omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Standard Flying Fourteen. The Standard Flying Fourteen is an automobile which was produced by the British Standard Motor Company from 1936 to 1940 and announced in October 1936. The other Flying Standard models had been announced twelve months earlier. A standard is a flag and the reference to flying standards is to flying flags as well as to the advertised abilities of the cars.

Bodies
The Standard Flying Fourteen was a four-door, five-seater saloon with a gently tapering body. From March 1937 the same specification was also made available as a 'Touring Saloon' incorporating increased luggage accommodation for touring "and the weekend golf clubs". Either body was provided on a 108-inch wheelbase with a 1,776 cc side-valve, four-cylinder engine. A catalogued drophead coupe variant was also available and in addition special coachwork by Avon was available as usual on all Standard models.

The wide (53 inches) rear seating was given extra knee-room by recesses in the backs of the front seats. Luxury rear standard fittings included folding tables. Draught-free ventilation came from swivelling quarter-lights. There were independent bucket seats in front with a settee type available if requested. Both seating and pedals were adjustable. The driver's steering column was telescopic. A flush-fitting sliding roof was provided. The Lucas mellotone wind-horns adjusted for town or country. The luxurious upholstery was unpleated.

The conventional shield-shaped radiator casing was replaced by a chromed vertically-barred "waterfall" grille in July 1937, earlier on some other Flying Standard models.

Chassis
The engine was part of a single assembly including its clutch and gearbox. This assembly was held at three points in "live rubber" with a steadying bearing forward of the flywheel. Suspension was by long semi-elliptic springs at each corner of the car controlled by Luvax shock absorbers combined with a front (anti-roll) torsion bar. The chassis was mounted on large section tyres. Spare wheel and tyre were stowed in a separate compartment below the luggage locker. Permanent hydraulic jacks were built into the chassis. Both springs and frame pass beneath the back axle.

Road test
When on test The Times reported that, while the engine was not as smooth as a six-cylinder, the car felt sturdy and the controls proved easy to operate. The windscreen would open out far enough to provide the driver with a direct view.

Jaguar
The Fourteen's engine and transmission were used by the Jaguar 1½ Litre, retrospectively known as the Jaguar Mk IV.

Standard Ensign 1957
A new model introduced at the October 1957 Motor Show, Standard Ensign, in this case with slightly reduced equipment levels from Standard's Vanguard, was given a 1670 cc engine and a four-speed gearbox with a then-popular sporting retro sturdy floor-mounted gear lever. The engine was less powerful than the Vanguard's but the car was considerably lighter and The Times regarded it as an unusually attractive car to drive recalling prewar Standard Flying Fourteens.

References

External links
Standard Motor Club

Flying Fourteen
Cars introduced in 1936
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Coupés
Recuperative multi-tube cooler. A recuperative multi-tube cooler is a rotary drum cooler used for continuous processes in chemical engineering.

Construction 
Recuperative multi-tube coolers essentially exist of a turning rotor which is mostly driven via chain. At the ends of the rotor are stiff cases for product feed and outlet. The rotor is supported on running treads, as it is typical for rotary drums.
The interior of the rotor exists of several tubes in a revolvertype (or planetary) arrangement. The tubes are completely surrounded by a jacket.

According to requirements recuperative multi-tube coolers are built with diameters between 1.0 and 4.0 m and lengths from 10 to 40 m.

Function 
Recuperative multi-tube coolers work with indirect air cooling. That means, that there is no direct contact between the product to be cooled and the cooling air. The heat is exchanged indirectly via thermal conduction.
Ambient air is used as cooling air, which is drawn between the jacket and the tubes. Product and cooling air pass through the cooler in counterflow.  
The product to be cooled falls directly into the product feed housing. By the rotary movement and a little slope of the rotor, the product is conveyed through the cooler. The rotation causes a permanent mixing of the product in the tubes and hence a good heat transfer.

Due to the indirect method of operation, the coolers provide hot and clean air that can be reused as energy. This opportunity of recovering energy is where the term recuperative results from.

Applications 
The coolers can be used for the cooling of free flowing, fine grained bulk material. They are especially used when consumers of the recovered hot air are close-by. Usual this is the case in calcination processes after hotgas fired rotary kilns in or similar. 
The hot air is used as preheated supply of combustion air in the kilns. The consumption of primary energy can be reduced seriously.

The coolers are mostly used in the pigment industry, e.g. for cooling of titandioxide pigments after calcination.
The entry temperatures of the products can reach up to 1000 °C.

External links 
 Pictures and explanations

Heat exchangers
Cooling technology
Gadfly HDW.1. 

The Gadfly HDW.1 (also known as the Thruxton Gadfly) is a 1960s British two-seat cabin autogyro.

Design and construction
The autogyro was designed by E. Smith and built by the Gadfly Aircraft Company Limited. It is of welded steel tube construction with tricycle landing gear, powered by a 165 hp (123 kW) Rolls-Royce Continental IO-346-A inline piston engine driving a pusher propeller. It has a two-bladed rotor that can be engine-driven for starting.

It was completed at Andover in 1967 and registered G-AVKE. After retirement the Gadfly was initially exhibited at the Historic Aircraft Museum at Southend Airport. Latterly it has been displayed at The Helicopter Museum, Weston-super-Mare.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

}

1960s British civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Kristian Fossheim. Kristian Johan Fossheim (born 4 December 1935) is a Norwegian physicist.

He was born in Jølster. He took the dr.philos. degree in 1972, was an associate professor at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1970 to 1980, and professor from 1980. He has been vice-praeses of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, and is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the 
Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

References

1935 births
Living people
People from Jølster
Norwegian physicists
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
CSMP III. CSMP III, or Continuous System Modelling Program IlI is an early scientific computer software designed for modelling and solving differential equations numerically. This enables real-world systems to be simulated and tested with a computer.

Purpose
Since the early 1961s computer systems have been able to simulate real-world dynamic situations, such as the interaction between people in a public building such as an airport terminal. Models can be used to test the stresses imposed on an engineering structure without risk or construction cost. Modern uses include weather systems analysis and the effect on our planet Earth due to global warming. CSMP and its various versions were used extensively in the past when this software was first developed.

Structure
Like all computer programs its analytical and simulation programs are constructed from three general types of statements:
Structural statements, which define the model. They consist of FORTRAN-like programming language statements, and functional blocks of program code (procedures) designed for repeat operations that frequently occur in a model definition.
Data statements, which assign numerical values to various changing parameters, constants, and initial conditions.
Control statements, which specify options in assembly and execution of the program, and the choice of output of the results of the calculations performed.

Structural statements can make use of the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, using the same notation and syntax rules as are used in FORTRAN. If, for example, the model includes the equation

the following statement will be used to define the variables and calculus performed:

x=6.0*Y/W+(Z-2.0)**2.0

Randomisation
Random variation to values can be added to some parts of the model to simulate unpredictable behaviour patterns in dynamic wind-loaded structures, such as high-rise buildings or aircraft wing designs.

Modern variations
The earlier CSMP III text-based programming language has been superseded by variations such as APL and object oriented computer-language modelling versions of CSMP such as OOSCMP.

References

External links
 http://www.seas.ucla.edu/stenstro/r/r1

Domain-specific programming languages
Putilov Stal-11. The Stal-11 (Stal – steel) was a high speed transport aircraft / reconnaissance aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1933.

Development 
The Stal-11 was intended to carry four passengers with mail and baggage as well as fulfil a military reconnaissance role.  The Stal-11 was constructed using an Enerzh-6 stainless steel built-up truss covered with Delta-wood for the fuselage, and an all-wood wing with built-up ribs. Two spars and very smooth skinning completed the structure. The prototype was completed in the autumn of 1936, flight trials commencing shortly after, with wheels and skis. Results of the approximately 300 flight tests were promising but the aircraft was expensive to build, with high running costs so no production was authorised.

Specifications (Stal-11

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet airliners
1930s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Stal-11
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
OOS Aviatourist. The Aviatourist  was a long-range racing aircraft designed and built in the USSR, completed in 1936.

Development 
The Aviatourist was designed as a twin-engined, twin-seat long-range racing aircraft with a very similar layout to the de Havilland DH.88 Comet racer. With a structure mainly of Bakelite impregnated plywood (Delta-wood) the crew were housed in tandem cockpits and the engines in nacelles attached to the wings. The sole aircraft was completed in 1936 awaiting delivery of the de Havilland Gipsy Major engines, which failed to arrive causing the project to be abandoned.

Specifications (Aviatourist)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet sport aircraft
OOS aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Public Health Engineering Department. The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is a public agency in Pakistan and India that is responsible for rural water supply.

During natural disasters the agency has the responsibility to get drinking water to the public as well as collaborating with aid organisations for this purpose. For example, during a cyclone in Sindh in 2007 PHED submitted a proposal to UNICEF for a permanent solution to clean drinking water Sibi District. The agency also coordinated relief efforts with UNICEF in Ziarat District during the 2008 earthquake.

Historically the PHED had been responsible for all water and sanitation projects at the district level, however following the devolution of 2001 become subordinate to elected nazims at district and tehsil level.

References

Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan
Water management authorities in India
Albert R. Meyer. Albert Ronald da Silva Meyer (born 1941) is Hitachi America Professor emeritus of computer science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Biography
Meyer received his PhD from Harvard University in 1972 in applied mathematics, under the supervision of Patrick C. Fischer. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) faculty at MIT in 1969. Meyer became the Hitachi America Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in 1991. He retired from MIT in 2016.

Academic life

Meyer's seminal works include , which introduced the polynomial hierarchy. He has supervised numerous PhD students who are now famous computer scientists; these include Nancy Lynch, Leonid Levin, Jeanne Ferrante, Charles Rackoff, Larry Stockmeyer, David Harel, Joseph Halpern, John C. Mitchell, and Val Tannen.  He was the editor-in-chief of the international computer science journal Information and Computation from 1981 until 2020.

Awards
He has been a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) since 1987, and he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 2000.

Personal life
He is married to the computer scientist Irene Greif.

Publications
 1991. Research Directions in Computer Science: An MIT Perspective. (Ed. with John Guttag, Ronald Rivest, and Peter Szolovits) MIT Press.
 .

References

External links

Meyer, Albert R. at MathSciNet

Albert Meyer papers, MC-0377. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Distinctive Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1941 births
Living people
American theoretical computer scientists
2000 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Harvard University alumni
Calcium titanate. Calcium titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaTiO3. As a mineral, it is called perovskite, named after Russian mineralogist, L. A. Perovski (1792-1856).  It is a colourless, diamagnetic solid, although the mineral is often coloured owing to impurities.

Synthesis
CaTiO3 can be prepared by the combination of CaO and TiO2 at temperatures >1300 °C. Sol-gel processes has been used to make a more pure substance, as well as lowering the synthesis temperature.  These compounds synthesized are more compressible due to the powders from the sol-gel process as well and bring it closer to its calculated density (~4.04 g/ml).

Structure

Calcium titanate is obtained as orthorhombic crystals, more specifically perovskite structure.  In this motif, the Ti(IV) centers are octahedral and the Ca2+ centers occupy a cage of 12 oxygen centres.  Many useful materials adopt related structures, e.g. barium titanate or variations of the structure, e.g. yttrium barium copper oxide.

Applications
Calcium titanate has relatively little value except as one of the ores of titanium, together with several others.  It is reduced to give titanium metal or ferrotitanium alloys.

See also
 Perovskite
 Perovskite (structure)
 Perovskite solar cell

References

External links
 Crystal structure of CaTiO3

Calcium compounds
Titanates
Perovskites
SLDCOM. SLDCOM is a satellite communications system operated by the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office and used by the United States Armed Forces. The space-based assets of the system were flown as part of the Satellite Launch Dispenser (SLD) hardware on several Titan IV rocket launches which also launched Naval Ocean Surveillance System (NOSS) satellites. The SLDCOM system provides bent pipe UHF communications.

References 

Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
Osmium dioxide. Osmium dioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula OsO2. It exists as brown to black crystalline powder, but single crystals are golden and exhibit metallic conductivity.  The compound crystallizes in the rutile structural motif, i.e. the connectivity is very similar to that in the mineral rutile.

Preparation
OsO2 can be obtained by the reaction of osmium with a variety of oxidizing agents, including, sodium chlorate, osmium tetroxide, and nitric oxide at about 600 °C. Using chemical transport, one can obtain large crystals of OsO2, sized up to 7x5x3 mm3. Single crystals show metallic resistivity of ~15 μΩ cm. A typical transport agent is  via the reversible formation of volatile OsO4:
 OsO2  +  O2  OsO4

Reactions
OsO2 does not dissolve in water, but is attacked by dilute hydrochloric acid. The crystals have rutile structure. Unlike osmium tetroxide, OsO2 is not toxic.

References

Osmium compounds
Transition metal oxides
SigmaNet. SigmaNet is the Academic Network Laboratory of the University of Latvia Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science.  It is also the Latvian NREN (National Research and Education Network), providing Internet services for the academic community in Latvia, including connectivity to the European network GÉANT, hosting, e-mail, data centre services, and grid resources.

History and re-organization
The Laboratory began operation in 1992 when it was known as LATNET.  In 2006 the LATNET CERT team was established, dealing with computer security incidents mostly in the Latvian academic network.

In 2008 due to internal changes, the Latvian NREN was renamed to SigmaNet, but the CERT team was moved under the Network Solutions department (NIC) and placed in the country top level domain .lv registry.  The name of the CERT team was changed to CERT NIC.LV. The constituency of the team was widened to include not only the academic network, but also other constituencies that have concluded cooperation agreement on incident response services.

Main activities
Research is one of the main SigmaNet’s activities. SigmaNet is participating actively in various European Commission, Structural funds and community funded projects. SigmaNet’s goal is to become the leading institution for implementation of research projects in the areas of computer network design and applications.

SigmaNet is also very active in various research projects (BalticGrid-II, GÉANT2, etc.) and task forces (TF-Storage, TF-CSIRT) related to network technologies and services, security, inclusiveness and other areas. It has been dealing with security related problems since 1992 when first activities in networking started.

SigmaNet is also one of the largest hosting companies in Latvia that offers e-mail services, web hosting, server collocation, Ultra DSL internet connection, virtual private server hosting, data storage and related services.

References

Communications in Latvia
Internet in Latvia
National research and education networks
Spähkreuzer 1938. Spähkreuzer was the type name of a planned class of large destroyers or reconnaissance cruisers for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine.

Design 
There were three main designs proposed for this ship class, the 1938 design, the 1939 design and the 1940 design. The 1940 design was slightly larger and heavier with a more powerful power plant to keep or exceed the 1938 design performance. Both main designs, along with a few design variations, planned the main artillery layout of six 5.9-inch guns in three double turrets: one positioned on the bow and the other two on the stern. This was to allow a more offensive retreat, as these vessels were designed to scout ahead of the Plan Z battle groups.

A design designated as 1939 introduced a seaplane carried in the midships area; the torpedo tubes were removed to facilitate this. The catapult was suggested to be mounted between the funnels of the design, however there never seemed to be line drawings, or blueprints that showed that.

Construction 
The first 3 ships were ordered in February 1941, these were designated SP1, SP2, and SP3, and formally named Z40, Z41, and Z42. The order was placed for the Germania Shipyard in Kiel to build these vessels. In December 1941, 3 engines for SP4, SP5 and SP6 were ordered but not the ships.

SP1 was the only ship for which the keel was laid down and actual construction started. During an air raid in April 1942 the ship plans were destroyed and construction was halted. The metal was scrapped and used to build submarines and regular destroyers that were already further along in their build programs.

Citations

References

 

Plan Z
Proposed ships of Germany
James Hoe. James Hoe is a Taiwanese-American professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). He is interested in many aspects of computer architecture and digital hardware design, including the specific areas of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture for computing; digital signal processor (DSP) hardware; and high-level hardware design and synthesis. Professor Hoe’s current research focus is on devising a new FPGA architecture for power efficient, high-performance computing. His research group is working on developing an FPGA runtime environment that incorporates partial reconfiguration, virtualization, and protection features to manage an FPGA as a dynamically sharable multitasking compute resource.

Academic biography
He received his B.S. in EECS from the University of California, Berkeley in 1992 and Ph.D. in EECS from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2000. Since 2000, he has been with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Carnegie Mellon University. He became a full professor in 2009 and an IEEE Fellow in 2013. He was the Associate Head of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University from 2009 to 2014.

Resesarch
He has worked on a wide range of research projects at Carnegie Mellon University. He currently leads the Crossroads 3D-FPGA Academic Research Center to investigate a new programmable hardware data-nexus lying at the heart of the server and operating over data ‘on the move’ between network, traditional compute, and storage elements. His efforts towards researching FPGA Architecture for Computing include the CoRAM FPGA computing abstraction, the Pigasus Network function acceleration, Service-Oriented Memory Architecture and Programmable and Dynamic Computing Deployment projects. Since 2003, he has been a faculty member in the SPIRAL project researching domain-specific hardware synthesis for digital signal processing. Between 2005 and 2011, his group worked on the Protoflex technology to accelerate the functional-only simulation using a multithreaded implementation of the SPARC V9 ISA in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Between 2002 and 2006, he worked on sampling-based performance simulation of computer systems (SMARTS) that uses functional-only simulation to keep caches warmed up between detailed simulation phases.

While a graduate student at MIT, he initially worked on high-performance system area network for computer clusters (StarT-Jr and Start-X). For his Ph.D. thesis, he worked on high-level synthesis from hardware descriptions based on term rewriting systems (TRS). This synthesis system is the basis of the Bluespec SystemVerilog programming language and compiler, a Haskell extended to for chip design and electronic design automation, by Bluespec, Inc.

References

Carnegie Mellon University faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Living people
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
1970 births