omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gunnar Larsen (politician). Gunnar Larsen (1902–1973) was a Danish chemical engineer, businessman and politician. He served as the minister for transport between 1940 and 1943. He left Denmark in 1954 and exiled into Ireland where he lived until his death.

Early life and education
Larsen was born on 10 January 1902. He was an engineer by profession and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology obtaining a degree in chemical engineering in 1926.

Career and activities
He was named as the director of FL Smidth & Co. in 1935 becoming a prominent figure in the Danish industry. Larsen replaced his father as the director of the company. Larsen was one of the confidantes of Danish politician Erik Scavenius. He resigned from the company on 8 July 1940 when he was appointed minister of transport. He was part of the coalition government and the first Buhl cabinet which ceased to function on 29 August 1943. He served in the cabinets as an independent politician. 

Following the end of his tenure as minister he developed an alliance with the British intelligence service and supported the resistance movement financially. After World War II Larsen was arrested in 1945 and the Copenhagen City Court sentenced him to prison for providing financial support to a gun brush factory. He was acquitted by the High Court and the Supreme Court in 1948. Because it was concluded that the reasons for his financial support was not economical, but political.

Exile and death
Larsen left Denmark and settled in Ireland in 1954. He became a citizen of Ireland and involved in business. He died in Ireland on 1 February 1973.

Legacy
Larsen's diaries covering the period between January 1941 and September 1943 were published in 2011.

References

External links

20th-century Danish engineers
20th-century Danish businesspeople
1902 births
1973 deaths
Transport ministers of Denmark
Danish chemical engineers
Danish expatriates in Ireland
Irish people of Danish descent
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Independent politicians in Denmark
Athlon Avia A1-CM Furia. A1-CM Furia () — is a Ukrainian hand-launched, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed for aerial reconnaissance. It is controlled using a dedicated rectangular, guitar-case sized, portable station (displayed behind UAV in photo).

History 
It made its first flight in 2014 and was commissioned by the Air Guard of Ukraine in 2015 and Armed Forces of Ukraine in 2020. A1-CM Furia UAVs are used in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Capabilities 
According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence, its latest modification, the A1-CMX, is able to correlate and pinpoint visual map data with GPS and GLONASS coordinates in realtime, and can reliably beam a laser target designator up to 7km away onto an area of 2x2m - even in harsh weather conditions. The CMX version was dubbed a new "Wunderwaffe" in the fight against Russia due to its ability to give final guidance correction to the M982 Excalibur artillery shells.

Design 
Analysis of destroyed versions that floated on Russian social-network VK at the end of August 2023 showed custom FPGA and NVIDIA chips on tailor-made motherboards and daughterboards, expensive industrial grade ball-bearings, multiple 830/905nm laser range finders and laser designators as well as precision electric motors and stepper-motors from Northrop Grumman Corporation, Honeywell International Inc., L-3 Technologies, and ABB. 

Features included multi-band long-range digital radio, backup gyroscopes, designated chipsets for satellite reception and a secondary high-resolution IR camera. Almost all electronic parts were enclosed in individual hardened shock-proof casings with Mu-metal EMI and RFI shielding. Members of the Russian hacker-group Killnet commented that they were "severely impressed" and attributed "high quality" and "an obvious technological advantage".

The A1-CMX is claimed to have assisted in precision strikes to destroy over 43 Russian tanks and 181 assorted armored and support vehicles during the first half of the Counter-Offensive in the Robotyne region alone. It was described by General Yevhen Moisiuk as an "absolute game changer“ that "leads to spotted targets getting destroyed in under 15minutes at a 95% probability“.

References 

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Ukraine
Reconnaissance aircraft
Military equipment of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Mitsubishi R39B engine. The Mitsubishi R39B is a , four-stroke, DOHC, naturally-aspirated, four-cylinder racing engine, designed, developed, and built by Mitsubishi, for the Japanese Formula 2000 championship, in 1971. It is itself based on the Saturn engine.

Applications
Mitsubishi Colt F2000
Lola T290

References

R39B
Straight-four engines
Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile. The Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM; pronounced Ha-sehm) is an Australian-American scramjet-powered hypersonic air-launched cruise missile project, the successor of the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) and the SCIFiRE hypersonic programs.

Technology developed for the HAWC demonstrator was used to influence the design of the HACM, a U.S. Air Force Program of Record to create a scramjet-powered hypersonic missile it could deploy as an operational weapon. 

In December 2021, Raytheon Technologies was awarded a $985 million contract to continue its HACM development. 

The contract to develop HACM further was awarded to Raytheon in September 2022. HACM will use a Northrop Grumman scramjet. It is designed to be smaller than the AGM-183 ARRW and able to fly along “vastly different trajectories” than the boost-glide ARRW. 

The system will give the US military "tactical flexibility to employ fighters to hold high-value, time-sensitive targets at risk, while maintaining bombers for other strategic targets." Following the U.S. Air Force's decision to not pursue procurement of ARRW in March 2023, the HACM became the service's only hypersonic weapon program. Though the USAF confirmed that they would not be purchasing any hypersonic weapons in FY 2024, the budget request for the upcoming fiscal year includes $380 million for R&D on the HACM, followed by a proposed $517 million in FY 2025. The United States hopes to have the missile in operational capacity by FY 2027.

The United States Air Force has stated that Australian testing facilities will be used for testing of HACM.

In Australian service, the projectile will become the fastest missile Australia has ever operated, and the first hypersonic missile. As of 2024, the fastest missile Australia has operated is the ATACMS ballistic missile, having a supersonic speed of Mach 3.

Future Operators 

  United States Air Force
In future American service, it has been indicated that the F-15E Strike Eagle will be the sole carrier of the missile.

  Royal Australian Air Force 
Australia has indicated that their allocation of the future missiles will first be deployed on the F/A-18F Super Hornets, followed by usage on the EA-18G Growler, F-35A Lightning II and the P-8A Poseidon.

See also 
 Hypersonic Air Launched Offensive Anti-Surface 
3M22 Zircon
ASALM
Kh-90
ASN4G

References

Air-launched cruise missiles
Cruise missiles of the United States
Proposed weapons of the United States
RTX Corporation
Hypersonic cruise missiles
Scramjet-powered aircraft
U.S. Air Force programs of record
Edward Hunt (shipbuilder). Sir Edward Hunt (c.1730–1787) was a British shipbuilder and designer who rose to be Surveyor of the Navy.

Life

He was born around 1730.

He is first recorded in the service of the Royal Navy as a Master Boat Builder in 1757 at Portsmouth Dockyard. This position was usually preceded by an apprenticeship as a ship's carpenter on a Royal Navy ship, plus a period as ship's carpenter both at sea and on shore. In 1762 he was appointed Assistant Master Shipwright at Sheerness Dockyard then was promoted first to Master Caulker. In 1765 he moved to Woolwich Dockyard as Assistant Master Shipwright. In 1767 he was given full charge (as Master Shipwright) at Sheerness Dockyard and from that time the Royal Navy list his works. In 1772 he moved to the far larger dock at Portsmouth.

In April 1778 he was appointed Surveyor of the Navy to assist Sir John Williams. From December 1784 he was the senior Surveyor and was working with John Henslow.

He ceased work in December 1786 and died within a few weeks, his will being probated on 31 January 1787.

Ships Built

HMS Portland (1770) 50-gun ship of the line launched at Harwich
HMS Berwick (1775) 74-gun ship of the line launched at Portsmouth
HMS Sphinx (1775) 20-gun ship
HMS Cygnet (1776) 14-gun sloop
HMS Swift (1777) 14-gun sloop
HMS Lion (1777) 64-gun ship of the line launched at Portsmouth

Ships Designed

Active-class frigate (1778) 32-gun frigates first launched in 1779
Minerva-class frigate (1778) 32-gun frigates first launched in 1780
Ganges-class ship of the line (1779) 74-gun ships of the line first launched in 1782
Perseverance-class frigate (1779) 36-fun frigates first launched in 1781
HMS Active (1779) 36-gun frigate first launched in 1780
Grampus-class ship (1780) 50-gun ships
Hermione-class frigate (1780) 32-gun frigates first launched in 1782
Echo-class sloop (1781) 16-gun sloops
HMS Trusty (1781) 50-gun ship of the line launched in 1782
Adventure-class ship (1782) 44-gun ships first launched in 1785
HMS Culloden (1782) 74-gun ship of the line launched in 1783
HMS Melampus (1782) 36-gun frigate launched in 1785
HMS Squirrel (1783) 20-gun post ship launched in 1785
HMS Caesar (1786) 80-gun ship of the line launched in 1793
HMS Retaliation (1799) 32-gun frigate - a remodelling of HMS Hermione
HMS Queen Charlotte (1805) 100-gun ship of the line launched in 1810

Family

Around 1760 he married Ann(e) Irish (d.1804). The family lived in Portsea, Portsmouth and had a London house at Blackheath.

Their first son Joseph Hunt became Director of Greenwich Hospital, London and married Catherine Davie daughter of Sir John Davie, 7th baronet.

References
 

1787 deaths
British shipbuilders
Surveyors of the Navy
Non-load bearing wall. A non-load bearing wall or non-bearing wall is a type of wall used in building construction that is not a load-bearing wall. That is, it is a wall that does not support the weight of structure other than the wall itself.

Walls that fall into this category include:
 Most interior walls 
 Infill wall
 Curtain wall (architecture)
 Partition walls

See also
Non-loadbearing

References
Margaret J. Eppstein. Margaret Jean Eppstein (also published as Margaret J. E. Heinrich) is an American multidisciplinary scholar whose research involves the computational modeling of complex systems in various application domains. She is a professor emerita and research professor of computer science at the University of Vermont.

Education and career
Eppstein grew up in the countryside in Galesburg, Michigan, a small town outside Kalamazoo, Michigan, where her father worked as a research scientist at Upjohn. Her parents built one of the eight Frank Lloyd Wright-designed homes near Kalamazoo. After switching majors every year in the Honor's College at Michigan State University, she graduated in Zoology in 1978. She did graduate study in zoology in the early 1980s at the University of Washington and University of Vermont, before switching to computer science, in which she earned a master's degree at the University of Vermont in 1983. She continued at the University of Vermont as a lecturer in computer science, a position she held from 1983 to 2001.

While working at the University of Vermont, she entered graduate study in civil and environmental engineering there in 1993, and completed her Ph.D. in 1997, under the supervision of David E. Dougherty. On completing her Ph.D., she became a research assistant professor in computer science, a year later adding a secondary appointment as research assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering. She became a regular-rank assistant professor of computer science in 2002, and added a secondary appointment as assistant professor of biology in 2005.

She was founding director of the University of Vermont Complex Systems Center from 2006 until 2010, was tenured as associate professor in 2008, and promoted to full professor in 2014. She chaired the University of Vermont computer science department from 2012 until 2018, when she retired. She has continued to do research as professor emerita and research professor.

Research
Eppstein's research involves the computational modeling of complex systems in various application domains. It has included
studies of the foraging strategies of antlions,
the use of ground-penetrating radar to measure soil moisture,
the reconstruction of 3d structure from fluorescence,
the prediction of cascading failures in electric power transmission,
and the popularity of plug-in hybrid vehicles.

Her work on fluorescence tomography won the 2004 Sylvia Sorkin Greenfield Award of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. She has also won several other best paper awards for her publications.

Selected publications

References

External links
University of Vermont profile, blog.uvm.edu. Accessed March 27, 2024.

People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Complex systems scientists
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Michigan State University alumni
University of Vermont alumni
University of Vermont faculty
Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field. Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field (FH2R) is the world's largest  hydrogen production facility using renewable energy. It is located in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan. The construction was started on 2018 and completed in 2018. It was inaugurated by Shinzo Abe in 2020. The facility uses 10 MW of solar electricity which is installed near the production facility. The facility can produce 1,200 Nm3 of hydrogen per hour. It was jointly established by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation, Tohoku Electric Power and Iwatani Corporation.

References

External links
Description of FH2R used technology

Hydrogen infrastructure
Air pollution in Bhiwadi. The pollution in Bhiwadi, according to IQAir, is the most polluted in the world. As of Central Pollution Control Board, It becomes most polluted city during Diwali in India. The pollution level was ranked fourth in 2021. It has the air quality index of 106.2 in 2021 and 228 in 2022. It is also the most polluted city in India whose pollution is more than air pollution in Delhi. The PM 2.5 of this city is twenty times more than the maximum level recommended by the World Health Organization. In November 2022, the air quality index of Bhiwadi is 412.

Cause 
The main cause of this pollution is because of the 2,000 factories established in the city.

Response 
To prevent the pollution, Government of Rajasthan sprinkles 200 thousand liters water daily in the road between October and November every year which settles the dust. The aim of sprinkling water on the road is 25 million liters.

References 

Air pollution in India
International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. The International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all aspects of sustainability studies. The journal was established in 2014 and is published by Aalborg University Press. The editor-in-chief is Poul Alberg Østergaard (Aalborg University). The journal has no article processing charges.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Ei Compendex and Scopus.

References

External links

Engineering journals
Academic journals established in 2014
English-language journals
Aalborg University
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Continuous journals
Acetyl hypochlorite. Acetyl hypochlorite, also known as chlorine acetate, is a chemical compound with the formula CH3COOCl. It is a photosensitive colorless liquid that is a short lived intermediate in the Hunsdiecker reaction.

Preparation, properties, and structure
Acetyl hypochlorite is reported to be produced by the reaction of acetic anhydride and dichlorine monoxide at very low temperatures:
Cl2O + (CH3CO)2O → 2CH3COOCl
The liquid can be distilled at reduced pressure, however it cannot be heated, as it violently decomposes at 100 °C to acetic anhydride, oxygen, and chlorine gas, and reacts with water and alcohols. This is a problem in the Hunsdiecker reaction, as it results in a lower yield from the decomposition of this compound if using water or an alcohol as a solvent, so the reaction uses the nonpolar carbon tetrachloride instead. The compound must be stored under 0 °C in the dark, as it slowly decomposes in the presence of light or above 0 °C into methyl chloride and carbon dioxide.

This compound reacts with various metals such as zinc and mercury to produce their respective chlorides and acetates.

In modern uses, the compound is usually prepared in situ, by the reaction of mercury acetate or acetic acid and chlorine or hypochlorous acid, usually in a solvent such as carbon tetrachloride. The compound is in equilibrium with a mixture of acetic acid and hypochlorous acid.

The carbonyl oxygen and the hypochlorite ion were shown to be on the same side. The O-Cl bond was shown to be 1.70 Å, and the molecular geometry around the central carbon was trigonal planar.

Uses

This compound is used for the chlorination of various compounds, especially aromatic compounds, such as the chlorination of methyl acetamide, and has been proven to be a better chlorinating agent than molecular chlorine and hypochlorous acid. However, this reaction is an unwanted side reaction in the Hunsdiecker reaction involving aromatic carboxylates.

The Hunsdieker reaction is a mechanism to convert salts of carboxylic acids(usually salts of silver) into organic halides which uses aryl hypohalites, such as acetyl hypochlorite(produced in situ by the reaction of silver acetate and chlorine). In the mechanism of this reaction, 2 is the aryl hypohalite intermediate. However, the chlorine analog of the Hunsdiecker reaction is not efficient compared to the bromine and iodine and is not used very much compared to them due to the inconvenience of using a gaseous reagent.

An important use of this compound is the conversion of alkenes into vicinal diols, such as butene into 1,2-butanediol, where acetyl hypochlorite appears at an intermediate; the iodine version of this reaction is known as the Prévost reaction.

References

Hypochlorite esters
Acetates
Trustworthy AI. Trustworthy AI refers to artificial intelligence systems designed and deployed to be transparent, robust and respectful of data privacy.

Trustworthy AI makes use of a number of Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs), including homomorphic encryption, federated learning, secure multi-party computation, differential privacy, zero-knowledge proof.

The concept of trustworthy AI also encompasses the need for AI systems to be explainable, accountable, and robust. Transparency in AI involves making the processes and decisions of AI systems understandable to users and stakeholders. Accountability ensures that there are protocols for addressing adverse outcomes or biases that may arise, with designated responsibilities for oversight and remediation. Robustness and security aim to ensure that AI systems perform reliably under various conditions and are safeguarded against malicious attacks.

ITU standardization 
Trustworthy AI is also a work programme of the International Telecommunication Union, an agency of the United Nations, initiated under its AI for Good programme. Its origin lies with the ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health, where strong need for privacy at the same time as the need for analytics, created a demand for a standard in these technologies.

When AI for Good moved online in 2020, the TrustworthyAI seminar series was initiated to start discussions on such work, which eventually led to the standardization activities.

Multi-Party Computation 
Secure multi-party computation (MPC) is being standardized under "Question 5" (the incubator) of ITU-T Study Group 17.

Homomorphic Encryption 
Homomorphic encryption allows for computing on encrypted data, where the outcomes or result is still encrypted and unknown to those performing the computation, but can be deciphered by the original encryptor. It is often developed with the goal of enabling use in jurisdictions different from the data creation (under e.g. GDPR).

ITU has been collaborating since the early stage of the HomomorphicEncryption.org standardization meetings, which has developed a standard on homomorphic encryption. The 5th homomorphic encryption meeting was hosted at ITU HQ in Geneva.

Federated Learning 
Zero-sum masks as used by federated learning for privacy preservation are used extensively in the multimedia standards of ITU-T Study Group 16 (VCEG) such as JPEG, MP3, and H.264, H.265 (aka MPEG).

Zero-knowledge proof 
Previous pre-standardization work on the topic of zero-knowledge proof has been conducted in the ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Ledger Technologies.

Differential privacy 
The application of differential privacy in the preservation of privacy was examined at several of the "Day 0" machine learning workshops at AI for Good Global Summits.

See also 
 Artificial Intelligence
 Privacy-enhancing technologies
 Data Science

References 

2020 establishments
Information privacy
United Nations Economic and Social Council
International Telecommunication Union
Artificial intelligence associations
Regulation of artificial intelligence
Continental Edison. The Continental Edison is a French manufacturing and marketing company of electrical equipment established in 1882 by Thomas Edison.

History 

Continental Edison was established in 1882 by French investors in partnership with Thomas Edison with the goal of marketing electric illumination and other equipment based on Edison patents. The company has gone through several changes of ownership and was a manufacturing company up to 1971 when it stopped producing its own televisions and other home appliances, outsourcing production after that. Products sold under the name include refrigerators, dishwashers, washing machines, and televisions.

Nikola Tesla started his career in the electric power industry at the newly established Continental Edison.

Timeline 

 1882 - Continental Edison founded

 1881-1958 - part of General Electric

 1958-1971 - owned by Compagnie Générale des Eaux (CGE)

 1971-1997 - owned by Thomson Multimedia

 1997-2002 - owned by Cofidur group, a French electronic subcontractor supplier

 1999 - diversifies into multimedia products for the TV, PC and the Internet

 December 2002 , Continental Edison taken over by the AIT YALA K&S group.

 2006 , the brand was bought by the Chinese group Xoceco

 2011 owned by the  French Casino Group. It is currently distributed almost exclusively by Cdiscount

References

External links 
 Continental Edison (current marketing company)

French companies established in 1882
Companies of France