omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flight control computer. A flight control computer (FCC) is a primary component of the avionics system found in fly-by-wire aircraft. It is a specialized computer system that can create artificial flight characteristics and improve handling characteristics by automating a variety of in-flight tasks which reduce the workload on the cockpit flight crew.

A flight control computer receives and processes data from a multitude of sensors throughout the aircraft. These sensors monitor variables such as airspeed, altitude, and attitude (the aircraft's orientation in three-dimensional space). Embedded within integrated avionics packages, it executes critical functions such as guidance, navigation. It also controls the plane's flight control surfaces, such as the ailerons, elevators, and rudder. A dedicated flight control computer handles high-level computational tasks, including routing, autopilot functions, and flight management. This computer interfaces with the avionics system and is responsible for displaying flight data on the cockpit's flight deck.

The flight control system must be fault tolerant, and for that purpose there can exist several primary flight control computers (PFCC) and secondary flight control computers (SFCC), which monitors the data output from PFCC and in the case of failure, SFCC can take over the flight controls.

In the Boeing 777 there are three primary flight control computers located in the aircraft's electronic equipment bay, responsible for computing and transmitting commands for normal mode flight control surfaces to maintain normal flight, including rudder, elevators, ailerons, flaperons, horizontal stabilizer, multi-functional spoilers, and ground spoilers.

References 

Aerospace engineering
Yuan Quan (chemist). Yuan Quan (; 2 November 1934 – 29 October 2023) was a Chinese chemist who was director of the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics from 1986 to 1994, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He was a representative of the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

Biography
Yuan was born in Shanghai, on 2 November 1934, while his ancestral home in Deqing County, Zhejiang. He graduated from Zhejiang University majoring in chemical engineering before gaining a master's degree from the Institute of Petroleum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (now Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences).

After graduating in 1960, he stayed for researching. In November 1978, he became a visiting scholar at Stanford University. In 1986 he was promoted to become director of the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, a position he held until 1994.

On 29 October 2023, he died of an illness in Dalian, Liaoning, at the age of 88.

Honours and awards
 1991 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 2001 State Technological Invention Award (Second Class) for a high sulfur capacity impregnated activated carbon dry desulfurization agent and its application.
 2001 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation

References

1934 births
2023 deaths
Scientists from Shanghai
Chinese chemists
Zhejiang University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
20th-century Chinese scientists
21st-century Chinese chemists
List of preserved McDonnell Douglas aircraft. This article is a list of aircraft that were manufactured by McDonnell Douglas and are in preservation.

Currently preserved

Bird of Prey

A-4 Skyhawk

F-4 Phantom II

DC-9

DC-10

X-36

Formerly preserved, scrapped during preservation 
This is a list of aircraft that were preserved, but would be scrapped during preservation due to costs, lack of spare parts or their condition that they were in, though are considered preserved:

DC-9

See also 

 List of preserved Douglas aircraft

References 

McDonnell Douglas aircraft
McDonnell Douglas
McDonnell Douglas
Cao Chunxiao. Cao Chunxiao (; 6 August 1934 – 23 November 2023) was a Chinese materials scientist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cao is best known for developing the first aircraft engine in China equipped with titanium alloy blades. Cao was a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Biography
Cao was born into a merchant family, in Shangyu County (now Shangyu District of Shaoxing), Zhejiang, on 6 August 1934. In 1937, his family moved to Shanghai and settled down in the Shanghai French Concession due to the War of Japanese Aggression Against China.

After graduating from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1956, he worked in the newly established national defense research unit - Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (now AVIC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials), until his retirement.

On 23 November 2023, he died from an illness in Beijing, at the age of 89.

Personal life 
Cao married Zhang Beilian ().

Honours and awards
 1987 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for the process research on TC11 titanium alloy material and disc die forgings.
 1995 State Technological Invention Award (Third Class) for the titanium alloy BRCT heat treatment process
 1997 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 1999 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for the application research of 550 °C high temperature titanium alloy

References

1934 births
2023 deaths
People from Shaoxing
Scientists from Zhejiang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
20th-century Chinese scientists
21st-century Chinese scientists
Joseph Gordon Vaeth. Joseph Gordon Vaeth (1921-2012) was an officer in the United States Navy and a civilian aeronautical engineer employed by the Office of Naval Research and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Vaeth was a lifelong advocate for the use of lighter-than-air aircraft.  He was the author of eight books and numerous articles.

Early life
Vaeth was the son of Joseph Anthony Vaeth (d. 1938), a New York University professor of languages, and his wife Sara (Billard) Vaeth, the sister of Coast Guard Commandant Frederick C. Billard. In 1941, he graduated from New York University with a Bachelor's of Arts; in September 1941, he was employed as an instructor at the Admiral Billard Academy, named for his uncle.

Career
During World War II, Vaeth was commissioned as a Lieutenant and commanded the US Navy airship fleet in the South Atlantic. After the war, Vaeth was employed by the Navy Special Devices Center, and was involved in Project Helios, a plan for a manned balloon flight to 100,000 feet. He was a member of the American Rocketry Society, the British Interplanetary Society, the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences and the League of Aeronauts.

Vaeth worked with the naval unit at the White Sands Proving Ground, and in 1951, he authored 200 Miles Up, a history of guided missile development.
In 1955, he was quoted in press about US plans to launch an artificial satellite.  
Vaeth served as an aeronautical engineer with the Office of Naval Research.  In 1960, he was employed as a manned spaceflight expert by Reflectone Electronics. 
In the 1970s, Vaeth served as  Director of Systems Engineering for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In 1977, Vaeth published an article concluding that Amelia Earhart likely died after running out of fuel.

Veath was a longtime advocate of airships.  Journalist James J. Kilpatrick said that Vaeth:

As early as 1939, Veath was advocating for the use of airships. In 1959, Vaeth authored a book about the Graf Zeppelin airship.  In 1963,  papers carried an image of Vaeth holding a piece of wreckage from the USS Shenandoah, a dirigible which crashed in 1925. In 1974, Vaeth testified before the United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences about the possibility of nuclear-engines permitting dirigibles to achieve speeds up to 150 miles per hours.

Personal life
In 1951, Vaeth married Joanne Corell; the two had a son.  After her death, in 1995 he married Corrine Ranken of Olympia, Washington.

Works

, on the Graf Zeppelin

References

1921 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American writers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American aviation writers
American military writers
Han Dakuang. Han Dakuang (; 26 November 1932 – 23 October 2023) was a Chinese oilfield development engineer, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Han was born in Shanghai, on 26 November 1932, while his ancestral home in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. His father was an editor at Zhonghua Book Company. He attended Jinyuan High School (). In 1950, he enrolled at the Department of Petroleum, Tsinghua University. In 1953, with the nationwide adjustment of university and college departments, he and his petroleum department was transferred to the newly created Beijing Institute of Petroleum (now China University of Petroleum), which is the first petroleum university in China. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 1951.

After University in 1953, he stayed at the university and worked as deputy director of the Department of Petroleum Development and director of the Development Research Office. In 1960, he was transferred to Northeast China to participate in oilfield analysis and scheme calculation work in the Daqing Oilfield Production Experimental Zone. During the Cultural Revolution, he was sent to the May Seventh Cadre Schools to do farm works. He moved up the ranks to become director of the Development Research Office of the Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute in December 1972 and chief engineer in April 1985.

On 23 October 2023, he died of an illness in Beijing, at the age of 90.

Personal life 
Han married Li Shuqin ().

Honours and awards
 2001 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

1932 births
2023 deaths
Engineers from Shanghai
Tsinghua University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
In situ cyclization of proteins. The in situ cyclization of proteins (INCYPRO) is a protein engineering technology that increases the durability of proteins and enzymes for biotechnological and biomedical applications. For such applications, it is essential that the used proteins maintain their structural integrity. This is, however, often challenged due to the conditions required for these applications which necessitates protein engineering to stabilize the protein structure. The INCYPRO technology involves the attachment of molecular claps (crosslinks) to a protein, thereby reducing the tendency of the protein to unfold. The resulting INCYPRO-crosslinked proteins are more stable at elevated temperature and in presence of chemical denaturants.

Technology 
The INCYPRO technology utilizes tris-reactive molecules to crosslink three defined positions within a protein or protein complex. For example, INCYPRO can involve the introduction of three spatially aligned and solvent-accessible cysteines into the protein that are then reacted with a tris-electrophilic agent. The resulting crosslinked proteins or protein complexes have been shown to exhibit increased stability towards thermal and chemical stress and a lower tendency towards aggregation. So far, the melting temperature of proteins was increased by up to 39°C in a single design step.

Examples 
An early example, involved the stabilization of the transpeptidase Sortase A which resulted in INCYPRO-stabilized variants with activity under elevated temperature and in the presence of guanidinium chloride. INCYPRO has also been applied to stabilize the human adaptor KIX domain utilizing different crosslinker molecules. Here, a dependency of protein stability on the hydrophilicity of the crosslink was observed. In addition, a number of homo-trimeric protein complexes was stabilized including the Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase (PFE) and an Enoyl-CoA hydratase. In these cases, enzyme conjugates with overall bicyclic topology were generated.

See also 

 Bioconjugation
 Biotechnology
 Protein aggregation
 Protein folding
 Protein quaternary structure
 Protein tertiary structure

References 

Biotechnology
Protein engineering
Chemical biology
Tetralithiomethane. Tetralithiomethane, also known as tetralithium carbide, is an organolithium compound with the formula . It is an extremely pyrophoric red solid and is the lithium analog of methane.

Production
Its main route of production is by the lithiation of tetrakis(chloromercurio)methane () by tert-butyllithium. It can also be produced by the reaction of lithium metal and carbon tetrachloride at 900 °C:

However, this method also produces byproducts, such as lithium carbide.

Reactions
Tetralithiomethane hydrolyzes vigorously in contact with water producing methane gas and lithium hydroxide:

Deuterated methane  can also be produced by reacting heavy water with tetralithiomethane.

When tetralithiomethane is heated to 225 °C, it decomposes to lithium carbide and lithium metal.

Due to the known affinity of lithium ions  for hydrogen molecules  and therefore potential applications in hydrogen storage materials, tetralithiomethane has been studied computationally for its aggregation,  affinity, and binding to various graphene-type surfaces.

References

Lithium compounds
Baiyu Zhang. Baiyu (Helen) Zhang () is a Chinese-Canadian civil engineer who studies pollution in coastal marine areas, including wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics, the effects of pollution on the environment, and pollution mitigation measures including the use of biosurfactants. She is a  professor and Canada Research Chair in Coastal Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and the founder of the university's Coastal Environmental Research Laboratory.

Education and career
Zhang studied environmental science and engineering at Jilin University in China, earning a bachelor's degree in 1997 and a master's degree in 2000. Originally planning to work as an environmental engineer, she was invited to move to the University of Regina in Canada for doctoral research after a recommendation by a Chinese colleague. She completed her Ph.D. in environmental systems engineering there in 2006.

After postdoctoral research at Dalhousie University, supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council post-doctoral fellowship, she joined the Memorial University of Newfoundland as an assistant professor in 2010. She was promoted to associate professor in 2015, given a tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Coastal Environmental Engineering in 2015, and promoted to full professor in 2020.

Recognition
Zhang was named as a Fellow of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering in 2021, and as a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada in 2023. She was named to the Royal Society of Canada's College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists in 2022.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese civil engineers
Chinese women engineers
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian women engineers
Jilin University alumni
University of Regina alumni
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Canada Research Chairs
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
Carolyn Duran. Carolyn Renee Duran is an American materials scientist who is Senior Director of Product Integrity at Apple Inc. She is the former President of the Materials Research Society, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2024.

Early life and education 
Duran studied materials science and engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. She moved to Northwestern University for her doctoral research, where she studied the structure-property relationships of superconducting thin films grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.

Career 
Duran joined Intel, where she eventually served as Vice President of Technology Development. She focussed on programs to continue advancing Moore's law. Duran spent 24 years at Intel, where she developed processing techniques for thin films and developed a program around responsible minerals sourcing. She created new strategies to create interconnects.

In 2010, Duran was responsible for Supply Chains at Intel, where she was part of the Conflict Free Minerals Team. She found that the semiconducting chips that Intel were creating used materials that had been mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She led an effort to eliminate conflict materials from the supply chain, identifying audited, legitimate mines that were not involved with armed rebel militia. In 2016, Intel announced that every product it shipped would be conflict free. She argued that avoiding DRC mining would hurt their already struggling population, but identifying conflict-free mines was a challenge. Duran found that the smelters – the raw ore refiners – were the vulnerable point in the supply chain, and led the development of the Conflict Free Smelter Program. She spent five years visiting smelters and attempting to convince them to be audited. Her efforts meant that by 2016 90% of the world's tantalum was conflict-free.

In 2023, Duran was appointed Senior Director of Product Integrity at Apple.

Awards and honors 
 2014 Business Insider Most Powerful Women Engineers in the World
 2016 Fast Company Most Creative People in Business 1000
 2022 Elected President of the Materials Research Society
 2024 Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Engineering

References 

Living people
Northwestern University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Intel people
Apple Inc. people
American materials scientists
American women scientists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
Keelung Mass Rapid Transit. The Keelung MRT is a medium-volume rapid transit system planned in the Taipei metropolitan area of Taiwan. It mainly serves public transportation between Keelung City, Xizhi District, New Taipei, and Nangang District, Taipei, Formerly known as the "Mountain Line" in the "Keelung Light Rail" project promoted by the Keelung City Government, On February 22, 2022, the then President of the Executive Yuan Su Tseng-chang announced that the plan for the first phase of the Keelung MRT from Nangang to Badu was finalized. The environmental impact assessment was approved on April 12, 2023, and 13 stations will be built along the line.

History 
In early 2006, the Keelung City Government commissioned Zhongxing Engineering Consulting Company to conduct a "Feasibility Study on the Keelung Light Rail Transportation System" and submitted a final report. The plan proposed four routes, with Keelung Station as the center of the road network: the East Line leading to Badouzi and the National Museum of Marine Science and Technology; the terminal of the second east line is located at Pier 11 on the west coast of Keelung Port; the west line leads to Dawulun; and the second west line is initially built from Shipise to Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and then extended to Qidu. The right-of-way design is mainly based on shared right-of-way (people and vehicles traveling together). In order to deal with the tourist crowds brought about by the opening of the National Museum of Marine Science and Technology in Badouzi, the east line passing through the east coast of Keelung Port was the top priority for construction. The Keelung Light Rail was considered by the central government to help relieve Keelung's traffic and improve the economic benefits of tourism and recreation, so it was given priority over other counties and cities. The original estimated construction schedule was to obtain subsidy funds from the Ministry of Transportation for detailed planning in 2006, and submit to the Executive Yuan for approval in 2007 before proceeding with contracting and basic design. The civil engineering project would start in 2011, and the mechanical and electrical engineering would be constructed four years later. It would be completed and opened to traffic in 2015.

Line
The first phase route of the Keelung MRT has been finalized and may be connected with the Xidong MRT in the future. The line will run from Nangang to Badu Railway Station, The line has a total of 17 stations and 13 on Phase 1 and a length of 19.1 km

See also
Rail transport in Taiwan
Taipei Metro
New Taipei Metro
Keelung City

References

Proposed rapid transit
Rapid transit in Taiwan
Proposed rail infrastructure in Taiwan
Lutetium nitride. Lutetium nitride is a binary inorganic compound of lutetium and nitrogen with the chemical formula .

Preparation
Lutetium nitride can be prepared from  direct nitridation of lutetium at 1600 °C:

Physical properties 
Lutetium nitride crystalyzes with cubic crystal system of the space group of F3m3.

References

Nitrides
Lutetium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
2002 Diaz pipeline incident. The 2002 Diaz pipeline incident, also known simply as the Holley chemical spill, was a chemical leak at the Diaz Chemical Corporation site in Holley, New York. On January 5th, 2002, at approximately 9:30am, a faulty reactor vessel burst open, along with its pipeline carrying chemicals underground from inside the Diaz chemical plant, releasing approximately 80 gallons of thionyl chloride, chloroacetyl chloride, toluene, 2-chloro-6-fluorophenol & related chemicals, and chlorobenzene into the soil, atmosphere, and into local homes, and contaminating 3,100 tons of concrete. Citizens complained of nosebleeds, eye irritation, sore throat, headache, and skin rash. Others who resided in the area at the time of the incident reported the effects as "unbearable", causing them to flee to temporary housing in surrounding towns. Due to some of the chemicals involved being cancerous or able to cause other chronic health issues, this caused the evacuation of eight families and other houses in the area to be left abandoned, temporarily leaving Holley as a ghost town. As of 2021, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) believed that only 10% of all the chemicals released into the groundwater & soil have been cleaned up, but the Holley, NY town board claims otherwise, and that they have tested the soil and groundwater shown different results.

Abandonment of chemical plant 
Shortly after the town evacuation and abandonment of several houses, the former residents of Holley launched a 60 million dollar civil lawsuit against Diaz, which resulted in the company filing for bankruptcy, and abandoning the former chemical plant, leaving behind reactor vessels, filled chemical drums, and 750 tons of contaminated scrap metal.

References 

 
 
Industrial accidents and incidents in the United States
Cobalt tetrafluoride. Cobalt tetrafluoride is a binary inorganic compound with a chemical formula of .

Synthesis
Cobalt tetrafluoride was prepared is a gas-phase reaction of fluorination of  by using  as a fluorinating agent.

Physical properties
Cobalt tetrafluoride is too unstable to exist as a solid or liquid, but it is stable in a dilute gas phase.

References

Cobalt compounds
Fluorides