omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Allis-Chalmers Model C. The Allis-Chalmers Model C was a small row-crop tractor manufactured by Allis-Chalmers from 1940 to 1949. It was developed from the smaller Allis-Chalmers Model B.

Description and production
The Model B was too small to work two crop rows at once. Allis-Chalmers briefly adapted the Allis-Chalmers Model WC as the RC from 1938 to 1941, but it proved expensive, so the B was adapted with wider wheel spacing options, a larger engine, and additional fuel options. The Model C used the RC's  Allis-Chalmers 4-cylinder engine, with gasoline and distillate fuel options. The C inherited the B's three-speed transmission, power take-off and hydraulics.

84,020 Model Cs were built at the Allis-Chalmers plant in West Allis, Wisconsin. In 1949 a Model C sold for about $1,200.

Model CA
Starting in 1949, the Model C was replaced by the Model CA, with greater power, allowing it to be rated as a two-plow tractor. The engine remained the same, but turned at a higher RPM and had a higher degree or compression, yielding 11 percent more power. It was provided with a new four-speed transmission, and power assist rear wheel adjustment was introduced. The CA was produced with single and narrow dual wheel front ends, and an adjustable wide front axle.

39,499 CAs were produced at West Allis until 1958, with a 1958 price of about $1,900.

References

Allis-Chalmers tractors
Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh. Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh is an Iranian British academic who is a professor at University College London. She was awarded a senior research fellowship at the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2022.

Early life and education 
Sadrzadeh is from Iran. She received her undergraduate and master's degrees at Sharif University of Technology. After earning her master's degree Sadrzadeh moved to Canada. She was a doctoral researcher first at the University of Ottawa, where she was awarded an Ontario Graduate Scholarship, a University of Ottawa Excellence Scholarship, and a Canada Female Doctoral Student Award, and then at the Université du Québec à Montréal. Her research considered epistemic logic. Alongside earning her doctorate, Sadrzadeh moved to the University of Oxford as an EPSRC postdoctoral fellow.

Research and career 
In 2011, Sadrzadeh was awarded an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Career Acceleration Fellowship. She was appointed to the faculty at Queen Mary University of London, where she combined statistical and logical methods to study how language works.

Whilst machine learning can improve reasoning about textual data, systems making use of machine learning cannot be translated to all applications. Sadrzadeh develops tensor-based mathematical models to improve these processes by combining logic, statistics and machine learning to strengthen the information from textual data. These models are based on the DisCoCat framework that she introduced with Bob Coecke and Stephen Clark. She was awarded two industrial fellowships from the Royal Academy of Engineering, which allowed her to build partnerships with the BBC. In particular she concentrated on the development of tensorial analysis for textual understanding of subtitles and news. At the time it was estimated that the average adult spends about one and a half years of their lives trying to device what to watch on broadcasting platforms. Sadrzadeh looks to improve the quality and accuracy of recommendation algorithms.

Sadrzadeh is involved in the conference SemSpace (Semantic Spaces at the Intersection of NLP, Physics, and Cognitive Science). In 2020, Sadrzadeh gave a talk "Gaussianity and typicality in matrix distributional semantics" and in 2021 she was co-organiser.
In 2022, Sadrzadeh was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering Senior Fellowship.

Selected publications

References 

Academics of University College London
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Université du Québec à Montréal alumni
Sharif University of Technology alumni
Iranian expatriate academics
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Windrose 24. The Windrose 24 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a cruiser and first built in 1974.

Production
The design was built by Laguna Yachts in the United States, between 1974 and 1983, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Windrose 24 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim and a cabin "pop-top" for increased headroom. It has a fractional sloop rig, a spooned raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable swing keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the keel extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and a drop-down dinette table on the port side that forms a double berth. The optional sliding galley is located on the starboard side and is equipped with a two-burner stove, ice box and a sink. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side. Cabin headroom is  or  with the cabin pop-top open.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 252 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "Shad Turner, who in the 1970s and 1980s also designed sailboats for W. D. Schock and Lancer, drew a whole series of boats for Laguna Yachts, including various Windroses, Lagunas, and Balboas. The result was usually, as in this case, a lightweight cruiser, not especially fast or stable, but designed for trailering and easy beaching for a picnic. Best features: Like her comp[etitor]s, the Windrose 24 has a modestly sized sailplan, in keeping with her low (25%) ballast-to-displacement ratio and swing keel of only 600 pounds. She has a poptop, which the builder claimed in brochures gives 6' 2" headroom, but at least one owner measured and got 5' 10". Ah well, either is better than the 4' 4" stooping headroom without the poptop. Worst features: The rudder, which is not retractable when traversing rocky shoals with the board up, is therefore vulnerable to damage. The winch used to raise and lower the 600-pound keel needs frequent maintenance to prevent binding and seizing. Forward V-berth is only big enough for kids."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Photo of a Windrose 24

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner
Sailboat types built by Laguna Yachts
Stellantis Hurricane engine. The Stellantis Hurricane GME-T6 engine is a twin-turbocharged straight-six engine produced by Stellantis since November 2021 at their plant in Saltillo, Mexico, and announced publicly in March 2022. It debuted with two versions, one of standard output (SO) and one of high output (HO), both featuring a start-stop system but designed for more extensive electrification in the future. Despite having cylinder spacing and bore and stroke in common with the FCA Global Medium Engine, and valvetrain similarities, "less than 5% of content on the new Hurricane is shared with existing engines." The engine was developed at the Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center in Auburn Hills, Michigan, over the course of three years. Stellantis expects the Hurricane engine to be the main internal combustion power plant for future vehicles using the STLA Large and STLA Frame in the North American market and is offering its use to other automobile manufacturers. The manufacturer claims the engine is up to 15 percent more efficient than larger engines. The engine made its debut in the Jeep Grand Wagoneer in 2022.

References

Chrysler engines
Straight-six engines
Automobile engines
Gasoline engines by model
Stellantis engines
Dead cotton. Dead cotton () is immature cotton or underdeveloped cotton that has poor dye affinity and appears as white specks on a dyed fabric.  Daniel Koechlin (1785–1871), who was a manufacturer and a chemist in Mulhouse, established the fact in 1848 that it is dead cotton fibers that resist dye. Other chemists such as Walter Crum, Albin Haller, and Herzog explored and contributed to the subject further. Crum discovered that dead fibers have very thin cell walls.

Grading 

Grading is the process of classifying cotton fibers based on certain parameters like the length of the staple, the strength of the fibers, and how even they are. There are ripe, unripe, and half-ripe cotton fibers in every lot of cotton, because the seed has fibers that grow at different maturity rates. Matured fibers are ones that have completed their growth process and have developed in all aspects. Cotton fiber has a cell wall and a lumen, and the cell wall thickens as the fiber matures. The cell wall makes up 50–80% of the cross-section of a mature cotton fiber, 30–45% of an immature cotton fiber, and less than 25% of a dead cotton fiber.

Dead or immature fibers show no tubular structure like matured fibers, instead they look like broad, solid, ribbon-like fibers which are almost transparent, with irregular twists.

Microscopic view
When cotton fibers are analyzed and assessed through a microscope, dead fibers appear differently. Dead cotton fibers have thin cell walls. In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening.

Microscopic views of dead fibers exhibit extremely thin cell walls; the fibers appear as flattened and slightly twisted tapes, with collapsed lumen.

Significance 
Dead cotton is observed as a serious defect in dyed fabrics. The problem is that it is apparent after it has been dyed. The dead fibers are difficult to spin; they lack twist and are brittle and weak. Dead fibers cause a poor surface appearance of the textile product, with increased nep grade and uneven dyeing. Any remedial action of dead cotton is really significant.

Remedies 
There are a few treatments that can help mitigate the effect of dead cotton in finished products.

 In yarn spinning, a process called combing is used to remove short and undesirable fibers which is referred to as "noil". The combing helps in reducing the immature fibers.
 Mercerization is a pretreatment that alters the fiber properties and avoids dead fibers, which helps in level dyeing.
 There are certain enzymes, such as cellulase, which can cut down on the protruding fibers and consequently reduce the dead fibers. The treatment is also called "depilling" or "biopolishing".
 Chitosan after-treatment helps in increasing the exhaustion of direct dyes and reducing the white specks caused by dead cotton. It produces superior results when redyed with a modest proportion of dye following chitosan treatment.
 There are certain direct dyes which have an ability to cover/dye dead cotton.

See also 

 Dead wool is the wool which is pulled from a dead sheep.
 Yarn realisation

References 

Cotton
Spinning
Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990. Spark M. Matsunaga Hydrogen Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1990 is a United States statute establishing a comprehensive five year management program for the domestic distribution, production, and utilization of the lighter than air and diatomic molecule known as hydrogen. The Act of Congress endorsed the development and research of renewable energy and renewable resources for hydrogen production. The United States public law standardized the energy carrier as a critical technology declaring the period 1 element for the expansion of a hydrogen economy within the continental United States.

The United States Senate bill 639 was a supersede to the United States House of Representatives bills H.R. 2793 and H.R. 4521. The Bush Administration bolstered support for the U.S. House bill H.R. 2793 providing initiatives for industry standards as an economic fuel with respect to the hydrogen highway and the hydrogen infrastructure.

Declaration of the Act
The Matsunaga Hydrogen Research and Development Act was authored as nine sections establishing the Title 42 findings, purposes, and definitions for the alternative fuel or hydrogen fuel and energy development resources.

Hydrogen Future Act of 1996
The 104th United States Congress drafted U.S. House bill H.R. 655 as introductory legislation for the hydrogen development and research programs. The Clinton Administration supported the renewable energy bill with the exception regarding obligation limitations concerning all energy supply development and research activities.

The 104th United States Congress passed House Bill H.R. 4138 furthering the continuation of the hydrogen demonstration, development, and research  programs by the United States Department of Energy. The United States energy policy legislation as congressionally endorsed was presented to the President of the United States on September 30, 1996. United States President Bill Clinton enacted the U.S. House renewable energy law on October 9, 1996.

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 
 
 
 
 

101st United States Congress
United States federal energy legislation
Energy policy of the United States
Renewable energy policy in the United States
European Space Resources Innovation Centre. The European Space Resources Innovation Centre (ESRIC) is a European center of excellence for scientific, technical, commercial and economic aspects related to the exploitation of space resources, established in 2020. ESRIC is funded and supported by the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA), managed and hosted by the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) as its own facility for the time being, and the European Space Agency (ESA) provides facilities, implements research activities at ESRIC, and provides technical and commercial support.

History 
ESRIC builds on the SpaceResources.lu initiative created in 2016, which aims at the peaceful and sustainable establishment and development of activities related to the exploration and exploitation of space resources by humans and robots. On November 11, 2016, the Luxembourg government introduced a law to regulate property rights in space. With the Law on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources (in short: Space Resources Law), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was the first European country to regulate mining in space with a national law. The Space Resources Act went into effect on August 1, 2017. In 2018 the Luxembourg Space Agency was founded.

ESRIC was created on November 18, 2020, as a center for research and development related to space resources by the Luxembourg Space Agency, the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, and the European Space Agency.

Aim and purpose 
ESRIC is dedicated, in addition to research and development, to promoting commercial initiatives and start-ups for the development, exploration and exploitation of space resources, e.g. through the transfer of knowledge.

Directors 

 2020–2022: Matthias Link
 since 2022: Kathryn Hadler

See also 

 Luxembourg Space Agency
 European Space Agency
 Asteroid mining

References

External links 

 Official Website 

Organizations established in 2020
Research institutes in Luxembourg
Science and technology in Luxembourg
Space program of Luxembourg
Asteroid mining
Windrose 22. The Windrose 22 and Laguna 22 are a series of American trailerable sailboats that were designed by W. Shad Turner as cruisers and first built in 1977.

The Windrose 22 and Laguna 22 are developments of the Balboa 22, using the same hull molds.

Production
The Windrose 22 was built by Laguna Yachts in the United States, with model years from 1977 and 1987 and the Laguna 22 between 1983 and 1987, ending when Laguna Yachts went out of business in 1986. The Balboa 22 was originally designed for Coastal Recreation, but the company was bought out by Laguna Yachts in 1981 and many of its boat designs were adapted into new models. Designer W. Shad Turner drew boats for both California-based companies and did adaptations after the buy-out.

Design
The Windrose 22 and Laguna 22 are recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They have fractional sloop rigs, raked stems, plumb transoms and transom-hung rudders, controlled by a tiller.

The boats are normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The designs have sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. The optional sliding galley is located on the starboard  side and slides under the cockpit for stowage. The head is located in the bow cabin under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is .

The designs have a PHRF racing average handicap of 246 and a hull speed of .

Variants
Windrose 22
This swing keel model was introduced in 1977 and built until 1987. It has a length overall of , a waterline length of , displaces  and carries  of ballast. The boat has a draft of  with the keel down and  with it retracted.
Windrose 22S
This fixed, shoal-draft, fin model was introduced in 1977 and built until 1987. It has a length overall of , a waterline length of , displaces  and carries  of ballast. The boat has a draft of  with the shoal draft keel.
Laguna 22
This fixed, shoal-draft, fin model has a new cabin top design, made with a new deck mold. It was introduced in 1983 and built until 1987. It has a length overall of , a waterline length of , displaces  and carries  of ballast. The boat has a draft of  with the shoal draft keel.

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "Many skippers like to think of both the Windrose 22 and the Balboa 22 swing keel versions as very similar to both the Catalina 22 ... and the Venture 22 ... There is some merit in this appraisal, except that, while all four of the boats have roughly the same total displacement (about 1,800 to 2,300 pounds), the Windrose and Balboa have considerably more ballast and less structural materials. Best features: These were boats built for economy; used boat prices are lower than average. Worst features: Because the boats were built for economy, workmanship and quality is so-so at best."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner
Sailboat types built by Laguna Yachts
Unditching beam. 
An unditching beam is a device that is used to aid in the recovery of armoured fighting vehicles when they become bogged or "ditched". The device is a beam that is attached to the continuous tracks that provides additional traction for the vehicle to extricate itself from a ditch or from boggy conditions.

The unditching beam was first introduced into service during the First World War with the British Mark IV tank. It is believed the device was designed by Philip Johnson who was serving as an engineering officer at the British Army's depot at Érin; originally the device weighed  and was constructed of a solid beam of oak with two large steel plates bolted to two sides to provide protection. When not in use it was stowed on two rails mounted on the roof of the tank that ran the entire length of the vehicle, and when employed the beam was chained to the tank's tracks, giving the vehicle something firm to drive over.

Unditching beams remain a commonly carried standard ancillary on a number of Russian produced armoured fighting vehicles.

See also
 Unditching roller

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

Automotive_engineering
World War I military equipment of the United Kingdom
Digital adoption platform. A digital adoption platform (DAP), also known as digital adoption solution, is an automated software tool layered on top of an enterprise application or digital product. A DAP is used to achieve higher adoption rate. It achieves that by guided onboarding (e.g. with guided walkthroughs on how to use the application) and providing insights into users' interaction with the application interface.

Components
A digital adoption platform is an interface between users and a digital application. A DAP provides automated in-app user guidance with the help of interactive walkthroughs, step-by-step overlays, self-help menus, and contextual information as the user navigates through the application. DAP captures user engagement and workflow information on the backend, which can then be accessed by the organization using analytics.

Use cases

Employee onboarding 
DAP helps new employees learn how to use the application on the job while they complete tasks using real-time, in-app guidance. DAP can also be considered when an application is newly introduced, upgraded, or consolidated. Customized and contextual automated support provided by a DAP reduces manual support and offline training dependency.
 
The organization can obtain insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of its application ecosystem, enabling it to understand and fix the shortcomings in its workflows. Businesses can identify application components resulting in sub-optimal employee experience and low productivity and then make the necessary reconfiguration or decide on further employee training. Usage of DAP has reportedly increased user retention and engagement rate, product adoption, and return on investment on internal applications.

User onboarding 
DAP helps new users of a digital product to achieve their Aha moment and help them get their job done (see Jobs to be done framework), using active guiding methods (such as Guided Product Walkthrough, User Onboarding Checklist) or passive guided methods (such as Hotspot Beacons).

The Return on investment is on increased Customer retention. On mobile applications, customer retention rate goes down to around 3% after 30 days post-installation. Nearly 25% users will abandon a mobile application after using it just once. This is an issue because there is a direct link between profitability of a company and the user churn rate.

Challenges

Segmentation 
Different employees of an organization may have different levels of experience in using enterprise software. The DAP, therefore, needs to deliver targeted and segmented guidance to ensure that the user experience does not get impacted by excessive or inadequate guidance information.

See also
Digital transformation
User activity monitoring
Robotic process automation
Electronic performance support systems
Web log analysis software

References

External links
Glossary of digital adoption terms
Digital Adoption for Business Transformation

Business software
Educational technology
École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz. École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz (; abbr. ENI Metz or ENIM) is a French grande ecole of engineering established in 1960. It is one of the Groupe des écoles nationales d'ingénieurs (ENI Group), but also an internal school of the Collegium National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (INPL).

It is an engineering school oriented towards mechanics and production but which, through the diversity of its training, falls into the category of so-called “generalist” schools.

Located in Metz, the ENIM is a higher public education institution recognised by the State. The school is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE).

Notable alumni 
 Denis Chevrier, a retired Formula One engineer who was the head of engine operations for the Renault F1 team from 2002 to 2007.

References

External links
 ENI Metz

Engineering universities and colleges in France
Grandes écoles
Metz
Universities and colleges established in 1960
1960 establishments in France