omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scattering rate. A formula may be derived mathematically for the rate of scattering when a beam of electrons passes through a material.

The interaction picture
Define the unperturbed Hamiltonian by , the time dependent perturbing Hamiltonian by  and total Hamiltonian by .

The eigenstates of the unperturbed Hamiltonian are assumed to be

In the interaction picture, the state ket is defined by

By a Schrödinger equation, we see 

which is a Schrödinger-like equation with the total  replaced by .

Solving the differential equation, we can find the coefficient of n-state.

where, the zeroth-order term and first-order term are

The transition rate
The probability of finding  is found by evaluating .

In case of constant perturbation, is calculated by 

Using the equation which is

The transition rate of an electron from the initial state  to final state  is given by

where  and  are the energies of the initial and final states including the perturbation state and ensures the -function indicate energy conservation.

The scattering rate
The scattering rate w(k) is determined by summing all the possible finite states k' of electron scattering from an initial state k to a final state k', and is defined by

The integral form is

References

Semiconductor technology
Anderson Field (Washington). Anderson Field  is a municipally-owned, public-use airport located about 3.5 miles (around 6 km) east of the central business district of Brewster, a town in Okanogan County, Washington, United States.

Facilities and aircraft 
Anderson Field covers an area of  at an elevation of 914 feet (279 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 7/25 which measures 4,000 by 60 feet (1,219 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending December 30, 2012, the airport had 25,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of over 50 per day.

A fleet of Sikorsky S-58 helicopters is based at the airport. They are used to dry water off cherries after rainfall.

See also
 List of airports in Washington

References

External links 
 Anderson Field (S97) at Washington State DOT

Airports in Washington (state)
Transportation buildings and structures in Okanogan County, Washington
Electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction. The electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction is an interaction that can take place between an electron and a longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon in a material such as a semiconductor.

Displacement operator of the LA phonon

The equations of motion of the atoms of mass M which locates in the periodic lattice is

 ,

where  is the displacement of the nth atom from their equilibrium positions.

Defining the displacement  of the th atom by , where  is the coordinates of the th atom and  is the lattice constant,

the displacement is given by 

Then using Fourier transform:

 

and

 .

Since  is a Hermite operator,

 

From the definition of the creation and annihilation operator    

  is written as

 

Then  expressed as

 

Hence, using the continuum model, the displacement operator for the 3-dimensional case is

 ,

where  is the unit vector along the displacement direction.

Interaction Hamiltonian

The electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction Hamiltonian is defined as 

 ,

where  is the deformation potential for electron scattering by acoustic phonons.

Inserting the displacement vector to the Hamiltonian results to

Scattering probability

The scattering probability for electrons from   to  states is

 

 

Replace the integral over the whole space with a summation of unit cell integrations

 

where ,   is the volume of a unit cell.

See also
 Phonon scattering
 Umklapp scattering

Notes

References

 
 

Atomic physics
Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station is the world's largest tidal power installation, with a total power output capacity of 254 MW. When completed in 2011, it surpassed France's 240 MW Rance Tidal Power Station, which was the world's largest for 45 years. It is operated by the Korea Water Resources Corporation.

Design
The tidal barrage makes use of a seawall constructed in 1994 for flood mitigation and agricultural purposes. 
Ten 25.4 MW submerged bulb turbines are driven in an unpumped flood generation scheme; power is generated on tidal inflows only, and the outflow is sluiced away, i.e. as one-way power generation. This slightly unconventional and relatively inefficient approach has been chosen to balance a complex mix of existing land use, water use, conservation, environmental and power generation considerations.

The station's mean operating tidal range is , with a spring tidal range of . The working basin area was originally intended to be  and has been reduced by land reclamation and freshwater dykes to , likely to be reduced further.

Construction
The power station was built in 2011 and started to operate in 2012. The project cost of US$560 million was borne by the South Korean Government.

Environmental context
After the seawall was built in 1994, pollution built up in the newly created Sihwa Lake reservoir, making its water useless for agriculture. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) measured in Lake Sihwa were among the greatest ever measured in the environment. In January 2003, PFOS had been found at 730 ng/L in Lake Shihwa water.

In 2004, seawater was reintroduced in the hope of flushing out contamination; inflows from the tidal barrage were envisaged as a complementary permanent solution. As of 2007 the power station was planned to provide this indirect environmental benefit, as well as renewable energy.

Pictures

See also 

 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of power stations in South Korea
 List of tidal power stations

Notes

References 
 
 World’s Largest Tidal Power Plant–Shihwa Lake in Korea http://energy.korea.com/archives/6887 

Energy infrastructure completed in 2011
Tidal power stations in South Korea
Tidal barrages
Buildings and structures in Gyeonggi Province
Keisei AE100 series. The  was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated between 1990 and 2016 by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway on Cityliner limited express services between Tokyo and  in Japan. First entering service in June 1990, the trains replaced the earlier AE series EMUs operating on Skyliner services providing a link between Tokyo and Narita Airport. They had a slant-nosed design with hidden headlamps.

Formation
The sets were formed as shown below, with six motored (M) cars and two unpowered trailer (T) cars, and car 1 at the Narita end.

 Cars 2 and 7 were each fitted with two scissors-type pantographs.
 The "x" in the individual car numbering corresponded to the set number (0 to 6).
 Cars 1 and 8 were originally designated as smoking cars, but all cars became no-smoking from 17 July 2010.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consisted of standard class seating only, configured 2+2 abreast with pairs of reclining seats that could be rotated to face the direction of travel. Car 4 was equipped with a toilet and also a wheelchair space. Car 5 had a drink vending machine.

History
The first trains were introduced from June 1990, replacing the earlier AE series sets.

The fleet underwent refurbishment between 2001 and 2003, with modifications internally to improve wheelchair accessibility, and changes to the moquette seat covers. From 17 July 2010, all AE100 series trains were transferred to Cityliner services.

Following the reduction in the number of Cityliner services, five of the original seven sets were withdrawn and scrapped between 2010 and 2012, leaving just two sets in operation.

From the start of the revised timetable on 5 December 2015, regular Cityliner services were discontinued, leaving the two remaining AE100 series sets without regular duties, although seasonal services were scheduled to continue until the end of January 2016. Two special farewell runs were organized by Keisei Travel on 21 and 28 February 2016, following which the AE100 series trains were officially withdrawn.

Preserved examples
One car, AE161, is preserved at Sogo Depot in Shisui, Chiba Prefecture.

References

AE100 series
Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 1990
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Keisei AE series (2009). The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway on Skyliner limited express services to and from Narita International Airport in Japan via the Keisei Narita Airport Line. The first set was delivered in May 2009, and entered service in July 2010, replacing the Keisei AE100 series EMUs previously used on these services.

Design 
Each 8-car set consists of six motored cars and two trailers. The trains are the first Keisei trains to use bolsterless bogies, and the end cars are equipped with active suspension. The train design and styling was overseen by Japanese fashion designer Kansai Yamamoto. The musical horn and in-train announcement melody are provided by Casiopea keyboardist and Ongakukan CEO Minoru Mukaiya.

The AE series design won the "Good Design Award" in 2010, and in May 2011 was awarded the 2011 Blue Ribbon Award, presented annually by the Japan Railfan Club.

Formation 
, the fleet consists of nine 8-car sets formed as shown below with car 1 at the Narita end.

 Cars 2, 4, 6, and 8 are each fitted with a single-arm pantograph.
 The "x" in the individual car numbering corresponds to the set number (1 to 9).

Interior 
All cars are monoclass, with 2+2 abreast rotating/reclining seating. Car 4 has a drink vending machine. Car 5 is equipped with a universal access toilet and also a wheelchair space.

History 
The AE series entered revenue service on Skyliner services from 17 July 2010.

Build details 
The manufacturers and delivery dates for the fleet are as shown below.

See also 
 E259 series, trains used on competing JR East Narita Express services

References

External links 

 Official site 
 Keisei AE series (Japan Railfan Magazine Online) 
 New Skyliner information on Nippon Sharyo website 

Nippon Sharyo multiple units
AE series (2009)
Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 2010
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Tokyu Car multiple units
Lee Swindlehurst. Lee Swindlehurst (born 1960 in Boulder City) is an electrical engineer who has made contributions in sensor array signal processing for radar and wireless communications, detection and estimation theory, and system identification, and has received many awards in these areas. He is currently a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California at Irvine.

Biography

He received the B.S., summa cum laude, and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, in 1985 and 1986, respectively, and the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1991. From 1986-1990, he was employed at ESL, Inc., of Sunnyvale, CA, where he was involved in the design of algorithms and architectures for several radar and sonar signal processing systems. He was on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Brigham Young University from 1990–2007, where he was a Full Professor and served as Department Chair from 2003-2006. During 1996-1997, he held a joint appointment as a visiting scholar at both Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. From 2006-07, he was the Vice President of Research for ArrayComm LLC in San Jose, California. After leaving ArrayComm in 2008, he began working at UC Irvine where he is currently the Assistant Dean.

Dr. Swindlehurst is a Fellow of the IEEE (2004) for contributions to the field of space-time signal processing for radar and wireless communications, and a past Secretary of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is a former Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, and has served as a member of the Editorial Boards for the EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking and the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, and is a past Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. He was elected to the Tau Beta Pi society in 1985. He is a recipient of several paper awards: the 2000 IEEE W. R. G. Baker Prize Paper Award, the 2006,  2010, and 2021 IEEE Signal Processing Society’s Best Paper Award, the 2006 IEEE Communications Society Stephen O. Rice Prize in the Field of Communication Theory, and is co-author of a paper that received the IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper Award in 2001.

References 

American electrical engineers
1960 births
Living people
University of California, Irvine faculty
Stanford University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
People from Boulder City, Nevada
Engineers from California
Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management. Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) is an integrated vehicle handling and software control system developed by Toyota. It involves an omnibus computer linkage of traction control, electronic stability control, electronic steering, and other systems, with the intent of improving responsiveness to driver input, performance, and overall safety. The system was first introduced in the Japanese domestic market in July 2004, when Toyota debuted VDIM on the Toyota Crown Majesta. This was followed by the VDIM's export debut on the third generation Lexus GS, which was launched in 2005. VDIM integrates the company's Electronically Controlled Brake (ECB), Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Traction Control (TRC) and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) active safety systems with the Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS), Electric Power Steering (EPS) and Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) systems which previously worked independently using proprietary software. This way all the systems function together rather than the ECU prioritizing which is the most important. VDIM was initially designed for rear-wheel drive cars.

VDIM's capabilities expand upon Toyota's stand-alone Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) system which was introduced in 1995; VSC remains the baseline electronic stability control system used by the company. VSC by definition does not intervene until after a skid is detected, while VDIM takes measures to prevent skids, slides, or wheel spins rather than just take action after tire slippage has occurred.  This is done by constantly making corrections in a subtle manner that are transparent to the driver. In further contrast with VSC, VDIM can also calibrate driver steering input according to vehicle speed, with active steering and throttle adjustments to improve ride quality and directional control during performance driving, such as in slalom courses.

With the EPS system VDIM instantly varies the amount of power steering assist depending on driving conditions. In vehicles equipped with Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS), VDIM also manages steering gear ratios to help the driver maintain control.  Initially, the system was only offered on vehicles equipped with Electronically Controlled Brake (ECB), but this is no longer required.

Applications 
 Lexus IS: IS 350 (2005), IS 250 (2008), IS F (2007; with an additional "sport" setting)
 Lexus GS: GS 430 (2005), GS 350 (2006), GS 450h (2006), GS 460 (2007)
 Lexus LS: LS 460 (2006), LS 600h (2007), LS 500, LS 500h (2018)
 Lexus RX: RX 400h (2005), RX 350 (2009), RX 450h (2009)
 Lexus NX: NX 300h (2014 on)
 Toyota Camry Hybrid (2006)
 Toyota Crown Majesta (2004)
 Toyota Highlander Hybrid (2005)
 Toyota Sienna (2011)
 Toyota Land Cruiser (J300) (2021)

Similar systems 

 Cadillac Integrated Chassis Control System (ICCS)

References

Toyota
Lexus
Vehicle safety technologies
ja:VDIM
Kanjiracodu. Kanjiracode in Kundara lies on the banks of the Kanjiracodu Kayal of Kollam district in Kerala, India.

The erstwhile ALIND or Aluminium Industries one of the earliest aluminum cable manufacturing units for the country began operations here. It also had major industries as the Kerala Ceramics and ALLIED Industries established here. The Aluminium Industries Limited came into existence, on 2 January 1946, promoted by then Seshasayee Group with its Conductor Division set up in Kundara, Kerala under technical collaboration from the world-renowned ALCAN, Canada.

The satellite town of Kollam is set to get an economic boost with the opening of the Technopark-Kollam in Kanjiracode.

Cutcherry mukku the junction beside the Mini Civil Station and the Village panchayat meets everyday shopping needs. Mukkada the central junction of Kundara caters to other consumer needs.

See also
St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode, a Latin Catholic church in Kanjiraco
Magalasseril Temple Kanjiracode

References

Villages in Kollam district
Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans. École Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans is a French engineering school located in Orléans and more precisely in the district of Orléans-la-source.
It is accredited by the French Commission des titres d'ingénieur (CTI) and the European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education (EUR-ACE). Since 15 September 2009, Polytech Orléans is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles.

Presentation 
Polytech Orléans is part of the national engineering schools Polytech, it results of the fusion of two institutes, both parts of the University of Orléans: the École Supérieure de l'Énergie et des Matériaux – ESEM (School of Engineering Materials and Energies) and the École Supérieure de Procédés Électroniques et Optiques – ESPEO (School of Electronics and Optics). Polytech'Orléans was born in 2002.

The school is located on the European campus of the University of Orléans.

Courses 
Polytech Orléans offers a five-year course: a preparatory course (2 years) aimed to prepare students to follow an engineering course, it is mainly based on the study of fundamental science, and an engineering course (3 years) :
 ecotechnology engineering in electronics and optics
 mechanical and energy engineering
 civil engineering / environment
 production management (dual education system)
 Home automation engineering (dual education system)

Graduate students are usually hired in the automotive industry, environment, aeronautics, embedded systems, energetics or signal processing. Graduate students are on average hired after one month.

References 

University of Orléans
Forschungsinstitut für Kraftfahrwesen und Fahrzeugmotoren Stuttgart. The Forschungsinstitut für Kraftfahrwesen und Fahrzeugmotoren Stuttgart (FKFS), (in English: Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart), is a private, nonprofit research and development institute for the automobile and supplier industry, focusing on vehicle technology, engine technology, and vehicle mechatronics.

It was established in 1930, and called the "Kamm-Institut" after its founder and long-time director, Wunibald Kamm.

At the institute, Dr. Kamm "built the first full-scale wind tunnel for motor vehicles."

The institute was rebuilt after being destroyed in World War II.

References

External links 
 

Research institutes in Germany
De Havilland DH.52. The de Havilland DH.52 was a single-seat, high-winged glider produced as an entrant to a 1922 prize competition. Two were built but insufficient torsional stiffness in the wings led to control problems and the DH.52 was rapidly abandoned.

Development
The DH.52 was de Havilland's only glider, built to compete for the  prize in the Daily Mail Gliding Competition, held at Itford, Sussex in 1922. It was a high-wing monoplane with an aspect ratio of 11.4; the wing was wire braced, with pairs of wires from the keel to the front and rear wing spars at about ⅓ and ¾ span. Similar pairs of wires to a central king post supported the weight of the wings and kept the bracing in tension. The kingpost consisted of two members, one from each wing spar at the centre line, meeting about  above the wing. The resulting triangular structure appears to have been covered with cambric.  Unbalanced ailerons with an unusually large angular travel were fitted, in order to maintain control at low speeds.

The square section fuselage was built from cross braced spruce longerons and covered with  plywood. At the nose these longerons curved together, giving the glider a slight boat-like look. The single seat cockpit was just in front and below the wing. There was a cambric fairing round the cockpit and also behind the wing to the tail, the latter made by stretching the material over a wire that ran from the wing mounting to the rear fuselage. The fin and generous rudder were a slightly pointed version of the characteristic de Havilland shape; the elevator area was also large compared with that of the fixed tailplane.

Two DH.52s were built. The first machine (competition no.4) had a single cross axle, strutted undercarriage for its first flight on 5 October 1922, but this was replaced by a pair of smaller wheels mounted close to the fuselage sides on an axle fixed to the lower longerons. The second (no. 33) had this undercarriage from the start.

Both aircraft flew in the competition on 16 October with rubber rope launches. They each flew for about 2½ mins, but both were damaged on landing. Both showed problems with lateral control, the wings twisting under the aileron loads, cancelling their effects. No. 33 was flying again three days later, now with wing warping to try to beat the control problems, but the wing twisted so much after tow release that the centre section failed and the aircraft was lost  The pilot was not seriously hurt, but it was clear the torsional stiffness of the wing was insufficient and nothing could be done about within the competition time limits, so no more flights were made and the two DH.52s were scrapped.

Specifications

References

Glider aircraft
DH.52
Aircraft first flown in 1922