omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arthur Nozik. Arthur J. Nozik (born 1936) is a researcher at the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL). He is also a professor at the University of Colorado, which is located in Boulder. He researches semiconductor quantum dots at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and is a chemistry professor at the University of Colorado. He also does research for the advancement of solar energy, for which he won the Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Organization (IREO) Award for Science and Technology in 2009.

Biography
Dr. Arthur Nozik received his bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from the Cornell University in 1959, and he earned his MS and PhD in Physical Chemistry from Yale University in 1967. In 1967, he discovered a new transparent conductor (Cd2SnO4)
Thin-Film Devices, which helped develop new applications for solar energy devices. Then he did research on quantization effects in semiconductor quantum dots,  for the Allied Chemical Corporation and the American Cyanamid Corporation. He then worked as a group leader of Photoelectrochemistry from 1974 to 1978. He worked in both these places until 1978, when he joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). He has published a little over 150 research papers related to solar cell, quantum dot, semiconductor, silicon solar cells. He has been an editor of the Journal of Physical Chemistry since 1993 and served as senior editor. He has reviewed numerous papers for various scientific magazines.

Career and research
His research includes the following:
The effects of size quantization on semiconductor nanocrystals
The nanostructures of quantum dots, wells and how well they can convert solar photons
Photoelectrochemistry (the study of light through electrochemical systems) of a semiconductor molecule, and their energy conversions
Photocatalysis, which is the acceleration of a photoreaction, in the presence of a catalyst
Magnetic and electrical properties of solids

Bibliography

See also
Solar cells
Photovoltaic cells
Quantum dots
Nanostructures
Electron transfer
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute

References 

Living people
21st-century American chemists
People associated with renewable energy
American physical chemists
Cornell University alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
1936 births
Scientists from Springfield, Massachusetts
Chemists from Massachusetts
Stillwater station (Minnesota). The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Freight House is a historic former railway station in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, built in 1883 as a passenger and freight depot for the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway (better known as the Milwaukee Road).  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 for having local significance in the themes of commerce, communications, engineering, and transportation.  Its notability derives in part from its long service to Stillwater; nearly all goods shipped to and from the city passed through this station, and up to the 1920s it hosted critical telegraph and Railway Express Agency offices.  The building is also noted as a somewhat rare example of a combination freight and passenger station, and for the engineering of its internal wood construction.  It is also a contributing property to the Stillwater Commercial Historic District.  The station closed in 1970 and now houses the Freight House Restaurant.

History
The predecessor of the Milwaukee Road was the Stillwater and Hastings Railway, which was established in 1880 to connect Stillwater to Hastings, Minnesota.  The Stillwater and Hastings Railway only completed  of track before being acquired by the Milwaukee Road in 1882, which completed the construction.

During this period in the 1880s, Stillwater was a busy trade center, handling traffic from miners and trappers from the north of town and from farmers and lumbermen from the west.  The Milwaukee Road built the freight house in 1883, and it soon handled more than 70 railcars per day.  The construction was very solid, with a limestone foundation  thick and  walls that were  high.  It had floorboards that were  wide and  thick.  The heavy ceiling trusses supported a full slate roof.

The freight house operated through 1970, when the Milwaukee Road closed it.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, making it the first building in Stillwater so listed.  In 1992 much of downtown Stillwater was listed on the National Register as a historic district, with the Freight House as a contributing property.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Minnesota

References

External links
 The Freight House Restaurant

Former railway stations in Minnesota
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Minnesota
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1883
Restaurants in Minnesota
Stillwater
Stillwater, Minnesota
Transportation buildings and structures in Washington County, Minnesota
Vernacular architecture in Minnesota
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1970
4-Chlorophthalic anhydride. 4-Chlorophthalic anhydride is a monochlorinated aromatic anhydride. It is an isomer of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and a derivative of phthalic anhydride.

Properties 
It has a melting point of around 99 °C. Like most acid anhydrides, it can hydrolyze in the presence of water.

Production 
It can be produced by chlorination of phthalic anhydride.

Applications 
It may be used to produce herbicides and pesticides, intermediates for active pharmaceutical ingredients and can be used as a monomer for the production of polyimides.

References 
  Chlorination of phthalic anhydride  http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4297283.html

Chloroarenes
Phthalic anhydrides
Nokomis 3. 

Nokomis 3 is a blend of chemicals created by scientists in 1971, formulated to increase dispersion of oil spilled in bodies of water.

The synergetic formulation of chemicals is water-based and non-flammable. Nokomis 3 has been used by the United States Navy, State of California Fish and Game and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Marlin Supply Inc. is the main distributor of this product with laboratories in San Francisco, Texas, Florida and Mexico. Nokomis 3 has been shown in studies to increase the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons with one study observing the degradation rate increased to 5.07 ± 0.37 mg L−1 day−1 from 2.39 ± 0.22 mg L−1 day−1.

When the product is released out of an airplane or aerial applied, it has an increased viscosity, which increases the chance for it to reach the ground.

This product is designed to clean up No. 2 Oil Fuel in bodies of water. Nokomis 3 is a base on the pH scale and is completely water soluble.

Nokomis 3-AA 

This product of Nokomis 3 is a water based colloid. Nokomis 3-AA can be applied through spray nozzles on workboats or ships. For best use, the propeller of the boats can be helpful with mixing the product into the water for the most effect.

Nokomis 3-F4 

The second design of Nokomis 3 is the Nokomis 3-F4. It is made with a higher viscosity, increasing the chance that the full product will reach the water's surface.  It is not always applied by plane but can also be sprayed through nozzles to the top of the water's surface. Depending on the situation and the size of the oil spill, it can be applied either diluted or at full strength.

See also 
Oil spill
Crude oil
Bioremediation
Microorganisms
Biological agent

References

External links
Nokomis 3
Nokomis 3-F4 EPA Technical Product Bulletin

Oil spill remediation technologies
Ocean pollution
3-Chlorophthalic anhydride. 3-Chlorophthalic anhydride is a monochlorinated aromatic anhydride. It is an isomer of 4-chlorophthalic anhydride and a derivative of phthalic anhydride.

Properties 
3-Chlorophthalic anhydride has a melting point of around 123 °C. It may hydrolize in presence of water.

Applications 
3-Chlorophthalic anhydride may be used to produce herbicides and pesticides, intermediates for active pharmaceutical ingredients and can be used as a monomer for the production of polyimides.

See also 
 4-Chlorophthalic anhydride

References 
  Preparation of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride  http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5683553.html

Chloroarenes
Phthalic anhydrides
Tidal irrigation. Tidal irrigation is the natural subsurface irrigation of levee soils in coastal plains using river water influenced by tidal movements. This method is applicable in (semi-)arid regions at the mouth of large river estuaries or deltas where there is a significant tidal range. It is achieved by excavating tidal canals from the riverbank into the mainland, allowing river water to flow inland during high tides. During low tides, the canals and soil drain enhance soil aeration. The river discharge must be large enough to guarantee a sufficient flow of fresh water into the sea so that no salt water intrusion occurs in the river mouth. Tidal irrigation efficiently utilizes the periodic movement of tides to naturally push fresh water upstream.

The irrigation is effectuated by digging tidal canals from the river shore into the main land that will guide the river water inland at high tide.

For the irrigation to be effective the soil must have a high infiltration capacity to permit the entry of sufficient water in the soil to cover the evapotranspiration demand of the crop. At low tide, the canals and the soil drain out again, which promotes the aeration of the soil.

See also
Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran

References 

Land management
Irrigation
Hydraulic engineering
Tides
List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees. The National Inventors Hall of Fame is an American not-for-profit organization, founded in 1973, which recognizes individual engineers and inventors who hold a U.S. patent of significant technology.

As of 2020, 603 inventors have been inducted, mostly constituting historic persons from the past three centuries, but including about 100 living inductees. Nominees must hold a U.S. patent of significant contribution to the U.S. welfare, and which advances science and useful arts. The 2020 class included 22 inventors.John Fitch was the earliest born inventor inducted into the NIHF (1743), while Luis von Ahn is currently the most recently born (1978).

Inductees

References

External links
 The official website of the National Inventors Hall of Fame

Awards established in 1973
Lists of inventors
Fisher FP-202 Koala. The Fisher FP-202 Koala is a Canadian single-seat high wing, conventional landing gear, single engined light kit aircraft designed for construction by amateur builders. The aircraft was inspired by the design of the Piper J-3 Cub and outwardly resembles that design.

Fisher Flying Products was originally based in Edgeley, North Dakota, United States but the company is now located in Dorchester, Ontario, Canada.

Development
The FP-202 was designed by Fisher Aircraft in the United States in 1981 and was intended to meet the requirements of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, including that category's maximum  empty weight. It is also a 51% approved kit for the US homebuilt aircraft category. The design goal was to provide ultralight pilots with an aircraft that looked like and flew like the classic Piper Cub, without the regulation that goes with owning a type certified aircraft. The FP-202 can achieve an empty weight of  when equipped with a lightweight, two-stroke engine, such as the  Rotax 277.

The construction of the FP-202 is unusual for aircraft in its class. The aircraft's structure is entirely made from wood, with the wooden fuselage built from wood strips arranged in a geodesic form, resulting in a very strong and light aircraft with redundant load paths. Like the Cub, both the wings and fuselage on the Koala are covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wings are strut-braced and utilize jury struts. The landing gear is bungee suspended and the tail wheel is steerable. Brakes are optional. The company claims it would take an average amateur builder 250–500 hours to build the FP-202.

Specifications (FP-202 Koala)

See also

References

External links

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1981
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
FP-202
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Fisher Super Koala. The Fisher Super Koala is a two-seat, high wing, conventional landing gear, single-engined, light kit aircraft designed for construction by amateur builders. The aircraft was inspired by the design of the Piper J-3 Cub and strongly resembles that design.

Fisher Flying Products was originally based in Edgeley, North Dakota, United States but the company is now located in Dorchester, Ontario, Canada.

Development
The Super Koala was designed by Fisher Aircraft in the United States and was first flown in 1983. It has two seats in side-by-side configuration. With its  empty weight and  maximum gross weight, the Super Koala was intended for the US homebuilt aircraft category.

The construction of the Super Koala is unusual for aircraft in its class. The aircraft's structure is entirely made from wood, with the wooden fuselage built from wood strips arranged in a geodesic form, resulting in a very strong and light aircraft with redundant load paths. Like the Cub, both the wings and fuselage on the Super Koala are covered with doped aircraft fabric. The wings are strut-braced and utilize jury struts. The landing gear is bungee suspended and the tail wheel is steerable. The Super Koala has flaps, with brakes optional. The company claims it takes an average amateur builder 500 hours to construct a Super Koala.

Engine options are the  Rotax 503 and the  Rotax 582 engine. With the Rotax 503 the gross weight is  and with the Rotax 582 is .

Specifications (Super Koala)

See also
Fisher FP-202 Koala

References

External links

Photo of Super Koala

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Super Koala
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
List of Bombardier CRJ operators. This article contains one version of a list of orders made by airlines and other buyers 
for the Bombardier CRJ family of regional aircraft.

Produced by Bombardier Aerospace of the Canadian aerospace and defence company Bombardier Inc., which was owned by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, the former CRJ100 and CRJ200 series are no longer in modern production but remain in active  service. 

The more recent CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000 models were produced until 2020 whereupon Mitsubishi resolved to halt  production wholemeal.

Orders and operators

CRJ100/CRJ200
Deliveries and operators sortable, presorted by customer
 Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
 Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
 Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

CRJ700/CRJ900/CRJ1000
Deliveries and operators sortable, presorted by customer
 Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Bombardier
 Del — number of aircraft delivered by Bombardier
 Opr — number of aircraft in operation with specified airline

See also
 Bombardier CRJ family of regional jets
 Bombardier CRJ200 series (CRJ100, CRJ200)
 Bombardier CRJ700 series (CRJ700, CRJ900, CRJ1000)

References

External links

 Bombardier Aerospace
 Bombardier CRJ website 
 

CRJ orders
CRJ
Bombardier CRJ
Bombardier CRJ
Colloidal fuel. Colloidal fuel is an emulsion of powdered coal in kerosene or fuel oil.  It was used in World War I aboard ships as kerosene supplies ran low.

Development continued after the war, and in 1932 the Cunard liner Scythia made a round-trip transatlantic voyage partly powered by colloidal fuel containing 40% coal. Advantages over oil included cost and energy density. Colloidal fuel is denser than water, which allows it to be stored under water.

References

Fuels
Dundasite. Dundasite is a rare lead aluminium carbonate mineral. The mineral is named after the type locality, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia. The mineral was first discovered in the Adelaide Proprietary Mine. Dundasite was first described by William Frederick Petterd in 1893.

Dundasite is an uncommon secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zone of lead ore deposits. It commonly overgrows crocoite. It may also be overgrown by yellow cerussite. It may be associated with cerussite, plattnerite, azurite, malachite, pyromorphite, mimetite, beudantite, duftite, crocoite, gibbsite, allophane and limonite.

Besides its type location on Tasmania, the mineral has also been found in New Zealand, Mainland Australia, China, Belgium, Germany, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Namibia, and the US.

References 

Carbonate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 51
Canterbury Water Management Strategy. The Canterbury Water Management Strategy is being developed in Canterbury, New Zealand, to address water related issues in the region.

It was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry for the Environment and Environment Canterbury after a drought in 1998. Leadership for the strategy is from the Canterbury Mayoral Forum.

The outcome of the Canterbury Water Management Strategy was given as the reason for the Hurunui Water Project to defer resource consent hearings for a year for water takes of the Hurunui River.

See also
Water pollution in the Canterbury Region
Water in New Zealand
Environment of New Zealand

References

External links
Canterbury Water Management Strategy
Environment Canterbury - What is the Canterbury Water Management Strategy?

Environmental policy in New Zealand
Environment of the Canterbury Region
Water in New Zealand
Flood control in New Zealand
IS-5 Kaczka. The IS-5 Kaczka (Instytut Szybownictwa – gliding institute)  was a single-seat canard research glider designed and built in Poland from 1948.

Development 
The IS-5 Kaczka (Duck) was designed by T. Kosti and I. Kaniewska, and built at the Jeżów Glider Workshop, as a research aircraft to investigate tail-first canard aircraft. The all-wood fuselage was formed from a semi-monocoque shell to form a pod under the wing containing the cockpit, with a nose extending forwards to support the canard surfaces. At the rear of the nacelle an airbrake was formed from two halves of the fuselage opening outwards, in similar fashion to the airbrakes on certain jet attack aircraft, like the Hawker-Siddeley Buccaneer (at the rear of the fuselage) and Grumman A-6 Intruder (at the wing-tips).

The wings were of conventional construction with a ply-covered torsion box forming the leading edge forward of the mainspar and fabric-covered ribs to the rear of the main-spar. Ovoid-shaped fins with rudders were fitted at the wing-tips; also skids for support when static on the ground. The use of drag rudders was also investigated with the rudders opening in similar fashion to the airbrake, increasing drag on one side and yawing the aircraft. The centre of gravity was also adjustable in flight, with a 7 kg (15 lb) weight, on a fore-aft orientated threaded rod, which could be 
adjusted by the pilot.

The sole prototype SP-821 first flew on 29 Mar 1949 piloted by  Eng. P. Mynarski. Trials continued until 1957. The IS-5 was reported to have good flying characteristics and was easy to fly. After completion of tests the aircraft was lodged with the Lodz gliding club where it was destroyed in a hangar fire in 1961.

Specifications (IS-5 Kaczka)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29
Simons, Martin. Sailplanes 1945-1965 2nd revised edition. EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H.. Königswinter. 2006.

External links

http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pis5.htm
http://stara.gorpol.pl/lotnictwo/szybowce/02/szyb02.html

1940s Polish sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Canard aircraft
Teledyne CAE F106. The Teledyne CAE F106 (company designation Model 472) was a small American turbofan engine developed to power cruise missiles.

Development and design

The F106 engine was developed during the early 1970s to power the missiles being developed for the United States Navy's cruise missile competition. It powered the LTV YBGM-110 which lost the competition to the BGM-109 Tomahawk. While the F106 only powered the YBGM-110 prototype, either it or the Williams F107 could have powered either missile. However, the Navy selected the F107 engine with the BGM-109 missile.

The F106 engine was also a competitor to power the AGM-86 ALCM cruise missile for the United States Air Force, but it likewise lost to the Williams F107 engine.

Specifications (F106-CA-100)

See also

References

Low-bypass turbofan engines
1970s turbofan engines
F106
Resource-oriented computing. Resource-oriented computing (ROC) is a simple abstract computing model used for describing, designing, and implementing software and software systems. The fundamental idea behind ROC is derived from the World Wide Web, Unix, and other sources as well as original research conducted at HP Laboratories.

Fundamental concepts
Resource-oriented computing describes an abstract computing model. The fundamental idea is that sets of information known as resources are treated as abstracts; that is, a resource is a Platonic concept of the information that is the subject of a computation process.

Resources are identified by logical addresses (typically a URI) and processing is defined using compositions and sequences of resource requests.

At the physical level, a ROC system processes resource-representations, executes transformations and, in so doing, computes new resources. In this respect ROC is no different from any other computational model – computation is performed to collate and reveal new information.

The fundamental principles of ROC include:
 Resource A resource is an abstract set of information.
 Identity Each resource may be identified by one or more logical identifiers.
 Resolution A logical identifier may be resolved within an information-context to obtain a physical resource-representation.
 Computation Computation is the reification of a resource to a physical resource-representation.
 Immutability Resource representations are immutable.
 Transreption Transreption (short for transrepresentation) is the isomorphic lossless transformation of one physical resource-representation to another.

See also
Microservices
NetKernel

References

 

Software architecture