omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Knuth–Plass line-breaking algorithm. The Knuth–Plass algorithm is a line-breaking algorithm designed for use in Donald Knuth's typesetting program TeX. It integrates the problems of text justification and hyphenation into a single algorithm by using a discrete dynamic programming method to minimize a loss function that attempts to quantify the aesthetic qualities desired in the finished output.

The algorithm works by dividing the text into a stream of three kinds of objects: boxes, which are non-resizable chunks of content, glue, which are flexible, resizeable elements, and penalties, which represent places where breaking is undesirable (or, if negative, desirable). The loss function, known as "badness", is defined in terms of the deformation of the glue elements, and any extra penalties incurred through line breaking.

Making hyphenation decisions follows naturally from the algorithm, but the choice of possible hyphenation points within words, and optionally their preference weighting, must be performed first, and that information inserted into the text stream in advance. Knuth and Plass' original algorithm does not include page breaking, but may be modified to interface with a pagination algorithm, such as the algorithm designed by Plass in his PhD thesis.

Typically, the cost function for this technique should be modified so that it does not count the space left on the final line of a paragraph; this modification allows a paragraph to end in the middle of a line without penalty. The same technique can also be extended to take into account other factors such as the number of lines or costs for hyphenating long words.

Computational complexity 
A naive brute-force exhaustive search for the minimum badness by trying every possible combination of breakpoints would take an impractical   time. The classic Knuth-Plass dynamic programming approach to solving the minimization problem is a worst-case  algorithm but usually runs much faster in close to linear time. 

Solving for the Knuth-Plass optimum can be shown to be a special case of the convex least-weight subsequence problem, which can be solved in  time. Methods to do this include the SMAWK algorithm.

Simple example of minimum raggedness metric 

For the input text

 AAA BB CC DDDDD

with line width 6, a greedy algorithm that puts as many words on a line as possible while preserving order before moving to the next line, would produce:

 ------    Line width: 6
 AAA BB    Remaining space: 0
 CC        Remaining space: 4
 DDDDD     Remaining space: 1

The sum of squared space left over by this method is . However, the optimal solution achieves the smaller sum :

 ------    Line width: 6
 AAA       Remaining space: 3
 BB CC     Remaining space: 1
 DDDDD     Remaining space: 1

The difference here is that the first line is broken before BB instead of after it, yielding a better right margin and a lower cost 11.

References

External links 
 Breaking Paragraphs into Lines, the original paper by Knuth and Plass

Algorithms
Typography
List of projects funded by Wave Energy Scotland. This page lists the projects funded by Wave Energy Scotland. These calls have been organised into six topics, mostly with three stages (1-3). 

 Power Take-Off (PTO)
 Novel Wave Energy Converter (NWEC)
 Structural Materials and Manufacturing Processes (SMMP)
 Control Systems (CS)
 Quick Connection Systems (QCS)
 Direct Generation (DG) 
Note that the projects listed below are listed by the date awarded then alphabetically, not in any order of priority.

References 

Scotland-related lists
Wave energy converters
Wave power
JetZero. JetZero is a startup company in the aviation industry founded in Long Beach, California, in 2021. It focuses on blended wing body aircraft.
The U.S. Air Force, NASA, and a small group of private investors supplied the initial funding. 

Tom O’Leary is a co-founder and the CEO.  Mark Page is a co-founder and the Chief Technology Officer (CTO).

History
In 2023, JetZero announced its Z4 project, designed to carry 250 passengers, targeting the New Midmarket Airplane category, expecting to use existing CFM International LEAP or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G  engines. In August 2023, the U.S. Air Force announced a $235-million contract awarded over a four-year period to JetZero, culminating in first flight of the full-scale demonstrator by the first quarter of 2027. The goal of the contract is to demonstrate the capabilities of BWB technology, giving the Department of Defense and commercial industry more options for their future air platforms.
In January 2024 the company began moving into a 275,000 sq ft space at Long Beach Airport formerly occupied by Gulfstream.
In March 2024 its Pathfinder 1:8 scale  demonstrator received its airworthiness certificate from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), clearing the aircraft  for test flights at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

References

External links
 

Blended wing body
2021 establishments in California
Companies based in Long Beach, California
Aerospace companies of the United States
American companies established in 2021
HICAL. Hainan International Commercial Aerospace Launch Co., Ltd., or HICAL, is a Chinese state-owned company that operates the Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site, China's first commercial spaceport. Established in 2022, HICAL is the first commercially incorporated company in China to independently own and manage a spaceport.

History and Launch Pads
Hainan International Commercial Aerospace Launch Co., Ltd. (HICAL) was incorporated on June 2, 2022. The company is jointly funded by the Hainan Provincial Government and three state-owned aerospace contractors: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, and China Satellite Network Group. HICAL was established with a starting capital of RMB 1.5 billion.

On July 6, 2022, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site, which is China's first commercial space launch complex, and which is fully funded, constructed and operated by HICAL. Launch Complex 1 was completed in December 2023 and Launch Complex 2 is expected to be completed in 2024.

Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site 
The Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site (), located at Wenchang, Hainan, is China's first commercial space launch site, and 5th space launch site. The launch site started construction in July 2022, and is expected to be put into service in 2024.

The Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site is built and operated by HICAL, a joint venture of the Hainan government and three state-owned conglomerates. In China, a commercial space center is a site owned by an entity other than the Government or Military.

Construction of the site started in July 2022, and the launch complex one was finished on Dec 29, 2023. As of April 2024, the second pad is set to be finished by the end of May, with 19 different rockets from nine companies expected to launch using LC-2.

See also 

 Chinese space program
 Wenchang Space Launch Site
 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
 Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
 Xichang Satellite Launch Center

References 

Companies based in Hainan
Chinese companies established in 2022
2022 establishments in China
Transport companies established in 2022
Government-owned companies of China
Sufi Zafar. Sufi Zafar is a physicist and electrical engineer known for her research on CMOS-based biosensors. She completed her PhD in physics from Syracuse University in 1991, and works as a researcher for IBM Research at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.

Awards and recognition 
Zafar was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2007, after a nomination from the APS Forum on Industrial & Applied Physics, "for her contribution to the understanding of electrical degradation and charge transport mechanisms in high permittivity and SiO2 dielectric thin films, with a focus on advanced CMOS and memory device applications". She was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2023, "for contributions to CMOS-compatible biosensors and high permittivity field effect transistor reliability models".

In 2021 she received the 2021 FIAP Career Lectureship Award of the APS, "for contributions to semiconductor device-based biosensors with applications in biology, healthcare and Internet of Things (IoT)". She was a Distinguished Lecturer of the APS for 2022.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Semiconductor physicists
Women physicists
Electrical engineers
Women electrical engineers
Syracuse University alumni
IBM employees
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the IEEE
Madison Maxey. Madison Maxey is an African American engineer, entrepreneur, and designer known for her innovations with e-textiles and advanced materials.

Early life and education 
Originally from San Diego, Madison Maxey moved to New York at 18. Her father worked as an aerospace engineer at Northrup Grumman, while Madison's mother was a flight attendant. Her father was passionate about making things. Maxey was a student at the Parsons School of Design, but only attended for one semester. She preferred to learn independently and through experience, especially in fields like 3D printing. She later completed her degree in Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University.

Career 
Maxey is the founder of Loomia, a company that makes soft, flexible electronics. The original name for this company was The Crated, and the company began as a studio that combined textiles, engineering and design.

Maxey has been called a  “creative technologist.” in addition to materials development, she has used code to develop computational graphic design for clients.  Using code for design is different from the traditional use of coding in computer programming.

The Loomia Electronic Layer (LEL)  is a soft, flexible, circuit that can heat, light and sense. Through Loomia, Maxey has created e-textile enabled prototypes for automotive companies, tech companies and clothing companies.

Maxey decided to focus on materials after using electronics, firmware and textiles to make an LED dress for which she could not find the right electronic materials . She built the electronics for this dress through a partnership with fashion designer Zac Posen and Google.

Maxey, also known as Maddy, became the first person with fashion industry experience to win the $100,000 Thiel Fellowship in 2013. At 22 years old, Maxey's work earned her recognition as one of Forbes "30 Under 30" in 2016. She also won "The Lord & Taylor Rose Award" in 2016. The award has recognized innovators for more than 6 decades.

References 

Wikipedia Student Program
Living people
Businesspeople from San Diego
African-American inventors
American women inventors
21st-century African-American women
American women company founders
African-American company founders
African-American women in business
American technology company founders
Year of birth missing (living people)
Inventors from California
21st-century American inventors
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century African-American scientists
American technology businesspeople
James Fraser (railways administrator). James Fraser C.M.G., M.Inst. C.E. (20 August 1861 – 28 July 1936) was an Australian-born Chief Commissioner of New South Wales railways from 1917 to 1929. He has been credited with inauguration of Sydney's railway electrification.

History

Fraser was born in Braidwood, New South Wales, and educated at Sydney Grammar School.

He joined the railways as a cadet draftsman or civil engineer, and in 1903 succeeded Thomas Rhodes Firth, his father-in-law, as engineer-in-chief for existing lines.

In 1914 he was appointed Assistant Commissioner, and in 1917 became Chief Commissioner, in place of Harper, who was in poor health. The role of Assistant Commissioner was restored:
Edward Milne, Assistant Commissioner, traffic
John Henry Cann, Assistant Commissioner, construction
Henry Fox, Assistant Commissioner, staff matters

He resigned in 1929 and was succeeded by W. J. Cleary.

1931 he was appointed to the Transport Coordination Board, which was dissolved in 1932 after the collapse of the Lang Government.

He died at his home "Arnprior", Avon Road, Pymble, at the age of 74 after a year suffering from tuberculosis.

Family
Fraser married Maria Elizabeth "Bessie" Firth (c. 1866 – 30 August 1929) on 11 November 1891. They had four sons:
Keith Aird Fraser (9 January 1893 – 23 August 1952) was born at "Burenda", Wycombe-road, Neutral Bay. He adopted a railways career, became Commissioner of Railways in 1952 but died the same year.
James Firth Fraser (21 September 1896 – 26 August 1927) Son served overseas in WWI and completed his medical degree, but died from tuberculosis shortly after. 
Noel Fraser (6 February 1903 – ) born at "Arnprior", Neutral Bay
Ian  Fraser (7 October 1911 – )

Other interests
Fraser was known to play the occasional game of bridge.

References 

1861 births
1936 deaths
Railway commissioners of New South Wales
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers. The European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers (INFUB) is a series of conferences organised since 1988. It is organised by Cenertec. The aim of the conference is to disseminate information on research and development activities in the field of furnace and boiler technology and related areas, such as process and combustion control, optimising the efficiency of high-temperature energy applications and reducing pollutant emissions.

List of INFUB conferences 

14 INFUB conferences have been organised since 1988 in Portugal.

See also 

 The International Flame Research Foundation – a network related to industrial combustion, including furnaces and boilers.
 The Combustion Institute – a network of combustion researchers.

References 

Technology conferences
International conferences
Intersec. Intersec is a French technology company that specializes in telecom metadata and location intelligence services. It is based in Puteaux, France.

History
Intersec was founded in 2004 by Yann Chevalier, Jean-Marc Coïc and Olivier Guillaumin. In its initial years, it was mainly known for its texting software developed for telecom operators. The company has since expanded its operations and now develops software applications that process big data from telecommunications operators internationally.

In May 2022, Intersec deployed the FR-Alert system, which sends emergency notifications to mobile phones in areas affected by disasters or attacks in France.

In 2023, Intersec became a member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to further adoption of early warning systems. Intersec is also a member of the European Emergency Number Association (EENA).

Platform
Intersec's location platform combines multiple location technologies to determine device location with an accuracy of a few meters in urban areas.

References

French companies established in 2004
Companies based in Paris
2024 Malakal Airport collision. On 31 March 2024, a Boeing 727-200 operated by Safe Air Company scheduled to fly from Juba International Airport to Malakal Airport, South Sudan, undershot the runway after experiencing technical issues. The plane collided with a disabled McDonnell Douglas MD-82 that had crashed around two months earlier in the same airport. Out of the seven occupants on board, everyone survived with only one injured.

Background 
On 9 February 2024, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 registered 5Y-AXL and operated by African Express Airways crashed in similar circumstances as the Safe Air Boeing 727 did at Malakal Airport, South Sudan; the aircraft touched down short of the runway and lost its landing gear, before coming to a stop on its belly. It was later removed from the runway to allow the airport to restart operations.

Aircraft 
The first aircraft involved in the collision was a 45-year-old Boeing 727-2Q9 Advanced registered as 5Y-IRE with serial numbers 21931/1531.

The second aircraft involved was a 39-year-old McDonnell Douglas MD-82 registered 5Y-AXL with serial numbers 49204/1179. It was first delivered to Alitalia in 1985.

Accident 
On 31 March 2024, the Boeing 727-200 took off from Juba Airport carrying supplies and other cargo. The flight proceeded normally until the descent, when the crew experienced technical problems with the aircraft and decided to make an emergency landing at Malakal. The plane touched down short of the runway, causing several tires to burst and subsequently, the Captain, who was flying the aircraft lost control. The aircraft continued across the grass for some distance before it struck the damaged McDonnell Douglas MD-82. Both aircraft sustained substantial damage, with the wreckage of the Boeing 727 coming to rest in two sections. There were no fatalities and one reported injury.

Investigation 
An investigation is currently ongoing to try to figure out why the aircraft crashed.

References 

Aviation accidents and incidents in South Sudan
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Aviation accidents and incidents involving runway excursions
2024 in South Sudan
Malakal
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2024
March 2024 in South Sudan
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-82
Photoferroelectric imaging. Photoferroelectric imaging is the process of storing an image onto a piece of ferroelectric material by the aid of an applied electric pulse.
Stored images are nonvolatile and selectively erasable. Photoferroelectric image storage devices have the advantage of being "extremely simple and easy to fabricate". 

Photoferroelectric imaging uses a ferroelectric material's photosensitivity in conjunction with its ferroelectric properties. One type of medium which has been used for photoferroelectric imaging is lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics, which exhibit a good combination of properties for imaging: large electro-optic coefficients, high intrinsic and extrinsic photosensitivities, and nonvolatile memory.

Process
A description of a photoferroelectric imaging process (using PLZT material) is given in the McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. In that process, a thin flat plate of transparent, optically polished PLZT material (around 0.25mm thick) was sputter-coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) on both sides, serving as electrodes. Then, the image was exposed onto one of the ITO surfaces, while a voltage pulse was simultaneously applied across the electrodes. The ferroelectric polarization thereby switched from one remanent state to another, and images were "stored both as spatial distributions of light-scattering centers in the bulk of the PLZT and as surface deformation strains which form a relief pattern of the image on the exposed surface." The image may then be viewed directly or indirectly.

This photoferroelectric effect is a type of electro-optic effect. In the example process, the ceramic was poled to a saturation remanent polarization state by the light (charge carriers were photoexcited across the PLZT's bandgap). The polarization was then switched by the application of the electric field - a phenomenon called photoassisted domain switching.

Applications
Photoferroelectric imaging may be useful in temporary image storage and display. It also has potential applications in data storage and holographic recording.

References

Notes

See also
 Photorefractive effect
 Electro–optic effect

Electrical phenomena
Imaging
Neptunium tetrachloride. Neptunium tetrachloride is a binary inorganic compound of neptunium metal and chlorine with the chemical formula .

Synthesis
The compound can be prepared by:

the reaction of neptunium nitride with HCl:

the reaction of neptunium sulfide with HCl:

the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with neptunium(IV) oxide or . Neptunium tetrachloride is formed as a yellow sublimate. 

Other reactions are also used.

Physical properties
 crystallizes in tetragonal crystal system of space group I4/amd.

Chemical properties
The compound reacts with ammonia to produce neptunium trichloride:

Neptunium tetrachloride can be reduced to neptunium trichloride by hydrogen at 450 °C.

References

Neptunium compounds
Chlorides
Actinide halides
Tara Astigarraga. Tara Astigarraga is a Native American software engineer. She is a member of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.

Early life and education 
Astigarraga was born and raised in Arizona. While attending the University of Arizona she studied to become a Spanish linguistics and communications major. In her early college days she aspired to become both a bilingual teacher and a social worker. While at the University of Arizona she developed a passion for helping others which led to her being an advisory board member with the corporate group titled AISES, which is a non profit organization that is helping to increase the representation in STEM careers within underrepresented groups. Astigarraga also completed her master's degree in Computer Information Systems. 

While in college she enrolled in the University’s cooperative education program. Through this program she was offered a internship with IBM Systems Group. Her internship work at IBM gave her perceptive in STEM and sparked her software engineering journey. She also served as the Vice President of the Tucson Native American Diversity Network through building a virtual mentorship connections for IBM Native American employees and Native American students.

Career 
In 2008, she received her first patent and today, she owns 80 over patents.

She has been named an IBM Master Inventor for work with 75 patents including network, storage, security, and blockchain. She has also been profiled in a children's book titled Who is a scientist? authored by Laura Gehl.  

Tara and her husband Julio have two daughters and live in Raleigh, North Carolina.

References 

Wikipedia Student Program
Living people
Inventors from Arizona
21st-century Native American women
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma people
American women inventors
IBM people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Arizona alumni
American software engineers
21st-century Native American scientists
Native American women engineers
Greenlane EV charging corridor. Greenlane is a proposed electric vehicle charging corridor planned between the cities of Los Angeles and Las Vegas along a  stretch of Interstate 15. 

The project is a $675 million joint venture involving Daimler Truck North America, energy company NextEra Energy, and investment company BlackRock to provide charging infrastructure for commercial EVs, namely freight moving trucks. The scheme is in response to the Biden administration's plan to decarbonise the freight industry as part of the wider National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program.

The initial rollout of 100 charging points is planned across three sites in Southern California: Colton, Barstow and Baker. Facilities are expected to be spaced around  apart along the corridor. Greenlane plans to use a data-driven approach to decide where to build future stations.

In September 2024, Greenlane received a $15 million grant for the construction of the Colton, California charging station. The station will have 60 chargers for zero-emission vehicles.

References

External links
 

Charging stations
Interstate 15
Road transportation in California
Road transportation in Nevada
Daniel C. Lynch. Daniel Courtney Lynch (August 16, 1941March 30, 2024) was an American computer network engineer. He worked at the University of California's Information Sciences Institute (ISI). In 1986, he established the first conference dedicated to the emerging Internet which evolved into the annual Interop conference.

He cofounded one of the first online payment companies, CyberCash, in 1994.

In 2019, he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

References 

1941 births
2024 deaths
Internet celebrities
Internet pioneers

American computer programmers