omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hans-Georg Münzberg. Hans-Georg Münzberg (21 August 1916 – 7 November 2000) was a German engineer who specialized in airplane turbines and space flight. He taught at the TU Berlin, the TH Munich, and wrote textbooks.

Life 
Münzberg was born in Tetschen (now Děčín), the son of the industrialist Rudolf Münzberg. He studied mechanical engineering at the  in Prague from 1934, graduating with the diploma in 1939. He then worked for the BMW-Flugmotorenwerke in Berlin-Spandau, focused on air foil turbines (Fluggasturbinen). He earned his Ph.D. in June 1942 with a dissertation on "Das Gasturbinentriebwerk als Antriebsaggregat für Hochgeschwindigkeitsflugzeuge" (The gas turbine engine as a power unit for high-speed aircraft).

After World War II, he worked in a French group of scientists including Hermann Oestrich at the "Atelier Aéronautique in Rickenbach" near Lindau which developed the Snecma Atar system of propulsion, which was moved to France. In 1957, he was appointed professor at the TU Berlin, the chair of Luftfahrtriebwerke. He continued his work in France, where he became director of research and development for Snecma in 1963.

In 1964, giving up his position at Snecma and professorship in Berlin, Münzberg was appointed professor at the TH Munich, where he founded the chair and institute of flight propulsion (Flugantriebe). He wrote several books on his topics, and retired in 1982.

Münzberg was elected a member of the  in 1981. He was awarded the Aeronautical Medal of France in 1986. He died in Munich.

References

External links 

 Historie des Lehrstuhls für Turbomaschinen und Flugantriebe (in German) asg.ed.tum.de 2024
 Abheben im Flugsimulator (in German) idw-online.de 2005
 K. v. Gersdorff, H. Schubert: University Project of a VTOL "flat engine" in Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal until Today, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, p. 458, 

1916 births
2000 deaths
German aerospace engineers
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
People from Děčín
Recipients of the Aeronautical Medal
Menten. Menten is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hubert Menten (1873–1964), Dutch bobsledder
Maud Menten (1879–1960), Canadian bio-medical and medical researcher
Milan Menten (born 1996), Belgian cyclist
Pieter Menten  (1899–1987), Dutch criminal, businessman  and art collector

See also 
Michaelis–Menten kinetics, is one of the best-known models of enzyme kinetics
Michaelis–Menten–Monod kinetics, it is intended the coupling of an enzyme-driven chemical reaction of the Michaelis-Menten type
Hobie Wave. The Hobie Wave is an American catamaran that was designed by Morrelli & Melvin and first built in 1994.

Production
The design has been built by Hobie Cat in the United States since 1994 and is still in production as of 2024.

Design
The Hobie Wave is a recreational sailboat, with its hulls made from rotomolded polyethylene and an aluminum mast. It has a catboat single sail rig, or, optionally a fractional sloop rig. The mainsail is fully battened and does not employ a boom. It has plumb stems, reverse transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and no keel. It displaces  and has a draft of  with the rudders down and  with the rudders up.

The boat has a capacity of four people.

A mast-top float to prevent the boat turning turtle is included as optional equipment.

The Wave has a D-PN of 92.1.

Operational history
The design has proven popular at resorts, due to its rugged construction.

Variants
Wave
Base catboat-rigged model designed for recreational use. Jib and spinnaker are factory options.
Wave Turbo
Model with jib kit.
Wave Club
Model designed for "schools, organizations or resorts".

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Catamarans
Dinghies
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Gino Morrelli
Sailboat type designs by Pete Melvin
Sailboat types built by Hobie Cat
Fuzzy bit. A fuzzy bit, also known as a flaky bit or a weak bit, is a bit cell on a digital storage medium that possesses no clear digital state. This can mean there is some expected statistical distribution for the two possible states, 0 and 1, when the bit cell is read multiple times.

Explanation and application 
A fuzzy bit may be an unwanted side effect of a defective storage medium or reader, but can also be a deliberately generated effect. For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, with magnetic media such as floppy disks such bits were deliberately created by poor formatting to serve as a copy protection mechanism. An example of this is the game Dungeon Master, in which inconsistency in multiple read access to such a bit was checked when loading the software and was a prerequisite for operation. Since usual floppy disk drives could not produce such bits, this was an effective mechanism for preventing illegal copies and one of the only possible approaches to circumvent such protection was to disable the check routine in the software.

References 

Computer storage media
Linda Lawton. Linda Lawton, Ph.D., FRSE is a Scottish researcher in microcystins and toxins produced by cyanobacteria and has researched into the impact of the so-called 'blue-green algae" from drinking water supply. Her detection method is now used worldwide and was used by the World Health Organization to develop drinking water safety standards, scientists are trained in it from Sri Lanka to fish farms in Scotland, and Lawton is  investigating potential cancer treatments and positive uses such as digesting waste plastics in microbiology.  She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2021. Lawton is Professor of Environmental Biology at the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.

Education and career 
Lawton studied Brewing and Microbiology and Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh and began her academic career in microbiology in the 1980s at the University of Surrey Center for Environmental Strategy. She then worked at Dundee University, for seven years and also obtained her PhD on "biological effects & significance of cyanobacterial peptide toxins", bringing a focus on cyanobacteria for the past 30 years. She became  group research leader at Robert Gordon University (RGU) Aberdeen in 1994, and Full Professor in 2007, and is widely cited with substantial network of international collaborators including commercial partnerships. She lives in Stonehaven.

Research and publications 
Lawton's research group investigates cyanobacteria and algae and water treatment, photocatalysis and novel biofuels.  She has 159 publications to date with 5985 citations,  and has been invited to write book chapters and present to learned societies and research conferences globally. Lawton's research has been reported both in local press and nationally recognised in a political magazine as leading one of the breakthrough projects in Scotland, and also gave 'fun' science communications on biochemistry.

Her formal list of research funding awards  which is estimated to be over £10million to date,  and publications are on Orcid or Researchgate  A recent £1.4million collaboration with Queen's Belfast and St. Andrew's colleagues, under the banner of CyanoSol is looking at "in reservoir destruction of blue-green algae and their toxins".

References 

Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British microbiologists
Academics of Robert Gordon University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Copper(II) acetylacetonate. Copper(II) acetylacetonate is the coordination compound with the formula Cu(O2C5H7)2. It is the homoleptic acetylacetonate complex of copper(II). It is insoluble within water and exists as a bright blue solid. According to X-ray crystallography, the Cu center is square planar. Single crystals of this compound exhibit the unusual property of being highly flexible, allowing the formation of knots. The flexibility is attributed to the nature of the intermolecular forces.

References

Acetylacetonate complexes
Copper complexes
Muthayya Vanitha. Muthayya Vanitha is an Indian electronics system engineer who has led projects on satellites at the Indian Space Research Organization. She was the project director of the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission of the ISRO.

Early life and education 
Vanitha is from Chennai, India and originally trained as a design engineer. She completed her schooling in Boiler plant school Trichy.  She graduated from College of Engineering, Guindy.

Career 
Vanitha has worked at ISRO for over three decades. She joined the ISRO as a junior engineer working in various areas of hardware testing and development. She later succeeded to managerial positions, leading the Telemetry and Telecommand Divisions in the Digital Systems Group of ISRO Satellite Centre. She has also acted as deputy project director for several satellites including Cartosat-1, Oceansat-2, and Megha-Tropiques, where she was responsible for data operations. Vanitha was also involved in the successful Mangalyaan mission to Mars in 2013.

Chandrayaan-2 
Vanitha was promoted from associate director to project director for ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission. She is the first woman to lead an interplanterary mission at the ISRO.  She is also the first woman project director at ISRO. Previous Chandrayaan-1 project director,  Mylswamy Annadurai, who convinced her to take on the role, said that her data handling, team management and problem solving skills made her the ideal person for this position. Vanitha's responsibilities include ensuring complete oversight of the development and implementation of all systems and acting as a point of authority for the project. The launch successfully occurred on 22 July 2019. Unlike Chandrayaan-1, aimed to land a probe on the Moon surface rather than orbit around it.

Awards and honours 
Vanitha received an award for Best Woman Scientist by the Astronomical Society of India in 2006. She was also noted as one of five scientists to watch by Nature in 2019.

References

External links 

People from Chennai
Living people
Indian electronics engineers
Indian women engineers
1964 births
Indian Space Research Organisation people
Vela 3B. Vela 3B (also known Vela 6, Vela Hotel 6 and OPS 6564) was a U.S. reconnaissance satellite to detect explosions and nuclear tests on land and in space; the first of the third pair of Vela series satellites; taken together with Vela 3A and ERS 17 satellites.

The secondary task of the ship was space research (X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, magnetic field and charged particles). 

The satellite was rotationally stabilized (2 rps). The ship could work in real time mode (one data frame per second) or in data recording mode (one frame every 256 seconds). The first mode was used for the first 40% of the mission's duration. About 1 transmission was received every 4 hours. The second mode was used until the next pair of Vela satellites were launched.

The ship remains in orbit around Earth.

Instruments
 X-ray and charged particle detector
 Gamma ray and charged particle detector
 Neutron detector
 X-ray scintillation counter
 Solid state detector
 Geiger-Muller counters
 Magnetometer
 Extreme Ultraviolet detector

See also 
 Vela (satellite)

References

External links 
 . Springer Nature
  (PDF). Springer Nature

1965 in spaceflight
Military space program of the United States
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
James Roscoe. James Roscoe (c. 1820 – 1 August 1890) of Little Hulton, Lancashire, was an English locomotive engineer and colliery owner.

He was the son of Roger Roscoe of Farnworth and his wife Eliza Grundy. He started his working life as a miner in Astley before moving to Leicester to work in the locomotive department of the Midland Railway. During his time there (in 1862) he developed and patented an automatic locomotive lubricator known as a Roscoe type lubricator (British Patent 1337, US Patent 37245). The royalties from this device enable him to invest in coal mines in the Little Hulton area north of Manchester. He lived at nearby Kenyon Peel Hall (since demolished) with his wife Mary and several children.

During the late 1840s and early 1850s he sank the New Watergate and Peel Hall pits in Little Hulton, delivering the output by horse and cart prior to the arrival of the railway line in 1874. In 1872, in partnership with William Roscoe, he began the New Lester Pit at nearby Tyldesley. Management of the collieries was largely in the hands of his sons Thomas and George.

His company of James Roscoe and Sons was formed in 1872 and continued until taken over by Peel Collieries in 1938. Roscoe himself died in 1890 at Kenyon Peel Hall and is buried at St Paul's Church, Peel. He had married Mary Bennet and left 5 sons and 2 daughters.

References

1820s births
1890 deaths
People from Farnworth
English railway mechanical engineers
Coal companies of the United Kingdom
British businesspeople in the coal industry
Asghar Ghandchi. Asghar Gahndchi (; 1928 – July 2019) was an Iranian entrepreneur known as the father of Iran's truck industry. He was the founder of Iran Kaveh (Saipa Diesel), the first trailer and truck manufacturing company without a foreign-assisted assembly line. 

Prior to the Islamic revolution in Iran, the shah's regime was interested in boosting the Iranian industry. As a result, the tendency was to favor companies with higher Iranian-built content.

Ghandchi was able to establish ties with Mack Trucks of the United States and started manufacturing trucks officially under their license.  His company soon grew to 1200 workers and he reached a capacity of roughly 2000 trucks per year.  Approximately 60% of these trucks were Iranian content while the rest was imported.

He had plans to start localizing the remaining 40% which included the engine as well.  However, in 1979, the Islamic revolution happened and his plans had to be postponed.

After the Iran–Iraq war, although he had lost his authority in his own company, he tried establishing another company called Kaveh Kar to provide after-sales service and maintenance to existing Mack Trucks in Iran.

Death 
Ghandchi died at the age 91 in July 2019.

Sources

Iranian businesspeople
1928 births
2019 deaths
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons. Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons (alternatively graphitizable and non-graphitizable carbon) are the two categories of carbon produced by pyrolysis of organic materials. Rosalind Franklin first identified them in a 1951 paper in Proceedings of the Royal Society. In this paper, she defined graphitizing carbons as those that can transform into crystalline graphite by being heated to , while non-graphitizing carbons do not transform into graphite at any temperature. Precursors that produce graphitizing carbon include polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and petroleum coke. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and sucrose produce non-graphitizing carbon. Physical properties of the two classes of carbons are quite different. Graphitizing carbons are soft and non-porous, while non-graphitizing carbons are hard, low density materials. Non-graphitizing carbons are otherwise known as chars, hard carbons or, more colloquially, charcoal. Glassy carbon is also an example of a non-graphitizing carbon material.

The precursors for graphitizing carbons pass through a fluid stage during pyrolysis (carbonization). This fluidity facilitates the molecular mobility of the aromatic molecules, resulting in intermolecular dehydrogenative polymerization reactions to create aromatic, lamellar (disc-like) molecules. These "associate" to create a new liquid crystal phase, the so-called mesophase. A fluid phase is the dominant requirement for production of graphitizable carbons.

Non-graphitizing carbons generally do not pass through a fluid stage during carbonization. Since the time of Rosalind Franklin, researchers have put forward a number of models for their structure. Oberlin and colleagues emphasised the role of basic structural units (BSU), made of planar aromatic structures consisting of less than 10–20 rings, with four layers or fewer. Cross-linking between the BSUs in non-graphitizing carbons prevents graphitization. More recently, some have put forward models that incorporate pentagons and other non-six-membered carbon rings.

See also
Acheson process
Carbonization
Graphite

References 

Allotropes of carbon
Axinite-(Mg). Axinite-(Mg) is a borosilicate mineral of aluminum, calcium and magnesium of the axinite group, with magnesium as the dominant cation in the place of the structure that can also be occupied by iron and manganese. It was discovered in gem material from Merelani Hills, Lelatema Mts, Manyara Region, Tanzania, which is consequently its type locality. It was initially called magnesioaxinite, referring to its membership in the axinite group and the role of magnesium as the dominant cation. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) later changed its name to axinite-(Mg). Occasionally it has been carved as a collection gem.

Physical and chemical properties 
Like the rest of the minerals in the axinite group, axinite-(Mg) belongs to the triclinic system, appearing in the form of crystals with the characteristic ax-shaped morphology. Its structure can be described as a sequence of alternating layers of cations coordinated tetrahedrally and octahedrally.

Deposits 
The axinite group minerals are found in medium-to-low contact metamorphism, regional or metasomatic environments, in boron-containing environments. Axinite-(Mg) appears more frequently in areas of contact metamorphism.

It is a relatively rare mineral, known in about a dozen locations in the world.  In addition to the type locality, already indicated, in which specimens with transparent crystals of various colors, up to 3 cm in size, have been found in the area of Lunning, Mineral Co., Nevada (USA), as violet brown crystals. In Spain, axinite-(Mg) associated with crystalline calcite has been found in the diabase of a quarry located in El Zurcido, Adamuz (Córdoba) .

References 

Magnesium minerals
Silicate minerals
Gemstones
Triclinic minerals
Planet Abled. Planet Abled is a travel company based in New Delhi, India. The company provides travel to people with disabilities and the elderly. It has been recognized as one of the social innovators in travel space by Forbes.

History 
The company was founded in 2016 by Neha Arora, an electronics and communication engineering graduate. Her mother has polio from childhood and is a wheelchair-user while an infection rendered her father visually impaired when he was in college. There were instances when the family had traveled 1,000-2,000 miles only to realize that the place was not accessible. When she reached out to find the solution, she found none.

After spending 2 years researching and conducting feasibility studies, she quit her job with Adobe Inc. in November 2015 to start Planet Abled on January 1, 2016.

Awards 
 NCPEDP MphasiS Universal Design Awards 2016
 World Responsible Tourism Awards (WRTA) 2017: Best innovation by a Tour Operator (GOLD)
 Best innovative practice award at Zero Project Conference at United Nations, Vienna in 2018
 The Global Good Fund Fellowship 2019

References

Disability organisations based in India
Privately held companies of India
Kevin Rolland Thompson. Kevin Rolland Thompson (1954  2015) was the Group Director, Research and Development/Optics at Synopsys, Inc. His work contributed to developments in nanolithography, astrophysics and the advancement of optics

Early life 
Kevin Thompson was born in the suburbs of Minneapolis, in Edina. He graduated from Edina High School in 1972. In 1976 he received B.S. degrees in physics and astrophysics from the University of Minnesota. He received a Ph.D. for his work "Aberration fields in tilted and decentered optical systems", from the College of Optical Sciences with Roland Shack in 1980. His work on aberration of rotationally nonsymmetrical optical systems laid out initially on his thesis has been described as significant. The theory to treat these systems was called "Nodal Aberration Theory" (NAT).

Later career 
He worked at Perkin-Elmer Corporation for 10 years as an optical designer in microlithography applications and advanced systems for ground- and space-based remote sensing. He subsequently worked at Optical Research Associates for nearly 25 years, where he was vice president of optical engineering services. The company was acquired by Synopsys in 2010. At Synopsys he was group director of R&D in optics. At that time he was also a visiting scientist at the University of Rochester Institute of Optics. He was involved with optics projects with multiple companies over a 25-year period.

Highlights of his career include working on the null lens designs for the Hubble 1st Servicing Mission and optical modeling and analysis for the first generation EUV illuminator for lithography at 13nm node.

Personal life 
Kevin Thompson was married to Jannick Rolland (Professor of Optical Engineering) at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester and CTO of LighTopTech) He was a collector of historical books on optics.

Posthumous 
The Optical Society established an annual award in 2017. It is named Kevin P. Thompson Optical Design Innovator Award.  The aim of the award is the following "Recognizes significant contributions to lens design, optical engineering, or metrology by an individual as evidenced by one or more of the following: innovative and rigorous research; optical system design with a foundation in aberration theory; development of advanced metrology capabilities; product development; patents; or publications."

Honours and awards
SPIE A.E. Conrady Award in Optical Engineering, 2013

Alumnus of the Year of the College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona, 2015

References

External links
blog Idle Diffractions. Musings on the past, present, and future of optics by Dr. Kevin P. Thomson

1954 births
2015 deaths
American physicists
University of Arizona alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Type 19 155 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzer. The  is a Japanese wheeled self-propelled gun. The vehicle is designed to replace Japan's inventory of FH70 towed howitzers.

Development 
In 2011, the Japanese Ministry of Defense (MOD) evaluated a proposal to develop a vehicle capable of networking with other systems and performing shoot-and-scoot tactics to replace the FH70. The MOD's evaluation finished in 2012 and requested 6.4 billion yen be invested into the development of the vehicle in the FY 2013 defense budget; with development and testing occurring between 2013 and 2016. Research and development of the 155 mm wheeled howitzer was granted in the FY 2013 defense budget, although the budget was lowered to 1.4 billion yen.

On 31 May 2018, the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) received 5 prototypes from Japan Steel Works for testing and evaluation.

Seven wheeled howitzers were procured for training purpose in the FY 2019 defense budget for a total of 5.1 billion yen.

The artillery was officially unveiled in the 2019 East Fuji Maneuver Area.

Design 
The vehicle features an L52 155 mm gun mounted on the back of an 8x8 truck chassis. Compared to the towed FH70, the wheeled howitzer is designed to be mobile and networked to a Firing Command and Control System, which receives targeting information from artillery observers.

According to the FY 2013 defense budget request, the wheeled howitzer features the barrel part used on the Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer and body of a heavy wheeled recovery vehicle to reduce development cost. The truck chassis is a RMMV HX 8x8 military truck.

Operators

Current operators 

 
 Orders:
 7 ordered with 2019 budget
 7 ordered with 2020 budget
 7 ordered with 2021 budget
 7 ordered with 2022 budget
 16 ordered with 2024 budget
 Future orders:
 14 planned to be ordered for 2025

See also

References 

155 mm artillery
Self-propelled howitzers of Japan
Wheeled self-propelled howitzers
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Eight-wheeled vehicles