omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Freeze spray. Freeze spray (cold spray or vapocoolant) is a type of aerosol spray product containing a liquified gas used for rapidly cooling surfaces, in medical and industrial applications. It is usually sold in hand-held spray cans. It may consist of various substances, which produce different temperatures, depending on the application.

Some of them are highly flammable. Several other types of compressed gas sprays also have a freezing effect: for example, tetrafluoroethane, gas dusters, liquid nitrogen, and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

Applications

Industrial

For spot-cooling of electronic components during troubleshooting, dimethyl ether or tetrafluoroethane may be used.

Freeze sprays are also used to contract metal for assembly or disassembly of interference fit parts.

The extreme temperature can cause viscoelastic materials to change to glass phase. Thus it is useful for removing many types of pressure sensitive adhesives.

Medical

In medical applications, spray cans containing dimethyl ether or tetrafluoroethane may also be used to freeze and destroy tissue, for removal of warts and skin tags, or other uses in cryosurgery. Liquified petroleum gas including propane and butane is sometimes used. These all may also be used as a topical anesthetic, due to the numbing effect of cold, though there is risk of frostbite.

Cold sprays are sometimes used to carefully freeze and kill attached ticks, with successful application often resulting in the dead tick falling off. 

Chloroethane may be used as a topical pain reliever, and an alternative to ice pack therapy to reduce inflammation and swelling. Since its boiling point is well above the freezing point of water, there is less risk of freezing the skin, though it can still be dangerous if misused. It may be used to treat sports injuries, where it is sometimes known as ice spray or magic spray.

Freeze sprays are also utilized in frozen section biopsies to rapidly cool or freeze small tissue samples at the microtome or cryostat.

Other
Freeze spray has been shown useful for the field marking of animals; for example marking the tails of monkeys. Research is continuing to help control the application dosage and time to minimize permanent damage to the animals.

See also
Gas duster

References

Coolants
Martha Goodway. Martha Goodway is an American metallurgist, specializing in archaeometallurgy, the study of traditional techniques of mining, smelting, and working metals; and an expert in the use of metals in historical harpsichords.

Early life and education 
Martha Goodway was raised in Roslindale, Massachusetts. She came from a family of engineers. She graduated from Roslindale High School in 1952, and earned a bachelor's degree in general engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957. She was one of only nineteen women to earn degrees at MIT that year.

Career 
After college she became interested in conservation science, and studied with William Young at the Objects Conservation and Scientific Research Laboratory in Boston. Through Young's connections, she became a metallurgist at the Conservation Analytical Laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution. She became the first metallurgist to work full time in a U.S museum. She worked there for 41 years. In that job, she worked on such diverse historical artifacts as waterproof Greek vessels, Etruscan mirrors, 18th-century wire jewelry from Germany, and the crankcase of the Wright Brothers' first flyer. She was also consulted for comments on the restoration of the Statue of Liberty.

She developed an interest in the use of metals in historical musical instruments, particularly the harpsichord, and co-authored a book on the subject in 1987.

Goodway currently holds the title Archaeometallurgist Emeritus at the Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute.

References 

American metallurgists
Museum people
Archaeometallurgists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
People from Roslindale
Modern Institute of Engineering and Technology. Modern Institute of Engineering & Technology, popularly known as MIET, is a private institute located at Bandel, Hooghly in West Bengal. The college was established in the year 2010 under the aegis of the Badal Deb Memorial Educational Foundation.The institute is approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (formerly WBUT).

Disciplines
The Institute conducts 4 years B. Tech. Degree courses in: Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Electrical Engineering (EE), Civil Engineering (CE), Mechanical Engineering (ME).

In the academic year 2014-15, MIET has introduced diploma programme in Electrical Engineering (DEE) and Mechanical Engineering(DME) under the auspices of West Bengal State Council of Technical Education.

Facilities
The institute has a library, which- besides books, journals, magazines & newspapers – houses a 100-seater reading room. The current repertoire is 16857 books (1354 titles) for B.Tech. and 2655 books (158 titles) for Polytechnic.

See also

References

External links 
 http://www.mietcollege.org

Engineering colleges in West Bengal
Universities and colleges in Hooghly district
2010 establishments in West Bengal
Educational institutions established in 2010
Krister Holmberg. Krister Holmberg, born 1946, is a Swedish chemist.

Holmberg took a PhD in Organic Chemistry from Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1974. He then worked in industry for many years and he was R&D Director of Berol Nobel in Stenungsund, Sweden. During the period 1991-1998 he was Director of the Institute for Surface Chemistry in Stockholm. Since 1998 he has been Professor of Surface Chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology. His recent research has focussed on the behavior of surface active compounds in solution and at interfaces. He has been active in a number of industrial applications of surface and colloid chemistry.

Holmberg has been visiting professor at universities in the EU, the US and China: P. et M. Curie in Paris, the University of Florence, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (Kungliga Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien), of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Kungliga Vetenskapsakademin) and of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg (Kungliga Vetenskaps- och Vitterhetssamhället i Göteborg). He was chairman of the latter academy during 2014.

In 2000, Holmberg was awarded the French National Order of Merit (l'Ordre National du Mérite au grade de Chevalier), and in 2006 he won the Oscar Carlson medal from the Swedish Chemical Society. He received the JCIS Life-Time Achievement Award in 2008, the Kash Mittal Award in 2018 and the Quancheng Friendship Award by the city of Jinan, China in 2019. In 2021 he received the Friendship Award of China from the Chinese Government.

References

1946 births
Living people
Swedish chemists
Organic chemists
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Láng Machine Factory. Láng Machine Factory () was a machine factory in Hungary that played an important role in supplying Hungarian power plants and factories with steam engines, turbines and diesel motors.

Founded in 1868 by László Láng as a machine repair workshop, the company started producing steam engines in 1873 and became the largest manufacturer of steam engines for factories and ships by the 1890s.  The company also made equipment for the distilling, sugar, and canning industries.  The generators providing electric power to the Millenium Underground Railway were generated by Láng steam engines.

From 1890, the company produced pumps, compressors, hydraulic tools, and electric crane machines. In 1893, the firm started to produce electric elevators. From 1905, the production of steam turbines for alternators began. In 1910 the factory extended its product portfolio with boilers and Diesel Engines for factories, power plants and ships. 

Capital was needed for the continuous renewal: the family business became a joint-stock company in 1911, the founder László Láng retired and his son Gusztáv Láng was appointed as CEO. The factory continued to keep pace with technical progress and maintained its leading role in Hungarian machinery manufacturing. The increasingly powerful, stationary four-stroke diesel engines were primarily designed for power and industrial plants.

On July 1, 1915, another significant event occurred in the history of the factory: Láng Gépgyár merged with the Hazai Machine Factory Company. The latter included the Eisele Machine Factory, which was adjacent to the Láng factory. The machines from this factory were very popular and were used in the buildings of the Water Works, the Gas Works, and the Electric Works. The buses of the 1930s and 40s operated with Diesel engines manufactured by Láng Gépgyár.

The product range was constantly expanding. In addition to traditional products such as industrial power engines and boilers, the company also produced complete plants for the chemical and food industries, and during the economic crisis, printing machinery.

The equipment for Hungarian sugar factories was supplied mainly by the Láng machinery factory, but its tomato concentrating lines also became famous. In the meantime, a decades-long tradition of vehicle and ship engine production gradually developed. In Hungary, the Láng factory was the first to produce diesel engines for railway traction. Diesel engines for buses and lorries were also produced until nationalisation.

During the Second World War, the factory's production was adapted to the needs of the army, but it continued to produce steam turbines and boilers for civilian use.

After being nationalised in 1948, power generating machinery became the main focus of the company. Due to dwindling contracts and obsolete technology the production of Láng declined in the 1980s and it was acquired by ABB in 1990.

References 

Companies of Austria-Hungary
Manufacturing companies of Hungary
Hungarian brands
Electrical engineering companies
Companies established in 1868
1868 establishments in Hungary
Mk. IV LCU. Mk IV LCU class vessels  follow on class of Mk. III LCU operated by the Indian Navy. The Mk IV LCU can be deployed for maritime roles that require amphibious capabilities.

History 
GRSE signed an agreement for  with the Indian Navy for designing and building eight LCU ships on 28 September 2011 and construction began in September 2012.

The last ship of the class was delivered on 31 December 2020 and was commissioned into service on 18 March 2021.

Design 
The ship is 63 metres long, overall beam of 11 metres, a hull draught of 2.2 metres and displaces around 830 tonnes. They are powered by two MTU 16V 4000 M53 marine diesel engines (each 1840 KWs). They are equipped with two 30mm CRN-91 mounted guns with a Bharat Electronics-built EON-51 electro-optic director.

The LCU can carry up to 216 personnel and 145 tonnes of cargo. It is fitted with a hydraulic bow ramp.

Ships of the class

Gallery

See also 
 List of active Indian Navy ships
 Future ships of the Indian Navy

References

External links
 LCU Mk IV on GRSE website

Naval ships of India
Ships built in India
Landing craft
Grid complex. Latticial metal complex or grid complex is a  supramolecular complex of several metal atoms and coordinating ligands which form a grid-like structural motif. The structure formation usually occurs while on thermodynamic molecular self-assembly. They have properties that make them interesting for information technology as the future storage materials.
Chelate ligands are used as ligands in tetrahedral or octahedral structures, which mostly use nitrogen atoms in pyridine like ring systems other than donor centers. Suitable metal ions are in accordance with octahedral coordinating transition metal ions such as Mn or rare tetrahedral Coordinating such as Ag used.

Nomenclature
The nomenclature is based on [n × m] G, n corresponds to the number of ligands above the metal ion level, m the number below ones. In case of using only one ligand type, the homoleptic grid is formed in a square [nxn] structure. When using different ligands arise heteroleptic complexes, however, compete with the homoleptic. The number of metal ions is always n + m.

Application
The grid complexes exhibit pH-dependent changes in the optical absorption, electronic spin states and reversible redox states. The latticial metal complexes may thus be used theoretically for information storage and processing in the future.

Other Uses
An interwoven grid complex has been used to template the synthesis of a doubly-twisted [2]catenane (otherwise known as a  Solomon Link). The unique arrangement of interwoven ligands around the planar array of iron, zinc, or cobalt ions generated the crossing points required to covalently trap the interlocked structure using ring-closing metathesis. Building on this discovery, 2 × 2 interwoven grids were used to template the synthesis of more topologically complex molecules: a six-crossing doubly-interlocked [2]catenane and a granny knot. In 2021, the first report of a 3 × 3 interwoven grid was published. It was used to template the synthesis of a molecular Endless Knot.

References

Coordination chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Chemical structures
Atal Setu, Jammu and Kashmir. Atal Setu is a  cable-stayed bridge on the Ravi River near Basholi Town, District Kathua, commissioned on 24 December 2015 by former Defence Minister Manohar Parrikkar. The bridge spans between Basholi and Dunera and aims to improve road connections between Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. This bridge is first of its kind in North India and fourth of its kind in nation. The other such three bridges are in Mumbai (Bandra-Worli sealink), Allahabad (Naini) and Kolkata (Hooghly).

IIT New Delhi approved the design of this bridge and the foundation stone was laid in May 2011 by UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi. The bridge was designed by a Canadian consultant, McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd. (formerly Infinity Engineering Ltd.). The Border Roads Organization, IRCON, Infinity and SP Singla Constructions Pvt Limited undertook its construction. The bridge is named after former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and was opened one day before his birthday.

References

Bridges in Punjab, India
Transport in Pathankot
Memorials to Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Cable-stayed bridges in India
2015 establishments in Punjab, India
Bridges completed in 2015
Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation. The Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation (IRINA) () or Havadarya () is the air component of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy. It is one of the few air elements in any Persian Gulf navy, and has both fixed-wing aircraft and armed helicopters.

Aircraft

American aircraft types were introduced to the inventory, in the 1960s and 1970s: with European made aircraft comprising the more modern part of the fleet. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters seem to be focused more on a transport role than actual ASW.

References 

 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/ships.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161022141734/http://www.63rdvfs.com/INoob.html

Military aviation in Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Naval aviation services
Raphael Bagoyan. Raphael Andranik Bagoyan (, 25 March 1948 – 16 November 2022) was an Armenian politician.

Biography
In 1967, Bagoyan finished high school and graduated from the Department of Architecture and Construction at Polytechnic Institute in 1973. From 1973 to 1990, Raphael worked as an engineer, and chief engineer in the Department of Architecture and Planning at Yerevan City Council's Executive Committee, Deputy Chief Architect of Yerevan city, simultaneously supervising the work of the committee of Yerevan Urban Development Council on Engineering Affairs. In 1990, he was elected Deputy of the RA Supreme Council, then in 1991 headed the Executive Committee of the Erebuni District Council.

In 1993, he was appointed RA State Minister and coordinated the works of territorial administrative bodies, the Ministry of Social Security, the State Committee for Refugee Affairs, and the Pension Fund, meantime heading the activities of the committees of the RA Government Humanitarian Aid Central Commission, providing liaison between the Government of Armenia and Supreme Council, the Government of Armenia and non-government organizations, also heading the committee works over youth and juvenile issues against drug addiction and trafficking. From 1995 to 1996, he occupied the post of the Minister of Social Security, Employment, Migration and Refugee Affairs of Armenia. 

From 1996 to 1997, Bagoyan headed the Central Committee of the Humanitarian Aid of the RA Government and from 1993 to 1997, in cooperation with the United Nations Armenian Office, the European Community Representation, US AID, TASIS, FAR and other international organizations, a number of social related laws and projects were developed and launched as well as the Social Services' Institute was established along with its territorial institutions, the "Paros" system was realized, to be able to organize and implement the process of providing socially vulnerable families with humanitarian aid or other addressed benefits. In October 1997, Bagoyan was elected the Head of Armenia's Consumer Companies Union Board; he took up a lot of transformation activities in the system reconstruction, democratization, making the economy meet the time requirements of the market relations, contributing to the development of economy in the country with the union's help. He had ruled the National Management Board (Armenia being the base country) of the project "Democracy and Development of Consumer Cooperation in the Caucasus Region", realized by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), Co-op Network Scandinavia Organizations and Olof Palme International Fund since 1999.

References

1948 births
2022 deaths
Labor and social affairs ministers of Armenia
Politicians from Baku
National Polytechnic University of Armenia alumni
20th-century Armenian politicians
Daniel N. Baker. Daniel N. Baker (born 1947) is an American space scientist. He is the Distinguished Professor of Astrophysical and Planetary Science at the University of Colorado Boulder and director of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. He received his B.A. from the University of Iowa in 1969 and his Ph.D. from the same institution in 1974. In 2010 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "leadership in studies, measurements, and predictive tools for the Earth's radiation environment and its impact on U.S. security." He has been an researcher for several NASA missions, such as MESSENGER and the Van Allen Probes, and he served as the chair of the committee that wrote the 2012 Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey.

See also
 Space weather
 Rare events

References

External links
 Faculty webpage

University of Iowa alumni
Living people
1947 births
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
American astrophysicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Zika Forest. The Zika (or Ziika) Forest () is a tropical forest near Entebbe in Uganda.  means 'overgrown' in the Luganda language. As the property of the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) of Entebbe, it is protected and restricted to scientific research.

The forest covers an area of about  next to the swamps of Waiya Bay, an inlet of Lake Victoria. Easily accessible and combining several ecosystems, the Zika Forest is well suited to the study of mosquitoes. According to the UVRI, the size of the research area of the forest is about . The forest has a rich biodiversity in plants and moths, and is home to about 40 species of mosquitoes. The UVRI also maintains an insectary for studying disease vectors.

The forest is also accessible to visitors for bird watching. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter once visited the forest for that purpose.

The Zika virus as well as the moths Sidisca zika and Milocera zika are named after the forest.

The Zika Forest is where the infected Aedes mosquito first spread Zika to rhesus monkeys, then spreading further to humans.

Mosquito studies
Investigations of mosquitoes at Zika started in 1946 as part of the study of human yellow fever at the Yellow Fever Research Institute (renamed East African Virus Research Institute in 1950, and then Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1977), established in Entebbe, Uganda in 1936 by the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1947, the Zika virus was isolated from a rhesus monkey stationed at Zika. In 1960, a 36.6-metre (120-ft) steel tower was moved from Mpanga Forest to Zika to study the vertical distribution of mosquitoes, allowing for a comprehensive study of the mosquito population in 1964. In that same year, the Zika virus was identified from a collected Aedes africanus sample. No routine mosquito collections were performed for about the next four decades, while human activities encroached on the forest. An updated mosquito collection finally took place in 2009 and 2010.

The name Zika has been made notorious by the Zika virus, involved in a growing number of outbreaks around the globe from 2007 onwards.

References

External links

 Zika Forest in Entebbe, Uganda
 CNN – Zika virus origin

Entebbe
Forests of Uganda
Zika virus
Tangail Government Polytechnic Institute. Tangail Polytechnic Institute () or (TPI) is a polytechnic institute in Tangail, Bangladesh established in 1991.

History 
Tangail Polytechnic Institute was established in 1991 with 40 students in the first year classes of diploma in engineering in Electrical technology. With growing demands of mid level technical manpower home and abroad the institute has since greatly expanded. The institute now offers courses in seven technologies.

Location 
The institute is located  north of Tangail center new bus terminal, eastern side of Tangail - Mymensingh road, in front of two other government offices Ban bhaban (Forest Department of Tangail) & B.A.D.C of Tangail zone.

Photo gallery

Department 
 Electrical
 Electronics
 Computer
 Construction
 Telecommunication
 Mechanical
 Civil

Directorates 
The institute operates under the executive control of the Ministry of Education acting through the Directorate of Technical Education. The academic programmes, curriculams are maintained under the regulation of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board.

References

External links 

 Official website

Government polytechnic institutes in Bangladesh
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Bangladesh
Tangail
Organisations based in Tangail
Universities and colleges in Tangail District
Fire urgency estimator in geosynchronous orbit. Fire urgency estimator in geosynchronous orbit (FUEGO) is a proposed method for early detection and evaluation of wildfires using a system of drones and satellites in geosyncronous orbit equipped with infrared sensors. Use of drones has been described as a potential problem due to Federal Aviation Administration's policy concerning use of airspace during fires.

The concept was published in the journal Remote Sensing. The research is led by Carlton Pennypacker who is an astrophysicist at UC Berkeley.

References

External links 
 Home page of the project

Wildfire prevention
Research projects
Satellite meteorology
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Applied and interdisciplinary physics