omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Martin Beniston. Martin Beniston was born in England in 1953 and holds three passports (Swiss, British, French). He has studied in the UK (Universities of East Anglia and Reading), France (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris), and ETH-Zurich (“Habilitation” degree). After more than 40 years of academic life, he retired in the Summer of 2017, and is now an Honorary Professor at the University of Geneva.

After working in various institutes in several countries, including the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique in Paris, the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg and ETH-Zurich, in the 1990s he was appointed one of the vice-chairs of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize) and was also lead and contributing author for several chapters of the IPCC reports. He was appointed full professor (1996-2006) and head of the Institute of Geography at the University of Fribourg and subsequently at the University of Geneva (2006-2017) where he headed the Institute for Environmental Sciences. He is featured in Reuter's list of the "Top 1000 most influential climate scientists" in its ranking that first appeared in 2021.

His main research domains included regional climate modelling and the assessment of climate impacts, particularly in the Alpine region. Among his research accomplishments, he coordinated a major EU project from 2008-2014 (“ACQWA: Assessing climate impacts on the quantity and quality of water) with 37 partners in 10 countries and close to 100 participating scientists.
He has served on research committees for the EU and national funding institutions in Switzerland, the UK, France, Spain, Norway, the Czech Republic and Singapore.

He has widely published in the international literature (see Google Scholar) and was a member of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) and the American Geophysical Union (AGU). In the year 2000, he was elected to the Academia Europea, the European Academy of Science.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Geneva
Swiss climatologists
Jiaxing Huang. Jiaxing Huang is a Chinese researcher, materials scientist, and chair professor of materials science at Westlake University. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2016, he received the Humboldt Prize for research.

He is one of the most cited researchers. A paper he published in 2003 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society is one of the most cited paper in the field of Polymer chemistry.

Education and career

Jiaxing obtained a degree in chemical physics from the University of Science and Technology of China and a doctorate degree in chemistry from the University of California. He was a faculty member at Northwestern University, where he became a full professor, before he joined Westlake University in 2021

He is chair professor of materials in the university's School of Engineering.

In 2014, he received the Guggenheim Fellowship, and in 2016, he received the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship.

Since 2020, he is the editor-in-chief of Accounts of Materials Research, a journal published by American Chemical Society.

References

Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century Chinese scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Duan Xiangfeng. Duan Xiangfeng is a Chinese researcher, chemist, inventor, material scientist, and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is regarded as one of the most cited scientists.

In 2013, he received the Beilby Medal and Prize for his contributions to the field of material science.

Education and career

Duan obtained a degree in chemistry from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1997. He received a master's and a doctorate degree in physical chemistry from Harvard University and the University of Cambridge in 1999 and 2002, respectively. His PhD advisor was Charles Lieber.

He joined the University of California in 2008 as a faculty member. In 2018, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

In 2016, he was Elsevier's most cited researcher in materials science, and in 2017, 2018 and 2022, he was one of Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers in materials science.

References

Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Chinese scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Li Jiachun. Li Jiachun is a Chinese researcher, fluid mechanicist, and professor at the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In recognition of his contributions to fluid mechanics, he was awarded the Zhou Peiyuan prize in mechanics.

Education and career

Li obtained a degree in 1962 from Fudan University and had his postgraduate education at the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1966, where he later became a research professor.

In 2003, he was elected a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

References

Living people
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
21st-century Chinese scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ytterbium(II) iodide. Ytterbium(II) iodide is an iodide of ytterbium, with the chemical formula of YbI2. It is a yellow solid.

Preparation 

Ytterbium(II) iodide can be prepared by heating ytterbium(III) iodide:

It can also be prepared by reacting metallic ytterbium with 1,2-diiodoethane in tetrahydrofuran:

Although the reaction takes place at room temperature, due to the sensitivity of the reagents it is necessary to work anhydrous and under inert gas. Otherwise, if oxygen is present, rapid oxidation to ytterbium(III) takes place. This can be visually recognized by the color change from green to yellow solution.

Properties and uses 

Ytterbium(II) iodide is a yellow solid that is very sensitive to air and moisture and is rapidly oxidized to ytterbium(III). It reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and basic iodides, and reacts violently with acids. Ytterbium(II) iodide sinters at 0.01 Torr from about 780 °C and gives a viscous melt at about 920 °C. It begins to disproportionate into ytterbium and ytterbium(III) iodide. At around 800 °C, a yellow sublimate of ytterbium(II) iodide is observed on the glass walls; this partly obscures the disproportionation. The melting point can therefore only be determined imprecisely.

Like samarium(II) iodide (SmI2), ytterbium(II) iodide is a reagent used in organic chemical reactions.

References

Further reading 

 
 

Ytterbium(II) compounds
Iodides
Lanthanide halides
1985 Deutschen Produktionswagen Meisterschaft. The 1985 Deutsche Produktionswagen Meisterschaft was the second season of premier German touring car championship and also last season before the championship was renamed to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft.

The championship was run under modified Group A regulations, which was won by Per Stureson driving a Volvo 240 Turbo.

References

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters seasons
1985 in German motorsport
Kathleen E. Cullen. Kathleen E. Cullen is an American–Canadian biomedical engineer and neuroscientist. She is known for her work combining computational and systems neuroscience to understand how the brain encodes and processes self-motion (vestibular) information to ensure the maintenance of balance and stable perception. Her research also focuses on extending this knowledge to further advance the development of novel diagnostic tools, treatments, training, and rehabilitative strategies for patients.

Cullen is the Raj and Neera Singh Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and professor of Neuroscience and Otolaryngology at Johns Hopkins University. She is the co-director of the Center for Hearing and Balance at the Whiting School of Engineering and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. She is also the current president for the Society for the Neural Control of Movement and served on the steering committee for NASA’s Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences Research in Space 2023-2032.

Education 
Cullen completed a B.S. degree in neuroscience and biomedical engineering at Brown University in 1984 and a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1991 with Robert A. McCrea and Jay M. Goldberg.

Career 
Cullen was a postdoctoral fellow at the Montreal Neurological Institute of McGill University from 1991 to 1993. In 1994, she joined the Department of Physiology at McGill University as an assistant professor, with concurrent appointments in Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience, and Otolaryngology. She became an associate professor in 2000 and a full professor in 2006. While at McGill, Cullen was also director of McGill's Aerospace Medical Research Unit and on the Scientific Advisory Board of the NASA-associated National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI, USA). In 2016, Cullen moved to Johns Hopkins University, where she is currently a professor in biomedical engineering and maintains joint appointments in the Departments of Neuroscience and Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.

References 

Biomedical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American neuroscientists
Canadian neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
Canadian women neuroscientists

Brown University alumni
Sun Fast 52. The Sun Fast 52 is a French sailboat that was designed by Philippe Briand as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1992.

Production
The design was built by Jeanneau in France, from 1994 until 1994, with 20 boats completed, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Sun Fast 52 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom with steps to a swimming platform, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or optional shoal-draft keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is fitted with a diesel engine of  for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with either a double berth in the forward cabin, or tow forward cabins with single berths in each. There are two aft cabin with double berths under the cockpit. The salon has an L-shaped settee and a straight settee around a table. The galley is located on the starboard side amidships. The galley is straight in configuration and is equipped with a four-burner stove, a refrigerator and freezer and dual sinks. A navigation station is aft of the galley, on the starboard side. There are two heads, one in the bow and one on the port side aft.

The design has a hull speed of  and a PHRF handicap of 57.

Operational history
The boat was at one time supported by a class club that organized racing events, the Sun Fast Association.

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Video Tour of a Sun Fast 52

Keelboats
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Philippe Briand
Sailboat types built by Jeanneau
TALA (rocket). TALA is a hybrid-propellant rocket which is the first of its kind to be developed in the Philippines.

Background
The rocket was made from 3D-printed advanced composite materials and measures  and weighs . It is designed to propel a Can Satellite (CanSat) around  into the atmosphere.

TALA is developed by a team of students and teachers from St. Cecilia's College-Cebu. They have been assisted by the government's Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council on Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD). DOST-PCIEERD awarded them a research grant in 2018 to develop the hybrid rocket.

Launch
The first launch attempt was conducted on March 11, 2020, at the Mati Airport in Davao Oriental. The rocket launch was scrubbed due to pressure loss in one of its tanks, but it was rescheduled for launch two days later. However, the team had to return to Minglanilla, Cebu immediately because of the ongoing heightened restrictions of the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In early 2022, the TALA research team began coordinating with the Philippine Air Force Research and Development Center for the potential launch of the hybrid rocket. TALA had its first launch on May 20, 2023 from the Crow Valley Gunnery Range in Capas, Tarlac. It was originally scheduled to be launched a day earlier but was postponed due to adverse environmental conditions. It carried a "can satellite" as payload.

References

Hybrid-propellant rockets
Space program of the Philippines
1988 Soviet Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash. On 11 December 1988, an Ilyushin Il-76M aircraft crashed. Operated by the Soviet Air Force, the flight participated in relief efforts after an earthquake struck Armenia on 7 December. The aircraft crashed into a mountainside during an attempt to land at Leninakan, Armenia (then part of the Soviet Union), killing 77 of the 78 occupants on board. To date, it is the worst aviation disaster in Armenia.

Aircraft
The aircraft was ten years old at the time of the accident, having first flown in 1978. The passengers were personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces—50 Azerbaijani, 13 Lezgin, 11 Russians, 2 Tatars, 1 Armenian and 1 Jew. The nine crew were Russian. Sixty-nine people on board were young troops assigned to aid in the post-earthquake recovery.

Accident
The aircraft flew as part of the relief effort following the Spitak earthquake on 7 December. It transported military personnel and equipment to aid in relief efforts following the earthquake. It departed Baku-Bina International Airport in Azerbaijan for Leninakan Airport in Armenia. The aircraft entered Leninakan Airport airspace at 06:10 Moscow time, 56 minutes into the flight, and began to descend from , as instructed by air traffic controllers. It struck the side of a mountain during its descent. All nine crew and 68 of the 69 passengers died. One passenger survived the crash because he had been sleeping in a Kamaz truck loaded with mattresses at the rear of the aircraft.

Cause
A day after the crash, an Armenian spokesperson claimed the aircraft crashed after colliding with a helicopter while approaching the airport but news agencies disputed this. Speculations that it was shot down by Armenians also arose. The crash was eventually attributed to an incorrect altimeter setting by the flight crew which gave an incorrect altitude reading that was  higher than the actual altitude. The indication on the altimeter at the time of impact was . Crew fatigue was also cited as a factor in the crash as the flight crew was not given enough rest after carrying out multiple relief flights the previous day.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988
1988 disasters in the Soviet Union
Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76
Aviation accidents and incidents in Armenia
December 1988 events in Asia
Gyumri
1988 in Armenia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
Protonated ozone. Protonated ozone is a hydrogen polyoxide having the molecular formula  (also written ). It is a cationic structure consisting of an ozone unit with a hydrogen atom attached to one end. This substance is proposed to exist as an intermediate in several interstellar, atmospheric,and synthetic chemical processes. It has been synthesized in mass spectrometer experiments by protonation of ozone using various strong acids. Related experiments have used it as the precursor for generating hydrogen ozonide.

References 

Hydrogen compounds
Oxycations
Nicolson–Ross–Weir method. Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is a measurement technique for determination of complex permittivities and permeabilities of material samples for microwave frequencies. The method is based on insertion of a material sample with a known thickness inside a waveguide, such as a coaxial cable or a rectangular waveguide, after which the dispersion data is extracted from the resulting scattering parameters. The method is named after A. M. Nicolson and G. F. Ross, and W. B. Weir, who developed the approach in 1970 and 1974, respectively.

The technique is one of the most common procedures for material characterization in microwave engineering.

Method
The method uses scattering parameters of a material sample embedded in a waveguide, namely  and , to calculate permittivity and permeability data.  and  correspond to the cumulative reflection and transmission coefficient of the sample that are referenced to the each sample end, respectively: these parameters account for the multiple internal reflections inside the sample, which is considered to have a thickness of . The reflection coefficient of the bulk sample is:

where

The sign of the root for the reflection coefficient is chosen appropriately to ensure its passivity (). Similarly, the transmission coefficient of the bulk sample can be written as:

Thus, the effective permeability () and permittivity () of the material can be written as:

where

and 

 is the free-space wavelength. 
 is the guided mode wavelength of the unfilled transmission line.
 is the cutoff wavelength of the unfilled transmission line

The constitutive relation for  admits an infinite number of solutions due to the branches of the complex logarithm. The ambiguity regarding its result can be resolved by taking the group delay into account.

Limitations and extensions
In the case of low material loss, the Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is known to be unstable for sample thicknesses at integer multiples of one half wavelength due to resonance phenomenon. Improvements over the standard algorithm have been presented in engineering literature to alleviate this effect. Furthermore, complete filling of a waveguide with sample material may pose a particular challenge: presence of gaps during the filling of the waveguide section would excite higher-order modes, which may yield errors in scattering parameter results. In such cases, more advanced methods based on the rigorous modal analysis of partially-filled waveguides or optimization methods can be used. A modification of the method for single-port measurements was also reported.

In addition to homogenous materials, the extension of the method was developed to obtain constitutive parameters of isotropic and bianisotropic metamaterials.

See also
 Fourier-transform spectroscopy
 Microwave radiometer
 Reflection seismology
 Spectroscopy
 Time-domain reflectometer
 Vector network analyzer

References

Further reading
 

Microwave technology
Spectroscopy
Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Wang Dingsheng. Dingsheng Wang (, born 1940) is a Chinese physicist, nanocatalyst, and professor at the Tsinghua University. He is a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

His research publication on design concept for electrocatalysts won the 2022 Nano Research Top Papers Award.

Education and career

Dingsheng obtained a degree in physics from Beijing University in 1962. Between 1966 and 1982, he was a research assistant at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He became a full professor in 1986.

References

Living people
1940 births
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese physicists
Peking University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society. It covers the theory, design and use of electronic instrumentation and measurement techniques. Its editor-in-chief is Ruqiang Yan (Xi'an Jiaotong University).

The journal was established in 1963 as the IRE Transactions on Instrumentation by Institute of Radio Engineers. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.6.

References

External links
 

Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1963
Bimonthly journals
Electronics journals
Israeli Air Force flight over Auschwitz. In 2003, the Polish Air Force invited the Israeli Air Force to participate in the Radom Air Show to mark the 85th anniversary of the establishment of the Polish Air Force. Amir Eshel, then a Brigadier General, was an amateur historian who had investigated the question of why the Allies did not bomb Auschwitz during World War II. He implored his commander, Dan Halutz, to accept the invitation with the condition that some of the planes could fly from Radom to Auschwitz as a tribute to the victims of the Holocaust. Eshel, himself a son of Holocaust survivors, along with pilots Avi Maor and Avi Lebkowitz and weapon systems officer Shimshon Rozen, participated in the air fair with both ground and aerial displays.

The flight from Warsaw Radom Airport to Israel included the flyover of Auschwitz, nicknamed Flight 301, so the pilots did not have to change or extend their flight route. On September 4, 2003, three F-15 planes took off from the Radom airport in bad weather and flew about 200 km above a thick layer of clouds before descending to a low altitude of 1,200 feet and flying in formation over the camp. They flew over the gate, the railway, the ramp, and the array of Israeli Defense Forces soldiers, while Amir Eshel read a short paragraph he had written especially for the occasion over the intercom system. The paragraph honored the victims of the Holocaust and reaffirmed the commitment of the Israeli Air Force to protecting the Jewish people and their country, Israel:

Haaretz columnist Ari Shavit wrote:

References

Israeli Air Force
Auschwitz concentration camp

he:מטס חיל האוויר מעל אושוויץ
Ada Álvarez. Ada Margarita Álvarez Socarrás is a Cuban operations researcher whose research interests include metaheuristics for scheduling and transportation planning. She is a professor and researcher in Mexico, in the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León.

Education and career
Álvarez earned a degree in mathematics from the University of Havana in 1982, and completed a PhD at the Central University of Las Villas in Cuba, in 1993.

She joined the Autonomous University of Nuevo León in 1995.

Recognition
Álvarez is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cuban engineers      
Women engineers
Operations researchers
Cuban women scientists
Cuban emigrants to Mexico
University of Havana alumni
University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas alumni
Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León
Members of the Mexican Academy of Sciences
Yu Dequan. Yu Dequan (; 22 October 1932 – 31 December 2022) was a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Yu was born into a family of farming background in Penglai County (now Penglai District), Shandong, on 22 October 1932. 

In 1947, he became a worker at the Xinhua Pharmaceutical Factory under the Department of Health of Jiaodong Military Region. In 1952, he was accepted to Beijing Medical College (now Peking University Health Science Center), where he majored in pharmaceutical chemistry. After graduating in 1956, he was despatched to the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Between 1980 and 1981, he studied at the Institute of Natural Material Chemistry, French Academy of Sciences.

On 31 December 2022, he died in Beijing, at the age of 90.

Honours and awards
 1999 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 2019 Member of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)

References

1932 births
2022 deaths
People from Yantai
Engineers from Shandong
Chinese chemists
Peking University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering