omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot. The Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot (EATR) was a project by Robotic Technology Inc. (RTI) and Cyclone Power Technologies Inc. in partnership with the University of Maryland, College Park's Center for Technology and Systems Management and Professor Bilal M. Ayyub. to develop a robotic vehicle that could forage for plant biomass to fuel itself, theoretically operating indefinitely. It was a concept developed between 2003 and 2009 as part of the DARPA military projects for the United States military.

Joe Rogan elicited some conspiracy theories and media rumors after he claimed on his podcast "Joe Rogan Experience" that the robot would (or at least could) ingest human remains to keep powering itself. Cyclone Power Technologies stated that animal or human biomass was not intended to be used in the waste heat combustion engine of the robot, and that sensors would be able to distinguish foraged materials, although the project overview from RTI listed other sources including chicken fat.

Power plant
The robot was powered by a steam engine built by the Cyclone Power Technologies company called the Cyclone Waste Heat Engine, which produced power through external combustion of biomass (i.e. combustion outside of the engine), an example of a Rankine cycle engine. The engine would power the vehicle's movement as well as used to recharge the batteries that run the sensors, arms and ancillary devices.

Fuel sources
The EATR was programmed to consume certain types of vegetation as biomass to convert into fuel, and only those types of vegetation. EATR could also use other fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, cooking oil, or solar energy.

The company also included "chicken fat" as one of its proposed fuel sources in the project overview.

The system was quoted as delivering an expected 100 miles (~161 km) of driving on 150 lbs (~68 kg) of vegetation.

References

External links 
 EATR at Robotic Technology

Military robots
Biomass
DARPA
Robots of the United States
2000s robots
Unmanned ground combat vehicles
Concrete bomb. A concrete bomb is an aerial bomb containing dense, inert material (typically concrete) instead of explosive. The target is destroyed using the kinetic energy of the falling bomb, making it a kinetic energy weapon. Such weapons can only practically be deployed when configured as a laser-guided bomb or other form of smart bomb, as a direct hit on a small target is required to cause significant damage. They are typically used to destroy military vehicles and artillery pieces in urban areas to minimize collateral damage and civilian casualties.

Guided or unguided concrete bombs may also be used for training pilots and ground personnel, due to the advantages of cost (no explosives or fusing), ease of precise and accurate point of impact determination, minimized bombing range damage, and increased safety (when the bomb is deployed, it is inert). Concrete bombs are also used in testing and evaluation of aircraft and bombs, such as the BDU-50.

Concrete bombs have been used by the United States during the Iraqi no-fly zones conflict, and by France during the 2011 military intervention in Libya.

See also
Kinetic bombardment
Lazy Dog (bomb)
Roof knocking

References

External links

Aerial bombs
Kjeld Ammentorp. Kjeld Anker Ammentorp (10 November 1895 – 23 October 1975) was the founder of RMC Group, one of the United Kingdom's largest concrete businesses.

Career
Born in Frederiksberg in Denmark, Kjeld Ammentorp moved to the United Kingdom in 1919. A civil engineer by training, Ammentorp took advantage of the invention of self-agitating cement trucks in the 1920s. He built his first plant in 1930 at Bedfont in London, bought cement mixers from Denmark and expanded his business into one of the largest in the United Kingdom.

In 1952 he sold his company to Sam Stirling who had developed a similar business in Australia. Ammentorp remained on the Board of the Company until 1958 but retired to Denmark in 1961.

He died in 1975 at Gentofte and is buried in Frederiksberg.

References

External links
 Kjeld Ammentorp at geni.com

1895 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Danish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Copenhagen
People from Frederiksberg
Danish emigrants to England
Danish company founders
British businesspeople
Danish civil engineers
British civil engineers
BFW M.22. The BFW M.22 was a twin-engined medium bomber, designed by Willy Messerschmitt for the German Ministry of Transport.  It was one of only two biplanes Messerschmitt designed, both unsuccessful.

Development
During 1927, following the success of his M.18 airliner, Messerschmitt tried to gain funding from the Baverian government; because the latter was already subsidising BFW (Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke), they pressed for an arrangement whereby Willy Messerschmitt joined BFW on the understanding that the company produce only his designs.  During these negotiations, completed on 8 September 1927, the Ministry of Transport put pressure on Messerschmitt to produce military aircraft.  This led to the only two biplanes Messerschmitt ever designed, the second of which was the BFW M.22 medium bomber, otherwise known as the Messerschmitt M 22.

It was a twin-engined biplane, with broad chord I-form interplane struts and ailerons on both wings.  It had a conventional tail with an externally-braced tailplane.  The upper wing was  raised above the fuselage by a long faired pylon, which separated the forward pilot's cockpit and the nose gunner's position from a dorsal gunner's position.  The main undercarriage was a wide-track, split-axle design, with the mainwheels in spats, and a tailskid.

The M.22 was powered by two 500 hp (373 kW) Siemens licence-built Bristol Jupiter radials, designated Siemens-Halske Sh-20 or Sh-21.  These were mounted midway between the wings in long faired housings, with the cylinder heads protruding for cooling.
 
It flew for the first time in 1928. The M.22 was very different from Messerschmitt's trademark high-wing cantilever monoplanes, like the M.19 and M.20, and unsurprisingly failed to receive a production order.  Only one was built.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s German military aircraft
BFW aircraft
Potassium hydrosulfide. Potassium hydrosulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula KSH. This colourless salt consists of the cation  and the bisulfide anion . It is the product of the half-neutralization of hydrogen sulfide with potassium hydroxide. The compound is used in the synthesis of some organosulfur compounds.  Aqueous solutions of potassium sulfide consist of a mixture of potassium hydrosulfide and potassium hydroxide.

The structure of the potassium hydrosulfide resembles that of potassium chloride. Their structure is however complicated by the non-spherical symmetry of the  anions, but these tumble rapidly in the solid.

The addition of sulfur gives dipotassium pentasulfide.

Synthesis
It is prepared by neutralizing aqueous KOH with .

References

Potassium compounds
Hydrosulfides
Vickers F.B.11. The Vickers F.B.11 was a prototype British three-seat escort fighter of the First World War.  A large single-engined biplane, it carried one gunner in a nacelle mounted on the upper wing to give an allround field of fire.  Only a single example was completed.

Development and design
In early 1916, the British War Office drew up a specification for a multi-seat escort fighter to be powered by one of the new Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, intended to protect formations of bombers from German fighters such as the Fokker E.I, with an additional role of destroying enemy airships. While the specification did not require high speed, a good field of fire for its guns was essential, while the secondary anti-Zeppelin role demanded an  endurance of at least seven hours.

Orders were placed for prototypes from Armstrong Whitworth (the F.K.6), Sopwith (the L.R.T.Tr.) and Vickers. All three designs were driven by the need to provide wide fields of fire in the absence of an effective synchronisation gear that would allow safe firing of guns through the propeller disc.

The Vickers response, the F.B.11, designed by R. L. Howard-Flanders, was a large, single-bay, biplane of tractor layout.  The pilot and one gunner sat in separate but closely spaced cockpits under the trailing edge of the upper wing, while a second gunner sat in a nacelle, or "fighting top", attached to, and extending forward of the upper wing. The Eagle engine was mounted in a clean cowling, with the radiator fitted behind the engine in the fuselage.

Two prototypes were ordered, with the first flying in September–October 1916, being tested at RNAS Eastchurch in November that year. It proved to have poor lateral control and performance, and was destroyed in a crash.  The second prototype was not completed, and as effective synchronising gears were now available (including Vickers' own Vickers-Challenger gear), none of the escort fighters were developed further.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Andrews, C. F., and Morgan, E. B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 1988. .
Bruce, J. M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Three Fighters. London: Macdonald, 1969. .
Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .
Lewis, Peter. The British Fighter since 1912. London: Putnam, Fourth edition, 1979. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1992. 

1910s British fighter aircraft
F.B.11
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Sopwith L.R.T.Tr.. The Sopwith Long Range Tractor Triplane (L.R.T.Tr) was a prototype British long-range three-seat triplane escort fighter of the First World War. Its unusual layout had a small gunner's nacelle mounted on the upper wing for an all-round field of fire. Only a single example was built, as other, smaller fighters proved more practicable.

Development and design
In early 1916, the British War Office drew up a specification for a multi-seat escort fighter to be powered by one of the new Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, intended to protect formations of bombers from German fighters, with an additional role of destroying enemy airships. While the specification did not require high speed, a good field of fire for its guns was essential, while the secondary anti-Zeppelin role demanded an endurance of at least seven hours.

Orders were placed for prototypes from Armstrong Whitworth (the F.K.6), Sopwith and Vickers (the F.B.11). All three designs were driven by the need to provide wide fields of fire in the absence of an effective synchronisation gear that would allow safe firing of guns through the propeller disc.

The Sopwith proposal was modified from an existing design for a two-seat triplane, with a nacelle for a gunner added to the upper wing.  It had three-bay, narrow chord wings, with the streamlined nacelle housing the upper gunner who was armed with a Lewis gun built around the centre section of the upper wing. Ailerons were fitted to all wings, with air brakes fitted to the lower wing. The deep fuselage housed the pilot and a second gunner to guard the aircraft's tail. Balancing wheels were fitted well ahead of the aircraft's mainwheels in order to prevent the aircraft overturning, as the upper gunner would be extremely vulnerable if this occurred.

The prototype, which was nicknamed "Egg-Box", flew late in 1916. It was not developed further, with smaller fighters fitted with synchronisation gear such as Sopwith's own 1½ Strutter now available, with all of the proposed three-seat escort fighters abandoned.

Specifications (L.R.T.Tr.)

See also

Notes

References

Bruce, J. M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957. 
Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two Fighters. London: Macdonald, 1968. .
Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .
Lewis, Peter. The British Fighter since 1912. London: Putnam, Fourth edition, 1979. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

Triplanes
L.R.T.Tr
Aircraft first flown in 1916
1910s British fighter aircraft
Higraph. A higraph is a diagramming object that formalizes relations into a visual structure. It was developed by David Harel in 1988. Higraphs extend mathematical graphs by including notions of depth and orthogonality. In particular, nodes in a higraph can contain other nodes inside them, creating a hierarchy. The idea was initially developed for applications to databases, knowledge representation, and the behavioral specification of complex concurrent systems using the higraph-based language of statecharts.

Higraphs are widely used in industrial applications like UML. Recently they have been used by philosophers to formally study the use of diagrams in mathematical proofs and reasoning.

References 

 Grossman, O., Harel, D. (1997), On the Algorithmics of Higraphs, Technical Report, Rehovot, Israel
 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/diagrams/

Mathematical structures
Treasure World. Treasure World is an adventure game developed and published by Aspyr for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. The game is unique, as its gameplay consists mainly of collecting and making use of Wi-Fi signals picked up by the handheld.

Scenario
Upon booting up the game, the player is introduced to the "Star Sweep", an elderly man who cleans stars, with aid of a robot named the "Wish Finder". The Star Sweep's ship crash-lands on Earth and the player is asked to refill the ship with stardust (its tank must be full before exiting Earth). The Wish Finder is tasked with helping the player, and it is revealed that it is a highly advanced robot with the ability to disguise itself by wearing different costume parts.

Gameplay
The game utilizes Wi-Fi signals from the player's real-life surroundings to help detect stardust and treasures. These treasures can then be used to form musical arrangements, customize the Wish Finder, or change the environment of the game. Stardust is not only used to refill the empty tank of the ship; the Star Sweep will give players treasures in return for 20 units of stardust, and at a discount of 10 when the real-world full moon appears.

Reception

IGN gave the game a score of 7.5 out of 10, with its main complaint being that there is not much to do outside of collecting treasures. They also awarded it the DS Game of the Month Award for July 2009.

References

External links
Treasure World video and screenshots at Nintendo
Treasure World online community
Treasure World at IGN

2009 video games
Adventure games
Aspyr games
Augmented reality games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Single-player video games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games about old age
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Untethered. Untethered is any technique that facilitates an action of a technical device without a direct control.

Specifically it may refer to:

 Untethered regimen, a technique combining the use of an insulin pump with a slow-acting insulin analog
 "Untethered" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), 2007
 Untethered jailbreak, a type of iOS jailbreak that allows a device to boot up jailbroken every time it is rebooted. This does NOT require a “re-jailbreaking” process. The only way to get rid of a jailbreak using this process is to restore the device.

See also 

 Tether (disambiguation)
BFW M.26. The BFW M.26 was a single-engined cantilever-winged monoplane light airliner built in Germany in 1930.  There were no sales and only one was built.

Design and development
The BFW M.26 was a light civil aircraft, designed to carry two to three passengers in an enclosed cabin. The pilot's position was also enclosed.  It was a high cantilever-winged monoplane in the style of Messerschmitt's earlier three-cabin aircraft, the successful  BFW M.18 and BFW M.20, and the commercially unsuccessful BFW M.24, though smaller than any of them.  A typical Messerschmitt square section fuselage narrowed steadily to the tail with its very angular fin and rudder.  The latter was cut away at the base to allow for the movement of the single-piece elevator.   The main undercarriage was of the split-axle type.

The M.26 was powered by a 100 hp (45 kW) Siemens Sh 11 radial engine, mounted uncowled with the seven cylinder heads protruding for cooling.  It drove a two-bladed propeller.

The aircraft first flew in 1930, but no production ensued and only one M.26 was built.  A version with a 175 hp (130 kW) Wright Whirlwind was considered under the designation M.30, but not built.

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

1930s German civil aircraft
BFW aircraft
Parisutham Institute of Technology and Science. Parisutham Institute of Technology and Science (PITS) is an Autonomous engineering institution in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. The institution is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) & is affiliated to Anna University, Chennai. The institution had earlier been affiliated to Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli before the merger on 15 September 2011.

Accreditation 
The institution has been accredited with NAAC 'A' GRADE by the National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) in December 2021 in the very first cycle of NAAC peer team visit.

It was founded in 2008 by Mr. S P Anthonisamy, entrepreneur and a member of the Parisutham Nadar family in Thanjavur. PITS provides technical education in the fields of Engineering and Management. It is a self-financing, minority institution.

Departments 
 School of Science and Humanities: English, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry
 School of Computing Technology and Engineering: Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and Communication Engineering

Centres for curricular activities 
 Incubation Cell and Placement Centre
 Digital Knowledge Centre
 Centre for Language Learning

Extra curricular activities 
 Yoga
 Aerobics
 Silambam
 Indoor Games - Snooker, Billiards, Squash, Rifle shooting, Badminton, Fencing, Table Tennis, carom & Chess.
 Gymnasium for boys and girls.
 Open field games - Grass-turfed football court, Cricket field & Hockey Court, Tennis, Roller skating / Roller Hockey rink, 2 Basket ball Courts, 2 Volleyball courts, Ball badminton, Cricket Net practice & Archery.

References

External links 
 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Thanjavur
Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Archie (robot). Archie is a humanoid robot, developed in TU Wien (TUW) in Austria and University of Manitoba in Canada. The development of Archie started in 2004 at the Institute of Handling Robots and Devices (IHRT) under supervision of Professor Peter Kopacek. Archie is in class a Teen size Humanoid and is over 120 cm tall. Lower body of Archie is designed and driven using brushless motors that are able to provide 50 Nm moment after the gearbox output. For Archie's joints Harmonic drives are employed in order to decreasing the size of the design and increasing the efficiency of the Robot. Each joint is controller individually and can provide a high performance motion control. All the joints are connected to central control unit using a customized high speed network. Archie's central controller unit is called Spinal system which is designed to control the whole robot as well as maintaining the balance of the robot. For the balance in the robot, the "Spinal system" uses the feedback from the joints and the data from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Electronic design and implementation of Archie is done by Ahmad Byagowi as his PhD thesis required project.

Control System
The control system of Archie is based on a hierarchy structure with a central controller. The central controller which entitles an HydraXC50 (Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA) is designed to run a Real Time Linux (RT-Linux) beside some application based hardware. For instance, the communication (back and forth) between the central controller and the joints of the robot is designated as a task for the application based hardware. As a rough explanation, the communication hardware used in the central controller acts like a graphic card. Detailed explanation can be found in related reference.

Notes

Bipedal humanoid robots
University of Manitoba
TU Wien
2004 robots
Robots of Austria
Robots of Canada
Leslie cube. Leslie's cube is a device used in the measurement or demonstration of the variations in thermal radiation emitted from different surfaces at the same temperature.

Device
It was devised in 1804 by John Leslie (1766–1832), a Scottish mathematician and physicist.  In the version of the experiment described by John Tyndall in the late 1800s, one of the cube's vertical sides is coated with a layer of gold, another with a layer of silver, a third with a layer of copper, while the fourth side is coated with a varnish of isinglass. The cube is made from a solid block of metal with a central cavity. In use, the cavity was filled with hot water; the entire cube has essentially the same temperature as the water. The thermal detector (on the far right in the figure) showed much greater emission from the side with varnish than from any of the other three sides.

 In contemporary terms, the emissivities of shiny metals are low. Isinglass is an organic glue, and has a much larger emissivity than the metals. Leslie's cube is still in use to demonstrate and measure the variations in emissivities for different materials. In the figure, the false color images ("thermographs") of a cube at about 55 °C were taken with an infrared camera; the black and white photographs are taken with an ordinary camera. The black face of the cube is highly emissive, as indicated by the reddish color of the thermograph. The mirror-like, polished face of the aluminum cube emits thermal radiation weakly, as indicated by the blue color. The reflection of the experimenter's hand is green, which corresponds to a high emissivity surface near body temperature (37 °C). The photographs also show that the white painted surface is nearly as emissive as a black surface.

A modern version of Leslie's Cube is part of the structure of a small earth-orbiting satellite known as FUNcube-1 and registered as a Dutch spacecraft. Launched in November 2013, it demonstrates the absorption and emission of solar radiation in space as the satellite orbits in full sunlight, eclipse and rotates around its three axes.

See also
 Blackbody radiation
 Emissivity

References

Further reading

 In 1856, Draper described the device as a cubical brass vessel set upon a vertical rotatable stem. At a little distance is the blackened bulb of a differential thermometer. A mirror reflects the infrared rays of the cube onto the bulb. One of the sides of the cube is left with a clear surface, another with a coat of varnish, the third with two, and the fourth with three coats. It was found that more heat escaped as the number of coats increased. In the experiments of Macedonio Melloni, it was found that the maximum rate of radiation was at 16 coats.

Radiometry
1804 introductions
1804 in science
1804 in Scotland
Cubes