omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARTS (radiative transfer code). ARTS (Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator) is a widely used<ref
name="garlic"></ref>
atmospheric radiative transfer simulator for infrared, microwave, and sub-millimeter wavelengths.<ref
name="paper"></ref>
While the model is developed by a community, core development is done by the University of Hamburg and Chalmers University, with previous participation from Luleå University of Technology and University of Bremen.

Whereas most radiative transfer models are developed for a specific instrument, ARTS is one of few models that aims to be generically applicable.<ref
name="burrows"></ref>
It is designed from basic physical principles and has been used in a wide range of situations. It supports fully polarised radiative transfer calculations in clear-sky or cloudy conditions in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D geometries,<ref
name="herbin"></ref>
including the calculations of Jacobians. 
Cloudy simulations support liquid and ice clouds with particles of varying sizes and shapes<ref
name="esa"></ref>
and supports multiple-scattering simulations.<ref
name="griessbach"></ref>
Absorption is calculated line-by-line, with continua<ref
name="matz"></ref>
or using a lookup table.<ref
name="lut"></ref>
The user programs ARTS by the means of a simple scripting language.<ref
name="paper" />
ARTS is a physics-based model and therefore much slower than many radiative transfer models that are used operationally and is currently unable to simulate solar, visible, or shortwave radiation.

ARTS has been used at the University of Maryland to assess radiosonde humidity measurements,<ref
name="moradi"></ref>
by the University of Bern for water vapour retrievals,<ref
name="tschanz"></ref>
by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology for Carbon monoxide retrievals above Antarctica,<ref
name="co"></ref>
and by the Japanese space agency JAXA to aid the development of retrievals from JEM/SMILES,<ref
name="jaxa"></ref>
among others.  According to the ARTS website  ARTS has been used in at least 154 peer-reviewed scientific publications.

See also
 Atmospheric radiative transfer codes

References

Science software
MOSART. MOSART (Moderate Spectral Atmospheric Radiance and Transmittance) was an atmospheric radiative transfer algorithm developed by the US Department of Defense. Development has halted as funding for the project has ended. In order to continue development, Computational Physics, Inc. (CPI) has created AETHER (or Atmospheric Effects on Transfer of Heat and Environmental Radiation), built from MOSART.

References

Atmospheric radiative transfer codes
Plateau State Polytechnic. Plateau State Polytechnic is a state owned polytechnic in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. The institution has two campuses, one at Barkin Ladi  and the other at Bukuru near Jos, the capital of the state. It provides education to degree and national diploma level. The rector is BLDR. John Dawam.

History
The institution was founded in 1978 as a College of Technology on the site of Government Technical College, Bukuru. It became a polytechnic in 1980.

Courses offered 

 Agricultural Engineering / Technology
 Banking and Finance
 Building Technology
 Business Administration and Management
 Civil Engineering Technology
 Computer Engineering
 Computer Science
 Electrical Electronics Engineering
 Foundry Technology
 Hospitality Management
 Leisure and Tourism
 Library and Information Science
 Local Government Studies
 Mechanical Engineering Technology
 Metallurgy
 Mineral Resources and Engineering Technology
 Office Technology and Management
 Public Administration
 Quantity Surveying
 Science Laboratory Technology
 Social Development
 Statistics
 Urban and Regional Planning

References

External links
Official website

Universities and colleges in Nigeria
Vocational education in Nigeria
Plateau State
Educational institutions established in 1978
1978 establishments in Nigeria
Electra (satellite). Electra is a satellite development project initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) as the first partnership project under its ARTES-33 programme. In conjunction with satellite operator SES and satellite builder OHB Systems, the Electra project seeks to develop, launch and validate in orbit an electric-only propulsion platform for geostationary communications satellites of below 3 tonnes launch mass.
Electra encompasses both a coordinated effort to develop a European full electric propulsion small geostationary satellite, and the implementation of a mission by SES providing flight heritage and in-orbit demonstration of the platform to gain market acceptance for the product.

At the time the project was initialised, it was hoped that the first of these next-generation spacecraft would be launched as an SES craft by the end of 2018. However, delays to the project have meant that the inaugural flight has been pushed to 2023.

Background 
While electric engines have been fitted in recent years to scientific spacecraft and to communications satellites for station-keeping, there is a benefit to extending this use of electric propulsion to raising a satellite from its initial orbit after launch to its final intended geostationary orbit, a task currently usually undertaken by chemical rocket engines.

ESA's Artemis satellite was Europe's first experimental use of electric thrusters to raise a satellite to its target orbit. Artemis proved that electric thrusters are capable of performing the same task as conventional chemical propulsion but with up to 90% savings in fuel consumption. The Electra satellite will offer power consumption and communication capabilities equal to those offered by larger mid-size satellites while keeping the launch mass low enough for small launcher vehicles, or be used with a larger payload for the same launch mass, in both cases producing significant economic benefits.

History 
The Electra project was decided in November 2012 during a conference of ESA government ministers.

In October 2013, ESA, SES and OHB signed a first private public partnership agreement for an initial one-year contract to define and develop the Electra platform. Magali Vaissiere, ESA's Director of Telecommunication and Integrated Applications said of the agreement, "“Electra is the first example of our Partner programme, where we are consolidating the model of partnerships with the private sector to help the introduction and adoption of innovative efficient solutions proposed by our industry".

In March 2016, ESA, SES and OHB finally signed the contract to produce the Electra satellite platform. Some six years behind schedule, largely because of delays to OHB's SmallGEO platform on which Electra is based, the launch of the first Electra satellite is now expected to be in 2023. The Electra satellite is intended to fill a lightweight gap in the all-electric satellite products now offered by builders of larger craft.

See also
 ESA
 SES S.A. 
 OHB Systems

References

External links
 ESA
 SES
 OHB Systems

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
European Space Agency satellites
2023 in spaceflight
Hopkinson effect. The Hopkinson effect is a feature of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials, in which an increase in magnetic susceptibility is observed at temperatures between the blocking temperature and the Curie temperature of the material.  The Hopkinson effect can be observed as a peak in thermomagnetic curves that immediately precedes the susceptibility drop associated with the Curie temperature. It was first observed by John Hopkinson in 1889 in a study on iron.

In single domain particles, a large Hopkinson peak results from a transient superparamagnetic particle domain state.

See also

References 

Ferromagnetism
Rock magnetism

vi: Hiệu ứng Hopkinson
Hybrid-core computing. Hybrid-core computing is the technique of extending a commodity instruction set architecture (e.g. x86) with application-specific instructions to accelerate application performance. It is a form of heterogeneous computing wherein asymmetric computational units coexist with a "commodity" processor.

Hybrid-core processing differs from general heterogeneous computing in that the computational units share a common logical address space, and an executable is composed of a single instruction stream—in essence a contemporary coprocessor. The instruction set of a hybrid-core computing system contains instructions that can be dispatched either to the host instruction set or to the application-specific hardware.

Typically, hybrid-core computing is best deployed where the predominance of computational cycles are spent in a few identifiable kernels, as is often seen in high-performance computing applications. Acceleration is especially pronounced when the kernel's logic maps poorly to a sequence of commodity processor instructions, and/or maps well to the application-specific hardware.

Hybrid-core computing is used to accelerate applications beyond what is currently physically possible with off-the-shelf processors, or to lower power & cooling costs in a data center by reducing computational footprint. (i.e., to circumvent obstacles such as the power/density challenges faced with today's commodity processors).

References 

Computer architecture
United States Nasty-class patrol boat. The Nasty class of fast patrol boats were a set of 20 vessels built for the United States Navy to a Norwegian design and purchased in the 1960s for covert operations during the Vietnam War. Following the conflict they remained in service until the early 1980s.

Construction
Following World War II the US Navy had little use for fast attack craft, and most of her PT boats were disposed of shortly after VJ Day. 
With the involvement in the Vietnam War the Navy saw a renewed need for small combatant craft for "brown water" operations, and they approached the Norwegian Westermoen company, which had built a prototype fast attack boat, the , and was currently building a set of 12 vessels (the s) for the Royal Norwegian Navy.

The USN ordered two vessels, which were delivered in 1962 and were designated PTF 3 and PTF 4. 
This was followed in 1966 with an order for 14 more (PTF's 5-16), with an agreement for a further six to be built under licence by Trumpy of Annapolis. Trumpy's had been a major contributor to the USN's PT fleet in World War II, and had been one of just four yards asked post-war to build a prototype PT boat to consolidate wartime experience and the lessons learned.

The Norwegian boats were delivered in 1964, and the Trumpy boats three years later.

A subsequent improved version, the Osprey class, was larger with aluminum instead of wooden hulls, of which four were operated by the U.S.Navy, assigned hull numbers PTF-23 through PTF-26.

Service history

All vessels of the class saw action during the war in Vietnam, being employed by the special forces for clandestine operations along the coast of North Vietnam. During these operations six boats were lost; one (PTF 4) in 1964 and five more in 1966. In 1966 four boats were transferred to the South Vietnamese Navy, though they were returned and re-commissioned in 1970.

With the end of the conflict the need for these boats evaporated, and the high maintenance costs of such vessels militated against retaining them. Most were disposed of in the 1970s and all were gone by 1981, except for PTF 17, which is on display at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park.

List of vessels

Notes

References
 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 (1995) Naval Institute Press, Annapolis

External links
The "Nasty Class" Fighting Boat (Dan Withers)
The Navy’s Nasty Class Patrol Boats (HistoryNet.com, World_History_Group)

Torpedo boats of the United States Navy
Nasty, USN
Ships built in Mandal, Norway
Patrol boat classes
PTF boat
Avi Networks. Avi Networks is a company that provides software for the delivery of enterprise applications in data centers and clouds. Acquired by VMware in 2019, Avi Networks provides application services including local and global load balancing, application acceleration, security, application visibility, performance monitoring, service discovery, and container networking services. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California and has R&D, support, engineering, and sales offices in Europe and Asia.

History 
Avi Networks was founded in 2012 by Murali Basavaiah, Ranga Rajagopalan, Umesh Mahajan, and Guru Chahal and is headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Prior to Avi Networks, the founding team spent several years developing data center networking and storage solutions at Cisco Systems.

Avi Networks has raised $115 million in four rounds of venture funding. The initial round of $12.2 million was led by Greylock and Light Speed ventures, the second round of $20.8 million was led by Menlo ventures in addition to Greylock and LightSpeed and the third round added DAG ventures to the investment team. The most recent round of $60 million added Cisco Systems. The current CEO is Amit Pandey, who has experience as CEO with successful startups such as TerraCotta and Zenprise.

In December 2018, Avi Networks announced the appointment of Mark Anderson as executive chairman.

On June 13, 2019, VMware announced its intent to acquire Avi Networks, which finalized on July 11, 2019.

Technology 
Avi Networks introduced a software-only approach to application delivery and services with central management. The Avi Vantage Platform architecture separates the control or management plane from the data plane creating a distributed fabric of application service delivery points that are centrally managed. These service delivery points called Avi Service Engines deliver elastic load balancing, application acceleration, and security services on a per-application basis. The Avi Service Engines also send real-time application telemetry to the central Avi Controller which continuously analyzes the information to deliver application performance, security, and end-user insights.

Avi software runs on bare metal servers, virtual machines, and containers in data centers, private, and public clouds. The Avi Controller automates provisioning, configuration, and scaling of services through integration with VMware vCenter, OpenStack, SDN controllers, public clouds such as Amazon AWS and Google Cloud Platform, Red Hat OpenShift and Ansible, and container orchestration platforms such as Kubernetes, Docker, and Mesos.

References

External links 
 

Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
2012 establishments in California
Software companies established in 2012
American companies established in 2012
2019 mergers and acquisitions
VMware
Defunct software companies of the United States
Benefit dependency network. A benefit dependency network (BDN) is a diagram of cause and effect relationships.  It is drawn according to a specific structure that visualizes multiple cause-effect relationships organized into capabilities, changes and benefits.  It can be considered a business-oriented method of what engineers would call goal modeling and is usually read from right to left to provide a one-page overview of how a business generates value, starting with the high level drivers for change, such as found with Digital Initiatives or cross-organizational ERP management. First proposed by Cranfield School of Management as part of a Benefits Management approach  the original model has developed to encompass all the domains required for Benefits Management  namely Why, What, Who and How.  Recent development has added weights to the connections to create a weighted graph so that causal analysis, sometimes referred to as causality, is possible on the represented value chains so different strategies can be compared according to value and outcome. These chains provide a way to construct a compelling story or message that shows how the benefits proposed can be realized from the changes being considered. In software engineering, Jabbari et al. report the use of BDN for the purpose of software process improvement. They use BDN to structure the results of a systematic review on DevOps.

References

Value (ethics)
Causal diagrams
Information technology management
Frank Mann (engineer). Frank Calvin Mann (1908–1992) was an American engineer who was known for his participation in many of Howard Hughes's projects, including the Spruce Goose. He also starred in the Amos 'n' Andy radio show. Apparently, his lifelong friendship with Hughes was instrumental in opening doors for Mann's exceptional talents.

Early life

Frank Mann was born in Houston, Texas on November 22, 1908 to parents who wanted him to be a school teacher. From childhood, Mann had a natural affinity for fixing things, and at age 11, he had his own mechanical shop.  As a teenager, he worked alongside airplane mechanics, repairing engines. By the age of 20, he had designed and built several of his own Model-T cars. Mann attended the University of Minnesota and UCLA where he earned a mechanical engineering degree.

World War II efforts

Mann was the primary civilian instructor of the Tuskegee Airmen in 1941 and served in the United States Army Air Corps. He left Tuskegee because they wanted to give the black pilots old World War I planes. Mann felt that they should be flying the same planes as their white counterparts,  as they were just as qualified. The Tuskegee Airmen,  known as the Red Tails, were an elite World War II escort unit hailed for the fact that they never lost a bomber they were escorting.  Their participation was supported by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who was assured of their ability after riding with primary flight instructor C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson.

Engineering

In a biography, Mann divulged, "I mostly worked on design plans for aircraft, and I redesigned components to make certain that the aircraft would work properly." He also was the first black pilot of a major airline, Northwest Airways. Mann was featured in the 1955 issue of Car Life magazine with a car - Baby Le Sabre - built as a hobby, modeled on the F-86 Sabre Jet. He received a decade's royalties on the LeSabre, Eldorado and other designs. In the 1950s, he built a 1.5" scale, live steam locomotive (currently enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution).
Frank's second 1.5" scale live steam locomotive is a Texas (2-10-4) lettered as the Santa Fe 5001. It was sold to the owner of a private track near Comanche, Texas. The locomotive has been completely rebuilt, and now operates, and is housed at, the Comanche & Indian Gap Railroad. The reasoning behind the construction of the locomotive is due to the racism he experienced. He was denied entry into a live steam club until he built the largest locomotive in the state. The final product was the Santa Fe 5001.

References 

 "Mini-Railroader" Ebony Magazine, December 1968 P. 92 
 "Hidden Genius The Black Engineer Behind Howard Hughes", Bryer, H.T., Greyforest Press 2011, 
 "Frank Mann" International Brotherhood of Live Steamers

University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
20th-century American engineers
1908 births
1992 deaths
Tuskegee Airmen
Bob Windsor (politician). Robert Levi Windsor (28 November 1896 – 8 April 1988) was a businessman and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

Biography
Windsor was born in the Central Queensland town of Mackay to parents Levi Windsor and his wife Mary (née Dunn). He went to school in Mackay and took his college degree in engineering at the Brisbane Technical College. In World War I, he was a stretcher bearer in the 15th Field Ambulance 5th Division from 1915 until 1919. He was gassed in 1917 and went AWOL to London in 1919. He joined the Volunteer Defence Corps in World War II for a year.

In 1926, he established the RL Windsor & Son Pty Ltd, an engineering company now known as Fibre King. He was also the chairman of Condamine Oil Ltd from 1955 until 1957. His interests were sports specifically, tennis, swimming and motorcycle riding. Windsor was a Sunday School supervisor for 30 years and a member of the City Congregationalist Church.

On 20 October 1920 Windsor married Violet Newman. Violet died in 1938 and on 12 April 1941 he married Hazel Gladys Gordon. He had a total of 5 children including one boy and four girls. He died in April 1988 and was buried in the Toowong Cemetery.

Public career
Windsor, for the Liberal Party, won the seat of Fortitude Valley in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, beating the sitting member, Mick Brosnan in 1957. The seat was abolished before the 1960 state election and Windsor then contested and won the seat of Ithaca, holding it for six years until his retirement from politics.
 
In his time in parliament he never missed a sitting day, a record at the time. When campaigning, he would take a gramophone and a pile of records and play requests to attract and maintain a crowd. Although he was not a drinker, he used the Breakfast Creek Hotel as a meeting place during his campaign and visited it every day.

References

Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
1896 births
1988 deaths
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
20th-century Australian politicians
Coex (material). Coex is a biopolymer with flame-retardant properties derived from the functionalization of cellulosic fibers such as cotton, linen, jute, cannabis, coconut, ramie, bamboo, raffia palm, stipa, abacà, sisal, nettle and kapok. The formation of coex has been proven possible on wood and semi-synthetic fibers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, viscose, modal, lyocell and cupro.

The material is obtained by sulfation and phosphorylation reactions on glucan units linked to each other in position 1,4. Typical reaction locations are on the secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups of the cellulosic fiber. The chemical modification of the cellulosic fibers does not involve physical and visual alterations compared to the starting material.

in 2015 the World Textile Information Network (WTiN) declared Coex the winner of the "Future Materials Award" as the best innovation in the Home Textile category.

Properties
Coex preserves the physical and chemical characteristics of the raw material from which it is formed. The main features of Coex materials are comfort, hydrophilicity, antistatic properties, mechanical resistance and versatility in the textile sector, like all natural and semi-synthetic cellulosic fibers.

Coex materials are resistant to moths, mildew and sunlight. The flame resistant nature of Coex is unique in that it acts as a barrier to the flames rather than only delaying the spread of fire; the biopolymer fibres carbonize and therefore extinguish the flame. The resulting products are hypoallergenic and biodegradable.

References

External links
Official Website
Super Absorbent Polymer
https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plastics-rubber/plastic-coextrusion/

Organic polymers
Biomaterials
Brand name materials