omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARA San Martín. ARA San Martín was one of four  armored cruisers purchased by the Argentine Navy from Italy.

Design and description
San Martín had an overall length of , a beam of , and a mean draft (ship) of . She displaced  at normal load. The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, using steam from eight Scotch marine boilers. The engines were designed for a maximum output of  and a speed of . She had a cruising range of  at . Her complement consisted of 28 officers and 460 enlisted men.

Her main armament consisted of four 45-caliber Armstrong Whitworth  guns, in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The ten 40-caliber quick-firing (QF)  guns that comprised her secondary armament were arranged in casemates amidships on the main deck. San Martín also had six QF  and six QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns to defend herself against torpedo boats. She was also equipped with four above-water  torpedo tubes, two on each side.

The ship's waterline armor belt had a maximum thickness of  amidships and tapered to  towards the ends of the ship. Between the main gun barbettes it covered the entire side of the ship up to the level of the upper deck. The barbettes, the conning tower, and gun turrets were also protected by 5.9-inch armor. Her deck armor ranged from  thick.

Construction and career
The ship was launched on 25 May 1896 and was stricken from the Navy List on 18 December 1935.

Notes

Footnotes

References 

 
 

 

Garibaldi-class cruisers of the Argentine Navy
Ships built in Livorno
1896 ships
Leonardite. Leonardite is a soft waxy, black or brown, shiny, vitreous mineraloid that is easily soluble in alkaline solutions. It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining. It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%) and is used as a soil conditioner, as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment, in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive. It was named after A. G. Leonard, first director of the North Dakota Geological Survey, in recognition of his work on these deposits.

Formation
Leonardite is found associated with near surface lignite deposits. They are thought to have been formed by the oxidation of the lignite, an interpretation supported by chemical analysis of leonardite compared to lignite.

Occurrence
Leonardite was first described from North Dakota and is found associated with virtually all the lignite deposits in the state. Leonardite has also been described worldwide from deposits of lignite or sub-bituminous coals e.g. in Alberta, Canada, in Achlada and Zeli, Greece, in Turkey and in Bacchus Marsh, Australia.

Uses

Soil conditioner
It is used to condition soils either by applying it directly to the land, or by providing a source of humic acid or potassium humate for application. The carbon geosequestration potential of Leonardite, particularly to rapidly accelerate microbial action to lock up and retain carbon in soils, provides the basis for extensive research in Victoria on the organic fertilising aspect of brown coal.

Remediation of polluted soils
Leonardite can be added directly to soils to reduce the uptake of metals by plants in contaminated ground, particularly when combined with compost.

Drilling additive
Leonardite is used to stabilise and thin the drilling fluid used to make in oil, gas, and geothermal wells. It was first employed extensively during World War II when quebracho tannin became difficult to obtain. It has very good temperature stability and prevents solidification of lime muds near 150 °C.

References

External links

Victoria Australia Brown Coal Factsheet

Coal
Organic minerals
Soil improvers
Trithioarsenite. Trithioarsenite, also called sulfarsenite, is the trianion . It is a pyramidal anion, as is typical of other  compounds. It is generated by treatment of  with a sulfide:

A fundamental synthetic trithioarsenite is , which features the pyramidal .

Thioarsenites are components of many sulfosalt minerals. An example is relatively common mineral proustite, , which is silver(I) trithioarsenite.

References

Sulfosalt minerals
Albrechtschraufite. Albrechtschraufite (IMA symbol: Asf) is a very rare complex hydrated calcium and magnesium-bearing uranyl fluoride carbonate mineral with formula Ca4Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6F2·17H2O. Its molar weight is 1,428.98 g, color yellow-green, streak white, density 2.6 g/cm3, Mohs hardness 2–3, and luster is vitreous (glassy). It is named after Albrecht Schrauf (1837–1897), Professor of Mineralogy, University of Vienna. Its type locality is Jáchymov, Jáchymov District, Krušné Hory Mountains, Karlovy Vary Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Carbonate minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Austin Loadstar. The Austin Loadstar was a truck produced by the British Austin Motor Company from 1949. It was Austin's first new truck design after World War II and the last stand-alone one. This 1  made the Loadstar a significant model for Austin, as it was their final truck design before merging with Morris Motors to form the British Motor Corporation (BMC). The Loadstar was a revised version of the Austin K2 and was offered in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Scandinavia, partly again as the Austin K2 for the 2-tonne and as the Austin K4 for the 5-tonne payload variant. The Loadstar was powered by a six-cylinder petrol K-series engine from Austin, which generated an output of  from a displacement of 3995 cc. Two different wheelbases with 2.9 and 4.0 meters were available. In the early 1950s, economic difficulties forced Austin and the Morris Motor Company to merge to form the British Motor Corporation. As a result, the Loadstar was replaced in 1956 by the Austin S201/401/501, which was also offered as the Morris WF by means of badge engineering.

K-Series Engine Details

The Loadstar was powered by Austin's 3995cc K-series six-cylinder petrol engine. This robust engine was known for its durability and was also utilized in other Austin commercial vehicles and passenger cars of the era, including the A125 Sheerline and A135 Princess. The engine in the Loadstar produced 125 bhp (93 kW), providing ample power for the truck's intended payload capacity. While no diesel engine option was initially offered, a Perkins P6 diesel engine became available as an option later in the Loadstar's production run. This provided an alternative for operators seeking improved fuel economy.

K9 variant

A military 4x4 variant known as the K9 was also produced and was used for several purposes including an ambulance, water carrier, recovery vehicle and radio truck. The military version often had a round hatch in the cab roof for defensive and observation purposes.

External links 
 Austin K9 Register
 Austin Loadstar at the Internet Movie Cars Database

Loadstar
Trucks
Biosimulation. Biosimulation is a computer-aided mathematical simulation of biological processes and systems and thus is an integral part of systems biology. Due to the complexity of biological systems simplified models are often used, which should only be as complex as necessary.

The aim of biosimulations is model-based prediction of the behaviour and the dynamics of biological systems e.g. the response of an organ or a single cell towards a chemical. However the quality of model-based predictions strongly depends on the quality of the model, which in turn is defined by the quality of the data and the profoundness of the knowledge.

Pharmacy

Biosimulation is becoming increasingly important for drug development. Since on average only 11% of all drug candidates
are approved, it is anticipated that biosimulation may be the tool to predict whether a candidate drug will fail in the development process e.g. in clinical trials due to adverse side effects, bad pharmacokinetics or even toxicity. The early prediction if a drug will fail in animals or humans would be a key to reduce both drug development costs and the amount of required animal experiments and clinical trials. The latter is also in line with the so-called "3Rs" which refer to the principle of reduction and replacement of animal experiments as well as to the refinement of the methodology in cases where animal tests are still necessary. In a future scenario, biosimulation would change the way substances are tested, in which in vivo and in vitro tests are substituted by tests in silico.

Due to the importance of biosimulation in drug development a number of research projects exist which aim for simulating metabolism, toxicity, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics of a drug candidate. Some of the research projects are listed below:

 BioSim project; funded by the 6th frame program of the European Union 
 NSR Physiome Project 
 Hepatosys

Moreover, a few software tools already exist, which aim for predicting the toxicity of a substance or even try to simulate the virtual patient (Entelos). A few of these software tools are listed below:

 COPASI 
 runBiosimulations 
 Tellurium 
 Metabolism PhysioLab (Entelos)
 GastroPlus and ADMEPredictor (Simulations-Plus) 
 Certara's Simcyp physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) platform 
 RHEDDOS (Rhenovia Pharma SAS)
 VirtualToxLab 
 Derek (Lhasa Limited) 
 DS TOPKAT (accelrys) 
 ADME Workbench 
 Applied BioMath Assess 
 MATLAB SimBiology

References

 
Systems biology
Nitrile reduction. In nitrile reduction a nitrile is reduced to either an amine or an aldehyde with a suitable chemical reagent.

Catalytic hydrogenation
The catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles is often the most economical route available for the production of primary amines. Catalysts for the reaction often include group 10 metals such as Raney nickel, palladium black, or platinum dioxide. However, other catalysts, such as cobalt boride, also can be regioselective for primary amine production:
 R-C≡N + 2 H2 → R-CH2NH2

A commercial application of this technology includes the production of hexamethylenediamine from adiponitrile, a precursor to Nylon 66.

Depending on reaction conditions, reactive intermediate imines can also undergo attack by amine products to afford secondary and  tertiary amines:
 2 R-C≡N + 4 H2 → (R-CH2)2NH + NH3
 3 R-C≡N + 6 H2 → (R-CH2)3N + 2 NH3

Such reactions proceed via enamine intermediates. The most important reaction condition for selective primary amine production is catalyst choice. Other important factors include solvent choice, solution pH, steric effects, temperature, and the pressure of hydrogen.

Stoichiometric reductions

To amines
Reducing agents for the non-catalytic conversion to amines include lithium aluminium hydride, lithium borohydride, diborane, or elemental sodium in alcohol solvents.

To aldehydes 
Nitriles can also be converted to aldehydes by reduction and hydrolysis. The Stephen aldehyde synthesis uses Tin(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid to yield an aldehyde via the hydrolysis of a resulting iminium salt. Aldehydes can also form using a hydrogen donor followed by in-situ hydrolysis of an imine. Useful reagents for this reaction include formic acid with a hydrogenation catalysis or metal hydrides, which are used to add one mol of hydrogen to the nitrile. For example, sodium borohydride reduces nitriles in alcoholic solvents with a CoCl2 catalyst or Raney nickel.

With diisobutylaluminium hydride 
 
The hydride reagent Diisobutylaluminium hydride, or DIBAL-H, is commonly used to convert nitriles to the aldehyde. Regarding the proposed mechanism, DIBAL forms a Lewis acid-base adduct with the nitrile by formation of an N-Al bond. The hydride is then transferred to the carbon of the nitrile. Aqueous workup produce the desired aldehyde and ammonia.

Electrochemical methods
Benzyl nitriles can also be reduced electrochemically.

See also
Urushibara cobalt
Imine

References

Organic reduction reactions
IRCHA. The International Radio Controlled Helicopter Association (IRCHA) is an organization created by radio control helicopter pilots.  IRCHA works to promote the continued growth of radio-controlled helicopters through education, representation, service, and special events.  IRCHA works closely with the AMA (Academy of Aeronautics) to foster growth and acceptance among radio control modelers.

History

IRCHA was created in 1989 by Don Chapman as the representative body for helicopter pilots.  The Academy of Model Aeronautics recognizes one organization as the Special Interest Group for each particular segment of the hobby.  The International Radio Controlled Helicopter Association was recognized as the SIG for helicopters during a time when model helicopters were still evolving.  It was at this time an organization representing helicopter pilots needed to be created to ensure each of those pilots was represented to the AMA.

IRCHA Jamboree

The IRCHA Jamboree is a "fun fly" typically starting the second week in August. The event is held in Muncie, Indiana at the AMA Headquarters. The IRCHA Jamboree attracts radio control helicopter enthusiasts from around the world, including pilots, vendors and spectators.

Registered pilots may fly their helicopters, participate in seminars, or compete in a multitude of exciting exhibition events including drag racing, pylon racing, night flying competition, or a freestyle 3D competition.

Attendance
The IRCHA Jamboree is the largest event of its kind in the world. The 2009 IRCHA Jamboree had a total of 954 registered pilots at the event, shattering the previous record, set in 2008, with a total of 780 registered pilots. In 2012 the record was broken once again with a total of 1,049 registered pilots.

References

External links
 IRCHA Website
AMA Website

Radio-controlled helicopters
Organizations established in 1989
Min Chen (computer scientist). Min Chen () is a professor in the School of Computer Science and Technology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). His research focuses on Big data, Internet of Things, Machine to Machine Communications, Body Area Networks, Body Sensor Networks, E-healthcare, Mobile Cloud Computing, Cloud-Assisted Mobile Computing, Ubiquitous Network and Services, Mobile Agent, and Multimedia Transmission over Wireless Network, etc. He has been an IEEE Senior Member since 2009.

Education 
Chen was 15 when he was accepted into a university, despite not taking an entrance exam. He graduated in four years and obtained a PhD at 23. Chen completed two postdoctoral appointments. Afterwards, Min studied Eastern philosophy, arts, dancing, Taekwondo, and poetry.

Academic accomplishments 
He was R&D director at Confederal Network Inc. from 2008 to 2009. He was an assistant professor in School of Computer Science and Engineering at Seoul National University (SNU) from September 2009 to February 2012. He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at SNU for one and half years.

He worked as a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of British Columbia (UBC) for three years.

Awards
He received Best Paper Award from IEEE ICC 2012 and Best Paper Runner-up Award from QShine 2008.

Publications
He has more than 180 publications. He serves as editor or associate editor for Information Sciences, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, IET Communications, IET Networks, Wiley I. J. of Security and Communication Networks, Journal of Internet Technology, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems and International Journal of Sensor Networks. He is managing editor for IJAACS and IJART. He is a Guest Editor for IEEE Networks, IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine and others.

He is Co-Chair of IEEE ICC 2012-Communications Theory Symposium and of IEEE ICC 2013-Wireless Networks Symposium. He is General Co-Chair for the 12th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (IEEE CIT-2012). He is Keynote Speaker for CyberC 2012 and Mobiquitous 2012. He is a TPC member for IEEE INFOCOM 2014.

Some widely cited papers or books he published or co-authored include:

 Big Data
 Big Data: A Survey
 Body Area Networks: A Survey

Dance and Taekwondo
His performance of "The Same Song" (同一首歌) was broadcast on China Central TV in Feb 18, 2007. On Mar. 8th, 2007, he showcased a dance and Taekwondo demonstration in the Asian Center at the University of British Columbia. He was interviewed by the Chinese Canadian Times where he appeared in the celebrity column in 2007.

References

External links
 http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~minchen/
 http://mmlab.snu.ac.kr/~mchen/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110706171814/http://www.cctimes.ca/portal/famous.do?type=26&lang=gb&id=23647

Chinese computer scientists
Living people
Academic staff of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Academic staff of Seoul National University
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of wireless sensor nodes. A sensor node, also known as a mote (chiefly in North America), is a node in a sensor network that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. A mote is a node but a node is not always a mote.

List of Wireless Sensor Nodes

See also
 Wireless sensor network
 Sensor node
 Mesh networking
 Sun SPOT
 Embedded computer
 Embedded system
 Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS)
 Smartdust
 Sensor Web

References

Wireless sensor network
Computer networking
 
Embedded systems
Wireless sensor nodes
NM Institute of Engineering and Technology. The NM Institute Of Engineering and Technology (NMIET), Bhubaneswar is a technical institute affiliated with the Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India. Since its establishment in the year 2004, it has evolved as the fastest growing technical college of Odisha. It is an ISO 9001 : 2001 Certified Institute.

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Odisha
Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar
Science and technology in Bhubaneswar
Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology
Educational institutions established in 2004
2004 establishments in Orissa
Handbook of Porphyrin Science. Published by World Scientific, the Handbook of Porphyrin Science: With Applications to Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering, Biology and Medicine is a multi-volume reference set edited by scientists Karl Kadish, Kevin Smith and Roger Guilard. The first ten volumes were published in 2010 and the next ten are expected to be published in 2011.

Topics covered include:
Developments in Supramolecular Chemistry Based on Porphyrins and Related Systems
Involvement of Porphyrins and Related Systems in Catalysis
Phototherapy, Radioimmunotherapy and Imaging
Advances in Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines and Related Systems
Heme Proteins

The current work stems from World Scientific's Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (JPP)  and from  the research interests of the three editors and hundreds of authors who have presented the results of their research in this society-run journal since its founding in 1997.

References

External links
 
 

Chemistry books
JNR Class DF50. The  is a class of Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement diesel–electric locomotives operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) in Japan from 1957 until 1983.

Variants

DF50-0
The first batch of 65 locomotives was built between 1957 and 1962 with Sulzer 8-cylinder 8LDA25A 1,060 hp diesel engines. Production was shared between Kisha Seizō, Mitsubishi, and Nippon Sharyō.

DF50-500
A later batch of 73 locomotives was built between 1958 and 1963 with MAN V6 V22/30 1,200 hp diesel engines. Production was shared between Hitachi, Kawasaki, and Toshiba.

Operations

Class DF50 locomotives were intended for use on both passenger and freight services, and included a steam generator for train heating. They operated on the following lines, including use hauling "Blue Train" sleeping car services.
 Hokuriku Main Line
 Sanin Main Line
 Dosan Line (Shikoku)
 Kisei Line
 Nippo Line (Kyushu)

In later years, operations were restricted to Kyushu and Shikoku, with the remaining locomotives withdrawn in 1983, except for DF50 1, which later passed into JR Shikoku ownership.

Livery
The locomotives were initially painted in all-over maroon with stainless steel bands, but were subsequently repainted into the standard JNR diesel locomotive livery of vermillion and grey.

Preserved examples
Three Class DF50 locomotives were preserved.
 DF50 1: Preserved at The Railway History Park in Saijo, Ehime
 DF50 4: Preserved in a park in Osaka
 DF50 18: Formerly preserved at the Modern Transportation Museum, Osaka, but moved to the Tsuyama Railroad Educational Museum in Tsuyama, Okayama in March 2015

Classification

The DF50 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
 D: Diesel locomotive
 F: Six driving axles
 50: Locomotive with maximum speed exceeding 85 km/h

References

Diesel–electric locomotives of Japan
Hitachi locomotives
Kawasaki diesel locomotives
Kisha Seizo locomotives
Toshiba locomotives
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1957
Nippon Sharyo locomotives
JR Freight Class EF500. The  was a prototype Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement multi-voltage AC/DC electric locomotive formerly operated by JR Freight in Japan.

Intended as a prototype for a new fleet of high-power electric locomotives to haul freight trains northward from Tokyo to Hokkaido, the sole member of the class, EF500-901, was built jointly by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Electric, and delivered to Shin-Tsurumi Depot in August 1990. The design was broadly based on the Class EF200 locomotives built for Tokaido Main Line freight duties west of Tokyo. Following initial test-running, the locomotive underwent long-term feasibility testing on freight services on the Tohoku Main Line. However, the locomotive fell foul of newly introduced government guidelines covering high-frequency electromagnetic noise emissions, and so fleet production was deemed unfeasible. JR Freight instead opted for the Class EH500 and Class EF510 locomotive designs.

EF500-901 was transferred to Sendai Depot in 1996, but subsequently saw little use. It was formally withdrawn on 29 March 2002. The locomotive is stored at JR Freight's Hiroshima Depot.

Classification

The EF500 classification for this locomotive type is explained below. As with previous locomotive designs, the prototype is numbered EF500-901.
 E: Electric locomotive
 F: Six driving axles
 500: AC/DC locomotive with AC motors

See also
 JR Freight Class ED500, another experimental electric locomotive

References

1500 V DC locomotives
20 kV AC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Japan
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Kawasaki locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1990
Preserved electric locomotives
Individual locomotives of Japan
Multi-system locomotives
JNR Class D52. The Class D52 is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways (Now Japanese National Railways) and various manufacturers: Kisha Seizo, Nippon Sharyo, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Hitachi, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from 1943 to 1946. The name consists of a "D" for the four sets of driving wheels and the class number 52 for tender locomotives that the numbers 50 through 99 were assigned to under the 1928 locomotive classification rule.

Preserved examples
Most of the D52s have been scrapped. However, seven locomotives have been preserved.

 D52 1, at JR Freight Hiroshima Depot
 D52 70 is semi-operational and runs on a short line, on compressed air, at a park in Yamakita, Kanagawa.
 D52 72, in Gotemba, Shizuoka
 D52 136, in Numazu, Shizuoka
 D52 235, in Kanuma Park, Sagamihara, Kanagawa
 D52 403, in Hiratsuka, Kanagawa
 D52 468, at the Kyoto Railway Museum, Kyoto

See also
 Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification 
JNR Class 9600
JNR Class D50
JNR Class D51

References

External links

1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Steam locomotives of Japan
2-8-2 locomotives
Hitachi locomotives
Kawasaki locomotives
Preserved steam locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1943
Freight locomotives