omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Robert Fourer. Robert Fourer (born September 2, 1950) is a scientist working in the area of operations research and management science. He is currently President of AMPL Optimization, Inc and is Professor Emeritus of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at Northwestern University. Robert Fourer is recognized as being the designer of the popular modeling language for mathematical programming called AMPL.

Together with David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan he was awarded 1993 ORSA/CSTS Prize by the Computer Science Technical Section of the Operations Research Society of America, for writings on the design of mathematical programming systems and the AMPL modeling language. Robert Fourer was also awarded Guggenheim Fellowship for Natural Sciences in 2002.
He was elected to the 2004 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

Prior to the invention of AMPL, a series of articles by Fourer extended the Simplex algorithm to allow for the objective to be convex separable piecewise-linear. He also worked with Sanjay Mehrotra to solve indefinite linear systems arising in interior-point methods. Their method was more numerically stable than other methods previously proposed.

Writings
AMPL: A Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming, 2nd Ed. (2003 with David Gay and Brian Kernighan)

References

Living people
American computer programmers
Northwestern University faculty
Programming language designers
Scientists at Bell Labs
American technology writers
1950 births
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Victorian Railways Z class. The Victorian Railways Z class were three locomotives built in 1893 in Victoria, Australia

. The class is unusual in that the third member of the class bore little resemblance to the first two. One example of the class survives, at the Scienceworks Museum in Melbourne.

Built in 1893 by the Phoenix Foundry of Ballarat, the first two were  locomotives which had their full length covered in with an extended cab in the style of a road tramway motor. They were allocated numbers 522 and 524 with the classification Z. Their full length cabs were later cut back to a normal length revealing a thin chimney and a drum-shaped dome. They were scrapped in 1910 and 1911.

The third engine was also built in 1893, but was an outside cylinder  locomotive. It was the first of 536 locomotives built by the new enlarged railway workshops at Newport. It was numbered 526, and despite bearing little resemblance to the two Phoenix locomotives, it was also classified Z, perhaps because no more letters were available except "I" which would have been avoided because it resembled the number "1". In 1903 it was rebuilt as a crane locomotive as No. 3 Steam Crane. After spending many years at the South Dynon Locomotive Depot, Z 526 was withdrawn in June 1978, and between 1980 and 1985 the locomotive was restored at Newport Workshops to its 1893 side tank configuration, and was donated to Museum Victoria in 1992.

References

External links
 Victorian Preserved Steam Locomotives detailed information about all surviving ex-VR steam locos
 Z class drawings
 Vicsig

2-4-0T locomotives
0-6-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1893
Preserved steam locomotives of Australia
Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
Z class 1893
Newport Workshops locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Nederlandse Helikopter Industrie. The Nederlandse Helikopter Industrie (NHI) was a Dutch helicopter manufacturer.

Early history

The company was founded in 1955 as a commercial successor of the Stichting voor de Ontwikkeling en Bouw van een Experimenteel Hefschroefvliegtuig (SOBEH - the Foundation for Development and Manufacturing of an Experimental Helicopter). From 1951 on, SOBEH developed and built two helicopters, the H-1 (1954) and H-2 (1955). After having met its goal of developing a helicopter, SOBEH ceased activities. Further development and serial production were granted to the newly formed NHI. This was a joint venture between aircraft manufacturer Aviolanda and truck company Kromhout. NHI quickly came forward with an improved design, called the H-3 Kolibrie (Hummingbird). This helicopter was powered by ramjets at the ends of the blades and made its first flight in May 1956. The Certificate of Airworthiness, based on U.S. requirements for rotorcraft, was issued in March 1958.

Later operations

During its existence, NHI was confronted with parent companies in trouble. Kromhout ceased building trucks in 1958 due to stiff competition from DAF. It kept building engines and finally the company was taken over by Stork B.V. As a result, Kromhout gave up its partnership in 1959. Aviolanda resumed production of the H-3 on its own.

Closure of operations

Finally in 1961 production ceased due to a lack of orders. Subsequently, NHI was liquidated by Aviolanda. The failure of NHI was only a contributing factor to the liquidation, as Aviolanda and Fokker were having hard times. Aviolanda depended heavily on licensed production of foreign designs, which made the business uncertain. Fokker was having troubles by that date with the slow selling F.27 Friendship.

See also

 NHIndustries

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the Netherlands
Defunct helicopter manufacturers
WS-Policy4MASC. WS-Policy4MASC is a policy language for managing Web services and their composition.

Overview 
WS-Policy4MASC extends a widely used industrial standard, WS-Policy, with information necessary for run-time management, including the unique support for autonomic business-driven IT management (BDIM). The specifications of diverse financial and non-financial business value metrics and business strategies that guide business-value driven selection among alternative control (adaptation) actions are the main distinctive characteristics and contributions of WS-Policy4MASC. WS-Policy4MASC also supports other management aspects, such as fault management and maximization of technical QoS metrics. It has built-in constructs for specification of a wide range of adaptations and events common in management of service-oriented systems and business processes they implement.

References
[1] Tosic, V., Erradi, A., & Maheshwari, P. (2007). WS-Policy4MASC - A WS-Policy extension used in the Manageable and Adaptable Service Compositions (MASC) middleware. In van der Aalst, W.M.P., L.-J. Zhang, & P.C.K. Hung (Eds.), Proceedings of SCC 2007 (pp. 458–465). Los Alamitos, USA: IEEE-CS Press.

Web service specifications
SonarQube. SonarQube (formerly Sonar) is an open-source platform developed by SonarSource for continuous inspection of code quality to perform automatic reviews with static analysis of code to detect bugs and code smells on 29 programming languages. SonarQube offers reports on duplicated code, coding standards, unit tests, code coverage, code complexity, comments, bugs, and security recommendations.

SonarQube provides automated analysis and integration with Maven, Ant, Gradle, MSBuild, and continuous integration tools.

Overview
SonarQube supports the programming languages: Java (including Android), C#, C, C++, JavaScript, TypeScript, Python, Go, Swift, COBOL, Apex, PHP, Kotlin, Ruby, Scala, HTML, CSS, ABAP, Flex, Objective-C, PL/I, PL/SQL, RPG, T-SQL, VB.NET, VB6, and XML. As of December 2021, analyzing C, C++, Objective-C, Swift, ABAP, T-SQL, and PL/SQL is only available via a commercial license.

SonarQube is an open core product for static code analysis, with additional features offered in commercial editions.

SonarQube for IDE
SonarQube is expandable with the use of plug-ins. It integrates with Eclipse, Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code, and IntelliJ IDEA development environments through SonarQube for IDE plug-ins, as well as external tools such as LDAP, Active Directory, and GitHub.

Reception
In 2009, SonarQube received a Jolt Award under the testing tools category.

See also

 List of tools for static code analysis

References

External links
 SonarQube Web Site

Static program analysis tools
Free software testing tools
Mayfield's paradox. Mayfield's Paradox states that to keep everyone out of an information system requires an infinite amount of money, and to get everyone onto an information system also requires infinite money, while costs between these extremes are relatively low.

The paradox is depicted as a U-curve, where the cost of a system is on the vertical axis, and the percentage of humanity that can access the system is on the horizontal axis. Acceptance of this paradox by the information security community was immediate, because it was consistent with the professional experiences of this group. Mayfield's Paradox points out that, at some point of the curve, additional security becomes unrealistically expensive. Conversely, at some point of the curve, it becomes unrealistically expensive to add additional users.

Based on the Paradox the Menz brothers developed the "Menz Theorems of Information and Physical Security". The theorems present two formulas covering access and security of both information systems and physical facilities. They are used to help determine allocation of resources and response levels.

Notes

See also 
 List of paradoxes

Data security
Paradoxes in economics
High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory. HPCVL is the High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory, a consortium of 5 universities and 3 colleges providing high performance computing to researchers at these institutions and across Canada. They include Queen's University, Royal Military College of Canada, University of Ottawa, Carleton University, Toronto Metropolitan University, Loyalist College, St. Lawrence College, and Seneca College.

HPCVL is a member of Compute Canada, a national platform for dynamic resources, and includes the following consortia:

 CLUMEQ
 SHARCNET
 WestGrid
 SCinet
 ACEnet

References

Article about HPCVL

External links
 

Scientific organizations based in Canada
Alexandre Louis Jousselin. Alexandre Louis Jousselin (1782–1867) was a French engineer. He was the chief engineer for the Seine-et-Marne region and he built a bridge over the River Seine at Paris. Some called Alexander Jousselin Scared, to differentiate him from Louis Didier, whom they nicknamed, Jousselin Scary. Jousselin's younger brother, Louis Didier Jousselin, was also a qualified (and more famous) engineer.

References

French engineers
1782 births
1867 deaths
Ingrain, Inc.. Ingrain, Inc. operated  digital rock physics laboratories in Houston, Brazil, Colombia, and Abu Dhabi with imaging technology that allowed it to compute the physical properties and fluid flow characteristics of rocks from petroleum reservoirs, including porosity, absolute and relative permeability, electrical resistivity and conductivity, and elasticity.

Financial backers included Energy Ventures, a venture capital firm specializing in upstream technology.

History
The company was co-founded in 2007 by Amos Nur, Ph.D., Jack Dvorkin, Ph.D., William Bosl, Ph.D., and Henrique Tono, Ph.D.

In 2009, the company formed a partnership with Knowledge Reservoir.

In August 2012, the company was awarded a contract by the Colombian government’s National Hydrocarbons Agency to digitize, characterize, and catalog the high-volume of core in storage to better assess its hydrocarbon potential. Ingrain partnered with Carl Zeiss AG on the project.

In July 2017, the company was acquired by Halliburton.

References

2007 establishments in Texas
2017 disestablishments in Texas
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct energy companies of the United States
4-Nitrochlorobenzene. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4NO2.  It is a pale yellow solid.  4-Nitrochlorobenzene is a common intermediate in the production of a number of industrially useful compounds, including antioxidants commonly found in rubber.  Other isomers with the formula ClC6H4NO2 include 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 3-nitrochlorobenzene.

Preparation and reactions
4-Nitrochlorobenzene is prepared industrially by nitration of chlorobenzene:

This reaction affords both the 2- and the 4-nitro derivatives, in about a 1:2 ratio. These isomers are separated by a combination of crystallization and distillation. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene was originally prepared by the nitration of 4-bromochlorobenzene by Holleman and coworkers.

The chloride substituent in 4-nitrochlorobenzene is more labile than in chlorobenzene.  For example, it is readily displaced by sulfide nucleophiles, leading the way to
4-nitrothiophenol.  In another example, 4-nitrochlorobenzene is a favored substrate for cross-coupling reactions.

Applications
4-Nitrochlorobenzene is an intermediate in the preparation of a variety of derivatives.  Nitration gives 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene.   Reduction with iron metal gives 4-chloroaniline.  The electron-withdrawing nature of the appended nitro-group makes the benzene ring especially susceptible to nucleophilic aromatic substitution, unlike related chlorobenzene.  Thus, the strong nucleophiles hydroxide, methoxide, fluoride, and amide displace chloride to give respectively 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitroanisole, 4-fluoronitrobenzene, and 4-nitroaniline. 

Another use of 4-nitrochlorobenzene is its condensation with aniline to produce 4-nitrodiphenylamine.  Reductive alkylation of the nitro group affords secondary aryl amines, which are useful antioxidants for rubber.

Safety
The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health considers 4-nitrochlorobenzene as a potential occupational carcinogen. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a permissible exposure limit of 1 mg/m3 The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists recommends an airborne exposure limit of 0.64 mg/m3 over a time-weighted average of eight hours.

References

4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Nitrobenzene derivatives
Substances discovered in the 1910s
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Jurca MJ-53 Autan. The Jurca MJ-53 Autan (named after a wind in Southern France) is a plans-built, low-wing, touring monoplane designed in France by Marcel Jurca.

Development

Jurca was initially reluctant to design a side-by-side configuration aircraft as he preferred single-seat or tandem-seat 'fighters', but he was convinced to do it by friends and potential customers.

The Autan is a development of the wooden-construction Jurca MJ-5 Sirocco, with a new trapezoidal wing based on the Jurca MJ-7 Gnatsum, but with flaps. The fuselage is redesigned to accommodate a wider cabin, and the result is a shoulder width of , unusually spacious for this class of aircraft. The basic design is for a fixed undercarriage, but it allows for electrically or hydraulically powered retractable gear. For reasons of weight, aerobatics are preferably done only with the fixed gear.

Two prototypes have been built, both with electrically-powered retractable landing gear, and with Lycoming O-360  engines. They made their first flights in 1992.

In 1998 Jurca started studying a four-seat development, the MJ-58, but he was busy with developing the Jurca MJ-70 Gnatsum, and nothing came of it.

Specifications (MJ-53 Autan)

References

External links
 Avions Marcel Jurca website

Homebuilt aircraft
Jurca aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Release management. Release management is the process of managing, planning, scheduling and controlling a software build through different stages and environments; it includes testing and deploying software releases.

Relationship with processes
 
Organizations that have adopted agile software development are seeing much higher quantities of releases. With the increasing popularity of agile development a new approach to software releases known as continuous delivery is starting to influence how software transitions from development to a release.   One goal of continuous delivery and DevOps is to release more reliable applications faster and more frequently. The movement of the application from a "build" through different environments to production as a "release" is part of the continuous delivery pipeline. Release managers are beginning to utilize tools such as application release automation and continuous integration tools to help advance the process of continuous delivery and incorporate a culture of DevOps by automating a task so that it can be done more quickly, reliably, and is repeatable. More software releases have led to increased reliance on release management and automation tools to execute these complex application release processes.

Relationship with ITIL/ITSM 
In organizations that manage IT operations using the IT service management paradigm, specifically the ITIL framework, release management will be guided by ITIL concepts and principles. There are several formal ITIL processes that are related to release management, primarily the release and deployment management process, which "aims to plan, schedule and control the movement of releases to test and live environments", and the change enablement process. In ITIL organizations, releases tend to be less frequent than in an agile development environment. Release processes are managed by IT operations teams using IT service management ticketing systems, with less focus on automation of release processes.

References

External links

"Current Trends in Release Engineering 2016" - Academic Course by Software Construction Research Group, RWTH Aachen, Germany#

Release and Deployment Management in the ITIL Framework

Software project management
Version control
Software release
Kanchan armour. The Kanchan Armour (Literally Gold in Hindi) is the name informally given to a modular composite armour developed by India. The armour got its name from Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad, Telangana, where the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) is located.

Although the construction details of the armour remain a secret, it has been described as being made by sandwiching composite panels  between rolled homogeneous armour (RHA). The number of layers may vary based on the user requirements. This armour is able to defeat armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) and high-explosive anti-tank warhead (HEAT) rounds and is known to defeat armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS).

This armour is lightweight and compact. A new honeycomb structure design of non-explosive and non-energetic reactive armour (NERA) is reportedly being tested on Arjun tanks.

History
During development in the 1980s, Kanchan armour defeated a 106 mm recoilless rifle which was tried on the Arjun Tank. During trials in 2000, the armour was able to withstand hits from T-72 tank at point blank range, and defeated all available high-explosive squash head (HESH) and APFSDS rounds, which included Israeli APFSDS rounds.

The Kanchan is also being used on Vijayanta tanks.

Protection
Upon impact of a projectile, the armour will — ideally — prevent penetration via compression and decompression methods. As the projectile hits the armour, it faces compression because of the RHA, and then it faces decompression because of the composite. When the projectile passes through several such sandwiched layers, it breaks up those projectiles.

Composition
In the 1980s the Kanchan composite had a composition of ceramic, aluminium oxide, fibreglass and some other such materials mixed. The Kanchan composite tried out had two thicknesses, i.e. a  plate and a  plate. However these two plates had the same weight as a  RHA. Hence it is said that Kanchan armour is more volume at same weight. Anti-tank munitions have problems in penetrating such materials.

Kanchan armour composition has undergone massive changes since the 1980s. The volume of the RHA has been reduced to lesser mass because of better metallurgy. The composite has evolved too and it does not use the 1980s technology any more.

References

Vehicle armour
6.5 Metre. The International Six point Five Metre Class is a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case the French rule called Jauge chemin de fer.

History
The 6.5m was used as an Olympic Class during the 1920 Olympics.

The first formula of the 6.5m, was worked out by Louis Dyèvre, member of the Société des régates de Vannes, naval architect and member of the French delegation to the congress of London of 1906, is inspired by the formula of the New York Yacht Club in 1903:

Lf represents the waterline length (LWL), S the measured sail area, D displacement.

The principal restrictions are: 
 Maximum length: 6.50 m
 Minimum displacement: 600 kg
 Draft: 1 m
 Measured sail area : 30 m2
 Maximum cockpit area: 2 m2
 The LWL taken into account in the formula is at least of the 4/5 the length.

Olympic results

1920

References

 
Keelboats
Olympic sailing classes
Development sailing classes
7 Metre. The International Seven Metre Class is a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case International Rule.  At their heyday, Metre Classes were the most important group of international yacht racing classes, and they are still actively raced around the world. "Seven" in class name does not, somewhat confusingly, refer to length of the boat, but product of the formula; 7 m boats are, on average, 13 meters long.

History 
The 7 m was used as an Olympic class during the 1908 and 1920 Olympics. 
The International Rule was set up in 1907 to replace earlier, simpler handicap system which were often local or at best, national, and often also fairly simple, producing extreme boats which were fast but lightly constructed and impractical. The rule changed several times in history. About 200 boats were ever built.

Rule development

1907 rule 

Used from 1907 to 1917.

where
  = waterline length (LWL)
  = beam
  = chain girth
  = difference between girth and chain
  = sail area
  = freeboard

1919 rule 
Used from 1920 to 1933.

where
  = waterline length (LWL)
  = chain girth
  = difference between girth and chain
  = sail area
  = freeboard

Olympic results

References

 

 
Keelboats
Olympic sailing classes
Development sailing classes
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. The Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy is a free and rapid publishing  peer-reviewed, online-only, open access, scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics covering most areas of renewable and sustainable energy-related fields that apply to the physical science and engineering communities. Online submissions are posted daily and organized into bimonthly issues. The journal was established in 2009. Since 2019, the Editor-in-Chief is Carlos F. M. Coimbra (University of California San Diego) and the Deputy Editors are Jan Kleissl (University of California San Diego) and Raúl Cal (Portland State University). The journal was founded by Co-Editors-in-Chief P. Craig Taylor (Colorado School of Mines) and John A. Turner (National Renewable Energy Laboratory).

Impact 
The Journal's 2021 impact factor was 2.847.

References

External links 
 

Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Open access journals
Physics journals
Academic journals established in 2009
Sustainability journals
American Institute of Physics academic journals