omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Petrie of Rochdale. Alexander Petrie and Co was a company that manufactured stationary steam engines.  It was based in Rochdale, Greater Manchester in England.  The company did general millwrighting, producing some steam engines during the 19th century. Around 1845, their superintendent, William McNaught, was producing large steam-driven beam engines for textile mills in Rochdale.

History
Alexander Petrie, an iron founder and millwright from Cumberland, set up a small firm in Bury about 1792. His son, John Petrie served his apprenticeship with him in Bury, and then converted some cottages behind Cheetham St, Rochdale. John Petrie, was successful taking much business from his father. His father closed down and joined his son in a new firm Alexander Petrie and Son, where they were described in 1816-7 as ‘Iron & Brass Founders’. In 1818, they  built and equipped a new, larger foundry the Phoenix Foundry, on Whitehall Street. They made their first steam engine in 1819. It was an 8 hp (nominal) engine for James King of Leavengreave. This was the first steam engine built in Rochdale. It was sold at £300. (£ current prices). By 1845, they employed William McNaught (Rochdale) as the factory superintendent, and he also designed engines, such as the pair of 120 hp nominal (700 hp indicated) beam engines for Bright's New Mill in 1845. McNaught left and founded his own firm. In 1853, John Petrie, junior patented and made the first automatic wool-washing machine.

Petries continued to make ever larger engines. For instance Brierfield Mills, Brierfield, near Burnley, Lancs, who were cotton spinners and weavers bought a horizontal engine for their spinning mill from Petries in 1894. It probably replaced a beam engine. It was designed to develop 1,500 ihp at 57rpm.  The cylinders were 24, 36, 42, and 42in bore by 5 ft stroke, all with twist cut-off piston-valves, that had been developed by McNaught, and with internal valves for the high-and intermediate-cylinders.  The 24 ft flywheel drove by 36 ropes.  Eight Petrie boilers provided steam at 160psi for this engine and two other Petrie engines, and one from Burnley Ironworks. These engines were finally scrapped in 1959.

J & W McNaught amalgamated with Petries to form Petrie and McNaught.

Petrie and McNaught

They became a public company in 1920, and by 1936 they were manufacturing washing and drying machinery for textile industry. In 1961 they were manufacturers of washing and drying machines, green crop and grain drying plants, baling presses for scrap metals and complete carbonising plants, with 233 employees.

Mills driven by their engines
John King, Leavengreave, Facit.1819 ( 8 hp-nominal)
John Whitworth, Facit.1820( 20 hp-nominal)
Newall of Littleborough 1829
Bright's (120 hp-nominal- 700 hp-indicated) 
Whitelees, Littleborough 1842.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
FROM THE WEIGHING BOOK OF THE LATE FRANK SHORE ESQ. 

Industrial Revolution
Stationary steam engines
Companies based in Rochdale
Steam engine manufacturers
German Air Sports Association. The German Air Sports Association (Deutscher Luftsportverband, or DLV e. V.) was an organisation set up by the Nazi Party in March 1933 to establish a uniform basis for the training of military pilots. Its chairman was Hermann Göring and its vice-chairman Ernst Röhm.

History
Since the Treaty of Versailles officially forbade Germany from building fighter planes of any sort, the German Air Sports Association used gliders to train men still officially civilians for the future Luftwaffe. The first steps towards the Luftwaffe's formation were undertaken just months after Adolf Hitler came to power. Hermann Göring, a World War I ace with 22 victories and the holder of the Orden Pour le Mérite, became National Kommissar for aviation with former  director Erhard Milch as his deputy. On 25 March 1933 the German Air Sports Association absorbed all private and national organizations, whilst retaining its 'sports' title. In April 1933 the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM – Reich Air Ministry) was established. The RLM was in charge of development and production of aircraft, and soon afterwards the test site or Erprobungsstelle at Rechlin became its testing ground, a military airfield that had been first established in August 1918. Göring's control over all aspects of aviation became absolute, with the exception of gliders and balloons over which Milch had control as deputy kommissar because Goring’s weight prevented him from flying in either. 

The German Air Sports Association was dissolved in 1937 and replaced with the National Socialist Flyers Corps, a corporation under public law and subordinate to Reichsluftfahrtminister Göring.

Insignia

See also
Aircrew Badge (Nazi)

References

Air sports in Germany
Sports organizations established in 1933
Organizations disestablished in 1937
Nazi Party organizations
Irregular military air services
Aviation organisations based in Germany
1933 establishments in Germany
1937 disestablishments in Germany
Hermann Göring
Gliding associations
Gliding in Germany
Circuit Check. Circuit Check is an American company with about 225 employees and seven direct operations in six countries (the U.S., Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, China, and Malaysia).  Headquartered in Maple Grove, Minnesota, it is one of the largest manufacturers of electronic and mechanical test fixtures in North America,
.  The company also manufactures Automatic Test Equipment for end-of-line manufacturing test.  The company uses either a Microsoft Excel-driven "CCITest" software platform, or the National Instruments LabVIEW software platform. They have a variety of clients in different industries which include: Automotive, Military & Aerospace, Medical, Industrial, and Computer Networking.

History 
Circuit Check was founded in 1978 as a spin-out of a printed circuit board drilling service bureau, "CircuitDrill." The initial product was test fixtures for bed of nails testers.

Over the following years, the company developed innovations for in-circuit test and functional test or FCT.  One, the pneumatically-actuated "clamshell" test fixture, electrically probes a circuit board from both sides.

The company also combined in-circuit test with functional test in the same test fixture in 2004, by developing (and patenting) the two-stage fixture having pins of two different lengths, and compressing to two different heights.

Milestones 
The company devised a method for applying strain gage testing to determining the stresses placed on circuit boards by the hundreds or thousands of test probes used to make electrical contact therewith.  This is useful because each test probe (a.k.a. "pogo pin") exerts several ounces of force on the device under test (DUT).  When the test fixture has thousands of test probes, the sum of the individual probe forces can reach hundreds of pounds.  Such force is sufficient to deform the DUT (a printed circuit board, for example) to the point where the attached inflexible electronic component packages (such as Ball Grid Arrays) may fracture, or their solder joints may fail.  Strain gage testing can reveal areas on the DUT where these net forces are excessive when the DUT is clamped into the test fixture, thus showing where supports must be added to the opposite side of the test fixture to counteract the test probe forces.  Where a support counteracts the test probe forces, the test probe force is converted from a deformative force distorting the DUT to a compressive force, squeezing the DUT circuit board without deforming its generally planar shape.

Notes

References 
An In-Circuit Test Channel Partner Interview Series
The Selection and Economics Of Wireless Test Fixtures
Goliath Business Profiles
PCB007 Magazine
Bloomberg Businessweek
U.S. Patent Application 20100019793 for Test Fixture Alignment

American brands
Companies based in Minnesota
Electronic test equipment manufacturers
British Electrotechnical Approvals Board. The British Electrotechnical Approvals Board (BEAB) was an electrical safety and certification organization in the UK, with the introduction of Harmonized European Standards meant that local certification of electrical products was no longer permitted. The BEAB Mark is now owned by Intertek Group.

History
The British Electrotechnical Approvals Board (BEAB) was formed in 1960 by Regional Electricity Companies, manufacturers and retailer as the British Electrical Approvals Board for Domestic Appliances. It was based on Cockspur Street in London and test facilities at a laboratory owned by the British Electrical Development Association in Leatherhead; this later became the Appliance Testing Laboratories of the Electricity Council. In 1961 its headquarters moved to London Road, Kingston upon Thames. In 1974 it moved to The Green, Hersham near Walton-on-Thames in Surrey. In 1962 it extended the range of appliances it tested.

Name change
In 1971 it changed its name to the British Electrotechnical Approvals Board for Household Equipment. They joined forces with the British Approvals Board for Telecommunications. The headquarters moved to Station View in Guildford.

Merger
In 2004 it merged with ASTA Certification Services to form ASTA BEAB Certification Services. In June 2007, this company was acquired by Intertek. The testing is done in Leatherhead. Intertek was formed from ITS Testing & Certification Ltd, which became Intertek in September 2003.

Function
Domestic electrical appliances with the BEAB Mark of Approval meant that they had reached a required safety standard (BS 3456).

BEAB Approved Mark
This mark means the item has been tested and deemed to be safe - it is a safety guarantee. That does not mean the item will always be safe (product quality may vary, and wear and tear will affect inherent safety), but the standard product should be. Electrical equipment is important to be safe because apart from the obvious danger of causing electric shocks, faulty electrical equipment such as electric blankets can cause fires.

Where fires have been caused by domestic electrical appliances, they are examined at the laboratory to determine what caused the fire.

External links
 History of BEAB
 List of products with the BEAB mark

Certification marks
Electrical safety standards organizations
Organisations based in Surrey
Organizations established in 1960
Product-testing organizations
1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
Stuart Turner. Stuart Turner may refer to:

Stuart Turner (baseball) (born 1991), American baseball player
Stuart Turner (cricketer) (born 1943), English cricketer
Stuart Turner (engineer) (1869–1920), English engineer
Stuart Turner (musician), English alternative blues singer
Stuart Turner (rugby union) (born 1972), rugby union player
Stuart Turner (EastEnders), a fictional character
Stuart Turner (The Bill), a fictional character
Stuart Turner (company), British engineering company founded in 1906
LTV L450F. The LTV L450F, also known as the L45ØF, was a prototype quiet reconnaissance aircraft, developed by Ling-Temco-Vought in the late 1960s for use in the Vietnam War by the United States. Based on the airframe of a Schweizer 2-32 sailplane, the aircraft flew in 1970, and was developed into the XQM-93 reconnaissance drone before the project was cancelled.

Design and development
Developed as a follow on to the Igloo White program, the L450F was intended to provide a quiet reconnaissance and communications relay aircraft. Under a $1 million USD contract by LTV Electrosystems, the L450F was developed from a Schweizer SGS 2-32 sailplane, modified by Schweizer to LTV's specifications.

These modifications included stronger wing spars, thicker wing skin, installation of a Pratt & Whitney PT6A turboprop engine driving a three-bladed propeller, and main landing gear based on that of the Grumman Ag-Cat agricultural aircraft. An alternative configuration, using a piston engine, was also proposed.

The prototype L450F first flew in February 1970, but was  destroyed during its third flight, on 23 March that year, the pilot successfully bailing out. A second prototype was then completed and flown, successfully completing the testing program, and a third prototype was ordered as the unmanned XQM-93 drone, under the Compass Dwell project. Four examples of the XQM-93 were contracted for by the United States Air Force, however the Compass Dwell project was subsequently cancelled.

Operational history

27 March 1972 Donald R. Wilson reached the altitude of 15,456 m (50,708 ft) in horizontal flight flying the remaining L450F, registered N2450F, setting a new Fédération Aéronautique Internationale international record, Class C-1c, Group II (Powered aeroplanes, takeoff weight 1000 to 1750 kg, turboprop). This record still stood as of 27 March 2012.

Specifications (prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–1972. London: Sampson Low Marston & Co, 1971. .

External links

L45OF
1970s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Boeing XPB. The Boeing XPB (company Model 50) was an American twin-engined biplane long-range patrol flying boat of the 1920s. A single example was built for the United States Navy.

Design and development

In September 1924, the Naval Aircraft Factory was tasked with designing a long-range twin-engined flying boat, capable of flying the 2,400 mi (3,860 km) between San Francisco and Hawaii. The initial design was carried out by Isaac M. Laddon, an employee of Consolidated Aircraft, and then passed to Boeing for detailed design and construction. The new flying boat, the Boeing Model 50, was a two-bay biplane of very streamlined design for flying boats of the time.  The wings were of metal construction, with wooden wingtips and leading edges.  The fuselage had a metal lower part, with the upper half made of laminated wooden frames with a wood veneer covering.  Two 800 hp (600 kW) Packard 2A-2500 V12 engines driving four-bladed propellers were mounted in tandem between the wings above the fuselage.

Operational history

The Boeing Model 50, designated XPB-1 by the US Navy, made its maiden flight in August 1925. It was intended to use it to lead a pair of Naval Aircraft Factory PN-9s in an attempt to fly to Hawaii on 31 August 1925, but engine trouble led to its participation in the flight being cancelled.  In 1928, the aircraft was modified by the Naval Aircraft Factory, its Packard engines were replaced by two 500 hp (370 kW) geared Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines, leading to the new designation XPB-2.

Specifications (XPB-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London:Putnam, 1989. .
 Yenne, Bill. The Story of the Boeing Company. St Paul, USA: Zenith Imprint, 2005. .

Flying boats
1920s United States patrol aircraft
P1B
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Fraxel. Fraxel Laser Treatment is a line of lasers developed by Reliant Technologies in 2004. It was developed from a US patent licensed from the Wellman Center for Photomedicine. R. Rox Anderson was the inventor. Fraxel lasers cause fractional photothermolysis for skin resurfacing.

Complications observed in a study of 961 fractional laser treatments included acne and herpes outbreaks. There have also been anecdotal negative accounts of bad scarring and hyperpigmentation following the use of Fraxel lasers.

Treatment purposes 
Fraxel laser is used primarily to rejuvenate skin. It is used to treat hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and superficial signs of aging such as fine lines and wrinkles, as well as acne scarring.

Types 
Several variations of Fraxel lasers exist, each with distinct characteristics. These systems are distinguished by their laser types and the depth of tissue ablation they achieve.

 Fraxel Restore employs a 1,550nm erbium glass laser, which is categorized as a non-ablative laser, meaning it does not remove the outermost layer of skin. This characteristic positions it as the gentlest Fraxel laser and is used for improving skin texture, fine to moderate wrinkles, photoaging, and mild acne scaring.
 Fraxel Restore Dual incorporates a combination of a 1,550nm erbium glass laser and an ablative 1,927nm thulium fiber laser. It is commonly used to treat wrinkles, photoaging, surgical scars, and acne scars.
 Fraxel Repair uses an ablative 10,600nm-wavelength carbon-dioxide () laser. This laser is the most aggressive among Fraxel lasers and is commonly used in treating wrinkles, especially those around the mouth or eyes.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

Laser medicine
Skin care
List of steam car makers. The steam car manufacturers listed here were mostly active during the first period of volume production, roughly 1860–1930, with a peak around 1900. From 1940 onwards, steam cars have tended to be either experimental or prototypes.

The first experimental steam-powered vehicles were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it was not until after Richard Trevithick had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was viable to produce them on a commercial basis. The next sixty years saw continuing improvements in vehicle technology and manufacturing techniques and steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of internal combustion engine technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis prior to World War II. Since then there have been sporadic resurgences of interest in steam, particularly in the late 1960s in California to address air pollution issues and later in response to the 1973 oil crisis.

1600s – Concepts

1700s – Pioneers

1800s – Early developments

1890s – Commercial manufacture

1900 to 1913 – Volume production
The early years of the 20th century, prior to World War I, were the heyday of the steam car.

1914 to 1939 – Decline
The steam cars of this era up until the 1930s were the last steam-powered production cars. The power advantages that steam had possessed were overtaken by the improvements to the petrol powered internal combustion engines.

1940 to date – Renewed interest
Makes in this era are generally prototypes or experimental.

See also

Clayton Wagons Ltd.
List of traction engine manufacturers
History of steam road vehicles
History of the automobile
Steam car
Steam bus
Steam wagon

References

Steam cars
Steam cars manufacturers
Steam cars
Cars
Hydraulic roughness. Hydraulic roughness is the measure of the amount of frictional resistance water experiences when passing over land and channel  features. It quantifies the impact of surface irregularities and obstructions on the flow of water.
One roughness coefficient is Manning's n-value. Manning's n is used extensively around the world to predict the degree of roughness in channels. The coefficient is critical in hydraulic engineering, floodplain management, and sediment transport studies. Flow velocity is strongly dependent on the resistance to flow. An increase in this n value will cause a decrease in the velocity of water flowing across a surface.

Manning's n 
The value of Manning's n is affected by many variables. Factors like suspended load, sediment grain size, presence of bedrock or boulders in the stream channel, variations in channel width and depth, and overall sinuosity of the stream channel can all affect Manning's n value. For instance, a narrow, rocky channel with irregular obstructions such as large boulders will have a higher n value than a smooth, straight channel with uniform depth.

Biological factors have the greatest overall effect on Manning's n; key influences include bank stabilization by vegetation, height of grass and brush across a floodplain, and stumps and logs creating natural dams are the main observable influences.

Additionally, seasonal changes in vegetation density and growth can cause fluctuations in Manning's n values.

Biological Importance 
Recent studies have found a relationship between hydraulic roughness and salmon spawning habitat; “bed-surface grain size is responsive to hydraulic roughness caused by bank irregularities, bars, and wood debris… We find that wood debris plays an important role at our study sites, not only providing hydraulic roughness but also influencing pool spacing, frequency of textural patches, and the amplitude and wavelength of bank and bar topography and their consequent roughness. Channels with progressively greater hydraulic roughness have systematically finer bed surfaces, presumably due to reduced bed shear stress, resulting in lower channel competence and diminished bed load transport capacity, both of which promote textural fining”.
Textural fining of stream beds can affect more than just salmon spawning habitats, “bar and wood roughness create a greater variety of textural patches, offering a range of aquatic habitats that may promote biologic diversity or be of use to specific animals at different life stages.”

References

Erosion
Hydraulics
Hydraulic engineering
CEDEP-1. 

CEDEP-1 is an experimental unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Project Development Center (CEDEP) of  the Peruvian Air Force.

Design and development
Funding is currently being provided through the Ministry of Defence and a grant from the National Council of Science and Technology (Concytec).  The aircraft is equipped with optical and infrared sensing technologies, with real-time communication to a ground station. In 2008, a prototype made a first test flight at Las Palmas Air Force Base.  Since then, a scale prototype has successfully made more than 20 flights in and around the resort of Chorrillos.  It has been reported that this aircraft has been used to support counter-terrorism operations in the Valley of Apurímac and Ene River (VRAE).

References

Notes

Peru
Aircraft manufactured in Peru
Peru
Harper Aircraft Manufacturing Company. The Harper Aircraft Manufacturing Company, also known as Harper Aircraft Company was a manufacturer of airplanes in the early 1930s. Jack. L. Harper was the company president and founder. The Harper Aircraft Company was located in Bedford, Ohio.

The Harper Aircraft Company built a small monoplane powered by a 35 hp Szekely three-cylinder engine. The company also built the "Roberts Special," powered by a 65-horsepower LeBlond engine, it was a standard Harper airplane with a special variable wing.

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States