omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
STENTOR (satellite). STENTOR (Satellite de Télécommunications pour Expérimenter les Nouvelles Technologies en Orbite) was a French communications satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 2002. Intended for operation by CNES, France Telecom, and Direction générale de l'armement (DGA). To validate, in flight, advanced technologies which would be integrated in the next generation of telecommunications spacecraft. It will also demonstrate new telecommunications services, including broadband and multimedia transmissions to small user terminals.

Satellite description 
STENTOR was constructed by Alcatel Space (bus), and Astrium (avionics) was based on the Spacebus-3000B3 satellite bus. It had a mass of  and was expected to have an operational lifespan of 9 years. The spacecraft was equipped with 6 Ku-band transponders, plus 1 Extremely high frequency (EHF) transponder. It would have broadcast in Europe and France.

Launch 
Arianespace was contracted to launch STENTOR on the maiden flight of the Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle, an upgraded version of the Ariane 5 intended to offer increased payload capacity to Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The STENTOR technology demonstration satellite, to have been operated by the French space agency CNES, was aboard the launch vehicle. The launch took place from ELA-3 at Centre Spatial Guyanais, at Kourou, in French Guiana, at 22:22 UTC on 11 December 2002, bound for Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

Around three minutes after liftoff, performance issues with the first stage's Vulcain 2 engine — which was making its first flight — began to be noted. By the time of fairing separation, 183 seconds into the flight, the rocket was tumbling out of control. It began to lose altitude and speed, before being destroyed by range safety officer 456 seconds after launch. The failure was attributed to an engine cooling problem which developed around 96 seconds into the mission, causing the engine to destroy itself. Due to the failure the next Ariane 5 launch, which had been scheduled to carry the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft in January 2003, was delayed - causing Rosetta to miss its launch window for a mission to comet 46P/Wirtanen. Rosetta was subsequently retargeted to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and launched successfully in 2004.

References 

 Spacecraft launched in 2002
 Satellite launch failures
CNES
SCAL FB.30. The SCAL FB.30 was a French twin boom, pusher configuration, two seat civil sport and touring aircraft designed by Antoine Bassou in the mid-1930s. Three, with different engines, were built and flown.

Design and development

The SCAL FB.30 was a two seat monoplane with a two beam fuselage, a forward pod containing the cockpits and a low power engine at the rear. Antoine Bassou had produced several earlier two beam designs but these were tractor aircraft with the pod mounted well below the wing and the engine on the wing. In contrast, the FB.30's wing was set low on the pod.

It was a wooden aircraft with a three-part wing built around a single box spar. The short, rectangular plan central section carried the pod and the booms were attached to its undersides. The outer panels were tapered in plan out to semi-elliptical tips. The wing was plywood covered ahead of the spar and fabric-covered behind. Slotted ailerons filled almost all the outer panels' trailing edges and could be used as camber-changing flaps.

The pod was flat-sided, with the engine at the rear. The first FB.30 was powered by a , flat four Mengin and the second by a larger displacement, , Mengin G.H.M.
The FB.31 had a , nine cylinder Salmson 9AD radial engine. There were two open cockpits, the passenger's over the centre of the wing and the pilot's well ahead of the leading edge.

The FB.30, unusually for its time, had a fixed tricycle undercarriage. The nose-wheel was mounted to the pod but the mainwheels were enclosed within the forward, V-section booms. Behind the wing trailing edge the booms became rectangular in section and at their ends extended upwards to carry the tailplane, with the fin was mounted on it but rigidly braced back to the booms by parallel struts. The rear control surfaces were straight-edged and unbalanced.

Operational history

Only three airframes were built, no.1 with the smaller Mengin, no.2 with the Mengin GHM and no.3, the sole Salmson-powered FB.31. Dates of first flights of the FB.30s are uncertain though no.2 was built in 1935. The FB.31 first flew on 2 November 1936 and was certified in September 1937.

FB.30 no.2 was exported to the UK in June 1937 and registered there in October. Its time in the UK was short as it was lost in a fatal crash in June 1938.

The FB.31 flew again after World War II, registered as F-PFOL in late 1953, and participated in a 1954 air rally at Alencon from its base at Lyon. It was de-registered in 1977.

Variants
FB.30  Mengin flat twin engines. Two built.
FB 31  nine cylinder Salmson 9AD  radial engine. One built.

Specifications (FB.30 no.1, 32 hp Mengin)

References

Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
1930s French sport aircraft
George H. Warren (pilot boat). The George H. Warren was a 19th-century pilot boat built in 1882 by Porter Keene at Weymouth, Massachusetts, to replace the Edwin Forrest, No. 4, which was sold to the Pensacola, Florida pilots. The George H. Warren, originally belonged to the Boston pilot fleet but in 1889, she was purchase by a group of New York pilots. She and her crew were lost in the great blizzard of 1895.

Construction and service 

The George H. Warren was a schooner rigged two-masted pilot-boat, built in 1882 by Porter Keene at North Weymouth, Massachusetts, to replace the Edwin Forrest, No. 4, which was sold to the Pensacola, Florida pilots. She was launched on December 31, 1882, from the Porter Keene shipyard at Weymouth. John Harry Jeffery was the captain.

The Warren No. 4, went on her first cruise on February 14, 1883. She was owned by Captain John Harry Jeffries and other Boston pilots: George H. Warren, John P. Spauulding, John M. Ward, Walter W. Jeffrey, Catherine Jeffrey, Hayden Sargent, Charlotte C. A. Archer, Timothy Davis, John M. Davis and Charles L. Davis. She was named for George H. Warren, one of the owners who also owned the Boston keel cutter-rigged yacht Maggie.

The George H. Warren, was registered as a pilot schooner with the ‘’Record of American and Foreign Shipping,’’ in 1884 and 1894. Her ship master and owner was John Harry Jeffery; built in 1883 at North Weymouth, Massachusetts; and her hailing port was the Port of Boston.  Her dimensions were 70.9 ft. in length; 20 ft. breadth of beam; 8.2 ft. depth of hold; and 50-tons Tonnage.

On June 7, 1889, the George H. Warren, No. 4. was purchased for $9,250 by Captain J. O'Sullivan and a group of New York pilots that had lost the Charlotte Webb that was run down by the French Line steamship La Normandie on May 19, 1889. The new owner, Captain J. O'Sullivan, made the arrangements for the transfer.

William S. McLaughlin was an apprentice on the George H. Warren, No. 5 in the winter of 1894. He was supposed to be on the Warren leaving Tompkinsville, Staten Island in February 1895, when one of the pilots told him he could not go to sea because he had an abscess on his right hand.

End of service

On February 7, 1895, the Sandy Hook pilot boat George H. Warren, No. 5, went missing just before the great blizzard. She had six pilots on board, a boatkeeper, cook, and two seamen. The pilots were, William Murphy, Francis Kelly, Thomas F. Pennea, Patrick Walsh, George D. Samson, and Walter Berry that were part owners of the boat.

On March 15, 1895, no news had been reported about the lost boat. Captain J. O'Sullivan, an owner that was not on the Warren asked the Board of Pilot Commissioners for permission to build a replacement boat.

See also
List of Northeastern U. S. Pilot Boats

References 

Individual sailing vessels
Schooners of the United States
Service vessels of the United States
Ships built in Weymouth, Massachusetts
1882 ships
Pilot boats
Charles Rugeley Bury. Charles Rugeley Bury (29 June 1890 – 30 December 1968) was an English physical chemist who proposed an early model of the atom with the arrangement of electrons, which explained their chemical properties, alongside the more dominant model of Niels Bohr. In some early papers, the model was called the "Bohr-Bury Atom". He introduced the word transition to describe the elements now known as transition metals or transition elements.

Bury was born in Henley-on-Thames and grew up in Ellfield, Wotton-under-Edge. His father had studied law but did not continue in the field and died when he was young. A grandmother in Leamington took care of him and his early education was at Malvern College. He then went to Trinity College, Oxford where D.H. Nagel was a tutor. His chemistry teachers included Harold Hartley. Bury worked as a demonstrator in Balliol and Trinity College labs. In 1912 he went to Göttingen and worked with Walther Nernst. He then joined the chemistry department at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1913 and volunteered with the Gloucestershire Regiment in 1914. He saw action in Mesopotamia and returned in 1919.

In 1921 Bury proposed a model of the atom which suggested that electrons were distributed symmetrically over the surface of concentric spheres which could hold 2, 8, 18, and 32 electrons. He proposed that an outer layer of electrons can contain a maximum of 8 electrons (s2p6 in modern notation), and that for inner layers there occurs a transition series of elements during the change from 8 to 18 (or 18 to 32) electrons. This was the first use of the word transition in the context of electron configurations.

In July 1943, Bury moved to the Imperial Chemical Industries to work with colleague M.P. Appleby and retired from there in 1952. His other works were on the chemistry of colour, freezing points, and on micelles.

He married Margaret Adams in 1922 and they had a son and a daughter.

References 

1890 births
1968 deaths
English chemists
Cadmium cycle. The cadmium cycle is a biogeochemical cycle of dispersion and deposition of cadmium through the atmosphere, biosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere. Cadmium typically exists in the environment with an oxidation state of +2 but can be found with an oxidation state of +1 (though quite uncommon).

Sources

Atmospheric sources are dominated by anthropogenic emissions (non-ferrous metal production, fossil fuel combustion, iron and steel production, waste disposal, and cement production), with minor introduction of cadmium through natural emissions (volcanoes, dust, biomass burning, and sea spray). Cadmium introduced as powders and aerosols through anthropogenic sources and natural sources can be detected in almost all corners of the globe. Cadmium is highly soluble and cadmium concentrations are rapidly depleted after wind transport as particles, aerosols, and water droplets. Typically, cadmium deposition decreases latitudinally from the source.

Terrestrial cycling
The majority of cadmium deposition to soils and freshwater is due to anthropogenic atmospheric emissions, contaminants in biosolids, and contaminants in fertilizers. Dry deposition accounts for 30-70% of terrestrial inputs. Cadmium is highly mobile in soils and becomes mineral-associated over time. Higher pH and temperature favor cadmium incorporation into minerals, while lower pH and temperature makes cadmium more soluble. Dissolved cadmium circulates through freshwater systems before introduction to larger bodies of water. In rivers, dissolved cadmium ranges from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations.

Oceanic cycling
The vast majority of marine cadmium (80-90%) comes from wet deposition. Cadmium behaves similarly to nutrients such as phosphate and zinc: dissolved concentrations depend heavily on uptake, assimilation, and deposition by phytoplankton and diatoms. Dissolved cadmium concentrations are sub-nanomolar in the surface ocean and increase with depth, with a maximum in the thermocline. Like other nutrients, cadmium is lowest in the North Atlantic (~0.3 nM). Higher concentrations (up to 1 nM) occur in the deep Indian, Southern, and Pacific oceans due to water mass aging during thermohaline circulation. Coastal waters range from 0.2 to 0.9 nM, denoting a significant terrestrial input.

See also 

 Cadmium 
 Carbonic anhydrase
 Diatoms

References

Biogeochemical cycle
Cadmium
Dag Sjøberg. Dag I.K. Sjøberg (born 24 January 1961) is a Norwegian computer scientist, software engineer, and politician. He is a professor of software engineering at the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo. From 2001 to 2008 he was Research Director at Simula Research Laboratory and headed the Department of Software Engineering.

Life 
Sjøberg took his master's degree in Computer Science (cand.scient.) at the University of Oslo in 1987, and a doctorate (PhD) in Computing Science at the University of Glasgow in 1993.

In 1999, Sjøberg established the research group Industrial System Development (ISU) at the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo. In 2002 Sjøberg was awarded The Simula Researcher of the Year Award by Managing Director Aslak Tveito. Sjøberg has also been Deputy Chair of the Urban Development, Environment and Transport Committee for The Green Party in Nordstrand since 2016.

Publications 

 D.I.K. Sjøberg, A. Johnsen and J. Solberg. Quantifying the Effect of Using Kanban versus Scrum: A Case Study. IEEE Software, 29(5):47-53, September/October 2012.
 D.I.K. Sjøberg. Confronting the Myth of Rapid Obsolescence in Computing Research, Contributed Article, Communications of the ACM 53(9):62-67, 2010.
 B.C.D. Anda, D.I.K. Sjøberg and A. Mockus. Variability and Reproducibility in Software Engineering: A Study of four Companies that Developed the same System, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 35(3):407-429, 2009.
 D.I.K. Sjøberg, T. Dybå and M. Jørgensen. The Future of Empirical Methods in Software Engineering Research, In: Future of Software Engineering (FOSE '07), side 358-378, IEEE-CS Press, 2007.
 E. Arisholm, H.E. Gallis, T. Dybå and D.I.K. Sjøberg. Evaluating Pair Programming with Respect to System Complexity and Programmer Expertise, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 33(2):65-86, 2007.
 D.I.K. Sjøberg, J.E. Hannay, O. Hansen, V.B. Kampenes, A. Karahasanovic, N.K. Liborg and A.C. Rekdal. A Survey of Controlled Experiments in Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 31(9):733-753, 2005.

References

External links 
 
 

1961 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian computer scientists
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Team Xecuter. Team Xecuter is a hacker group that makes mod chips, cartridges and jailbreaking software for game consoles. Among console hackers, who primarily consist of hobbyists testing boundaries and believe in the open-source model, Team Xecuter was controversial for selling hacking tools for profit. Console systems targeted by the group include the Nintendo Switch, Nintendo 3DS, GameCube, NES Classic Edition, PlayStation, Xbox and the Xbox 360.

Legal issues 
In September 2020, Canadian national Gary Bowser was arrested in the Dominican Republic and French national Max "MAXiMiLiEN" Louarn was detained in Tanzania by order of American authorities to face charges relating to designing and selling "circumvention devices", specifically products to circumvent Nintendo Switch copy protection, and were named, along with Chinese citizen Yuanning Chen, in a federal indictment filed in U.S. District Court in Seattle, WA on August 20 of the same year. Each of the three men named in the indictment faced 11 felony counts, including conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to circumvent technological measures and to traffic in circumvention devices, trafficking in circumvention devices, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. Bowser handled public relations for the group, which has been in operation since "at least" 2013. 

On 16 October 16 2020, the Dar es Salaam district court dismissed the extradition request for Max Louarn to the United States on the grounds that his arrest had been illegal. Louarn thereafter traveled to Reunion Island (which is an  overseas department of France) by private jet to avoid any further attempts to apprehend him by the American authorities, before finally returning to mainland France itself. While there is still an outstanding international warrant for his arrest, Louarn remains a free man as French law does not allow the extradition of its own citizens. 

By October 2021, Bowser pled guilty to conspiracy to circumvent technological measures and trafficking in circumvention devices, agreeing to pay a  penalty and to continue to work with authorities in their continued investigation of Team Xecuter in exchange for dropping the other nine charges against him. In December, he was ordered to pay another $10 million to Nintendo. On February 10, 2022, Bowser was sentenced to 40 months in prison.

Nintendo separately filed a civil lawsuit against Bowser in April 2021 related to three counts of copyright infringement, seeking "damages" of $2500 per trafficked device, and $150,000 for each copyright violation.

Nintendo has also successfully prevailed in another lawsuit involving resellers of Team Xecuter devices, winning $2 million with a settlement.

References

Further reading 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Hacker groups
Hacking in the 2000s
Hacking in the 2010s
Hacking in the 2020s
Nintendo Switch
Chinese ship Hulunhu. Hulunhu (965) is lead ship of the Type 901 fast combat support ship of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

Development and design 

The Type 901 integrated supply ships are the latest generation of super large ocean-going integrated supply ship (fast combat support ship) of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. Compared with the earlier Type 903 integrated supply ship, its replenishment equipment has been greatly improved and improved in performance, which can provide the future Chinese aircraft carrier fleet with replenishment tasks under more complex conditions. Since the top speed of this class of supply ship reaches 25 knots, it will be able to flexibly deploy with the aircraft carrier fleet.

The Type 901 is estimated to have a 45,000 ton displacement and a beam of 31.5 metres. The ship is powered by four QC280 gas turbines, each delivering 28 MW, for maximum speed of about 25 kt; the speed is necessary to keep up with carriers. The Type 901 is more than twice the size of the preceding Type 903A and significantly faster.

The Type 901 appears to be designed with similar missions to the  of the United States Navy, which is used to keep large surface action groups supplied.

Construction and career 
She was launched on 15 December 2015 at Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou and commissioned on 1 September 2017 into the North Sea Fleet. On September 1, 2017, the naming and flag award ceremony of Hulunhu, the first ship of the Navy's new integrated supply ship. Commander Shen Jinlong attended the ceremony and delivered a speech. A satellite photo on October 21, shows that the Hulunhu has rendezvous with Liaoning and was moored together at a military port. This means that since Liaoning entered service in September 2012, the Liaoning carrier fleet, which has been lacking a dedicated supply ship for five years, finally has the ability to cruise long oceans.

On 12 April 2018, South China Sea Naval Review were conducted composed of 48 warships, notably Liaoning, Linyi, Xuchang, Shijiazhuang, Lanzhou, Haikou and Hulunhu.

Liaoning's task force which consist of Hulunhu and 4 other ships were spotted in the Western Pacific on 12 April 2020.

Gallery

References

2015 ships
Hulunhu-class fast combat support ships
Ships built in China
Kaushik Roy. Kaushik Roy is a researcher and educator in the area of electrical and computer engineering. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and holds the position of Edward G. Tiedemann, Jr., Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. Roy is the Director of the Center for Brain-Inspired Computing (C-BRIC).

Education 
Roy earned his B.Tech. degree in Electronics & Electrical Engineering from the IIT, Kharagpur India in 1983. He earned his Ph.D. degree under the supervision of Jacob Abraham in the area of Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1990.

Career 
From 1990-1993, Roy was a member of the technical staff in the Semiconductor Process and Design Center at Texas Instruments in Texas. He joined Purdue University in the College of Engineering in 1993 as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering on the West Lafayette campus in Indiana. In 1997, he was promoted to associate professor. He was promoted to full professor in 2001 and was named the Roscoe H. George Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 2012, he was named the Edward G. Tiedemann, Jr., Distinguished Professor.

He has supervised 100 Ph.D. dissertations and co-authored two books on Low Power CMOS VLSI Design (John Wiley & McGraw Hill).

As of April 2021, Roy had 20 patents and more than 800 publications in books, journals and conferences that have been cited more than 59,000 times.

Honors and awards 
His research was recognized with the Purdue University Arden L. Bement Jr. Award for significant accomplishments in pure and applied science and engineering.

References 

IIT Kharagpur alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Purdue University faculty

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Electrical engineering academics
Fellows of the IEEE
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Texas Instruments people
Zinc cycle. The zinc cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that transports zinc through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Natural Cycle

Lithosphere 
Zinc-containing minerals in the Earth's crust exist primarily as sulfides, such as sphalerite and wurtzite, and carbonates such as smithsonite. Zinc minerals enter the terrestrial environment through weathering and human activities. Zinc is used by plants and other organisms, and then enters aquatic systems where it either settles into sediments or eventually enter the oceans.

Oceans 
Zinc is a marine micronutrient that tends to be in higher concentration in the deep ocean and is transformed into organic zinc which enters the food chain by diatom blooms during upwelling events in the Southern Ocean. Zinc settles to the ocean floor and is returned to the mantle from the subduction of marine sediments.

The zinc cycle has historically been characterized by episodic changes in zinc deposits. Major global events such as the formation or breakup of supercontinents and periods of significant volcanic activity tend to create new deposits of zinc in the lithosphere. In between these events, zinc tends to cycle through the biosphere at a lower rate of change.

Anthropogenic influences 
The anthropogenic effect on the zinc cycle has been significant. Zinc is mined as a mineral resource used by humans at a rate of 9800 Gg/yr for use in metal alloys including brass and nickel silver, for galvanizing steel, and in zinc compounds such as zinc oxide. Half of zinc waste from industrial use is from tailings and slag; the rest comes from the oxidation of zinc metals and landfill waste. Scientists estimate that 85% of all zinc that has been mined for human use is still in use; therefore, the amount of zinc waste going into landfills is expected to increase.

Zinc is a trace nutrient present in fertilizers, which contribute to 21 Gg/yr in agricultural cycling. Commercial fertilizers contain as much as 36% zinc. Only a small portion of the zinc that enters the agricultural system is removed in crops that are consumed by humans; a significant portion is recycled in manure and compost, and accumulates in the soil.

References 

Zinc
Biogeochemical cycle