omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Multi-use simulation models. The concept of multi-use simulation models relates to the notion of pre-designed templates that are developed for use in simulation projects that simulate repetitive activities. These models can be perceived as “Building Blocks” which are designed for a specific purpose. The chief objective of this concept is to facilitate the conceptualisation and understanding of the simulation model by non-specialists. In practice, the concept can be implemented in different contexts, mainly in the construction industry; as those who work in the development of a simulation project are interested in the efficiency and effectiveness of their simulation model rather than its underpinning mathematical complexity.

The development of multi-use simulation models has been addressed by several studies during the last two decades. The first significant trial to make a general-purpose simulation was presented by Hajjar and AbouRizk, 1997. They developed a general purpose simulation model to be used in the  estimation and planning of earth moving operations based on reusable templates. Other research was to use reusable templates in preparing draft scheduling for the construction of similar projects. The templates were made to encode much of the knowledge dealing with activity scoping and sequencing and the use of special activity in planning structures. Similarly, an interactive simulation system to be adapted by a beginner level user was developed in 1999. This system was designed to provide easy access and a manipulative environment for studying, analyzing and simulating construction processes. He used a simple and attractive graphical user interface to overcome the potential resistance of the user to simulation as an analytical tool.

Notes

Simulation
Distributed object middleware. Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) is a type of infrastructure that allows remote access to remote objects transparently. It is based on the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism. Some DOM systems also enable objects on different platforms to interact, for example, CORBA. Other examples of DOM systems include Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation).

References

Middleware
FEHRL. FEHRL, the Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories was created in 1989 as an international organisation. In 2000, it became an association international sans but lucratif (AiSBL) or International association without lucrative purpose.

It currently includes 30 members from European countries as well as international affiliates from the United States, South Africa, Australia and Israel.

In French,  the organisation is/was known as Forum des Laboratoires nationaux Europeens de Recherche Routiere (FLERR).

Purpose 
Through research collaboration, the statutory objectives of FEHRL are:

 To provide scientific input to Europe and national government policy on highway engineering and road transport matters. 
 To create and maintain an efficient and safe road network in Europe. 
 To increase innovation in European road construction and road-using industries. 
 To improve the energy efficiency of highway engineering and operations 
 To protect the environment and improve quality of life.

Events
FEHRL holds an infrastructure research meeting every two years.

Membership 
Members are national institutes nominated by their respective national road administration or ministry.  Full members are from European countries according to the United Nations geoscheme for Europe classification or candidates for European Union membership. Associates come from non-European countries with S&T agreements with the EU. FEHRL National Groups are created in several countries to widen the cooperation with academia and other organisations

Current membership is;
 ANAS, Italy 
 AIT, Austria 
 BASt, Germany 
 BRRC, Belgium 
 CDV, Czech Republic 
 CEDEX, Spain 
 CESTRIN, Romania 
 CIRTNENS, Bulgaria 
 DRD, Denmark 
 IBDiM, Poland 
 ICERA, Iceland 
 IFSTTAR, France 
 FCEZG, Croatia 
 IP, Serbia  
 KEDE, Greece 
 KTI, Hungary 
 LVCELI, Latvia 
 EPFL, Switzerland 
 LNEC, Portugal 
 RRI, Lithuania 
 PCH, Luxemburg 
 NPRA, Norway 
 NRA, Ireland 
 RWS, Netherlands 
 TECER, Estonia 
 TRL, UK 
 VTI, Sweden 
 VUD, Slovakia 
 ZAG, Slovenia      
 DerzhdorNDI, Ukraine 
  
 
Associates are;
 ARRB, Australia 
 CSIR, South Africa    
 INRC, Israel 
 Federal Highway Administration, USA

References

External links

Road transport organizations
1989 establishments in Belgium
International organisations based in Belgium
Pan-European trade and professional organizations
Samarium hexaboride. Samarium hexaboride (SmB6) is an intermediate-valence compound where samarium is present both as Sm2+ and Sm3+ ions at the ratio 3:7. It is a Kondo insulator having a metallic surface state.

Early studies
It was first studied by soviet scientists in the early 1960s. Further studies were then undertaken at Bell Laboratories. By 1968 their researchers had noted changes in the electronic configuration at different temperatures. At temperatures above 50 K its properties are typical of a Kondo metal, with metallic electrical conductivity characterized by strong electron scattering, whereas at low temperatures, it behaves as a non-magnetic insulator with a narrow band gap of about 4–14 meV. The cooling-induced metal-insulator transition in SmB6 is accompanied by a sharp increase in thermal conductivity, peaking at about 15 K. The reason for this increase is that electrons do not contribute to thermal conductivity at low temperatures, which is instead dominated by phonons. The decrease in electron concentration reduced the rate of electron-phonon scattering.

Twenty first century research
By the twenty first century condensed matter physicists grew more interested in  with claims that it may be a topological insulator. Other researchers found no evidence of topological surface states.

The increasing electrical resistance with a reduction in temperature indicates that the material behaves as an insulator; however, recent measurements reveal a Fermi surface (an abstract boundary of electrons in momentum space) characteristic of a good metal, indicating a more exotic dual metal-insulating ground state. The electrical resistivity at temperatures below 4K displays a distinct plateau, which is thought to be the coexistence of an insulating state (bulk) and a conducting state (surface).  At temperatures approaching absolute zero, the quantum oscillations of the material grow as the temperature declines, a behavior that contradicts both the Fermi analysis and the rules that govern conventional metals. While it has been argued that quantum oscillations on samples grown from aluminium flux may arise from aluminum inclusions, such an explanation is excluded for samples grown by the image furnace method rather than by the flux growth method.

See also 
 Boride

References 

Samarium compounds
Borides
Correlated electrons
Ray Wheeler. Raymond Leslie Wheeler (25 October 1927 – 25 June 2019) was a British engineer who was instrumental in Britain's successful development of rocket launchers and hovercraft.

Early life
He was born in Mill Hill, in Middlesex. He attended Newport County Secondary Grammar School (now Carisbrooke College).

From the University College, Southampton he gained a BSc in Engineering in 1948.

Career

Saunders-Roe
He joined Saunders-Roe in 1945 as an apprentice. He worked on the SR.N1, the first hovercraft. He eventually became Chief Structural Engineer, working on the 300-tonne SR.N4 hovercraft, as Project Engineer.

At Saunders-Roe he worked with Roy Dommett on the Black Arrow rocket programme, where he was the Chief Designer. Although entirely successful, built on a limited budget, the project came to an abrupt end in November 1971, having been cancelled on 29 July 1971.

British Hovercraft Corporation
From 1966 to 1985 he was Chief Designer of the British Hovercraft Corporation, and Technical Director from 1972 to 1985.

He became a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1974. In 1995 he became an RDI.

Personal life
He married in Southampton in 1950 and has one son (born 1956) and two daughters (born 1952 and 1954). He was a keen field hockey player for the company teams. He lived at East Cowes.

His funeral was at 1pm on Friday 19 July 2019 at East Cowes Methodist Church.

References

External links
 British science

Video clips
 BBC Great Egg Race 1985
 

1927 births
Alumni of the University of Southampton
East Cowes
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
People from Cowes
People from Mill Hill
Saunders-Roe
Space programme of the United Kingdom
2019 deaths
C&I Eurotrans XXI. C&I Eurotrans XXI is a coachbuilder based in Bucharest, Romania. The company was established in 2002, and it is specialized in manufacturing coachwork for minibuses based on chassis from a series of other manufacturers.

Cibro
The company's main product has been the Cibro minibus, introduced in 2005, and developed on a Mercedes-Benz Vario chassis. It featured a capacity range from 23 to 30 seats and was manufactured in four different levels of comfort.

In 2010, a new version of the minibus, called Cibro 2, was launched. It is manufactured at the new production facility, located in the village of , Ilfov County. The factory is ISO 9001 certificated and has been implementing ISO 14001 certification.

References

Companies based in Bucharest
Companies established in 2002
Bus manufacturers of Romania
Romanian brands
Temperature sensitive glass. Temperature sensitive glass is a glass material that reacts to ambient temperatures radiated off of other surfaces, e.g. hands or water. The liquid crystals beneath the glass surface impact color upon temperature. There are three main phases of these crystals: nematic, smectic, and chiral.

Process

Liquid crystal phases
Visual glass goes through a gradual progression while altering colors stages in different heat zones. In order for specific light wavelengths to be reflected off of a temperature sensitive glass, it has to go through one of three main heat phases.  In accelerated temperature zones, the crystals respond in the nematic phase. Smectic is in the range of temperatures between that of its neighbors nematic and chiral.  These phases are impacted by the pitch which in return reflects specific wavelengths.

Pitch effects

Temperature changes the distance between the pitch planes.
Pitch tightens with an increase temperature and expands when temperature plummets. 
 
The crystal's pitch is the distance it takes one crystal to make one complete rotation. This determines the wavelength of light that will be reflected and therefore determines the color.  The pitch is equal to the corresponding wavelength of light.

History
Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian botanist, found in 1888 that there were two separate melting points in cholesteryl benzoate.  It melted into a cloudy state which was recorded at 145.5°C, and then again into a clear liquid at the higher melting point of 178.5°C.

Applications
The physical uses of temperature sensitive glass is mostly in a visual context. Some shower walls use these glass tiles on the walls so users can observe how hot/cold the water is before entry. Other applications include mood rings, battery condition display and coffee cups.

References

Glass types
Stuart Ballantine Medal. The Stuart Ballantine Medal was a science and engineering award presented by the Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was named after the US inventor Stuart Ballantine.

Laureates
1947 - George Clark Southworth (Physics)
1948 - Ray Davis Kell (Engineering)
1949 - Sergei A. Schelkunoff (Physics)
1952 - John Bardeen (Physics)
1952 - Walter H. Brattain (Physics)
1953 - David G. C. Luck (Engineering)
1954 - Kenneth Alva Norton (Engineering)
1955 - Claude Elwood Shannon (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1956 - Kenneth Bullington (Physics)
1957 - Robert Morris Page (Engineering)
1957 - Leo Clifford Young (Engineering)
1958 - Harald Trap Friis (Engineering)
1959 - Albert Hoyt Taylor (Engineering)
1959 - Charles H. Townes (Physics)
1960 - Rudolf Kompfner (Engineering)
1960 - Harry Nyquist (Engineering)
1960 - John R. Pierce (Engineering)
1961 - Leo Esaki (Engineering)
1961 - Nicolaas Bloembergen (Physics)
1961 - H. E. Derrick Scovill (Physics)
1962 - Ali Javan (Physics)
1962 - Theodore H. Maiman (Physics)
1962 - Arthur L. Schawlow (Physics)
1962 - Charles H. Townes (Physics)
1963 - Arthur C. Clarke (Engineering)
1965 - Homer Walter Dudley (Engineering)
1965 - Alec Harley Reeves (Engineering)
1966 - Robert N. Noyce (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1966 - Jack S. Kilby (Engineering)
1967 - Jack N. James (Engineering)
1967 - Robert J. Parks (Engineering)
1968 - Chandra Kumar Naranbhai Patel (Physics)
1969 - Emmett N. Leith (Physics)
1971 - Zhores I. Alferov (Physics)
1972 - Daniel Earl Noble (Engineering)
1973 - Andrew H. Bobeck (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1973 - Willard S. Boyle (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1973 - George E. Smith (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1975 - Bernard C. De Loach, Jr. (Engineering)
1975 - Martin Mohamed Atalla (Physics)
1975 - Dawon Kahng (Physics)
1977 - Charles Kuen Kao (Engineering)
1977 - Stewart E. Miller (Engineering)
1979 - Marcian E. Hoff, Jr. (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1979 - Benjamin Abeles (Engineering)
1979 - George D. Cody (Engineering)
1981 - Amos E. Joel, Jr. (Engineering)
1983 - Adam Lender (Computer and Cognitive Science)
1986 - Linn F. Mollenauer (Engineering)
1989 - John M. J. Madey (Physics)
1992 - Rolf Landauer (Physics)
1993 - Leroy L. Chang (Physics)

Sources
The Franklin Institute. Winners. Ballantine Medal winners (bad link).
The Franklin Institute. Laureates Search, Ballantine Award
Science and technology awards
Franklin Institute awards
InfiniteEARTH. Infinite Earth is a Hong Kong–based project development company specializing in conservation. The company was created in 2008 with the goal of creating the Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve, a 64,500-hectare peat swamp in Central Kalimatan, Indonesia. Rimba Raya is the world's largest REDD+ project (Reduced emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation). The project works to eradicate deforestation, and promote conservation of local wildlife and sells carbon credits based on the carbon rich forest.

Rimba Raya Project

The Rimba Raya Project focuses on environmental conservation, community outreach, and climate control.  Through Infinite Earth’s project development, several initiatives have been put into place within the communities that have historically depended (unsustainably) on the forests of Rimba Raya. The main initiatives focus on the welfare of women and children living at the margins within this area. Rimba Raya’s REDD+ program has worked to provide alternative income streams for this forest dependent community.

Rimba Raya develops livelihood programmes in surrounding villages. These programmes work towards addressing all 17 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Rimba Raya also works to preserve the endangered species population within the reserve. Rimba Raya has partnered with Primatologist and Conservationist Dr. Biruté Mary Galdikas to provide natural habitats for endangered orangutans in Borneo. The reserve also funds the Orangutan Foundation International and their Orangutan care center, which aims to reintroduce 300 wild born, rehabilitated orphaned orangutans in its care, back into the wild within the safe confines of the Rimba Raya Reserve.

See also 
 Carbon accounting

References 

Land developers of Hong Kong
Extractive electrospray ionization. Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) is a spray-type, ambient ionization source in mass spectrometry that uses two colliding aerosols, one of which is generated by electrospray. In standard EESI, syringe pumps provide the liquids for both an electrospray and a sample spray. In neutral desorption EESI (ND-EESI), the liquid for the sample aerosol is provided by a flow of nitrogen.

Principle of operation 
A ND-EESI experiment is simple in concept and implementation. A room temperature (20 °C) nitrogen gas stream is flowed through a narrow opening (i.d.~0.1 mm) to form a sharp jet targeted at a surface. The nitrogen molecules desorb analytes from the surface. The jet is only 2–3 mm above the surface, and the gas flow is about 200 mL/min with gas speeds around 300 m/s. The sample area is about 10 mm2. An optional enclosure, most commonly made of glass, can cover the sampling area to ensure proper positioning of the gas jet and the sample transfer line. A tube carries the neutral aerosol to the ESI spray.

The sample spray in EESI produces a liquid aerosol with the analyte in sample droplets. The ESI spray produces droplets with protons. The sample droplets and the proton-rich droplets bump into each other. Each droplet has properties:  analyte solubility in the ESI spray solvent and surface tension of the spray solution and of the sample solution. With dissimilar properties, some collisions produce no extraction because the droplets “bounce", but with similar properties, some collisions produce coalescence and liquid-liquid extraction. The extent of the extraction depends on the similarity of the properties.

Applications
Ambient ionization techniques are attractive for many samples for their high tolerance to complex mixtures and for fast testing. EESI has been employed for the rapid characterization of living objects, native proteins, and metabolic biomarkers.

EESI has been applied to food samples, urine, serum, exhaled breath and protein samples. A general investigation of urine, serum, milk and milk powders was reported in 2006. Breath analysis of valproic acid with EESI was reported in 2007. The maturity of fruit was classified with the combination of EESI and principal component analysis, and live samples were tested a short time later. Perfumes were classified with the combination of EESI and characteristic ions. On-line monitoring was performed in 2008. Melamine in tainted milk was detected in 2009. Breath analysis was performed with the combination of EESI and an ion trap mass spectrometer. Beverages, over-the-counter drugs, uranyl waste water, and aquiculture water  were tested with EESI between 2010 and 2016.

See also
Secondary electrospray ionization
Tandem mass spectrometry

References

Mass spectrometry
Ion source
TMI Group of Companies. The TMI Group of Companies is a multi-national organization that manufactures and markets physical property testing instruments for the packaging, paper, pulp, plastic film, foil, ink, coatings, nonwoven, textile, adhesives, and corrugated industries.

The TMI Group of Companies consists of Testing Machines Inc. (Delaware, USA), Büchel BV (Netherlands), Fibro System AB (Sweden), Lako Seal Testers (Delaware, USA), TMI Canada, and TMI Shanghai Ltd. (China).

History
TMI was founded in 1931 in New York, primarily as a distributor of laboratory testing instruments.  Since then, it has expanded to not only distribute, but also design and manufacture instruments.    Since 2009, The TMI Group has made five global acquisitions.  In 2010, the headquarters relocated from Ronkonkoma, NY, to the current green-energy facility in New Castle, DE.

Current Activities
The TMI Group's corporate headquarters are located in New Castle, Delaware, in a 20,000 square foot green-energy building. The facility is equipped with 160 solar panels, geo-thermal heating and cooling, and LED lighting.

In 2011, TMI was presented the Delaware Small Business Administration’s Family Owned Business of the Year award.

On March 14, 2014, TMI was acquired by Union Park Capital, a Boston-based private equity firm.

References

External links
 TMI website
 Fibro System AB website
 Union Park website
 בדיקת רישום בטאבו

Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Delaware
Companies based in New Castle County, Delaware
American companies established in 1931
Manufacturing companies established in 1931
1931 establishments in New York (state)
Lithium iodate. Lithium iodate (LiIO3) is a negative uniaxial crystal for nonlinear, acousto-optical and piezoelectric applications. It has been utilized for 347 nm ruby lasers.

Properties
Mohs hardness of lithium iodate is 3.5–4. Its linear thermal expansion coefficient at  is 2.8·10−5/°C (a-axis) and 4.8·10−5/°C (c-axis). Its transition to β-form begin at  and it is irreversible.

References

Lithium compounds
Iodates
Nonlinear optical materials
Flygsystem 2020. The Flygsystem 2020 ("Flight System 2020", abbreviated FS 2020) is an ongoing project by the Swedish Air Force to develop a fifth-generation low-observable fighter jet by 2035. Little public information exists about the project; there are no official statements about the current stage of development, although a video claims to show a miniature prototype test. In 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Lars Helmrich of the Swedish Air Force asked members of the Riksdag to consider the development of a new jet fighter or to upgrade all present JAS 39 multirole fighters to the NG model, claiming the early versions of the aircraft will be obsolete by 2020.

The Saab/Linköping University Generic Future Fighter project is a testbed for its technologies.

Partnership
During a state visit of the President of Turkey to Sweden on 13 March 2013, Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii AŞ (Turkish Aerospace Industries, TAI) signed an agreement with Sweden's Saab to provide design support services to Turkey for the TAI TFX program.

However, the collaboration with Turkey was under pressure due to Turkey being removed from the Joint Strike Fighter program. To tackle this, in July 2019 the Swedish government signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Kingdom to jointly develop technologies for the British BAE Systems Tempest sixth-generation stealth fighter program; these technologies may be integrated to Sweden's own Flygsystem 2020 project. This was extended to include Italy in December 2020.

On 9 December 2022, the UK, Japan and Italy merged their sixth-generation fighter jet projects, creating the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP). Japan and Sweden signed an agreement on possible future cooperation in the GCAP program in late December.

References

Proposed aircraft of Sweden
Stealth aircraft
Swedish Air Force
List of aircraft (X). This is a list of aircraft in alphabetical order beginning with 'X'.

X

XADRI
(Xi'an Aviation Design & Research Institute)
 Small Eagle 100

Xausa 
(Reanato Xausa)
 Xausa X-001

XCOR 
(XCOR Aerospace, Mojave, California)
 XCOR EZ-Rocket
 XCOR Mark-I X-Racer

Xi'an 
(Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation)
 Xian H-6
 Xian H-8
 Xian H-20
 Xian KJ-600
 Xian JH-7
 Xian JZY-01
 Xian MA60
 Xian MA600
 Xian Q-6
 Xian Y7
 Xian Y8
 Xian Y14
 Xian Y-20

Xianyi 
 Xianyi Rosamonde (乐士文 (Rosamonde) or １号 (Aircraft 1).)

XIX GmbH
(Kronbühl, Switzerland)
XIX Art
XIX Form
XIX Inter
XIX Sens
XIX Smile
XIX Top

XMarc
(Marc - Ingegno di Alberto Marchini Sas)
 XMarc Parrot

Xplorer UltraFlight
(Cape Town, South Africa)
Xplorer Micro80
Xplorer Xflyer
Xplorer XS

XTI
(XTI Aircraft Company)
 XTI TriFan 600

XtremeAir 
 XtremeAir Sbach 300
 XtremeAir Sbach 342
 XtremeAir Sbach X42

X-29 
 X-29 Forward Swept Wing Jet

References

Further reading

External links

 List of aircraft (X)