omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Equivalent oxide thickness. An equivalent oxide thickness usually given in nanometers (nm) is the thickness of silicon oxide film that provides the same electrical performance as that of a high-κ material being used.

The term is often used when describing field effect transistors, which rely on an electrically insulating pad of material between a gate and a doped semiconducting region.  Device performance has typically been improved by reducing the thickness of a silicon oxide insulating pad.  As the thickness of the insulating pad approached 5–10 nm, leakage current became a problem and alternate materials were necessary. These new materials had a lower equivalent oxide thickness so they could retain an appropriate gate oxide thickness to prevent leakage current while also increasing the switching speed.  For example, a high-κ material with dielectric constant of 39 (compared to 3.9 for silicon oxide) would be ten times thicker than that of silicon oxide, helping to reduce the leakage of electrons across the dielectric pad, while achieving the same capacitance and high performance. In other words silicon oxide film of one-tenth the thickness of the high-κ film would be required to achieve similar performance while ignoring leakage current.

Commonly used high-κ gate dielectrics include hafnium oxide and more recently aluminum oxide for gate-all-around devices. 

The EOT definition is useful to quickly compare different dielectric materials to the industry standard silicon oxide dielectric, as:

Semiconductors
Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute. The Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, formerly known as the Regional Research Laboratory, is a research laboratory in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh in India. It was established in May 1981.

History
AMPRI is a research institution of CSIR. It was earlier known as RRL Bhopal when the new name was adopted by Governing Body of CSIR. It was started in a building originally build for Cooperative Training College with 15 Scientist. The building for Cooperative training college was changed into what is called today Main Building, the boys hostel was modified to accommodate Administration building and the girls hostel is now known as MEMS Laboratory.

Staff
CSIR AMPRI has around 100 permanent regular staff, 150 contract workers and 150 research scholars, project assistants, PhD and MTech students. The regular staff like other laboratories of CSIR is classified into four categories (i) Scientific (ii) Technical (iii) Auxiliary technical and (iv) Administrative. Director is the apex post in CSIR AMPRI.

Courses
Under Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSir various courses are offered by CSIR AMPRI, Bhopal. It includes admission to Ph.D (Sciences), Ph.D (Engineering), M.Tech, M.Sc and IDDP(Integrated Dual Degree Program) in Engineering -M.Tech+Ph.D.

Admission
Students are selected as per Admission Calendar by AcSir in August and January sessions. Reservations is available as per government of India rules.

References

External links
 AMPRI

Scientific organisations based in India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Research institutes in Bhopal
1982 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Research institutes established in 1982
Avion (car). The Avion is a prototype sports car that achieves over  driving on interstate highways in real world conditions.

The Avion is based on the concept that fuel economy is largely determined by minimizing drag, rolling resistance and weight and matching gear ratio to the required horsepower. The Avion uses existing automotive components, an existing high-efficiency automotive diesel engine and marries them to a lightweight aluminum frame and highly aerodynamic composite body. 

The Avion was an official contender in the Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize.

History 

The Avion was built by Craig Henderson and Bill Green after they graduated from Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington, where they had studied at the Vehicle Research Institute. The prototype was completed in 1984, and entered the Three Flags Econo Rally driving from the Mexican border to the Canadian border and was displayed in the Expo 86. During the 1986 contest the Avion set a Guinness World Record for at 103.7 mpg.

In 2010, Henderson drove the Avion from The Canada border to the Mexico Border averaging 119.1 real world miles per gallon of diesel and without refueling, resetting his record from 1986.

Henderson later drove the Avion from Bellingham, Washington to Portland, Oregon, achieving 113.1 mpg.

As of October 2023, the car is on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Vehicle 

The car was designed to be manufactured in small volume using existing automotive components as a kit car. It features a lightweight composite body of highly aerodynamic design with butterfly doors attached to an aluminum frame. The Avion can run on regular diesel or biodiesel.

Notes

External links 
 Bellingham Herald article
 New York Times blog article
 Sept. 2010 Wired Autotopia piece

Green vehicles
Levasseur-Abrial A-1. The Levasseur-Abrial A-1 was a glider built in 1922 as a result of a collaboration between French aerodynamicist Georges Abrial de Péga and constructor Pierre Levasseur. A single example was built, which was destroyed on its fourth flight.

Design and development
The A-1 had a one piece, cantilever wing with swept leading edges, an unswept trailing edge and blunted tips. It had a reflex, Joukovsky airfoil section and was thick in the centre, thinning outboard where tapered ailerons reached out to the tips.  It was built around pairs of swept wooden spars with plywood skin from the forward one around the nose forming a torsion resisting D-box. The  rest of the wing was covered with silk (pongée).

The wing was set into the upper part of the flat-sided fuselage, with an open cockpit at its leading edge and behind a short, vertically edged nose. The fuselage tapered aft to large tail surfaces; a lightly swept, cantilever tailplane with angled tips was mounted at mid-height, carrying a one-piece elevator. The rounded profile of the fin merged into that of its rhomboidal rudder, leaving room below for elevator movement.

The A-1's landing gear was based on a pair of ash skids, mounted from the fuselage on aluminium struts and cross-braced. There were light skids below the outer wings to protect the tips. If the terrain was suitable, wheels on a  track single axle could be attached to them.

Operational history
The Levasseur-Abrial A-1 took part in the Congrès Experimental de Combegrasse, held in August 1922 near Clermont Ferrand at a time when gliding as a sport was just beginning and before the importance of ridge lift or thermals was appreciated. It made three successful downhill flights after rubber cord launches, the longest lasting 117 s. On the fourth attempt the launching cord fouled the right wing and the glider crashed. Its pilot, Henri Pitot, escaped unhurt but the glider was badly damaged.

The wing survived well enough to be on display on the Levasseur stand at the Paris Salon in November 1922. Its covering was partially removed to show the lightweight structure.

Specifications

References

Glider aircraft
Abrial aircraft
Levasseur aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
High-wing aircraft
Dinero (cache simulator). Dinero is a uniprocessor CPU cache simulator for memory reference traces written by Dr. Jan Edler and Prof. Mark D. Hill of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It is frequently used for educational purposes.

How to

License & Installation
Dinero is freely available for non-commercial use.

See also 
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 CPU cache

References

External links
 Dinero IV official homepage (University of Wisconsin System)
 sample trace file (Hanyang University)

Cache (computing)
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Juggernaut (novel). Juggernaut is a first-person narrative novel written by English author Desmond Bagley, and was first published in 1985. This was Bagley's last novel, and as he died in 1983, it was published posthumously by his widow.

Plot introduction
American narrator Neil Mannix is a troubleshooter for multinational British Electric, and is sent to former British colony in Africa, Nyala to oversee the installation of a huge 550-ton power transformer. The newly independent Nyala is rich with oil, and hopes to prop up its shaky democracy and economy with a showcase new power station located at a remote location near its oil fields. Due to the increasing precarious political situation, the Nyalan government insists that British Electric dispatch the transformer via huge flatbed truck to reassure the populace, and suspecting difficulties, Mannix is sent to supervise the travels of "the rig". However, a civil war breaks out, and Mannix is bullied by a local doctor and an Irish nun into using the rig as a traveling hospital. He must deal with opposing armies, unsafe roads and bridges, some untrustworthy crew members and the local Nyalans who start to trek after the huge machine, which has taken on symbolic role for the populace.

External links
Crime Time review of Desmond Bagley
Fantastic Fiction site with publication history

1985 British novels
Novels by Desmond Bagley
Novels published posthumously
Novels set in Africa
William Collins, Sons books
Akagi (train). The  is a limited express train service in Japan operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It runs between Tokyo ( or  stations) and  in Gunma Prefecture. Some trains run to or from  or .

Rolling stock

 E257-5500 series EMUs

From the start of the revised timetable on 18 March 2023, modified E257-5500 series 5-car EMUs were introduced on Akagi services, replacing the aging 651-1000 series 7-car trains.

Former rolling stock 

 651-1000 series EMUs
 185 series EMUs

From the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2014, refurbished 651 series EMUs were introduced on Akagi services, replacing the aging 185 series trains. Until March 2016, one return service to and from Shinjuku continued to use 185 series rolling stock.

History
The Akagi service first started on 10 March 1960 as a semi-express service operating between Ueno and . From 14 March 1985, the service was upgraded to limited express status.

From 18 November 2013, one car (car 3 in 7- and 10-car formations, and cars 3 and 10 in 14-car formations) was designated as a reserved-seating car.

From the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2014, eleven Akagi services running during weekday peak commuting hours were renamed  with all ordinary-class seats reservable.

Since 13 March 2021, this limited express no longer runs on the Ryomo or Joetsu Lines. Northbound services terminate at Takasaki instead of continuing on to Shin-Maebashi or Maebashi.

Effective 18 March 2023, all Swallow Akagi  services were converted back to ordinary Akagi services with all departures requiring a reservation.

See also
 List of named passenger trains of Japan

References

External links

 JR East 185 series Akagi/Kusatsu/Minakami (Japanese)

Named passenger trains of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Railway services introduced in 1960
1960 establishments in Japan
Air India Flight 403. Air India Flight 403 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight that crashed at Sahar International Airport in Bombay, India on 21 June 1982. It was likely caused by miscalculated altitude in a heavy rainstorm. The aircraft was the first jetliner inducted into the fleet of an Asian airline.

Accident
On 21 June 1982, Air India Flight 403, a Boeing 707-437 named Gauri Shankar, arriving from Kuala Lumpur International Airport via Madras (now Chennai), crashed after a hard landing during a rainstorm. The fuselage exploded after starting a late go-around. Of 111 occupants on the aircraft, 2 of 12 crew members and 15 of 99 passengers were killed.

Investigation
An Indian public inquiry determined the probable cause of the accident to be "Deliberate reduction of engine power by the pilot 12 seconds prior to first impact due to altitude unawareness resulting in a high rate of descent, very heavy landing and the undershooting of the aircraft by 1300 feet."

Aircraft 
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 707-437 that was registered as VT-DJJ with serial number 17723 and was named Gauri Shankar. It was manufactered by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in 1960 and was powered by four Rolls-Royce Conway 508 engines.

References

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Aviation accidents and incidents in India
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
403
1982 in India
June 1982 in India
History of Mumbai (1947–present)
Tokyo Metro 15000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro on the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line in Tokyo, Japan, since May 2010.

Design
Based on the earlier Tokyo Metro 05 series (13th batch) and Tokyo Metro 10000 series trains, the 15000 series trains have  wider doors ( as opposed to ) to speed up boarding and alighting at stations during rush-hour periods.

Operations
The 15000 series trains are used on Tokyo Metro Tozai Line inter-running services, to and from  on the JR East Chuo-Sobu Line in the west,  on the Toyo Rapid Railway Line and  on the Chuo-Sobu Line in the east. The 15000 series trains replaced the first batch of the 05 series trains, which have been in service since 1988.

Formation
, the fleet consists of 13 ten-car sets, numbered 51 to 63, and formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Nishi-Funabashi (west) end.

Cars 2 and 8 each have two single-arm pantographs. Car 5 has one single-arm pantograph.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout, with six-person seats between the doors, and two-person seats at the car ends. Passenger information is provided by pairs of 17-inch LCD information screens above each doorway.

History

The first set was delivered from Hitachi's Kudamatsu factory in February 2010.

The first 15000 series sets entered revenue service on 7 May 2010.

Thirteen sets (15101 to 15113) were delivered by 2011, with a further three sets scheduled to be delivered during fiscal 2016.

References

External links

 Tokyo Metro 15000 series information 

Electric multiple units of Japan
15000 series
Train-related introductions in 2010
Hitachi multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
International Metalworking Companies. IMC International Metalworking Companies B.V., otherwise known as IMC Group, is the holding company of several worldwide manufacturers of metal cutting tools. Together they produce a wide range of carbide inserts, carbide endmills and cutting tools covering all metal cutting applications.  The IMC Group is in the automotive, aerospace, die and mold, general engineering, bearing manufacturing and energy industries.

Subsidiaries 
Today, the IMC Group has over 130 subsidiaries in 65 countries.

Primary Subsidiaries:
 ISCAR
 TaeguTec
 Tungaloy 
 Ingersoll Cutting Tools

References

Berkshire Hathaway
Manufacturing companies of Israel
Manufacturing companies established in 1952
Conglomerate companies of Israel
Multinational companies
1952 establishments in Israel
E-Cycle Limited. E-Cycle Limited (formerly Remploy e-cycle) is a non-for-profit organisation based in Tonypandy that specialises in the data safe, ethical refurbishment, recycling and disposal of end-of-life IT and telecommunications equipment. 

The Microsoft Authorised Refurbisher (MAR) company was set up in 2001 to help accommodate the European Union's WEEE Directive. Once cleansed of all pre-existing data - using Blancco software which has been approved for Government data cleansing use and exceeds US Federal Government standards – end-of-life IT equipment is redeployed, remarketed, donated, recycled or otherwise disposed of via approved third parties and in line with government and EU legislation.

Originally based in Barking, Essex, the company added three further sites in Porth, South Wales; Heywood, Greater Manchester and Preston, Lancashire. Of these four sites, two have now closed (Barking, and Preston), on the grounds that they are not financially sustainable. The remaining two sites, and the e-cycle business itself, was the subject of takeover negotiations by a 3rd party in 2013.

E-cycle was originally part of Remploy, the UK’s leading provider of specialist employment services for disabled people. Following the UK government's decision to stop funding Remploy factory businesses, e-cycle was acquired in a management buyout on 16 September 2013, becoming E-Cycle Limited. The company works with a range of organisations and clients, employing more than 230 people, 95 per cent of whom are disabled.

Since 2001, e-cycle has overseen the donation of some 30,000 data safe PCs to African countries through the Digital Pipeline programme.

See also
 Electronic waste by country
 Sims Recycling Solutions
 Compare and Recycle

References

External links
 E-Cycle Limited
 YouTube channel with inside look at Remploy e-cycle equipment reprocessing
 e-Waste UK blog initiated by Remploy e-cycle
 Digital Pipeline programme

Companies based in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Electronic waste in the United Kingdom
Technology companies established in 2001
IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award. The IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that is presented for outstanding contributions to electric transmission and distribution. The award may be presented annually to an individual or a team of up to three people. It was instituted by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1986.

Prior to 1987, the award was called the William M. Habirshaw Award. Starting in 1987, the award became renamed in honor of Herman Halperin, who had been a recipient of the Habirshaw Award in 1962 and had worked for 40 years for the Commonwealth Edison Company. The award is sponsored by the Robert and Ruth Halperin Foundation, in memory of Herman and Edna Halperin, and the IEEE Power and Energy Society. The funds for the award were contributed by the Halperins, and are administered by the IEEE Foundation.

Recipients of this award receive a certificate and honorarium.

Recipients 
Source

 1987: Robert F. Lawrence
 1988: Luigi Paris
 1989: John J. Daugherty
 1990: John A. Casazza
 1991: John G. Anderson
 1992: Andrew R. Hileman
 1993: Mat Darveniza
 1994: Abdel-Aziz A Fouad
 1995: Vernon L. Chartier
 1996: Farouk A. M. Rizk
 1997: B. Don Russell
 1998: Vincent T. Morgan
 1999: Charles L. Wagner
 2000: Arun G. Phadke
 2001: Arthur C. Westrom
 2002: John J. Vithayathil
 2003: Sarma Maruvada
 2004: Andrew J. Eriksson
 2005: James J. Burke
 2006: Anjan Bose
 2007: Eric B. Forsyth
 2008: Robert C. Degeneff
 2009: Carson W. Taylor
 2010: Carlos Katz
 2011: John H. Brunke
 2012: Michel Duval
 2013: Vijay Vittal
 2014: Willem Boone
 2015: Wolfram Boeck
 2016: George Anders
 2017: George Dorwart Rockefeller
 2018: Jinliang He
 2019: Steven A. Boggs
 2020: Dusan Povh
 2021: Brian Stott

References

External links 
 IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award page at IEEE
 List of recipients of the IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award

Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award
IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award. The IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award was a Technical Field Award of the IEEE that was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 2004 and was discontinued in 2011.  The award was presented annually from 2006–2010 for outstanding contributions to the advancement of information storage, with an emphasis on technical contributions in computer data storage device technology.  The award was named to honor Reynold B. Johnson.

The award was presented to three co-recipients in 2006, and to individuals from 2007–2010.

Recipients of this award received a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium.

Recipients 
 2010: David B. Bogy
 2009: Kinam Kim 
 2008: Stanley H. Charap 
 2007: Mason L. Williams
 2006: Eliyahou Harari 
 2006: Sanjay Mehrotra
 2006: Jack Yuan

References

External links 
 IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award page at IEEE
 List of recipients of the IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award

Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award
Small boat operations. Small boat operations in military and naval warfare refers to operations in and around the littoral zone, within a certain distance of shore, carried out by small, fast and highly maneuverable craft. In recent years, research has been conducted into the use of autonomous small boats for use in military contexts.

History
The role of these types of operations has been both offensive and defensive. Conventional navies have used small torpedo craft for hit-and-run type attacks and raids on coastal and shoreline targets as far back as the late 1800s. Prior to the use of modern small boat operations and torpedoes in warfare, large naval vessels were generally used to contain enemy ports without a large risk of sustaining damage from the vessels in port, though the advancement of small boats has changed this calculus. By the 20th century, the use of small boats in coastal operations had become a standard part of naval defense strategies.

Following suicide attacks on warships by terrorists such as in the Sri Lankan Civil War and the USS Cole bombing, navies have adapted specialized craft to maintain port security, patrol coastal and river line areas.

Craft types

Rigid Raider
Arrow boat
SOC-R boat

Units
1 Assault Group Royal Marines
Rapid Action Boat Squadron
Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen

See also
 Amphibious warfare

Riverine warfare

References
J–Machine. The J–Machine (Jellybean-Machine) was a parallel computer designed by the MIT Concurrent VLSI Architecture group in conjunction with the Intel Corporation. The machine used "jellybean" parts—cheap and multitudinous commodity parts, each with a processor, memory, and a fast communication interface—and a novel network interface to implement fine grained parallel programs.

History 

The J-machine project was started in 1988 based on work in Bill Dally's doctoral work at Caltech.

The philosophy of the work was "processors are cheap and memory is expensive," the J in the project's title standing for jellybean which are small cheap candies. In order to make use of large numbers of processors, the machine featured a novel network interface using message passing. This allowed a node to send a message to any other node within 2 microseconds.

Three 1024-node J-machine systems have been built and are kept at MIT, Caltech and Argonne National Laboratory.

External links 
 The Jellybean Machine

Notes 

Massively parallel computers