omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sport Jet II. The Sport Jet II was an American amateur-built aircraft that was under development by Sport-Jet, Limited. The Sport Jet was designed by Robert Bornhofen who licensed the intellectual property to Excel Jet. The aircraft was intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction. The first Sport Jet built crashed on takeoff after logging 23.8 hours of flight time.

Design and development
The Sport Jet II featured a cantilever mid-wing, a four-seat enclosed and pressurized cabin, retractable tricycle landing gear, a T-tail and a single jet engine.

The aircraft fuselage was made from composites, with the wing fashioned from aluminum sheet. Its  span employed a NACA 64-415 airfoil, had an area of  and mounted flaps. The standard engine recommended was the  thrust Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofan, although when under development by Excel Jet a Williams FJ33 4A was used. The engine was mounted in the aft fuselage and was provided air by two intakes, one on each side of the fuselage.

The prototype aircraft's Federal Aviation Administration aircraft registration was cancelled on 4 June 2013. By May 2017 the company website had been blanked and it is likely that the project has been cancelled.

Accident
On 22 June 2006 at 0953 hours local time, the Sport Jet prototype was destroyed in a crash just after take-off at Colorado Springs Municipal Airport (COS).  According to reports, the plane lifted approximately fifteen feet into the air before rotating left to 90° of bank, at which point the left wing contacted the ground, causing the plane to cartwheel off the runway before coming to rest 454 feet from the initial point of impact. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation concluded it could find no cause for the accident, focusing mostly on disproving the pilot and owner's assertions that the crash was caused by wake turbulence. The NTSB used NASA's APA program to compute the location and strength of the wake turbulence the previous plane (a de Havilland Dash-8-200) would have left behind, and found there was no contributing wake involved in the crash.

Excel-Jet filed a lawsuit against the FAA stating that the crash was a direct result of the wake turbulence from the DHC-8, and that the NTSB findings were incorrect. Bornhofen believed the FAA air traffic control clearance of the Sport-Jet for take-off was in violation of the FAA's regulations "and caused it to crash", according to lawyer Frank Coppola. At the conclusion of the case, US District Judge Kathryn H. Vratil found that "in electing not to apply the three-minute separation interval, [the air traffic controller] did not breach her duty of care or violate FAA orders.  Furthermore, even if a breach occurred, a wake turbulence encounter did not cause the accident.  Therefore the Court finds in favor of the United States of America."  A judgment was entered in favor of the defendant and the case was closed on 17 June 2010.

Specifications (Sport Jet II)

References

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Mid-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Pre-play attack. In the field of security engineering, a pre-play attack is a cryptographic attack in which an attacker prepares for the attack in advance by carrying out a simulated transaction while pretending to be the device to be attacked, and then repeats the attack a second time with the real device at a time when it is likely to carry out the same series of operations as in the simulation. The technique relies on being able to guess the content of the transaction in advance, something usually made possible by a poor choice of unpredictability within the system. The name is a play on "replay attack". Pre-play attacks are not very effective and chances of success are slim.

References 

Cryptographic attacks
Ignite (microprocessor). Ignite (formerly ShBoom and PSC 1000, stylized as IGNITE) is a two stack, stack machine reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor architecture. The architecture was originally developed by Russell H. Fish III and Chuck H. Moore, Nanotronics, which was later acquired by Patriot Scientific Corporation. The processor is one of the few commercially produced microprocessors that use a stack-based computing model. Target applications for this unique architecture were mainly embedded devices (due to the processor's low power use) and efficient implementation of virtual stack machines, such as the Java virtual machine or the stack machine underlying the Forth programming language. The product was unsuccessful in the market.

Notable features
Besides its unusual two stack-based architecture, the processor had several other valuable features:
 Runs faster than the clock internally
 Up to four instructions can be read on each instruction fetch, reducing memory-bandwidth requirements compared to typical 32 BIT RISC machines 
 This characteristic also allows looping on an instruction group (a micro-loop) without additional instruction fetches from memory
 Single cycle (+ memory) sub-routine call 
 Implicit sub-routine return
 Near Native speed Java interpretation with no JIT required, in approximately 20K bytes of code
 Low power operation

References

Further reading

Stack machines
32-bit microprocessors
Langmuir–Taylor detector. A Langmuir–Taylor detector, also called surface ionization detector or hot wire detector, is a kind of ionization detector used in mass spectrometry, developed by John Taylor based on the work of Irving Langmuir and K. H. Kingdon.

Construction
This detector usually consists of a heated thin filament or ribbon of a metal with a high work function (typically tungsten or rhenium). Neutral atoms or molecules that strike the filament can boil off as positive ions in a process known as surface ionization, and these may be either measured as a current or detected, individually, using an electron multiplier and particle counting electronics.

Applications
This detector is mostly used with alkali atoms, having a low ionization potential, with applications in mass spectrometry and atomic clocks.

References

Mass spectrometry
Particle detectors
Ashley Municipal Airport. Ashley Municipal Airport  is a public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the central business district of Ashley, a city in McIntosh County, North Dakota, United States. It is owned by the Ashley Municipal Airport Authority.

Facilities and aircraft 
Ashley Municipal Airport covers an area of 127 acres (51 ha) at an elevation of 2,034 feet (620 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway: 14/32 is 4,364 by 60 feet (1,330 x 18 m) with an asphalt surface.

For the 12-month period ending April 26, 2023, the airport had 5,000 aircraft operations, an average of 96 per week: 90% general aviation, 4% air taxi, and 6% military. At that time there were 13 aircraft based at this airport, 12 single-engine, and 1 multi-engine.

See also
 List of airports in North Dakota

References

External links 
 Ashley Municipal Airport (ASY) at North Dakota Aeronautics Commission
 Aerial image as of October 1997 from USGS The National Map
 

Airports in North Dakota
Buildings and structures in McIntosh County, North Dakota
Transportation in McIntosh County, North Dakota
Dick Volz Award. The Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis in Robotics and Automation is a yearly award to recognize outstanding Ph.D. thesis in the field of robotics and automation at any research institution in the United States of America. It is awarded with a four years delay as it is based both on thesis quality as well as post-graduation impact, hence, the 2007 Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis Award was awarded in 2011. Its European counterpart is the Georges Giralt PhD Award.

The award is named after Professor Emeritus Richard A. Volz. He was a former Texas A&M Department of Computer Science department head and the president of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society in 2006-2007. To honor his outstanding research on robotics and control as well as his mentoring, the Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis in Robotics and Automation was established.
The list of award recipients includes the following:

The award committee includes Seth A. Hutchinson (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), John M. Hollerbach (University of Utah), Vijay Kumar (University of Pennsylvania), Gaurav Sukhatme (University of Southern California), and Henrik I. Christensen (Georgia Tech).

See also

 List of engineering awards
 List of mechanical engineering awards

References 

Systems sciences awards
Mechanical engineering awards
TIA-102. The TIA-102 series of documents delineate an American National Standard. The papers describe and define tests and test methodologies that can be used by land mobile radio systems (LMR) equipment developers and others to assess implementations of this functionality and its performance. They make up APCO Project 25.

TIA-102 concerns the functionality and performance necessary to enable inter-operable (i.e., multi-manufacturer) implementation of open interfaces, services, and features for digital Land Mobile Radio (LMR) equipment.  They are continuously evolving as a result of advancements in LMR technologies, emerging LMR operational needs, and other factors (e.g., LMR Service radio spectrum regulatory changes).

References

Telecommunications standards
Trunked radio systems
Nicollier HN 500 Bengali. The Nicollier HN 500 Bengali is a single engine French light aircraft built in France in the 1980s.  It seats two in side-by-side configuration. Only one was built, flying for the first time in 1988; it remains active with a French preservation group.

Design and development

The Bengali is a conventionally laid out, all wood, cantilever low wing monoplane with side by side seating. The wing has a single spar and is made in one piece; its leading edge and part of the root is skinned with plywood and the whole wing, including the ailerons and two position flaps covered with Dacron. Dihedral is constant over the span and there is 2.16° of washout.  The wing is tapered in plan with less sweepback outboard.

Apart from a glass fibre engine cowling the fuselage is a trapezoidal cross-section semi-monocoque with plywood stressed skin and rounded dorsal decking.  The Bengali's side-by-side cabin, fitted with dual controls, is accessed via two upward opening, centrally hinged transparent sections. There is baggage space behind the seats. The swept fin is an integral part of the fuselage and the tailplane, set at mid-fuselage height, is of the semi-all-moving type with automatic tabs on both trailing edges.

The Bengali is powered by a 75 kW (100 hp) Rolls-Royce built Continental O-200 flat four piston engine driving a fixed pitch propeller.  The main fuel tank, holding 67 L (14.8 Imp gal) is in the fuselage under the baggage space, with more fuel held in a pair of leading edge wing tanks. It has a fixed tricycle undercarriage.  The mainwheels have hydraulic brakes and the nosewheel is self centring though not steerable.

Operational history

The Bengali first flew on 9 June 1988, though construction was "nearing completion" in early 1981.  Only one was built as Nicollier chose at an early stage not to sell plans. Shortly after its first flight this aircraft, F-PXHN, attended the RSA Internal held at Moulins-Montbligny between 29 and 31 July 1988. It later became F-PFHN and is currently (2012) with the  Groupement pour la Préservation du Patrimoine Aéronautique (GPPA) at the Musée Regional de l'Air, Angers remaining in flying condition.

Specifications

References

1980s French sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Flitzer Z-21. The Flitzer Z-21 or Staaken Flitzer is a British amateur-built aircraft, designed by Lynn Williams and produced by Flitzer Sportplanes of Aberdare, Wales. The aircraft is supplied as plans for amateur construction.

In the late 1990s, it was also marketed as plans and in kit form by Bell Aeromarine of Leicester, UK.

Design and development
The Z-21 is a single-seat, open cockpit 1920s-style biplane with fixed conventional landing gear with spoked wheels and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has a combined area of  and ailerons on the bottom wing only. The aircraft was designed for the  Volkswagen air-cooled engine, but other variants have been developed that use a variety of engines, including the  Rotec R2800 radial engine.

Further planned developments include a tandem two seater, a four aileron version and a lighter weight version.

Operational history
In August 2014 there were eleven Flitzers registered in the United Kingdom.

Specifications (Z-21)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Welsh brands
Brewster angle microscope. A Brewster angle microscope (BAM) is a microscope for studying thin films on liquid surfaces, most typically Langmuir films. In a Brewster angle microscope, both the microscope and a polarized light source are aimed towards a liquid surface at that liquid's Brewster angle, in such a way for the microscope to catch an image of any light reflected from the light source via the liquid surface. Because there is no p-polarized reflection from the pure liquid when both are angled towards it at the Brewster angle, light is only reflected when some other phenomenon such as a surface film affects the liquid surface. The technique was first introduced in 1991.

Applications 
Brewster angle microscopes enable the visualization of Langmuir monolayers or adsorbate films at the air-water interface for example as a function of packing density. They can be used either to study the properties of the Langmuir layer, or to indicate a suitable deposition pressure for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition. They can be used for example in the LB deposition of nanoparticles. Applications include:

Monolayer/film homogeneity. When combined with a Langmuir-Blodgett Trough, observation can be performed during compression/expansion at known surface pressures.

Optimizing the deposition parameters. Selecting optimal deposition pressure and other deposition parameters for LB coating.

Monolayer/film behavior. Observing phase changes, phase separation, domain size, shape and packing.

Monitoring of surface reactions. Photochemical reactions, polymerizations and enzyme kinetics can be followed in real time.

Monitoring and detection of surface active materials. For example, protein adsorption and nanoparticle flotation.

Lee et al. used a Brewster angle microscope to study optimal deposition parameters for Fe3O4 nanoparticles.

Daear et al. have written a recent review on the usage of BAMs in biological applications.

See also 
 Brewster's angle
 Langmuir–Blodgett film
 Nanoparticle deposition

References

External links 
 Brewster Angle Microscopy

Microscopes
Polarization (waves)
Materials science
1991 introductions
Roger Bacon (physicist). Roger Bacon (April 16, 1926 – January 26, 2007) was an American physicist and inventor at the Parma Technical Center of National Carbon Company in suburban Cleveland, Ohio, where he invented graphite fibers in 1958.

Bacon was trying to measure the triple point of carbon—the temperature and pressure where solid, liquid and gas are in thermodynamic equilibrium—in a direct-current carbon arc furnace when he noticed stalagmite-like filaments growing from the vapor phase at lower pressures on the negative electrode. The condensate was embedded with flexible graphite whiskers as much as 5 μm in diameter and 3 cm long. Bacon estimated the production cost of the whiskers at the time as $10 million per pound.

After more than a year of research on the fibers, Bacon published his results. The fibers were characterized as scrolled sheets of graphite where the crystallographic c-axis was exactly perpendicular to the cylindrical axis. The fiber cylinders had either a circular or elliptical cross-section. The fibers were not actually single crystals, but behaved as single crystals along the filament axis. The fibers were grown in an atmosphere of argon, pressure = 92 atm and temperature = 3900K. The tensile strength, elastic modulus and room-temperature resistivity were as much as 2000 kg/mm2 (19,600 MPa), 7×1012 dyne/cm2 (700 GPa) and 65 μΩ·cm, all comparable to the single-crystal values. The triple-point of carbon was confirmed as approximately 100 atm and 3900 K. The strength and modulus for the best steels are typically 2000 MPa and 200 GPa, resp.

Invention of the carbon nanotube is credited to Sumio Iijima in 1991, but Figure 8 in Bacon's paper shows a carbon nanotube derived from a whisker subjected to heavy current that caused the outer layers to explode. Iijima's invention is a seamless tube of diameter <30 nm, as opposed to Bacon's scrolled sheet.

Bacon won several awards for his invention, including honors from the Franklin Institute in 2004 and the University of Delaware. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2016. In 2003, the American Chemical Society recognized the development of carbon fibers as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.

Bacon was born in Cleveland on April 16, 1926. He earned a bachelor's degree at Haverford College in 1951 and a Ph.D. in solid-state physics at Case Institute of Technology in 1955. Bacon worked for National Carbon, a subsidiary of Union Carbide, from 1956 to 1986, and Amoco Polymers Group from 1986 until his retirement in 1998. He also taught physics at Baldwin Wallace College in Berea, Ohio, from 1959 to 1971. He died of leukemia at his home in Oberlin, Ohio, on 26 January 2007, and was survived by his wife Agnes, two children and five grandchildren.

References

1926 births
2007 deaths
American materials scientists
Case Western Reserve University alumni 
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American physicists
Scientists from Cleveland
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
Gray Construction Co.. Gray Construction Co. was an American construction contracting firm. A number of its works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Founded in 1948, the company provides a wide range of services including design, construction, engineering, and project management. The company has grown to become one of the largest construction companies in the UK, with a strong focus on safety and quality.

References

External links
Gray Construction Co., South Dakota (official website)

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Raad (air defense system). Raad or Ra'd ( 'thunder') is an Iranian modern aerial defence system deployed in September 2012.The system is designed to enhance Iran's capabilities in terms of defense, and as a partner to Bavar 373 air defense system. According to Fars news agency, the Raad is designed to confront fighter jets, cruise missiles, smart bombs, helicopters and drones. The system is also designed specially for US fighters. The system is equipped with "Taer" (Bird) missiles, which can trace and hit targets in ranges up to 105 km and at altitudes from 25 to 27 km (80,000 feet), Ra'd is a mid-range radar system and air defense system.

History 

During Velayat 91 maneuvers in December 2012 the Iranian Navy successfully tested the Raad Air Defense System but it is not clear if the Raad missile tested in Iranian Navy is the same one as the Taer-2 missile of Raad system designed by the IRGC Aerospace Force and it may be only a similarity between a surface to air missile and an air defense system.

In May 2014 the Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC-AF) unveiled four different configuration of Raad air defense system: 3rd Khordad TELAR(Transporter erector launcher and radar) which is equipped with Taer-2B missiles, a phased-array radar and is able to control two launchers; Tabas TELAR which features a white dome radar and uses Taer-2A missiles; Alam al hoda launcher is equipped with electro-optical tracking systems; and Raad-2 which has a new wheeled launcher and uses electro-optical systems on separate vehicles with a range of 80 km.

In the IRGC-AF exhibition in May 2014 announced that new versions of 3rd Khordad SAM system will reach to ranges about 100 and 200 km with new missiles. The 3rd Khordad (3rd of Khordad) system can engage with four targets and guide two missiles to each of them simultaneously with the aid of its phased array radar that has 1700 elements. Jane's describes the 3rd Khordad as "a highly capable surface-to-air missile (SAM) system."

Iran has also developed another SAM system named RAAD-1 with TAER-1 missiles.

Downing of an American drone 

On 19 June 2019, an American RQ-4 Global Hawk UAV was shot down by an Iranian surface-to-air missile while over the Strait of Hormuz. Iranian officials said the drone was shot down by a 3rd Khordad medium-range SAM system, which is part of the Raad family of air defense systems.

The following day Iran said the US drone had violated Iranian airspace, while the United States said that it had been in international airspace eighteen nautical miles (34 km) away from Iran.

See also
Mersad
Sayyad-2
Ya Zahra air defense system

Systems of comparable role, configuration and era
Buk

References

External links

Surface-to-air missiles of Iran
21st-century surface-to-air missiles
Post–Cold War weapons of Iran
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Fry Esprit VFII. The Fry Esprit VFII is a Swiss amateur-built aircraft, designed by Valentino Fry and produced by Fry Aircraft Design of Wilen bei Wollerau. The aircraft is supplied as plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Esprit VFII features a cantilever low-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is of carbon fibre composite construction. Its  span Burt Rutan-designed wing has an area of  and unidirectional carbon-fibre spars. The recommended engines are the  Walter Minor and the turbocharged  Lom Praha four-stroke powerplants. The Esprit has a cruise speed of .

Specifications (Esprit VFII)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
ARM System-on-Chip Architecture. ARM System-on-Chip Architecture is a book detailing the system on a chip ARM architecture, as a specific implementation of reduced instruction set computing. It was written by Steve Furber, who co-designed the ARM processor with Sophie Wilson.

The book's content covers the architecture, assembly language programming, support mechanisms for high-level programming languages, the instruction set and the building of operating systems. The Thumb instruction set is also covered in detail.

It has been cited in numerous academic papers, and has been recommended to those working in the development of embedded systems.

References 

2000 non-fiction books
ARM architecture
Computer books
Handbooks and manuals
System on a chip
TGCC. TGCC (Très Grand Centre de Calcul)  is a new "green infrastructure" for high computing performance, able to host petascale supercomputers at French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission.

This supercomputing center has been planned to welcome the first French Petascale machine Curie, funded by GENCI for the PRACE Research Infrastructure, and the next generation of the CCRT Computing Center.

References

Supercomputing