omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Don Torrieri. Don J. Torrieri is an American electrical engineer and mathematician. His primary research interests are communication systems, adaptive arrays, and signal processing. He is a Fellow of the US Army Research Laboratory, where he was employed for most of his career.  He has authored many articles and books including Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems, 5th edition (Springer, 2022). He has taught many graduate courses at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and many short courses. Don Torrieri received the B.S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, the MS. degree from the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Farmingdale, and the Ph.D. degree in electrophysics from the University of Maryland, College Park.

His most important and most cited paper is Statistical Theory of Passive Location Systems. According to Google Scholar, this paper has been cited more than 2,000 times.

His most important and most cited book is Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems.  According to Google Scholar, this book has been cited more than 700 times.

Awards
His awards include the Best Paper Award of the 1991 IEEE Military Communications Conference. He received the Military Communications Conference achievement award for sustained contributions to the field in 2004. In 2014, he received the US Army Research Laboratory Publication Award.

Books
Dr. Torrieri is the author of several books including Principles of Secure Communication Systems (Artech House, 2nd ed., 1992; 1st ed., 1985), Principles of Military Communication Systems (Artech House, 1981), and Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems ( Springer, 5th ed., 2022; 4th ed., 2018; 3rd ed., 2015; 2nd ed., 2011; 1st ed., 2005). He is also the author of many IEEE journal articles and many more conference papers, technical reports, and classified reports.

References

Living people
American electrical engineers
Senior members of the IEEE
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
University System of Maryland alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
NexentaStor. NexentaStor is an OpenSolaris or more recently Illumos distribution optimized for virtualization, storage area networks, network-attached storage, and iSCSI or Fibre Channel applications employing the ZFS file system.

Like OpenSolaris, NexentaStor is a Unix-like operating system. Nexenta Systems started NexentaStor as a fork of another OpenSolaris distribution, Illumos.

NexentaStor supports iSCSI, unlimited incremental backups ('snapshots'), snapshot mirroring (replication), continuous data protection, integrated search within ZFS snapshots, and an API.

Nexenta distributes the operating system as a disk image. The Community Edition is available free of charge for users with up 10 TB of used disk space who deploy the operating system in a non-production environment.

NexentaStor Community Edition includes all the common storage area network features of the production version, but if the amount of disk data addressed by the system exceeds 18 TB, the operating system locks most administration functions.

References

External links
 
 
 NexentaStor Community Edition

Computer storage devices
OpenSolaris-derived software distributions
Yttrium nitride. Yttrium nitride, YN, is a nitride of yttrium.

Yttrium nitride  is hard ceramic material similar to titanium nitride and zirconium nitride.

The nitrides of lanthanum, scandium, and yttrium show semiconducting properties and additionally the lattice structure of YN differs only by 8% from that of gallium nitride. This makes YN a possible buffer layer between a substrate and the GaN layer during GaN crystal growth.

References

Nitrides
Yttrium compounds
Rock salt crystal structure
Russian submarine Pochtovy. Pochtovy () was a submarine built for the Imperial Russian Navy. The boat was designed by Drzewiecki and built at the Metal Works St Petersburg in 1908. She was funded by Public subscription.

The primary objective of the design was to equip the submarine with a sole diesel propulsion system for use both when surfaced and submerged. This ship's machinery was a novel attempt at Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) using gasoline engines with air supplied by pressurised cylinders. Forty-five cylinders containing  of air at 2500 psi could give the boat a  submerged range on one engine. The exhaust gases were vented via perforated pipe under the keel. The system proved reliable in trials but condensation problems and the tell-tale wake produced by the exhaust resulted in no further development and the boat was stricken in 1913.

References

Submarines of the Imperial Russian Navy
Ships built in Russia
1908 ships
Experimental submarines
Stationary fuel-cell applications. Stationary fuel-cell applications (or stationary fuel-cell power systems) are applications for fuel cells that are either connected to the electric grid (distributed generation) to provide supplemental power and as emergency power system for critical areas, or installed as a grid-independent generator for on-site service.

Applications
In 2012 more than  fuel-cell systems were shipped all over the world — in residential homes, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools, utility power plants.

(Micro)combined heat and power
Micro combined heat and power, "mCHP" or "micro cogeneration" is a so-called distributed energy resource (DER). The installation is usually less than 5 kWe in a house or small business. Instead of burning fuel to merely heat space or water, some of the energy is converted to electricity in addition to heat.  This electricity can be used within the home or business or, if permitted by the grid management, sold back into the electric power grid. 

Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012. In 2012, over  units were sold in Japan as part of the Ene Farm project. With a Lifetime of around 60,000 hours. For PEM fuel cell units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years. For a price of $22,600 before installation. For 2013 a state subsidy for  units is in place.

Emergency power systems
Emergency power systems are a type of fuel cell system, which may include lighting, generators and other apparatus, to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail. They find uses in a wide variety of settings from residential homes to hospitals, scientific laboratories, data centers, telecommunication equipment and modern naval ships.

Uninterrupted power supply
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency power and, depending on the topology, provide line regulation as well to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available. It differs from an auxiliary power supply or standby generator, which does not provide instant protection from a momentary power interruption.

Codes and standards
Stationary fuel cell applications is a classification in FC hydrogen codes and standards and fuel cell codes and standards. The other main standards are Portable fuel cell applications and Fuel cell vehicle.
Fuel cell gas appliances up to 70 kW
Installation permitting guidance for hydrogen and fuel cells stationary applications
Standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power systems

See also
Glossary of fuel cell terms

References

External links
 Stationary fuel cell systems analysis

Fuel cells
Hydrogen technologies
Fermentative hydrogen production. Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H2.  Hydrogen produced in this manner is often called biohydrogen.  The conversion is effected by bacteria and protozoa, which employ enzymes.  Fermentative hydrogen production is one of several anaerobic conversions.

Dark vs photofermentation
Dark fermentation reactions do not require light energy.  These are capable of constantly producing hydrogen from organic compounds throughout the day and night. Typically these reactions are coupled to the formation of carbon dioxide or formate.  Important reactions that result in hydrogen production start with glucose, which is converted to acetic acid:
C6H12O6  +  2 H2O   →  2 CH3CO2H  +  2 CO2  +  4 H2
A related reaction gives formate instead of carbon dioxide:
C6H12O6  +  2 H2O   →  2 CH3CO2H  +  2 HCO2H  +  2 H2
These reactions are exergonic by 216 and 209 kcal/mol, respectively.

Using synthetic biology, bacteria can be genetically altered to enhance this reaction.

Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation, because it only proceeds in the presence of light. Electrohydrogenesis is used in microbial fuel cells.

Bacteria strains
For example, photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen.

Enterobacter aerogenes is an outstanding hydrogen producer. It is an anaerobic facultative and mesophilic bacterium that is able to consume different sugars and in contrast to cultivation of strict anaerobes, no special operation is required to remove all oxygen from the fermenter. E. aerogenes has a short doubling time and high hydrogen productivity and evolution rate. Furthermore, hydrogen production by this bacterium is not inhibited at high hydrogen partial pressures; however, its yield is lower compared to strict anaerobes like Clostridia. A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H2/mol glucose can be produced by strict anaerobic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as E. aerogenes have a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol H2/mol glucose.

See also
Biohydrogen
Fermentation (biochemistry)
Hydrogen production
Synthetic biology
Single cell protein

References

External links
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA DIRECT FERMENTATION
Developments and constraints in fermentative hydrogen production

Biofuels technology
Catalysis
Environmental engineering
Fermentation
Hydrogen biology
Hydrogen economy
Hydrogen production
USS Beaufort (PF-59). USS Beaufort (PF-59) was a  acquired by the United States Navy during World War II. Although she was designed as a patrol craft, she was reconfigured and employed as a weather station ship in the North Atlantic Ocean. Beaufort's task was to launch weather balloons and transmit weather data via radio to her shore-based commanders.

Constructed in Superior, Wisconsin
The third U.S Navy ship to be so named, Beaufort (PF-59) laid down on 21 July 1943, at Superior, Wisconsin, by the Globe Shipbuilding Co. under a U.S. Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1466); launched on 9 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Elma G. Rodgers; accepted by the Navy on 8 July 1944.

In-service
Beaufort was placed in service for the trip to Boston, Massachusetts; arrived at Boston on 20 July 1944; placed out of service on 29 July 1944; converted to a weather station ship at the Boston Navy Yard; and commissioned on 28 August 1944.

World War II service
During the following week, Beaufort completed fitting out. On 8 September, she got underway for a shakedown cruise to Bermuda.

The ship arrived back at Boston on 6 October. After a nine-day repair period, the patrol frigate headed for Hussey Sound – near Portland, Maine – for five days of training before returning to Boston. Soon thereafter, she sailed for Argentia, Newfoundland. During the remainder of World War II and for some seven months thereafter, she operated out of Argentia as a weather station ship with additional duty as a plane guard and air-sea rescue ship.

Under Coast Guard cognizance
In March 1946, she was temporarily assigned to the U.S. Coast Guard pending inactivation. Beaufort reported to the Commandant, 5th Naval District, on 28 March 1946 and was decommissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, on 19 April 1946.

Post-war dispositioning
Her name was struck from the Navy List on 21 May 1946, and she was sold to the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania, on 11 April 1947 for scrapping.

References
 
 

Tacoma-class frigates
Ships built in Superior, Wisconsin
World War II patrol vessels of the United States
1943 ships
Weather ships
Kraft Super Fli. 

The Kraft K-1 Super Fli is a single-seat sport aircraft that was designed in the United States in the early 1970s and marketed for homebuilding. It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The wings have a wooden structure, skinned in plywood, while the fuselage and empennage are built from steel tube, the fuselage skinned in aluminium and the tail in fabric.  It has a very similar design to radio controlled craft.

The Super Fli's designer, Phil Kraft, was a champion builder and flier of radio-controlled model aircraft who in 1972 decided to apply this expertise to the design of a full-size aircraft. The design therefore reflected guidelines normally applied to model aircraft, particularly in its wing design, areas, and moments. Kraft also designed a scale model of course, which was published in Model Airplane News and was later kitted by Bridi and Great Planes. Plans for the model remain available from MAN.

Specifications

References
 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Livingston W. Houston. Livingston Waddell Houston (January 18, 1891 – November 22, 1977) was the eleventh president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Biography
He was born on January 18, 1891, in Wyoming, Ohio. He graduated from Rensselaer in 1913 with a degree in mechanical engineering and was a member of the engineering honor society Tau Beta Pi His first job out of school was as an assistant engineer for the Mobil Gas Company. In 1919, he joined the Ludlow Valve Company of Troy, a large manufacturer of fire hydrants, as production manager. By 1932, he rose to president of the company and he remained president until 1941, when he became chairman of the board. He was chairman of the board until 1960.

In 1925, he was elected a Life Trustee of Rensselaer. In 1944, he was elected president of Rensselaer. The post-war years were ones of great growth with the increased enrollment due to the return of those serving in World War II. In 1946, surplus military barracks were obtained to house them. These buildings were formally called the Rendael dormitories, but informally known as "Tin Town." By 1953, these buildings were replaced by a complex of four dormitories and a dining hall, which formed what is still the heart of "Freshman 
Hill." In 1948–1949, the institute obtained a surplus navy warehouse from the government that was remodeled to become the R.P.I. Fieldhouse, used for events and sports competitions, especially ice hockey games. In 1955, Rensselaer and United Aircraft Corp. built a branch campus in Hartford, Connecticut, called the Hartford Graduate Center. During his tenure, enrollment went from 1,200 to 4,000 students, the number of faculty tripled and the assets rose from $17 million to more than $50 million. He died at Samaritan Hospital in Troy, New York on November 22, 1977. After his death, the field house was named for him.

References

Presidents of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1891 births
1977 deaths
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
People from Wyoming, Ohio
20th-century American academics
Flaxwood Guitars. Flaxwood is a Finnish manufacturer of guitars and instrument parts based in North Karelia. The company manufactures instruments from natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic through a patented injection moulding process. Flaxwood was founded in 2005 following a research project on natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites led by Heikki Koivurova. A prototype was developed initially in 2003 with the design input of Luthier Veijo Rautia and two years later Flaxwood introduced their first line of guitars. In 2011, they released a line of hybrid guitars.

Design

Material
The body, neck and backplate of a Flaxwood guitar are made of a fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composite. The composite material, also known as Kareline FLX, was developed through a collaboration between Heikki Koivurova (industrial designer from Joensuu), Kareline (a Finnish manufacturer of composite materials), and the University of Joensuu. It consists of small wood fibres, in this case from recycled northern spruce, mixed with a thermoplastic bonding agent. The semi-liquid mixture is moulded into shape with the fibres set in a predetermined direction. This results in a uniform material with a density of 1 or 2 kg/cm³ (74906 lb/ft³) that can be recycled.

Manufacturing
Flaxwood produces and assembles their instruments and parts in Joensuu, Finland. The parts that come out of the mould are shaped with the cavities, pockets, joints and practically all the holes. They are then assembled and finished by hand with tools that are commonly used in traditional guitar workshops.

Products

Guitars

Flaxwood Series
The guitar models of the regular line come with approximately similar features and various pick-up configurations. The bodies are semi-hollow with a backplate and come with either a Gotoh 510UB hardtail bridge, a Gotoh GE-103B tune-o-matic bridge or a Schaller LP tremolo bridge. The glued in necks feature 22 medium jumbo frets, a 25.5" scale length and a 1-11/16" Tune-X Tuning System nut.

Instrument Components
Since 2011, Flaxwood has launched a line of components for music instruments such as bolt-on guitar necks, guitar blanks and fingerboard blanks for bowed string instruments. Some of the components are used by other companies like the German violin manufacturer Mezzo-Forte.

Notable players

 Les Dudek
 Bugs Henderson
 Phil Palmer
 Dean Parks
 Waddy Wachtel
 Dave Young

References

External links
 Official website

Guitar manufacturing companies
Manufacturing companies of Finland
Finnish companies established in 2005
Manufacturing companies established in 2005
SS Bantam (1930). SS Bantam  was built by N.V. Machinefabriek & Scheepswerf van P. Smit Jr. of Rotterdam, Netherlands in 1930 of 3322 gross weight and operated by Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij. Bantam, under charter, became a part of the initial United States Army local fleet in Australia, was severely damaged 28 March 1943 in New Guinea and eventually scuttled off Sydney.

Wartime operation
The ship was one of the original twenty-one vessels that reached Australia chartered by the Chief Quartermaster, U.S. Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) on 26 March 1942 with long term details to be negotiated at higher levels. The eventual decision, involving governments in London, Washington and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, was that the charters through the Dutch government would be handled by the British Ministry of War Transport (BMWT) for the U. S. Army. The complex arrangement was a "bareboat charter to BMWT and through the War Shipping Administration (WSA) the ships were assigned by WSA to the Army but 'not, repeat not, on bareboat but on gross basis,' though under 'full control' of the Army." In early March 1943 almost half the permanent local fleet was composed of the refugee KPM vessels operated by their company crews.

Bantam was operating as part of Operation Lilliput. On 28 March 1943, nine Imperial Japanese Val dive bombers attacked Oro Bay, New Guinea while SS Bantam was alongside a liberty wharf unloading. A total of seven bombs fell on or near SS Bantam. The forward of the bridge, No.3 hold and engine room scored direct bomb hits, while two bombs that hit the liberty wharf tore a hole in the ship's side on the waterline and began taking water rapidly. The ship caught fire as well as the liberty wharf which was burning out of control. The two pontoons of the wharf sank.

The Bantam was sinking and it was decided to beach her and a couple of large motor boats assisted in pulling the ship away from the wharf.  went alongside and began to fight the fires. SS Bantam was beached at the head of Oro Bay. The wreck was raised and towed to Sydney, where she was scuttled 36 miles off Sydney on 24 September 1946, after being filled with unwanted chemical warfare agents (CWA).

References

Bibliography

External links
Zeebrieven—Zeebrief-65 3.8 mb .pdf download
Scuttled and Abandoned Ships in Australian Waters
Dutch merchant shipping in the south-west Pacific
The Australian Merchant Navy – Dutch Fleet 
The Ships List – KPM Line

1930 ships
Ships built in Rotterdam
Merchant ships of the Netherlands
World War II merchant ships of the Netherlands
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
Papua New Guinea in World War II
Scuttled vessels of New South Wales
Maritime incidents in January 1942
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Cardanol. Cardanol is a phenolic lipid obtained from anacardic acid, the main component of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a byproduct of cashew nut processing. Cardanol finds use in the chemical industry in resins, coatings, frictional materials, and surfactants used as pigment dispersants for water-based inks. It is used to make phenalkamines, which are used as curing agents for the durable epoxy coatings used on concrete floors. The name of the substance is derived by contraction from the genus Anacardium, which includes the cashew tree, Anacardium occidentale. The name of the genus itself is based on the Greek word for heart.

Friction particles are made by polymerizing the unsaturated side chain of cardanol, followed by cross-polymerization with formaldehyde to yield a cardanol-formaldehyde resin by a process analogous to the formation of phenol-formaldehyde resins such as Bakelite. Cardanol-phenol resins were developed in the 1920s by Mortimer T. Harvey, then a student at Columbia University. These resins found use in vehicle brakes after it was found that they had a coefficient of friction that was less sensitive to temperature changes than phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Despite all these uses, only a fraction of the cardanol obtained from cashew nut processing is used in the industrial field. Therefore, there is still interest in developing new applications, such as new polymers.

The name cardanol is used for the decarboxylated derivatives obtained by thermal decomposition of any of the naturally occurring anacardic acids. This includes more than one compound because the composition of the side chain varies in its degree of unsaturation. Tri-unsaturated cardanol, the major component (41%) is shown below. The remaining cardanol is 34% mono-unsaturated, 22% bi-unsaturated, and 2% saturated.

In terms of physical properties, cardanol is comparable to nonylphenol. Cardanol is hydrophobic and remains flexible and liquid at very low temperatures; its freezing point is below −20 °C, it has a density of 0.930 g/mL, and boils at 225 °C under reduced pressure (10 mmHg). CAS registry number: 37330-39-5. 

Recently, it has been demonstrated that cardanol can be used for formation of eco-design of biobased polymeric microcapsules for pesticidal applications with potential to further extended for drugs, self-healing agents, catalysts, etc.

References 

Phenolic lipids
Elasticity of complementarity. Elasticity of complementarity (Hamermesh, 1993) is the percentage responsiveness of relative factor prices to a 1 percent change in relative inputs.

Mathematical definition

Given the production function  then the elasticity of complementarity is defined as

The inverse of elasticity of complementarity is elasticity of substitution.

References
Hamermesh, Daniel S., Labor Demand, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1993, 

Elasticity (economics)