omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
T58-class minesweeper. The T58 class were a group of minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy in the 1950s. The Soviet designation was Project 264.

Design

The specification for these ships was issued in 1949 and the lead ship was completed in 1957. These ships were larger than the previous T43 class and had increased sweep capacity and were fitted with more advanced mechanical, acoustic and magnetic sweeps. Heavier self-defence weapons were also fitted. The ships had steel hulls and were powered by three diesel engines (which were located on two levels to minimise length). No special provision was made to minimise acoustic or pressure signature. The ships were also fitted to operate in an NBC environment.

Variants

 Project 254 A – built from 1958 - Improved silencing and degaussing gear, new sonar and radar, 30 mm guns instead of 25 mm and RBU-2500 anti-submarine mortars
 Radar Picket version - 3 units converted early 1970s. Fitted with P-10 air search radar installation aft replacing one twin 57 mm gun turret
 Patrol ship - 19 units transferred to the Border Guard, served until the early 1990s
 Valdai-class submarine rescue ship - 7 units fitted with diving support equipment

Ships

45 ships were built between 1957 and 1962. All were scrapped by the early 1990s.

See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number

References

 Also published as 
Page in Russian Language
  All T58 Class Minesweepers - Complete Ship List

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
Vanya-class minesweeper. The Vanya class were a series of minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy between 1960 and 1973. The Soviet designation was Project 257.

Design

The ships were designed as coastal mine hunters. The hulls were built out of wood for significantly reduced magnetic signature. Measures were also taken to reduce electrical and acoustic signature. The propellers were fitted without bubble shields. A more advanced version the Project 257DM was introduced in the mid-1960s. The Project 699 was a version with more powerful diesel engines for towing heavier sweeps.

In addition to 8 naval mines, all Project 257D, Project 257DM, and Project 699 vessels were armed with a single AK-230M autocannon for anti-aircraft defence.

Ships

A total of 47 units were built by shipyards in Kolpino and Vladivostok (3 Project 699).

Exports

 Bulgaria - 7 ships (1969–1980)
 Syria - 2 ships (1972)

All ships were retired by the mid-1990s

See also
 List of ships of the Soviet Navy
 List of ships of Russia by project number

References

External links
  Russian Vanya Class Minesweepers - Complete Ship List

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Bulgarian Navy
Minesweepers of the Syrian Navy
Source water protection. Source Water Protection is a planning process conducted by local water utilities, as well as regional or national government agencies, to protect drinking water sources from overuse and contamination. The process includes identification of water sources, assessment of known and potential threats of contamination, notification of the public, and steps to eliminate the contamination. The process is applicable to lakes, rivers and groundwater (aquifers).

Canada
Source water protection is part of a multi-barrier approach to protecting municipal sources of drinking water that was recommended by the Canadian Justice Dennis O'Connor in his Walkerton reports. This study was released in 2002 as a response to the Walkerton Tragedy, in which the town of Walkerton, Ontario's drinking water became contaminated with E. coli bacteria.

United States
The Safe Drinking Water Act requires each state to delineate the boundaries of areas that public water systems use for their sources of drinking water—both surface and underground sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages states and local water utilities to conduct source water assessments and take steps to protect the sources. EPA provides some financial assistance to states and utilities to conduct source water planning, through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund. Technical and financial assistance is also available through the agency's Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center.

See also
 Watershed management

References

External links
 Source water protection - U.S. EPA

Water supply
Water pollution
Yevgenya-class minesweeper. The Yevgenya-class, Soviet designation Project 1258 Korund, are a series of minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy and export customers between 1967-80.

Design
The Yevgenya-class are small minesweepers built for inshore work. The hulls are constructed of glass-reinforced plastic. As built, they have a standard displacement of ,  normally,  at full load and maximum . The Yevegenya-class measures  long overall,  between perpendiculars and  at the waterline with an extreme beam of  and  at the waterline. The vessels have a normal draught of  and  fully loaded.

As built, the minesweepers are powered by two diesel engines, turning two propeller shafts that create . This gives the ships a maximum speed of  and a range of  at . They carry  of diesel fuel. 

The vessels have twin-mounted  machine guns. They are equipped with MT-34, AT-2, SEMT-3, Neva and GKT-3 sweeps. The minesweepers also mount MG-7 sonar, and they have a complement of 10.

Ships
The following navies have operated Yevgenya-class minesweepers:
 Angolan Navy - 2
 Russian Navy - about 45 in service in 1995
 Azerbaijan Navy - 5 ships
 Bulgarian Navy - 4 ships in service
 Cuban Navy - 11 ships transferred
 Indian Navy - 6 ships transferred (all decommissioned since 2006)
 Iraqi Navy - 3 ships (transferred in 1975)
 Mozambique - 2 ships transferred (Decommissioned in 1993)
 Nicaraguan Navy - 4 ships (ex-Cuban)
 Syrian Navy - 5 ships transferred
 Vietnam Navy 2 ships
 Yemen Navy - 2 ships transferred

See also
 List of ships of the Soviet Navy
 List of ships of Russia by project number

Notes

Sources

External links
 All Yevgenya-class minesweepers - Complete Ship List

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Azerbaijani Navy
Minesweepers of the Cuban Navy
Minesweepers of the Russian Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Syrian Navy
Minesweepers of the Ukrainian Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Vietnam People's Navy
Flood Control Act of 1937. The Flood Control Act of 1937 (FCA 1937) was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 28, 1937, as Public Law 406. The act was a response to major flooding throughout the United States in the 1930s, culminating with the "Super Flood" of January 1937, the greatest flood recorded on the lower Ohio River.  FCA 1937 provided nearly $25 million for initial construction of projects selected by the Chief of Engineers from those listed in the Ohio Valley Flood Control Program (published as Flood Document No. 1, 75th congress, 1st Session).  Among the numerous projects authorized, the act provided for construction of floodwalls, levees, and revetments along Wolf River and Nonconnah Creek for protection of Memphis, TN and modified the Yazoo River project to substitute a combined reservoir floodway and levee plan.

Section 2 authorized small clearing and snagging projects for flood control, limited in Federal cost per project (50 Stat. 877, 33 U.S.C. 7Olg).

FCA 1937 was subsequently amended on  Many of the provisions of FCA 1937 are administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
 24 July 1946 by Section 13, 
 24 September 1954 by Section 208,  (these projects are customarily referred to as "Section 208 Projects")
 7 March 1974 by Section 26, 
 17 November 1986 by Section 915(b), Water Resources Development Act of 1986, .  The latter amended the Federal limit per project to $500,000.

See also
Water Resources Development Act
Rivers and Harbors Act - for related legislation which sometimes also implements flood control provisions.

References

External links
 Flood Control Act of 1937. Pub. L. 75-406. 49 Stat. 1586. 28 August 1937. Library of Congress

United States federal public land legislation
1937 in the environment
1937 in American law
1937
Zhenya-class minesweeper. Project 1252 'Izumrud' (Изумруд - 'Emerald') (NATO reporting name: Zhenya class) were a group of three minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy in the late 1960s. The ships were a glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)-hulled version of the preceding wooden-hulled . They were intended to be a prototype of an advanced design, instead the Soviet Navy returned to wooden-hulled minesweeper construction with the following . Of the three minesweepers, one was lost in an explosion in 1989 and the fate of the other two is unknown.

Description and design
The minesweepers of Project 1252 'Izumrud' (NATO reporting name: Zhenya class) were a GRP-hulled trial version based on the preceding wooden-hulled . They had a standard displacement of  and  fully loaded. They measured  long with a beam of  and a draught of . The vessels were powered by two diesel engines each turning a propeller shaft creating . The Zhenya class had a maximum speed of  and range of  at  and  at .

The vessels were armed with twin-mounted /65 calibre guns. They also carried six naval mines. The Zhenya class was equipped with "Spin Through" and "Don I" surface search radar and "Two Square Head" identification friend or foe. They had a complement of 40.

Construction and career
The design was accepted for construction in 1961 and three vessels were built by Izhora rated by the Soviet Navy as bazovy tralshchik (base minesweeper). The first vessel to complete in 1966, Komsomelets Turkmenii, was to be the prototype for an advanced coastal minesweeper design. Komsomolets Buryatii followed in 1968 and BT-177 in 1969. The design was not successful and the Soviet Navy chose to return to a wooden-hulled design in the . Komsomelets Turkmenii was lost in an explosion on 19 August 1989. Komsomolets Buryatii was renamed BT-215 on 18 March 1992. The final fate of the remaining ships is unknown.

See also
 List of ships of the Soviet Navy
 List of ships of Russia by project number

Notes

Citations

References

External links
  All Zhenya Class Minesweepers - Complete Ship List

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
Nader Pourmand. Nader Pourmand  is a Professor of Biomolecular Engineering leading the Biosensors and Bioelectrical Technology Group at the Baskin School of Engineering at the University of California Santa Cruz, Baskin School of Engineering.

He has been published in Cancer Research, PLoS ONE, ACS, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Pourmand received his PhD at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. While he was at Stanford, his lab developed the science underlying Ion Torrent, a benchtop next-gen sequencing system (acquired by Life Technologies, then by Thermo Fisher). He has been a cofounder of start-ups Pinpoint Science inc., BioStinger Inc. (now part of Yokogawa, Japan), MagArray Inc., and contributed to others including Nvigen, Ion Torrent, Bioprobix, and Pathogenix.

He has developed technology based on functionalized nanopipettes, which can be used to study genomics and proteomics of individual living cells at nanoscale. This nanopipette technology was described in Nature Nanotechnology as a major advance in Single cell genomics and was recognized by the NIH for the development of this technology for interrogating single living cells. This same nanopipette technology is the basis for Pinpoint Science Inc's handheld diagnostic platform for detecting microbial pathogens.

Awards 

 2001: Second place prize for Technologies in the Stanford Entrepreneur's Challenge.
 2015: NIH winner of the NIH's “Follow that Cell Challenge”.
 2017: NIH as 2017 First Prize winner of the NIH's “Follow that Cell Challenge”.

References

External links
 UCSC faculty biography

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American molecular biologists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American company founders
Stanford University alumni
Iranian expatriate academics
Karolinska Institute alumni
Integrated Administration and Control System. Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) is an administrative tool used by the European Union for geographical data, particularly land use data. It was first introduced in 1992 by EU Council Regulation 3508/92 to manage and control agricultural subsidies to farmers under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and prevent fraud. IACS provides a system to create and maintain a database of georeferenced data for agricultural land at the land parcel level which is standardised across all EU countries and can be used to ensure that land eligibility criteria are met and subsidy payments made are accurate.

Components and interoperability 
IACS is made up of various components. The Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) is a geospatial database that maps and monitors agricultural parcels to confirm land eligibility.
A Geospatial Aid Application allows farmers to digitally declare their land use, which is then verified against LPIS data. The system also incorporates data from Copernicus Programme Sentinel satellite missions. IACS is aligned with the INSPIRE directive ((EU) 2007/2) to enhance the interoperability and accessibility of geospatial data, making it easier for IACS data be used in other domains.

Significance and evolution 
IACS has become a widely-used tool for transparency and accountability in funding payments and policy performance monitoring. More recently, it has been integrated with environmental data sharing platforms to keep pace with changes in regulations and their monitoring requirements, as well as updated to integrate new technology. However, it still faces accessibility problems and uneven application across member states and regions, with 44 different implementations in place as of 2023.

References 

Institutions of the European Union
Douglas Wellesley Morrell. Douglas Wellesley Morrell , (6 February 1917 – 6 February 1996) was an English electrical engineer and deputy managing director of Racal.

Early life and education
Morrell was born in Plymouth on 6 February 1917, but was adopted and baptised nearly a year later, on 9 January 1918, as Douglas Wellesley Morrell at Emmanuel, Compton Gifford, Plymouth, Devon. His father, Arthur Wellesley Morrell, was a paymaster for the Royal Navy at the Plymouth Dockyard.

Morrell was educated at Dauntsey's School in Wiltshire, and later at Faraday House in London, where he earned a Bachelor of Science (engineering) with honours, as well as a gold medal.

Career
Morrell joined Marconi as an installation engineer in 1938, and would go on to travel around the British Empire throughout the war years installing radio direction-finding equipment as part of the war effort.

After the war, he went on to work for Redifon as a sales engineer.  It was with Redifon that he met Ray Brown, who would eventually join Calder Cunningham in starting Racal in 1950.

In April 1953, he left Redifon to join Racal as their first sales manager, at the invitation of Ray Brown. Morrell became an investor and joined the board of directors in 1955. He was instrumental in negotiating an exclusive licensing agreement between Racal and the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, which had invented an improved high-frequency receiver circuitry, in a Racal radio set that eventually "became the standard HF receiver for all the armed forces and monitoring agencies of the United Kingdom".

When he retired in 1982, Morrell was a deputy managing director, though he remained closely involved in the company's activities during his early retirement in Germany.

During his lengthy career, Morrell became a member of the Society of British Aerospace Companies, and of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, having first joined as a Member in 1936, later becoming a Fellow in 1962.

Morrell was also a long-serving Liveryman with the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers, having been first clothed in the livery on 14 November 1961.

Honours
Morrell was Gazetted as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1982, following his retirement, and was invested later that year.

References

1917 births
1996 deaths
People educated at Dauntsey's School
Racal
English electrical engineers
Engineers from Plymouth, Devon
Disodium methyl arsonate. Disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsO3Na2.  It is a colorless, water-soluble solid derived from methanearsonic acid.  It is used as a herbicide.  Tradenames include Metharsinat, Arrhenal, Disomear, Metharsan, Stenosine, Tonarsan, Tonarsin, Arsinyl, Arsynal, and Diarsen.

The EPA states that all forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health and the United States' Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ranked arsenic as number 1 in its 2001 Priority List of Hazardous Substances at Superfund sites. Arsenic is classified as a Group-A carcinogen. The EPA states that:

The EPA also states that, while contaminated soil poses a serious risk to health, arsenic frequently mobilizes from soils and other sources, ending up in water where it is even more of a toxicity issue.

See also
 Cacodylic acid
 Monosodium methyl arsenate

References

Arsenical herbicides
Sodium compounds
Organoarsenic compounds
Marine diesel oil. Marine diesel oil (MDO) is a type of distillate diesel oil. Marine diesel oil is also called distillate marine diesel. MDO is widely used by medium speed and medium/high speed marine diesel engines. It is also used in the larger low speed and medium speed propulsion engine which normally burn residual fuel. Those fuels result from a catalytic cracking and visbreaking refinery. Marine diesel oil has been condemned for its nimiety of sulfur, so many countries and organizations established regulations and laws on MDO use. Due to its lower price compared to more refined fuel, MDO is favored particularly by the shipping industry.

Specification
ISO 8217 of the International Standards Organization (ISO) is the primary standard of MDO. 

Marine fuels range in viscosity from less than one centistoke (cSt) to about 700 cSt at 50°C (122°F). (1 cSt = 1 mm2/s.) And higher viscosity grades are preheated during use to bring their viscosity into the range suitable for fuel injection (8 to 27 cSt).  But MDO does not need to be preheated before using. According to Chevron, MDO has a sulfur limit varies from 1 to 4.5 percent by mass for different grades and Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECAs).

Manufacturing procedure
MDO is made from a catalytic cracking and visbreaking refinery. The catalytic cracking operation breaks large molecules into small molecules. It happens in high temperature and with appropriate catalyst. 
Visbreaking is a process that turn the bottom product of the vacuum unit, which has extremely high viscosity, into lower viscosity, marketable product. In visbreaking, a relatively mild thermal cracking operation is performed. And the amount of cracking is limited by the overruling requirement to safeguard the heavy fuel stability.

Use
The market of MDO is much smaller than on-highway diesel. According to the 2004 US diesel fuel sales statistics from US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, marine shipping only makes up 3.7% of the total diesel market. On the other hand, on-highway diesel makes up 59.5% of diesel fuel sales. This small sales share of MDO is due to the high proportion of petroleum resid that made it can be used on large marine engines. According to Chevron, petroleum resid, or inorganic salts, in the fuel result in injector tip deposits that prevent the injector from creating the desired fuel spray pattern. But those low-speed, large marine diesel engines are appropriate for using fuel containing large amounts of petroleum resid.

Regulations and restrictions
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) develops regulations for marine shipping. Among those regulations, MARPOL (the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) is the most widely adopted one.   MARPOL is the main international convention covering the prevention of operational or accidental pollution of the marine environment by ships.  Inside the IMO, there is a committee called the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). MEPC has meetings periodically to discusses resolutions to current marine pollution.

References

Liquid fuels
Diesel fuel
1987 Bihar flood. The 1987 Bihar flood, caused by high levels of annual flooding of the Kosi River (nicknamed "the sorrow of Bihar"), was one of the worst floods in Bihar, India, in a decade caused by a landslide that blocked the main route of Bhote Kosi River. This resulted from chunks of earth falling into the river; thus, building a dam approximately 1 km in length. An enormous lake formed behind the dam causing the tragic flood that held between 28 and 32 lakh cusecs of water. 1399 people and 5302 animals lost their lives and nearly 29 million people were affected in 30 districts, 382 blocks, 6,112 panchayat, and 24,518 villages. Government figures list damage to crops at an estimated 68 billion Indian rupees and damage to public property at 68 million rupees.
This particular flood is one of many floods that happen in Bihar, India. In fact, the state of Bihar has the most severe flooding as compared to other areas of the India. The Kosi River is to blame for this as it has a problematic history of flooding and changing its direction. Furthermore, this river is located at the northern part of the Bihar plains in eastern India and is an important tributary of the Ganga river system.

See also
Floods in Bihar

References and footnotes
please find the link. The previous link is dead. The new link is here.
https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163023/http://www.igovernment.in/site/Bihars-flood-of-fury-End-of-Kosi-civilisation/

Floods in Bihar
History of Bihar (1947–present)
1987 in India
Calgary downtown district energy. The Calgary Downtown District Energy Centre is a thermal district energy system under development by Calgary-based ENMAX with funding support from provincial and federal government programs. The first central thermal plant to supply the system is under construction at the corner of 4th Street and 9th Avenue SE in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Although the groundbreaking ceremony for the project took place in early fall of 2008, major construction activities did not commence until late November. The first phase of the system is expected to be operational in 2009, supplying thermal energy to meet the space and domestic hot water heating needs of selected new and existing buildings in Calgary's downtown.

The Centre will be owned by a subsidiary of ENMAX, which will develop and operate the facility and its related thermal distribution system.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20081202104350/http://www.enmax.com/Corporation/Media+Room/Current+News+Releases/53DE.htm
http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2008/11/c3790.html

History of Calgary
Energy in Alberta