omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Test compression. Test compression is a technique used to reduce the time and cost of testing integrated circuits.  The first ICs were tested with test vectors created by hand.  It proved very difficult to get good coverage of potential faults, so Design for testability (DFT) based on scan and automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) were developed to explicitly test each gate and path in a design.  These techniques were very successful at creating high-quality vectors for manufacturing test, with excellent test coverage.  However, as chips got bigger and more complex the ratio of logic to be tested per pin increased dramatically, and the volume of scan test data started causing a significant increase in test time, and required tester memory.  This raised the cost of testing.

Test compression was developed to help address this problem.  When an ATPG tool generates a test for a fault, or a set of faults, only a small percentage of scan cells need to take specific values. The rest of the scan chain is don't care, and are usually filled with random values.  Loading and unloading these vectors is not a very efficient use of tester time.  Test compression takes advantage of the small number of significant values to reduce test data and test time.  In general, the idea is to modify the design to increase the number of internal scan chains, each of shorter length.   These chains are then driven by an on-chip decompressor, usually designed to allow continuous flow decompression where the internal scan chains are loaded as the data is delivered to the decompressor.   Many different decompression methods can be used.  One common choice is a linear finite state machine, where the compressed stimuli are computed by solving linear equations corresponding to internal scan cells with specified positions in partially specified test patterns.  Experimental results show that for industrial circuits with test vectors and responses with very low fill rates, ranging from 3% to 0.2%, the test compression based on this method often results in compression ratios of 30 to 500 times.

With a large number of test chains, not all the outputs can be sent to the output pins.  Therefore, a test response compactor is also required, which must be inserted between the internal scan chain outputs and the tester scan channel outputs. The compactor must be synchronized with the data decompressor, and must be capable of handling unknown (X) states.  (Even if the input is fully specified by the decompressor, these can result from false and multi-cycle paths, for example.)  Another design criteria for the test result compressor is that it should give good diagnostic capabilities, not just a yes/no answer.

See also
Design For Test
Automatic test pattern generation
Electronic design automation
Integrated circuit design

References

External links
 Abstract and video of an IEEE lecture on test compression sponsored by the IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation.  This article was compiled from ideas covered in this lecture.

Electronic design
Electronic design automation
Electronic engineering
Integrated circuits
After the Software Wars. After the Software Wars is a book by Keith Curtis about free software and its importance in the computing industry, specifically about its impact on Microsoft and the proprietary software development model.

The book is about the power of mass collaboration and possibilities of reaching up to a singular rationale showing successful collaborative examples in open source such as Linux and Wikipedia.

Keith Curtis attended the University of Michigan, but dropped out to work as a programmer for Microsoft after meeting Bill Gates in 1993. He worked there for 11 years, and then left after he found he was bored.

He then wrote and self-published After the Software Wars to explain the caliber of free and open source software and why he believes Linux is technically superior to any proprietary operating system.

See also
Lad (video game), an iOS puzzle game by Keith Curtis

References

External links
 
 

2009 non-fiction books
Books about free software
Software development philosophies
Microsoft
Works about the information economy
ENGECON Dubai. The Dubai Branch of former Saint-Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics,  now a part of the Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics.

The Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics has an International branch outside the Russian Federation in Dubai. It is named Saint-Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch). The Dubai Branch was founded in 2005.

See also 
 List of institutions of higher learning in Russia

References

External links 
 Saint-Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch)
 ENGECON (home campus) website in English

Universities in Saint Petersburg
Universities and colleges in Dubai
Business schools in Russia
Business schools in the United Arab Emirates
Engineering universities and colleges
Sahara Forest Project. The Sahara Forest Project aims to provide fresh water, food and renewable energy in hot, arid regions as well as re-vegetating areas of uninhabited desert. The founding team was composed of Seawater Greenhouse Ltd, Exploration Architecture, Max Fordham Consulting Engineers and the Bellona Foundation.

The proposed technology combines saltwater-cooled greenhouses with solar power technologies, either directly using photovoltaic (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power and technologies for desert revegetation.  It is claimed that these technologies together will create a sustainable and profitable source of energy, food, vegetation and water.  The scale of the proposed project is such that very large quantities of seawater would be evaporated. By using locations below sea level, pumping costs would be eliminated. A project in Qatar has been completed, and pilot projects in Jordan and Tunisia have been initiated.

Pilot in Qatar

Sahara Forest Project's first pilot facility was built in Qatar and officially opened on 16 December 2012 by the then Heir Apparent Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. The results were better than expected. The results have guided next steps, namely a test and demonstration center providing the first commercial-scale of the full Sahara Forest Project value chain.

Jordan agreement

On 22 June 2014, the Sahara Forest Project signed an agreement with the Norwegian Embassy in Amman for establishing a Sahara Forest Project Launch Station and related activities in Jordan. The Launch Station will be the first step towards a full-scale Sahara Forest Project Centre in Aqaba, Jordan. The Launch Station will contain a saltwater-cooled greenhouse in combination with solar power technologies and facilities for outdoor cultivation and revegetation. The Qatar plant was dismantled in 2016, and is expected to be operational in Jordan in 2017 after being shipped.

Not all reports on the project are optimistic. Hydroponics projects globally tend to be overly optimistic but there are downsides to producing expensive crops in a population that cannot afford to buy them.

See also
 Al Baydha Project
 Sahara
 Sundrop Farms; a somewhat similar project
 Wadi Rum Consultancy
 Great Green Wall (Africa)

References

External links
Seawater Greenhouse Ltd
Sahara Forest Project
Exploration Architecture

Megaprojects
Climate change organizations
Desert greening
Food security
Water security
Energy security
Sahara
Diboride. Diboride may refer to:

Aluminium diboride, compound of aluminium and boron
Hafnium diboride, ultra-high temperature ceramic composed of hafnium and boron
Magnesium diboride, inexpensive and simple superconductor
Rhenium diboride, synthetic superhard material
Titanium diboride, extremely hard ceramic compound composed of titanium and boron
Zirconium diboride, highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure

Due to their technological importance, refractory and electrically conductive diborides (TMB2) formed by Group 4–6 transition metals (TM): Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W are attracting increasing research interest as thin film coatings in many potential applications. The family of boron-containing compounds, thin films and bulk, is larger than TMB2 as boron interacts with many of the elements in the periodic table to form a variety of compounds with different properties. Examples are monoborides and covalently bonded borides with high hardness, like aluminum magnesium boride (BAM) with the composition AlMgB14, and superconducting MgB2. Application examples are as high-temperature electrodes, advanced nuclear fission and fusion reactors, molten metal environment, refractory crucibles, thermocouple protection tubes in steel baths and aluminum reduction cells, reinforcement fibers, solar power, aerospace, as well as in armor applications.

References
George Balfour (Conservative politician). George Balfour (1872 – 26 September 1941) was a British Conservative Party politician and engineer. He was of Scottish parentage where he also spent part of his upbringing but was born in Portsmouth, England. He served his long parliamentary career representing a constituency in the County of London and lived much of his life in England.

Career
George Balfour joined the Blackness Foundry in Dundee as an apprentice in 1888. He subsequently qualified as a mechanical and electrical engineer. In 1909, together with Andrew Beatty, an English accountant, he founded Balfour Beatty which was to become an international construction business. Under his leadership the company installed a new tramway system in Dunfermline in Fife. The two partners also founded Power Securities, a business established to pursue opportunities in hydro-electric power, in 1922. He was vice-chairman in 1929 and chairman in 1938 of the Lancashire Electric Power Company.

Political life
From 1918 to 1941, Balfour sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hampstead. He contributed to many debates on employment issues.

Death
Balfour died on 26 September 1941 at which time he was still a serving MP.

Honours
In 2020 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.

References

1872 births
1941 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Scottish mechanical engineers
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Scottish company founders
Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
Anglo-Scots
Myratgeldi Akmämmedow. Myratgeldi Akmämmedow (born 1951) is a Turkmen politician.

Early life
Myratgeldi Akmämmedow was born in the village of Rahat of the Mary Region in 1951. In 1969, he was inducted as a primary school teacher in a local school. In 1970, he joined the Turkmen Polytechnic Institute.

Career 
Upon graduation as a construction-engineer in 1976, Akmämmedow joined the Ashgabat division of the Ministry of Amelioration and Water Management as an inspector. In 1984, after successive promotions, he was appointed as the deputy head of Saryniyaz PMK-20. Beginning 1985, he worked as chief engineer of Hauzhan PMK-36 for some time, before going on to head the PMK-18 of Glavkarakumstroy department.

Politics 
In 1990, he was nominated as Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee to the Deputy Governor of the Oguzhan District. Akmämmedow would serve as the Head of Construction Department of the Ministry of Automobile Transportation and Roads from 1995 to 2003, before being transferred to the Department of Industry, Construction and Mechanization of the Ministry of Water Economy, in the same role.

In 2005, he was appointed as the first Deputy Minister of Water Resources. On 20 February 2007, Akmämmedow was decreed in as the Minister of Water Economy for a six-month probation period replacing Tekebay Altayev. He hold on to the post till 22 July 2008, when he has chosen to be one of the nine Vice Presidents. His primary role was to oversee the agrarian sector — develop an agro-industrial complex, open training institutes etc. Akmämmedow served till September 2011, when he was dismissed from service on accounts of inefficiency. 

From 2015 to 2017, he served as the Minister of Oil and Gas.

Notes

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Mary, Turkmenistan
Vice-presidents of Turkmenistan
Water ministers of Turkmenistan
Oil ministers of Turkmenistan
State aviation operator (Bulgaria). The state aviation operator (, until 23 February 2021 Aviation Detachment 28, ) is an agency, subordinated to the Bulgarian government, which provides air transport for the President, Prime Minister and other high-ranking state officials.

History

After World War II, Bulgaria had no civil aviation or airplanes to service senior state administration and implementation of specific government tasks. After the end of the war, the only aircraft in the Bulgarian military, Heinkel He 111 bombers - were converted into passenger use. The need for civil aviation became more obvious in 1946, when the Bulgarian government delegation had to participate in international meetings related to the end of World War II. A Lisunov Li-2 was delivered by the Soviet Union to Bulgaria for use as a transport aircraft. It was assigned to the 16th Transport Air Base in Sofia to be used by the government, and refurbished with a sofa and radio receiver.

In 1956 two new Ilyushin Il-14 were delivered. Meanwhile, almost all governmental flights were executed by planes and crews sent by the USSR for this purpose.

On 23 February 2021, Air Detachment 28 changed its name to "State Aviation Operator".

Fleet
State aviation operator operates 1 Airbus A319, 1 Dassault Falcon 2000, 2 Helicopters Mi-8 and 1 AgustaWestland AW109.

See also
 List of air transports of Heads of State and Government

References

Air transport of heads of state
Aviation in Bulgaria
Aircraft fire trainer. An aircraft fire trainer is a firefighting simulator designed to practice rescue of passengers and crew during an 
aircraft accident. Aircraft fire training simulators allow firefighters to re-create different emergency scenarios such as large-scale external fuel spill, wing, engine and tail fires. They can also help to develop realistic internal rescue scenarios for seat, cockpit, cabin and cargo fire. Fire training simulators also offer flexibility for the right training activity while providing maximum safety at all times. They are used by  municipal, industrial fire and rescue departments, international airports and military throughout the world. Ground collisions and accidents can be created as a part of a large-scale training exercise involving fire, ambulance and police cruise, ground staff and air crews. In addition, secondary incidents can be developed providing training on controlling incidents that can occur around the aircraft. Every activity is managed and viewed from the control tower.

When aircraft crash, specialized firefighting and rescue tactics are required.  However, using multi million dollar aircraft is not a viable option - even for the largest of companies. Full size mock-ups of several types of aircraft exist that are realistic training tools. These are dramatically less expensive to produce and are reusable.

References

External links
Transportation Safety Board
Rescue Fire Fighting Information Resource

Firefighter training
Aircraft rescue and firefighting
International Federation of Robotics. The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) is a professional non-profit organization established in 1987 to promote, strengthen and protect the robotics industry worldwide.

Activities
The purpose of the International Federation of Robotics is to promote research, development, use and international co-operation in the field of robotics, both industrial automated robots and service robots. The IFR is also coordinator of the International Symposium on Robotics (ISR), one of the oldest conferences for robotics research, founded in 1970.

Members
Today nearly all international industrial robot suppliers and 17 national robots associations are members of IFR. Headquarters of this umbrella organization of national robotics associations is in Frankfurt, Germany.

Key persons
President: Marina Bill (ABB Robotics)
General Secretary: Dr. Susanne Bieller (VDMA)
Chairman, Research Committee: Alexander Verl (University of Stuttgart)
Chairman, Industrial Robot Supplier Group: Marcus Mead (Yaskawa)
Chairman, Service Robotics Group: Francesco Ferro (PAL Robotics) and Werner Kraus (Fraunhofer IPA)

Notes

See also
Automation

External links
 International Federation of Robotics

Robotics organizations
International professional associations
Organizations established in 1987
Tolerance coning. Tolerance coning is the engineering discipline of creating a budget of all tolerances that potentially add/subtract to affect adequacy of a particular parameter.  This is particularly critical where stages of design/manufacture precede test/use.

For example, when setting a test limit for a measurement on each manufactured item of some type, to assure that no bad items are shipped, the limit must be tighter than the requirement to allow for the worst case sum of measurement inaccuracies (e.g. equipment, test fixture etc.).  The design of the item thus has to take into account not only the product requirement but also the test tolerances.  The buildup of this budget is tolerance coning.
 
Electronics engineers intuitively do tolerance coning and tend to formalise it for critical parameters.  However it is also relevant to other engineering disciplines.

See also
 Test method
 Engineering tolerance
 Tolerance stack

Engineering concepts
Analog board. An analog board is a circuit board that contains the majority of analog circuitry in certain Apple Macintosh computers. The analog board was one of two circuit boards within many early Macintosh computers, including the Macintosh 128K/512K/Plus, Macintosh SE series, and Macintosh Classic series. The analog board contained several capacitors, a battery compartment, and some other analog circuitry. Some later all-in-one Macintosh computers also included analog boards, with the most recent being the iMac G3 and eMac. In these computers, the analog board functioned as the power supply to other parts within the system, and also functioned to control the cathode-ray tube (CRT) display within the computer. The other board was the logic board, which contained all of the computer's digital logic circuitry, such as the processor and memory.

See also 
 Logic board

Macintosh computers
Macintosh internals
Demolition waste. Demolition waste is waste debris from destruction of buildings, roads, bridges, or other structures. Debris varies in composition, but the major components, by weight, in the US include concrete, wood products, asphalt shingles, brick and clay tile, steel, and drywall. There is the potential to recycle many elements of demolition waste.

Composition 
In 2014, 505.1 million tons of demolition debris was generated in the US. Out of the 505.1 million tons, the debris was composed of 353.6 million tons of concrete, 76.6 million tons of asphalt concrete, 35.8 million tons of wood product, 12.7 million tons of asphalt shingles, 11.8 million tons of brick and clay tile, 10.3 million tons of drywall and plaster, and 4.3 million tons of steel.

Disposal 
Before demolition debris is extracted, contamination from lead, asbestos or other hazardous materials must be resolved. Hazardous materials must be disposed of separately, according to federal regulation. Demolition debris can be disposed of in either Construction and Demolition Debris landfills or municipal solid waste landfills. Alternatively, debris may also be sorted and recycled. Sorting may happen as deconstruction on the demolition site, off-site at a sorting location, or at a Construction and Demolition recycling center. Once sorted, materials are managed separately and recycled accordingly.

Recycling 

Concrete and Brick

Concrete and brick can be recycled by crushing it into rubble. Once sorted, screened and contaminants are removed, reclaimed concrete or brick can be used in concrete aggregate, fill, road base, or riprap. Mobile concrete crushers also allow for recycling of concrete on-site.

Wood

Wood can be reused, repurposed, recycled, or burned as bioenergy. Reused wood can eliminate the need for full-size new lumber if used for smaller building components. Repurposed or recycled wood can be used in pathways, coverings, mulches, compost, animal bedding, or particleboard. Using recycled wood as a bioenergy feedstock is advantageous because it has lower water content, about 20% water, compared to virgin lumber, about 60% water.

Drywall

Drywall is made primarily of gypsum. Once the gypsum is depapered, it can be added in cement production, as a soil amendment, used in aerated composting, or recycled into new drywall. Gypsum recycling can be particularly beneficial because in landfill conditions gypsum will release hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.

Asphalt

Asphalt, from shingles or asphalt concrete, is typically recycled and used in pavement.

Metal

Scrap metal is an established industry focused on the collection, buying, selling, and recycling of salvaged materials.

See also

References

Waste
Demolition

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LTAR. LTAR may refer to:

 Sivas Airport (ICAO airport code LTAR), Sivas, Turkiye
 Long-Term Agroecosystem Research Network (LTAR), a U.S. long-term research project for the sustainability of agriculture
 long-term acceptance rate (LTAR), for the water absorption rate of soil; see percolation test

See also

 
 
 
 Itar (disambiguation)
DNPO. DNPO may refer to:

 Bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate, a chemical used in glowsticks
 Dinitrogen pentoxide, an inorganic chemical compound
 DNPO, the ICAO airport code for Port Harcourt International Airport
 "Do Not Power On", acronym used in Data Center administration to warn others not to power on server machines Server (Computing).  See Lockout-Tagout.
Terra Cotta (disambiguation). Terra Cotta (or terracotta) is a clay-based ceramic material, and objects made in it.

Terra Cotta or terracotta may also refer to:

Places
Terra Cotta, California, a small former mining town in the USA
Terra Cotta, Illinois, an unincorporated community in the USA
Terra Cotta, a community in Caledon, Ontario, Canada
Terra Cotta, a 1990s heavy metal band from Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

Other uses
Terra cotta (color), a reddish-brown colour
Terracotta, Inc., a software company

See also
Terracotta Army, ancient Chinese funerary warrior and horse statues
Architectural terracotta
Glazed architectural terra-cotta
Terracotta roof tiles
Trans Thailand–Malaysia Gas Pipeline. Trans Thailand–Malaysia Gas Pipeline (TTM) is a gas pipeline linking suppliers in Malaysia to consumers in Thailand.  It is a part of the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline project.

History
The pipeline and gas separation project began in February 2000 to transport and process natural gas from the gas reserves in the Thai-Malaysia joint offshore development area. The development area is approximately  east of Songkhla Province in the Gulf of Thailand and covers an area of .

Construction on the pipeline started in mid-2003 and was completed in 2006-2007. It was built by the Trans Thai-Malaysia (Thailand) Ltd., a project company of Petronas and the PTT Public Company Limited.

Description
The TTM project consists of the gas pipeline project and the Songkhla Gas Separation Plant project geared to making LPG. The pipeline has a diameter of .

Thailand also has two existing pipelines with Myanmar and a third under construction.

See also
 List of natural gas pipelines
 List of LNG terminals

References

External links
 Trans Thailand Malaysian Gas Pipeline

Natural gas pipelines in Thailand
Natural gas pipelines in Malaysia
Malaysia–Thailand relations
Foreign trade of Thailand