omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VISQ. VISQ (Portuguese acronym for "Variables that Interact Semi-Quantitatively") is a scientific-educational software developed using Carnegie-Mellon's cT, in the year of 1993 by M. Thielo (as a physics undergrad at the time), based on Jon Ogborn ideas for semi-quantitative modeling of dynamical systems, for both MS-DOS and Macintosh systems (in 2012 the author published a new, Windows compatible version). Awarded by the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in 1994, the system is based on the theory of continuous neural networks, and have been used in many research projects since then, mainly in Master and Doctoral Dissertations in the area of environmental education. An introduction to VISQ (in Portuguese) can be found at the university site, and the software can be freely downloaded from the author's site

References

External links
 Download MS-DOS Version of VISQ
 Reference manual (English)
 Representing Semiquantitative Variables with VISQ (in Portuguese)
 Journal Article containing a case study with the program, published in the International Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
 Animated example of a semiquantitative model running in VISQ.

Science education
Educational software
Lilleby smelteverk. Lilleby smelteverk was a smeltmill located in Lilleby, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, next to City Lade. It is well known for having produced the world's cleanest ferrosilicon (an alloy that contains iron and silicon) for NASA. Shut down in December 20th, 2002, the production moved to Mo I Rana.
The building is demolished.

Early years (1927–1949) 
Professor Harald Christian Pederson founded the A/S Ila and Lilleby smelteverk melting facilities in the 1920s. He worked with a chemical process which later has been called the Pederson-2 process. It consists of melting ironmalm which gives ferrosilicon as a by-product.

Occupation years (1940–1945) 
Lilleby closed on the same day Norway was attacked by Nazi Germany, but it did not remain closed for long. The Norwegian aluminium industry was of great strategic importance for the German government, which requested that Lilleby resume operation right away. Birger Solberg was placed in charge, because professor Pedersen had left with his family to Sweden. Solberg was dismissed the day that Pederson returned, undoubtedly related to his views on the occupation, which differed from Professor Pedersen's views: Pedersen was a supporter of Nazi Germany and wanted to collaborate with the occupation.

During the war, the plant was geared mostly towards aluminium, which was more important for the German war effort; however, many employees sabotaged the work in order to keep productivity low.

Post-World War II 

After the war, Birger Solberg resumed control, but the economics and equipment of the facility had become unfavorable. Feeling empathy for the former workers, he devised a new business plan based on collecting German plane wrecks and other debris in middle-Norway and re-melting them.

The facility was closed on December 20, 2002 and production moved to Mo i Rana.

References

Metallurgical facilities
Buildings and structures in Trondheim
Austin Osprey. The Austin A.F.T.3 Osprey was a prototype British fighter triplane of the First World War. Developed by the motor car manufacturer Austin as a replacement to the Sopwith Camel, only one was built, the Sopwith Snipe being preferred.

Development and design
In 1917, Britain's War Office issued Specification A.1.A for a single-seat fighter to replace the Sopwith Camel. To meet this requirement, the Austin Motor Company, already a large scale manufacturer of aircraft to Royal Aircraft Factory designs, produced its own design for a single-engined triplane, the A.F.T.3 Osprey, receiving a licence to build three prototypes as a private venture.

The Osprey was of conventional wood and fabric construction, with single-bay triplane wings.  It was powered by a Bentley BR2 rotary engine, and featured the required armament of two Vickers machine guns and a single Lewis gun. The synchronised  Vickers guns were mounted ahead of the pilot, while the Lewis gun was mounted on a movable mounting on the centre section of the middle wing, where it had a very limited field of fire, with the large diameter propeller blocking any forward fire. Like a similar gun mounted on the Snipe it would probably have been deleted had the type gone into production.

The first Osprey flew in February 1918, being tested at Martlesham Heath in March. It was heavier than expected, and its performance was inferior to Sopwith's Snipe. When the Snipe was selected as the winner of the competition for the new fighter, Austin abandoned development of the Osprey, with the second and third prototypes not completed. The first prototype was briefly used for trials at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough until at least June 1918.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War:Volume One: Fighters. London:Macdonald, 1965.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links

Austin Memories: Aircraft Production

1910s British fighter aircraft
Triplanes
Osprey
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Rotary-engined aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
IWS. IWS may refer to:
 West Houston Airport (IATA code)
 Individually wrapped slices, in reference to processed cheese
 Integrated Workstation, developed by Convergent Technologies (Unisys)
 International Wool Secretariat
 International Wrestling Syndicate
 In-water survey, a method of surveying the underwater parts of a floating ship
 Irish Water Spaniel
 Steyr IWS 2000, an Austrian semi-automatic rifle
Yakovlev Yak-45. Yakovlev Yak-45 was the designation for a planned fighter that was replaced by the Mikoyan MiG-29.

Design and development
Yakovlev's entry of designs were submitted under the designation Yak-45 during the early 1970s. The design was rejected in favor of the MiG-29. Construction of the Yak-45 was resumed during the late 1970s. This aircraft was not developed because of the VTOL operation.

See also
 Mikoyan MiG-29
 Saab Viggen

References

 Gunston, Bill. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. .

External links

Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Canard aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
Yak-045
VTOL aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Austin Whippet. The Austin Whippet was a British single-seat light aircraft that was designed and built by the Austin Motor Company just after the First World War. It was a small single-seat biplane that was intended to be an inexpensive aircraft for the amateur private pilotwere. Five were built, after which Austin abandoned aircraft production.

Development and design
In 1919, John Kenworthy, chief designer of the motor manufacturer Austin Motor Company, (who had built large numbers of aircraft under license during the First World War) designed a small single-seater light aircraft in order to cash in on an expected boom in private flying. The resulting aircraft, named the Austin Whippet, was a small single-seat biplane of mixed construction, with a fabric covered steel tube fuselage, and single-bay, folding wooden wings. The wings avoided the need for rigging wires by use of streamlined steel lift struts.

The first prototype, powered by a two-cylinder horizontally opposed engine, flew in 1919, receiving its Airworthiness Certificate in December that year. Production aircraft were powered by a six-cylinder Anzani air-cooled radial, and four more aircraft followed before Austin abandoned aircraft production in 1920, when it realised that the postwar depression was severely limiting aircraft sales.

Operational history
Of the five aircraft built, two were sold to New Zealand, while another was sent by its purchaser to Argentina. One of the New Zealand aircraft, serial AU.4/ZK-ACR, remained in existence at Kai Iwi in the 1940s.

An accurate replica of Whippet K-158 is currently on display at the Aeroventure South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum in Doncaster, UK.

A Replica K.158/BAPC.207 South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum at Doncaster.

Specifications

Notes

References

 "The Austin "Whippet"". Flight, 14 August 1919. Vol. XI, no. 33, pp. 1076–1078. Technical description with photographs and scale drawings.
 "The Olympia Aero Show 1920". Flight, 15 July 1920. pp. 749–780.
 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers, Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2nd edition, 2005. .
Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume I. London:Putnam, 1974. .

External links

Austin Memories: Aircraft Production

1910s British sport aircraft
Whippet
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Peter Elleray. Peter Elleray (born 30 June 1958) is an English engineer and race car designer particularly known for designing the Bentley Speed 8 race car. Elleray, who worked for Racing Technologies Norfolk (RTN), also designed the Audi R8C and the British Radical SR9. On 14 September 2007, his involvement was announced in the design of the WF01-Zytek for Embassy Racing, which had a best finish of 4th in its LMP2 category at the 1000 km of Nürburgring during the 2008 Le Mans Series season.

Biography
Elleray attended Hutton Grammar School before earning a Bachelor of Science degree in applied mathematics from Durham University in 1979. After spending several years in the aerospace field, Elleray took a job with Tyrrell Racing in 1982 analyzing ground effect tunnels. In 1983 and 1984, he was involved with amateur racing teams before being employed as a designer and race engineer by Arrows F1. In 1999, he became Chief Designer for Bentley's prototype program.

Designing the Bentley Speed 8
According to Elleray, he had the basic ideas for the Bentley Speed 8 even before launching the design work in August 2001 with Gene Varnier, the assistant chief designer on the project. By 2003, the vehicle had evolved to accommodate a change from Dunlop tires to Michelin tires and also to adapt the front diffuser to the doored-coupe design. The Los Angeles Times praised Elleray's design as exhibiting a "kind of inexpressible British flair and beauty."  The car received the Autosport Racing Car of the Year Award for 2003, the first non-F1 car for 14 years to win the award, breaking Ferrari's streak.

References

Living people
English engineers
1958 births
People educated at Hutton Grammar School
Formula One engineers
Alumni of Collingwood College, Durham
Lower Mill, Dalham. Lower Mill or Opposition Mill is a Grade II* listed smock mill at Dalham, Suffolk, England which has been preserved.

History

Lower Mill or Opposition Mill was built in the 1790s by a Mr Ruffle. The sails were blown off in 1802. She was working until 1926 and by 1935 was in need of repairs. These were completed in 1938 but the mill again deteriorated until it was purchased in 1972 by Frank Farrow and restoration began with the intention of returning the mill to working order, assisted by grants from Suffolk County Council and the Historic Buildings Council for England. The windmill's restoration work was carried out by Gormley and Goodman Engineers of Warwickshire between 1979 and 1980. (see also Bromham Watermill and Stevington Windmill, Bedfordshire.

Description

Lower Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has a beehive cap with a gallery which was winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails were  long and  wide carried on a cast-iron windshaft. They drove three pairs of French Burr millstones which are mounted on a hurst frame on the first floor.

Millers

William Ruffle 1804-55
George Moore 1855-75
Abraham Simpson 1875-85
Joseph Tabraham 1875-
John Tabraham 1875-
Josiah Tabraham
John Tabraham
Lewis Tabraham
Elijah Rutterford 1904
Charles Kerridge 1908
Turner -1926
Reference for above:-

External links
Windmill World webpage on Dalham Mill.

References

Industrial buildings completed in the 18th century
Windmills in Suffolk
Smock mills in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Forest Heath
Grade II* listed windmills
Octagonal buildings in the United Kingdom
Vitrified tile. Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an alternative to marble and granite flooring. Vitrified tiles are often used outdoors due to their water and frost resistance. There are four types of Vitrified tiles - Soluble salt, Double charge, Full Body, and Glazed.

Process
Vitrified tile is made by hydraulic pressing a mixture of clay, quartz, feldspar and silica, which make vitreous surface. Thus creating a single mass making them hard with low porosity. Different clay bodies reach vitrification at different temperatures.

Types
 Soluble salt vitrified tiles are screen printed and polished.
 Double charge vitrified tiles are fed through a press that prints the pattern with a double layer of pigment, 3 to 4 mm thicker than other types of  tile. This process does not permit complex patterns but results in a long-wearing tile surface, suitable for heavy traffic commercial projects. The design layer should not be more than 4mm thickness, which may weaken the strength of the tile.
 Full body vitrified tiles have pigment in entire body (thickness) of the tile. This makes chips and scratches less noticeable and make this an ideal choice for high traffic zones, but the process significantly increases the cost.
 Glazed vitrified tiles (GVT) have a glazed surface. They offer a wide variety of design, art work and surface textures like  wood grain, bamboo, slate or stone. This is also an expensive process, but the cost is dropping as digital printing techniques are introduced

References

Building materials
Visual arts materials
Tiling
Grafair. Grafair, or Graf Air as it is sometimes spelt in the media, is a Swedish aviation company founded in 1969 by the famous Swedish aviator and entrepreneur, Bengt Grafström. Grafair is also represented in the US through the subsidiary Grafair Inc.

Grafair operates a fleet of business jets and amphibious aircraft. They offer air taxi/air charter, fractional jet ownership and air ambulance services.

Grafair founded the first privately owned and operated Fixed-Base Operation (FBO) in Sweden in 2004. The full-service FBO located at Stockholm-Bromma Airport was named the Grafair Jet Center. The Grafair Jet Center FBO were ranked in May 2008 as the third best international FBO. The following year, in May 2009, Grafair Jet Center were again placed as the 3rd best international FBO in the survey performed by AIN.

Fleet
Grafair's aircraft fleet consists of (2024):

References

External links 
 

Airlines of Sweden
Charter airlines
Airlines established in 1969
Swedish companies established in 1969
Companies based in Stockholm
Jeremy Hansen. Jeremy Roger Hansen  (born January 27, 1976) is a Canadian astronaut, fighter pilot, physicist and former aquanaut. He was selected to join the Canadian Space Agency in the 2009 CSA selection along with David Saint-Jacques. Prior to his selection as one of Canada's astronauts, Hansen was a Royal Canadian Air Force captain, piloting the CF-18 fighter jet at CFB Cold Lake, Alberta. He has since been promoted to the rank of colonel.

Hansen was selected as a mission specialist on the Artemis II flight, which intends to circle the Moon in spring 2026. If successful, he will be the first non-American astronaut to travel beyond low Earth orbit.

Early life and education 
Hansen was born on January 27, 1976, in London, Ontario, and raised on a farm near Ailsa Craig, until moving to Ingersoll for his high school education. 

After graduating from Ingersoll District Collegiate Institute in Ingersoll, Ontario, Hansen attended the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario, where he completed a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in space science in 1999 with First Class Honours.

Hansen later completed a Master of Science degree in physics at the Royal Military College in 2000, with a research focus on wide field of view satellite tracking.

Career 
In 2013, Hansen served as cavenaut into the ESA CAVES training in Sardinia, alongside Satoshi Furukawa, Michael Barratt, Jack Fisher, Aleksei Ovchinin and Paolo Nespoli.  

On June 10, 2014, NASA announced that Hansen would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory during the NEEMO 19 undersea exploration mission, which began on September 7, 2014, and lasted seven days. 

On April 3, 2023, he was announced as part of the upcoming Artemis II mission to be the first Canadian to travel to the Moon.

Personal life 
Hansen is married to Catherine Hansen and has three children.

Honours and awards 
 Canadian Forces' Decoration – 12 years of service (October 2006)
 Canadian air force pilot wings (May 2002)
 Clancy Scheldrup Memorial Trophy – outstanding graduate on the Basic Flying Course (2001)
 Air Cadet League of Canada Award – top air force graduate from the Royal Military College of Canada (May 1999)
 Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (FRCGS)
 Gold Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society
 Canada's flag bearer for the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla
 Calgary Stampede Parade Marshal (2023)

See also 
 List of Artemis astronauts

References

External links 

 CSA Biography of Jeremy R. Hansen
 Spacefacts biography of Jeremy Hansen
 
 

1976 births
Living people
Canadian astronauts
People from London, Ontario
People from Ingersoll, Ontario
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Royal Canadian Air Force officers
Canadian aviators
Aquanauts
Fellows of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society
Prospect Dam (Arizona). Prospect Dam is a former lava dam in the Grand Canyon of Arizona, United States. It was the oldest and tallest of several former lava dams in the Grand Canyon. It was formed about 1.2 million years ago as lava flowed down the walls of the Grand Canyon, and temporarily stopped the flow of the Colorado River.

References 

Volcanic dams
Grand Canyon
Pleistocene volcanism
Dams in Arizona
ECJ (disambiguation). ECJ is the European Court of Justice, the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law.

ECJ may also refer to:

Computing
 Java Evolutionary Computation Toolkit, a Java-based evolutionary Computation Research System
 Eclipse Compiler for Java, a Java compiler in the Eclipse framework

Other uses
 Eclipse ECJ, a very light jet produced by Eclipse Aviation
 Escuela Complementaria Japonesa de Madrid, a Japanese international school in Madrid
 Evolutionary Computation Journal, a scientific journal on evolutionary computation

See also
 Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the full court system of the European Union
Internet/Intranet Input Method Framework. IIIMF (Internet/Intranet Input Method Framework) is the default input method framework for Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Japanese and Korean on old Fedora Linux systems.  Since Fedora Core 5, SCIM has been selected as the default input method framework instead.  Developed by Hideki Hiura, it supports Unicode and allows multiple language engines to run at the same time.

References

Chinese-language computing
Japanese-language computing
Software defect indicator. A Software Defect Indicator is a pattern that can be found in source code that is strongly correlated with a software defect, an error or omission in the source code of a computer program that may cause it to malfunction. When inspecting the source code of computer programs, it is not always possible to identify defects directly, but there are often patterns, sometimes called anti-patterns, indicating that defects are present.

Some examples of Software Defect Indicators:
 Disabled Code: Code has been written and the programmer has disabled it, or switched it off, without making it clear why it has been disabled, or when or whether it will be re-enabled.
 Routine Too Complex: A program (method, module, routine, subroutine, procedure, or any named block of code) contains more than 10 binary terms in conditional statements.
 Unused Variables: Unreferenced variables are a strong indicator for other errors.
 Number of Distinct Committers: The amount of unique developers that have made contributions to a project's commit history. This is a process metric that is useful in indicating software defects.

See also
 Cyclomatic complexity
 Anti-pattern
 Computer program
 Computer programming
 Control flow
 Software engineering

References

External links
NIST Special Publication 500-235 Structured Testing: A Testing Methodology Using the Cyclomatic Complexity Metric

Software metrics
Durchgangsgüterzug. A Durchgangsgüterzug (abbreviation: Dg, literally: through goods train) is a category of German train that describes a goods train that runs directly to its destination with the same train formation. No shunting takes place at intermediate stations and it is usually a unit train. In addition to transporting freight between marshalling yards, these trains are also used to move large quantities of bulk goods on set routes (e.g. coal and ore) from ports to power stations and steelworks.

Trains with only one type of freight are usually called unit trains or named after their freight e.g. coal train, oil train, etc.

See also 
 Nahgüterzug
 Übergabegüterzug

Rail freight transport in Germany
Nakajima C3N. The Nakajima C3N-1 (also designated Type 97 Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft) was a prototype Japanese carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft of the 1930s. It was a single-engine monoplane with a fixed undercarriage. Although only two examples were built, they were both used operationally, carrying out land-based reconnaissance missions during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Development
In 1935, the Nakajima Aircraft Company submitted a design to meet an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service requirement for a carrier based-reconnaissance aircraft. The design, designated Type S by Nakajima, had a great deal in common with the Nakajima B5N torpedo-bomber that was being developed in parallel. The Type S was a low-winged, single-engined monoplane of all metal construction with upward folding wings for ease of stowage aboard carriers. Unlike the B5N, its undercarriage was of fixed tailwheel type with spatted main wheels. Power was by the same Nakajima Hikari radial engine used by early B5Ns. A crew of three were accommodated under a long canopy, with a single 7.7 mm machine gun operated by a gunner and a second fixed forward-firing gun aimed by the pilot.

The first of two prototypes was completed in October 1936. After testing and completing carrier qualification, the type was officially adopted as the Type 97 Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft, with the  short designation of C3N-1. No production followed, however, as the B5N was considered adequate in the reconnaissance role.

Operational history
The two C3N-1s were sent to China for tactical evaluation in 1937, during the early months of the Second Sino-Japanese War, being used operationally for land based reconnaissance missions in the Hankou and Shanghai regions.

Specifications (C3N)

See also

Notes

References

 Mikesh, Robert C. and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

External links
 Nakajima C3N

Carrier-based aircraft
C3N, Nakajima
C3N
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936