omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Prasanth Nair. Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair is a qualified flight instructor and a test pilot in the Indian Air Force. Nair is one of the four designated astronauts trained by ISRO to fly aboard the Gaganyaan crewed flight.

Early life 
Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair was born in Nemmara, Palakkad, Kerala on 26 August 1976 to Vilambil Balakrishnan Nair, a retired engineer. Nair spent a portion of his childhood in Kuwait but had to return to India after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. After his return, Nair attended the Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Pallavur and ranked as one of the toppers in the SSLC examinations in the year 1992 and again in 1994. After completing school, Nair attended the NSS College of Engineering for 7 months before appearing in the NDA Exam.

IAF career 
Nair was commissioned in the Indian Air Force in December 1998. He specialized in flying the Sukhoi Su-30 MKI but also had experience flying the MiG-21 and the An-32. He attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and the Flying Instructors School, Tambaram to become a Category A Flight Instructor in the Indian Air force.

Gaganyaan mission 
On 27 February 2024, Nair was named as the commander of the 4 member crew designated for the Gaganyaan mission developed by ISRO. He was selected as backup for Shubhanshu Shukla on a private mission to the ISS called Axiom-4 and selected for training at NASA facilities.

Personal life 
Nair is married to the actress Lena since January 2024.

References 

1976 births
Living people
Indian astronauts
Indian Air Force officers
Indian military aviators
Indian test pilots
LHASA. LHASA (Logic and Heuristics Applied to Synthetic Analysis) is a computer program developed in 1971 by the research group of Elias James Corey at the Harvard University Department of Chemistry. The program uses artificial intelligence techniques to discover sequences of reactions which may be used to synthesize a molecule. This program was one of the first to use a graphical interface to input and display chemical structures.

References 

Computational chemistry software
Total synthesis
Organic synthesis
Adamya-class patrol vessel. Adamya-class patrol vessel is a series of eight fast patrol vessels (FPVs) being built for the Indian Coast Guard by Goa Shipyard Limited in Vasco da Gama, Goa.

Design 
GSL-class vessels have a length of 52 meters and a beam of 8 meters with a design speed of over 27 knots. These vessels, which will be equipped with state of the art equipment and computerized control systems, are state-of-the-art Fast Patrol Vessels for the Indian Coast Guard. They are based on an GSL's in-house design.

The primary roles of the vessel include fisheries protection and monitoring, patrol within India's exclusive economic zone, coastal patrol, anti-smuggling, anti piracy, and search and rescue operations. The vessels also have a secondary role of providing communication link and escorting convoys during hostilities and wartime.

The ships have indigenous content of over 60%.

Construction history 
On 28 March 2022, the Indian Ministry of Defence awarded the contract for eight fast patrol vessels to the Goa Shipyard Limited. The cost of the project amounts to . Under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) Category, GSL designed, developed, and manufactured these surface platforms indigenously. As per the contract, the vessels needed to be delivered within 45 months of signing the contract. 

On 25 August 2024, Defence Secretary Shri Giridhar Aramane laid the keel of four Coast Guard vessels. On 28 October, GSL launched first two ships simultaneously, named Adamya (256) and Akshar (257), utilising the state-of-art Ship Lift System.

On 6 January 2025, the third and fourth ships, named Amulya (258) and Akshay (259), were launched.

Ships in class

See also 

 
 Solas Marine fast interceptor boat
 ABG fast interceptor craft
 
 Couach fast interceptor boats

References 

Indian Coast Guard
Patrol vessels
Arnaud Prost. Arnaud Maurice Michel Prost (born November 6, 1992) is a French engineer, test pilot, professional diver, and astronaut reservist in the European Astronaut Corps.

Early life and education 
Prost entered École Polytechnique in 2012, after completing two years of preparatory classes in physics and chemistry at Lycée Thiers in Marseille. He underwent his initial military training as a Polytechnician officer candidate (EOX) in the French Army, being assigned the rank of aspirant and trained at the 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment. He obtained his military parachutist badge and began a career in sport parachuting, completing over 200 freefall jumps. Upon graduation, he was promoted to second lieutenant. He conducted research at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, studying potential landing sites for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover.

From 2015 to 2016, he worked as a professional diver and engineer at the Space and Innovation Department of the COMEX in Marseille, as part of the Moonwalk project, focusing on underwater Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) simulations and astronaut-robot cooperation in analog environments.

In 2016, he was appointed as an engineer in the French Armament Corps within the Direction générale de l'armement (DGA).

In 2017, he received his engineering degree from ISAE-SUPAERO (conception and operation of space systems) and a master's degree in astrophysics, space sciences, and planetology from the Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University. He conducted research at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University and the Moscow Aviation Institute in Russia.

From 2017 to 2020, he underwent pilot training in the French Air and Space Force and obtained his fighter pilot certificate.

Career 
Since 2020, Prost has been assigned to the DGA Flight Tests Expertise Center in Istres. He initially worked on developing new features for flight simulators, using artificial intelligence in air combat, and preparing for future test campaigns of the Future Combat Air System (FCAS).

Since the summer of 2022, he has been a member of the integrated flight test team for the Rafale combat aircraft program under the command of AI Magalie Gibergues, consisting of military and civilian pilot and navigator engineers. He has worked on Rafale's human-machine interfaces.

He also holds a commercial pilot license (CPL) and is qualified as a pilot in the technical corps of the DGA.

Astronautics 
In November 2022, Prost was selected for the European Astronaut Corps of the European Space Agency (ESA) as a reserve astronaut. As such, he remains in his current position but must spend four to five weeks per year at the Astronaut Centre for training, scientific experiments, or communication operations.

References

External links 
 . esa.int

1992 births
Living people
French engineers
French spationauts
French Air and Space Force personnel
École Polytechnique alumni
Supaéro alumni
Moscow State University alumni
Suzanne Farid. Suzanne Farid is an engineer who specialises in Biochemical and Systems Engineering. She is currently professor of bioprocess systems engineering and head of the department of biochemical engineering at University College London.

Career
Farid's career has focused on researching and developing monoclonal antibodies to cell and gene therapies. She was appointed a lecturer at UCL in 2001 after completing her PhD there. In 2007 Farid's paper discussing the cost-effective manufacture of antibodies was published in the Journal of Chromatography .

She featured in Biotechnology and Bioengineering in 2012, with Farid evaluating current and future potential of batch and continuous cell culture technologies. The paper followed a case study into the commercial manufacture of monoclonal antibodies.

In 2020 Farid and lead-author Maria Papathanasiou published a paper in Nature on how T cells could be used as a cancer therapy in the future. Her expertise in the field led her to be part of the government task force during the COVID-19 pandemic as a member of the 100 Days Mission roundtable. Farid was also interviewed numerous times in relation to the development of a vaccine and also became Director of the UCL-AstraZeneca Bioprocessing Centre of Excellence.

In 2022 she was elected a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.  She is also co-director of the Future Targeted Healthcare Manufacturing Hub, which is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British academics
British engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fetch.AI. Fetch.ai is a technology company and a semi-decentralized platform that can create agents, which are software programs (similar to smart contracts) on the Fetch platform. These agents can communicate with each other and make external API requests.

History 
Fetch.ai was founded in 2017 by a team from Cambridge, UK.

It conducted an IEO on Binance in March 2019. Fetch.ai launched its native token (FET).

In 2021, the company launched the NFT machine-learning platform for AI-generated art.

In March 2022, Fetch.ai partnered with West Ham United as the club's official artificial intelligence partner (both men's and women's teams).

In March 2023, Fetch.ai raised a $40M round led by DWF Labs.

Overview 
Fetch.ai is an open-source platform for creating agents, which are programs hosted either locally on a server or on Agentverse, Fetch's centralized hub for agents.  All agents need to be registered through Almanac to communicate with each other, using Mailbox to allow locally hosted agents to communicate with the rest of the network. End users can then run scripts to interact with each Agent.

AI Capabilities

While Fetch is incapable of directly hosting AI models and AI chatbots on its network, it can host non-AI agents (basic web programs) on its Agentverse. These agents can then "fetch" 3rd-party AI responses using external API requests or coordinate requests between them.

One of the options for allowing agents to interpret human-readable text is to make API requests to the AI Engine service outside of the Agentverse network.

Location

Fetch.ai operates in the US and Europe.

The company is headquartered in Cambridge, Humayun Sheikh is the CEO and founder.

References 

Technology companies established in 2017
Artificial intelligence companies
Non-fungible tokens
Technology companies of the United Kingdom
Project 23630 replenishment oiler. Project 23630 is a series of small-size replenishment oilers built by Okskaya Shipyard for the Russian Navy. It is planned for a series of vessels to be built, with the name of the second vessel Yuri Khaliullin (named after rear admiral Yuri Khaliullin) being announced during the laying down ceremony for the lead ship Argun.

Ships

See also
 List of active Russian Navy ships
 Future of the Russian Navy

References

Auxiliary replenishment ship classes
Auxiliary ships of the Russian Navy
Oilers
ROCKS (missile). ROCKS is an autonomous extended stand-off range air-to-surface missile developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. Designed to engage high-value stationary and relocatable targets, the missile is particularly effective in GPS-denied environments. It incorporates technologies from Rafael's existing systems such as Popeye and SPICE, and uses a Sparrow target missile booster.

The missile offers several key features, such as high accuracy with a Circular Error Probable (CEP) of 3 meters, day and night operation in all weather conditions, and resistance to electronic jamming. It is equipped with either a penetration or blast fragmentation warhead and can be deployed well outside of enemy air defense coverage.

For navigation and target acquisition, ROCKS uses a combination of inertial navigation system (INS), GPS, and an  electro-optical seeker. The terminal guidance employs scene-matching technology or anti-radiation homing to ensure target destruction, even in scenarios where GPS is compromised.

The ROCKS can be launched from an F-16 or F-35.

The missile was first revealed at the 2019 Aero India show in Bangalore.

The Financial Times reported that the missile was possibly used in the 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.

References

Air-to-surface missiles
Air-launched ballistic missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Israeli Air Force
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
Guided missiles of Israel
Frederick Kirsten. Frederick Kurt Kirsten (born  Kurt Friederich Johannes Kirsten, March 13, 1885 - November 19, 1952)
was an American professor, engineer and inventor.

Kirsten was born in Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1902. He graduated from University of Washington in 1909 and later taught there as a professor of aeronautical engineering.
During his life he was granted numerous patents on a wide variety of subjects. 
Among his inventions were the Kirsten pipe
 (a tobacco pipe), and the Kirsten-Boeing propeller (a cycloidal propeller ). The Kirsten Wind Tunnel at University of Washington was promoted by and named after him.

Inventions

Kirsten Pipe 

The Kirsten pipe is a tobacco pipe with an aluminium stem combined with a bowl and mouth piece from more traditional materials. The metallic stem with its large inner diameter cools off the smoke while condensing moisture and supposedly removing harmful particles. Kirsten developed it after being told by his physician to stop smoking. To manufacture and sell these pipes he created the Kirsten Pipe Company that is still run by his descendants.

Kirsten-Boeing Propeller 

The Kirsten-Boeing propeller is a cycloidal propeller that differs from other such propellers in that instead of the propeller blades being parallel to the motion of the craft, in Kirsten's design the blade going backwards is perpendicular, operating like a paddle. Kirsten first envisioned this propeller to be used in airplanes, but later realized it was more suited to be used in water. Unlike a cycloidal propeller controlled with a linkage, in Kirsten's design only direction can be controlled. The propeller can be also used as a turbine, and some research has been done to improve Kirsten's original design in this domain.

References 

1885 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American educators
University of Washington alumni
University of Washington faculty
20th-century American engineers
Goldene. Goldene is a single-layer allotrope of gold. The thinnest commercial gold leaf is some 400 times thicker than goldene. It features 9% lattice contraction compared to bulk gold.

History 
Goldene was first synthesized as a free-standing material in 2024 by a team at Linköping University in Sweden. A 2022 claim by a team at New York University Abu Dhabi has been disputed as actually containing multiple layers.

Synthesis 
The team used a material containing silicene between layers of titanium carbide. Gold layered on top of this combination diffused into the structure and replaced the silicon. Etching away the titanium carbide released free-standing goldene sheets that were up to 100 nanometres wide. The etching was performed using Murakami's reagent, in a 100-year-old technique used to decorate ironwork by Japanese blacksmiths. Surfactant molecules formed a barrier between goldene and the surrounding liquid — to stop the sheets from adhering.

The team is exploring the potential for preparing goldene from other non-van der Waals Au-intercalated phases, including developing etching schemes.

Graphene comparison 
Forming 2D allotropes of metals such as gold has been difficult because metal atoms tend to cluster together and form nanoparticles instead of nanosheets.

Properties 
The material displayed Au 4f binding energy increase of 0.88 eV. The material is a semiconductor, with the valence band maximum 50 meV below the Fermi level.

Applications 
Potential applications included sensing and catalysis.

See also 

 Single-layer materials

References 

Two-dimensional nanomaterials
Substances discovered in the 2020s
People's Liberation Army Information Support Force. The People's Liberation Army Information Support Force is an arm of the People's Liberation Army. This unit provides support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It was established on 19 April 2024.

History 
The Information Support Force was established on 19 April 2024, together with the disestablishment of the Strategic Support Force.

The new arm replaced the information support function of the previous Strategic Support Force, servicing the mission of coordinating the construction and application of network information systems within the People's Liberation Army, a critical part of multi-domain joint operations for military operation. The establishment of an independent arm for information support enabled institutionalization for the PLA doctrine.

Structure
The Information Support Force is established as the deputy-theatre-command leader grade, the same as the Aerospace Support Force and Cyberspace Support Force. All three arms are positioned below both the regular service branches and the theater commands in the PLA hierarchy.

Personnel

Commander 

 Bi Yi (April 2024 – present)

Political Commissar 

 Li Wei (April 2024 – present)

References 

People's Liberation Army branches
Military units and formations established in 2024
2024 establishments in China
Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act. The Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act is a piece of legislation introduced by California Representative Adam Schiff in the United States Congress on April 9, 2024. It concerns the transparency of companies regarding their use of copyrighted work to train their generative artificial intelligence (AI) models. The legislation requires the submission of a notice regarding the identity and the uniform resource locator (URL) address of the copyrighted works used in the training data to the Register of Copyrights at least 30 days before the public release of the new or updated version of the AI model; it does not ban the use of copyrighted works for AI training. The bill's requirements would apply retroactively to prior AI models.

Violation penalties would start at . The legislation does not have a maximum penalty assessment that can be charged.

The bill by Schiff was introduced a few days after The New York Times published an article regarding the business activities of major tech firms, including Google and Meta, in the training of their generative AI platforms on April 6, 2024.

The legislation is supported by the Professional Photographers of America (PPA), SAG-AFTRA, the Writers Guild of America, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and others.

References

External link 

 The official bill, "Generative AI Copyright Disclosure Act"

Proposed legislation of the 118th United States Congress
Artificial intelligence
Road transport in South Korea. Road transport is an essential element of the South Korean transport network, and vital part of the South Korean economy. The total length of the country's road and highway networks is 110,714 km. As of 2023, a total of about 25.85 million vehicles were registered.

South Korea has taken various measures to improve road safety. Strict penalties for drunk driving, stricter speed limits, and seat belt mandates are some of them.

Highway systems

South Korea has seven highway systems:
National expressways
General national highways
Special Metropolitan City roads and Metropolitan City roads
Local highways
Si roads
Gun roads
Gu roads

Road signs

Korea uses standard international road signs and traffic signals.

See also

Hi-pass, electronic toll collection system in South Korea
Rail transport in South Korea

References

Roads in South Korea
Kronshtadt Helios-RLD. Helios-RLD (Russian: Гелиос-РЛД) is a Russian unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle being developed by the Russian Kronshtadt company.

It represents the further development of the Orion drone, is a radar surveillance drone and, according to the manufacturer, will be able to work in a team with A-50 and A-100 AWACS aircraft.

History 
The prototype of the Helios-RLD drone was first demonstrated in the Patriot Park at the ARMY-2020 forum. Helios is a radar surveillance drone. The UAV was also demonstrated at the MAKS-2021 aerospace show.

Specifications

References 

Unmanned military aircraft of Russia
Project 11982 research ship. Project 11982 is a series of research vessels being built for the Russian Navy, developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau. The primary mission of this class is to conduct hydrographic and oceanographic surveys, as well as research activities in deep waters.

History
In November 2019, the Russian Ministry of Defence took the Pella Shipyard to court over delays to the project, with Ladoga being delivered to the Russian Navy two years behind schedule. The vessel Ilmen was scheduled to be handed over in 2018, however there has been no public information about its transfer to the navy.

Ships

Gallery

See also
 List of active Russian Navy ships
 List of research vessels by country

References

Auxiliary ships of the Russian Navy
Research vessels of Russia
Tan Suo San Hao. Tan Suo San Hao () is a Chinese icebreaking research vessel operated by the Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The vessel entered service in December 2024.

Concurrently with Tan Suo San Hao, Guangzhou Shipyard International built a slightly smaller Polar Class 6 research vessel, Ji Di, which entered service in June 2024.

Design 

Tan Suo San Hao measures  in length overall and  in beam, draws  of water, and displaces . The vessel has a multidisciplinary scientific outfit with accommodation for 32 crew and up to 48 scientists as well as ability to deploy China's deep-sea research submersibles Striver, Deep Sea Warrior, and Jiaolong. A  moon pool allows deploying and recovering autonomous underwater vehicles in ice-covered waters.

Tan Suo San Haos diesel-electric propulsion system consists of four  six-cylinder Wärtsilä 6L32 main diesel generators that power the ship's two  ABB Azipod DI1400 azimuth thrusters. This will give the vessel a maximum speed of  in open water and enables it to break  level ice with a  snow cover at a continuous speed of  in both ahead and astern directions.

Tan Suo San Hao is built to Polar Class 4, an ice class intended for year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may contain small inclusions of old sea ice that has survived at least one melting season without melting completely.

History

Development and construction 

Tan Suo San Hao is claimed to be the first research vessel of its kind developed indigenously in China. The ¥800 million ship has been jointly funded by the People's Government of Hainan, Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, and the vessel's operator, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The construction of the vessel began with a steel cutting ceremony at Guangzhou Shipyard International, a subsidiary of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation, on 25 June 2023. The vessel, named Tan Suo San Hao, was floated out on 20 April 2024. The vessel completed the final series of sea trials in October 2024.

Career 

Tan Suo San Hao was delivered on 26 December 2024.

References 

Icebreakers of China
Research vessels of China
2024 ships