omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Herman Klare. Hermann Klare (12 May 1909 – 22 August 2003) was a chemistry academic who played a prominent role in scientific administration and research in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).  Klare held professorships at the Technical University Leuna-Merseburg and at Humboldt University (Berlin). From 1968 to 1979 he was president of the German Academy of Sciences (renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR in 1972).

Publications 
Technology and chemistry of synthetic polyamide fibers. Berlin 1954
Synthetic polyamide fibers: technology and chemistry. Berlin 1963 (as co-author)
The Academy of Sciences of the GDR: the 275th anniversary of the founding of the Academy. Berlin 1975
History of chemical fiber research to the present. Berlin 1985

References 

1909 births
2003 deaths
20th-century German chemists
East German scientists
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
DLR HY4. HY4 is a four seat hydrogen fuel cell powered aircraft.  It made its maiden flight on 29 September 2016 from Stuttgart Airport, powered by gaseous hydrogen.  It was designed by DLR Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics of the German Aerospace Center, based on the Taurus G4, manufactured by Pipistrel.

The HY4, operated by DLR spinoff H2Fly, completed the world's first piloted electric flights powered by liquid hydrogen in September 2023, with one flight lasting over three hours.

References

External links

H2Fly

2010s German experimental aircraft
Hydrogen-powered aircraft
Zero-emissions vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles
Xylylene dichloride. The chemical compound xylylene dichloride (C6H4(CH2Cl)2) is a white to light yellow sandlike solid. This compound can be classified as a benzyl halide.  Xylylene dichloride is used as a vulcanizing agent to harden rubbers. It catalyzes the crosslinking of phenolic resins.

Structure and reactivity 
The structure of xylylene dichloride is characterized by an benzene ring with two chloromethyl groups and four hydrogen atoms bound to it. The chloromethyl groups can be located on different sites on the ring, leading to a few different possible forms. These forms are:

o-xylylene dichloride: 1,2-bis(chloromethyl)benzene
m-xylylene dichloride: 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)benzene
p-xylylene dichloride: 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene

The reactive groups of xylylene dichloride are the two CH2Cl groups.

Synthesis 
Xylylene dichloride can be synthesized from benzenedimethanol by reaction with hydrogen chloride.  It has also been produced by photochemical chlorination of ortho-xylene.

Related compounds
 Xylylene dibromide, the dibromo analogue of the title compound.

References 

Organochlorides
Dara Moazzami. Dara Moazzami (b. 10 December 1949) is an Iranian engineering scientist.

Early life

Moazzami earned a BSc in Pure Mathematics in 1976 and an MSc in Applied Mathematics in 1978 from the University of Quebec-Montreal in Canada.

Career

After completing his studies at the University of Quebec-Montreal, Moazzami returned to Iran and worked at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan. In 1992, he received his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the University of Northeastern-Boston MA, under the supervision of Professors Margaret Cozzens and Samuel Keith Stueckle.

Moazzami is credited with introducing the concept of graph tenacity, which measures network vulnerability and reliability, alongside his professors Cozzens and Stueckle.

References

1949 births
Living people
Iranian engineers
Academic staff of Bu-Ali Sina University
Akaflieg Braunschweig SB-14. The Akaflieg Braunschweig SB 14 is an  Open-class sailplane designed and built in Germany in the early 2000s.

Design and development
The SB 14 was designed to minimalist principles, reducing wetted area and use of high speed  sections in a high aspect-ratio wing. As an economy measure, the tail unit of the Schleicher ASH 26 was utilised. To improve performance of the wing in a wide range of conditions, the wing-tips have swept wing-lets, as well as turbulators forward of the flaps on the undersurface of the wings.

The SB 14 is a shoulder-wing sailplane constructed from carbon-fibre composite materials. The wings are of very high aspect-ratio and incorporate full span flaperons with slots for when the flaps are extended. The fuselage follows contemporary design practice with a cockpit pod and slender rear fuselage terminating in a T-tail. The cross section of the fuselage has been minimised throughout, reducing wetted area and therefore minimising drag.

Control is through conventional elevator and rudder with full span slotted flaperons on the wings and Schempp-Hirth airbrakes on the upper surfaces at about 1/3 span. The undercarriage is a conventional retractable mono-wheel main undercarriage with a steel tipped rubber block tail-skid under the fin.

Flight testing, from 17 January 2003, revealed very promising performance, optimised with various aero-dynamic refinements.

Specifications (SB-14 prelim flight testing performance figures)

References

External links

All-Aero.com

2000s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Braunschweig aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2003
Akaflieg Karlsruhe AK-1 Mischl. The Akaflieg Karlsruhe AK-1 Mischl  is a Motor-glider designed and built in Germany and first flown on 9 January 1971.

Specifications

References

External links

1970s German sailplanes
Akaflieg Karlsruhe aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
Motor gliders
Borgward BE3000. The Borgward BE3000, later sold as Lloyd EL3000, was the electric drive version of the German military truck Borgward B 3000, a 6600 lb or 3000 kg mid class truck.

Since 1906, NAMAG and Borgward have developed electric vehicles up to 40 PS. In 1950, Borgward moved the production from Bremen to their other location in Hastedt, a district of Bremen-Hemelingen, and renamed the vehicle to Lloyd EL3000. The total production figure is not known, but about 30 vehicles of this type were built each year. The major customer was the British Army of the Rhine.

The truck had a range of 70 km (43 miles) loaded and 100 km (62 miles) unloaded. 7.50×20" tires were used. The turning radius was 13 m. In addition to the hydraulic brake, a motor shortcut circuit was installed to retard the vehicle electrically. The motor was manufactured by Lloyd Dynamowerke Bremen.

The later type EL3000 was an electric mail delivery vehicle, produced from parts of various manufacturers.

References 

Borgward BE3000
BE3000
Electric trucks
Vehicles introduced in 1945
Ruby pressure scale. The ruby fluorescence pressure scale is an optical method to measure pressure within a sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell apparatus. Since it is an optical method, which fully make use of the transparency of diamond anvils and only requires an access to a small scale laser generator, it has become the most prevalent pressure gauge method in high pressure sciences.

Principles 
Ruby is chromium-doped corundum (Al2O3). The Cr3+ in corundum's lattice forms an octahedra with surrounding oxygen ions. The octahedral crystal field together with spin-orbital interaction results in different energy levels. Once 3d electrons in Cr3+ are energized by lasers, the excited electrons would go to 4T2 and 2T2 levels. Later they return to 2E levels and the R1, R2 lines come from luminescence from 2E levels to 4A2 ground level. The energy difference of 2E levels are 29 cm−1, corresponding to the splitting of R1, R2 lines at 1.39 nm.

Development 
Ruby fluorescence spectra has two strong sharp lines, R1 and R2. R1 refers to the stronger intensity and lower energy (longer wavelength) excitation and is used to gauge pressure.

Pressure is calculated as: , where λ0 is the R1 wavelength measured at 1atm, a and b are constants. (e.g. a = 19.04, b = 5)

Since first demonstrated by Forman and colleagues in 1972, many scientists have contributed to the establishment of accurate ruby pressure scale in various experimental conditions.

A likely incomplete summary of is given below:

References 

High pressure science
Optics
Applied and interdisciplinary physics
Adeola Ogunmola Showemimo. Adeola Sowemimo is a Nigerian aircraft pilot.

Career
She started her aviation career at the US-based Sunrise Aviation Academy where she graduated in 2011.

Achievements
In 2019, she became the first Nigerian female pilot to work for Qatar Airways in the Middle East, a region which is challenging for women hoping to become pilot.

She is also the first female Nigerian to fly the Boeing 787 Dreamliner for Qatar Airways.

She is the first Nigerian female pilot to fly the Boeing 767 Aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean, being in the same league with Kenya's Captain Irene Koki, and Ethiopia's Captain Amsale Gulau.

References

Living people
Women commercial aviators
Nigerian aviators
Nigerian women aviators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rutheniridosmine. Rutheniridosmine is a naturally occurring mineral alloy of the elements ruthenium, iridium and osmium with the formula of . Rutheniridosmine occurs as hexagonal, opaque, silver-white, metallic grains with a Mohs hardness of six. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, iron, and nickel occur as impurities.

Rutheniridosmine occurs in association with sperrylite, hollingworthite, iridarsenite, ruthenarsenite, michenerite, laurite, geversite, moncheite, and chromite.

Type localities include: the Ruby Creek, Spruce Creek, and Bullion mines of British Columbia, Canada and the Horokanai placer deposit, of Kamikawa Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan.

References

Native element minerals
Ruthenium compounds
Osmium compounds
Iridium minerals
Precious metal alloys
Laurence Devillers. Laurence Devillers (born 8 October 1962, in Châtillon-sur-Seine, France), is a professor of artificial intelligence & ethics at Paris-Sorbonne University since 2011 and at Computer science laboratory for mechanics and engineering sciences (LIMSI) at the Scientific Research National Center, a head of the team "Affective and social dimension in spoken interaction". Devillers has taken part in several national and European projects on human-robots social and affective interactions. She leads a cluster of robots-human co-evolution at the Institute of Digital Society and "Robotic interactive" at Paris-Saclay.

Academic career 
In November 1992, she defended a thesis of Doctor in Sciences, Specialty Computer Science thesis on "Recognition of continuous speech with a hybrid neuronal and Markovian system".

Holding a PhD from Paris-Sud University (Paris XI), she is studying affective and social dimensions in Man-Robot spoken Interactions. Associated with Paris-Sud University, this laboratory researches two major themes:

 mechanical and energetic;
 human-machine communication.

She is an author of numerous books on artificial intelligence:

 "Robots and Humans" ("Des robots et des hommes : Mythes, fantasmes et réalité") () 
 "Emotional robots" ("Les robots émotionnels") 
 "Orlanoïde: Hybrid robot with artificial and collective intelligence" (Orlanoïde : Robot hybride avec intelligence artificielle et collective)

Devillers is a co-writer of the report on ethics of the robotics researcher the Allistene Alliance Commission of the Ethics of Research in Digital Science and technology et CERNA and in other international projects: ANR Tecsan Armen, FUI Romeo, BPI Romeo2, Rex Humaine, Chist-era Joker. Devillers has published more than 150 articles in international and national peer-reviewed journals and chapters in collective works.

She participated in deploying the national platform TransAlgo (Transparency and Explanation of Algorithms) (2017). She is also a founding HUB IA (private-public eco-system) member on applied ethics (since 2017).

In 2017-2018 she was a member of ISCA and ISCA Distinguished Lecturers.

Devillers was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 2020. The medal was presented by the mathematician Cedric Villani on 12 April 2022 at the Collège des Bernardins in Paris ().

References 

French women academics
1962 births
Living people
Artificial intelligence researchers
Artificial intelligence ethicists
People from Côte-d'Or
Academic staff of Paris-Sud University
Academic staff of Paris-Sorbonne University
CANT 23. The CANT 23 was an Italian trimotor airliner built by CANT in the late 1920s.

Design
The CANT 23 was an entirely metallic aircraft with a conventional look, a three-engine, biplane with a fixed trolley. The fuselage, with a rectangular section, was made of duraluminium and was characterized by a closed passenger compartment equipped with 10 single armchairs that overlooked a series of five rectangular windows on each side. The cockpit was open, placed on the upper part in front of the wings and protected by a windshield. The wing configuration was biplane-sesquiplane with the upper wing, more open, connected to the lower, considerably smaller, thanks to a Warren truss configuration. Both were made with a structure of side members in profile and ribs in square section tube covered in painted canvas.

Development
In 1927 the airline company Società Italiana Servizi Aerei (SISA), a company owned by the brothers Callisto and Alberto Cosulich as well as the CRDA, had begun to operate on the route that joined the Italian Trieste with Budapest, capital of the then Kingdom of Hungary. In anticipation of an increase in demand from the air transport market with the possibility of making new connections to Central and Eastern Europe and in particular the opening of a route capable of connecting Trieste airport - Ronchi dei Legionari or, alternatively, the new Noghere airport, then under construction near the village of Zaule, in Vienna to continue to Budapest.

The project, the first of the CRDA-CANT that was not a seaplane, was supervised by the engineer Raffaele Conflenti, who at that time held the position of chief designer and director of the technical office of the company of Monfalcone, which took experience gained in the creation of the CANT 22 hydro line. The new aircraft, designated CANT 23, appeared to possess a conventional appearance and presented a new, for the company, fuselage made of duralumin characterized by the closed passenger compartment and an open cockpit for the pilot. The veiling and the three- engine propulsion in the tractor configuration were substantially similar to the previous CANT 22.

The construction of the aircraft began as early as 1927, but its progress was slow, continuing until the beginning of the 1930s . In 1929 a cell was created for static tests but the prototype, serial number NC.136, managed to be registered (I -ABLA) only on 11 July 1932. Although the design of CANT 23 benefited from all-metal construction, the constant development of the aeronautic industry determined the early technical ageing of the type and definitively undermined any further development. The program was suspended on  and the project was therefore abandoned.

Specifications

See also

References

CANT 023
1920s Italian airliners
Trimotors
Biplanes
CANT 35. The CANT 35 was an Italian reconnaissance flying boat built by CANT in the early 1930s.

Design and development
The CANT 35 was a wooden biplane seaplane with folding wings. The upper wing, moreover, was characterized by the presence of fins Handley Page. The defensive armament consisted of two 7.7 mm machine guns, in as many defensive posts (one central and one anterior). For the falling weapons, some subalar attacks were planned, as well as a photographic equipment for reconnaissance

The CANT 35 was a response to a 1930 requirement for an aircraft suitable to equip some units of the Regia Marina (i.e. the heavy cruisers class Trento and the seaplane supporting ship Giuseppe Miraglia). Engineer Raffaele Conflenti designed a biplane, wooden boat with a central hull, which was purchased on October 24, 1930 for 402,000 lire. He received the military matriculation MM.154. Temporarily transferred to Lisbon on December 21, 1931, he flew for the first time on May 18, 1932 . However, this aircraft did not develop, and the only specimen built was destroyed on June 23 six years later, following an accident.

Specifications

References

CANT 035
1930s Italian aircraft
Flying boats
CANT 37. The CANT 37 was an Italian reconnaissance flying boat built by CANT in the early 1930s.

Design and development
The CANT 37 was a classic center-shaped seaplane; biplane, single-seater, and single-engine in pushing configuration. The hull was characterized by a keel with a redan and had three open cabins, one positioned on the bow with a defensive post, a central one that served as an open cockpit protected by a windshield followed by a third one also with a defensive function. Posteriormente ended in a single-sided cruciform caulking with horizontal braced planes. The wing configuration was biplane-sesquiplane, with the upper wing from the opening, mounted high to parasol, significantly larger than the lower one, the latter characterized by a sensitive angle of positive dihedral, and which integrated the floats into the lower part of the wings. Balancers and the two attacks for light bombs. The two wings were connected by a double pair of "N" uprights on each side, in the "Warren" configuration, and the upper part was supplemented by diagonal uprights connecting it to the upper part of the hull.

Specifications

References

CANT 037
1930s Italian aircraft
Flying boats
Astrid Linder. Astrid Linder is a Swedish engineer and researcher in motor vehicle safety. For her contribution to the field, Linder was awarded EU Champions of Transport Research Competition and U.S. Government Award for Safety Engineering Excellence. In November 2023, Linder was named to the BBC's 100 Women list.

Career 
Linder completed a PhD in mechanical engineering in the field of traffic safety in 2002. She has worked on the safety of both men and women during car accidents, but her pioneering work focuses on addressing the safety of women in road accidents, who are twice as much at risk compared to men drivers. Linder champions equal safety assessment for men and women, as the crash dummy often used by the industry (based on male morphology) does not account for weight distribution and dynamic responses of females. As a solution, Linder, along with her colleagues, developed EvaRID – an anthropomorphic average female virtual crash test dummy for safety assessment of women in vehicles. EvaRID has potential to be an instrumental tool in evaluating the safety of female drivers in cars.

Her expertise includes biomechanics, occupant kinematics, vehicle crash injury prevention, mathematical simulations and dynamic testing. She currently holds the position of professor of Traffic Safety at Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute and adjunct professor at Chalmers University of Technology.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Swedish engineers
Swedish women engineers
Swedish mechanical engineers
21st-century Swedish women engineers
Beneš-Mráz Be-56 Beta-Major. The Beneš-Mráz Be-56 Beta-Major was a single-seat aerobatic advanced trainer manufactured in Czechoslovakia shortly before World War II.

Design and development
First flown in 1936, the Be-56 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction, with a single open cockpit and fixed tailwheel undercarriage. A two-seat version was produced as the Beneš-Mráz Be-52 Beta-Major, with tandem open cockpits

Variants
Be-52 Beta-Major Two-seat aerobatic trainer derived from the Be-51, but powered by a Walter Major engine; one built.
Be-56 Beta-Major Single-seat version of the Be-52; one built (OK-BEG).

Operational history
The sole Be-56, registered OK-BEG, was used by the Slovak Air Force after the German takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1939.

Operators

Slovak Air Force (1939–45)

Specifications (Be-56)

References

Further reading

 
 
 
 

1930s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
Beneš-Mráz aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Aerobatic aircraft
Achalaite. Achalaite ((Fe2+, Mn)(Ti, Fe3+, Ta)(Nb, Ta)2O8) is a black mineral of the wodginite group, first discovered in 2013.

It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and has a dark, metallic luster, a specific gravity of 6.285 and a Mohs hardness of 5.5.

Achalaite occurs in the intermediate zone of topaz- and tantalite-bearing pegmatite. Associated minerals include rutile, quartz and albite.

Its name comes from the type locality: the Achala batholith in Córdoba, Argentina and the mineral has been approved by the IMA with the acronym 2013-103.

References

Manganese minerals
Iron(II,III) minerals
Niobium minerals
Oxide minerals
Inosilicates
Titanium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals described in 2013
Conductive agent. Conductive agents are used to ensure electrodes have good charge and discharge performance. Usually, a certain amount of conductive material is added during the production of the pole piece, and the micro current is collected between the active material and the current collector to reduce the micro current. The contact resistance of the electrode accelerates the rate of movement of electrons, and at the same time, can effectively increase the migration rate of lithium ions in the electrode material, thereby improving the charge and discharge efficiency of the electrode. The conductive agent carbon black is used for improving the conductivity of the electrodes and decreasing the resistance of interaction.

Carbon black conductive agent 
The conductive carbon black is characterized by small particle size, particularly large specific surface area, and particularly good electrical conductivity, and it can function as a liquid absorption and liquid retention in the battery.

The carbon black conductive agents: acetylene black, 350G, carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Ketjen black (Ketjenblack EC300J, Ketjenblack EC600JD, Carbon ECP, Carbon ECP600JD).

Acetylene Black (Polyacetylene): carbon black obtained by continuous pyrolysis of acetylene having a purity of 99% or more obtained by decomposing and purifying by-product gas during pyrolysis of calcium carbide method or naphtha (crude gasoline).

Ketjen Black: High-efficiency superconducting carbon black for lithium batteries, branched, high purity, and excellent electrical conductivity.

Graphite conductive agent: KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, etc.

CNTs: the incorporation of CNTs as a conductive additive at a lower weight loading than conventional carbons, like carbon black and graphite, presents a more effective strategy to establish an electrical percolation network.

References 

Electrical conductors
Scheibe SF-33. The Scheibe SF 33 (German: "hawk") is a German motorglider that was designed by Egon Scheibe in the 1970s.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

1970s German sailplanes
Scheibe SF-33
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1977
Single-engined piston aircraft
Scheibe SF 32. The Scheibe SF 32 is a German motorglider that was designed by Egon Scheibe in the 1970s.

Design
The SF 32 was similar to the SF 27M but differs in having a Rotax 642 mounted on a pylon, retracted into the fuselage electrically.

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

1970s German sailplanes
Scheibe SF-32
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1976
Single-engined piston aircraft
Scheibe SF-26 Super Spatz. The Scheibe SF 26 Super Spatz is a German sailplane that was designed by Egon Scheibe in the 1960s.

Design
The SF 26 Super Spatz featured 3-piece wood wing, a tail made of wood and fabric, and a steel-tube/fabric fuselage with a fiberglass nose.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links
 photos

1960s German sailplanes
Scheibe SF-26
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1961