omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide. The Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide (EDA-R) is a class of French roll-on/roll-off catamaran landing craft (L-CAT) operated by the French and Egyptian navies. They transport vehicles, cargo and personnel from s to shore.

Design and development

Concept design of the EDA-R began in 2000 at Constructions industrielles de la Méditerranée (CNIM) then was abandoned in 2003 and relaunched in 2008 with the full-scale Landing Catamaran (L-Cat). During the development stage, one prototype was built by Gamelin Shipyard and tested during an autonomous transfer from Saint-Malo to the Military port of Toulon. On 14 October 2008, the prototype of the L-Cat beached on the shores of Toulon. In March 2010, it offloaded a 54-ton Leclerc main battle tank at Toulon.

According to CNIM the craft delivers the performance of an aircushion landing craft but at the cost of a conventional landing craft. Four units have been purchased and were presented to the French Navy in January 2011.

In October 2016, CNIM revealed a new variant called L-CAT shore-to-shore, designed for smaller navies that do not have larger amphibious ships to deploy landing craft from. It has a bigger hull to accommodate more personnel and provide improved seakeeping, with an expanded length of  and beam of , with seating increased from 40 to 54.  The L-CAT shore-to-shore can carry enough fuel to travel  without payload, or  with a 100-ton payload, and be able to move at  empty and  with a full load.  Because of its potential to operate independently, it is fitted with the LYNCEA naval mission management system, and can be mounted with various features such as two unmanned 20 mm guns or a towed array system providing submarine detection capabilities.

Operators

 French Navy (4 units)

 Egyptian Navy (February 2015: 2 units)

Specifications (EDA-R)

Source: Naval-Technology Fact File
Builder: Socarenam
Date Deployed: June 2011
Propulsion:
 Four MTU Friedrichshafen 12V2000 M92 Diesel engines 1220 kW
 Four Wärtsilä Pump-jets
Length: 30 metres (98 feet 43 inches)
Beam: 12.8 metres (42 feet)
Displacement: 285 metric tons
Speed:  with full load,  maximum speed,  platform lowered.
Range: 400 nautical miles
Crew: 8
Load: 80 tons (110 tons overload in lighter mode)
Military lift: cargo platform 126m² and 80 tons.
Armament: two 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns.
Radar:

See also
 Landing Craft Air Cushion
 Lebed-class LCAC
 Type 726 LCAC
 Solgae-class LCAC
 Tsaplya-class LCAC
 Zubr-class LCAC

References

External links

 EDA-R specifications on Naval-Technology.org 
 3D animation of the EDA-R

Landing craft
Amphibious warfare vessels of the French Navy
2011 ships
Ship classes of the French Navy
List of Pakistani aircraft. This is a list of all the aircraft either partially or fully indigenously developed by Pakistan.

Manned fighter aircraft
 JF-17 Thunder
 F-16A/B Falcon Fighter
 Mirage IIIR
 Mirage-VR

Trainer aircraft
 MFI-17 Mushshak
 MFI-395 Super Mushshak
 K-8 Karakorum

Unmanned aircraft
 NESCOM Burraq
 GIDS Shahpar
 GIDS Uqab
 SATUMA Jasoos

Military equipment of Pakistan
Aircraft manufactured in Pakistan
Pakistan
Ship Security Reporting System. The Ship Security Reporting System (SSRS) is a counter piracy system that has been developed to combat the increasing instances of hijack and ransom on cargo ships predominantly occurring in the Gulf of Aden and around the Horn of Africa.

Before the development of SSRS, commercial shipping was reliant on the Ship Security Alerting System (SSAS) that contributes to the International Maritime Organization’s initiative to improve maritime security through the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention and, more recently, through the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS).

The SSRS builds on the Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) that exists on most cargo and passenger ships over 300 gross tons flagged to SOLAS contracting governments by linking the SSAS to naval forces responsible for maritime security in a specific area. The SSRS continually monitors ship security alerts and transmits critical data to participating Naval Operations Centres. The NOC alerts the nearest naval vessel, thus initiating an almost immediate military response.

See also
International Registries
International Maritime Organization
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
ISPS
Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT)
GMDSS
Ship Security Alert System

References

External links
 Ship Security Reporting System (SSRS)

Emergency communication
Law of the sea
Maritime communication
Rescue equipment
Piracy in the Indian Ocean
Anti-piracy
Robotics Certification Standards Alliance. The Robotics Certification Standards Alliance (RCSA) is a global company that has been actively providing robotics curricula, training, online testing systems and certification since 1998.

RCSA first started with partnerships with Motoman and Private Career Colleges in Canada. The partnerships grew to have included  ABB, Motoman and Panasonic. In 2006, RCSA was invited to join the American Welding Society (AWS) D16 committee to provide robotics and testing expertise in the development of America's first robotic welding exam (CRAW). RCSA accepted this challenge and worked alongside Lincoln Electric Automation, ABB and Wolf Robotics to develop the details and procedures of the CRAW which was launched in June 2008.

In 2009 the RCSA redesigned the AWS CRAW course to fit the needs of a global market. This International Robotic Welding Certification (Certified Robotic Welder - CRW) was developed and launched early 2010.

History 
 Organization founded in 1996 by Dan Thompson
 Certified Industrial Robotics Programmer (CIRP) course was established in 1999
 Industrial Partnerships with Motoman and Panasonic were formed in 1999
 Industrial Partnerships with ABB formed in 2006
 Assisted in the design and delivery of the Certified Robotic Arc Welder (CRAW) certification for the American Welding Society (AWS) in 2006
 Certified Robotic Welder Technician (CRWT) exam in development with the Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB) - Projected release early 2010
 Partnered with Embedded Training Companies (RoboticsWares & Robotech Labs) from India in 2010.
 Currently working on Projects in Korea, China, Mexico and USA.

Industrial robotic certifications 
The RCSA delivers certification exams, manufacturer hands-on training programs, and products and services to provide members with the ability to keep current by updating their knowledge and / or certifying them with new skills.

Recently the RCSA has crossed over from industrial to the robotics fields of Embedded, Unmanned Land/Air/Sea Vehicles, Autonomous and Vision robots. This cross over has already solidified partners in India now delivering certification to Embedded training and workshops being offered by several companies.

Current partners
 Panasonic
 Motoman
 Robar Training Specialists
 Roboticwares
 RoboTech Labs
 Zaib Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

References and sources

External links
 Official Robotics Certification Standards Alliance (RCSA) Website

Robotics organizations
Organizations established in 1998
Condor-class gunvessel. The Condor-class gunvessel was a class of four Royal Navy composite gunvessels of 3 guns, built between 1876 and 1877. They were all hulked or sold before 1893, giving them an active life of less than 15 years.

Construction

Design
Designed by Nathaniel Barnaby, the Royal Navy Director of Naval Construction, the hull was of composite construction; that is, iron keel, frames, stem and stern posts with wooden planking.

Propulsion
They were fitted with three boilers, a 2-cylinder horizontal compound expansion steam engine and a single screw. Griffon and Falcon were engined by Laird Brothers and had a feathering propeller. Flamingo and Condor were engined by John Elder & Co, and all ships had a designed 
, developing about  under power.

Sail plan
The class was rigged with three masts, with square rig on the fore- and main-masts, making them barque-rigged vessels.

Armament
The ships of the class were fitted with a 7-in (4½-ton) muzzle-loading rifle and two 64-pounder (64cwt) muzzle-loading rifles, except for Flamingo, which had two 20-pounder breech-loaders in place of one of the 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifles.  In 1884 Flamingo and Griffon were rearmed with two 5-in Vavasseur breech loaders replacing the 7-in muzzle-loading rifle.

Ships

References

External links

 
 C
Gunboat classes
Ponte Eiffel. Ponte Eiffel is a multi-level road–rail bridge crossing the Lima River in Viana do Castelo, Portugal. It was designed by Gustave Eiffel.

The structure is a candidate to the classification as a National Monument.

See also
List of bridges in Portugal

References

Further reading

Bridges in Viana do Castelo District
Lima River
Buildings and structures in Viana do Castelo
Pacific Marine Energy Center. Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC), formerly known as the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC), is a partnership between Oregon State University, the University of Washington, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Oregon State University focuses on wave energy. University of Washington focuses on tidal energy. The three universities collaborate with each other on research, education, outreach, and engagement.

Partners in PMEC include: 
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
 Public Utility District of Snohomish County No. 1
 BioSonics, Inc.
 Electric Power Research Institute
 Verdant Power
 Pacific Northwest Economic Region
 Sound & Sea Technology
 National Marine Fisheries Service
 Washington Department of Ecology

References

External links
 Pacific Marine Energy Center
 PMEC - OSU website
 PMEC - UW website

Science and technology in the United States
Renewable energy organizations based in the United States
Wave power
Tidal power
Science and technology in Oregon
Science and technology in Washington (state)
Type U 87 submarine. Type 87 was a class of U-boats built during World War I by the Kaiserliche Marine.

Design
Type 87 U-boats carried 16 torpedoes and had various arrangements of deck guns. U 87 and U 89 had one 10.5 cm/45 and one 8.8 cm deck gun, U 88 was probably equally armed. U 90 - U 92 were armed with one 10.5 cm/45 gun (140-240 rounds).

They carried a crew of 36 and had excellent seagoing abilities with a cruising range of approximately . Many arrangements from the Type 81, 87, and 93 were also seen on the World War II Type IX U-boats when their design work took place 20 years later.

Compared to the previous type 81, the 87s were  shorter, while the pressure hull was shortened . They were  slower on the surface, and  slower submerged, but increased range by  to  at 8 knots. They carried 16 torpedoes instead of 12. As with the previous type, there was a mixture of guns. Crew size was increased by 1 to 36.

Compared to the following type 93, the 87s were  shorter, with the pressure hull  shorter and 105 tons lighter. Their range was  longer, but speed was  slower on the surface and unchanged submerged.

Service history
Type 87 boats were responsible for sinking 2.218% of all allied shipping sunk during the war, taking a total of 284,961 combined tons. They also damaged 36,595 combined tons.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links 

Submarine classes
World War I submarines of Germany
German Type U 87 submarines
Breda CC.20. The Breda CC.20 was an Italian heavy bomber prototype of 1929 designed and built by the Breda company.

Design and development
Ing Gaetano Crocco and Ing Giulio Cesare Costanzi designed the CC.20 -- "CC" for the surnames of the two engineers—which was Bredas first monoplane bomber. The seven-seat trimotor mid-wing monoplane CC.20 was powered by three  Isotta Fraschini Asso 500 engines and had a powerful defensive armament of one  cannon and seven  machine guns.

The CC.20 prototype first flew in 1929 and test flights showed it to be very slow with a short range; Breda abandoned the project.

Operators

Specifications

1920s Italian bomber aircraft
CC.020
Trimotors
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite. Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite is an Indian advanced reconnaissance satellite, being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation  (DRDO). It will be India's first officially declared dedicated spy satellite and is expected to be in orbit, tentatively, by 2014.  This satellite will help Indian intelligence agencies to significantly boost surveillance of terror camps in neighbouring countries.

Utilisation
The CCI-Sat will be able to capture images, eaves drop on communication (for example, a conversation between two satellite phones) and perform surveillance. It will be equipped with a synthetic aperture radar to take high-resolution images of target regions. The cost of the satellite is expected to be around ₹ 100 crore (around US$25 million). ISRO will contribute towards the satellite's design and development and the Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) will be responsible for manufacturing the payload.
According to DLRL Director G Boopathy, the CCI-Sat is an essential component of the initiative taken by the Government of India to further develop the electronic warfare capabilities of the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force,

Description
According to Bhoopathy, the CCI-Sat would orbit Earth at an altitude of 500 km and provide surveillance and monitoring regions in proximity to India and passing on surveillance data to India intelligence agencies. Bhoopathy also added that India's defense doctrine would continue to develop assets in space and that the equipping for electronic warfare from space was a major goal of the Government of India.

Future plans
This satellite will also be a test bed for future technology. Similar in line with Cartosats, the satellite can be steered up to high degrees along, as well as across, the track, with one end-objective of providing an agile platform to field cutting edge technology developed from previous experience gained by India's extensive remote sensing and TES satellite programs.

See also
RISAT-2
Cartosat-2
Cartosat-2A
Cartosat-2B
Cartosat-3
Technology Experiment Satellite
List of Indian satellites

References

Space programme of India
Reconnaissance satellites
Synthetic aperture radar satellites
CPU (disambiguation). CPU is a computer's central processing unit.

CPU may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Carboxypeptidase B2, a human enzyme
 Critical Patch Update, software updates in Oracle products such as Oracle Database and Java

Organisations
 Caribbean Postal Union, an association of postal (post office) administrators in the Caribbean region
 Central Philippine University
 Central Policy Unit, a head advisory unit to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong
 Central Police University, a police academy in Taiwan
 China Pharmaceutical University
 Clark Public Utilities, a public electric and water utility located in Clark County, Washington
 Columbia Pacific University,  former unaccredited distance learning school in California
 Commonwealth Press Union, an association of newspapers and news agencies
 Communist Party of Ukraine
 Computer Professionals' Union, an organization of information and technology professionals, practitioners, and workers in the Philippines
 Contract postal unit, any contracted affiliate of the United States Postal Service
 Conférence des Présidents d'Université, an organization of university presidents in France

Other uses
 Console Patron Units, the goddesses in Hyperdimension Neptunia
 China Pharmaceutical University station, one of the terminal stations of Nanjing Metro Line 1.
IEC TC 57. IEC Technical Committee 57 is one of the technical committees of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). TC 57 is responsible for development of standards for information exchange for power systems and other related systems including Energy Management Systems, SCADA, distribution automation & teleprotection.

Working groups 
TC 57 consists of several working groups, each of which is responsible for development of standards within its domain. The active working groups are listed below.

External links 
 IEC TC 57
 IEC TC 57 WGs

057
ESobi. eSobi is an integrated desktop-based information management tool and a standalone news aggregator delivered with worldwide Acer computers. eSobi is a shareware application and the full version of eSobi consists of four functions: (1) an RSS reader, (2) a podcast receiver, (3) a meta-search engine, and (4) a data library.

eSobi supports both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows 7 and Windows Vista, as well as Windows XP.

History
eSobi was first developed by esobi Inc. of Taipei, Taiwan in 2006 for Windows computers. It started out as the very first in the market to combine an RSS reader, a meta-search engine, and a scrapbook all in one application, aiming to ease information overload of the Web. Recent updates (September 2009) added a podcast receiver and features a new UI design.

Since 2008, Acer has bundled the simpler version of eSobi on its computers, including the popular netbook Acer Aspire One. This version of eSobi includes only the RSS reader and data library; both are free with the purchase of Acer computers. eSobi is also the software partner of Transcend Information, Inc. and the 90-day trial version is delivered with selected Transcend's JetFlash USB flash drives.

eSobi for Windows Mobile and Android platforms are also available.

Reviews
eSobi received a CNET Download.com 5-star editor’s review and a Softpedia 4-star “Very Good” editor’s review in 2009.

Features of eSobi for Windows PC
An RSS reader that handles feed subscriptions
News Watch for monitoring news of targeted topics set by keywords
Full-page, summary, and text-only reading modes
Offline readability
A podcast receiver with a download manager
A built-in Windows Media Player for quick play of audio and video files
A meta-search tool for retrieving results from multiple search engines simultaneously
A quick search tool for finding information by category (RSS feeds, blogs, travel, shopping, answers, etc.)
Automatic RSS feeds detection during browsing
Search History for storing entire search results including keywords and tabs
A data library where users can store, categorize, organize, edit and view web pages offline

See also
 List of feed aggregators

References

External links
eSobi official site
eSobi on Twitter

Atom (web standard)
Windows Internet software
News aggregators
List of aircraft of Argentine Naval Aviation. This is a list of all aircraft (fixed-wing and rotary-wing) obtained or operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation since its formation. For the current inventory please refer to the main article.

Fixed-wing aircraft

Rotary-wing aircraft

See also 

Argentine Naval Aviation
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force
List of active aircraft of the Argentine Air Force
List of aircraft of the Argentine Army Aviation

References

Notes

Bibliography 
  Naval Aviation inventory 1912-80, at HISTARMAR
  
  Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina Escuadrilla Aeronaval Antisubmarina (Antisubmarine Naval Squadron) PDF book

Online sources 
  Escuadrillas de Helicópteros Navales, Histarmar
  Transportes Navales, Histarmar

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
Aircraft specific bibliography

External links 
 Argentine Navy official site
 MUAN Official Naval Aviation Museum
 
 Argentine Navy videos from ARA Independencia and ARA 25 de Mayo aircraft carriers  

Naval Aviation
Argentine Naval Aviation
Argentine Naval Aviation
Compact tension specimen. A compact tension specimen (CT) is a type of standard notched specimen in accordance with ASTM and ISO standards.  Compact tension specimens are used extensively in the area of fracture mechanics and corrosion testing, in order to establish fracture toughness and  fatigue crack growth data for a material. 

The purpose of using a notched sample is to create a fatigue crack by applying cyclic loading through pins inserted into the holes on the sample using a laboratory fatigue test machine. The fatigue crack will begin on the point of the notch and extend through the sample. The length of the crack is typically monitored by measuring the compliance of the coupon which changes as the crack grows, or direct measurement using an optical microscope to measure the position of the crack tip or indirectly from either extensometer readings of the crack mouth opening or attaching strain gauges to the backface of the coupon.

According to the standards, the constraining dimension of the specimen is the thickness of the material. Compact tension specimens are used for experiments where there is a shortage of material available due to their compact design. For rolled materials the notch should be aligned with the roll direction where the material is weakest. This will allow the user to ensure that all results achieved are conservative (worst-case scenario).

Stress intensity factor 
The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of a compact tension specimen is

where  is the applied load,  is the thickness of the specimen,  is the crack length, and
 is the effective width of the specimen being the distance between the centreline of the holes and the backface of the coupon.  The above equation has been fitted using numerical computations for various specimen geometries.

Crack length 
The length of the crack is often measured indirectly during testing by calculating the crack length from the compliance of the coupon. The compliance can be determined from either a crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) gauge or from strain measurements on the back-face of the coupon.

Crack mouth opening displacement
Crack length can be found using a displacement gauge attached to the mouth of the coupon to measure displacements  using the equation

This equation is applicable in the range .

Back-face strain 
The crack length can be determined using the back-face strain  with the following equation

where ,  and  is the Young's modulus of the coupon material. This equation is applicable in the range .

Electric Potential Difference
The crack length can also be determined from voltage measurements of the electric potential difference (EPD) at points at each side of the mouth of the machined slot at opposite sides of the coupon using

where  is the measured EPD voltage and  is the reference crack voltage corresponding to  on an identical specimen. This equation is requires the electrical excitation current is injected along the load line of the specimen. This equation is applicable in the range .

References 

Fracture mechanics