omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hale's Tours of the World. Hale's Tours of the World  were an attraction at amusement parks and similar venues in the early 20th century. They were specially constructed spaces designed to simulate a railway journey.

Creation
George C. Hale was born on October 28, 1849. He was a well travelled and prolific inventor, engineer and Fire Chief of Kansas City, Missouri from 1882 until retiring in 1902. Interested in the use of film, Hale came across William Keefe who had conceived the idea of an imitation railway passenger car on a circular platform that would remain motionless as a panorama of images would revolve around the "passengers" to simulate the experience of a railway journey. "Realism" would be increased with staff providing a rocking motion, a wind machine and sound effects. Lacking the financial capital, Fell teamed with Judge Fred Gifford who introduced Fell to Hale who had possibly viewed the phantom rides on tours of Great Britain. The idea was patented in 1904; Hale and Gifford soon bought out Keefe's interest in the venture.

First uses
The first appearance of Hale's Tours were at the 1904 St. Louis Exhibition. The idea was further refined under the name Pleasure Railway. The idea then appeared in New York and Chicago and spread throughout the United States and Canada with an estimated 500 Hale's Tours appearing between 1906 and 1911. In 1906 Wade C. Gifford took Hale's Tours throughout the world in Mexico, the British Isles, Continental Europe and Hong Kong.

In Britain
The American film producer and director Charles Urban, had an early franchise for Hale's Tours at 165 Oxford Street (later the Academy cinema), with main offices selling films and equipment a few hundred yards away on Wardour Street. The business seems to have been in liquidation by 1906, when the franchise for Hale's Tours was acquired by J. Henry Iles in December 1906, and a company named Hales Tours of the World Ltd. was set up in December of that year to take over the running of 165 Oxford Street. Further venues were opened in Nottingham, Manchester, Brighton, Leeds, Blackpool and Bristol.

Decline
As with most novelties, Hale's Tours gradually came to a decline as audiences tired of the idea.  A lack of films lead to infrequent changes in program and some people felt uncomfortable being in a rocking carriage at close quarters with strangers. Hales died on 14 July 1923.

In popular culture
An amusement similar to Hale's Tour appears in the 1948 film Letter from an Unknown Woman.

References

External links
Hale's Tours: Ultrarealism in the Pre-1910 Motion Picture https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224994

History of film
Rail transport films
Amusement parks in the United States
Theatrical genres
Canadian Institute of Technology. The Canadian Institute of Technology (CIT; ) is a for-profit university college located in Tirana, Albania. The university college is known to offer Bachelor and Master programs, entirely in English, divided into two faculties, the two faculties being the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Economy. Its curriculum is based on the Canadian one. The university college was established on 10 November 2021.

History and organisation
The Canadian Institute of Technology (CIT) was established on 10 November 2011. The university college's philosophy "aims to provide potential students with the necessary and competitive skills demanded by the Albanian and Balkan region as well as the European and North-American labor markets." The university college is organised in two faculties, the Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Economy.

The Faculty of Engineering is composed of the following units:
 Department of Software Engineering 
 Department of Industrial Engineering 
 Scientific Research Unit “CIRD Engineering”

The Faculty of Economy is composed of the following units:
 Department of Business Administration
 Department of Business Administration and Information Technology
 Scientific Research Unit “CIRD Economy”

The university college received accreditation on March 25, 2016.

Mission
The official website of the Canadian Institute of Technology states that "through the promotion of well-prepared curricula, teaching and research activities as well as the opening of new programs", the university college "has as its mission the development of students' individual skills and abilities, promotion of competition and improvement of education by appreciating and respecting cultural diversity and values of Albania."

References

Education in Tirana
Universities in Albania
Engineering universities and colleges
For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
2011 establishments in Albania
Educational institutions established in 2011
Buildings and structures in Tirana
Old Benton-Sardis Road Bridge. The Old Benton—Sardis Road Bridge is a historic bridge off Arkansas Highway 183 in Bauxite, Arkansas.   It is a concrete deck truss bridge, with a span of about , and is oriented east–west along an old road bed, resting on concrete abutments with diagonal wing walls.  The bridge was built in 1919 as part of a project to build a new road connecting Benton to Sardis, which would facilitate the transport of bauxite mined in the area.  Unlike other concrete bridges built at that time, this bridge included fieldstone in its guardrails, which provided a decorative aspect as well as perhaps being inexpensive locally.  The method of contracting and construction of the road and bridge, involving the establishment of a road improvement district, was an important advance in the means by which roads were built in Arkansas.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Saline County, Arkansas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas

References 

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Bridges completed in 1919
National Register of Historic Places in Saline County, Arkansas
Concrete bridges in the United States
Bauxite, Arkansas
1919 establishments in Arkansas
Advanced Library Format. Advanced Library Format (ALF), also known as IEEE 1603 or IEC 62265, is an IEEE and IEC standard that describes a data specification language for library elements used in ASIC design applications for integrated circuits.  ALF can model behavior, timing, power and noise, hot electron, electromigration, antenna effects, physical abstraction and physical implementation rules of library elements.

References

IEC 62265:2005

External links

IEEE standard 1603

IEEE DASC standards
IEC standards
Emile Bustani. Emile Morched Bustani  (Arabic: إميل مرشد البستاني) (1907- March 15, 1963) was a Lebanese entrepreneur, philanthropist and politician.

Early life and education
Bustani was born in 1907 in Dibbiyeh – Chouf. After he lost his father at age of six, Bustani was raised by American missionaries at the Gerard Institute in Sidon – South Lebanon. Later, Bustani received help from a wealthy Lebanese businessman to study engineering at the American University of Beirut, from where he received a BS in that field by 1929.

In 1930, he rejoined AUB as an instructor in Physics and as a Graduate student he received his MA in Astro-Physics by 1932. A year later in 1933, he obtained a BS in civil engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.

Career
Back in Beirut after MIT, Bustani worked for a time with the Iraq Petroleum Company, but soon founded his own Contracting and Trading Company, CAT – a company involved in laying and constructing oil pipelines, building roads and constructing cities throughout the Middle East.

Bustani was elected a Member of Parliament in Lebanon in 1951, an office he held until his death in 1963.

In 1962, he purchased the 1930 hotel called the Grand Hotel, where he and his wife used to go dancing before they married in the 1930s. He had bought the building with the intention of developing it. In order for redevelopment to happen, they needed to demolish the old hotel. Construction for the new hotel started in 1962. Bustani died before its completion. However, his wife and daughter Myrna Bustani continued the development of the project, which was finished in 1967 and named Al Bustan Hotel.

Death and legacy
Bustani died on March 15, 1963 (age 56) when his airplane crashed off the coast of Beirut in a heavy storm.

He is the father of Mirna Bustani, first woman to be elected in the Lebanese Parliament.

References 

1907 births
1963 deaths
Lebanese politicians
Lebanese philanthropists
Lebanese Maronites
20th-century philanthropists
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Lebanon
People from Chouf District
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1963
List of PowerPC-based game consoles. There are several ways in which game consoles can be categorized. One is by its console generation, and another is by its computer architecture. Game consoles have long used specialized and customized computer hardware with the base in some standardized processor instruction set architecture. In this case, it is PowerPC and Power ISA, processor architectures initially developed in the early 1990s by the AIM alliance, i.e. Apple, IBM, and Motorola.

Even though these consoles share much in regard to instruction set architecture, game consoles are still highly specialized computers so it is not common for games to be readily portable or compatible between devices. Only Nintendo has kept a level of portability between their consoles, and even there it is not universal.

The first devices used standard processors, but later consoles used bespoke processors with special features, primarily developed by or in cooperation with IBM for the explicit purpose of being in a game console. In this regard, these computers can be considered "embedded". All three major consoles of the seventh generation were PowerPC based.

As of 2019, no PowerPC-based game consoles are currently in production. The most recent release, Nintendo's Wii U, has since been discontinued and succeeded by the Nintendo Switch (which uses a Nvidia Tegra ARM processor). The Wii Mini, the last PowerPC-based game console to remain in production, was discontinued in 2017.

List

See also
PowerPC applications
List of PowerPC processors

References

Embedded systems
 
Lists of video game consoles
Reactive & Functional Polymers. Reactive & Functional Polymers is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, established in 1982 and published by Elsevier. It covers research on both the science and the technology of reactive polymers (those with functional groups) including polymers and other polymers with specific chemical reactivity or other functionality. The journal publishes both original research and review papers. The editor-in-chief is Alexander Bismarck (University of Vienna).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.975.

References

External links

Materials science journals
Chemistry journals
Elsevier academic journals
PWS-40 Junak. PWS-40 Junak (Junak literally means "brave young man") was a Polish trainer aircraft of the 1930s. First flown in the spring of 1939, it was to become the standard training aircraft of the Polish Air Force's fighter pilot schools before more advanced trainers could be delivered. However, due to the outbreak of World War II only the prototype was completed and test-flown.

A two-seat low-wing monoplane of wooden design, the PWS-40 had a trapezoidal wing covered with plywood and canvass. The plywood-covered fuselage was equipped with two open cabins. The plane had a fixed undercarriage.

Design and development
By the mid-1930s the need for a low-wing trainer aircraft became apparent and various Polish manufacturers started submitting designs to the Air Force. In late 1936 Antoni Zagórski of the Warsaw-based PZL works designed a simple trainer and sports plane powered by a Train engine. In 1937, together with Jerzy Zbrożek he rectified the design. The modified design was powered by a stronger Avia 3 engine (a clone of the BMW IIIa engine) and was named ZZ, after the initials of the designer team. However, their own company was not interested in the design and in early 1938 it was sold to the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) instead.

The PWS further modified the design, now named PWS-40 Junak, with several features cloned from a Tipsy S.2 sports plane bought the previous year for testing; additional influence came from British de Havilland DH-94 Moth Minor. The PWS intended the new plane to be a competition for heavier and more expensive home-produced trainers, including RWD-16 bis and RWD-23.

The prototype was test-flown in late April 1939 and delivered to the Institute of Aviation for further tests. The design proved promising, but certain teething problems had to be straightened out before serial production. The serial production was to start in the autumn of 1939 both in PWS and in its subsidiary in Lvov, the Lwowskie Warsztaty Lotnicze. However, the outbreak of World War II prevented any further works on both the second prototype (under construction by the time the factory was destroyed) and the first series. The first prototype was captured intact by the Germans, but its further fate remains unknown.

Variants
At the time of the invasion of Poland the PWS was also working on a thoroughly modernised version of the PWS-40. Equipped with a much more powerful engine delivering , the new aircraft was to have a smaller wingspan (), flaps and a retractable landing gear. The designers also envisaged an advanced fighter trainer, armed with machine guns and powered with a  engine.

Specifications (PWS-40 Junak)

See also

Notes

References

 

1930s Polish sport aircraft
1930s Polish civil trainer aircraft
PWS aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Indian locomotive class WL (1955). The Indian locomotive class WL of 1955 was a class of light axle load 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotives used on  broad gauge lines in India between 1955 and 1995.  A total of 109 of them were built in two batches.

The first batch, of 10 engines, was built by Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England, in 1955.  The second, main, batch, totalling 94 engines, was built in India by the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works between 1966 and 1969.

The WL class of 1955 is not to be confused with the WL class of 1939, all of which went to Pakistan upon partition in 1947. The two classes bore no resemblance to each other according to Vulcan.

Class table

Preservation

See also

Rail transport in India#History
Indian Railways
Locomotives of India
Rail transport in India

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
WL (1955)
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
4-6-2 locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Kingman Army Air Forces Flexible Gunnery School Radio Tower. The Kingman Army Air Forces Flexible Gunnery School Radio Tower, at 7000 Flightline Dr. in Kingman, Arizona is a historic structure built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1943.  It is a steel radio tower that has also been known as Kingman Army Air Field Radio Tower and as Storage Depot #41 Radio Tower.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

It is a  tall "Airdrome Traffic Control" (ATC) tower that was built to control air traffic at the Kingman Army Air Forces (KAAF)
Flexible Gunnery School.  It has a  "cab" with a hip roof.  In 1988, the cab was empty and the tower was surrounded by fencing.

It was believed to be one of only two ATCs of its type surviving in the United States.

It is located in what in 1988 was known as the Kingman Airport and Industrial Park.

References 

Government buildings completed in 1943
Buildings and structures in Kingman, Arizona
Radio masts and towers in the United States
Air traffic control
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Towers in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Kingman, Arizona
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places
1943 establishments in Arizona
Towers completed in 1943
Renewable energy in Seychelles. Renewable energy in Seychelles is a recent development in providing power to the country. Electricity for the island nation of Seychelles is primarily produced by diesel generators which must import their fuel (69 MW on Mahe and 12 MW on Praslin). Energy policy calls for 15% renewables by 2030. In June 2013, the first wind farm in Seychelles was officially inaugurated. This 6 MW power plant can produce up to 2% of the Seychelles' power and is located on Mahé Island.  It is expected that the wind farm will replace 1.6 million litres of diesel fuel annually. The wind farm is expected to generate 7 GWh of electricity and the islands consume 350 GWh of electricity per year. The project was developed by Masdar of Abu Dhabi. Unison of South Korea manufactured and installed the wind farm, with a 2-year maintenance contract upon commissioning.

Electricity production is expected to be highly seasonal with the majority of energy produced in the months of June to September when wind strength and wind probability are highest on the island of Mahe.

Project Development

The wind farm project was fully funded by the Abu Dhabi government through a $28 Million grant to the Seychelles.  The Abu Dhabi government appointed Masdar as project manager.

The wind farm was originally envisaged to be commissioned by November 2012 however this suffered several delays. The commissioning date was moved to February 2013 but just three of the eight turbines were commissioned by this date. The farm was finally fully commissioned 8 months later than first planned in June 2013.

The wind farm operator, the state owned Public Utilities Corporation (PUC), confirmed on 25 July 2013 that one of the turbines was out of operation due to an overheating transformer. This followed weeks of speculation on local social media networks that one of the turbines was not in operation. The PUC also confirmed that the farm had produced 2.4 GWh of electricity during 2013 up to 25 July 2013, approximately halfway through the windy season. Energy production from the wind farm is therefore expected to be below projections in 2013.

References
Charles Hermany. Charles Hermany (October 9, 1830 – January 18, 1908) was an engineer and architect.

Early life
Charles Hermany was born on October 9, 1830, in Lynn Township, Pennsylvania to Salome (née Wannemacher) and Samuel Hermany. He attended local schools and two terms at Minerva Seminary in Easton, Pennsylvania. He attended college and then worked on his father's farm for three years. He studied mathematics and engineering while practicing land surveying in the field.

Career
In 1853, Hermany moved to Cleveland, Ohio and accepted a position at the City Engineer's office. In 1857, he joined the Louisville Water Company in Louisville, Kentucky as first assistant to the chief engineer. He assisted Theodore Scowden in designing the Louisville Water Works buildings. He designed the Crescent Hill Water Plant. Hermany became the chief engineer and superintendent of the Louisville Water Company on January 1, 1861. He worked in that role for more than 25 years and designed water systems for Bowling Green, Kentucky and Frankfort, Kentucky. His map of a park system for the Salmagundi Club is said to have inspired Frederick Law Olmsted's work.

Hermany was also involved in the design of the River Pumping Station for the Cincinnati Water Works.

In 2009 the Louisville Water Company (LWC) celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Crescent Hill Filtration Plant. Their website notes, "the opening in 1909 culminated Chief Engineer Charles Hermany's quest for pure water. It marked 30 years of research that included building the Crescent Hill Reservoir and a landmark experiment to develop a purification process for drinking water." Hermany worked with George Warren Fuller to complete the project.

The designs have even been said to have influenced Frederick Law Olmsted who visited in 1891. A University of Kentucky student compared Hermany's work with that of Marcus Agrippa's in Imperial Rome.

Hermany was elected as a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on January 6, 1869. He was elected in November 1879 to the member of the board. He was elected vice president in 1891 and as president in 1904. He was the first president of the Engineers' and Architects' Club of Louisville and served for six terms.

Personal life
Charles Hermany's brother was the Pennsylvania German poet Edward Hermany. Charles married Sallie Adams on December 19, 1854. They had seven children, including Irene H., Emily H., Madeline and Hettie May.

Hermany died on January 18, 1908, in Cincinnati. He was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville.

References

Further reading

Technical Library of the Late Charlers Hermany: Civil Engineer, Mrs. Charles Hermany, 1908 - Technical literature - 16 pages

External links

1830 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American architects
19th-century American engineers
American civil engineers
Architects from Louisville, Kentucky
Architects from Pennsylvania
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Engineers from Pennsylvania
People from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Fu Chengyu. Fu Chengyu () is the Chairman of China Petroleum and Chemical Corp (Sinopec), the largest Asian refiner. He previously worked at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), which foresaw a five-fold increase in its profits during his presence.

Biography
Fu was born in 1951, and is a Chinese citizen of Han ethnicity. He graduated from the Northeastern University (China), and received a master's degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Southern California. He later studied at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business. In December 2014, Fu was named among the most influential people in the shipping industry according to Lloyd's List.

His early experiences in the oil industry were at the Daqing, Liaohe and Huabei oilfields.

Beginning with 1983, Fu has been Chairman of the Management Committees of joint ventures between China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and major international petroleum companies including Amoco, Chevron, Texaco, Phillips, Shell and Agip.

In 1994 he became Deputy General Manager of CNOOC Nanhai East Corporation and Vice President of Phillips Asia Inc. A year later he was appointed General Manager of the Xijiang Development Project.

In 1999, he became General Manager of CNOOC Nanhai East Corporation, and few months following that he became executive director, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of CNOOC Limited, a subsidiary of CNOOC. The following year Fu was named Vice President of CNOOC and concurrent President of CNOOC Limited.

In 2002 he was appointed chairman of the board of directors and CEO of China Oilfield Services Limited (COSL), another subsidiary of CNOOC. He became President of CNOOC, chairman and CEO of CNOOC Limited in 2003.

On 16 September 2010, he resigned from his CEO position at CNOOC Limited while keeping the position of chairman. He finally became the Chairman of the Sinopec Group in April 2011.

References

Businesspeople from Heilongjiang
Businesspeople in the oil industry
Living people
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Northeastern University (China) alumni
1951 births