omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maximum elevation figure. Maximum elevation figure (MEF) is a type of visual flight rule (VFR) information that indicates the elevation of the highest geographical feature within a GEOREF quadrangle area. It is of interest to pilots, who want to be aware of the highest mountain peaks and tall towers nearby, so that they can fly above them to avoid controlled flight into terrain. ("Features" includes terrain, trees, towers, and other obstacles.) 

Much like the minimum safe altitude (MSA) used for flight under instrument flight rules, the MEF includes a margin for aircraft clearance above the terrain and altimeter error.

In a VFR flight, the MEF is commonly referred to as a "quadrantal altitude" (not to be confused with an IFR minimum sector altitude).

United States 
In the US, the Federal Aviation Administration issues sectional charts. Each rectangular area covering one degree of latitude and one degree of longitude is divided into four smaller areas called quadrangles (in accordance with the World Geographic Reference System, or GEOREF), each spanning half a degree of latitude and half a degree of longitude. Each quadrangle has its MEF printed in it in thousands and hundreds of feet above mean sea level. For example, 105, means that the highest elevation is 10,500 feet within that quadrangle.

MEFs are determined by taking the highest of the following: 
1) The point of highest terrain within a quadrangle, adding 200 ft for obstacles which are not required to be portrayed, and then adding 100 feet for vertical error and then rounding up to the next hundred feet; or
2) The height of the highest manmade obstacle in the quadrangle, adding 100 feet for vertical error
and then rounding up to the next hundred feet.

Canadian VNCs 

The MEF on Canadian VFR navigation charts is calculated by taking the higher value of: 
 the top elevation of the highest obstacle plus the vertical accuracy (a variable number of feet) of the terrain source data; or 
 the elevation of the highest terrain plus 328 feet plus the vertical accuracy variable of the terrain source data.

Australia 

In Australia, Visual Navigation Charts (VNCs) and Visual Terminal Charts (VTCs) usually indicate MEF information by use of bold elevation figures for each grid.  Pilots are also required to ensure their planned route does not contravene the minimum flying altitude regulations contained in CAR 167.  This restriction is normally 1000FT above populated or built-up areas and 500FT elsewhere.  

Procedures are different when flights are conducted under IFR, where LSALT is commonly used.  LSALT may be determined in a number of ways as explained in the Australian Aeronautical Information Publication or AIP.

See also 
 Minimum safe altitude (for IFR flight), including area minimum altitudes (AMA)

References 

Altitudes in aviation
Cartography
Highest points
Kosi embankment. The Koshi embankments were built in late 1950s to retain the Kosi River which is a transboundary river between Nepal and India and is one of the largest tributaries of the Ganges. It was conceptualised during the first Bihar Government of CM Shri Babu and his deputy Anugraha Babu.  
According to the agreement with Nepal, the responsibility of maintaining these embankments was vested in the Government of Bihar.

History of breaches
1963 : Breach in the western embankment in Nepal near the village Dalwa. Binodanand Jha of the Congress Party was the chief minister. The breach was blamed on rats and foxes digging holes in the embankments causing water seepage and the embankment failed. The other reason for the failure was given that because of the bad road conditions, the boulders could not be brought to the site.
1968 : Breach at five places in Jamalpur (Darbhanga), caused by the highest flow of  ever recorded in the river. Enquiry held by the Chief Engineer – Floods of CWC, P N Kumra revealed that the failure was once again caused by rats and foxes. The state was under the President's rule then.
1971 : The Bhatania Approach :Bundh that was constructed in 1968–69, collapsed between 10th to 19th kilometers below Bhimnagar in 1971 and many villages were washed away, but the eastern embankment had not breached.
1980 : Breach near Bahuarawa on the eastern embankment in Salkhua block of Saharsa district near 121st kilometer below Bhimnagar. The river eroded the embankment in about 2 kilometers reach, but just after eroding, it receded very fast and did not spill onto the countryside. The state was ruled by Dr Jagannath Mishra of Congress Party then.
1984 : A tragedy as bad as 1968 struck the eastern embankment near Hempur village in the Navhatta block of Saharsa district, 75 kilometers below the Bhimnagar barrage. It uprooted half a million people and flooded engulfed 96 villages in 7 blocks of Saharsa and Supaul districts. People could go back to their villages only after the Holi festival of 1985 when the breach got plugged. The breach was repaired at a cost of Rs. 8.2 crore. Bindeshwari Dubey of Congress Party was the Chief Minister.
1987 : A Breach in the western embankment near km 44.00 barhampur(Gandaul) village too much lost of property and lives no any enquiry initiated due to lack of people interest.
1991 : A breach in the western embankment near Joginia in Nepal. It led to a political crisis in Bihar and the Water Resources Minister of the state had to resign his post. This resignation was never accepted by Lalu Prasad Yadav who was the Chief Minister of the state then. This was a repeat performance of the Bahuarawa breach where the river had receded after eroding the embankment.
2008: see 2008 Bihar flood

See also
 Bhote Koshi Project
 Floods in Bihar
 Indo-Nepalese relations
 Koshi Barrage
 Sapt Koshi

External links
 BBC News
 newkerala.com
 The New Nation 

Dikes
Dams in Nepal
Dams in Bihar
1950s establishments in Bihar
Dams completed in the 1950s
Year of establishment missing
20th-century architecture in India
Arnaldo Maria Angelini. Arnaldo Maria Angelini (1909–1999) was an Italian engineer and Professor of Electrotechnics at the Sapienza University of Rome, known for contributions in the development of nuclear generating stations as well as hydro and pumped hydro stations, and the improvement of Italy's transmission and distribution systems.

Biography 
Angelini in 1930 graduated at the Sapienza University of Rome, where he continued to do postgraduate work for some time. He started his academic career at the Polytechnic University of Turin as lecturer. In 1949 he was appointed Professor of electrical-machine construction at the Sapienza University of Rome, where he directed the postgraduate courses. and founded the postlauream course in nuclear engineering. He was elected member of the Accademia dei Lincei.

Early 1960s he moved to industry. He worked for ENEL from 1963 to 1979 as general director and then president.

In 1976 Angelini was received elected Honorary President and Consultant by the National Academy of Engineering for his "contributions in the development of nuclear generating stations as well as hydro and pumped hydro stations, and the improvement of Italy's transmission and distribution systems." He also received IEEE Simon Ramo Medal in 1986 and the IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Award in 1989.

Selected publications 
Angelini authored and co-authored many publications in his field of expertise. Books, a selection:
 Electricity and the Environment. 1973
 Of Electric Power Transmission, the Evolution and the Environment. 1974
 The Utilization of Hydraulic Resources Still Available in the World. U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference, 1974

Articles, a selection:
 Angelini, Arnaldo Maria. Nuclear power stations in Italy. No. A/CONF. 28/P/550. Italy. Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica, Rome, 1964.
 Angelini, Arnaldo. "Uncertainties in the Future of Energy." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 610.1 (1990): 121-128.
 Angelini, A. M. "A note on the role of system engineering in the industry of a changing society." Technology in Society 18.4 (1996): 461-466.

Primary Contributor:
 Cost Estimate Classification System - As applied in EPC for the Nuclear Power Industries. AACE International Recommended Practice 115R-21, 2022

References

External links 
 Prof. Arnaldo M. Angelini at National Academy of Engineering

1909 births
1999 deaths
Engineers from Rome
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Turin
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century Italian engineers
Mailüfterl. Mailüfterl is a nickname for the Austrian Binär dezimaler Volltransistor-Rechenautomat (binary-decimal fully transistorized computing automaton), an early transistorized computer. Other early transistorized computers included TRADIC, Harwell CADET and TX-0.

Mailüfterl was built from May 1956 to May 1958 at the Vienna University of Technology by Heinz Zemanek. 

Heinz Zemanek had come to an agreement with Konrad Zuse, whose company Zuse KG would finance the work of Rudolf Bodo, who helped build the Mailüfterl, also that all circuit diagrams of the Z22 were supplied to Bodo and Zemanek, and that after the Mailüfterl project Bodo should work for the Zuse KG to help build the transistorized Z23.

The first program, computation of the prime 5,073,548,261, was executed in May 1958. Completion of the software continued until 1961. The nickname was coined by Zemanek: Even if it cannot match the rapid calculation speed of American models called "Whirlwind" or "Typhoon", it will be enough for a "Wiener Mailüfterl" (Viennese May breeze).

The computer has 3,000 transistors, 5,000 diodes, 1,000 assembly platelets, 100,000 solder joints, 15,000 resistors, 5,000 capacitors and about  of wire. It is 4 meters (13') wide, 2.5 meters (8') high, and 50 centimeters (20") deep. The machine was comparable in calculating power to what were then considered small vacuum-tube computers. Calculations and representation of values worked using the BCD system.

Zemanek later said about his project that it was a "semi-illegal" undertaking of an assistant professor, which he and a group of students realized without official authorization, and hence without financial support, from the university. In 1954 he traveled to Philips in the Netherlands, where he asked for a donation in kind. Transistors, invented seven years before and just beginning to be available commercially, were very difficult to obtain in quantity at any price, but Zemanek received a commitment for 1,000 rather slow hearing-aid transistors, and Philips finally shipped a total of 4,000 high-quality transistors to the Austrians.

Sources

See also 
 List of transistorized computers

External links 
 Oral history interview with Heinz Zemanek, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Zemanek discusses his engineering education and work in radar technology during World War II. Zemanek then focuses on the development of computers in Austria: magnetic drums and magnetic memory, the MAILUFTERL computer, LOGALGOL and other compilers, the University of Vienna, where Zemanek worked on his computer, the subsequent sponsorship of the project by International Business Machines Europe, and ALGOL and PL/I language standards development.
 
 
 
 Mailüfterl emulator in JavaScript

Transistorized computers
1950s computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Sadid Industrial Group. Sadid Industrial Group was established in 1963 in Iran. It is an industrial conglomerate in the fields of designing, engineering and fabrication of machines/equipment, production of spiral and longitudinal welded steel pipes, general contracting of oil, gas and petrochemical projects, water and sewage utilities and manufacturing of wind power generators.

See also
Energy in Iran
National Iranian Oil Company

References

External links
Company's website

Manufacturing companies of Iran
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1963
Iranian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Manufacturing companies established in 1963
1963 establishments in Iran
Muravey-class patrol boat. The Muravey-class is the NATO reporting name for a class of hydrofoil patrol boats built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 1989. The Soviet designation was Project 133 Antares.

Design
The boats were designed as patrol vessels and were built in Feodosiya for the Black Sea Fleet. They are powered by gas turbines in contrast to diesel engines used for most other Soviet fast attack craft to achieve higher speeds.

Ships
16 boats were built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 1989

 10? are believed to be operated by the Russian Border guard
 3 are believed to be operated by the Ukrainian Sea Guard

Variants
 Project 133: basic hydrofoil
 Project 133RA "Antares RA": stealth version, similar to Visby class, but (around) half the size

See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number

References
 Also published as 
Page in Russian Language

Ships of the Soviet Navy
Patrol boat classes
Hydrofoils
LNWR Class D. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Class D was a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotives.  They were simple engine rebuilds of earlier Webb Class A three-cylinder compound engines.

History
Though the original rebuilds of the Class As had reused the existing small (4 ft 3 in diameter) boilers with 19.5 in diameter cylinders (Class C, the smaller boilers could not raise adequate steam, so from 1906 the next 62 rebuilds (63 according to the LNWR Society) were rebuilt with a larger 5 ft 2 in diameter Experiment-type boilers, retaining the cylinders.  These, from 1911, would be classified D.  These rebuilds left smaller boilers available and so from 1906 rebuilds used these smaller boilers with smaller cylinders to Class C1.

To these compound rebuilds was added the prototype eight-coupled goods engine No. 2524 which was rebuilt with a larger boiler in 1906.  Previously it had been similar to the Class C with a smaller boiler; though was not classified as such since the letter classification was introduced in 1911.

Numbering
All Ds were numbered in the 18xx or 25xx series by the LNWR.  All passed into LMS ownership in 1923, and the LMS assigned them the numbers 9002-64, sequentially in order of rebuild date.

The LMS rebuilt all of the Ds with the addition of superheating, taking them into Class G1, nicknamed "Super Ds" between 1925 and 1934.  Many carried their LNWR numbers until rebuilt for a second time, and the LMS number thereafter.  And thus the class was rendered extinct.

References

Further reading

 Bob Essery & David Jenkinson An Illustrated Review of LMS Locomotives Vol. 2 Absorbed Pre-Group Classes Western and Central Divisions
 Edward Talbot, The London & North Western Railway Eight-Coupled Goods Engines
 Willie Yeadon, Yeadon's Compendium of LNWR Locomotives Vol 2 Goods Tender Engines

D
0-8-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1906
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
D n2 locomotives
Aeronautical Engineering Review. Aeronautical Engineering Review was a journal published by the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences.

History
The Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences started on 1933. It was titled the Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. It became a monthly publication in 1935. The journal contained a section called "News from the Institute", that contained meeting notices, announcements, and obituaries. By 1944 this information was transferred to the Aeronautical Engineering Review.

References

Aerospace engineering journals
Defunct journals of the United States
Academic journals established in 1933
China International Electronic Commerce Center. China International Electron Commerce Center (CIECC)  is a government agency operating under the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, that develops {Electron} information projects.

CIECC also facilitates international cooperation and exchanges in the electronic commerce with other countries at the state level.

The CIECC's English translation website appears to be not maintained, however the website for native Chinese speakers is updated daily.

M-Commerce Lab
The M-Commerce Laboratory is designed to bridge the gap among industry, government and academia to facilitate certain aspects in the M-Commerce environment such as research and commercialization of mobile applications, mobile payment and security, and enterprise mobile commerce application. By providing an environment to study, develop and promote projects in the mobile commerce domain, the laboratory helps to enhance end-to-end innovation capabilities.

References

External links
CIECC develops, operates and maintains international electronic commerce website, the core website of the Golden Gate project of the country's key informatization construction projects.

Foreign trade of China
Jet nut. A jet nut, also known as a k-nut, is a special type of hex locknut that is commonly used in the aerospace and automotive racing industries.

It has a flange on one end of the nut, the hex is smaller than a standard sized hex nut, and it is shorter than a standard hex nut. It achieves its locking action by using an elliptical offset on the un-flanged end of the nut.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 .

Nuts (hardware)
Linden Street Bridge. The Linden Street Bridge is an abandoned Central Massachusetts Railroad bridge over Linden Street (Massachusetts Route 60) in Waltham, Massachusetts. A restoration of the bridge is under construction as a part of the Mass Central Rail Trail—Wayside (MCRT—Wayside) project. It is a riveted lattice through truss bridge, built in 1894 by the Pennsylvania Steel Company, and is one of only three such bridges left in the state. The bridge is  long and  wide, with an inside truss height of , and rests on granite abutments. The design of the bridge was based on that of the Northampton crossing of the Connecticut River by the same railroad.

History

This section of the Central Massachusetts Branch, and the bridge, have been out of service since the early 1990s when service to the last customer, a lumber dealer located on Emerson Road, ended. The bridge is owned by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority and leased to the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) for the rail trail.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. In 2022 and 2023, Waltham received two reimbursement based, $500,000 MassTrails grants intended to fund restoration of the bridge for the MCRT—Wayside, matching $9,300,000 spent on a 2.75 mile trail section built in Waltham. However, Waltham did not proceed with the bridge restoration. In September 2024, DCR announced it would fund restoration of the bridge. Construction began in December 2024.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Waltham, Massachusetts

References

External links

Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bridges completed in 1894
Bridges in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railroad bridges in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Waltham, Massachusetts
Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Waltham, Massachusetts
Steel bridges in the United States
Lattice truss bridges in the United States
Tester-driven development. In software engineering, tester-driven development, or bug-driven development, is an anti-pattern where the requirements are determined by bug reports or test results rather than, for example, the value or cost of a feature. The concept is generally invoked facetiously, and comes with the implication that high volumes of computer code are written with little regard for unit testing by the programmers.

The term itself is a tongue-in-cheek reference to test-driven development, a widely used methodology in agile software practices. In test-driven development tests are used to drive the implementation towards fulfilling the requirements. Tester-driven development instead shortcuts the process by removing the determination of requirements and letting the testers (or the QA team) drive what they think the software should be through the testing (or QA) process.

Projects that are developed using this anti-pattern often suffer from being extremely late. Another common problem is poor code quality.

Common causes for projects ending up being run this way are often: 

The testing phase started too early;
Incomplete requirements;
Inexperienced testers;
Inexperienced developers;
Poor project management.

Things get worse when the testers realize that they don't know what the requirements are and therefore don't know how to test any particular code changes. The onus then falls on the developers of individual changes to write their own test cases and they are happy to do so because their own tests normally pass and their performance measurements improve. Project leaders are also delighted by the rapid reduction in the number of open change requests.

See also 
Extreme programming
Extreme programming practices
Feature creep
Requirements management
Software prototyping – creating prototypes of software applications to get feedback from users early in a project

References

Software development process
Anti-patterns
Alfred Giles (civil engineer). Alfred Giles (3 October 1816 – 1895) was a British civil engineer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1878 and 1892.
 
Giles was born in London, the second son of Francis Giles canal builder and railway engineer and his wife Mary Ann Wyer, daughter of Samuel Wyer of Birmingham. He was educated at Charterhouse School and became a civil engineer, constructing railways and dock works in Britain and overseas. He was consulting Engineer to Southampton Dock Co., chairman of Union Steamship Co. and a director of Commercial Union Fire and Life Assurance Co. Giles was also created a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog by King Christian IX of Denmark. He lived in Godalming in Surrey.

Giles was elected Member of Parliament for Southampton, first winning his seat in a by-election in 1878, sitting as a Conservative. He lost his seat at the 1880 General Election but regained it in another by-election in 1883. He retained his seat at the 1885 and 1886 General Elections but was defeated in 1892 by the Liberal Party's Francis Evans.

Giles served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from May 1893 to May 1894.

Giles married  Jane Emily Coppard, daughter of John Coppard of Hastings in 1838. Their son Charles Tyrrell Giles was a lawyer and politician. They also had a daughter, Mary.

References

Bibliography

External links 
 

1816 births
1895 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
British civil engineers
Engineers from London
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
People from Godalming
Flygprestanda. Flygprestanda AB (ICAO: FPA ) is a Swedish aviation company specializing in the support of takeoff and landing calculations. This is done in part through their 'Guru' software, powered by an airport database derived partly from national Aeronautical Information Publications and NOTAMS. As of January 2011, the database covers more than 6000 airports.

One of their other core services is the creation of Route Performance Manuals, which deal with the efficiency of aircraft operations. Flygprestanda were present during the 2008 Middle East Business Aviation Association conference, showcasing their 'Guru' software, and again in 2010 focusing on a new product called FOCS dealing with flight scheduling, planning, route finding & ATC filing services. The company is ISO 9001 certified  and have a secondary office in the United States

References 

Aerospace companies of Sweden
Companies based in Malmö
Flight planning