omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LNWR Class B. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Class B was a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotives introduced in 1901.  A development of the three-cylinder compound Class A (though this letter classification was not introduced until 1911), they had a 4-cylinder compound arrangement.  170 were built between 1901 and 1904.

Rebuilds
Class E
Between 1904 and 1908, Webb's successor George Whale added a leading pony truck to 26 engines, making them 2-8-0s and taking them into Class E (again from 1911).

Class F
Between 1906 and 1908, Whale also rebuilt 10 with larger Experiment-type boiler to Class F, again adding a leading pony truck. (Two more of Class B were also converted to Class F via Class E).

Class G
Neither of the above conversions was particularly successful and, as a result, 32 were rebuilt to Class G with 2-cylinder simple expansion between 1910 and 1917.

Class G1
Whale's Successor Charles Bowen Cooke rebuilt a further 91 direct from Class B to 2-cylinder simple superheated LNWR Class G1 (also known as "Super Ds"). The rebuilds from Class B to Class G1 continued under LMS ownership between 1923 and 1927.

Summary
A total of 170 locomotives was built but No. 134 was destroyed in a boiler explosion at Buxton on 11 November 1921 leaving 169. The rebuilds (some under LMS ownership) totalled 159, leaving 10 unrebuilt.

LMS ownership
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) inherited 53 unrebuilt Class B locomotives in 1923 and numbered them 8900–8952. The LMS continued to rebuild them to Class G1 and the number of unrebuilt locomotives dwindled to 10.

Withdrawal
The remaining 10 Class B locomotives were withdrawn in 1927–1928.  None were preserved.

References

Further reading

 Bob Essery & David Jenkinson An Illustrated Review of LMS Locomotives Vol. 2 Absorbed Pre-Group Classes Western and Central Divisions
 Edward Talbot, The London & North Western Railway Eight-Coupled Goods Engines
 Willie Yeadon, Yeadon's Compendium of LNWR Locomotives Vol 2 Goods Tender Engines

B
0-8-0 locomotives
Compound locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
D n4v locomotives
CSS General Beauregard. CSS General Beauregard was a cottonclad  sidewheel ram of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War.

Built in Algiers, New Orleans Louisiana in 1847 as a towboat, the paddle steamer Ocean was selected in January 1862 by Capt. James E. Montgomery, former river steamboat master, for his River Defense Fleet. At New Orleans, on 25 January, Captain Montgomery began her conversion to a cotton-clad ram, installing   oak and  iron sheathing over her bow, with cotton bales sandwiched between double pine bulkheads to protect her boilers.

Service history

Battle of Plum Point Bend
Conversion completed on 5 April, and now renamed CSS General Beauregard, the ship steamed to Fort Pillow, Tennessee, to defend the approaches to Memphis. On 10 May 1862, General Beauregard, Capt. J. H. Hart, and seven more of Montgomery's fleet, attacked the Federal Mississippi ironclad flotilla. The Battle of Plum Point Bend witnessed effective ramming tactics by the Confederates, although General Beauregard succeeded only in keeping her four 8-inch guns bravely firing in the face of a withering hail of Union shells. Montgomery's force held off the Federal rams until Fort Pillow was safely evacuated, 4 June, then fell back on Memphis to coal, on the fifth.

Battle of Memphis
After Fort Pillow fell, Flag officer Charles Henry Davis, USN, commanding the Mississippi River Squadron, lost no time in appearing off Memphis, on 6 June 1862. Montgomery, with a smaller squadron short of fuel, was unable to retreat to Vicksburg; unwilling to destroy his boats, he fought against heavy odds. In the ensuing First Battle of Memphis, "witnessed by thousands on the bluff," Beauregard missed ramming  and "cut away entirely the port wheel and wheel-house" of her partner, CSS General Sterling Price, also engaging Monarch. General Beauregard, backing out, gave Union flagship  a close broadside with a 42-pounder, and Benton replied with a shot into the Confederate's boiler, killing or scalding many of her crew, 14 of whom, in agony, were rescued by Benton.

See also
Bibliography of early United States naval history
Fort Pillow State Historic Park

References

External links
 NH 58891 "The Great Naval Battle before Memphis, June 6, 1862"

	

Cottonclad rams of the Confederate States Navy
Ships built in New Orleans
1847 ships
Shipwrecks of the American Civil War
Shipwrecks of the Mississippi River
Maritime incidents in June 1862
Glidant. A glidant is a substance that is added to a powder to improve its flowability. A glidant will only work at a certain range of concentrations. Above a certain concentration, the glidant will in fact function to inhibit flowability.

In tablet manufacture, glidants are usually added just prior to compression.

Examples
Examples of glidants include ascorbyl palmitate, calcium palmitate, magnesium stearate, fumed silica (colloidal silicon dioxide), starch and talc.

Mechanism of action
A glidant's effect is due to the counter-action of factors that cause poor flowability of powders. For instance, correcting surface irregularity, reducing interparticular friction and decreasing surface charge. The result is a decrease in the angle of repose which is an indication of an enhanced powder's flowability.

References

Chemical engineering
Drug manufacturing
Granularity of materials
Powders
Diazonaphthoquinone. Diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) is a diazo derivative of naphthoquinone.  Upon exposure to light, DNQ converts to a derivative that is susceptible to etching. In this way, DNQ has become an important reagent in photoresist technology in the semiconductor industry.

Diazonaphthoquinone sulfonic acid esters are components of common photoresist materials.  Such photoresists are used in the manufacture of semiconductors. In this application DNQs are mixed with Novolac resin, a type of phenolic polymer. The DNQ functions as a dissolution inhibitor. During the masking/patterning process, portions of the photoresist film are exposed to light while others remain unexposed.  In the unexposed regions of the resist film, the DNQ acts as a dissolution inhibitor and the resist remains insoluble in the aqueous base developer.  In the exposed regions, the DNQ forms a ketene, which, in turn, reacts with ambient water to form a base soluble indene carboxylic acid.  The exposed regions of the photoresist film become soluble in aqueous base; thus allowing the formation of a relief image during development.

Chemical reactions
Upon photolysis, DNQ  undergoes a Wolff rearrangement to form a ketene.  The ketene adds water to form indene-carboxylic acid.

References

Diazo compounds
National Interop. National Interop is a systems integration company with some of the earliest experience with Radio over IP technologies as deployed for public safety communications.  The company was founded by public safety personnel.

One of the principals of the company testified in the U.S. Senate in 2007 on the applicability of Radio over IP (RoIP) as an alternative for the expensive statewide interoperable radio systems then being proposed for funding by the federal government at costs of about $US 1B per state.

The company designed and implemented a RoIP-powered system for Air Evac Lifeteam spanning 14 states with 80+ radio towers and a 24x7 9-1-1 type dispatch center, as well as numerous smaller RoIP systems.

National Interop works with any and all RoIP technologies, as each may be best suited for each particular public safety application.

References

External links
 Air Evac Lifeteam (AEL) website
 Twisted Pair WAVE website
 Telex Vega VOIP website, part of Telex Communications
 IPICS wiki by Cisco

Interoperable communications
Radio communications
Public safety communications
The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age. The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age is a book released in 2001, and written by Pekka Himanen, with prologue written by Linus Torvalds and the epilogue written by Manuel Castells.

Pekka Himanen is a philosopher. Manuel Castells is an internationally well-known sociologist. Linus Torvalds is the creator of the Linux kernel. The book has the .

See also

 Hacker ethic
 Linus's law
 The Art of Unix Programming

References

External links 

 Book in Google books

2001 non-fiction books
Computer science books
Ethics books
Information Age
Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. The  is an armored artillery vehicle in the exclusive use of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. Self-propelled howitzers are employed to provide mobile heavy fire support to army units in the field.

The Type 75 shares a number of automotive components with the Type 74 105 mm self-propelled howitzer, which was developed during the same time. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed the chassis, which was based on the Type 73 armored personnel carrier, while the howitzer and turret were designed by Japan Steel Works. Two prototypes were completed in 1971–72 and differed only in their loading systems. Trials were conducted 1973–74 and the howitzer was accepted for service in October 1975. It carries 28 rounds of ammunition on board.

As of 2001 Japan reported to the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs that 201 Type 75s were in service. Starting in 1999, it was gradually replaced by the Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. As of December 2008 it still equipped the 5th, 11th, 171st and 172nd Field Artillery Battalions.

All Type 75s were decommissioned by 2016.

Similar vehicles
 M109 howitzer

See also
 List of self-propelled howitzers

Notes

References
 Chant, Christopher. A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. New York and London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987 , p. 76

External links
 Type 75 on globalsecurity.org
 Type 75 on OnWar.com
 Excerpt from Jane's Armour and Artillery 2008

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
155 mm artillery
Tracked self-propelled howitzers
Self-propelled howitzers of Japan
Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
Impact mill. Impact mills are one of two general classes of milling devices used to reduce the particle size of a material.

Description
The other class of mills are "attrition" or grinding mills. Impact mills pulverize the material upon impact. The feasibility of impact mills was greatly enhanced by the mechanization and engineering of the Industrial Revolution. Prior to the industrial revolution, milling was primarily done by attrition or grinding the material between two surfaces. Attrition milling continues to be the dominant milling class, particularly in the milling of agricultural products (i.e. grain into flour). Roller mills and stone mills are two examples of attrition (grinding) mills.

Variations of impact mills 
Impact mills either pulverize the material by simply employing gravity or they can mill dynamically upon impact with a high speed rotor, hammer or pin.

Gravitational impact mills 
Gravitational impact mills pulverize the material inside a rotating chamber. This is accomplished by a cascading motion of larger pieces repetitively impacting and compressively grinding the product into finer particles as it rotates in the chamber. These are generally referred to as "autogenous" impact mills.  This action can be enhanced by placing steel balls in the chamber.  The class of gravitational impact mills that incorporate steel balls in the chamber are appropriately referred to as "ball mill".

Dynamic impact mills 
Dynamic impact would occur when material is dropped into a chamber where it receives a pulverizing blow from a hammer, rotor or pin. Pulverizing can be enhanced by engineering the rotor or hammer to pass close to a serrated fixed stator.  Pin, unifine; and VSI mills are examples of dynamic impact mills.

References

Industrial equipment
Grinding mills
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea. N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) is a highly reliable carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. NMU is an alkylating agent, and exhibits its toxicity by transferring its methyl group to nucleobases in nucleic acids, which can lead to AT:GC transition mutations.

NMU is the traditional precursor in the synthesis of diazomethane. It has the potentially advantageous property that the stoichiometric byproducts formed are water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, which are innocuous or easily removed.  However, because it is unstable at temperatures beyond 20 °C and somewhat shock-sensitive, it has become obsolete for this purpose and replaced by other N-nitroso compounds: (N-methyl)nitrosamides and nitrosamines. Most chemical supply houses have stopped carrying it.

Acute exposure to NMU in humans can result in skin and eye irritation, headache, nausea, and vomiting. NMU is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals (IARC 1972, 1978, 1987). Various cancers induced in animal models include: squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach, sarcomas and gliomas of the brain, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, mammary carcinomas, leukemia, and lymphomas. However, the actual potential for human exposure is quite limited, as the chemical is not produced or used in large quantities 

NMU is teratogenic and embryotoxic, resulting in craniofacial (cleft palate) and skeletal defects, fetal growth retardation, and increased fetal resorption. Exposure to NMU during pre-implantation, post-implantation, organogenesis, or by paternal exposure can result in these effects.

References

External links
 

Carcinogens
Embryotoxicants
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Male-mediated teratogens
Mutagens
Nitrosamines
Nitrosoureas
Teratogens
Ureas
Methylating agents
Zenair Zipper. The Zenair Zipper is a Canadian ultralight high-wing, single seat aircraft that was designed by Chris Heintz and produced by Zenair.

The Zipper is a highly innovative design that strongly emphasizes portability over speed or carrying capacity.

Development
The Zipper was designed in the early 1980s by established Canadian aircraft designer Chris Heintz and put into production by his company Zenair, of Midland, Ontario. Heintz's motivation for the Zipper was the ultralight aviation boom that was occurring in Canada at that time and the introduction of new aviation regulations by Transport Canada legally permitting the operation of ultralights.

The Zipper incorporates many unique features, all aimed at making the aircraft more portable. This focus was due to the nature of operations in the early days of the ultralight popularity. Aircraft were not flown great distances to fly-ins or other sites, but were transported by trailer or on car top to be flown locally at remote locations.

The Zipper has a quick-folding wing, built around a D-cell leading edge and spar. There are no wing ribs and the trailing edge of the wing is established by a cable which tensions the sailcloth wing covering. The wing is folded by releasing the anti-drag cables next to the nosewheel and folding the wings back along the tailboom, still supported by their struts. The wing is designed to +6 and -3 g.

The Zipper features conventional three-axis controls, which was unusual in ultralights designed at this time. The all-metal, one piece, all-flying rudder and the elevator are quickly removable for transport. The tailboom is aluminum and square in cross section.

The standard powerplants provided with the Zipper kits were the JPX PUL 425 engine of  and the Rotax 277 of . Fuel capacity is . The twin-engined Zipper II used a similar engine configuration to its competitor, the Ultraflight Lazair, placing both engines close together to minimize engine-out requirements.

Operational history
Zenith Aircraft Company President Sebastien Heintz, son of the designer Chris Heintz, learned to fly in a Zenair Zipper.

In December 2008 there were four Zippers still registered in Canada. Consisting of two Zippers, one Zipper-RX and one Zipper II

Variants
Zipper
Powerplant is one JPX PUL 425 or 212
Zipper-RX
Powerplant is one Rotax 277 engine of 28 hp
Zipper II
Powerplants are two JPX PUL 212. There were 12 built.

Specifications (Zipper PUL 425 engine)

See also

References

External links
Photo of twin-engined Zipper II
Photo of twin-engined Zipper II in flight
Photo of single engined Zipper
Detail photo of Zipper tail boom and controls
Documentary about the Zenair Zipper from 1984

1980s Canadian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Zipper
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Real-time adaptive security. Real-time Adaptive Security is the network security model necessary to accommodate the emergence of multiple perimeters and moving parts on the network, and increasingly advanced threats targeting enterprises. Adaptive security can watch a network for malicious traffic and behavioral anomalies, ferret out end point vulnerabilities, identify real-time changes to systems, automatically enforce end point protections and access rules, block malicious traffic, follow a compliance dashboard while providing audit data, and more.

Among the key features of an adaptive security infrastructure are security platforms that share and correlate information rather than point solutions, so the heuristics system could communicate its suspicions to the firewall. Other features include finer-grained controls, automation (in addition to human intervention), on-demand security services, security as a service, and integration of security and management data. Rather than adding security to custom applications after they go operational, security models would be created at the design phase of an app.

A major change with this model of real-time adaptive security is shifting authorization management and policy to an on-demand service that contains details and policy enforcement that matches compliance and can adapt to the user's situation when he or she is trying to access an application, for instance.

Dependence on Machine Learning
The factual importance in getting adapted to changing network for any real time adaptive scenario cannot overlook the possibilities of machine learning. It is all about the behaviour of users over network. Adaptive authentication depends on machine learning to model a baseline over time of mannerism of normal users. Recent advents in machine learning offers a brighter prospect in artificial intelligence integration to real time adaptation. Unique risk score is figured out which will define and decide of possibilities of security issues thereby ensuring escalated protection along with stopless user accessibility.

See also
Intrusion-detection system
Network intrusion detection system
Sourcefire
IBM Internet Security Systems
Machine Learning 
Risk-based Authentication
Security-Adaptive Architecture

References

Computer network security
System administration
Adriatic Mills. The Adriatic Mills was a historic industrial complex on Armory Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.  In 1854 Eli Thayer (best known for his abolitionist activities) constructed a stone industrial building known as the Lower Junction Shop,  He constructed the mill with stone chips taken from Oread Hill in Worcester. The fine stone was mixed with a mortar forming a concrete. Wooden frames were mounted and the concrete was poured in and allowed to harden - no masonry being employed in raising the walls. The original building was 400 ft long. 40 ft wide and 2 stories high. Mr. Thayer then sold his interest in the building to Charles White and J.P. Southgate. Afterwards, it came into possession of Benjamin F. Joslyn, an arms manufacturer.  He manufactured the Joslyn rifle, the first breech-loading rifle, on these premises before selling them in 1863 to the Jordan Marsh Company.  Jordan Marsh expanded and repurposed the premises for the production of textiles, and gave the complex the name "Adriatic Mills".  It continued to be used for textile production into the 1920s.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, at which time it was being used as a foundry by the Chromalloy Corporation.  It has since been demolished (c. 2009) to make way for redevelopment.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in southwestern Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Industrial buildings completed in 1854
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts
1854 establishments in Massachusetts
BESYS. BESYS (Bell Operating System) was an early computing environment originally implemented as a batch processing operating system in 1957 at Bell Labs for the IBM 704 computer.

Overview
The system was developed because Bell recognized a "definite mismatch...between the 704's internal speed, the sluggishness of its on-line unit-record equipment, and the inherent slowness of manual operations associated with stand-alone use."  According to Drummond, the name BESYS, though commonly thought to stand for BEll SYStem, is actually a concatenation of the preexisting SHARE-assigned installation code BE for Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ and the code assigned by SHARE for systems software, SYS.

The goals of the system were:
 Flexible use of hardware, nonstop operation.
 Efficient batch processing, tape-to-tape operation with offline spooling of unit-record data.
 Use of control cards to minimize the need for operator intervention.
 Allow user programs access to input/output functions, system control and program libraries.
 Core dump facilities for debugging.
 Simulation of L1 and L2 interpreters to provide software compatibility with the IBM 650.

The initial version of the system BESYS-1 was in use by October 16, 1957. It was created by George H. Mealy and Gwen Hansen with Wanda Lee Mammel and utilized IBM's FORTRAN and United Aircraft's Symbolic Assembly Program (SAP) programming languages. It was designed to efficiently deal with a large number of jobs originating on punched cards and producing results suitable for printing on paper and punched cards. The system also provided processing capabilities for data stored on magnetic tapes and magnetic disk storage units. Typically punched card and print processing was handled off line by peripheral Electronic Accounting Machines, IBM 1401 computers, and eventually direct coupled computers.

The first system actually used at Bell Labs was BESYS-2. The system was resident on magnetic tape, and occupied the lowest 64 (36-bit) words and the highest 4K words of memory. The upper 4K words held the resident portion of the monitor, and could be partially swapped to magnetic drum to free up additional core for the user program if needed.

"BESYS was a complex software package that provided convenient input/output and integrated disk file storage facilities."

Internal use
BESYS was used extensively by many departments of Bell Labs for over a decade. It was made available through the SHARE organization to others without charge or formal technical support.

BESYS versions
Versions of the BESYS environment (BESYS-3 (1960), BESYS-4 (1962), BESYS-5 (1963), BESYS-7 (1964), and BE90 (1968)) were implemented as the underlying computers transitioned through the IBM 709X family. BESYS development was discontinued when Bell Labs moved to the IBM System/360 in 1969. Throughout this period the head of the BESYS development project was George L. Baldwin.

References

1957 software
Bell Labs
Discontinued operating systems