omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau. Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (27 October 1910 – 12 January 2000) was an American chemical engineer who designed the first commercial penicillin production plant. She was the first female member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Life
Hutchinson was born in 1910 in Houston, Texas, the daughter of a clothing store owner. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from Rice Institute in 1932 and her Doctor of Science degree in chemical engineering from MIT in 1937, the first woman to earn a doctorate in the subject from MIT. Her thesis topic was The effect of solute on the liquid film resistance in gas absorption.

On 1 May 1939, she married William Caubu Rousseau, a co-worker at E.B. Badger & Sons, who was later a chemical engineering lecturer at MIT. They had one son, William, born in 1946.

She died 12 January 2000, aged 89, at her home in Weston, Massachusetts.

Career
Hutchinson started her professional career with E. B. Badger in Boston.  During the Second World War, she oversaw the design of production plants for the strategically important materials of penicillin and synthetic rubber. Her development of deep-tank fermentation of penicillium mold enabled large-scale production of penicillin. She worked on the development of high-octane gasoline for aviation fuel. Her later work included improved distillation column design and plants for the production of ethylene glycol and glacial acetic acid.

Hutchinson retired in 1961, and later became an overseer of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Honors
In 1945, Hutchinson became the first woman to be accepted as a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. In 1955 she received the Achievement Award of the Society of Women Engineers. In 1983 she was the first female recipient of the prestigious Founders Award of the AIChE.

References

Images
Walter Reuther Library Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau, Portrait (1955)
Walter Reuther Library Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau, Portrait (1961)

1910 births
2000 deaths
Rice University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Engineers from Houston
American chemical engineers
American women engineers
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
20th-century American engineers
People from Weston, Massachusetts
20th-century American women scientists
Women chemical engineers
20th-century American chemists
Industrial city. An industrial city or industrial town is a town or city in which the municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with important factories or other production facilities in the town. It has been part of most countries'  industrialization process. Air pollution and toxic waste have contributed to the lower life expectancy in some industrial cities. Industrial cities are distinguished from port cities or other transportation hubs, which deal in services. In countries with strong central planning, such as China, India, a city could be created on paper, and then industry found to locate there.

In the United States, which had much sparsely populated land, the industry typically preceded the town; the town grew up around a factory, mine, or source of water power. As the industry grew, and it and its employees needed goods and services, the town grew with and often around it, until in some cases the town became a city. It is a capitalistic and typically unplanned expansion. Examples are Scranton, Pennsylvania, and the mill towns of New England. Many American industrial cities are located in the Great Lakes region of the country, often referred to as the Rust Belt, referring to the declining industry and overall economy of many cities in the region. "The industrial city" as a nickname, though, most frequently refers to South San Francisco, where the term is inscribed on a hillside sign.

In Europe, where industries more frequently arose within existing cities, industrialization affected the internal structure of many of them. Potential needs such as raw materials, transportation and labor required for the establishment of industrial zones require consultation of the local and general public. Therefore, special policies are needed. This situation causes industrial zones and industrialists to take on an additional role in terms of policy. Since the industrial revolution, these subsidiaries remain important similarly. With this by the end of the nineteenth century the shape and functions of most cities, along with social relations and groving industries, naturally rebuilted Manchester, England, is considered to be the archetype of the industrial city on the basis of Friedrich Engels' observations.

In the Chinese-speaking world, the term "industrial city" refers to cities in which the municipal economy is led by heavy industries or the heavy industry is a significant impression of the city to people other than its local residents.

References

 
Secondary sector of the economy
Fens and Anglian system. The Fens and Anglian system is a collection of  rivers in East Anglia in England that are navigable and for which the Environment Agency is the navigation authority.

Many of the rivers drain The Fens  between  Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. These comprise River Glen, Great Ouse, River Nene,  and  River Welland. The Environment Agency is organising the Fens Waterways Link a major construction project to link these rivers for navigation. The first stage is the South Forty-Foot Drain.

Two East Anglian rivers in the grouping are physically separate from the Fens network. These are the River Ancholme in North Lincolnshire which connects to the Humber estuary, and the River Stour which is in Suffolk.

The Environment Agency supervises craft registration for these rivers.

See also
List of rivers of England

References

Canals in England
Rivers of England
Rivers of Cambridgeshire
Rivers of Lincolnshire
LPV. LPV is an acronym that may refer to:

Groups, organizations
Leaders Party of Vanuatu, a political party in Vanuatu
Latvia First (LPV; ), a political party in Latvia
Landschaftspflegeverband (LPV; ), a German group for landscape-scale conservation
Lycée Paul Valéry (disambiguation), which may refer to several French schools

Transport and vehicular
Localizer performance with vertical guidance, aviation
Air Alps (ICAO airline code LPV), defunct Austrian airline

Lunar piloted vehicle, space exploration
Blue Origin landing platform vessels, the rocket landing vessels of Blue Origin
Landing Platform Vessel 1, a barge used by Blue Origin for planned rocket landings of New Glenn booster stages, beginning in 2025
Blue Origin LPV, the ship registry name for the Blue Origin landing platform ship from 2018–2020 (renamed 2020, scrapped 2022)
 Lough Patrol Vessel, a British Royal Marines vessel type; see

Science, engineering, technology
Limiting pressure velocity, a term relating to tribology (the study of friction and wear)
Long-period variable star, astronomy
Low-pressure valve, plumbing
Linear parameter varying, systems and control
Light Propagation Volumes, a method for computing Global Illumination in Computer graphics
 Lopinavir (LPV), an anti-viral drug used to treat HIV 
 lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV), a type of Polyomaviridae
Lunar PlanetVac, an instrument on the Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost M1

Other uses
Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, a British Voice Association journal
 Limited Preferential Vote, a voting system used in the Politics of Papua New Guinea

See also

 "LPV/r" refers to the HIV drug Lopinavir/Ritonavir (trade names: Kaletra / Aluvia)
 Blue Origin Landing Platform Vessel 1 (LPV-1), a landing platform barge for rockets

 LP5 (disambiguation)
USA-202. USA 202, previously NRO Launch 26 or NROL-26, is a classified spacecraft which is operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office. It is an Advanced Orion ELINT satellite. According to Aviation Week, it "fundamentally involves America's biggest, most secret and expensive military spacecraft on board the world's largest rocket." The combined cost of the spacecraft and launch vehicle has been estimated to be over US$2 billion.

Amateur astronomer observations suspected the satellite was eavesdropping on Thuraya 2 and this was reported to be confirmed by documents released on Sep 9, 2016 by The Intercept as part of the Snowden Files.

Launch 
USA-202 was launched from Space Launch Complex 37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, on the third flight of a Delta IV Heavy rocket. The launch was originally scheduled for 2005, but was delayed due to a number of issues, and lift-off took place at 02:47 GMT on 18 January 2009.

References

External links 

 Delta IV Heavy NROL-26 - launch information from ULA.
 The USA 202 ORION satellite A technical analysis of the satellite

National Reconnaissance Office satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Spacecraft launched by Delta IV rockets
USA satellites
Janusz Turowski (professor). Professor Janusz Turowski (born 30 October 1927 in Kovel, Poland (now in Ukraine), died 18 November 2020 in Łódź) was a Polish engineer. In 1940-46 deported by Soviets to Siberia. Graduated from the TUL with a: MSc and Electr. Engineer 1951, PhD 1958, DSc 1963. Ass. Prof. 1964, Professor 1971 and Full Professor (since 1978) in Electr. Machines and Applied Electromagnetism.

Professor Turowski was Vice Dean (1964–69), Director of the Institute of Electrical Machines and Transformers (1973–92),and Vice-Rector TUL (1990–96) International Co-operation.

Professor Janusz Turowski, full professor (Retired in 2003) in Electrical Machines and Applied Electromagnetics, was Doctor Honoris Causa University of Pavia, Italy (1998), Full Member of the International Academy of Electrotechnical Sciences (1999-), Member of Ukrainian Engineering Academy, Senior Member IEEE (1988-2001), Member of CIGRE-Paris (1964-2001).

References

External links
Professor Turowski's CV
Transformers in practice
Advanced Research Workshop on Transformers
"My Road to Science"

1927 births
2020 deaths
Łódź University of Technology alumni
Polish electrical engineers
People from Kovel
21st-century Polish engineers
20th-century Polish engineers
Particle segregation. In particle segregation, particulate solids, and also quasi-solids such as foams, tend to segregate by virtue of differences in the size, and also physical properties such as volume, density, shape and other properties of particles of which they are composed. Segregation occurs mainly during the powder handling and it is pronounced in free-flowing powders. One of the effective methods to control granular segregation is to make mixture's constituents sticky using a coating agent. This is especially useful when a highly active ingredient, like an enzyme, is present in the mixture. Powders that are inherently not free flowing and exhibit high levels of cohesion/adhesion  between the compositions are sometimes difficult to mix as they tend to form agglomerates. The clumps of particles can be broken down in such cases by the use of mixtures that generate high shear forces or that subject the powder to impact. When these powders have been mixed, however, they are less susceptible to segregation because of the relatively high inter-particulate forces that resist inter-particulate motion, leading to unmixing.

Granular segregation is also called "demixing" in industrial environment.

Segregation mechanisms
The five major segregation mechanisms  are
 Percolation segregation
 Flotation segregation
 Elutriation
 Transport segregation
 Agglomeration segregation

Percolation
Sifting occurs when there is a significant variation of particle diameter in a mixture. Relative movement of particles causes the finer particles to sift through the coarser ones.

Flotation
Vibration of the mixture is bringing the small particles below the coarse one, which has as an effect to have coarse particles closer to the surface of the mixture.

Elutriation
In this mechanism, the lighter or fluffier particles form a 'fluidized' layer. Only coarser particles can penetrate the fluidized fines and the finer particles remain in the top layer.

Transport
The finer particles in a mix are susceptible to be airborne in the presence of airflow. They move away from the deposition point whereas the coarser particles tend to remain close to the deposition point.

Agglomeration
It can happen that some components form lumps. Those lumps will create non homogeneity in the mix since locally they will concentrate a lot of material of one case.

References 

Granularity of materials
Focal-plane array testing. Focal plane array testing is a specialized field of test engineering. Focal plane array (FPA) imaging devices are used in missile guidance sensors, infrared astronomy, manufacturing inspection, and thermal imaging. Focal plane array testing is the process of verifying and validating that these devices function correctly. Focal plane arrays are complex to develop, in some cases the fabrication process may have more than 150 steps, testing of these devices must ensure that each step has the desired result. 

The actual test methodology used for testing focal plane arrays differs depending on the type of device. However, the types of tests usually fall into one of the following categories: diagnostic, performance, statistical, system simulation, or end-to-end simulation.

Government oversight of testing 
The development and testing military technology such as FPAs is concentrated in the space and defense industries. As a result of this Congress, in 1983, established the Office of the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) to coordinate, monitor, and evaluate operational testing of major weapon systems. A DOT&E report states this more directly: "The military services need confidence that their systems will not fail during mission execution..."

As part of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, DOT&E is separate from acquisition (that also conducts developmental and operational testing) and therefore is in a position to provide the Secretary and Congress with an independent view. Congress created DOT&E in response to reports of conflicts of interest in the acquisition community's oversight of operational testing leading to inadequate testing of operational suitability and effectiveness and the fielding of new systems that performed poorly.

Notes

References

External links 
 Office of the Secretary of Defense, Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate (DOT&E)

Infrared imaging
Flow assurance. Flow assurance  is a relatively new term in oil and gas industry. It refers to ensuring successful and economical flow of hydrocarbon stream from reservoir to the point of sale. The term was coined by Petrobras in the early 1990s ahead of a DeepStar Program meeting, in Portuguese as Garantia do Escoamento (:pt::Garantia do Escoamento), meaning literally “Guarantee of Flow”, or Flow Assurance.

Flow assurance is extremely diverse, encompassing many discrete and specialized subjects and bridging across the full gamut of engineering disciplines. Besides network modeling and transient multiphase simulation, flow assurance involves effectively handling many solid deposits, such as, gas hydrates, asphaltene, wax, scale, and naphthenates. Flow assurance is the most critical task during deep water energy production because of the high pressures and low temperature (~4 degree Celsius) involved. The financial loss from production interruption or asset damage due to flow assurance mishap can be astronomical. What compounds the flow assurance task even further is that these solid deposits can interact with each other, and can cause catastrophic blockage formation in pipelines and result in flow assurance failure.

Flow assurance includes thermal investigation of pipelines, making sure the temperature is above the hydrate's formation temperature. Other important aspects of flow assurance are the estimation of stable production limits, and evaluation of erosion due to sand and corrosion in pipelines and equipment.

References

Petroleum technology
Natural gas technology
Oilfield terminology
Wide-spectrum language. A wide-spectrum language (WSL) is a programming language designed to be simultaneously a low-level and a high-level language—possibly a non-executable specification language.  Wide-spectrum languages are designed to support a programming methodology based on program refinement.

The concept was introduced by F. L. Bauer et al. in 1978:

...The program should then be developed step by step applying correctness
preserving transformations.... The development process
thus involves usually multiple reshapings....
Since most current programming languages do not contain
all the concepts needed for the formulation of the different
versions, the programmer is nowadays forced to
use different languages. To avoid the transition from
one language to another, it seems appropriate to have
one coherent language frame covering the whole spectrum
outlined above, i.e. a wide spectrum language.

The advantage of a single language rather than separate specification, high-level, and low-level languages is that the program can be incrementally refined, with intermediate versions retaining some higher-level and some lower-level constructs.

Bauer's group developed the CIP-L wide-spectrum language and the CIP-S program transformation system.

See also

 Extended ML, a wide-spectrum language based on ML
 One major implementation of Common Lisp, SBCL, has an interface to assembly language called VOP(Virtual OPerator), in which the user can manipulate registers directly.
 RAISE Specification Language, described as a wide-spectrum specification language

Notes

References
 F. L. Bauer, et al., "Towards a wide spectrum language to support program specification and program development", ACM SIGPLAN Notices 13:12:15-24 December, 1978. full text (subscription)
 F.L. Bauer, The wide spectrum language CIP-L, vol. 1 of The Munich Project CIP, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 183, Berlin, 1985. .
 Z. Chen et al., "A wide-spectrum language for object-based development of real-time systems", International Journal of Information Sciences 118:15-35 (1999)
 Theo de Ridder, "Using Python as a Wide-Spectrum Language", EuroPython 2002. 

Programming language classification
Playfair's law. In estimating erosion, Playfair's law is an empirical relationship that relates the size of a stream to the valley it runs through. It is better defined as a theory rather than law.

Definition
The law states each stream cuts into its own valley, that each valley is proportional in size to its stream and that the stream junctions in the valley are proportional in depth in accordance with the stream level. Although there are models, in the most basic sense it simply says that large, fast streams will be in large valleys and vice versa. This is because steady, heavy flow of water will tug surrounding soil and subsequently erode and deepen the valley it cuts through.

Playfair's law also states that at tributary junctions, tributaries will have the same slope as the main channels. This is referred to by saying that the junctions occur "at grade".

Equation
By modeling Playfair's law in the following mathematical scheme, we can find the incision rate of the stream into the valley by following:

where
 is the erosion (or incision), and  is therefore equal to the incision rate
 is an erosion parameter (see below)
 is the area drained by the stream
 is the local gradient of the channel
 stream parameters (see below)
In evaluating the case specific parameters, we regard  as a parameter that is dependent on the type of land or soil that the stream is penetrating. Also,  can be estimated by first assuming that at the junction the law holds over the distance used to determine S and taking their ratios (m/n) at different points, then substitution.

See also
Glacial trough

References

Geomorphology
Water streams
Ammonium permanganate. Ammonium permanganate is the chemical compound NH4MnO4, or NH3·HMnO4. It is a water soluble, violet-brown or dark purple salt.

Preparation 
Ammonium permanganate was first prepared by Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1824 by reaction of silver permanganate with equal molar amount of ammonium chloride, filtering the silver chloride and evaporating the water. 

AgMnO4 + NH4Cl → AgCl + NH4MnO4
It can also be prepared in a similar way from potassium permanganate and ammonium chloride.

KMnO4 +NH4Cl → KCl +  NH4MnO4

Properties 
Ammonium permanganate is a strong oxidizer, owing to its permanganate anion, and it is a moderately strong explosive, owing to the combination of oxidizer permanganate anion and reducing ammonium cation. Dry ammonium permanganate can detonate by heat, shock, or friction, and it may explode at temperatures above 140 °F (60 °C).

Ammonium permanganate decomposes explosively to manganese dioxide, nitrogen, and water:
2 NH4MnO4 → 2 MnO2 + N2 + 4 H2O

Ammonium permanganate decomposes slowly in storage even at normal temperatures. A sample stored for 3 months was only 96% pure, after 6 months it assumed color of iodine and had strong smell of nitrogen oxides. It emits toxic fumes when decomposed by heat.

Quaternary ammonium permanganate compounds can be prepared, such as tetrabutylammonium permanganate and benzyltriethylammonium permanganate.

References

External links

Permanganate
Permanganates
Oxidizing agents
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Explosive chemicals
Component engineering. Component engineering is an engineering discipline primarily used to ensure the suitability and testability of suitable components required to manufacture a larger product.

The term combines two ideas:
 A component—a smaller, self-contained part of a larger entity
 Engineering—the discipline and profession of applying science to implement some functional design

Component designer engineers design, oversee the production, and test components for machines used in many different industries, from aviation to manufacturing, IT, software, telecommunications, and many more.
To make machine parts that are reliable and effective, they are involved in various stages of production, starting from research and product development, to compliance and design, or might work on testing and installing components.

See also
 Engineering
 Just in time (business)
 List of engineering branches
 Manufacturing engineering

References

Industrial engineering
Nitronium perchlorate. Nitronium perchlorate, NO2ClO4, also known as nitryl perchlorate and nitroxyl perchlorate, is an inorganic chemical, the salt of the perchlorate anion and the nitronium cation. It forms colorless monoclinic crystals. It is hygroscopic, and is a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent. It may become hypergolic in contact with organic materials. 

Nitronium perchlorate was investigated as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants. Thomas N. Scortia filed for patent on such propellant in 1963, however, its reactivity and incompatibility with many materials hindered such use. Coating of nitronium perchlorate particles with ammonium nitrate, prepared in situ by passing of dry ammonia gas over the particles, was investigated, and a patent was awarded.

The decomposition rate of nitronium perchlorate can be altered by doping with multivalent cations.

Nitronium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate do not produce smoke when stoichiometrically burned with non-metallic fuels. Potassium perchlorate and other metal perchlorates generate smoke, as the metal chlorides are solid materials creating aerosols of their particles. Of all the perchlorates, nitronium perchlorate is the most powerful oxidizer. It can be easily detonated.

References

Further reading

External links

Nitronium compounds
Perchlorates
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Rocket oxidizers
Oxidizing agents