omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vehicular suicide. Vehicular suicide  is the use of a motor vehicle to intentionally cause one's own death.

Suffocation
Suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning may be attempted by running the engine in an enclosed garage, or by piping the exhaust gas into the driver's compartment with a hose, but catalytic converters required for air quality regulations eliminate over 99% of carbon monoxide produced.

Traffic collisions

Intentional traffic collisions may be a chosen method of suicide where speed limits are high enough to produce fatal deceleration. Modern cars have high rates of acceleration and can easily reach very high speeds in short distances, while most cannot protect occupants in frontal impact collisions exceeding . Motor vehicles are ideal self-injurious or self-destructive instruments for persons intent upon camouflaging their suicidal motivation from others, because widespread use of the word accident implies traffic collisions are unintentional, and because traffic collisions are already so frequent. The percentage of suicides among the tens of thousands of people killed annually in United States traffic collisions is unknown because suicides are often misclassified as accidents if no suicide note is found. Considering the large number of suicides by other methods, it would be remarkable if vehicles were less used as a convenient method of self-destruction avoiding insurance and religious complications.

The probability and severity of traffic collisions may be increased by suicidal behaviors including drunk driving and speeding. These risky driving behaviors are associated with depression as contributing factors to vehicular suicide. Impact velocity may be maximized by exceeding speed limits or by maneuvering into a head-on collision with a heavier and less maneuverable vehicle like a bus or semi-trailer truck. Crash investigators found head-on collisions with heavier vehicles were a suicide method more common than the single vehicle crashes sometimes assumed to be more typical. These suicidal collisions may kill or injure others.

Implications
Aside from use for premeditated suicides, as commuters spend more time driving, vehicles may be available at the instant of a momentary and temporary impulse towards self-destruction fueled by road rage. Suicides comprise nearly two-thirds of the 33,000 annual gun deaths in the United States. Motor vehicles remain widely available while gun control reduces access to firearms. The percentage of traffic fatalities which are suicides appears to be increasing with time.

Understanding the fraction of traffic fatalities attributable to suicide is important because many traffic safety measures are unlikely to influence suicides. Unmeasured suicides in empirical data used to evaluate traffic safety measures will result in systematic underestimation of effectiveness for non-suicidal road users.

People can also stand or walk in front of oncoming traffic; this is different from insurance fraud as the person in question is trying to intentionally cause fatal bodily injuries to themselves.

See also
Vehicular homicide
Suicide by pilot

References

 
Traffic collisions
Stephen Z. D. Cheng. Stephen Z. D. Cheng (born 1949 in Shanghai) is a Chinese-American polymer scientist and chemical engineer. Cheng is the R.C.Musson & Trustees Professor of Polymer Science, and was the former Dean of the College of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering at the University of Akron.

Early life and education

Cheng received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the East China Normal University in Shanghai in 1977. Cheng received his MSc in polymer science & engineering from the Donghua University also in Shanghai in 1981. Cheng further pursued his study in the United States. He became a graduate student at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1981, and obtained his PhD degree in polymer chemistry in May 1985.

Research and career 
Cheng became a faculty as an assistant professor of polymer science at the University of Akron in October 1987. He was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 1991, and further the professor of polymer science in 1995. Cheng became the Trustees Professor of Polymer Science in September 1998, and the Robert C. Musson Professor of Polymer Science in 2001, all at the University of Akron. From 2001 to 2005, Cheng was the Chairman of the Department of Polymer Science at the University of Akron, and he was appointed Dean of the College of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering on August 1, 2007.

Cheng was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for the development of materials for liquid crystal displays and the elucidation of structure-property relationships in polymeric materials.

Honors and awards

Cheng has been awarded,
 The Presidential Young Investigator Award, by the White House and the National Science Foundation (NSF), 1991
 The American Chemical Society (ACS) Akron Section Award, 1994
 The John H. Dillon Medal, from the American Physical Society (APS), 1995
 The Mettler-Toledo Award, from the North American Thermal Analysis Society, 1999 
 The TA-Instrument Award, from the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2004
 The Cooperative Research Award, from the ACS, 2005
 The Polymer Physics Prize, the American Physical Society 2013

Cheng was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2006, Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1994, Fellow of the North American Thermal Analysis Society in 1992, Fellow of the American Chemical Society in 2012. In 2008, Cheng was elected Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering and 2011 he was elected Member of the National Academy of Inventors.

References

External links
 Homepage of Cheng's Group

21st-century American engineers
21st-century American chemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
University of Akron faculty
1949 births
Living people
Educators from Shanghai
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Donghua University alumni
East China Normal University alumni
Scientists from Shanghai
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
General der Pioniere. (en: General of the engineers) was a General of the branch rank of the German Army in Nazi Germany. Until the end of World War II in 1945, this particular general officer rank was on three-star level (OF-8), equivalent to a US Lieutenant general. The rank was introduced in 1938.

The  General of the branch  ranks of the Heer were in 1945:
 General of artillery
 General of mountain troops
 General of infantry
 General of cavalry
 General of the communications troops
 General of panzer troops (armoured troops)
   / General of the engineers
 General of the medical corps
 General of the veterinary corps

The rank was equivalent to the General of the branch ranks of the Deutsche Luftwaffe (en: German Air Force):
Luftwaffe
 General of parachute troops
 General of the anti-aircraft artillery
 General of the aviators
 General of air force communications troops
 General of the air force

Other services
The rank was also equivalent to the German three-star ranks:
 Admiral of the Kriegsmarine, equivalent to (US Vice admiral) and
 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS in the Waffen-SS.

List of officers who were General der Pioniere
Otto-Wilhelm Förster (1885–1966)
Erwin Jaenecke (1890–1960)
Alfred Jacob (1883–1963)
Walter Kuntze (1883–1960)
Karl Sachs (1886–1952/53) (died in Soviet gulag)
Otto Tiemann (1890–1952)

See also

General (Germany)
Comparative officer ranks of World War II

Three-star officers of Nazi Germany
Military ranks of Germany
Lists of generals
Barrett Technology. Newton, Massachusetts, USA-based Barrett Technology was incorporated by William T. Townsend in 1990.  Barrett manufactures robotic arms and hands installed in 20 countries on 6 continents.  Barrett is credited in The Guinness Book of World Records, Millennium Edition, as maker of the world’s “most advanced robotic arm.”  Its 7-axis robotic arm, named the WAM arm for Whole Arm Manipulation is based on Puck electronics and mechanical drive technologies and designed to interact directly with people.  One application of an early version of the technology has been the arm manufactured and sold by MAKO Surgical Corp. which enables haptically-guided minimally-invasive knee surgery.

The Puck powered BarrettHand BH8-series product is based on technology licensed from the University of Pennsylvania and developed by Gill Pratt, Yoky Matsuoka, and William Townsend into its present form.

Company history

Sources

References

Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Robotics companies of the United States
Water pyramid. A Water pyramid or WaterPyramid is a village-scale solar still, designed to distill water using solar energy for remote communities without easy access to clean, fresh water. It provides a means whereby communities can produce potable drinking water from saline, brackish or polluted water sources.

History 
Martijn Nitzsche, an engineer from the Netherlands, founded Aqua-Aero Water Systems to develop water treatment and purification systems. In the early 2000s, the company invented the WaterPyramid technology. The first WaterPyramid was engineered and installed in collaboration with MWH Global, an international environmental engineering firm, in the country of Gambia in 2005. The WaterPyramid desalination systems were awarded the World Bank Development Marketplace award in 2006.

Description 
The pyramid stands about  tall,  in diameter, and has a conical shape. It is constructed of plastic sheeting, which is inflated using a fan powered by solar energy generated by the pyramid. Within the pyramid, temperatures reach up to , which evaporates water pumped into thin layer of water inside the cone. Distilled water runs down the sides of the pyramid wall and is collected by gutters that feed into a collection tank. When sunshine is replaced by rain, the falling water is also collected around the edge of the base of the cone and stored for use in dry weather. Each pyramid can desalinate approximately 265 gallons (1000 liters) of water each day. To increase water production, a village simply adds additional pyramids.

Operation of each pyramid is the responsibility of the local community, generating employment opportunities for the village. Since the water produced by the Pyramid is distilled water, there are also business uses for excess water production, such as the filling of batteries, which provide additional income to the village.

See also 
 Desalination
 Solar-powered desalination unit
 Solar still
 Seawater Greenhouse

Notes

External links 
 Inventor of the WaterPyramid, Aqua-Aero Water Systems: www.aaws.nl
 Collaborative engineering and consulting firm MWH: mwhglobal.com

Water treatment
Water technology
Water supply
Hydrology
Appropriate technology
Drinking water
Water and the environment
Jan-Ove Palmberg. Jan-Ove Palmberg, born 1943, is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Chalmers University of Technology in 1969 and 1975 respectively. He was appointed a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University in 1975. In 1983–1990 he was the Dean of the Institute of Technology, in 2003-2006 he was the Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and in 2007 he was the Head of the Department of Management and Engineering.

Awards 
 Robert E. Koski Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009.
 Joseph Bramah Medal, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1997.
 Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, 1991.

References

External links 
 Division of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems

1943 births
Living people
Swedish engineers
Academic staff of Linköping University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Hole opener. A hole opener is a device used to enlarge the borehole during a well drilling operation.
It can be positioned either above the drill bit or above a pilot run inside the existing borehole. Usages range from hydrocarbon drilling operations to water drilling or horizontal drilling. Hole openers are also used when a hole must be logged, since logging tools generally cannot handle holes larger than 17 and a half inches in diameter.

Hole opener arms have to sustain heavy loads during operations and are generally made of high-grade alloy steel, welded onto a solid alloy steel body. Some designs feature replaceable arms, allowing for size changes but decreasing overall robustness. Numerous designs exist, in sizes varying from a couple of inches to above 50". They can have rolling cutters or drag blades, and can be used for either direct or reverse circulation applications.

See also 
Casing cutter
Drilling rig
Driller (oil)
Drag bit
Drill bit
Drilling stabilizer

References

External links 
 Types of Hole Openers
 Halliburton PDC hole opener

Drilling technology
Super Robot Chogokin. , is Bandai's robot toy line-up diverse from the popular Soul of Chogokin franchise, first introduced in August 2010. Despite being under the Soul of Chogokin family, the major difference is the size - only scaling around 14cm. Aside from the size, the other main selling points for the line-up are the flexible articulation of the robots and added weapons set(s) (sold separately) to evoke some of the effects, memorable moves, and attacks seen in each of the robots' respective series. This toy line is mainly focused on the Super Robot series as well as the Super Sentai and Armored Core series. Just like the Soul of Chogokin, the robot figures are molded in plastic and diecast metal. Extra accessories such as bases and laboratory (such as Mazinger Z's lab) are also in the works. Super Robot Chogokin is targeted to a mature demographic, but priced lower than the Soul of Chogokin line.

Lines

Accessories
Weapons and accessories to invoke some of the moves and attacks seen in the series

Tamashii Japanese Web Store Exclusive

Tamashii Nation Event & Festival Event (aka - FES) Exclusive

Exclusive Mail Order Items

Super Effect Campaign

This is basically a special effect part(s) for each individual mechas, but can be used with others.

See also
 Soul of Chogokin
 Super Imaginative Chogokin
 Chogokin
 Godaikin

External links
  (Japanese)

Action figures
Bandai brands
Japanese die-cast toys
2010s toys
Toy mecha
Tera 100. Tera 100 is a supercomputer built by Bull SA for the French Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique.

On May 26, 2010, Tera 100 was turned on. The computer, which is located in Essonne is able to sustain around 1 petaFLOPs maximum performance and a peak at 1.25 petaFLOPs. It has 4300 Bullx Series S servers ('Mesca'), 140,000 Intel Xeon 7500 processor cores, and 300 TB of memory. The Interconnect is QDR InfiniBand. The file system has a throughput of 500 GB/s and total storage of 20 PB. It uses the SLURM resource manager for scheduling batch jobs.

Tera 100 uses Bull XBAS Linux, a partly Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivative.

In June 2011, TOP500 deemed it the ninth fastest supercomputer in the world, and in 2020, it had dropped off the list.

See also
 Computer science
 Computing
 Tera-10

References

External links
CEA HPC site

Petascale computers
Supercomputing in Europe
X86 supercomputers
Intertype Corporation. The Intertype Corporation produced the Intertype, a hot metal typesetting machine closely resembling the Linotype, and using the same matrices as the Linotype. It was founded in New York in 1911 by Hermann Ridder, of Ridder Publications, as the International Typesetting Machine Company, but purchased by a syndicate for $1,650,000 in 1916 and reorganized as the Intertype Corporation.

Originally, most of their machines were rebuilt Linotypes. By 1917, however, Intertype was producing three models of its own machine. Most of the original patents for the Linotype had expired and so the basic works of the Intertype were essentially the same, though incorporating at least 51 improvement patents. The standard Intertype could cast type up to thirty points and they also offered a "Composing Stick Attachment" that allowed their caster to be used to cast headlines up to 60 points.

Despite initial liquidity problems, Intertype was quite successful in later years, producing mixer machines, high speed machines, and the first photo-type compositor. In 1957, Intertype merged with Harris-Seybold, a manufacturer of presses and paper cutters, to become Harris-Intertype Corporation. After the merger, the Harris-Intertype Fotosetter was introduced. It was the first photo-typesetting machine and was based upon the standard Intertype machine, replacing the brass type matrices with small film negatives and instead of casting, used these to expose photographic paper.

Type Development
Throughout its history, Intertype machines were typically better built and engineered than Mergenthaler's Linotype, with simpler, more effective mechanisms. However, while both Mergenthaler and Lanston Monotype were known for producing new and innovative type designs, virtually all of Intertype's typefaces were derivatives of, or supplied to them, by the Bauer Type Foundry. The only type designer of note associated with Intertype was Edwin W. Shaar, who pioneered in adapting script faces for machine composition.

Intertype Matrices
These typefaces were produced by Intertype:

Intertype Berlin
The Berlin branch of Intertype was actually more active in producing new designs than the parent company. The following matrices were produced there:

References

External links 

 Intertype Book of Instruction is a complete manual on the operation and maintenance of the various models of Intertype machine
 Book of Intertype Faces is a catalogue showing the typefaces and fonts available for Intertype machines

Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City
Letterpress font foundries
Letterpress font foundries of the United States
Cold type foundries
Manufacturing companies established in 1911
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1957
1957 disestablishments in New York (state)
1911 establishments in New York (state)
Hydrologic Unit Modeling for the United States. The HUMUS project (or Hydrologic Unit Modeling of the United States) is a project that was funded by the Natural Resources Conservation Service to model the non-point source loading from 8-digit hydrologic unit cataloging units.

History
Most of the project activity took place from 1992–1996, and work continues to this day through the Conservation Effects Assessment Program (CEAP. The project was led within NRCS by Clive Walker.  The modeling work used the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developed by Jeff Arnold, Jimmy Williams and others at USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Temple, Texas.  Additional development support was provided by the Texas A&M Blackland Research & Extension Service AgriLife Center employees Raghavan Srinivasan, Ranjan Muttiah, Paul Dyke, Allan Jones among others.  Mike Hutchinson from the Australian National University was visiting the A&M center at that time and provided assistance with elevation data modeling.  Peter Allen a hydro-geologist from Baylor University was instrumental in sub-surface shallow groundwater modeling.  Significance of the project was the early use of national level Geographic Information Systems (GIS) datasets for environmental assessment.

Further reading
Arnold, J.G., J.R. Williams, A.D. Nicks, and N.B. Sammons. 1990. SWRRB-A basin scale simulation model for soil and water resources management. Texas A&M Press. College Station, TX. 255 pp.
Arnold, J.G. 1990. ROTO-A continuous water and sediment routing model. ASCE Proc. of the Watershed Management Symposium. Durango, CO. 480-488 pp.
Arnold, J.G. ... 1992. Spatial scale variability in model development and parameterization. Ph.D Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. pp 183.
Arnold, J.G., B.A. Engel, and R. Srinivasan. 1993. A Continuous time, grid cell watershed model. In: Proceedings of Application of Advanced Information Technologies for the Management of Natural Resources. Sponsored by ASAE. June 17–19, 1993, Spokane, WA.
Committee on Conservation Needs and Opportunities, 1986. Soil conservation: Assessing the national resource inventory. Volume 1, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 114 p.
Rosenthal, W., R. Srinivasan, and J.G. Arnold. 1993. A GIS watershed hydrology model link to evaluate water resources of the Lower Colorado River in Texas. In: Proceedings of Application of Advanced Information Technologies for the Management of Natural Resources. Sponsored by ASAE. June 17–19, 1993, Spokane, WA.
Srinivasan, R. and J.G. Arnold. 1993. Basin scale water quality modeling using GIS. In: Application of Advanced Information Technologies for Management of Natural Resources. Sponsored by ASAE. June 17–19, 1993, Spokane, WA.
U.S. Army. 1987. GRASS reference manual. USA CERL, Champaign, IL.

References

External links
HUMUS project at NASA's Global Change Master Directory

Temple, Texas
Bell County, Texas
United States Department of Agriculture
423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron. 423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron (French: ) is a unit of the Canadian Forces under Royal Canadian Air Force. It currently operates the Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone from CFB Shearwater in Nova Scotia, Canada.

History
No. 423 Squadron RCAF was a World War II unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Formed in 1942 in Oban, Argyll, Scotland for General Reconnaissance duties, it later moved to RAF Castle Archdale, Northern Ireland where it flew Sunderland flying boat patrol bombers. It changed to a transport role in 1945 and was disbanded later that year. Re-formed in 1953 at RCAF Station St Hubert (now Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport) flying the CF-100 in a continental defence role, it was transferred to RCAF Station Grostenquin in 1957 where it replaced No. 416 Squadron which flew Sabres. The squadron was again disbanded in 1962 when the RCAF's CF-100s were removed from service. In 1974, it was re-formed a final time as No. 423 Anti-Submarine Squadron. In 1995 its name was changed to 423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron. It flew CH-124 Sea King helicopter, which it used in support of Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) warships during the 1991 Gulf War and in the Arabian Sea after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.  It now operates the Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone since January 2018.

On 30 April 2020, an RCAF CH-148 from 423 Squadron, attached to  and based at the Shearwater Heliport crashed in the Ionian Sea during a NATO Mediterranean exercise. All six crew members aboard the aircraft were killed.

References

 No.423 (MH) Squadron Royal Canadian Air Force Shearwater Sep. 1974 – Present Retrieved April 2, 2016 
 423 Squadron History Retrieved April 2, 2016
 Canadian Wings - No. 423 Squadron Retrieved April 2, 2016 
Canadian Department of National Defence - Honours & Recognition for the Men and Women of the Canadian Armed Forces 10th Edition - 2016.  Accessed 14 March 2019

External links
 

Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Military units and formations established in 1953
Military units and formations disestablished in 1962
Military units and formations established in 1974