omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Xolve. Xolve, Inc. is a Madison, Wisconsin-based nanomaterial company that uses its proprietary technology to improve the attributes and performance of polymer composites and energy storage materials. The company is known for developing a process that uses organic compounds or polymers to either dissolve or place true solutions of nanoparticles previously thought to be insoluble, including carbon nanotubes and graphene.

Xolve won the Wisconsin Governor's Business Plan Contest in 2008, and was named one of the top startups of 2008 by Businessweek. The company was also a national finalist in the 2010 CleanTech Open San Jose, CA. The company originated from the fundamental research of then 17-year-old student Philip Streich and University of Wisconsin-Platteville Chemistry and Engineering Physics Professor James P. Hamilton and was founded by serial entrepreneurs Professor Hamilton and Eric Apfelbach as well as Philip Streich.

History 
Founded in 2007 as Graphene Solutions, the firm was incubated in the UW-Platteville Nanotechnology Center for Collaborative Research and Development, the NCCRD. Xolve licenses some of the earliest patents on graphene from Professor Hamilton's Group that date back to work done in 2006 and 2007.

In 2010, the company changed its name to Xolve and went on to raise $2 million in its first round of funding. Primary investors included DSM, a Dutch material sciences company, and the Nordic Group of Companies in Baraboo, Wisconsin. In 2011, the company moved to its own labs in Middleton, Wisconsin.

Nanomaterials advancements 
The potential of nanoparticles rests on their surface area. However, practical applications of these materials have been limited by their tendency to form clumps and bundles, destroying that surface area. Beginning with its ability to place nanomaterials into true solutions, Xolve has developed additional technology to bring dispersed nanomaterials into industrial polymers and energy storage materials and keep them dispersed.   With this technology, Xolve aims to lower the cost of producing nanomaterials, such as graphene, and to use these nanomaterials to dramatically improve the performance of industrial materials while maintaining their standard cost structure.

References

Nanotechnology companies
Karen Petrie. Karen Petrie is a British computer scientist specialising in the area of constraints programming. She was named young IT practitioner of the year by the British Computer Society (BCS) in 2004, for work she carried out whilst on placement at NASA. She is currently a professor in the School of Science and Engineering at the University of Dundee.

She is a women in computing activist, who served as chair of BCSWomen from 2008 to 2011, and organised many events for women in computing during this period.

Petrie is responsible for an argument about sexist behaviour in gender-imbalanced groups called "The Petrie Multiplier", which states that with a gender ratio of 1:r, women will receive r2 times as many sexist remarks as men. Proving tight upper and lower bounds remains an open question.

References

External links

British women computer scientists
Living people
1980 births
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Huddersfield
Academics of the University of Dundee
Alumni of the University of Oxford
HGe 4/4 II. {{DISPLAYTITLE:HGe 4/4 II}}

The HGe 4/4 II is a combined adhesion and cogwheel-equipped electric locomotive used on a number of metre gauge railways in Switzerland since 1985.

An initial series of five prototypes was procured by a consortium made up of the Furka Oberalp Bahn (FO) and the SBB-CFF-FFS, which wanted them for the Brünigbahn, now known as the Zentralbahn (zb).  Once the type had been proven, the members of the consortium ordered a total of 11 series production units, and the Brig-Visp-Zermatt-Bahn (BVZ) ordered another five such units.

The class is so named because it was the second class of locomotives of the Swiss locomotive and railcar classification type HGe 4/4 to be acquired by each of the three railway companies that procured it. According to that classification system, HGe 4/4 denotes a narrow gauge cogwheel-equipped electric locomotive with a total of four axles, all of which are drive axles.

List of locomotives

*) The chassis of locomotives 1951 and 1952 were fitted with new bogies (Abt system) and transformers (11 kV) and delivered to the FO as nos. 104 and 105.  The prototype bogies (Riggenbach system) and transformers (15 kV) salvaged from those chassis were then fitted to the last two series production locomotives delivered to the SBB-CFF-FFS Brünigbahn.

See also 

 History of rail transport in Switzerland
 Rail transport in Switzerland

References

External links
 Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn

This article is based upon a translation of the German language version as at February 2013.

SLM locomotives
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Electric locomotives of Switzerland
11 kV AC locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn locomotives
Swiss Federal Railways locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1985
Metre gauge electric locomotives
Chalcogenide chemical vapour deposition. Chalcogenide chemical vapor deposition is a proposed technology for depositing thin films of chalcogenides, i.e. materials derived from sulfides, selenides, and tellurides.  Conventional CVD can be used to deposit films of most metals, many non-metallic elements (notably silicon) as well as a wide range of compounds including carbides, nitrides, oxides. CVD can also be used to synthesize chalcogenide glasses.

Sulfide based thin films
The fabrication of chalcogenide thin films is a topic of research. For example, routes to germanium disulfide films could entail germanium chloride and hydrogen sulphide:
 GeCl4 (g) +  2 H2S(g)   →   GeS2(s)  +  4 HCl (g)
Alternatively via plasma enhanced CVD there is the reaction GeH4/H2S.

Telluride based thin films 
Phase change random access memory (PCRAM) has attracted considerable interest as a candidate for non-volatile devices for higher density and operation speed. The ternary Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) compound is widely regarded as the most viable and practical phase change family of materials for this application. CVD techniques have been applied to deposit GST materials in sub micron cell pores. Challenges include the need to control device to device variability and undesirable changes in the phase change material that can be induced by the fabrication procedure. A confined cell structure where the phase change material is formed inside a contact via is expected to be essential for the next generation PCRAM device because it requires lower switching power. This structure however requires more complex deposition of the active chalcogenide into a cell pore. CVD techniques could provide better performance and enable the production of thin films with superior quality compared to those obtained by sputtering, especially in terms of conformality, coverage, and stoichiometry control, and allows implementation of phase-change films in nanoelectronic devices. In addition, CVD deposition is well known to provide higher purity materials and provides the scope for new phase change materials with optimized properties to be deposited.

The CVD apparatus for Ge-Sb-Te thin film deposition is shown schematically to the right.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Pulsed-power water treatment. Pulsed-power water treatment is the process of using pulsed, electro-magnetic fields into cooling water to control scaling, biological growth, and corrosion. The process does not require the use of chemicals and helps eliminate environmental and health issues associated with the use and life-cycle management of chemicals used to treat water. Pulsed-power systems have the ability to maintain low levels of microbiological activity without using corrosive chemicals. Several reports have shown that pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units compared to chemically controlled systems.

Overview and uses

Pulsed-power systems are used to control scale, corrosion and biological activity in cooling towers without the use of chemicals, chemical tanks or pumps. Pulsed-power has been used as the sole source of water treatment in cooling systems for over a decade now with good results. The pulsed-power imparts electromagnetic fields into the cooling water and the induced fields have a direct effect in preventing mineral scale formation on equipment surfaces and controlling microbial populations to very low levels while also significantly reducing biofilms present in cooling systems.

Pulsed-power is also an FDA approved method for pasteurizing fluids such as fruit juices. However, the energy needed for pasteurization is 100 times that of a pulsed-power water treatment system.

Pros and cons

Pulsed-power treatment enables chemical-free treatment of cooling tower water while providing lower bacterial contamination as it controls scale and corrosion. The cost over the lifetime of use is lower than that of chemical treatment and also reduces the health concerns of handling chemicals. Cycles of concentration are typically increased which reduces blowdown water. The resulting elimination of chemicals provides many benefits including reduced environment, health and safety risks, environmental benefits of reusing blowdown water and elimination of chemical-laden discharge water. Pulse-power treatment is less effective on water that is extremely soft or distilled, as the technology is based on changing the way minerals in the water precipitate. It also still requires energy to use.

See also

 Pulsed power
 Water cooling
 Water treatment

References

Water technology
Tijuana River Mouth State Marine Conservation Area. Tijuana River Mouth State Marine Conservation Area is a marine protected area that extends offshore of southern San Diego County on California's south coast. The state marine conservation area (SMCA) covers .

The SMCA protects marine life by limiting the removal of marine wildlife from within its borders. Swami's SMCA prohibits take of all living marine resources except: recreational take of coastal pelagic species, except market squid by hand-held dip net only, is allowed. Commercial take of coastal pelagic species, except market squid, by round haul net only is allowed. Take pursuant to beach nourishment and other sediment management activities and operation and maintenance of artificial structures inside the conservation area is allowed per any required federal, state and local permits, or as otherwise authorized by the department.

Please see the following for official details on boundaries, regulations and other information:

History

Tijuana River Mouth SMCA is one of 36 new marine protected areas adopted by the California Fish and Game Commission in December 2010 during the third phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. The MLPAI is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of protected areas along California's coastline.

The south coast's new marine protected areas were designed by local divers, fishermen, conservationists and scientists who comprised the South Coast Regional Stakeholder Group. Their job was to design a network of protected areas that would preserve sensitive sea life and habitats while enhancing recreation, study and education opportunities.

The south coast marine protected went into effect 2012.

Geography and natural features

Tijuana River Mouth SMCA extends offshore of southern San Diego County along the Imperial Beach area, including US waters along the US–Mexico Border. This area is bounded by the mean high tide line and straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed except where noted:

 
  thence southeastward along the three nautical mile offshore boundary to
  and
 .

Habitat and wildlife

This MPA is geographically connected with Tijuana River Estuary, a National Estuarine Research Reserve site, *Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge creating the most intact contiguous estuarine/marine complex in the Southern California bioregion. The MPA includes a river mouth delta, soft sea floor sediment, the largest south coast region of offshore cobble reef at 3 by 3 km, a major barred sand bass spawning area, a persistent kelp bed, surfgrass, and a freshwater plume.

References

External links 
Marine Life Protection Act Initiative

Protected areas of San Diego County, California
Protected areas established in 2010
2010 establishments in California
Marine sanctuaries in California
Revolution in the Valley. Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made is a nonfiction book written by Andy Hertzfeld about the birth of the Apple Macintosh personal computer. The author was a core member of the team that built the Macintosh system software and the chief creator of the Mac's radical new user interface software. The book is a collection of anecdotes tracing the development of the Macintosh from a secret project in 1979 through its "triumphant introduction" in 1984. These anecdotes were originally published on the author's Folklore.org web site.

Content
The book focuses on the hardware design and software development by the original Macintosh team at Apple Computer, including sometimes technical details of ports and cards and code. It describes the Mac's introduction by Steve Jobs, and improvements made shortly thereafter. Steve Wozniak wrote the foreword.

The author reveals that both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates had first seen the innovative Graphic User Interface at the offices of Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), which had prototyped the "desktop computer" concept by 1978.

References

Books about Apple Inc.
2004 non-fiction books
O'Reilly Media books
Qalb (programming language). 
قلب (), transliterated Qalb, Qlb and Alb, is a functional programming language allowing a programmer to write programs completely in Arabic. Its name means "heart" in Arabic and is a recursive acronym for Qlb: a programming language (, ). It was developed in 2012 by Ramsey Nasser, a computer scientist at the Eyebeam Art + Technology Center in New York City, as both an artistic endeavor and as a response to the Anglophone bias in the vast majority of programming languages, which express their fundamental concepts using English words.

The syntax is like that of Lisp or Scheme, consisting of parenthesized lists. Keywords are in Arabic (specifically, Lebanese Arabic) and program text is laid out right-to-left, like all Arabic text. The language provides a minimal set of primitives for defining functions, conditionals, looping, list manipulation, and basic arithmetic expressions. It is Turing-complete, and the Fibonacci sequence and Conway's Game of Life have been implemented.

Because program text is written in Arabic and the connecting strokes between characters in the Arabic script can be extended to any length, it is possible to align the source code in artistic patterns, in the tradition of Arabic calligraphy.

A JavaScript-based interpreter is currently self hosted and the project can be forked on GitHub.

Hello world 

 (قول "مرحبا يا عالم")

 (قول "Hello, world‎")

References

Further reading

External links
 Browser-based interpreter
 Artist's statement

Functional languages
Non-English-based programming languages
Lisp programming language family
Forming (metalworking). In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the physical shape of a material is permanently deformed.

Characteristics
Metal forming tends to have more uniform characteristics across its subprocesses than its contemporary processes, cutting and joining.

On the industrial scale, forming is characterized by:
 Very high loads and stresses required, between 50 and  ()
 Large, heavy, and expensive machinery in order to accommodate such high stresses and loads
 Production runs with many parts, to maximize the economy of production and compensate for the expense of the machine tools

Forming processes
Forming processes tend to be categorised by differences in effective stresses. These categories and descriptions are highly simplified, since the stresses operating at a local level in any given process are very complex and may involve many varieties of stresses operating simultaneously, or it may involve stresses which change over the course of the operation.

Compressive forming involves those processes where the primary means of plastic deformation is uni- or multiaxial compressive loading.

Rolling, where the material is passed through a pair of rollers
Extrusion, where the material is pushed through an orifice
Die forming, where the material is stamped by a press around or onto a die
Forging, where the material is shaped by localized compressive forces
Indenting, where a tool is pressed into the workpiece

Tensile forming
Tensile forming involves those processes where the primary means of plastic deformation is uni- or multiaxial tensile stress.

Stretching, where a tensile load is applied along the longitudinal axis of the workpiece
Expanding, where the circumference of a hollow body is increased by tangential loading
Recessing, where depressions and holes are formed through tensile loading

Combined tensile and compressive forming
This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation involves both tensile stresses and compressive loads.

Pulling through a die
Tandem rolling mill
Deep drawing
Spinning
Flange forming
Upset bulging

Bending

This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation is a bending load.

Shearing

This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation is a shearing load.

Notes

References

See also
The Forming section of List of manufacturing processes
 Ferrous metallurgy
 Moulding
 Pressing

Metalworking
Metal forming
Phoenix Skyblazer. The Phoenix Skyblazer is an American helicopter that was designed by the Nolan brothers and produced by Phoenix Rotorcraft of Fallston, Maryland and more recently Louisburg, North Carolina. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

While advertised for sale in 2011, by February 2013 the aircraft was no longer listed as being available on the manufacturer's website. By January 2015 the company was offering a new gyroplane using the same name, spelled SkyBlazer, as the previous helicopter design. The company website domain subsequently expired and the company is likely no longer in business.

Design and development
The Skyblazer features two coaxial, contra-rotating main rotors, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, skid-type landing gear and two twin-cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 503 engines for redundancy. The two engines were provided due to the aircraft lacking collective pitch control, thus precluding an autorotation in the event of a power loss. The aircraft can reportedly hover on one engine.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing. Its dual two-bladed rotors have diameters of  and incorporate dual flapping hinges. Directional control is achieved by tilting the rotor mast. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Operational history
In October 2022 there was one example registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Skyblazer)

References

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

2000s United States sport aircraft
2000s United States helicopters
Twin-engined piston helicopters
Coaxial rotor helicopters
Skyblazer
Vipul-class barge. Vipul class of barges are a series of five self-propelled water carrier watercraft being built by Vipul shipyard, Surat for the Indian Navy.

Description
They have a displacement of 1040 tonnes and are  long. Each vessel in the series is operated by a crew of 20. They are fitted with two engines and are capable of speed up to 12 knots. They have a capacity to carry 500 tonnes of fresh water. They are intended to serve warships at anchorage outside the harbour and elsewhere to ensure quick operational turnaround. They are being built at Magdalla port in Surat as per contract concluded in February 2006.

Specifications
Gross weight: 598 tonnes
Net weight: 179 tonnes
Dead weight: 604.85 tonnes
Displacement: 1042.634 tonnes
Light weight: 437.784 tonnes
Overall length: 50.2 meters
Lbp: 46.8 meters
Brdth Mlt: 11 meters
Draught (max): 2.9 meters
Depth Mld: 3.8 meters
Engine: Caterpillar
Power: 1342 kW
Auxiliary generator: 1 x 36 kW, 2 x 86 kW 415 V 50 Hx AC
Speed: 12 knots

References

External links

Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy
Ships of the Indian Navy
Auxiliary barge classes
Tadahiko Mizuno. is a Japanese nuclear-chemist known for his work on cold fusion. He was a former assistant professor teaching the Atomic Power Environmental Materials program at Hokkaido University. 
He was also a member of Energy Environmental Institute of Engineering at Hokkaido University until 2009.

Early life
Mizuno graduated from the Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering in March 1968. In March 1970, he graduated with a master's degree from the Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering. In April 1972 he completed his doctorate degree in Engineering at Hokkaido University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Engineering. In March 1976, he received his doctorate in Engineering for "Study on formation process of hydride on the surface of Ti by d, n reaction” Teaching; Atomic Engineering, Corrosion, X-rays analysis, Electron microscope, Exercise: Mathematics, Physical Engineering.

Awards
He was awarded The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Prizes (Giuliano Preparata medal) in 2004 from The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ISCMNS). The ISCMNS is the organizer of a conference and a workshop on cold fusion and related topics.

Publications
"Sorption of Hydrogen On and In Hydrogen Absorbing Metal in Electrochemical Environments" (Plenum Press) 
"An understanding of the environment, Global environment and the human life” (Sankyo Publishing, in 2006) 
"Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook" (American Chemical Society, in 2008) 
"Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion" (Infinite Energy Press, in 1998)

Academic societies
 The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 
 International Hydrogen Energy Society 
 International Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 
 Atomic Energy Society of Japan 
 Japan Society of Applied Physics
 Japan Cold Fusion Research Society

Research activities
Electrochemical, metallurgy, nuclear reaction in condensed matter, elucidation of the peculiar behavior of hydrogen in the metal, hydrogen penetration in metals, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen production, hydrogen separation and purification, power conversion of hydrogen, elucidation of hydrogen behavior, development of unique methods using hydrogen isotopes, studying the behavior of hydrogen on metal. Mizuno has also written Numerous books representing the interaction between hydrogen and the metals.

Extramural activities
Mizuno was involved in anti-terrorism measures as part of international safety measures for Hakodate Customs of Ministry of Finance.

See also
International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

References

External links
Atomic Energy Society of Japan
Japan Society of Applied Physics

Living people
1945 births
21st-century Japanese chemists
Cold fusion
Hokkaido University alumni