omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GWR 3206 Class. The 3206 or Barnum Class consisted of 20 locomotives built at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway in 1889, and was William Dean's most successful  design. Numbered 3206–3225, they were the last GWR locos built at Swindon with "sandwich" frames (outside frames consisting of timber between two sheets of steel).

Alterations
They underwent various alterations during their working lives, such as thicker tyres giving slightly larger wheels, the gradual adoption of cylinders with a  stroke, and larger diameter boilers of various sorts, as was usual at this period. Between 1910 and 1915, some of the class received taller chimneys resembling those of the Dean Singles.

Use
The Barnums were "express mixed traffic engines" and to start with worked from Swindon to Gloucester and South Wales, and to Weymouth. A few subsequently went to the Northern Division, but in the early 20th century most were at Bristol, Oxford, Swindon and Westbury. By the 1920s they were reduced to branch-line work, apart from a brief spell on the Cambrian main line, and all were withdrawn by early 1937.

References

3206
2-4-0 locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1889
Scrapped locomotives
GWR 3232 Class. The 3232 Class were 20  locomotives designed by William Dean and built at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway in 1892–93, were the GWR's last completely new 2-4-0 design. Their number series was 3232–3251.

Design
They resembled Dean's own 2201 Class and thus also Armstrong's 806 Class, though they had larger cylinders and a shorter wheelbase. All received Belpaire boilers in the course of the normal varied reboilerings.

Use
At the start of their careers these engines replaced their sister 2201s on Swindon-Weymouth trains, on South Wales expresses, and on fast North-to-West trains. Others were in the London and Reading areas, where others also moved when s displaced them from express working. A few went later to Machynlleth and Oswestry, where the last survivor was withdrawn in 1930.

References

3232
2-4-0 locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1892
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Rex Pierson. Reginald Kirshaw "Rex" Pierson CBE (9 February 1891 – 10 January 1948) was an English aircraft designer and chief designer at Vickers Limited later Vickers-Armstrongs Aircraft Ltd. He was responsible for the Vickers Vimy, a heavy bomber designed during World War I and the first aircraft to cross the Atlantic non-stop. He was the chief designer of the Vickers Wellington bomber of World War II.

Early life
Pierson was born on 9 February 1891 at Little Fransham, Norfolk, the son of the rector the Reverend Kirshaw T. Pierson and his wife Helen Mary. He was educated at the Felsted School in Essex.

Career

Vickers
Although his father wanted him to work in a bank, young Rex started an apprenticeship in 1908 with Vickers at Erith. As soon as the company started an aircraft section in 1911 he joined that part of the company and learned to fly. He gained Royal Aero Club Aviator's certificate number 660 on 14 October 1913 at Brooklands. By 1917 he was the chief aircraft designer at Vickers based in its Knightsbridge offices in London.

In 1917 he designed the twin-engined Vickers Vimy biplane heavy bomber which entered service with the Royal Air Force in 1919. A Vimy flown by John Alcock and Arthur Brown made the first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in June 1919. Among his many other designs were the Vickers Vespa which held the world altitude record in 1932 and the Vickers Wellesley which held the world long distance record in 1938.

Vickers Wellington
He was also chief designer of the Vickers Wellington twin-engined bomber, of which nearly 11,500 were built between 1936 and 1945. The Wellington, K4049, first flew on 15 June 1936 from Brooklands with Joseph Summers.

Post war
Postwar designs included the Viking, Valetta and Viscount. Pierson was promoted to chief engineer in 1946. His successor as chief designer was the  engineer and industrial leader Sir George Edwards.

Personal life
After a long illness Pierson died at his home in Cranleigh, Surrey on 10 January 1948 aged 56. His name and achievements are commemorated by an annual R K Pierson Lecture held by the Royal Aeronautical Society (Weybridge Branch) at Brooklands Museum, usually in November. The museum also displays a unique collection of aircraft produced by the Vickers design team led by Pierson and Edwards from 1917-60.

References

 Lynch, Brendan. Yesterday We Were in America - Alcock and Brown - First to fly the Atlantic non-stop. Yeovil, England: Haynes Publishing, 2009 

Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English aerospace engineers
English aviators
People educated at Felsted School
People from Breckland District
Vickers people
1891 births
1948 deaths
Cinder (programming library). Cinder is an open-source programming library designed to give the C++ language advanced visualization abilities. It was released as a public tool in spring 2010 and can be viewed in many ways as a C++-based alternative to tools like the Java-based Processing library, Microsoft Silverlight or Adobe Flash. It is also comparable to the C++ based openFrameworks; the main difference is that Cinder uses more system-specific libraries for better performance while openFrameworks affords better control over its underlying libraries.

Unlike Flash and Silverlight, Cinder is generally used in a non-browser environment. This, combined with the speed provided by C++, makes the library more appropriate for heavily abstracted projects, including art installations, commercial campaigns and other advanced animation work.

See also
 Processing (Java)
 openFrameworks (C++)

References

External links
 

C++ libraries
Software using the BSD license
Creative coding
GWR No. 36. GWR No. 36 was a prototype 4-6-0 steam locomotive constructed at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway in 1896, the first 4-6-0 ever built for the GWR and one of the first in Britain. It was designed by William Dean and le Fleming comments that "the design is unusual and entirely Dean of the later period, including the only large boiler ever built entirely to his ideas."

Design
No. 36 had double frames for the  coupled wheels and an outside-frame bogie with  wooden-centred wheels; cylinders were . The long boiler and raised round-topped firebox create a harmonious impression, and the loco acquired the nickname "The Crocodile". Among its innovative features included the use of Serve tubes.

Use
Designed for heavy freights from  to Swindon through the Severn Tunnel, it proved itself exceptionally capable, being able to haul trains that would otherwise be double-headed. It was probably due to Dean's declining state of health and Churchward's increasing influence that the loco did little work away from Swindon, remained a prototype, and was withdrawn by Churchward in 1905 with the low mileage of 171,428.

References

Sources

0036
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1896
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Unique locomotives

Freight locomotives
Gordon Lewis (engineer). Gordon Manns Lewis (24 June 1924 – 4 October 2010) was a British aeronautical engineer who made significant contributions to the arts and sciences of turbine engine design.

Early life
He was born in Cheltenham in 1924, the son of a clerk on the Great Western Railway.  He won a scholarship to Pembroke College, Oxford and graduated in Engineering Science in 1944.

Career

Bristol Engines
He joined the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1944 and was put to work on stress calculations of the Theseus engine.  In 1946 he was entrusted with the design of the Olympus engine, which performed flawlessly on its very first test bed run, largely as a result of the discipline that Gordon Lewis brought to its design. [See Pegasus The Heart of the Harrier, by Andrew Dow.]  The Olympus was later developed to power the Avro Vulcan, TSR-2 and Concorde.

He was given responsibility for compressor design generally, and among other projects worked on transonic compressors, this being well ahead of equivalent work in America. He also examined the virtues of two-spool engines with contra-rotating spools, and hypersonic designs.  In 1956 he was asked to comment upon the proposal made by Michel Wibault for a Vertical takeoff fighter powered by an engine of Wibault's conception, using vectored thrust.  Gordon Lewis simplified and lightened the design, incorporating axial compressors and pairs of rotatable nozzles for the cold and hot gas streams.  This was evolved into the BE53/2, later named the Pegasus. The master patents for this engine were in the names of Michel Wibault and Gordon Lewis. The Pegasus powered, successively, the Hawker P.1127, Kestrel, Harrier and Harrier II. It remains in service with the US Marine Corps.

Rolls-Royce
Gordon Lewis spent some years as Managing Director of Turbo-Union, which developed the Turbo-Union RB199 engine for the Panavia Tornado. His patented devices cover a forty-year span, and he remained active in many aspects of turbine engine work well into the 21st century.

Personal life
He died in Bristol on 4 October 2010.

References

1924 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Concorde
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Harrier Jump Jet
People educated at Pate's Grammar School
People from Cheltenham
Lewis
Roman Personov. Roman Ivanovich Personov (January 4, 1932 – January 17, 2002) was a Soviet and Russian scientist, professor, doctor, one of the founders of selective laser spectroscopy of complex molecules in solids (frozen solutions).

Professional Accomplishments 
Personov is credited with discovering site-selective spectroscopy in 1972

He was awarded the Humboldt Prize in 1998.

References 

Moscow State Pedagogical University alumni
Russian physical chemists
1932 births
2002 deaths
Spectroscopists
Stephan Matthai. Stephan Konrad Matthai (or Matthäi) is a German geologist and petroleum engineer. He is currently Professor of Reservoir Engineering at University of Melbourne. Previously he had the same position at the University of Leoben.

Stephan was born and grew up in Nehren, a small village close to Tübingen, Germany. He received his M.Sc. in geology from University of Tübingen, then went on to receive his Ph.D. in geology from Australian National University. 
Later, he was a postdoctoral research fellow at Cornell and Stanford University. From 1996 to 2000 he was employed at the ETH Zurich. From 2001 to 2008 he was Governor's Lecturer at Imperial College London. 
During his time at Cornell he originated CSMP++, a finite element-finite volume software to solve partial differential equations involved with fluid flow in porous media and fractures.
Matthai is an expert on multiphase fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs, reservoir characterization and discrete fracture-matrix systems.

References

External links
http://www.petroleumengineer.at/pe-people.html
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.matthai
http://www.ie.unimelb.edu.au/matthai/

20th-century German geologists
Petroleum engineers
Academics of Imperial College London
Australian National University alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
Cornell University fellows
Stanford University fellows
People from Tübingen (district)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Leoben
20th-century German engineers
21st-century German engineers
21st-century German geologists
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec. L'Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (Hydro-Québec Research Institute), known by its acronym IREQ ("Institut de recherche en électricité du Québec", Quebec Electricity Research Institute) is a research institute established in 1967 by government-owned utility Hydro-Québec. IREQ operates from Varennes, a town on the south shore of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. IREQ operates on an annual research budget of approximately $100 million and specializes in the areas of high voltage, mechanics and thermomechanics, network simulations and calibration.

In the last 20 years, the institute has also conducted research and development work towards the electrification of ground transportation. Current projects include battery advanced materials, including work on molten salts, lithium iron phosphate and nanotitanate, improved electric drive trains and the impacts of the large scale deployment of electric vehicles on the power grid. Projects focus on technologies to increase range, improve performance in cold weather and reduce charging time.

During the 1980s, IREQ built and operated the Tokamak de Varennes, a tokamak device and at that time Canada's largest scientific project. The system operated until 1997 and is now on exhibit at the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa.

See also 
 Hydro-Québec
 TM4 Electrodynamic systems
 Tokamak

References

External links 
 IREQ home page

Hydro-Québec
Research institutes in Canada
Energy research institutes
Engineering research institutes
Materials science institutes
Energy in Canada
Research institutes established in 1967
Starfighters Inc. Starfighters Inc is a civilian organization that uses F-104 Starfighters for contract testing and flight simulations.

History
Starfighters Inc, based in Clearwater, Florida, began as a private venture founded in 1995 to restore and fly three former Canadair CF-104 Starfighters at air shows across the United States and Canada. Initially their CF-104s consisted of a two-seat CF-104D Serial#:104632 (registered as ), and two single-seat CF-104s Serial#s: 104850 (registered as ) and 104759 (registered as ). The aircraft were originally operated with the Royal Canadian Air Force and all later served with the Royal Norwegian Air Force before being imported into the U.S. in the early 1990s. In recent years the company has cut back on air show appearances as they have transitioned to using their aircraft for government and private contract work, providing high-performance photo chase planes on flight tests, simulating enemy aircraft in military defense exercises, and modelling ballistic missiles for detection system evaluation. In summer 2011 the company acquired five additional aircraft.  The estimated cost of restoration of each of the five aircraft is $1 million. 

CEO & President of Starfighters is Rick Svetkoff.

Fleet
 CF-104D, ex-Canadian Armed Forces serial number 104632, registered as N104RB
 CF-104G, ex-Canadian Armed Forces serial number 104759, registered as N104RN
 CF-104G, ex-Canadian Armed Forces serial number 104850, registered as N104RD
 F-104B, ex-USAF serial number 56-1296, registered as N65354
 F-104S, ex-Italian Air Forces serial number MM6734, registered as N993SF
 TF-104G-M serial number 54251, registered as N990SF  
 TF-104G-M serial number 54258, registered as N991SF
 TF-104G-M serial number 54261, registered as N992SF

References

External links

 Starfighters, Inc Official
 Hi-res virtual tours of the Starfighter Aerospace fleet

American aerobatic teams
1995 establishments in Florida
Backshop. A backshop or back-shop is a specialized store or workshop found in service industries, such as locomotive and aircraft repair.  Most repairs are carried out in small workshops, except where an industrial service is needed.

In the military, backshops repair parts are known as shop-replaceable units (SRUs). These are commonly-stocked subassemblies of a larger system, such as circuit cards components of a line-replaceable unit (LRU), designed to be repaired at the field level. Repair at this level is known as field-level maintenance or intermediate-level (I-level) maintenance. 
Calibration and repair of United States Air Force test equipment is conducted at shops known as precision measurement equipment laboratories.

See also 
 Armory (military)
 Back office
 Railway workshop

References

Military aviation
Military maintenance
Workshops
Maintenance
Heat meter. A heat meter, thermal energy meter or energy meter is a device which measures thermal energy provided by a source or delivered to a sink, by measuring the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid and the change in its temperature (ΔT) between the outflow and return legs of the system. It is typically used in industrial plants for measuring boiler output and heat taken by process, and for district heating systems to measure the heat delivered to consumers.

It can be used to measure the heat output of say a heating boiler, or the cooling output from a chiller unit.

In Europe heat meters have to comply with the measuring instruments directive MID Annex VI MI-004 if the meters are used for custody transfer.

Elements
A heat meter consists of

 a fluid flow meter - typically a turbine-type flow meter, or alternatively an ultrasonic flow meter;
 a means of measuring the temperature between the outffow and the inflow - usually a pair of thermocouples;
 a means of integrating the two measurements over a period of time - typically half an hour - and accumulating the total heat transfer in a given period.

Heat Metering Technologies 
Superstatic:

Principle:   The main part of the flow passes through a Venturi nozzle in the pipe,  creating the differential pressure to bypass the other part of the flow   through the fluid oscillator. pressure oscillations are converted into an   electric signal by a piezo sensor and detected by the integrator

Approval Rating  Class 2 MID

Billing Approved  Yes

RHI Approved  Yes

Power Supply  Battery / Mains

Mechanical:

Principle:  A traditional pulsed mechanical water meter supplied with   a separate integrator for energy calculation

Approval Rating  Class 3 MID (due to the Class 3 rating on the mechanical meter)

Billing Approved  Not for non domestic

RHI Approved  Not for non domestic

Power Supply  Battery / Mains

Ultrasonic:

Principle:  working on the Doppler frequency sensors installed in upstream and   down stream  picking up flow and disturbance along the pipe and   compensated by a temperature sensor.

Approval Rating  Class 2 MID

Billing Approved  Yes

RHI Approved  Yes

Power Supply  Battery / Mains

UK Heat Meter Regulations

•For any non domestic application where the meter will be used for Billing (including sub metering) the meter must be MID Class 2 approved - Class 3 is not suitable.

•Class 3 meters can be used for domestic billing

•Heat meters used for non domestic RHI (Renewable Heat Incentive) must also comply with accuracy class 2 or better of the Measuring instrument directive(MID)

See also
District heating
Heat cost allocator
Heating system
Thermometer

References

Thermometers
Jeremy Gibbons. Jeremy Gibbons is a computer scientist and professor of computing at the University of Oxford. He serves as Deputy Director of the Software Engineering Programme in the Department of Computer Science, Governing Body Fellow at Kellogg College and Pro-Proctor of the University of Oxford.

Academic 
Professor Gibbons obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) (Hons) in computer science from the University of Edinburgh (1983–1987), and a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in Computation from the University of Oxford (1987–1991).

Before taking his current post, he was, first, lecturer in computer science, University of Auckland (1991–1996), next, lecturer and senior lecturer in computing, Oxford Brookes University (1996–1999), and then reader in software engineering at the University of Oxford.

His research activities include programming languages and methods; functional programming; generic programming; object technology; program specification, derivation and transformation.

His current projects include CancerGrid; Datatype-Generic Programming; Automatic Generation of Software Components; Workflow for Cancer Bioinformatics.

His publications cover generic programming, functional programming, formal methods, computational biology, bioinformatics, and Algorithm Design with Haskell co-authored with Richard Bird.

He is a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. Since 2009, he has been chairperson.

References

External links 
 , academic
 Patterns in Functional Programming – his blog

Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of Kellogg College, Oxford
British computer scientists
Living people
Academics of Oxford Brookes University
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Boroughmuir High School
Kodak High-Speed Infrared. Kodak High-Speed Infrared film, also known as Kodak HIE, was a popular black-and-white infrared photographic film from Kodak. The film was sensitive to the visible light spectrum (with decreased green sensitivity), infrared radiation up to 900nm in wavelength, and some ultraviolet radiation as well.

The prominent blooming or "glow" often seen in the highlights of infrared photographs is an artifact of HIE and not of infrared light itself (nor even of all IR-sensitive films). This is because conventional photographic films have an anti-halation layer that absorbs scattered light, while HIE lacks this backing. As a result, Kodak HIE (which also had a completely transparent base, whereas most films have slightly gray bases) had to be loaded and unloaded in total darkness. Light can enter the film through the tail protruding from a 35mm canister and without a gray base it will be piped into the film and expose it; without an anti-halation layer any light entering the substrate through the emulsion will be reflected back and forth inside the film, becoming diffuse as it travels and causing halation. Nonetheless, HIE was produced without a gray base and anti-halation layers so that sensitivity would be increased by allowing light to reflect back and forth, and because it was difficult to find any way of treating the film that would be effective at infrared wavelengths.

HIE featured a polyester film base that was very stable but susceptible to scratches, and therefore required extra care during development, processing and scanning.

Discontinuation
As of November 2, 2007, "Kodak is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved."
At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12 a roll at US mail order outlets.

Despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from Rollei and Ilford are still available, but have differing sensitivity and specifications from the long-established HIE.

References

High-Speed Infrared