omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech. Er.Ing. Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech, Rao Bahadur –  (1844–1922) was a civil engineer in the PWD (Public Works Department) of British India.

Biography
Himmatlal was born into a Brahmin family of Ahmedabad, Gujarat belonging to Nagar sub caste His father, Dhirajram, died when he was ten years old. Although his family struggled with poverty, he received financial assistance that helped him complete his studies. He received a bachelor of engineering degree from the University of Bombay thru College of Engineering, Pune.

Himmatlal worked as engineer in the PWD for many years. In 1892 he was credited with the re-building of the Ellis Bridge of Ahmadabad, which was originally built in 1869. Himmatlal reconstructed the bridge at a cost of only Rs. 407,000/-which was significantly below projected budget of Rs. 500,000/- that led the British government to suspect he was using poor quality building materials. An inquiry committee eventually recognized his construction as better than the original work and subsequently honored him for saving the country money.

Er.Ing.Himmatlal was honored in 1893 with title of 'Rao Bahadur' by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne.

He was president of Ahmadabad Municipalityin the 1890s and consulted in the construction of Gujarat College;Ahemedabad in 1897.

Er.Ing.Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech died on 30 September 1922.

Monuments
In 1979, a street in Ahmedabad was named in his honor as 'Engineer Himmatlal Dhirajram Street'.

References

1844 births
1922 deaths
Engineers from British India
Indian civil engineers
Indian Engineering Service officers
Gujarati people
Scientists from Ahmedabad
Rai Bahadurs
Engineers from Gujarat
19th-century Indian engineers
20th-century Indian engineers
Ralph Walker (engineer). Ralph Walker (1749 – 19 February 1824) was a Scottish civil engineer, particularly associated with harbour engineering works in London.

Early life

Walker was born in Tullibody, Clackmannanshire, the second son of farmer James Walker and Helen May. He went to the parish school in Dollar and later was sent by his elder brother James to an academy where he learned marine navigation. He travelled to the Caribbean and managed estates in Jamaica belonging to his mother's family before returning to settle in London in 1793 and becoming involved in plans for London's wet docks.

Civil engineer
Walker submitted designs for the City Canal in 1796 as part of his preliminary designs for the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, eventually being appointed resident engineer in August 1799, supervised by William Jessop. In 1800 he submitted designs for a cast iron twin leaf swing bridge as part of the Docks scheme. During this period, he worked with his nephew James Walker who stayed with him in Blackwall, London in the summer of 1880 and, after impressing with his abilities during discussions of the project, was articled to his uncle. In October 1802, however, Ralph Walker had a professional disagreement with Jessop and resigned his post on the West India Docks. He remained on good terms with Jessop, working on a scheme to remove the Blackwall Rock obstruction off Blackwall Point in the River Thames.

In 1803, he was appointed engineer to the East India Docks Company, working with John Rennie. In 1807 the Surrey Commercial Docks Company was formed with Ralph Walker as engineer (until 1810) and James superintending the new lock and keeping the accounts.

Walker was appointed engineer to the East London Waterworks Company from August 1807 to 1824. He designed and supervised the construction of the original Old Ford works along with two low level reservoirs and an upper distribution reservoir. Walker also designed a water supply scheme for Portsmouth, and was consulted on designs for Dover harbour, and on the Thames and Medway Canal scheme.

On Walker's death on 19 February 1824 (he died at his home in East India Dock Road, Poplar following a fall down some steps), James became engineer to the Commercial Dock Company and also succeeded him as engineer to the East India Dock Company.

References

1749 births
1824 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
British canal engineers
People of the Industrial Revolution
Harbour engineers
People from Clackmannanshire
First-class message. In object-oriented programming, a programming language is said to have first-class messages or dynamic messages if in a method call not only the receiving object and parameter list can be varied dynamically (i.e. bound to a variable or computed as an expression) but also the specific method invoked.

Typed object-oriented programming languages, such as Java and C++, often do not support first-class methods. Smalltalk only support them in an untyped way. In Objective-C (Cocoa), you can use  to represent first-class messages in a way that is aware of the types at runtime; however, safe use still relies on the programmer.

Some theoretical progress has been made to support first-class messages in a type-safe manner, but none of the proposed systems has been implemented in a programming language, possibly due to their complexity.

See also 
 Delegate (object-oriented programming)
 First-class function

Notes

References 
 Susumu Nishimura (1998). "Static Typing for Dynamic Messages". POPL '98.
 Michelle Bugliesi & Silvia Crafa (1999). "Object Calculi for Dynamic Messages". FOOL 6.
 Martin Müller & Susumu Nishimura (2000). "Type Inference for First-Class Messages with Feature Constraints". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 11:1.
 François Pottier (2000). "A versatile Constraint-based Type Inference System". Nordic Journal of Computing.
 Paritosh Shroff & Scott F. Smith. "Type Inference for First-Class Messages with Match-Functions".

Object-oriented programming
Subroutines
Sebeya River. The Sebeya River is a river in Western Province, Rwanda that empties into Lake Kivu just south of the town of Gisenyi.

Location

The Sebeya river originates in the mountains of Rutsiro District.
It measures 110 km in length watershed includes  of the districts of Rutsiro, Ngororero and Rubavu.
It flows past the mission of Nyundo, established in 1901 on the banks of the river about  upstream from Gisenyi. 
Below Rubavu the river powers a hydroelectric system that provides electricity to the town of Gisenyi and to the local brewery.

Mining operations

The Belgians began mining along the river in 1962. Later the mining operations were transferred to REDEMI and then to Natural Resources Development (NRD). There is some illegal mining.
In 2012 all mining activity along the river was suspended due to environmental damage.
The mining companies were mainly engaged in extracting Wolfram and Coltan. 
Their activity had polluted the river, and in some cases the river had been diverted.
The mining releases large volumes of silt into the river, upsetting the natural balance.
More than 300 employees lost their jobs for the duration of the ban.
The suspension affected eight companies and mining cooperatives that had been violating environmental protection regulations.

Conservation

Forests absorb and then gradually release water.
The effect of upstream forest clearance and siltation has been to cause the river to flood over its banks onto fields and roads during the rainy seasons, and for insufficient water to flow during the dry seasons.
In February 2010 plans were announced to expand the Gishwati National Conservation Park from , reforesting  of land in the Kinyenkanda area of Rutsiro District.
About 150 families had moved into this area and cleared land on the steep slopes for small-scale farming.
The result was rapid erosion, depositing silt into the Sebeya River. The families were relocated.

Efforts to protect the banks of the river from erosion by growing new trees are handicapped by residents who let their cattle graze near the banks, 
and by farmers who grow crops too close to the river.
In 2013 the government provided assistance to families relocated out of the river protection zone, which was being rehabilitated.  
42 families got new houses built by the government, and another 86 were given construction materials.

References 
Citations

Sources

Rivers of Rwanda
Joseph Alcamo. Joseph Alcamo (born 1951) is a U.S. environmental scientist who served as Chief Scientist  of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) from 2009 to 2013.

Career 
Alcamo received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1973 and a master's degree in environmental engineering from Manhattan College, and earned his PhD for civil-environmental engineering at the University of California. From 1973 to 1980, he worked as an environmental engineer in the private sector, before changing  to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1981 and from there to the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria in 1982. From 1992 to 1996, Alcamo worked at the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Since 1996, Alcamo is a professor at University of Kassel in Germany, working as the head of the university's Center for Environmental Systems Research. He has taken a temporary leave of absence from the institute, however, to work as the Chief Scientist for UNEP until 2013.

In 1998, Alcamo was awarded the Max Planck Research Prize for physics and geoscience, in honor of his contributions to global modeling, and the use of global models in international policy.

He was named as a Special Advisor to the UNFCCC Executive Secretary in 2014. He has led the Sussex Sustainability Research Programme since early 2017.

Research 
Alcamo published numerous articles and books about environmental subjects, many of them focussing on the modeling of environmental changes and the effects of global warming.

References 

1951 births
Living people
American civil engineers
Manhattan College alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Academics of the University of Sussex
Charles Corbett Powell Wilson. Charles Corbett Powell Wilson was a Victorian engineer and public servant, responsible for construction and Maintenance of bridges in Western Region of Victoria, Australia. He was the eldest son of Charles Anthony Corbett Wilson, also a prominent engineer in Victoria.

Wilson was Portland Shire engineer around 1901, and took over as shire engineer of the Leigh and Buninyong Shires on his father's retirement in about 1903. He was shire engineer at Buninyong in 1923 and was active in Ballarat until at least 1937.

Elected as president of the Institute of Local Government Engineers of Australasia 25 October 1922

He was married to Edith Jane Lynd, second daughter of Sydney Rudge Robinson, Esq. MRCSL, LAC, on 4 April 1884, at Christ Church, Geelong, by the Rev Canon Goodman.

References

Bridge engineers
People from the Colony of Victoria
Australian engineers
Australian civil engineers
1850s births
1938 deaths
Siddhivinayak Technical Campus. 'Siddhivinayak Technical Campus, School of Engineering & Research Technology and School of Polytechnic & Research Technology (STC'') at Shegaon, (Buldhana District) in Maharashtra, India is an Engineering college in the Vidarbha region. STC is a private engineering institute run by "Vasundhara Bahuddeshiya Samajik Sanstha" granting Diploma & Bachelor's degree in Engineering (Diploma & BE) with specialization in Electrical Engineering (Electronics & Power), Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering and Civil Engineering. It is affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, at Amravati. The entire campus of the college is Wi-Fi enabled.1. IIT Bombay Remote Centre :Siddhivinayak Technical Campus is authorized remote centre of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay(IITB).List of Conducted Workshops under this scheme:                                 • Aakash For Education - For Teachers(10 Nov - 11 Nov 2012)

                                 • Research Methods In Educational Technology -  For Teachers (2 Feb - 9 Jan 2013)

                                 • Aakash Android Application Programming - Students - Opencourseware (23 Feb - 3 Mar 2013)2. Aakash Tablet Research Center : Siddhivinayak Technical Campus''' is authorized Aakash Tablet Research center under Indian Institute of Technology Bombay(IITB). With Remote Centre Code 1245 Aakash project is primarily an R&D project.

Universities and colleges in Maharashtra
All India Council for Technical Education
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University
Education in Buldhana district
Cocaine esterase. The chloride cocaine esterase (EC 3.1.1.84, CocE, hCE2, hCE-2, human carboxylesterase 2; systematic name cocaine benzoylhydrolase) catalyses the reaction

 cocaine + H2O  ecgonine methyl ester + benzoate

Rhodococcus sp. strain MB1 and Pseudomonas maltophilia strain MB11L can utilize cocaine as sole source of carbon and energy.

The theoretical molecular mass is 62,128 Da.  This enzyme and redesigned versions of it have been studied as a potential treatment for cocaine addiction in humans.

TNX-1300 (T172R/G173Q double-mutant cocaine esterase 200 mg, i.v. solution) is being developed under an Investigational New Drug application (IND) for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. TNX-1300 (formerly known as RBP-8000) is a recombinant protein enzyme produced through rDNA technology in a non-disease-producing strain of E. coli bacteria. Cocaine Esterase (CocE) was identified in bacteria (Rhodococcus) that use cocaine as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen and that grow in soil surrounding coca plants. The gene encoding CocE was identified and the protein was extensively characterized. CoCE catalyzes the breakdown of cocaine into metabolite ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid. Wild-type CocE is unstable at body temperature, so targeted mutations were introduced in the CocE gene and resulted in the T172R/G173Q Double-Mutant CocE, which is active for approximately 6 hours at body temperature. In a Phase 2 study, TNX-1300 at 100 mg or 200 mg i.v. doses was well tolerated and interrupted cocaine effects after cocaine 50 mg i.v. challenge.

The enzyme is important in bioremediation, levels of cocaine in European ocean water were cited at 20 ng/L, similar levels in which swollen muscles, and in some cases broken muscle fibers of eels were reported in a controlled study.

References

External links 
 Rapid and robust protection against cocaine-induced lethality in rats by the bacterial cocaine esterase. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;70(6):1885-91. Epub 2006 Sep 12.
 

EC 3.1.1
Nieuport-Delage NiD 43. The Nieuport-Delage NiD 43 was a single-engine, two-seat biplane fighter aircraft designed and built for shipboard use in France in 1924.

Design and development
The NiD 43 was designed to meet a naval requirement for a two-seat shipborne fighter. It was a two bay biplane, with unswept, constant chord, unstaggered wings braced by parallel pairs of interplane struts. There were ailerons on the lower wings alone. Its fuselage was flat sided, with two open cockpits.  The pilot sat in the forward one under the wing trailing edge, where there was a cut-out to enhance his upward view, and the gunner was positioned close behind with a pair of Lewis machine guns mounted on a prominent ring. The tail was conventional, with a tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage and braced with two parallel struts on each side, a broad fin with a curved leading edge and a deep, straight edged rudder.

The NiD 43 was powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 12Hb water cooled upright V-12 engine in the nose, which drove a four blade propeller. The undercarriage was unusual; although it was expected that the aircraft would fly from an aircraft carrier, the probability of emergency water landings was recognised.  Consequently, the NiD 43 was fitted with both wheels and floats.  The latter were short and stepless, each attached to the aircraft by two short pairs of N-form struts. They reached well ahead of the wing leading edge but ended just aft of the trailing edge, too short to support the rear fuselage which instead was made watertight and floated the machine in a tail down traditional landing position. This allowed surface taxiing with the propeller clear of the water.  There were fixed wheels recessed into the floats below the wing mid-chord, which on ship formed a conventional undercarriage, tail down again, with the short floats clearing the deck.

The NiD 43 began flight testing in 1924 and went the following year to Saint-Raphaël, Var for competitive evaluation by the Aéronavale. At the end of the assessment the Levasseur PL.5 was preferred and ordered, when development of the Nieuport ceased.

Specifications

References

Biplanes
Floatplanes
1920s French fighter aircraft
 043
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
E4U (vehicle). The E4U is a single-person road vehicle, produced by Hyundai.

Operation
It travels on a rotating front sphere and two rear training-wheel-type supports. Propulsion is controlled by foot pedals, which cause the spherical front to tilt. It comes with headgear that serves as the roof.

References 

Personal transporters
Vehicles introduced in 2013
South Korean inventions
Battery electric vehicles
Three-wheeled balancing robots
Mobility devices
Pyrethroid hydrolase. The enzyme pyrethroid hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.88, pyrethroid-hydrolyzing carboxylesterase, pyrethroid-hydrolysing esterase, pyrethroid-hydrolyzing esterase, pyrethroid-selective esterase, pyrethroid-cleaving enzyme, permethrinase, PytH, EstP; systematic name pyrethroid-ester hydrolase) catalyses the reaction

 trans-permethrin + H2O  (3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol + (1S,3R)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

The enzyme is involved in degradation of pyrethroid pesticides.

References

External links 
 

EC 3.1.1
Lyman filament extruder. The Lyman filament extruder is a device for making 3D printing filament suitable for use in 3-D printers like the RepRap. It is named after its developer Hugh Lyman and was the winner of the Desktop Factory Competition.

The goal in the competition was to build an open source filament extruder for less than $250 in components that can take ABS or PLA resin pellets, mix them with colorant, and extrude enough 1.75 mm diameter ± 0.05 mm filament that can be wrapped on a 1 kg spool.  The machine must use the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license.

The use of DIY filament extruders like the Lyman can significantly reduce the cost of printing with 3-D printers. The Lyman filament extruder was designed to handle pellets, but can also be used to make filament from other sources of plastic such as post-consumer waste like other RecycleBots. Producing plastic filament from recycled plastic has a significant positive environmental impact.

References

Plastic recycling
Fused filament fabrication
Open-source hardware
Water-pouring algorithm. The water-pouring algorithm is a technique used in digital communications systems for allocating power among different channels in multicarrier schemes. It was described by R. C. Gallager in 1968 along with the water-pouring theorem which proves its optimality for channels having Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and intersymbol interference (ISI).
For this reason, it is a standard baseline algorithm for various digital communications systems.

The intuition that gives the algorithm its name is to think of the communication medium as if it was some kind of water container with an uneven bottom. Each of the available channels is then a section of the container having its own depth, given by the reciprocal of the frequency-dependent SNR for the channel.
To allocate power, imagine pouring water into this container (the amount depends on the desired maximum average transmit power). After the water level settles, the largest amount of water is in the deepest sections of the container. This implies allocating more power to the channels with the most favourable SNR. Note, however, that the ratio allocation to each channel is not a fixed proportion but varies nonlinearly with the maximum average transmit power.

References

Telecommunications
Information theory
Office of Research and Technology Applications. The Office of Research and Technology Applications (ORTA) is an organizational structure established in United States federal laboratories through the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-480), specified in 15 USC § 3710. The acronym "ORTA" has evolved to refer to those who perform the functions of the ORTA organization. By law, the ORTA must be staffed by at least one full-time person in any laboratory with 200 or more scientific, engineering, or related technical positions, in order to coordinate and promote technology transfer.

Functions
According to 15 USC § 3710, the ORTA's function is to:
 
Prepare application assessments for selected research and development projects in which that laboratory is engaged and which in the opinion of the laboratory may have potential commercial applications;
Provide and disseminate information on federally owned or originated products, processes, and services having potential application to State and local governments and to private industry;
Cooperate with and assist the National Technical Information Service, the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer, and other organizations which link the research and development resources of that laboratory and the Federal Government as a whole to potential users in State and local government and private industry;
Provide technical assistance to State and local government officials; and 
Participate, where feasible, in regional, State, and local programs designed to facilitate or stimulate the transfer of technology for the benefit of the region, State, or local jurisdiction in which the Federal laboratory is located.

Notes

Code
Engineer Battery. Engineer Battery was an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

Description
Engineer Battery was at the southern end of the Line Wall Curtain which starts at the North Bastion. The battery was at the end of what was the fortification wall for the western coast of the town which protected it from bombardment by ships in the Bay of Gibraltar. The Line Wall Curtain, as it stands, was built by the British in the 18th century running north–south as part of the Line Wall western defenses. In 1859 there was just one gun at the Engineer Battery guarding the northern edge of Rosia Bay and two nearby magazines. but by 1897 the battery had three 12 pounder QF guns.

References

 
 

Artillery battery fortifications in Gibraltar
Intel 8282. The Intel 8282 is an 8-bit latch, which was developed primarily for the Intel-8086/8087/8088/8089-processors. The component comes in 20-pin DIL package. It was licensed to companies such as NEC and Siemens. With the ROM-less versions of the MCS-48 and MCS-51 microcontroller (8035/8039 and 8031/8032) compact systems with external ROM / EPROM can be realized. The 8282 can also be used in 8080/8085-systems replacing the 8212. If  (Output Enable) is connected to GND, the chip is selected. STB (Strobe) is connected to the pin ALE (Address Latch Enable) of the processor and takes over the address data from the multiplexed address-/databus. The 8283 has the same functionality, but the data is inverted.  In 1980 the Intel 8282 and I8282 (industrial grade) version was available for 5.55 USD and 16.25 USD in quantities of 100 respectively.

Intel 8282 is functionally identical to 74573 or 74373 octal latch, although the pinout differ slightly.

References

Literature and datasheets 
 Datasheet (Intel): 8282/8283 Octal Latch
 NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH, 1982 Catalog, p. 703–706 (μPB8282/83 8-Bit Latches)

External links 
 www.cpu-world.com: Image

Input/output integrated circuits
Intel chipsets