omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Soviet computing technology smuggling. Soviet computing technology smuggling, both attempted and actual, was a response to CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) restrictions on technology transfer.

History

Mainframe successes
Initially the Soviet Union focused on mainframe computing technology, particularly the IBM 360 and 370. Between 1967 and 1972 much effort went into reverse engineering what they "acquired." Their first IBM-like machine was based on a 360/40 smuggled in via Poland. The second Soviet-built machine was from a 370/145. Their focus subsequently shifted to super-minicomputers. Failure in 1983 to import a VAX-11/782 did not stop their efforts. "Reverse-engineered and copied Apple IIe parts" brought microcomputers to the Soviet Union; it also brought computer viruses too. IBM PC compatible computers were also smuggled in.

Production of Iron Curtain mainframes, at one point, was estimated to be 180 per year.

VAX failures
The failure of the Soviets to acquire a VAX-11/782, a dual-processor variation of the VAX-11/780, the original VAX, unraveled much of their smuggling system. U. S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger made a public display of the system, about which The Washington Post headlined "Seized Computer Put on Display" in later 1983. The computer had been exported from the United States to South Africa, from which it was to clandestinely be reshipped; it was seized "moments before its scheduled shipment to the Soviet Union." Weinberger stated at a news conference that the VAX was intended for assisting production of "vastly more accurate . . . and more destructive weapons."

Like the 360/40, the smuggling process involved multiple shipments. The 360 had been disassembled and placed in a large number of suitcases. A smaller number of "huge containers of parts" held the 782. The latter's route involved transhipping, some more than half via Sweden, others via West Germany. A U.S. official describe potential "military uses, including the operation of a missile guidance system."

The exact configuration was not released even by over a year later: APnews, which noted that the smuggling operation
was spread across ten countries, cited $1.1 million as the system's price The Los Angeles Times described the same system's price as $1.5 million. The New York Times wrote "between $1.5 and $2 million."

Another VAX-smuggling attempt, five years later, involved a VAX 8800; this too ended in a failure. This time also, the computer involved was a dual-processor system. American government wiretapping revealed that some of the parties involved considered even settling for a VAX 8700, a uni-processor system.

See also
 Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal

References

Further reading
 Technobandits, by Linda Melvern, David Hebditch, and Nick Anning

History of computing hardware
History of international relations
EMD BL20-2. The EMD BL20-2 is a model of diesel electric locomotive produced by Electro-Motive Diesel in 1992. The locomotives were designed as rebuilds of the EMD GP9 with the addition of new technology, including an alternator and electronics equivalent to those of the Dash 2 line of locomotives. Despite the BL prefix, these locomotives were unrelated to the earlier EMD BL2.

EMD produced three BL20-2 demonstrators numbered 120–122, but no customers could be found for the model, which was competing in a saturated rebuilt locomotive market. The three demonstrators remain in service as part of a locomotive leasing company run by GATX and EMD's leasing division.

References

B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Electro-Motive Division locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1992
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
CodeMonkey (software). CodeMonkey is an educational computer coding environment that allows beginners to learn computer programming concepts and languages. CodeMonkey is intended for students ages 6–14. Students learn text-based coding on languages like  Python, Blockly and CoffeeScript, as well as learning the fundamentals of computer science and math.
The software was first released in 2014, and was originally developed by Jonathan Schor, Ido Schor and Yishai Pinchover, supported by the Center for Educational Technology in Israel.

Development history
CodeMonkey software program in form of a game for children was developed by three software engineers from Haifa, Israel: the brothers Jonathan and Ido Schor and Yishai Pinchover. The trio set up a start-up company CodeMonkey Studios Ltd., supported by the Center for Educational Technology. The game was launched in May 2014 and is currently available in 23 languages. The company has offices in Israel and USA. Since 2014, CodeMonkey launched several additional programming tools in form of games including Coding Adventure, Game Builder, Dodo Does Math, Banana Tales, CodeMonkey Jr. and Beaver Achiever. In 2018, the software company was acquired by TAL Education Group, a Chinese holding company, but remained active as its independent subsidiary also retaining its software development team.
In June 2020, CodeMonkey joined UNESCO distance learning initiative and offered free courses for all schools that were forced to close during the Covid-19 lockdown.

Overview and functionality
The game does not require prior programming experience and is intended for children from the age of 6. It allows the user to make their first steps in programming but also progresses to more advanced topics. The teaching method is experiential, in accordance with the principles of Game-based learning: the children control the figures of animals and direct them to collect bananas, overcoming various obstacles. One of the salient features of the game is that it requires writing actual textual code, as opposed to games that work in a method that represents commands using graphical blocks.

Supported language
The programming languages are Python and CoffeeScript, chosen mostly due to a friendly syntax. Some games like CodeMonkey Jr. and Beaver Achiever rely on block-based coding using Blockly.

Integration of the game in schools
The games are intended for individual use and for educational classrooms and have been selectively applied by schools and school centers in several countries including Israel, United States, UK, China, India and Bhutan, among others.   CodeMonkey was also integrated in the Israeli Cyber Championship for Elementary Schools (Skillz Olympics) and a high school software program also called Skillz, where CodeMonkey games are a part of coding competition for young students.

See also
 Educational programming language

References

 
Computer science education
Educational programming languages
Pedagogic integrated development environments
Satoshi Fujii. Satoshi Fujii (藤井聡, Fujii Satoshi) is a Japanese civil engineer, economist and social critic, who served as a special advisor to the Abe cabinet until his voluntary Retirement. He is Professor of civil engineering at Kyoto University and the editor-in-chief of Hyogensha Criterion, an academic journal in Japan.

Fujii defends nationalism, public works, and modern monetary theory, and is opposed to excessive globalization and neoliberalism. He is a proponent of pragmatism and conservatism. He, along with Takeshi Nakano, has spread MMT to Japan from a conservative standpoint.

Biography 
Born in Ikoma, Nara. Received his Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctor's degrees in civil engineering from Kyoto University. After working at Kyoto University and the University of Gothenburg, he became an associate professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology and then a professor. He became a professor at Kyoto University in 2009. He was a visiting professor at Karlstad University in 2018. 

Fujii was selected as a special advisor of "New Deal for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation" to the Abe Cabinet in 2012. However, he opposed the consumption tax hike in 2017 and resigned.

Conflict with Ishin Party 
Fujii is one of the main critics of the Ishin Party, founded by Toru Hashimoto. Fujii is extremely negative about the Osaka Metropolis Plan (大阪都構想, an idea of an Osaka metropolitan government, which would eliminate the dual administration and promote privatization).

References

External links 
 
 
 

1968 births
Japanese civil engineers
Japanese economists
Modern monetary theory scholars
Living people
People from Nara Prefecture
Academic staff of Tokyo Institute of Technology
Kyoto University alumni
Opposition to neoliberalism
Cyclosiloxane. Cyclosiloxanes are a class of silicone material. They are volatile and often used as a solvent. The three main commercial varies are octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6). They evaporate and degrade in air under sunlight.

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4)

The octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane silicone liquid has no odor and consists of four repeating units of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a closed loop giving it a circular structure. Each silicon atom has two methyl groups attached (CH3).

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane silicone liquid has no odor and consists of five repeating units of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a closed loop giving it a circular structure. Each silicon atom has two methyl groups attached (CH3). Typically it is used as an ingredient in antiperspirant, skin cream, sun protection lotion and make-up. With a low surface tension of 18 mN/m this material has good spreading properties.

Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6)
The dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane silicone liquid has no odor and consists of six repeating units of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a closed loop giving it a circular structure. Each silicon atom has two methyl groups attached (CH3).
CASRN: 540-97-6. D6 is also contained under the CAS No. (69430-24-6 ) which is associated with the names cyclopolydimethylsiloxane, cyclopolydimethylsiloxane (DX), cyclosiloxanes di-Me, dimethylcyclopolysiloxane, polydimethyl siloxy cyclics, polydimethylcyclosiloxane, cyclomethicone and mixed cyclosiloxane.

See also
 Polydimethylsiloxane
 Cyclomethicone
 Siloxane and other organosilicon compounds

Literature 
 Cyclosiloxanes (pdf-file), Materials for the December 4-5, 2008 Meeting of the California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (CECBP) Scientific Guidance Panel (SGP)

References

Silicones
Chemistry
Solvents
Materials
Cecil Arthur Butler. Cecil Arthur Butler (1902 - 1980) was an Australian businessman who established Butler Air Transport Co.

Buttler was born in Warwickshire, England, and migrated to Australia  with his family in about 1910.  In 1917 he was apprenticed to become a tool, jig and gauge maker at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory. In 1921 he transferred to the Australian Aircraft & Engineering Co. Ltd at Mascot, Sydney. In 1923 he obtained his ground engineer's licence, in 1927,  his pilot's licence.

In 1930 he designed, built and tested a small, all-metal, high-winged monoplane. In 1931, he piloted a Comper Swift from England to Australia in the record time of 9 days, 1 hours and 40 minutes.  In 1934 with the financial help of his wife's uncle, P. S. Garling,  he won the tender for the Charleville (Queensland) to Cootamundra (New South Wales) leg of the England-Australia airmail route, servicing the route with DH.84 Dragon aircraft. Four years later, with the successful completion of the contract, his company, Butler Air Transport Co. continued as a civil airline, serving centres in New South Wales and Queensland. The airline later became Airlines of New South Wales.

In 1958 he became an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

Gallery

Publications

See also 
Butler Air Transport for the story of the civil airline he founded and managed.

References 

1902 births
1980 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Australian aviation record holders
Airline founders
Australian company founders
IPK (disambiguation). IPK may refer to:

 International Prototype of the Kilogram, an object that was used to define the kilogram
 IPK Acrylic-polyvinyl chloride, a plastic material
 Inositol polyphosphate kinase, a family of enzymes 
 Iñupiaq language of Alaska and Northwest Territories (ISO 639-3 code: ipk)
 Iisalmen Peli-Karhut, an ice hockey team in Finland
Nano Memory. Nano Memory (NM) is a proprietary memory card format developed by Huawei in 2018.

NM cards are the same size as a nano SIM card, so they can be used in the same slots as nano SIMs. They are smaller than micro SD cards, freeing up space and reducing weight in smartphone designs.

NM cards utilize the eMMC 4.5 protocol and operate with read speeds of 90 MB/second.

As of 2021, the cards were only supported by Huawei phones, however they are also manufactured by Lexar. Available sizes are 64 GB, 128 GB, 256 GB, and 512 GB. They are more expensive than SD cards.

Devices with Nano Memory support 
As on February 2025, the following devices support Nano Memory cards:

 Huawei Mate 20/Pro/RS/X/X (5G)
 Huawei Mate 30 Series
 Huawei Mate 40 Series
 Huawei Mate 50 Series
 Huawei Mate 60 Series
 Huawei MatePad Pro
 Huawei MatePad Pro (2021)
 Huawei Nova 5/Pro/5i/5i Pro/5z
 Huawei Nova 6 SE
 Huawei Nova 7 SE 5G/SE 5G Youth/7i
 Huawei P30/Pro/Pro New Edition
 Huawei P40/4G/Pro/Pro+/lite/lite 5G
 Huawei P50 Series
 Huawei P60 Series

References

2018 in computing
Computer-related introductions in 2018
Huawei
Solid-state computer storage media
List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army. Engineer Regiments were a key aspect of the Union army during the American Civil War. The duties engineer regiments during the American Civil War included destroying and building transportation networks, erecting defensive and offensive emplacements, and providing situational intelligence. Though federally organized engineer units existed, the vast majority of engineer units and regiments, were volunteers from civilian engineering fields. Within the Union army, there were 12 engineering regiments, of which, 11 regiments were volunteer regiments. Notable engineer regiments include the decorated 1st New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment and the 1st Regiment of Louisiana Engineers (an all African-American regiment).

See also 
List of New York Civil War regiments
1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
1st New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment

Notes

References 

Engineer units and formations of the Union army
Freedman-Burnham Engineering Corporation. The Freedman-Burnham Engineering Corporation was a manufacturer of light aircraft propellers located in Cincinnati, Ohio.

History 
The Freedman-Burnham Engineering Corporation was founded in 1937 after Gordon L. Freedman, a student at Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana went into business with his professor, Walter E. Burnham. Their new product debuted at the Chicago Air Show in 1937. The company was originally located in Detroit, Michigan, but later moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1938.

After moving to the city, it set up shop on the third floor of the Daylight Building at 659 East Sixth Street. However, in 1941 the company moved to the fifth floor due to the need for additional space to accommodate increased production.

Burnham left the company in 1944 and went to work for the Beech Aircraft Corporation. Following his departure, the company's assets were sold at auction in 1946. It moved to Michigan that same year.

Products 
Its propellers were somewhat unusual in that they were both wood and adjustable pitch. Wood was chosen over metal as the latter was seen to be too heavy and too expensive. By 1943, it was producing propeller blades from plastic impregnated wood manufactured by the Formica Insulation Company.

References

External links 
 Freedman Burnham Aircraft Corporation Collection – NotPlaneJane.com
 Propeller – United States Patent and Trademark Office
 Walter E. Burnham Papers – Wichita State University

Aircraft propeller manufacturers
Aviation in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
Cao Yaofeng. Cao Yaofeng (; born 12 December 1953) is a Chinese business executive who served as deputy general manager of China Petrochemical Corporation from 2005 to 2014. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is one of the main pioneers of large-scale safety and environmental protection development of ultra deep and high acid gas reservoirs in China. As of September 2021 he was under investigation by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

Biography 
Cao was born in Weinan, Shaanxi, on 12 December 1953. He entered the workforce in December 1969, and joined the Chinese Communist Party in February 1976. In 1977, he graduated from East China Petroleum Institute (now China University of Petroleum), majoring in mining machine.

Beginning in December 1969, he served in several posts in Shengli Oil Field, including worker, deputy chief engineer (1990–1997), general manager (2001–2002), and chairman (2002–2004). In October 2004, he was appointed general manager assistant of China Petrochemical Corporation, one year later, he rose to become deputy general manager, serving in the post until his retirement in July 2014.

Downfall 
On 1 September 2021, he was placed under investigation for "serious violations of laws and regulations" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China.

Honors and awards 
 2012 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special Prize)
 2013 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References 

1953 births
Living people
People from Weinan
Engineers from Shaanxi
China University of Petroleum alumni
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Businesspeople from Shaanxi
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Voisin Laboratoire. The Voisin Laboratoire was a racing car designed by Gabriel Voisin, who made airplanes before the First World War.

Voisin Laboratoire is highlighted in various magazines and news outlets including French magazines Causeur and Challenges. In 1995, The Washington Post highlighted Voisin Laboratoire as "...the Voisin Laboratoire of 1923 has the excited but dated feel of a Futurist manifesto".

See also
 Voisin Type C6
 Voisin (aircraft)
 Avions Voisin

References

Car brands
French brands
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars powered by Knight engines
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Car manufacturers of France
Cars introduced in 1924
Zhou Mengbo. Zhou Mengbo (; born February 1965) is a Chinese business executive who served as deputy party secretary of China Railway Engineering Corporation between 2018 and 2019. Previously he was vice chairman from 2007 to 2018 and deputy general manager from 2006 to 2007. He is also a professor-level senior engineer. He absconded from China in May 2019 and arrested overseas and sent back in August 2021.

Biography 
Born in February 1965, he graduated from PLA Railway Corps Engineering College and Shijiazhuang Tiedao University. 

In July 1985, he joined the China Railway Group Limited. He was appointed director of China Railway Bridge Bureau Group Co., Ltd., in August 2000, becoming chairman and general manager in April 2001. In September 2006, he was appointed deputy general manager of China Railway Engineering General Corporation (now China Railway Engineering Corporation). After this office was terminated in September 2007, he was elevated to vice chairman. In March 2018, he was appointed Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary, serving in the post until his resignation in May 2019.

Downfall 
In May 2019, Zhou absconded abroad, and was caught by the International Office of Fleeing and Recovery of the Central Anti Corruption Coordination Group, Ministry of Public Security, and Henan Provincial Supervision Commission, cooperating with a foreign law enforcement agency.

See also 

 Operation Fox Hunt

References 

1965 births
Living people
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Galactic 01. Galactic 01, previously referred to as Unity 23, was a sub-orbital spaceflight of the SpaceShipTwo-class VSS Unity which launched on 29 June 2023. The launch was the first commercial spaceflight for Virgin Galactic.
A research mission for the Italian Air Force, the crew consisted of pilots Michael Masucci and Nicola Pecile as well as crew members Colin Bennett, Walter Villadei, Angelo Landolfi, and Pantaleone Carlucci (National Research Council of Italy – CNR). The flight was postponed from its original planned October 2021 flight date for Virgin Galactic to upgrade its SpaceShipTwo vehicles.

During the flight, Villadei wore a suit to measure biometric data and his physiological responses to spaceflight. Landolfi carried out experiments on the effects of microgravity on cognitive performance, along with its effects on how materials mix. Carlucci's heart rate and other metrics were monitored through sensors during the flight.

Crew 

Usually, every crew on a space mission has backup crewmembers. In fact, in a Virgin Galactic video promoting Galactic 01, we also see Lucia Paciucci, an engineer from the Italian National Research Council.

References

External links 

 N202VG Virgin Galactic 1 Flight tracking history log

SpaceShipTwo
Aviation history of the United States
Aviation history of Italy
Suborbital human spaceflights
Commercial spaceflight
2023 in spaceflight
2023 in New Mexico
2023 in aviation
Bronwyn Evans. Bronwyn Evans is an Australian engineer who was Chief Executive Officer of Engineers Australia from 2019 to 2022.

Evans completed a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Wollongong in 1982, one of the first women to do so. She received a PhD in 1998 from the same university for her thesis, "Comparative evaluation of real time robot control systems".

Evans was chief executive officer of Standards Australia from 2013 to 2019. She was chief executive officer of Engineers Australia from 3 October 2019 until her retirement in April 2022. In February 2020 she was appointed to the Council of the University of Wollongong.

Awards and recognition 
Evans was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering in 2012. In the same year she was made an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wollongong.

In 2014 she was named as one of Australia’s Top 100 Most Influential Engineers by Engineers Australia.

She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours for "significant service to engineering, to standards and to medical technology."

References

External links 

 
Staying Relevant with Dr Bronwyn Evans – Engineering Heroes podcast

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Wollongong alumni
Australian women engineers
Australian electrical engineers
Members of the Order of Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering