omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Quantum materials. Quantum materials is an umbrella term in condensed matter physics that encompasses all materials whose essential properties cannot be described in terms of semiclassical particles and low-level quantum mechanics. These are materials that present strong electronic correlations or some type of electronic order, such as superconducting or magnetic orders, or materials whose electronic properties are linked to non-generic quantum effects – topological insulators, Dirac electron systems such as graphene, as well as systems whose collective properties are governed by genuinely quantum behavior, such as ultra-cold atoms, cold excitons, polaritons, and so forth. On the microscopic level, four fundamental degrees of freedom – that of charge, spin, orbit and lattice – become intertwined, resulting in complex electronic states; the concept of emergence is a common thread in the study of quantum materials. 

Quantum materials exhibit puzzling properties with no counterpart in the macroscopic world: quantum entanglement, quantum fluctuations, robust boundary states dependent on the topology of the materials' bulk wave functions, etc. Quantum anomalies such as the chiral magnetic effect link some quantum materials with processes in high-energy physics of quark-gluon plasmas.

History 
In 2012, Joseph Orenstein published an article in Physics Today about "ultrafast spectroscopy of quantum materials".  Orenstein stated, As a paradigmatic example, Orenstein refers to the breakdown of Landau Fermi liquid theory due to strong correlations.   The use of the term "quantum materials" has been extended and applied to other systems, such as topological insulators, and Dirac electron materials. The term has  gained momentum since the article "The rise of quantum materials" was published in Nature Physics in 2016. Quoting:

References 

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Quantum mechanics
Maria Helena Braga. Maria Helena Sousa Soares de Oliveira Braga is an associate professor at the Engineering Physics Department of University of Porto, Portugal. She is currently focused on research areas in Materials Science and Materials Engineering at University of Porto and University of Texas at Austin. She is credited with expanding the understanding of glass electrolyte and glass batteries with colleague John B. Goodenough. Braga is a senior research fellow in the Materials Institute headed by Goodenough.

Education 
Braga was Licentiate in physics at Porto University, Portugal in 1993 and received Doctor of Philosophy from Porto University, Portugal, in 1999.

Research 
Braga was Research Scholar and a Long Term Visiting Staff Member at Los Alamos National Laboratory (2008-2011). Braga is recognized for expanding our understanding of solid-glass electrolytes and glass-batteries. She has contributed research in light alloys, lead-free solders, and hydrogen storage materials. Her work with glass electrolytes was recognized by Goodenough as important, and she was persuaded to join his group to further this research.

Glass-amorphous solid electrolytes in the form of Ba-doped Li-glass and Ba-doped Na-glass are proposed by Braga as a solution to problems identified with organic liquid electrolytes used in modern lithium-ion battery cells. Sodium is easier to obtain and more environmentally friendly than lithium, and the glass electrolyte eliminates the possibility of short circuit. Batteries based on this new design may store three times as much energy as comparable Li-ion cells. In addition, designs based upon Bragas research improve the existing limitation of 500 charge cycles in Li-ion to over 1200 charge cycles and over a wider temperature range.

Braga and colleagues at Materials for Energy Research Group in University of Porto host research projects related to glass electrolyte, magnetic refrigerators, catalyst for fuel cell reactions, and other advanced materials research.

Braga has submitted an application for a patent on a solid-carbon sodium ion based device for energy storage applications.

References

External links 
 Materials for Energy Research Group

Academic staff of the University of Porto
University of Porto alumni
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Oberrödinghauser Hammer. The Oberrödinghauser Hammer is an industrial cultural monument in the village of Oberrödinghausen in the borough of Menden in the Sauerland region of Germany. The hammer mill is on the B 515 federal road opposite the potash processing plant of Rheinkalk.

The Alte Hammer ("Old Hammer Mill") was recorded as early as 1751. It was founded by Max Theodor von Dücker and was part of the Rödinghausen Ironworks (Rödinghauser Eisenfabrik). Its primary products were fire grates and ploughshares. Until it finally closed in 1955 it had been used by the Rhenish-Westphalian Potash Works (Rheinisch-Westfälische Kalkwerke) as a forge.

Formerly two water wheels drove a 70-kilogramme tilt hammer and a 300-kilogramme stave hammer (Stabhammer). The necessary water came from the Oberrödinghausen spring of Hüttenspring and was impounded in a hammer pond.

References 

Culture of North Rhine-Westphalia
Hammer mills of Germany
Menden (Sauerland)
Sikorsky S-17. The Sikorsky S-17 was a Russian single engine aircraft built at the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works in Petrograd while Igor Sikorsky was the chief engineer of the aircraft manufacturing division.

Design and development
The S-17 was a two seat reconnaissance biplane based on the S-10 and powered by a Sunbeam Crusader V-8 water-cooled engine rated at .

Specifications

References

S-15
Biplanes
S-15
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Electrician (disambiguation). An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring.

Electrician may also refer to:

 Electrician (theatre), a theatre worker that handles various aspects of lighting
 Electrician (video game), a 1984 platform game for the Atari
 The Electrician, a defunct scientific journal
 "The Electrician" (song), a 1978 song by Scott Walker
 An executioner who executes people using the electric chair
 "The Electrician", a character in the Firesign Theatre's album The Tale of the Giant Rat of Sumatra
 Mohiyedine Sharif, a bombmaker called "the Electrician"
Synack. Synack is an American technology company based in Redwood City, California, United States. The company uses a crowdsourced network of white-hat hackers to find exploitable vulnerabilities and a SaaS platform enabled by AI and machine learning to identify these vulnerabilities. Customers include government agencies and businesses in retail, healthcare, and the manufacturing industry.

Overview 
Established in 2013 by former NSA agents Jay Kaplan and Mark Kuhr, Synack employs a network of freelance security analysts, or hackers, in over 80 countries to identify and address vulnerability and security issues.

By April 11, 2017, Synack had 100 employees as well as a growing network of freelance hackers.

In 2018, Synack worked with the US Department of Defense to strengthen the Hack the Pentagon initiative, by vetting ethical hackers for continual assessment of defense websites, hardware, and physical systems. In June 2020, the company partnered with DARPA to check for data leakage and buffer errors in their new security prototype developed through the System Security Integration Through Hardware (SSITH) program. In July 2020, the Colorado secretary of state's office partnered with Synack to conduct penetration tests of its election systems ahead of the presidential vote.

Funding 
Synack is funded by 16 investors. In April 2014, the company announced it had secured Series A funding from Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers, Google Ventures, Allegis Capital, and Derek Smith of Shape Security. In February 2015, the company raised US$25 million in Series B funding.

In April 2017, it raised $21M from Microsoft Ventures, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and Singtel and prior investors.

Recognition 
CNBC named Synack a "CNBC Disruptor" company four times in a row, from 2015 to 2019. In 2019, the company was once again named among CNBC Disruptor 50 for its Innovative Crowdsourced Security Platform.  According to Bloomberg, Synack is "the most trusted crowdsourced penetration testing platform." 

In 2020, the company was featured in America's Most Promising Artificial Intelligence Companies list by Forbes magazine and was also named in Gartner’s Top 25 Enterprise Software Startups.

See also
Security hacker

References

External links
synack.com

2013 establishments in California
American companies established in 2013
Security companies of the United States
Computer security companies
Companies based in Menlo Park, California
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Polyferrocenes. Polyferrocenes are polymers containing ferrocene units. Ferrocene offers many advantages over pure hydrocarbons when used as a building block of macromolecular chemistry. The variety of possible substitutions at the ferrocene parent body results in a multitude of accessible polymers with interesting electronic and photonic properties. Many polyferrocenes are relatively easily accessible. Poly(1,1'-ferrocene-silane) can be prepared by ring-opening polymerization and has a variety of interesting properties, such as a high refractive index or semiconductor properties. Ring-opening polymerization usually leads to polymers containing ferrocene in the backbone. Besides the latter motif, ferrocene can be attached to the backbone as pendant unit as well.

Potential applications 
Polyferrocenes currently have no commercial applications, despite being the subject of research for nearly 50 years.  Polyvinylferrocene gives electroactive films that have been investigated as glucose sensors.

Coatings 
Satellites charge themselves by the bombardment with charged particles of the solar wind. Charging can lead to an arc discharge which can impair the function of the satellite due to magnetic disturbances and material failure. To avoid these impairments, coatings of electrically weak or non-conductive plastic components of thin films of poly(1,1'-ferrocen-silane) were examined. These carry off the charge generated by the irradiation and thus could protect the satellite from overloads.

Polymers with high refractive index 
Polyferroccenes have attracted interest as high-refractive-index polymers, such as in antireflection coatings or for light-emitting diodes. Poly(1,1'-ferrocene-silane)e, poly(1,1'-ferrocene-phosphane) and polyferrocenes with phenyl side chains are polymers with unusually high refractive index, with values in the refractive index of up to 1.74. These polyferrocenes show good film-forming ability.

Plasma-assisted reactive ion etching  
Poly(ferrocene-dimethylsilane)s (PFS) are promising as barrier materials in plasma-assisted reactive ion etching. Due to the presence of iron and silicon in the main chain, the polymer proved to be relatively stable compared to purely organic polymers. During the etching, a thin iron and silicon-containing oxide layer was formed on the surface of the poly(ferrocene-dimethylsilane).

Further reading 
 
 Jürgen Falbe, Manfred Regitz (Hrsg.): Römpp-Lexikon Chemie, 9th edition, Bd.5, PI-S, 1999, , p. 3449-3455.

References

External links

Ferrocenes
Iron compounds
Polymers
Hattie Scott Peterson. Hattie T. Scott Peterson (1913–1993) is believed to be the first African-American woman to gain a bachelor's degree in civil engineering.

Biography

Hattie Scott was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on October 11, 1913. Her parents were Hattie (Williams), a waitress and servant, and Uzeil Scott, a local mill foreman. Her parents had seemingly secured financial stability since they owned the house they lived in. Hattie was married to William Bright Jr. for 6 years from 1934 to 1940, when they divorced. She worked in the U.S. Government Accounting Office helping to audit government contracts during World War II. After beginning classes at Howard University, she met Donald Charles Peterson, who she married in 1943.

Hattie attended Abraham Lincoln School as well as Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk. After working for the Government Accounting Office for a while, she enrolled at Howard University. In 1946, Peterson graduated from Howard University with a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, in doing so, she became the first African American woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States. Hattie mentioned that if she was unable to find work, she would further her education. However, after moving to Sacramento, California in 1947, Peterson began working as a survey and cartographic engineer for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

Peterson joined the local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1954, making her the first female engineer to work for USACE. Peterson's work was focused on flood risk reduction, but she also advocated for engineering as a profession for women and women's rights as a whole.

Peterson was a member of the National Technical Association, the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), and the Unitarian Church. She was also a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. She died on April 10, 1993, in Sacramento. Upon her death, Mrs. Peterson left an endowment for scholarships to help future engineers at Howard University.

Honor

In addition to the scholarships in her honor, the Sacramento district of the USACE grants a Hattie Peterson Inspirational Award annually in her honor: "The purpose of the Hattie Peterson Award is to recognize the Sacramento District individual whose actions best exemplify the highest qualities of personal and professional perseverance through social challenges."

References

1913 births
1993 deaths
African-American women engineers
20th-century American women engineers
African-American engineers
Howard University alumni
American civil engineers
United States Geological Survey personnel
20th-century American engineers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
Alpha Kappa Alpha members
Engineers from Virginia
People from Virginia
Eisenhammer Weida. The Eisenhammer Weida ("Weida Iron Hammer Mill") is the oldest, working hammer mill in the German state of Thuringia. The iron hammer works lies on the River Auma in the village of Liebsdorf in the borough of Weida, just below the Auma Dam.

History 
In 1770 the first attempts took place to erect a hammer works on this site. The iron hammer forge was built using an available weir which was being used to irrigate the sheep pastures of Liebsdorf. In order to make better use of the water power, the building was dug into the earth, rather like a cellar. This enabled a drop of 2.70 metres for the two overshot wheels.

In earlier times, the mill made tools and components for other mills, as well as hammers, wagon parts, metal tyres, fittings, anvils, surface plates, wagon axles and – usually in summer when the water level was low – horseshoe nails.

The bell clappers made here were well known far beyond Weida; several are supposed to have weighed four hundredweight. These clappers may be found today in Naumburg Cathedral, Erfurt Cathedral, in Magdeburg, in Cologne and even in the Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem.

The operation was closed in 1921.

Today 
In 1990 work began on renovating the technical monument. With the aid of monument conservation the following work was carried out: renewal of the roofing and roof truss, restoration of the mill ditch and rebuilding of two weirs as well as the restoration of the east wall.

These renovation measures were carried out under the supervision of an architect, a statistician and a geologist. In 1990 the hammer mill was sold to a private buyer.

Literature 
 B. Gunkel, E.-J. Müller: 800 Jahre Stadt Weida: 1209–2009. Festschrift. Wüst, 2009, 160 pages

Weida
History of Thuringia
Greiz (district)
Ashley Reservoir. Ashley Reservoiris a reservoir in Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States. A Class II hazard reservoir, it is the secondary drinking supply for the city of Holyoke. The reservoir, consisting of Wright Pond and Ashley Pond, has an impound capacity of more than  of water and a safe yield of  of water per day.

The reservoir's construction finished and it became fully operational in 1897. Ashley Reservoir is connected to a smaller reservoir McLean Reservoir, named after Holyoke Water Works Commissioner Hugh McLean, through a water-pumping plant that is operated by the Holyoke Water Works. The reservoir has a surrounding gravel road open to civilian recreational use.

Ecology
The reservoir is home to populations of bears, deer, geese, ducks, beavers, and many other animal species. Maple, oak and red and white pine line the uplands, with red osier, alder, buttonbush and other wetlands shrubs closer to the water. Sunfish and milfoil can be seen underwater.

Watershed public access and recreation

In order to protect the water supply from the threats from unrestricted motorized vehicle use, most areas around the reservoir are publicly accessible only by foot, with limited parking available at some of the surrounding gates.

Fishing is not allowed in the reservoir to protect against aquatic invasive species.

Regulations designed to ensure pure water include the prohibiting of dogs, horseback riding, camping, smoking, sledding, and motorcycle riding. Pedestrians are allowed on the paths and roads around the reservoir but the scenic expanse that contains a drinking water supply limits activities.

References

External links

FEMA 2013 City of Holyoke Flood Map 
Tighe-Carmody Reservoir 
Whiting Street Reservoir 

Reservoirs in Massachusetts
Geography of Holyoke, Massachusetts
1873 establishments in Massachusetts
Neville Hogan. Neville Hogan is an Irish-American engineer currently the Sun Jae Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and holds honorary doctorates from Delft University of Technology and Dublin Institute of Technology. Hogan’s research is broad and multi-disciplinary, extending from biology to engineering—he has made significant contributions to motor neuroscience, rehabilitation engineering and robotics—but his focus converges on an emerging class of machines designed to cooperate physically with humans. His work pioneered the creation of robots sufficiently gentle to provide physiotherapy to frail and elderly patients recovering from neurological injury such as stroke, a novel therapy that has already proven its clinical significance.

Education

Hogan graduated in 1970 from the Dublin Institute of Technology with a Bachelors of Engineering. In 1977 he earned a P.h.D from MIT.

Awards and honors
He received the Rufus Oldenburger Medal in 2009 and in 2021 received the Pioneer in Robotics and Automation Award, IEEE Robotics and Automation Society. Additional awards he has won are the following: 

 2018 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS) Academic Career Achievement Award
 2020 St. Patrick's Day Medal for Academia, Science Foundation Ireland
 2008 Henry M. Paynter Outstanding Investigator Award, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems and Control Division

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American neuroscientists
Irish neuroscientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. The IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) is the flagship meeting of the IEEE Information Theory Society. Every year and during the course of a week, researchers in the field of information theory gather to share their work in a series of presentations. The main event of the symposium is the Shannon Lecture, which is given by the recipient of the prestigious Claude E. Shannon Award of the year; the year's awardee was revealed during the previous ISIT.

History 
The first meeting took place in 1950, although back then it was only called "Information Theory". Claude Shannon was a major participant; he had published his seminal work A Mathematical Theory of Communication only two years before this meeting.

The symposium was held sporadically in the beginning and it has become a yearly event only after the turn of the millennium.

Conferences

References 

IEEE conferences
List of things named after Nikola Tesla. This article is a list of things named after the Serbian engineer and inventor Nikola Tesla.

Science and engineering
 Tesla Experimental Station
 Tesla tower
 Tesla coil
 Singing Tesla coil 
 Tesla's oscillator
 Tesla turbine
 Tesla valve
 Tesla's Egg of Columbus
 Tesla (unit), an SI-derived unit for magnetic inductivity

Astronomical bodies
 Tesla, a 26 kilometer-wide crater on the far side of the Moon
 2244 Tesla, a minor planet

Other

Awards
 The Nikola Tesla Award
 Nikola Tesla Satellite Award

Biographical works
 My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
 Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla
 Tesla - Lightning in His Hand
 The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
 The Secret of Nikola Tesla

Museums
 Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade (since 1952)
 Nikola Tesla Memorial Center in Smiljan (since 1956)
 Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe (since 2013)
 Nikola Tesla Technical Museum in Zagreb (since 2015)

Enterprises and organizations
 Tesla, an electrotechnical conglomerate in former Czechoslovakia
 Tesla, Inc, an American electric car manufacturer
 Nikola Motor Company, an American hybrid truck design company
 Ericsson Nikola Tesla, Croatian affiliate of the Swedish telecommunications equipment manufacturer Ericsson
 Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
 Societies:
 Tesla Memorial Society (founded 1979), originally Lackawanna, New York, currently Ridgewood, Queens, New York
 International Tesla Society (founded 1984), Colorado Springs
 Nikola Tesla Science Development Association, Novi Sad, Serbia
 Native Association of Krajišniks "Nikola Tesla", Plandište, Serbia
 Tesla Savings Bank, Zagreb, Croatia

Holidays and events
 Tesla Fest, Novi Sad, Serbia
 National Day of Science in Serbia, July 10
 Nikola Tesla Day in Croatia, 10 July
 Day of Nikola Tesla, Association of Teachers in Vojvodina, 4–10 July.
 Day of Nikola Tesla, Niagara Falls, 10 July.
 Nikola Tesla annual electric vehicle rally in Croatia

Music
See: Nikola Tesla in popular culture

Places

 Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG)
 TPP Nikola Tesla, the largest power plant in Serbia
 128 streets in Croatia had been named after Nikola Tesla as of November 2008, making him the eighth most common street name origin in the country.
 Nikola Tesla Boulevard, a portion of Burlington Street in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 Tesla Terrace, Madison, Wisconsin USA, the block running from North Rosa Road to North Kenosha Drive on the west side of Madison was long misspelled Telsa Terrace due to a sign-painting error in the 1940s or 1950s. The street's name was corrected to Tesla Terrace in 1987, after a class of Michigan third-graders mounted a letter-writing campaign in support of the change.

Schools
Tesla STEM High School created in 2012 in Redmond, Washington as a choice school with a focus on STEM subjects. The name was chosen by a student vote.

See also
 Tesla (microarchitecture)
 Nvidia Tesla
 Nikola Tesla in popular culture

References

Tesla
Nikola Tesla
AN/SQR-17. AN/SQR-17 is a passive submarine detection system developed by Diagnostic/Retrieval Systems, Inc (now Leonardo S.p.A.) for the US Navy and is still used today. It is a four channel low frequency spectrum analyzer that processes analog sonobuoy audio via a receiver linked to a Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter. It at one time was deployed on more ships than any other passive sonar system.

References

See Also

List of military electronics of the United States

Military sonar equipment of the United States
Military electronics of the United States