omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cable fairing. A cable fairing is a structure attached to a towed cable designed to streamline the flow around the cable, primarily in marine environments.

Cables are faired primarily for two reasons:  (1) to reduce normal drag and thus achieve more depth for a given cable scope and speed; and (2) to eliminate cable vibration caused by vortex shedding, commonly known as cable strum.

Another approach is to design a cable with a streamlined profile in order to share the load chordwise and reduce the frontal section.

Types of cable fairing
There are several major types of cable fairing:

Hard fairing:  essentially a streamlined teardrop-shaped shell clamped in sections over the cable;
Ribbon fairing: flexible ribbons attached to the cable that assume a streamlined shape, or break the coherence in vortex shedding when towed;
Hairy fairing:  similar to ribbon fairing, but the “ribbons” take the form of hair-like flexible structures.

All cables (faired or unfaired) have hydrodynamic drag coefficient and loading functions.  These describe the variation in drag/lift coefficients (or normal/tangential force coefficients) as a function of angle  with respect to the flow.  As an example, the loading function for the normal drag coefficient of an unfaired cable, represented as a flexible circular cylinder, is  ( means that the cable is normal to the flow).

Performance
Cylindrical cables have drag coefficient above 1.1 (higher when strumming).

Aspect ratio of fairings is limited by stability issues.
Fairings section tested in basin can lower the drag coefficients to 0.02, but drag coefficients around 0.2 are known to have been reached at sea.

Operational complexities
Fairing a cable can increase the complexity of the handling system. An unfaired cable can be wrapped many times on a winch drum. Some types of faired cable may only permit a single wrap.

Furthermore, many types of hard fairing require the use of anti-stacking rings.  When under tension, the diameter of a steel-armored cable gets smaller.  This in turn would cause the fairing sections to loosen and slide down the cable (until they “stack” at the aft end) without the use of the anti-stacking rings.

References

Hydraulic engineering
Alberta Central Railway Museum. The Alberta Central Railway Museum is a railway museum located south-east of the City of Wetaskiwin, in Central Alberta, Canada.  The main building was designed as a scaled-down version of the City's 1907 Canadian Pacific Railway depot. The depot includes a waiting room, baggage room and telegraph office, as well as exhibits and railroad artifacts. Railroad equipment includes locomotives, a sleeper car, passenger coach, freight equipment, cabooses, freight cars and a snowplough. Attractions include a model train layout of the original Wetaskiwin railyard. The museum also features a 1906 Alberta Grain Co. grain elevator which was moved from Hobbema. The elevator is known to be Alberta's second-oldest grain elevator in the Province. Rides are given on a one-mile loop of track.

See also
List of museums in Alberta

References

External links

Alberta Central Railroad Museum

Railway station museums in Alberta
Grain elevator museums in Alberta
Wetaskiwin
V1000. V1000 may refer to:
 Vickers V-1000, a jet-powered cargo aircraft
 Fakel V-1000, a Fakel-designed experimental Soviet ABM of Type "A"
 Bandini 1000 V, a 1970 race car prototype
 Hesketh V1000, a British motorcycle
 Britten V1000, a New Zealand motorcycle
 an anti-riot armored vehicle Bravia Chaimite with water cannon
Shri Angalamman College of Engineering and Technology. Shri Angalamman College of Engineering and Technology is an educational institute located in the city of Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, India. It offers various courses leading to Bachelor of Engineering and Technology degrees. The college is affiliated with Anna University and is ISO 9001-2000 certified.

Campus

The campus is full of neem trees.  Which is good for our health.

Courses offered

 B.E in Mechanical Engineering (Mech)
 B.E in Electronics & Communication (ECE)
 B.E in Computer Science (CS)
 B.E in Electronics & Instrumentation E&I)
 B.Tech in Information Technology (I.T)
 B.E in Civil Engineering(VIP)
 B.E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering(EEE)

See also

 List of colleges in Trichy

External links
 Official website

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges in Tiruchirappalli
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Surrey Flying Services AL.1. The Surrey Flying Services AL.1 was a single-engined side-by-side two-seat training biplane, built at a UK flying club in 1929.  Only one was built, but it was flying until the outbreak of war in 1939 and remains in storage.

Development

Surrey Flying Services Ltd operated a flying school from Croydon Aerodrome.  In 1929 they built a biplane designed by John Bewsher, who had earlier designed the ANEC Missel Thrush.  The Surrey Flying Services AL.1 was a single-engined side-by-side two-seater.  It was a single-bay biplane, with considerable stagger and with wings of constant and equal chord, built using spruce and three ply construction with fabric covering.  The upper wing span was slightly greater than that of the lower.   Simple spruce  parallel interplane struts were used, leaning slightly outwards; on the underside of the lower wing, beneath these struts, were fitted looped wire protector skids.  The centre section was supported by two pairs of outward-leaning cabane struts linking the upper fuselage longerons to the front and rear wing spars.  The rear pair of these was just in front of the open cockpit; above the occupants the wing trailing edge was cut back to the rear spar for improved visibility, and the lower wing had small nicks at the root for the same purpose.

The fuselage was flat sided, fabric covered over ash longerons with a rounded decking, deepest at the cockpit, from tail to nose. The tail surfaces were also fabric covered wooden structures. The fin was quite small and triangular, carrying a generous, semicircular unbalanced rudder on a hinge which leaned forward in flying attitude.  The rudder continued down to the fuselage bottom, so the elevators, mounted with the tailplane on the top of the fuselage had a cut out in which it could move. The cockpit was fully upholstered, with a large luggage space behind that could alternatively have seated a child. The AL.1 was powered by a 95 hp (71 kW) seven cylinder Salmson AC.7 radial engine, mounted without a cowling and driving a two-bladed propeller.  The undercarriage was a single axle unit with the main legs attached at the front spar roots.  The legs were braced, unusually, by  struts from the axle to the forward fuselage just behind the engine. The undercarriage legs splayed outwards to produce a large track.  The wheels were wire braced, though in some images they are covered.  There was a tailskid on the rear fuselage.

The AL.1 first flew in 1929.  Registered G-AALP in the name of the Flying School secretary it flew occasionally until 1931.  Plans to market it and a proposed Cirrus engined variant were defeated by the economic depression, and in 1931 the sole AL.1 was stored.  In September 1936 there was an advertisement in Flight, offering it for sale at £65.  In May 1938 it was bought by Bertram Arden of Exeter, who restored and flew it up to the outbreak of war in 1939.  It is currently stored by the Arden Family Trust.

Specifications

Bibliography

Citations and notes

Cited sources

External links

1920s British civil trainer aircraft
Louis Pope. Louis M. Pope (born 1947) is an American businessman and has worked as a micro-credit and business organizer in Kenya.

Biography
Pope was raised in Provo, Utah.  He holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering (1974) and an MBA (1975) from Brigham Young University.

In 1978 Pope formed US Synthetic, a company that manufactures diamond drill bits. Pope has a patent relating to this company's main product. The company was close to bankruptcy in 1985, but went on to become one of the fastest-growing companies in the US in the mid-90s. He was CEO from 1992, and it was bought by Dover Corporation in 2004. In January 2010, Pope retired from this position and moved close to Mombasa, Kenya to supervise his businesses there.

In Kenya, Pope founded Yehu Microfinance in 1999, which focuses on giving small loans to women. He also operates Coast Coconut Farms, a coconut oil business initiative largely involving local Kenyan women.  He has also served on the board of Deseret International and Choice Humanitarian.  Pope has also been a donor to BYU and Utah Valley University. He was named 2009 Utah Valley Entrepreneurial Forum's Ron King Social Entrepreneur of the Year.

Pope is a Latter-day Saint.  He and his wife Christine have five children. His father, Bill J Pope, was a chemist at BYU, founder of Megadiamond and president of US Synthetic. His mother Margaret taught religion at BYU for 25 years.

References 

American Latter Day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Living people
Microfinance people
People from Provo, Utah
American emigrants to Kenya
1947 births
RTAF-5. The RTAF-5 was a Thai training and forward air control aircraft developed and built by the Science and Weapon Systems Development Centre of the Royal Thai Air Force in the 1980s.  It was a twin-boom configuration aircraft powered by a single pusher turboprop engine, but only a single example was built.

Development and design
In 1976, the Science and Weapon Systems Development Centre of the Royal Thai Air Force, based at Don Muang Air Base, Bangkok, started development of a trainer/forward air control aircraft, the RTAF-5. It was a single-engined high-wing monoplane of all-metal construction with twin booms, and with a fuselage resembling that of an OV-10 Bronco, but powered by a single Allison 250 turboprop engine at the rear of the fuselage. It had a retractable nosewheel undercarriage and had four underwing hardpoints, with wingtip fuel tanks.

The prototype first flew on 5 October 1984, with the undercarriage fixed for early testing. Development was delayed by the license production of RFB Fantrainers by the RTAF, and was eventually abandoned, only the single prototype (which is preserved at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum) being flown, with a second example being used for static testing.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 "Airdata File" Air International, February 1986, Vol 30 No 2. p. 103. ISSN 0306-5634.

External links

RTAF-5
Cancelled military aircraft projects
Twin-tail aircraft
1980s Thai military trainer aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1984
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aérospatiale C.22. Aérospatiale C.22 is a subsonic target drone developed and manufactured by Aérospatiale since 1980, and used in testing the MBDA Aster missile. It is powered by a Microturbo TRI 60-02.

To ensure the tests of the Centre d'Essais de Landes in 1995, 74 targets including twenty C22, eleven Nord Aviation CT20 and twenty-seven Fox, were launched. It was last used in France in 2014. It is equipped with a towed target for the training of anti-aircraft gun crews and ground-to-air missile batteries.

Specifications

References

External links

Target drones of France
C.22
Elbow engine. An elbow engine is a piston-based steam engine typically fed by steam or compressed air to drive a flywheel and/or mechanical load. It is based on a mechanism known as a Hobson's joint. Although not commonly used today for practical purposes, it is still built by hobbyists for its rarity and unconventionality.

Principle of operation 
Elbow engines have two rotating, circular, cylinder blocks. Each block contains a ring of parallel cylinders and can itself rotate on a central axis, similar to a revolver cylinder. The two blocks are placed at 90° to each other. Each piston is L-shaped, and circular in cross section with one end fitted into each cylinder block. The two cylinder blocks rotate together, coupled only by the pistons. Engine output is taken from the rotation of one cylinder block.

Pressure is supplied to each cylinder by means of a fixed plate forming a plain thrust bearing with the back of the cylinder block. This has two openings in it which supply and exhaust steam to and from the cylinder; as the cylinder block rotates it opens and closes communication with each pipe. This method of valveless steam admission is also used on many basic oscillating cylinder engines. This arrangement results in a compact engine with a low part count, at the expense of including a large frictional surface.

Problems 
Despite their apparent simplicity, elbow engines can be difficult to troubleshoot. They are also known to splatter oil when operating.

References
 Jeremy Harris, Willard Slay. "You Can Make This Incredible Elbow Engine" Popular Mechanics July 1965 p.166

External links 
 Handmade 10-cylinder elbow engine
 Video of (6-cylinder) elbow engine in operation
 3D simulation of elbow engine construction and operation

Steam engines by layout
Marendaz Trainer. The Marendaz Trainer was a two-seat low-wing training aircraft built in the UK just before World War II.  Only one was completed.

Development

In 1939 the newly established Marendaz Aircraft Ltd. built a two-seat, single-engined low wing cantilever monoplane called the Marendaz Trainer. D.M.K. Marendaz, the company's founder, claimed to have designed it though this has been disputed, not least because Marendaz had claimed the work of others as his own before. The true designer is unknown.

The Trainer was in most respects a conventional open cockpit two seater of its time. Its fuselage and wings were wooden structures skinned with plywood.  Only the control surfaces were fabric covered.  The wings were built around two box spars and consisted of a constant chord centre section, integral with the fuselage and carrying no dihedral, plus bolt-on outer panels with marked dihedral and slight taper on the trailing edge. The outer panels carried both ailerons and built-in leading edge slots with no moving parts.

The fuselage was flat sided, with a conventional rounded decking running forward as far as the engine cowling.  It tapered to the rear, more in plan than elevation and carried a tailplane with a sharply swept leading edge mounted on top of the fuselage and externally braced from below.  The elevators were more rounded, and well separated to allow rudder movement. The fin and horn balanced rudder together were almost triangular, with the latter rounded at tip and base.  The rear cockpit was over the trailing edge of the wing and the front cockpit at the leading edge.  The Trainer was powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Minor four cylinder inverted in-line engine, driving a two-bladed propeller.

The Trainer's undercarriage was unusual. Each wheel was mounted on a stub axle, independent of the other and swung on a V member formed from heavy duty square tubing, with its ends hinged to front and rear spar towards the outer end of the centre section, so the assembly could swing laterally.  Each V plus wheel was restrained by a radius arm hinged on the front spar near the fuselage, allowing a small amount of upwards and outward travel for the wheel.  The radius arms were sprung inside the fuselage.  In order to get the very wide track of 93 in (2.36 m), both the V and radius arms were heavily splayed and the angle between them was much smaller than normal, a cause for some concern.  The tailskid was mounted without a fuselage aperture, to avoid the trapping of grass and dirt.

The sole Trainer, registered G-AFZX first flew in November 1939 with R.A. Wyndham at the controls. Marendaz hoped to sell it to the RAF as a primary trainer, but government policy was not to buy any for this purpose, and also sufficient engines were not available. By this time the UK was at war, so the sole aircraft went to the RAF Halton Squadron of the Air Training Corps in 1940 and no more was heard of it.

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography

1930s British civil trainer aircraft
Glazing jack. A glazing jack or glazing machine is a type of machine used for polishing leather. The machine consists of a solid glass cylinder, typically around  in diameter and  in length, mounted to the end of a rotating or reciprocating arm. The arm repeatedly and rapidly draws the glass across the surface of the leather, with significant downward pressure, as the operator moves the leather underneath the arm.

The repeated stroking of the leather smooths and compresses the surface and raises various color tones. Heat generated by friction during the glazing process can darken and harden the aniline finish of the leather, and can raise oils in the leather to the surface. Because no pigment is used, the porous structure of the leather remains visible, providing a depth to its appearance. The operator of the glazing jack can control the surface finish by varying the pressure of the tool and the number of strokes applied. Similarly to glazing, a copper or glass tool can be drawn across the leather by hand to create "sleeked" and "glassed" finishes, respectively.

Because jacking leather is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, it is often reserved for more expensive or exotic leathers, such as reptile leathers.

See also
Surface finishing

References

Leather crafting
Machines
Kalidhindi B. R. Varma. Kalidindi Varma (born 1 June 1950 in Andhra Pradesh) is an Indian materials scientist. He received a PhD degree in Physics from Madras University, Chennai, India in 1981. He was a postdoctoral researcher with the Dept. of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom. He then joined the Indian Institute of Science, where he was a professor with the Materials Research Centre. Currently, he is the Vice Chancellor of Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning. His research interests include dielectrics, ferroelectrics (including relaxors), non-linear optics and electro-optics. The focus has been on functional ceramics, glass nanocrystal composites, single crystals etc. He has authored or co-authored over 200 papers in various international journals.

References 

1950 births
Living people
Scientists from Andhra Pradesh
Indian materials scientists
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Andrew Figgures. Lieutenant General Andrew Collingwood Figgures CB CBE FREng (born 13 November 1950) is a former Master-General of the Ordnance.

Military career
Educated at Loughborough Grammar School, Welbeck College and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, Figgures was commissioned into the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in 1970.

In 1995 he was appointed Commander of Equipment Support at HQ Land Command from where he was deployed to Bosnia for which he was awarded the CBE.

In 1998 he went to the Royal College of Defence Studies and was then appointed Director of Operational Requirements (Land). In 2000 he was appointed as Capability Manager for Manoeuvres and then in September 2003 he was deployed to Iraq as Senior British Military Representative and Deputy Commanding General, Multinational Force, Iraq. In 2004 he became Technical Director at the Defence Procurement Agency and Master-General of the Ordnance. Then in 2006 he became Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Equipment Capability). He retired in October 2009.

In March 2010 he became Chief executive of the British Transport Police Authority.
In 2012 a new post of Master General REME was created with Figgures as the first incumbent.

References

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British Army lieutenant generals
20th-century British Army personnel
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers
Living people
1950 births
People educated at Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College
Military personnel of the Bosnian War
British Army personnel of the Iraq War
Henry F. Mann. Henry F. Mann was an American inventor and blacksmith. Mann is most famous for inventing a reaping machine in 1848 with his father Jacob J. Mann. Their first reaper patent was applied for on June 19, 1849. In 1861, Henry obtained a patent for improvement in breech loading cannons and subsequently test-fired many rounds for the chief ordnance constructor of the U.S. government.

This first reaper-harvester cut the grain with a scalloped edge sickle, and by a double series of toothed bands; one series running on a level with the cutting apparatus, and the other series, running up an inclined plane, carried the cut grain up the inclined plane by way of a revolving apron and deposited it into a rotating receptacle where the sheaf was collected, and thrown upon the ground in circular condition for binding. This was an improvement of earlier reapers where the operator did not have to rake or collect the grain into a sheaf.
Ten of these machines were produced and sold in 1849. An improved machine was entered in the 1953 Indiana State Fair held at LaFayette. It won first premium in competition with the popular machines of that day. By the 1870s, around 2,000 reaper machines with the name "J.J.Mann and Sons" were being used.

References

19th-century American inventors
People from Tippecanoe County, Indiana
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing