omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LFG V 8 Bärbel. The LFG V 8 Bärbel (Barbel) in English) was a small, single-engined, biplane flying boat which carried two passengers. The sole example was built in Germany shortly after World War I but was exported and used for Baltic flights.

Design and development

LFG's first post-World War I flying boat was the monoplane V 3 Susanna which appeared in 1919. In 1921 they built the V 8 Bärbel, a biplane, though again powered by a single Mercedes D.II engine in pusher configuration.

The Bärbel was a two bay biplane. Its lower wing was attached to the upper fuselage and the one piece upper wing was high above, the bays defined by parallel, vertical interplane struts between the wing spars. The equal span wings were mounted without stagger and with dihedral only on the lower one. Both had wooden structure and were fabric covered. They were almost rectangular in plan, though the tips were slightly angled and blunted. The upper wing carried short ailerons; though a general arrangement diagram shows these as overhung, photographs show no such balances.

Its Mercedes D.II engine was mounted between the wings on short struts from the upper fuselage; longer struts from its mounting supported the upper wing centre-section. Both trailing edges had central cut-outs for its two-bladed propeller.

The Bärbel had a rectangular cross-section fuselage with a flat planing bottom, its main step close to the centre of gravity under the wings. Behind it the rear fuselage had a narrower, V-section underside that ended at a second step midway between trailing edge and the tail.  LFG had experimented with sponsons and then with a wide hull to provide stability on the water with the earlier V 3 and V 3a flying boats but the Bärbel had deep wingtip floats attached directly to the wing under the outer interplane struts.  The pilot's open cockpit was near the nose and a second cockpit had a pair of side-by-side seats just forward of the lower wing leading edge. Dual control could be fitted for pilot training. Behind the first step the fuselage tapered in plan and profile, curving upwards to the tail. Fuselage, floats and the tail were made from duralumin.

All the tail surfaces were rectangular. Its fin, broader than high, carried the tailplane near its top, supported from below by a single strut on each side. Rudder and elevators were aerodynamically balanced.

Operational history

Only the prototype is known to have been built.  After its sale on 21 October 1920 to a Finn and LFG's receipt of an export permit in November, it was used for journeys around the Baltic. The sale date suggests the construction date of 1921 provided by Gütschow was a year late.

Specifications

References

Flying boats
1920s German civil aircraft
LFG aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Susan Albin. Susan Lee Albin is an American industrial engineer known for her research in quality engineering, queueing theory, and industrial process monitoring. She is a professor of industrial engineering at Rutgers University, the former president of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, and the former editor-in-chief of IIE Transactions (now IISE Transactions), the flagship journal of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers.

Education and career
Albin is a 1971 graduate of New York University (NYU), in industrial engineering, and earned a master's degree from NYU in 1973.
She completed a doctorate in engineering science from Columbia University in 1981, specializing in operations research and industrial engineering. Her dissertation was Approximating queues with superposition arrival processes, and was supervised by Ward Whitt. She was a researcher at Bell Labs and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine before becoming a faculty member at Rutgers University.

Albin has worked as a visiting professor in mechanical engineering at Peninsula Technikon, a predecessor institution to the Cape Peninsula University of Technology in South Africa, where she helped found a program in quality engineering. She was president of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) in 2010,
and is also a founder of the INFORMS Section on Quality, Statistics and Reliability and of WORMS (Women in OR/MS).

Recognition
Albin is a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. In 2012, INFORMS gave her their George E. Kimball Medal in recognition of her service, particularly citing her work at Peninsula Technikon. She was named a Fellow of INFORMS in 2020.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American industrial engineers
American women engineers
New York University alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Rutgers University faculty
American women academics
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
21st-century American women scientists
K-5 (ballistic missile). K-5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile under  development by Defence Research and Development Organisation of India. The missile has a planned range of  6,000 kilometres.

Description 
The K-5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile. The missile consists of three separate stages and uses solid rocket propellant. It is planned to have a range of around . The missile will be able to carry a payload weighing two tonnes. It is being developed to match the range of the Agni-V missile. It will be equipped on the Arihant-class submarines code named S4.

The K-5 will be equipped with countermeasures to avoid radar detection and will be the fastest missile in its class. It will also be equipped with MIRV.

Development 
The K-5 is being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The development of the missile started in 2015. After completing the development of the K-4 (missile) in January 2020, the DRDO shifted its focus towards developing the K-5.

As of December 2018, preparations for the maiden test of the missile were underway. In October 2020, Hindustan Times reported that the missile is currently under development and was expected to be tested by 2022.

See also 

 K Missile family

References 

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Ballistic missiles of India
Nuclear weapons programme of India
Nuclear missiles of India
1904 in radio. The year 1904 in radio involved some significant events.

Events
 7 January (with effect from 1 February) – The Marconi Company establishes "CQD" as one of the first international maritime radio distress signals.
 24 May – The United States Patent Office awards Marconi a patent for a "Wireless signaling system".
 11 October – Brazilian priest and researcher Roberto Landell de Moura is awarded a patent by the United States Patent Office for a "Wave-transmitter".
 16 November – English electrical engineer John Ambrose Fleming, working for Marconi, is awarded a United States patent for the Fleming valve, the first thermionic vacuum tube, a two-electrode diode, which he calls the oscillation valve.
 First radio transmission of music, at Graz, Austria.

Births
 5 January – Anona Winn, Australian-born British broadcasting personality (d. 1994)
 15 January – Charles Hill, British physician, medical and broadcast executive, politician and "The Radio Doctor" (d. 1989)
 23 February – William L. Shirer, American war correspondent (d. 1993)
 8 May – John Snagge, English radio newsreader (d. 1996)
 24 May – Sefton Delmer, German-born British propaganda radio broadcaster (d. 1979)
 14 August – Lindley Fraser, Scottish-born academic economist and broadcaster (d. 1963)
 27 October – Les Mitchel, American radio and film producer, director and actor (d. 1975)
 24 November – Pegeen Fitzgerald, American radio talk-show host (both alone and with her husband, Ed) on WOR and WJZ in New York City and Norcatur, Kansas (d. 1989)

References

 
Radio by year
Sharon Gerecht. Sharon Gerecht (Hebrew: שרון גרכט) is an Israeli American bioengineer. She is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the Whiting School of Engineering. Gerecht is the Kent Gordon Croft Investment Management Faculty scholar and director of the Johns Hopkins Institute of NanoBioTechnology (INBT). She holds a joint appointment in Oncology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and in Materials Science and Engineering and Biomedical Engineering. She will be moving to Duke University in 2022. In 2011, she won a National Science Foundation CAREER Award. She was elected a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2016 and a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2019. Gerecht completed a B.A. in biology at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1994. She earned a M.Sc. in medical sciences at Tel Aviv University in 1999 and a Ph.D. in biotechnology engineering at Technion in 2004. She was a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Tel Aviv University alumni
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering faculty
American biomedical engineers
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Women bioengineers
21st-century Israeli women engineers
Israeli women engineers
Israeli expatriates in the United States
Expatriate academics in the United States
21st-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
K-6 (missile). K-6 is an intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile under development by the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India. The missile has a planned range of around 10,000 to 12,000 kilometres.

Requirement 
Admiral Arun Prakash wrote in 2018 that the missile range of the Arihant-class submarines is not sufficient to target potential adversaries of India; a missile with a range of around 6,000-8,000 kilometres would be required for this task to be performed by a submarine patrolling in a "safe haven".

When the missile payload limitations of the Arihant-class were realised, India began developing the S5-class of submarines and the K-6 ballistic missiles. The developmental work for these missiles started in February 2017 at the Advanced Naval Systems Laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), with a completion target of less than ten years.

Description 
The K-6 is an intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile. It is a three-stage missile and is solid fuelled. It is planned to armed with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles and will have a range of around 8,000 to 12,000 kilometres with a three-tonne payload. It has a planned length of over 12 metres and a diameter of over 2 metres.

Development 
The K-6 is being developed by the Advanced Naval Systems Laboratory of (DRDO) since 2017. Testing of the K-5 missile will assist in developing the K-6.

See also 

 K Missile family
 S5-class submarine
 India and weapons of mass destruction

References 

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Ballistic missiles of India
Nuclear weapons programme of India
Nuclear missiles of India
Trudy Morgan. Trudy Morgan (born 1966) is a civil engineer of Sierra Leone heritage. She is the first African woman to be awarded a fellowship of the Institution of Civil Engineers (FICE), and, after becoming the first female vice president of the Sierra Leone Institution of Engineers, served two terms as president.

Early life 
Born to Sierra Leone Creole parents in Liverpool, United Kingdom, Morgan and her family moved back to Sierra Leone where she studied civil engineering at the University of Sierra Leone before earning an MBA at Cranfield School of Management.

Career 
In 2015, Morgan co-founded the non-profit Sierra Leone Women Engineers, to support women in engineering. In 2018, Morgan supported a United Nations Office of Project Services (UNOPS) project to stabilise the slopes of Sugar Loaf mountain, near Regent six miles from Freetown, following the 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides.

Morgan is also the program director for Hilton Freetown Cape Sierra Hotel, a member of the Professional Engineers Review Council and the UK's Institution of Civil Engineers international representative to Sierra Leone. From 2020 to 2024, she served two terms as president of the Sierra Leone Institution of Engineers.

References

External links 
Fellowship of the Institution of Civil Engineers (FICE)
Sierra Leone Institution of Engineers

1966 births
Living people
Sierra Leone Creole people
Sierra Leonean engineers
University of Sierra Leone alumni
Alumni of Cranfield University
Composable disaggregated infrastructure. Composable disaggregated infrastructure (CDI), sometimes stylized as composable/disaggregated infrastructure, is a technology that allows enterprise data center operators to achieve the cost and availability benefits of cloud computing using on-premises networking equipment.  It is considered a class of converged infrastructure, and uses management software to combine compute, storage and network elements. It is similar to public cloud, except the equipment sits on premises in an enterprise data center.

Overview
American market intelligence firm International Data Corporation (IDC) describes CDI as "an emerging category of infrastructure systems that make use of high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnects to aggregate compute, storage, and networking fabric resources into shared resource pools that can be available for on-demand allocation." 

These systems use what is sometimes called rack-scale architecture, which allows network operators to replace components on a rack while the entire data center behaves as a virtualized server. This allows operators to allocate compute, memory, and storage resources inside each server node on-demand, over a high speed, low latency computing fabric.  The individual components can be managed as a resource pool, allowing dynamic provisioning and deprovisioning with a common application programming interface (API).  No hardware configuration is required.

Technology
Composability refers to the composer, which is another term for the software that allows the server resources, which include compute, storage, and RAM, to be placed into a pool to become available for applications and workloads.  Disaggregation is the process of aggregating server resources with the resources of other servers in the data center. These aggregated or pooled resources can be shared by applications or workloads. The composer software controls how much of each disaggregated resource is needed from each server.

The use of software APIs to provisioning the resources without having to directly program any individual hardware device is known as programmatic control.  Operators can use open APIs in composable infrastructure in order to integrate third-party software and hardware with proprietary solutions.

References

Computing terminology
Network architecture
Data centers
IT infrastructure
1913 in radio. The year 1913 in radio involved some significant events.

Events
 31 January – Edwin Howard Armstrong first demonstrates the employment of three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplify signals to stronger levels than previously thought possible and that could also generate high-power oscillations usable for radio transmission. On 29 October he applies for a United States patent covering the regenerative circuit.
 Spring – Lee de Forest utilizes the feedback principle operate a low-powered transmitter for heterodyne reception of the Federal Telegraph Company's arc transmissions.
 12 November – The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea is convened in London and produces a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations to be manned 24 hours a day.
 Late – Lee de Forest is acquitted of stock fraud in connection with the Radio Telephone Company in the United States.
 The Marconi Company initiates duplex transatlantic wireless communication between North America and Europe for the first time, transmitting from Marconi Towers at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, to Letterfrack in Ireland.
 The cascade-tuning radio receiver is introduced.
 Lee de Forest publishes a description of his Audion triode detecting or amplifying vacuum tube.

Births
 25 May – Richard Dimbleby, English broadcast news presenter (died 1965)
 31 May – Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian (died 1979)
 25 June – Cyril Fletcher, English comic monologuist (died 2005)
 6 July – Gwyn Thomas, Welsh writer and broadcaster (died 1981)

Deaths
 November 6 – Sir William Henry Preece, Welsh wireless telegraph engineer (born 1834)

References

 
Radio by year
Russian cruiser Afrika. Afrika (Russian - Африка) was a sail- and steam-powered second-class cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy. She was 2775 tonnes, 83 m long, 11.06 m in the beam and had four boilers powering a single vertical triple expansion steam engine. Her maximum speed was 12.75 knots, whilst her crew was 148 sailors and 12 officers. Those who served aboard her included Alexey Abaza and Hans William von Fersen.

Built by John Roach and Sons at the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, she was launched in May 1877 under the name Saratoga. She was acquired by Russia exactly a year later for $335,000 and sailed for Europe on 29 December 1878 under her first captain Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev. She anchored at Kronstadt in summer 1879 to have her armament installed - this became her home port. These were five 152 mm guns, four 107 mm guns and 25.04 mm guns. She was accepted into the Russian fleet on 1 February 1879. In 1882 geographers aboard her surveyed parts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, naming its easternmost point Cape Afrika after the ship.

Her second captain Fyodor Vazsilievitch Dubasov was appointed on 2 November 1883. New boilers were installed in winter 1891–1892. In 1898 two torpedo tubes were added and her third captain was appointed, Nikolai Dmitrievitch Dabitch, who held the command until 1900. Also in 1898 admiral Alexei Popov made the first Russian naval wireless telegraphy transmission from Afrika to the transport ship Europe. In March 1906 she was converted into a naval school, before being permanently anchored in October 1918. She was attached to the Baltic Fleet in December 1920 for use as a transport ship and floating artillery depot, before being sold for scrap to Germany in September 1923.

References

Cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy
1877 ships
Ships built by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works
INCA (machine brand). INCA was a brand of woodworking machines made by Injecta AG in Teufental, Switzerland. It was active from 1921 until 2011 when it was liquidated. INCA's machines can still be found widely on the second-hand market in Europe and North America.

Overview
INCA had a relatively limited lineup of table saws, bandsaws, jointer-planers, as well as a few other types of machines. The company was known for its reliability and quality. 

The thing that set them apart from most competitors was the use of cast aluminum, which also explains their name (INjected Cast Aluminium). The use of this material allowed for very precise castings of parts, while keeping the weight of the machines relatively low.

A small collection of the original inventory of the INCA factory can be found in the local museum of Aargau, Switzerland.

See also
 Rema S. A.

References

External links
Wood Chipper

Swiss brands
Woodworking machines
Glauber dynamics. In statistical physics, Glauber dynamics is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer.

The algorithm 
In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes:

 Choose a particle  at random.
 Sum its four neighboring spins. .
 Compute the change in energy if the spin x, y were to flip. This is  (see the Hamiltonian for the Ising model).
 Flip the spin with probability  where T is the temperature .
 Display the new grid. Repeat the above N times.
In Glauber algorithm, if the energy change in flipping a spin is zero, , then the spin would flip with probability .

Comparison to Metropolis 
In the Glauber dynamic, however, every spin has an equal chance of being chosen at each time step, regardless of being chosen before. The Metropolis acceptance criterion includes the Boltzmann weight, , but it always flips a spin in favor of lowering the energy, such that the spin-flip probability is:

.Although both of the acceptance probabilities approximate a step curve and they are almost indistinguishable at very low temperatures, they differ when temperature gets high. For an Ising model on a 2d lattice, the critical temperature is .

In practice, the main difference between the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and with Glauber algorithm is in choosing the spins and how to flip them (step 4). However, at thermal equilibrium, these two algorithms should give identical results. In general, at equilibrium, any MCMC algorithm should produce the same distribution, as long as the algorithm satisfies ergodicity and detailed balance. In both algorithms, for any change in energy, , meaning that transition between the states of the system is always possible despite being very unlikely at some temperatures. So, the condition for ergodicity is satisfied for both of the algorithms. Detailed balance, which is a requirement of reversibility, states that if you observe the system for a long enough time, the system goes from state  to  with the same frequency as going from  to . In equilibrium, the probability of observing the system at state A is given by the Boltzmann weight, . So, the amount of time the system spends in low energy states is larger than in high energy states and there is more chance that the system is observed in states where it spends more time. Meaning that when the transition from  to  is energetically unfavorable, the system happens to be at  more frequently, counterbalancing the lower intrinsic probability of transition. Therefore, both, Glauber and Metropolis–Hastings algorithms exhibit detailed balance.

History 
The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber.

Software 

 Simulation package IsingLenzMC provides simulation of Glauber Dynamics on 1D lattices with external field. CRAN.

Related pages 
 Metropolis algorithm
 Ising model
 Monte Carlo algorithm
 Simulated annealing

References 

Monte Carlo methods
Spin models