omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hongdu N-5. The Hongdu N-5, (N-5 - Nongye-Feiji-5 - agricultural aircraft-5), originally known as the Nanchang N-5, is a Chinese agricultural aircraft. First flown in 1989, and entering into production in 1992, the N-5 is a single-engined low-wing monoplane, and is available in versions powered by a piston engine or a turboprop.

Development and design
In November 1987, the Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company (which was renamed the Hongdu Aviation Industry Group in 1998) began design of a modern, purpose designed agricultural aircraft, with the intention of replacing some of the large numbers of license-built Antonov An-2s in use for that purpose in China. The resulting design, the N-5 first flew on 26 December 1989. It is a single-engined monoplane of conventional layout for an agricultural aircraft with a low-wing situated ahead of the cockpit.  It is of all-metal construction, except for a glassfibre hopper for chemicals ahead of the cockpit, which is sealed and pressurised to protect the crew during spraying operations, and has an undercarriage.  It is flown by a single pilot, with a tandem jump-seat provided to allow a mechanic to be carried.  It is powered by a single Lycoming O-720 eight-cylinder piston engine, and was certified as airworthy in this form by the Civil Aviation Administration of China on 12 August 1992. The N-5A was certified by the Federal Aviation Administration for use in the United States on 26 February 2007.

In response to demands from Chinese operators for a more powerful aircraft, studies were made of versions powered both by more powerful piston and turboprop engines,  before settling on a Czech Walter M601 turboprop to produce the N-5B, this variant replacing the nosewheel undercarriage of the N-5A with a tailwheel undercarriage. The N-5B first flew on 28 December 2006.

Variants
N-5A
Main production version, with nosewheel undercarriage and 298 kW (400 hp) Lycoming IO-720 piston engine.
N-5B 
Version powered by 580 kW (777 hp) Walter M601F turboprop engine. Tailwheel undercarriage.

Specifications (N-5A)

See also

Notes

References

 Lambert, Mark (ed.). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. .
 Sobie, Brendan. "Hongdu switches engines to uprate agricultural aircraft". Flight International, 15–21 June 2004. p. 29.
 Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London:Brassey's, 1999. .

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20081120201755/http://www.hongdu-aviation.com/english/html/product-3.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20081120213533/http://www.hongdu-aviation.com/english/html/product-4.htm

1980s Chinese agricultural aircraft
Hongdu aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1989
Single-engined piston aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Real Time Race. Real Time Race Limited is a company based at Daresbury Laboratory in North West England. The company was Founded in 2003 by Christopher Leigh and Stuart Scott-Goldstone.

In 2008, Real Time Race worked with Malaysian owned Lotus Cars to test a video capture vehicle. It was fitted with a rotating drum containing 64 lasers for Lidar, a Global Positioning System, an Inertial navigation system and 5 high definition cameras.

Technology

iFlex
In 2009, Dr Roderick Kennedy and Christopher Leigh invented a Free viewpoint television technology called iFlex which used the captured data from a moving platform. The optical graphics engine, based on image-based modeling and rendering produces an immersive video environment. This is used, amongst other applications, in race car simulation.

vFit
Real Time Race also claims to have augmented iFlex with live real world objects instead of Computer-Generated Imagery. vFit is the artificial intelligence system allowing realistic physics and collision interaction between the real and virtual objects.

Development
Real Time Race stated its intention to use the technology for interactive television motor racing in 2010. In a televised interview for BBC Click Mark Wilkin, Formula One editor of the BBC, commented that viewers wanted something more sophisticated than CGI video games. He said he will be interested to see how the system would handle collisions.

References

External links
 Real Time Race website.
 BBC News Article

Companies based in Halton
Television technology

es:Free viewpoint television
fi:Free view point television
Peter Sorokin. Peter Pitirimovich Sorokin (, 10 July 1931 – 24 September 2015) was an American Russian physicist and co-inventor of the dye laser.  He was born in Boston and grew up in Winchester, Massachusetts. He attended Harvard University, receiving a BA degree in 1952 and a PhD in Applied Physics in 1958; his PhD thesis adviser was Nicolaas Bloembergen.

Peter Sorokin was a son of a prominent Russian sociologist Pitirim Sorokin and his wife Microbiologist Dr. Elena Baratynskaya, who belonged to Russian nobility (see: ). Sorokin joined IBM in 1958.  Sorokin and his colleague J. R. Lankard, at IBM Research Laboratories, used a ruby laser to excite a near infrared laser dye.  Their report was quickly followed by that of F. P. Schäfer. In 1974 Sorokin received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute. In 1983 Sorokin was awarded the Comstock Prize in Physics from the National Academy of Sciences and in 1984 the Harvey Prize from Israel's Technion. In 1991 he received the first Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science from the American Physical Society. Sorokin is an IBM Fellow since 1968.  He was also a Fellow of the Optical Society of America. Toward the end of his career he became interested in astronomy. Sorokin died at the age of 84 on 24 September 2015 from injuries incurred in a fall in August.

References

1931 births
2015 deaths
American physicists
Laser researchers
IBM Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American people of Russian descent
American people of Komi descent
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Harvard University alumni
Carbonyl bromide. Carbonyl bromide, also known as bromophosgene, is a carbon oxohalide and a bromine analogue of phosgene, with the chemical formula . It is a colorless liquid. Carbonyl bromide is a decomposition product of halon compounds used in fire extinguishers.

Synthesis and reactions
Carbonyl bromide is formed by the oxidation of carbon tetrabromide with sulfuric acid:

In contrast to phosgene, carbonyl bromide cannot be produced efficiently by halogenation of carbon monoxide. The bromination of carbon monoxide follows this equation:

But the process is slow at room temperature. Increasing temperature, in order to increase the reaction rate, results in a further shift of the chemical equilibrium towards the educts (since ΔRH < 0 and ΔRS < 0).

Carbonyl bromide slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and elemental bromine even at low temperatures. It is also sensitive to hydrolysis, breaking down into hydrogen bromide and carbon dioxide.

References

Carbonyl compounds
Oxobromides
Carbon oxohalides
Spartan Air Lines. Spartan Air Lines Ltd was a British private airline company, in the period 1933–1935. In 1933, it started operating passenger services from the London area to the Isle of Wight. In late 1935 it merged with United Airways Ltd to form British Airways Ltd.

History
Spartan Air Lines Ltd was formed on 2 February 1933, as a subsidiary of Spartan Aircraft Ltd, to develop the use of its product the Spartan Cruiser. The company was financed by Whitehall Securities Ltd, and services to the Isle of Wight were to be operated in co-operation with private railway companies. The managing director was W.D.L. Roberts, with Harold Balfour and Alliott Verdon-Roe as fellow directors, and Mr P.W. Lynch-Blosse as chief pilot.

On 12 April 1933, the first service was started from Heston Aerodrome to Somerton (Cowes West) Aerodrome, Cowes, Isle of Wight, using three Spartan Cruisers.

After a winter break in scheduled operations, the airline moved to Croydon Aerodrome for the summer 1934 season, in collaboration with Railway Air Services.

In April 1935, Spartan Air Lines returned to Heston, operating services to both Cowes and Bembridge, again in collaboration with Railway Air Services. A sister company in the Spartan group, United Airways Ltd, had been formed in 1934 to operate connecting services from Heston to Hall Caine Airport, Isle of Man via Stanley Park Aerodrome (Blackpool) for the 1935 season.

On 30 September 1935, Spartan Air Lines and United Airways Limited merged to form Allied British Airways Ltd, which on 29 October 1935 was renamed British Airways Ltd. The new airline started operations on 1 January 1936, initially based at Heston.

Fleet

From Jackson (1974), Doyle (2002)

Notes

References
Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. 
Halpenny, Bruce B. (1992). Action Station Vol.8: Military Airfields of Greater London. 
Jackson, A.J. (1974). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 3. London: Putnam. .
Jackson, A.J. (1988). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 3. London: Putnam. .
Sherwood, Tim. Coming in to Land: A Short History of Hounslow, Hanworth and Heston Aerodromes 1911–1946. Heritage Publications (1999) 

Airlines established in 1933
Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines disestablished in 1935
1933 establishments in England
1935 disestablishments in England
1935 mergers and acquisitions
Basketene. Basketene (IUPAC name: pentacyclo[4.4.0.02,5.03,8.04,7]dec-9-ene) is an organic compound with the formula C10H10. It is a polycyclic alkene and the dehydrogenated version of basketane, which was named for its structural similarity to a basket. Due to its hydrocarbon composition and unique structure, the chemical compound is of considerable interest to those examining energy surfaces of these (CH)10 cage molecules and what possible factors influence their minima. Additionally, the complex structure of this compound has intrigued researchers studying the chemistry of highly strained ring systems . Basketene and its family of derivatives also have important chemical and physical properties. These molecules all tend to have a high standard enthalpy of formation, combined with their high density, leading to possible uses in explosives.

Synthesis
Basketene has been synthesized by the isomerization of cyclooctatetraene followed by a Diels–Alder reaction with maleic anhydride. [2 + 2] cycloaddition closes the cage structure, which is converted to basketene by saponification and decarboxylation.
For a more indepth explanation of the synthesis, we start with the commercially available cyclooctatetraene (1), where it undergoes a thermal electrocyclic ring closure 2. Then from 2, a Diels-Alder reaction between  2 and maleic anhydride (3) the tricyclic structure 4. Subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition under photochemical conditions leads to 5. Following saponification with 5 and sodium carbonate gives 6. Finally, through oxidative decarboxylation with Lead(IV) acetate forms the final product, Basketene (7).

Reactions
Families of (CH)n hydrocarbons are characterized by the multiple rearrangements into one another that their members can undergo. These rearrangements can be initiated thermally, photochemically, or under metal catalysis conditions. Basketene and other cage molecules are important for discovering and testing new concepts of bonding and reactivity. Trials with different reagents and reaction conditions have allowed researchers to understand the chemistry of these complex ring systems and how these (CH)10 systems rearrange.

In this reaction using basketene, Nenitzescu’s Hydrocarbon can be obtained. Starting with Basktene, the reaction proceeds through a reverse Diels-Alder intermediate in order to give 8 at 110 ˚C. From 8, a 3,3 shift occurs to give Nenitzescu's hydrocarbon (9). 

Basketene can also undergo the following thermal and photochemical rearrangement reactions. Starting with Basketene, tricyclo[4.4.0.02,5]deca-3,7,9-triene (8) was captured by trapping it as a 1:1 adduct with maleic anhydride. Then photo inducing a conrotary opening of 8 gives cis,cis,trans-cyclooctatriene (10). Furthermore, the photo arrangement of 10 provides the derivative (11). As shown above, 11 will undergo a direct photochemical (2+2) cyclization closure to 12. 

Basktene also rearranges into Snoutene when in solution with Silver nitrate

References

Polycyclic nonaromatic hydrocarbons
Alkene derivatives
Pentacyclic compounds
Cyclohexenes
Cyclobutanes
Special fine paper. Special fine paper is a classification of paper used for copying and digital printing.

Copy paper 

Copy paper is used for copying and laser printers. The basis weight is 70-90 g/m2 (approximately 18-24 lb) and ISO brightness 80-96%. It is made of 90–100% virgin chemical pulp or 100% deinked pulp with total pigment content of 10-15%. The most important quality is smooth run in a copying machine / printer and good dimensional stability. It must not show curling or cockling, nor may it retain dust.

Digital printing paper 

Digital printing paper is also called electronic printing paper. The basis weight is 40-400 g/m2. This paper quality may be either coated or uncoated. The demands of the paper may vary substantially depending on printing method: electrical charge, thermal, magnetic or ink-jet. All require good dimensional stability, no curling or cockling, good surface strength and surface smoothness. For ink-jet paper it is also important with sufficient and uniform porosity to counteract spreading of the ink.

See also 

 Coated fine paper
 Inkjet paper
 Thermal paper

References 

Paper
S. Ramaseshan. Sivaraj Ramseshan (10 October 1923 – 29 December 2003) was an Indian scientist known for his work in the field of crystallography. Ramaseshan served as director of the Indian Institute of Science and was awarded the Padma Bhushan. Ramaseshan is the nephew of Indian scientist and Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman and cousin of Subramanyan Chandrasekhar.

Early life
Ramaseshan was born in Madras on 10 October 1923, to  (sister of C. V. Raman) and . He had his schooling in Nagpur and started his forays into science as a research student under his uncle, Sir C. V. Raman.

Scientific career

On completion of his doctorate, Ramaseshan joined the Indian Institute of Science as a lecturer. During this time, he developed an interest in X-ray crystallography and was instrumental in improving the material science division in  the National Aerospace Laboratories. Ramaseshan also taught as a professor in the Indian Institute of Technology.

Positions held

In 1979, Ramaseshan was appointed joint-director of the Indian Institute of Science and in 1981 became its director. He served as the director of IISc from 1981 to 1984, as president of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1983–1985), and honorary distinguished professor emeritus at the Raman Research Institute (1984–2003).

Awards
In 1966, Ramaseshan was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award. This was followed by the Vasvik Award in 1980 and the INSA Aryabhata Medal in 1985. Ramaseshan is also a recipient of the Padma Bhushan.

Publications
Ramaseshan co-authored a biography of his uncle, C. V. Raman, with Raman himself and also edited two collections of Raman's writings.

Death
Ramaseshan died on 29 December 2003, weeks after his 80th birthday. He was survived by his wife, Kausalya, who was a great-granddaughter of V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, and by three daughters.

References

External links
 1056.pdf | apr252004 | currsci | Indian Academy of Sciences
 The Hindu : 'Approach astrology with an open mind'

1923 births
2003 deaths
Directors of the Indian Institute of Science
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Indian crystallographers
Chandrasekhar family
Scientists from Chennai
20th-century Indian physicists
Interceptor pattern. In the field of software development, an interceptor pattern is a software design pattern that is used when software systems or frameworks want to offer a way to change, or augment, their usual processing cycle. For example, a (simplified) typical processing sequence for a web-server is to receive a URI from the browser, map it to a file on disk, open the file and send its contents to the browser. Any of these steps could be replaced or changed, e.g. by replacing the way URIs are mapped to filenames, or by inserting a new step which processes the files contents.

Key aspects of the pattern are that the change is transparent and used automatically. In essence, the rest of the system does not have to know something has been added or changed and can keep working as before. To facilitate this, a predefined interface for extension has to be implemented, some kind of dispatching mechanism is required where interceptors are registered (this may be dynamic, at runtime, or static, e.g. through configuration files) and context objects are provided, which allow access to the framework's internal state.

Uses and context 
Typical users of this pattern are web-servers (as mentioned above), object- and message-oriented middleware

An example of implementation of this pattern is the javax.servlet.Filter interface, which is part of Java Platform, Enterprise Edition.

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) can also be used in some situations to provide the capability of an interceptor, although AOP doesn't use the elements typically defined  for the interceptor pattern.

References 

Architectural pattern (computer science)
Concurrent computing
Software design patterns
Calcium monophosphide. Calcium monophosphide is the inorganic compound with the formula CaP. It is sometimes also known as "calcium phosphide", which also describes a different compound with composition Ca3P2. Calcium monophosphide is a black solid.

Structure and properties
The structures of CaP and sodium peroxide (Na2O2) are very similar.  The solid is described as a salt: (Ca2+)2P24−, or Ca2P2.  Since the bonding is ionic, the diphosphide centers carry negative charge and are easily protonated.  Upon hydrolysis this material releases diphosphine (P2H4):
Ca2P2  +  4 H2O   →   2 Ca(OH)2  +  P2H4
The hydrolyses of CaP and calcium carbide (CaC2) are similar, except that diphosphine spontaneously ignites in air.  Thus, CaP must be protected from air.

CaP decomposes to Ca3P2 at about 600 °C.

3 CaP   →   Ca3P2  +  1/4 P4

References

Phosphides
Calcium compounds
Nebu Global. Nebu b.v. () is a Dutch software development company. It provides a component based software system for marketing research and data collection. Nebu also provides technical support, hosting and training. Its main target industries are marketing, market research and opinion poll research.
"Collect - Manage - Utilize" is the paradigm that best captures Nebu's offering. Nebu tools provide data collection, panel management, dialing services, data management and data processing capabilities. Nebu provides the technology that helps marketing researchers integrate and automate the full marketing research process within a single suite of tools.

Nebu has, for over 25 years, provided fieldwork and marketing research companies with Nebu Dub InterViewer, the most flexible data collection software on the market. Users can conduct CATI, CAPI, WAPI (online surveys and mobile surveys), multi and mixed mode interviews. Data collected can be enriched with data from external sources and stored in the central management platform, Nebu Data Hub. With the Hub, you can automate your entire market research process, conduct analysis and transform data into interactive visualizations to be shared in real-time Nebu Reporter dashboards.

The Nebu Head Office is located in Wormer, Netherlands and the company has offices in Debrecen (Hungary) and London (United Kingdom). Nebu works with a network of partners, among which a growing number of resellers.

History

The company was established in 1992 as a joint initiative of Fred Broers and Eric van Velzen.

As a tribute to an old Babylonian God they chose Nebu (God of writing and wisdom) as their company's name.

Nebu published two cooperating software systems which are called Dub Knowledge and Dub InterViewer. The prefix Dub relates to the Babylonian word for a clay tablet that the god used to write down the destiny of the people. Apart from these main products, numerous other tools were developed over the years and added to the packages. All of their names also start with 'Dub'.

Nebu currently employs 40 staff members as of 2015 with a revenue of over $3 million in the same year.

Nebu now has over 150 licensed users of their software including companies in the Market Research Industry and governmental organizations.

References 

Software companies established in 1992
Software companies of the Netherlands
Dutch companies established in 1992
PC migration. PC migration is the process of transferring the entire user environment (i.e. personal documents and settings) between two computer systems. 

The migration problem is often associated with the concept of total cost of ownership where the requirement to migrate information is considered a "cost" in purchasing a new PC, similar considerations exist for businesses upgrading hardware/software.

PC migration is required whenever one needs to move to a new computer (i.e. purchasing new hardware), or upgrade to a new OS. Because of intrinsic differences and strong OS-hardware coupling, PC migration is considered to be a problem for both consumers and enterprises.

Some PC migration software products are capable of transferring not just settings and data, but also applications.

Sources for software that automates PC migration software include Laplink, Tranxition, and Swimage.

Windows 10 does not any longer include a Windows transfer utility with the OS. Microsoft and Laplink PCmover have joined up to provide this functionality from Microsoft's site.

References

System administration
Duntech. Duntech is an Australia-based professional audio loudspeaker manufacturer, researcher, and developer. Their speakers are considered to be extremely high-end, audiophile-grade speakers, but they come with a very high price tag, as well.

About 
The company was started in Australia between 1981 and 1990 by the physicist John Dunlavy. In the 1990s Dunlavy left Australia for Colorado, where he founded Dunlavy Audio Labs.

The New York Times said the Duntech speaker "is distinguished by an extraordinary degree of what might be called sheer musicality."

In 1987 the Duntech Sovereign 2001 cost around $15,000. Additionally, they need a very large room to perform optimally. However, other models range in price from $2000 to $30,000. Duntech Statesman was one of 3 models at the lower end and more affordable.

Duntech's Sovereign model line speakers are known for accurate sound reproduction. The Sovereign C-7000 is a seven driver speaker system with two 12-inch woofers, two seven-inch midrange drivers, two two-inch tweeters, and one 3/4-inch supertweeter.

References

External links
 http://www.duntech.com.au/

Loudspeaker manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of Australia
BSA LifeStructures. BSA LifeStructures is an architectural and engineering firm headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The firm has six regional offices in the United States that include: Austin, Texas, Denver, Colorado, St. Louis, Missouri, Indianapolis, Indiana, Raleigh, North Carolina and Tampa, Florida.

Work

BSA LifeStructures focuses on architectural and engineering services for the healthcare, research and higher education sectors. 

In 2008, the company designed the Discovery Learning Research Center at Purdue University. The project cost $17.5 million to complete and was finished in 2009.

References

Architecture firms based in Indianapolis
Companies based in Indianapolis
Engineering companies of the United States