omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
TCPO. TCPO, or bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate, is a chemical used in some types of glow sticks and is a key chemical in many chemiluminescent reactions. TCPO is classified as damaging to human organs and toxic if inhaled with an inhalable toxicity of 3.02 mg/L and oral toxicity LD50 of 820 mg/kg (rat). Additionally, TCPO is considered a danger to drinking water if even small quantities leak into the ground, and if spilled it is recommended to soak up with wood chips or absorbent material then disposing of as hazardous waste.

Uses
When combined with a fluorescent dye like 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, a solvent (such as diethyl phthalate), and a weak base (usually sodium acetate or sodium salicylate), and hydrogen peroxide, the mixture will start a chemiluminescent reaction to glow a fluorescent green color.

Red, yellow and blue colors can be made by replacing the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene with rhodamine B, rubrene and 9,10-diphenylanthracene respectively.

The above fluorescent dyes absorb much of the energy produced during the decomposition of the oxalate ester, and convert that energy into light energy which is observed as the characteristic glow in products such as glowsticks.

Preparation
TCPO can be prepared from a solution of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in a solution of dry toluene by reaction with oxalyl chloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.  This method produces crude TCPO with a by-product of triethylamine hydrochloride.
The triethylamine hydrochloride can be dissolved in water, methanol or ethanol, so the product is more purified. After washing it can be recrystallized from ethyl acetate.

Safety and Recommendations
Human Safety Recommendations

Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

If on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. 

If Inhaled : Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. In case of unconsciousness place patient stably in side position for transportation.

Environmental Safety and Waste Management Recommendations

Must not be disposed of together with household garbage. Do not allow product to reach sewage system. Disposal must be made according to official regulations. : Do not allow to enter sewers/ surface or ground water. If there is a spill, it is recommended to absorb with liquid-binding material (sand, diatomite, acid binders, universal binders, sawdust) then dispose of as 'hazardous waste'.

See also
 Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO)
 MCPO
 Trichlorophenol
 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

References

Chlorobenzene derivatives
Oxalate esters
Phenol esters
Chemiluminescence
Google Building Maker. Google Building Maker was a web application that allowed users to build three-dimensional buildings for inclusion in Google Earth. Buildings were created using simple three-dimensional shapes combined with aerial photos. Google reviewed new building submissions and included them in Google Earth's three-dimensional buildings layer when they were of sufficient quality and a better model did not already exist. Building models could be exported for editing in SketchUp. There were at least 127 cities available.

On 13 March 2013 Google announced that the Building Maker application would be retired on 1 June 2013; the cancellation became effective on 4 June.

Notes

References

External links

Building Maker
Fate-sharing. Fate-sharing is an engineering design philosophy where related parts of a system are yoked together, so that they either fail together or not at all. Fate-sharing is an example of the end-to-end principle. The term "fate-sharing" was defined by David D. Clark in his 1988 paper "The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols" as follows:

The fate-sharing model suggests that it is acceptable to lose the state information associated with an entity if, at the same time, the entity itself is lost. Specifically, information about transport level synchronization is stored in the host which is attached to the net and using its communication service.

Since the connection between two parties should fail if either party fails, it is acceptable to lose any state associated with the connection when one of them fails. Hence, fate sharing suggests that connection state should be stored directly on the two communicating parties, rather than on any other node within the network.

References

Internet architecture
Programming paradigms
KENTORT II. KENTORT II is an above-ground shale oil extraction process developed by the Center for Applied Energy Research of the University of Kentucky. It is a hot recycled solids fluidized bed retorting process developed since 1982 for processing the eastern United States Devonian oil shales. The concept of this process was initiated in 1986 in the test unit.

The KENTORT II retort consists of four fluidized bed vessels, configured in cascade. The raw oil shale is fed to the pyrolysis vessel the pyrolysis section, where it is fluidized by a mixture of steam and product oil shale gas from the gasification section below. Heat is transferred to the raw oil shale by a combination of fluidizing gas and recirculating hot spent shale from the gasification section. The pyrolysis takes place at  to .

The pyrolyzed oil shale moves by gravity downward to the gasification section. Gasification, which takes place at  to , converts remained carbon in the spent shale (char) to product oil shale gas. Steam from the cooling zone is used for fluidizing the sent shale while heat transferred by hot solids (oil shale ash) from the combustion section. The spent shale moves to the combustion section where it is burnt to heat the process, while oil shale ash moves to the cooling section before its removal from the retort.

See also
 Galoter process
 Alberta Taciuk Process
 Petrosix process
 Kiviter process
 TOSCO II process
 Fushun process
 Paraho process
 Lurgi-Ruhrgas process
 Chevron STB process
 LLNL HRS process

References

Oil shale technology
Thermal treatment
Galfenol. In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol is of interest to sonar researchers because magnetostrictor materials are used to detect sound, and amplifying the magnetostrictive effect could lead to better sensitivity of sonar detectors. Galfenol is also proposed for vibrational energy harvesting, actuators for precision machine tools, active anti-vibration systems, and anti-clogging devices for sifting screens and spray nozzles. Galfenol is machinable and can be produced in sheet and wire form.

In 2009, scientists from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) used neutron beams to determine the structure of galfenol. They determined that the addition of gallium changes the lattice structure of the iron atoms from regular cubic cells to one in which the faces of some of the cells become slightly rectangular. The elongated cells tend to clump together in the alloy, forming localized clumps within the material. These clumps have been described by Peter Gehring of the NIST Center for Neutron Research as "something like raisins within a cake". It has also been proposed that there is an intrinsic mechanism generating this enhanced magnetostriction, which has its origins in the electronic structure of the material as described by density functional theory. It is understood that the addition of gallium to pure iron alters the electronic structure and atomic arrangements in the material in such a way as to enhance the material's magnetoelastic constant.

See also
 Terfenol-D

References

External links
  Development and modeling of iron-gallium alloy, Rick A. Kellogg
  Characterization and Modeling of the Magnetomechanical Behavior of Iron-Gallium Alloys, Jayasimha Atulasimha
  Characterization of Bending Magnetostriction in Iron-Gallium Alloys for Nanowire Sensor Applications, Patrick Downey
  Quasi-static Characterization and Modeling of the Bending Behavior of Single Crystal GALFENOL for Magnetostrictive Sensors and Actuators, Supratik Datta

Smart materials
Gallium alloys
Macchi M.26. The Macchi M.26 was an Italian flying boat fighter prototype of 1924 designed and manufactured by Macchi.

Design and development
In 1924, the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) issued a requirement for a replacement for its Macchi M.7ter flying boat fighter. To compete with the SIAI S.58 for a production order as the replacement, Macchi company designer Mario Castoldi (1888–1968) developed the M.26. It was a wooden, single-seat, single-bay biplane armed with two fixed, forward-firing 7.7-millimeter (0.303-inch) Vickers machine guns.  It had plywood and fabric skinning, and its wings were of equal span and unstaggered. The M.26s engine, a 221-kilowatt (296-brake horsepower) Hispano-Suiza HS 42 V8 driving a pusher propeller, was mounted on struts above the hull and below the upper wing. For an aircraft of its type, its aerodynamic design was very clean.

The M.26 was completed in 1924 and made its first flight that year, demonstrating good performance. Macchi built two prototypes, but the Regia Marina opted to save money by re-engining the Macchi M.7ter to extend its service life rather than purchase a new aircraft, and Macchi received no production orders for the M.26. However, a few years later Macchi based the design of its M.41 fighter on that of the M.26.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications

Notes:
Time to 4,000 m (13,123 ft): 12 min 18 sec

See also

Notes

References

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .

M.26
1920s Italian fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Macchi M.41. The Macchi M.41 was an Italian flying boat fighter prototype of 1927 designed and manufactured by Macchi. Its production model, the M.41bis, first flown in 1929, was in front line service from 1930 to 1938.

Design and development

M.41
In 1927, the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) held a contest for a replacement for the Macchi M.7ter flying boat fighter. In response, Macchi designed the M.41, based on its Macchi M.26 design of 1924. The M.41 was a wooden, single-seat, single-bay biplane armed with two fixed, forward-firing 7.7-millimeter (0.303-inch) machine guns. It had plywood and fabric skinning, and its wings were of equal span and unstaggered. Its engine, a 313-kilowatt (420-horsepower) Fiat A.20 driving a pusher propeller, was mounted on struts above the hull and below the upper wing, and the aircraft was fitted with an oblique frontal radiator. Like the M.26, it was of very clean aerodynamic design for an aircraft of its type.

In the 1927 contest, the M.41 prototype competed against the SIAI S.58bis. Macchi received no production order for the M.41 and built only the first prototype. Although plans were made for SIAI to produce 97 S.58bis aircraft, these fell through when the Regia Marina decided to save money by re-engining the M.7ter rather than procure any new replacement aircraft in 1927.

M.41 bis
In 1929, the Regia Marina again organized a contest for an M.7 ter replacement. Macchi produced a new version of the M.41, dubbed the M.41 bis, which differed from the M.41 chiefly in having a vertical radiator. It performed better than the SIAI S.58ter in the contest, and this time Macchi was awarded a contract to produce 41 M.41 bis aircraft.

Operational history
Macchi delivered all 41 M.41 bis aircraft, which began to enter service in 1930. They operated in two squadriglie of the 88° Gruppo Autonomo Caccia Marittima, and remained in front-line service until replaced in 1938 by the IMAM Ro.44 floatplane fighter.

Operators

 Regia Marina
 88° Gruppo Autonomo Caccia Marittima

 Spanish Air Force

Specifications (M.41bis)

See also

References

Notes

M.41
1920s Italian fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Comparison of encrypted external drives. This is a technical feature comparison of commercial encrypted external drives.

Background information

 Ironkey was acquired by Kingston Technology in February 2016 
 IronClad is a technology, a secure type of "PC on a stick" (flash drive which has an Operating System included), which runs on top of Ironkey drive. It is also known as a "turnkey solution", as in it "plugs and plays".

Operating systems

Features
 Bootable: Whether (with the appropriate OS installed on the drive and supporting BIOS on a computer) the drive can be used to boot a computer.
 Encryption Type: Type of encryption used.
 Certification: Whether FIPS 140-2 or similar validation has been passed.
 Managed: Whether enterprise level management software for maintaining large numbers of devices is included.
 Interface: List of USB, Firewire, eSATA, or other interfaces for connection a computer.
 Max Capacity: Maximum size drive is available in.
 Included Software: List of any included software, excluding any standard freeware or trialware obtainable by an end user.
 Other Features: Other notable features that differentiate the device.

See also
 Comparison of disk encryption software
 Disk encryption software

Notes and references

Disk encryption
Encrypted external drives
Cryptographic software
Proto (tools). Proto Tools (formally Stanley Proto) is an American industrial hand tool company.  Founded as Plomb, it is presently a division of Stanley Black & Decker. The company is credited with creating the first combination wrench in 1933.

History 
Proto was founded in 1907 by Alphonse Plomb, Jacob Weninger, and Charles Williams as the Plomb Tool Company, a small blacksmith shop making chisels in Los Angeles. In 1933, Plomb released what is commonly credited as the first combination wrench.

Plomb acquired a number of companies during the 1940s, including Cragin Tool of Chicago, Illinois in 1940, P&C Tool of Oregon in 1941, Penens Tool of Cleveland, Ohio in 1942, and J.P. Danielson of Jamestown, New York in 1947. Penens Tool would produce tools under the Fleet and Challenger brand names after its acquisition.

In 1946, Plomb was sued by another tool manufacturer—Fayette R. Plumb, Inc., now a brand of Apex Tool Group—for trademark infringement. The company began manufacturing its tools with the Proto name, a portmanteau of "professional" and "tools," in 1948. In 1957, the company began operating as Pendleton Tool Industries.

In 1964, Proto was acquired by Ingersoll-Rand, and in 1984, it was acquired by Stanley and became Stanley Proto Industrial Tools.

Gallery

See also 

 Blackhawk by Proto

References

External links 
 
 Plomb and Proto Tool Catalogs

Industrial tool manufacturers
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Stanley Black & Decker brands
Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Manufacturing companies established in 1907
1964 mergers and acquisitions
1984 mergers and acquisitions
MRE (disambiguation). An MRE (Meal, Ready-to-Eat) is a US military field ration.

MRE may also refer to:

Government and politics 
 European Republicans Movement (), a social-liberal political party in Italy
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil) (), the governmental body that conducts Brazil's foreign relations with other countries
 Maritime Republic of Eastport, a micronation in Maryland

Science and technology 
 Magnetic resonance elastography, a non-invasive medical imaging technique
 Magnetorheological elastomer, a class of solids that consist of a polymeric matrix with embedded micro- or nano-sized ferromagnetic particles
 Minimal reproducible example, a software debugging technique
 Managed runtime environment, a type of virtual machine that runs as a normal application inside a host OS and supports one process

Other uses 
 Master of Religious Education, a terminal academic degree in preparation for professional teaching ministry
 Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (ISO 639 code mre)
Command-loss timer. In spacecraft, a Command-Loss Timer (CLT) is a software timer within the command and data system (CDS) which is restarted every time the spacecraft receives a command from Earth. If the CLT times out, it is assumed that the spacecraft's receiver has failed to reliably receive messages and, in response, the CDS will attempt to restore communication or perform safing procedures, or both. A Command Loss Timer is effectively a software watchdog timer which, upon timeout, initiates corrective actions that will in some cases swap to redundant communication hardware.

Robotic spacecraft are accessible to human operators only by command telemetry. Consequently, a spacecraft need to be self-reliant, because its embedded systems cannot be physically accessed if a communication fault occurs. Without a CLT, such faults would result in the spacecraft becoming permanently disabled.

Other uses
Command Loss Timers are not limited to spacecraft, as any scientific instrument that is in a situation where remote command could be lost could use this safety measure.

This feature is common with devices connected over the Internet, but not all Internet connected devices use it.

See also 
 Safe mode (spacecraft)

References 

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Centrode. A centrode, in kinematics, is the path traced by the instantaneous center of rotation of a rigid plane figure moving in a plane. There are two types of centrodes: a space or fixed centrode, and a body or moving centrode.
The moving centrode rolls without slip on the fixed centrode.

Gallery

See also
Four-bar linkage

References
Homer D. Eckhardt  Kinematic Design of Machines and Mechanisms, McGraw-Hill (1998) p. 63 .
Theory of Machine 
[M.Irfan (NFC IET Multan) Contact# (03421713488)]

Kinematics
Diethyl carbonate. Diethyl carbonate (sometimes abbreviated DEC) is an ester of carbonic acid and ethanol with the formula OC(OCH2CH3)2.  At room temperature (25 °C) diethyl carbonate is a colorless liquid with a low flash point.

Diethyl carbonate is used as a solvent such as in erythromycin intramuscular injections. It can be used as a component of electrolytes in lithium batteries.  It has been proposed as a fuel additive to support cleaner diesel fuel combustion because its high boiling point might reduce blended fuels' volatility, minimizing vapor buildup in warm weather that can block fuel lines. As a fuel additive, it can reduce emissions such as volatile organic compounds, CO2, and particulates.

Production

It can be made by reacting phosgene with ethanol, producing hydrogen chloride as a byproduct.  Because chloroform can react with oxygen to form phosgene, chloroform can be stabilized for storage by adding 1 part (by mass) of ethanol to 100 parts (by mass) of chloroform, so that any phosgene that forms is converted into diethyl carbonate.

2 CH3CH2OH + COCl2 → CO3(CH2CH3)2 + 2HCl

It can also be made by the alcoholysis of urea with ethanol. This reaction requires a heterogeneous catalysis that can act both as a Lewis acid and a base, such as various metal oxides. The reaction proceeds via the formation of the intermediary ethyl carbamate.

2 CH3CH2OH + CO(NH2)2 → CO3(CH2CH3)2 + 2 NH3

It can also be synthesized directly from carbon dioxide and ethanol using various methods, and via oxidative carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Another method is transesterification from dimethyl carbonate. Yet another method is from the reaction of ethyl nitrite and carbon monoxide, where the ethyl nitrite can be made from nitric oxide and ethanol. This method requires a catalyst such as palladium.

Use in biological research
0.01% v/v DEC solutions can be used as a relatively gentle cold sterilizing reagent for laboratory chromatography resins.

See also
 Ethylene carbonate
 DEPC

References

Ester solvents
Ethyl esters
Carbonate esters
Jarapa. Jarapa is a thick fabric of various compositions, used to make traditional rugs, blankets, bedspreads, curtains etc. in Almería and Murcia in the Spanish South East. 

Manufacture and use are concentrated in the area of the Alpujarras. The material used in their manufacture is often recycled scraps from the textile industry of Catalonia further North.

Production
With the evolution of the textile industry, materials aside from cotton such as polyester and other fibers are used, obtained from Cataloina and Alcoy.

In the process of production the remains of fabric used to make "tiras" is made use of to prepare balls of yarn to later make "churros" (a type of hank put into a shuttle to make a strip). Once the churros in the shuttle are moved to the loom, between the threads, the fabric starts to be made. 

Woven fabrics
The Hive Group. The Hive Group was a software company that applied visualization technology in operational intelligence (OI), business intelligence (BI), and complex event processing (CEP) contexts. The company primarily developed enterprise treemapping software used by major corporations and public agencies such as Intel Corporation, Procter & Gamble, Sun Microsystems, the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the United States Coast Guard.

On January 26, 2015, The Hive Group announced that it had merged with Visual Action Software.

History

The Hive Group is a privately held company founded in 2000, with headquarters in Richardson, Texas.
The company’s treemapping software is called Honeycomb.  Ben Shneiderman, the inventor of the treemap concept, is a member of The Hive Group’s Board of Advisors.
The number of employees is believed to be fewer than 50.

Industry recognition – Early adoption by the United States Marine Corps

A large quantity of information can be found, both in printed form and on the internet, detailing the Honeycomb-based USMC MERIT application.  In 2003, the USMC deployed treemaps to all theaters of USMC operation.
This deployment has led to broad adoption of treemaps within the United States Department of Defense and has received the following industry awards and recognition:
 US Department of Navy eGov
 US Department of Defense CIO (second place, team category)
 Excellence.Gov - Federal CIO
 Government Computing News
 International Society of Logistics Field Award
 The Association for Enterprise Information Excellence in Enterprise Integration
 Defense Logistics 2008 Technology Implementation of the Year

Public sector

The Hive Group is registered as a small business in Central Contractor Registration (CCR), and in the United Nations Global Marketplace.

Patents

The Hive Group holds several patents around treemapping technology (US Patents 7,027,052; 7,076,742; 7,346,858; and 7,509,591).

Board of directors and advisors

The Hive Group’s board of directors and advisors include:

 Bill Jesse: Chairman, Jesse Capital Management
 Ben Shneiderman: inventor of treemapping; founding director, Human Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland, College Park
 Joseph P. Urso: CEO, Aerus LLC; Chairman, Inthinc
 Pierluigi Zappacosta: Chairman, Digital Persona; Chairman, Sierra Sciences; Founder and former CEO, Logitech

External links
 Visual Action Software Website
 Treemap sample from The Hive Group
 Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland
 The Hive Group Gallery
 The Washington Post, The Next Frontier: Decoding the Internet's Raw Data
 USMC MERIT Joint Release Announcement
 Finding the Needle in the Haystack
 A Picture Worth a Thousand Control Loops
London 2012 Olympics – Interactive Medal Standings (by country, sport, event, medal & athlete)

References

Software companies established in 2000
Software companies based in Texas
Privately held companies based in Texas
Companies based in Richardson, Texas
Defunct software companies of the United States
2000 establishments in the United States
2000 establishments in Texas
Companies established in 2000