omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Paint adhesion testing. In the paint and coating industries, paint adhesion testing  is often used to determine if the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to which they are applied. Several tests measure the resistance of paints and coatings from substrates: cross-cut test, scrape adhesion,  pull-off test, and others.

Scrape Adhesion Test

The scrape adhesion test measures the determination of the adhesion of organic coatings when applied to smooth, flat panel surfaces. It is helpful in giving relative ratings for a number of coated panels showing significant differences in adhesion. The tested materials are applied uniformly to flat panels, mainly some sort of sheet metal. When the materials have dried, the adhesion is determined by pressing panels under a rounded stylus loaded with increasing weight until the coating is removed from the substrate surface.

Pull-off test

The adhesion of a coating or several coated samples of any paint product is measured by assessing the minimum tensile stress needed to detach or rupture the coating perpendicular to the substrate. Unlike the other methods, this method maximizes the tensile stress, therefore, results may not be comparable. The test is done by securing loading fixtures (dollies) perpendicular to the surface of a coating with an adhesive. Then the testing apparatus is attached to the loading fixture and aligned to apply tension perpendicular to the test surface. The force that is applied gradually increases and is monitored until a plug of coating is detached or a previously specified value is reached.

Cross-cut Test

The cross-cut test is a method for determining the resistance of paints and coatings to separation from substrates by utilizing a tool to cut a right-angle lattice pattern into the coating, penetrating 
to the substrate.

A quick pass/fail test can be accomplished through this method. When testing a multi-coat system, determination of the resistance to separating different layers from one another can be accomplished.

There are two methods described in the ASTM Specification;

ASTM D 3359 Test Method A
An X-cut is made through the film with a carbide tip tool to the substrate.
Pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut.
Tape is smoothed into place using a pencil eraser over the area of the incisions.
Tape is removed by pulling it off rapidly back over itself as close to an angle of 180°.
Adhesion is assessed on a 0 to 5 scale.

ASTM D 3359 Test Method B
A crosshatch pattern is made through the film to the substrate.
Detached flakes of coating are removed by brushing with a soft brush.
Pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the crosshatch cut.
Tape is smoothed into place using a pencil eraser over the area of the incisions.
Tape is removed by pulling it off rapidly back over itself as close to an angle of 180°.
Adhesion is assessed on a 0 to 5 scale.
[0- Greater than 65% area removed & 5 is 0% area removed]

See also
 Painter and decorator

Notes

Coatings
Tests
Ohio Valley Electric Corporation. The Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) is a company jointly owned by several parent electrical utilities. It is headquartered in Piketon, Ohio. OVEC and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Indiana-Kentucky Electrical Corporation (IKEC), own and operate two coal-fired electrical generating plants. They are the Kyger Creek Power Plant, located near Gallipolis, Ohio, and the Clifty Creek Power Plant near Madison, Indiana.

Background 
In 1952, in order to fulfill the tremendous electrical needs of an atomic enrichment plant the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was building in Piketon, Ohio, several investor-owned electrical utilities jointly formed two new energy companies—the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) and the Indiana-Kentucky Electrical Company (IKEC). Each new company built a coal-fired electrical generating plant, the Kyger Creek Power Plant near Gallipolis, Ohio, and the Clifty Creek Power Plant near Madison, Indiana. The Clifty Creek Plant had a generating capacity of 1,303,560 kilowatts, and the Kyger Creek Plant had a generating capacity of 1,086,300 kilowatts. The plants were also connected to the electrical transmission network (the "grid") providing for sales of excess and the purchase of additional power. Both plants began producing electricity in 1955. 

As the need for electrical power for the atomic plant declined, electrical output from these plants was diverted to domestic use and, in 2003, the affiliation with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) was terminated. The two "sister companies" have merged, with IKEC becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of OVEC, now headquartered in Piketon, Ohio.

In 2018, OVEC joined PJM Interconnection, a regional transmission organization (RTO) to provide additional electricity capacity and integrate its transmission lines.

Shareholders
The current shareholders of OVEC are:
American Electric Power (AEP)
AEP Ohio (assuming operations of former Columbus Southern Power Company)
Indiana Michigan Power
Buckeye Power Generating
Dayton Power and Light Company (subsidiary of AES Corporation)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric / Cinergy)
LG&E and KU Energy (subsidiary of PPL)
Louisville Gas and Electric
Kentucky Utilities
FirstEnergy
Monongahela Power (through former subsidiary Allegheny Energy)
Ohio Edison
Toledo Edison
Vectren South (formerly Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Company)
Peninsula Generating Cooperative

AEP is by far the largest stockholder.

References

External links 
 

Electric power companies of the United States
Piel Pinocchio II. The Piel CP.90 Pinocchio II was a single-seat, single-engine aerobatic sport aircraft developed in France and marketed for homebuilding. The design was based on that of Piel's Emeraude and was unrelated to Piel's first design named Pinocchio, the CP.10 and indirectly to the second, the CP.20. It was a cantilever, low-wing monoplane of conventional design with an enclosed cockpit and fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. Construction was of wood throughout.

Although Piel commenced work on the design in 1965, the first example did not fly until 1986.

Specifications

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

1980s French sport aircraft
Piel aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1986
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Carbon (journal). Carbon is a scientific journal published by Elsevier. According to the journal's website, "Carbon publishes papers that deal with original research on carbonaceous solids with an emphasis on graphene-based materials. These materials include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and filaments, graphites, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, carbon blacks, and chars."

The Editor-in-Chief is Mauricio Terrones of Penn State University (USA) and the Senior Editor is Gareth Neighbour of the Open University (UK) and these are supported by an editorial board of 14 carbon scientists.

External links 
 

Elsevier academic journals
Chemistry journals
Materials science journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1964
Nanotechnology journals
Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year
Lagdo Reservoir. Lagdo Reservoir is a reservoir located in the Northern Province of Cameroon, on the Benue River, in the Niger basin. The lake covers an area of 586 km.

History
The Lagdo dam was built between August 1977 and July 1982 by a combination of engineers and Chinese workers, along with Cameroonian labourers. The company that managed the construction was the China International Water & Electric Corp. International power company AES Corporation runs the hydroelectric dam.

Its construction was intended to supply electricity to the northern part of the country and allow the irrigation of 15,000 hectares of crops downstream. The dam is 308 m long, 40 m in height and 9 m thick. 

Its reservoir has a potential of 7.7 billion cubic meters. However, due to its aging and the silting up of its reservoir, its capacity has deteriorated over time reaching 1.6 billion m3 in 2021.

Location
The dam is located 50 km south of the city of Garoua on the Benue River. The dam is located within the Arrondissement de Lagdo in the Département de la Benoué in the North Province. It is situated more exactly at .

Floods

In 2012, water released from the dam flooded areas including Adamawa State in Nigeria, resulting in more than 10 deaths and the loss of properties worth thousands of dollars. A bigger effect of the flooding was at the lower Benue river region where more than 10,000 homes were submerged for more than two weeks. This left more than 10,000 hectares of farmland flooded and the streets of Makurdi occupied by crocodiles and other dangerous creeping creatures.

In September 2022, an operation to release a portion of water from the Lagdo Dam began to secure its installations. Consequently, Nigerian authorities have indicated that the discharge of water from Lagdo caused farmland to be submerged and heavy flooding in 13 states, thus causing the death of 25 people in Adamawa State for instance. However, the Nigerian Minister of Water Resources, Suleiman Adamu Kazaure, stated that 80% of the floods in Nigeria are caused by rainfall and not the Lagdo Reservoir, and confirmed that the cause of the flood was due to water flowing from the tributaries of Katsina Ala River and others into Benue River due to heavy downpour.

The absence of dams to contain water released from the Lagdo Dam at any point in time has been identified as a major cause for flooding in Nigeria.

References

Lakes of Cameroon
North Region (Cameroon)
Dahl–Nygaard Prize. The Dahl–Nygaard Prize is awarded annually to a senior researcher with outstanding career contributions and a younger researcher who has demonstrated great potential. The senior prize is recognized as one of the most prestigious prizes in the area of software engineering, though it is a relatively new prize.

The winners of both awards are announced at the European Conference on Object Oriented Programming (ECOOP). The prizes are named after Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, two Norwegian pioneers in the area of programming and simulation. The prize was created by the Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets (AITO) in 2004.

The recipients of the prize are:
 2024, Vienna: Rachid Guerraoui (senior prize) and Alvin Cheung (junior prize)
 2023, Seattle: Sophia Drossopoulou (senior prize) and Heather Miller (junior prize)
 2022, Berlin: Dan Ingalls (senior prize) and Magnus Madsen (junior prize)
 2021, Aarhus: Kim Bruce (senior prize) and Karim Ali (junior prize)
 2020, Berlin: Jan Vitek (senior prize) and Jonathan Bell (junior prize)
 2019, London: Laurie Hendren (senior prize) and Ilya Sergey (junior prize)
 2018, Amsterdam: Lars Bak (senior prize) and Guoqing Harry Xu (junior prize)
 2017, Barcelona: Gilad Bracha (senior prize) and Ross Tate (junior prize)
 2016, Rome: James Noble (senior prize), and Emina Torlak (junior prize)
 2015, Prague: Bjarne Stroustrup (senior prize) and Alexander J. Summers (junior prize)
 2014, Uppsala: William Cook (senior prize), Robert France (senior prize), and Tudor Gîrba (junior prize)
 2013, Montpellier: Oscar Nierstrasz (senior prize) and Matthew Parkinson (junior prize)
 2012, Beijing: Gregor Kiczales (senior prize) and Tobias Wrigstad (junior prize) 
 2011, Lancaster: Craig Chambers (senior prize) and Atsushi Igarashi (junior prize)
 2010, Maribor: Doug Lea (senior prize) and Erik Ernst (junior prize)
 2009, Genoa: David Ungar (senior prize)
 2008, Paphos: Akinori Yonezawa (senior prize) and Wolfgang De Meuter (junior prize)
 2007, Berlin: Luca Cardelli (senior prize) and Jonathan Aldrich (junior prize)
 2006, Nantes: Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and (posthumously) John Vlissides
 2005, Glasgow: Bertrand Meyer (senior prize) and Gail C. Murphy (junior prize)

See also 

 List of computer science awards

References

External links 
 

Computer science awards
No. 6 Repair Depot RCAF. No. 6 Repair Depot (6 RD) was an aircraft modification and repair unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force's Air Materiel Command located at  Trenton, Ontario. Duties of No. 6 RD included handling aircraft at other stations around southern Ontario and assisting with aircraft being serviced or modified at other locations such as Avro where aircraft were modified for postwar use. No. 6RD personnel ferried many aircraft types to and from Trenton, and flew aircraft to storage facilities after the Second World War. Aircraft salvage was another responsibility. Crashed aircraft or aircraft that had forced-landed were cleaned up or dismantled to be shipped back to Trenton.

CFB Trenton was built over swamps and sometimes No. 6 RD personnel lived in tents for temporary housing.  Nicknamed "tent city", the mechanics had to sleep there for many weeks in a row.  During New Year's Eve of 1952, fireworks set fire to hangar No. 9 and it burned to the ground along with three Lancasters, two Mitchells, one Grumman Goose, a Harvard and numerous pieces of handling equipment. No. 6RD specialized in the repair of North American Harvard trainers as well as  Avro Ansons, Liberators and Spitfires for the RCAF and the RAF in 1940 until after the Second World War.  The unit's slogan was "Nil Nobis Irreparabile" (Translation: Nothing Beyond Repair For Us") until 1978 when they changed their slogan to "Excellence".  In 1970, the name changed to the Aerospace Maintenance Development Unit, or AMDU.  The AMDU helped in the exchange of the Canadian CF-5s to Venezuela. Also, the No. 6 RD personnel built the Silver Dart II in 1959.

Commanding officers
 G/C F.L. Tretheway (Mar. 1940 – Oct. 1941)
 G/C.A.H. Simmonds (RAF) (Oct. 1941 – Sept. 1942)
 G/C W.M. Keddie (RAF)
 G/C A.R. Layard, OBE
 G/C G.G. Truscott, OBE
 G/C S.A. Greene, MBE
 G/C D.H. McCaul, CD
 G/C T.A. Spruston, MBE
 W/C W.H. Smith
 G/C C.R. Thompson, CD
 G/C E.P. Brigland, CD
 G/C A.I. Pudsley, CD
 Col M.T. Friedl, CD
 LCol R.F. Brown, CD
 Col J.W. Garland, DGC, CD
 Col W.G. Doupe, CD
 Col J.H. Spratley, CD
 Col J.D. Young CD
 Col M.F. Phillips, CD
 Col R.I. McDowell, CD
 Col G.G. Chivers, CD

References

 

 

 

Royal Canadian Air Force
Project Jefferson. Project Jefferson was a covert U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency program designed to determine if the current anthrax vaccine was effective against genetically modified bacteria. The program's legal status under the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is disputed.

History

The operation
Project Jefferson began in 1997 and was designed to reproduce a strain of genetically modified anthrax isolated by Russian scientists during the 1990s. The goal was to determine whether or not the strain was resistant to the commercially available U.S. anthrax vaccine.

Reportage
The project was disclosed in a September 4, 2001 article in The New York Times. Reporters Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad collaborated to write the article. It is presumed that the reporters had knowledge of the program for at least several months; shortly after the article appeared they published a book that detailed the story further. The 2001 book, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, and the article are the only publicly available sources detailing Project Jefferson and its sister projects, Bacchus and Clear Vision.

Legality
Project Jefferson was operated by the Defense Intelligence Agency and reviewed by lawyers at the Pentagon. Those lawyers determined that Project Jefferson was in line with the BWC. Despite assertions from the Clinton and Bush administrations that the project, and its sisters, were legal, several international legal scholars disagreed.

Notable was the fact that the clandestine program was omitted from BWC confidence-building measure (CBM) declarations. These measures were introduced to the BWC in 1986 and 1991 to strengthen the treaty, the U.S. had long been a proponent of their value and some asserted that these tests damaged American credibility. U.S. desire to keep such programs secret was, according to Bush administration officials, a "significant reason" that Bush rejected a draft agreement signed by 143 nations to strengthen the BWC.

References

Further reading
Miller, Judith, Engelberg, Stephen and Broad, William J. Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, (Google Books), Simon and Schuster, 2002, ().
Thor Duffin, The Jefferson Project, Steinwald Books, 2010, ()

Arms control
Biological warfare
Military projects of the United States
1997 establishments in the United States
ECoupled. eCoupled is a proprietary near-field wireless energy transfer technology developed by Fulton Innovation, a division of Alticor. It provides wireless power transfer via inductive coupling between a primary transmission coil and a secondary receiving coil. A single primary coil can provide power to multiple secondary coils at the same time.

eCoupled technology uses its wireless data transfer and authentication capabilities to automatically identify compatible products that need to be charged, the products' charge states, and the most efficient level at which to power the device(s) in question. It also stops power transmission when the device with the receiving electricity is turned off or fully charged. Power can be transferred at up to 98 percent efficiency. eCoupled is designed to provide wireless power transfer for products ranging from low-power devices such as cell phones and media players to laptop computers and power tools. Fulton Innovation has over 220 patents filed and pending on the eCoupled system.

History 

eCoupled technology is not the first system developed to transmit energy wirelessly. Transformers use inductively coupled circuits to transmit electrical energy. Energy transmission without wires was pioneered by researchers such as Nikola Tesla, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, and Guglielmo Marconi.

eCoupled was developed by researchers at sister company Amway roughly ten years ago, and first sold as part of Amway's eSpring water purification system in 2001. Previously, the design team had experienced issues with the durability and corrosion of electrical connections inside the device. By replacing the wired power supply with an inductively coupled one, the eSpring design team was able to hermetically seal the electrical components, improve reliability, and simplify the overall product design.

In 2008, it was announced that Fulton Innovation was forming the world's first Wireless Power Consortium with other companies such as Texas Instruments, Philips, and Sanyo to establish a global standard for wireless power delivery.

See also
 Inductive charging
 Inductive coupling
 Near field
 Splashpower
 Wireless energy transfer
 Alticor
 Amway

References

External links 
 Fulton Innovation LLC

Wireless energy transfer
Driver Verifier. Driver Verifier is a tool included in Microsoft Windows that replaces the default operating system subroutines with ones that are specifically developed to catch device driver bugs. Once enabled, it monitors and stresses drivers to detect illegal function calls or actions that may be causing system corruption. It acts within the kernel mode and can target specific device drivers for continual checking or make driver verifier functionality multithreaded, so that several device drivers can be stressed at the same time. It can simulate certain conditions such as low memory, I/O verification, pool tracking, IRQL checking, deadlock detection, DMA checks, IRP logging, etc. The verifier works by forcing drivers to work with minimal resources, making potential errors that might happen only rarely in a working system manifest immediately. Typically fatal system errors are generated by the stressed drivers in the test environment, producing core dumps that can be analysed and debugged immediately; without stressing, intermittent faults would occur in the field, without proper troubleshooting facilities or personnel.

Driver Verifier (Verifier.exe) was first introduced as a command-line utility in Windows 2000; in Windows XP, it gained an easy-to-use graphical user interface, called Driver Verifier Manager, that makes it possible to enable a standard or custom set of settings to select which drivers to test and verify. Each new Windows version has since introduced several new, more stringent checks for testing and verifying drivers and detecting new classes of driver defects.

Driver Verifier is not normally used on machines used in productive work. It can cause undetected and relatively harmless errors in drivers to manifest, especially ones not digitally signed by Windows Hardware Quality Labs, causing blue screen fatal system errors. It also causes resource-starved drivers to underperform and slow general operation if the constraints imposed by Verifier are not reversed after debugging. Microsoft recommends against verifying all drivers at the same time.

References

External links
 Driver Verifier Homepage

Windows components
Device drivers
David Simbi. David Simbi is a Zimbabwean engineer and a Professor of Corrosion Engineering. He is the Vice-Chancellor of the Chinhoyi University of Technology.

Career
David  Simbi is a distinguished scholar and professional metallurgical engineer who graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Hons) degree in applied chemistry from the University of Portsmouth (then Portsmouth Polytechnic) in 1981. He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree in metallurgy from the University of Leeds in 1985. After a short stint with the Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (1985 – 1988), Professor Simbi joined the University of Zimbabwe in August 1988 as a lecturer in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering. Professor Simbi has received numerous academic honours and awards and has also presented papers at local and international conferences.

Professor Simbi has served the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Zimbabwe as: 
Lecturer (1988 – 1993); 
Senior Lecturer (1994-2001); 
Associate Professor (2002-2004); 
Professor (2005 to date).

Over the years, Professor Simbi has served as external examiner at the University of Cape Town, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, University of Zambia, University of Namibia and the National University of Science and Technology (Zimbabwe).

As a professional metallurgical engineer, Professor Simbi is: 
A Fellow of the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers; 
Fellow of Institute of Corrosion (UK); 
Chartered Engineer (Engineering Council, UK); 
Fellow of the Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences.

In recognition of his contribution in the development of the engineering profession in Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers conferred Professor Simbi with a life Honorary Fellowship in 2008

Professor Simbi has administrative experience, serving as;

Chairman of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering (1991-1994; 1996–1999); 
Deputy Dean (1997-1999; 2003)
Dean of Engineering (2004 – 2005) at the University of Zimbabwe.

Professor Simbi represented the Faculty of Engineering at several committees of the University of Zimbabwe (Research Board, Open days, Teacher Education, Academic, Institute of Development Studies, Institute of Environmental Science, Budget (Sciences area) and Honorary Degrees).

He also served as Proctor (Faculty of Engineering: 1990–1994; 1996; 1998–1999).

In 2005, Professor Simbi was appointed Pro- Vice Chancellor of Chinhoyi University of Technology and ultimately Vice Chancellor in 2007.

Professor Simbi continues to work with the University of Zimbabwe in the resuscitation of programmes in the Departments of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. His contribution to the development of engineering education nationally and internationally is remarkable

References

21st-century Zimbabwean engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Chinhoyi University of Technology
Fellows of the Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences