omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ultradivided matter. In physics, ultradivided matter is a family of states of matter characterised by a heterogeneous mixture of two or more different materials, where the interaction energy between the suspended phase is larger than kT. The term 'ultradivided matter' encapsulates several types of substance including: soap micelles, emulsions, and suspensions of solids such as colloids.).

An ultradivided state differs from a solution. In a steady-state solution, all interactions between a solution's constituent molecules are on the order of the thermal energy kT. Thus any otherwise aggregative force between similar molecules in a solution is subordinate to thermal fluctuations, and the solution does allow flocculation of one of the constituent components. Ultradivided matter, however, is characterised by large interfacial energies where the intermolecular interactions of one or more constituents of the substance are stronger than kT. This leads to different behaviour. An intuitive example of this can be seen in the tendency of a biphasic mixture of water (a polar liquid) and oil (a non-polar liquid) to spontaneously separate into two phases. This may seem to imply a change from a state with higher disorder or higher entropy (a suspension of oil droplets in water) to a lower-entropy arrangement (a neat separation into two regions of different material). Such a transition would seem to violate the second law of thermodynamics, which is impossible. The resolution to this apparent paradox is that the interface between oil and water necessitates an ordered alignment of oil and water molecules at the interface. Minimisation of the surface area between the two phases thus correlates with an increase of the entropy of the system. The highest entropy state thus has a minimum interfacial surface area between the two phases and thus a neat separation is created, into two regions of different material.

See also 

 Colloid

References 

Solvents
Solutions
Condensed matter physics
Soft matter
Nanomedicine (disambiguation). Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology.

Nanomedicine may also refer to:

Nanomedicine (Elsevier journal), ISO 4 abbreviation Nanomedicine, established in 2005; also known as Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
Nanomedicine (Future Medicine journal), ISO 4 abbreviation Nanomedicine (Lond.), established in 2006
Ger Challa. Gerrit "Ger" Challa (born 18 December 1928) is a Dutch chemist. He was professor of chemistry and polymer technology at the University of Groningen from 1965 to 1993.

Challa was born in Amsterdam. He studied chemistry between 1946 and 1953. He worked ten years for the Institute of Cellulose Research of the . Challa obtained his title of doctor in maths and physics on 13 May 1959 under Jan Ketelaar at the University of Amsterdam. His thesis was titled: "Formation of polyethylene terephthalate by ester interchange : equilibria kinetics and molecular weight distribution". After starting as professor at the University of Groningen he set the possibility to study polymer chemistry. Challa also developed the research department.

He was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. Since 1998 he is also an honorary member of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society.

References

1928 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch chemists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Polymer scientists and engineers
Scientists from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
Joyce Weisbecker. Joyce Weisbecker (born 1958) is an American retired engineer and actuary. She became the first female commercial video game designer in 1976. She considers herself the first indie developer, given that she did her work as an independent contractor.

Life and career
Weisbecker was born in New Jersey as the daughter of Joseph Weisbecker, an engineer with RCA who constructed computers in his spare time. Joyce Weisbecker learned how to program her father's prototypes.

While a student at Rider University, Weisbecker created games for the RCA Studio II console. As demonstration projects she developed two games for the RCA COSMAC VIP, Snake Race and Jackpot. The games were included in the computer's manual as type-in programs in CHIP-8 source code. Weisbecker's first commercial game was TV Schoolhouse I, a quiz game for the RCA II that she programmed in a week in August 1976, and was paid $250 for. In October 1976, she developed Speedway and Tag, two action games. Her main challenge was to get the Studio II's 64 by 32 pixel display to show any meaningful graphics. In the racing game Speedway, the cars were plain rectangles.

The Studio II console was a commercial failure and ended production in 1978. Weisbecker programmed three more games for the COSMAC VIP in 1977 – Slide, Sum Fun, and Sequence Shoot – before deciding to focus on her education instead of continuing to work in the then minuscule video game business. She graduated with degrees in computer engineering and actuarial science in 1980 and worked for a time as an actuary. In 1998, Weisbecker obtained degrees in electrical engineering and computer science, then worked as a radar signal processing engineer.

See also

References

Living people
1958 births
American video game designers
Women video game developers
American video game programmers
Sijong Line. The Sijŏng Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province and P'yŏngyang, North Korea, running from Kalli on the P'yŏngŭi Line to Sijŏng.

Route
A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea
Sewer mining. Sewer mining (or sewage mining) is a concept where municipal wastewater (sewage) is pumped from a trunk sewer and treated on-site to accommodate a range of local, nonpotable water needs. It is a strategy for combating water scarcity. It combines decentralized wastewater management and water reclamation. Since 2012, it is used as a tool for improving water management and promoting reuse of water in Australia.

Design 
A sewer mining scheme typically consists of:
 A connection to the central wastewater system for the purpose of extracting wastewater.
 A small network of pipes to convey wastewater to the treatment location.
 A sewage treatment plant that produces two flows: recycled water and sewage sludge.
 A pipeline system for reclaimed water distribution to the end-point or reuse.
 A discharge pipeline or a system that manages produced residuals, such as sewage sludge.

Advantages 
One of the advantages of sewer mining is the decrease in transportation costs, since sewage can be treated locally. Another benefit derives from the fact that no further capital costs for sewer infrastructure are needed, because a treatment scheme can be directly linked to the already existing pipeline system. With the combination of new, emerging technologies, such as the membrane bioreactor (MBR), further reduction of operating costs became possible, making the average cost of retrieved water comparable to potable water costs.

Examples

Australia
Most of sewer mining cases are realised in Australia and involve residential non-drinking uses. More specifically, in Sydney Olympic Park, a large scale sewer mining unit has been installed for using recycled water for irrigational purposes. The retrieved water is being produced in such quantities that substitutes more than 50% of the potable water that would be sustaining green sites in the Sydney Olympic Park and the Newington Estate. Another realisation of sewer mining takes place in Pennant Hills Golf Club, where the recycling scheme produced up to 100 million litres of reclaimed water that is used for irrigating the golf course. In this case, the nutrients from the sewage are used as fertilizer on the golf course rather than being removed in a sewage treatment plant.

Greece
In Greece, an example that applies sewer mining as a decentralised wastewater treatment method is the DESSIN Athen's pilot plant, which is implemented under the European Union Seventh Framework Programme. The Athens demonstration site pumps municipal sewage directly from the central sewage network and treats it by the use of a membrane bioreactor, while a reverse osmosis unit assures that the water quality lies within the legislation limits. The treated effluent is used to irrigate a nearby area of 50 square meters.

See also
 Resource recovery

References

Water treatment
MGWR Class 7. The MGWR Class 7 consisted of a single engine named Hawthorne for the Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland.  It was the sole representative of type 0-4-0 on the MGWR  though the builder R and W Hawthorn of Leith, Scotland had similar engines in build for the Great Southern and Western Railway at the same time.  It was ordered for the luggage train service, and as such was the MGWR's first order for a specifically goods locomotive.  The locomotive was named Hawthorne which relates to the locomotive builder but spelt with an additional 'e'.  The lead locomotive of the later MGWR Class H was also named after its builder, Avonside.  Hawthorne remained in service for just over 20 years.

References 

0-4-0 locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1852
07
Scrapped locomotives
Hawthorn locomotives
Steam locomotives of Ireland
RCF audio. RCF S.p.A. (formerly Radio Cine Forniture - R.C.F. S.r.l.) is a widely recognized Italian manufacturer of high performance audio products including power amplifiers, loudspeakers, digital mixers and digital signal processors (DSP).

History 
RCF is an Italian audio products manufacturer founded in 1949 in Reggio Emilia, Italy. The first products sold were microphones and electroacoustic transducers (loudspeakers). In the late ’60s, concert sound was going electric, and many loudspeaker pioneers were searching for high-powered devices to use in their designs. RCF was one of the first European OEM suppliers for international brands, thanks to the experience built on high power transducers. After a few years, thanks to the in-depth know-how in loudspeaker technology, RCF began to develop and produce sound reinforcement systems under the same brand.

The introduction of the ART Series, in 1996, has established RCF among the few global manufacturers of active loudspeakers. The TT+ High Definition - Touring and Theater series equipped with DSP, introduced in 2004, and the RDNet Networked Management technology, gained RCF full recognition in the professional audio market. Since 2017, all DSP active speakers incorporate FiRPHASE technology, which allows achieving a 0° linear phase playback. RCF is the first audio manufacturer to have a complete catalogue of 0° phase-compatible sound systems including line arrays.

RCF gave its name to the RCF Arena, the largest permanent outdoor concert arena in Europe.

Professional Audio Systems 
 ART 3/4/7/9 - Portable Speakers
 Nx Series - Professional Speakers with Wood Cabinet
 D-Line & HDL - Professional Portable Speakers
 EVOX - Column Array Portable Speakers
 Max Series - Hi Performance Speakers for Entertainment
 Sub Series
 Analog Mixer series
 Digital Mixer series
 TT+ Audio - High Performance Touring & Install Systems for large-size, high quality applications
 Studio Monitoring AYRA PRO / MYTHO / Iconica headphones

System Integration 
 Installed Audio
 Commercial Audio
 Business Music Series
 Forum Congress
 EN54 Systems
 VSA - Vertically Steerable Array
 COMPACT Series - Premium Install Speakers

Transducers 
 Precision Transducers

See also

 List of companies of Italy

References

External links 
 
 RCF Group Official Website
 http://www.corriere.it/digital-edition/CORRIEREFC_NAZIONALE_WEB/2017/05/04/39/palladio-compra-il-30-degli-amplificatori-rcf_U43310905692780qt.shtml

Audio amplifiers
Manufacturers of professional audio equipment
Electronics companies established in 1949
Audio equipment manufacturers of Italy
Headphones manufacturers
Italian companies established in 1949
Italian brands
Companies based in the Province of Reggio Emilia
SolarStratos. SolarStratos is an aeronautical project aimed at flying a piloted solar-powered airplane for the first time to the stratosphere. The SolarStratos airplane is equipped with solar cells but is not able to fly directly on solar power, thus is accurately described as a battery powered electric airplane that is equipped with solar cells; it is planned to be the first crewed solar-equipped aircraft to enter the stratosphere.

Objectives 
SolarStratos is a project officially initiated in March 2014 by Raphaël Domjan. It is a two-seater solar plane built by Calin Gologan with which he and his team plan to achieve an altitude record. The SolarStratos mission should allow Raphaël Domjan to reach more than , to altitudes hardly ever achieved with conventional propulsion aircraft.

This eco-exploration aims to demonstrate that renewable energies make it possible to go beyond what is possible with conventional modes of propulsion. Ultimately, and after the record flight planned for 2018, Raphaël Domjan and the SolarStratos team wish to commercialize the technologies developed during the stratospheric mission, in particular by developing stratospheric solar drones.

Specifications (SolarStratos)

Project stages
2012-2013: Constitution of the team and first feasibility study
March 17, 2014 : Official launch of the SolarStratos project
2014-2015: Finalization of the design and start of construction of the aircraft
Dec. 7, 2016 : Presentation of the SolarStratos aircraft
2017: First flight on May 5, 2017, at Payerne, test flights and preparation for the record flight
From 2018: Test flights
On July 6, 2018, the aircraft's left wing broke during a stress test carried out on ground.
From 2020: Record flight and first

Funding
SolarStratos budget is around 10 million Swiss francs (10 million euros).

Team

Operational team
About fifteen people work on the SolarStratos project. The CEO of SolarStratos is Swiss entrepreneur Roland Loos. Its president is the eco-explorer Raphaël Domjan, also the main pilot and intended to perform the record altitude flight. The mission's flight director is the Spanish American astronaut Michael López-Alegría. Gerald Ducoin takes on the role of test pilot of the prototype. Alexis Domjan, brother of Raphaël Domjan, is responsible for all telecommunication and IT aspects of the project.

Sponsors
Sponsors include Jean Verne, great-grandson of Jules Verne, Edgar Mitchell, Moon walker who flew on Apollo 14 (1930-2016), Marie-Vincente Latécoère, founding president of the PG Foundation Latécoère, Jacques Rougerie, oceanographer architect, Jean-François Clervoy, ESA astronaut, André Schneider, Vice-President of Resources and Infrastructures of the EPFL, Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish astronaut, Manfred Dutch von Ehrenfried, author of Stratonauts: Pioneers Venturing into the Stratosphere, and Chuck Leavell, keyboardist of Rolling Stones and co-founder of the Mother Nature Network.

See also
 Solar Impulse
 Sunseeker Duo
 Solar Challenger
 Solair
 Electric aircraft

References

External links 
 

Solar-powered aircraft
Swiss experimental aircraft
Solar power in Switzerland
Electric aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2017
MGWR Class 9. The Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) Class 9 consisted of four engines built by Thomas Grendon and Company of Drogheda in the period 1855-1856.

The MGWR Class 9 was the first 0-6-0 type on the MGWR.  It has   driving wheels.  They were ordered by Edward Wilson during his short tenure as Locomotive Superintendent from 1853.  It is speculated Wilson had little to do with the design, especially as Robert Stephenson and Company had subcontracted an 0-6-0 build to Grendons at this time.

The 0-6-0 three driving axle design has 6 driving wheels against the rail as opposed to the 2-4-0 or 4-2-0 which have two axles and 4 driving wheels.  If other factors are equal will have better adhesion and less propensity to slip and should be able to haul a heavier train, for example the MGWR Class 9 had demonstrated the capability to pull 600 tons at .  The difficulty lies in a coupling rod over more than 2 axles is more complex to allow for vertical motion.  The next two Locomotive Superintendents, Joseph Cabry and Robert Ramage, remained with the 2-4-0, 4-2-0 and even 2-2-2 one or two driving axles designs.  It was not until Martin Atock became Locomotive Superintendent in 1872 that further 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered with MGWR Class L four years later.

Grendons supplied two similar engines to the Dundalk and Enniskillen Railway at about the same time.

References 

0-6-0 locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1855
09
Thomas Grendon and Company locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Steam locomotives of Ireland
System Module. System Modules (originally known as System Building Blocks; the name was changed around 1961) are a DEC modular digital logic family which preceded the later FLIP CHIPs. They connect to the units they are plugged into via a set of 22 gold-plated discrete pins along one edge.

They use transistor inverter circuits, with the transistors operating saturated, to avoid dependence on tight tolerances; they use -3V and 0V as logic levels. Intended for prototyping as well as production, they include design features intended to avoid damage. They are provided with design advice which includes loading rules and wiring instructions.

They were available in several compatible speed lines:

 4000-Series: the second series, nominally 500 KHz, but some 1 MHz
 1000-Series: the original series, nominally 5 MHz
 6000-Series: higher speeds, nominally 10 MHz
 8000-Series: very high speeds, nominally 30 MHz

In addition, special modules were available for purposes such as Input/Output (I/O) converters (to standard internal voltages), bus drivers, lamp and solenoid drivers, A/D conversion, relays, core memory drivers, etc.

Larger assemblies which are part of the same family provide core memory testing devices. There are also power supplies, mounting panels with slots for the modules, cabinets to hold groups of mounting panels, indicator light panels, etc.

References
Citations

Sources

External links
DEC Building Block Logic manual from the Computer History Museum, dated September 1960
Digital Logic Handbook, Third Edition, dated March 1961.
New Module Accessories, dated February 1964
30 Megacycle Modules, dated September 1964
System Modules, dated 1968.

DEC hardware
Lucabindiite. Lucabindiite is a mineral discovered in 1998 from the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, the Aeolian islands off the coast of Italy. It has the  chemical formula ( and is hexagonal. After months of collecting sublimates and encrustations, the researchers discovered lucabindiite which was found on the surface of pyroclastic breccia. The mineral is named after Luca Bindi, who was a professor of mineralogy and former head of the Division of Mineralogy of the Natural History Museum of the University of Florence.

Occurrence and physical properties
The researchers discovered a minute amount of crystals of lucabindiite, therefore they could not perform a direct measurement of the refractive index. However, two other methods, Mandarino method (1981) and Korotkov–Atuchin method (2008), were used to estimate the average refractive index. These values are 1.92 and 1.88, respectively. The small amount they obtained made it difficult or impossible to measure other physical properties. The density was calculated at 3.68 g/cm3. The mineral is very brittle, shows no signs of cleavage, parting or fracture patterns, and hardness was not determined. Lucabindiite is formed by the occurrence of steam of hydrogen halogenides, and arsenic. Lucabiindite is also found in conjunction with arsenolite, K and NH4 halides, orpiment, realgar, kirkiite, and vurroite. Lucabindiite has a structure containing (001) layers of neutral  sheets. Each sheet is formed by pyramids and is connected by a shared interlayer oxygen.

Chemical and spectroscopic studies
Lucabindiite has the chemical formula (. A quantitative analysis was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy due to the small sample size of 100 μm smeared on a 30 nm thick film of carbon. The chemical formula obtained from this method is  on the basis of 7 anions. The presence of ammonium was confirmed using the structure refinement and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction was performed on lucabindiite and the values calculated are: a = 5.2372(2)Å, c = 9.0085(7)Å, V = 213.98(2)Å3.

See also
 List of minerals named after people

References

 Garavelli, A., Mitolo, D., Pinto, D., Vurro, F. (2013): Lucabindiite, (, a new fumarole mineral from the "La Fossa" crater at Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. American Mineralogist, 98, 470–477.
 Mandarino, J.A. (1981) The Gladstone-Dale relationship. IV. The compatibility index and its application. Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 441–450.
 Korotkov, A.S. and Atuchin, V.V. (2008) Prediction of refractive index of inorganic compounds by chemical formula. Optics Communications, 281, 2132–2138.

Arsenic minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 191
University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan. The University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan (UET Mardan) is a public university located in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

History 
Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa established a sub campus of University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar in Mardan in 2018. It was upgraded into a full-fledged university in October 2018.

Departments 
 Computer Software Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Telecommunication Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Computer Science

See also 
 Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
 Women University Mardan
 Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan

References

External links 
 UET Mardan official website

Public universities and colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in Pakistan
Mardan
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
RTI Systems. RTI Systems (Radio Technical and Information Systems; ) is one of the largest defense contractors in Russia, with revenues for $753.5 million in 2016. RTI develops and produces long-horizon radars, information tools, rocket technology, integrated communication, and safety systems.

The Russian Ministry of Defense is the company's main customer. RTI also collaborates with Rosoboronexport to market its products abroad. In 2015 the company launched a project to develop the communications and broadcasting infrastructure of the Russian Arctic region. In 2017 the company was hit by sanctions from the US State Department.

Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries of the company:
 Mints Radiotechnical Institute (RTI Mints) - air defence radars including the Dnestr and Voronezh systems. Formerly headed by, and now named after, Soviet scientist Alexander Lvovich Mints.
 OKB - Planeta
 Saransk Television Plant
 ROSS.SPETSTEHMONTAZH
 Radio Engineering And Information Systems Aerospace Defense
 Yaroslavl Radio Plant - radio communications systems for military and civilian applications
 Dubna Machine-Building Plant N.P. Fedorova
 RTI-Radio
 Sistema - Sarov
 MTU Saturn
 High Technologies And Strategic Systems
 CENTER - TELCO
 Center for Advanced Design Vympel - Sistema
 Mednogorsk Electrotechnical Plant of Uralelectro
 MATERIK
 Uralinstrument
 UralElyektro
 SPLAV-DMZ
 ELION
 Scientific Research Institute of Precision Engineering
 Sitronics - microelectronics and telecommunications
 Mikron Group - semiconductors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors
 Research Institute of Molecular Electronics
 Klen
 RTI Mikroelektronika
 Mikron Security Printing
 Konnektor Optiks
 Lasertech
 IKAR Engineering Center

References

External links
 Official website 
 	

 
Sistema
Defence companies of Russia
Companies based in Moscow