omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
AxSTREAM. AxSTREAM is a software suite designed by SoftInWay Inc. for the conceptual
design of turbines and compressors and also thermodynamic calculations
of existing turbomachinery on-design and off-design operation. The
application area of the AxSTREAM software suite covers the design and
redesign of turbomachinery, and educational fields.

AxSTREAM is used for:
 Axial turbines
 Axial compressors
 Radial turbines
 Centrifugal compressors
 Axial fans
 Blowers
 Axial-flow pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Turbopumps

While creating a new design, AxSTREAM allows the user to start from
initial inlet and outlet parameters, geometrical constraints, required mass flow rate (capacity) and rotational speed to perform preliminary
design, 1D/2D calculation and optimization. Finally, it develops the
complete flow path geometry including meridional shapes, profiles, and
IGES model of each blade airfoil. As a multidisciplinary tool, AxSTREAM
uses a simplified 1D structural module to check the design in the early
phases during 1D/2D calculation and optimization. At the final stage of
design, AxSTREAM performs 3D structural and vibration analysis to check
the blade. It is also capable of producing a Campbell Diagram to show
harmful frequencies to the system.

AxSTREAM includes a CFD module to perform 3D calculation of flow in
interblade channels for both separate blade rows and the whole flow
path.

During the optimization of new or existing flow paths, AxSTREAM enables the user:
 To change the geometry "manually" with the help of a user-friendly interface and further analysis in the 1D/2D solver and optimization using the existing infrastructure;
 To optimize the flow path using Design of Experiment methods (DoE).

While making thermodynamic calculations of the existing flow paths, AxSTREAM provides off-design operation characteristics and allows
comparison with the experiment data.

One of AxSTREAM's features is high integration of all software components, which allows users to combine separate phases of design to create a single processing chain. Having designed a flow path, AxSTREAM can export the resulting geometry to CAD/CAE systems (e.g. UGS, Pro-E, SolidWorks, Fluent, AutoCAD, ANSYS CFX, NUMECA etc.).

External links
 AxSTREAM for turbomachinery design
 Preliminary Design of LP Gas Turbine of Aircraft Engine from International Journal of Gas Turbine, Propulsion and Power Systems

Industrial design
Industrial computing
Oxmoor Copse. Oxmoor Copse is just south of the village of Abinger Hammer and to the west of the village of Abinger Common, in Surrey. It is  and is in an AONB lying within the Surrey Hills. The previous owners gave the copse to the Woodland Trust as a gift.

The copse lies on Greensand and the soil is acidic.  The main trees are mature oaks and hazel; there are also bluebells. A considerable number of trees were blown down in the 1987 storm. Replanting took place in 1991.  Arable and pastoral land surrounds the copse. On the fringes of the copse there is a considerable amount of Common Cudweed but generally the copse is species poor.

The grid reference is TQ 090 467

References

External links
 Mole Valley District Council

Woodland Trust
Nature reserves in Surrey
Forests and woodlands of Surrey
8th Space Warning Squadron. The United States Air Force's 8th Space Warning Squadron is an Air Force Reserve missile warning unit located at Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado. The 8th works alongside its active duty counterpart, the 2d Space Warning Squadron, on the Defense Support Program and Space-Based Infrared System programs.

History
The 8th Missile Warning Squadron was activated on 1 April 1986 at Eldorado Air Force Station, Texas, under Air Force Space Command. It was reassigned to the 1st Space Wing on 8 May 1987. While at Eldorado, the unit operated the AN/FPS-115 Pave Paws radar, provided warning of sea-launched or intercontinental ballistic missile attack against the continental United States or southern Canada.

The unit was redesignated as the 8th Space Warning Squadron on 15 May 1992 and reassigned to the 21st Operations Group. It was reassigned to the 21st Space Wing on 8 June 1995 before inactivating on 30 September 1995.

It was redesignated as the 8th Space Operations Squadron on 22 August 1997 and briefly activated in the reserve under the 310th Space Group on 1 September 1997 at Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado. It inactivated there on 1 October 1998.

Redesignated as the 8th Space Warning Squadron on 30 July 1999, it was activated in the reserve on 1 October 1999 at Buckley Air National Guard Base, Colorado, under the 310 Space Group, 1 Oct 1999.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 8th Missile Warning Squadron on 26 March 1986
 Activated on 1 April 1986
 Redesignated 8th Space Warning Squadron on 15 May 1992
 Inactivated on 30 September 1995
 Redesignated 8th Space Operations Squadron on 22 August 1997
 Activated in the reserve on 1 September 1997
 Inactivated on 1 October 1998
 Redesignated 8th Space Warning Squadron on 30 July 1999
 Activated in the reserve on 1 October 1999

Assignments
 Air Force Space Command, 1 April 1986
 1st Space Wing, 8 May 1987
 21st Operations Group, 15 May 1992
 21st Space Wing, 8 June–30 September 1995
 310th Space Group, 1 September 1997 – 1 October 1998
 310th Space Group, 1 October 1999
 310th Operations Group, 7 March 2008 – present

Stations
 Eldorado Air Force Station (later Eldorado Air Station), Texas, 1 April 1986 – 30 September 1995
 Falcon Air Force Base (later Schriever Air Force Base), Colorado, 1 September 1997 – 1 October 1998
 Buckley Air National Guard Base (later Buckley Air Force Base, then Buckley Space Force Base), Colorado, 1 October 1999 – present

Equipment operated
Space-Based Infrared System (???-present)
Defense Support Program (1997–present)
 AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS (1986–1995)

Decorations
 Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 1 September 1989 – 31 August 1991; 1 October 1992 – 30 September 1994; 4 September 1997 – 1 November 1998

See also
Fourteenth Air Force

References

External links
 460th Space Wing: Buckley AFB home page

Military units and formations in Colorado
Space Warning 0008
Compacted graphite iron. Compacted graphite iron (CGI), also known as vermicular graphite iron (GJV, VG, JV or GGV from the ) especially in non-English speaking countries, is a metal which is gaining popularity in applications that require either greater strength, or lower weight than cast iron.

R.D. Schelleng obtained a patent for the production of compacted graphite iron in 1965.

Metallurgy 
The graphite in compacted graphite iron differs in structure from that in gray iron because the graphite particles are shorter and thicker.

Applications 
The first commercial application for compacted graphite iron was for the brake discs for high-speed trains.

More recently compacted graphite iron has been used for diesel engine blocks.  It has proven to be useful in the manufacture of V topology diesel engines where the loading on the block is very high between the cylinder banks, and for heavy goods vehicles which use diesel engines with high combustion pressures.

It is also used for turbo housings and exhaust manifolds, in the latter case to reduce corrosion.

It is also used in NASCAR engine blocks.

See also
Malleable iron
Ductile iron

References

Ferrous alloys
K1810VM86. The K1810VM86 () is a Soviet 16-bit microprocessor, a clone of the Intel 8086 CPU with which it is binary and pin compatible. It was developed between 1982 and 1985. The original K1810VM86 supported a clock frequency of up to 5 MHz while up to 8 MHz were allowed for the later K1810VM86M (К1810ВМ86M; corresponding to Intel 8086-2). The K1810VM86 was manufactured plastic 40-pin dual in-line package (as KR1810VM86 / КР1810ВМ86) or in a 40-pin ceramic dual in-line package (as KM1810VM86 / КМ1810ВМ86 for the commercial version or M1810VM86 / М1810ВМ86 for the military version). A clone of the related Intel 8088 with its 8-bit bus was manufactured as the K1810VM88 (), also in plastic and ceramic packages.

Technology and support chips 

The K1810VM86 was manufactured with an n-MOS process.

The family consists of the following chips:

For brevity, the table above lists only the chip variants in a plastic DIP (prefix КР). Not listed separately are variants in a ceramic DIP (prefix КМ for commercial version and prefix М for the military version).

Additionally, many devices in the K580 series could be used for the K1810 series as well.

Applications
Unlike the earlier KR580VM80A which was very popular in the Soviet Union but little used elsewhere, the K1810VM86 was widely used throughout the Eastern Bloc due to it being one of the first 16-bit microprocessors available there and among those the only one with an x86 instruction set, allowing it to run MS-DOS. Examples for personal computers built based on the K1810VM86 (or the 8-bit bus variant K1810VM88) are:
 Iskra-502, Iskra-1030, Iskra-1130, Poisk in the Soviet Union
 Mazovia 1016 in Poland
 PP 01.16 in Czechoslovakia
 A7100, A7150, EC1834 in East Germany

Further development
CMOS versions equivalent to the Intel 80C86 were named KR1834VM86 (КР1834ВМ86; developed in Kyiv in 1989 / 1990 and then manufactured in Minsk) and KR1835VM86 (КР1835ВМ86). The original KR1810VM86 is still shown on the price list of 15 August 2022 of the "Kvazar" plant in Kyiv together with various support chips of the K580 and K1810 series, while the newer CMOS versions appear to be no longer in production.

A clone of the Intel 80C286 was manufactured under the name KR1847VM286 (КР1847ВМ286) but apparently did not see widespread use.

No other processors with an x86 instruction set were designed in the Soviet Union until much later the 1875VD1T (1875ВД1Т, equivalent to the Intel 80C186) and 1875VD2T (1875ВД2Т, equivalent to the Intel 80386EXTB).

See also
 Soviet integrated circuit designation

References

External links

X86 microprocessors
Computing in the Soviet Union
16-bit microprocessors
Mechanical counter. Mechanical counters are counters built using mechanical components. They typically consist of a series of disks mounted on an axle, with the digits zero through nine marked on their edge. The right most disk moves one increment with each event. Each disk except the left-most has a protrusion that, after the completion of one revolution, moves the next disk to the left one increment. Such counters have been used as odometers for bicycles and cars and in tape recorders and fuel dispensers and to control manufacturing processes. One of the largest manufacturers was the Veeder-Root company, and their name was often used for this type of counter. Mechanical counters can be made into electromechanical counters, that count electrical impulses, by adding a small solenoid.

History
An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, although the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC). It was based on chariot wheels turning 400 times in one Roman mile. For each revolution a pin on the axle engaged a 400 tooth cogwheel, thus turning it one complete revolution per mile. This engaged another gear with holes along the circumference, where pebbles (calculus) were located, that were to drop one by one into a box. The distance traveled would thus be given simply by counting the number of pebbles.

The odometer was also independently invented in ancient China, possibly by the profuse inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78 AD – 139 AD) of the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). By the 3rd century (during the Three Kingdoms Period), the Chinese had termed the device as the 'jì lĭ gŭ chē' (記里鼓車), or 'li-recording drum carriage' Chinese texts of the 3rd century tell of the mechanical carriage's functions, and as one li is traversed, a mechanical-driven wooden figure strikes a drum, and when ten li is traversed, another wooden figure would strike a gong or a bell with its mechanical-operated arm.

Examples
 Odometers
 Arithmometer
 Babbage's difference engine and analytical engine
 Mechanical counter were used to accumulate totals in tabulating machines that pioneered the data processing industry.
 Older fuel dispensers (gas pumps)
 Mechanical voting machines
 Tally counters
 Knitting counters
 Electricity meters
 Elapsed time meters

References

Further reading
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

Numeral systems
Mechanical computers
National Penghu University of Science and Technology. The National Penghu University of Science and Technology (NPU; ) is a public university located in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan. It is one of the few higher education institutions located outside of Taiwan Island.

the university offers a range of undergraduate and graduate programs, including Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Marine Engineering, Naval Architecture, and Fisheries, as well as degrees in Business Administration, Tourism, and Applied Foreign Languages.

History
The university was originally established in 1991 as the Penghu Branch of Kaohsiung Marine Academy. On 1 July 1995, it became an independent institution named National Penghu Marine Academy. On 1 August 2000, it was upgraded to National Penghu Institute of Technology and upgraded again on 1 August 2005 to become National Penghu University.

Academic structure

College of Ocean Resource and Engineering 
The Graduate Institute of Ocean Creative Industry
Department of Aquaculture
Department of Food Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering
Department of Communication Engineering

College of Humanities and Management 
Graduate Institute of Service Management
Department of Applied Foreign Languages
Department of Information Management
Department of Marketing and Logistics Management
Department of Shipping & Transportation Management

College of Tourism and Leisure 
Department of Marine Sports and Recreation
Department of Hospitality Management
Department of Tourism and Leisure Management

See also
 List of universities in Taiwan

References

External links 

  

1995 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Penghu County
Educational institutions established in 1995
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Scientific organizations based in Taiwan
Technical universities and colleges in Taiwan
Sectional cooler. A sectional cooler is a type of liquid cooled rotary drum cooler used for continuous processes in chemical engineering. Sectional coolers consist of a rotating cylinder ("drum" or "shell"), a drive unit and a support structure. At each end of the drum there are stationary chutes for material feed and outlet. Depending on the size of the cooler the drum is pivoted on a shaft running through its axis, or is supported on running treads or external ring gears. The interior of the drum consists of several wedge-shaped chambers arranged around a central hollow shaft. This arrangement is completely surrounded by a jacket of water. In the wedge-shaped chambers are angled fins or shovels which move material through the cooler as the drum is rotated.

Function 
Sectional coolers work by indirectly cooling the material passing through them with water. The water enters the cooler and reaches the space between the wedge-shaped chambers through the central hollow shaft, circulates between and around the chambers then leaves the cooler. The material to be cooled usually falls into the feed chute directly from another machine. As the drum rotates, the fins on the inside faces of the wedge-shaped sections convey the material to other end of the cooler. The rotation causes a constant mixing of the product in the chambers, providing good heat transfer and increasing efficiency. Sectional coolers can be rotated by chains, gears or by friction drive onto the drum itself.

Applications 
Any free flowing bulk material can be cooled in a sectional cooler. They are often found after rotary kilns in calcination or other similar processes. The purpose of sectional coolers is usually  to reduce the material temperature enough that it can be handled with other machines such as conveyor belts and mills. Often the cooling itself is also an important part in the production process. Typical products processed with sectional coolers include calcined petroleum coke, zinc calcine, soda ash and pigments. The entry temperature of the products can reach up to 1400 °C.

See also
 Rotary dryer
 Rotary kiln

References 

Heat exchangers
Cooling technology
Caterpillar C13. The Caterpillar C13 is an inline-6 diesel internal combustion engine made by Caterpillar. The engine is 12.5 liters in displacement (763 cubic inches). The cylinder size is 5.12 × 6.18 bore/stroke.
Engine ratings were available from 380–525 horsepower at 2100 RPM. The peak torque occurs at an engine speed of 1200 RPM.

The engine weighs over one ton at 2610 pounds. The Cat C13 is often used in Class 8 vehicles (tractor-trailers). The Gleaner A85 is a Gleaner combine harvester that uses the C13, and it is considered a class 8 vehicle. In the A85 as well as in fire trucks, it is rated at a higher horsepower.

Sample applications 

 Caterpillar 345C L excavator
 Caterpillar 730 articulated dump truck and chassis
 Caterpillar 730 EJ articulated dump truck
 Caterpillar 735 articulated dump truck and chassis
 Freightliner Century Class truck
 Gleaner A85 combine harvester
 Harimau tank
 Sisu E13TP military truck

See also

 Caterpillar C27

References

Diesel engines by model
Caterpillar Inc.
Straight-six engines
Bulldog-class survey vessel. The Bulldog class was a four ship class of survey vessels in service with the Royal Navy from the late 1960s until the start of the 21st century. Initially designed with service overseas in mind, they spent most of their careers off the British coast. A fifth ship was subsequently built to a modified design to support them in their activities. Decommissioned and sold off at the end of the 20th and start of the 21st centuries, they have continued in service as civilian vessels, with some being converted to private yachts and others entering other commercial sectors.

Design
The Bulldogs were designated as coastal survey vessels, and were a smaller variant of the earlier  designs. All four ships were built by Brooke Marine utilising merchant hulls. The resulting design was stable in a variety of sea conditions, and the class was considered to be good seakeepers, with an all-welded construction, a bulbous bow and a high flared forecastle. Anti-rolling tanks and twin rudders were also fitted. The ships used eight-cylinder Lister Blackstone diesel engines powering two variable-pitch propellers and were fitted with precise navaids, specialised echo-sounders, magnetometer and a variety of sonar and radar. Bulldog was retrospectively fitted with Marconi Hydrosearch sector scanning sonar. In addition they carried two small surveying boats (18 ft/35 ft), fitted with an array of equipment and capable of conducting surveys in shallow water.

Careers
They were intended to serve overseas in pairs, with four ships being ordered in the late 1960s:  and ;  and . Despite the original intention to use them overseas, the growth of the exploitation of the oil and gas reserves in the North Sea from the 1960s onwards led to them spending most of their time engaged in survey work off the British coast. The increased demand for their services led to the Admiralty ordering a fifth ship to a modified design in the 1980s, which became .

Fox was the first of the class to leave service, being sold to commercial interests in April 1989. Fawn was paid off in October 1991 and sold to interests in West Germany to become an offshore support vessel of the West African and Chinese coasts under the name Red Fulmar. Bulldog was paid off on 26 July 2001 and sold the following month for conversion to a luxury yacht. A major fire broke out while she was moored at Nelson, New Zealand and the conversion was not completed.  Beagle was the last to leave service. She was paid off on 7 February 2002 and sold the following month to a yacht company at Poole for conversion.

Ships

Notes

References

Auxiliary research ship classes
 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Flapping counter-torque. Flapping counter-torque is a ubiquitous passive rotational damping effect in flapping flight that arises from world frame differences in the speed of flapping wings during turns.  During a turns, flapping that is symmetrical (in velocity and speed) in the body frame of the animal is not symmetrical (in velocity or speed) in the lab frame. 

During such turns, the wings travel at different speeds (despite no change to local velocity from the perspective of the flapping animal or machine).  Thus, they create different amounts of lift and drag.  At the speed and size of flapping animals, forces created by flapping are essentially proportional to the square of velocity relative to the fluid.  Thus, even small asymmetries in (lab frame) velocity can create large asymmetries in forces or torques.  In the case of flying animals, these torques counters the turn (and is thus known as "countertorque").  Flapping countertorque specifically describes this type of damping in flapping flight, though other passive damping (rotational coutertorque) effects which arise from flapping are in the process of being described in the scientific field of animal flight biomechanics.

The first paper to show this affect did so exclusively for yaw turns (rotations about the vertical axis).  Tyson L. Hedrick, Bo Cheng, and Xinyan Deng released their research findings on the dynamics of turning and maneuverability during flight pertaining to flying animals in the report, Wingbeat Time and the Scaling of Passive Rotational Damping in Flapping Flight.  Importantly, the damping was shown to be relevant to the flapping dynamics of animals, and on a time scale close to the period of wingbeats.

The researchers recorded the flight of hummingbirds and hawkmoths using 1,000 frame-per-second video cameras. The research expanded to four other kinds of flying insects, two species of birds and a bat which all use about the same number of wing beats to complete a turn in mid-flight. The flying animals returned to regular flapping to resume a straight course of flight. 

This suggests higher wingbeat frequencies might allow both increased ability to maneuver and stabilize in flight.

References

External links
Bio-robotics Lab, University of Delaware Aerodynamics of Flexible Wings
Wingbeat Time and the Scaling of Passive Rotational Damping in Flapping Flight

Animal flight
Biomechanics
The Detroit Project. The Detroit Project was a group of people that lobbied American automakers to build cars and SUVs that have higher fuel efficiency and use alternative fuels. The group also lobbied politicians to take action to reduce the petroleum dependence of the United States.

Founders
Lawrence Bender
Laurie David
Ari Emanuel
Arianna Huffington

See also
 A Band Apart
 Participant Productions

References

External links
 http://www.detroitproject.com
 http://ourfuture.org/issues_and_campaigns/energy_independence/index.cfm

Environmental organizations based in the United States