omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alan Mercer. Alan Mercer (22 August 1931 – 9 July 2014) was a British professor of operational research (OR) at Lancaster University until his retirement in 1998. Mercer was one of the founding members of the Department of Operational Research at Lancaster in 1964, the first such department in Britain. He was also a founding editor of the European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR) in 1975, resigning from editing in 1998.

Early life and career
Mercer was born in Stocksbridge, West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1931 and attended Penistone Grammar School before being offered an open scholarship to study mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He then went on to join the Field Investigation Group of the National Coal Board in 1954, moving to the Theoretical Physics Division at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston in 1956. It was here that Mercer was one of a small team directly responsible for Britain's first hydrogen bomb. He also continued working in operational research (OR), taking over work by atomic spy Klaus Fuchs on stochastic processes after his arrest.

During this time he researched his PhD at Birkbeck, University of London, advised by David Cox. Shortly after being awarded his PhD in 1961, Mercer left Aldermaston to join Armour & Co. Ltd as the senior manager responsible for OR, statistics and data.

In 1964 Mercer was appointed to the Department of Operational Research at the newly established Lancaster University, with the first students arriving October 1964. He wanted a strong connection between the Department and industry; he persuaded Allied Breweries to start its own OR group with Lancaster's first PhD as its head after Mercer installed state-of-the-art quality control in its Burton-on-Trent brewery through his first private consultancy. Mercer continued to play a major role in OR, serving on the Council of the Operational Research Society from 1969 and being a founding editor of the European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR) from 1975. He also advised the Turkish government in the early 1970s on the introduction of OR to that country, and made regular trips to the Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara. In 1982 he was appointed for three years as Chairman of Lancaster's School of Management and Organisational Sciences, and set about integrating the departments into the Lancaster University Management School. He was the Head of Department from 1983 to 1992 after the sudden death of his predecessor, Mike Simpson, in July 1983.

Mercer retired in 1998, but continued to supervise his PhD students and give MSc lectures, whist also chairing most of the Department of Management Science PhD vivas for an additional 10 years.

Personal life
Mercer met Iris Pigott in January 1950 at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, having both studied at Penistone Grammar School. They married in 1954 and had two sons, Nicholas and Jonathan.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
People educated at Penistone Grammar School
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Academics of Lancaster University
Beresheet 2. Beresheet 2 is a planned private space mission intended to land two spacecraft on the Moon in 2025. As the spacecraft reaches the Moon, it will split into three: the mothership (orbiter) and two landers that will be released for landing at different locations on the Moon. The orbiter will continue to orbit the Moon on a long-term multi-year mission. This will be the first-ever dual-lander deployment mission, with the smallest landers to ever soft-land on the Moon. The Beresheet 2 Orbiter will give many students worldwide the opportunity to learn the basics of space engineering and participate in deep-space science. Through its innovative design, the Beresheet 2 Orbiter will serve as the first-ever – worldwide interactive space education system.
The project will include multiple educational activities for all ages and an outreach program that will connect and push these messages to the public in the partnering countries.

History 
The mission was announced by the SpaceIL voluntary association, shortly after the conclusion of the first Beresheet mission in April 2019. It was announced on 26 June 2019, that the mission will not target the Moon, and instead it will be to another undisclosed object. On 25 November 2019, it was simultaneously announced that the Moon would indeed be the target of Beresheet 2, and that SpaceIL plans to send another lander to Mars. 

On 16 January 2020, SpaceIL announced that they have officially started to work on Beresheet 2, as they were given the first million-dollar funding for the spacecraft. On 5 February 2020, Shimon Sarid was appointed as CEO of SpaceIL. In this role, Sarid will lead the Beresheet 2 project. In July 2020, engineer Yoav Heichal, former chief engineer of Better Place Ltd, has joined the program as a structural engineer. The program was officially launched by Israel's former president, Reuven Rivlin, on 9 December 2020 and announced that the Beresheet 2 Moon mission would launch in 2024, consisting of an orbiter and two landers. SpacelL is leading the program with the support of the Israel Space Agency.

It will have a budget of US$100 million, similar to that of Beresheet 1, and will include more international collaboration, with the United Arab Emirates as one of seven countries expressing interest.

In July 2021, the Beresheet 2 program raised 70 million dollars from a group of entrepreneur-philanthropists: the Patrick & Lina Drahi family foundation, Morris Kahn, and the Moshal Space Foundation. 

At World Space Week in Dubai, in October 2021, Israel and the UAE ministers of science and technology announced plans for cooperation on the mission. Said Kahn to the Global Investment Forum in Dubai, "It would be wonderful if we could develop a space program that would be a combination of Israel and the Arab world, "I would welcome it – if it fits in with the program the Emirates have. They have an ambitious program".

References 

Future spaceflights
2025 in spaceflight
Missions to the Moon
Landers (spacecraft)
Space program of Israel
Private space missions
Huang Weilu. Huang Weilu (; 18 December 1916 – 23 November 2011) was a Chinese aerospace and electrical engineer who was a specialist in the control systems of missiles and rockets. The chief designer of JL-1, China's first submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), he was awarded the Two Bombs, One Satellite Meritorious Medal in 1999 and the Highest Achievement Award of China's aerospace industry in 2006. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the International Academy of Astronautics.

Early life and education 
Huang was born on 18 December 1916 in Wuhu, Anhui, Republic of China. After graduating from the Department of Electrical Engineering of National Central University in 1940, he went to work in the United Kingdom in 1943. In 1945, he entered Imperial College London to study radio electronics and earned his M.S. degree two years later.

Career 
Huang returned to China in 1947 and worked as a research scientist in Shanghai. In 1958, he joined the Fifth Academy (aerospace research) of the Ministry of National Defense with the military rank of colonel. He focused on solving technical issues of control systems for liquid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), then being developed in China with the assistance of the Soviet Union.

In 1965, the Fifth Academy was reorganized into the Seventh Ministry of Machine Building, and Huang was appointed director of Institute 12 under the ministry, in charge of developing the control systems for the Dongfeng missiles.

He was transferred to Department 4 in 1970 and later took charge of the development of JL-1, China's first submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). His team solved a host of technical issues besetting the program, which was developed without Soviet assistance after the Sino-Soviet split. Under Huang's leadership, the team developed subsystems such as underwater launching, high-altitude control, real-time calculations, aiming, and miniaturization, which altogether enabled China to become the fourth country in the world to successfully launch an SLBM. He also contributed to the development of China's second generation of ICBMs.

Huang died on 23 November 2011 in Beijing, at the age of 94.

Honours and recognition 
Huang was elected an academician of the International Academy of Astronautics in 1986 and of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1991.

Huang was conferred a Special Prize of the State Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985 and the Qiu Shi Distinguished Scientist Prize in 1994.

In 1999, Huang was awarded the Two Bombs, One Satellite Meritorious Medal. In 2006, he was one of the five scientists who received the Highest Achievement Award for the first 50 years of China's aerospace industry, together with Qian Xuesen, Ren Xinmin, Tu Shou'e, and Liang Shoupan.

References 

1916 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of Imperial College London
Chinese aerospace engineers
Chinese colonels
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Engineers from Anhui
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
National Central University alumni
People from Wuhu
OSE class 460. The OSE Class 460 is the first class of electric trainsets (EMU) in Greece and, together with the 621 class, it is the second most recent series of railcars operated by TRAINOSE after the 3107 class. They are OSE rolling stock and belong to the Desiro Classic generation, while they were manufactured by Siemens in 2006. They come in line with the 660 class but their main difference is that the 460 is electric-powered with five coaches while the 660 is diesel-powered by two coaches but they have the same manufacturers and gauge.

Class 460 trainsets can be coupled to another trainset on a double coupling to form an EMU-10, controlled by the driver of the leading cab. In total, there are 20 such trainsets, numbered 460 101/460 201 – 460 120/460 220. They have an electric engine and reach speeds of up to 180 km / h, and have a capacity of 304 people Their weight is 150 tonnes. The traction of the train is carried out by two pantographs that touch in aerial cables. Their voltage is .

Route 
Series 460 is used in Thessaloniki suburban Thessaloniki-Larissa line, and on the Athens Suburban Railway.

History 
In 2004, OSE proceeded to order 20 trainsets on the Desiro family of 5 coaches by Siemens AG which, in collaboration with Greek shipyards and based on the Desiro platform, supplied OSE with the Desiro EMU-5 trains. They were built in the Greek Shipyards of Skaramangas. In 2004, one of them came to Greece and eventually received by OSE in 2006. On 14-2-2009 the routes Ano Liossia – Airport with these trains started. Already in 2016, it was operating on the suburban line of Athens to the airport, Chalkis and Kiato, as well as in Thessaloniki, in the line to Larissa, however, with the gradual electrification of the railway lines, they were also launched on the Piraeus Line. On 28 March 2016, the first Desiro EMU-5 series 460 was launched in Dhekelia.

Livery 
The coloring of the wagons consists of purple horizontal strips on white, covering the largest surface of the vehicles. The doors are yellow. Later, it was applied to the majority of vehicles, advertising overlay on biodiversity, by DEI, as well as other advertisements as an attempt to repair their bad aesthetic image after being vandalized by graffiti. Overlapping remains so far on several vehicles as well as other types of rolling stock.

References 

Electric multiple units of Greece
25 kV AC multiple units
Siemens multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2004
Sakha Avia Flight 301. Sakha Avia Flight 301 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Kutana to Aldan via Uchur in Russia. On 26 August 1993 the Let L-410 Turbolet operating the flight crashed on approach to Aldan Airport, killing all 24 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster involving the Let L-410 Turbolet.

Accident 
The aircraft was on final approach to Aldan Airport. The flaps were extended for landing, however, when this happened, the aircraft abruptly pitched up to 40 degrees, stalled and crashed into the ground  from the runway. All 24 people on board were killed.

Aircraft 
The aircraft involved was a three-year-old L-410UVP-E (registration RA-67656) which first flew in 1990. The aircraft was powered by two Walter M-601E engines.

Investigation 
The investigation determined that the aircraft was overloaded, moving the center of gravity to the rear.

See also 
 List of accidents and incidents involving the Let L-410 Turbolet

References 

Accidents and incidents involving the Let L-410 Turbolet
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia in 1993
Nickel silicide. Nickel silicides include several intermetallic compounds of nickel and silicon. Nickel silicides are important in microelectronics as they form at junctions of nickel and silicon. Additionally thin layers of nickel silicides may have application in imparting surface resistance to nickel alloys.

Compounds
Nickel silicides include Ni3Si, Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, NiSi and NiSi2.  Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, and NiSi have congruent melting points; the others form via a peritectic transformation.
The silicides can be made via fusion or solid state reaction between the elements, diffusion at a junction of the two elements, and other methods including ion beam mixing.

Properties
Nickel silicides are generally chemically and thermally stable.  They have low electrical resistivity; with NiSi 10.5–18 μΩ·cm, Ni2Si 24–30 μΩ·cm, NiSi2 34–50 μΩ·cm; nickel-rich silicides have higher resistivity rising to 90–150 μΩ·cm in Ni31Si12.

Uses

Microelectronics
Nickel silicides are important in microelectronic devices – specific silicides are good conductors, with NiSi having a conductivity approaching that of elemental nickel.
With silicon carbide as the semiconductor nickel reacts at elevated temperatures to form nickel silicides and carbon.

Other
Nickel silicides have potential as coatings for nickel-based superalloys and stainless steel, due to their corrosion, oxidation, and wear resistance.
NiSi has been investigated as a hydrogenation catalyst for unsaturated hydrocarbons. Nickel silicide nanoparticles supported on silica support have been suggested as an alternative catalyst to widely used pyrophoric Raney nickel.

See also
J. Marvin Herndon, who promoted a theory that the Earth's core is nickel silicide
Titanium disilicide, also used in microelectronics
Salicide, self-aligned silicides

References

Further reading

Nickel compounds
Transition metal silicides
C
Fluorite crystal structure
Eldosol Solar Power Station. Eldosol Solar Power Station is a  solar power plant in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community.

Location
The power station is located in Uasin Gishu County, in the Western part of Kenya, approximately  by road, south east of the city of Eldoret. This site lies adjacent to Radiant Solar Power Station.

Overview
The power station has a capacity of 40 megawatts that is sold directly to the Kenya Power and Lighting Company for integration in the national electricity grid. The electricity is evacuated via a substation near the power station, connected to a high voltage transmission line that passes near the power station. The power station comprises 140,800 photovoltaic modules and a medium voltage step-up transformer (400V – 22kV). The anticipated annual electricity generation is 74,968,000 MWh.

Developers
The power station was developed by a consortium comprising the entities listed in the table below. The developers also own the power station, as well as the adjacent 40 megawatt Radiant Solar Power Plant.

Construction timeline, costs and funding
The cost of construction was budgeted at US$78 million (approx.€70 million). In 2018 the European Investment Bank approved a loan of €30 million (US$37.5 million) towards the construction of this power station. The developer/owners will raise the difference of €40 million (approximately US$45 million). An equal loan amount was also approved for Radiant Solar Power Station, by the same lender, on similar terms. The power station was expected to be commissioned before the end of 2019. 

Commercial commissioning was achieved in August 2021.

See also

List of power stations in Kenya

References

External links
 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report: Eldosol Energy Power Station As of October 2015.

Solar power stations in Kenya
Eldoret
Uasin Gishu County
2021 establishments in Kenya
Buildings and structures in Kenya
Energy infrastructure completed in 2021
Christian Borgs. Christian Borgs is a German-American computer scientist and mathematical physicist.

Biography
He is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. Previously, he was the deputy managing director of Microsoft Research New England in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he co-founded in 2008.
Borgs' research includes developing the theory of graphons, computational analyses of the folk theorem (game theory), the planted clique, and the partition problem. For prior work on phase transitions, he was awarded the Karl Scheel Prize.

Borgs is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society and of the  American Association for the Advancement of Science.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Microsoft Research people
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Sabzevar University of New Technology. The Sabzevar University of New Technology (SUNT) is a public university in Sabzevar city at Razavi Khorasan province of Iran. Founded in 2011 in response to the increasing industrialization of Iran, SUNT adopted an industrial university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. The university is a young one, with a campus that extends more than a mile alongside Sabzevar-Mashhad road. According to Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. SUNT offers 6 bachelor programs for more than 1000 students.

Departments 
Engineering Department

Courses 
Industrial Engineer
Information Technology Engineer
Math Engineer
Physics Engineer

Former Chancellors 
Prof. Javad Haddadnia (2011-2013)
Dr. Hosein Jalilvand (2013-2015)
Prof. Javad Haddadnia (2015-2016)
Dr. Abolghasem Amirahmadi (2016- )

See also
 Hakim Sabzevari University
 Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
 Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar

References

External links
 Official website of SUNT

Universities in Iran
Sabzevar
Sophie Carenco. Sophie Carenco is a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research, working on nanochemistry at the Laboratory of Condensed Matter Chemistry of Paris. Her research focuses on novel synthetic routes of exotic nanomaterials for energy application such as CO2 capture.

Early life and education 
Sophie Carenco is from the city of Hyeres in France, and graduated from Ecole Polytechnique in 2008. She obtained her PhD in 2011 from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, working on the synthesis and applications of metal phosphide nanoparticles. From 2012 to 2013, she was a post-doctoral fellow at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, in Miquel Salmeron's group working on X-ray spectroscopy at the Advanced Light Source.

Research and career 
In 2014, she joined the French National Center for Scientific Research as a researcher in the team Hybrid Materials and Nanomaterials of the Laboratory of Condensed Matter Chemistry of Paris (LCMCP), associated with Sorbonne University and Collège de France, with a L'Oreal-UNESCO-Académie des Sciences Fellowship. In 2017, she was awarded an ERC Starting Grant to work on small molecules activation at the surface of nanoparticles.

Carenco's research during her undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral training was on the use of white phosphorus to synthesize nickel-containing nanoparticles which can be constructed into defined sizes, and investigating the catalysis of reactions of nickel nanoparticles with alkynes, and nanoscaled reaction mechanisms with borides and phosphides.

Selected publications

Awards and honors 
She was awarded the European Young Chemist Award from the European Chemical Society in 2010 and the C'Nano National Award in 2012 for her PhD work. In 2018 she was awarded the Bronze Medal of the CNRS and the Jean Rist Medal.  In 2020, she received a Clara Immerwahr award from UniSysCat.

References

External links 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Hyères
École Polytechnique alumni
Pierre and Marie Curie University alumni
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
French women chemists
21st-century French women scientists
Glycerol and potassium permanganate. The chemical redox reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerol is often used to demonstrate the powerful oxidizing property of potassium permanganate, especially in the presence of organic compounds such as glycerol. The exothermic (heat producing) reaction between potassium permanganate (KMnO4), a strong oxidizing agent, and glycerol  (C3H5(OH)3), a readily oxidised organic substance, is an example of an experiment sometimes referred to as a "chemical volcano".

Explanation 
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a dark violet colored powder. Its reaction with glycerol (commonly known as glycerin or glycerine) (C3H5(OH)3) is highly exothermic, resulting rapidly in a flame, along with the formation of carbon dioxide and water vapour:

14 KMnO4(s) + 4 C3H5(OH)3(l) → 7 K2CO3(s) + 7 Mn2O3(s) + 5 CO2(g) + 16 H2O(g).

Crystalline potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is placed in an evaporating dish. A depression is made at the center of the permanganate powder and glycerol liquid is added to it.  The white smoke-like vapor produced by the reaction is a mixture of carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Since the reaction is highly exothermic, initial sparking occurs, followed by a lilac- or pink-colored flame. When energy or heat is added to electrons, their energy level increases to an excited state. This state is short-lived, and once the electrons release the energy, they return to their normal energy levels. During this process the energy is visibly observed as light. When the reaction is complete, it leaves behind a grayish solid with green regions.

Gallery

See also 
 Carbon snake
 Sugar snake

References 

Chemistry classroom experiments
Articles containing video clips