omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Command missile. A command missile is a missile, the payload of which issues electronic commands. A command missile does not carry any destructive payload. Its payload is designed to be delivered to very high altitude rather than at ground targets.

A command missile might function as part of a mutually assured destruction scenario. In the event of a nuclear first strike being detected, the defending nation launches command missiles, which command retaliation from friendly units. Thus, retaliation is assured even if the nation's leadership, military chain of command, and communications infrastructure are destroyed by the first strike.

The United States operated a command missile system known as the Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS). In the event of a nuclear first strike against the continental United States, centrally located LGM-30 Minuteman missiles would be launched, each of which carried a payload that would electronically trigger a nuclear retaliation.

The Soviet Union was also known to operate command missiles.

References

Spaceflight concepts
Ballistic missiles
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design. In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design (abbreviated EN 1997 or, informally, EC 7) describes how to design geotechnical structures, using the limit state design philosophy. It is published in two parts; "General rules" and "Ground investigation and testing". It was approved by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on 12 June 2006. Like other Eurocodes, it became mandatory in member states in March 2010.

Eurocode 7 is intended to:
be used in conjunction with EN 1990, which establishes the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability, describes the basis of design and verification and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability,
be applied to the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering works and it is concerned with the requirements for strength, stability, serviceability and durability of structures.

Eurocode 7 is composed of the following parts

Part 1: General rules
EN 1997-1 is intended to be used as a general basis for the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering works.

Contents
 General
 Basis of design
 Geotechnical data
 Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance
 Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement
 Spread foundations
 Deep foundation (pile foundations)
 Anchorages
 Retaining structures
 Hydraulic failure
 Overall stability
 Embankments

EN 1997-1 is accompanied by Annexes A to J, which provide:
Annex A Recommended partial safety factor values; different values of the partial factors may be set by the National annex.
Annexes B to J Supplementary informative guidance such as internationally applied calculation methods.

Part 2: Ground investigation and testing
EN 1997-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1 and provides rules supplementary to EN 1997-1 related to planning and reporting of ground investigations, general requirements for a range of commonly used laboratory and field tests, interpretation and evaluation of test results and derivation of values of geotechnical parameters and coefficients.

Part 3: Design assisted by field testing
There is no longer a Part 3. It was amalgamated into EN 1997-2

References

External links 
 Eurocodes: Building the Future The European Commission Website on the EN Eurocodes
Eurocodes Expert UK construction industry website with comprehensive information and support resources for implementation of the BS EN Eurocodes.
A Designers' Simple Guide to BS EN 1997 UK design guide with several worked examples using EN 1997.
EN 1997: Geotechnical design
EN 1997: Geotechnical design - "Eurocodes: Background and applications" workshop 

Geology
Geotechnical engineering
Civil engineering
01997
Reinforced concrete
7
2010 in the European Union
Rubik's Triamid. The Rubik's Triamid is a mechanical puzzle invented by Ernő Rubik and released in 1990 by Matchbox.  The puzzle was patented in Hungary in 1991.  It was re-released in 2017 at the American International Toy Fair by Winning Moves.

The puzzle is similar to the Rubik's Cube in that the objective is to manipulate the puzzle until all sides are uniform in colour. The puzzle itself forms a triangular pyramid, so that there are four sides and colours.

Rules
Unlike the Cube, the Triamid is easy to disassemble as it is made of ten individual pieces (each with four coloured sides) and four joining sections.  Following the rules, to solve the puzzle the user must remove a small pyramid (of four pieces) from any of the four end points, rotate it, and reattach it.

The puzzle is superficially similar to the Pyraminx but, unlike that puzzle, it is possible to move pieces between a side and a corner position.

Pieces
Each piece of the puzzle has four faces. Of the ten pieces:
 six pieces have two colours, and
 four pieces have three colours (that is, they have only one colour repeated).
In the solved state, the four pieces with three colours must lie on the end points of the pyramid.

References

External links
 Jaap's Puzzle page

Combination puzzles
Educational toys
Hungarian inventions
Mechanical puzzles
Guru Gobind Singh Refinery. Guru Gobind Singh Refinery (GGSR) is a joint venture refinery owned by HMEL, a joint venture between HPCL and Mittal Energy Investment Pte Ltd, owned by Laxmi Mittal. It is the tenth largest refinery in India.

The work for refinery started in 2008 and the refinery became operational in March 2012. Its annual capacity is 11.3 Million tons (230,000 barrels per day). It was built at a cost of $4 billion. The refinery gets its crude oil supply from Mundra, a coastal town in Gujarat, through a 1,017 km pipeline where the oil is imported from abroad.

About
Engineers India Limited as the Project Management Consultancy (PMC) has done EPC for the entire project.

Location
GGSR is located in village Phullo Khari at distance of 2 Km from Raman Mandi and around 42 Km from Bathinda, Punjab, India.

References

External links
HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd 

Oil refineries in India
Energy in Punjab, India
Bathinda district
Memorials to Guru Gobind Singh
Hindustan Petroleum
Hindustan Petroleum buildings and structures
2012 establishments in Punjab, India
Industrial buildings completed in 2012
ArcelorMittal
Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0. Microsoft Flight Simulator, commonly known as Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0 or FS3, is a flight simulator video game. It was released in mid-1988 for the MS-DOS.

Gameplay

Microsoft Flight Simulator 3 improved the flight experience by adding additional aircraft and airports to the simulated area found in Microsoft Flight Simulator 2.0, as well as improved high-res (EGA) graphics, and other features lifted from the Amiga/ST versions.

The three simulated aircraft were the Gates Learjet 25, Cessna Skylane, and Sopwith Camel. Flight Simulator 3 also allowed the user to customize the display; multiple windows, each displaying one of several views, could be positioned and sized on the screen. The supported views included the instrument and control panel, a map view, and various external camera angles.

This version included a program to convert the old series of Sublogic Scenery Disks into scenery files (known as SCN files), which could then be copied to the FS3 directory, allowing the user to expand the FS world.

Reception
Richard Sheffield for Compute! said "If you earned your wings on an old Flight Simulator version, you'll enjoy and appreciate the improvement made to version 3.0. If you're new to the hangar, this is the package to start with."

Robert Luhn for PC World said "if you're anxious for the next step in flight simulation, pick up version 3.0."

Steve Williams for Family Computing said "The graphics of Version 3.0 look better; the game system allows for more flexibility; and the improved planes give flying aces fresh challenges while the new options help novice pilots ease into flying. Flight Simulator 3.0 leaves all the other flight simulators flapping their wings."

Reviews
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) - Sep, 1988
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) - Oct, 1988
Jeux & Stratégie #55

References

External links
Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0 at MobyGames

1988 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Microsoft Flight Simulator
Single-player video games
Sublogic games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States
Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers. The Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) is a non-profit professional organization with the objectives to promote the profession of petroleum evaluation engineering, to foster the spirit of scientific research among its Members, and to disseminate facts pertaining to petroleum evaluation engineering among its Members and the public.

External links 
 www.spee.org
 Journal of SPEE, 2008 Volume 2, has the history of the Society

Engineering societies based in the United States
Petroleum engineering
Organizations based in Houston
SBB Am 6/6. The Am 6/6, later known as Am 861, is a class of diesel shunting locomotive which were built for the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) and were intended for use as heavy hump shunters at the Limmattal classification yard.

A total of six locomotives were built jointly by Thyssen Henschel and Brown, Boveri & Cie for SBB by and these received running numbers . In the late 1990s they received modernized electrical systems

The locomotives utilized a Co′Co′ wheel arrangement and a diesel-electric transmission, had six three-phase asynchronous traction motors and Flexifloat bogies (bogies without pivots and cradles) while being powered by 1.440 kW (1,930 hp) diesel engines.

In January 2004 locomotive 18524 was withdrawn to serve as a parts donor for the remainder of the class. The other five locomotives continued in service with SBB until March 2020, by which point the remainder were withdrawn from service. As of April 2020 these locomotives are awaiting to be scrapped.

See also
 List of stock used by Swiss Federal Railways

References

Am 6 6
Co′Co′ locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Switzerland
Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1976
Shunting locomotives
MaK G 1204 BB. The MaK G 1204 BB is a four axle B'B' diesel-hydraulic locomotive with and off centre cab design built by MaK in Kiel, Germany. Eighteen of these light freight and shunting locomotives were built which were used mostly on German industrial railways, two units have worked for the Swiss Federal Railways and received the class designation Am 842.

History and design
The class are development of the 1978 MaK G 1202 design; both locomotives have the same exterior dimensions but the G 1204 has a 1,120 kW MTU 12V 396 of slightly increased power over the MTU 12V 331 engine used in the G 1202.

Operators
Ruhrkohle AG operated 6 of the class, Wanne-Herner Eisenbahn und Hafen 2, NIAG 2, Osthannoversche Eisenbahnen 2, Westfälische Landes-Eisenbahn 2, and Sersa of Switzerland 3, with one locomotive operating under a number of different companies.

Two units originally working for Sersa were transferred to the Swiss Federal Railways in 1993 and operate as SBB Am 842.000 and SBB Am 842.001.

See also
 List of stock used by Swiss Federal Railways
 MaK G 1206, higher powered development.

References

MaK locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1981
Potez 661. The Potez 661 was a four-engined metal low-wing monoplane airliner developed in France just before World War II. The single example flew with Air Afrique on French colonial routes.

Design and development

In 1936 the well-established Potez company became part of the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautique du Nord (S.N.C.A.N.), under the Law for the Nationalisation of Military Industries.  In 1937 they produced their first four-engined aircraft, the Type 661.  This was a commercial machine with seating for up to twelve passengers.  It was a low wing cantilever, almost all-metal monoplane.  The wing tapered with a nearly straight trailing edge that carried outboard balanced ailerons and split trailing edge flaps over the whole of the centre section.  The four 220 hp (164 kW)  Renault 6Q inverted inline engines were conventionally mounted of the front wing spar and drove variable-pitch twin-bladed propellers.

The fuselage was a metal monocoque, with a port side passenger door aft of six windows  on each side, one per seat. Though the standard seat arrangement was for twelve, two seats could be removed to allow the installation of chaises-longues for longer flights. The pilots' cabin was enclosed, with side by side dual control seating.  The tail unit carried twin vertical endplate fins, slightly oval on a tailplane that had strong dihedral.  The balanced rudders and elevators were metal structures with the only fabric covering used on the aircraft.  The elevators carried trim tabs.  There was a small tailwheel, the main undercarriage retracting into the inner engine nacelles.

Operational history
The first flight was on 18 July 1937.  By August 1938 the 661 had completed its Air Ministry tests and by April 1939 its 100 hr "endurance" tests.  In mid-April it was handed over to Air Afrique and had made its first flight on the trans-Africa route from Dakar to Pointe Noire.  Though only one was built before the war, it gained the reputation of being an economical transport.  There were suggestions, in war-time England at least that the Potez 661 or its more powerful development the Potez 662 might be built in occupied France for German use, but there is no evidence that any more were produced.

Variants
Potez 661 The initial prototype powered by 4x  Renault 6Q-02 air-cooled inverted in-line engines
Potez 662 A second prototype powered by 4x  Gnome & Rhône 14M-5 radial engines, with equal tapered outer wings to allow for changes in the centre of gravity with the heavier radial engines.

Specifications (Potez 661)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1930s French airliners
066
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Four-engined piston aircraft
CT&T United. CT&T United () is a manufacturer of battery electric vehicles including the eZone Medium Speed Vehicle and cZone low-speed vehicle based in South Korea. The CT&T eZone is the only electric vehicle of its type to pass the international crash test for passenger vehicles.

American assembly
CT&T United plans a "Regional Assembly and Sales" system, in which regional joint ventures in the United States would assemble cars in small factories.
On September 28, 2009 Governor of Pennsylvania Ed Rendell announced the first two such sites would be in Pennsylvania.  On May 7, 2010, the company and Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle announced they would build a plant on the island of Oahu to manufacture up to 10,000 vehicles a year.

None of the great plans listed above ever finalized.
While the CT&T AMERICA, INC. has been registered with NHTSA as a Low Speed Vehicle Manufacturer, they only sold few vehicles in 2009 and the company went out of business in 2015. CT&T never received the required EO (Executive Order) from CARB (California Air Resources Board) so the cars were not legal for sale in California.

Distributing in Japan
e-Zone is imported by Autorex, distributed by NAFCA (Nippon Automobile Fair Certificate Association). In Japan, eZone is classified under Kei car.
Autorex corp.(Japanese)
NAFCA e-Zone website(Japanese)

Model gallery

References

External links

 CT&T United web site  (Defunct)

Battery electric vehicle manufacturers
South Korean brands
Car manufacturers of South Korea
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2002
Kei cars
Electric vehicle manufacturers of South Korea
Characteristic property. A characteristic property is a chemical or physical property that helps identify and classify substances. The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. Thus, conversely, if the property of a substance changes as the sample size changes, that property is not a characteristic property. Examples of physical properties that aren't characteristic properties are mass and volume. Examples of characteristic properties include melting points, boiling points, density, viscosity, solubility, Crystal structure and crystal shape. Substances with characteristic properties can be separated. For example, in fractional distillation, liquids are separated using the boiling point. The water Boiling point is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

Identifying a substance

Every characteristic property is unique to one given substance. Scientists use characteristic properties to identify unknown substances. However, characteristic properties are most useful for distinguishing between two or more substances, not identifying a single substance. For example, isopropanol and water can be distinguished by the characteristic property of odor. Characteristic properties are used because the sample size and the shape of the substance does not matter. For example, 1 gram of lead is the same color as 100 tons of lead.

See also
Intensive and extensive properties

References

Physical quantities
Hamidullah Qalandarzai. Hamidullah Qalandarzai () was born in Surkh Rod district of Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. He is the former governor of Khost Province, replacing Arsala Jamal.

Early life
Qalandarzai was born to an ethnic Pashtun family and completed his primary education at Rahimi Primary School in Surkh Rod district of Nangarhar. In 1984, he graduated from Nangarhar High School. In the same year he was admitted to the Faculty of Engineering of Nangarhar University and graduated with a degree in engineering in 1989.

Work life
 1989 up to 1992 he was a professor in the Faculty of Engineering at Nangarhar University.
 From December 1992 he worked with the Afghan Development Association (ADA) in different position and different location of Afghanistan.
 May 2000 up to March 2004 he worked as a regional manager with ADA in southern and northern regional offices.
 Hamidullah was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Administration with the Ministry of Communications in Kabul on 20 March 2005.
 2008/2009, he was appointed as the governor of Khost Province.

Notes

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Governors of Khost Province
Pashtun politicians
People from Nangarhar Province
Nangarhar University alumni
Pashtun academics
Tamper-evident band. A tamper-evident band or security ring serves as a tamper resistant  or tamper evident function to a screw cap, lid, or closure.   The term tamper-proof is sometimes used but is  considered a misnomer given that pilfering is still technically possible. 

A security band can be integrated with the cap  or can be a separate package component.  It is a plastic or metal structure around the circumference (usually) of the closure that is often found attached below a closure in bottles, jars, and tubs.

Several variations have been developed for caps, lids, and closures.
  The use of custom printing and security printing is available. Perforations or other areas of weakness are often used to initiate and control a tear.  Sometimes engineered  frangibility is used for break-away functions.

While tamper-evident bands are not considered a challenge for recycling, it is important that the band stays attached to the cap in case of refillable bottles, because it is hard to remove the rings from intact bottles in an economical way.

The opening ring is a tamper warning: if the seal between the ring and the cap is broken, it is an indication that the cap has been opened.

Purposes
Security opening rings might have several possible purposes:
Provide clear evidence of container being opened
Deter tampering 
Deter  package pilferage
Deter product adulteration
Improved closure strength during shipping
Regulatory requirement (sometimes)

Roll-on metal closures
When an aluminum or plastic bottle cap has an integral band, it is usually connected by thin bridges. They can be molded along with the cap or slit afterwards.  When unscrewing the cap, the frangible ring breaks: the ring can separate from the cap, and two separate pieces remain, the sealing piece and the leftover ring; or the broken ring can form a "pigtail" still attached to the cap.

Shrink bands
Separate bands of shrink film can be placed over the closure and tightened in a shrink tunnel. Some have perforations or nicks to help initiate the tear.

Other
Most standard pressure sensitive tapes do not have a high degree of tamper evidence.  Some special security tapes have additional tamper evident features which offer better tamper evidence. Some have intentional weakness which cause breakage or delamination;  others have hidden messages which appear upon opening.

Examples

See also
List of bottle types, brands and companies
Tamper-evident technology
Tamper resistance
Chicago Tylenol murders

References

Further reading
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 
 "Improving Tamper-Evident Packaging: Problems, Tests and Solutions", Jack L. Rosette, 1992

Packaging
Security
Security technology