omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok TBM. The Tuen Mun - Chek Lap Kok TBM otherwise known as Qin Liangyu or more formally, the Mixshield S-880 was the world's largest tunnel boring machine launched in June 2015 by Herrenknecht in Germany. The TBM was used to drill a 5 km tunnel connecting Tuen Mun to the Hong Kong International Airport, part of the Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link project. The contract for the project was around HK$ 18.2 billion (US$ 2.3 billion)

Specifications
The machine had a diameter of ,  more than Bertha, the previous largest tunnel boring machine. Outside of its cutting diameter, it had an overall length of 120 metres (393 ft 8 in) and weighed 4,850 tonnes (5,346 US-tons).

Operations

The machine would excavate a 5 km-long underwater tunnel, working at pressures as high as 5 bars. The drilling had taken place in depths of up to 50 m below sea level.

By 25 March and 3 November 2015, the TBM's shield was converted into one the much smaller 14-m to complete the rest of the tunnel alongside another Herrenknecht TBM. The two 14-m TBMs broke through to complete the tunnels on 27 February 2019.

The tunnel boring project began in October 2018 after the cutterhead conversion and was completed by the end of 2020. Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok was disassembled after the completion of the tunnel.

References

Tunnel boring machines
Hexamolybdenum. Hexamolybdenum is a molybdenum dominant alloy discovered during a nanomineralogy investigation of the Allende meteorite. Hexamolybdenum was discovered in a small ultrarefractory inclusion within the Allende meteorite. This inclusion has been named ACM-1. Hexamolybdenum is hexagonal, with a calculated density of 11.90 g/cm3. The new mineral was found along with allendeite. These minerals, are believed to demonstrate conditions during the early stages of the Solar System, as is the case with many CV3 carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende meteorite. Hexamolybdenum lies on a continuum of high-temperature alloys that are found in meteorites and allows a link between osmium, ruthenium, and iron rich meteoritic alloys.  The name hexamolybdenum refers to the crystal symmetry (primitive hexagonal) and the molybdenum rich composition. The Allende meteorite fell in 1969 near Pueblito de Allende, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Occurrence 
Hexamolybdenum was found as nano-crystals in an ultrarefractory inclusion in the Allende meteorite. The Allende meteorite has shown to be full of new minerals, after nearly forty years it has produced one in ten of the now known minerals in meteorites. This CV3 carbonaceous chondrite was the largest ever recovered on earth and is referred to as the best-studied meteorite in history.
The inclusion has only been viewed via electron microscopy. The hexamolybdenum specimen was lost during an attempted ion probe analysis of a bordering grain. Other specimens can be found, however, in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History Allende section USNM 3509HC12 and in section USNM 7590 of NWA 1934, another VC3 chondrite.

It has also been reported from the NWA 1934 CV3 carbonaceous chondrite meteorite from the Erfoud region of Morocco and in the Danubian placer of Straubing, Bavaria.

Chemical composition
Hexamolybdenum is an (molybdenum, ruthenium, iron, iridium, osmium) alloy.

Appearance
Color, streak, luster, hardness, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, density, and refractive index could not be observed because the grain size was too small and the section bearing the mineral was optically thick.

See also

 Classification of minerals
 List of minerals

References

Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 194
Native element minerals
Molybdenum minerals
Ferrous alloys
Ruthenium minerals
Iron minerals
Iridium minerals
Osmium compounds
Softride. Softride was a manufacturer of bicycles located in Bellingham, Washington. They specialized in bicycles for triathletes. The bicycle frames were distinctive for their lack of seat tubes and seat stays. The idea was to reduce aerodynamic drag and improve ride comfort. The company no longer manufactures bicycles, and focuses on bicycle carriers instead.

The design was developed by James Allsop and David Calopp, and became the most successful of the beam suspension systems. It was intended as a retrofit for traditional diamond frame bicycles, at first, but there were concerns about causing frame damage.

Notable Softride users include Greg Welch and Jürgen Zäck. In a survey of bicycles ridden at the 1996 Ironman World Championship in Kona, Hawaii, there were 126 Softrides, out of 857 total bicycles, representing 14.7%. That was an increase from the 11.9% of 798 bicycles in 1995.

Softride Suspension System 
The Softride Suspension System was launched at the Interbike 1989 bike show. The original SRS systems consisted of two foam filled fiberglass boxes bonded together with a viscoelastic layer. Originally intended for the use in mountain bikes, Softride produced its first full-fledged mountain bike, the PowerCurve, in 1991. During 1996 Softride released its first aluminum frame road bike, the Classic TT. The Softride Suspension System is used almost exclusively for triathlon racing. Softride ceased bicycle production in 2007 after the design was banned from UCI races.

A closely related suspension design to the Softride is the Zipp 2001, a contemporary competing beam bicycle, where the suspension was in the hinge, rather than in flex of the beam itself.

Suspension stems 
Softride also designed and marketed suspension stems.

References

External links 
 www.softride.com

Cycle manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Bellingham, Washington
Sematext. Sematext is a globally distributed organization that builds cloud and on-premises systems for application performance monitoring, alerting, anomaly detection, centralized logging, logging management, analytics, and real user monitoring. The company also provides search and Big Data consulting services and offers production support and training for Solr and Elasticsearch to clients. The company markets its core products to engineers and DevOps and its services to organizations using Elasticsearch, Solr, Lucene, Hadoop, HBase, Docker, Spark, Kafka, and other platforms. Otis Gospodnetić (the co-author of Lucene in Action, the founder of Simpy, and committer on Lucene, Solr, Nutch, Apache Mahout, and Open Relevance projects) founded Sematext. Sematext is headquartered in Brooklyn, NY, and is privately held.

Sematext Cloud (SaaS) and Sematext Enterprise (on-premises) provide infrastructure monitoring, application performance monitoring, transaction tracing, real user & synthetic monitoring, and log management.

External links
 Official Website

References

American companies established in 2007
Technology companies established in 2007
Kessler v. Eldred. Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U.S. 285 (1907), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court defined some effects of a court decision that an inventor had not infringed on a patent.

Background 
Eldred had acquired a patent for an electric lamp lighter.  Kessler's business manufactured electric cigar lighters.  Eldred sued Kessler's company for patent infringement, but Indiana courts found no infringement.  Later Eldred sued a distributor of Kessler's devices for infringement, and Kessler lost business as a result.  Kessler took over the defense against this lawsuit too, and countersued. The case came from the seventh Circuit Court to the Supreme Court.

Justice Moody issued the opinion, finding among other things that Eldred's second lawsuit was a "wrongful interference" in Kessler's business.

One analyst says "The seldom-used Kessler Doctrine (Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U.S. 285 (1907)) bars patent infringement litigation against systems found not to infringe in a prior action but sold subsequent to that action, even though claim and issue preclusion do not."

References

External links
 
 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
United States patent case law
1907 in United States case law
Cupertino Electric. Cupertino Electric is a privately owned electrical engineering and construction company headquartered in San Jose, California. The company operates throughout the United States, providing electrical installation, engineering, energy, renewable energy solar plants, commercial projects, and data centers. It has more than 3,800 field and office employees building projects throughout the nation, with major office locations in San Jose, San Francisco and Whittier, California.

History
In 1954, founder Eugene Ravizza purchased Kucher Electric, an existing electrical contracting company, renaming it Cupertino Electric, Inc. After working on the first fabs for Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, the business began to expand beyond Silicon Valley, first establishing itself in San Francisco through the acquisition of local firm Collins Electric in 1989, followed by the creation of an office in Phoenix, Arizona in 1996.  

In 2000, the company relocated its headquarters to San Jose, California and expanded into the data center business, building NAP of the Americas.  

In 2007, Cupertino Electric began constructing the solar electric systems. CEI's main business categories include electrical Data Center, Commercial, Energy (Utility and Renewable), and Modular construction projects. CEI works with some of the largest internet and influential companies in the world and has long-standing relationships with general contracting firms.

Operations
Cupertino Electric is a union contractor with IBEW affiliation.

References

Engineering companies of the United States
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in San Jose, California
Electronics companies established in 1954
1954 establishments in California
Aeronautical mobile service. Aeronautical mobile service (short: AMS; also: aeronautical mobile radiocommunication service') is a form of aviation communication conducted through radio. The ITU Radio Regulations divide AMS into communication used for civil air route flights (R) and off-route flights (OR). Aeronautical mobile (R) service is a so-called safety-of-life service, must be protected for interferences, and is an essential part of air traffic control. Communication occurs between radio stations onboard aircraft, termed aircraft stations, and terrestrial stations that are sometimes termed "aeronautical stations". Communication can also occur between aircraft. AMS is commonly used in air traffic control.

Aeronautical mobile satellite service 

Aeronautical mobile satellite service (AMSS) is a form of AMS where an aircraft station is connected to a communications satellite. It is useful in situations where the aircraft is far away from any radio station on land.

Frequency allocation
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).

In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
primary allocation:  is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations 
However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations. In NATO countries military utilizations will be in accordance with the NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA).

 Example of frequency allocation

See also
 Radio station
 Radiocommunication service

Sources 

 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Airbands
Mobile services ITU
Lanes Group. Lanes Group plc are a British civil engineering group specialising in drainage and sewerage repair and railway works.

Activities
The principal activities of the group are drainage and sewerage repair as Lanes for Drains, trenchless repair of sewers and drains as Lanes Reline and civil engineering for railways, trams and the London Underground as Lanes Group Rail Division. The firm has completed work for the Crossrail project.

History
Lanes Group was formed in Leeds in 1992 as a drain cleaning and repair specialist at which time they employed just five people.

In 2010, Lanes Assistance Services, a claims management company owned by the group, was the subject of a £12 million management buyout backed by private equity firm Gresham.

In 2013, the firm won a £750 million contract to provide emergency blockage clearance and remedial drainage work to Thames Water in north London and the Thames Valley.

In April 2014, it was announced that Lanes had become the first British company to carry out a no-dig lateral junction (known as a top hat) repair on a wastewater network sewer.

In 2014, it was announced that Lanes were one of the contractors that would help refit 70 London Underground stations over seven years in a £330 million programme.

To date the company exists as the largest UK Waste Water Utility Solutions provider with c. £60 million in capital asset

In 2017 Lanes Utilities discovered the largest ever fatberg in history, located in Whitechapel, East London, it is thought to be 250 metres long, weighing 130 tonnes, which took specialist sewer working 3 weeks to clear.  Coverage on the story gained worldwide interest.  The story has reached over a billion people from more than 115 countries. The Fatberg was discover as part of routine maintenance carried out for water company giant, Thames Water, in which the company operates and maintains 109,000 km of underground network asset across a land mass of 5,000 square miles.

References

External links
 

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1992
Railway companies of the United Kingdom
1992 establishments in England
British companies established in 1992
Karicode. Karicode or Karikodu is a neighbourhood of Kollam city in India. It is about 5 km away from Kollam city centre. Karicode is the 23rd ward in Kollam Municipal Corporation council. The place is very famous because of the educational institutions by TKM Group(Thangal Kunju Musaliar Group). Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering in Kollam is the first self-financing engineering college in Kerala state. The college, established in 1958, is to be considered as the pioneers in engineering education in Kerala. TKM Arts & Science college is also situated at Karicode.

Importance
Karicode is one among the cashew processing hubs of Kollam. It was a part of Kilikollur panchayath before. Kilikollur has the largest number of cashew processing factories in India. When Kollam Municipality was upgraded as city corporation in the year 2000, Karicode also merged with Kollam along with Kilikollur.
The congested stretch of National Highway 744 passing through Karicode makes the place a traffic black-spot in Kollam city. So many accidents happened in Karicode area because of the congested, under developed NH stretch.

Kilikollur railway station is situated in Karicode. It is the first railway station from Kollam in the railway line from Kollam to Tenkasi.

Transport
Karicode is situated on National Highway 744 connecting the city of Kollam with Tamil Nadu. Nearest railway station is Kilikollur railway station, situated at Karicode. This gives connectivity to Kollam Junction railway station situated at a distance of 6 km from here that connects to all the major cities of India.

Educational Institutions in Karicode
The following Educational Institutions are located in and around Karicode.
T K M College of Engineering 
T.K.M. College of Arts and Science 
Sivaram NSS Higher Secondary School 
T.K.M Higher Secondary School 
MEA English Medium Higher Secondary School 
Amrita Vidyalayam 
Chathinamkulam MSM Higher Secondary School 
Karicode Gvt Lower Primary School 
TKM Centenary Public School 
T.K.M. Kindergarten

References

Neighbourhoods in Kollam
Defend Innovation. Defend Innovation is a patent reform project started by Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in June 2012. The project initially proposed seven changes to United States's patent system, including shortening the term for software patents, requirement to provide the running software code along with patent application, and avoidance of liability of an infringer who independently arrives at the patented invention.

Results
Since June 2012, the project collected information about the patent system from lawyers, software engineers, court cases, and other sources. The information collected was combined with EFF's own expertise and compiled in a whitepaper named How to Fix Our Broken Patent System, which details the issues surrounding the patent system and proposes solutions that can be implemented by the Congress, Patent Office, and also the software companies. The whitepaper is available at the Defend Innovation website.

See also
 Electronic Frontier Foundation
 Patent troll
 Software patent debate

References

External links
 
 Electronic Frontier Foundation

Electronic Frontier Foundation
Politics and technology
Intellectual property law
Patent law
List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration. This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2010 to 2022. The January 2024 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 5,390 towns and cities in 63 countries. Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5, i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometers, respectively).

See also
Healthy city
Zero-carbon city

References

Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
Pollution
Pollution by city
Pollution
Cities
Ebullated bed reactor. Ebullated bed reactors are a type of fluidized bed reactor that utilizes ebullition, or bubbling, to achieve appropriate distribution of reactants and catalysts. The ebullated-bed technology utilizes a three-phase reactor (liquid, vapor, and catalyst), and is most applicable for exothermic reactions and for feedstocks which are difficult to process in fixed-bed or plug flow reactors due to high levels of contaminants. Ebullated bed reactors offer high-quality, continuous mixing of liquid and catalyst particles. The advantages of a good back-mixed bed include
excellent temperature control and, by reducing bed plugging and channeling, low and constant pressure drops. Therefore, ebullated bed reactors have the characteristics of stirred reactor type operation with a fluidized catalyst.

Operation

The catalyst used for the ebullated bed is typically a 0.8-mm diameter extrudate, and is held in a fluidized state through the upward lift of liquid reactants and gas. The liquid and gas enter in the reactor plenum, and are distributed across the bed through a distributor and grid plate. The height of the ebullated catalyst bed can be controlled by the rate of liquid recycle flow. This liquid rate is adjusted by varying the speed of the ebullating pump, a canned centrifugal pump which controls the flow of ebullating liquid obtained from the internal vapor/liquid separator inside the reactor. Fresh catalyst can be added, and spent catalyst withdrawn, to control the level of catalyst activity within the reactor. The capability of regular addition of a small quantity of catalyst is instrumental to ebullated-bed reactors' consistent product quality over long time periods. To adjust operation and/or different feedstocks, the type of catalyst used can also be changed without shutting down the reactor.

Applications

Ebullated bed reactors are used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum and petroleum fractions, particularly vacuum residuum.

Ebullated beds have been developed for slurry hydrocracking of extra-heavy oil, tar sands, oil sands and liquefaction of coal through the use of ultrafine catalyst.

 Delayed coker

References

Chemical reactors
Industrial processes
French destroyer Algérien. The French destroyer Algérien was one of a dozen s built for the French Navy in Japan during the First World War.

Design and description

The Arabe-class ships had an overall length of , a length between perpendiculars of  a beam of , and a draft of . The ships displaced  at normal load. They were powered by three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four mixed-firing Kampon Yarrow-type boilers. The engines were designed to produce , which would propel the ships at . During their sea trials, the Arabe class reached . The ships carried enough coal and fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 5 officers and 104 crewmen.

The main armament of the Arabe-class ships was a single Type 41  gun, mounted before the bridge on the forecastle. Their secondary armament consisted of four Type 41  guns in single mounts; two of these were positioned abreast the middle funnel and the others were on the centerline further aft. One of these latter guns was on a high-angle mount and served as an anti-aircraft gun. The ships carried two above-water twin mounts for  torpedo tubes. In 1917–18, a rack for eight  depth charges was added.

Construction and career
Algérien was ordered from Yokosuka Naval Arsenal and was launched in 1917. The ship was completed in September of that year. She was stricken on 14 June 1936 and subsequently broken up for scrap.

Citations

References

1917 ships
Arabe-class destroyers
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
French destroyer Annamite. The French destroyer Annamite was one of a dozen s built for the French Navy in Japan during the First World War.

Design and description
The Arabe-class ships had an overall length of , a length between perpendiculars of  a beam of , and a draft of . The ships displaced  at normal load. They were powered by three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four mixed-firing Kampon Yarrow-type boilers. The engines were designed to produce , which would propel the ships at . During their sea trials, the Arabe class reached . The ships carried enough coal and fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 5 officers and 104 crewmen.

The main armament of the Arabe-class ships was a single Type 41  gun, mounted before the bridge on the forecastle. Their secondary armament consisted of four Type 41  guns in single mounts; two of these were positioned abreast the middle funnel and the others were on the centerline further aft. One of these latter guns was on a high-angle mount and served as an anti-aircraft gun. The ships carried two above-water twin mounts for  torpedo tubes. In 1917–18, a rack for eight  depth charges was added.

Construction and career
Annamite was ordered from Yokosuka Naval Arsenal and was launched in 1917 and completed later that year. She was stricken on 18 August 1933 and subsequently broken up for scrap.

Citations

References

External links
naval-history.net

1917 ships
Arabe-class destroyers
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal