omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SM UC-110. SM UC-110 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I.

Design
A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-100 was fitted with six  mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  SK L/45 or  Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Construction and career
The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 16 December 1918. Because UC-110 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-110. UC-110 was surrendered to the Allies at Harwich in 1919 in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany. She was retained by the UK for possible experimental work, but was in the event laid up at Portsmouth until scuttled in the English Channel on 1 July 1920.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
SM UC-111. SM UC-111 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine, or U-boat, built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I.

Design
A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-100 was fitted with six  mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  SK L/45 or  Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Construction and career
The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 14 January 1919. Because UC-111 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-111. UC-111 was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
SM UC-112. SM UC-112 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I.

Design
A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-100 was fitted with six  mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  SK L/45 or  Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Construction and career
The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 28 December 1918. Because UC-112 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-112. UC-112 was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
SM UC-113. SM UC-113 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I.

Design
A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-100 was fitted with six  mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  SK L/45 or  Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Construction and career
The U-boat was launched on 6 July 1918 and completed on 21 January 1919. Because UC-113 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-113. UC-113 was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
SM UC-114. SM UC-114 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I.

Design
A Type UC III submarine, UC-100 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing  (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . UC-100 was fitted with six  mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three  torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one  SK L/45 or  Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.

Construction and career
The U-boat was launched on 11 August 1918 and completed on 1 February 1919. Because UC-114 was finished after the end of fighting, she was never commissioned into the German Imperial Navy; had she been so commissioned, she would have been named SM UC-114. UC-114 was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war reparation and broken up in 1921.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 
 

Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
World War I minelayers of Germany
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
Conical mill. A conical mill (or conical screen mill) is a machine used to reduce the size of material in a uniform manner. It is an alternative to the hammermill or other forms of grinding mills. As the name implies, the conical mill varies in diameter from where the feed enters to where the product exits.  

The conical mill operates by having the product being fed into the mill by gravity or vacuum. A rotating impeller forces the material outward to a conical screen surface, where it is sized and passed through the openings in the screen. Once finished, the product simply drops through the milling chamber to a receptacle underneath.

Conical mills come in a variety of sizes from tabletop lab models to full-size high-capacity machines for use in processing large quantities of material, and the impeller and screen can be customized for each individual use. The machines can be used not only to reduce the size of particles, but also for deagglomeration, sieving, dispersion, and mixing.

The applications for a conical mill are varied, but trend towards use in the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries:
Reclaiming broken pharmaceutical tablets by grinding them back into powder for re-forming.
Sizing wet granulated particles before drying, and sizing dry granulated particles after they've dried before tabletting.
Delumping dry detergent during production
Dispersing pearl into blush and face powder
Deagglomerating dried fruits such as raisins or cranberries.
Creating breadcrumbs from scraps

The conical mill has some marked advantages over the hammermill, especially in the pharmaceutical industry: low noise, heat and dust, a more uniform particle size, flexibility in design, and higher capacity.

The concept of the conical mill was created in 1976 by the engineers of Quadro Engineering, who remains the foremost manufacturer of conical mills. Conical mills are available in Ex- execution with a variety of sieves and impellers. The mill head can be mounted on a mobile lifter which allows for easy up and down movement for docking into containers, tablet presses and others. The mill head is dismounted from a lifter for easy cleaning.

Sources 
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Details the advantages of conical mills in pharmaceutical industries
Fexofenadine Composition and Process for Preparing - Describes how a conical mill works
 — study of a conical mill's ability to size wet and dry granulates

Grinding mills
Grahame-White Bantam. The Grahame-White G.W.E.6 Bantam was a British single-seat sporting biplane, designed by M Boudot and built by Grahame-White Aviation Company at Hendon.

Development
The Bantam was a conventional biplane powered by a nose-mounted 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône rotary engine with a single open cockpit. Two aircraft took part in the 1919 Aerial Derby at Hendon Aerodrome, but neither finished the race. A third example was flown in South Africa in the 1920s.

Specifications

* Service ceiling: 17,000 ft
 Rate of climb: 1,100 ft/min

Notes

References

 Contemporary technical description with photographs and drawings.

“The birthplace of aerial power”, Authors: Claude Grahame-White & Harry Harper. June

External links

1910s British sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Rotary-engined aircraft
Circuit total limitation. Circuit total limitation (CTL) is one of the present-day standards for electrical panels sold in the United States according to the National Electrical Code.  This standard requires an electrical panel to provide a physical mechanism to prevent installing more circuit breakers than it was designed for.  This has generally been implemented by restricting the use of tandem (duplex) breakers to replace standard single pole breakers.

Code Requirement
The 1965 edition of the NEC, article 384-15 was the first reference to the circuit total limitation of panelboards. , the location of this language is at Article 408.54 now titled "Maximum Number of Overcurrent Devices."
Non-CTL panels have not been made by reputable manufacturers since 1965. Though this may change due to the 2008 repeal.

Non-CTL for replacement only

Circuitboards and panelboards built prior to 1965 did not have circuit total limiting devices or features built-in.  To support these old panels, non-CTL circuit breakers that bypass the rejection feature are still sold "for replacement use only."  As a result, numerous unsafe situations have resulted where panels were dangerously overloaded because these non-CTL breakers continue to be used.  With the use of non-CTL breakers, panels can be configured with the total number of circuits in excess of the designed capacity of that panel.

The 2008 code did away with the previous 42 circuit limitation on panelboards. One can now order panelboards with as many as 84 circuit places, and a corresponding ampacity rating. If a panelboard with a sufficient number of breaker positions is installed in the first place, the need for non-CTL breakers should be eliminated.

In their 2019 catalog Eaton now specifies that their non-CTL breakers are "Suitable for use in plug-on neutral style loadcenters"  which negates the replacement only rule.

Gallery

See also
 National Electrical Code

References

External links 

 

Electrical engineering
Electrical wiring
Electric power distribution
Wave power in Australia. Wave power in Australia is being developed as the country has a long and largely deep-water coastline. It is one of several regions of the world where wave power projects are being considered.  Australia has great potential for wave energy because strong Southern Ocean winds generate consistently large waves ideal for wave energy production.  The main challenges are capital cost and withstanding damage from harsh ocean conditions.

Projects
In early 2015 the Perth wave energy project was commissioned.

Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) is developing a 19 megawatts wave power station connected to the grid near Portland, Victoria. The project has received an $66.46 million grant from the federal government of Australia.

Oceanlinx is trialling a wave energy system at Port Kembla - Thousands of air filled balloons are submerged under water and energy is collected by the changes in the depth of the water column changing the pressure in the balloons.

A wave power project is being developed at Douglas Point, South Australia.

BioPower Systems are developing their bioWAVE system anchored to the seabed that would generate electricity through the movement of buoyant blades as waves pass, in a swaying motion similar to the way sea plants, such as kelp, move. It expects to complete pilot wave and tidal projects off northern Tasmania this year.

Inside Western Australia, Carnegie Wave Energy are refining a technology called CETO, which uses energy captured from passing waves to generate high-pressure sea water. This is piped onshore to drive a turbine and to create desalinated water. A series of large buoys is tethered to piston pumps anchored in waters  deep. The rise and fall of passing waves drives the pumps, generating water pressures of up to 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi). Carnegie's first commercial wave farm is due to be completed on Garden Island, near Perth, Western Australia, by mid 2014.

Wave Swell Energy installed a trial wave generator unit in the harbour at Grassy, King Island.  It is a 200 kW unit which is connected to the island's existing microgrid, which also utilises like wind, solar, battery and diesel. The trial was a success.  It had an average conversion rate of 48%.

See also

 Renewable energy in Australia

References

Renewable energy in Australia
Australia
LDE – Peter Rothwell to Nordlicht. The Peter Rothwell to Nordlicht series of steam engines were early, passenger train, tender locomotivess operated by the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company (Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn or LDE) in Germany.

History 
The six locomotives were delivered from 1838 to 1840 by Rothwell, England to the LDE. They were given the names PETER ROTHWELL, SALAMANDER, MAGDEBURG, SIMSON, ALTENBURG and NORDLICHT.

The engines were retired between 1856 and 1864.

See also 
 Royal Saxon State Railways
 List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
 Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

Sources 

 
 
 

2-2-2 locomotives
Locomotives of Saxony
Early steam locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany

Passenger locomotives
LDE – Robert Stephenson. The Robert Stephenson was an early, passenger train, tender locomotive operated by the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company or LDE.

The locomotive was delivered to the LDE in 1838 by Robert Stephenson & Co., Newcastle upon Tyne, England, with factory number 205. It was retired sometime between 1857 and 1860.

See also 
 Royal Saxon State Railways
 List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
 Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

Sources 

 
 
 

2-2-2 locomotives
Locomotives of Saxony
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives
Early steam locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1838

Passenger locomotives
Weiss Lake. Weiss Lake in northeastern Alabama is owned and operated by the Alabama Power Company. At full summer pool, Weiss Lake sits  above sea level. The lake covers  from the Coosa River, Chattooga River (Alabama–Georgia) and Little River, offering over  of shoreline and shallow flats, large coves, under-water drop offs and deep channels. Weiss Lake also has privately owned hotels, marinas, campground and bait and tackle stores. There are 11 bridges that cross Weiss Lake.

Weiss Dam, creating the reservoir, was begun as the first of seven hydroelectric projects on the Coosa in 1958, and finished three years later. It is a concrete and earthen gravity dam,  high, named after Fernand C. Weiss, a former chief engineer of Alabama Power. A book by local newspaper editor Douglas Scott Wright, titled A History of Weiss Lake, describes the decades-long battle to build a series of dams along the upper Coosa River, the farmers who tried to stop construction of Weiss Dam, the lake's namesake, and the ups and downs that the community have experienced since it was completed in June 1961.

Weiss Lake contains crappie, largemouth bass, and striped bass. In 2009, the population of bass consists of 15–18 inch preferred size bass as well as abundant numbers of young growing bass. The striped bass population primarily consist of 3–7 pound fish, but fish over 25 pounds have been caught as well. The best seasons for fishing crappie are March through May, yet September through November months are good as well. The best bass months are February through May, and in October and November. The Rome Sailing Club began at Garden Lakes in 1955, but moved to Weiss Lake in 1980.

References

Protected areas of Cherokee County, Alabama
Protected areas of Floyd County, Georgia
Reservoirs in Alabama
Reservoirs in Georgia (U.S. state)
Dams in Alabama
Hydroelectric power plants in Alabama
Alabama Power dams
Dams completed in 1961
Bodies of water of Cherokee County, Alabama
Bodies of water of Floyd County, Georgia
Gnosspelius Gull. 

The Gnosspelius Gull was a 1920s British experimental ultra-light monoplane designed by Major O.T. Gnosspelius and built by Short Brothers at Rochester for the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials.

Development

Gnosspelius was head of the research department of Short Brothers, for whom he had devised an ingenious mechanism for testing aerofoil sections, the Gnosspelius Aerodynamic Pendulum. Tests using this had indicated that incorporating a small step into the upper surface of the wing at the point of its greatest thickness would reduce drag, and Gnosspelius  had started work on the design of a small glider using this discovery when, in early 1923, two prizes intended to promote the development of light aircraft were announced.

He accordingly revised his design to use a 679 cc Blackburne Tomtit V-twin motorcycle engine, driving  a pair of chain-driven  diameter pusher propellers running at two-thirds of the engine speed. The resulting aircraft was a single-seat high-wing monoplane with a circular section monocoque fuselage made of spruce planking built up over elm hoops, with spruce frames for local reinforcement.  The wing used the RAF 19 section, modified by the inclusion of a  in (10 mm) step in the upper surface. The thin wing section dictated the use of four spars, these being box sections with spruce flanges and 3-ply webs, and was built in three sections, the sections outboard of the propeller shafts being removable for ease of transportation.  The wing had a parallel-chord centre section and outer sections with the leading edge swept-back to meet the fourth wing spar at the tip.  The engine was mounted on duralumin bearers  between the two centre spars. Wide-span ailerons were hinged to the rearmost wing spar, operated by torque-tubes with dog clutches at the junction between the centre section and the removable outer panels.  The fixed undercarriage consisted of a pair of wheels on a short axle carried inside the fuselage, the lower part of the wheels projecting through slots.

Two aircraft were built by Shorts and the first one, registered G-EBGN, first flew on 26 May 1923 piloted by Short test pilot John Lankester Parker. The second aircraft was unregistered and was flown at Lympne as No. 19; it crashed at Cramlington on 18 June 1926 killing the pilot.

Specifications

Notes

References

External links

 The Gnosspelius Light 'Plane

1920s British sport aircraft
Short Brothers aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined twin-prop pusher aircraft
Gazelle (web browser). Gazelle was a research web browser project by Microsoft Research, first announced in early 2009. The central notion of the project was to apply operating system (OS) principles to browser construction. In particular, the browser had a secure kernel, modeled after an OS kernel, and various web sources run as separate "principals" above that, similar to user space processes in an OS. The goal of doing this was to prevent bad code from one web source to affect the rendering or processing of code from other web sources. Browser plugins are also managed as principals.

Gazelle had a predecessor project, MashupOS, but with Gazelle the emphasis was on a more secure browser.

By the July 2009 announcement of ChromeOS, Gazelle was seen as a possible alternative Microsoft architectural approach compared to Google's direction. That is, rather than the OS being reduced in role to that of a browser, the browser would be strengthened using OS principles.

The Gazelle project became dormant, and ServiceOS arose as a replacement project also related to browser architectures.  But by 2015, the SecureOS project was also dormant, after Microsoft decided that its new flagship browser would be Edge.

References

Discontinued web browsers
Microsoft Research
Lydersen method. The Lydersen method is a group contribution method for the estimation of critical properties temperature (Tc), pressure (Pc) and volume (Vc).  The method is named after Aksel Lydersen who published it in 1955. The Lydersen method is the prototype for and ancestor of many new models like Joback, Klincewicz, 
Ambrose, 
Gani-Constantinou and others.

The Lydersen method is based in case of the critical temperature on the Guldberg rule which establishes a relation between the normal boiling point and the critical temperature.

Equations

Critical temperature 

Guldberg has found that a rough estimate of the normal boiling point Tb, when expressed in kelvins (i.e., as an absolute temperature), is approximately two-thirds of the critical temperature Tc. Lydersen uses this basic idea but calculates more accurate values.

Critical pressure

Critical volume 

M is the molar mass and Gi are the group contributions (different for all three properties) for functional groups of a molecule.

Group contributions

Example calculation 

Acetone is fragmented in two different groups, one carbonyl group and two methyl groups. For the critical volume the following calculation results: 

Vc = 40 + 60.0 + 2 * 55.0 = 210 cm3

In the literature (such as in the Dortmund Data Bank) the values 215.90 cm3, 230.5 cm3  and 209.0 cm3  are published.

References 

Physical chemistry
Thermodynamic models