omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Payen Pa 49. The Payen Pa 49 Katy was a small experimental French turbojet powered tailless aircraft, designed by Nicolas Roland Payen, and first flown in 1954. It was the first French aircraft of this kind and the smallest jet aircraft of its day.

Design and development
Roland Payen was a pioneer of tailless and delta winged aircraft, building two designs, a light aircraft and a fighter, before the Second World War. The Pa 49 Katy was his first post-war design.

The all-wood Katy was a tailless aircraft, having no separate horizontal stabiliser. The wing leading edge was swept at about 55° but, unlike the classic delta with its straight trailing edge, the Katy's was swept at about 30° with each trailing edge carrying full span control surfaces, elevators inboard and ailerons outboard.

At its root, the wing merged gently into the fuselage with small air intakes for the 1.47 kN (330 lbf) Turbomeca Palas engine built into the leading edge.  The cockpit was placed just aft of the intakes and the long straight-edged fin, swept at about 75° and initially as wide as the cockpit, began immediately behind it, narrowing to a slightly swept trailing edge carrying a full depth rudder. Images recorded before the first flight show the Katy with a low bicycle undercarriage with wing tip skids, but, by the time of the flight itself, this was replaced by a fixed, un-faired tricycle undercarriage.

Operational history

The first flight of what was now the Pa 49A took place on 22 January 1954 at Melun-Villaroche flown by Tony Ochsenbein, a comparatively inexperienced pilot, who had previously logged only 30 minutes on jets. Ten hours of manufacturer's testing was followed, in April 1954, by assessment at the Centre d'Essais en Vol (CEV), Brétigny-sur-Orge. The aerobatic ability of the Pa 49 was established.  At the CEV it was fitted with a split rudder airbrake; the two surfaces of the rudder separated from just below the tip, driven via faired external links near the bottom, into a V at the hinge for braking, rotating together for yaw control. This airbrake was designed by Fléchair SA, a company founded by Payen.  At the time of its appearance at the 12th Salon International d'Aeronautique at Paris, in 1957, the undercarriage legs were faired and the main wheels enclosed in spats and the aircraft renamed the Pa 49B.  For a time the nosewheel was also spatted. There were plans for a version with a retractable undercarriage, but this did not come about.

When the flight testing programme ended in 1958 Payen gave the aircraft to the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace at Paris - Le Bourget Airport.  He continued to design delta winged aircraft and the Payen Pa 71 and Pa 149 projects of the 1970s were direct developments of the Katy.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012. 
 

1950s French experimental aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Microjets
Single-engined jet aircraft
Pa 49
Aircraft first flown in 1954
**. ** may refer to:

 **, to express exponentiation in some programming languages
 **, a pointer to a pointer (or double pointer) in C syntax
 **, interpolation of keyword arguments into function calls in Python
 **, symbol in astronomical notation representing:
 Binary star
 Double star
 Multiple star
 Multiple star system
 2018 Winter Paralympics (), whose logo is a pair of vertically side-by-side 1-pointed asterisks

See also
 * (disambiguation)
 *** (disambiguation)
 Two star (disambiguation)
Geoplexing. Geoplexing is a computer science term relating to the duplication of computer storage and applications within a server farm over geographically diverse locations for the purpose of fault tolerance. The name comes from a contraction of geographical multiplex.

Description
In a geoplex, server clusters are duplicated over one or more geographically separate sites. Geoplexes can be "active-active" (where all of the clusters are used in tandem) or "active-passive" (where one or more of the clusters are kept as a hot spare).

Data and applications are shared either via cloning or partitioning.  With cloning, each server in a cluster handles one or more applications, with the applications and the data both being cloned to other servers in the geoplex, and so a load balancer then distributes requests to the cloned servers.  Meanwhile, with partitioning, hardware and applications are duplicated in the geoplex, while application datasets are divided between the servers, and therefore requests are routed to the appropriate server.

References

Fault-tolerant computer systems
Data synchronization
Computer storage technologies
Slurry transport. Slurry transport uses several methods: hydraulic conveying; conventional lean slurry conveying; and high concentration slurry disposal (HCSD).  The latter, HCSD, is a relatively modern approach, which is used to transfer high throughputs of fine fly ash over long distances (>) using high pressure diaphragm pumps with velocities of around 2 m/s. Ash disposal is simple as the ash solidifies easily and the system does not produce the waste water or leachate problems which can often be associated with ash lagoons.

Examples
Typical HCSD systems include the Clyde Bergemann solution designed to reduce water usage (up to 90% by weight), reduce ground and surface water pollution, reduce dust emission surrounding landfill site, increase disposal area working capacity and lower energy consumption.

See also
High-density solids pump

References

2: Miedema, S.A., Slurry Transport: Fundamentals, a Historical Overview and The Delft Head Loss & Limit Deposit Velocity Framework. http://www.dredging.org/media/ceda/org/documents/resources/othersonline/miedema-2016-slurry-transport.pdf

External links
 CASE STUDY: Modern materials handling solution installed at Eraring power plant, Australia

Waste treatment technology
Fink-Type Truss Bridge. The Fink-Type Truss Bridge, also known as the Hamden Bridge, carried Hamden Road/River Road over the South Branch Raritan River, the border between Clinton Township and Franklin Township, at Hamden near the Allerton section of Hunterdon County, New Jersey. The bridge was built in 1857 by the Trenton Locomotive and Machine Manufacturing Company. It consisted of a single-span through truss  long,  wide, and  high.

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 24, 1974, for its significance in engineering. At the time of its nomination, it was one of the earliest surviving iron truss bridges in the United States. The Fink truss bridge was patented by Albert Fink in 1854, and the Hunterdon county bridge, built 3 years later, was a nearly perfect example of the patented design. It collapsed as a result of an automobile collision in 1978. The remaining pieces were subsequently relocated to the Hunterdon County Government Center. It was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in 1984, which included photos from 1971.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
List of crossings of the Raritan River

References

External links

Bridges in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Truss bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1857
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
1857 establishments in New Jersey
Clinton Township, New Jersey
Franklin Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Bridges over the Raritan River
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Polyspace. Polyspace is a static code analysis tool for large-scale analysis by abstract interpretation to detect, or prove the absence of, certain run-time errors in source code for the C, C++, and Ada programming languages. The tool also checks source code for adherence to appropriate code standards.

History 
Polyspace was originally developed by the French company PolySpace Technologies, which was acquired by MathWorks in 2007. The product was subsequently integrated into MATLAB.

Common uses 
Polyspace examines the source code to determine where potential run-time errors such as arithmetic overflow, buffer overrun, division by zero, and others could occur. Software developers and quality assurance managers use this information to identify which parts of the code are faulty or proven to be reliable. Other parts of the code are marked for unproven checks and deserve individual review.

Code standards or guidelines such as MISRA C attempt to address code quality, portability, and reliability. The product checks C and C++ source code for conformance to a subset of rules in these coding standards.

Capabilities 
The product family consists of Polyspace Code Prover and Polyspace Bug Finder. The Code Prover module annotates source code with a color-coding scheme to indicate the status of each element in the code. It uses formal methods-based static code analysis to verify program execution at the language level. The tool checks each code instruction by taking into account all possible values of every variable at every point in the code, providing a formal diagnostic for each operation in the code under both normal and abnormal usage conditions.

The Bug Finder module identifies software bugs by performing static program analysis on source code. It finds defects such as numerical computation, programming, memory, and other errors. It also produces software metrics such as Comment density of a source file, Cyclomatic complexity, Number of lines, parameters, call levels, etc. in a function, Identified run-time errors in the software.

See also 
 List of tools for static code analysis

References

External links 
 

Static program analysis tools
Software testing tools
Abstract interpretation
Kamiokite. Kamiokite is an iron-molybdenum oxide mineral with the chemical formula Fe2Mo3O8. The name kamiokite is derived from the locality, the Kamioka mine in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, where this mineral was first discovered in 1975.

Kamiokite is a hexagonal system with equal axes a1, a2, a3. These three axes of the kamiokite crystal are uniformly separated by 120°. Kamiokite is an anisotropic mineral, meaning that light travels through the mineral in different directions and velocities. Kamiokite is strongly pleochroic and is also birefringent.

Kamiokite can be found as inclusions in domeykite, algodonite, and magnetite. Kamiokite is associated with copper arsenides found in Michigan's Mohawk and Ahmeek copper mines. Although rare, kamiokite is predominantly found in mining environments and can indicate the presence of other minerals of interest, such as copper in the case of the Mohawk and Ahmeek mines. It is speculated that kamiokite can enhance the concentration of the copper it is hosted in.  

There are no known health risks associated with this mineral.

References

Iron(II) minerals
Molybdenum minerals
Oxide minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 186
Society for Modeling and Simulation International. The Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCS) is a membership-based, technical association of simulationists.  SCS promotes the use of modeling and simulation in a variety of application areas. SCS was established in 1952 as a nonprofit, volunteer-driven corporation called Simulation Councils, Inc. Simulation Councils, Inc. became The Society for Computer Simulation.

SCS organizes meetings, sponsors and co-sponsors national and international conferences, and publishes the SIMULATION: Transactions of The Society for Modeling and Simulation International and The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation magazines.

Publications 
SCS publishes two journals as well as a monthly general interest newsletter:
The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology (JDMS)
SIMULATION: Transactions of The Society for Modeling and Simulation International
SCS M&S Newsletter

SCS also regularly publishes special issues of both our peer-reviewed journals.

Conferences 
Each year, SCS holds events where M&S professionals from around the world come together to advance their professional development share ideas, benchmark processes, and network with each other.

References

External links
SCS official Facebook page 

Military simulation
International organizations based in the United States
Engineering societies based in the United States
EyeWriter. The EyeWriter is a low-cost eye tracking system originally designed for paralyzed graffiti artist Tempt1. The EyeWriter system uses inexpensive cameras and open-source computer vision software to track the wearer's eye movements. 

EyeWriter was conceived by Mick Ebeling and developed at Ebeling's home in Venice Beach by artists and engineers from the Free Art & Technology Lab, Graffiti Research Lab and OpenFrameworks teams, including Zachary Lieberman, Evan Roth, James Powderly, Theo Watson and Chris Sugrue.

The project has been recognized with numerous awards including being honored by Time as one of the Top 50 inventions of 2010, the 2010 Prix Ars Electronica, the 2010 FutureEverything Award and featured on NPR and TED. 

EyeWriter was featured in 2009 at the CREAM International Festival for Arts & Media in Yokohama.  Tempt1 was also featured in 2009 projected on Kyoto City Hall.  EyeWriter was part of the Talk to Me exhibit at MoMA on display from July 24 until November 7, 2011.

Funding 
The first phase of the project was funded by the Ebeling Group resulting in Tempt1 being able to successfully draw for the first time in seven years using only his eyes.  Upon completion of phase one, the development team initiated phase two and received almost $18,000 as a Kickstarter project, which surpassed its $15,000 goal. It also received funding support from the Ebeling Group and from Parsons School of Design.

Software and development
The EyeWriter software consist of eye-tracking software, and a drawing software that allows a user to draw with the movement of their eye. The source code for the EyeWriter software is an open source code with an Artistic/GPL License.  The software for both parts has been developed using openframeworks, a cross platform C++ library for creative development.  Eyewriter 2.0 led to the development of Livewriter to be used in the 2010 Cinekid festival. In addition to Eyewriter's original parameters, a robot arm was integrated allowing the physical recording of visually created content. 

PrintBall, a paintball shooting robot, was developed by Benjamin Gaulon in Dublin.

References

External links 
 Project source code
https://web.archive.org/web/20100722003856/http://www.eyewriter.org/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0077m2v#p007k2vq
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCYwWqaxkNQ

Assistive technology
Graffiti in the United States
Kickstarter-funded software
Mutage. Mutage   is a wine making technique for making sweet wines.

Typical mechanism 
The typical process involves the addition of alcohol to the must so that the fermentation process is  prematurely stopped. Most yeasts die when the alcohol content in their environment is raised to approximately 13–15%. By stopping the fermentation of sugars, a sweet taste of the wine is achieved. This technique is used to make port wine and other sweet wines with high alcohol content.

Types of mutage
Two types of mutage are sometimes distinguished. A distinction being made between adding alcohol to the must before fermentation and adding during fermentation.
 Mutage sur grain: Where the mutage takes place during maceration on the skins. This is described as mutage on the cap of the marc and produces vin de liqueur
 Mutage after the traditional maceration and pressing producing vin doux naturel.

Noted wines referred to as having been made by mutage 
Reds
 Banyuls
 Maury
 Rivesaltes
Whites
 Muscat de Beaumes de Venise
 Muscat de Rivesaltes
 Muscat de Frontignan

Other techniques
Other techniques for making sweet wines exist such as vendange tardive, the noble rot, various filtration techniques or early heating of the must, and adding sweet musts after fermentation.

See also
 Fortified wine
 Vin de liqueur
 Vin doux naturel

References

Wine terminology
Oenology
Kochite. Kochite is a rare silicate mineral with chemical formula of  or double that. Kochite is a member of the rosenbuschite group.

Crystallography
Kochite is triclinic with angles intersecting at approximately α 90.192°, β 100.192°, γ 111.551°. This mineral belongs to the space group P and is centrosymmetric, i.e. contains a center of symmetry. 

It is an anisotropic mineral as the light entering the mineral is split into two rays that vibrate at 90° to each other.  It is biaxial, meaning it has two optic axes (lines of symmetry). In plane polarized light, this mineral is colorless to light brown and is pleochroic. As the stage of the microscope is turned from X to Z the color changes from colorless to a pale brownish-yellow. Kochite is also a birefringent mineral, showing bright colors under crossed polarization. Its birefringence is .0340.

Discovery and occurrence
Kochite is found in the alkaline igneous complex of East Greenland and is named after Danish geologist Lauge Koch (1892-1964), a geologist who overturned the previous conception of Greenland's landscapes. It is the titanium – manganese analog of rosenbuschite and occurs in nepheline syenite associated with nepheline, alkali feldspar, and låvenite in the Werner Bjerge alkaline complex along the eastern coast of Greenland.

References

Sorosilicates
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Ellenroad Ring Mill Engine. The Ellenroad Ring Mill Engine is a preserved stationary steam engine in Newhey, Greater Manchester, England. It powered the Ellenroad Ring Mill from 1917, and after the mill's closure the engine is still worked under steam as a museum display.

At 3000 hp, the twin tandem compound steam engine is possibly the most powerful of the type in preservation. The two engines are named Victoria and Alexandra, multiple ropes around the flywheel drove the line shafts on each floor of the mill which in turn drove the ring spinning frames.

In addition to the mill engine, the museum also houses in operational condition the original Ellenroad mill pilot generator engine and sprinkler pump, the Whitelees Beam Engine, and the Irene Engine. The museum trust also owns the surviving components of the Fern Mill Engine, which it hopes eventually to restore to working condition.

See also
List of mills in Lancashire
List of mills in Rochdale
List of mills in Oldham

References

External links
 Ellenroad Steam Museum website
 Engine video on Flickr

Preserved stationary steam engines
Steam museums in England
Museums in Greater Manchester
Milnrow
Naldrettite. Naldrettite is a mineral with a chemical formula of Pd2Sb. It is named after Anthony J. Naldrett (born 1933), a professor at the University of Toronto, who has made significant contributions to the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Naldrettite is a new intermetallic mineral from the Mesamax Northwest deposit, Ungava region, Québec, Canada. Mineralization takes place around the base of basaltic dyke margins. Naldrettite is economically important because of its chemical composition (Pd2Sb). The sample in which the new mineral was discovered had high platinum group elements (PGEs) with palladium enrichment.

Naldrettite occurs as anhedral grains that are commonly attached to sulfide minerals and are associated with clinochlore. It belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and is a part of the pyramidal class. This means that all of the edge lengths (a,b,c) of the unit cell are different in length and intersect at right angles to each other. The mineral is metallic, opaque, appears bright creamy white under plane polarized light, has weak bireflectance, and does not exhibit internal reflections.

References

Antimony minerals
Palladium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 36
Minerals described in 2005
Pierre Martin. Pierre Martin can refer to:

 Frenchy Martin (1947–2016), French professional wrestler
 Pierre Martin (cyclist) (born 1938), French cyclist
 Pierre Martin (French Navy officer) (1752–1820)
 Pierre Martin (politician) (1943–2023), French senator of the Somme department
 Pierre Martin (engineer) (1932–1986), French spelunker who explored caves in Brazil 
 Pierre-Émile Martin (1824–1915), French industrial engineer
 Buster Martin (Pierre Jean Martin, 1906?–2011), claimed to be the United Kingdom's oldest employee

See also
Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge. The Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X CHALLENGE was a challenge award offered by the X PRIZE Foundation for efficient capturing of crude oil from ocean water. Inspired by the ongoing Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster, the award was announced on July 29, 2010, and the official one-year competition began on August 1, 2010. The first three teams were to be awarded US$1 million, US$300,000 and US$100,000 respectively.

Of the over 350 teams that preregistered to participate in the challenge by January 2011, 37 officially registered the following month.  By the time of the official testing in May 2011, the field of challengers had been narrowed to ten teams.

The winners for the challenge were announced on October 11, 2011.  The first-place finisher and winner of the $1 million prize was the team of Elastec/American Marine using a forward advancing grooved disc skimmer. The second-place finisher and winner of $300,000 was the team NOFI.  No other team met all of the challenge's goals, so the planned third place prize was not awarded.

The US$1.4 million prize purse was offered by Wendy Schmidt from The Schmidt Family Foundation.

References

External links 
 Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X CHALLENGE award announcement
 Official Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X CHALLENGE results

X Prizes
Challenge awards
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Christite. Christite is a mineral with the chemical formula TlHgAsS3. It is named after Dr. Charles L. Christ, a member of the U.S. Geological Survey. It usually comes in a crimson red or bright orange color. It has a density of 6.2 and has a rating between 1 and 2 on Mohs Hardness Scale. Christite has an adamantine luster and leaves behind an orange streak. Its crystal system is monoclinic with possible crystal classes of twofold symmetry, mirror plane symmetry, and twofold with a mirror plane. This means it can have radial symmetry, mirror plane symmetry, or mirror plane symmetry perpendicular to the two-fold axis. It is an anisotropic mineral, which means that it exhibits different properties when measured in different directions. In plane polarized light, its color is golden yellow. It is birefringent, which means that it has two distinct indices of refraction. This can be seen when one looks through the microscope with both polars crossed and sees the mineral change colors when it is rotated.

Occurrence
Christite occurs with baryte in hydrothermal veins in dolomite at the Carlin mine in Nevada and in pods within a mercury deposit, the Lanmuchang deposit, China. It occurs associate with realgar, orpiment, lorandite, baryte and getchellite at the Carlin mine and with lorandite, baryte, pyrite and marcasite in the Lanmuchang.

References

 Brown, K.L., Dickson, F.W, Radtke, A.S., and Slack, J.F. (1977) Christite, a new thallium mineral from the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. American Mineralogist, 62, 421-425.

Thallium minerals
Mercury(II) minerals
Arsenic minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14