omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Instituto de Tecnologia Intuitiva e Bioarquitetura. The Instituto de Tecnologia Intuitiva e Bioarquitetura (English: Institute of Intuitive Technology and Bio-Architecture), or TIBÁ, is an eco-centre located in the coastal jungle of Brazil (Mata Atlântica), dedicated to demonstrating and teaching sustainable development and "barefoot" construction techniques.

It was founded in 1987 by Rose and Johan van Lengen, author of the grassroots construction manual, The Barefoot Architect. The book has gained worldwide popularity with its advocacy of, and detailed instruction on, appropriate technology and natural building techniques for builders, architects, and students.

The name TIBÁ comes from a Tupi language (Brazilian Amazonian tribe) expression meaning "a place where many people meet".

History
Johan van Lengen was born in Amsterdam in 1930. He graduated from a course in architecture at the University of Oregon. He found work for the UN and the Secretariat of Social Development, and worked on re-urbanization in Brazil. In 1987, Johan and his wife Rose bought an old coffee plantation in Bom Jardim with the intent of starting the institute.

Immediately the two started several constructions and a reforestation project. The bio-architecture school was established to provide a place in which students can share and learn these techniques hands-on. The school began to attract many students, and a program of workshops was developed.

Since 2015 TIBA has been directed by Marc van Lengen, Johan`s oldest son and Aga Probala. Through the wide range of educational courses and programs the institute continues to bring people together in a soul-and mind-nourishing setting, aiming to inspire and create a sustainable future.

Workshops 
Various workshops are held year round in sustainable construction (so called bio-construction), agroforestry, sanitation, communication and education.

Specialist workshops held throughout the year include:
 Bio-Architecture Techniques, such as earth construction, bamboo construction, ferro-concrete, composting toilets, greywater reuse/biological filters, and green roofs
 Earth Construction Techniques, including: adobe, rammed earth, wattle and daub, cob, superadobe, natural paints/pigments, and natural finishes/plasters
 Bamboo Construction (instructed by Jörg Stamm, master carpenter of the Green School in Bali) 
 Agroforestry, as taught by Ernst Götsch
 Plantas Alimentícias Não Convencionais, an academic and popular movement in Brazil propagating unconventional edible plants
 Introduction to Permaculture

See also

 Appropriate Technology
 Natural Building
 Ecological Sanitation
 Green Building
 Sustainable Architecture
 Vernacular Architecture
 Sustainable Agriculture
 Forest Gardening
 Forest Farming
 Agroforestry

References

Sustainability in Brazil
Waste organizations
Renewable energy organizations
Appropriate technology organizations
Time-dependent neutronics and temperatures. TIme-dependent neutronics and temperatures (TINTE) is a two-group diffusion code for the study of nuclear and thermal behavior of high temperature reactors.  It was developed by Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany, formally known as KFA (), to investigate HTGRs in 2D (r-Z) geometry.

See also
 Neutron transport
 Nuclear technology

Nuclear power reactor types
Alarm-class torpedo gunboat. The Alarm-class torpedo gunboat was the penultimate class of torpedo gunboat built for the Royal Navy.  The class was contemporary with the early torpedo boat destroyers, which were faster and thus better suited to pursuit of enemy torpedo boats.  By World War I the class had either been sold, converted to submarine depot ships or minesweepers, or reduced to harbour service.  Three of the class were lost during World War I while serving in the minesweeping role.

Design
The Alarm class was designed by Sir William White in 1889 as an enlarged version of his previous Sharpshooter class.  They had a length overall of , a beam of  and a displacement of 810 tons.  They were engined with two sets of vertical triple-expansion steam engines, two locomotive boilers, and twin screws.  This layout produced , giving them a speed of  with forced draught.  They carried between 100 and 160 tons of coal and were manned by 91 sailors and officers.

Thornycroft Special - HMS Speedy
While officially classed with the Alarm class, the Speedy was actually a separate design. The Naval Defence Act of 1889 authorised the purchase of an Alarm-class torpedo gunboat built to a design by John I. Thornycroft & Company and built in their yard at Chiswick.  Speedy was a three-funnelled vessel (compared to the two-funnelled Admiralty design), but the key difference was the use of water-tube boilers instead of locomotive-type boilers; she produced at least  and could make .  The use of water-tube boilers was a key feature of the new torpedo boat destroyers that would make torpedo gunboats (including the Alarm class) obsolete.

Armament
At build the class was fitted with two QF /45-pounder guns, four 3-pounder guns and one Gardner machine gun. Five  torpedo tubes were fitted in the first five vessels, but this was changed to three 18-inch (450mm) torpedo tubes in the rest of the class.  They were arranged as a pair of revolving deck mounts, a pair of fixed deck mounts (deleted in the later vessels) and a single bow-mounted tube; three reloads were provided.

Ships

References

Bibliography

 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Torpedo gunboat classes
 A
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media in 18 issues per year. It covers all aspects of advanced manufacturing technology, such as robotics, artificial intelligence (including speech technology), vision and tactile sensing, grippers, programmable controllers, lasers and other advanced processes, programmable assembly, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing, inspection, automatic test equipment, simulation, motors, controls and drives, local area networking, production planning and control, logistics and supply chain management, human factors, and economics. The editor-in-chief is A.Y.C. Nee (National University of Singapore).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.601.

References

External links 

English-language journals
Engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1985
Robotics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Marder (submarine). Marder (Pine Marten) was a German midget submarine developed from the Neger. The craft was  long and unlike the Neger included a flooding tank in the nose allowing it to dive. Another improvement was the dome through which the pilot viewed the outside world that also served as the craft's entrance and exit was made openable from the inside. Maximum diving depth was about .

The submarine's first operations took place on the night of 2 August 1944, when Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine'''s Small Battle Units made their largest effort of the war. 58 human torpedoes of the Neger-type and 22 Linse vessels were launched against Allied shipping off Normandy as part of a combined operation with Negers and explosive Linse boats.  One Royal Navy destroyer escort,  was sunk by a human torpedo along with one minesweeper, , and one landing craft by the German motor boats; at a cost of 41 Neger and 22 Linsen craft.

References

Bibliography
 Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War Two.'' Arms and Armour, London, Great Britain, 1990. .
 

Midget submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
Crystal Growth & Design. Crystal Growth & Design is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in January 2001 as a bimonthly journal and changed to a monthly frequency in 2006. The editor-in-chief is Jonathan W. Steed from Durham University.

Aims and scope
The focus of the journal is theory and experimentation pertaining to the design, growth, and application of crystalline materials. Processes involved in achieving the various stages of development are also covered. Included in this focus is the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these materials, and how these impact the process. Fundamental research, which contributes to these areas, is also part of the scope of this journal. The intended audience is scientists and engineers working in the fields of crystal growth, crystal engineering, and the industrial application of crystalline materials.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed in Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Chemical Abstracts Service/CASSI.

Most cited articles 
The most cited recent articles are:

References

American Chemical Society academic journals
Academic journals established in 2001
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Crystallography journals
Energy & Fuels. Energy & Fuels is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1987. Its publication frequency switched from bimonthly to monthly in 2009. The editor-in-chief is Hongwei Wu (Curtin University).

According to the American Chemical Society, Energy & Fuels publishes reports of research in the technical area defined by the intersection of the disciplines of chemistry and chemical engineering and the application domain of non-nuclear energy and fuels.

Editors
The following are the current list of Executive Editors and Associate Editors serving the Journal.

Executive Editors:
 Anthony Dufour, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)
 Praveen Linga, National University of Singapore

Associate Editors:
 Martha Liliana Chacón-Patiño, Florida State University
 Lamia Goual, University of Wyoming
 Ping He, Nanjing University
 Yijiao Jiang, Macquarie University
 Anja Oasmaa, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
 Fateme Rezaei, Missouri University of Science and Technology
 Jitendra Sangwai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras
 Zongping Shao, Nanjing Tech University
 Minghou Xu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
 Yunlong Zhang, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 Journal Impact Factor of 5.3

References

External links 
 

American Chemical Society academic journals
Energy and fuel journals
Academic journals established in 1987
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. The Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1956 by the American Chemical Society. JCED is currently indexed in: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, British Library, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and SwetsWise.

The current Editor is J. Ilja Siepmann. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.6.

References

External links

American Chemical Society academic journals
Academic journals established in 1956
Monthly journals
Chemical engineering journals
English-language journals
Bisson-class destroyer. The Bisson class consisted of six destroyers built for the French Navy during the 1910s. One ship was lost during the First World War, but the others survived to be scrapped afterwards.

Design and description
The Bisson class were enlarged versions of the preceding  built to a more standardized design. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of , a beam of , and a draft of . Designed to displace , they displaced  at normal load. Their crew numbered 80–83 men.

The ships were powered by a pair of steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by four Indret water-tube boilers. The engines were designed to produce  which was intended to give the ships a speed of . The ships carried  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at cruising speeds of .

The primary armament of the Bisson-class ships consisted of two  Modèle 1893 guns in single mounts, one each fore and aft of the superstructure, and four  Modèle 1902 guns distributed amidships. They were also fitted with two twin mounts for  torpedo tubes amidships.

Ships

The class is named in tribute to the French Admiral Hippolyte Bisson who sacrificed himself aboard the ship Panayoti in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence.

Service history
The class served primarily in the Mediterranean Sea during the First World War, with Bisson sinking the Austrian submarine  on 13 August 1915 and Renaudin being sunk by  in return.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 

 

 
Destroyer classes
Destroyers of the French Navy
 
Ship classes of the French Navy
LDE Nos. 3 to 6. Locomotive nos. 3 to 6 were early, German, four-coupled, tank engines designed for shunting duties with the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company (Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn or LDE).

History 
These four locomotives were delivered in 1874 by Wöhlert in Berlin to the LDE.

After the takeover of the LDE in 1876 by the Royal Saxon State Railways, the engines were incorporated into locomotive class W VII T. As well as being issued with the new numbers 628 to 631, they were given the names GRUBE, KUNST, BLENDE and CURVE. In 1892 they were renumbered 1407 to 1410. 

The locomotives were retired before 1916.

See also 
 Royal Saxon State Railways
 List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
 Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

Sources 

 
 

0-4-0T locomotives
Locomotives of Saxony
Railway locomotives introduced in 1874
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany

Shunting locomotives
Wöhlert locomotives
Thomas Richardson (Hartlepool MP, born 1821). Thomas Richardson (6 June 1821 – 29 December 1890) was an English manufacturer of marine engines and Liberal Party politician.

Life
Richardson was born in Castle Eden, County Durham, the son of Thomas Richardson, a shipbuilder and owner of an engineering works in Hartlepool. Richardson began as an apprentice in his father's iron foundry in Castle Eden. On the death of his father in 1850, Richardson and his brother John took over the business which traded under the name of T. Richardson  Sons. Their business was manufacturing marine engines, after they built their first marine engine in 1851. They were also shipbuilders for a short time, but this side of the company went out of business in 1857.

Richardson stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in the newly enfranchised borough of The Hartlepools at the 1868 general election. He won the seat at the 1874 general election, but for financial reasons he resigned from the House of Commons in July 1875 by taking the Chiltern Hundreds He was re-elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for The Hartlepools at the 1880 general election, and held the seat until his death in December 1890, aged 69. When The Liberals split over Irish Home Rule in 1885, Richardson joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party, and was returned in 1886 as a Liberal Unionist.

Richardson lived at Kirklevington Grange in Yarm until he built Kirklevington Hall in 1884. He was a J. P. and Deputy Lieutenant for County Durham and a J.P. for the North Riding of Yorkshire.  He was a member of the Hartlepool Port and Harbour Commissioners. He was also president of Hartlepools Bicycle Club,

Family
Richardson married Maria Greenwell, the daughter of Richard Greenwell, a Sunderland shipowner, in 1843. They had two daughters and four sons.

References

External links 
 

1821 births
1890 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
People from Yarm
Deputy lieutenants of Durham
19th-century English businesspeople
Saxon VI. The Saxon VI were a class of early German, express train, steam locomotives operated by the Royal Saxon State Railways (Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen or K. Sächs. Sts. E. B.).

Between 1860 and 1867 Hartmann had supplied 24 locomotives to the Western State Railway and in 1865 Borsig delivered a further nine; all of which were transferred to the Royal Saxon State Railways in 1869. In 1870 another eight locomotives by Hartmann went straight to the state railway. As  "fast-stopping train" (Eilzug) locomotives they were classified as B VI and H VI according to their manufacturer. In 1874 Schwartzkopff had delivered 14  express engines to the  Berlin-Dresden Railway. After the company had been nationalised in 1887 by Prussia, the line and its running and rolling stock were divided in 1888 between Prussia and Saxony. Six of these express locomotives were given to the K. Sächs. Sts. E. B. as Class Schw VI, the other eight went into the Prussian state railways. The Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company had also procured 6 express train locomotives in 1875 and another 6 in 1876 from Henschel, which after nationalisation in 1876 were classified as Hsch VI or even Hl VI.

The first examples still had a boiler with a rectangular dome by Stephenson and a forked frame. Later models (Schwartzkopff, Henschel) were built with a Crampton boiler and full plate frame. Because some of their technical details differed markedly from those of the Borsig and Hartmann batches (smaller driving wheels, higher boiler pressure) they are given at several places in the table in brackets. All examples had horizontal, outside cylinders. Two engines from the 1870 Hartmann batch were given a Nowotny carrying axle in 1885, changing the axle arrangement from 1B to 1'B and the classification to  H VIb. The older Class VI models (in 1896 manufacturer's code letter(s) were dropped from the classification) were taken out of service about the start of the 20th century (by 1905); those from Schwartzkopff- and Henschel followed from 1910 onwards. Even though these machines had already become rarities in the 1920s, three examples were still included in the preliminary Deutsche Reichsbahn renumbering plan as 34 8001–8003; but the class was no longer represented by the time the final numbering scheme came out in 1925.

See also 
Royal Saxon State Railways
List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

Sources 

 
 

2-4-0 locomotives
06
Borsig locomotives
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives
Berliner locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1860
1B n2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Adams axle. The  Adams axle is a form of radial axle for rail locomotives that enable them to negotiate curves more easily. It was invented by William Bridges Adams and patented in 1865. The invention uses  axle boxes that slide on an arc in shaped horn blocks, so allowing the axle to slide out to either side. This is similar to the movement of a Bissell truck, but with the notional centre point of the curve being where the  pivot of the truck would be. This design, using slide bearings, is more expensive than one employing a shaft, but takes up less space.

Trials
In 1865 the Society of Engineers, London, made direct comparison between the radial axle, invented by William Bridges Adams, and a bogie design with an india-rubber central bearing invented by William Adams: during trials on the North London Railway the laterally sprung bogie was thought superior to the radial axle, but when William Adams moved from the NLR to the London and South Western Railway he adopted the design of his rival William Bridges Adams; the locomotives now known as Adams Radials are named after the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent, but are famous for the axle invented by William Bridges Adams.

Notwithstanding the 1865 comparative trials of the two inventors' products, there is some confusion over the inventor of the axle. Lexicon der Eisenbahn cites William Adams (1823-1904) as the inventor.

See also
 Lateral motion device
 Luttermöller axle

References

Sources 
 Theodor Düring: Schnellzug-Dampflokomotiven der deutschen Länderbahnen 1907-1922 Frankh, Stuttgart 1972,

External links
 Adams Axle 

Steam locomotive technologies
Train axles
5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rocket. The five-inch forward-firing aircraft rocket or FFAR was an American rocket developed during World War II for attack from airplanes against ground and ship targets.

Operational history
The first FFARs were developed by the U.S. Navy and introduced in June 1943.  They had a 3.5-inch diameter and a non-explosive warhead, since they were used as an aircraft-launched anti-submarine warfare (ASW) rocket and worked by puncturing the hull. It was accurate enough for use against surface ships and land targets, but these missions required an explosive warhead. A five-inch anti-aircraft shell was attached to the 3.5-inch rocket motor, creating the five-inch FFAR, which entered service in December 1943.  Performance was limited because of the increased weight, limiting speed to 780 km/h (485 mph).  The high-velocity aircraft rocket, or HVAR, was developed to fix this flaw.

The FFAR was used by the Douglas SBD Dauntless (dive bomber), the Grumman TBF Avenger (torpedo bomber) and the Vought F4U Corsair (carrier based fighter).

See also 
 2.75 inch FFAR
 3.5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rocket
 List of rockets
RP-3
 Zuni rocket

References 
Citations

Bibliography

External links

Air-to-ground rockets of the United States
World War II weapons of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943
sv:Forward Firing Aircraft Rocket
LDE – Moldau to Mulde. The MOLDAU to MULDE series of early, German steam engines were designed as tender locomotives for the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company (Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn-Compagnie or LDE) for mixed duties.

History
As early as 1866 and 1868 the Leipzig-Dresden Railway had procured  steam engines from Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. The nine locomotives acquired in 1874/75 differed from the older batch mainly in their modern Crampton boilers and inside Allan valve gear.

In the LDE the locomotives were only given names; no running numbers or classification. On being taken over in 1876 by the Royal Saxon State Railways most of them were given new names in order to avoid duplication. In addition they were allocated the running numbers 604 to 612 and grouped into Class K III.

In 1885 their classification was changed to K II and in 1892 they were renumbered from 696 to 704. From 1896 the classification just became II. From 1900 their running numbers were raised by 2000 and the name plates were removed.

In 1904 the first locomotives were retired. Several ended up in 1920 in the fleet of the newly founded Deutsche Reichsbahn. In the preliminary renumbering plan two locomotives were allocated new running numbers: 98 7301 and 7302, the rest were not covered.

In 1923 the last locomotive in this class, the former MOLDAU, was withdrawn from the fleet.

Locomotive table

See also
 Royal Saxon State Railways
 List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses
 Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company

References

 
 
 

2-4-0 locomotives
Locomotives of Saxony
Esslingen locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1874