omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon was a Swiss engineering company based in the Zürich district of Oerlikon known for the early development of electric locomotives. It was founded in 1876 as the Werkzeug- und Maschinen-Fabrik Oerlikon by the industrialist Peter Emil Huber-Werdmüller, and occupied a large site immediately to the west of Oerlikon railway station.

In 1906, the armaments business was demerged to form , which evolved into the technology company OC Oerlikon and the armaments company Rheinmetall Air Defence (formerly Oerlikon Contraves).

In 1967, Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon was taken over by Brown, Boveri & Cie, which merged with ASEA in 1988 to form ABB Group.

The site of the company's works has been redeveloped, including the innovative public MFO-Park. In the second decade of the 21st century, a project was initiated to expand Oerlikon railway station, with the provision of two additional platform tracks on north-western side of the station. That affected the site of the former office building of Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon, dating from the late 19th century, and now a restaurant complex known as Gleis 9. Because of its cultural importance to the region, plans to demolish the building were rejected, and instead, the  building was moved  to the west, on specially laid tracks. The move took place in May 2012, and took 19 hours.

References

External links 
 

ABB
Locomotive manufacturers of Switzerland
Electrical engineering companies
Manufacturing companies based in Zurich
Manufacturing companies established in 1876
Swiss companies established in 1876
BioFields. BioFields  is a Mexican industrial group that produces biofuels from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).

The company was founded in 2006, it has a commercial agreement with Algenol Biofuels the company that owns the technology to Direct Ethanol, which allows the production of blue-green algae based biofuels. BioFields got the first license to use such technology in Mexico, specifically in Puerto Libertad, in Pitiquito, Sonora, because the conditions of the place are ideal for the development of this technology (approximately 328 days of sunshine a year), it also has a nearby source of carbon dioxide from the exhaust of a large power plant, it is close to the sea and has great extent of dry, non-arable land.
 
BioFields’ technology Direct to Ethanol uses non-toxic blue-green algae to produce biofuels in a fully enclosed secure system. This technology optimizes the metabolism of blue-green algae creating a new pathway for the use and fixation of carbon resulting in the synthesis of ethanol. The blue-green algae proliferates rapidly and uses efficiently sunlight, carbon dioxide and inorganic elements, for the production of ethanol or other biofuels.

The capture of carbon dioxide allows to accelerate the process of photosynthesis using the blue-green algae to convert the sun's energy in the form of intracellular sugar, which provides vital energy to grow and reproduce as well as to double its population in a few hours and it can be grown on farms allowing the biofuels production at an industrial level.

Their first project is Sonora Fields, consisting of 22,000 hectares of land in the desert of Sonora, Mexico.

References

External links

 BioFields Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Algal fuel producers
Alcohol fuel producers
Energy companies of Mexico
Renewable energy in Mexico
Ateliers de Constructions Mécaniques de Vevey. Ateliers de constructions mécaniques de Vevey (ACMV) was a metal engineering company based in Vevey, Switzerland. Founded as Ateliers B. Roy & Cie. in 1848 by Benjamin Roy it became Ateliers de constructions mécaniques de Vevey SA in 1895.

The company manufactured large metal structures, freight wagons, and later trams. The plant in Vevey closed in 1992.

As of 2011 the company's Villeneuve factory is part of Bombardier Transportation (Switzerland), and manufactures long distance, regional and mass transit passenger trains, and trams.

History
The company Ateliers B.Roy & Cie was founded in 1848 by Benjamin Roy. The company repaired agricultural equipment and repaired mill wheels. Later large scale metal manufacturing was carried out, including tunnel boring machines, hydroelectric equipment, bridges and liquified gas tanks. The plant in Vevey was modernised in 1962, but closed in 1992.

A factory in Villeneuve, opened in 1948 for construction of rail vehicles, primarily wagons. In 1954 the company's first trams were constructed for the cities of Lausanne and Lugano, in 1967 the company's first carriages for the Chemin de fer Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champéry, in 1977 the company's first electric trains were made for the Chemin de fer Bière-Apples-Morges (BAM) and in 1982 the factory's first low-floor trams.

In 1997 the plant was sold to the German company Deutsche Waggonbau AG (DWA), which was acquired by Bombardier Inc. in 1998. The Villeneuve factory became Bombardier's production site for Switzerland in 2004, and in 2008 a third assembly hall was added.

References

External links

 Villeneuve factory, Switzerland.

Rolling stock manufacturers of Switzerland
Bombardier Inc. acquisitions
Tram manufacturers
Vevey
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland
MSC Danit. MSC Danit is a large container ship. The ship was ordered by Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A. and finished at the beginning of March 2009. The ship was built at Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Ltd, South Korea under yard number 4135, for Dordellas Finance Corp., Panama.

Design 
MSC Danit is a relatively new "New Panamax"-sized container ship.  The ship has an overall length of ; a moulded beam of ; a maximum draft of ; a deadweight tonnage of 165,517 tonnes;  measures 153,092 gross tons; and cargo capacity of 14,000 TEUs.
Daewoo made some innovations in the ship's design, placing the superstructure in the midships and the engine room and funnels at the rear - this gives better stability and lower trim for a higher speed when the ship is fully loaded.
The ship is owned by Dordellas Finance Corp., Panama (Management & Operated by MSC Mediterranean Shipping Co SA, avenue Eugene-Pittard, 40, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.)

MSC Danit is the first ship of a class of 23 container ships.

Engine 
The main engine of the container ship is a MAN B&W 12K98MC-C with a full power output of 72,240 kW. This is enough power for the ship to reach a maximum speed of 25 knots.

Christening 
The ship was named on 26 March 2009 by the vice-president of Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Ltd, president of MSC Israel, Edni Simkin, and his daughter Danit after whom the ship was named.

Incidents
On 16 October 2021, the ship was boarded in the Port of Long Beach by the United States Coast Guard and National Transportation Safety Board marine casualty investigators. They were investigating an undersea pipeline that appeared to have been damaged by a ship's anchor and recently spilled oil onto the beaches of Orange County. MSC and ship owner, Dordellas Finance Corporation, and others were designated as parties of interest in the investigation.

References 

MSC Danit

External links
MSC Website

Container ships
Merchant ships of Panama
2008 ships
Ships built by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering
Aalto (yacht). Aalto, formerly known as Amevi, is the personal motor yacht of Indian steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal. Mittal ordered the yacht in 2007; it was built at Oceanco shipyard in the Netherlands.

Design and engine 
It is  long, with a moulded beam of . The draft of Amevi is  and its gross tonnage is 2,310. The yacht has twin MTU 16V 595 TE70 engines with a total power of , allowing the yacht to reach a maximum speed of . Its cruising speed is around .

See also
 List of yachts built by Oceanco

References 

Yachts

2007 ships
Motor yachts
Internet Mix. Internet Mix or IMIX refers to typical Internet traffic passing some network equipment such as routers, switches or firewalls. When measuring equipment performance using an IMIX of packets the performance is assumed to resemble what can be seen in "real-world" conditions. 

Network equipment that performs complex manipulation of packets, such as firewalls or VPN routers, often have non-wire rate performance and as such it can not deliver wire rate performance on small 64 byte packets, this is easier at 1500 byte packets - but none of these packet sizes resemble actual traffic seen on the Internet over some time. 

The IMIX traffic profiles are used by network equipment vendors to simulate real-world traffic patterns and packet distributions. IMIX profiles are based on statistical sampling done on Internet routers, and are published in various levels of granularity, such as "simple" and "complete." 

Although the actual Internet traffic mix has changed over time, the standardized IMIX profiles used for testing have not been updated accordingly because the IMIX test results need to be comparable. 

Mix profiles exist for IPv4, TCP, VPN (IPsec) and IPv6 traffic, distributions are similar but frame sizes vary given the different overhead and upper layer limitations on MTU. 

Here is an illustration of the Simple IMIX, a mix often used by firewall vendors showing IMIX throughput performance in their data sheets (along with the "optimal test conditions" throughput performance):

Here is an illustration of the "optimal test conditions" IMIX used by some firewall vendors showing only theoretical throughput performance in their data sheets:

Early scholarly studies in 2004 indicated that TCP traffic in particular exhibits a bimodal distribution with spikes around minimum-sized packets (less than 100 bytes) and Ethernet MTU (more than 1400 bytes). Later studies confirmed this for backbone and enterprise networks.

References

 
 

Internet architecture
List of building and structure collapses. This is a list of structural failures and collapses of buildings and other structures including bridges, dams, and radio masts/towers.

Antiquity to the Middle Ages

17th–19th centuries

1900–1949

1950–1979

1980–1999

2000–2009

2010–2019

2020–present

See also
Structural integrity and failure
List of aircraft structural failures
List of bridge failures
List of dam failures
List of catastrophic collapses of broadcast masts and towers

References

External links
These Are Some Of The Worst Architectural Disasters in History
Near-misses and failure part 1
Near-misses and failure part 2
How to Avoid Catastrophe

Engineering failures
History of structural engineering
Building and structure
C. L. V. Jayathilake. C.L.V Jayathilake is a Sri Lankan engineer and academic. He was the chancellor of Wayamba University and the former vice chancellor of the University of Peradeniya.

Education
Jayathilake was educated at the Royal College, Colombo,  where he won the De Abrew Memorial Prize. He then went on to graduate with First Class Honours from the University of Ceylon with a BSc in engineering and soon after receiving the Ceylon Government University Scholarship (1960), for best performance at the engineering degree examination to study for a postgraduate Diploma of Imperial College (1963) in thermal process engineering, where he won the Unwin Memorial Scholarship. In 1966 he gained a PhD from the Imperial College, London for research in heat transfer.

Career
Joining the newly established Faculty of Engineering of the University of Ceylon in 1966, he became one of its most senior professors in engineering and the dean of the faculty. Later he was appointed as the vice chancellor of the University of Peradeniya. After his tenure he transferred to the University of Ruhuna as dean of the  Faculty of Engineering. He had also served as the director general of the National Institute of Education, Sri Lanka Institute of Advanced Technical Education; was the chairman of the National Education Commission,  Presidential Commission on Youth and a faculty consultant of the Colombo Plan Staff College in Manila.

Upon retirement he was made an emeritus professor, and he is a fellow of the Institute of Engineers of Sri Lanka. Later he was the chancellor of Wayamba University of Sri Lanka and chairman of the National Institute of Business Management. Since April 24, 2012, he functions as the chairman of the National Education Commission (NEC)

Awards
He received the honor of Emeritus Professor from the University of Peradeniya.
The Government of Sri Lanka awarded the title of Vishva Prasaadini for distinguished national service.
He is a Justice of Peace

References

External links
Chancellor, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka
Academic Staff of the Faculty of Engineering

Academic staff of the University of Peradeniya
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Chancellors of the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka
Living people
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan engineers
Sri Lankan academic administrators
Vice-chancellors of the University of Peradeniya

Year of birth missing (living people)
Top drive. A top drive is a mechanical device on a drilling rig that provides clockwise torque to the drill string to drill a borehole. It is an alternative to the rotary table and kelly drive. It is located at the swivel's place below the traveling block and moves vertically up and down the derrick.

Benefits 

The top drive allows the drilling rig to drill the longer section of a stand of drill pipe in one operation.  A rotary table type rig can only drill  (single drill pipe) sections of drill pipe whereas a top drive can drill  stands (double and triple drill pipe respectively, a triple being three joints of drillpipe screwed together), depending on the drilling rig size.  Handling longer sections of drill pipe enables a drilling rig to make greater daily progress because up to  can be drilled at a time, thus requiring fewer "connections" to add another  of drill pipe. Another advantage of top drive systems is time efficiency.  When the bit progresses under a kelly drive, the entire string must be withdrawn from the well bore for the length of the kelly in order to add one more length of drill pipe.  With a top drive, the draw works only has to pick up a new stand from the rack and make up two joints.  Making fewer and quicker connections reduces the risk of a stuck string from annulus clogging while drilling fluid is not being pumped.

Variations 

Several different kinds of top drives exist, and are usually classified based on the "Safe Working Load" (SWL) of the equipment and the size and type of motor used to rotate the drillpipe. For offshore and heavy duty use, a 1000 short ton unit would be used, whereas a smaller land rig may only require a 500 short ton device. Various sizes of hydraulic motors, or AC or DC electric motors, are available.

Standards 

The American Petroleum Institute has set standards for top drives in a number of its publications including:
 API 8A: Specification for Drilling and Production Hoisting Equipment (effective May 1998, withdrawn February 2013)
 API 8B: Recommended Practice for Procedures for Inspections, Maintenance, Repair, and Remanufacture of Hoisting Equipment
 API 8C: Specification for Drilling and Production Hoisting Equipment

The International Organization for Standardization publishes a standard relating to top drives in:
 ISO 13535: Recommended Practice for Procedures for Inspections, Maintenance, Repair, and Remanufacture of Hoisting Equipment

See also 

Notable manufacturers of top drives:
 Atlas Copco
 Cameron International
 Herrenknecht
 NOV Inc.
 [HMHW]

References

Oilfield terminology
Drilling technology
Petroleum engineering
ITIES. In electrochemistry, ITIES (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions) is an electrochemical interface that is either polarisable or polarised. An ITIES is polarisable if one can change the Galvani potential difference, or in other words the difference of inner potentials between the two adjacent phases, without noticeably changing the chemical composition of the respective phases (i.e. without noticeable electrochemical reactions taking place at the interface). An ITIES system is polarised if the distribution of the different charges and redox species between the two phases determines the Galvani potential difference.

Usually, one electrolyte is an aqueous electrolyte composed of hydrophilic ions such as NaCl dissolved in water and the other electrolyte is a lipophilic salt such as tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate dissolved in an organic solvent immiscible with water such as nitrobenzene, or 1,2-dichloroethane.

Charge transfer reactions of an ITIES
Three major classes of charge transfer reactions can be studied at an ITIES:
Ion transfer reactions
Assisted ion transfer reactions
Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions

The Nernst equation for an ion transfer reaction reads

,

where  is the standard transfer potential defined as the Gibbs energy of transfer expressed in a voltage scale.

The Nernst equation for a single heterogeneous electron transfer reaction reads

,

where  is the standard redox potential for the interfacial transfer of electrons defined as the difference the standard redox potentials of the two redox couples but referred to the aqueous standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).

Four-electrode cell
To study charge transfer reactions of an ITIES, a four-electrode cell is used.

Two reference electrodes are used to control the polarisation of the interface, and two counter electrodes made of noble metals are used to pass the current. The aqueous supporting electrolyte must be hydrophilic, such as LiCl, and the organic electrolyte must be lipophilic, such as tetraheptylammonium tetra-pentafluorophenyl borate.

Ion partition coefficient and ion distribution coefficient
Contrary to a neutral solute, the partition coefficient of an ion depends on the Galvani potential difference between the two phases:

Distribution potential
When a salt is distributed between two phases, the Galvani potential difference is called the distribution potential and is obtained from the respective Nernst equations for the cation C+ and the anion A– to read

where γ represents the activity coefficient.

See also
Ionic partition diagram
Distribution law
Ion transport number

References

Electrochemistry
Phases of matter
PIDO. PIDO stands for Process Integration and Design Optimization. Process Integration is needed as many software tools are used in a multi-domain system design. Control software is developed in a different toolchain than the mechanical properties of a system, where structural analysis is done using again some different tools. To be able to optimize a certain design, communication between these tools is required.

The end goal, design optimization, can be reached by defining cost functions and defining the parameters which can be changed to fit the design within the cost function(s).
Computer-aided design software
Charles Brasher. Charles E Brasher   was a Canadian inventor, and maker of stringed instruments. His inventions include a novel cone  for the resonator guitar, which he patented in Canada in 1935. (Canadian patent #349662).

History
Charles E. Brasher was a metalworker who made resonator instruments in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early to mid 1930s. He created and patented a resonator cone of his own design.

When the patent was issued he was a chauffeur.(His patent application describes him as 'Chauffeur') He had impressed some wealthy Torontonian somehow, and the wealthy Torontonian used Ted as his full-time chauffeur for a few years. Later on, during the World War II time frame Ted worked for Research Enterprises, and then Inglis Home Appliances, as a machinist, tool and die maker, and lathe operator.

It is thought that Charles only made the metalwork and that the necks and wooden bodies were made by other persons. One example is an Aloha cover plate on a wooden Reliance body which had "J. E. BACKSTROM 257 BERKELEY S TORONTO." Stamped inside the body, i.e. it was stamped there before the wood was glued up. Another maker whose work is evident in the wooden body instruments is Arthur Hensel, also of Toronto, Ontario, Canada to whom I credit most of the wooden bodies and necks.

There are six known models made by Charles.

The Maui.(All metal body, with engraved resonator cover plate and body.)
The Aloha.(Wood body, with engraved metal resonator cover plate.)
The Supertone.(All metal body, with engraved resonator cover plate, un-engraved body.)
The Silvatone. (All metal body, with engraved resonator cover plate, engraved body.)
The Reliance. (Wood body, with un-engraved metal resonator cover plate.)
The Artist. (Wood body, with un-engraved metal resonator cover plate.)

See also
Dobro

References

External links
Colin McCubbin's pictorial history of National, including Brasher's patents.

Canadian inventors
Inventors of musical instruments
1988 deaths
Year of birth missing
University of London Computer Centre. The University of London Computer Centre (ULCC) was founded in 1968, and was the first supercomputer facility established in London for the purpose of scientific and educational research by all of the colleges of the University of London. ULCC initially provided large-scale CDC-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a national Cray vector supercomputing service, and more recently a six processor, 4Gb Convex C3860 supercomputer with a Convex C3200 front-end.

ULCC also became a major site for national and international network connections in the UK. It ran the Network Operations and Service Centre for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS), the largest of the JANET network centres, and various international links and relays on behalf of UKERNA.

Since the closure of its supercomputer service in the 1990s, ULCC has focused on providing IT services across the educational and public sector, as well as undertaking research work in fields such as digital preservation and e-learning.

In 2009, after 40 years, ULCC moved out of its premises at 20 Guilford Street, which were custom built in the 1960s to house some of the earliest supercomputers in the UK. It is now based within the central university at Senate House.

In 2015 ULCC became part of CoSector - University of London.

See also 

 Institute of Computer Science

References

External links
 CoSector
 University of London
 Senate House Library Archives, University of London 

History of computing in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Jisc
Organisations associated with the University of London
Science and technology in London
University of London
Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed. The Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed (VCBT) is a whole building emulator located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It is designed with enough flexibility to be capable of reproducibly simulating normal operation and a variety of faulty and hazardous conditions that might occur in a cybernetic building. It serves as a testbed for investigating the interactions between integrated building systems and a wide range of issues important to the development of cybernetic building technology.

The VCBT consists of a variety of simulation models that together emulate the
characteristics and performance of a cybernetic building system. The simulation models are
interfaced to real state-of-the-art BACnet speaking control systems to provide a hybrid
software/hardware testbed that can be used to develop and evaluate control strategies and control
products that use the BACnet communication protocol.  The simulation models used are based on
versions of HVACSIM+ and CFAST.

References 

Cybernetics
Building automation
Control engineering