.

John Deere's protoype electric tractor is a plug-in, powered by an electrical cable.

Kubota is prototyping an autonomous electric tractor.

New Holland launched their T4 Electric Power Tractor, first showcased in 2023.

CaseIH announced their Farmall Utility 75C electric tractor.

See also 
Climate-smart agriculture
Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture

References

External links 

Electric tractors
Walter Lambrecht. Walter R. L. Lambrecht (born 1955) is a Belgian physicist.

Born in Aalst, Belgium, in 1955, Lambrecht attended the University of Ghent, where he earned a Lic. Sc. and a Dr. Sc. in 1977 and 1980, respectively. He is a professor at Case Western Reserve University. In 2002, Lambrecht was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, "[f]or his seminal contributions to a better understanding of the electronic structure and linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductors, in particular wide band gap semiconductors, chalcopyrites and rare-earth pnictides".

References

Semiconductor physicists
People from Aalst, Belgium
1955 births
Living people
Belgian physicists
21st-century Belgian scientists
Ghent University alumni
Case Western Reserve University faculty
20th-century Belgian scientists
Belgian expatriates in the United States
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Karl Helfrich. Karl R. Helfrich is an American physical oceanographer.

Helfrich earned his Bachelor of Science in engineering from Duke University in 1979. He completed a Master of Science degree and doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 and 1985, respectively. He is a senior scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, serving as J. S. Johnson Chair as Education Coordinator from 2001 to 2006, and was H. B. Bigelow Chair for Excellence in Oceanography between 2014 and 2017. In 2001, Helfrich was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society "[f]or laboratory, analytical, numerical, and observational contributions to understanding waves, hydraulic control, abyssal ocean circulation, thermals, plumes, viscous fingering and other areas of geophysical fluid dynamics."

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Physical oceanographers
American oceanographers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Duke University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Stephen Garoff. Stephen Garoff is an American physicist.

Garoff earned a bachelor's degree at Yale University in 1972 and studied applied physics at Harvard University, completing a master's degree in 1974, followed by a doctorate in 1977. Garoff subsequently became a research scientist for Exxon until 1986, when he moved to Schlumberger in the same role. Garoff joined the Carnegie Mellon University faculty in 1988 as professor of physics, and concurrently held courtesy appoints in materials science and engineering and chemical engineering. In 1998, he was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, "[f]or experimental studies of the dynamics of wetting".

References

Living people
ExxonMobil people
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Schlumberger people
20th-century American physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American physicists
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Road Safety Investigation Branch. The Road Safety Investigation Branch (RSIB) is a proposed road safety investigation organisation announced by the government of the United Kingdom in June 2022. The RSIB will provide independent safety recommendations based on thematic analysis of road accidents, and will provide insights into evolution of road safety policy in response to new technologies such as self-driving vehicles, e-scooters and electric vehicles.

History and context of creation 

In the Autumn of 2018,  a Road Collision Investigation Project was started to study causes of road traffic collisions and their impact and assess business case for a Road Collision Investigation Branch..

In October 2021, the Department for Transport (DfT) launched a consultation on the establishment of a Road Collision Investigation Branch (RCIB).

The UK has accident investigation organisations for air, maritime and rail accidents, but no independent body to investigate road incidents and their causes, while in Great Britain road collisions account for more fatalities than other modes of transport. Hitherto, investigations in the road sector were limited to a Collision Reporting and Sharing System (CRASH) and to Forensic Collision Investigation reports and Prevention of Future Death. (See also Reported Road Casualties Great Britain)

On 29 June 2022, Baroness Vere of Norbiton announced governmental intention of primary legislation for the creation of the Road Safety Investigation Branch (RSIB). Creation of the announced body will rely on proposals being brought forward in a future Transport bill.

Mission 

The branch shall investigate thematics in the causes of crashes and also specific incidents to learn safety lessons. Independent safety recommendations shall be provided to government and police forces.

It can also analyze safety trends in new or evolving technologies such as automated vehicles, e-scooters and electric vehicles.

To achieve such a mission, the body might use data from insurance companies, vehicle manufacturers, the emergency services and the NHS.

See also 

Other British accident investigation organizations 
 Office of Rail and Road
 Air Accidents Investigation Branch - Responsible for the investigation of air accidents in the United Kingdom
 Rail Accident Investigation Branch - Responsible for the investigation of rail accidents in the United Kingdom
 Marine Accident Investigation Branch
 Equivalent road agencies 
 French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau
 United-States
 National Transportation Safety Board
 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

References 

Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Road safety organizations
Proposed organizations
Audi Q6. The Audi Q6 is a full-size luxury crossover SUV with three-row seating produced by Audi through SAIC Audi joint venture in China since 2022. It was released in July 2022.

Overview 
The Audi Q6 shares the same MQB Evo platform with the similarly sized Volkswagen Talagon and Teramont/Atlas. While not a flagship model, it is the largest model currently marketed by Audi, outnumbering the Q7 and Q8 by exterior dimensions. It is mechanically unrelated to the upcoming Q6 e-tron.

Design wise, Audi officially calls the Audi Q6 a "land jet", and according to the Q6 designer Siming Yan, the exterior design of the Q6 was inspired by the kirin.

Powertrain 
In China, three engine options are offered, which are 2.0-litre petrol engine marketed as 40TFSI Quattro, 2.0-litre petrol engine with higher power output marketed as 45TFSI Quattro and a 2.5-litre VR6 petrol engine marketed as 50TFSI Quattro.

References

External links 

Q6
Cars introduced in 2022
Full-size sport utility vehicles
Luxury crossover sport utility vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Lehman 12. The Lehman 12 is an American sailboat that was designed by Barney Lehman as a one design racing sailing dinghy and first built in 1953.

Production
The design was first built by Lehman's own company, PlastiGlass founded in 1950 on the United States west coast. It was one of the first production boats to be built from fiberglass, a new material then. W. D. Schock Corp purchased PlastiGlass in 1955 and continued production of the boat design for a number of years, but it is now out of production. The Lehman 12 design led to a slightly larger boat, the Lehman 14 which, in turn, led to the highly successful Lido 14.

A total of 400 Lehman 12s were built.

Design
The Lehman 12 is a recreational planing sailing dinghy, built predominantly of fiberglass, with mahogany and oak wood trim. It has a loose-footed catboat rig, a plumb stem and transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable daggerboard. It displaces  and has positive flotation buoyancy tanks, making the boat unsinkable.

The boat has a draft of  with the daggerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof.

In 1998 W. D. Schock Corp carried out a redesign of the boat, as part of their program of modernizing many models in their product line, to simplify production and also maintenance for owners. The changes were made in consultation with the class association and the new design complies with class one design rules. The wood that had been used for the rails, thwarts, flotation tanks and other components was replaced with fiberglass, thus eliminating requirements for varnishing and reducing weight. The wooden tiller was replaced with aluminum. The new hull also incorporates flared hiking rails and structural strengthening stringers.

Operational history
The United States Sailing Association describes the boat, "Lehman 12 Dinghies have been a staple in Southern California one design racing since its inception in 1953. Lehman 12s are very responsive to weight, trim, and steering making it a challenging and competitive class. The Lehman 12 class is still one of the most active racing dinghy classes in Southern California."

Ullman Sails says, "the Lehman 12 is an exceptionally responsive two-man planing dinghy that quietly glides through the water with only a whisper of wind. It is a daggerboard boat with a loose-fitted cat rig and a deep rudder. The simple, uncomplicated design of the Lehman 12 makes it great for the husband-and-wife team."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Photo of Lehman 12s racing

Dinghies
1950s sailboat type designs
One-design sailing classes
Sailboat type designs by Barney Lehman
Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp
Sailboat types built by PlastiGlass
Lehman Interclub. The Lehman Interclub, also called the Lehman 10, is an American sailboat that was designed by Barney Lehman as a one design racer and first built in 1958.

Production
The design was initially built by Barney Lehman and then by his company PlastiGlass in the United States, starting in 1948. It was also built by W. D. Schock Corp, starting in 1956, after buying out PlasticGlass, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Lehman Interclub is a racing sailing dinghy, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a stayed catboat rig, a plumb stem and transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable daggerboard. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the daggerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof.

Operational history
The design was used for a US-Mexico regatta that was held in Acapulco in February, 1952 and which included sponsorship from the Mexican government.

The August 1963 issue of Motor Boating and Sailing noted that the boat was being "widely used for intercollegiate racing" on the American west coast at that time.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Lehman 12

Similar sailboats
Interclub Dinghy

References

Dinghies
1950s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Barney Lehman
Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp
Sailboat types built by PlastiGlass
Blue Origin NS-22. Blue Origin NS-22  was a sub-orbital spaceflight mission, operated by Blue Origin, which launched on August 4, 2022, using the New Shepard rocket.  It was Blue Origin's sixth crewed flight and the twenty-second overall to go into space.

Crew
The NS-22 crew was nicknamed "Titanium Feather".

The crew of six included Sara Sabry, who became the first Egyptian person and first Arab woman in space, and Mário Ferreira, who became the first Portuguese person in space. Also onboard was Coby Cotton, one of the co-founders of American YouTube channel Dude Perfect. Cotton's flight was sponsored by MoonDAO, a decentralized autonomous organization. 

The crew also included American British explorer Vanessa O'Brien, who became the first woman to complete the Explorers' Extreme Trifecta, which involves travelling to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the summit of Mount Everest, and flying into outer space.

References

Space tourism
2022 in spaceflight
Suborbital human spaceflights
2022 in Texas
New Shepard missions
Ohtani-ike Dam, Hyogo (Japan). Ohtani-ike  is an earthfill dam located in Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The dam impounds about 5  ha of land when full and can store 224 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1963 and completed in 1970.

See also
List of dams in Japan

References

Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Richard Shorthill. Richard W. Shorthill was an American academic who was a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Utah.

Early life and education 
Shorthill attended the University of Utah and received a B.A. in 1954 and a PhD in 1960.

Shorthill married Ellen and they had two children together.

Career 
Shorthill started his career with Boeing as a researcher. At Boeing, he worked on the Viking and Apollo space programs.

In 1999, he received the Franklin Institute Award along with Victor Vali for his work on the fiber optic gyroscope.

References

1928 births
2012 deaths
University of Utah alumni
University of Utah faculty
Corporation for Digital Scholarship. The Corporation for Digital Scholarship (Digital Scholar) is a nonprofit technology organization based in Vienna, Virginia, dedicated to developing open-source software for researchers and cultural heritage institutions. It was created in 2009 by faculty at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University to provide sustainability and business support for open source digital scholarship software projects that initially had funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the United States Institute of Museum and Library Services, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Supported projects 
As of 2014, Digital Scholar funded the development of the reference management tool Zotero with a global development team managed by Sean Takats while he was faculty at the Rosenzweig center. Starting in 2021, the entire development team was employed by Digital Scholar, and none were contracted through George Mason University. In 2016, CDS took over full responsibility for the Omeka family of web publishing projects.

As of 2022, Digital Scholar maintains Zotero, Omeka (for web publishing of digital cultural heritage), Tropy (for managing photographs of physical collections), PressForward (a WordPress plugin for maintaining content hubs), and Sourcery (a mobile app and community for digitizing archival collections).

External links 

Information technology organizations based in North America
Vienna, Virginia
2009 establishments in Virginia