omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Locotrol. Locotrol is a product of Wabtec Corporation that permits railway locomotives to be distributed throughout the length of a train (distributed power). It is installed on more than 17,000 locomotives around the world, sending signals from the lead locomotive and via radio to the remote control locomotives.

History
Locotrol was developed in the 1960s by an Ohio telephone and electronics manufacturer, North Electric Company. The technology was later purchased by GE-Harris Railway Electronics predecessor Harris Controls Systems Division of Harris Corporation. The electronics were mounted in a separate railcar, but have since been miniaturised into relatively small cabinets with much of the functionality contained in software. Early Locotrol customers included the Southern Railway, Norfolk & Western Railway, Detroit Edison, Canadian Pacific and Australia's Mount Newman Mining and Queensland Rail. Today numerous railroads use Locotrol, with systems deployed globally numbering in the thousands.

Since 1975, both Queensland Rail and Mount Newman railway in Australia have used the system on coal and iron ore trains, permitting the doubling in the size of trains without exceeding draw-gear strength, through the use of mid-train locomotives. Westrail introduced Locotrol working in 1996, also with retrofitted equipment. In June 2001 BHP Iron Ore in the Australian Pilbara set a record for the longest train with 682 ore cars and eight distributed GE AC6000CW locomotives in a 2-168-2-168-2-168-1-178-1 configuration. BNSF and Union Pacific are major North American Locotrol operators.

Features
Originally an aftermarket product, the system is also available as an option on new locomotives. Distributed power itself was not a new concept, but it required an extra train crew to be located in the middle of the train. Two modes of operation can be used: synchronous where all locomotives operating in unison, or independent mode where part of the train heading upgrade can be powering, while the other half can be braking on the downgrade. Most systems use lead and middle of train locomotives, but up to four consists can be controlled from the lead unit.

See also
 Distributed power
 Remote control locomotive

References

Locomotives
Radio control
Rail technologies
Sponge iron reaction. The sponge iron reaction (SIR) is a chemical process based on redox cycling of an iron-based contact mass, the first cycle is a conversion step between iron metal (Fe) and wuestite (FeO), the second cycle is a conversion step between wuestite (FeO) and magnetite (Fe3O4). In application, the SIT is used in the reformer sponge iron cycle (RESC) in combination with a steam reforming unit.

Process description
The process has two modes, a reduction mode and an oxidation mode.

Iron-wuestite         
 +  ↔  +

Magnetite-wuestite   
 +  ↔ 3 +

Application
The reformer sponge iron cycle is a two step cycle to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels based SIR and steam.

Reformer sponge iron cycle
In the first step the hydrocarbon fuel is reformed to syngas in the reformer which is then used to reduce the iron oxide (magnetite—Fe3O4) to iron (wüstite—FeO), in the second step steam is utilized to re-oxidise the iron into magnetite and hydrogen. The iron oxide pellets are placed in a pelletbed and have a service life of several thousand redox cycles.

See also
Packed bed
Steam reforming

References

External links
A thermodynamic analysis of the reformer sponge iron cycle
Investigations on mixed CO2- and steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons for the decentralized production of hydrogen
Solid biomass gasification for fuel cells (sponge iron reactor SIR)

Chemical processes
Hydrogen production
WD ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F. The War Department ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F consisted of 8 LMS Fowler Class 3F 0-6-0T steam locomotives requisitioned in 1940 from the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).

Career
The Class 3F 0-6-0Ts were selected by the War Department to be their standard shunting engine.  Eight engines were prepared and exported to France during the Phoney War and were used to support British forces there.  In an attempt to standardise, locomotives were chosen from the 1928 batch built by William Beardmore & Co., with the exception of one Hunslet-built engine, No. 7589.  Two are thought to have been destroyed by retreating British forces during the chaotic retreat at the Fall of France. Photographic evidence exists showing one such example at Berlin-Tempelhof station in 1953  with Wehrmacht markings and had recently been in service, overhauled at Cottbus in 1944. The remaining known five were left behind and were subsequently pressed into SNCF service as their 030.TW class on Région Nord.

It was later (1943) decided to adopt the Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST as the War Department's shunting steam engine, so no more were required.

After the liberation of Europe, the surviving five were returned in August and September 1948, by which time the LMS had been nationalised into British Railways, and they assumed their original numbers within the ex-LMS Fowler Class 3F 0-6-0Ts, albeit with the addition of 40000 standard to most ex-LMS locomotives.

The eight engines concerned were as follows:

Of these, WD No. 9 (ex-LMS 7611) was sent instead of 1928 Hunslet built No. 7587 which had been prepared for WD service.

The following engines were ordered to be prepared for service but were not actually sent.  These were quickly returned to LMS stock, and the allocated WD numbers were reused for ex-LMS diesel shunters.  All these were also Beardmore engines:

The five that returned were withdrawn between 1961 and 1966 and none were preserved.

References 

 
 
 

LMS Fowler Class 3F
LMS Fowler Class 3F
Hunslet locomotives
0-6-0T locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Ontology Definition MetaModel. The Ontology Definition MetaModel (ODM) is an Object Management Group (OMG) specification to make the concepts of Model-Driven Architecture applicable to the engineering of ontologies. Hence, it links Common Logic (CL), the Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the Resource Description Framework (RDF).

OWL and RDF were initially defined to provide an XML-based machine to machine interchange of metadata and semantics. ODM now integrates these into visual modeling, giving a standard well-defined process for modeling the ontology, as well as, allowing for interoperability with other modeling based on languages like UML, SysML and UPDM.

See also 
 Web Ontology Language
 Unified Modeling Language

External links
 Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM)  Version 1.0, Object Management Group, May 2009
 W3C OWL ontology

Resources 
 Eclipse ODM
 Enterprise Architect ODM MDG Technology 
 Formal Modelling, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning for Design and Development of User-centric Pervasive Software: A Meta-review, article in International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies, Vol 6, No 2 (2011), 96-125, by Ahmet Soylu, Patrick De Causmaecker, Davy Preuveneers, Yolande Berbers, and Piet Desmet

Ontology (information science)
Valée system. The Valée system (French:"Système Valée") was an artillery system developed between 1825 and 1831 by the French artillery officer Sylvain Charles Valée, and officially adopted by the French Army from 1828.

Specifications

The Valée system consisted in various technical improvements to the Gribeauval system and Napoleon I's Year XI system. The system mainly improved the mobility of the artillery train, and simplified maintenance by standardizing limber usage and wheel size, and reducing the number of carriage types to two. It also allowed for cannoniers to be able to sit on the ammunition chests of the battery itself during transportation, allowing the whole artillery train to move as fast as the infantry or cavalry.

Valée also improved the guns themselves slightly, by making them lighter, and with a longer range.

The complete Valée system consisted in siege guns of 24 and 16 pounds (French pounds), and field guns of 12 and 8 pounds. It also included field howitzers of 24 pounds and 6 inches (Obusier de 15 cm), and a siege howitzer of 8 inches. Mountain artillery pieces were of 12 pound caliber. Mortars were of 12, 10 and 8 inches, with a 15 inches stone mortar.

Deployment

 
French artillery would be reorganized along the Valée system in 1827. It would be used at the Capture of Alger (1830) and the Fall of Constantine (1837), as well as during the Crimea War (1853–1856).

An American version of the Valee system was also developed. Some pieces are visible at the Concord Battery, Concord, Massachusetts.

A new generation of weapons would emerge in shell-firing canon obusiers, with the invention of the naval shell-gun by Paixhans in 1823, and the introduction of the canon obusier de 12 in 1853 by the French Army, which would render the Valée system obsolete.

See also

Notes

Artillery of France
Sarita Adve. Sarita Vikram Adve is the Richard T. Cheng Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests are in computer architecture and systems, parallel computing, and power and reliability-aware systems.

Education and career
Adve completed a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1987. She subsequently completed a Master of Science (1989) and Ph.D. (1993) in computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Before joining Illinois, Adve was a member of faculty at Rice University from 1993 to 1999. She served on the NSF CISE directorate's advisory committee from 2003 to 2005 and on the expert group to revise the Java memory model from 2001 to 2005. She served as chair of ACM SIGARCH from 2015 to 2019.

She was the PhD supervisor of Parthasarathy Ranganathan.

Awards and honors
Adve received the Ken Kennedy Award in 2018, the ACM SIGARCH Maurice Wilkes award in 2008, an IBM faculty award in 2005, was named a UIUC University Scholar in 2004, received an  Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in 1998, an IBM University Partnership award in 1997 and 1998, and a National Science Foundation CAREER award in 1995. She was named a Fellow of the ACM in 2010. She was the winner of the 2012 ABIE Award for Innovation from the Anita Borg Institute. In 2020, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

References

External links
Sarita Adve's Homepage

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Living people
Rice University faculty
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Researchers in distributed computing
IIT Bombay alumni
2010 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
African-American women academics
21st-century American women academics
21st-century American academics
Sloan Research Fellows
Indian computer scientists
Maurice Wilkes Award winners
Ben's Mill. Ben's Mill is a 1982 American documentary film directed by Michel Chalufour and John Karol.

Summary
The film, set in Barnet, Vermont, details the workings of the Thresher Mill on the Stevens River, including how energy from the river is used to drive a multitude of leather belts and various machines. The film focuses on the steps one man, Ben, uses to make one of his white pine watering tanks, and then a horse-drawn sled for different members of the Barnet community. The film was produced as an episode of the PBS series Odyssey.

Reception
Writing in American Anthropologist, George L. Hicks stated that "Ben's Mill exercises tight control on its nostalgia, while using specific detail to demonstrate its point."

Accolades
It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

References

External links

Watch part of Ben's Mill on Folkstreams
Ben's Mill at Documentary Educational Resources

1982 television films
1982 films
1980s English-language films
American documentary television films
Hydropower
1982 documentary films
Documentary films about technology
Barnet, Vermont
Films set in Vermont
1980s American films
English-language documentary films
In Our Water. In Our Water is a 1982 American documentary film directed by Meg Switzgable, about a family in South Brunswick, New Jersey, who discover their drinking water is contaminated by a nearby landfill.

Overview
The film focuses on the Frank Kaler family of South Brunswick, New Jersey. Kaler is a housepainter and the family gets their water from their own well, as do their neighbors. The Kalers realize that their water is being contaminated from a nearby landfill and seek to get government to acknowledge and fix the problem. Their attempts to contact local and then the state Department of Environmental Protection are rebuffed. Mr. Kaler eventually goes to Washington DC to testify at Congressional hearings. The film follows the five-year radicalization of Kaler as he realizes what is happening to groundwater and why.

Reception
In a positive review for The Nation, Greg Mitchell wrote "In Our Water is instructive, and it is depressing, but it is also inspiring". Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "Miss Switzgable's film, in addition to providing a swift and distressing lesson about environmental pollution, ably chronicles the ways in which Mr. Kaler's crusade have strengthened his resolve."

Accolades
It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. After airing on PBS' Frontline, it was nominated for an Emmy Award.

References

External links
Movie website
In Our Water at Frontline

1982 films
1982 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about water and the environment
Films shot in New Jersey
Water pollution in the United States
South Brunswick, New Jersey
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language documentary films
Z5 (computer). The Z5 was a computer designed by Konrad Zuse and manufactured by Zuse KG following an order by Ernst Leitz GmbH in Wetzlar in 1950. The computer was delivered in July 1953 and was the first commercial built-to-order mainframe in Germany. The computer was purchased to help with the design of optical lens systems.

The Z5 is the successor of the Z4, and is much more compact and powerful. Zuse implemented the machine with relays, since vacuum tubes were too unreliable at the time. The Z5 used the same principles as the Z4, but was six times faster.
It also had punched tape readers, which the Z4 did not have. It had conditional branching and five subroutine loops.

Specifications

 Frequency: ca. 40 Hz
 Arithmetic unit: Floating point numbers (36 bit length) 
 Memory: 12 words, 36 bit
 Speed: addition 0.1 second, multiplication 0.4 s, division 0.7 s
 Power consumption: 5000 watts
 Weight: ca.

References

External links
  Z5 information (German), (Google translation), (English)

1950s computers
Computer-related introductions in 1953
Konrad Zuse
Computers designed in Germany
Serial computers
UNIFAC Consortium. The UNIFAC Consortium was founded at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg at the chair of industrial chemistry  of Prof. Gmehling to invite private companies to support the further development of the group-contribution methods UNIFAC and its successor modified UNIFAC (Dortmund). Both models are used for the prediction of thermodynamic properties, especially the estimation of phase equilibria.

The UNIFAC consortium is a successful example of private sponsorship of a public university in Germany.

History 
The consortium was founded in 1997 when the public financing of the further development of the models became unlikely. The models UNIFAC and mod. UNIFAC (Dortmund) have  already been used widely in software for the simulation and synthesis of chemical processes. Many companies doing process development in the field of chemical engineering had announced their support for a new way to subsidize the further development. This is facilitated through the support of over 40 companies, and is particularly aided by the DDBST GmbH, which supplies the complete Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) and several software tools for free. The DDB, a factual data bank for thermodynamic data, especially phase equilibrium data, is the main source for the work of the consortium.

Objectives 
The normal work of the consortium includes

 the creation of new and the improvement of older model parameters
 the measurement of experimental data (partly own work, partly given to contractors)
 holding annual member meetings

The consortium has e. g. added or modified 404 interaction parameters in the original UNIFAC matrix compared to the 635 parameters from the latest publication.

The major goals are to
 improve the quality of the predictions
 extend the range of applicability of the models. This include the support for further component types with new functional groups.
 supply the parameters to process simulation and DDB software (for consortium members only)

The model parameters are confidential and only accessible to consortium members for at least two and a half year after the first delivery. After this time the university can publish the model parameters.

Supported models 
The UNIFAC consortium supports the development of three different models,
 original UNIFAC, 
 mod. UNIFAC (Dortmund), and, 
 PSRK (since 2005).

Both UNIFAC models are estimating activity coefficients, PSRK (short for Predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong) however is a combination of the original UNIFAC model with an equation of state.

External links 
 Official web site

References 

Thermodynamic models
IGeoSIT. iGeoSIT, the Interim Geo-Spatial Intelligence Tool, is a situational awareness tool developed by the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA) used widely within NATO.

iGeoSIT consists of a web-enabled Java server client and a central server, running Apache and Tomcat.  When a NATO person enters the URL for an iGeoSIT server, it checks first to see if the user has a locally cached copy of the client, a mapping utility.  If the local cache exists, the Java application is loaded.  If it does not, the Apache server send the java client application.  The Java on the server side runs on Tomcat with proposed plans to one day run on a newer Java engine.

iGeoSIT servers respond similarly as ArcGIS, and other GIS servers, to WMS requests.  WMS requests are tcp/IP messages where the server instructions are contained within the URL request to the webserver.  It will contain requests for data layers, opacity, and different base maps.  The request is replied with a JPG image and a redirect if there is a live overlay, such as current positions of a patrol or aircraft.

iGeoSIT clients are used by analysts and operators to geospatially reference events or perform terrain analysis.  For example, a units current location can be visually compared to a SQL response which contains the geospatial data point for a nearby military outpost.  The Java tool has things like rulers to physically measure distance(s), or draw shapes for export to PowerPoint for a mission brief, or event log.

References

External links 
 NCIA official site
 NATO official site
 ISAF official site 

Command and control
Information operations units and formations of NATO
Military technology
HS-333. In 1970, Hughes Aircraft Company (HAC) Space and Communications Group offered the first standardized satellite: the HS 333 design. A spinning satellite, it was based on previous one-design satellites like Intelsat I.  HAC built eight of these 300 watt, 12 channel single antenna satellites between 1970 and 1977.

Design
The early satellites were designed with cylindrical bodies to maximize the size of the satellite that could fit inside of the rocket's nose cone or fairing which was also round. The early design satellites also relied on spinning at about 30 rpm for stability in orbit. The spinning satellite is a gyroscope.

Several parallel decks, including the top and bottom, were used to mount the propulsion, attitude control, communication, Telemetry & Command (T&C), and power equipment. The upper deck or top of the satellite contained the payload antenna and the T&C antenna.

The outer surface of the cylindrical body was covered with solar cells to generate power for operating the satellite's electrical equipment. Batteries provide power during an eclipse when the satellite is in the shadow of the Earth. The batteries are recharged by excess power from the solar array.

The HS 333 was 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter and nominally 3.3 m (11 ft) high. The solar array and batteries provided sufficient power over the satellite's 7-year design life to power the 190 W payload and 233 W spacecraft equipment. The payload contributed 54 kg (119 lb) of the HS 333's 146 kg (542 lb) dry mass.

Satellites
Eight HS-333 satellites were launched:

References

See also
 Comparison of satellite buses

Satellite buses
Nord NC.850. The Nord NC.850 (originally produced as the Aérocentre NC.850) was a light aircraft developed in France in the late 1940s for use by French aeroclubs, but which also saw military use as an airborne observation post.

Development
The NC.850 series was developed from the Aérocentre NC.840 in response to a competition sponsored by the French government under the auspices of the SALS movement to find a domestically produced machine for club use. Aérocentre's entry was an ungainly high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with a fully enclosed cabin and fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The fuselage construction was tubular, and the wings had a metal structure, the entire aircraft being skinned in fabric.

The competition was won by the SIPA S.90, but SALS nevertheless also ordered 100 examples of this, the runner-up design. These production examples, designated NC.853, differed from the prototypes in having twin tails, the fins mounted on the ends of the horizontal stabiliser. Only 27 of the order had been completed, however, when Aérocentre was liquidated and its assets bought by Nord. The new owners continued production, with their machines identified with designation NC.853S.

Military version
In March 1951, Nord flew a heavily modified version of the design for use as an observation aircraft by the French Army. Known as the NC.856 Norvigie, this featured a more powerful engine and a lengthened and more extensively glazed cockpit. The army ordered 112 examples which were mostly flown in the artillery spotting role, and while a civil version was also offered, orders were not forthcoming and only two were built. The sole example of a floatplane version was presented as a gift to King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.

Variants

 NC.850 - prototype with single tail and Mathis G4F engine (one built)
 NC.851 - version with Minié 4.DA.28 engine (nine built)
 NC.852 - version with Regnier 4EO engine (two built)
 NC.853 - major production version with twin tails and Minié 4.DC.32 engine (29 built)
 NC.853S - NC.853 built by Nord (95 built)
 NC.853G - NC.853 fitted with aile flottante system (one converted)
 NC.854 - NC.853 with Continental A65 engine (two built, plus many converted from NC.853)
 NC.854SA - militarised NC.854 (two built)
 NC.856 - NC.853 with Walter Minor engine (one built)
 NC.856A - military production version with redesigned cockpit, extensive glazing, and Regnier 4LO-4 engine (112 built)
 NC.856B - four-seat version of NC.856 (one built)
 NC.856H - floatplane version of NC.856 with triple tail (one built)
 NC.856N - four-seat, civil version of NC.856A with Regnier 4LO-8 (two built)
 NC.858S - conversions of NC.853 with Continental C90 engine
 NC.859S - glider tug version of NC.853 with Walter Minor engine (nine built)

Operators

 Private owners and Aero clubs
 Aviation légère de l'armée de terre

Specifications (NC.856A)

Notes

References

 
 

 

1940s French civil utility aircraft
Nord aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear