omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Seabrook Floodgate. The Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC) Seabrook Floodgate Structure is a flood barrier in the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana. The floodgate is designed to protect the Industrial Canal and the surrounding areas from a storm surge from Lake Pontchartrain. It consists of two  wide vertical lift gates and a  wide sector gate. 

The building of the floodgate was authorized by Congress in 2006 and operated in tandem with the Lake Borgne Surge Reduction Barrier to reduce the risk of storm surge damage to some of the New Orleans region's most vulnerable areas – New Orleans East, metro New Orleans, the Ninth Ward, Gentilly, and St. Bernard Parish.

Design
The Seabrook Floodgate Structure consists of a sector gate and two vertical lift gates approximately  south of the Senator Ted Hickey Bridge with flood wall tie-ins on the east and west sides. Other components of the Seabrook Floodgate project include added T-walls and the replacement of the existing Alabama Great Southern Railroad gate with a new taller gate that met the 100 year level of risk reduction; new T-walls that tie into a new vehicle gate built at the boat launch on Leon C. Simon Drive; and raising the Hayne Boulevard ramps on both the east and west sides of the canal. The Seabrook structure closed the only remaining gap on the East Bank of the Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System.

Construction
The US Army Corps of Engineers awarded the construction of the project to Alberici Constructors, Inc. in July 2009 Construction started in the fall of 2010, and although construction activities continued beyond the Corps' projected June 1, 2011 deadline, a temporary cofferdam was built to reduce risk to the area during the construction.

The floodgate structure opened to marine traffic in August 2012. The same month it was closed for the first time, in order to protect the city from Hurricane Isaac.

Notable flooding was not seen in the protected area from Category 4 Hurricane Ida in 2021. Water levels on Lake Pontchartrain were slightly lower than Hurricane Katrina, but significant -- areas further west of the city, such as LaPlace, were inundated by high waters. Work to increase protection for the areas further west of New Orleans has come to fruition in the West Shore Lake Pontchartrain project, for which construction began in December 2022.

Notes

Flood barriers
Buildings and structures in New Orleans
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Flood control in the New Orleans metropolitan area
Lake Pontchartrain
Bell Punch. The Bell Punch Company was a British company manufacturing a variety of business machines, most notably several generations of public transport ticket machines and the world's first desktop electronic calculator, the Sumlock ANITA.

History
The company was established in July 1878 in order to acquire the patent rights to an American hand-registering ticket punch that was being used by a number of British tramway companies.  By 1884 they had begun development of their own range of ticket printing machines.  In 1891 they began supplying ticketing machines for London General Omnibus Company.  From then until its demise, Bell Punch had an unbroken history of supplying successive London bus companies, along with many other bus operators throughout the country.

The first half of the twentieth century saw the company expand into different markets, including in cinema and theatre ticketing, horse race totalisator ticket machines, taximeters and mechanical calculators.

In the Second World War the company developed and manufactured a variety of military equipment, including mechanical aircraft navigation computers and naval gunnery sighting and ranging devices.

In 1958 it began development of a desktop electronic calculator, which came to market as the Sumlock ANITA in 1961.  The calculator division was established as Sumlock Anita Electronics Ltd in 1966.  It became the largest supplier of calculators in the UK, with sales of £4.5 million in 1971.  In 1972 they developed one of the first electronic pocket calculators, but were beaten to the market by Sinclair Radionics due to lack of management enthusiasm for the project.  In 1973 Sumlock Anita Electronics were acquired by Rockwell International who closed down the operation in 1976.

The remainder of the business continued to be owned by the then parent company, Control Systems Ltd which was acquired by the Swedish Incentive Group in the early 1980s which resulted in the break-up of the company.

References

Fare collection systems
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
National Oceanographic Data Centre of Cameroon. The National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC) is a national institute in Cameroon which compiles, analyses and monitors data related to the waters of Cameroon. The institute is a member of the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange System (IODE).and was established on February 28, 2001. The project is hosted by the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) which is under the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation (MINRESI).

External links
Official site

Oceanographic organizations
Organizations based in Cameroon
Organizations established in 2001
2001 establishments in Cameroon
Edenite. Edenite or edenitic hornblende is a double chain silicate mineral of the amphibole group with the general chemical composition NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2. Edenite is named for the locality of Edenville, Orange County, New York, where it was first described.

Occurrence 
Edenite has been found primarily in metamorphic rocks, occurring in pods of other magnesium-rich minerals within a marble formation or with garnet-rich lherzolites from deep within the Earth's crust.  Thus, finding edenite in the field can indicate high-temperature regional metamorphism of the surrounding rocks.

Uses and importance
While edenite is not important for commercial or industrial applications, it is often studied because of its unique chemical substitution properties.  Results from research performed on amphiboles have shown that edenite is particularly suited for fitting chloride anions into its chemical framework. This makes edenite a good candidate for use in chlorine isotope fractionation in amphibole-bearing rocks. Many synthetic variations of edenite are also used in geochemical research to produce a boron analogue of fluoroedenite.

Crystal habit 
Edenite is a member of the monoclinic crystal system and is in the crystal class 2/m (space group C2/m). This means crystalline edenite is symmetrical around a two-fold rotation axis that is then reflected across a mirror plane perpendicular to the long axis of the mineral.

Optical properties 
Edenite is a biaxial positive mineral. When viewed in thin section with a petrographic microscope, it is white-gray with pale green pleochroism in plane-polarized light. Under crossed polars, its interference colors range from first order gray to first order blue.

References

Amphibole group
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Blendes
Marrite. Marrite (mar'-ite) is a mineral with the chemical formula PbAgAsS3. It is the arsenic equivalent of freieslebenite (PbAgSbS3), but also displays close polyhedral characteristics with sicherite and diaphorite. Marrite was first described in 1905, and was named in honor of geologist John Edward Marr (1857–1933) of Cambridge, England.

Crystal habit
Marrite is part of the monoclinic crystal class, and 2⁄m point group. The symmetry reveals that this mineral is composed of 3 axes of unequal lengths. Two of the axes are perpendicular at 90 degrees, while one axis intersects at an angle less than 90 degrees. Crystal habit includes striated, meaning it forms parallel lines along crystal faces; or tabular, meaning that structure dimensions are thin in 1 direction.

Optical mineralogy
Under a microscope, marrite has a distinct anisotropic refractive index, meaning the velocity of light varies depending on the direction being traveled through the mineral. It is typical of anisotropic minerals to display colorful, optical properties when viewed under cross polarized light. This differs from its vague gray color when viewed in plane polarized light, which is the reason optical mineralogy is essential for correctly identifying similar minerals. Marrite belongs to the biaxial optical class, which signifies that it has two optic axes. An optic axis is the direction of light that travels at 0 birefringence, causing the mineral to appear isotropic. When viewing the indicatrix of biaxial minerals, both optic axes are always perpendicular to one of the two circular sections.

Occurrence
The only known occurrence of Marrite is the type locality of the Lengenbach quarry in Binntal, Valais, Switzerland. It is primarily formed because of hydrothermal activity, which involves water and high temperatures. Marrite is predominantly found in dolomite along with a variety of other sulfosalts.

References

Arsenic minerals
Lead minerals
Silver minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1905
Metazeunerite. Metazeunerite is an arsenate mineral with a chemical formula of Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·8H2O. The origin of this mineral is almost always from the natural dehydration process of zeunerite.

It is named for civil engineer Gustav A. Zeuner, who worked at the School of Mines in Freiberg and its lowered hydration state.

Properties 
Its crystal system is tetragonal and its crystal class is 4/m, which is also called the tetragonal-dipyramidal class because it only has a vertical four-fold rotation axis that is perpendicular to the symmetry plane.  When looking at a thin section, metzeunerite is anisotropic, meaning that it has pleochroism. When a mineral is anisotropic, one can see whether it is uniaxial or biaxial, depending on how fast the rays of light are moving through the mineral. This mineral is uniaxial negative due to the ordinary ray being slower than the extraordinary ray.

Occurrence 
Metazeunerite is an uncommon radioactive secondary mineral found in "arsenic bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits" across the world. This widespread mineral occurs specifically in Europe, western North America, Australia, Brazil and Chile, Namibia, and Kazakhstan.  It is currently studied through thermal decomposition by calculating the different levels of dehydration, as zeunerite is transformed into metazeunerite. Metazeunerite was shown to be an important solubility limiting phase controlling uranium migration in the soils of the UK's only, and now abandoned, uranium mine, South Terras, located near St Stephen-in-Brannel.

References

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 993–994.

Arsenate minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 85
Thomas Leith. Thomas Orr Leith OBE, FRAE (23 March 1926 – 7 November 2005) was a Scottish mechanical engineer and industrialist.

Biography

Thomas Orr Leith was born on 23 March 1926 in Cathcart, Glasgow, Scotland, youngest son in a family with seven brothers and sisters.

He attended Holmlea Primary School in Cathcart (now closed) before being evacuated to Troon in 1939 at the start of the World War II. In 1942 he returned to Glasgow to join Weir Pumps Ltd in Cathcart, Glasgow (then called G. and J. Weir Ltd)  as an Apprentice Marine Engineer. While an apprentice he also studied for the Higher National Certificate exams at Langside College in Mount Florida and, following this, left Weirs to study full-time at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow (now the University of Strathclyde).  He graduated with a BSc in Mechanical Engineering in 1950, and was winner of the Montgomerie Neilson Gold Medal and Prize (awarded to the first ranked graduating student in Mechanical Engineering).

He rejoined Weir Pumps and in 1954 he became Head of Steam Turbine and Gearing Design, in 1962 was made Chief Designer and in 1966 Director and General Manager of the Pump and Turbine Division (later renamed the Energy Division).  In 1980 he became Director, Contracts Division at Weir Pumps before moving in 1988 to take up the Managing Director role at Weir Westgarth Ltd until his retirement in 1991.  He was Chairman of Clairmont Plc from 1992 to 1994.

He was an inventor or co-inventor of a number of improvements to centrifugal pumps

 and level control, during the period 1956 to 1962 at G. and J. Weir Ltd.

He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1987 to 1989, Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Fellow of the Institution of Marine Engineers. He was conferred Honorary Fellowship of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 2004.

Thomas Leith was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE in the 1988 New Year's Honours for Services to Export.

Thomas Leith was active in the local community.  He was Chairman of the Community Council in Newton Mearns and, following a move to Strathaven in Lanarkshire on his retirement in 1991,  was actively involved in the Avondale Civic Society of which he was chairman from 1998 to 2004.  A plaque near Strathaven Castle was raised by Avondale Civic Society to commemorate his contribution.

Selected papers

References

External links 
 Thomas Leith Engineer who bridged gap between experience and modernism, Obituary, The Herald, 7 November 2005
 Weir Westgarth Ltd
 Weir Pumps Ltd

1926 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Presidents of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Scottish mechanical engineers
20th-century Scottish inventors
Engineers from Glasgow
2005 deaths
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Scottish industrial designers
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Moment redistribution. Moment redistribution refers to the behavior of statically indeterminate structures that are not completely elastic, but have some reserve plastic capacity.  When one location first yields, further application of load to the structure causes the bending moment to redistribute differently from what a purely elastic analysis would suggest.

When the load is applied to a beam, the beam has the property to resist it. When the beam is indeterminate, it forms sufficient number of hinges to make itself determinate. Hence in this process, few hinges are formed earlier and the rest are formed afterwards. Further increment in load does not increase the moment at the points where the plastic hinges are formed. The increased load increases the moment in the less stressed sections of the beam; hence due to this, further plastic hinges are formed. This  process of shift of application of moment in the beam is termed as moment redistribution in a beam.

References

Structural engineering
Coculum Aeronáutica. Coculum Aeronáutica S.A. de C.V. was a Mexican airline that operated from 1948 to 1962.

History
The airline was established in 1948 with a fleet of 3 Morane-Saulnier MS-500 Criquets. Latest was incorporated 6 ex-RAF Supermarine Seafire reconverted as three seats executive transport and was commenced to flight to Toluca and in 1951 the MS-500 was replaced by 3 ex-FAM SBD Dauntless converted as passengers aircraft. The SBD's was replaced in 1952 by P-38 Lightning. Lightnings was replaced two years latte by 4 ex-RAF de Havilland Mosquito reconverted as executive transports and the airline was commenced to fly to Cedros, but that route was briefly suspended and the airline was only flown to Toluca. Coculum Aeronáutica ceased operations in April 1962.

Destinations
Toluca
Mexico City (base)

Fleet
3 de Havilland Mosquito (converted as executive transports)
The airline also was operated a sole a de Havilland Hornet, but quickly was sold

References

Defunct airlines of Mexico
Airlines established in 1948
Airlines disestablished in 1962
1962 disestablishments in Mexico
Mexican companies established in 1948
Jihostroj. JIHOSTROJ a.s., based in Velesin, Czech Republic, is a company that manufactures hydraulic and aircraft fuel pumps, as well as other components for the automotive and aircraft industry - particularly flight control units, propeller governors, and fuel pumps for Walter M601 turboprop engines. Jihostroj is the majority owner of Jawa Moto.

History

Earlier history
The company was founded by Jan Hans in 1919, producing electrotechnical equipment. Starting in 1936, the company began manufacturing in the aircraft industry.

World War II

During World War II, Jihostroj manufactured products for the German Air Force.

Post World War II

The Jihostroj plant survived the war intact, and in 1946, the company was nationalized and merged with PAL n.e. In 1952, the National enterprise Jikov was incorporated into Motorlet n.e. in Prague.

In 1953, JIKOV was separated once again, and a new entity was created called JIHOceske STROJirny - JIHOSTROJ (South-Bohemian Machine-works). The main production program was oriented toward the aerospace industry.

Post Velvet Revolution

In 1992, the company was privatised into joint stock company JIHOSTROJ a.s.. The main reorganization was completed in 1995. The company was divided into two basic division - Aerospace Division and Hydraulic Division.

Products

Turboprop engines 
The company produces turboprop engines including the M601 Walter, fuel control unit LUN 6590, fuel pump LUN 6290, and propeller governor LUN 7816.

Auxiliary power units 
The company supplies components for auxiliary power units including fuel pumps, oil pumps, fuel distributors, and oil distributor. This is used in various modifications on the following aircraft: Aero L-39, Aero L-159, K-8, L15, and the Mi-17 helicopter.

Propeller governors 
The company supplies piston engine and constant speed propellers for RVs, Extra 300, Pitts, and Sukhoi Su-31.

Break cylinder subassemblies 
Jihostroj supplies break cylinder subassemblies for military training aircraft such as the Pilatus PC-21, and single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft such as the Pilatus PC-12, as well as the Sikorsky S-76 helicopter and the Eclipse 500 business jet.

Other 
Jihostroj also supplies assemblies and parts for: Rolls-Royce Trent 800, 1000 and Cessna 550.

References

External links
 Official web page of Jihostroj a.s.
 List of Jihostroj propeller governor PCU5000 STC (PMA) applications

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Manufacturing companies established in 1919
Czech brands
1919 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Stream power law. The term stream power law describes a semi-empirical family of equations used to predict the rate of erosion of a river into its bed. These combine equations describing conservation of water mass and momentum in streams with relations for channel hydraulic geometry (width-discharge scaling) and basin hydrology (discharge-area scaling) and an assumed dependency of erosion rate on either unit stream power or shear stress on the bed to produce a simplified description of erosion rate as a function of power laws of upstream drainage area, A, and channel slope, S:

where E is erosion rate and K, m and n are positive. The value of these parameters depends on the assumptions made, but all forms of the law can be expressed in this basic form.

The parameters K, m and n are not necessarily constant, but rather may vary as functions of the assumed scaling laws, erosion process, bedrock erodibility, climate, sediment flux, and/or erosion threshold. However, observations of the hydraulic scaling of real rivers believed to be in erosional steady state indicate that the ratio m/n should be around 0.5, which provides a basic test of the applicability of each formulation.

Although consisting of the product of two power laws, the term stream power law refers to the derivation of the early forms of the equation from assumptions of erosion dependency on stream power, rather than to the presence of power laws in the equation.  This relation is not a true scientific law, but rather a heuristic description of erosion processes based on previously observed scaling relations which may or may not be applicable in any given natural setting.

The stream power law is an example of a one dimensional advection equation, more specifically a hyperbolic partial differential equation. Typically, the equation is used to simulate propagating incision pulses creating discontinuities or knickpoints in the river profile. Commonly used first order finite difference methods to solve the stream power law may result in significant numerical diffusion which can be prevented by the use of analytical solutions

or higher order numerical schemes
.

References

Geomorphology
Tony Fairbrother. Anthony James Fairbrother (4 May 1926, Coventry – 7 December 2004) was an English engineer who was the flight-test engineer on the maiden flight of the de Havilland DH.106 Comet 1, the world's first jet airliner, in 1949.

Tony Fairbrother was educated at Bablake School in Coventry, Melton Mowbray Grammar School, and the de Havilland Aeronautical Technical School.

After working in the de Havilland design and aerodynamics departments, Fairbrother joined the company's new flight test department in 1948.
On 27 July 1949, the Comet 1 made its historic 31-minute maiden flight. On board were the de Havilland chief test pilot, John Cunningham, co-pilot John Wilson, and flight test observer Tony Fairbrother.  Fairbrother was quoted as commenting that: "The Comet must have been one of the all-time technical achievements. I don't think it is too much to say that the world changed from the moment its wheels left the ground."

Fairbrother was head of the de Havilland flight development team based at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, for around 30 years. He managed the development, flight testing, and certification of more than 15 new types of both civil and military aircraft. During the early 1950s he managed the development of the Comet 1, Comet 2 and Comet 3, de Havilland Sea Vixen, Dove 8, Heron 1 and 2, and the Vampire night fighter. Fairbrother played an important part in recovering from the Comet disasters of 1954 due to structural fatigue. He managed the flight testing of the modified Comet 3, and Comet 4, 4B and 4C.

Tony Fairbrother was married with two sons.

References 

1926 births
2004 deaths
Aerodynamicists
British aviation pioneers
Aviation safety pioneers
De Havilland
De Havilland Comet
English aerospace engineers
People from Coventry
People educated at Bablake School