omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
TLD Systems. TLD Systems, Ltd. was an American software company active in the 1980s and 1990s and based in Torrance, California, that specialized in language compilers for the JOVIAL and Ada programming languages that were targeted to embedded systems.

TLD was founded by Terry L. Dunbar in 1982 and carried his initials.  It was based on work on JOVIAL compilers he did at Computer Sciences Corporation and Software Engineering Associates, Inc. in the 1970s.

Over the years TLD developed a reputation for experience with, and in-depth knowledge of, both the JOVIAL language and the MIL-STD-1750A architecture that was popular for U.S. Air Force projects.  TLD hosted its JOVIAL cross-compiler, and several associated tools such as an assembler, linker, simulator, and symbolic debugger, on several platforms including VAX/VMS and later Sun SPARC/SunOS.

TLD then entered the new market for the Ada programming language, which the U.S. Department of Defense had designated as the successor to JOVIAL and other special-purpose languages in use by the military.
TLD made embedded system Ada cross compilers targeting the MIL-STD-1750A, hosted on VAX/VMS as well as several Unix-based platforms.  The Ada compilers shared the same associated tools as the JOVIAL product.  TLD also made a native Ada compiler for the Data General MV/32 20000 under AOS/VS II.

The Ada software environment was originally thought to be a promising market, with a number of small, new companies seeking to gain a foothold in it.
But the Ada compiler business proved to be a difficult one to be in; many of the advantages of the language for general-purpose programming were not seen as such by the general software engineering community or by educators.  TLD Systems was still actively marketing its Ada and JOVIAL products up through 1995.  

Faced with the need to conform to the new Ada 95 standard for the language, in late 1995 TLD announced a joint arrangement with Ada Core Technologies in which that firm's Ada technology would be adapted to work with TLD's other cross-development tools. 

TLD Systems ceased doing business as such in 1998.  Following that a small consulting firm named TLDworks, Inc. came into being with an address in Hermosa Beach, California.

References

Software companies established in 1982
Companies disestablished in 1998
Software companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Torrance, California
Ada (programming language)
1982 establishments in California
List of things named after Josiah W. Gibbs. Things named after American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs:

Gibbs algorithm 
Gibbs canonical ensemble
Gibbs distribution
Gibbs elasticity
Gibbs ensemble
Gibbs entropy
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs H-theorem
Gibbs' inequality
Gibbs isotherm
Gibbs lemma
Gibbs measure
Gibbs random field
Gibbs phase rule
Gibbs paradox
Gibbs phenomenon
Gibbs sampling
Gibbs state
Gibbs's thermodynamic surface
Gibbs vector
Gibbs–Appell equation of motion
Gibbs–Donnan effect
Gibbs–Duhem equation
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
Gibbs–Marangoni effect
Gibbs–Thomson effect
Gibbs–Thomson equation
Gibbs–Wulff theorem
Massieu–Gibbs function

Heavenly bodies
2937 Gibbs (asteroid)
Gibbs (crater)

Other honours
Gibbs Society of Biological Thermodynamics
Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship
Willard Gibbs Award

gibbs
List of things named after Max Planck. This is a list of things named for the German scientist Max Planck:

Physics
Boltzmann–Planck equation
Fokker–Planck equation
Nernst–Planck equation
Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics 
Massieu–Planck potentials
Planck potential 
Planck proposition, Planck statement, Planck's principle; see Kelvin–Planck statement
Planckian locus

Quantum mechanics
Planck constant
Planck postulate
Planck's law of black body radiation
Planck-taper window
Planck–Bessel window
Planck–Einstein relation

Cosmology
Planck units
Planck energy
Planck length
Planck mass
Planck time
Planck temperature
Planck epoch
Planck postulate
Planck scale
Planck star
Trans-Planckian problem

Other 
 1069 Planckia, asteroid
 Max Planck Society
 Planck's principle
 Planck (crater) on the Moon
 Planck (spacecraft), space observatory
 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, see Max Planck Society
 Colegio Max Planck, in Trujillo, Peru.

Planck
Planck
Named after
Skyway Products. Skyway Products was a German aircraft manufacturer based in Ettenheim. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of paramotors in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

The company seems to have been founded about 2003 and gone out of business late in 2005 and was a subsidiary of Klenhart Graphik, a graphic design concern.

The company was noted for its use of composites to save weight, including in its propellers, engine mounts and integral fuel tanks. It also utilized its own engine design, the Skyway T170.

The company's sole aircraft model was the Skyway Light paramotor.

Aircraft

References

External links
Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Ultralight aircraft
Paramotors
Sokopf Falke. The Sokopf Falke () is an Austrian paramotor that was designed by Uli Sokopf and produced by his company Sokopf of Innsbruck for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place or two-place-in-tandem accommodation and a single  Simonini Racing engine in pusher configuration reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed, wooden propeller. The aircraft is built from a combination of bolted aluminium and 4130 steel tubing.

The Falke series was designed in the late 1990s with an emphasis on maximum thrust, rather than lightness. In an emergency the entire engine unit can be jettisoned.

As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Variants
Falke 2001
Model with a  Simonini Racing engine in pusher configuration with a 2.8:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed wooden propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  with  optional.
Falke 03
Model with a  Simonini Racing engine in pusher configuration with a 2.42:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed wooden propeller. The fuel tank capacity is .

Specifications (Sokopf Falke 03)

References

Falke
1990s Austrian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Sokopf. Sokopf was an Austrian aircraft manufacturer based in Innsbruck and founded by Uli Sokopf. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of paramotors in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category.

The company seems to have been founded before 1998 and gone out of business after 2004.

The company's line of paramotors, the Sokopf Falke, is noted for its emphasis on high power, rather than low empty weight, unlike many other paramotor manufacturers.  In an emergency the entire engine unit can be jettisoned.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Austria
Ultralight aircraft
Paramotors
Julia Liuson. Julia Zhenglei Liuson (; born 1970) is a Chinese-born American technology executive. She is the president of the Developer Division at Microsoft and GitHub.

Liuson oversees business and software development for Visual Studio and the .NET Framework, including Visual Studio Code, all programming languages, user interfaces, team development/testing tools, and platform adoption tools. In an interview with eWEEK, Liuson said Microsoft is working to help all developers, of all platforms and languages, be successful with tools which enable innovative scenarios.

Early life and education
Julia Zhenglei Liuson was born in Shanghai, China in 1970.

In 1991, Liuson received a bachelor's degree in electrical and computer engineering from University of Washington.

Career 
Liuson joined Microsoft right out of college in 1992. Her initial role was as a developer first on the Access team, and later on Visual InterDev, the precursor to Visual Studio. She has held a variety of technical and management positions at Microsoft, serving as development manager, and later as partner product unit manager for Visual Basic.  Liuson was then named general manager of Visual Studio Business Applications, where she was responsible for enabling developers to easily build business applications on Microsoft server and service platforms.

Liuson served as general manager for server and tools business from Microsoft Shanghai office in China for two years while running engineering teams on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. She presented keynote speeches and guest speakers in some business and technology events including Connect() 2015, China Business Challenge 2014, and Technet 2013 for China.

Reception 
In 2019, Liuson was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame. In 2021 she was appointed to the Cadence Design Systems board of directors.

Personal Life 
Liuson lives in Kirkland, a suburb of the Seattle area near the Microsoft campus in Redmond. She and her husband have a son.

See also
Microsoft
Visual Studio

References

External links
Visual Studio
Visual Studio Code

1970 births
Living people
Microsoft employees
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
People from Kirkland, Washington
American women business executives
American people of Chinese descent
American technology executives
21st-century American women
David E. Constable. David Constable is an American/Canadian engineer and businessman. He was appointed the CEO of Sasol, an energy and chemical company, in July 2011, and announced that he would leave the role in spring 2016. He concurrently served as the company's president.

Career history 
Before his tenure at Sasol, he was employed with Fluor Corporation from 1982 to 2011. He has served on the Fluor board of directors since 2019 and serves as an independent director of ABB Group, American Petroleum Institute, and the US-China Business Council.

Education 
Constable has a civil engineering degree from the University of Alberta. He also graduated from advanced management programs at both Thunderbird School of Global Management and Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Career 
In November 2020, Fluor announced Constable’s appointment as CEO, to succeed Carlos Hernandez. 

Constable was subsequently appointed chairman and chief executive officer of Fluor Corporation in May, 2022.

References

External links
 Corporate biography

Canadian chief executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Wes McKinney. Wes McKinney is an American software developer and businessman. He is the creator and "Benevolent Dictator for Life" (BDFL) of the open-source pandas package for data analysis in the Python programming language, and has also authored three versions of the reference book Python for Data Analysis. He's also the creator of Apache Arrow, a cross-language development platform for in-memory data, and Ibis, a unified Python dataframe API. He was the CEO and founder of technology startup Datapad. He was a software engineer at Two Sigma Investments. He founded Ursa Labs, which, in 2021, became part of Voltron Data. In 2022, it was announced that Voltron Data had raised $110 million.

Early life and education 
In 2007, McKinney graduated from MIT with a BS in Mathematics.

In 2010, McKinney began a PhD program in Statistics at Duke University. He went on leave a year later, in 2011, to focus on his professional projects.

Career 
From 2007 to 2010, McKinney researched global macro and credit trading strategies at AQR Capital Management. During his time at AQR Capital, he learned Python and started building what would become pandas.  McKinney made the pandas project public in 2009.

McKinney left AQR in 2010 to start a PhD in Statistics at Duke University.  He went on leave from Duke in the summer of 2011 to devote more time to developing Pandas, culminating in the writing of Python for Data Analysis in 2012.

In 2012, he co-founded Lambda Foundry Inc.

McKinney co-founded Datapad with Chang She in January 2013, with McKinney as CEO. Datapad developed a data visualization product also on the Python stack targeting enterprise customers. Datapad was acquired by Cloudera in September 2014. McKinney joined the engineering team at Cloudera following the acquisition. He worked on an open-source project called Ibis, incubated within Cloudera Labs, aiming at using Python for big data problems. In 2016, McKinney joined the investment fund Two Sigma Investments to work on Apache Arrow. In 2018, he launched Ursa Labs. In 2023, he joined Posit (formerly RStudio) as a Principal Architect.

Media coverage 
McKinney has been interviewed by VentureBeat and others. He frequently gives talks to the Python community.

References

External links
 Personal website
 Book discussion on YCombinator
 Ibis project blog

Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
American statisticians
Python (programming language) people
American computer programmers
Free software programmers
American data scientists
American chief executives
Durapolist. In industrial organization and in particular monopoly theory, a durapolist or durable good monopolist is a producer that manipulates the durability of its product. The term was coined by antitrust scholar Barak Orbach. The concept is used to explain how durable good manufacturers overcome the durability problem of their products and persuade consumers to purchase new goods. The concept utilizes a monopolist to simplify explanations regarding product durability.

Overview
Once a durable-good manufacturer sells a product to a consumer, it faces a challenge to convince this consumer to purchase another good. A consumer needs one refrigerator, one razor, a limited number of shirts, and so forth. Durability, therefore, may mean limited prospects for businesses. Ronald Coase argued that because of the durability problem a durable-good monopolist may not be able to exploit its market position and charge monopolistic prices. His thesis is known as the Coase Conjecture. The durability problem is not limited to "monopolists" in the strict sense of the term. It may happen in all markets for durable goods, although it is easier to understand it with a single seller.

To overcome the durability problem, durable good manufacturers must persuade consumers to replace functioning products with new ones or to pay them money in other ways. Replacement of functioning goods refers to business strategies that persuade or force consumers to purchase new products. One category of strategies is contrived durability that refers to product design that intentionally shortens the product lifetime before it is released onto the market. In most instances, durability is built into a product by the manufacturer through its choices of inputs and production procedures. Another category of strategies refers is planned obsolescence that refers to shortening the lifetime of a product after it is released onto the market. Under this strategy, the manufacturer “convinces” the consumer to replace an old product with a new one, thereby rendering the lifetime of the old product shorter than its actual useful lifetime. Annual style changes of cars and revised editions of textbooks are prime examples of planned obsolescence. Although contrived durability and planned obsolescence are different in many ways, they are often confused. 

Another strategy that is frequently used by durapolists is tying: a sale (or lease) of one product or service on condition that the buyer (or the lessee) take another product or service. Durable-good manufacturers tie to their durables non-durables and can boost profit. Razor and blades is favorite example. Durable-good manufacturers also use financing strategies (leasing, complex payment terms) to extract payments from consumers.

See also
 Pacman conjecture

References

Market structure
Monopoly (economics)
Boogie board (product). Boogie Board is a product line of paperless note taking tools, utilizing an LCD in conjunction with a stylus, finger, or other implement to replicate the functionality of pen and paper.

Boogie Board was developed by Kent Displays Incorporated, based on research conducted at Kent State University.

Technology 

Boogie board is based on reflex display technology, i.e. LCDs that use cholesteric liquid crystal technology to reflect light in one state, and to be dark (non-reflecting) in the other state. The dark state occurs when a flash of voltage re-orients the molecules to a non-reflective state.

Responsiveness has been compared to that of writing on paper. Drawings can be hard to see without illumination.

Battery lifespan is estimated at 50,000 erasures.

Digitization 
Some higher end models add a digitization panel, allowing the user's input to be saved as a PDF. The board itself does not allow direct review of stored pages.

On models lacking internal digitization, capture is achieved through a smartphone camera using a Mobile app, though quality through this method is low.

Marketing 
Boogie Boards are marketed as having uses like writing, drawing, and taking notes. Some models are designed to replicate the form factor of specific notetaking devices, such as the sticky note.

One model was released exclusively in Brookstone stores.

References

External links 
 

Tablet computers
Electronic paper technology
Zimmermann reagent. The Zimmermann reagent is used as a simple spot-test used in chromatography to presumptively identify alkaloids, especially benzodiazepines, as well as other compounds. It is therefore used in drugs testing.

It is a two-component reagent, with the first component composed of 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1% w/v) in methanol and the second component composed of 15% potassium hydroxide in water.

One drop of each component is added to the sample being tested and the resulting colour change is observed to give an indication of the identity of the compound.

The reagent works by forming a reddish-purple Meisenheimer complex at C3 for diazepines with a carbonyl at C2 and an alkyl group at N1.  Without these groups it is not possible to form the methylene compound which reacts with dinitrobenzene but triazolo compounds may react.

It is named for the American biochemist Robert Zimmermann (b.1937).

See also
Drug checking
Dille–Koppanyi reagent
Folin's reagent
Liebermann reagent
Mandelin reagent
Marquis reagent
Mecke reagent
Simon's reagent
Zwikker reagent
Froehde reagent

References

External links
Testing Steroids

Chemical tests
Analytical reagents
Drug testing reagents
8.8 cm Flak 16. The 8.8 cm Flak 16 was a German 8.8 cm anti-aircraft gun from World War I,  forerunner of the 8,8 cm FlaK/PaK Flak 18/36/37 of World War II. Its contemporary name was the 8,8 cm K.Zugflak L/45.

Development
Designs for dedicated anti-aircraft guns existed before World War I, but few were in service by the outbreak of war. Early anti-aircraft artillery guns used in World War I were primarily adaptations of existing medium-caliber weapons, mounted to enable fire at higher angles. By 1915, the German military command realized that these were useless for anything beyond deterrence, even against vulnerable balloons and slow-moving aircraft.  With the increase of aircraft performance, many armies developed dedicated AA guns with a high muzzle velocity – allowing the projectiles to reach greater altitudes.  The first such German gun, the Flak 16, was introduced in 1917, using the 88 mm caliber, common in the Kaiserliche Marine.

Design 
The barrel for the 8.8 cm K.Zugflak L/45 was built from steel and was 45 calibers in length. The gun had a semi-automatic Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech to boost its rate of fire.  There was a hydro-pneumatic recoil system located above and below the barrel, along with an equilibriator to balance the gun.  The gun was capable of 360° of traverse and -4° to +70° of elevation.

See also
 7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914

Photo Gallery

References

External links
 http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/ImagesCanons/Allemagne/DCA/FC88Flak17Aberdeen.html

88 mm artillery
World War I anti-aircraft guns
World War I artillery of Germany
Anti-aircraft guns of Germany
Octavio Paredes López. Octavio Paredes López (born 1946 in Mocorito, Sinaloa), is a Mexican biochemical engineer and food scientist. He is a past president of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, a founding member of the International Academy of Food Science and Technology, and a member of the Governing Board of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He received the National Prize for Arts and Sciences in 1991 and the Third World Network of Scientific Organizations Award in 1998.

Paredes López obtained bachelor's and master's degrees in biochemical engineering at the National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico City, and later earned a master's degree in food science at Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. He earned his doctorate (1980) at the University of Manitoba, Canada, which awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science in 2005. He has conducted research and postdoctoral stays in the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Brazil. He has served as general editor of the journal Plant Foods for Human Nutrition and associate editor of Food Science and Technology International.

References

1946 births
Living people
Mexican biochemists
Food scientists
Instituto Politécnico Nacional alumni
University of Manitoba alumni
20th-century chemists
21st-century biochemists
21st-century Mexican scientists
20th-century Mexican scientists
People from Mocorito
X40. X40 may refer to:

Boeing X-40, test platform for the X-37 Future-X Reusable Launch Vehicle
SJ X40, series of electric multiple units operated by SJ of Sweden
Southern Vectis route X40, bus route on the Isle of Wight, England
ThinkPad X40, laptop computer by Lenovo
Bestune X40, a subcompact crossover

de:X-40
fr:X40
X44. X44 or X-44 may refer to:

Agent X44, 2007 Star Cinema film starring Vhong Navarro as Agent X44 with Mariel Rodriguez in her film debut
Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft), a conceptual aircraft design by Lockheed Martin that has been studied by NASA and the U.S. Air Force
Lockheed Martin X-44 (UAV), an unmanned aerial vehicle by Lockheed Martin, unrelated to the X-44 MANTA
Team X44, an Extreme E electric offroad rally racing team founded by Lewis Hamilton

See also

 X4 (disambiguation)
 44 (disambiguation)
 X (disambiguation)
Illinois Waterway Project Office. The Illinois Waterway Project Office is a maintenance shop and project office for the Illinois Waterway, the system of rivers and canals through Illinois which connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan. The complex, which is also a national historic district, is located at 257 Grant Street in Peoria, Illinois, on the west bank of the Illinois River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers established the office in 1913 to house and maintain its boats; it developed into its current role in the 1920s and 1930s. The maintenance buildings at the complex were mainly built during this later period of development; five of these buildings are considered contributing buildings to the historic district. The 1913 harbor and marine ways are also part of the historic district, as are three of the boats stationed in the harbor.

The office was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 10, 2004.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Peoria County, Illinois
Historic American Engineering Record in Illinois
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois