omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VDSO. vDSO (virtual dynamic shared object) is a kernel mechanism for exporting a carefully selected set of kernel space routines to user space applications so that applications can call these kernel space routines in-process, without incurring the performance penalty of a mode switch from user mode to kernel mode that is inherent when calling these same kernel space routines by means of the system call interface.

vDSO uses standard mechanisms for linking and loading i.e. standard Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) format. vDSO is a memory area allocated in user space which exposes some kernel functionalities. vDSO is dynamically allocated, offers improved safety through address space layout randomization, and supports more than four system calls. Some C standard libraries, like glibc, may provide vDSO links so that if the kernel does not have vDSO support, a traditional syscall is made. vDSO helps to reduce the calling overhead on simple kernel routines, and it also can work as a way to select the best system-call method on some computer architectures such as IA-32. An advantage over other methods is that such exported routines can provide proper DWARF (Debug With Attributed Record Format) debugging information. Implementation generally implies hooks in the dynamic linker to find the vDSOs.

vDSO was developed to offer the vsyscall features while overcoming its limitations: a small amount of statically allocated memory, which allows only four system calls, and the same addresses application binary interface (ABI) in each process, which compromises security. This security issue has been mitigated by emulating a virtual system call, but the emulation introduces additional latency.

glibc have support for  vDSO.

References 

Linux kernel features
Ferrorama. Ferrorama is a Brazilian battery powered toy train system made by Manufatura de Brinquedos Estrela, which started production around the 1980s. The train sets consist of black plastic track with a steam locomotive, an electric locomotive or both (depending on the set) and rolling stock of various types, including a tender, hoppers, tankers, coaches, etc. The locomotives are powered by two 1.5v batteries. The designs and molds for the components were licensed from TOMY, which developed them for a system called Super Rail that offered a more realistic alternative to Plarail. As a result, the majority of the rolling stock in the range are based on Japanese designs, among them the JNR Class D51, JNR Class DD51 and 0 Series Shinkansen.

Estrela decided to launch an online challenge: in response to popular demand on social media, the company publicly pledged to relaunch the Ferrorama system and held an event that allowed fans to cross the final 20km of the Way of St. James using 110m of track. Participants were required to figure out the distance that their train has passed and put them back on the front line, without leaving any cars derailed. The challengers will come from internet social communities around the product and the cost of travel to Galicia will be paid by the company, but it is unknown whether the population from Santiago de Compostela will support the challenge too.

References

External links
Sítio oficial do desafio para a volta do Ferrorama

1980s toys
Toy trains
Glossary of sewing terms. This glossary contains terms used in sewing, tailoring and related crafts. For terms used in the creation or manufacturing of textiles, including spinning, knitting, weaving, and individual fabrics and finishing processes, see Glossary of textile manufacturing.  For terms used in dyeing, see Glossary of dyeing terms.

Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with needle and thread.  Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic Era.  Although usually associated with clothing and household linens, sewing is used in a variety of crafts and industries, including shoemaking, upholstery, sailmaking, bookbinding and the manufacturing of some kinds of sporting goods.  Sewing is the fundamental process underlying a variety of textile arts and crafts, including embroidery, tapestry, quilting, appliqué and patchwork.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

 or

T

W

Y

See also
 List of sewing machine brands

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 

Sewing
Sewing
Sewing terms
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists
List of Hunslet narrow-gauge locomotive designs. Below are the details of the types of narrow-gauge steam locomotives designed and built by the Hunslet Engine Company.

Individual examples of some of these types have been preserved on heritage railways.

See also
 List of preserved Hunslet narrow-gauge locomotives
 List of preserved Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST locomotives

Notes
1. Two articulated Hunslet Engine  diesel locomotives were supplied to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich: Albert in 1934 (scrapped in 1961) and Carnegie in 1954. Carnegie was later sold, subsequently rescued and moved to the Bicton Woodland Railway in 1966. She then moved to the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills and thence to the Statfold Barn Railway.

References

Hunslet locomotives
Hunslet narrow gauge locomotives
United Kingdom narrow gauge rolling stock
Narrow gauge locomotives
FVA-3 Ente. The  FVA-3 Ente  was a  canard  two-seat glider built in Germany in 1922.

Development
After the relative success of the FVA-1 Schwatze Düvel and FVA-2 Blaue Maus, Wolfgang Klemperer designed and built the canard FVA-3 Ente. Using similar construction methods to the earlier gliders, Klemperer built the FVA-3 from wood with fabric covering, the thick cantilevered mainplane supporting a wide fuselage, extending forwards from the centre section, enclosing the side-by side cockpit forward of the mainplane and supporting the forward plane which was mounted on spherical bearings to provide control in pitch and yaw. On the ground the FVA-3 was supported by two fixed skids faired by large trousers similar to the FVA-1 and FVA-2.

The control system used the foreplane and  span slotted ailerons at the tips of the mainplane. Fore-and-aft movement of the stick altered the angle of attack of the whole foreplane, raising or lowering the nose. Side-to-side movement of the stick operated the mainlane ailerons in a conventional fashion to control the bank angle (i.e. stick left -left aileron up right aileron down and vice versa). The sole yaw control, as the aircraft had neither fin nor rudder, consisted of applying left or right foot-operated rudder pedal deflected small servo flaps on the trailing edge of the foreplanes to tilt the foreplanes; left plane low for the nose to yaw left and right plane low for the nose to yaw right.

Flight tests revealed a poor weight distribution, requiring the aircraft to be dismantled and the centre of gravity adjusted.

Specifications

References

1920s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Canard aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Andy Inglis. Andrew G. Inglis (born 1960)  is a British engineer, corporate executive and CEO of Kosmos Energy.

Background
Inglis received an MA in engineering from Pembroke College, Cambridge University and joined BP plc in 1980.  He is a Chartered Mechanical Engineer, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

He began his career in BP as a mechanical engineer, working on various North Sea projects. In the late 1980s, he moved to a series of commercial roles in BP Exploration in Aberdeen and London. After a period in the upstream executive office, in 1994 he moved to Alaska to serve as the manager for the Kuparuk field. He returned to London in 1996 as chief of staff for the upstream business. From 1997 until 1999, he was responsible for leading BP's activities in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.

In January 1999, following the merger of BP and Amoco, he became vice president, US Western Gas business unit. In September 2000, he joined the upstream executive committee as a group vice president and became an executive vice president and Deputy Chief Executive of BP Exploration & Production in 2004.  He was later appointed as an executive director of the BP Group and named chief executive of BP's Exploration & Production (E&P) business on 1 February 2007.

Inglis resigned from BP in 2010 and joined Petrofac in January 2011.  He was appointed to the Petrofac Board in March 2011. Mr. Inglis leads Petrofac’s Integrated Energy Services division, which was formed in June 2011. He is also a former Non-executive Director of BAE Systems plc.

Education
Inglis graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1980 with an MA in Engineering.

Executive positions
2007–2010
Chief Executive of BP's Exploration & Production business segment and Executive Director
BP plc

2007–2010
Non Executive Director and Chairman of Corporate Responsibility Committee
BAE Systems plc

2011–2014
Chief Executive, Integrated Energy Services 
Petrofac

2014–present
Chief Executive, Kosmos Energy

Personal life
Inglis is married with five children aged between 18 years and 5 years (twins). His interests include golf, sailing, running and skiing.

See also
BP - (British Petroleum)
Tony Hayward 
 Petrofac - (Petrofac)

References

Living people
1960 births
BP people
British mechanical engineers
301st Bombardment Squadron. The 301st Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  It was last assigned to the 4135th Strategic Wing.  It was inactivated at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida on 1 February 1963.

History
Established in 1952 as an RB-36 Peacemaker strategic reconnaissance squadron. Conducted global strategic reconnaissance 1953–1955, gradually shifting to a bombardment training mission beginning in 1964.  Re-equipped with standard B-36J strategic bombers, conducting worldwide training exercises and standing nuclear alert.  In 1959 with the phaseout of the B-36, was reassigned to SAC provisional 4135th Strategic Wing, being re-equipped with B-52G Stratofortress intercontinental heavy bombers. Was reassigned to Eglin AFB, Florida.

At Eglin, the squadron participated in testing at Eglin for North American AGM-28 Hound Dog supersonic, jet-powered, air-launched cruise missile.  In July 1960, the Hound Dog reached initial operational capability with the 301st BS being first B-52 unit.   In 1960, SAC developed procedures so that the B-52 could utilize the Hound Dog's J52 engine for additional thrust while the missile was located on the bomber's pylon. This helped heavily laden B-52s into the air. The Hound Dog could then be refueled from the B-52's wing fuel tanks.

One Hound Dog missile crashed near the town of Samson, Alabama when it failed to self-destruct after a test launch at Eglin AFB. In 1962, a Hound Dog was accidentally dropped to the ground during an under-wing check.
In May 1962, operation "Silk Hat" was conducted at Eglin AFB. During this exercise a Hound Dog test launch was conducted before an audience of international dignitaries headed by U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Vice President Lyndon B Johnson.

Was inactivated in 1963 when SAC inactivated its provisional Strategic Wings, redesignating them permanent Air Force Wings.  Squadron was inactivated with aircraft/personnel/equipment being redesignated 62d Bombardment Squadron in an in-place, name-only transfer.

Squadron had no officially approved patch, but many members wore a tiger head patch while at Ramey AB.

Lineage
 Established as 301st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Heavy on 4 June 1952.
 Activated: on 16 June 1952
 Redesignated: 301st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 1 October 1955
 Discontinued, and inactivated on 1 February 1963; personnel/aircraft/equipment transferred to the 62d Bombardment Squadron

Assignments
 72d Strategic Reconnaissance (later Bombardment) Wing, 16 June 1952 – 17 June 1959 (not operational: 16 Jun – 15 Mar 1953; 11 1958 – 17 Jun 1959)
 4135th Strategic Wing, 17 June 1959 – 1 February 1963

Stations
 Ramey Air Force Base, Porto Rico, 16 June 1952
 Eglin AFB, Florida, 17 June 1959 – 1 February 1963

Aircraft
 RB-36 Peacemaker, 1952–1958
 B-52 Stratofortress, 1959–1963

See also
 List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force

References

External links

Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1952
Thermal ellipsoid. In crystallography, thermal ellipsoids, more formally termed atomic displacement parameters or anisotropic displacement parameters, are ellipsoids used to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures. Since the vibrations are usually anisotropic (different magnitudes in different directions in space), an ellipsoid is a convenient way of visualising the vibration and therefore the symmetry and time averaged position of an atom in a crystal. Their theoretical framework was introduced by D. W. J. Cruickshank in 1956 and the concept was popularized through the program ORTEP (Oak Ridge Thermal-Ellipsoid Plot Program), first released in 1965.

Thermal ellipsoids can be defined by a tensor, a mathematical object which allows the definition of magnitude and orientation of vibration with respect to three mutually perpendicular axes. The three principal axes of the thermal vibration of an atom are denoted , , and , and the corresponding thermal ellipsoid is based on these axes. The size of the ellipsoid is scaled so that it occupies the space in which there is a particular probability of finding the electron density of the atom. The particular probability is usually 50%.

See also
 Debye–Waller factor

References

Crystallography
SS Saar. Saar was a  cargo ship that was built in 1937 by Stettiner Oderwerke AG, Stettin for German owners. She was seized by the Allies at Kolding, Denmark in May 1945, passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Congleton. In 1946, she was passed to the Soviet Union and renamed Donetz (Донец).

Description
The ship was built in 1937 by Stettiner Oderwerke AG, Stettin.

The ship was  long, with a beam of  a depth of . She had a GRT of 1,026 and a NRT of 560.

The ship was propelled by a compound steam engine which had two cylinders of  and two cylinders of  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by Ottensener Maschinenbau GmbH, Altona.

History
Saar was built for R C Gribel. Her port of registry was Stettin and she used the Code Letters DAYW. In February 1945, Saar was one of the ship involved in the transportation of refugees from Pillau, Soviet Union to Swinemünde, Germany. In May 1945, Saar was seized by the Allies at Kolding, Denmark. She was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Congleton. Her port of registry was changed to London. She was allocated the Code Letters GNML and the United Kingdom Official Number 180703. In 1946 she was passed to the Soviet Union and renamed Donetz.

References

External links
Photo of Donetz

1937 ships
Ships built in Stettin
Steamships of Germany
Merchant ships of Germany
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Ministry of War Transport ships
Empire ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of the Soviet Union
Merchant ships of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations
Germany–Soviet Union military relations
William McNaught (Rochdale). William McNaught ( - 1888)  was a steam engine engineer from Rochdale, Lancashire, England.

McNaught was born in Manchester in (  and apprenticed with a Mr Mills of Heywood, Bury. He then worked in London for John & Thomas Rennie before coming to Alexander Petrie & Son, around 1838.

McNaught became chief designer and superintendent at James Petrie's and designed a cutoff gear for use on a stationary steam engine. This was patented by James Petrie in 1844. Petrie started to build mill engines in 1819, McNaught joined in 1838 and remained until 1858, when he started his own company. Before this patent, there were problems with slide valves which suffered excessive wear. The Petrie and McNaught cutoff valves were circular with sloping faces that allowed a variable cut-off; they could be easily connected to the governor that McNaught patented in 1850. 

In 1860 he left Petrie's to set up his own business building steam engines at the former Halstead's 'Union Foundry' at Wet Rake on Drake Street, Rochdale.  He was so successful that by 1863 he had built the St George's Foundry on Crawford St. Rochdale. . When he retired in 1870, the firm was taken over by his sons John and William and became known as J&W McNaught. They later amalgamated with John Petrie becoming Petrie and McNaught.

William McNaught died on 11 February 1888, aged 76.

References
Notes

Bibliography

 

British steam engine engineers
1810s births
1888 deaths
Engineers from Lancashire
People from Rochdale
Contact pad. Contact pads or bond pads are small, conductive surface areas of a printed circuit board (PCB) or die of an integrated circuit. They are often made of gold, copper, or aluminum and measure mere micrometres wide. Pads are positioned on the edges of die, to facilitate connections without shorting. Contact pads exist to provide a larger surface area for connections to a microchip or PCB, allowing for the input and output of data and power. 

Possible methods of connecting contact pads to a system include soldering, wirebonding, or flip chip mounting.

Contact pads are created alongside a chip's functional structure during the photolithography steps of the fabrication process, and afterwards they are tested. During the test process, contact pads are probed with the needles of a probe card on Automatic Test Equipment in order to check for faults via electrical resistance.

Further reading
Kraig Mitzner, Complete PCB Design Using OrCAD Capture and PCB Editor, Newnes, 2009 .
Jing Li, Evaluation and Improvement of the Robustness of a PCB Pad in a Lead-free Environment, ProQuest, 2007 .
Deborah Lea, Fredirikus Jonck, Christopher Hunt, Solderability Measurements of PCB Pad Finishes and Geometries, National Physical Laboratory, 2001 .

Electronic engineering
Printed circuit board manufacturing
JR Freight Class ED500. The Class ED500 was a single Bo-Bo wheel arrangement dual voltage AC/DC electric locomotive built experimentally by Hitachi in Japan in 1992. The design was derived from the DC Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement Class EF200 also built by Hitachi, and was intended to replace Class ED75 locomotives on Tohoku Main Line freight services. The locomotive was loaned to JR Freight for testing until 1994, but the design was not selected for full production due to problems with restarting a single Bo-Bo wheel arrangement locomotive on the 25‰, 2.5%, gradients of the Tohoku Main Line and in the Seikan Tunnel. The Class EH500 articulated Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo design was ultimately chosen instead.

External appearance
Visually resembling the EF200 locomotives, the ED500 was finished in all-over black with red cab doors.

Classification

The ED500 classification for this locomotive type is explained below. As with previous locomotive designs, the prototype was numbered ED500-901.
 E: Electric locomotive
 D: Four driving axles
 500: AC/DC locomotive with AC motors

References

1500 V DC locomotives
20 kV AC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Japan
Bo-Bo locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1992
Individual locomotives of Japan
Multi-system locomotives
Design review. A design review is a milestone within a product development process whereby a design is evaluated against its requirements in order to verify the outcomes of previous activities and identify issues before committing to—and, if need be, to re-prioritise—further work. The ultimate design review, if successful, therefore triggers the product launch or product release.

The conduct of design reviews is compulsory as part of design controls, when developing products in certain regulated contexts such as medical devices.

By definition, a review must include persons who are external to the design team.

Contents of a design review
In order to evaluate a design against its requirements, a number of means may be considered, such as:
Physical tests.
Engineering simulations.
Examinations (Walk-through).

Timing of design reviews
Most formalised systems engineering processes recognise that the cost of correcting a fault increases as it progresses through the development process.  Additional effort spent in the early stages of development to discover and correct errors is therefore likely to be worthwhile.  Design reviews are example of such an effort.
Therefore, a number of design reviews may be carried out, for example to evaluate the design against different sets of criteria (consistency, usability, ease of localisation, environmental) or during various stages of the design process.

See also
 Design review (U.S. government)
 Hazard and operability study

References

Engineering concepts
Wolfgang Steinert. Wolfgang Gerhard Herbert Steinert (May 8, 1940 – April 22, 2010) was a German electrical engineer.

After studying at RWTH Aachen University and Darmstadt University of Technology he worked for the Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE) from 1968 to 2000. As a testing engineer he was head of the test laboratory of the VDE from 1971 until 1993 (thus among other things responsible for assigning the VDE f-mark according to Postal Decree 171/1967 and implementing the German Law on Radio Interference of 1978). Being a "competent body" within the framework of the German EMC Law of 1992 from 1993 until his retirement in 2000, he acted as an intermediary between the rules of the European and German authorities and the need of the manufacturers of electric devices for reliable market access. Furthermore, he contributed to the work of several standardization committees (including DKE/K 761; head of the German delegation to CISPR/A).

Wolfgang Steinert got married in 1970 and had one son. In 2010 he died due to colorectal cancer.

Publications in German, e.g.
 Begrenzung von Funkstörungen, von Beeinflussungen und von Rückwirkungen. In: Einführung in das VDE-Vorschriftenwerk / hrsg. von Alfred Warner. Berlin 1983 (VDE-Schriftenreihe ; 50). 
and English, e.g.
 Standards and Regulations (comparing FCC 15.J - computing devices/1979, CISPR 11, 14 and VDE 0871, 0875). In: EMC Technology & Interference Control News 2 (1983), p. 10. .

References 

German electrical engineers
1940 births
2010 deaths
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
People from Greifswald
Engineers from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
RWTH Aachen University alumni
FVA-4 Pipö. The  FVA-4 Pipö  was  a  biplane  two-seat powered trainer designed and built in Germany in 1923.

Development 
After the relative success of the first three designs, the next aircraft to emerge from the FVA workshops was a biplane two-seater intended solely for ab initio training with new students at the FVA. Built to be easily maintained and repaired, the  FVA-4 Pipö, (named after Wolfgang Klemperer's sister, “Pipö”), was a strut braced biplane constructed with wood covered with fabric. After the FVA-4 and the FVA-5 Rheinland (built simultaneously) were completed, Wolfgang Klemperer emigrated to the United States.

References

1920s German civil trainer aircraft