omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
D1 multiple unit. D1 (Д1) is a 4-car diesel multiple unit train built in 1960s-1980s by Hungarian producer Ganz-MAVAG for Soviet railways.

D1M

In 2012, Moldovan Railway and Electroputere VFU company in Romania started a complete modernization program for D1 units (as D1M), with most of the parts changed, including installation of a new engine by Volvo Penta. In addition, the refurbished units were equipped with air conditioning system, wireless internet access points, and disability access ramps.

Gallery

Exterior

Interior

Passenger's interior

Driver's cabin

See also
 History of rail transport in Russia

References

External links
 

Diesel multiple units of Russia
Ganz-Mavag multiple units
Diesel multiple units of Ukraine
Sigma Motors. Sigma Motors Limited was founded in 1994 and is responsible for the marketing and assembly of Land Rover 4x4's in Pakistan. Sigma Motors uses idle capacity at the Ghandhara Nissan Limited plant at Port Qasim to assemble vehicles, under a contract assembly agreement with the Ministry of Defence. Defender being one of the toughest off-road vehicle is currently manufactured here. The assembly plant of Sigma Motors has annual production capacity of 2000 units.

 Discovery
 Discovery Sport
 Land Rover Defender
 Range Rover
 Range Rover Evoque
 Range Rover Sport
 Range Rover Velar

References

External links
 Official website
 
Land Rover Cars Price In Pakistan

Land Rover
Car manufacturers of Pakistan
Manufacturing companies based in Lahore
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1994
Pakistani companies established in 1994
Energy in Uruguay. Energy in Uruguay describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Uruguay. As part of climate mitigation measures and an energy transformation, Uruguay has converted over 98% of its electrical grid to sustainable energy sources (primarily solar, wind, and hydro). Fossil fuels are primarily imported into Uruguay for transportation, industrial uses and applications like domestic cooking. Four hydroelectric dams provide much of the country's energy supply.

Overview
Historically, energy has been a stronghold of state-owned companies, such as UTE and ANCAP. The National Directorate of Energy () is the main governmental body in charge of energy policies.

The Global Economic Crisis of 2008 made many of the materials to produce renewable energy cheaper, therefore Uruguay decided it would be the best time to develop their clean energy sector, heavily investing in 2011 and 2012. This has helped increase the country's output immediately. These projects are all developed by the Uruguayan Energy Policies of 2005-2030.

Uruguay's renewable energies provide over 94.5% of the country’s electricity and 55% of the country's total energy mix.

Electricity

Nuclear

Renewables

Fossil fuel use 
Fossil fuels are largely imported into Uruguay for transportation and industrial uses. The high import costs, and the rapid transition to renewables on the electricity grid has increasingly made fossil fuels less important.

Petroleum

Fossil gas

See also 
Electricity sector in Uruguay 
 Nuclear power in Uruguay
 Petroleum in Uruguay
 Renewable energy in Uruguay
 Wind power in Uruguay
 List of power stations in Uruguay

Notes

References
Slingsby Falcon 4. The Slingsby T.24 Falcon 4 was a two-seat training glider designed in the UK just after World War II for ATC use.  It was judged too expensive for production and only three were completed.

Development

Despite the shared name, the Slingsby Falcon 4 was a completely different aircraft from the early Falcon 1, 2 and 3, all derived from the Schleicher Falke from about 1930 and notable for their swept wings.  In contrast, the Falcon 4 was a tandem seat training glider intended for an ATC role and built to Air Ministry specification TX.8/45. It used conventional wooden construction; all three Falcon 4s were built by Martin Hearn Ltd. of Hooton Park, Cheshire.

The wing of the Falcon 4 was of quite low aspect ratio, with a straight, unswept leading edge, rounded copper bound tips and straight taper on the trailing edge.  The first two aircraft had flaps extending over almost all the trailing edge not occupied by the ailerons, but the third replaced flaps with spoilers. The wings were pylon mounted with lift struts from the spar to the lower fuselage longerons.  The pylon only extended forward to the spar, leaving space for the rear, open, cockpit under the wing; the forward cockpit was close to the nose. Behind the wing the pylon dropped away gently above the flat sided fuselage to the tail. The braced, straight tapered tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and placed far enough forward that the divided elevators were ahead of the rudder hinge, avoiding the need for a large cut out for rudder movement.  The fin was small, but the horn balanced rudder was generous in area,  slightly pointed and with a rounded, copper bound trailing edge. The undercarriage was conventional, with a nose skid, fixed monowheel and small tailwheel.

The first flight was in April 1946 and two other prototypes followed, but the aircraft was expensive to produce and offered no advantage over the Slingsby T.21 and no orders resulted. The second prototype was written off in an accident in December 1946, but in 1948, owing to delays in the T21 entering service, the remaining two Falcon 4s were tested in order to allow them to be cleared for service with the ATC. The third prototype was written off during these trials in August 1948, but in 1949, the remaining Falcon 4 entered service with the ATC gliding school at Detling. It was sold in March 1953.

Specifications

Notes

References

 

1940s British sailplanes
Falcon 4
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Parasol-wing aircraft
ASR-1. ASR-1 or ASR 1 may refer to:

 Supermarine Seagull (1948), a seaplane, also known as the "Seagull ASR-1", built by the British company Supermarine
 USS Widgeon (AM-22), a United States Navy minesweeper, which saw service during World War I and was later converted to a Submarine Rescue Ship, ASR-1
Medical grade silicone. Medical grade silicones are silicones tested for biocompatibility and are appropriate to be used for medical applications. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) regulates devices implanted into the body. It does not regulate materials other than certain dental materials. The FDA regulate silicones used in food contact under the auspices of the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN) and for use in pharmaceuticals under the auspices of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER).

Medical grade silicones are generally grouped into three categories: non implantable, short term implantable, and long-term implantable. Materials approved as Class V and VI can be considered medical grade. Most medical grade silicones are at least Class VI certified. Silicone suppliers and some silicone prototyping companies provide guidelines for material use.

Uses
 Tubing
 Drains
 Feeding tubes
 Catheters
 Implants for long and short term use
 Seals and gaskets
 Syringe pistons
 Scar Treatment Silicone Sheets (FDA Class 1 Medical Device) and gels.
 Condoms
 Menstrual cups
 Sex toys
 Non-Stick Containers
 Respiratory masks

Limitations
Silicone rubber applications such as catheters are widespread in medicine, but have several limitations. For example, they exhibit poor tear strength and poor resistance to fatigue. Brittle fracture can occur from defects within sections owing to poor control of vulcanization. It resulted in high failure rates for breast implants, and much subsequent litigation in the US, as well as elsewhere in the world. It led to a crisis of confidence in the US, with many manufacturers being forced out of the business entirely, and others to manufacture under FDA control.

See also
 Silicone
 United States Pharmacopeia
 U.S. Food and Drug Administration
 Silicone rubber
 Polymers
 Plastics engineering

References 

Biomaterials
Elastomers
Implants (medicine)
SiS 300. The SiS 300/SiS 301 is a graphics processing unit that was manufactured by Silicon Integrated Systems. This GPU targeted mainstream commercial and consumer markets.

Overview
Following the successful SiS 6326 in 1998, SiS introduced the SiS 300 as its replacement. The 3D performance was improved five times over the previous GPU, although still considered slow, yet a value solution as a display chip for users that don't use 3D-intensive applications.

The SiS 301 was a companion chip that enabled support for TVs and digital flat panel monitors.

Architecture
This chip featured a 128-bit memory bus that could access 4/8/16/32/64 MB of RAM, DirectX 6.0 support with multi-textures capability, DVD decoder and an AGP 2x/4x bus to the system.

The SiS 300 was manufactured in a 250 nm process and packaged in a 365 pin PBGA. The SiS 301 was packaged in a 100 pin TQFP.

References

Graphics processing units
Robert Goldman (inventor). Robert Goldman (born 1959 in Rochester, New York) is an American inventor responsible for pioneering technology in digital media as well as cancer treatment.

Digital audio download patents
In the early 1990s, Goldman developed and patented technologies for digital audio systems wherein music could be stored, browsed, downloaded and purchased from digital databases. These technologies are a way for enabling digital music downloads on web sites. 

In 1999 Goldman launched the company GetMedia, Inc. to support this technology, and subsequently sold his intellectual property to Intellectual Ventures, an IP licensing company, for an undisclosed sum.

Cancer treatment catheter
In 2002, Goldman launched the company, Vascular Designs, where he developed an innovative medical device, the IsoFlow infusion catheter. An important application for the IsoFlow catheter may be in the treatment of cancer. Goldman invented the device in an attempt to save his own sister, Amy Cohen, from colon cancer. The IsoFlow is a dual balloon catheter designed to isolate a specific treatment region within the body from blood flow. It allows the infusion of fluids into the region and the perfusion of blood past the region to keep the blood flow intact during treatment. One of the many unique features of the IsoFlow infusion catheter is the ability to deliver medications sideways while using pressure to push the medications into the targeted area. The IsoFlow catheter is inserted over a guide wire for precise positioning within a patient’s body. Once in place, medication is infused and isolated when both of the catheter’s balloons are simultaneously inflated using fluid via a single inflation lumen.

Vascular Designs secured U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) marketing clearance for its IsoFlow catheter as a Class II medical device in May 2009. With the IsoFlow catheter’s design, medications can be pushed into areas that could not previously be treated directly. According to numerous studies, this type of approach to delivery can increase drug concentrations at targeted sites while reducing systemic exposure, potentially improving treatment outcomes.

References

External links
 Vascular Designs
 Ponce, David (September 16, 2009).  The IsoFlow Infusion Catheter Allows For More Precise, Powerful Cancer Treatment.  OhGizmo.com
 Foremski, Tom (September 2, 2009).  How a software engineer tried to save his sister and invented a breakthrough medical device.  ZDNet.com
 Video Describing IsoFlow Procedure youtube.com

Living people
American inventors
1959 births
David E. Mann. David E. Mann (November 4, 1924 – July 22, 2018) was an American who served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) from 1977 to 1981.

Biography

Early life
David E. Mann was born in Manhattan, New York on November 4, 1924. He was educated at the City University of New York, receiving his B.S. in 1944. He did his graduate work at the University of Chicago, receiving first an M.S. and then a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1948. He then did postdoctoral research in molecular spectroscopy at the University of Minnesota and Harvard University.

Career
In 1951, Mann joined the National Bureau of Standards as a physicist and as Chief of the Molecular Spectroscopy section. He took a sabbatical in 1956–57, having won a Fulbright Scholarship and a Guggenheim Fellowship. He then returned to the National Bureau of Standards, working there until 1965. During this time, he became well known for his research in the application of cryospectroscopy to the determination of the molecular structures of high–temperature and unstable molecules.

Mann joined the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1966, and in 1967 became deputy director of its Ballistics Missile Defense Office. He became head of its Strategic Technology Office in 1968; there, he began development programs in high energy lasers, long–range infrared and radar sensors, special communications techniques, and a wide range of undersea and ASW sensor technology. For this work, he was awarded the Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1974.

He joined the United States Department of the Navy in 1973 as Special Assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations for Navy Advanced Systems Projects.

On March 21, 1977, President of the United States Jimmy Carter nominated Mann as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems), and Mann went on to hold this office from April 1977 until January 1981. As Assistant Secretary, he oversaw the development of advanced antisubmarine warfare systems.

References

Sources
Press Release Announcing Mann's Appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems)
Profile from the Naval Engineers Journal

1924 births
2018 deaths
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
City University of New York alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Minnesota people
Harvard University people
Gerald A. Cann. Gerald A. Cann was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) in 1981 and the first Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) from 1990 to 1993.

Biography

Gerald A. Cann was born April 29, 1931, in New York City.  He graduated from the Darrow School in June 1949 and then attended New York University, receiving a B.A. in geology and geophysics in June 1953.  Upon graduating, he joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps, serving there until 1955.  He then joined the American Machine and Foundry Co.  In 1965, he joined TRW as assistant program manager for surface ship sonar systems and program manager for undersea surveillance.  

Cann joined the government in 1970 as assistant director for ocean surveillance at the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering.  In 1977, he became Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Systems.  In 1979, he became Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Engineering, and Systems.

In 1981, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Cann as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) and Cann held this office from January 1981 until December 1981.  

Cann left government service in 1985 to become president of his own company, Gerald A. Cann, Inc.  In 1988, he joined General Dynamics as vice president of GD's undersea warfare center in Arlington, Virginia.  

In 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated Cann as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) and Cann served in this office from March 1990 until January 1993.

External links
 Press Release from Bush's nomination as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions)

References

1931 births
Living people
Darrow School alumni
New York University alumni
Scientists from New York City
United States Army soldiers
United States Department of Defense officials
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
Warsaw Financial Center. Warsaw Financial Center is a skyscraper in Warsaw with a height of  topped with an antenna mast which is nearly .

Description
The building was constructed to comply with all applicable building codes of the United States, including an emergency generator that provides power for all Life Safety Systems including fire alarm systems, HVAC fire support systems, the building's fire pump, elevators and emergency egress lighting, and its own water tanks (with a capacity of about ) for the production of safe drinking water. Warsaw Financial Center was designed by renowned U.S. architecture firms, A. Epstein & Sons International and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, in cooperation with Polish architects, who were inspired by the 333 Wacker Drive building in Chicago.

The building has a six floor parking lot for 350 cars. The ground floor houses a Bank Pekao branch and a Starbucks coffee shop. There are floors dedicated to office space that are air-conditioned and equipped with satellite connection and internet. The building incorporates 16 elevators and is fully handicapped-accessible.

The total leasable space in the Warsaw Financial Center amounts to 50,000 square metres. Each floor offers 1,900 m² A+ class office space, 2.75 m tall.

The Warsaw Financial Center was designed by the American skyscraper design studio of A. Epstein & Sons International and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, in cooperation with Polish architects. The main contractor for the tower was PORR International AG, who have also built the Warsaw Sheraton and the Stock Exchange building.

Construction lasted from 1997 to 1998.

As of the end of 2012, Warsaw Financial Center is owned by CPI Poland.

Notable tenants
 Google Poland Sp. z o.o.
 G2A PL Sp. z o.o.
 Taipei Representative Office in Poland
 Taiwan External Trade Development Council (Polish branch)

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Poland

References

Office buildings completed in 1998
Śródmieście Północne
Skyscraper office buildings in Warsaw
Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings
Independent Iron Works. Independent Iron Works (IIW) was an Oakland, California headquartered steel fabricator founded in the 1920s  by William G. Meagher from Port Angeles, Washington, later co-owned with Henry F. Gede, of Oakland. Secondary facilities were located in Los Angeles, California.

Contracts
Important contracts included girders for the James Lick Freeway in San Francisco, California, bridges along the Northern California Coast, and the Union Oil Building in Los Angeles, California.

Legal contests
IIW took several legal contests with United States Steel and Bethlehem Steel to US Federal Court over completive practices.

Sale
After a sale in 1958, the major facilities came under the ownership of  Phoenix Iron Works. The latter firm's name can be found on many roadway manhole covers in California.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Oakland, California
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
1920s establishments in California
SS-50. SS-50, SS 50 or SS50 may refer to:

 SS-50 Bus, a component of an early computer configuration
 USS L-10 (SS-50), a United States Navy submarine which saw service during World War I

and also:

 USS S-50 (SS-161), a United States Navy submarine which saw service during World War I
 Super Soaker, the first model of this recreational water gun was named the SS50
86th Fighter Weapons Squadron. The United States Air Force's 86th Fighter Weapons Squadron conducts the Air Force air-to-ground weapon system evaluation program (COMBAT HAMMER). The 86 FWS evaluates the total air-to-ground precision guided munitions process including weapon buildup, weapon loading, aircraft, aircrew employment procedures, support equipment, technical data and maintenance actions. The squadron hosts active and guard WSEP deployments annually at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida and Hill Air Force Base, Utah. The annual launching of 450-plus PGMs evaluates the Air Force's air-to-ground precision capabilities and also provides full-scale precision guided munitions (PGM) employment training for combat Air Force crews as a secondary objective. The weapons previously and currently evaluated include the AGM-130, EGBU-15, GBU-10 Paveway II, GBU-12 Paveway II, GBU-24 Paveway III, GBU-27 Paveway III, GBU-28, Joint Direct Attack Munition (GBU-31/38/53), AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-86 CALCM, AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon, AGM-88 High Speed Antiradiation Missile, and the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (GBU-103/104/105).

"Squadron personnel verify weapon system performance, determine reliability, evaluate capability and limitations, identify deficiencies, recommend corrective action, and maintain [Combat Air Force]-wide data. The squadron investigates PGM envelopes and evaluates capabilities and limitations to determine future employment requirements. They provide liaison support for pre-deployment, employment, and redeployment of Air Combat Command, United States Air Forces in Europe, Pacific Air Forces, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve assets participating in WSEP."

The squadron also conducts investigative firings of PGM to address CAF employment issues and to support developmental and operation test and evaluation.

Lineage
 Designated as the 4486th Fighter Weapons Squadron
 Activated on 1 October 1985
 Redesignated 86th Fighter Weapons Squadron on 1 December 1991

Assignments
 USAF Tactical Air Warfare Center, 1 October 1985
 4443d Test and Evaluation Group, 1 August 1988
 79th Test and Evaluation Group, 1 December 1991
 53d Weapons Evaluation Group, 23 August 1999 – present

Stations
 Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 1 October 1985 - unknown
 Hill Air Force Base, Utah, unknown – present

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 
 Citations

Bibliography

086
Harold Bunger. Harold Alan Bunger (1896 – August 15, 1941) was the head of Georgia Tech's chemistry department and the director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute (then known as the Engineering Experiment Station) from 1940 until his death in 1941.

Bunger was a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Georgia Academy of Science, was a member of professional fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma and honor societies Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, and Pi Lambda Epsilon.

Early life
Bunger was born in Eaton, Ohio. He received a Bachelor of Science degree, a chemical engineering degree, and a Ph.D., all from the University of Minnesota.

Georgia Tech
Georgia Tech hired Bunger in 1927 as an instructor. He was promoted to head of the Chemical Engineering department in February 1940. Bunger was deeply involved in the creation of an industrial process for the economical production of flax with help from researchers at the Engineering Experiment Station and the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Bunger had been involved in the creation of Georgia Tech's Engineering Experiment Station; after its first director, W. Harry Vaughan, left for a higher-paying job at the Tennessee Valley Authority in December 1940, Bunger was named acting director of the station. Less than a year later, Bunger died suddenly on August 15, 1941 while visiting Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Legacy
Georgia Tech's Bunger-Henry building is named after Harold Bunger and Arthur V. Henry. Built in 1964, it houses part of Georgia Tech's Chemical Engineering program.

See also
History of Georgia Tech

References

1896 births
1941 deaths
Georgia Tech faculty
Georgia Tech Research Institute people
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
People from Eaton, Ohio