omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
George Westinghouse Medal. The George Westinghouse Medal is named for George Westinghouse and awarded to in honor of "eminent achievement or distinguished service in the power field of mechanical engineering" by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. There is a Gold medal (with a $1500 award) and a Silver medal (with a $1000 award). The silver medal may only be awarded to someone under 45 years of age.

Recipients
Source: ASME

Gold

 1953: Alexander G. Christie
 1954: Walker L. Cisler
 1955: Hyman G. Rickover
 1956: Perry W. Pratt
 1957: Alfred Iddles
 1958: Frederick P. Fairchild
 1960: Ernest C. Gaston
 1961: Gerald V. Williamson
 1962: Edwin H. Kreig
 1963: Abbott L. Penniman, Jr.
 1964: Frederick W. Argue
 1965: Robert A. Bowman
 1966: Robert C. Allen
 1967: Robert A. Baker, Sr.
 1968: Roland A. Budenholzer
 1969: Ralph C. Roe
 1970: Charles A. Meyer, Robert C. Spencer, Jr.
 1971: Wilfred McGregor Hall
 1972: William S. Lee
 1973: Bernard F. Langer
 1974: Charles W. Elston
 1976: John W. Simpson
 1978: Peter Fortescue
 1979: William R. Gould
 1980: Fred J. Moody
 1981: Earle C. Miller
 1982: William T. Reid
 1983: Eugene P. Wilkinson
 1984: Joseph R. Szydlowski
 1985: Eugene A. Saltarelli
 1986: Richard J. Coar
 1987: Henry O. Pohl
 1988: Warren A. Rhoades, Jr.
 1989: J. Ed Smith
 1990: John J. Taylor
 1991: Ralph J. Ortolano
 1992: Daniel R. Wilkins
 1993: Frederick W. Buckman
 1995: Thomas H. McCloskey
 1998: Ashwani K. Gupta
 1999: Atambir S. Rao
 2000: David G. Lilley
 2001: Janos M. Beer
 2002: Arthur H. Lefebvre
 2003: Yassin A. Hassan
 2004: Adel F. Sarofim
 2005: Subramanyam R. Gollahalli
 2006: Ben T. Zinn
 2007: Roman Weber
 2008: Edwin A. Harvego
 2009: Essam E. Khalil
 2010: Włodzimierz Błasiak
 2011: Nicholas Syred
 2012: Richard R. Schultz
 2013: Yiannis A. Levendis
 2014: Ryoichi S. Amano
 2015: Karen A. Thole
 2016: Kenneth Bray
 2017: Alan Williams
 2018: Timothy C. Lieuwen
 2019: Hameed Metghalchi
 2020: Darrell W. Pepper
 2021: Jovica Riznic
 2023: George Tsatsaronis
 2024: Robert M. Wagner

Silver

 1972: William E. Rice
 1973: Michael A. Ambrose
 1974: Shelby L. Owens
 1976: Richard V. Shanklin III
 1977: James C. Corman
 1978: Romano Salvatori
 1979: Edward W. Stenby
 1980: Robert L. Gamble
 1981: Ronald Pigott
 1982: Leslie D. Kramer
 1983: Remco P. Waszink
 1984: William J. Bryan
 1986: Joseph A. Barsin
 1987: Albert D. LaRue
 1989: Leslie D. Kramer
 1990: Atambir S. Rao
 1991: John B. Kitto, Jr.
 1993: Stephen R. Reid
 1995: V.K. "Bindi" Chexal
 1998: Ting Wang
 2001: Susumu Mochida
 2003: Jason E. Jenkins
 2005: Andrzej Szlek
 2009: Somrat Kerdsuwan
 2010: Timothy C. Lieuwen
 2011: Margaret S. Wooldridge
 2012: Weihong Yang
 2015: Angela Violi
 2016: Elia Merzari
 2017: Frédéric Villeneuve
 2020: Sibendu Som
 2021: Brian M. Wodka
 2023: Stephen Lynch
 2024: David "Bobby" Noble

See also
 List of mechanical engineering awards

References

External links
ASME: George Westinghouse Medals

Awards of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
George Westinghouse Award. The George Westinghouse Award may refer to:
 George Westinghouse Medal given by the American Society for Mechanical Engineering
 George Westinghouse Award (ASEE) given by the American Society for Engineering Education
 Intel Science Talent Search awards
 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Westinghouse Science Journalism Award, formerly known at different times as the AAAS Science Journalism Award and the AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award
George Westinghouse Award (ASEE). The George Westinghouse Award, named after George Westinghouse, was given by the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) for outstanding contributions to engineering education. It was awarded to "a young engineering educator of outstanding ability to recognize and encourage his or her contributions to improving engineering teaching".

The award was established by the Westinghouse Foundation in 1946, last issued in 1999 and consisted of an honorarium and a certificate.

Recipients
The following people received the George Westinghouse Award:

 1940: Ray A. Simpson  - Hoover Dam
 1946: James N. Goodier
 1947: B. Richard Teare, Jr.
 1948: Hunter Rouse
 1949: Joseph Marin
 1950: Rolf Eliassen
 1951: Glenn Murphy
 1952: Gordon S. Brown
 1953: Edward F. Obert
 1954: Thomas J. Higgins
 1955: Robert R. White
 1956: Milton C. Shaw
 1957: Robert E. Greybal
 1958: Willis W. Harman
 1959: Max S. Peters
 1960: R. Byron Bird
 1961: David C. White
 1962: Paul M. Naghdi
 1963: Mac E. Van Valkenburg
 1964: Cedomir M. Sliepcevich
 1965: John G. Truxal
 1966: Ali B. Cambel
 1967: Charles L. Miller
 1968: Klaus D. Timmerhaus
 1969: Arthur E. Bryson, Jr.
 1970: Ali A. Seireg
 1971: Charles E. Wales
 1972: Jack P. Holman
 1973: Martin D. Bradshaw
 1974: Joseph Bordogna
 1975: Donald G. Childers
 1976: Jerome B. Cohen
 1977: Roger A. Schmitz
 1978: C. Judson King
 1979: J. Michael Duncan
 1980: William B. Krantz
 1981: Leroy S. "Skip" Fletcher
 1982: Stephen J O'Brien
 1983: Frank P. Incropera
 1984: Phillip C. Wankat
 1985: Sunder H. Advani
 1986: Gerald W. Clough
 1987: John H. Seinfeld
 1988: Thomas F. Edgar
 1989: Kenneth E. Case
 1990: Y.A. Liu
 1991: Magdy F. Iskander
 1992: Nicholas A. Peppas
 1993: Rajendra Singh
 1994: Gretchen Kalonji
 1995: Denice Denton
 1996: C. Stewart Slater
 1997: Cristina H. Amon
 1998: James P. Schaffer
 1999: Pradeep K. Khosla

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

External links
 Westinghouse's principal foundation for the company's social investments.

Education awards
Engineering awards
American Society for Engineering Education
Amercentrale. The Amercentrale is a biomass-fired power plant of RWE in the municipality Geertruidenberg.  The plant is named after the Amer River and is located on the left bank of this river. In 1952 Unit 1 of the first Amercentrale began generating electricity. The much smaller Dongecentrale, decommissioned in 2011, is located near the Amercentrale.

Technical specifications 
The power plant generates 600 MW of power as well as heat for heating homes and greenhouses. The plant provides a large part of southern Netherlands with electric power and also supplies heat to the horticultural areas. Since unit 8 was decommissioned in 2015, only unit 9, which has been in operation since 1993, is still in use. Plans to build a new coal and biomass-fired unit of about 800 MW have been scrapped. Unit 9 could be closed in the near future in a bid to achieve climate goals, if another solution can be found for the district heating in the nearby towns of Breda and Tilburg.

References 

The Amercentrale on the site of Essent

Coal-fired power stations in the Netherlands
RWE
Geertruidenberg
Stick thermal. In aviation, and particularly in the sport of gliding, a stick thermal is an illusion that the glider is climbing in a thermal when, in fact, the upward movement of the glider is caused by nothing more than the pilot pulling backwards on the control stick, causing the aircraft to climb, but lose airspeed.

Background
It is useful for a pilot to know the rate of climb of air in a thermal. They can use this to find the strongest area of lift in the thermal. A variometer can be used to measure the rate of ascent of an aircraft. However, a simple variometer does not actually measure the lift in the thermal, it measures the rate of ascent of the aircraft. So a pilot may be inside a thermal that is moving upwards at 2 metres per second, but the pilot may be diving their aircraft at 2 metres per second. So the variometer shows zero rate of climb, and does not indicate the presence of the thermal.

A total energy compensated variometer will show the actual rate of climb of the thermal, regardless of the movement of the aircraft.

Notes

Gliding technology
Power lines connecting Vancouver Island with Canadian Mainland. The power grid of Vancouver Island is owned and operated by BC Hydro, and is connected with that of the Mainland of British Columbia by high voltage AC submarine cables, and formerly by a DC submarine cable system.

These links, which all consist of overhead line sections on land together with submarine cables are:
 Two parallel 500 kV AC circuits from south of Powell River to Vancouver Island in two cable and three overhead sections with reactor station on Texada Island, running from Malaspina substation near Sechelt to Dunsmuir substation near Qualicum Beach;
 Two AC lines, one 138 kV and one 230 kV, running from Arnott substation in Delta to Vancouver Island Terminal in North Cowichan (the same points that HVDC Vancouver Island connects). Waypoints of these southern lines, which all consist of three overhead and two submarine cable sections are:

The former * HVDC Vancouver Island was capable of transferring a total of 700 MW (now obsolete and de-energized).

 A 500 kV AC link consisting of two parallel lines running to the midpoint of Vancouver Island.

See also 
 List of high voltage underground and submarine cables
 HVDC Vancouver Island

References

Energy in British Columbia
Electric power infrastructure in Canada
Graphalloy. Graphalloy is the trademark for a group of metal-impregnated graphite materials. The materials are commonly used for self-lubricating plain bearings or electrical contacts. They are proprietary materials owned by the Graphite Metallizing Corp. based in Yonkers, New York, USA.

Construction
When the metal is impregnated in the graphite it forms long continuous filaments. These are what gives the material its ductility, strength, and heat dissipation properties.

Types
There are many types of Graphalloy because the graphite can be impregnated with many different metals.

Applications
Graphalloy is used in applications where high and low temperatures are encountered, grease or oil is not feasible, expulsion of wear particles is prohibited, or in dusty, submerged, or corrosive environments. It is non-corrosive in gasoline, jet fuel, solvents, bleaches, caustics, dyes, liquefied gases, acids, and many more chemicals. It is not used in highly abrasive applications. Common applications include bushings/bearings for pumps, bleaching and washing tanks, ovens, industrial dryers, steam turbines, kilns, cryogenics.

It is also used as bearing in applications where electrical conduction is necessary. It is used in when high frequency current degrades ball or needle bearings. Examples of applications include packaging machines, radar joints, and welding equipment.

References

External links
 

Composite materials
Bearings (mechanical)
Axel Fredrik Enström. Axel Fredrik Enström (21 August 1875 – 31 March 1948) was a Swedish electrical engineer and civil servant.

Biography
He was born on 21 August 1875 in Stockholm, Sweden. He graduated from the Royal Institute of Technology. He later earned a Ph.D. from Uppsala University. From 1896 to 1908 he taught physics and electrical engineering at Royal Institute of Technology. From 1903 to 1916 he was a partner in an electrical testing station and he carried out consulting and investigative activities in the electrotechnical field for Sweden. In 1916 Enström was appointed to the National Board of Trade.

In 1918, he took the initiative to form the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) and in 1919 was appointed IVA's first president, and was at the same time given the title of professor. He served as president until 1940. In 1922, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

He died in Sweden on 31 March 1948.

References

Swedish electrical engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1875 births
1948 deaths
Miedenmolen, Holwerd. Miedenmolen is a smock mill in Holwerd, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1855. The mill has been restored to working order. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 38696.

History

Meidenmolen was built in 1855 to drain the Dwergsmear Polder. In 1953, the water board decided to fully mechanise the mill. Meetings held on 27 December 1961 and 13 March 1962 resulted in the mill being assisted by an electric motor, but full mechanisation was not carried out. The mill was restored in 1966. The mill was sold to Stichting De Fryske Mole () on 4 May 1976. Further restorations were carried out in 1978 and 1994, the latter was carried out by millwright Thijs Jellema of Birdaard. In 2004 a new steel Archimedes' screw was fitted. In 2006, the mill was officially listed as being held in reserve for use in an emergency.

Description

Meidenmolen is what the Dutch describe as an grondzeiler. It is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to the ground. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are Patent sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft, which was cast in 1904 by De Munck Kiezer, Martenshoek, Groningen. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 57 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel, which has 44 cogs drives a gearwheel with 43 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw. The axle of the Archimedes' screw is  diameter. The screw is  diameter and  long. It is inclined at 19.7°. Each revolution of the screw lifts  of water.

Public access
Meidenmolen is open by appointment.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1855
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Sun Community Source License. The Sun Community Source License (SCSL) is a community source software licensing model designed by Sun Microsystems that covers the J2SE and J2EE software development kits.  Sun introduced the SCSL in 1998 to maintain compatibility within the Java platform and make code available for commercial use.  In 2004, Sun began to favor the simpler Java Research License for noncommercial use.

The SCSL includes elements similar to an open-source license, but it has significant differences, such as a requirement that code is compatible with Java standards and commercial derivative works are subject to licensing fees.  The SCSL is not considered a free software license.

References

External links
 SUN COMMUNITY SOURCE LICENSE Version 2.8 (Rev.  Date January 17, 2001)

Software licensing
Sun Microsystems
George Samuel Sewell. George Samuel Sewell,  (26 September 1897 – 5 April 1969) was one of the first recipients of the George Medal (GM) and was the first civilian to be awarded a Bar to the GM.

Early life
Sewell was born on 26 September 1897 in Sunderland, England, and during the First World War joined the Durham Light Infantry. However, as he was underage when he enlisted, he was discharged and instead trained as a marine engineer.  After a period in the Merchant Navy, Sewell joined Shell-Mex & BP, and by the outbreak of the Second World War worked at the Shell-Mex plant at Saltend, east of Hull on the Humber Estuary. As well as his engineering duties, he also managed the works fire brigade.

First award of the George Medal
On the afternoon of 1 July 1940, a lone German bomber attacked the oil refinery, dropping a number of high-explosive bombs.  Bomb fragments punctured one of the petrol storage tanks and ignited the petroleum gas inside. Along with the plant managers and a number of firemen, Sewell entered the compound with the damaged tank and while the managers transferred gas from other tanks close by, Sewell "led a party of men into the tank compound and was also continually on the tank roof whilst the gas inside was burning, endeavouring to extinguish the flames by playing foam over the tank top and placing sandbags over the roof curb." The actions of these men were successful and the fires extinguished without major damage to the plant.  When the George Medal was instituted on 24 September 1940 by King George VI among the first awards made were those to Sewell and four others who took part in the firefighting.

Second award of the George Medal
A little under a year later, on the night of 8/9 May 1941, the refinery was again bombed during a Hull Blitz air raid and a petrol storage tank caught fire after being hit by an incendiary bomb. Again Sewell and his team entered the area, and "although enemy aircraft were overhead and bombs continued to fall, Mr. Sewell immediately climbed to the top of the tank and placed bags of sand over the holes, successfully extinguishing the fires. Mr. Sewell then climbed on to another tank and kicked to the ground a burning bomb. Mr. Sewell's gallant action prevented a serious fire and consequent loss of valuable product and installation."

Later that month, on 27 May 1941, unaware that he was to be awarded a bar for his second commendation, Sewell attended Buckingham Palace for the investiture ceremony for his first medal, returning again on 4 November 1941 for the second ceremony.

Later life
Sewell continued to live and work in Hull before retiring in 1958. He died in 1969.

References

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

1897 births
1969 deaths
Recipients of the George Medal
People from Sunderland
History of Kingston upon Hull
British people of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
Durham Light Infantry soldiers
Common Firmware Environment. Common Firmware Environment (CFE), sometimes pronounced as 'cafe', is a firmware interface and bootloader developed by Broadcom for 32-bit and 64-bit system-on-a-chip systems. It is intended to be a flexible toolkit of CPU initialization and bootstrap code for use on embedded processors (typically running on MIPS32/64 instruction set CPUs found in Broadcom SoCs). It is roughly analogous to the BIOS on the IBM PC platform. Its source code is available as open source from Broadcom. Common embedded system alternatives include Das U-Boot.

Its main responsibility is to initialize CPUs, caches, memory controllers, and peripherals required early on in the power on stage. It typically incorporates several built-in device drivers for SoC peripherals, it has several console choices, including serial ports, ROM emulators, JTAG, etc. Just like in other boot loaders environment, variables are commonly configured in persistent storage to create auto boot options. It also has support for network bootstrap.

Platforms 

CFE is used in at least some of the following wireless router platforms:
 Apple Airport
 Asus routers
 Buffalo AirStation
 Linksys WRT54G series
 Netgear

CFE is used in the following home entertainment platforms:
 LG Smart TV
 LG Smart Blu-ray Players 
 Samsung Smart TV
 Samsung Blu-ray Players

CFE is also used in the Amiga NG platform AmigaOne X1000

See also 
 Comparison of boot loaders
 Das U-Boot

References

External links 
 https://docs.broadcom.com/docs/1211168562172
 http://www.broadcom.com/support/license.php?file=cfe-1.4.2-src.tar.bz2
 http://wiki.openwrt.org/doc/techref/bootloader/cfe

Firmware
Boot loaders
Software related to embedded Linux
Alperm. Alperm (also alfenol or alfer) is a class of alloys comprising 83-90% of iron and 10-17% of aluminium. The most widely used composition is with 16% Al.

An alloy with 13% Al is also sometimes referred to as alfer. It exhibits large magnetostriction and it is used in magnetoelastic sensors. Later during the WW2, Japanese used the alloy with 12.7-12.9% aluminium as a replacement of nickel for the magnetostrictive transducers used in their Type 93 model 5, Type 3, and Simple naval sonars.

Alperm is magnetically soft and exhibits high magnetic permeability. The material can be produced in 0.5 mm thick sheets, as well as 50-60 μm thick ribbons.

The coercivity is usually below 5 A/m (for alfer it is around 50 A/m) and permeability 55 000 (for alfer 4000). Saturation flux density is 0.8 T (for alfer 1.28 T).

The addition of Al increases electrical resistivity of alloy up to 140 μΩm, which is almost four times the value in commonly used 3% SiFe electrical steel. For this reason alperm can be used in higher frequency range. However, because of the Al content the material is more susceptible to oxidation.

The alloy was first synthesized and characterized by Japanese researchers H. Masumoto and Hideo Saito in 1939.

References

See also 
 Sendust

Ferrous alloys
Magnetic alloys
Aluminium alloys
Ester hydrolysis. Ester hydrolysis is an organic reaction which hydrolyzes an ester to a carboxylic acid or carboxylate, and an alcohol. It can be performed with acid as catalyst, or with base as reagent.

Acidic hydrolysis of esters

The mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters is the reverse of Fischer esterification. Acid is only required in catalytic amounts, as in Fischer esterification, and an excess of water drives the equilibrium towards carboxylic acid and alcohol.

Alkaline hydrolysis of esters

Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts. Unlike acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, it is not an equilibrium reaction and proceeds to completion. Hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon to give a tetrahedral intermediate, which then expels an alkoxide ion. The resulting carboxylic acid quickly protonates the alkoxide ion to give a carboxylate ion and an alcohol. Water is often used as a solvent, but the presence of water is not necessary; alcohols may also be used as solvents, with dissolved hydroxide ion performing hydrolysis.

In this example of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl propionate, the asterisk indicates an oxygen-18 atom in an isotope labeling experiment to investigate the mechanism:

References

Reactions of esters
Shim (magnetism). A shim is a device used to adjust the homogeneity of a magnetic field. Shims received their name from the purely mechanical shims used to adjust position and parallelity of the pole faces of an electromagnet. Coils used to adjust the homogeneity of a magnetic field by changing the current flowing through it were called "electrical current shims" because of their similar function.

Usage in magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In NMR and MRI, shimming is used prior to the operation of the magnet to eliminate inhomogeneities in its field.

Initially, the magnetic field inside an NMR spectrometer or MRI scanner will be far from homogeneous compared with an "ideal" field of the device. This is a result of production tolerances and of the magnetic field of the environment. Iron constructions in walls and floor of the examination room become magnetized and disturb the field of the scanner. The probe and the sample or the patient become slightly magnetized when brought into the strong magnetic field and create additional inhomogeneous fields. The process of correcting for these inhomogeneities is called shimming the magnet, shimming the probe or shimming the sample, depending on the assumed source of the remaining inhomogeneity.

Field homogeneity of the order of 1 ppm over a volume of several liters is needed in an MRI scanner. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy demands field homogeneity better than 1 ppb within a volume of a few milliliters.

There are two types of shimming: active and passive.
Active shimming uses coils with adjustable current. 
Passive shimming involves pieces of steel with good magnetic qualities. The steel pieces are placed near the permanent or superconducting magnet. They become magnetized and produce their own magnetic field.
In both cases, the additional magnetic fields (produced by coils or steel) add to the overall magnetic field of the superconducting magnet in such a way as to increase the homogeneity of the total field.

There are different ways to define inhomogeneity of a magnetic field in the center of the MR spectrometer. Currently, for medical MR scanners, the industry standard is to measure volume root mean square (VRMS) values of the field for the different (mostly concentric) volumes in the middle of the scanner.

References

Further reading
Gerald A. Pearson, Shimming an NMR Magnet 
http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/pdf_files/shimming.pdf

Magnetic devices
Electromagnetism
Nuclear magnetic resonance