omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hercules Gas Engine Company. The Hercules Gas engine company was a United States-based company which first produced buggies. It later was one of the top producers of gasoline engines, including to power cement mixers.

The company was founded in 1902, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Before the company ceased operations in 1934 during the Great Depression, it was one of the top producers of gas engines.

Hercules produced engines to power cement mixers of the Jaeger Machine Company of Columbus, Ohio. Gas engines manufactured by the Hercules Engine Company were branded with the name "Jaeger".

References 

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 1902
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
1902 establishments in Ohio
National University of Technology. The National University of Technology (NUTECH) is a public university located in Islamabad, Pakistan.

History
It was established in 2017 as an affiliate university of the Frontier Works Organization (FWO), a department of Pakistan Army.

Programs
The university offers the following degree programs:
 BS Mechanical Engineering (Since 2018)
 BS Electrical Engineering (Since 2018)
 BS Civil Engineering (Since 2018)
 BS Computer Engineering (Since 2018)
 BS Computer Science (Since 2018)
 BS Artificial Intelligence (Since 2022)
 BS Software Engineering (Since 2023)
 BS Civil Engineering Technology (Since 2021)
 MS Chemistry (Since 2023)
 MS Civil Engineering (Since 2022)
 MS Computer Science (Since 2022)
 MS Physics (Since 2023)
 MS Computer Engineering (Since 2023)
 MS Mathematics (Since 2023)
 20+ Emerging Skills Short Courses

See also
List of engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan

References

External links
 NUTECH official website

2018 establishments in Pakistan
Public universities and colleges in Pakistan
Universities and colleges established in 2018
Engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan
Pakistan Army universities and colleges
List of aircraft upset factors. The U.S. FAA lists factors of aircraft upset in the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid as follows:

 Turbulence causes:
 Clear air turbulence
 Mountain wave turbulence
 Windshear
 Thunderstorms
 Microbursts
 Wake turbulence
 Aircraft icing
 Systems anomalies:
 Flight instruments
 Autoflight systems
 Flight control and other anomalies
 Pilot-Induced
 Instrument cross-check
 Adjusting attitude and power
 Inattention
 Distraction from primary cockpit duties
 Vertigo or spatial disorientation
 Pilot incapacitation
 Improper use of airplane automation
 Pilot techniques
 Pilot induced oscillation avoidance and recovery
 Combination causes:
 Swept-wing airplane fundamentals for pilots
 Flight dynamics
 Energy states
 Load factor (flight mechanics)
 Aerodynamic flight envelope
 Aerodynamic causes:
 Angle of attack and stall
 Camber
 Control surface fundamentals
 Spoiler-type devices
 Trim
 Lateral and directional aerodynamic considerations
 Angle of sideslip
 Wing dihedral effects
 Pilot-commanded sideslip
 Crossover speed
 Static stability
 Maneuvering in pitch
 Mechanics of turning flight
 Lateral and directional maneuvering
 Flight at extremely low airspeeds
 High-altitude factors
 Stall
 icing
 Automation during high-altitude flight
 Primary flight display airspeed indications
 Human factors and high altitude upsets
 Additional considerations:
 Multi-engine flame out
 Core lock
 Engine rollback
 Flight at extremely high speeds
 Defensive, aggressive maneuvers
 Situation awareness
 Startle factor
 Negative G-force
 Use of full control inputs
 Counter-intuitive factors
 Previous training in non-similar airplanes
 Engine performance in upset situation
 Post-upset conditions

See also 

 Aircraft upset

References 

Aviation risks
List of preserved British Rail diesel locomotives. This is a summary, listing every former class of preserved ex-British Rail diesel locomotives.

For detailed information, see the page for the relevant class.

Diesel Shunters
Small shunters
 British Rail Class D2/10 - 2 preserved
 British Rail Class D2/11 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class D2/12 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 01 - 2 preserved
 British Rail Class 02 - 7 preserved
 British Rail Class 03 - 56 preserved
 British Rail Class 04 - 18 preserved
 British Rail Class 05 - 4 preserved
 British Rail Class 06 - 1 preserved, 
 British Rail Class 07 - 7 preserved
Large shunters
 British Rail Class D3/6 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 08 - 87 preserved

 British Rail Class 09 - 12 preserved
 British Rail Class 10 - 4 preserved
 British Rail Class 11 - 8 preserved
 British Rail Class 12 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 97/6 - 3 preserved

Type 1
 British Rail Class 14 - 19 preserved
 British Rail Class 15 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 17 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 20 - 22 preserved

Type 2
 British Rail Class 23 - no locomotive preserved but one Napier Deltic T9-29 engine preserved
 British Rail Class 24 - 4 preserved
 British Rail Class 25 - 20 preserved
 British Rail Class 26 - 13 preserved
 British Rail Class 27 - 8 preserved
 British Rail Class 28 - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 31 - 26 preserved

Type 3
 British Rail Class 33 - 29 preserved
 British Rail Class 35 - 4 preserved
 British Rail Class 37 - 35 preserved

Type 4
 British Rail Class 40 - 7 preserved
 British Rail Class 42 - 2 preserved
 British Rail Class 44 - 2 preserved
 British Rail Class 45 - 11 (formerly 12) preserved
 British Rail Class 46 - 3 preserved
 British Rail Class 47 - 31 preserved

 British Rail Class 48 - 1 preserved (but with Class 47 engine, as converted c 1971)
 British Rail Class 50 - 18 preserved
 British Rail Class 52 - 7 preserved

Type 5
 British Rail Class 55 - 6 preserved
 British Rail Class 56 - 3 preserved
 British Rail Class 58 - 5 preserved, so far

High Speed Train
 British Rail Class 41 (HST) - 1 preserved
 British Rail Class 43 (HST) - 7 preserved

Demonstrators
These locomotives worked on British Railways as demonstrators but remained in the ownership of the manufacturers:
NBL/Paxman 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic
 Tiger - preserved at Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway
 Tom - preserved at Telford Steam Railway

English Electric
 British Railways D0226 - preserved at Keighley and Worth Valley Railway
 British Railways DP1 - preserved at Shildon Locomotion Museum

Formerly preserved, scrapped

Type 4 

 British Rail Class 45 #45015 - Scrapped in November of 2021.

See also
 List of British Rail power classifications

References

British Rail diesel locomotives
British Rail
Denseisha. Denseisha (電盛社) is a Japanese information technology Kabushiki gaisha founded by Takashi Mizawa (三澤 隆) in October 1920. Currently, the corporation headquartered in Kumamoto employs 271 workers at the seven main offices
 the headquarters, IT and ET administration in Kumamoto,
 the system engineering technology center in Kumamoto,
 a branch office in Fukuoka,
 the "solution center" in Fukuoka,
 the "mobile engineering office" in Fukuoka and
 a sales office in Urasoe.

The service field comprises the development and installation of enterprise and hospital network as well as the design of electric, IT and personnel communication facilities.

References

Technology companies of Japan
Technology companies established in 1920
1920 establishments in Japan
USC&GS McArthur. USC&GS McArthur was the name of two United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ships, and may refer to:

 , a survey ship in service in the United States Coast Survey from 1876 to 1878 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1878 to 1915
 USC&GS McArthur (MSS 22), a survey ship in service in the Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1966 to 1970 and in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 1970 to 2003 as
Robotino. Robotino is a mobile robot system made by Festo Didactic, and used for educational, training and research purposes.

Operation
Robotino is based on an omnidirectional drive assembly, which enables the system to roam freely. The robot is controlled by an industry-standard PC system, which is powerful enough to plan routes for fully autonomous driving. Via a WLAN-Link, Robotino can send all sensor readings to an external PC. In the other direction, control commands can be issued by the external PC. This way, control programs can run on the external PC or on Robotino directly. Mixed mode or shared control are also possible.
 
For users with little prior robotics knowledge, Robotino can be readily programmed in its “native” programming environment RobotinoView II. More experienced programmers may find it useful that the robot can also be programmed in C, C++, Java, .NET, Matlab, Simulink, Labview and Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio.

Hardware
The omnidirectional drive consists of three Mecanum wheels, all of which are individually controllable. These wheels are arranged at angles of 120°. Robotino has a bumper sensor around its circumference, infrared distance sensors, a color camera with VGA resolution, optical wheel encoders, power measurement for the entire system and the various motors, as well as a battery voltage monitor. Moreover, as optional additional sensors, Robotino can be equipped with a precise laser scanner, a gyroscope, and an indoor positioning system (created by Evolution Robotics). For signal input and output Robotino has several interfaces:
 USB 
 Ethernet 
 8 digital and 8 analog inputs 
 8 digital outputs 
 additional motor output for driving high loads
 additional encoder input

Power is supplied by two 12V/5Ah lead-acid batteries or optionally by two 12V/9Ah NiMH batteries.

External links 

 Robotino at Festo Didactic
 Robotino wiki
 Robotino forum

Educational robots
Three-wheeled robots
Robots of Germany
21st-century robots
Hydride compressor. A hydride compressor is a hydrogen compressor based on metal hydrides with absorption of hydrogen at low pressure, releasing heat, and desorption of hydrogen at high pressure, absorbing heat, by raising the temperature with an external heat source like a heated waterbed or electric coil. 

Advantages of the hydride compressor are the high volumetric density, no moving parts, simplicity in design and operation, the possibility to consume waste heat instead of electricity and reversible absorption/desorption, disadvantages are the high cost of the metal hydride and weight.

History
The first applications of metal hydrides were made by NASA to demonstrate long-term hydrogen storage for use in space propulsion. In the 1970s, automobiles, vans, and forklifts were demonstrated. The metal hydrides were used for hydrogen storage, separation, and refrigeration. An example of current use are hydrogen sorption cryocoolers  and portable metal hydride compressors.

See also

References

Gas compressors
Hydrogen technologies
Electrochemical hydrogen compressor. An electrochemical hydrogen compressor is a hydrogen compressor where hydrogen is supplied to the anode, and compressed hydrogen is collected at the cathode with an exergy efficiency up to and even beyond 80% for pressures up to 10,000 psi or 700 bars.

Principle

A multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen compressor incorporates membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) separated by proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in series to reach higher pressures, when a current is passed through the MEA protons and electrons are generated at the anode. The protons are electrochemically driven across the membrane to the cathode, after which they combine with the rerouted electrons to form hydrogen, which is fed to the hydrogen compressor to be oxidized at the anode of each cell to form protons and electrons.

This type of compressor has no moving parts and is compact. With electrochemical compression of hydrogen a pressure of 14500 psi (1000 bar) is achieved, this world record was set by HyET from the Netherlands in 2011. Water vapor partial pressure, current density, operating temperature and hydrogen back diffusion due to the pressure gradient have an effect on the maximum output pressure.

Applications

Electrochemical hydrogen compressors have been proposed for use in hydrogen refueling stations to pressurize hydrogen gas for storage. They have also been applied into novel refrigeration systems to pressurize hydrogen for absorption into metal hydrides or to pressurize other working fluids (such as refrigerants) as demonstrated by Xergy Inc. winners of the global GE's Ecomagination awards for 2011. These electrochemical compressors are noiseless, scalable, modular and highly efficient without the use of CFC's.

See also
Guided rotor compressor
Hydride compressor
Ionic liquid piston compressor
Gas diffusion electrode
Linear compressor
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Concentration cell
Work (thermodynamics)

References

Gas compressors
Hydrogen technologies
Self-dissimilarity. Self-dissimilarity is a measure of complexity defined in a series of papers by David Wolpert and William G. Macready.
The degrees of self-dissimilarity between the patterns of a system observed at various scales (e.g. the average matter density of a physical body for volumes at different orders of magnitude) constitute a complexity "signature" of that system.

See also 
Diversity index
Index of dissimilarity
Jensen–Shannon divergence
Self-similarity
Similarity measure
Variance

References 

Information theory
Complex systems theory
Measures of complexity
USC&GS Davidson. USC&GS Davidson was the name of two ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and may refer to:

 , a launch in service from 1933 to 1935
 USC&GS Davidson (CSS 31), a coastal survey ship in service with the Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1967 to 1970 and, as the survey ship , with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 1970 to 1989
USC&GS Davidson (1925). The first USC&GS Davidson was a launch in service with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1933 to 1935.

Davidson was built by the Luders at Stamford, Connecticut, in 1925 for the United States Coast Guard. The Coast and Geodetic Survey acquired her in 1933, named her Davidson, and placed her in service that year. The Survey returned her to the Coast Guard in 1935.

References
NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Davidson

Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Survey ships of the United States
Ships built in Stamford, Connecticut
1925 ships
Canadian Pollination Initiative. The Canadian Pollination Initiative (NSERC-CANPOLIN) is one of nine new Strategic Networks announced in September 2009 and supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). NSERC-CANPOLIN has funding for five years to address a perceived decline in pollinators in both agricultural and natural ecosystems in Canada. At present 26 universities and a number of government agencies, NGOs, and industry groups are involved. The CANPOLIN website is currently hosted at the University of Guelph.

According to the About page:

"Over the five-year life of the Network, NSERC-CANPOLIN will make major contributions to the conservation of pollinator and plant biodiversity, improve the health of managed bees, enhance pollination by native pollinators and increase our knowledge of flower/pollinator interactions and gene flow in plants. The Network will also provide critical information on the economic aspects of pollination and future management needs based on expected changes in climate and land use. Ultimately, the information gained by the Network will provide policy makers and the wider public with the necessary tools to better protect and conserve some of Canada's most important natural resources."

References

Agriculture in Canada
Pollination management
Logical depth. Logical depth is a measure of complexity for individual strings devised by Charles H. Bennett based on the computational complexity of an algorithm that can recreate a given piece of information. It differs from Kolmogorov complexity in that it considers the computation time of the algorithm with nearly minimal length, rather than the length of the minimal algorithm.

Informally, the logical depth of a string  to a significance level  is the time required to compute  by a program no more than  bits longer than the shortest program that computes .

Formally, let  be the shortest program that computes a string  on some universal computer . Then the logical depth of  to the significance level  is given by  where  is the number of computation steps that  made on  to produce  and halt.

See also 
 Effective complexity
 Self-dissimilarity
 Forecasting complexity
 Sophistication (complexity theory)

References 

Information theory
Computational complexity theory
Measures of complexity
Fisher Classic. The Fisher Classic is a Canadian two-seat, conventional landing gear, single-engined, biplane kit aircraft designed for construction by amateur builders. The aircraft is a two-seat derivation of the Fisher FP-404. Fisher Flying Products was originally based in Edgeley, North Dakota, USA but the company is now located in Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada.

Design and development
The Classic was designed by Fisher Aircraft in the United States in 1987 and was intended to comply with the US Experimental - Amateur-built category, although it qualifies as an ultralight aircraft in some countries, such as Canada. It also qualifies as a US Experimental Light Sport Aircraft. The Classic's standard empty weight is  when equipped with a  Rotax 582 engine and it has a gross weight of .

The construction of the Classic is of wood, with the wings, tail and fuselage covered with doped aircraft fabric. The aircraft features interplane struts, inverted "V" cabane struts, four ailerons and a semi-symmetrical airfoil. Like the original FP-404 upon which it is based, the Classic has no flaps. The Classic's main landing gear is bungee suspended. Cockpit access is via the lower wing. The company claims an amateur builder can complete the aircraft from the kit in 500 hours.

The specified engine for the Classic is the  Rotax 582 two-stroke engine.

The estimated time to build the aircraft from the kit is 400–500 hours, or 250 hours from the quick-build kit. By late 2011 more than 155 Classics were flying.

Specifications Classic)

See also

References

External links

Official website
Photo of a Classic

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Classic
Single-engined piston aircraft
HSwMS Smyge. HSwMS Smyge was an experimental ship of the Swedish Navy used to test stealth technology launched in 1991. Experience from Smyge was used while planning the s. , Smyge is used for training at the Swedish Naval Warfare Centre.

References

External links

 page on Smyge
 

Ships built in Karlskrona
Experimental ships
1991 ships
Ships of the Swedish Navy
Emergency Detection System. An Emergency Detection System (EDS) is a system that is used on crewed rocket missions. It monitors critical launch vehicle and spacecraft systems and issues status, warning and abort commands to the crew during their mission to low Earth orbit. It can trigger the Launch Abort System which will take the astronauts to safety.

See also

Human-rating certification

References
NASA Technical Note TN-D6487 (pdf), pp. 3, 6, vii

Spacecraft components
Westland Witch. The Westland Witch was an unsuccessful British bomber prototype, first flown in 1928. Only a single aircraft of this type was built.

Development
The Witch was developed to specification 23/25 for a single-engined day bomber operating at high altitude. This specification initially requested the use of the Bristol Orion, a turbocharged version of the Bristol Jupiter, but other variants of the Jupiter were substituted after development of the Orion encountered difficulties. All aircraft submitted to 23/25 suffered from engine problems, and none of them were put into production.

The Witch employed a strut-braced parasol monoplane configuration. The wing was of wood and steel construction and spanned a generous . The fuselage was built from duralumin and steel tubes, covered with fabric, with an uncowled Jupiter engine in the nose. The Witch had a crew of two, pilot and gunner/bombardier. The latter had a cockpit with a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring aft of the pilot, but could also employ this for a prone bomb-aiming position.

A bomb bay was incorporated in the fuselage in front of the pilot, with four doors which could be opened by the bombardier or would open under the weight of the dropped bombs. As specified in 23/25, a single 520 lb bomb could be carried, or a number of smaller weapons. The presence of a bomb bay in the fuselage required a complicated split-axle arrangement for the fixed undercarriage, which was braced to the fuselage and the wing struts. A cross-axle would have been in path of the falling bombs.

The prototype of the Witch, serial J8596, was first flown on 30 January 1928 at RAF Andover, with Louis Paget at the controls. The type was praised for its stability as a bombing platform, and its 138 mph maximum speed was good, although its 62 mph landing speed was felt to be too fast. However, the Witch was judged unsuitable for service due to structural weaknesses, including a number of failures of the landing gear struts and other components.

The same aircraft was nevertheless presented again the next year in Mk.II form, with a Jupiter VIIIF engine replacing the earlier Jupiter VI, and was used for testing of parachutes until 1931.

Specifications (Witch Mk.I)

See also

References

1920s British bomber aircraft
Witch
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Single-engined piston aircraft
Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge. The Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a  riverine flood plain habitat, semi-permanent wetland on the Columbia River,  east of Vancouver, Washington, with cottonwood-dominated riparian corridors, pastures, and remnant stands of Oregon white oak. The largest wetland restoration project on the lower Columbia River involves removing about  of levees separating the refuge from the river to restore  of floodplain habitat.

The refuge lies partly within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area and serves as the operational headquarters for the  Pierce National Wildlife Refuge. It has been designated as the site of the "Gateway to the Gorge" visitor center. This facility was completed in late 2022. The Washington Department of Transportation has estimated that this facility may be used by as many as 100,000 visitors annually, providing the it with one of the best outreach opportunities in the Pacific Northwest.

References

External links
Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Restoration page

National Wildlife Refuges in Washington (state)
Protected areas of Clark County, Washington
Wetlands of Washington (state)
Landforms of Clark County, Washington