omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of space races. The following is a list of space races, meaning competitions or rivalries between states or companies involving the development of space travel.

List

Rivalries and political competitions
 Space Race, the Cold War geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in space primacy
 Moon Race, the race to have the first human landing on the Moon
 Mars race, the rivalry between teams to put the first humans on or about the planet Mars
 Billionaire space race, the entrepreneurial rivalry for private spaceflight dominance mainly between Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, and Elon Musk.

Contract competitions
 Amerikabomber contract competition in WWII Nazi Germany Luftwaffe for a space bomber capable of striking the United States from Germany

Prize competitions
 Ansari X Prize, the first X Prize Foundation prize for achieving repeated suborbital spaceflights using a space tourism capable vehicle, which was won by the SpaceShipOne team of Mojave Aerospace Ventures composed of Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan, Paul Allen and Vulcan Inc.
 Google Lunar X Prize, the X Prize Foundation prize sponsored by Google to put a robotic rover onto the Moon, currently ongoing
 America's Space Prize, the Bigelow Aerospace sponsored prize to create an American orbital space tourism capable vehicle, won by no team

See also
 Space competition
 NASA Centennial Challenges
 List of vehicle speed records — for literal speed records of space vessels
 List of spaceflight records — for literal speed records of spacecraft

External links
  — a literal spacecraft speed comparison, instead of the metaphorical races for outer space, listed above.

Outer space lists
Lists of competitions
Technological races
Roy Ewans. John Roy Ewans FRAeS (21 December 1917 – 22 January 2012) was a British aerodynamicist, and the former chief designer of the Manchester-based aircraft company Avro.

Early life
He was born in Torquay. He attended Imperial College London, gaining a First-Class degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1938. He then did a postgraduate diploma in Aeronautical Engineering.

Career

Operation Surgeon
After WWII, he was attached to the Sixth United States Army Group to search for German aeronautical scientists.

Avro
He joined Avro in Manchester (Chadderton) in 1949. In October 1949 he became the Chief Aerodynamicist. In May 1955 he became deputy Chief Designer. In July 1955 he became the Chief Designer, designing the Avro Vulcan B2.

Whilst at Avro, he was responsible for the design of the Avro 748, now known as the Hawker Siddeley HS 748, of which over 400 were built.

In the early 1960s at Avro, he was working on the proposed Avro 761 airliner, a development of the proposed Avro 771 airliner; neither were built.

BAC
He joined BAC in June 1961, staying at Weybridge (former Vickers) in Surrey until 1967.

Personal life
He married Enid Frayn, a mathematician, and they had three sons and a daughter, with seven grandchildren. He became a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1957.

He retired in 1982 and moved to St Mawes in southern Cornwall, on the coast. He enjoyed sailing, owning yachts. In 1999 he had a stroke. His wife died in 2005. He died in 2012 aged 94.

References

External links

 Telegraph obituary in March 2012

1917 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Imperial College London
Avro Vulcan
British Aircraft Corporation
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Engineers from Manchester
People from Torquay
Engineers from Devon
ULPower UL390i. The ULPower UL390i is a Belgian aircraft engine, designed and produced by ULPower Aero Engines of Geluveld for use in homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The engine is a six-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, air-cooled, direct-drive, gasoline engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition and produces  at 3300 rpm.

Variants
UL390i
Base model with fuel injection and a compression ratio of 8.2:1, producing  at 3300 rpm
UL390iS
Model with fuel injection and a 9.1:1 compression ratio, producing  at 3300 rpm
UL390iA
Inverted oil system version of the UL390iS, producing  at 3300 rpm

Specifications (UL390i)

See also

References

External links

ULPower aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2010s aircraft piston engines
J.E. Willoughby. Julius Edgar Willoughby (October 13, 1871 – March 11, 1944) was a chief engineer with various railroad companies in the U.S., as well as one in Haiti.

Willoughby was born in Arkadelphia, Alabama, on October 12, 1871. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1892 and went to work for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. He rose the ranks at various railroad companies before joining the Louisville and Nashville's Knoxville La Follette & Jellico where he became chief engineer. He also served as chief engineer of the National Railroad of Haiti in 1912 and replaced E.B. Pleasants as chief engineer of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1913. He is credited with naming Eridu, Florida and Iddo, Florida.

In 1920 he was involved in plans to deepen the canal at Port Tampa.

He was consulted regarding plans for an Atlantic - Gulf of Mexico shipping canal across Florida. He died in Sarasota, Florida.

References

1871 births
1944 deaths
Engineers from Alabama
20th-century American engineers
University of Alabama alumni
Louisville and Nashville Railroad people
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
American expatriates in Haiti
How to Make a Spaceship. How to Make a Spaceship: A Band of Renegades, an Epic Race, and the Birth of Private Spaceflight is a 2016 non-fiction book by journalist Julian Guthrie about the origins of the X Prize Foundation and Peter Diamandis, the first X Prize, the Ansari X Prize and Anousheh Ansari, the entrants into that suborbital spaceflight competition, and the winning team, Mojave Aerospace Ventures of Vulcan Inc., Paul G. Allen, Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan, and their platform of Tier One of SpaceShipOne and WhiteKnightOne.

Synopsis
The book is an overview of what led to the creation of the X Prize, and the running of that first X Prize. Profiles of the major players in the X Prize initiative are included in the book. It chronologically starts with the influences that weighed upon Peter Diamandis, and his progression into the space industry. It also covers the process to get funding, rejections, and the arrival of the Ansaris, becoming title sponsors. The book surveys several of the teams that entered into the competition to win the Ansari X Prize. The team that is focused on most is that which won the X Prize in 2004, the one headed by Paul Allen and Burt Rutan, of SpaceShipOne. The book ends with an epilogue about Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic acquiring the SpaceShipOne technology, and the spaceplane itself ending up in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The book includes a preface by Richard Branson and an afterword by Stephen Hawking.

Publication
The book was originally entitled Beyond: Peter Diamandis and the Adventure of Space, when it was sold preemptively to Penguin Books in 2014. How to Make a Spaceship was released in September 2016, in trade paperback, hardcover, audio book and e-book formats. The book appeared on several "Best Of" book lists and became a New York Times bestseller. Several parties expressed interest in obtaining the filming rights to the book.

Reception
Gregg Easterbrook's review in The Wall Street Journal said the book "offers a rousing anthem to the urge to explore".

Awards and honors
 Finalist – 2017 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award (announced January 2017)
 Winner – 2016 Eugene M. Emme Astronautical Literature Award (announced September 2017)

See also
 Ansari X Prize
 Black Sky: The Race For Space, 2004 Discovery Channel television documentary about the Ansari X Prize
 Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future, 2015 book by Ashlee Vance, biography of Elon Musk
 The Right Stuff, 1979 book by Tom Wolfe about the U.S. side of the Cold War Space Race
 The Spirit of St. Louis, 1953 book by Charles A. Lindbergh, autobiography and memoir of the famous solo non-stop trans-Atlantic flight for the Orteig Prize win

References

Further reading
 
 
 Talks at Google, , Google (November 10, 2016)

Ansari X Prize
Spaceflight books
Engineering books
American non-fiction books
2016 non-fiction books
Penguin Books books
ULPower UL520i. The ULPower UL520i is a Belgian aircraft engine, designed and produced by ULPower Aero Engines of Geluveld for use in homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The engine is a six-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, air-cooled, direct-drive, gasoline engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition and produces  at 3300 rpm.

Variants
UL520i
Base model with fuel injection and a compression ratio of 8:1, producing  at 3300 rpm
UL520iS
Model with 8.7:1 compression ratio, fuel injection, producing  at 3300 rpm
UL520iST
Model under development, fuel injection, turbo-normalizer, producing  at 2700 rpm sea level
UL520iSA
Inverted oil system version of the UL520iS, producing  at 3300 rpm
UL520iHPS
Model under development
UL520iSRR
Model with reversed rotation, 8.7:1 compression ratio, fuel injection, producing  at 3300 rpm

Applications
Whisper X350 Generation II
DarkAero 1

Specifications (UL520i)

See also

References

External links

ULPower aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2010s aircraft piston engines
Emmons problem. In combustion, Emmons problem describes the flame structure which develops inside the boundary layer, created by a flowing oxidizer stream on flat fuel (solid or liquid) surfaces. The problem was first studied by Howard Wilson Emmons in 1956. The flame is of diffusion flame type because it separates fuel and oxygen by a flame sheet. The corresponding problem in a quiescent oxidizer environment is known as Clarke–Riley diffusion flame.

Burning rate
Source:

Consider a semi-infinite fuel surface with leading edge located at  and let the free stream oxidizer velocity be . Through the solution  of Blasius equation  ( is the self-similar Howarth–Dorodnitsyn coordinate), the mass flux  ( is density and  is vertical velocity) in the vertical direction can be obtained

where 

In deriving this, it is assumed that the density  and the viscosity , where  is the temperature. The subscript  describes the values far away from the fuel surface. The main interest in combustion process is the fuel burning rate, which is obtained by evaluating  at , as given below,

See also
Liñán's diffusion flame theory

References

Fluid dynamics
Combustion
Clarke–Riley diffusion flame. In combustion, Clarke–Riley diffusion flame is a diffusion flame that develops inside a naturally convected boundary layer on a hot fuel surface with quiescent oxidizer environment, first studied and experimentally verified by John Frederick Clarke and Norman Riley in 1976. This problem is an extension of Emmons problem.

See also
Emmons problem
Liñán's diffusion flame theory

References

Fluid dynamics
Combustion
Burke–Schumann limit. In combustion, Burke–Schumann limit, or large Damköhler number limit, is the limit of infinitely fast chemistry (or in other words, infinite Damköhler number), named after S.P. Burke and T.E.W. Schumann, due to their pioneering work on Burke–Schumann flame. One important conclusion of infinitely fast chemistry is the non-co-existence of fuel and oxidizer simultaneously except in a thin reaction sheet. The inner structure of the reaction sheet is described by Liñán's equation.

Limit description
In a typical non-premixed combustion (fuel and oxidizer are separated initially), mixing of fuel and oxidizer takes place based on the mechanical time scale dictated by the convection/diffusion (the relative importance between convection and diffusion depends on the Reynolds number) terms. Similarly, chemical reaction takes certain amount of time  to consume reactants. For one-step irreversible chemistry with Arrhenius rate, this chemical time is given by

where  is the pre-exponential factor,  is the activation energy,  is the universal gas constant and  is the temperature. Similarly, one can define  appropriate for particular flow configuration. The Damköhler number is then

Due to the large activation energy, the Damköhler number at unburnt gas temperature  is , because . On the other hand, the shortest chemical time is found at the flame (with burnt gas temperature ), leading to . Regardless of Reynolds number, the limit  guarantees that chemical reaction dominates over the other terms. A typical conservation equation for the scalar  (species concentration or energy) takes the following form,

where  is the convective-diffusive operator and  are the mass fractions of fuel and oxidizer, respectively. Taking the limit  in the above equation, we find that

i.e., fuel and oxidizer cannot coexist, since far away from the reaction sheet, only one of the reactant is available (non premixed). On the fuel side of the reaction sheet,  and on the oxidizer side, . Fuel and oxygen can coexist (with very small concentrations) only in a thin reaction sheet, where  (diffusive transport will be comparable to reaction in this zone). In this thin reaction sheet, both fuel and oxygen are consumed and nothing leaks to the other side of the sheet. Due to the instantaneous consumption of fuel and oxidizer, the normal gradients of scalars exhibit discontinuities at the reaction sheet.

See also
Activation energy asymptotics
Liñán's equation
Liñán's diffusion flame theory

References

Fire
Combustion
Fluid dynamics
Mercury 13 (film). Mercury 13 is a 2018 documentary film about the Mercury 13, thirteen American woman pilots who in 1960 took and passed the same tests given the previous year to the Mercury 7, the astronauts selected by NASA for Project Mercury.

Critical reception 
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes assigned the film an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's consensus reads: "Mercury 13 offers yet another sobering example of how institutionalized sexism has thwarted countless dreams -- and held nations back from their full potential."

See also
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes

References

External links

2018 films
2018 documentary films
Netflix original documentary films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
+
Documentary films about women
2010s English-language films
English-language documentary films
Scandinavian Academy of Industrial Engineering and Management. Scandinavian Academy of Industrial Engineering and Management (ScAIEM), founded in 2012, is an academic association with members from Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland that facilitate collaboration, knowledge sharing and dissemination of best practices between universities within the industrial engineering and management (IEM) field.

Annual conference
ScAIEM host an annual conference to promote education, research, and application of the field of IEM in the Nordic region.  The first conference was arranged in November 2013.

ScAIEM is governed by a board of seven elected board members from its member institutions. The IMIT foundation in Gothenburg is the secretariat of ScAIEM.

So far 10 conferences have been held at the following venues:

The 1st ScAIEM conference: Lund University (2013), Sweden
The 2nd ScAIEM conference: Aalto University (2014), Finland
The 3rd ScAIEM conference: Technical University of Denmark (2015)
The 4th ScAIEM conference: Luleå University of Technology (2016), Sweden 
The 5th ScAIEM conference: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2017)
The 6th ScAIEM conference: University of Oulu, Finland (2018)
The 7th ScAIEM conference: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (2019) 
The 8th ScAIEM conference: DTU Danish Technical University (virtual), Denmark (2020)
The 9th ScAIEM conference: DTU Danish Technical University (virtual), Denmark (2021)
The 10th ScAIEM conference: Uppsala University, Sweden (2022)

References 

College and university associations and consortia in Europe
Learned societies of Sweden
Non-profit organizations based in Sweden
Organizations based in Gothenburg
Organizations established in 2012
Vaxell 60i. The Vaxell 60i is a Polish aircraft engine, designed and produced by Vaxell of Bydgoszcz for use in ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The Vaxell 60i engine is a four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, air-cooled, direct-drive, gasoline engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition, electronic, multipoint fuel injection and produces  at 3200 rpm.

Specifications (60i)

See also

References

External links

Vaxell aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2000s aircraft piston engines
Vaxell 80i. The Vaxell 80i is a Polish aircraft engine, designed and produced by Vaxell of Bydgoszcz for use in ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The Vaxell 80i engine is a four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, air-cooled, direct-drive, petrol engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition, electronic, multipoint fuel injection and produces  at 3100 rpm.

Specifications (80i)

See also

References

External links

Vaxell aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2000s aircraft piston engines
Vaxell 100i. The Vaxell 100i is a Polish aircraft engine, designed and produced by Vaxell of Bydgoszcz for use in ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The Vaxell 100i engine is a four-cylinder four-stroke, horizontally-opposed,  displacement, air-cooled, direct-drive, gasoline engine design. It employs dual electronic ignition, electronic, multipoint fuel injection and produces  at 3100 rpm.

Specifications (80i)

See also

References

External links

Vaxell aircraft engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
2000s aircraft piston engines
Vaxell. Vaxell Sp. z o.o. is a Polish aircraft engine manufacturer based in Bydgoszcz. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of engines for ultralight and homebuilt aircraft.

The company is a Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, a Polish limited liability company.

In the mid-2000s the company developed a range of four-cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke, horizontally opposed engines, including the  Vaxell 60i, the  Vaxell 80i and the  Vaxell 100i.

Aircraft engines
Summary of engines built by Vaxell:
Vaxell 60i
Vaxell 80i
Vaxell 100i

References

External links

Aircraft engine manufacturers of Poland
Orbital Vehicle (disambiguation). An orbital vehicle is a spacecraft which attains orbit.

Orbit Vehicle, Orbital Vehicle, Orbiter Vehicle, or Orbiting Vehicle may also refer to:
 
 A vehicle capable of orbital spaceflight
 Space Shuttle, a NASA vehicle designated "Orbiter Vehicle"
 Orbiter Vehicle Designation
 ISRO Orbital Vehicle (Gaganyaan), crewed orbital spacecraft
 Orbiting Vehicle (OV), the SATAR series of USAF experimental satellites

See also
 Boeing X-37 (or Orbital Test Vehicle; OTV), a reusable robotic spacecraft
 Experimental Orbital Vehicle (XOV), a secret USAF black project spaceplane
 Orbital launch vehicle
 Orbital transfer vehicle (OTV) or space tug, a class of spacecraft used to transfer spaceborne cargo from one orbit to another
 Orbit (disambiguation)
 Orbital (disambiguation)
 Orbiter (disambiguation)
 OV (disambiguation)
 Vehicle (disambiguation)
Kimley-Horn. Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. is an American planning, surveying, engineering, and design consulting firm. The firm was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1967.

Overview
Kimley-Horn was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1967 by three transportation engineers: Bob Kimley, Bill Horn, and Ed Vick. Kimley-Horn has approximately 5,476 employees as of 2022.

Awards
The company was ranked #22 on Fortune's "100 Best Companies to Work For" list in 2022, its 15th year on the list. Engineering News-Record ranked Kimley-Horn as #10 in its "Top 500 Design Firms" list in 2022, climbing five spots from the 2021 survey.

 #62 in Fortune Best Workplaces for Women™ 2022 (Large)
 #5 in Fortune Best Workplaces in Consulting & Professional Services™ 2022 (Large)
 #59 in PEOPLE® Companies that Care, 2022
 #31 in Best Workplaces for Millennials™ 2022 (Large)
 #22 in Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For® 2022

References

External links
 

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1967
Engineering consulting firms of the United States
American companies established in 1967
Design companies established in 1967
1967 establishments in North Carolina
Boland 1914 Monoplane Flying Boat. The Boland 1914 Monoplane Flying Boat was a tailless, pusher flying boat built by the Boland Aeroplane and Motor Company

Design and development 
This aircraft was the only monoplane development from the Boland brothers that used their unusual 'jib' method of lateral control. 

The pilot and passenger were arranged in tandem, with the pilot in the forward position and the passenger seated to the rear, directly over the center of gravity of the aircraft. A small cockpit fairing was located in front of the pilot. The hull was a narrow two step, flat bottom design that was slightly concave in the rear most section. The hull was almost rectangular in section. It was constructed of mahogany ribs with a single ply spruce skin covered in doped and varnished linen. A small, rectangular rudder was mounted under the rear of the hull to provide steerage in the water.

The wings were mounted  above the hull. A lightweight cantilever structure extended from the hull to provide the lower support for the wing jib. A pontoon was mounted on the lower extremity of the cantilever to provide flotation for the wing tips. A vertical mast was attached to the keel that extended above the wings. From the top of the mast, guy wires were run to the forward hull, the engine mount and the wings.

The forward mounted elevator was attached to an extension of the hull gunwale. The engine was also mounted on the gunwale at the rear of the hull.

In production, the Boland 100hp V-8 with a  4-bladed prop was to be installed, but it is unclear if this was ever done. When Aeromarine bought out the Boland brothers, the aircraft was referred to as the Aeromarine Flying Boat.

Specifications

References

Boland aircraft
1910s United States aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Canard aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Thomas Rowatt. Thomas Rowatt  (1879–1950) was a Scottish engineer who became Keeper then Director of the Royal Scottish Museum.

Life
He was born in Kew on 7 November 1879 to Scottish parents. His grandfather Thomas Rowatt (d.1880) was involved with James Young in the Scottish shale oil industry.

His family moved to Scotland in his youth and he was educated at Ewart High School in Newton Stewart. He studied Engineering at the Wohler Schule in Frankfurt-on-Main and at Heriot-Watt College in Edinburgh. He served his apprenticeship at Carrick & Ritchie, crane builders, at the Waverley Engineering Works on Easter Road, Edinburgh.

In 1901 he became an assistant at the Royal Scottish Museum. In 1909 he was promoted to Assistant Keeper in the Technology Department. In 1921 he replaced Alexander Gait as Keeper of Technology and in 1934 succeeded Edwin Ward as Director of the Museum.

In the First World War he served with the Royal Engineers attached to the Royal Naval Division at Antwerp. Redeployed to Gallipoli in 1915 he won the Military Medal for bravery.

In 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Percy H. Grimshaw, Alexander Stephen, Sir Thomas Hudson Beare and John Brown Clark.

He was President of the Watt Club 1937/8.

He retired in 1945 and died on 7 April 1950.

References

1879 births
1950 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom