omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Soil Dryness Index. The Soil Dryness Index (SDI) uses daily rainfall and maximum temperature from local meteorological stations to estimate soil dryness across tens of kilometers. It estimates the millimeters of rain needed to fill the soil with water (Mount 1972, 1980). The term was coined by Mount to focus attention on how useful a reliable measure of soil dryness is for flood and fire forecasting and management. Tasmanian government departments, businesses and land managers have used the SDI for these purposes for over 50 years and it is published daily by the Tasmanian Fire Service. Other states in Australia also make use of the SDI.

The model uses a water budget approach and assumes relatively simple mechanisms for the wetting and drying stages (Figure 1, Figure 2)

For the wetting stage, the rain falling on water, such as rivers and lakes, and marsh soils bypasses normal forest soils and produces flash run-off (FR). Some other rain is intercepted by and dried from forest canopies (I). The amount of rainfall going to flash run-off and canopy interception are taken off the daily rain gauge reading (P), to estimate how much rain reaches and wets forest soils.  The model assumes each 150 mm of a typical meter-deep soil holds about 25 mm of rain. Run-off from full soils (SDI=0) is soil capacity overflow (SCO).

For the drying stage, both evaporation (E) from the soil and transpiration (T) through the plants are controlled by daily maximum temperature at five reducing rates (Keetch and Byram 1968; Mount 1972; Langford, Duncan and Heeps 1977; Burrows 1987).

Application of the Soil Dryness index 
The Tasmanian SDI has five soil drying stages that relate to forest dryness and flammability. The following are the SDI ranges used in Tasmania.

See also

 Palmer drought index
 Keetch–Byram drought index
Temperature Vegetation Water Stress Index (TVWSI)

References 

Bell FC and Gatenby MT (1969) Effects of exotic softwoods afforestation on water yield. Water Res. Fnd. Australia. Bull. 15,

Burrows ND (1987) The Soil Dryness Index for use in fire control in the south-west of Western Australia. Department of Conservation and Land Management. Technical Report No. 17, Perth.

Keetch JJ and Byram GM (1968) A drought index for forest fire control. USDA Forest Service Res. Paper Se-38. 32 pp. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=40

Langford KJ, Duncan HP and Heeps DF (1977) Evaluation and use of a water balance model. Institution of Engineers, Australia, Hydrology Symposium.

Mount AB (1972) The derivation and testing of a Soil Dryness Index using run-off data. Forestry Commission Tasmania. Bull. 4. (Imperial units)

Mount AB (1980) Estimation of evaporative losses from forests; a proven, simple model with wide applications. Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium. Adelaide (Metric units) (note errata: )

Rutter AJ (1963) Studies in the water relationships of Pinus sylvestris in plantation conditions. I. Measurement of rainfall and interception. Jour. Ecol. 51.

Meteorological indices
Soil
Czinger 21C. The Czinger 21C is a hybrid sports car developed using 3D printing by the American car manufacturer Czinger Vehicles. Manufacturing began in 2021, with a planned production run of 80 units and deliveries starting Q4 2023, most expected to be delivered in 2024 according to founder Kevin Czinger.

Presentation
Designed, developed and built in Los Angeles, California, the Czinger 21C launches the new brand Czinger Vehicles named after its founders Kevin and Lukas Czinger. The car was to be presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2020, but the show was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was instead presented on March 11, 2020, in London during a special event.

Czinger Vehicles will produce only 80 units in two configurations: a road variant and a track variant called "Lightweight Track".

Technical characteristics
The 21C has a driver's seat in the central position and an in-line, tandem passenger seat behind that of the driver, minimizing the width of the cockpit.

The brake calipers and suspension components are combined into a single unit called the BrakeNode.

Powertrain
The 21C has a hybrid gasoline engine consisting of a bespoke twin-turbo V8 of  capacity, has a bore x stroke of  in the rear central position associated with two electric motors located on the front and powered by a lithium titanate battery. The combination provides  at 10,500 rpm transmitted to the rear wheels via a seven-speed sequential transaxle with hydraulic actuated multi-plate clutch. A  option is also available.

Lap records
The 21C has set a number of production car lap records. In August 2021 Joel Miller set a time of 1:25.44 minutes around Laguna Seca using road legal Michelin pilot sport Cup2R tyres  and a high downforce track version of the hypercar. This record was reclaimed in August 2024 once again by Joel Miller, setting a time of 1:24.75 minutes.  The 21C also set records in 2024 at the Goodwood Festival of Speed Hillclimb and the Circuit of the Americas, with times of 48.82 seconds from Chris Ward, and 2:10.70 minutes respectively.

See also 

 List of production cars by power output

Notes and references

External links 
 Official site of Czinger

Electric sports cars
Hybrid electric cars
First car made by manufacturer
Cars introduced in 2020
List of bridges in Brunei. 

Major bridges 
This table presents a non-exhaustive list of the road and railway bridges with spans greater than .

See also 

 Transport in Brunei
 Rail transport in Brunei
 Geography of Brunei
 List of rivers of Brunei

References 
 Nicolas Janberg, Structurae.com, International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering

 Other references

External links 

 

Brunei
 
Bridges
Bridges
List of bridges in Indonesia. 

Historical and architectural interest bridges

Major road and railway bridges 
This table presents the structures with spans greater than 100 meters (non-exhaustive list).

Notes and references 
 

 Others references

See also 

 Transport in Indonesia
 Rail transport in Indonesia
 Geography of Indonesia
 List of islands of Indonesia
 List of toll roads in Indonesia
 List of roads and highways of Java

External links

Further reading 
 

Indonesia
 
Bridges
Bridges
Xiaoquig Ding. Xiaoqing Ding is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor in the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University   in Beijing, China. She graduated from Tsinghua University, China in 1962 with the graduate Golden Medal.

Her research fields include pattern recognition, image processing, character recognition, biometric identification, computer vision, and video surveillance. She works particularly on character & document recognition in Chinese & multi-languages (Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Tibetan, Uygur, Mongolia & English, etc.) and also on face recognition. Dr. Xiaoqing has won four of the most prestigious National Scientific and Technical Progress Awards in China in 1992, 1998, 2003 and 2008. She has also published more than 600 papers, co-authored 7 books and holds 27 Invention Patents. Her character recognition and face recognition systems have been licensed to a number of companies, including MS Office 2000, and are being marketed and deployed worldwide. She is a Fellow of the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Fellow and of the IAPR (International Association for Pattern Recognition)    ”

Publications
 B. Su, X. Ding, C. Liu, H. Wang and Y. Wu, "Discriminative Transformation for Multi-Dimensional Temporal Sequences," in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 3579-3593, July 2017.

References

External links
 Xiaoqing Ding on ieeexplore.ieee.org
 Article on www.tsinghua.edu.cn 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the International Association for Pattern Recognition
Xiaoqing Ding. Xiaoqing Ding is a Chinese electric engineer and a professor and the PhD Supervisor of the Department of Electronic Engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing. She focuses on the fields of facial recognition and multilingual character and document recognition with such languages as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur, Arabic, and English. Her technologies have been marketed to many large companies, such as Microsoft Office, and are used worldwide.

Awards 
Ding was awarded China's most prestigious four National Science and Technology Progress Awards in 1992, 1999, 2003, and 2008. She also won the award for "Best Overall Performing Face Verification Algorithm" in the 2004 Face Authentication Test at International Association for Pattern Recognition's 2004 event and received the better performance in FRVT2006.

She was also awarded the graduate Golden Medal from Tsinghua University.

She was named a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2011. She was also awarded a fellowship with the International Association for Pattern Recognition.

References

External links 

 Ding's ResearchGate profile
 Ding's IEEE profile

Academic staff of Tsinghua University
21st-century Chinese engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
Chinese women engineers
Chinese electrical engineers
Computer engineers
Electrical engineering academics
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Quantum gate teleportation. Quantum gate teleportation is a quantum circuit construction where a gate is applied to target qubits by first applying the gate to an entangled state and then teleporting the target qubits through that entangled state.

This separation of the physical application of the gate from the target qubit can be useful in cases where applying the gate directly to the target qubit may be more likely to destroy it than to apply the desired operation.
For example, the KLM protocol can be used to implement a Controlled NOT gate on a photonic quantum computer, but the process can be prone to errors that destroy the target qubits.
By using gate teleportation, the CNOT operation can be applied to a state that can be easily recreated if it is destroyed, allowing the KLM CNOT to be used in long-running quantum computations without risking the rest of the computation.
Additionally, gate teleportation is a key component of magic state distillation, a technique that can be used to overcome the limitations of the Eastin-Knill theorem.

Quantum gate teleportation has been demonstrated in various types of quantum computers, including linear optical,

superconducting quantum computing,

and trapped ion quantum computing.

References

Quantum information science
Quantum_gates
Transhalogenation. Transhalogenation is a substitution reaction in which the halide of a halide compound is exchanged for another halide.

Finkelstein reaction
A common method is halide metathesis. An example is the conversion of alkyl chloride into alkyl fluoride:
C3H5-Cl + NaF → R-F + NaCl

This kind of reaction is called Finkelstein reaction. However, it is also possible, for example, to produce phosphorus fluoride compounds by transhalogenating chlorine, bromine or iodine bound to phosphorus with a metal fluoride.

Details and biological use

As a halogen source for transhalogenation, metal halides (such as sodium fluoride or lithium fluoride) are often used, but also the use of onium halides is possible. Transhalogenation has been described as a gentle method for the synthesis of fluoroorganylboranes. It is also possible to produce aryliodides from the corresponding aryl chlorides or aryl bromides.

One investigation showed a possibility to perform transhalogenation by means of genetically modified enzymes (haloalkanes dehalogenases, HLDs).

Literature

References 

Chemical reactions
StreetScooter C16. The StreetScooter C16 was an electric car shown in 2014 by the electric vehicle manufacturer StreetScooter (otherwise known for making electric commercial vehicles).

The 2-seater city car had a metal frame, however all of its exterior plastic parts were 3D-printed on the Objet1000 printer by Stratasys using ABS polymer. The production vehicle was meant to weigh about 450 kg without the battery, have a minimum range of 100 km, reach a top speed of 100 km/h and have a price tag of under 10,000 EUR.

The vehicle was shown at the EuroMold in Frankfurt in 2014.

References

Electric cars
Peter P. Chen Award. Peter P. Chen Award is an annually presented award to honor one individual for their contributions to the field of conceptual modeling. Named after the computer scientist Peter Chen, the award was started in 2008 by the publisher Elsevier as a means of celebrating the 25th anniversary of the journal Data & Knowledge Engineering. It is presented at the Entity Relationship (ER) International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. Winners are given a plaque, a cash prize, and are invited to give a keynote speech.

There are five criteria for selecting the winner; research, how the nominee has contributed to advance the field of conceptual modeling; service, organizational contributions for related meetings, conferences, and editorial boards; education, mentoring of doctoral students in the field; contribution to practice, contributions to technology transfer, commercialization, and industrial projects; and international reputation. The selection committee is composed of the Steering Committee chair, two Program Committee members that have been appointed by the Steering Committee chair, and recipients of the last two years.

Laureates

References

Awards established in 2008
Science and technology awards
Mini Akıllı Mühimmat. Mini Akıllı Mühimmat (MAM), meaning "smart micro munition" is a family of laser-guided and/or GPS/INS guided bombs produced by Turkish defence industry manufacturer Roketsan.

MAM has been developed for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), light attack aircraft, fighter aircraft and air–ground missions for low-payload-capacity air platforms. MAM can engage both stationary and moving targets with high precision.

Combat use 
 Operation Euphrates Shield
 Operation Olive Branch
 Operation Spring Shield
Operation Claw
 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Central Libya offensive
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Tigray War

Technical specifications 

MAM-L IIR features an imaging infrared seeker instead of an SAL seeker, an RF datalink, extended operational range in excess of 25 km, and slightly increased weight of 23 kg while retaining the baseline model's external appearance and warheads.
MAM-T IIR features similar seeker changes with an improved mid-body wing kit, increased weight of 100 kg, a stated maximum range in excess of 50 km.

Users 

 
 
: Bangladesh Army
: Government of National Accord

Mountable vehicles 

Bayraktar Akıncı
Bayraktar TB2
TAI Aksungur
TAI Anka
TAI Hürkuş (basic trainer and ground attack aircraft for the Turkish Armed Forces)
Vestel Karayel

See also 

 Aselsan
 Baykar
 
 
 Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
 Turkish Aerospace Industries

References

Rockets and missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Jōetsu Thermal Power Station. is an LNG-fired thermal power station operated by JERA in the city of Jōetsu, Niigata, Japan. The facility is located on reclaimed land on the Sea of Japan.

History
Jōetsu Thermal Power Station was originally a joint project in reclaimed land adjacent to Naoetsu Port by Chubu Electric and Tohoku Electric. However, changes in construction plans and planned output greatly delayed construction, and the Tohoku Electric portion of the project was greatly reduced in scope. 

The Chubu Electric portion of the project consists of a multi-shaft 1,300 deg C Advanced combined cycle (ACC) power generation system in which two generators are connected to two gas turbines and one steam turbine, with exhaust heat recovery boiler. Thermal efficiency is 58% or more. The project came on line on July 1, 2012 and was completed by May 15, 2014. In April 2019, the operations of Chubu Electric Power were transferred to JERA, a joint-venture between Chubu Electric and Tokyo Electric. An announcement was made by General Electric (GE) in 2015 that it has received a contract to upgrade the gas turbines at the Jōetsu Thermal Power Station for higher thermal efficiency.

The Tohoku Electric portion of the project is still under construction with an estimated completion date of the end of 2019.

Plant details

See also 

 Energy in Japan
 List of power stations in Japan

References

External links
official home page
Chubu Electric Press Release

Buildings and structures in Niigata Prefecture
2014 establishments in Japan
Natural gas-fired power stations in Japan
Jōetsu, Niigata
Chubu Electric Power
Energy infrastructure completed in 2014
Nakoso Thermal Power Station. The  is a coal-fired thermal power station operated by the Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd.  in the city of Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan. The facility is located on the Pacific coast of Honshu. The Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd is a joint venture between Tohoku Electric, Tokyo Electric and a cooperative of coal producers in Fukushima Prefecture.

History
The Jōban Joint Power Co., Ltd. was founded to provide baseline electrical power to the Tokyo Metropolis using low-grade coal from the Jōban coal fields of Fukushima Prefecture. The first two units came on line in 1957, followed by Units 3 and 4 in 1960, Unit 5 in 1961, Unit 6 in 1966 and Unit 7 in 1970. Due to increasing costs for domestic coal, Units 7 through 9 were designed to burn a mixture of carbonized sewage sludge with coal and heavy oil. Units 8 and 9 came on line in 1983. In March 2011, biomass (wood pellets) was introduced to the mixture.

A Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration unit was constructed and tested from September 2007 to March 2013. Commercial operation began as Unit 10 in April 2013, and the institute was merged into Joban Joint Thermal Power.

Due to the age of the facilities and cost of maintenance and operation, Units 1-5 were abolished by 1987 and Unit 6 in November 2015.

Operations were temporarily suspended due to damage caused by the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in March 2011. At the time of the earthquake, Unit 8 was down for periodic maintenance. Most of the damage occurred at Onahama Port, which contained the wharf which was used for unloading coal, and to the coal conveyor to the power plant. Unit 9 resumed operation on June 30, 2012, Unit 8 on July 28 and Unit 7 on December 21.

On May 15, 2014, TEPCO and Joban Joint Thermal Power Co., Ltd. announced that it intended to construct a new large coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) adjacent to this power plant as part of the Fukushima recovery project. This plant is scheduled for completion in September 2020, with a projected output of 540 MW.

Plant details

See also 

 Energy in Japan
 List of power stations in Japan

External links
Tohoku Electric list of major power stations
Official home page

1957 establishments in Japan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1957
Coal-fired power stations in Japan
Biofuel power stations in Japan
Iwaki, Fukushima
Tokyo Electric Power Company
Power stations in Fukushima Prefecture
Crash program. A crash program is a plan of action entailing rapid, intensive resource allocation to solve a pressing problem. Rapidity may eliminate investigation and planning essential to efficient use of resources when goals are perceived as more important than those resources.

Deadlines 
Time limits differentiate crash programs from normal procedures. Time reduction often results from unexpected circumstances. These time limits may originate from predictable events like weather cycles or financial deadlines, or they may be arbitrarily established as lifesaving measures in situations involving famine, disease, or military vulnerabilities. Schedule compression occurs when deadlines appropriate for expected conditions are shortened while the program is in progress.

Methods 
Fast-tracking involves working simultaneously on activities that would have been performed sequentially under normal circumstances. Project crashing occurs when additional resources are required to meet the established deadline. Project crashing increases the cost of the goal. Crash analysis compares the costs of shortened deadlines.

Examples 
 First transcontinental railroad
 Liberty ship
 Operation Bumblebee
 Space Race
 COVID-19 vaccine
 Manhattan Project

References 

Planning
Schedule (project management)
Microwave Journal. Microwave Journal (abbreviated as MWJ), , is an American magazine. It was established in 1958 as an industry technical journal covering RF and microwave applications for practicing engineers and scientists. It is indexed and abstracted in the Science Citation Index The print magazine reaches 50,000 qualified readers monthly (print and digital distribution). The journal articles are reviewed for impact, relevance and accuracy by their editorial review board making them the only industry journal that is peer reviewed in this market.  It had an impact factor of 0.35 in 2018 according to the Web of Science Journal list. It also publishes in Chinese bi-monthly reaching 10,000 readers in China. In 2017, a sister journal covering high speed digital applications was launched called Signal Integrity Journal. Both magazines are free to qualified subscribers and are advertiser supported.

References

External links 
 microwavejournal.com/

Online magazines published in the United States
Electrical and electronic engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1958
Engineering magazines
Lithium disilicate. Lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) is a chemical compound that is a glass ceramic. It is widely used as a dental ceramic due to its strength, machinability and translucency.

Use
Lithium disilicate has found applications in dentistry as a dental ceramic material for dental restorations such as crowns, bridges, and veneers in the form of Li2Si2O5. Lithium disilicate has an unusual microstructure that consists of many randomly oriented small and interlocking plate-like needle-like crystals. This structure causes cracks to be deflected, blunted, and/or to branch, which prevents cracks from growing. Lithium disilicate has a biaxial flexible strength in the range of 360 MPa to 400 MPa; in comparison, for metal ceramics this is around 80 to 100 MPa, for veneered zirconia it is approximately 100 MPa, and for leucite glass ceramic it is approximately 150 to 160 MPa. It has high hardness (5.92 +/- 0.18 GPa) and fracture toughness (3.3 +/- 0.14 MPa m1/2). In addition, it can be made to have an appearance that very closely resembles that of natural human teeth.

Lithium disilicate is also used as a non-conductive seal, enamel or feed-through insulator in nickel superalloys or stainless steel, as it has a high thermal expansion.

References

Inorganic silicon compounds
Lithium compounds