omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic warfare. Hydraulic warfare (HW) is the use of water from reservoirs, rivers, canals, and other water features to impede the operations of an opposing force. This may involve breaching dams and rerouting watercourses. It can be used to impede the advance of an attacker or to reduce the resources and tactical options for defenders. The technique has been used to create "devastating floods, isolate troops, cut off supply lines, hinder river crossings, and disrupt military timetables".

History 
Between the years 1500 and 2000, some 1/3 of floods in the Netherlands southwest were deliberately caused during wartime. The tactic was typically ineffective, and had damaged the land and local population.

In 1938, China breached the dikes of the Yellow River to slow the advance of Japanese forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The flood  became known as the largest such act in history.

HW was used by Finland and the USSR during World War II. British forces destroyed the Moehne and Edersee Dams in Western Germany to cut off the supply of water, power, river navigation, and flood protection to the Nazi regime. The breach of the Moehne dam unleashed a flood of 310,000 cfs, costing 1,200 lives. Bridges were washed out for 30 miles below the dam, and two power plants were submerged. The destruction of the Edersse dam produced similar flows and damaged infrastructure all the way to the Mittelland canal. Navigation was also disrupted as no water was available to stabilize the level of water in the river. Germany struck again by flooding the Pontine marshes in Italy, slowing the advance of Allied forces. Germany also flooded the Ay and Ill rivers in France and the Rur river in Germany.

German forces flooded the Liri, Garigliano, and Rapido Rivers in Italy in early 1944. The Garigliano flood disrupted a British crossing, with knock-on effects on the Battle of Monte Cassino. Conversely, the Germans dammed up the Rapido river below an attempted crossing, creating a quagmire and delaying the operation.

The term originated in the 1950s, with the US Army Corps of Engineers.

In 2022 and 2023, the appearance of flooded areas indicated the use of HW during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

References

External links 

 

Warfare by type
Russo-Ukrainian War
Di-tert-butoxyacetylene. Di-tert-butoxyacetylene is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)3COC≡COC(CH3)3. It is a pale yellow liquid. It is one of the more common dialkoxyacetylenes; most other dialkoxyacetylenes are very labile, for example, dimethoxyacetylene polymerizes within seconds at 0 °C. Di-tert-butoxyacetylene can be prepared from 1,4-dioxane in a multistep procedure.

References

Tert-butyl compounds
Alkyne derivatives
Flamborough Group. The Flamborough sixth rates were basically repeats of the Maidstone Group and designed and built by Richard Stacey, Master Shipwright of Woolwich. Two vessels were ordered. Their armament was similar as were the dimensions of the vessels. They were constructed between 1706 and 1708.

Design and specifications
The construction of the vessels was assigned Woolwich dockyard. As with most vessels of this time period only order and launch dates are available. The dimensional data listed here Flamborough, whereas Squirrel will be listed in her article. The  gundeck was  with a keel length of  for tonnage calculation. The breadth would be  for tonnage with a depth of hold of . The tonnage calculation would be .

The gun armament as established in 1703 would be twenty 6-pounder cannon mounted on wooden trucks on the upper deck with four 4-pounder guns on the quarterdeck.

Ships of the Flamborough Group

Notes

Citations

References
 Winfield 2009, British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2009, EPUB , Chapter 6, The Sixth Rates, Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660, Purchased Vessels (1706), Aldborough
 Winfield 2007, British Warships in the Age of Sail (1714 – 1792), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2007, EPUB , Chapter 6, Sixth Rates, Sixth Rates of 20 or 24 guns, Vessels in Service at 1 August 1714, Purchased Vessels (1706), Aldborough
 Colledge, Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020, EPUB , Section A (Aldborough)

Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Ships of the Royal Navy
Brendan Owens. Brendan Owens is an American engineer who had served as assistant secretary of defense for energy, installations, and environment in the Biden administration. Owens was confirmed to the post on January 23, 2023, by a Senate vote of 60–35, and sworn in on January 26, 2023.

Education 
Owens earned a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Purdue University.

Career 
From 1997 to 2002, Owens worked as an engineer for SpecPro Inc., an engineering firm based in San Antonio. From 2002 to 2019, he was the vice president of the U.S. Green Building Council for LEED technical development. Since 2019, he has worked as the chief of innovation for ecountabl, a technology company. He is also a principal at Black Vest Strategy, a consulting firm.

References 

Living people
American civil engineers
Engineers from Virginia
Purdue University alumni
Biden administration personnel
United States Department of Defense officials
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
1984–85 Lehigh Engineers men's basketball team. The 1984–85 Lehigh Engineers men's basketball team represented Lehigh University during the 1984–85 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Engineers, led by head coach Tom Schneider, played their home games at Stabler Arena and were members of the East Coast Conference. They finished the season 12–19, 6–8 in ECC play to finish in sixth place in the conference.

Following the regular season, Lehigh surprisingly won the ECC tournament to earn the conference's automatic bid into the 1985 NCAA tournament. This was the program's first NCAA Tournament appearance. As the 16 seed in the East region, they fell to No. 1 seed and eventual National runner-up Georgetown in the opening round.

After the season, Coach Schneider left the program to take the head coaching job at Penn. Schneider was replaced by assistant coach Fran McCaffery.

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| ECC Tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style=| 1985 NCAA tournament

References

Lehigh Mountain Hawks men's basketball seasons
Lehigh
Lehigh
1984 in sports in Pennsylvania
1985 in sports in Pennsylvania
Venture 22. The Venture 22 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Roger MacGregor as a cruiser and first built in 1968.

The Venture 22 and the similar MacGregor 22 were developed into the Venture 222 in 1971.

Production
The design was built by MacGregor Yacht Corporation in the United States, from 1968 until 1971, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Venture 22 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a slightly angled transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable swing keel. The design is equipped with a "pop-top" to increase cabin headroom. It has positive foam flotation making it unsinkable. The boat displaces  and carries  of lead ballast,  of which is in the keel.

The boat has a draft of  with the keel extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for five people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, drop-down dinette table that forms a small double berth on the starboard side of the main cabin and an aft quarter berth on the port side. The galley is located on the port side just aft of the bow cabin. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove and a sink. The head is located in the bow cabin on the port side under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is  or  with the pop-top open.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 258 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "here is a vessel designed to satisfy the Great American public's desire for a simple, low cost sailboat big enough  to cruise a family of four (or five in a pinch), at least for a weekend. The hull walls are thin, the hardware is so-so, but the boat does not pretend to be a 'yacht' (despite the word 'yacht' in the name of the manufacturer), and the formula worked. As early as 1970 the company's ads said 'There are more Ventures sold than any other cruising sailboat. The price is low. The trailer is your mooring. And ... the wind is free.' Best features: Very shallow draft plus a low-slung trailer, sold with the boat, that makes launching and retrieving as easy as it gets. A fold-down poptop and button-on canvas weather curtains provide interior space with 6' 1" headroom when at anchor or when sailing in a light breeze. Foam flotation under the cockpit and the forward V-berth make the boat unsinkable despite the weight of her 460 pound swing keel. And we like the dinette, which converts to a so-called 'double' about 3' 4" wide and barely 6' long. Worst features: Did I mention cheap construction? Well you can't have everything."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Roger MacGregor
Sailboat types built by the MacGregor Yacht Corporation
Daxin (spyware). Daxin is a backdoor exploit discovered in late 2021 by Symantec researchers. It is considered highly sophisticated and is suspected to have been operational in espionage operations by the Chinese government for over a decade, targeting government agencies in Asia and Africa. It can be controlled from anywhere in the world, and its creators reportedly invested significant effort to make its communication blend in with network traffic.

Daxin comes in the form of a Windows kernel driver and exhibits technical sophistication previously unseen from such actors. It implements advanced communications functionality that provides a high degree of stealth and permits the attackers to communicate with infected computers on highly secured networks. Daxin is capable of hijacking legitimate TCP/IP connections, exchanging digital keys with a remote peer, and opening encrypted communication channels for receiving commands and sending information back to the remote source.

Daxin's capabilities suggest the attackers invested significant effort into developing communication techniques that can blend in unseen with normal network traffic on the target's network. The malware can be controlled from anywhere in the world, and its creators reportedly made considerable effort to ensure its communication blends in with network traffic.

References  

Spyware
Common trojan horse payloads
Computer network security
Rogue security software
Security breaches
Deception
Skyway Park. Skyway Park is a  park being developed in Jersey City, New Jersey on the Hackensack River, partly under the Pulaski Skyway, from which it takes its name. The brownfield land was the site of the PJP Landfill. It is a component of the Hackensack River Greenway, a linear park along the banks of the river and Newark Bay.

Brownfield site
The United States Environmental Protection Agency declared the parcel at the PJP Landfill a Superfund site in 1982 and the landfill was capped in 1985.

In 2008, AMB Corporation bought approximately  of the site. This property was to be capped and a warehouse constructed, while the rest of the property owned by AMB would be turned into greenspace. The Remedial Action Construction began in 2008. It has been redeveloped, and is home to a warehouse and a walkway. The remaining portion of the site is managed by Waste Management of New Jersey, Inc. and CWM Chemical Services, LLC (collectively “CCS”), which are responsible for a multi-layer, modified solid waste cap, wetlands reconstruction and enhancement efforts, and environmental monitoring.

Location and design
Initially introduced as Marion Greenway Park, the project first received funding in 2009.
The park is in the Marion Section on the West Side of the city between U.S. Route 1/9 Truck and the Hackensack River, north of Lincoln Park, with which it has the potential to be connected as part of the Hackensack River Greenway project.

Covid memorial
The park will include one of the first memorials in North America for victims of the coronavirus pandemic. The site will have one tree planted for each Jersey City resident who died of the disease. Construction has been delayed by the environmental approval process.

References

External links 
Skyway Park Conservancy
Jersey City Park System
https://jcitytimes.com/the-man-who-conquered-smoke-fire-and-25000-barrels-of-toxic-waste/

Parks in Hudson County, New Jersey
Geography of Jersey City, New Jersey
COVID-19 pandemic monuments and memorials
NASM-SR. NASM–SR or Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Short Range is a helicopter launched anti-ship missile being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation for the Indian Navy. It is the first indigenous air launched anti-ship cruise missile developed for the Indian Navy. The missile is manufactured by Adani Defence & Aerospace.

NASM-SR features Lock On After Launch (LOAL) with automatic target selection. The missile can strike on an elevated trajectory in addition to using its sea skimming capability. It supports fire-and-forget operation in all weather conditions, day or night. Re-targeting is available through datalink while in flight.

Development
Since 1980s, the Indian Navy has been using Sea Eagle anti-ship missile on its Westland Sea King Mk.42B multipurpose helicopter. The NASM-SR is intended as a replacement for the Sea Eagle missile which restricted flight range and increased take-off weight. The development of NASM-SR was made public for the first time in 2018 by the then Minister of Defence Nirmala Sitharaman. Fund of ₹434.06 crore for the development was also allocated in the same year. The design and specifications of the new missile was revealed at the DefExpo 2020. The specification showed Mach 0.8 capable air launched anti-ship missile with a range of 55 km. The missile has an Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) seeker immune to jamming, state-of-the-art navigation system and integrated avionics.

The NASM-SR can be easily adapted to launch from ships and land-based vehicles. DRDO is speculated to be developing a long range version of it for attacking land targets. As the Sea King Helicopters are being phased out, the NASM-SR will be equipped on Indian Navy's newly acquired MH-60R naval helicopters.

Testing

Indian Navy successfully carried out the first test of the missile from a Sea King Mk.42B helicopter on 18 May 2022. On maiden test firing, NASM-SR demonstrated its sea skimming capability and approaches the target at 5m above the sea level. The maiden test was successful, and the missile is said to have reached the designated target with high degree of accuracy. It validated the control, guidance and mission algorithms.

DRDO conducted second successful trial of NASM-SR on 21 November 2023 in collaboration with Indian Navy.

See also

 Sea Killer / Marte
 Sea Venom (missile)
 Sea Eagle (missile)

References

External links
General:
 Technology Focus : Ammunition Systems and Warhead Technologies, Defence Research and Development Organisation

Guided missiles
Anti-ship missiles of India
Peter Nellist. Peter David Nellist is a British physicist and materials scientist, currently a professor in the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford. He is noted for pioneering new techniques in high-resolution electron microscopy.

Early life and career

Nellist gained his B.A. (1991), M.A. (1995) and Ph.D (1996) from St John's College, Cambridge, and studied at the Cavendish Laboratory with John Rodenburg, before taking up post-doctoral research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee with ex-Cavendish researcher Stephen Pennycook. Eighteen months later, Nellist returned to Cambridge on a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, which he transferred to the University of Birmingham. He left academia for four years to work for another ex-Cambridge microscopy pioneer, Ondrej Krivanek, at Nion, his newly formed company in Seattle. Nellist then returned to Trinity College Dublin and finally to the University of Oxford, where he became Joint Head of the Department of Materials in 2019.

Scientific research

Nellist's research focuses on scanning transmission electron microscopy and its use in materials science. In particular, he is noted for work on electron ptychography, quantitative image interpretation, and the development of corrective electron microscope lenses, which he describes as "like spectacles for a microscope". 

In the mid-1990s, working with John Rodenburg at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, he helped to devise new ways of improving the resolution of both scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes.

In 1998, working with Stephen Pennycook of ORNL, he recorded "the highest resolution microscope images ever made of crystal structures". Six years later, Nellist, Pennycook, and colleagues at ORNL produced the first images of atoms in a crystal on sub-Angstrom scales by using a new technique to correct the optical aberrations in a scanning transmission electron microscope.

Achievements and awards

Nellist has won many awards, including the 2007 Burton Medal from the Microscopy Society of America for "an exceptional contribution to microscopy", the 2013 Ernst Ruska Prize from the German Electron Microscopy Society for the development of confocal electron microscopy, the 2013 Birks Award from the Microbeam Analysis Society, and the 2016 and 2020 European Microscopy Society prizes for best published paper in materials science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2020. He is the vice-president of the Royal Microscopical Society (of which he was also made an Honorary Fellow in 2020) and a board member of the European Microscopy Society.

Selected publications

Books

Scientific papers

References

External links
 
 Seeing is Believing: How observing atoms in the electron microscope helps develop tomorrow's materials: A schools outreach talk by Peter Nellist explaining his work on electron microscopy.

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Royal Society
British materials scientists
Microscopists
English physicists
Avión Torpedo. The Avión Torpedo was a liquid-propelled rocket-powered aircraft project designed by Pedro Paulet in 1902. Paulet would spend decades attempting to achieve funding for the project throughout Europe and Latin America, but found no donors.

Design and development 
Peruvian Pedro Paulet developed a liquid-propellant rocket engine in 1895. In 1902, he designed the Avión Torpedo, a liquid-propellant rocket-powered aircraft that featured a canopy fixed to a delta tiltwing. Paulet's concept of using liquid-propellant was decades ahead of rocket engineers at the time who utilized black powder as a propellant.

In popular culture 

 The Avión Torpedo was featured in a Google Doodle to commemorate the birthday of Pedro Paulet in 2011

References

Bibliography 

Rocket-powered aircraft
Venture 222. The Venture 222 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Roger MacGregor as a cruiser and first built in 1971.

The Venture 222 was developed from the 1968 Venture 22. The MacGregor 22 is also  similar.

Production
The design was built by MacGregor Yacht Corporation in the United States, from 1971 until 1982, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Venture 222 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a slightly angled transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable swing keel. The design is equipped with a "pop-top" to increase cabin headroom. It has positive foam flotation making it unsinkable. The boat displaces  and carries  of iron ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the keel extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for five people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, drop-down dinette table that forms a small double berth on the starboard side of the main cabin and an aft quarter berth on the port side. The galley is located on the port side just aft of the bow cabin and is equipped with a two-burner stove and a sink. The head is located in the bow cabin on the starboard side under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is  or  with the pop-top open.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 258 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel noted that the boat has "cheap construction".

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts 
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Roger MacGregor
Sailboat types built by the MacGregor Yacht Corporation
Kenneth Sandhage. Kenneth H. Sandhage is an American engineer.

Sandhage studied metallurgical engineering at Purdue University, completing his degree in 1981. He pursued a doctoral degree in ceramics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Upon completing his doctorate in 1986, Sandhage began working for Corning Glass Works as a senior scientist. In 1988, he moved to an equivalently titled role at the American Superconductor Corporation. Sandhage began his teaching career in 1991 as an assistant professor at Ohio State University. He was promoted to associate professor in 1995 and became a full professor in 2000. Sandhage joined the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2003. Two years later, he was appointed to a B. Mifflin Hood Professorship. In 2015, Sandgage was named to a Reilly Professorship in Materials Engineering at Purdue.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Ohio State University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Corning Inc.
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Purdue University alumni
Purdue University faculty
Georgia Tech faculty
Lagos State Ministry of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Relations. During the first term of Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu's administration in 1999, the Ministry of Special Duties and Inter-Governmental Relations was created from the Governor's Office's political and General Administration Office.

Job creation department was later added to the Ministry in August 2004, from 2006 to 2010, the Ministry was in charge of the defunct Eko Engineering Ventures Limited, which was entrusted to a private public partnership office for re-engineering into a car workshop and skills acquisition center in collaboration with a recognized private enterprise.

The Ministry's jurisdiction was expanded further with the establishment of the Lagos State Emergency Management Agency (LASEMA) and safety commissions, both of which are responsible for responding to and preventing disasters in the state and are under the Ministry's direct supervision.

Vision 
Safety manager focused on strategic thinking and planning within a robust Research and Development Environment where safety will be a culture between the government and essential stakeholders.

Mission 
To effectively arm and build suitable synergy between the Ministry of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Relations, MDAs, key stakeholders, and the general public in order to create a safe and disaster-free environment through the use of Innovation, Research, and Development.

References

Politics of Lagos State