omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thiele modulus. The Thiele modulus was developed by Ernest Thiele in his paper 'Relation between catalytic activity and size of particle' in 1939. Thiele reasoned that a large enough particle has a reaction rate so rapid that diffusion forces can only carry the product away from the surface of the catalyst particle. Therefore, only the surface of the catalyst would experience any reaction. 

The Thiele Modulus was developed to describe the relationship between diffusion and reaction rates in porous catalyst pellets with no mass transfer limitations. This value is generally used to measure the effectiveness factor of pellets.

The Thiele modulus is represented by different symbols in different texts, but is defined in Hill as hT.

Overview 

The derivation of the Thiele Modulus (from Hill) begins with a material balance on the catalyst pore. For a first-order irreversible reaction in a straight cylindrical pore at steady state:

where  is a diffusivity constant, and  is the rate constant.

Then, turning the equation into a differential by dividing by  and taking the limit as  approaches 0,

This differential equation with the following boundary conditions:

and

where the first boundary condition indicates a constant external concentration on one end of the pore and the second boundary condition indicates that there is no flow out of the other end of the pore.

Plugging in these boundary conditions, we have

The term on the right side multiplied by C represents the square of the Thiele Modulus, which we now see rises naturally out of the material balance. Then the Thiele modulus for a first order reaction is:

From this relation it is evident that with large values of , the rate term dominates and the reaction is fast, while slow diffusion limits the overall rate. Smaller values of the Thiele modulus represent slow reactions with fast diffusion.

Other forms 

Other order reactions may be solved in a similar manner as above. The results are listed below for irreversible reactions in straight cylindrical pores.

Second order Reaction

Zero order reaction

Effectiveness Factor 

The effectiveness factor η relates the diffusive reaction rate with the rate of reaction in the bulk stream.

For a first order reaction in a slab geometry, this is:

References 

Catalysis
Maximum time interval error. Maximum time interval error (MTIE)  is the maximum error committed by a clock under test in measuring a time interval for a given period of time.  It is used to specify clock stability requirements in telecommunications standards. MTIE measurements can be used to detect clock instability that can cause data loss on a communications channel.

Measurement

A given dataset (clock waveform) is first compared to some reference. Phase error (usually measured in nanoseconds) is calculated for an observation interval. This phase shift is known as time interval error (TIE). MTIE is a function of the observation interval. An observation interval window moved across the dataset. Each time the peak-to-peak distance between the largest and smallest TIE in that window is noted. This distance varies as the window moves, being maximal for some window position. This maximal distance is known as MTIE for the given observation interval.

Plotting MTIE vs. different observation interval duration gives a chart useful for characterizing the stability of the clock.

See also
Allan variance
Clock drift
Instantaneous phase
Jitter
Phase noise
Plesiochronous digital hierarchy
Time deviation

References

Measurement
Purple Penelope. Purple Penelope was a demonstration secure system created by the Defence Research Agency (DRA) in the UK. Its aim was to show that the security functionality of Windows NT could be extended to support users handling classified information.

Security Model 

Purple Penelope  implemented the Domain Based Security model  which was developed for the UK Ministry of Defence by DRA to take advantage of using Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) software to implement secure systems.

Within a security domain access controls are designed to stop users from accessing material without a need-to-know and to prevent them making mistakes when handling classified data, while controls over sharing information between security domains are more stringent and defend against attacks and hold the users to account for their actions. The model calls for discretionary security labelling and role based access controls within a domain and user-sanctioned release of information from the domain coupled with application oriented accounting and audit.

Security Functionality 

Purple Penelope extended Windows NT and the Microsoft Office application suite. The main features were a system of discretionary labelling and a trusted path for authorising security critical actions.

The discretionary labelling mechanism added security labels to files, application windows and the clipboard. The user's desktop display was augmented with a stripe across the top of the screen. This showed the security label of the application window that had focus and the security label of the clipboard. When data was copied to the clipboard the clipboard label was set to that of the source application window. When data was copied from the clipboard the destination application window's label "floated up" to the label of the new data. The user was free to change the label of a window or the clipboard at any time.

User's also had access to a shared file store. Files in the shared file store were labelled and when they were opened by an application the application's window label was set to that of the file. The shared file store could not be written directly by an application. The user was able to copy files to the shared file store but they were required to confirm the action using a trusted path interface that was inaccessible to applications.

Legacy 

The software created by the Purple Penelope project was licensed to Argus Systems where it was developed into a product called Deep Purple.

The software also laid the foundation for QinetiQ's SyBard Suite product.

The work on the cross-domain guard led to the production of DERA's SWIPSY firewall toolkit.

Name 

Purple was derived from the colour associated with joint operations in the UK MOD at the time.

Penelope was the name of the wife of Odysseus who tricked her suitors by weaving a burial shroud during the day and unpicking it at night. This slow progress was thought to reflect the state of secure system development at the time.

References 

Classified information in the United Kingdom
Computer security in the United Kingdom
Data security
Science and technology in Hampshire
Colyaer Gannet S100. The Colyaer Gannet S100 is a Spanish ultralight flying boat, designed and produced by Colyaer of Portonovo.

Design and development
The Gannet is an evolution of the Mascato S100 which was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a cantilever high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, under a forward-hinged bubble canopy, wing-tip pontoons and a single engine in pusher configuration. As a true flying boat, it has no wheeled landing gear.

The Gannet is made entirely from carbon fibre, Kevlar and fibreglass composites. Its  span wing has an area of  and flaps that can be deployed for landing and reflexed for cruise flight. The long wingspan gives the aircraft a good glide ratio and allows power-off soaring flights. The standard engine is the  Rotax 912ULS four-stroke powerplant and the aircraft can accept engines of .

An amphibious development became the Freedom S100.

Variants
Mascato S100
Early version with empty weight of  and gross weight of .
Gannet S100
Later version with empty weight of  and gross weight of , along with vertical stabilizers added to the tailplane.

Specifications (Mascato S100)

References

External links

2000s Spanish ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Internet remote base. An Internet Remote Base (IRB) is a ham radio remote base station controlled via an internetwork such as the Internet. IRBs are used to provide time-shared access to control radio transceivers or receivers, such as used by licensed Amateur Radio operators.

History
The United States Air Force pioneered the use of IRBs with the modernization of the High Frequency Global Communications System (HFGCS) in 2000.

This was followed closely by the introduction of several solutions publicly available in early 2000s by 
 Keith Lamonica (W7DXX) and Bob Arnold (N2JEU), using an HTML form,
 Stan Schretter (W4MQ), using a locally installed client and UDP,
 and Earl Claus (KB2LWS), using Flash, Remote Scripting, and XML.

References

Amateur radio
Ross Creek Bridge. Ross Creek Bridge is a former railway bridge, now used as a pedestrian walkway in Ross Bridge Park, Hoover, Alabama, United States. The text of the sign posted nearby by the Hoover Historical Society reads as follows:
In 1858 James Taylor Ross, a Scotchman migrated to the South, acquired land and homesteaded in what is now Shades Valley. He provided land for the construction of a Confederate railway, including a bridge spanning Ross Creek. After the Ross family moved westward, his property was purchased in 1907 by TCI, a predecessor of U.S. Steel. In 2002, U.S. Steel, Daniel Corp. and the Retirement Systems of Alabama combined to develop the community of Ross Bridge.

References 

https://www.rossbridge.com/history-ross-bridge/

External links 
 Hoover Historical Society
 Marker Points Out History of Ross Bridge and Creek
 Bridge Hunter Article with additional photographs

Hoover, Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Alabama
Railroad bridges in Alabama
Pedestrian bridges in Alabama
Former railway bridges in the United States
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Liao Shijun. Liao Shijun (; born September 15, 1963) is a fluid mechanics and applied mathematics expert working in homotopy analysis method (HAM), nonlinear waves, nonlinear dynamics, and applied mathematics. He was born in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Liao is a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

External links
Liao's homepage
Advances in the Homotopy Analysis Method

Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Physicists from Hubei
1963 births
Living people
People from Wuhan
Educators from Hubei
Mathematicians from Hubei
Cybercycle. A cybercycle is a type of exergame which combines a traditional stationary bike with virtual reality tours, competitive avatars, and videogame features.

History
The term "cybercycle" has been used to refer to a futuristic vehicle in science fiction stories and video games. Stationary bicycles in combination with 2D or 3D displays have been in existence since the early days of personal computers, developing into virtual reality systems as graphic capabilities improved.  Cay Anderson-Hanley of Union College and Paul Arciero of Skidmore College labeled the bicycle-virtual-reality combination a "cybercycle" in 2008 when they began conducting research on the benefits cycling exergames, to avoid referring to specific brand names.

Cybercycles and health
Anderson-Hanley and Arciero's research found increased cognitive benefits when older adults used cybercycles for exercise rather than ordinary stationary bicycles. These results have been written about in news media around the world, including The Wall Street Journal,  Press Association, Medscape Medical News, and Zee News. Additional research has been published on the benefits of cybercycling for college students  and also for children on the autism spectrum.

Based on this research, some retirement communities have added cybercycles to their exercise equipment.

References 

Fitness games
Cycle types
European Pathway to Zero Waste. European Pathway to Zero Waste is an EU demonstration project part funded by The LIFE Programme (LIFE+), the EU's funding instrument for the environment and is a partnership between the Environment Agency and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP). The project has been set up to investigate practical ways to achieve zero waste to landfill in the South East of England. It will share the results with colleagues both in the UK and in relevant EU Member States. Zero waste in this context is an approach to supporting the sustainable use of resources by business to benefit both the economy and the environment. It concentrates on reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering energy from waste. The project will run to March 2013.

External links 
 Environment Agency EPOW website
 WRAP EPOW website

Waste minimisation
ROSA. ROSA is a medical robotic technology, designed to minimize invasiveness of surgeries of the central nervous system. ROSA robots assist health professionals during surgical procedures.

The ROSA technology, developed by the French company Zimmer Biomet Robotics, is used in 120 hospitals across Europe, North America, Asia and the Middle East.

The device allows frameless stereotactic procedures increasing accuracy  and reducing operative time. It is especially effective for SEEG, DBS, endoscopic procedures, brain tumor resection and pediatric surgery.

The ROSA device combines software for neurosurgical planning and navigation, with a robotic arm of high technology.

The system was designed by Zimmer Biomet Robotics (Montpellier, France) and is currently used in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia.

References

Computer assisted surgery|Medical robots|Surgical robots|Medical robotics
Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant. In France, the training of the Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civilian, in English Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant) is performed by the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university).

History 
The TSA civilian training is created in addition to the one of Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile available since 1962.

Application 
The competitive examination is organized each year for students holder of a Baccalauréat. 5 seats are available. After the application process, students are trained during two years at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) of Toulouse.

Job 
The TSA civilians can have different jobs in airports, airlines or manufacturers including:
 Operational activities,
 Operation of the airport area (use of airport runways, aircraft operating conditions),
 Work in an operational department (weight and balance, flight planning, route calculation, fuel calculation), or a ground handling (passengers, cargo, etc..).

Training 
The initial training of the Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile was reformed in 2011. It is now called TSA for Technicien supérieur de l'aviation and include, since 2011, two curriculum:
 TSA civilian training: students are admitted after a competitive examination or by Validation des Acquis de l'Experience for a two-years training.
 TSEEAC: after being admitted with the same competitive examination as the TSA civilian, they attend the same two years course before a one year complementary training (in a dual education system) at the Directorate General for Civil Aviation.

Bibliography 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999

See also
 Technicien supérieur de l'aviation
 Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

References

External links
 TSA on ENAC website

Occupations in aviation
Technicians
École nationale de l'aviation civile
Aviation licenses and certifications
Foba. FOBA AG is a Swiss company that makes photographic studio equipment.

History

In 1939, just after World War II started in Europe, imports of photography products such as lights and dry presses from Germany were reduced to a trickle. Walter Friedrich, a precisions engineer, together with his wife, began to manufacture commodities for professional photographers in their rented home's small basement.  He called his startup Fotogeräte- und Elektroapparate-Bau ("Manufacturing of photographic and electrical equipment"), or FOBA. To save on shipping costs and to keep up the personal contact with his customers, Friedrich at first delivered products personally by bicycle.

The company also supplied cooking plates with integrated heating coils. This was the first in Switzerland.

References 

Photography equipment manufacturers of Switzerland
Manufacturing companies established in 1939
1939 establishments in Switzerland
Swiss brands
Metribuzin. Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one) is a herbicide used both pre- and post-emergence in crops including soy bean, potatoes, tomatoes and sugar cane.

It acts by inhibiting photosynthesis by disrupting photosystem II. It is widely used in agriculture and has been found to contaminate groundwater.

Metribuzin is produced by reacting one mole of 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-mercapto-(1,2,4)triazin-5(4H)one and half a mole of dimethyl sulfonate which react at 57°C in presence of sulfuric acid media about 7 hours and transfer methyl (CH3) from triazine to metribuzin and product formed 1 mole of metribuzin and half mole of sulfuric acid and later neutralized with soda ash and then purified. 

MP=125°C, BP=132°C, and cause dust explosion if enough amount of energy absorbed by it.

References

External links 
 

Herbicides
Tert-butyl compounds
Conjugated ketones
Seemant Institute of Technology. Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute (NPSEI) is an engineering college in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India is one of the government engineering colleges of Uttarakhand. It was established in 2011, as a constituent institute of Uttarakhand Technical University. The college established by the Government of Uttarakhand and Uttarakhand Technical University has been reconstituted as a Campus Institute of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun with effect from 9 May 2023.

Nanhi Pari Seemant Institute of Technology, Pithoragarh (formerly known as Seemant Institute of Technology) is a campus institute of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun and is approved by UGC & AICTE. The institute runs five undergraduate programs in engineering. Construction work of the NPSIT campus is on its full swing. The institute provides its academic facilities to engineering students in its temporary campuses at GIC Pithoragarh government building.

Admissions 
Eligibility: 10+2 with 45% in Physics, Maths & Chemistry/Computer Science
 Duration: four years comprising eight semesters, full-time regular engineering degree.
Admission procedure: Seats are filled through 12th class merit merit based counseling conducted by the institute. Out of total seats, 90% are for Uttarakhand domiciles and 10% for All India students.

Student life

Athletics
Sports facilities include the volleyball court, cricket ground of the government school near by. Badminton court on outdoor ground.

Placements
Few companies come for placement due to its remote location. For placements, students usually travel to other institutes for pool placements.

Racing Teams

Sparks Racers Formula Student 
Team SPARK Racers is a group of engineering students in Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute Pithoragarh Uttarakhand under department of Electrical Engineering seeking out to build a Formula Three Race Car for the Formula Bharat, Formula Green & Formula Student competition.

Team Sankalp Racing 
Team Sankalp Racing is a team of Mechanical Department for building Go-Cart, Quad Bike for Racing. SANKALP is the Racing team of SAE INDIA Nanhi Pari Institute Pithoragarh collegiate club. The team will participate in Mahindra Baja, Maruti Suzuki Supra  &  Efficycle.

Research
Research activities are conducted at either the department level or under the central office of Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy (SRIC).

Undergraduate courses (B.Tech)

External links 
 Homepage of Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute
 Homepage of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University
 Best College in Pithoragarh

Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand
Pithoragarh
Educational institutions established in 2011
2011 establishments in Uttarakhand
Melvin B. Zisfein. Melvin B. Zisfein (1926–1995) was an aircraft designer and a Deputy Director of the U.S. National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

Zisfein graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with degrees in aeronautical engineering (B.S. 1948; M.S. 1948) and worked as a designer, aerodynamicist, and manager for aircraft companies from then until 1966. He was associate director of the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories from 1966 to 1971. From 1971 to 1982 he served as the deputy director of the National Air and Space Museum, and was the acting director in 1978.

Zisfein published a book, Flight: A Panorama of Aviation in 1981, and a number of other books and professional publications. Some of his papers are kept at the Smithsonian Institution Archives.

References

American aircraft designers
Directors of museums in the United States
American aviation writers
Smithsonian Institution people
American aerospace engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
1926 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American engineers
Arthur O. Howe. Arthur Otis Howe (March 7, 1871 – November 27, 1951) was a dairy farmer and electrical engineer from Newfane, Vermont and a Republican member of the Vermont House of Representatives, serving from 1931 to 1933 and then reelected in 1937 and 1945.  He also served in the Vermont Senate from 1947 to 1948.

Personal background and family relations
Arthur Otis Howe was born in Newfane, Vermont to Marshall Otis Howe (1832–1919) and Gertrude Isabel (Dexter) Howe (1845–1930). He was never married. He was a dairy farmer in Newfane, Vermont and as a trained electrical engineer, he served in his early adult years as the superintendent of the electric light works in Chelsea, Vermont.  In 1931 he was elected to his first term in the Vermont House of Representatives, serving until 1933.  He was reelected in 1937 and 1945.  He was elected to the Vermont Senate, and served from 1947 to 1948.  Howe died at his home in Newfane.  Howe was a direct descendant of John Howe (1602-1680) who arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 from Brinklow, Warwickshire, England and settled in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Arthur Otis Howe was also a descendant of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony, as follows:

 Arthur Otis Howe, son of
 Marshall Otis Howe (1832-1919), son of
 Otis Howe (1793-1872), son of
 Gardner Howe (1759-1854), son of
 Priscilla Rice (1731-?), daughter of
 Luke Rice (1689-1754), son of
 Daniel Rice (1655-1737), son of
 Edward Rice (1622-1712), son of
 Edmund Rice, (ca1594-1663)

References 

1871 births
1951 deaths
People from Newfane, Vermont
Republican Party members of the Vermont House of Representatives
20th-century members of the Vermont General Assembly