omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flue-gas condensation. Flue gas condensation is a process, where flue gas is cooled below its water dew point and the heat released by the resulting condensation of water is recovered as low temperature heat.   

Cooling of the flue gas can be performed either directly with a heat exchanger or indirectly via a condensing scrubber.

The condensation of water releases more than  per ton of condensed water, which can be recovered in the cooler for e.g. district heating purposes.

Excess condensed water must continuously be removed from the process.

The downstream gas is saturated with water, so even though significant amounts of water may have been removed from the cooled gas, it is likely to leave a visible stack plume of water vapor. 

If the fuel contains sulfur, the flue gases will contain oxides of sulfur. If the flue gases are cooled below the acid dew-point the acid vapor (sulfuric acid, H2SO4) will begin to condense. Acid condensation can result in low-temperature corrosion, which can threaten the safety of plant. Appropriate corrosion resistant material selection is important. 

The heat recovery potential of flue gas condensation is highest for fuels with a high moisture content (e.g. biomass and municipal waste), and where heat is useful at the lowest possible temperatures. Thus flue gas condensation is normally implemented at biomass fired boilers and waste incinerators connected district heating grids with relatively low return temperatures (below approximately ).

Efficiency exceeding 100 %

Flue gas condensation may cause the heat recovered to exceed the Lower Heating Value of the input fuel, and thus an efficiency greater than 100%.  Since historically most combustion processes have not condensed the fuel, usual efficiency calculations assume the combustion products are not condensed. This assumption is implicit when basing calculations on the Lower Heating Value.  A more rigorous approach would be to base efficiency calculations on the Higher Heating Value, which typically results in efficiencies less than 100%.

Should the flue gases be cooled below , even efficiencies based on the Higher Heating Value may exceed 100%, since typical heating value definitions assume that all heat is released when combustion products are cooled to somewhere between  and .

See also 

 Condensing boiler
 Scrubber
 Wet scrubber
 Heat exchanger
 District heating
 Energy

References

External links 
 On Flue gas Condensation  by Götaverken Miljö AB

Scrubbers
Industrial processes
Heat exchangers
Grasp (spooler). GRASP was a systems software package that provided spooling facilities for the IBM/370 running DOS/VS or DOS/VSE environment, and IBM/360 running DOS or retrofitted with modified DOS.

The product 
GRASP was a mainframe operating system enhancement available for DOS, DOS/VS, DOS/VSE, and some third party DOS-based operating systems. Subsequent versions became known as GRASP/VS and GRASP/VSE.

It spooled (queued) input and output data, freeing programs from dependence on the speed of peripherals, such as printers and punched card equipment.

GRASP was the first such spooler for IBM mainframes, although it later had competition from IBM's own POWER as well as DataCorp's Spooler.

Platforms

Software
The product ran under several DOS-related platforms:
 DOS/VS
 DOS/VSE
 DOS
 DOS clones, 3rd party or modified

Hardware
Hardware platforms included:
 IBM/360 which ran Power
 IBM/370 which ran Power/VS
and clones, which included:
 Amdahl
 Fujitsu
 Hitachi
 Magnuson
 RCA

F0 
GRASP required a dedicated partition. With DOS having only three partitions and DOS/VS seven, losing a partition restricted what the mainframe could run. However, the concept of the F0 partition meant this could run without the host computer giving up a partition. For DOS/VS and DOS/VSE versions, SDI re-engineered a version of Fx developed for DOCS and Spooler.

History 
GRASP was originally developed in Australia by Boyd Munro, while working for IBM (who turned it down). Assisted by Peter Hargrave, Munro formed Software Design, Inc (known as SDI) and began selling first in Australia, then Britain, and shortly thereafter the United States, through SDI, Inc, a California corporation. The marketing manager and chief salesman was Gerry Novotny.

References

External links
 SDI, Inc

Computer printing
IBM mainframe software
Hypertable. Hypertable was an open-source software project to implement a database management system inspired by publications on the design of Google's Bigtable. 

Hypertable runs on top of a distributed file system such as the Apache HDFS, GlusterFS or the CloudStore Kosmos File System (KFS). It is written almost entirely in C++ as the developers believed it had significant performance advantages over Java.

Hypertable software was originally developed at the company Zvents before 2008.
Doug Judd was a promoter of Hypertable.
In January 2009, Baidu, the Chinese language search engine, became a project sponsor.
A version 0.9.2.1 was described in a blog in February, 2009.
Development ended in March, 2016.

Further reading

References

External links 
 
 Google Code page for the project

Bigtable implementations
Free database management systems
Structured storage
Multiple-emitter transistor. A multiple-emitter transistor is a specialized bipolar transistor mostly used at the inputs of integrated circuit TTL NAND logic gates. Input signals are applied to the emitters. The voltage presented to the following stage is pulled low if any one or more of the base–emitter junctions is forward biased, allowing logical operations to be performed using a single transistor. Multiple-emitter transistors replace the diodes of diode–transistor logic (DTL) to make transistor–transistor logic (TTL), and thereby allow reduction of switching time and power dissipation.

Logic gate use of multiple-emitter transistors was patented in 1961 in the UK and in the US in 1962.

References

External links 
  Tutorial on bipolar-transistor logic

Digital electronics
Tanwater. Tanwater was a special water treatment project initiated by Elmo tannery in Sweden in 1992. It aimed to reduce nitrogen in effluent during the tanning of leather. The tannery received a grant for the project from LIFE (The Financial Instrument for the Environment).

Description 
Tanwater was a special water treatment project. It was initiated in 1992 by Elmo tannery. The initiative's aim was to reduce nitrogen effluent from the water treatment systems during the tanning of leather. Previously, tanneries in Europe had only been able to reduce nitrogen in the water by up to a maximum of 30%; the Tanwater project aimed at reducing nitrogen waste by up to 80%. The project was able to achieve 89% nitrogen-waste reduction in the water. This was a major breakthrough for the tanning industry, because nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

History 
Elmo tannery received a grant for the project from LIFE (The Financial Instrument for the Environment). LIFE finances environmental projects in the European Union. Elmo tannery, although producing leather predominantly for the car industry (upholstery leather), also produces leather for handbags and footwear. Since Elmo started this project, there have been a number of tanneries that have followed in its steps of improving their water treatment systems in Sweden and Norway.

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090115001900/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/themes/water/best.htm
 http://www.tanwater.net/ 
 http://www.tanwater.net/file/Layman-uk.pdf 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061110041537/http://www.euroleather.com/doc/frendruptan.doc

Waste treatment technology
PolyDADMAC. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (shortened polyDADMAC or polyDDA), also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The molecular weight of polyDADMAC is typically in the range of hundreds of thousands of grams per mole, and even up to a million for some products. PolyDADMAC is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids level in the range of 10 to 50%. It is a high charge density cationic polymer. The charge density makes it well suited for flocculation. Actually, pDADMAC or DMDAAC, is used as a coagulant - a charge neutralization process that precedes flocculation.

History
PolyDADMAC polymers were first prepared and studied in 1957 by Professor George Butler at the University of Florida. It was remarkable as it was soluble in water in contrast at the time to other known synthetic polymers formed by polymerization of monomers containing more than one vinyl functionality. The structure and reaction path was determined in 2002 with NMR studies. Much of what we know about pDADMAC in water treatment and personal care is from Jerry Boothe of Calgon Corporation.

Synthesis
The monomer DADMAC is formed by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
PolyDADMAC is then synthesized by radical polymerization of DADMAC with an organic peroxide used as a catalyst. Two polymeric structures are possible when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine structure or N-substituted pyrrolidine structure. The pyrrolidine structure is favored.

Applications

Effluent treatment
PolyDADMAC is used in waste water treatment as a primary organic coagulant which neutralizes negatively charged colloidal material and reduces sludge volume compared with inorganic coagulants.

Pulp and paper industry
PolyDADMAC is used for controlling disturbing substances in the papermaking process. It provides superior fixing of pitch from mechanical pulp and of latex from coated broke. Used in the short circulation of a paper mill to enhance retention and dewatering. In addition, it can be used to improve the efficiency of disk filters and flotators, and for cationization of fillers to provide maximal filler retention.

Water purification
PolyDADMAC is used as a coagulant in water purification. It is effective in coagulating and flocculating inorganic and organic particles such as silt, clay, algae, bacteria and viruses.  At high concentrations the organic polymer can remove natural organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids resulting in fewer disinfection byproduct precursors and less color.

References

Organic polymers
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Water treatment
Fire Dynamics Simulator. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. The computer program solves numerically a large eddy simulation form of the Navier–Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow, with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires, to describe the evolution of fire.

FDS is free software developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States Department of Commerce, in cooperation with VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Smokeview is the companion visualization program that can be used to display the output of FDS.

The first version of FDS was publicly released in February 2000. To date, about half of the applications of the model have been for design of smoke handling systems and sprinkler/detector activation studies. The other half consist of residential and industrial fire reconstructions. Throughout its development, FDS has been aimed at solving practical fire problems in fire protection engineering, while at the same time providing a tool to study fundamental fire dynamics and combustion.

The Wildland-Urban Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS) is an extension developed by the US Forest Service that is integrated into FDS and allows it to be used for wildfire modeling. It models vegetative fuel either by explicitly defining the volume of the vegetation or, for surface fuels such as grass, by assuming uniform fuel at the air-ground boundary.

FDS is a Fortran program that reads input parameters from a text file, computes a numerical solution to the governing equations, and writes user-specified output data to files. Smokeview (SMV) is a companion program that reads FDS output files and produces animations on the computer screen. Smokeview has a simple menu-driven interface, while FDS does not. However, there are various third-party programs that have been developed to generate the text file containing the input parameters needed by FDS.

See also
 Wildfire modeling

References

External links
 FDS Official website
 Wikibooks tutorial
 FDS+Evac Tools
 FDS Project Road Map
 AutoCAD plugin to convert 3D geometry to FDS format
 PyroSim, a graphical interface (GUI) for creation of FDS input files. (commercial)
 
 

Firefighting
Fire prevention
Fire protection
Wildfire prevention
Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine. Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) provides an estimate of the total effective amount of halogens (chlorine and bromine) in the stratosphere. It is calculated from  emission of chlorofluorocarbon and related halogenated compounds into the troposphere (lower atmosphere) and their efficiency in contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion (ozone depletion potential, ODP),  and by making assumptions on transport times into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). This parameter is used to quantify man-made ozone depletion and its changes with time. As a consequence of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments  phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS), the EESC reached maximum in the late 1990s and is now slowly decreasing.

References

Ozone depletion
Chang Hsin-kang. Professor Chang Hsin-kang, GBS, JP, FREng (; born 9 July 1940, Shenyang, Liaoning, China), was the president of City University of Hong Kong. He received his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Taiwan University in 1962, his master's degree in structural engineering from Stanford University in 1964, and his PhD in biomedical engineering from Northwestern University in 1969.

Biography
Chang was Professor/Chairman of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC) from 1985 to 1990. He was a founding Dean of the School of Engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 1990, and the Dean of the School of Engineering of the University of Pittsburgh in 1994. He was appointed to be the President of the City University of Hong Kong in 1996; he retired in 2007. He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2000.

He is an internationally known biomedical engineering expert, having published more than 100 scientific articles, as well as being the editor of two research monographs. He holds a Canadian patent. 

On 27 June 2015 at the United International College's 7th Graduation Ceremony in Zhuhai, Chang Hsin-kang was rewarded with the Honorary Fellowships.

References

1940 births
Living people
Academic staff of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Hong Kong scientists
National Taiwan University alumni
Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni

Stanford University alumni
Heads of universities in Hong Kong
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Educators from Liaoning

Scientists from Liaoning

Taiwanese people from Liaoning
Hong Kong expatriates in the United States
Academic staff of the City University of Hong Kong
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Ethylene bis(stearamide). Ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2NHC(O)C17H35)2.  It is a waxy white solid and is also found as powder or beads that is widely used as a form release agent.  The compound is derived from the reaction of ethylenediamine and stearic acid.  It is a white solid of low toxicity that provides a slippery coating for a variety of applications.

Applications
EBS is a synthetic wax used as a dispersing agent or internal/external lubricant for benefits in plastic applications to facilitate and stabilize the dispersion of solid compounding materials to enhance processability, to decrease friction and abrasion of the polymer surface, and to contribute color stability and polymer degradation.

It is also used in process industries as release agent and antistatic agent for the production of thermoplastics,and wiring.  It is used in powder metallurgy.

References

Fatty acid amides
Lubricants
1,2-Ethanediyl compounds
No. 6 Squadron SLAF. No. 6 Helicopter Squadron is a squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force. It currently operates Mil Mi-17s from SLAF Anuradhapura for troop transport.

History
The squadron was formed on March 15, 1993 SLAF Katunayake with the arrival of Mil Mi-17s. It was later moved to SLAF Vavuniya on April 29, 1993. The unit is tasked with the air movement of the Air Mobile Brigade of the Sri Lanka Army.

In 2014, Sri Lanka Air Force deployed an aviation unit, No. 62 Helicopter Flight under the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad, with three Mi-17 helicopters from the No. 6 Helicopter Squadron along with 122 personnel consisting pilots, engineers and other supporting staff. This was followed by a deployment to the United Nations Mission in South Sudan.

In March 2021, the squadron was presented with the President’s Colours by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa.

Aircraft operated
Year of introduction
Mil Mi-17 - 1993

Notable members
 Air Chief Marshal Gagan Bulathsinghala
 Air Chief Marshal Kapila Jayampathy
 Air Chief Marshal Sumangala Dias
 Air Vice Marshal Kapila Wanigasooriya

References

External links
Sri Lanka Air Force  Base Katunayake  
www.scramble.nl
Sri Lanka Air Force Old Wings New Wings
Ruling the sky
 rise of No 6 Helicopter Squadron of SLAF

Military units and formations established in 1993
6
SC 7. SC 7 may refer to:

 (35282) 1996 SC7 (SC7 of 1996), an asteroid
 BOT SC07 Speed Cruiser, a light-sport aircraft
 Convoy SC 7, a formation and engagement during the Battle of the Atlantic
 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7, a standardization subcommittee of ISO and the IEC
 The Orca Engineering#SC7, one of the world's fastest cars ever produced, made by Orca Engineering
 Roland SC-7, a synthesizer
 Short SC.7 Skyvan, a British post-war civilian aircraft
 South Carolina Highway 7, a state highway in South Carolina.
 South Carolina's 7th congressional district, a US political division
 SC-07, a subdivision code for the Seychelles—see ISO 3166-2:SC
 SC07, a FIPS 10-4 region code—see List of FIPS region codes (S–U)
 SC7, the reference point for a number of asteroids, such as 5130 Ilioneus, 34420 Peterpau and 15220 Sumerkin
 Southern Cross Seven, a regional Australian television network affiliated with the Seven Network
Alexander McDonnell (engineer). Alexander McDonnell was an Irish locomotive engineer and civil engineer. He was born in Dublin on 18 December 1829 and died in Holyhead on 14 December 1904.  He was educated at Trinity College Dublin, where he graduated with an honours BA in mathematics (1851). He brought order and standardisation to the workshops and locomotive designs of the Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland, and was later employed to do the same for the North Eastern Railway in England, although resistance to his changes meant little progress was made before he left.

Career
McDonnell was apprenticed at Newall and Gordon in Westminster before working as an engineer at the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway – later to become part of the Great Western Railway.

From 1864 to 1883 he was Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent of the Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland at Inchicore.  McDonnell reformed the GS&WR workshop practices and improved their speed and efficiency. He also introduced practices then in use at Crewe Works and standardised parts between locomotive classes.

McDonnell was noted for his ability to recognise, and employ, men of talent.  By doing this, he initiated the "Inchicore school" of locomotive engineers, who would include Sir John Aspinall, H.A. Ivatt, and R.E.L. Maunsell.

From 1 November 1882, McDonnell was Locomotive Superintendent of the North Eastern Railway (NER) in England; he succeeded Edward Fletcher, who had retired. He found that Fletcher's locomotives, although good, did not use standardised components. McDonnell decided that in future, locomotives would use shared standard parts where possible, and that locomotive design and construction would utilise the practices which he had used at Inchicore. His first locomotive design for the NER, the '38' class 4-4-0, incorporated a number of unpopular features; and some popular features of Fletcher's engines were omitted. Worse, although the new locomotives were larger than Fletcher's most recent designs, they were no more capable. His only other design for the NER, the '59' class 0-6-0, were also unpopular; in this case, the engines were of similar size to Fletcher's most recent 0-6-0, but were less powerful. As a consequence, McDonnell resigned from the NER in September 1884, receiving a year's salary as severance pay. McDonnell was not replaced immediately, the NER's locomotive department then being managed by a committee chaired by Henry Tennant.

Locomotive designs

GS&WR
 GS&WR Class 2 – 4-4-0
 GS&WR Class 21 – 2-4-0
 GS&WR Class 47 – 0-4-4 back tank
 GS&WR Class 90 – 0-6-0T
 GS&WR Class 91 – 0-6-4T Inspection saloon/locomotive
 GS&WR Class 101 – 0-6-0
 GS&WR Class 203 – 0-6-4T
 GS&WR Class 204 – 0-6-0T
 GS&WR Class Sprite – 0-4-2T

NER
 NER Class '38' 4-4-0
 NER Class '59' (LNER Class J22) 0-6-0

See also
 Steam locomotives of Ireland
 Locomotives of the North Eastern Railway

References

1829 births
1904 deaths
Locomotive superintendents
Irish people in rail transport
Irish railway mechanical engineers
North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom) people
Engineers from County Dublin
Active Oberon. Active Oberon is a general purpose programming language developed during 1996-1998 by the group around Niklaus Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH Zurich). It is an extension of the programming language Oberon. The extensions aim at implementing active objects as expressions for parallelism. Compared to its predecessors, Oberon and Oberon-2, Active Oberon adds objects (with object-centered access protection and local activity control), system-guarded assertions, preemptive priority scheduling and a changed syntax for methods (named type-bound procedures in Oberon vocabulary). Objects may be active, which means that they may be threads or processes. Unlike Java or C#, objects may be synchronized not only with signals but directly on conditions. This simplifies concurrent programs and their development.

As it is tradition in the Oberon world, the Active Oberon language compiler is implemented in Active Oberon.  The operating system, especially the kernel, synchronizes and coordinates different active objects.

Active Oberon was renamed Active Object System (AOS) in 2002, then due to trademark issues, renamed Bluebottle in 2005, and then renamed A2 in 2008.

An Active Oberon fork is the language Zonnon.

See also
A2 (operating system)

References

External links
 ETH Oberon (2019) Language Report
 A2 Operating System & Active Oberon community in Telegram
 A2 user guide and applications description
 Archive Language Report

Class-based programming languages
Modula programming language family
Object-oriented programming languages
Procedural programming languages
Oberon programming language family
Systems programming languages