omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CTP Iași. The Compania de Transport Public (CTP) Iași (English: Iași Public Transport Company) is the major transit operator responsible for public transportation in Iași, Romania. Until September 2016, CTP was known as the Autonomous Public Transport Operator of Iași (Romanian: Regia Autonomă de Transport Public (RATP) Iași).

History
Established on 19 March 1898, CTP Iași operates an extensive network using metre gauge trams (electric trams began operating in 1900) and buses. Trolleybuses were used on a number of routes starting in 1985, but all trolleybus routes (within a system length of , as of 2003) were converted to bus operation by 2006.

The Iași city is partly built on hills, and the tram network reaches, on certain portions, large slopes. The steepest grade on the entire tram system is 8.8 percent, on the line between Târgu Cucu and the intersection with Tudor Vladimirescu Blvd. (Cinci Drumuri-Pădurii) towards the Tatărași neighbourhood, one of the steepest gradients on adhesion railways in Europe.

Routes
As of 2019, CTP Iași operates 9 regular tram routes on , and 24 regular bus routes on  throughout Iași. In 2014, the CTP carried 50,358,000 passengers, an average of 140,000 passengers per day.

In January 2023, CTP began to offer transport services for the Iași Metropolitan Public Transport Association (Asociația Metropolitană de Transport Public Iași (AMTPI)), in the metropolitan area of the city.

Tram routes

Bus routes

Fares
The CTP fare system, jointly with the Iași Metropolitan Public Transport Association (AMTPI) fare system, accept tickets, transit passes and card payments (either direct or through a smartphone application). As of December 2023, the adult cash fares are RON3.50 (€0.71) for 120 minutes inside the urban zone, or RON8.00 (€1.61) for 180 minutes inside the urban and metropolitan zones. Adult passes are available for 30-day all routes at RON110,00 (€22.20) inside the urban zone, or RON300 (€60.55) for both zones. More options are available, including different types of discounts.

Ticket vending machines are also available at some stations. In 2018, the payment options were modernized and paying through an app was made possible - by using a third-party application and scanning QR codes that are available in multiple points in the vehicles and on the side of ticket kiosks in most stations. After a few months, most vehicles have been equipped to also support contactless card payments.

Rolling stock
Historically, tram cars from different companies have been acquired. The current fleet operates with 126 trams.

Current vehicles

Retired vehicles

Bus fleet
CTP Iași operates a fleet of 140 transit buses and 10 minibuses.

Current fleet

Minibuses

Retired bus fleet

Retired trolleybus fleet

See also
List of town tramway systems in Romania
List of tram and light rail transit systems

References

External links

CTP Iași official website

Iasi
Iasi
Transport in Iași
Metre gauge railways in Romania
1898 establishments in Romania
Companies based in Iași
Tellurium monoiodide. Tellurium iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula TeI. Two forms are known. Their structures differ from the other monohalides of tellurium.  There are three subiodides of tellurium, α-TeI, β-TeI, and Te2I, and one tellurium tetraiodide.

Preparation and properties
TeI is a gray solid formed by the hydrothermal reaction of tellurium metal and iodine in hydroiodic acid.  When this reaction is conducted near 270 °C gives the α-TeI, which is triclinic.  When the same mixture is heated to 150 °C, one obtains the metastable monoclinic phase β-TeI.  The compounds are related structurally to Te2I (see ditellurium bromide), but the additional iodide groups do not bridge to other Te centers.

The corresponding monochloride and monobromide are molecular compounds with the formula Te2X2.

Tellurium diiodide
Although TeI2 has not been isolated in bulk, complexes of the type TeI2(thiourea)2 are well characterized. These complexes precipitate upon treatment of aqueous solutions of the related tellurium dibromide complex with sodium iodide.

References

Iodides
Tellurium halides
Tellurium compounds
Chalcohalides
Wagner Aerocar. The Wagner FJ-V3 Aerocar was a prototype 4-place flying automobile. The vehicle used counter-rotating rotor helicopter technology for flight.

Design
The Aerocar was developed in the era of space-age futurism, and looked the part. It looked slightly like the Jetsons flying car, with a large bubble cockpit, tailfins, and disproportionately small wheels for a car. It was developed from the Rotocar III design which was based on the Sky-trac 3 helicopter. The helicopter used counter-rotating rotors.  On ground propulsion to the wheels was through a hydraulic linkage to the engine.

Operational history
A prototype with the registration D-HAGU was completed and flown in 1965. The Franklin 6AS-335-B engine was replaced with a 134lb, 420shp Turbomeca Oredon turbine engine with a front-mounted gearbox. The design was sold to Helikopter Technik München (HTM). HTM suspended development of the Aerocar in 1971.

Variants
 HTM Skytrac

Specifications Wagner Aerocar

References

External links

Flight International, June 1968 
Aero Engines; Flight International, January 2, 1969

Aerocar, Wagner
Single-turbine helicopters
1960s German helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Single-engined piston helicopters
Wagner aircraft
Coaxial rotor helicopters
Thermalite. Thermalite is a specific type of fuse used in pyrotechnic applications. The product was designed to be used in cross matching safety fuses of the Bickford type. As safety fuse is designed to neither give nor take fire through the heavy fuse jacket, ignition may be achieved by punching a hole perpendicular to and through a safety fuse powder core, threading a piece of Thermalite or similar igniter cord through the hole, then gently squeezing the safety fuse with pliers or similar to bring the powder core into contact with the igniter cord. The Thermalite could be ignited by a match, or more certainly by a purpose made igniter, similar to a wire sparkler.

An expedient formerly used to ignite bickford style safety fuses was to split the end of a safety fuse, place a match head into the split and tie the split back together, holding the match head against the powder core. This technique was slower, cumbersome and more failure prone than piercing and cross matching. Also, a single length of igniter cord could pass through and serially ignite multiple pieces of safety fuse attached to various charges in more complex, multiple charge blasting schemes. This technique and the several burn rate types of igniter cord manufactured by ICI could be used to implement quite complex ignition sequences.

This fuse is used in high-power model rocketry as a means of simultaneously igniting multiple "clustered" rocket motors. A single flashbulb or flash pan is used to ignite pieces of Thermalite leading to each motor.

Thermalite comes in three burn rates identifiable by the colour of the fuse wrapping: 
Pink: slow (20 sec/foot)  
Green: medium (10 sec/foot) 
White: fast (5 sec/foot)

Thermalite igniter cords and connectors were manufactured in Quebec by ICA Canada Inc., however in November 1995 they ceased manufacturing igniter cord. Sources for thermalite are increasingly hard to come by and purchasing it by mail will usually require permits and licenses. As a result, those who want to use thermalite fuses will sometimes make their own.

See also
 Artillery fuze
 Black match
 Fuse (explosives)
 Punk (fireworks)
 Safety fuse
 Slow match

References

Detonators
Pyrotechnics
Pyrotechnic initiators
Explosives
Elektrische Viktoria. The Elektrische Viktoria was an electric car built in several versions by Siemens between 1905 and 1909 in Berlin. The versions comprised a four-seat convertible (advertised and used as a hotel taxi), a minibus with a box-like structure (much like a pickup), and a van.

Top speed was 30 km/h (19 mi/h). The electric motor operated at a nominal potential of 88 volts and a maximum current of 40 amperes. The maximum power was 3.520 kW (about 4.8 HP). The cruising range was 60 km with the smaller battery version and 80 km with the larger battery version.

The car was built in the Berlin-based factory Siemens-Schuckertwerke, a Siemens subsidiary. The total number of units built is not known, but, according to Siemens internal records, probably between 30 and 50 were produced. The price was steep by 1905 standards, at 11000 to 17500 Marks, depending on the model and battery capacity.  At the time, a worker's monthly wages were in the range of 120 to 150 Marks.

Development 
Regenerative braking was added during development, i.e., while braking the electric motor's operation was reversed, turning it into an electric generator charging the battery, such that the available kinetic energy could be turned into extended cruising range.

2010 replica 
In 2010 Siemens built a full-scale replica, based on partial sketches and three photographic images. Only the battery was modified for environmental reasons, avoiding the original lead based battery technology. The lighting was modernized in order to receive official approval for operation on public roads. Siemens rebuilt the city car type B "Electrical Viktoria open". The weight is 1530 kg, to which the battery alone contributes 480 kg. Fully charging the battery takes between five and a half to six hours on 220 volt mains. The car was approved on April 8, 2010 and presented to the public in Berlin on April 30.

On June 21, 2010, the replica was involved an accident in the environs of Hinterzarten, a resort village in the Black Forest, when the car suddenly veered off the road and into an embankment at full speed. The driver and leader of the replica project, Wilfried Feldenkirchen, a professor of economic history, was killed, when he was ejected from the car.  Four accompanying students were injured, two seriously.

Sources 

Fact-Sheet-Victorian Siemens AG

Electric vehicles
Siemens
Hoek–Brown failure criterion. The Hoek–Brown failure criterion is an empirical stress surface that is used in rock mechanics to predict the failure of rock.  The original version of the Hoek–Brown criterion was developed by Evert Hoek and E. T. Brown in 1980 for the design of underground excavations.  In 1988, the criterion was extended for applicability to slope stability and surface excavation problems.  An update of the criterion was presented in 2002 that included improvements in the correlation between the model parameters and the geological strength index (GSI).

The basic idea of the Hoek–Brown criterion was to start with the properties intact rock and to add factors to reduce those properties because of the existence of joints in the rock.  Although a similar criterion for concrete had been developed in 1936, the significant tool that the Hoek–Brown criterion gave design engineers was a quantification of the relation between the stress state and Bieniawski's rock mass rating (RMR).
The Hoek–Brown failure criterion is used widely in mining engineering design.

The original Hoek–Brown criterion 
The Hoek–Brown criterion has the form
 
where  is the effective maximum principal stress,  is the effective minimum principal stress, and  are materials constants.  In terms of the mean normal stress () and maximum shear stress ()

where 

We can convert the above relation into a form similar to the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion by solving for  to get

The material constants  are related to the unconfined compressive () and tensile strengths () by

Symmetry issue 
If we set  in the above equation, we get the pure shear Hoek–Brown criterion:

The two values of  are unsymmetric with respect to the  axis in the -plane.   This feature of the Hoek–Brown criterion appears unphysical and care must be exercised when using this criterion in numerical simulations.

See also 
 Failure theory (material)
 Mohr–Coulomb theory
 Tresca criterion
 Mohr's circle

References

External links 
History of the Hoek–Brown criterion

Solid mechanics
Akaflieg München Mü1 Vogel Roch. The Akaflieg München Mü1 Vogel Roch is a glider that was designed and built in Germany in 1924.

Development 
Akaflieg München's first project, the Mü1 Vogel Roch (the Roc Bird), was designed and built shortly after the formation of the Fliegergruppe in 1924 at Hersching am Ammersee. The flying boat glider had a boat shaped hull, parasol mounted swept wings, open cockpit and a prominent fin, with wooden construction throughout. The  Mü1 Vogel Roch was launched from a slipway on the Ammersee and towed into the air by a speedboat for flight testing.

Specifications (Mü1 Vogel Roch)

See also

References

Mu01
1920s German sailplanes
Flying boats
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Akaflieg München Mü2 Münchner Kindl. The Akaflieg München Mü2 Münchner Kindl is a glider that was designed and built in Germany in 1926.

Development
The students at Akaflieg München designed and built the Mü2 “Münchner Kindl” to participate in gliding competitions. Construction was of wood throughout with plywood and fabric covering, a high mounted, unswept, cantilever wing, built in four pieces with slightly tapered outer panels that sat on the square-section aerofoil profiled fuselage. An all-flying tailplane was mounted at the extreme end of the fuselage with a fin mounting a large rudder attached to the top of the fuselage tail.

The Mü2 "Münchner Kindl" was ready for the 1926 Rhön gliding competition at the Wasserkuppe but was retired early due to technical problems. After repairs and modifications the Mü2 "Münchner Kindl" returned to the Wasserkuppe for the 1927 Rhön meeting with success in the height gain, (), and duration (1m:39s) categories.

Specifications (Mü2 Münchner Kindl)

See also

References

1920s German sailplanes
Mu02
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Bharati Vidyapeeth. Bharati Vidyapeeth is a private deemed to be university established in Pune, India. Bharati Vidyapeeth has campuses across the country at New Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Sangli, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Karad, Satara, and Panchgani. Among these are Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Dentistry, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Nursing, Pharmacy, Engineering, Management, Hotel Management, Catering Technology, Environment Science and Agriculture etc.

Rankings 

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Bharati Vidyapeeth 76th among universities for 2022. 
The university's constituent engineering college, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering, Pune was ranked 131 in India by the NIRF engineering ranking for 2022. 

Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy was ranked 17 in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2021.

Notable alumni
 Shaheer Sheikh 
 Pravin Tarde 
 Saurabh Bharadwaj

References

External links
 Bharati Vidyapeeth

Universities and colleges in Pune
Deemed universities in Maharashtra
Educational institutions established in 1964
1964 establishments in Maharashtra
Akaflieg München Mü3 Kakadu. The Akaflieg München Mü3 Kakadu is a glider designed and built in Germany in 1928.

Development 
The Mü3 "Kakadu" was the first high performance glider designed and built at Akaflieg München. The Mü3 "Kakadu" was completed in time for the 1928  Rhön Competition at the Wasserkuppe, emerging as an impressive aircraft with a tapered wing, circular section fuselage and smooth lines. Designed by  Dr. August Kupper, (nicknamed “Kakadu”), the Mü3 was regarded as the forerunner of the high aspect ratio, low induced drag sailplanes that emerged in the 1930s, such as 'Fafnir' and 'Austria'. Throughout the thirties the  Mü3 Kakadu remained the highest performance glider at Akaflieg München being used for competition flying as well as mountain flying research.

Specifications (Mü3 Kakadu')

See also

References

1920s German sailplanes
Mu03
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Vrabac (drone). The Vrabac (from ) is a mini drone intended for day/night reconnaissance and surveillance at shorter distances, as well as for target finding and designating, produced in Serbia by Utva Aviation Industry, subsidiary of Yugoimport SDPR.

Design
The VRABAC is a high-wing monoplane made of composite materials. Its fuselage is aerodynamically shaped around the equipment. The nose part contains an 800W DC motor powered by a Li-pol battery while the space below and behind it is intended for electro-optical equipment. The airborne computer is in the central part. The UAV is hand launched and lands with a parachute and an airbag. It is designed to survey and analyze major infrastructural facilities such as pipelines, major roads, bridges, forests, etc.

In 2022, an armed version was revealed that can be equipped with six 40 mm M22 munitions.

Performances and technical characteristics
Vrabac weighs 5.3 kg with a 2.80 meters wing span. It can carry a payload of maximum of 1.5 kg. It has a total of 1 hour flying time and has a maximum flight speed of 85 km/h. The operational range of the Vrabac is >10 km, and its operating height is 300 to 500 meters.

Gallery

See also
 Miniature UAV
 Pegaz

References

Vrabac
Military Technical Institute Belgrade
Unmanned military aircraft of Serbia
Nadrian Seeman. Nadrian C. "Ned" Seeman (December 16, 1945 – November 16, 2021) was an American nanotechnologist and crystallographer known for inventing the field of DNA nanotechnology.

Biography 
Seeman studied biochemistry at the University of Chicago and crystallography at the University of Pittsburgh.  He was a postdoctoral researcher with Alexander Rich at MIT. He became a faculty member at the State University of New York at Albany, and in 1988 moved to the Department of Chemistry at New York University.

He is most noted for his development of the concept of DNA nanotechnology beginning in the early 1980s.  In fall 1980, while at a campus pub, Seeman was inspired by the M. C. Escher woodcut Depth to realize that a three-dimensional lattice could be constructed from DNA.  He realized that this could be used to orient target molecules, simplifying their crystallographic study by eliminating the difficult process of obtaining pure crystals.  In pursuit of this goal, Seeman's laboratory published the synthesis of the first three-dimensional nanoscale object, a cube made of DNA, in 1991. This work won the 1995 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology. The concept of the dissimilar double DNA crossover introduced by Seeman, was important stepping stone towards the development of DNA origami.  The goal of demonstrating designed three-dimensional DNA crystals was achieved by Seeman in 2009, nearly thirty years after his original elucidation of the idea.

The concepts of DNA nanotechnology later found further applications in DNA computing, DNA nanorobotics, and self-assembly of nanoelectronics.  He shared the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2010 with Donald Eigler “for their development of unprecedented methods to control matter on the nanoscale.” He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

He was an atheist. Seeman died on November 16, 2021, at the age of 75.

Notable publications 

 —Considered to be the earliest paper outlining the concepts of DNA nanotechnology
 —The synthesis of the DNA cube
 —The synthesis of two-dimensional periodic lattices of double crossover molecules
 —The first DNA-based nanomechanical device
 —A popular science article explaining the field of DNA nanotechnology
 —The synthesis of three-dimensional periodic lattices of tensegrity triangle molecules
 —A DNA-based molecular assembly line

See also 

 History of DNA nanotechnology

References

External links 
 

1945 births
2021 deaths
American crystallographers
American atheists
New York University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
DNA nanotechnology people
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Kavli Prize laureates in Nanoscience
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
Akaflieg München Mü4 München. The Akaflieg München Mü4 München is a glider that was designed and built in Germany in 1927.

Development 
As the membership of Akaflieg München expanded a requirement for more glider training capacity emerged. To provide the extra capacity, students at the Akaflieg designed and built the Mü4 München, ensuring that the aircraft had trouble-free handling and was easy to maintain and repair. Despite the simple gliders low performance it was found that the Mü4 München was capable of soaring flight and so was used for mountain flying in the Alps near Rosenheim.

Specifications (Mü4 München)

References

1920s German sailplanes
Mu04
Aircraft first flown in 1927
P&P Projects. P&P Projects is an international company that first started as a one-man business in Asten, Netherlands making space models and that now specializes in projects for the leisure industry. The company has been constructing and decorating projects for several organisations such as theme parks, museums, visitor centres, family entertainment centres, zoos and swimming pools around the world. P&P Projects specializes in theming, scenery, props, inter-actives, exhibits, animatronics, specials, scale models, and high quality interiors.

The company has a premises of 2,250 square meters. The production workshop measures 2,000 square meters and the office 250 square meters.

Projects 
 Theme park projects
 The Amsterdam Dungeon, the Netherlands
 Aquatopia Antwerp, Belgium
 Banana Splash Bobbejaanland, Belgium 
 Earth Explorer 2004 Oostende, Belgium
 Europa-Park, Germany - Euro-Mir, Iceland / Blue Fire, and Minimoys Kingdom / Arthur – The Ride
 Flamingo Land, United Kingdom
 F1 Nürburgring Ring°Werk, Germany. P&P Projects did the theming of the dark rides, a large theatre, race simulators, pit boxes and car replicas.
 Gold Rush, Attractiepark Slagharen
 Joris en de Draak, Efteling
 Legoland California, United States of America
 Madame Tussauds Berlin, Germany
 Walibi Holland the Netherlands - Speed of Sound (roller coaster), Splash Battle, and Xpress: Platform 13
 Walibi Sud-Ouest, France
 Museums
 Roshen, Ukraine
 Glasgow Science Centre, Scotland
 Visitor Centre Volkswagen Autostadt, Germany
 Sea Life Centres, Blackpool United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands

P&P Project Development 

This company was founded in 2006 and specializes in design for the leisure industry and television, along with consultancy, project management, graphical design, and inter-actives.

 Projects P&P Development
 Odysseum, Cologne Germany
 Lotte World parade, South Korea

References

Further reading 
P&P Projects. Interpark 2009 (4), p. 44.
New projects at EAS 2009. P&P Projects. Funworld, november/december 2009, p. 111.
Ford, J. HollandRama: The Visitors Center Takes Off. Behind the Themes, 2001 (6), p. 37+68.
Change of Theme. Attractions Management, October/November 2002, p. 56-58. 
P&P picks up new European projects. Attractions Management 2003 (3), p. 15.

External links 
 IAAPA International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions

Scenic design
Companies based in North Brabant
Animatronics companies