omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Korail Class 361000. The Korail Class 361000 trains are commuter electric multiple units in South Korea used on the Gyeongchun Line. Class 361000 trains were manufactured and delivered in 2010 to provide service on the Gyeongchun Line.

Technical details

Electrical parts 
All trains use IGBT controls and use passive cooling with a heat pipe. The trains are also equipped with regenerative braking, reducing energy consumption and simplifying train inspection, and they use electric door motors.

Interior design 

The Class 361000 trains sport a white-colored interior. All trains have LCD monitor displays installed on the top of each car. The end cars have a space for wheelchairs.

Cabin 
The Class 361000 trains share the same cabin design with the first batch Class 331000 trains, as they were derived from those trains. Stop notifiers are installed, as are TGIS use color displays. Dead section notifiers are also installed.

Formation 
The Class 361000 trains are organized in the following formation:
TC-M-M'-T-T-M-M'-TC

The symbols are defined below.
 M' car: Pantograph, main transformer, controller, motor
 M car: Motor, controller
 TC car: Secondary power device, air compressor, battery, cabin
 T car: trailer (unpowered)

The cars of each trainset are numbered to correspond to the type of car each car is:
3610XX - Tc (SIV, air compressor, battery)
3611XX - M (inverter)
3612XX - M' (pantograph, transformer, inverter)
3613XX - T (trailer)
3614XX - T (trailer)
3615XX - M (inverter)
3616XX - M' (pantograph, transformer, inverter)
3619XX - Tc (SIV, air compressor, battery)

Depot 
The Class 361000 trains are stored at the Pyeongnae train depot, which is a few kilometers north of Pyeongnaehopyeong station.

Trains 

The Class 361000 trains were originally numbered 361-01~361-15, but only 14 trains run in service on the Gyeongchun Line at this time. The trains have new, smoother exterior bodies like the first batch Class 331000 trains.

Trains 361-14~361-15 were introduced on the Gyeongchun Line in 2010 along with the other 13 trains, but when the Jungang Line's Class 321000 trains were shortened from 8 to six cars in October 2011, the trains were repainted and redeployed onto the Jungang Line in May 2012 until late 2013, when all the Class 321000 trains were extended back to eight cars. Starting in October 2014, however, the trains were taken to Hyundai-Rotem's Changwon factory to convert the two trains into Class 311000 trainsets 311-90~311-91, and had two newly made cars attached in the middle of the trains. In April 2017, train 361-15 was taken out of service from Line 1, and was transferred back to the Gyeongchun Line as train 361-14.

See also 
 Korail
 Gyeongchun Line

References

Electric multiple units of South Korea
Train-related introductions in 2010
Hyundai Rotem multiple units
Gyeongchun Line
25 kV AC multiple units
Marples Ridgway. Marples Ridgway was a British civil engineering company founded in 1948 by engineer Reginald Ridgway and accountant Ernest Marples. Marples served as the British Minister of Transport between 1959 and 1964.  In 1964, the company was taken over by the Bath and Portland Group.

During Marples's tenure as Minister of Transport, he was accused of self-dealing and conflict of interest. This included the awarding of public sector construction projects such as the Hammersmith and Chiswick flyovers, and various motorway, dam and power station projects, to Marples Ridgway. 

The company was also awarded major civil engineering projects outside the UK (e.g. Port Esquival in Jamaica, road networks in Ethiopia).

Projects completed:
Brunswick Wharf Power Station (1956)
Allt na Lairige Dam (1956)
Chiswick flyover (1959)
Hammersmith flyover (1961)
Skelton Grange Power Station
Port Esquivel shipping terminal, Jamaica
Bromford Viaduct 
A329(M) motorway 
M56 motorway 
M27 motorway

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1948
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1948
British companies disestablished in 1964
Construction and civil engineering companies disestablished in the 20th century
Sichuan–Qinghai railway. Sichuan–Qinghai railway (), formerly known as Chengdu–Lanzhou railway during planning and construction, is a railway line under construction in China. The railway connects Chengdu, the provincial capital of Sichuan with Xining, capital of Qinghai, with a branch connecting Chengdu to Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu.

The line was planned and approved in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in order to improve future transportation in the affected area, through which the line will pass directly.

Profile
The Chengdu–Lanzhou railway has a length of , of which  is new trackage. It is being built as a double-track electrified railway, at the national railway line class I level. It will have an overall design speed of ; however, the Chengdu-Jiuzhaigou section will have a reduced speed of  in some sections, due to the difficult and mountainous terrain. The total investment is expected to be 61.939 billion yuan.

After the completion of the railway, the distance between Lanzhou and Chengdu will be shortened from  to . Run time for train services will be reduced to about 5 hours.

Route

Trains between Qinghai and Chengdu nowadays utilize the Lanzhou–Chongqing railway, switching over to the Xi'an–Chengdu high-speed railway at Guangyuan.

The new Chengdu–Lanzhou railway will head north from the urban area of Chengdu, through Qingbaijiang, Shifang, Mianzhu, Anzhou, and tunnelling through Longmen Mountain to Maoxian, tracing along the Minjiang River valley and on through Chuanzhusi to Jiuzhaigou County. Crossing into the territory of Gansu, across the Bailong River, it joins the Lanzhou-Chongqing HSR at Hadapu, using that railway line to the terminus at Lanzhou West station.

In the early design plan, the railway will pass through Minshan Mountain after Chuanzhusi station, enter Gansu, cross the Bailong River, and connect with the Lanzhou-Chongqing railway at Hadapu station, and share the same line with the Lanzhou-Chongqing railway to the end of Lanzhou East station. In subsequent adjustments, the route north of Huangshengguan station was changed to an integrated design with Chengdu-Xining railway and no longer connected to the Lanzhou-Chongqing railway. The new line will extend from Huangshengguan station to the northwest and enter Gannan via Zoige. It will connect with the Lanzhou-Hezuo railway in Hezuo City. It will then enter Lanzhou via Gannan and Linxia.

A branch will extend from Hezuo to Xining, providing a more direct route between Xining and Chengdu.

Stations

Main

Branch

History

Construction on the railway started on 26 February 2011 in Songpan County, Sichuan.

The section from Chengdu East to Zhenjiangguan opened in November 2023. The three-station extension from Zhenjiangguan to Huangshengguan opened in 2024. The entire railway line to be opened in 2026.

References

Railway lines in China
Rail transport in Gansu
Rail transport in Qinghai
Rail transport in Sichuan
Railway lines opened in 2023
Jürgen Jasperneite. Jürgen Jasperneite (born 1964 in Nieheim, Germany) is a German Engineer and Professor for Computer networks at the OWL University (THOWL) in Lemgo, North Rhine-Westphalia. 
Here he is the founding director of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in Lemgo and a board member of the University Institute Industrial IT (inIT).

Career 
Jasperneite studied Electrical Engineering and Information Technology and obtained his PhD in 2002 from Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg under the supervision of Professor Peter Neumann. 
From 1988 to 1990 he worked as a R&D-Engineer at Robert Bosch GmbH in Berlin in the field of the emerging cellular radio standard GSM. From 1990 to 2005 he was with Phoenix Contact GmbH in different positions, starting as an ASIC designer for industrial communication systems and finally as the R&D head of the business unit Automation Systems.
Since September 2005 he is a Full Professor for Computer Networks in the faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at THOWL in Lemgo, Germany.
End of 2006 he founded together with 6 other professors the Institute for Industrial Information Technology (inIT)as the first Institute of the THOWL, which he headed until 2017. 2009 he founded and headed the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA, which was expanded to the first Fraunhofer Application Center between 2012 and 2016 with financial support of the state NRW. Jasperneite is the co-founder of the Centrum Industrial IT (CIIT), which is Germans first Science-to-Business Center in the field of industrial automation technologies. For research, demonstration and transfer of Cyber-physical systems into production systems he initiated the SmartFactoryOWL. In 2018 he founded "Lemgo Digital", a new IoT Living Lab to empower small and medium-sized cities in Germany.

Research focuses 
The current research focuses of Jasperneite are:

 Industrial Communication Systems 
 Automation and Information Technologies for Intelligent technical systems,
 Intelligent Networking for Cyber-physical systems and
 Distributed Real-time Systems.

Further Functions 
Jasperneite is engaged in the Industrie 4.0 Platform,  VDI/VDE association for measurements and control technology, Germanys Leading Edge Technology Cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems OstwestfalenLippe it's OWL" and in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Notes

References 
 Website Jürgen Jasperneite
 Institute Industrial IT (inIT)
 CIIT Science2Business Center Industrial IT
 Smart Factory OWL

Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German electrical engineers
Living people
1964 births
People from Höxter (district)
Intersection assistant. Intersection assistant is an advanced driver-assistance system first introduced in 2009.

City junctions are a major accident blackspot. These collisions can mostly be attributed to driver distraction or misjudgement. Whereas humans often react too slowly, assistance systems are immune to that brief moment of shock.

The system monitors cross traffic in an intersection/road junction. If this anticipatory system detects a hazardous situation of this type, it prompts the driver to start emergency braking by activating visual and acoustic warnings and automatically engaging brakes.

Vehicles
 Toyota Crown Majesta (2009 onwards): Front-side Pre-crash Safety System
 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222), Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212) (2013 onwards): BAS PLUS with Cross-Traffic Assist

References

Vehicle safety technologies
Warning systems
Advanced driver assistance systems
Neel Trimarans. Neel Trimarans is a manufacturer of trimarans based in La Rochelle, France.

The company was founded and is managed by Eric Bruneel, formerly of Fountaine-Pajot, a large and established manufacturer in the same area with a catamaran focus.

History
2010

Design of the NEEL 50 prototype, validation of the concept and first communications on the NEEL-TRIMARANS brand.

2011

Design and production of the NEEL 45, the company’s first production boat. CE certification of the world’s first deep-sea cruising trimaran.

2012

NEEL 45 is launched. It will sell more than 26 models.

2013

 NEEL 45 is elected Boat of the Year by Sailing World and receives the Innovation Award by Cruising World (2 prestigious American awards).
 Creation of the dealers network, purchase of land for the construction of a factory on the plateau nautique of La Rochelle.

2014

 Establishment of the plant on the plateau nautique of La Rochelle.
 Design studies for NEEL 65 and manufacture of industrial tools.

2015

 The first NEEL 65 is equipped for commercial use with a permanent crew for luxury charter. It defines the company towards new quality standards.
 The NEEL 45 “La Caravelle” is the winner of the ARC (Transatlantic Rally-Race). It demonstrates the performance of a trimaran against carbon catamarans.

2017

Launch of NEEL 51

2018

 The NEEL 51 is three-time awarded (European Yacht of the Year, Multihull of the Year, USA Best Boat)
 Construction of the 2nd plant and new NEEL-TRIMARANS offices
 Acquisition of a new shipyard (TechniYachts) on the plateau nautique in La Rochelle: + 5,000 square meters
 Launch of the NEEL 65 EVOLUTION, a new version of the NEEL 65 with an optimized interior layout.

2019

 Launch of NEEL 47.
 The NEEL 47 is the winner (all categories combined) of the ARC +, a transatlantic rally race.

2020

 NEEL-TRIMARANS celebrates its 10th anniversary.
 Launch of the LEEN range of trimarans (powered trimarans).

2021

 Launch of the NEEL 43 – Yannick Bestaven, winner of the 2021 Vendée Globe, is the Godfather of the model.
 Launch of the first LEEN 56, the first trawler trimaran with a hybrid motorisation.
 Construction and delivery of 2 new factories and an office building on the Plateau nautique of La Rochelle.
 Creation of TRIMARAN YACHT CHARTER, a subsidiary of NEEL-TRIMARANS specialized in the rental and sale of NEEL trimarans.

2022

 Launch of the first LEEN 72, flagship of the LEEN-TRIMARANS range.
 Announcement of the LEEN 50.
 Purchase of a new production plant in Périgny (12,300 additional sq. m. of production area).
 Announcement of the NEEL 52.

Models
 Neel 45
 Neel 47
 Neel 65

References

External links
Neel Trimarans

French boat builders
SIPA S.1100. The SIPA S.1100 was a French twin engine observation and ground support aircraft flown in 1958. The first prototype was destroyed in a fatal crash only a few weeks after its first flight and no more were constructed.

Design and development
In 1958 France was in the middle of the Algerian War and felt a need for a counter-insurgency aircraft capable of observation, photography and ground support. This official programme led to three aircraft: the SIPA S.1100, the Sud Aviation SE.116 Voltigeur and, slightly later the Dassault Spirale. All three were propeller driven designs with twin engines, though the SIPA was the only one never fitted with turboprops.

The SIPA SE.1100 was a mid wing cantilever monoplane. All its flying surfaces were straight tapered and square tipped; the wing carried flaps. Its  Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp nine cylinder radial engines were mounted ahead of the wing leading edges, with cowlings which extended rearwards, both above and below the wing, nearly to the trailing edge. Its main wheels retracted backwards into the lower cowling and the tail wheel also retracted.

Its crew compartment was in the extreme nose of a deepened forward fuselage, with multiple transparencies to provide good sideways and downward vision. For ground support work it was fitted with two  guns. There were underwing attachment points for other armament packages.

Ten SE.1100 prototypes were ordered but then cancelled before the SE.1100's first flight, flown on 24 April 1958 by Pierre Ponthus. Less than three months later, Ponthus and his colleague André Bouthonnet were killed and the aircraft destroyed when it crashed at Villacoublay during a low level demonstration. The unfinished second prototype was then abandoned.

Specifications

References

Further reading

S1100
1950s French patrol aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
Neel 45. Neel 45 is a cruising trimaran designed by Joubert-Nivelt and produced by Neel Trimarans.

Reception
The boat was selected among the Best Boats of 2013 by Sail Magazine and praised for its speed, comfort, construction quality and ergonomics, but criticized for its learning curve and a need for power winches. It was also praised by Cruising World, being awarded 'Most Innovative' for 2013 and garnering compliments for its interior design, performance and detailing.

See also
List of multihulls
Trimaran

References

External links
Neel Trimarans: Neel 45

Trimarans
Sailboat type designs by Joubert-Nivelt
Sir M MacDonald & Partners. Sir M MacDonald & Partners was a UK-based civil engineering consultancy during the 20th century, named after Sir Murdoch MacDonald, a Scottish-born civil engineer (and later a politician). Its establishment and early history was strongly associated with work in Egypt during the 1920s. In 1989, the company merged with Mott, Hay and Anderson to form Mott MacDonald, today a major international multidisciplinary consultancy.

History

Sir M MacDonald & Partners emerged from affairs relating directly to British infrastructure development in Egypt between 1890 and 1930, in particular MacDonald's involvement with the Aswan Low Dam, starting in 1898. MacDonald was involved in the original construction of the Dam and later became an advisor to the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works after the dam was completed in 1902. He became closely associated with the development and first heightening of the Aswan Low Dam for the provision of hydroelectricity.

MacDonald retired from service with the Egyptian government in 1921 and returned to Britain where he began a partnership with a fellow Scot, Archibald MacCorquodale, who had worked with him in Scotland and Egypt, trading in London as MacDonald & MacCorquodale, consulting engineers. In 1927, the partnership was expanded to include P H East (also an engineer in the Egyptian government from 1907 to 1926) and Oswald Longstaff Prowde (resident engineer on the Sennar Dam, designed by MacDonald, on the Blue Nile in northern Sudan), and the name of the business was changed to Sir M MacDonald & Partners.

One of the first major projects of the partnership included the second heightening of the Aswan Low Dam, which continued from 1929 through design and construction stages until 1933. In addition to dam and hydroelectric work, the company was also employed on irrigation, drainage and harbour works in England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Jordan, Iraq and Pakistan. Rail engineering services were also provided; Prowde's last major work was for the London Underground, removing unsightly railway bridges and viaducts across the Thames (he died in 1949).

The firm continued on projects through to its merger with Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989. Later projects include:
the Great Ouse flood protection scheme (1950s)
the Ness Bridge in Inverness (1961)
the East Java irrigation project in Indonesia (1983)
feasibility studies for the Lesotho Highlands Water project (1986)

References

External links
Mott MacDonald Group

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Engineering consulting firms of the United Kingdom
Construction and civil engineering companies disestablished in the 20th century
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1921
British companies established in 1921
British companies disestablished in 1989
Sud Aviation SE-116 Voltigeur. The twin turboprop Sud Aviation SE-116 Voltigeur of the late 1950s was a French army support aircraft capable of observation and ground attack operations. Three were built but no series production was undertaken.

Design and development
In 1958 France was in the middle of the Algerian War and felt a need for a counter-insurgency aircraft capable of observation, photography and ground support. This official programme led to three aircraft: the SIPA S.1100, the Sud Aviation SE-116 Voltigeur and, slightly later, the Dassault Spirale. All three were propeller driven designs with twin engines.

Orinally known as the Fonceur, the Voltigeur was named after the French cavalry units specialising in skirmishes. It was a low wing cantilever monoplane. All its flying surfaces were straight tapered and square tipped; the vertical tail was tall and broad. The first prototype had  Wright Cyclone nine cylinder radial engines mounted ahead of the wing leading edges, with cowlings, largely above the wing, projecting beyond the trailing edge.  On the second prototype the Cyclones were replaced with  Turbomeca Bastan turboprops in much more slender cowlings on the top of the wings.  The Voltigeur had tricycle gear with main legs that retracted backwards into under-engine cowlings; the nose wheel retracted into the fuselage. Each main leg carried a pair of wheels to assist with take-offs and landings on rough strips.

The Voltigeur had a conventional, multi-panel, glazed cabin and a glazed nose offering good ground views. Behind the wing trailing edge the fuselage carried perforated airbrakes for ground attacks; the Voltigeur was fitted with two  guns and six underwing attachment points for bombs and rockets.

The piston-engined Voltigeur was first flown on 5 June 1958 by Roger Carpentier who also took the turboprop version on its first flight on 15 December 1958. A few weeks later, on 9 January 1959, Carpentier, Yves Crouzet and Marcel Hochet were killed when tail flutter developed in a high-speed run.  After tests of the SE-117 first pre-production machine, conducted in collaboration with Marcel Dassault, the Voltigeur programme was abandoned along with a projected fast transport, the SE-118 Diplomate.

Variants
Data from Gaillard (1990).
SE-116 Voltigeur First two aircraft, the first with Wright Cyclones radials and the second with Turbomeca Bastan turboprops.
SE-117 Voltigeur Third airframe and first production aircraft, Turbomeca Bastan powered, tested in collaboration with Marcel Dassault.
SE-118 Diplomate Projected fast transport, abandoned.

Specifications (SE-117 Voltigeur)

References

Bibliography

Voltigeur
1950s French patrol aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Shannon coding. In the field of data compression, Shannon coding, named after its creator, Claude Shannon, is a lossless data compression technique for constructing a prefix code based on a set of symbols and their probabilities (estimated or measured). It is suboptimal in the sense that it does not achieve the lowest possible expected code word length like Huffman coding does, and never better than but sometimes equal to the Shannon–Fano coding (Fano's method).

The method was the first of its type, the technique was used to prove Shannon's noiseless coding theorem in his 1948 article "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", and is therefore a centerpiece of the information age.

Shannon–Fano coding methods gave rise to the field of information theory and without its contributions, the world would not have any of the many successors; for example Huffman coding, or arithmetic coding. Much of our day-to-day lives are significantly influenced by digital data and this would not be possible without Shannon-Fano coding and the ongoing evolution of its methods.

In Shannon coding, the symbols are arranged in order from most probable to least probable, and assigned codewords by taking the first   bits from the binary expansions of the cumulative probabilities  Here  denotes the ceiling function (which rounds  up to the next integer value).

Example 

In the table below is an example of creating a code scheme for symbols a1 to a6.  The value of li gives the number of bits used to represent the symbol ai.  The last column is the bit code of each symbol.

References

Shannon, Claude Elwood. "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." ACM SIGMOBILE mobile computing and communications review 5.1 (2001): 3-55.

Lossless compression algorithms
Claude Shannon
Data compression