omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Innovation butterfly. The innovation butterfly is a metaphor that describes how seemingly minor perturbations (disturbances or changes) to project plans in a system connecting markets, demand, product features, and a firm's capabilities can steer the project, or an entire portfolio of projects, down an irreversible path in terms of technology and market evolution.

Origins
The metaphor was developed by researchers Anderson and Joglekar. It was conceived as a specific instance of the more general 'butterfly effect' encountered in chaos theory.

How it works
The innovation butterfly arises because many innovation systems are made up of a large number of elements that interact with each other via several non-linear feedback loops containing embedded delays, thus constituting a complex system.

Perturbations can come from decisions made within the firm or from those made by its competitors, or they can result from external forces such as government legislation or environmental regulations, or unexpected spikes in the price of oil. How the innovation system evolves as a result of the innovation butterfly can lead ultimately to an innovative firm's success or failure.

Complex systems, in domains such as physics, biology, or sociology, are known to be prone to both path dependence and emergent behavior. What makes the behavior of the innovation butterfly different is market selection, along with biases in individual and group decision making within distributed innovation settings, which may influence the emergent behavior. Furthermore, managers in most fields of business endeavor to reduce uncertainty in order to better manage risk. In innovation settings, however, because success is based upon creativity, managers must actively embrace uncertainty. This leads to a management conundrum because innovation managers and management systems must encourage the potential for a butterfly effect but then must also learn how to cope with its aftermath.

How innovation butterflies are 'chased' is highly managerially relevant. Most butterflies end up 'merely' consuming a considerable amount of time and resources within a project, or for an innovation portfolio, within a firm. However, some butterflies can also unleash regime-altering emergent outcomes within an entire industry segment.  Moreover, once these emergent outcomes begin to mature, and in some instances lead to disruptive innovations, they become extremely difficult to manage, Hence, shaping the innovation system before potential innovation butterfly's effects completely emerge is critical.

See also
Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity 
Path dependence

References

Research literature

Books
Anderson, Edward G. Jr. and Nitin R. Joglekar (2012). The Innovation Butterfly: Managing Emergent Opportunities and Risks During Distributed Innovation, Springer (Understanding Complex Systems Series). Online version 
Christensen, Clayton M. (1997). The Innovator's Dilemma : When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business Press.

Complex systems theory
Economic problems
Innovation
Chaos theory
Sir James Anderson, 1st Baronet. Sir James Caleb Anderson, 1st Baronet (21 July 1792 – 4 April 1861), was an inventor.

Biography

James Anderson was the eldest son of John Anderson, the founder of Fermoy, by his second wife, Elizabeth, the only daughter of Mr. James Semple, of Waterford. He was created a baronet on 22 March 1813, of Fermoy in the County of Cork, for the great public services rendered to Ireland by his father.

Steam coaches

Anderson experimented with steam-coaching and took out various patents for his inventions. He lodged specifications in 1831 for "improvements in machinery for propelling vessels on water", in 1837 for "improvements in locomotive engines", and in 1846 for "certain improvements in obtaining motive power, and in applying it to propel carriages and vessels, and to the driving of machinery".

He worked with William Henry James of Birmingham, son of William James. Anderson was intending to back James's work, but around 1829 finding the cash proved difficult.

Death
Anderson died in London on 4 April 1861 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

Family
Anderson married in 1815 Caroline, fourth daughter of Robert Shaw, of Dublin, and half-sister of Sir Robert Shaw, 1st Baronet. They had two sons (both of whom died unmarried) and six daughters. As he left no male issue, the baronetcy became extinct.

Notes

References
 the entry cites:
Patents, 6147, 7407, 11273;
Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vii. 153;
Gent. Mag. ccx. 588.

Irish inventors
1792 births
1861 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
People from Fermoy
Victoria Works, Birmingham. The Victoria Works is a Grade II listed building in the Jewellery Quarter of Birmingham, England. It was built in 1839–40 for Joseph Gillott, who manufactured pen nibs, and was one of the first purpose-built factories in the Jewellery Quarter. It is situated opposite the Argent Centre, another building constructed for industrial use around the same period.  The factory was one of the largest of its kind, with nearly 600 workers. Steam engines of 60 horsepower powered the mass production of the nibs.

Current use 
The Victoria Works was renovated in the early 1990s and houses a mixture of different companies and residents.

References

Further reading
 

Grade II listed buildings in Birmingham
Manufacturing plants in England
Grade II listed industrial buildings
Buildings and structures completed in 1840
Donald J. Kessler. Donald J. Kessler (born 1940) is an American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris.

Early life and education 
Kessler grew up in Texas. He served in the U.S. Army in the Air Defense Command. He attended the University of Houston beginning in 1962 and studied physics. He began working at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) before graduating from college.

Early career 
Kessler was a flight controller for Skylab, the US space station launched by NASA in 1973.

Career 

Kessler worked at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, as part of NASA's Environmental Effects Project Office.  While there, he developed what is now known as the Kessler syndrome, which posits that collisions between space debris become increasingly likely as the density of space debris increases in orbit around the Earth, and a cascade effect results as each collision in turn creates more debris that can cause further collisions. With Burton G. Cour-Palais, Kessler first published his ideas in 1978, in an academic paper titled "Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt."  The paper established Kessler's reputation, and NASA subsequently made him the head of the newly created Orbital Debris Program Office to study the issue and establish guidelines to slow the accumulation of space debris.

Kessler retired from NASA in 1996, and has maintained a website with his publications and contact information.  He currently lives in Asheville, North Carolina.  He continues to be active in the field of orbital debris. In 2009, he gave an address to the first International Conference on Orbital Debris Removal in Arlington, Virginia, co-sponsored by NASA and DARPA.  In 2011, he was a key adviser in the making of the educational IMAX film Space Junk 3D and also served as chairman of a United States National Research Council committee to assess NASA's orbital debris programs.  In 2013, he gave a special lecture in Tokyo to the Second International Symposium on Sustainable Space Development and Utilization for Humankind, sponsored by the Japan Space Forum, and in 2017 gave the keynote address at the 7th European Conference on Space Debris.

Awards and honors 
 Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics.
 The central main-belt asteroid 11267 Donaldkessler, discovered by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Californian Palomar Observatory in 1981, was named in his honor on 13 April 2017 ().

In popular culture 

In the science-fiction thriller comedy film Mars Attacks! (1996), Pierce Brosnan plays a science advisor named Donald Kessler, who gives the US President (Jack Nicholson) very bad advice on how to establish diplomatic relations with the Martians.

References

Further reading 
 .

External links
  Kessler's website

1940 births
21st-century American physicists
NASA people
Living people
Admiralty scaffolding. Admiralty scaffolding, also known as Obstacle Z.1 or sometimes simply given as beach scaffolding or anti-tank scaffolding, was a British design of anti-tank and anti-boat obstacle made of tubular steel. It was widely deployed on beaches of southern England, eastern England and South West England during the invasion crisis of 1940-1941. Scaffolding was also used, though more sparingly, inland.

Design and use
Of a number of similar designs, by far the most common was designated obstacle Z.1. This design comprised upright tubes  high and  apart, these were connected by up to four horizontal tubes. Each upright was braced by a pair of diagonal tubes, at about 45°, to the rear.  wide sections were assembled then carried to the sea to be placed in position at the half tide mark as an obstacle to boats.

However, trials found that a 250-ton barge at  or an 80-ton trawler at  would pass through the obstacle as if it were not there and a trawler easily pulled out one bay with an attached wire rope. Tests in October 1940 confirmed that tanks could only break through with difficulty, as a result Z.1 was adopted as an anti-tank barrier for beaches thought suitable for landing tanks. As an anti-tank barrier it was placed at or just above the high water point where it would be difficult for tanks to get enough momentum to break through the barrier. In some places, two sets of scaffolding were set up, one in the water against boats and one at high water against tanks.

The problem of securing the barriers on sand was overcome by the development of the "sword picket" by Stewarts & Lloyds – this device was later known at the Admiralty as the "Wallace Sword".

Barriers varying in length from a couple of hundred feet to three miles were constructed consuming 50% of Britain's production of scaffolding steel at an estimated cost of £6,600 per mile (equivalent to £ today). Despite this, many miles of Admiralty scaffolding were erected using more than  of scaffolding tube.

After the war, the scaffolding got in the way of swimmers, subsequently it was removed for scrap and remaining traces are very rare, but occasionally revealed by storms.

See also 
British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
British hardened field defences of World War II

References

Notes

General references

Collections

Further reading 

Anti-tank obstacles
Area denial weapons
United Kingdom home front during World War II
QA Technologies. QA Technologies Ltd. is a telematics company based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan that develops fleet management technologies to the transportation industry. The company conducts in-house research and development and markets two main products, AccutrAVL and AccutreQ.net.

History
QA Technologies was founded in 2002 by parent company DynaVenture Corp. The Saskatoon based technology company has provided custom built software to organizations such as Purolator Courier, SaskTel and Frito-Lay Canada.

References

External links
 QA Technologies Official Site
 PressurePro's Official Blog

Canadian companies established in 2002
Companies based in Saskatoon
AKM Semiconductor. AKM Semiconductor, Inc. (AKMS) is a semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in San Jose, California. It is subsidiary of Asahi Kasei Microdevices (AKM) based in  Tokyo, Japan.

AKM Semiconductor, Inc. was founded under AKM, which is one of the core operating groups under the umbrella company, Asahi Kasei Corporation electronics business group (Tokyo Stock Exchange (3407.T). AKMS comprises the devices and electronic materials sector of the AKM group.

Products

AKMS manufactures mixed-signal IC's and devices utilized in video processing, mobile communications, and optical networking for the consumer, personal communications, and automotive markets.

Some applications of AKM's chips are as components in DVD players, digital mixers, digital audio workstations, and other digital audio applications. Their products include codecs, audio DACs, low-power audio for portable devices, ADCs, DVD-Audio, stereo and multichannel sound, DSD, and S/PDIF transmitters and receivers.

Product Categories
Audio Products
Video Products
Electronic Compass
Mobile Communication Products

Incidents 
On 20 October 2020, a fire broke out at the company's Nobeoka semiconductor fabrication plant, lasting 3 days and impacting the high-end audio industry.

References

External links 
 Official AKM Semiconductor website
 List of AKM Part Datasheets

Electronics companies of Japan
Manufacturing companies based in California
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in San Jose, California
Computer companies of the United States
Musa Hakan Asyalı. Musa Hakan Asyalı (born 10 February 1969) is a Turkish scientist and professor of biomedical engineering. Formerly the dean of engineering at Zirve University, he became the rector of Abdullah Gül University in 2010, and resigned in 2012. After resigning, he worked at Yıldız Technical University until 2016, when he was accused of being the founder of a Gülen movement organization at the university.

Asyalı graduated from Bilkent University in 1990, and completed a doctorate in biomedical engineering at the University of Southern California in 1998. Before coming to Zirve University, he worked at Ege University, Yaşar University, and Erciyes University. His research specialty is the statistical design of biological experiments.

Most cited publications 
MM Shoukri, MH Asyalı, A Donner (2004) "Sample size requirements for the design of reliability study: review and new results" "Statistical Methods in Medical Research" 13 (4), 251–271 According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited  325 times   
B Yılmaz, MH Asyalı, E Arıkan, S Yetkin, F Özgen (2010)  "Sleep stage and obstructive apneaic epoch classification using single-lead ECG"  - Biomedical engineering online, 9(1) 39. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited  163 times    
MH Asyalı, D Çolak, O Demirkaya, MS Inan -(2016)  Gene expression profile classification: a review Current Bioinformatics,  1 (1), 55-73 According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 161  times    
O Demirkaya, MH Asyalı, PK Sahoo (2008) Image processing with MATLAB: applications in medicine and biology CRC Press. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 155  times

References

External links

1969 births
21st-century Turkish engineers
Living people
People from Ankara
Bilkent University alumni
Officine Stampaggi Industriali. OSI, acronym for Officine Stampaggi Industriali (literally "Industrial Stampings Workshops") was a coachbuilding company founded in 1960 in Turin by former Ghia president Luigi Segre (1919–63) and Arrigo Olivetti (1889–1977) from the Fergat company, a manufacturer of automotive components. OSI was intended to be an independent design branch of Ghia's, focussing on niche efforts.

The short lived company made some custom built cars based on Alfa Romeo, Fiat and Ford models. One of their first contracts was to build the bodyshells of the 1961 Innocenti 950 Spider, designed by a young Tom Tjaarda at Ghia's behest. Probably its best known model outside Italy was the Ford 20M TS Coupé based on the German Ford Taunus 20M. The car was designed by Sergio Sartorelli, better known as the designer of the Type 3 based Volkswagen Karmann Ghia Type 34. Approximately 2,200 of the Ford 20M based coupés were produced, of which approximately 200 were thought to have survived through till 2010.

The company also built the Ford Anglia Torino designed by Giovanni Michelotti: 10,007 examples of this model were sold in Italy, with an unknown additional number built for export to selected markets.

Segre died after complications following appendicitis (variously reported as an infection during recovery after successful removal of kidney stones) in 1963, leaving the rising company without its personal link to Ghia and Ford. He was replaced by Giacomo Bianco of Fergat, but Bianco was unable to keep the company afloat as contracts began to dry up. In 1966 2,000 employees had to be laid off, and OSI car production ended in December 1967. Bianco was fired and Sartorelli was charged with winding down operations, incorporating the OSI design office with that of Fiat's in May 1968. The company remained active as a producer of steel pressings and industrial equipment.

References

External links
1966 O.S.I. SCARABEO on conceptcars.it

Coachbuilders of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1960
Manufacturing companies based in Turin
Italian companies established in 1960
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1967
1967 disestablishments in Italy
YouTrack. YouTrack is a proprietary, commercial browser-based bug tracker, issue tracking system, and project management software developed by JetBrains.

Overview 
YouTrack's Ajax-based user interface allows both keyboard and mouse interaction. Searching for issues is implemented via search query syntax and is performed from a single search box.

YouTrack uses the language-oriented programming paradigm. The frontend is written in JavaScript, while the backend relies on Kotlin, a programming language created by the same software house. It uses an embedded Xodus database to read and store data. For remote procedure calls, YouTrack supports a RESTful API. JetBrains offers YouTrack in cloud-hosted and on-premises versions.

YouTrack Standard supports integrations such as imports from Jira, Mailbox Integration, Zendesk integration, and an integrated working environment with Upsource and TeamCity. The platform has pre-built connectors with GitHub, BitBucket, and GitLab.

YouTrack can also be integrated with the Slack workplace. YouTrack can integrate with JetBrains IDEs.

YouTrack provides a REST API, which allows developers to perform various actions such as creating and modifying issues, and creating custom integrations.

See also
 Comparison of issue-tracking systems
 Project management software
 Bug tracking system

References

External links
 Official website

Bug and issue tracking software
Open-source software hosting facilities
Java (programming language) software
RAF Danby Beacon. Royal Air Force Danby Beacon or more simply RAF Danby Beacon was an early warning radar Royal Air Force station that formed part of the Chain Home network of radar (or Radio Direction Finding (RDF)) stations built by the Royal Air Force immediately prior to the Second World War.

Construction
The receiving masts were  high timber structures and the transmitting masts were  steel masts.  The construction of these masts was the work of the RAF controlled, but civilian staffed, No. 2 Installation Unit of No. 1 Maintenance Unit RAF (1 MU).

Second World War
During the first part of the war the station was under the control of 13 Group of RAF Fighter Command. On 3 February 1940 it was a plot from Danby that led Hawker Hurricane aircraft from Blue section, 43 Squadron stationed at RAF Acklington to shoot down a Heinkel He 111 bomber over Whitby.  This was the first German aircraft shot down over England during the war, the British aircraft being under the command of (then) Flight Lieutenant Peter Townsend. The intercept is described in detail in Townsend's highly-successful book about the Battle of Britain, "Duel of Eagles."

Soon after control of the station passed to the newly formed 60 Group but its information was passed to 13 Group headquarters in Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Cold War
In 1946 the station moved to the control of 90 Group and continued to function in the early warning role until 1954 when the station ceased operating. The masts and buildings were demolished in 1957.

Memorial
None of the structures remain but the site of the station is now marked by a memorial stone.

References

 

Royal Air Force stations in Yorkshire
Military history of North Yorkshire
EIQ Energy. eIQ Energy, Inc. is a startup that designs and manufactures power electronics for solar photovoltaic systems. The company's Parallel Solar technology, built around the boost DC converter module, is intended to reduce overall system costs and enable a true parallel architecture, benefiting system designers, installers and operators. eIQ Energy was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Santa Clara, California.

History

eIQ Energy was Established  in 2007. The company came out of stealth mode and officially launched the vBoost DC-to-DC converter module in September 2009 (with $10 million funding from NGEN Partners and Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH (RBVC).

Management
Gene Krzywinski is the CEO of eIQ Energy, Inc. William Reed is the CTO.

Products

eIQ Energy's primary products are the vBoost 250, 300, 350 and 600 which are DC-to-DC converter modules that step-up panel output voltages and create a parallel connection to a constant-voltage bus. With the vBoost converter module, each panel becomes an independent contributor of power to the array.

A parallel architecture allows a greater number of panels to be connected on a single cable run (which can include more than 100 thin-film panels), an increase over conventional series-string design.  Furthermore, eIQ Energy's Parallel Solar architecture eliminates the need for a return line, and because each vBoost comes with an integrated wiring harness and connector, the only on-site wiring needed is from the first vBoost to the combiner box and from the combiner box to the inverter.

Distributors

eIQ Energy, Inc. has signed distribution agreements with different companies like
SDE Solar, Seven Green Summits, WSE Technologies, Generation PV and RA Power Incorporated. Generation PV, Inc. of Markham and WSE Technology of Saskatoon are Canadian companies that have non-exclusive national rights to sell vBoost and eIQ Energy’s Parallux family of products. In addition to the Canadian companies, the other distributors also have non-exclusive national distribution rights for the vBoost modules.

Partners
eIQ Energy Inc. has deals with PV Powered & Signet Solar with their parallel solar technology. PV Powered supplies inverters, which convert the DC power generated by solar panels to AC. Signet Solar’s SI S4 thin-film quarter-panel solar modules are in concordance with eIQ Energy’s vBoost 350 DC-to-DC converter modules.

eIQ Energy has also partnered with KACO New Energy Inc., to bring eIQ's vBoost DC optimizers and KACO's blueplanet XP100-U inverters into one  pre-tested and pre-configured package for solar array designers.

References

External links
 Home

Solar energy companies of the United States
2007 establishments in California