omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SECAN Courlis. The SECAN SUC-10 Courlis (en: Curlew) was a French high-wing touring monoplane designed and built by Société d'Etudes et de Construction Aéronavales (SECAN), a branch of the automobile company Société des Usines Chaussons. The aircraft had problems with the engine installation and only 144 were built, some without engines and were scrapped.

Development
The Courlis was an all-metal high-wing cantilever monoplane with twin booms supporting a tail unit. It was powered by a 190 hp (142 kW)  Mathis G8R piston engine mounted in the rear fuselage in a pusher configuration. It had a fixed tricycle landing gear and had four seats in the enclosed cabin. The prototype, registered F-WBBF, first flew on 9 May 1946. Production was started and a total of 144 aircraft were completed with a number being exported to South America. Problems with the engine (insufficient power, cooling) resulted in the withdrawal of the engine's type certificate and some airframes were never fitted with an engine and scrapped. The company did test fit the aircraft with a 220 hp (164 kW) Mathis engine but production was ended.

The aircraft flew for some years, owned by French private pilots, but by the mid-1950s, most had been withdrawn from service, with many being stored at Mitry-Mory airfield near Paris.

In 1961 the design was revised as the SUC-11G Super Courlis with a 240 hp (179 kW) Continental O-470M engine, but was abandoned after a prototype was built.

Variants
SUC-10 Courlis
Production variant with a 190hp Mathis G.8R engine, 144 built (not all flown).
SUC-11G Super Courlis
Improved design with a 240hp Continental O-470M engine, only one built.

Aircraft on display
One aircraft is held by the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Le Bourget, Paris, France, but is not currently (2007) on public display.

Specifications (SUC-10 Courlis)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Orbis, 1997. p. 796. .

1940s French civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
NPA Satellite Mapping. NPA Satellite Mapping is the longest-established satellite mapping specialist in Europe, with expertise in geoscience applications of earth observation and remote sensing. In addition to processing and distributing data from a variety of optical and radar satellites, NPA specialises in added-value and derived products, providing validation and interpretation of satellite-based imagery.

Company
The company was founded in 1972 as Nigel Press Associates. In April 2008 the company was acquired by Fugro, a Dutch group who provide geotechnical, survey and geoscience services to the oil, gas, mining and construction industries.  In 2013 Fugro divested its Geoscience Division, which included NPA, to CGG. The company remains based in Edenbridge, UK.

Imagery and Elevation Data

NPA distributes optical and radar imagery at a range of resolutions, maintaining one of the largest private satellite image archives, and provide advice and acquisition services for more specific customer applications. As a member of the SARCOM consortium, NPA also distribute radar data from the ESA satellites. The company also supply satellite and airborne derived terrain and elevation products, including Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), building height maps, 3D views and fly-throughs.

Oil and Mineral Exploration
NPA specialises in a range of techniques for both onshore and offshore exploration. Onshore, their expertise in structural geological interpretation and mineral mapping is increasingly complemented by newer applications such as seismic planning, subsidence mapping and reservoir modelling. Offshore, NPA's Global Offshore Seep Project uses SAR data to detect oil seepage from potential reservoirs.

Ground Stability
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can generate maps of surface deformation or elevation, using satellite radar data. Depending on the situation, InSAR can detect and monitor centimetre to millimetre scale deformation over wide areas, right down to monitoring of local areas and structures.  Applications include monitoring of urban structures, infrastructure, tunnelling, subsidence, landslides, resource extraction and geological phenomena.

In addition to a wide variety of commercial projects, they have a significant involvement with national and European bodies such as British National Space Centre, British Geological Survey and the European Space Agency (ESA). Major projects include Terrafirma, which provides a ground motion hazard information service distributed throughout Europe via national geological surveys and institutions, and the Pipemon project which studied remote sensing technology for routing and monitoring of pipelines. Their PSI study of London in collaboration with the Environment Agency received national press coverage, showing ongoing subsidence in east London.

See also
Remote Sensing
Geographic information system (GIS)
Geomatics
Geophysical survey
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
Imagery Analysis
Imaging Science
Land cover
List of Earth observation satellites
Synthetic Aperture Radar

References

Map companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Kent
British companies established in 1972
Piano roll blues. The Piano Roll Blues or Old Piano Roll Blues is a figure of speech designating a legal argument (or the response to that argument) made in US patent law relating to computer software. The argument is that a newly programmed general-purpose digital computer is a "new" machine and, accordingly, properly the subject of a US patent.

This legal argument was made in Gottschalk v. Benson in Benson's brief. The government then responded in its brief that this amounted to asserting that inserting a new piano roll into an existing player piano converted the old player piano into a new player piano. After Benson, the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals took the position that the reasoning of Benson did not apply to "machine" claims, such as a claim to a conventional digital computer programmed to carry out a new algorithm or computer program. In dissenting from that judgment on the grounds that the Supreme Court in Benson did not limit the principle to method claims, Judge Rich spoke of "the legal doctrine that a new program makes an old general purpose digital computer into a new and different machine." Id. at 773. He observed that the doctrine "partakes of the nature of a legal fiction when it comes to drafting claims." Id.

The argument appeared again two decades later in the majority opinion in In re Alappat, and in his dissenting opinion in that case Chief Judge Archer discussed the figure of speech extensively, concluding:

Yet a player piano playing Chopin's scales does not become a "new machine" when it spins a roll to play Brahms' lullaby. The distinction between the piano before and after different rolls are inserted resides not in the piano's changing quality as a "machine" but only in the changing melodies being played by the one machine. The only invention by the creator of a roll that is new because of its music is the new music.

Despite a strong indication in the Supreme Court's Gottschalk v. Benson opinion that computer implementation of an otherwise patent-ineligible abstract idea (in that case a mathematical algorithm) was insufficient to transform the idea into patent-eligible subject matter, the Federal Circuit continued sporadically to assert the piano roll blues argument. A very recent example was in a dissenting opinion of Chief Judge Rader in 2013.

The Supreme Court's opinion in the Alice case may have finally put a stop to the piano roll blues argument, since it states that simply saying "apply it with a computer" will not transform a patent-ineligible claim to an idea into a patent-eligible claim.

The expression apparently derives from a song popular in the 1950s—"The Old Piano Roll Blues" by Cy Coben — in the style of a Scott Joplin rag. As Judge Archer points out in his Alappat dissent, there is also an allusion to the decision of the Supreme Court in White-Smith v. Apollo, concerning copyright protection for piano rolls.

References 

United States patent law
Inductive amplifier. In electric industries, an inductive amplifier is a type of test instrument that does not require DC electrical contact to detect an AC wire under voltage.

The conventional use of the inductive amplifier is the location of breaks in hidden wires, even buried in concrete. The typical wire detection range in a concrete wall is 10–20 cm. One of the manufacturers of the inductive amplifier is Tempo.

Inductive amplifiers can also be used to find an individual cable pair in a telephone cross connect or cable head when used in conjunction with a tone generator.

See also
Test light

References 

Electronics work tools
Native transistor. For electronic semiconductor devices, a native transistor (or sometimes natural transistor) is a variety of the MOS field-effect transistor that is intermediate between enhancement and depletion modes. Most common is the n-channel native transistor.

Historically, native transistors were referred to as MOSFETs without specially grown oxide, only natural thin oxide film formed over silicon during processing of other layers.

A native MOSFET is a transistor with nearly zero threshold voltage. Native n-channel transistors have a niche applications in low-voltage operational amplifiers and in low-voltage digital memory, where it functions as the weak pull-down. It is also used in low-voltage interface circuits. In most CMOS processes, native N-channel MOSFETs are fabricated on the "native" slightly p-doped silicon that comprises the bulk region, whereas a non-native N-channel MOSFET is fabricated in a p-well, which has a higher concentration of positive charges due to the increased presence of holes. The lower concentration of positive charges in the channel of a native device means that less voltage at the gate terminal is required to repel these positive charges and form a depletion region under the gate with a conducting channel, which translates to the native device having a smaller threshold voltage.

The main disadvantages of the native transistor are the larger size due to additional doping mask, and sometimes lower transconductance. Native silicon has a lower conductivity than silicon in an n-well or p-well, as most MOSFETs are, and therefore must be larger to achieve equivalent conductance. Typical minimal size of the native N-channel MOSFET (NMOS) gate is 2-3 times longer and wider than standard threshold voltage transistor. The cost of chips including native transistors is also increased because of the additional doping operations.

References

External links 
 Native NMOS circuit example

Transistor types
Levich equation. The Levich equation models the diffusion and solution flow conditions around a rotating disk electrode (RDE). It is named after Veniamin Grigorievich Levich who first developed an RDE as a tool for electrochemical research. It can be used to predict the current observed at an RDE, in particular, the Levich equation gives the height of the sigmoidal wave observed in rotating disk voltammetry. The sigmoidal wave height is often called the Levich current.

Equation
The Levich equation is written as:

where IL is the Levich current (A), n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the half reaction (number), F is the Faraday constant (C/mol), A is the electrode area (cm2), D is the diffusion coefficient (see Fick's law of diffusion) (cm2/s), ω is the angular rotation rate of the electrode (rad/s), ν is the kinematic viscosity (cm2/s), C is the analyte concentration (mol/cm3). In this form of the equation, the constant with a value of 0.620 has units of rad-1/2.

The leading term 0.620 is from the calculation of the velocity profile near the surface of the electrode. Using cylindrical coordinates, the von Karman and Cochran solution to the Navier-Stokes equations yields the two relevant profiles to electrochemical study:

The Levich equation can subsequently be derived by integrating the steady-state convection diffusion equation:

The leading numeric value varies with the units of ω: 0.621 is referred to ω in rad/s; other common values are 1.554 for ω in Hz, and 0.201 for ω in rpm.

Whereas the Levich equation suffices for many purposes, improved forms based on derivations utilising more terms in the velocity expression are available.

Simplification 
The Levich equation is often simplified by defining a Levich constant B such that:

References

External links
 http://www.calctool.org/CALC/chem/electrochem/levich

Electrochemical equations
Veniamin Levich. Veniamin Grigorievich (Benjamin) Levich (; 30 March 1917 – 19 January 1987) was a Soviet dissident who was an internationally prominent physical chemist, electrochemist, and founder of the discipline of physico-chemical hydrodynamics. He was a student of the theoretical physicist, Lev Landau. His landmark textbook Physicochemical Hydrodynamics is widely considered his most important contribution to science. The Levich equation describing a current at a rotating disk electrode is named after him.  His research activities also included gas-phase collision reactions, electrochemistry, and the quantum mechanics of electron transfer.

Levich received many honors during his life, including the Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society in 1973. He was elected a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences in 1977 and a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 1982. He was also a member of numerous scientific organizations, although on leaving the USSR in 1978 he had to relinquish his Soviet citizenship and, therefore, was expelled from the USSR Academy of Sciences. An interdisciplinary institute at the City College of New York is named in his honor.
His son Eugene V. (Yevgeny) Levich also became a physicist, leaving the Soviet Union in 1975 and raising support for other family members.

See also
 Levich constant
 Levich equation
 Landau–Levich problem
 Koutecký–Levich equation
 Induced-charge electrokinetics

References

Further reading 
 

1917 births
1987 deaths
Scientists from Kharkiv
Fluid dynamicists
Electrochemists
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Soviet dissidents
Jewish Ukrainian scientists
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Tulane University School of Science and Engineering. Engineering at Tulane University dates back to 1894 when the university organized the College of Technology, which later became the School of Engineering.
The Tulane University School of Science and Engineering (SSE) was established in the fall of 2005 as part of the Tulane Renewal Plan, when the Faculty of the Liberal Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering were reorganized into two schools, the School of Science and Engineering and the School of Liberal Arts.

Degree programs
Tulane SSE offers degrees in biological chemistry, biomedical engineering, cell and molecular biology, chemical and biomolecular engineering, chemistry, earth and environmental science, ecology and evolutionary biology, environmental biology, environmental geoscience, geology, materials science and engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, physics, psychology, and statistics.  In addition, a minor is offered in engineering science.computer science

Location
A ten-building complex on Tulane University's Uptown New Orleans campus includes the Lindy Claiborne Boggs Center for Energy and Biotechnology, the Merryl and Sam Israel Jr. Environmental Sciences Building, Pervical Stern Hall, Stanley O. Thomas Hall, Alcee Fortier Hall, Walter E. Blessey Hall, and the Francis M. Taylor Laboratories.  Other buildings include the J. Bennett Johnston Health and Environmental Research Building in Downtown New Orleans, the Reily Student Recreation Center, and facilities at University Square.  The Reily Center houses the Center for Anatomical and Movement Sciences (CAMS) as well as the Tulane Institute of Sports Medicine (TISM).

Campus improvements
In November 2008, the university announced that donors would fund a project to create a more pedestrian-friendly environment by eliminating a street with automobile traffic that bisected the center of the campus. Referred to as the McAlister Place project, the street was replaced with a crushed-granite surface bordered with Japanese magnolias and irises, and completed in January 2010.

After Hurricane Katrina, the City of New Orleans improved bicycle lanes on nearby Carrollton Avenue and in 2011, announced plans to add bicycle lanes to the St. Charles Avenue corridor that runs in front of campus.

Deans
 Hridesh Rajan (2024 - Present) 
 Kimberly Foster (2018 - 2024) 
 Michael Herman, Ph.D. (interim) (2017 - 2018) 
 Nick Altiero (2006 - 2017)

Notable professors
 Frank Tipler
 Alexander Wentzell
 Thomas W. Sherry
 James MacLaren
 John P. Perdew

See also
Tulane University
Newcomb-Tulane College
Notable Alumni

References

External links
Official webpage

Tulane University
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in Louisiana
Thermal sleeve. A thermal sleeve, or blanket, is a device around the length of a gun barrel of a large caliber gun, typically found on modern tanks. Its primary purpose is to provide a more consistent temperature to the gun barrel, preventing distortions due to differential thermal expansion caused by the temperature differences around the barrel when firing.

Thermal sleeves were originally simply insulators. They would prevent ambient conditions such as bright sunlight or winds from heating or cooling one side of a barrel more than the other, which would cause a thermal distortion (bending or drooping), reducing accuracy. More modern variants contain concentric inner and outer insulating sleeves with a gap in between.  Versions have been created which are detachable from a given barrel so that they can be re-used with a replacement barrel.  Proposals exist for types that have advanced external thermal and radar profiles, reducing their thermal and radar signatures in order to make the barrel and thereby the tank harder to detect.

One of the earliest guns to use a thermal sleeve was the Royal Ordnance L11 used on the Chieftain tank.

See also
Barrel shroud

References

Bibliography

External links

Firearm components
Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
Artillery components
Force lines. Force lines is a method used in solid mechanics for visualization of internal forces in a deformed body. A force line is a curve representing graphically the internal force acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. The force lines show the maximal internal forces and their directions.

Force lines drawing 
The procedure for determining the force lines consists of two stages:
  
1) Defining the internal surface. The surface is perpendicular to maximum principal stress in every point of the solid.
 
2) Integration of internal stresses on the surface. Stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. The stress distribution can be obtained from known theoretical or numerical (Finite element method) analysis.

The researcher who builds up the force lines can choose a magnitude of the internal force and the initial border where the drawing procedure starts.

Figure 1 shows an example of force lines in a body with a hole under tension. The force lines are denser near the hole. The visualization helps to explain the stress concentration.

Figure 2 shows the force lines in a body with a crack. The cracks are the most dangerous stress concentrator: the intensity of the force lines is high in the crack tip (see Fracture mechanics).

Figure 3 shows the case of pure bending of a beam with rectangular cross section. There are no internal forces at the neutral axis of the beam. The tensile and compressive force lines are symmetrical and are denser at the beam’s edge.

Application 
The force lines pictures are used for

1) Analysis of stress concentration (Figure1 and Figure 2): the number of the force lines increases in areas with stress concentration.

2) Optimization of structures: reinforcing the structure in the areas with concentration of force lines and deleting the components where there are no force lines.

See also
Fracture
Engineering stress
Stress concentration
Stress intensity factor
Strength of materials
Structural fracture mechanics

References

Structural engineering
Materials science
Continuum mechanics
Fracture mechanics
Solid mechanics
Curves
Descaling agent. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in  boilers, water heaters, and  kettles. Limescale is either white or brown in colour due to the presence of iron compounds. Glass surfaces may also exhibit scaling stains, as can many ceramic surfaces present in bathrooms and kitchen, and descaling agents can be used safely to remove those stains without affecting the substrate since both ceramics and glass are unreactive to most acids.

Action
Descaling agents are typically acidic compounds such as hydrochloric acid that react with the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate compounds present in the scale, producing carbon dioxide gas and a soluble salt.  

Strongly acidic descaling agents are usually corrosive to the eyes and skin and can also attack and degrade clothing fibres, so appropriate protection such as rubber gloves and plastic aprons should be used in cleaning operations.

Descaling can also cause erosion and dezincification of brass, causing the brass to leach lead which is thereby released into potable water lines. Descaling of steam boilers such as those found in espresso machines can be difficult as the boilers do not fill completely and the descaling agent is unable to reach the top of the boiler. If this problem occurs the device's safety valves, probes, and pressure sensors may not be cleared of limescale.

Acids used
Notable descaling agents include acetic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid and hydrochloric acid. The calcium salts are soluble and thus washed away during dissolution or solvation. The speed of the descaling action depends on the concentration and acidity or pH of the solution provided. Hydrochloric acid is much stronger than acetic acid, for example, and therefore tends to remove scale faster. Weak acids such as acetic or citric acids may be preferred, however, where damage to the substrate is to be minimised.

Many companies offer inhibited or "buffered" acids that inhibit the corrosive effect of the acids on various materials. Approximately 10% concentrated hydrochloric acid with a corrosion inhibitor and some added penetrating and wetting agents added is typical. This allows for a better cleaning of machinery and especially heat exchangers because often the scale is mixed with silica and other contaminants.  These additives reduce the corrosion on the metals and cut through and loosen these other materials mixed with the scale for faster and more thorough cleaning.

See also 
Central heating system
Dealkalization of water
Hard water
Hydronics
Limescale
Pickling (metal)
Water softening

References 

Chemical process engineering
Plumbing
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning