omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kawthar Zaki. Kawthar Abdelhamid Zaki (born 1940) is an Egyptian-American electrical engineer, known for her work in microwave engineering including the design of microwave waveguides, resonators, and filters. She is a professor emerita of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Education and career
Zaki is originally from Egypt, and is a 1962 graduate of Ain Shams University. She was the first woman to earn a doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1969, and the first female engineering professor at the University of Maryland, beginning there in 1970.

Recognition
Zaki  was named a Fellow of the IEEE in 1991, "for contributions to the analysis of dielectric waveguides and resonators and their applications in microwave filters and oscillators design". She is also a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy.

References

1940 births
Living people
Egyptian electrical engineers
Egyptian women academics
American electrical engineers
American women engineers
Ain Shams University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
21st-century American women
Microwave engineers
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
Spotter (maneuvering). A spotter is a person used in vehicle maneuvers to assist a driver who may not have a clear view in their direction of travel. They are most commonly used in:
 Off-road rock crawling
 Reversing truck and trailer combinations, such as semitrailers, b-trains and road trains
 Placing oversized freight using a forklift
 Lifting loads using a vehicle-mounted crane (loads lifted using a fixed crane are supervised by a banksman)
 Guiding military vehicles (also called ground guiding)
 Dumping materials, such as from a dump truck
 Guiding oversized loads.

The spotter's advantage is the ability to move around the load or vehicle to determine the best trajectory.

A spotter will either use a set of standard hand signals, or will agree hand signals before the maneuver with the driver or operator.

Technological solutions such as reversing cameras and proximity sensors have reduced drivers' reliance on spotters in some circumstances.

References

Driving techniques
Bolzano process. The Bolzano process is a means to reduce magnesium to metallic form. "Dolomite-ferrosilicon briquettes are stacked on a special charge support system through which internal electric heating is conducted to the charge. A complete reaction takes 20 to 24 hours at 1,200 °C."

In 2014, Brazilian operations produced 10-15 kilotons of Mg by this process.

Also in 2014, Nevada Clean Magnesium announced its Tami-Mosi plan to create a ASTM B-92 pilot plant. The mineral resource is estimated at 412 billion tons of 12.3% grade Mg. The company produced its first ingot from a pilot plant in December 2018.

References

Metallurgy
Metallurgical processes
Smelting
Magnesium processes
IBM Leapfrog. The IBM Leapfrog is a tablet computer prototype by IBM. It was designed by Sam Lucente and Richard Sapper. It is part of the collection of the Museum of Modern Art. It won the Compasso d'Oro in 1994. When the tablet computer was announced, it was mistakenly described by design magazines as a product that could be bought.

References

External links 
 Video of the Leapfrog

Leapfrog
Prototypes
Sheila McGuffie. Sheila McGuffie later Sheila Anscombe (14 December 1911 - 2007) was an aeronautical engineer, who was part of the team that developed the first jet engine.

Early life and education 
Sheila Emmet McGuffie was born on 14 December 1911 in Whaley Bridge, Derbyshire to Evelyn Maud (née Emmett) and John Carruthers McGuffie, one of five children. She studied Electrical Engineering at the Victoria University of Manchester and graduated in 1932 with an honours degree. She was one of two women to graduate from the department at the same time, the other being Beatrice Shilling. In an article written by McGuffie in the Glasgow Herald in 1950, she recalled that only four women took degrees in engineering in the UK in the year she graduated, which was a record number. In the same article she recalled riding pillion on Shillings' motor bike over Manchester's cobbled streets.

Career 
McGuffie found it difficult to obtain employment after graduating and started her career as an apprentice in electrical contracting and house wiring, about which she later wrote an article in The Woman Engineer. She subsequently spent three years as a test records engineer at A.C Engineers, Rugby and then from 1936 worked as a wind tunnel scientist at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough. 

She gained her pilot's A licence (No. 14060) while working there, on 17 July 1936 flying a Pobjoy aircraft at Coventry Aeroplane Club. She was the first woman member and the tenth pupil of the Coventry Aviation Group to fly solo. McGuffie married Leonard Douglas Anscombe, an electrical designer and fellow pilot in the Coventry club in June 1938 at Chapel en le Frith, where her parents had settled. She kept flying as a member of the Civil Air Guard. 

Now known as Sheila Anscombe, she worked as a test engineer at Power Jets from 1940 to 1942 with Frank Whittle's team developing the first jet engine, and she was present at the first flight at Cranwell in May 1941. 

During the Second World War McGuffie also worked as an ambulance driver.

Professional memberships 
 Royal Aeronautical Society (student/full member)
 Women's Engineering Society (member)

References 

1911 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
English aerospace engineers
British women in World War II
People from Macclesfield
Women's Engineering Society
20th-century English women engineers
20th-century English engineers
Henry Shull Arms. Henry Shull Arms (1912–1972) was an American and later British physicist and engineer. He worked in the British and Allied programmes to make a nuclear weapon and later developed civilian nuclear reactors in the UK.

Early life and education
He was born in Tekoa, Washington, United States. He attended four schools in three different states. As a young man, he enjoyed fishing (which he pursued occasionally in Scotland later in life) and hunting. In his late teens, he worked at the Old National Bank in Spokane. He studied mechanical engineering and physics at the University of Idaho and, aged 24, joined Oxford in 1936 on a Rhodes Scholarship, where he took an honours degree in physics. He worked on low-temperature physics - through the demagnetization of salts - under German and Hungarian Jewish refugees Francis Simon and Nicholas Kurti at the Clarendon Laboratory.

Academic career
On the outbreak of WWII, after working at Clarendon, he helped to remove iron fragments during neurosurgery using magnets. In 1940, his engineering knowledge was called for in the war effort to help Simon - with Kurti - continue with isotope separation and calculate the cost of building a gaseous diffusion plant to separate uranium-235 from the more abundant uranium-239. This was under the auspices of the MAUD Committee. The calculations were followed by the plant's construction. A patent for the separation process (with Rudolf Peierls, Simon and Arms as the applicants) was filed in 1943 (and granted in the US in 1960). He continued atomic research under Simon throughout the war, running a research group at the University of Birmingham for 15 months, and moving from uranium isotope separation to heat transfer in a nuclear reactor. In 1945, he joined John Cockcroft at the National Research Council Canada, experimenting with heat transfer in the Chalk River Laboratories NRX heavy water reactor. The group returned to the UK the following year and began the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell; Arms was Principal Scientific Officer in charge of the engineering laboratory, developing the first British nuclear reactor and also working at Windscale to produce military plutonium. He became Deputy Chief Engineer of the Capenhurst uranium enrichment plant.

In 1953, he became Chief Development Engineer at the English Electric Company in Rugby, which for him necessitated further on-site education in engineering. Two years later he was also Chief Engineer of the atomic power projects at Whetstone. The company gained the contract to build a 500MW nuclear power station at Hinckley Point, Somerset (which opened in 1966). Arms became a naturalised British citizen in 1955.

He died aged 60, survived by his English-born wife and two children.

References

1912 births
1972 deaths
American physicists
British physicists
American engineers
British engineers
University of Idaho alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
Thomson TO16. The Thomson TO16 or Thomson TO16PC is a PC compatible personal computer introduced by French company Thomson SA in 1987, with prices ranging from 9000 to 16000 FF depending on the version.

Prototype
The original concept was a machine similar to the Macintosh. Based on this the Thomson TO16 prototype (codename Théodore) was built around a Motorola 68000 processor with an Intel 82716 graphics chipset. The operating system chosen was OS-9, a preemptive multitasking system similar to Unix. It also featured an integrated 20MB SCSI hard drive.

Work on the prototype was carried on between 1985 and 1988, with five machines built. This concept was abandoned in favor of a PC compatible architecture, with the TO16 model designation being kept.

Specifications 
Motorola 68000 @ 8Mhz CPU
2 MB RAM
Two video modes: 320x200 with 256 colors; 640x270 with 16 colors
Mouse 
3"1/2 floppy drive
20 MB SCSI hard drive

Thomson TO16
The Thomson TO16 is a IBM PC compatible machine, running MS-DOS 3.2 with MS-DOS Manager and GW-BASIC.
The CPU is an Intel 8088 capable of running at 9.54Mhz on turbo mode with 512KB of RAM and a CGA graphic card with expanded abilities.

Specifications 
CPU Intel 8088 running at 4.77 or 9.54 MHz
support for Intel 8087 co-processor 
512 KB of RAM, expandable to 768 KB on the motherboard.
32 KB of ROM
IBM Monochrome Display Adapter, Hercules Graphics Card, CGA and Plantronics Colorplus compatible graphic card
Internal 5"1/4 360 KB disc drive
Two ISA expansion slots 
Connections for an external disk drive
RS-232C Serie and Centronics Parallel (Micro ribbon connector) interfaces
Optional Modem

Hardware versions
The original TO16 model was expanded into four variations by adding extra hardware, such as a modem or hard drive.
Thomson TO16PC: original and most basic version
Thomson TO16PCM : 2400 bauds modem
Thomson TO16XPDD : two disc drives
Thomson TO16XPHD : 20 MB hard drive, color monitor and EGA graphics

References

IBM PC compatibles
Home computers
Thomson computers
Computer-related introductions in 1987
Airforce Delta. , known as Deadly Skies in Europe, is a series of combat flight simulation games developed and published by Konami. The series began in 1999 with Airforce Delta for Dreamcast, with its last main series game being the 2004 Airforce Delta Strike.

The series has been compared to Ace Combat in its gameplay.

Games

Airforce Delta 
Airforce Delta, known as Deadly Skies in Europe, was released in 1999 for the Dreamcast.

Airforce Delta (Game Boy Color) 
A Game Boy Color version of Airforce Delta was released in 2000.

Airforce Delta Storm 
Airforce Delta Storm (called Airforce Delta II in Japan and Deadly Skies in Europe), was released for Xbox in 2001.

Airforce Delta Storm (Game Boy Advance) 
The Game Boy Advance version of Airforce Delta Storm was released in 2002, and has a plot based mostly on the previous game in the series, Airforce Delta.

Airforce Delta Strike 
Airforce Delta Strike (called Airforce Delta: Blue Wing Knights in Japan and Deadly Skies III in Europe), was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2004.

Airforce Delta Alternative 
Airforce Delta Alternative was a Japan-only mobile game released in 2007.

References 

 
Konami franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1999
Wu Weiren. Wu Weiren (; born October 1953) is a Chinese physicist who is the chief designer of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program.

Biography
Wu was born in the town of , Pingchang County, Bazhong, Sichuan province, in October 1953. He secondary studied at Pingchang High School. In 1975, he was admitted to the University of Science and Technology of China, where he majored in telemetry and telecontrol. After graduating in 1978, he was dispatched to the Beijing Institute of Telemetry Technology as an engineer and eventually became its deputy president. In August 1997, he was appointed factory manager of the Jianhua Instrument Factory, a factory under the control of the Aerospace Industry Corporation. In July 1998, he was transferred to the Department of Science and Technology, Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, where he successively served as its deputy director and director. He moved to the Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center of the State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense in August 2008 and was appointed the chief designer of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. In June 2016, he was elected a member of the Standing Committee of the China Association for Science and Technology. In March 2018, he became a member of the Standing Committee of the 13th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In September 2020, the asteroid No. 281880 was officially named as "Wu Weiren Star" for his contribution in the field of moon and deep space exploration.

Honours and awards
 1991 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class) for telemetry data processing system
 1995 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for real time computer telemetry system
 2004 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special Award) for launch vehicle engineering
 2007 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for researching on the security of spatial information transmission
 2012 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special Award) for Chang'e 2 project
 November 2013 Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA)
 October 2015 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 2016 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for Chang'e 3 project
 2020 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Special Award) for Chang'e 4 project

References

External links
Wu Weiren on iafastro.org

1953 births
Living people
People from Pingchang County
Engineers from Sichuan
Scientists from Sichuan
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
Huazhong University of Science and Technology alumni
Northwestern Polytechnical University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Members of the Standing Committee of the 13th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Rocket Cargo. Rocket Cargo is a United States Space Force program run through the Air Force Research Laboratory for suborbital spaceflight rocket-delivered cargo involving point-to-point space travel. The program is to develop the capability to rapidly send cargo anywhere in the world on a rocket. It would involve reusable rockets that can perform propulsive landings on a variety of landing sites, to deliver a C-17's worth of cargo in an hour. The program was discussed in 2020 and announced in 2021, with a budget allocation request for Fiscal Year 2022.

History
In the 1960s, the military studied using Douglas Ithacus T-100 rockets to rocket off aircraft carriers to deliver marines to theatres.

In 2018, the Air Force started studying delivering cargo via rockets.
In 2020, U.S. Transportation Command consulted with SpaceX on the delivery of 100 tons of cargo via rocket anywhere in the world in under 1 hour with Starship.
In 2021, the Pentagon announced the Rocket Cargo program, with the U.S. Space Force as the lead service on the program. $9.7 million U.S. dollars were allocated to Rocket Cargo in FY21.
The Pentagon Budget Office has requested $48 million US for FY 2022 for the program.
In 2022, the Department of the Air Force awarded a $102 million, 5-year contract to SpaceX to demonstrate technologies and capabilities to transport military cargo and humanitarian aid around the world. 

As of 2024, the Air Force and SpaceX aim to perform a demonstration mission as early as 2026 using SpaceX's Starship launch vehicle. The Department of Defense has planned a test with Starship as part of their program to demonstrate the ability to rapidly deploy up to 100 tons of cargo and supplies, a capability it calls point to point delivery (P2PD). The test is envisioned to take place in FY25 or FY26.

Objectives
The program is an Air Force Research Laboratory "Vanguard" program, a top importance science and technology research and development program. At the time of announcement, it was one of four such programs for the United States Department of the Air Force. The program is to examine modifying existing commercially available hardware for the program objectives. It would involve moving approximately a C-17 Globemaster III's worth of cargo or approximately , anywhere in the world in under 1 hour. It would use a propulsively-landing reusable rocket that would transport cargo from source to destination, landing in all kinds of environments.

See also

 Prompt Global Strike
 Rocket mail—delivery of mail by rocket
 SpaceX Starshield, other involvement of the military with SpaceX
 Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War

References

Further reading
 

Air Force Research Laboratory projects
Programs of the United States Space Force
SpaceX Starship
SpaceX military contracts
Azmat-class fast attack craft. The Azmat-class stealth fast attack craft (military designation: Azmat FAC(M)) is a class of missile-bearing fast attack craft, currently in service with the Pakistan Navy. The Azmat-class is based on the Chinese design, Houjian class. The Pakistani Azmat-class is the modernized version according to the requirements of Pakistan Navy.

The project was jointly designed and constructed in Pakistan and China after a partnership agreement was signed between two Chinese contractors, China State Shipbuilding Corporation and the Xingang Shipyard and the Pakistan-based KSEW Ltd. The Azmat-class ships are intended for deployment in maritime patrol, anti-surface warfare, anti-air warfare, search-and-rescue (SAR) and anti-piracy missions.

List of vessels

References

Missile boat classes
China–Pakistan military relations
Ships built in Pakistan
Ships built in China
Gerhard Dickel. Gerhard Dickel (28 October 1913 – 3 November 2017) was a German chemist and physicist. He developed a thermal diffusion method of separating isotopes with Klaus Clusius in 1938, sometimes referred to as Clusius-Dickel separation.

Biography
He was born in Augsburg. He studied under Clusius at the Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Clusius and Dickel published a paper in 1938 announcing that they had separated isotopes of neon. They had discovered that the normally inefficient thermal diffusion method – where isotopes in a fluid diffuse towards opposing hotter and colder regions – could be improved by more than four orders of magnitude if there was also an optimal convection current between the regions to avoid a steady concentration gradient and "back diffusion" developing. In 1939, the year Dickel defended his PhD thesis, the pair announced that they had also separated isotopes of chlorine with the same process. It was explored on a large scale in the USA during World War II as a possible method for separating uranium-235 from the more abundant uranium-238 in order to make an atomic bomb (the more-efficient gaseous diffusion was eventually chosen).

Dickel became a substitute manager of the Institute for Physical Chemistry, followed by a position as adjunct professor. In 1957, he became head of department at the university's Physics Institute. The same year he received the Bodenstein Prize from the German Bunsen Society for Physical Chemistry, for work on isotope exchange and on diffusion in gases and gels. He retired in 1978.

He died in 2017, aged 104.

References

1913 births
2017 deaths
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
20th-century German chemists
21st-century German chemists
20th-century German physicists
Scientists from Augsburg
German men centenarians
Michael Daniell. Sir Michael Grenfell Daniell  (born ) is a New Zealand electrical engineer and businessman. He was chief executive officer of Fisher & Paykel Healthcare from 2001 until 2016. In the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to business, healthcare and governance.

References

1950s births
Living people
New Zealand electrical engineers
New Zealand businesspeople
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Marily Nika. Marily Nika FRSA, is a Greek computational scientist and product manager who works for Google in augmented reality, specializing in speech technologies and artificial intelligence.

Early life and education 
Marily Nika grew up in Athens, Greece and attended University of Piraeus for her undergraduate studies and Imperial College London for her Ph.D. Growing up, she always demonstrated a unique passion and competence in programming. In 2011, Nika was the first Greek woman to receive Google's Anita Borg Scholarship, which allowed her to pursue a Ph.D. at Imperial College London. During her time at Imperial College, she created the Women in Computing group that aimed to support the College's women, and as part of this Nika organized various events including the UK's first ever female-only hackathon. Moreover, she launched the London Geekettes, a local chapter of a global network called the Geekettes. In 2020, she became the co-founder of the larger organization, Geekettes. In 2015, Nika created the computing curriculum for several British schools as part of Little Miss Geek.

In 2014, Nika completed her Ph.D. Her research focused on explaining by maths and epidemiology how content goes viral online. Her Ph.D. research got published as a book by Lambert Academic Publishing and also got presented at TEDxAthens in 2014.

Career 
Nika completed a Ph.D. internship in data science at Facebook in 2014, and then joined Google's speech team full-time as an AI product manager working on a series of Google Assistant and speech technologies features. At the same time, she is a Teaching Fellow at Harvard Business School where she teaches a forum series in Product Management. She also teaches Product Management at O'Reilly Media.

Nika is a three-time TEDx Speaker (TEDxZurich 2013, TEDxAthens 2014, TEDxImperialCollege 2015), a Teaching fellow at Harvard Business School and an entrepreneur.

Awards 
 2015's Medal of Outstanding Achievement (Imperial College London, Royal Albert Hall)
 2015's WISE Influence Award (Women in Science & Engineering)
 2018's Woman of the Year award (everywoman in technology awards, London)
 2020's Top 100 Women in tech, #TechWomen in London
 2021's Emerging Leader Award (Imperial College London Alumni Association, London)
 2021's 40 under 40 list (Greek America Foundation, New York)

References 

Greek computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Piraeus alumni