omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GRAI method. The GRAI method, GRAI is short for  Graphs with Results and Actions Inter-related, and the further developed GRAI Integrated
Methodology (GIM) is a modeling method of Enterprise modelling. 

The GRAI method was first proposed by Guy Doumeingts  in his 1984 PhD thesis, entitled La Méthode GRAI, further developed at the GRAI/LAP (Laboratory of Automation and Productics) of University Bordeaux, and followed by GRAI/GIM by Doumeingts and others in 1992. 

The GRAI method can represent and analyze the operation of all or part of a production activity. The strength of the GRAI method lies in its ability to provide modelers can effectively model the decision-making system of the company, i.e. organizational processes that generate decisions.

In the GRAI methodology four types of views had been incorporated: the functional view, physical view, decisional view and informational systems view.

References

Further reading 
 Chen, D., and G. Doumeingts. "The GRAI-GIM reference model, architecture and methodology." Architectures for Enterprise Integration. Springer US, 1996. 102-126.
 Chen, David, Bruno Vallespir, and Guy Doumeingts. "GRAI integrated methodology and its mapping onto generic enterprise reference architecture and methodology." Computers in industry 33.2 (1997): 387-394.
 Doumeingts, Guy, Bruno Vallespir, and David Chen. "GRAI grid decisional modelling." Handbook on architectures of information systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. 313-337.
 Doumeingts, Guy. "How to decentralize decisions through GRAI model in production management." Computers in Industry 6.6 (1985): 501-514.
 Girard, Philippe, and Guy Doumeingts. "GRAI-Engineering: a method to model, design and run engineering design departments." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 17.8 (2004): 716-732.

External links 
 The GRAI Method Part 1: global modelling by B. Vallespir, G. Doumeingts
 The GRAI method Part 2: detailed modeling and methodological issues by B. Vallespir, G. Doumeingts
Enterprise modelling
David K. Barton. David Knox Barton (September 21, 1927 – February 11, 2023) was an American radar systems engineer who made significant contributions to air defense, missile guidance, monopulse radar, low-altitude tracking, air traffic control, and early warning radar. At age 30, he was the first winner of the David Sarnoff Award in Engineering, for his contributions to precise tracking radars.  Holder of the IEEE's Centennial Medal, Millennium Medal, and Dennis J. Picard Medal,  he is widely regarded throughout the world as a leading authority on radar technology.  He authored a well-regarded series of reference books on radar engineering in the late 1970s.  David Barton was one of the people behind the MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missile system.

In 1997, Barton was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to radar system design and analysis.

References

Further reading

Books
 the 7-volume Radars book series from Artech House, 1974–1978
 David K. Barton, Modern Radar System Analysis, Artech House, 1988, 
 David Knox Barton, A. I. Leonov, Sergey A. Leonov, I. A. Morozov, Paul C. Hamilton, Radar Technology Encyclopedia, Artech House, 1997, 
 David K. Barton, Radar Technology Encyclopedia, Artech House, 1997 
 David K. Barton, Radar System Analysis and Modeling, Artech House, 2005, 
 David K. Barton, Radar Equations for Modern Radar, Artech House, 2013

External links
 David K. Barton's biography at ieee.org

1927 births
2023 deaths
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Harvard University alumni
Engineers from Connecticut
American electrical engineers
Burman and Sons. Burman and Sons Ltd, of Ryland Road, Birmingham, West Midlands, was a company that manufactured Burman-Douglas steering gear.

Their worm and nut design of steering gear was fitted to pre-war vehicles such as the Ford Eight and the Ford Prefect, the Bedford CA, plus heavy trucks and off-road vehicles - both pre and post-war. In its day, Burman-Douglas steering-gear was regarded as "...a 'quality' feature of a car chassis specification," though the worm and nut design was eventually surpassed by the more direct rack and pinion design which dominates today.

The company also manufactured motorcycle gearboxes during part of its history.

References

Automotive companies of England
Automotive steering technologies
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Palletizer. A palletizer or palletiser is a machine which provides automatic means for stacking cases of goods or products onto a pallet.

Manually placing boxes on pallets can be time consuming and expensive; it can also put unusual stress on workers. The first mechanized palletizer was designed, built, and installed in 1948 by a company formerly known as Lamson Corp.

There are specific types of palletizers including the row-forming which were introduced in the early 1950s. In row-forming palletizing applications loads are arranged on a row forming area and then moved onto a different area where layer forming takes place. This process repeats until a full layer of goods and products are configured to be placed on a pallet.

The in-line palletizer was developed in the 1970s when higher speeds were needed for palletizing. This palletizer type utilizes a continuous motion flow divider that guides the goods into the desired area on the layer forming platform.

Robotic palletizers were introduced in the early 1980s and have an end of arm tool (end effector) to grab the product from a conveyor or layer table and position it onto a pallet. Both conventional and robotic palletizers can receive product at a high elevation, typically , or low "floor level" elevation of . The end of arm tooling has evolved in recent years to accommodate a variation of pack pattern and package types.

Mixed case palletizing 
Mixed case palletizing is a real-world application variant of the 3D Bin packing problem, where the goal is to stack mixed size cases onto a pallet in such a way it optimizes the space utilization i.e., stack as many cases onto a minimum amount of pallets. Although widespread applications in logistics exist, it remains a challenging problem, and stacking of mixed size products still largely involves manual labour. 

Mixed case palletizing is subject to additional challenges as it not only requires robotics to grab the oncoming item i.e., determine the position of the product and robot kinematics to actually pick it up, but also to determine the size and optimal placement position on the pallet. In recent years, some research has utilized Deep Reinforcement Learning, where robotic agents aim to learn an optimal placement position by stacking many pallets in simulation. Some works apply there learned model in real-world environments.

See also 
 Unit load
 Pallet inverter
 Stretch wrap
Drum handler
Paper pallet

References 

 Yam, K. L. (2009). "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology". John Wiley & Sons. 

Material-handling equipment
Industrial equipment
Packaging machinery
Sam Leffler. Samuel J Leffler is a computer scientist, known for his work on BSD, from the 1980s to FreeBSD in the present day. He created HylaFAX, LibTIFF, and the FreeBSD Wireless Device Drivers. He co-authored the Design and Implementation series of books.

While working for the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG, UC Berkeley) at University of California, Berkeley, Leffler helped with 4.1 and 4.2 BSD release.  After leaving Computer Systems Research Group, Leffler also worked at Lucasfilm, Pixar Animation Studios, Silicon Graphics, Alias Research, Softimage 3D, Cinetron Computer Systems and VMware.  It while he was at Silicon Graphics that he developed HylaFAX.  Later, Leffler became an independent system design consultant.

Computer Animation Rendering
André and Wally B. (1984) texturing/matteing
Luxo Jr. (1986) rendering
Tin Toy (1988) renderman team
Toy Story (1995) modeling & animation system development/Renderman software development

References

Bibliography
 S. Leffler, M. McKusick, M. Karels, J. Quarterman: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System, Addison-Wesley, January 1989, . German translation published June 1990, . Japanese translation published June 1991,  (out of print).
 S. Leffler, M. McKusick: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System Answer Book, Addison-Wesley, April 1991, . Japanese translation published January 1992,

External links 
 Interview: Sam Leffler of the FreeBSD Foundation

BSD people
American computer scientists
Free software programmers
FreeBSD people
Living people
Lucasfilm people
Year of birth missing (living people)
U.S. Air Services. U.S. Air Services () was initially a weekly and then monthly American aeronautics magazine published from 1917 through 1956. Originally issued weekly (starting July 12, 1917) in New York as the U.S. Air Service Journal, as of 1920 (Vol. III) it was published monthly. Publication moved to Washington, D.C., by 1922, titled  U.S. Air Service. The publisher was the Army and Navy Air Service Association,  it was copyrighted by the Air Service Publishing Company.

The longtime editor was Earl N. Findlay (1878-1956). Indeed, the magazine only outlived him by six months after he died in mid-1956. Despite its military-sounding title (which only added the final "s" with Vol. IX in January 1924), the monthly's pages covered both civil and military aviation issues. Length of individual issues varied widely—from 50 pages or more in 1929 to as few as half that by the mid-1950s. U.S. Air Services was published until December 1956. (volume 41). Content most often included reprinted speeches or summaries of important reports, plus some original material, including short news stories and reviews of recent books. Full-page photos of newsworthy people and aircraft appeared regularly. The first several pages of each issue carried Findlay's informed editorials ranging over all aspects of (chiefly American) aviation. The magazine's motto was "Devoted to the development of aeronautics - civil and military - in the United States, birthplace of the flying machine, and throughout the world."

Probably to better meet needs of major advertisers, the magazine changed to a larger format (9 by 11-inch pages) in November 1927. Many advertisers purchased pages in the same place in each issue for years (Glenn L. Martin Co., for example, purchased the inside front cover, while Lockheed regularly took full-page ads to tout its latest navy fighter aircraft). The first color advertisements began to appear around 1940.

U.S. Air Services was popular among serious aviation aficionados, and copies were found in the Wright family library.  Findlay's magazine was a staunch backer of Orville Wright's claim to have flown the first heavier-than-air craft (in December 1903) at a time when the Smithsonian Institution was still backing the earlier though forlorn flight efforts of Samuel Langley, its former Secretary.

References

External links
Several volumes of this magazine are available online, 
 
 volumes may be searched at: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009378887

Defunct magazines published in Washington, D.C.
Magazines established in 1919
Magazines disestablished in 1956
Military magazines published in the United States
Defunct aviation magazines
European Physical Journal D. The European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics is an academic journal recognized by the European Physical Society, presenting new and original research results.

Scope
The main areas covered are:
Atomic Physics
Molecular Physics and Chemical Physics
Atomic and Molecular Collisions
Clusters and Nanostructures
Cold Matter and Quantum Gases
Plasma Physics
Nonlinear Dynamics
Optical Phenomena and Photonics
Quantum Optics 
Quantum Information
Ultraintense and Ultrashort Laser Fields
 
The range of topics covered in these areas is extensive, from Molecular Interaction and Reactivity to Spectroscopy and Thermodynamics of Clusters, from Atomic Optics to Bose-Einstein Condensation to Femtochemistry.

History
The EPJ D arose from various predecessors: Il Nuovo Cimento (Section D), Journal de Physique, and Zeitschrift für Physik D. Prior to 1998, this journal was named Zeitschrift für Physik D: Atoms, Molecules and Clusters.

Until 2003, Ingolf Hertel was the editor-in-chief of EPJ D. From May 2003 on EPJ D had two editors-in-chief: Tito Arecchi and Jean-Michel Raimond. In January 2004, Arecchi stepped down and Franco A. Gianturco took over his position.

In 2009, the newly appointed (third) editor-in-chief, Kurt Becker, took on the responsibility for promoting the plasma physics coverage of the journal.

As of 2018, three editors-in-chief are Tommaso Calarco (Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany), Holger Kersten (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany) and 
Andrey V. Solov'yov (MBN Research Center, Frankfurt am Main, Germany).

See also
 European Physical Journal

Physics journals
EDP Sciences academic journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1998
Plasma science journals
TOMCAT/SLIMCAT. TOMCAT/SLIMCAT is an off-line chemical transport model (CTM), which models the time-dependent distribution of chemical species in the troposphere and stratosphere.  It can be used to study topics such as ozone depletion and tropospheric pollution, and was one of the models used the IPCC report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere .  It incorporates a choice of detailed chemistry schemes for the troposphere or stratosphere, and an optional chemical data assimilation scheme.

The original model code, called the Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport (TOMCAT), was written by Martyn Chipperfield at Météo France.  "Off-line" in this sense describes the fact that although the meteorological data (wind components and other fields) which are used as input to the CTM typically derive from a general circulation model (GCM), the CTM is run as a separate program outside of a GCM; this is as distinct from a chemistry simulation scheme which runs within a GCM, in which the simulated chemical distributions, e.g. of ozone, can provide feedback on the meteorology via the GCM's radiation scheme.

A version called the Single Layer Isentropic Model of Chemistry And Transport (SLIMCAT) was developed in 1995.  This used a level of constant potential temperature (or equivalently, of constant specific entropy, hence isentropic), exploiting the fact that due to approximate conservation of energy, atmospheric motions are approximately adiabatic and hence air parcels remain on isentropic levels on short timescales.  A diabatic heating scheme was later added, to allow for multiple isentropic levels with transport between them on longer timescales, although the name "SLIMCAT" has remained despite the multiple levels.

The two programs are now maintained as a single code base, which runs in Fortran, and has been parallelised.

TOMCAT has been further extended to include a detailed treatment of aerosol. GLOMAP (Global Model of Aerosol Processes) simulates a wide range of aerosol species including black carbon, sulfate, sea spray, soil dust, and secondary organic aerosol. The primary purpose of TOMCAT/GLOMAP is to simulate aerosol radiative forcing and the impact of aerosol on climate.

References 

 Chipperfield, M.P., New Version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT Off-Line Chemical Transport Model: Intercomparison of Stratospheric Tracer Experiments, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1179–1203, 2006.
 Spracklen, D.V., Pringle, K.J., Carslaw, K.S., Chipperfield, M.P. and Mann, G.W.,  A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties,  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 5, 2227–2252, 2005.

External links 
 TOMCAT/SLIMCAT Project homepage at University of Leeds, UK (with further published references)
 GLOMAP Project page

Numerical climate and weather models
Embedded pavement flashing-light system. An embedded flashing-light system, or an in-pavement flashing-light system, is a traffic safety device installed at pedestrian crossings or intersections to enhance driver awareness of pedestrians or traffic signals. These systems typically consist of LED lights embedded within the road surface, positioned to face oncoming traffic or pedestrians. 

When in use, the embedded lights flash or illuminate in unison, alerting drivers to the traffic light signal changes or pedestrians. These lights are synchronized with the traffic light system to enhance overall effectiveness, ensuring coordinated alerts for both pedestrian crossing times and signal changes. In certain areas, these systems constantly operate to delineate traffic lanes, providing continuous guidance to drivers.

History
The concept for an embedded pavement flashing light system was conceived by pilot Michael Harrison in Santa Rosa, California, in 1992 after a friend was involved in a pedestrian accident. He based it on his experience with airport runway lights embedded in the pavement, Mr. Harrison went on to found Lightguard Systems.

Types
There are two different types of embedded pavement flashing light systems, passive and active. These types differ in how the system is activated.

With a passive system, the pedestrian activates the device merely by walking up to the crosswalk. This is accomplished by using one of several motion detection devices. These include microwave, motion sensors, video detection, pressure plates, or a light trip beam. With an active system, the device is usually activated by a button that a pedestrian pushes to cross. These active systems are generally similar to lighted pedestrian signs at traffic intersections. Because many pedestrians may not realize that they need to press a button to activate the system, it is generally recommended to install a passive system.

Effectiveness
Compared with other types of warning devices, the effectiveness of the embedded pavement flashing light system seems to be high. When approaching a crosswalk with an embedded pavement flashing light system, drivers are more apt to slow down and yield to pedestrians than when drivers approach a crosswalk with another type of lighted warning device. Also, compared to a crosswalk with no warning device, drivers are more likely to slow down and yield to pedestrians when the embedded pavement flashing light system is in place.

References

External links
Investigating Improvements to Pedestrian Crossings FHWA.dot.gov

Pedestrian crossings
Road safety
Road traffic management
SM U-77. SM U-77 was one of 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I, engaged in commerce warfare during the First Battle of the Atlantic.

Design
Type UE I submarines were preceded by the longer Type U 66 submarines. U-77 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two  engines for use while surfaced, and two  engines for use while submerged. She had two propeller shafts. She was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-77 was fitted with two  torpedo tubes (one at the port bow and one starboard stern), four torpedoes, and one  deck gun. She had a complement of thirty-two (twenty-eight crew members and four officers).

Operations 
U-77 was commanded by Kaptlt Erich Günzel, who was lost with her. She came off the stocks at Hamburg (Vulcan) in 1916; in May and June was at Kiel School, and first entered North Sea with U-76 on 29 June, to join the 1st Half Flotilla.
5 July 1916. Left for the north, and laid mines between about  and . It seems possible she sank in  before midnight 7 July 1916 as a result of some accident. Before this she had laid mines off Kinnaird Head.

Previously recorded fate
U-77 was thought to have sunk off Dunbar, Scotland in May 1916 as a result of a mine handling accident. The submarine involved was actually U-74.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

World War I submarines of Germany
1916 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1916
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in 1916
U-boats sunk in 1916
German Type UE I submarines
U-boats sunk by unknown causes
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
Submarines lost with all hands
Missing U-boats of World War I
Kaman K-1125. The Kaman K-1125 was a prototype American 12-passenger civil transport helicopter developed by Kaman Aircraft.

Development

In August 1962, Kaman Aircraft first flew a prototype civil transport helicopter. It used components of the earlier Kaman K-600 (H-43) with a new fuselage for 12 passengers. Instead of the twin booms of the earlier Huskie, it had a single boom and a ramp-equipped rear door. Sometimes called the Huskie III, the helicopter was powered by two Boeing YT60 turboshafts which were later replaced with two Pratt & Whitney PT6B-11 engines.

The company tried to interest the United States Air Force in the type and it was evaluated for two years, but with no interest in the type, only the prototype was built.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
1960s United States helicopters
K-1125
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Synchropters
Twin-turbine helicopters
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear
Koolhoven F.K.56. The Koolhoven F.K.56 was a 1930s Dutch basic training monoplane designed and built by Koolhoven.

Development
The F.K.56 was a low-wing monoplane powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Wright Whirlwind R-975-E3 radial piston engine. Designed as a basic trainer, the F.K.56 had two seats in tandem for the instructor and pupil under a fully enclosed canopy. The first prototype flew on 30 June 1938 and had fixed conventional landing gear and an inverted gull wing. The second prototype had retractable landing gear while a third prototype was fitted with a straight wing and dual controls.

Ten aircraft were ordered by the Netherlands Army based on the design of the third prototype. These ten, including the re-worked first and third prototypes, were all delivered before the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940.

Earlier in February 1940 the Belgians had ordered twenty F.K.56 basic trainers and seven had been delivered before the rest were destroyed in an air raid on the Waalhaven factory.

Operators

Belgian Air Force

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

FK56
1930s Dutch military trainer aircraft
Alon A-4. The Alon A-4 is a prototype American light aircraft of the 1960s. Alon INC. of McPherson, Kansas was formed by two former executives of Beechcraft in 1963 and had initially built an improved version of the ERCO Ercoupe as the Alon A-2. In 1964, Alon started  design of an all-new four-seat light aircraft, the Alon Four (or Alon A-4). It was a conventional, singled-engined low-winged monoplane of all-metal construction with a fixed (non retractable) tricycle landing gear undercarriage. Alon produced one prototype, this first flying on February 25, 1966. The aircraft was never put into full production before the company was sold to Mooney aircraft.

Specifications

References 

 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1966.
 ref. see image of flier
 Alon X-A4 data 

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft