omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Balt Moor Wall. Balt Moor Wall is an earthwork and listed scheduled ancient monument in Lyng, Somerset, England, situated on the Somerset Levels to the northwest of the River Tone. The site contains the remains of a section of medieval causeway, which now forms a raised embankment between  and  wide and up to  high.

The structure, which English Heritage refers to as "a rare example of medieval engineering", appears to have been built to protect the Salt Moor from the flooding of the River Tone in the Athelney-Lyng gap.

History
The wall is first mentioned in a charter signed by King Stephen between 1135 and 1154, when monks from Athelney Abbey were reclaiming some of the land.

The original construction may date from the 9th century, but it is not clear whether this was intended to control the course of the River Tone, or as a causeway between the fortified sites at Lyng and the Isle of  Athelney. The Somerset Drainage Commission ordered the causeway to be encased in masonry in 1880. In 1996 the wall was tested for stability, during which medieval pottery was unearthed. Geophysical surveys were carried out in 1987 and 1993 with exploratory trenches being dug in 1996.

References

Scheduled monuments in Taunton Dene
Archaeological sites in Somerset
Walls in England
Wolf-class sloop. The Wolf class was a class of three sloops of wooden construction built for the Royal Navy during 1741–43. They were ordered in 1741, 1742 and 1743 respectively, and were the first to increase significantly in size from the 200 burthen tons which had been the normal size from 1728, to a larger 244 tons; they were to a common design prepared by Jacob Allin, the Master Shipwright at Deptford Dockyard (who was subsequently appointed in 1745 to share the post of Surveyor of the Navy). 

These were all built by contract with Thames-side shipbuilders, each at a fixed price of £1,793.8.0d (or £7.7.0d per ton for a nominal 244 burthen tons). After launching, each was fitted out at a Royal Dockyards - Wolf at Deptford at a cost of ££1,653.12.2d, Otter also at Deptford at a cost of £1,582.8.7d, and Grampus at Woolwich Dockyard at a cost of £1,838.13.10d. They were two-masted vessels carrying a snow rig. For the latter two vessels, the design was modified by the addition of 6 inches to their depth in hold.

Although initially armed with ten 4-pounder guns, this class was built with eight pairs of gunports on the upper deck (each port flanked by two pairs of row-ports), and the two survivors in 1744 had their ordnance increased to fourteen guns.

Vessels

References 

McLaughlan, Ian. The Sloop of War 1650–1763. Seaforth Publishing, 2014. .
Winfield, Rif. British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing, 2007. .

Sloop classes
Phoenix (1973). The Phoenix is a ship built by Davie Shipbuilding in Lévis, Quebec and launched as the trawler GC Bassin in 1973. Since then, her roles have included a research vessel and a training ship, before her current use by the Migrant Offshore Aid Station as a rescue vessel, rescuing people in distress at the Mediterranean Sea.

Background
The Phoenix was built by Davie Shipbuilding in Lévis, Quebec and launched as the trawler GC Bassin in 1973. Subsequently, she was given to Gorden-Pew fisheries. In 2002, she was renamed as NSS Pattam, before being given her current name in 2007. She has been previously used as a research vessel and training ship, before her current use as a rescue vessel.

Migrant Offshore Aid Station

On 25 August 2014, the NGO Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS) launched the Phoenix as a support vessel to aid vessels in distress in the Mediterranean Sea. Her inaugural mission continued until October 2014.

The Phoenix is based in Malta and funded by Christopher and Regina Catrambone, who were inspired by an appeal from Pope Francis and the Lampedusa shipwrecks in October 2013. She is equipped with two Schiebel Camcopter S-100 unmanned aerial vehicles, dinghies and other life-saving equipment together with paramedics with the aim of saving migrants, refugees and other people in distress at sea.

First mission
Her inaugural mission lasted from 25 August 2014 until October 2014. During her first mission, The ship responded to requests from local rescue coordination centres while cruising the Mediterranean. The running cost of the first mission was , the extent of the funder's budget.

On 4 October 2014, while en route to Pozzallo, Sicily the Phoenix rescued 106 migrants in a rubber dinghy.

On 19 October 2014, the Phoenix rescued 97 African migrants from the Gambia, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Niger, Mali, Sierra Leone and Benin who had been at sea for 12 hours, after receiving direction from rescue coordination centre in Rome.

On 20 October 2014, the Phoenix rescued 274  migrants, including 200 Syrians and Pakistanis from a 15-metre wooden boat off the coast of Italy.

The MOAS has helped to save 3000 migrants during its first mission.

Second mission
MOAS and the Catrambones are planning to spend the winter of 2014/15 fundraising to send the Phoenix on a second mission in 2015.

See also
Cap Anamur
Martin Xuereb

References

Ships built in Lévis
1973 ships
Ships of Belize
Joseph Nasmith. Joseph Nasmith (22 April 1850 – 8 December 1904) was a British consulting textile engineer, editor of the Textile Recorder and author, known for his work on the history and state of the art of the textile industry, particularly cotton spinning and cotton mill construction and engineering.

Biography 
Born in Manchester, Nasmith was educated as engineer at the Mechanics' Institutes in Manchester (later to become UMIST), and was apprentice at the machine factory of Henry Wren and John Hopkinson in Manchester.

Nasmith started his career in the industry, working in various parts of the country among others at the Portsmouth Dockyard. Eventually in 1890 he settled in Manchester as consulting engineer, specialized in the textile industry. Over the years he had gained extensive knowledge of the spinning and weaving industry and its origin. He also became editor of the "Textile Recorder," and wrote several articles and books on his speciality. In 1896 was also appointed Examiner in Cotton Spinning at the City and Guilds of London Institute.

Nasmith was member of The Manchester Association of Engineers, and was elected president in the year 1896/97. In 1889 he was appointed Associate of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, in 1894 Associate Members, and in 1897 full Member. He was Chairman of the Executive of the South Manchester Liberal Association.  

Nasmiths son, Frank Nasmith (1879-1949), took over the consulting business and the editorship and also became known as an eminent Textile Consulting Engineer.

Selected publications 
 1884. The students' cotton spinning by Joseph Nasmith. 
 1886. The growth of industries at home and abroad : a paper read before the Manchester Association of Engineers 13th November, 1886 by Joseph Nasmith.
 1888. Ring Spinning Machinery. 
 1890. Modern cotton spinning machinery, its principles and construction by Joseph Nasmith.
 1894. Recent cotton mill construction and engineering by Joseph Nasmith.

References

External links 

 
 Joseph Nasmith (1850-1904) 1905 Obituary

1850 births
1904 deaths
English non-fiction writers
English mechanical engineers
Engineers from Manchester
English male non-fiction writers
South Dakota Dept. of Transportation Bridge No. 49-095-190. South Dakota Dept. of Transportation Bridge No. 49-095-190 is a historic bridge in rural Miner County, South Dakota.   It carries a local road over Rock Creek, about  south and  west of Howard.  Built in 1917, it is the longest pre-1920 concrete slab bridge in the state.  Bridges from this time predate the standardization in the methods and use of concrete in bridge construction, and are relatively rare.  The bridge consists of a single span  in length, with a solid concrete parapet as a railing.  The concrete is suffering from spalling.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

See also
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Bridges completed in 1917
Buildings and structures in Miner County, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Miner County, South Dakota
Concrete bridges in the United States
Philip G. Hodge. Philip Gibson Hodge Jr. (November 9, 1920 – November 11, 2014) was an American engineer who specialized in mechanics of elastic and plastic behavior of materials. His work resulted in significant advancements in plasticity theory including developments in the method of characteristics, limit-analysis, piecewise linear isotropic plasticity, and nonlinear programming applications. Hodge was the technical editor of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Applied Mechanics from 1971-1976. From 1984 to 2000 he was the secretary of the U. S. National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, its longest serving Secretary. In 1949 he became assistant professor of Mathematics at UCLA, then moved on to become associate professor of applied mechanics at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1953, Professor of Mechanics at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1957, and professor of mechanics at the University of Minnesota in 1971, where he remained until he retired in 1991.  After retirement he was professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota and visiting professor emeritus at Stanford University.

Education
Philip Hodge received a BA in mathematics from Antioch College in 1943.  During World War II, he joined the US Merchant Marine, where he served throughout the war. Upon his return he earned a PhD from Brown University in Applied Mathematics in 1949, where he was a student of William Prager.

Awards
 2000 - ASME Daniel C. Drucker Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 1987 - ASME Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 1985 - Theodore von Karman Medal by the American Society of Civil Engineers
 1984 - Distinguished Service Award by the American Academy of Mechanics
 1983 - Euler Medal by the USSR Academy of Sciences
 1975 - Worcester Reed Warner Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Memberships and fellowships
 Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering elected in 1977

Books

Personal life
Married Thea D. Hodge (née Theresa E. Drell) in 1943 and they have three children: Susan Edith Hodge, Philip Tully Hodge, and Elizabeth Muriel Hodge Kelly.

Other Achievements
 1982 Twin Cities Marathon, Winner Master's Division Men 60-69

References

External links
 Personal Website: Philip Hodge's Personal Webpage: The Opera Nut
 Archive: University of Minnesota: Philip G Hodge Archive

1920 births
2014 deaths
American mechanical engineers
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
New York University faculty
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Stanford University faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Brown University alumni
Antioch College alumni
United States Merchant Mariners
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
ASME Medal recipients
Loch Bràigh Horrisdale. Loch Bràigh Horrisdale is a small, irregular shaped, freshwater loch in Wester Ross, in the north west of Scotland. The loch lies approximately  south southeast of the village of Badachro and is close to the Fairy Lochs.

An in-river hydro-electric scheme down-stream of the loch has been proposed.  As a result of this, an environmental assessment of the fish and fish habitat of the loch and its outflow was commissioned. The assessment was reported in 2014. A full EIA planning application for the 2MW scheme was lodged with Highland Council by Three Lochs Hydro Ltd on 28 July 2016.

The loch was surveyed on 6 August 1902 by T.N. Johnston and John Hewitt and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray's  Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

References

See also 
 List of lochs in Scotland

Braigh Horrisdale
Braigh
Disodium 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. Disodium 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate is an organic compound with the formula (O2NC6H3(SO3Na)CH)2. This salt is a common precursor to a variety of textile dyes and optical brighteners.

Preparation and reactions
The synthesis of disodium 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate begins with sulfonation of 4-nitrotoluene. This reaction affords 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid.  Oxidation of this species with sodium hypochlorite yields the disodium salt of 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid.   The product is useful as its reaction with aniline derivatives results in the formation of azo dyes.  Commercially important dyes derived from this compound include Direct Red 76, Direct Brown 78, and Direct Orange 40. Reduction gives 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, which is a common optical brightener.

History
Arthur Green and André Wahl first reported the formation of disodium 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate using sodium hypochlorite.

References

Benzenesulfonates
Nitrobenzene derivatives
Stilbenoids
Organic sodium salts
WAGR ASA class. The WAGR ASA class was a steam railcar operated between 1931 and about 1954 by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR).  In 1959, it was converted into track recording car ALT 88.  It was withdrawn from service in 1992 and sent to Boyanup Transport Museum for preservation.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Steam railcars of Western Australia
Passenger rail transport in Perth, Western Australia
A3 problem solving. A3 problem solving is a structured problem-solving and continuous-improvement approach, first employed at Toyota and typically used by lean manufacturing practitioners. It provides a simple and strict procedure that guides problem solving by workers. The approach typically uses a single sheet of ISO A3-size paper, which is the source of its name. More contemporary versions include the Systems-oriented A3 (or S-A3)

See also

 Analytical quality control
 Corrective and preventative action (CAPA)
 Eight Disciplines Problem Solving
 First article inspection (FAI)
 Ishikawa diagram
 Plan–do–check–act
 
 Root cause analysis
 Quality assurance
 Quality management framework
 Value stream mapping

Notes

References
 
 
 

Quality control tools
Rocket Madsen Space Lab. Rocket Madsen Space Lab (often called RML Spacelab) was a laboratory established by engineer and convicted murderer Peter Madsen on 16 July 2014 in Copenhagen, after he left Copenhagen Suborbitals.

Rocket Madsen Space Lab was located in the Horizontal Assembly Building (HAB) of the old B&W shipyard at Refshaleøen in Copenhagen. In this building Peter Madsen researched, developed and built rockets based on H2O2 / polyurethane hybrid engines.

In preparation was Flight Alpha, which was expected to reach an altitude of 14 km.

References

2014 establishments in Denmark
2018 disestablishments in Denmark
Aerospace companies of Denmark
Former research institutes
Peter Madsen
Research institutes established in 2014
Research institutes disestablished in 2018
Transport companies disestablished in 2018
Process qualification. Process qualification is the qualification of manufacturing and production processes to confirm they are able to operate at a certain standard during sustained commercial manufacturing. Data covering critical process parameters must be recorded and analyzed to ensure critical quality attributes can be guaranteed throughout production. This may include testing equipment at maximum operating capacity to show quantity demands can be met. Once all processes have been qualified the manufacturer should have a complete understanding of the process design and have a framework in place to routinely monitor operations. Only after process qualification has been completed can the manufacturing process begin production for commercial use. Equally important as qualifying processes and equipment is qualifying software and personnel. A well trained staff and accurate, thorough records helps ensure ongoing protection from process faults and quick recovery from otherwise costly process malfunctions. In many countries qualification measures are also required, especially in the pharmaceutical manufacturing field.

Process qualification should cover the following aspects of manufacturing:
 Facility
 Utilities
 Equipment
 Personnel
 End-to-end manufacturing
 Control protocols and monitoring software.

Process qualification is the second stage of process validation.

A vital component of process qualification is process performance qualification protocol. PPQ protocol is essential in defining and maintaining production standards within an organization.

See also 
 Installation qualification
 Design qualification
 Performance qualification
 Process validation

References

External links
 Drugregulations.org

Formal methods
Enterprise modelling
Business process management
Virtual metrology. In semiconductor manufacturing, virtual metrology refers to methods to predict the properties of a wafer based on machine parameters and sensor data in the production equipment, without performing the (costly) physical measurement of the wafer properties. Statistical methods such as classification and regression are used to perform such a task. Depending on the accuracy of this virtual data, it can be used in modelling for other purposes, such as predicting yield, preventative analysis, etc. This virtual data is helpful for modelling techniques that are adversely affected by missing data. Another option to handle missing data is to use imputation techniques on the dataset, but virtual metrology in many cases, can be a more accurate method.

Examples of virtual metrology include:
 the prediction of the silicon nitride () layer thickness in the chemical vapor deposition process (CVD), using multivariate regression methods;
 the prediction of critical dimension in photolithography, using multi-level and regularization approaches;
 the prediction of layer width in etching.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication
Industrial automation
Lithography (microfabrication)
Metrology
WAGR AI class. The WAGR AI class was a petrol-driven railmotor or railcar operated between 1935 and 1949 by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR).

Officially designated as a petrol coach, it was built at the Midland Railway Workshops in 1935.

Chassis and powertrain
The railcar was based on a Dodge K 32 truck chassis purchased from Winterbottom Motor Co in Perth, Western Australia.  It had a four-wheeled bogie at the front end, and a drive axle at the rear.  Powered by a 25 hp 6-cylinder in-line petrol engine, it was equipped with a four speed bidirectional gearbox, and could reach speeds of up to  in each direction.  Its fuel capacity was .

Payload
The railcar's maximum payload was eight passengers and  of freight.

Service history
The WAGR built the railcar specifically to provide a service on the very lightly trafficked Port Hedland–Marble Bar railway in the Pilbara.  Upon completion, it was shipped to Port Hedland aboard the MV Koolinda. It was issued to traffic in October 1935, as WAGR fleet number 432.

In 1937, the WAGR placed its railcars into classes, and no. 432 was classified as the AI class.  It remained in service through World War II, but was sold to the State Saw Mills in 1949.  Its ultimate fate is not known

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Petrol railcars of Western Australia
Active Robots. Active Robots is a British company which sells robotics kits, components, accessories and parts.

History
Active Robots was founded in 2002 and incorporated in 2003 by Antony Lovedale and his wife, Maggie. The company has over 3000 product lines.

Active Robots acquired Total Robots in 2009.

In 2013, the company created Active8 Robots, which provides robotic research technology to universities in the United Kingdom and Europe with the Baxter research robot and Nao humanoid robot.

Educational outreach

Primary and secondary
Active Robots has been involved in education in the United Kingdom for over 10 years. They have coordinated with education providers such as EDT to promote STEM enrichment. Events such as "Lego Robot Wars" and "Robot Gladiators" have been held in partnership with local educators. Active Robots has been called the best provider of robotics in education by the blog Total Education. Part of their outreach work has focused on primary school children, particularly girls, introducing them to robotics and engineering at a young age. Over 200 schools worldwide are using the Nao robot.

Higher education
The Baxter robot is being used in university research and teaching in the UK. At least 15 universities in the UK have used the Baxter robot.

Press
Active Robots products have appeared on The Graham Norton Show, Gadget Man, The Gadget Show and ITV's Daybreak.

See also
Robotics
Educational robotics

References

Robotics companies of the United Kingdom
Scholes Library. Scholes Library is a special academic library located at Alfred University that serves the New York State College of Ceramics, Inamori School of Engineering, as well as for the greater international arts and sciences research community. The library has an extensive collection of materials on ceramic art, science, engineering and technology, as well as extensive holdings in photography, sculpture, art history, glass art, electronic media and other areas of art and design. A Special Collections room houses original theses, rare books and artists' books. Other facilities include a 24-hour study room; an extensive slide library; audiovisual and computer data projection facilities for individual or group use; and original documents and photographs in the archives.

Scholes Library is located at Alfred University, in Alfred, New York and is named for renowned glass scientist and educator, Samuel R. Scholes. It was formally established in 1947 to support the curriculum and research programs of the New York State College of Ceramics. Today, Scholes Library serves as an international resource. From its humble beginnings as the “New York State School of Clay Working and Ceramics” to the college’s present status as a leader in materials research, and fine arts education, a trail of documents and artifacts are collected and made available to researchers throughout the world. According to their website, their current holdings include 100,000 bound volumes, 60,000 government research reports, 160,000 slides, and a variety of other materials.

Special Collections 

Scholes Library, Special Collections has rare and unique materials that include original College graduate theses and dissertations, signed copies of publications by College faculty, and a collection of Artists’ Books, and visual art. It is located directly across from their Circulation Desk and is available for viewing specified materials when a Reference Librarian is on duty only. Their hours are always subject to change and all patrons and visitors to Special Collections are required to register before accessing the collection.

References

External links

Libraries in New York (state)
Alfred University