omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John Calley (engineer). John Calley (also spelt Cawley) (1663 – May 1725, The Hague), was a metalworker, plumber and glass-blower, who became famous for being Thomas Newcomen's partner. Like Newcomen, he was a member of a Dartmouth family.

He helped develop the Newcomen atmospheric engine. He worked with Newcomen in introducing the engine to the Midlands, operating under the patent of Thomas Savery. The engine they created was a variation on the then current technology using a combination of steam cylinders, pistons, surface condensation and the separation of parts that were usually placed together to create this new technology.

He installed an early Newcomen engine at More Hall Colliery in the grounds of Austhorpe Hall in Leeds, where he is said to have become ill and died during maintenance work. However, there is also evidence that he died in The Hague in 1725, while trying to secure a foreign patent for another device.

References

External links
"John Calley" in Grace's Guide

1663 births
1725 deaths
17th-century English inventors
People of the Industrial Revolution
British steam engine engineers
People from Dartmouth, Devon
Abbingdon Music Research. Abbingdon Music Research (AMR) is one of the UK's largest manufacturers of high-end audio systems. While most of their acclaim has come from their amplifiers and CD players  (their flagship being the Reference Series System with a price of roughly $100K), they also make phono pre-amplifiers, loudspeakers, cables and accessories.

Founded in 2000, AMR is based in London, United Kingdom. It is a subsidiary of the Abbingdon Global Group.

History 

March 2000 – AMR was formed and design work first commenced on the CD-77.

iFi Audio 
iFi Audio is a subsidiary of AMR that manufactures high-end audio products: amplifiers, Active Buffer/Preamplifiers, DACs and USB filters.

See also
 List of phonograph manufacturers

References

External links 
AMR UK website

Audio amplifier manufacturers
Compact Disc player manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in London
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Phonograph manufacturers
EuAuto Technology. EuAuto Technology Limited was a company in Hong Kong that developed the MyCar electric automobile. The company specialized in "design, develop, manufacture and sales of environmentally friendly vehicles for global markets." 

On 24 May 2010, GreenTech Automotive (GTA) acquired EuAuto Technology. GreenTech Automotive relocated the company's operations and manufacturing to the United States. GreenTech Automotive's first manufacturing facility was temporarily in Horn Lake, Mississippi. GreenTech Automotive declined an Associated Press request to tour the Horn Lake manufacturing facility. 
GreenTech produced few cars, if any. GreenTech declared bankruptcy in February 2018.

Models

MyCar

The MyCar was styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign. The propulsion system was engineered in co-operation with Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

References

External links

Electric vehicle manufacturers of Hong Kong
NanoNed. NanoNed is the Nanotechnology Research and Development initiative of Dutch Government. It is financed Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands).Dutch Technology Foundation STW is responsible for the program management of NanoNed . It is a consortium of seven universities, TNO and Philips. University of Leiden, University of Utrecht and FOM institute AMOLF in Amsterdam are also the partners of NanoNed . Around 400 researchers are working within all these partners. On the basis of National Research and Development strength and industrial needs, 11 interdependent program has developed and named as "Flagship". Each of these flagships is led by a "Flagship Captain". In 2009, more than 400 researchers are working in different 200 projects.

NanoNed also established its first foreign office in Japan (NanoNed Japan Office), led by Prof. Wilfred Van Der Wiel .

Flagship

Advanced NanoProbing 
BioNanoSystems 
Bottom-up Nano-Electronics 
Chemistry and Physics of Individual Molecules 
Nano Electronic Materials 
NanoFabrication 
Nanofluidics 
NanoInstrumentation 
NanoPhotonics 
Nano-Spintronics 
Quantum Computing

Consortium Partners
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology
Centre for Nano Materials, Eindhoven University of Technology
BioMaDe, University of Groningen
Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen
BioNT, Wageningen University and Research Centre
HIMS, University of Amsterdam
TNO Science and Industry
Philips Electronics Nederland

Co-operation partners

AMOLF
Leiden University
Utrecht University

See also
List of nanotechnology organizations

External links
 NanoNed
 Ministry of Economic Affairs
 Dutch Technology Foundation STW

References 

1. NanoNed, Retrieved on December 13, 2009
2. NanoNed Section of Dutch Technology Foundation, Retrieved on December 13, 2009
3. The gateway to Dutch scientific information NARCIS, Retrieved on December 13, 2009
4. NanoNed Foreign Office, Retrieved on December 13, 2009

Nanotechnology institutions
1.1.1-Propellane. [1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula  or . The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C–C bond.

[1.1.1]Propellane is a highly strained molecule. The bonds of the two central carbon atoms have an inverted tetrahedral geometry, and the length of the central bond is 160 pm. The strength of that bond is disputed; estimates vary from 59–65 kcal/mol to no strength at all. The energy of the biradical state (with no central bond at all) is calculated to be 80 kcal/mol higher. At 114 °C it will spontaneously isomerize to 3-methylidenecyclobutene (5 below) with a half-life of 5 minutes. Its strain energy is estimated to be 102 kcal/mol (427 kJ/mol).  Surprisingly, [1.1.1]propellane is persistent at room temperature and is somewhat less susceptible to thermal decomposition than the less strained (90 kcal/mol) [2.2.2]propellane system, which has an estimated half-life of only about 1 h at 25 °C. This unusual stability is attributed to delocalisation of electron density from the bond between the central carbon atoms onto the bridging carbon atoms.

The type of bonding in this molecule has been explained in terms of charge-shift bonding.

Synthesis
[1.1.1]Propellane was first reported by Kenneth B. Wiberg and F. Walker in 1982. The synthesis commences with cyclopropanation of 1,1-bis(chloromethyl)ethylene, according to the following scheme:

Synthesis begins with conversion of the 1,3-di-carboxylic acid of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1 in a Hunsdiecker reaction to the corresponding dibromide 2 followed by a coupling reaction with n-butyllithium. The final product 3 was isolated by column chromatography at −30 °C.

However, a much simplified synthesis was published by Szeimies. It starts with dibromocarbene addition to the alkene bond of 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)propene 6 followed by deprotonation by methyllithium and nucleophilic displacements in 7. The product was not isolated but kept in solution at −196 °C.

Reactions

Acetic acid addition 
[1.1.1]Propellane spontaneously reacts with acetic acid to yield a methylidenecyclobutane ester (4 above).

Polymerization 
[1.1.1]Propellane undergoes a polymerization reaction where the central C–C bond is split and connected to adjacent monomer units, resulting in staffanes.

A radical polymerization initiated by methyl formate and benzoyl peroxide results in a distribution of oligomers.  An anionic addition polymerization with n-butyllithium results in a fully polymerized product. X-ray diffraction of the polymer shows that the connecting C–C bonds have bond lengths of only 1.48 Å, significantly shorter than the normal 1.54 Å.

The compound 1,3-dehydroadamantane, which can be viewed as a bridged [1.3.3]propellane, also polymerizes in a similar way.

See also
[2.2.2]Propellane
Bicyclo(1.1.1)pentane which lacks a bond between the bridgehead carbons.

References

Bicycloalkanes
Tricyclic compounds
American Graphics Institute. American Graphics Institute, Inc. (AGI) is a company headquartered in the Boston suburb of Woburn, Massachusetts that provides publishing, consulting and technical training. The institute also writes and publishes books about business strategy and design technology.

History 
American Graphics Institute was founded in 1994 by Christopher Smith and Jennifer Smith. AGI initially provided instruction on the use of early desktop publishing software from companies such as Adobe Systems and Quark, Inc. but later began teaching web publishing and interactive design classes. In 2007, the company was acquired by creative staffing firm Aquent and renamed Aquent Graphics Institute. In July 2009, the founders reacquired AGI and it was again renamed American Graphics Institute.

Educational content 
AGI's founders and instructors are the creators of various books, e-books, and video tutorials. The books cover 16 different topics including web design, HTML, Adobe, Photoshop, and Microsoft Office, some  of which were created for the For Dummies book series.

In 2013, AGI partnered with publisher John Wiley & Sons to launch Digital Classroom, a digital subscription service that gave subscribers access to 2,500 video tutorials and 50 e-books many created by AGI. The Digital Classroom subscription service is no longer available but its e-books are still in publication some used internationally in universities and colleges for classes that teach design and publishing.

Development training 
AGI's development training services include certificate programs, classes at training centers and through online courses, and private training for groups and organizations. AGI has training centers in Boston, Chicago, London, New York City, Orlando, and Philadelphia.

CRE8 conference 
AGI hosted the annual CRE8 Conference in Florida which provided professional development education for marketing and design professionals. Conference speakers included Marissa Mayer, Al Gore, and Michael Eisner.

References

External links 
 

Graphic design
Companies based in Boston
Computer programming books
Educational publishing companies of the United States
Computer book publishing companies
Educational book publishing companies
American companies established in 1984
Publishing companies established in 1984
Privately held companies based in Massachusetts
HTML5
2.2.2-Propellane. [2.2.2]Propellane, formally tricyclo[2.2.2.01,4]octane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C8H12, or C2(C2H4)3. Its molecule has three rings with four carbon atoms each, sharing one C–C bond.

This compound is unstable (although not as much as [1.1.1]propellane; however it is less persistent than [1.1.1]propellane). The bond angles on the shared carbons are considerably strained: three of them are close to 90°, the other three to 120°. The strain energy is estimated to be 93 kcal/mol (390 kJ/mol).

Synthesis
[2.2.2]Propellane was first synthesized in 1973 by the group of Philip Eaton (who had earlier obtained cubane), according to the following scheme:

The synthesis begins with photochemical [2+2]cycloaddition of ethene on the cyclohexene derivative 1 to produce the bicyclic compound 2, followed by elimination reaction with potassium t-butoxide of acetic acid to cyclobutene 3, followed by another cycloaddition with ethylene to 4. This compound is converted to the diazo ketone 5 by deprotonation (using acetic acid and sodium methoxide) and reaction with tosyl azide.  The ketone then undergoes Wolff rearrangement to ketene 6. Ozonolysis forms the ketone 7, another  diazotation yields the diazo ketone 8, which undergoes Wolff rearrangement again to the ketene 9.  Reaction with dimethylamine affords the [2.2.2]propellane backbone with a dimethylamide substituent 10.

The final product 10 was found to spontaneously isomerize in solution to the monocyclic  amide 11, with a half-life of 28 minutes at room temperature.

Derivatives
A highly fluorinated [2.2.0]propellane was also synthesized by the group of David Lemal.

See also 
 [1.1.1]Propellane

References 

Tricyclic compounds
Cyclobutanes
Substances discovered in the 1970s
Spinodal. In thermodynamics, the limit of local stability against phase separation with respect to small fluctuations is clearly defined by the condition that the second derivative of Gibbs free energy is zero.

The locus of these points (the inflection point within a G-x or G-c curve, Gibbs free energy as a function of composition) is known as the spinodal curve. For compositions within this curve, infinitesimally small fluctuations in composition and density will lead to phase separation via spinodal decomposition. Outside of the curve, the solution will be at least metastable with respect to fluctuations. In other words, outside the spinodal curve some careful process may obtain a single phase system. Inside it, only processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium, such as physical vapor deposition, will enable one to prepare single phase compositions. The local points of coexisting compositions, defined by the common tangent construction, are known as a binodal coexistence curve, which denotes the minimum-energy equilibrium state of the system. Increasing temperature results in a decreasing difference between mixing entropy and mixing enthalpy, and thus the coexisting compositions come closer. The binodal curve forms the basis for the miscibility gap in a phase diagram. The free energy of mixing changes with temperature and concentration, and the binodal and spinodal meet at the critical or consolute temperature and composition.

Criterion
For binary solutions, the thermodynamic criterion which defines the spinodal curve is that the second derivative of free energy with respect to density or some composition variable is zero.

Critical point
Extrema of the spinodal in a temperature vs composition plot coincide with those of the binodal curve, and are known as critical points. The spinodal itself can be thought of as a line of pseudocritical points, with the correlation function taking a scaling form with non-classical critical exponents. Strictly speaking, a spinodal is defined as a mean field theoretic object. As such, the spinodal does not exist in real systems, but one can extrapolate to infer the existence of a pseudospinodal that exhibits critical-like behavior such as critical slowing down.

Isothermal liquid-liquid equilibria

In the case of ternary isothermal liquid-liquid equilibria, the spinodal curve (obtained from the Hessian matrix) and the corresponding critical point can be used to help the experimental data correlation process.

References

Thermodynamics
Control/Status Register. Control and Status Register (CSR) are auxiliary registers in many CPUs and many microcontrollers that are used for reading status and changing configuration, in contrast to the integer and sometimes floating registers which are used for computation.  The control and status registers are often described by a register map.

Both CPUs and I/O devices have CSRs. Typical examples include RISC-V CPU which has a set of registers to handle interrupts, and UART which has a set of registers to handle data reception and transmission.

References

Digital registers
Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd. Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd [2000] EWHC 221 (Comm) is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

Facts
The Government of Zanzibar wanted to buy an executive jet from British Aerospace. They entered a contract with a finance company. That company bought the plane and leased it back to the Government. The plane was faulty. It was returned to British Aerospace. It was repaired but the faults continued. The Government stopped paying instalments on the lease agreement. The finance company took possession of the plane and sold it. The Government brought an action against British Aerospace to rescind the contract, or alternatively get damages under MA 1967 s 2(1) or s 2(2). It said representations were made that the plane was airworthy, reliable and without design or construction defects. British Aerospace claimed that counter restitution (i.e. putting the parties back in their original position, giving the jet back) had become impossible now that the finance company sold the jet on. This acted as a bar to rescission, and damages under s 2(2) were precluded if rescission was barred. As for s 2(1), clause 23 of the sale agreement, which said the buyer would not rely on the seller's representations, excluded liability.

Judgment
Judge Raymond Jack QC held that the Government had no right to rescission or damages. The contract could not have been rescinded because the plane had been sold. So counter restitution was impossible. It followed that s 2(2) damages were unavailable, because damages are dependent according to the provision's wording on the right to rescission. Damages are available only as a substitute for rescission when the court believes damages are more equitable as a solution. Judge Raymond Jack QC said,

The second issue was that clause 23 excluded liability for misrepresentation under s 2(1). This depended on whether the clause passed the reasonableness test under s 3, in conjunction with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 s 11 and Sch 2. Judge Raymond Jack QC held that there was insufficient evidence to show whether it passed or failed the reasonableness test, but that Zanzibar would not necessarily fail in showing the clause was unreasonable.

See also

English contract law
Misrepresentation in English law
Deepak Ferilisers and Petrochemicals Corp v ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd [1999] 1 Lloyd's Rep 387, 395
Peekay Intermark Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 386
Trident Turboprop (Dublin) Ltd v First Flight Couriers Ltd [2008] EWHC 1686 (Comm)

Notes

English misrepresentation case law
High Court of Justice cases
2000 in United Kingdom case law
Pranav Mistry. Pranav Mistry (born 14 May 1981) is an Indian computer scientist and inventor. He is the former President and CEO of STAR Labs (Samsung Technology & Advanced Research Labs). He is currently the founder and CEO of TWO, an Artificial Reality startup. He is best known for his work on SixthSense, Samsung Galaxy Gear and Project Beyond.

Career
Mistry joined Samsung as the Director of Research in 2012, and served as the Global Vice President of it. He introduced Samsung Galaxy Gear smart watch in September 2013. Before joining MIT, Pranav worked as a UX Researcher with Microsoft. In the past, he has worked with Google, CMU, NASA, UNESCO, Japan Science & Technology Agency. He was the Global Senior Vice  President  of search at Samsung and the head of Think Tank Team. He was the President and CEO of STAR Labs. In July 2021, he founded a new Artificial Reality startup, TWO.

Innovations
Mistry is best known for his work on SixthSense.  Among some of his other works, he has also invented Mouseless – an invisible computer mouse; Sparsh – a novel way to copy-paste data between digital devices; Quickies – intelligent sticky notes that can be searched, located and can send reminders and messages; Blinkbot - a gaze and blink controlled robot; a pen that can draw in 3D and a public map that can act as Google of physical world. He has also contributed in the development of Samsung's NEON.

Recognition
Pranav's research on SixthSense earned him the 2009 Invention Award. He was also named on MIT's Technology Review as one of the top 35 innovators in the world. In 2010, He was named on Creativity Magazine's Creativity 50. Chris Anderson has referred Mistry as "one of the best inventors in the world". Mistry has also been listed in "15 Asian Scientists to Watch", by Asian Scientist Magazine. He has also received recognition from GQ India, listing him as one of the most powerful digital Indians, and India Today, listing him as one of the "37 Indians of Tomorrow".

He was honoured as Young Global Leader 2013, by WEF.

Awards and achievements 
 Young Global Leader 2013 Award, World Economic Forum
 50 Most Creative People of the Year 2010, CREATIVITY 50
 TR35 2009 award, Technology Review
 Invention of the Year 2009 award, Popular Science
 Nominee for Forbes India's Person of the Year 2009

Personal life
Mistry was born in Palanpur in Gujarat state of India. He married Farrah Chen.

References

External links
 Pranav Mistry's personal homepage
 Pranav Mistry at MIT
 
 Think Tank Team homepage

Human–computer interaction researchers
Indian computer scientists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
IIT Bombay alumni
1981 births
Living people
Augmented reality
MIT Media Lab people
Gujarati people
People from Banaskantha district
Gesture recognition
Nirma University alumni
Samsung people
Voxel-Man. VOXEL-MAN is the name of a set of computer programs for creation and visualization of three-dimensional digital models of the human body derived from cross-sectional images of computer tomography, magnetic resonance tomography or photography (e. g. the Visible Human Project). It was developed at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Applications include diagnostic imaging,  digital anatomical atlases and surgery simulators. The 3D interactive atlases of anatomy and radiology for brain/skull (published 1998), inner organs (published 2000) and upper limb (published 2008) are available for free download. The name Voxel-Man is derived from the term voxel, the elementary cuboid component of a digital representation of a three-dimensional object ( a "three dimensional pixel"). Occasionally the name Voxel-Man is also used as a general term for a digital representation of the human body.

References

External links 
 VOXEL-MAN Interactive 3D-Atlases of Anatomy and Radiology (free download)
 VOXEL-MAN Surgery Simulators and Virtual Body Models
 Historic Video 1986-1991
 VOXEL-MAN - The Virtual Patient: Images, Interactive Scenes, Videos and History of the VOXEL-MAN Project 

Medical software
Lalmatia Colliery. Lalmatia Colliery was a private, underground coal mine at Lalmatia, District- Santhal Paragana (now in Godda District a breakaway part of Santhal Paragana). After nationalisation of non-coking coal mines in India during 1973, this mine was taken over by the Indian government and came under Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited).

Until the early 1990s, the mine produced around 100 tons of coal per day. It was located 34 km North of Godda in the Godda district, in the Indian state of Jharkhand. This suburban area was ECL's largest opencast project. Besides Rajmahal Coal Mining Project, which is the main supplier of coal to Farrakka NTPC and Kahalgaon NTPC, Lalmatia Colliery attracted businessmen, politicians, criminals, administrative officials and ECL officials. Lalmatia Collieryhas now been renamed as Rajmahal Opencast Project under Rajmhal Group of Mines of Eastern Coalfields Ltd.

Most people of Lalmatia and surrounding villages (Dakaita, Hijukita, Basdiha, Lohandia, Bhorai, Bara Simra, Neema, Kendua, Telgama, Kusuma, Tetaria, Ballia etc.) are employed with Rajmahal Coal Mining Project. Mining is done on a large scale in this area with the help of may world class companies like Birla, CISC etc. The people around this area enjoy many facilities like free electricity, free water supply and many more things. The major problem faced by the people of this area is dust and pollution which come from the nearby crusher.

Accident in mine 
In 2016, ten miners were killed and others trapped when earth fell on them.

References 

Coal mines in India
Former coal mines
Former mines in India
Mining in Jharkhand