omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tocoma Dam. The Manuel Piar Hydroelectric Power Plant (Tocoma Dam) is a stalled hydroelectric development project in the Lower Caroní River Basin of Venezuela. The project, started in 2006, includes the installation of  MW to generate annual average energy of . As of 2019, the project is unfinished. 

The project was awarded to OIV consortium, consisting of Odebrecht (50%), Salini Impregilo (40%) and Vinccler (10%), with an initial budget US$3,061 mil. Ten Kaplan generator units, of , manufactured by an Argentinian company , were predicted to begin operations between 2012 and 2014. These units had the world record as of 2012 in power generation at nominal head for Kaplan turbines. The diameter of the runner is  and nominal head is  with claimed output up to . 

The first generator was installed but not yet commissioned in April 2012. Behind schedule, the dam began to impound its reservoir on 16 November 2015. The budget tripled to $9,4 billion in 2017, as of 2019 the project is still unfinished. Odebrecht spent between 2007 and 2015 at least $118 million on bribes related to the project.

References

Dams under construction
Hydroelectric power stations in Venezuela
Dams in Venezuela
Wings of Freedom Flitplane. The Wings of Freedom Flitplane is an American single-seat, high-wing, single-engine ultralight aircraft that is available as a kit aircraft or as plans for amateur construction from Wings of Freedom of Hubbard, Ohio.

The Flitplane was designed as a low-cost aircraft with the look of an antique aircraft design for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category with its maximum  empty weight requirement.

In late 2019 the company website had been taken down and it is likely that production had ended.

Development
The Flitplane was designed in 1995 by Ed Fisher who also designed the Skylite ultralight and the Micro-Mong home-built aircraft. The design was acquired by Joe Naylor and Mark W. Klotz who formed Wings of Freedom Aviation Inc. in 1996 to develop the design and market it.

Naylor and Klotz made many changes to the design but retained the antique look of the aircraft and its distinctive large triangular windshield.

The Flitplane's fuselage is fabricated from a welded truss of 4130 steel tubing. The  wings are of aluminum "ladder-type" construction, are strut-braced and utilize jury struts. The fuel tank is integrated into the wing centre-section. The wings and tail are covered in doped aircraft fabric. The engine is mounted in front of the high wing, above the cockpit. The original powerplant was a  Cuyuna 460 engine, with a  Rotax 447 optional. Later engine options added included the  Hirth F-33, the  Zanzottera MZ 201 and the Kawasaki 440  engine.

The conventional landing gear is suspended using fibreglass axles. The tailwheel is steerable. The controls are conventional three-axis and include full-span ailerons. The large, flat-plate triangular windshield protects the pilot from the propeller blast and has distinctive cut-outs for the rudder pedals.

The Flitplane is available as plans, a complete kit, partial kits or as a finished and ready-to-fly aircraft. The company claims that the aircraft can be built from the kit in 100 hours or 500 hours from plans.

Specifications (Flitplane)

See also

References

External links
 Official website archives
 Photo of a Flitplane
 Wings of Freedom Flitplane review

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Wings of Freedom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1995
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
ORCATS. ORCATS (Operational Research Computerised Allocation of Tickets to Services) is a large centralised legacy computer system used on passenger railways in Great Britain. It is used for real time reservation  and revenue sharing on interavailable tickets between train operating companies (TOCs). The system is used to divide ticket revenue when a ticket or journey involves trains operated by multiple TOCs. The system was owned by British Rail, and is now managed by the Rail Delivery Group.

History
Before nationalisation, a similar function was carried out by the Railway Clearing House.

References

Centralized computing
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Legacy systems
Passenger rail transport in the United Kingdom
Public transport information systems
Lanthanum barium copper oxide. Lanthanum barium copper oxide, or LBCO, is an inorganic compound with the formula CuBa0.15La1.85O4.  It is a black solid produced by heating an intimate mixture of barium oxide, copper(II) oxide, and lanthanum oxide in the presence of oxygen. The material was discovered in 1986 and was the first high temperature superconductor. Johannes Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery that this material exhibits superconductivity at the then unusually high temperature.  This finding led to intense and fruitful efforts to generate other cuprate superconductors.

Lanthanum barium copper oxide is related to the far simpler compound lanthanum cuprate, which has a similar structure.  In lanthanum barium copper oxide, some of the La(III) centers are replaced by Ba(II), which has a similar ionic radius.  This Ba-for-La replacement causes removal of some electrons (hole doping) from the d-band associated with the sheets of copper oxide. As a function of such chemical doping, the system changes its ground state from Mott insulating to superconducting. Before reaching optimally doping (around x=0.16) the La2-xBaxCuO4, superconductivity is partially suppressed at the specific x=1/8 doping due to emergence of charge stripe order.

References

High-temperature superconductors
Lanthanum compounds
Barium compounds
Copper compounds
Oxides
Serial Port Memory Technology. The SPMT Consortium is a coalition of companies involved in designing and manufacturing mobile devices, integrated circuits, and semiconductor IP. The organization developed the SPMT specification, which is a SerDes memory interface primarily for commodity DRAM and mobile markets.
 The specification is ideal for data intensive, media-rich functionality like video, GPS, internet access, email, multimedia, and music.

History 
The SPMT Consortium was founded in 2009 by ARM Holdings, Hynix Semiconductor, Inc., LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Silicon Image, Inc.  The Consortium is managed by SPMT, LLC, the entity responsible for licensing the SPMT memory interface specification. SPMT is a memory specification for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that is based on SerDes rather than a standard parallel interface.

Technology summary 

 20 signaling pins for 6 GB/s performance
 Simultaneous Read/Write
 Low energy per bit – (4–5 pJ/bit effective)
 Self-clocking
 Low EMI
 High noise rejection
 Standard DRAM commands
 Burst lengths of 16, 32, and 64 bytes
 Low voltage differential signaling

Members 
The SPMT Consortium is divided into three levels of membership: Promoters (Founders), Contributors, and Members.

 Promoters (Founders): Define, implement and promote Serial Port Memory Technology for broad market adoption as an industry standard.
 Contributors: Work in cooperation with the promoters and participate in the definition of future SPMT specifications.
 Members: Have access to the latest version of the SPMT specification and the rights to create innovative products that implement the technology. The SPMT Consortium assesses an annual fee from all members to help fund the marketing, administration and licensing activities of the Consortium.

Timeline of events 
 May 18, 2009 - SPMT Consortium announced.
 July 21, 2009 - SPMT President appointed.
 August 17, 2009 - ARM joins SPMT as Promoter.
 August 31, 2009 - SPMT releases abridged specification.
 October 1, 2009 - SPMT releases new technology specification.

See also 
 Physical layer
 Link layer

External links 
 SPMT.org Web site

References 

Technology consortia
Computer memory
Levoglucosan. Levoglucosan (C6H10O5) is an organic compound with a six-carbon ring structure formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter.  
Along with other tracers such as potassium, oxalate, and gaseous acetonitrile, levoglucosan has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires. This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan.

Levoglucosan has been described as "an unequivocal biomass burning tracer" in the context of forest and brush fires. But the anhydrosugar has only been found detectable in low temperature samples (150-350 °C), meaning that its value as an indicator for smoke from controlled biomass combustion in, for instance, modern domestic wood stoves which operate at temperatures above 500 °C, is "very doubtful". Levoglucosan is a marker for coal combustion as well as wood.

The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose. Levoglucosan can be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers.

References

Monosaccharides
Atmospheric chemistry
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Oxygen heterocycles
Polyols
Sky-Sailor. The Sky-Sailor is a concept for a robotic aircraft with embedded solar cells on its wings, conceived in 2004 by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. It is hoped it would be able to study the Martian surface. Sky-Sailor would be an autonomous, solar-powered Mars aircraft that would fly for one Martian day of 24 hours and scan features on the surface of Mars. If this project is funded and developed, it would be able to take detailed pictures of Mars, especially in places where wheeled rovers can not go.

Concept and design
The challenge for the developers was to make a very light weight model, which was accomplished. After that, an autopilot had to be installed so a non-stop autonomous flight for 24 hours could be achieved. All this was tested with a scale model in a wind tunnel.

Two major challenges for small autonomous aircraft for Mars are to keep the weight down, such as batteries and electronics, and designing the autonomous control systems for directing the flight. One design consideration is the amount of solar power available over the course of a Martian day, and another is the battery storage capacity and the efficiency and weight of the solar cells. One reason for a small size was to facilitate its transport to planet Mars from Earth.

The Sky-Sailor concept has a wingspan of about 3.2 meters and it weighs approximately 2.5 kilograms. Aerodynamic studies suggest the power needed for the aircraft to fly at a low altitude is about 13.2 watts.

Test flights 
In 2007 a solar powered prototype made two flights totaling 10 hours. With a new battery, in 2008 it flew for 27 hours.

Mission to Mars 
If developed, the aircraft would be carried to Mars in a small aeroshell and that would be attached to a carrier spacecraft. Once the spacecraft has reached Mars, the aeroshell would be directly released into the Martian atmosphere.

In 12 hours it could cover about 1,700 km (1,050 miles) over Mars, with the flight culminating in a crash landing.

See also
 ARES
 Helios Prototype
 Mars aircraft
 Mini-Sniffer
 Mars Helicopter Ingenuity
 Dragonfly mission to Titan

References

External links 
 Sky-Sailor: Solar Autonomous Airplane for Mars exploration

Industrial design
Missions to Mars
Proposed space probes
Solar-powered aircraft
Extraterrestrial aircraft
Proposed aircraft of Switzerland
Cameron (automobile). The Cameron was an American automobile manufactured by the Cameron Car Company of Rhode Island from 1902 to 1906, then in Brockton, Massachusetts, from 1906 to 1908, then in Beverly, Massachusetts, from 1909 to 1915, Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1919, and finally in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1920. No cars were produced from 1915 to 1918. The company made two-, four-, and six-cylinder models.  
It is unknown if any survive to this day.

See also
 Brass Era car
There is a 1903 model located in the Reno NV auto museum

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Massachusetts
Cars introduced in 1902
1910s cars
American companies established in 1902
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1902
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1920
1902 establishments in Massachusetts
1920s disestablishments in Connecticut
1920 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct companies based in Connecticut
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
Beverly, Massachusetts
Companies based in Norwalk, Connecticut
American companies disestablished in 1920
Cars discontinued in 1920
Beyond the Black Hole (video game). Beyond the Black Hole is a computer game developed by The Software Toolworks and published in 1989 for the Commodore 64, Commodore 128, and MS-DOS, as well as for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990 under the name Orb-3D.

Plot
Beyond the Black Hole is a game where the player is a scientific officer placed in charge of investigating some unusual phenomena. The player uses cartography orbs to examine objects in space, with two rebound fields on the left and right edges of the screen to reflect the orb back to the middle. The player must dive from orbit into the objects and gain points by hitting them with the orb. The player must keep the orb fueled by maneuvering it through the fueling pods into the service center, and avoid pirates who want to steal the fuel.

Gameplay
Beyond the Black Hole is stereoscopic 3-D arcade game which comes with 3-D glasses. The player is able to use the keyboard, a joystick, or a mouse to move around in space. The game is playable without the glasses, as the game uses motion, not color, to generate the 3-D effect.

Reception
Beyond the Black Hole was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #152 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. Compute! was less positive, stating that the game "is heavy on packaging and special effects and light on gameplay". The magazine hoped that "a more substantial game" would use the "impressive 3-D effect".

Reviews
 VideoGames & Computer Entertainment
 Stereo World
 Run

References

External links
 Beyond the Black Hole at MobyGames
 Beyond the Black Hole at GameSpot
 Beyond the Black Hole at GameFAQs

1989 video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Single-player video games
The Software Toolworks games
Video games developed in the United States
Bioresource engineering. Bioresource engineering is similar to biological engineering, except that it is based on biological and/or agricultural feedstocks. Bioresource engineering is more general and encompasses a wider range of technologies and various elements such as biomass, biological waste treatment, bioenergy, biotransformations, bioresource systems analysis, bioremediation and technologies associated with Thermochemical conversion technologies such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, catalysis, etc.

Bioresource engineering also contains biochemical conversion technologies such as aerobic methods, anaerobic digestion, microbial growth processes, enzymatic methods, and composting.  Products include fibre, fuels, feedstocks, fertilisers, building materials, polymers and other industrial products, and management products e.g. modelling, systems analysis, decisions, and support systems. 
Bioresource engineering is a discipline that is usually very similar to environmental engineering.

The impact of urbanization and increasing demand for food, water and land presents bioresource engineers with the task of bridging the gap between the biological world and traditional engineering.  Agricultural and bioresource engineers attempt to develop efficient and environmentally sensitive methods of producing food, fiber, timber, bio-based products and renewable energy sources for an ever-increasing world population. Some of the research in bioresource engineering include machine vision, vehicle modification, wastewater irrigation, irrigation water management, stormwater management, inside natural environment for animals and plants, sensors, non-point source pollution and animal manure management.

Accomplishments 
A biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) mediated by fungal proteins of Coriolus versicolor has been undertaken for the first time in 2008. Hydrogels have been used to separate As(V) from water.

ATCC
Founded in 1925, the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) is a nonprofit and research organization, whose mission focuses on the acquisition, production, and development of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in life sciences. ATCC has collected a wide range of biological items for research. Their holdings include molecular genomics tools, microorganisms and bioproducts.

See also
Environmentalist

References

External links 
 Giles Shih, co-founder and CEO of BioResource International, briefly discusses some issues in bioresource engineering. Kauffman Foundation and Khan Academy, 2013.08.28 (about 3 min)

Agriculture
Agronomy
Engineering disciplines
John Knox MacArthur. Lieutenant John Knox MacArthur (14 January 1891 – 9 August 1918) was an American World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. He was his squadron's first ace.

Biography
MacArthur was an electrical engineer before he joined the U.S. Army Air Force.

MacArthur downed his half dozen Germany planes from 13 June through 19 July 1918, including a pair of Fokker D.VIIs shared with Donald Hudson, and three other pilots on 2 July.

On 20 July 1918, he was one of three pilots forced down by stormy weather. He was wounded and captured by the Germans. Taken to hospital, he died of his wounds.

Having scored all of his victories in the Nieuport 28, he was one of the most successful pilots in the type, along with Douglas Campbell.

Honors and awards
Distinguished Service Cross (DSC)

The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to John Knox MacArthur, Second Lieutenant (Air Service), U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in action near Luneville, France, June 13, 1918. Outnumbered and handicapped by his presence far behind the German lines, Second Lieutenant MacArthur and three flying companions fought brilliantly a large group of enemy planes, bringing down or putting to flight all in the attacking party, while performing an important mission.

Légion d'honneur

See also

 List of World War I flying aces from the United States

References

Bibliography
 American Aces of World War I. Norman Franks, Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. , .
 Over The Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918 . Norman Franks, Frank Bailey. Grub Street Publishing, 2008.

External links

1891 births
1918 deaths
American World War I flying aces
Aviators from Pennsylvania
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
People from Columbia, Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
American military personnel killed in World War I

Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1918
Yves Rousseau. Yves Rousseau is a French inventor and aviator credited with multiple ultralight aircraft FAI world records. He has received international recognition for his 13 years of work on human-powered ornithopter flight. Rousseau attempted his first human-powered flight with flapping wings in 1995.

In 2005, Rousseau was given the Paul Tissandier Diploma, awarded to those who have served the cause of aviation in general and sporting aviation in particular, by their work, initiative, devotion or in other ways.
After having made oscillate the wings of a hang glider, Yves mounted his patented  flapping mechanism on a 'Vector' ultralight airplane and on 20 April 2006, at his 212th attempt, he succeeded in flying a distance of 64 metres, observed by officials of the Aero Club de France. Unfortunately, on his 213th flight attempt, a gust of wind led to a wing breaking up, causing the pilot to be gravely injured and rendered paraplegic.

Rousseau patented a few ultralight aircraft, including the wheeled prone ultralights Pulcim 220, the Pulcim 521 and a foot-launched powered hang glider harness called Relax 220.

World records

References

External links
 Images of flights
 Images of mechanism

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French aviation record holders
Hardware verification language. A hardware verification language, or HVL, is a programming language used to verify the designs of electronic circuits written in a hardware description language. HVLs typically include features of a high-level programming language like C++ or Java as well as features for easy bit-level manipulation similar to those found in HDLs. Many HVLs will provide constrained random stimulus generation, and functional coverage constructs to assist with complex hardware verification.

SystemVerilog, OpenVera, e, and SystemC are the most commonly used HVLs. SystemVerilog attempts to combine HDL and HVL constructs into a single standard.

See also
e
SystemC
SystemVerilog
Property Specification Language
Python with cocotb
Scala with ChiselTest

References
Lupanov representation. Lupanov's (k, s)-representation, named after Oleg Lupanov, is a way of representing Boolean circuits so as to show that the reciprocal of the Shannon effect. Shannon had showed that almost all Boolean functions of n variables need a circuit of size at least 2nn−1. The reciprocal is that:

All Boolean functions of n variables can be computed with a circuit of at most 2nn−1 + o(2nn−1) gates.

Definition

The idea is to represent the values of a boolean function ƒ in a table of 2k rows, representing the possible values of the k first variables x1, ..., ,xk, and 2n−k columns representing the values of the other variables.

Let A1, ..., Ap be a partition of the rows of this table such that for i < p, |Ai| = s and .
Let ƒi(x) = ƒ(x) iff x ∈ Ai.

Moreover, let  be the set of the columns whose intersection with  is .

External links 

 Course material describing the Lupanov representation
 An additional example from the same course material

Boolean algebra
Circuit complexity