omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spagic. Spagic is a Universal Middleware, characterized by an innovative approach to the governance and realization of SOA solutions, which are highly modular and configurable around an OSGi (Open Service Gateway initiative) kernel.

All the actors involved in integration processes: analysts, planners, developers and managers working with Spagic; a team can model some processes and another one can define technical concepts with specific tools, such as BPMN Processes, OSGi services and connectors, BPEL, mapping, ETL.
All activities can span over organizations and geographical locations.

Spagic model enhances the features of some engines to realize a complete ESB/BPM platform and allows to compose the platform with different ESBs and it provides support for different process types, through the Eclipse  STP Intermediate Model (that is moving under the project Eclipse Mangrove): workflow orchestration of human and automatic activities, BPEL orchestration and data integration oriented services.

Spagic provides out of the box SOA/ESB and BPM capabilities to end users/developers through its graphical environment: Spagic Studio is  the Eclipse integrated development environment to define the policies, design the processes, create new services, deploy and configure the platform in different environments (test and production).

Using Spagic Studio it is possible to start with a BPMN visual tool, eventually to use specific designer (such as BPEL designer) and to manage all the developing activity (such as: WSDL generation, rules definition, mediation, custom services). 
For the management of user activities in workflow processes, an integration with Orbeon Forms is available. This feature allows the user to design complex Web forms and use them within Spagic workflow processes.

Spagic provides a web environment, Spagic Enterprise Monitoring, that allows to manage the processes, the instances and their correlation,  identify the problems, restart the processes with errors, identify the business values added by services and to support the decisions.

A project called  Eclipse eBPM has been recently created within the Eclipse foundation: this project will become the Spagic core, that will be contributed to the Eclipse foundation under the Eclipse Public License.

Released under the GNU LGPL license and EPL, Spagic is hosted by OW2 Consortium and by the Eclipse Foundation for the STP Intermediate Model.

See also
OSGi
Eclipse IDE
Eclipse Equinox
JBoss JBPM
Apache ODE

References

External links
Spagic
OW2 Consortium
OSGi Alliance
Eclipse Equinox
Orbeon Forms

Java platform software
Bölkow Phoebus. The Bölkow Phoebus is a glass fibre composite competition sailplane, designed and produced in Germany in the 1960s.  Large numbers were built, achieving success at some national contests, and many remain active.

Design and development
The Phoebus was designed at a time when glider manufacturers were moving away from all-wood aircraft towards composite structures. Bölkow had been among the early leaders of this change with their Phönix T sailplane in the late 1950s, which used balsa/glassfibre sandwich construction. The Phoebus was built in the same way.

It is a shoulder wing competition sailplane. The first aircraft, the Phoebus A, was designed to  Standard Class rules, with a span of 15 m. Its straight tapered wings have an aspect ratio of 17.1; airbrakes are fitted at 70% chord. The fin and rudder are straight edged and only slightly tapered, with a high aspect ratio all moving T tail. The fuselage is a monocoque with the cockpit, ahead of the wings, enclosed with a one piece canopy. The Phoebus A has a monowheel plus tail bumper undercarriage, but in the later "B" variants the main wheel is retractable. The Phoebus C has a braking parachute.

Operational history
The Phoebus prototype was placed 3rd in the Standard Class at the German national gliding championships of 1964 and 8th at the World Gliding Championships held in the United Kingdom the following year.  Production aircraft came 1st and 3rd  at the 1966 South African international championships.

Many Phoebus remain registered, particularly in Germany and the United States.

Variants

Phoebus A
1964 15 m span, fixed-gear Standard Class.  Discontinued after 1970 FAI rule change.
Phoebus B
1967 15 m span, retractable gear. In 1970 FAI rules changed, allowing retractable undercarriages in Standard Class.
Phoebus C
1967 17 m span, retractable gear, braking parachute. Open Class.

Specifications (Phoebus A)

See also

References

1960s German sailplanes
Phoebus
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Lear, Inc. v. Adkins. Lear, Inc. v. Adkins, 395 U.S. 653 (1969), is a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court overturning the doctrine of licensee estoppel and holding that public interest considerations require that licensees be free to challenge the validity of possibly spurious patents under which they are licensed. This entailed the overruling of Automatic Radio Mfg. Co. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. and prior cases that it had reaffirmed.

Opinion of the Court 
The Supreme Court recognized that a conflict existed between the demands of contract law, which “forbids a purchaser to repudiate his promises simply because he later becomes dissatisfied with the bargain," and federal policy, which “requires that all ideas in general circulation be dedicated to the common good unless they are protected by a valid patent.” Past efforts at compromise to reconcile these competing interests led to “a chaos of conflicting case law.” The Court found guidance in a 19th-century decision stating that “[i]t is as important to the public that competition should not be repressed by worthless patents as that the patentee of a really valuable invention should be protected in his monopoly.”  It concluded that the equities of the licensor under contract law were outbalanced by “the important public interest in permitting full and free competition in the use of ideas which are in reality a part of the public domain.” It explained:

Licensees may often be the only individuals with enough economic incentive to challenge the patentability of an inventor's discovery. If they are muzzled, the public may continually be required to pay tribute to would-be monopolists without need or justification.

Based on “the strong federal policy favoring the full and free use of ideas in the public domain,” the Court therefore held that the licensee Lear must be permitted not to pay patent royalties to Adkins if it could prove that the patent for a gyroscope was invalid.

References

External links

1969 in United States case law
United States patent case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
Gyroscopes
Slingsby Skylark 2. The Slingsby T.41 Skylark 2 was a sailplane produced from 1953 by Slingsby Sailplanes at Kirkbymoorside, Yorkshire.

Design and development
Following the technical success of the T.37 Skylark, the concept was expanded with the introduction of the T.41 Skylark 2. The use of laminar-flow sections was continued but the section at the tips was changed to NACA4415 to reduce the tendency to tip-stall. The Skylark 2 was very similar in shape to its predecessor but had a smooth-skinned rounded fuselage and a wing of greater span and area. Composite materials were introduced in the Skylark 2, with the nose cone, wingtips and various small fairings made from polyester resin glassfibre. The thickness of the aerofoils was increased to ensure that drag was reduced over a wider speed range allowing the Skylark 2 to climb faster in thermals at low speed and race between thermals at high speed.

History
The prototype was flown in November 1953 and tested by the British Gliding Association's Test Group No.1 based at Lasham Airfield. Results of the tests showed that the Skylark 2 was a safe aircraft with a reasonable performance. Orders were received from individuals, clubs and syndicates, but the Skylark 2 was soon outclassed in international competitions.

Specifications (Skylark 2)

See also

Notes

References

1950s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
T.41 Skylark 2
Aircraft first flown in 1953
High-wing aircraft
Sport Hornet LRS. The Sport Hornet LRS is a Light Sport Aircraft.  One unique attribute that sets the Sport Hornet LRS apart from other LSA Aircraft is the air spring suspension system on the landing gear. This protects the aircraft from damage in the event of "miscalculated" landings and allows for a better experience for the pilot and passengers.

The company and website

Specifications

References

External links
 Sport Hornet Website

1990s United States sport aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Heckler & Koch SL6. The Heckler & Koch SL6 is a roller-delayed blowback operated sporting carbine made by Heckler & Koch. It was chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO. The design was originally based on the Heckler & Koch 630 hunting rifle and is essentially a shorter-barreled version of that rifle. It was marketed throughout the world as a hunting/utility rifle.

Unlike the roller-delayed blowback military Heckler & Koch rifles the cocking handle is situated far more rearward and on the right side and features a camming system to help overcome the initial friction exerted by the "bolt head locking lever" anti-bounce mechanism that prevents the bolt from bouncing off the barrel's breech surface.

Replacement
The Heckler & Koch SL6 is no longer manufactured, having been replaced by the Heckler & Koch SLB 2000.

Variants
The Heckler & Koch SL6A2 variant is essentially the same rifle; however, the SL6A2 includes a flash hider and offers a two-round burst selector.
The HK 630, a 5.56×45mm NATO/.223 Remington hunting rifle variant of the Heckler & Koch SL6, lacked the wooden handguard of the SL6 and was equipped with a longer barrel with integral flash hider/compensator slots at the end of the barrel, open rear leaf sights, and sporting-style buttstock.
The Heckler & Koch SL7 is a variant chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO.

References

External links

 HK SL6 at HKPro.com
 HK SL6
 HK SL7
 HK SL6 at Modern Firearms & Ammunition
 HK SL6, HK SL7 manual (German)
 HK 630, HK 770, HK 940 Instructions for use
 H&K SL-6 and SL-7 Rifles

5.56×45mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Heckler & Koch rifles
Roller-delayed blowback firearms
TACTIC (military program). Threat Agent Cloud Tactical Intercept & Countermeasure, or TACTIC, is a United States military research program whose goal is to detect, classify, and neutralize airborne biological and chemical warfare agents.

Overview
As Dr. Karen Wood, program manager of TACTIC in the Tactical Technology Office of DARPA, explains:
The purpose of the Threat Agent Cloud Tactical Intercept and Countermeasure (TACTIC) Program is to provide the United States (US) military with the capability to protect the warfighter from CWA/BWA threat clouds on the battlefield. The goal of the program is to provide a system that can rapidly detect and identify the presence of a typical threat cloud and provide a countermeasure to that cloud that will kill it before it reaches the intended target.

Detection and discrimination
The program's goal is to be able to detect and identify CWA/BWA threats within the time frame of one minute. Research includes such methodologies as:
 bead-based assays for biological molecules
 fluorescent assays for chemical molecules
 retro-reflector assays for both chemical and biological molecules

Removal of threat
Upon successfully determining the nature of the CWA/BWA threat, "technologies that mimic the seeding of rain clouds will be developed for particulate bio-agents, and technologies that react with chemical agent vapor will be investigated." When an effective system for both identifying and countering the CWA/BWA threat is engineered, DARPA will then provide a prototype which will be vigorously tested in aerosol chambers. Only after completion of chamber testing will full-scale field testing commence.

See also
Biodefense
Biological warfare
Chemical warfare

References

External links
 TACTIC Program summary at DARPA's Strategic Technology Office

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense
Bronze (color). Bronze is a metallic brown color which resembles the metal alloy bronze.

The first recorded use of bronze as a color name in English was in 1753.


Variations

Blast-off bronze

Blast-off bronze is one of the colors in the special set of metallic Crayola crayons called Metallic FX, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 2001.

Antique bronze

The first recorded use of antique bronze as a color name in English was in 1910.

References

See also 
 Bronze and brass ornamental work
 List of colors

Bronze
Artificial language. Artificial languages are languages of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They are different from both constructed languages and formal languages in that they have  been consciously devised by an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalisation processes, much like natural languages. Opposed to the idea of a central designer, the field of artificial language evolution in which artificial languages are studied can be regarded as a sub-part of the more general cultural evolution studies.

Origin
The idea of creation of artificial language arose in 17th and 18th century as a result of gradually decreasing international role of Latin. The initial schemes were mainly aimed at the development of a rational language free from inconsistence of living language and based on classification of concepts. The material of living languages also appears later.

Motivation 

The lack of empirical evidence in the field of evolutionary linguistics has led many researchers to adopt computer simulations as a means to investigate the ways in which artificial agents can self-organize languages with natural-like properties. This research is based on the hypothesis that natural language is a complex adaptive system that emerges through interactions between individuals and continues to evolve in order to remain adapted to the needs and capabilities of its users. By explicitly building all assumptions into computer simulations, this strand of research strives to experimentally investigate the dynamics underlying language change as well as questions regarding the origin of language under controlled conditions.

Due to its success the paradigm has also been extended to investigate the emergence of new languages in psychological experiments with humans, leading up to the new paradigm of experimental semiotics.

Because the focus of the investigations lies on the conventionalisation dynamics and higher-level properties of the resulting languages rather than specific details of the conventions, artificially evolved languages are typically not documented or re-used outside the single experiment trial or simulation run in which they emerge. In fact, the limited size and short-lived nature of artificial languages are probably the only things that sets them apart from natural languages, since all languages are artificial insofar as they are conventional (see also constructed language).

Uses 

Artificial languages have been used in research in developmental psycholinguistics. Because researchers have a great deal of control over artificial languages, they have used these languages in statistical language acquisition studies, in which it can be helpful to control the linguistic patterns heard by infants.

See also 
Evolutionary linguistics
Language game
Language creation in artificial intelligence
Signaling game

References

External links
Alan Reed Libert, Artificial Languages, Oxford Research Encyclopedia on Linguistics, June 2018

Language
A151. A151 or A-151 may refer to:
 A-151 Quad Sequential Switch, a 2004 Doepfer product
 RFA Dewdale (A151), a 1941 Royal Fleet Auxiliary fleet tanker and landing ship

Roads 
 A151 road (England), a road in Lincolnshire connecting Colsterworth and Holbeach
 A151 motorway (France), a road in Normandy connecting A150 autoroute to Rouen and the N27 to Dieppe
 A151 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting the crossroad at Jalan Jawa, Jalan Sungai Nibong and Jalan Syed Abu Bakar to the junction at A147 Jalan Padang Tembak
Model solid approximation. The model solid approximation is a method used for determining the extrema of energy bands in semiconductors.  The method was first proposed for silicon-germanium alloys by Chris G. Van de Walle and Richard M. Martin in 1986 and extended to several other semiconductor materials by Van de Walle in 1989.  It has been used extensively for modelling semiconductor heterostructure devices such as quantum cascade lasers.

Although the electrostatic potential in a semiconductor crystal fluctuates on an atomic scale, the model solid approximation averages these fluctuations out to obtain a constant energy level for each material.

References 

Semiconductor properties
Slingsby Skylark. The Slingsby T.37 Skylark 1 was a small low-cost sailplane built during 1952-3 at Kirbymoorside, Yorkshire by Slingsby Sailplanes.

Design and development
Fred Slingsby wanted to take a larger slice of the glider market with a small, low-cost sailplane with better than average performance. The key to this ethos was that smaller aircraft used fewer materials,
and modern aerofoil sections could give much better performance. Slingsby appointed John Reussner as draughtsman and designer for the T.37 Skylark. The relatively new five-digit NACA series of aerofoil sections was chosen because they would give low drag over a wide airspeed range ("wide Drag Bucket"). To maintain laminar flow and gain the benefit of the NACA sections, it was necessary to build the wings very accurately and ensure that the surface remained true during the life of the aircraft. This was achieved by using the low-density but stiff Gaboon plywood. The leading edge was fashioned from accurately-spindled hollow spruce members with rebates to accept the gaboon ply wing panels extending back to the rear spar, leaving only a small area to be covered with fabric. The fuselage was a simple structure built up from struts and covered with plywood back to the rear of the wing support pylon, and fabric covering over the rear fuselage. Ply-covered tail surfaces and fabric-covered control surfaces completed the airframe. Further weight and cost was saved by not fitting a landing wheel.

History
The Skylark was successful to a limited degree but it introduced Slingsby to new manufacturing techniques and the vagaries of laminar flow. As with modern gliders any reduction in laminar flow caused a disproportionate increase in drag, reinforcing the need for careful handling, cleaning and polishing, and avoiding rain while flying. Despite the promising performance of the T.37 Skylark the British gliding fraternity convinced Fred Slingsby to modify his thinking and produce gliders with lower wing loadings, through increased span and wing area.

Specifications

See also

Notes

External links

 Sailplane Directory

1950s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Skylark
Aircraft first flown in 1953
High-wing aircraft
Sodium methanethiolate. Sodium methanethiolate or sodium thiomethoxide (CH3SNa, MeSNa) is the sodium conjugate base of methanethiol. This compound is commercially available as a white solid. It is a powerful nucleophile that can be used to prepare methylthioether and other organic compounds like ethyl bromide. Its hydrolysis in moist air produces methanethiol, which has a low odor threshold and a noxious fecal smell.

References 

Thiolates
Organic sodium salts
Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer). Wilhelm Schmidt, known as Hot Steam Schmidt (German: Heißdampf-Schmidt) (1858–1924) was a German engineer and inventor who achieved the breakthrough in the development of superheated steam technology for steam engines. Wilhelm Schmidt was born in Wegeleben in the Prussian Province of Saxony on 18 February 1858.

Education 
At school Wilhelm Schmidt had difficulties with reading, writing and arithmetic, a case of dyslexia. For example, he was unable to recite the alphabet without hesitation all his life. Nor could he memorise poetry or prose. He developed a passion for drawing, however, and for machines.

Career 

Schmidt began his professional career as a machine fitter. He studied at the technical high school in Dresden under Gustav Zeuner.

Superheated steam 
In 1883 he took a post as a civil engineer in Kassel, where he developed superheated steam technology to the point where it could be practically used. In 1908 he transferred his home and the base of his firm to Benneckenstein in the Harz. He was not the first person to work with superheated steam, but his predecessors had only used steam temperatures up to ; Schmidt was the first to risk increasing this to .

Schmidt Superheated Steam Company 
For further trials with superheated steam on the Ilsenburg – Wernigerode railway, there was a trials organisation near Wernigerode station. It was here that Schmidt founded the Schmidt Superheated Steam Company (Schmidtsche Heissdampfgesellschaft). 

By using superheated steam the thermal efficiency of a steam engine could be raised by as much as 50%. This technology had a substantial influence on the development of the steam locomotive and steamship, as well as all other applications where steam engines were used. Schmidt also invented other items, such as the superheater (around 1890) and the piston valve, which he developed together with Robert Garbe of the Prussian state railways.

ALSTOM Power Energy Recovery 
Even today, his successor company - Schmidt'schen Heissdampf GmbH, survives under the name of ALSTOM Power Energy Recovery GmbH, in Kassel-Bettenhausen. It develops and builds apparatus for the processes involving the transfer of heat in the petrochemical, chemical and metallurgical industries, e.g. cracked gas coolers for the manufacture of ethylene, gas coolers for the manufacture of methanol, ammonia and hydrogen and a multitude of equipment for special purposes. The company continues to be highly innovative and a market leader in its field.

Religious views
Schmidt viewed his inventions however as rather unimportant in view of "a world which is badly lost". He held a strong faith and distributed Warning Cry to the People (Mahnrufe an das Volk) from Bethel, near Bielefeld. He was friends with Friedrich von Bodelschwingh. He held the view that Anglo-Saxon Christianity had weakened German Christianity. He died on 16 February 1924 in Bethel.

References 

1858 births
1924 deaths
People from Harz (district)
People from the Province of Saxony
German Protestants
Businesspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
German railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid. The BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid is a concept car developed by BMW and presented at the Paris Motor Show in October 2008. It is BMW's first mild hybrid and second hybrid concept vehicle after the BMW Concept X6 ActiveHybrid, BMWs first full hybrid revealed at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. Both models will be ready for mass production at the end of 2009.

Specifications

The BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid combines an engine based on the High Precision Injection V8 Twin Turbo unit used in the BMW 750i (where it delivers 300 kW/407 hp) with an electric motor that is only designed to provide support to the internal combustion engine. The electric motor is integrated between transmission and engine and provides 15 kW of power and 210 Nm of torque. In this so-called mild hybrid configuration, the electric motor increases the potential of the eight-cylinder petrol engine while using Brake Energy Regeneration – mostly in urban traffic – to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

Production
In August 2009 BMW announced the production version of the BMW ActiveHybrid 7 (F04), together with BMW ActiveHybrid X6. The BMW ActiveHybrid 7 features a 0.4 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.

See also

BMW 7 Series
BMW ActiveHybrid 3
BMW ActiveHybrid 5
BMW ActiveHybrid X6
BMW ActiveHybrid 7

References

External links
 BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid 

7 Series ActiveHybrid