omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Natural hazards in Italy. According to The World Factbook, the main natural phenomena posing a threat in Italy at a regional level are landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and, in Venice, subsidence.

Landslides and mudflows 
As released by the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research (IIEPR), 2.2% of the Italian population lives in areas at high or very high risk from landslides, and 3.8% of buildings and 5.8% of cultural heritage sites are located in those places.

Between 1970 and 2019, landslides caused 1085 deaths, 10 missing people, and 1454 non-fatal injuries. The regions with the highest mortality rate in that period were Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

Earthquakes 

Being placed in the convergence between the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, Italy (with the relative exception of Sardinia) suffers from seismicity, which is particularly high along the Apennine range, in Calabria, in Sicily and in some places of Northern Italy, such as Friuli, part of Veneto, and western Liguria. According to the Italian Civil Protection, the Italian seismic hazard is medium-high, while the vulnerability is very high also due to the fragility of the Italian building stock and the exposition is extremely high, as a consequence of the population density and the cultural heritage.

Flooding 
As released by the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research (IIEPR), 10.4% of the Italian population lives in areas at high or very high risk from floods, and 9.3% of buildings and 15.3% of cultural heritage sites are located in those places.

Between 1970 and 2019, floods caused 585 deaths, 50 missing people, and 481 non-fatal injuries. The regions with the highest mortality rate in that period were Aosta Valley and Liguria.

Volcanoes 
The Italian authorities have classified the Italian volcanoes based on the time of the last eruption; besides submarine volcanoes and those considered extinct, in Italy there are dormant (Alban Hills, Phlegraean Fields, Ischia, Vesuvius, Lipari, Vulcano, Panarea, Pantelleria) and active volcanoes (Mount Etna and Stromboli).

See also 
 Geography of Italy
 List of earthquakes in Italy
 Bora (wind)

Sources 

Natural disasters in Italy
Italy
Zuzanna S. Siwy. Zuzanna Stefania Siwy (born 1972) is a Polish–American chemist at the University of California, Irvine. Her research considers synthetic nanopores and their application in ionic devices. She is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science and Foundation for Polish Science.

Early life and education 
Siwy is from Poland. She studied chemistry at the Silesian University of Technology in Poland. She graduated with a master's degree in polymer technology in 1995, before completing a doctorate in chemical sciences in 1997. Siwy was a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Florida.

Research and career 
Siwy joined the faculty at the University of California, Irvine in 2005.  In 2012 she was made Professor of Chemical Physics.  She studies synthetic nanopores, which she looks to use as templates for biomimetic channels as well as ionic diodes and transistors.

Awards and honours 

 2000 Elected Fellow of the Foundation for Polish Science
 2001 Elected Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
 2007 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow
 2008 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
 2009 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award
 2009 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
 2012 University of California, Irvine Distinguished Mid-Career Faculty Award for Research
 2013 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society
 2019 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Selected publications

References 

1972 births
Living people
American people of Polish descent
Polish women chemists
University of California, Irvine faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Inorganic chemists
21st-century Polish women scientists
21st-century Polish chemists
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
Sprinto. The Sprinto is a French trailerable sailboat that was designed by Joubert Nivelt Design as a racer and first built in 2000.

Production
The design was built by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France, starting in 2000, but it is now out of production. Archambault, which had been founded in 1967, went out of business in 2015.

The design was changed through its production run, incorporating design changes over time.

Design
The Sprinto is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars, a deck-stepped mast, wire standing rigging and a single set of swept spreaders. The hull has a plumb stem, a sharply reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a swing keel. Later models had a drop keel and a revised sailplan layout. It mounts a retractable bowsprit, displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the swing keel extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and manoeuvring.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Keelboats
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Joubert-Nivelt
Sailboat types built by Archambault Boats
GWR 4600 Class. The 4600 Class was a 4-4-2T steam locomotive built by the Great Western Railway in 1913. It was one of the GWR standard classes with two outside cylinders.

It was designed as light suburban locomotive, based on the successful 4500 class 2-6-2T engines. Compared with these, it had larger (and fewer) coupled wheels, intended to allow higher speeds with local trains. The only example built spent most of its career in the Birmingham area, and was not considered a success. The limited adhesion and restricted tank capacity meant that it did not improve on the 4500 class, and the larger 2-6-2T classes handled the suburban traffic better. It was moved to western Wales in 1918 for use on the lines to  and . It was withdrawn in 1925 and scrapped.

Notes

References

External links 
 Photograph of 4600 at Birmingham Moor Street station
 A Beginner's Guide to GWR 4-coupled tanks (includes works photo of 4600)

4-4-2T locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
4600
Railway locomotives introduced in 1913
Scrapped locomotives
Unique locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Omid Veiseh. Omid Veiseh is an American biomaterials researcher and entrepreneur. As a postdoctorate candidate at MIT, he co-founded Siglion Therapeutics, a biotechnology company which would commercialize the discoveries he and his co-founders developed. In 2016, Veiseh was offered a faculty position in the Department of Bioengineering at Rice University.

Early life and education
Veiseh earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Western Washington University and his PhD from the University of Washington. Upon completing his PhD, Veiseh completed his post-doctoral research at MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research where he co-developed a way to reduce immune-system rejection using biomedical devices. While at MIT, he co-founded Sigilon Therapeutics, a biotechnology company which would commercialize the discoveries he and his co-founders developed.

Career
Veiseh left MIT in 2016, after Rice University won a $2 million grant from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas to recruit him to their Department of Bioengineering. As an assistant professor of bioengineering, Veiseh and his laboratory earned funding from the National Institutes of Health to design hydrogel-encapsulated cells can sense blood glucose levels and produce insulin on demand. He also collaborated with Jordan Miller to combine cell-based therapy applications with 3D-printed technologies for use in Type-1 diabetes therapies.

While at Rice, Veiseh's Sigilon Therapeutics partnered with Eli Lilly and Company to develop "living drug factories" that could be safely implanted in the body and produce insulin. As a result of his efforts, Veiseh was recognized by MedTech Boston on their 40 under 40 Healthcare Innovators in 2017. Individually, he also worked alongside Ravi Ghanta to develop a novel biomaterial improve the cells’ ability to heal heart injuries.

References

External links

Living people
Rice University faculty
University of Washington alumni
Western Washington University alumni
American biomedical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
PS-2000. The PS-2000 (ПС-2000, , reconfigurable system) was a Soviet supercomputer built in the 1980s.

History
In the middle of the 1970s, it appeared, in the USSR, that the computing power available to process geophysics data, real-time space probes data, mineral prospecting, weather forecast, etc. was far to be sufficient, and that a new class of supercomputers, hundreds of times more powerful than the existing installed systems, was needed.

The development of ПС-2000 began in 1978, as a joint project between the Institute of Control Problems (IPU) in Moscow and the Impul's Scientific Production Association in Severodonetsk, under the supervision of Il’ya Itenberg and Vladislav Rezanov of Impul's and Iveri Prangishvili of IPU.
The computer entered production in 1981, and was manufactured in various configurations until 1988.

During the 1980s and the 1990s, the Roscosmos mission control computing complex was organized around an Elbrus 2 supercomputer, with a PS-2000 as a front-processing supercomputer for telemetry data.

Architecture
The PS-2000 is a SIMD-type supercomputer.

It consists of 8 to 64 processing element (PE), cadenced at 3 MHz, that are connected to each other, under the control of a common command unit (OUU), and connected each to 12 or 48 KB of memory. 
Eight processing elements are grouped in a processing device (UO).

Each PE use 24-bit registers, in fixed or floating-point format. An addition takes 0.96 μs and a multiplication takes 1.6 μs, allowing theoretic peak performances of 200 MIPS for a full configuration system.

The computer is formed from 3 cabinets types: 
 Base module : one UO and one OUU
 Extension module 1 : one UO (8 PE)
 Extension module 2 : two UO (16 PE)

In the simplest configuration, the supercomputer consists of only one cabinet. In the full configuration, with 8 UO, the supercomputer consists of 5 cabinets, organised in a double-Y shape.

References

External links
 Russian virtual computer museum
 Soviet high-speed computers : the new generation
 Advanced Architecture Computers 1989

Soviet computer systems
Supercomputers
Małgorzata Peszyńska. Małgorzata Peszyńska (born August 28, 1962) is a Polish and American applied mathematician specializing in the mathematical modeling and computational solution of flows through porous media and their geological applications, including the effects of global warming on methane locked in permafrost. She is a professor of mathematics at Oregon State University, on leave as program director for computational and data-enabled science and engineering and computational mathematics at the National Science Foundation.

Education and career
Peszyńska is originally from Warsaw, and holds dual US and Polish citizenship. After attending a special high school program for students talented in mathematics, she earned a master's degree at the Warsaw University of Technology in 1986, studying a combination of mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. She became a researcher for the Systems Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences while working towards a Ph.D. at the University of Augsburg in Germany, where her interests turned to applied mathematics. She completed the Ph.D. in 1992. Her doctoral dissertation, Flow through Fissured Media: Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Approach, was supervised by .

Keeping her research position at the Polish Academy of Sciences, she returned to the Warsaw University of Technology as an assistant professor in 1993. She visited Purdue University in the US in 1993–1995, and in 1995 moved to the US as a lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin, becoming a researcher at the university's Center for Subsurface Modeling in the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences in 1998. She took her present position at Oregon State University in 2003, beginning as an assistant professor, and was promoted to associate professor in 2006 and full professor in 2012. She began working as a program director at the National Science Foundation in 2019.

While at Oregon State, she returned to Poland in 2009–2010 as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Warsaw, and completed a habilitation through the Warsaw University of Technology in 2011.

Recognition
In 2020, Peszyńska was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, "for outstanding contributions to multidisciplinary mathematical and computational modeling of flow and transport in porous media". She is the 2021 recipient of the SIAM Activity Group on Geosciences Career Prize.

References

External links
Home page

1962 births
Living people
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
University of Augsburg alumni
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Oregon State University faculty
United States National Science Foundation officials
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Leonardo's aerial screw. The Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci drew his design for an "aerial screw" in the late 1480s, while he was employed as a military engineer by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan from 1494 to 1499.  The original drawing is part of a manuscript dated to 1487 to 1490 and appears on folio 83-verso of , part of the papers removed from the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in 1795 by Napoleon and still held by the Institut de France in Paris.

Leonardo biographer Walter Isaacson has expressed the belief that it was “devised for a theatrical spectacle”. The "aerial screw" was one of several aerial machines drawn by Leonardo, including an early parachute, an ornithopter and a hang glider.

The pen-and-ink sketch outlines an idea for a flying machine similar to a modern helicopter, with a spiral rotor or "aerial screw" based on a water screw, but intended to push against the fluid of the air instead of water.

The design comprises a large structure, built on a solid circular platform, with a central vertical pole supported by three diagonal members meeting at a small circular plate about halfway up the pole.  The upper half of the pole is the supportive axis for a large spiralling sail of linen with a radius of about , stiffened with starch.  The inner edge of the sail winds clockwise around the pole, while the outer edge of the sail is connected by ropes or wires to a ring that rotates around the lower platform.  The design envisions a crew of several people on the wooden platform running around the central pole while holding handles that rotate the sail.

Leonardo's annotations suggest that a linen aerial screw, if turned quickly enough, would push against the air and lift the structure into the air.  The notes indicate that Leonardo built small flying models of the aerial screw, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the reaction against the rotation of the sail from making the craft itself rotate in the opposite direction.  It is conceivable that Leonardo could have constructed small working models, but a full-size working version could not have been realised due to the lack of sufficiently light but strong materials, and a powerful enough drive for the screw. 

In 2022 a drone based on Leonardo's design was made by a team of engineers from University of Maryland and was presented at a conference in San Jose.

See also
 List of works by Leonardo da Vinci

References

 Folio83-verso, Manuscrit B, Institut de France
 Machines, Aerial Screw, Manuscript B, Folio 83V (1489), Leonardo3 Museum
 Leonardo da Vinci's helicopter: 15th-century flight of fancy led to modern aeronautics, The Conversation, 3 May 2019 
 Leonardo da Vinci's Aerial Screw, COVE, 22 May 2019 

Helicopters
Leonardo da Vinci
JS Hamayuki. JS Hamayuki (DD-126) was a Hatsuyuki-class destroyer of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Development and design 

Adopting Japan's first all-gas turbine engine (COGOG), equipped with well-balanced weapons such as helicopters, C4I systems, and various missiles, it is inferior to Western frigate at that time. It has been evaluated as a non-escort ship. Twelve ships were built as first-generation general-purpose escort vessels in the era of eight ships and eight aircraft, they supported the escort fleet for a long time, but now they are gradually retiring due to aging.

In addition, there are many changes to training ships, and up to three ships have been operated in the training fleet as Shimayuki-class training ships, but the decline has begun with the conversion of Hatakaze-class destroyers to training ships.

The core of the combat system is the OYQ-5 Tactical Data Processing System (TDPS), composed of one AN/UYK-20 computer and five OJ-194B workstations and capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514).

This is the first destroyer class in the JMSDF equipped with the Sea Sparrow Improved basic point defense missile system. The IBPDMS of this class uses FCS-2 fire-control systems of Japanese make and one octuple launcher at the afterdeck. And in the JMSDF, OTO Melara 76 mm compact gun and Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missile are adopted from the ship of FY1977 including this class. Also, ships built in FY1979 and beyond carried Phalanx CIWS and were retrofitted to previous ships.

Construction and career 
She was laid down on 4 February 1981 and launched on 27 May 1982 at Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Shipyard in Tamano. She commissioned on 18 November 1983.

In 1986, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1986.

On March 6, 1990, the 42nd Escort Corps was reorganized under the 3rd Escort Corps group, and the homeport was transferred to Maizuru. In the same year, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1990.

In March 2013, she underwent ship remodeling by Japan Marine United Maizuru. From the bow side to the stern, numbers 1 to 13 divided every 10 m and white and orange paint were applied, and drums for targets and heat sources were installed on the ship. On October 5, 2013, she left the Kitasui quay for shooting disposition by live-fire training. The training was held in the waters north of Wakasa Bay from the 6th to the 11th, and was the target of shooting by five escort vessels and two patrol aircraft which dropped bombs on her.

Gallery

References

1982 ships
Ships built by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding
Hatsuyuki-class destroyers
Destroyers of the Cold War
Ships sunk as targets
JS Isoyuki. JS Isoyuki (DD-127) was a Hatsuyuki-class destroyer of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Development and design 

Adopting Japan's first all-gas turbine engine (COGOG), equipped with well-balanced weapons such as helicopters, C4I systems, and various missiles, it is inferior to Western frigate at that time. It has been evaluated as a non-escort ship. Twelve ships were built as first-generation general-purpose escort vessels in the era of eight ships and eight aircraft, they supported the escort fleet for a long time, but now they are gradually retiring due to aging.

In addition, there are many changes to training ships, and up to three ships have been operated in the training fleet as Shimayuki-class training ships, but the decline has begun with the conversion of Hatakaze-class destroyers to training ships.

The core of the combat system is the OYQ-5 Tactical Data Processing System (TDPS), composed of one AN/UYK-20 computer and five OJ-194B workstations and capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514).

This is the first destroyer class in the JMSDF equipped with the Sea Sparrow Improved basic point defense missile system. The IBPDMS of this class uses FCS-2 fire-control systems of Japanese make and one octuple launcher at the afterdeck. And in the JMSDF, OTO Melara 76 mm compact gun and Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missile are adopted from the ship of FY1977 including this class. Also, ships built in FY1979 and beyond carried Phalanx CIWS and were retrofitted to previous ships.

Construction and career 
She was laid down on 20 April 1982 and launched on 19 September 1983 at IHI Corporation in Tokyo. She commissioned on 23 January 1985.

In 1986, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1986.

In 1990, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1990.

On March 13, 2014, she was removed from the register due to the commissioning of JS Suzutsuki. The final affiliation was the 13th escort fleet of the escort fleet, and the homeport was Sasebo. After that, on July 23, the same year, it was circulated to the JMU Maizuru Works, remodeled the ship, and painted white, which seems to be for aiming and measurement.

In November 2015, she was sold for scrap and departed from Maizuru to be dismantled.

Gallery

References

1983 ships
Ships built by IHI Corporation
Hatsuyuki-class destroyers
JS Haruyuki. JS Haruyuki (DD-128) was a Hatsuyuki-class destroyer of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Development and design 

Adopting Japan's first all-gas turbine engine (COGOG), equipped with well-balanced weapons such as helicopters, C4I systems, and various missiles, it is inferior to Western frigate at that time. It has been evaluated as a non-escort ship. Twelve ships were built as first-generation general-purpose escort vessels in the era of eight ships and eight aircraft, they supported the escort fleet for a long time, but now they are gradually retiring due to aging.

In addition, there are many changes to training ships, and up to three ships have been operated in the training fleet as Shimayuki-class training ships, but the decline has begun with the conversion of Hatakaze-class destroyers to training ships.

The core of the combat system is the OYQ-5 Tactical Data Processing System (TDPS), composed of one AN/UYK-20 computer and five OJ-194B workstations and capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514).

This is the first destroyer class in the JMSDF equipped with the Sea Sparrow Improved basic point defense missile system. The IBPDMS of this class uses FCS-2 fire-control systems of Japanese make and one octuple launcher at the afterdeck. And in the JMSDF, OTO Melara 76 mm compact gun and Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missile are adopted from the ship of FY1977 including this class. Also, ships built in FY1979 and beyond carried Phalanx CIWS and were retrofitted to previous ships.

Construction and career 
She was laid down on 11 March 1982 and launched on 6 September 1983 at IHI Corporation in Tokyo. She commissioned on 14 January 1985.

In 1986, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1986.

In 1988, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1988.

On March 26, 2008, due to a major reorganization of the Self-Defense Fleet, the 23rd Escort Squadron was renamed to the 13th Escort Squadron and reorganized under the escort fleet.

On March 13, 2014, she was removed from the register due to the commissioning of JS Fuyuzuki. The final affiliation is the 13th escort fleet of the escort fleet, and the homeport is Sasebo.

She was dismantled at Yatsushiro Port in September 2015.

Gallery

References

1983 ships
Ships built by IHI Corporation
Hatsuyuki-class destroyers
Destroyers of the Cold War