omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM (atoms). IBM in atoms was a demonstration by IBM scientists in 1989 of a technology capable of manipulating individual atoms. A scanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company initialism. It was the first time that atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface.

Research
Donald Eigler and Erhard Schweizer of the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, discovered the ability using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to move atoms about the surface. In the demonstration, where the microscope was used in low temperature, they positioned 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to form the acronym "IBM". The pattern they created was 5 nm tall and 17 nm wide. They also assembled chains of xenon atoms similar in form to molecules. The demonstrated capacity showed the potential of fabricating rudimentary structures and allowed insights as to the extent of device miniaturization.

See also
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom – Lecture by Richard Feynman
A Boy and His Atom – The world's smallest movie

References

External links
"IBM" in atoms at IBM's archives

Nanotechnology
IBM
Individual particles
Experiments
Scanning probe microscopy
Digital typography
1989 introductions
Thomas H. Morrin. Thomas Harvey Morrin (24 November 1914 – 15 July 1998) was an American engineer and the director of engineering at SRI International from 1948 to 1963.

Early life and education

Career
Morrin had an extensive naval career during World War II as a naval engineer, and later worked at the Office of Naval Research.

Morrin was recruited to SRI international in 1948, where he was the first member and head of their Engineering Group and recruited many prominent engineers, particularly from the Harvard Radio Research Laboratory; one of these was Jerre Noe, who would go on to lead SRI's Information Sciences and Engineering Division. He played a key role in bringing Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting (ERMA) to SRI, and had significant involvement in the ERMA project itself.

Morrin was later involved in the development of a large contract with the United States Army dedicated to continuous, broad technical support, the Combat Development Experimentation Center (CDEC). In Spring 1958, General Fred Gibb landed his helicopter in SRI's parking lot, met with SRI's president (then E. Finley Carter) and demanded that SRI submit a sole source bid to the existing CDEC in Fort Ord, California; SRI's $1 million bid was accepted and the contract ran for eight years, until September 1966.

He was also instrumental in bringing in work from Southern Pacific, including William K. MacCurdy's Hydra-Cushion and a grade crossing computer. Morrin left SRI in 1963.

Awards and honors
In 1960, Morrin was named an IEEE Fellow. In 1999, he was named to SRI's Hall of Fame.

References

Works cited
 

SRI International people
Fellows of the IEEE
1914 births
1998 deaths
File fixity. File fixity is a digital preservation term referring to the property of a digital file being fixed, or unchanged. Fixity checking is the process of verifying that a digital object has not been altered or corrupted. During transfer, a repository may run a fixity check to ensure a transmitted file has not been altered en route. Within the repository, fixity checking is used to ensure that digital files have not been affected by data rot, or other digital preservation dangers. By itself, fixity checking does not ensure the preservation of a digital file. Instead, it allows a repository to identify which corrupted files to replace with a clean copy from the producer or from a backup.

In practice, a fixity check is most often accomplished by computing checksum or cryptographic hash function values for a file and comparing them to a stored value or through digital signatures. File fixity figures prominently in Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS), the Government Printing Office's work on the Authenticity of Electronic Federal Government Publications, and fixity checking practices are used by a range of cultural heritage organizations.

References 

Digital technology
Maritime data standards. Data Interchange Standards

 EDIMAR Electronic data interchange for the European Maritime industry (engineering data)
 MTML data interchange standard for purchasing - see Maritime E-Commerce Association (MECA)
 SFI Coding and Classification System provides a functional subdivision of technical and financial ship or rig information
 Shipdex A modified subset of S1000D to transfer technical data typically used in equipment manuals

Data interchange platforms

 SafeSeaNet: the European platform for maritime data exchange

Encryption Standards

 S-63 standard for encrypting, securing and compressing electronic navigational chart (ENC) data.

External links
 MTML
 Shipdex
 IDABC European eGovernment Services SafeSeaNet
 International Hydrographic Office document S-63

Data interchange standards
Maritime transport
Computer Communications Network. Computer Communications Network was a company founded in 1968 by brothers Edward and Robert Eskine in Nashville, Tennessee. The core of its employees came from UNIVAC and Burroughs Corporation. CCN was one of the first companies to use telecommunications for small business purposes. CCN used UNIVAC model 494 computers and Burroughs model TC 500 computers.  They also created software for wholesale beverage distribution, hospitals, and airline reservations.

Burroughs TC (terminal computer) 500's were used at the customer level and connected to the Univac 494 mainframes located at data centers in Nashville and Atlanta using dedicated phone lines. This system gave small businesses online, real-time access to the type of data processing that in the past only companies with large mainframes and very large budgets could afford.

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee
Interactive Theorem Proving (conference). Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP) is an annual international academic conference on the topic of automated theorem proving, proof assistants and related topics, ranging from theoretical foundations to implementation aspects and applications in program verification, security, and formalization of mathematics.

ITP brings together the communities using many systems based on higher-order logic such as ACL2, Coq, Mizar, HOL, Isabelle, Lean, NuPRL, PVS, and Twelf. Individual workshops or meetings devoted to individual systems are usually held concurrently with the conference.

Together with CADE and TABLEAUX, ITP is usually one of the three main conferences of the International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR) whenever it convenes,

History
The inaugural meeting of ITP was held on 11–14 July 2010 in Edinburgh, Scotland, as part of the Federated Logic Conference. It is the extension of the Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs) conference series to the broad field of interactive theorem proving. TPHOLs meetings took place every year from 1988 until 2009.

The first three were informal users' meetings for the HOL system and were the only ones without published papers. Since 1990 TPHOLs has published formal peer-reviewed proceedings, published by Springer's Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. It has also entertained an increasingly wide field of interest.

External links
 

Automated theorem proving
Theoretical computer science conferences
Logic conferences
CRIU. Checkpoint/Restore In Userspace (CRIU) (pronounced kree-oo, ), is a software tool for the Linux operating system. Using this tool, it is possible to freeze a running application (or part of it) and checkpoint it to persistent storage as a collection of files. One can then use the files to restore and run the application from the point it was frozen at. The distinctive feature of the CRIU project is that it is mainly implemented in user space, rather than in the kernel.

History 
The initial version of CRIU software was presented to the Linux developers community by Pavel Emelyanov, the OpenVZ kernel team leader, on 15 July 2011.

In September 2011, the project was presented at the Linux Plumbers Conference. In general, most of the attendees took a positive view of the project, which is proven by the fact that a number of kernel patches required for implementing the project were included in the mainline kernel.
Andrew Morton, however, was a bit skeptical:

Use 
The CRIU tool is being developed as part of the OpenVZ project, with the aim of replacing the in-kernel checkpoint/restore. Though its main focus is to support the migration of containers, allowing users to check-point and restore the current state of running processes and process groups. The tool can currently be used on x86-64 and ARM systems and supports the following features:

 Processes: their hierarchy, PIDs, user and group authenticators (UID, GID, SID, etc.), system capabilities, threads, and running and stopped states
 Application memory: memory-mapped files and shared memory
 Open files
 Pipes and FIFOs
 Unix domain sockets
 Network sockets, including TCP sockets in ESTABLISHED state (see below)
 System V IPC
 Timers
 Signals
 Terminals
 Linux kernel-specific system calls: inotify, signalfd, eventfd and epoll

, no kernel patching is required because all of the required functionality has already been merged into the Linux kernel mainline since kernel version 3.11, which was released on September 2, 2013.

TCP connection migration 
One of the initial project goals was to support the migration of TCP connections, the biggest challenge being to suspend and then restore only one side of a connection. This was necessary for performing the live migration of containers (along with all their active network connections) between physical servers, the main scenario of using the checkpoint/restore feature in OpenVZ. To cope with this problem, a new feature, "TCP repair mode", was implemented. The feature was included in version 3.5 of the Linux kernel mainline and provides users with additional means to disassemble and reconstruct TCP sockets without the necessity of exchanging network packets with the opposite side of the connection.

References

Further reading
 
 
  

Linux software
Linux-only free software
Mentzel Baltic Fox. The Mentzel Baltic Fox is a German ultralight and light-sport flying boat that was designed by Anno Claus Mentzel and produced by Ing Büro Mentzel of Prinzhöfte, certified in 2009. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft, disassembled for transport.

Design and development
The Baltic Fox was designed as a specialist aircraft for use by expeditions and, as such, it was intended to be disassembled for shipping in boxes to its destination and then rapidly reassembled and flown. It was intended to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration open cockpit, retractible tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine available is the  Hirth 3702 three cylinder two-stroke powerplant.

Variants
Baltic Fox
Initial model, flying boat only, without wheeled landing gear. Certified in Germany as an ultralight in 2009.
Baltic Fox Sea
Second model, amphibious flying boat with wheeled landing gear, undergoing ultralight certification in 2011.

Specifications (Baltic Fox)

References

External links

2000s German ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ras Abu Jarjur. Ras Abu Jarjur is a reverse osmosis water desalination plant in Bahrain. The plant produces 16.3 million imperial gallons of desalinated drinking water per day. At the time of its commissioning in the mid-1980s it was the largest reverse osmosis plant in the Middle East with a production capacity of 10 million imperial gallons per day.

References

Desalination plants
Water in Bahrain
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Jabiru J170. The Jabiru J170 is an Australian ultralight and light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Jabiru Aircraft. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The J170 was derived from the Jabiru J160, by using the J160 fuselage and the wings from the Jabiru J430 plus a bigger elevator to give it a better rate of climb at higher density altitudes. It was designed to comply with the US light-sport aircraft rules at a gross weight of . The J170 features a strut-braced high-wing with winglets, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. Its  span wet wing has an area of , a fuel capacity of  and flaps. The standard engine available is the  Jabiru 2200 four-stroke powerplant.

The J170 complies with both the US light-sport rules and United Kingdom BCAR Section "S" requirements. In Canada it qualifies as an Advanced Ultralight at a gross weight of

Specifications (J170)

References

External links

2000s Australian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
J170
High-wing aircraft
Chaining (disambiguation). Chaining is a teaching procedure. It may also refer to:

 Chaining (vector processing)
 Method chaining
 Forward chaining
 Backward chaining
 Back-chaining
 Exception chaining
 New York City Subway chaining
 Daisy chaining DNA
 Skill chaining
 Separate chaining
 Index chaining -- the calculation of price or quantity indexes by computing all intermediate period-to-period changes

See also
 Chain
 Chain (disambiguation)
Human Research Program. The Human Research Program (HRP) is a NASA program established in October of 2005. The HRP is located in the Johnson Space Center. Its main focuses are Research and development specifically for employees of NASA.

Goals
The stated goals of the HRP are to provide knowledge and technology in order to mitigate risks to human health and performance. The Human Research Program also aims to educate the public on the challenges of human space flight.

Human Research Roadmap
The Human Research Roadmap (HRR) is a web-based tool that is used to communicate the content of the Integrated Research Plan (IRP). The IRP is utilized to identify the approach and research activities planned to address risks to human health and performance in space which are assigned to specific elements within the program.

This tool is designed to help users search for items such as gaps associated with risks, the tasks associated with a given gap, the cross-integration of a task across multiple gaps or risks, and deliverables associated with a gap or risk.

Evidence
Reviews of the accumulated evidence from medical records, space flight operations, and research findings are compiled into evidence reports. This evidence provides the basis for identifying the highest risk to humans in space exploration, which comprises the risk portfolio within the HRP. It also provides the basis for identifying gaps and tasks in the research plan.

Risks
The program identifies risks related to the physiological effects of radiation, weightlessness, terrestrial environments as well as unique challenges in medical support, human factors, and behavioral health support. Risks are identified in the Program Requirements Document (PRD) and assigned to an element within HRP to quantify, mitigate, or monitor.

Gaps
For each risk, the HRP attempts to identify gaps in knowledge about the risk and the ability to mitigate the risk. The degree of uncertainty in understanding the likelihood, consequence, and/or time frame of a particular risk are the major factors that drive the gaps. Gaps in knowledge or risk mitigation often appear in multiple risks, and many of the specific research tasks address multiple gaps.

Tasks
Tasks partially or completely close a gap by better defining a risk or developing mitigation strategies to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. In some cases, a task can address multiple gaps across multiple risks.

Deliverables
Each task culminates in a deliverable or otherwise agreed-upon end-product such as recommended standards, flight rules, processes, countermeasures, and new technologies.

References

External links 
 Human Research Project  website 

Human spaceflight
Waddell & Harrington. Waddell & Harrington was an American engineering company that designed bridges from 1907 to 1915.  It was formed in 1907 as a partnership of John Alexander Low Waddell (1854–1938) and John Lyle Harrington (1868–1942) and was based in Kansas City, Missouri, but had offices in Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia. The company designed more than 30 vertical-lift bridges for highways and railroads.

The firm also designed one or more non-lift bridges, including the Colorado Street Bridge of Pasadena, California.

A number of its works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Notable projects 
Bridges designed by the firm include the following, among others:

Hawthorne Bridge, spanning the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, NRHP-listed
Interstate Bridge, spanning the Columbia River between Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington; NRHP-listed (as the Portland–Vancouver Highway Bridge)
Steel Bridge, spanning the Willamette River in Portland
Iowa Central Railway Bridge over the Mississippi River at Keithsburg, Illinois, built in 1909, since demolished
Caddo Lake Bridge, LA 538, over the Caddo Lake Mooringsport, LA, NRHP-listed 
City Waterway Bridge, 20th Ave., Spans Ravenna Park Ravine Tacoma, WA, NRHP-listed
Colorado Street Bridge, Colorado Blvd. Pasadena, CA, NRHP-listed
North 21st Street Bridge, spans Buckley Gulch, N. Fife and Oakes Tacoma, WA, NRHP-listed 
North 23rd Street Bridge, spans Buckley Gulch, N. Fife and Oakes Tacoma, WA, NRHP-listed
Union Street Railroad Bridge and Trestle, Jct of Union St. NE and Water St. NE Salem, OR), NRHP-listed
ASB Bridge over the Missouri River at Kansas City

References

American engineers
Companies based in Kansas City, Missouri
American companies established in 1907
Design companies disestablished in 1915
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Defunct engineering companies of the United States
Transportation in Portland, Oregon
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1907
Pelton Dam. Pelton Dam is a major dam on the Deschutes River in Jefferson County, Oregon, owned and operated as a hydroelectric facility by Portland General Electric, one element of its Pelton Round Butte Project on the Deschutes.

The concrete arch dam at Pelton dates from 1958, has a height of  from bedrock, a width of  at its crest, and generates 110 megawatts of electricity.

Upstream, to the south, Pelton Dam impounds the waters of the Deschutes to create the deep Lake Simtustus in a relatively narrow canyon about  back to the 1964 Round Butte Dam.  The lake has a surface area of about  and holds  of water.  The name "Simtustus" honors a native who scouted for the U.S. Army during the 1867–68 campaign against the Paiutes.

Downstream,  north, a regulating dam controls the river flow.  The area between is called the Pelton Regulating Reservoir. In 1982 the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs installed a hydroelectric turbine unit in the regulating dam for additional power.  Between 2000 and 2005 the CTWS also asserted itself as a stakeholder in the project's re-licensing negotiations between Portland General Electric and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, winning key environmental, cultural, and water rights concessions.

On June 29, 2021, Pelton Dam recorded a temperature of 119°F (48.3°C), making it the third time Oregon’s highest temperature was recorded. Prineville recorded a temperature of 119°F on July 28, 1898, and Pendleton recorded the same temperature shortly after on August 10 that same year.

References 

Dams in Oregon
Reservoirs in Oregon
Portland General Electric dams
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Oregon
Arch dams
Hydroelectric power plants in Oregon
Dams completed in 1958
Energy infrastructure completed in 1958
1958 establishments in Oregon
Dams on the Deschutes River (Oregon)
Lakes of Jefferson County, Oregon
OpenQRM. openQRM  is a free and open-source cloud-computing management platform for managing heterogeneous data centre infrastructures.

Provides an Automated Workflow Engine for all Bare-Metal and VM deployment, as well as for all IT subsystems, enabling professional management and monitoring of your data centre & cloud capacities.

The openQRM platform manages a data centre's infrastructure to build private, public and hybrid infrastructure as a service clouds. openQRM orchestrates storage, network, virtualisation, monitoring, and security implementations technologies to deploy multi-tier services (e.g. compute clusters) as virtual machines on distributed infrastructures, combining both data centre resources and remote cloud resources, according to allocation policies.

The openQRM platform emphasises a separation of hardware (physical servers and virtual machines) from software (operating system server-images). Hardware is treated agnostically as a computing resource that should be replaceable without the need to reconfigure the software.

Supported virtualisation solutions include KVM, Linux-VServer, OpenVZ, VMware ESXi, Hyper-V and Xen. Virtual machines of these types are managed transparently via openQRM.

P2V (physical to virtual), V2P (virtual to physical), and V2V (virtual to virtual) migration are possible as well as transitioning from one virtualisation technology to another with the same VM.

openQRM is developed and distributed by OPENQRM AUSTRALIA PTY LTD, a company located in New South Wales, Australia. The openQRM Enterprise Edition is the commercially backed, extended product for professional users offering reliable support options and access to additional features. Users combine the services required.  Simply integrate additional technologies and services through a large variety of plug-ins to exactly fit the use-case (OpenvSwitch, KVM, ESXi, OpenStack, AWS EC2, MS Azure, etc.). Over 50 plug-ins are available for openQRM Enterprise.

Plug-Ins 
openQRM utilises plug-ins to customise its functionality. These plug-ins allow for increased integration and compatibility.

Their plug-in library is ever-expanding and falls into the categories; Cloud, Container, Deployment, Documentation, High-Availability, Management, Miscellaneous, Monitoring, Network, Storage and Virtualisation.

History 
openQRM was initially released by the Qlusters company and went open-source in 2006. Qlusters ceased operations, while openQRM was left in the hands of the openQRM community. In November 2008, the openQRM community released version 4.0 which included a complete port of the platform from Java to PHP/C/Perl/Shell.

In 2020, openQRM Enterprise GmbH had its assets ad intellectual property acquired by Fiveways International Ltd, who appointed OPENQRM AUSTRALIA PTY LTD as the master distributor.

See also 

 Cloud computing
 Cloud-computing comparison
 Cloud infrastructure

References

External links 
 OpenQRM Website

Cloud infrastructure
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in PHP
Free software for cloud computing
Virtualization software for Linux