omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sweep generator. A sweep generator is a piece of electronic test equipment similar to, and sometimes included on, a function generator which creates an electrical waveform with a linearly varying frequency and a constant amplitude.  Sweep generators are commonly used to test the frequency response of electronic filter circuits.  These circuits are mostly transistor circuits with inductors and capacitors to create linear characteristics.

Sweeps are a popular method in the field of audio measurement to describe the change in a measured output value over a progressing input parameter. The most commonly-used progressive input parameter is frequency varied over the standard audio bandwidth of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Glide Sweep
A glide sweep (or chirp) is a continuous signal in which the frequency increases or decreases logarithmically with time. This provides the complete range of testing frequencies between the start and stop frequency. An advantage over the stepped sweep is that the signal duration can be reduced by the user without any loss of frequency resolution in the results. This allows for rapid testing. Although the theory behind the glide sweep has been known for several decades, its use in audio measuring devices has only evolved over the past several years. The reason for this lies with the high computing power required.

Stepped Sweep
In a stepped sweep, one variable input parameter (frequency or amplitude) is incremented or decremented in discrete steps. After each change, the analyzer waits until a stable reading is detected before switching to the next step. The scaling of the steps is linear or logarithmic. Since the settling time of different test objects cannot be predicted, the duration of a stepped sweep cannot be determined exactly in advance. For the determination of amplitude or frequency response, the stepped sweep has been largely replaced by the glide sweep. The main application for the stepped sweep is to measure the linearity of systems. Here, the frequency of the test signal is kept constant while the amplitude is varied. Typically the amplitude and distortion of the device under test are measured. This is also referred to as an "amplitude sweep".

Time Sweep
In the case of a time sweep, the x-axis represents time. Again the y-axis represents a measured value, e.g. amplitude. The change in the measured value is observed over time. For example, how does the response of the device under test change over a long period?

Table Sweep
A rarely used special form of the stepped sweep is the table sweep. Here the input signal is produced from a table as a sequence of any frequency and amplitude pairs.

See also
 Radio-frequency sweep
 Wobbulator

References

Electrical circuits
Krichyevskii BOK-2. The BOK-2 (Byuro Osobykh Konstrooktsiy - bureau of special design)  (a.k.a. RK Razreznoye Krylo – slotted wing) was an aerodynamic research aircraft designed by S. S. Krichyevskii and built in the USSR in 1934.

Development
The BOK-2 was a research aircraft fitted with a slotted wing, which comprised the main forward part and the large variable incidence rear section with a slot between them. This small wooden single seater powered by an M-11 engine was flown successfully in 1935 but was abandoned, whilst in the process of being modified to allow the aerofoil, and slotted section, to automatically adopt the most efficient profile, when S. S. Krichyevskii died suddenly late in 1935.

See also
 List of  aircraft

Notes

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 
 Taylor, Michael J.H. . “ Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions. London. 1989.  

1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
BOK aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Tandem-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Akdal MKA 1919. The Akdal MKA 1919 is a gas operated, semi-automatic shotgun that resembles the M16 rifle and mimics the layout and placement of some of the controls. It was created by Turkish company Akdal Arms.  The MKA 1919 uses a conventional gas-operated action which is located around the support tube that runs below the barrel. The return spring is also located around the same support tube which is concealed by an enlarged polymer handguard. The MKA 1919 barrel can be quickly removed from upper receiver. To charge the rifle, the charging handle on the receiver must be pulled. The upper receiver is manufactured from an aluminum alloy while the lower receiver, along with pistol grip and shoulder stock, is manufactured as one piece from impact-resistant polymer. Akdal MKA 1919 semi-automatic shotgun has a 5-round detachable box magazine. It has a bolt release identical in location and  function to the one on the M16. Manual safety also duplicates M16-style being located on the left side of the receiver above the pistol grip. Standard sights include a front post installed on the M16-style removable base and a detachable M16A2-style carrying handle with built-in diopter sight. On the upper receiver, an integral Picatinny rail exists which will accept detachable carrying handle or optional red-dot or other optical sight attachments.

Related firearms 

Benelli M3
Franchi SPAS-15
Heckler & Koch FABARM FP6
Fabarm SDASS Tactical
Safir T-14
Saiga 12
USAS-12

References

External links
MKA arms website

Semi-automatic shotguns of Turkey
Atomic spacing. Atomic spacing refers to the distance between the nuclei of atoms in a material. This space is extremely large compared to the size of the atomic nucleus, and is related to the chemical bonds which bind atoms together. In solid materials, the atomic spacing is described by the bond lengths of its atoms. In ordered solids, the atomic spacing between two bonded atoms is generally around a few ångströms (Å), which is on the order of 10−10 meters (see Lattice constant). However, in very low density gases (for example, in outer space) the average distance between atoms can be as large as a meter. In this case, the atomic spacing is not referring to bond length.

The atomic spacing of crystalline structures is usually determined by passing an electromagnetic wave of known frequency through the material, and using the laws of diffraction to determine its atomic spacing. The atomic spacing of amorphous materials (such as glass) varies substantially between different pairs of atoms, therefore diffraction cannot be used to accurately determine atomic spacing. In this case, the average bond length is a common way of expressing the distance between its atoms.

Example
Bond length can be determined between different elements in molecules by using the atomic radii of the atoms. Carbon bonds with itself to form two covalent network solids. Diamond's C-C bond has a distance of  away from each carbon since , while graphite's C-C bond has a distance of  away from each carbon since . Although both bonds are between the same pair of elements they can have different bond lengths.

References

Nuclear physics
BOK-3. The BOK-3 (Byuro Osobykh Konstrooktsiy – bureau of special design) (a.k.a. IS -executive committee aircraft) was a liaison aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1933.

Development
This wooden low-wing monoplane aircraft with semi-monocoque fuselage, ply covered wings and fabric covered control surfaces, was built in 1933 as a four-seat liaison aircraft with two cockpits, for two side by side, fore and aft of the wing mainspar, fixed tailwheel undercarriage and slotted flaps out to half span. Variants planned included a crop sprayer/seeder and a military trainer with a PV-1 fixed to fire forwards, a manually operated turret with a single DA, and provision for a single FAB-100 100 kg bomb or a reconnaissance camera.

Specifications (BOK-3)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet military utility aircraft
BOK aircraft
Scout X-2B. The Scout X-2B was an American expendable launch system which was flown during 1963. It was a four-stage rocket, based on the earlier Scout X-2, but with an Altair 2A fourth stage in place of the Altair 1A used on the X-2. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets.

The Scout X-2 was an all-solid rocket, with an Algol 1D first stagea Castor 1A second stage, an Antares 2A third stage, and an Altair 2A fourth stage. It made only one flight, which was launched from Launch Complex D at Point Arguello, carrying a P-35 weather satellites, P35-5. The launch occurred on 27 September 1963, and failed to achieve orbit.

References

 

1963 in spaceflight
X-2B
Windows Interface Source Environment. Windows Interface Source Environment (or WISE) was a licensing program from Microsoft which allowed developers to recompile and run Windows-based applications on UNIX and Macintosh platforms.

WISE SDKs were based on an emulation of the Windows API which could run on Unix and Macintosh platforms.

History
WISE was issued in 1994. WISE software development kits were not directly provided by Microsoft. Instead, Microsoft established partnerships with several software providers (which needed to have access to Windows internals source code), which in turn sold WISE SDKs to end-users. A few software providers provided WISE SDKs or emulators, mainly:
 Mainsoft developed a product called Mainwin, which provided an implementation of MFC on Unix platforms.
 Bristol Technology Inc. developed Wind/U, which ran on top of Motif.
Insignia Solutions provided an emulator called Softwindows.
 Locus Computing Corporation provided an emulator called Merge.

Unfair use of Microsoft dominant position

The WISE program, which was discontinued shortly after its inception, was seen by some as a Trojan horse designed by Microsoft to penetrate the Unix market. Companies which provided WISE SDKs needed to have access to Windows source code, which made them dependent on Microsoft's good will. In 1999, Bristol Technology Inc., a software company which provided a WISE SDK, sued Microsoft, arguing that it illegally withheld Windows source code and used its dominant position with Windows to move into other markets. A ruling later ordered Microsoft to pay $1 million to Bristol Technologies.

Source code leak
To be able to develop WISE SDKs, software providers needed to have access to Windows internals source code. In 2004, more than 30,000 source files from Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 were leaked to the internet. It was later discovered that the source of the leak originated from Mainsoft, one of the WISE software providers.

See also
 Captive NTFS
 NDISwrapper
 Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure
 Wine (software)

References

Windows emulation software
Chizhevski BOK-5. The BOK-5 () was a tail-less research aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1937, by the Byuro Osobykh Konstrooktsiy (bureau of special design) ().

Development 
The dural and fabric BOK-5 was a single-engined tail-less monoplane used to develop trailing edge controls for tail-less aircraft. The aircraft had a low aspect ratio moderately tapered wing with the fixed tail-wheel undercarriage, single M-11 engine, pilots cockpit all accommodated by the central nacelle which faired into an integral fin, with rudder, at the rear. The trailing edges were each divided into three with elevators inboard, flaps in the middle and ailerons outboard, with all controls inter-connected as required for the test being carried out (sometimes termed 'Flailevators' although this is usually used for single surfaces performing all three control tasks, not separate surfaces with control mixing). Flight trials were carried out by Stefanovskii and Nyukhtikov from the summer of 1937.

Variants 
 BOK-6 - Projected tail-less heavy bomber (a.k.a. TB)

Specifications (BOK-5)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5W1pmqLHYm4

BOK aircraft
1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Energy factor. An energy factor is a metric used in the United States to compare the energy conversion efficiency of residential appliances and equipment. The energy factor is currently used for rating the efficiency of water heaters, dishwashers, clothes washers, and clothes dryers. The term is used by the United States Department of Energy to develop and enforce minimum energy conservation standards under the Energy Conservation Program.

The higher the energy factor, the more efficient the appliance should be.

Although the term energy factor is used to compare the relative efficiency of these appliances, the metric is defined differently for all four appliance categories. The energy factor is expressed in terms of site energy, which excludes losses through energy conversion. All of these efficiency metrics are defined by Department of Energy test procedures.

Water heaters
The energy factor metric only applies to residential water heaters, which are currently defined by fuel, type, and input capacity. Generally, the EF number represents the thermal efficiency of the water heater as a percentage, since it is an average of the ratio of the theoretical heat required to raise the temperature of water drawn to the amount of energy actually consumed by the water heater.

Test procedure

The energy factor for residential water heaters is determined using the results from the 24-hour simulated use test. During the test 64.3±1.0 gallons of water are drawn from the water heater in six equally spaced draws that begin one hour apart. The hot water flow rate for each draw is 3.0±0.25 gallons per minute. After the beginning of the last draw a standby period of 18 hours follows. During the test, the test conditions must be operated at a specified value and accuracy. Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have different values specified for ambient air temperature and relative humidity.

From the standard test procedure, the energy factor is defined as

where  is the modified daily water heating energy consumption (Btu),   is the mass withdrawn from the ith draw (lb), and   is the specific heat of the water of the ith draw Btu/lb°F, evaluated at the midpoint between 58°F and 135°F.

Uniform energy factor (UEF)
 the Uniform Energy Factor (UEF) is newest measure of water heater overall efficiency according to the Department of Energy’s test method outlined in 10 CFR Part 430, Subpart B, Appendix E.

Energy conservation standards
Minimum federal energy conservation standards are defined by fuel, type, and rated storage volume. All standards are calculated as a function of the rated storage volume V in gallons. The current conservation standards are less efficient than the standards that go into effect in 2015.

Dishwashers

The energy factor for dishwashers is defined as "the number of cycles per kWh of input power."

Clothes washers

The energy factor for clothes washers, is  defined as "the cubic foot capacity per kWh of input power per cycle."

Clothes dryers

The energy factor for clothes dryers is defined as "the number of pounds of clothes dried per kWh of power consumed."

See also
 Energy star

References

Energy conversion
CFA D.7 Cricri Major. The CFA D.7 Cricri Major was a French-built light civil aircraft of the 1940s.

Development

The CFA D.7 Cricri Major was a postwar-built light high-wing monoplane with enclosed two-seat tandem glazed cabin and a fixed tail-wheel undercarriage, powered by a Salmson 5Aq-01 radial engine.

Operational history

An initial series of ten Cricri (Cricket) Majors was completed and these were bought by aero clubs and private pilots. The design was rather outdated and no further examples were completed.  Four D.7s remained in service in 1956 and one, F-BFNG remained airworthy in 1967. This aircraft has been restored to airworthiness and was operational in 2005.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1940s French civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
North Platte Project. The North Platte Project (originally the Sweetwater Project) is an irrigation project in the U.S. states of Wyoming and Nebraska.  The project provides irrigation service to about .  The primary water storage for the project is in Pathfinder Reservoir in Wyoming.  Downstream, Guernsey Dam manages river flow and provides secondary storage for water released from Pathfinder.  Near Fort Laramie the Whalen Diversion Dam diverts water into Fort Laramie Canal and Interstate Canal which distribute water to farms in Wyoming and Nebraska.

History 
Surveys for the project began shortly after the Reclamation Act was enacted in 1902. The project was approved by the Department of the Interior in 1903, and work began on Pathfinder Dam and Interstate Canal in 1905.  Guernsey Dam was completed in 1927.

In July 2019 a tunnel along the Fort Laramie Canal collapsed, causing Nebraska and Wyoming to declare states of emergency due to lost water.

Facilities 
 Pathfinder Dam
 Guernsey Dam and Guernsey Powerplant
 Whalen Diversion Dam
 Pathfinder (formerly Interstate) Canal
 Fort Laramie Canal

References 

 

Buildings and structures in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Nebraska
United States Bureau of Reclamation
Alexander Macphail. James Alexander Macphail   (January 25, 1870 – January 13, 1949) was a Canadian engineer, educator and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 4th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1911 to 1915 as a Conservative.

He was born in Orwell, Prince Edward Island, the son of William Macphail and Catherine E. Smith, and was educated at Prince of Wales College, McGill University and Queen's University. In 1910, he married Agnes Mary Moray MacMorine. He was a professor in the School of Mining and then the Department of Civil Engineering at Queen's, later becoming department head.

He served with the Royal Canadian Engineers during World War I. He led a company of engineers as a major, later reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. During the war, Macphail received the Distinguished Service Order, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1919 New Year Honours, for services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders.

His brother Andrew was a noted physician, educator and author.

References

 

Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
1870 births
1949 deaths
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
McGill University alumni
Royal Canadian Engineers officers
Canadian military personnel from Prince Edward Island
20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Utva 66. The UTVA-66, is a STOL light utility / liaison aircraft produced in the former Yugoslavia. A development of the UTVA-56, it first flew in 1966 and was intended largely for use by the Yugoslav military.

Description

The UTVA-66 derived from the UTVA-56, featuring fixed leading-edge slats and a larger tail.

The aircraft was designed to operate from unprepared fields. Its STOL characteristics include leading edge fixed slats, flaps and drooping ailerons. The cockpit is equipped with dual flight controls. The right front and rear seats in the older version of the aircraft could be removed to accommodate two stretchers. The 66H ("Hidro") variant replaced the fixed landing gear with pontoon floats for operation from bodies of water; these could be exchanged for snow skis.

Operational usage

130 UTVA-66 aircraft were manufactured. 

During the Yugoslav Wars some aircraft fell into Slovenian and Croatian hands. The last operational aircraft were withdrawn from military service in 1999.

Subsequently, a number were sold to Canada and the United States of America where they were converted for civilian use as rugged utility aircraft.

Variants

 66AM − Air ambulance version.
 66H − Floatplane version.
 66V − Armed variant with provisions for underwing armament.

Former military operators

 Bosnian Air Force 

 Croatian Air Force

North Macedonia Air Brigade   

 Republika Srpska Air Force   
92nd Light Multi role Aircraft Squadron

 Slovenian Air Force

 Yugoslav Air Force
461st Light Combat Aviation Squadron (1977–1988) 
462nd Light Combat Aviation Squadron (1977–1981) 
252nd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron (1981–1992) 
Letalski center Maribor (Civil operator) (1989-2003)

Aircraft on display
Serbia
 Museum of Aviation (Belgrade) in Belgrade
A number of Utva 66 including Utva 66H are on display.

Specifications (Utva 66)

See also

UTVA 75

References

Bibliography

External links

General characteristics for Utva-66

66
1960s Yugoslav military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Glider tugs
STOL aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Gotha G.VI. The Gotha G.VI was an experimental bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany during World War I.

Development
The Gotha G.VI was an experimental bomber developed from the Gotha G.V. Using the standard wing cellule from the Gotha G.V the G.VI became what was probably the first asymmetrical aircraft to be built. In an effort to reduce drag, Hans Burkhard, the chief designer at Gotha, studied various configurations of fuselage and engine nacelle for multi-engined aircraft. He concluded that drag could be reduced dramatically if the number of bodies creating drag could be reduced, on September 22, 1915, Burkhard obtained German Patent number 300 676 for his unusual design.

Using the wing from a Gotha G.V Burkhard moved an engine to the front of the fuselage, driving a tractor propeller, and moved it to lie over the port main undercarriage supports. The second engine was moved to the rear of a nacelle, driving a pusher propeller, offset to a lesser degree to starboard, to compensate for differing drag characteristics, the forward end of the nacelle housed a cockpit for a gunner armed with a flexible machine-gun that extended forward of the tractor propeller in the port fuselage. 

Flight tests commenced in the summer of 1918, with the only major problem being buffeting of the tail unit, but were interrupted when the aircraft nosed over, repairs were not carried out to the first prototype. The buffeting of the tail unit was to have been alleviated by fitting an asymmetric tailplane, offset to port, on the second prototype which was not completed before the Armistice. The second prototype is reputed to have been destroyed before it could be requisitioned by the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control.

Specifications (Gotha G.VI)

See also

References

Bibliography

 Taylor, Michael J.H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions. London. 1989.

External links

Article on the Gotha G.VI, archived in WebCite

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.VI
Asymmetrical aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918