omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wibault 7. The Wibault 7 was a 1920s French monoplane fighter designed and built by Société des Avions Michel Wibault. Variants were operated by the French and Polish military and built under licence for Chile as the Vickers Wibault.

Development
Developed from the earlier Wib.3 the Wibault 7 was a C.I category single-seat high-wing braced parasol monoplane fighter powered by a  Gnome-Rhone 9Ad radial engine. The main difference from earlier aircraft was the use of an all-metal construction system which was patented by Wibault. The first prototype flew in 1924, and was followed by two more prototypes. Despite being placed only third in the competition (behind the Nieuport-Delage NiD 42 and the Gourdou-Leseurre GL.32), an order for 25 Wib.7s was placed in January 1927. These were followed in production by 60 aircraft for the Aéronautique Militaire as the Wib.72 which entered service in 1929. 26 Wib.7s were built for Chile under licence by Vickers in England. 

Plans to sell the aircraft to Poland did not come about, but the PZL company bought a licence and manufactured 25 aircraft with Bristol Jupiter engines, designated in Poland as Wibault 70C1, to the Polish military. One or two of them were fitted with Wright Cyclone engine. The next variant was the Wib.73, with seven built for Paraguay. The French Navy bought some carrier-capable Wib.74s with a strengthened fuselage and arrestor hook.

Variants
Wib.7
Prototype powered by a 480 hp (358 kW) Gnome-Rhone 9Ad radial engine. Two further prototypes followed by 25 production aircraft.
Wib.71
Re-engined with a  Hispano 12 Jb engine but redesignated Wib.9 before completion. 
Wib.72
Strengthened production aircraft for French Air Force and Poland. 85 built. 
Wib.73
Production aircraft for Poland and Paraguay powered by  Lorraine-Dietrich 12Eb W engine. 11 built .
Wib.74
Production navalised aircraft for the French Navy. 18 built.
Vickers Wibault Scout
Licensed production with a Bristol Jupiter engine for Chile, 26 built.
Wibault 70C1
Licensed production with a Bristol Jupiter engine for Poland, 25 built by PZL

Operators

Chilean Air Force

Aéronautique Militaire
French Navy

Paraguayan Air Force received 7 Wib.73s. Three remained in service at the outbreak of the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia. 

Polish Air Force

Specifications (Wib 7)

See also
 Aerial operations in the Chaco War

References

Notes

Bibliography
Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. .

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. . 

Morgała, Andrzej (2003). Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1924–1939 [Military aircraft in Poland 1924–1939], Warsaw: Bellona.  

Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. . 
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985. 

Wib 7
Wibault 07
Fluorous chemistry. Fluorous chemistry involves the use of perfluorinated compounds or perfluorinated substituents to facilitate recovery of a catalyst or reaction product. Perfluorinated groups impart unique physical properties including high solubility in perfluorinated solvents. This property can be useful in organic synthesis and separation methods such as solid phase extraction.  In practice, a perfluorinated alkyl group is incorporated into an otherwise conventional organic reagent as an affinity tag.  These reagents can then be separated from organic solvents by extraction with fluorinated solvents such as perfluorohexane.

Applications
The utility of fluorous chemistry hinges on the partitioning modality distinct from polar/non-polar or hydrophilic/hydrophobic.   A major application of fluorous chemistry involves the use of fluorosurfactant perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to facilitate the production of Teflon.  The technology is controversial because of the slow rates of biodegradation of such compounds.

Ponytails
In compounds exploited in academic fluorous chemistry, molecules comprise both nonfluorous and fluorous domains.  The fluorous domain is often a substituent intended to confer solubility in the fluorocarbon medium.  Such perfluorosubstituents are often introduced in what are called ponytails.  Typical fluorous ponytails have the formula CF3(CF2)n(CH2)m- where n is about 10 and m is about 3.

Through the use of high affinity of fluorous tags (ponytails) for fluorous phases or fluorous-derivatized solid phases allows for near complete recovery of the tagged reagent (i.e., near complete reduction in a chemical waste stream), making the use of fluorous chemistry techniques a popular topic in green chemistry.

Partition coefficients
The fluorous character of a molecule can be assessed by its partition coefficient between a perfluorocarbon and a hydrocarbon.  In the following table, the data are for  perfluoromethylcyclohexane:toluene.

Scientific Community
The International Symposium on Fluorous Technologies (ISoFT) is a biennial meeting that brings together scientists working in the area of fluorous chemistry.

References

Representative journal articles

Fluorine
Sidu River Bridge. The Sidu River Bridge (Chinese: 四渡河特大桥; pinyin: Sìdù Hé Tèdà Qiáo) is a  suspension bridge crossing the valley of the Sidu River near Yesanguan in Badong County of the Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China. The bridge was designed by CCSHCC Second Highway Consultants Company, Limited. and built at a cost of 720 million yuan (approximately US$100 million). It opened to traffic on November 15, 2009.

Geography
The bridge is part of the new G50 Huyu Expressway that parallels China National Highway 318, an east-west route between Shanghai and Chongqing, 
crossing the wide belt of mountains that separate the Sichuan Basin from the lowlands of eastern Hubei. The Yangtze River pierces the same mountain belt  to the north, forming the famous Three Gorges. The Yiwan Railway, completed in 2010 and running parallel to the highway, has been described as China's most difficult to build and most expensive (per km) rail line.

The bridge spans a  valley of the Sidu River (a left tributary of the Qingjiang River), and superseded the Royal Gorge Bridge and the Beipan River Guanxing Highway Bridge as the highest bridge in the world until it in turn was surpassed by the Duge Bridge in 2016.

Design and construction

The bridge's design includes H-shaped towers, a truss-stiffened main span, and unsuspended side spans. The Warren-type trusses were constructed in 71 sections with the largest section weighing . The trusses are  tall and  wide.

The height measurement from the bottom of the gorge has been reported as  by Eric Sakowski,  by Chongxu Wang, and  by Yinbo Liu.

The first part of the suspension cable installed, a rope known as the pilot cable, was the first-ever to be placed using a rocket. Conditions at the bridge's location would not allow the use of boats or helicopters, which have previously been used to string the first cable. The rockets carried the pilot cables across on October 6, 2006 and resulted in time and cost savings.

The main suspension cables are made of 127 parallel wire strands bundled into a hexagonal shape (127 is the sixth centred hexagonal number).  Each strand is made of 127 wires (also making a hexagonal shape so that there is a total of 16,129 wires in each of the two main suspension cables).  Each cable can hold .

Notes

References

External links

Suspension bridges in China
Bridges in Hubei
Bridges completed in 2009
2009 establishments in China
Badong County
Krylov–Bogoliubov averaging method. The Krylov–Bogolyubov averaging method (Krylov–Bogolyubov method of averaging) is a mathematical method for approximate analysis of oscillating processes in non-linear mechanics. The method is based on the averaging principle when the exact differential equation of the motion is replaced by its averaged version. The method is named after Nikolay Krylov and Nikolay Bogoliubov.

Various averaging schemes for studying problems of celestial mechanics were used since works of Carl Friederich Gauss, Pierre Fatou, Boris Delone and George William Hill. The importance of the contribution of Krylov and Bogoliubov is that they developed a general averaging approach and proved that the solution of the averaged system approximates the exact dynamics.

Background
Krylov–Bogoliubov averaging can be used to approximate oscillatory problems when a classical perturbation expansion fails. That is singular perturbation problems of oscillatory type, for example Einstein's correction to the perihelion precession of Mercury.

Derivation
The method deals with differential equations in the form

for a smooth function f along with appropriate initial conditions. The parameter ε is assumed to satisfy

If ε = 0 then the equation becomes that of the simple harmonic oscillator with constant forcing, and the general solution is

where A and B are chosen to match the initial conditions. The solution to the perturbed equation (when ε ≠ 0) is assumed to take the same
form, but now A and B are allowed to vary with t (and ε).  If it is also assumed that 

then it can be shown that A and B satisfy the differential equation:

where . Note that this equation is still exact — no approximation has been made as yet. The method of Krylov and Bogolyubov is to note that the functions A and B vary slowly
with time (in proportion to ε), so their dependence on  can be (approximately) removed by averaging on the right hand side of the previous equation:

where  and  are held fixed during the integration. After solving this (possibly) simpler set of differential equations, the Krylov–Bogolyubov averaged approximation for the original function is then given by

This approximation has been shown to satisfy 

where t satisfies

for some constants  and , independent of ε.

References

Dynamical systems
Gabriel Georgiades. Gabriel Georgiades (born January 18, 1957) is a professor of Aerospace Engineering in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He is a widely published author known throughout the world as one of the leading authorities on light aircraft spin tendencies and recovery along with a major contributor to the creation of the finite element method of analyzing aircraft structures.

Education
Professor Gabriel Georgiades obtained a B.A. from Jacksonville University in 1979 along with a B.A.E. from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1979.

Career
After working in industry for a number of years at notable aviation companies such as Piper Aircraft, Georgiades pursued an M.S. from Pennsylvania State University in aerospace engineering, graduating in 1982. From 1985 onward Georgiades has been an active full-time professor at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, teaching courses in structures and Finite element method. Gabriel Georgiades is an elected national fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Gabriel has held elected AIAA offices such as regional chair, chair-elect, VC of education and advisory committee representative and was the former "Evolution of Flight" program officer for the San Gabriel Valley Region AIAA.

References

External links
Aerospace Engineering page at Cal Poly Pomona

1947 births
Living people
American aerospace engineers
Georgia Tech alumni
Jacksonville University alumni
Penn State College of Engineering alumni
George Kellgren. George Kellgren (born May 23, 1943) is a Swedish-born firearms designer, inventor and founder of the gun manufacturer Kel-Tec. His designs include the Intratec TEC-9, Kel-Tec P-11, Kel-Tec KSG, Kel-Tec SUB-2000 carbine and Grendel P10 .380 ACP pocket pistol.

Early life 
Kellgren was born in Sweden. He enlisted in the navy before beginning a career as a firearms designer.

Design career 
He designed many firearms earlier for Husqvarna and Swedish Interdynamics AB in Sweden. He moved to the USA in 1979 and his original USA designs were for Intratec and Grendel brand firearms. He founded Kel-Tec in 1991. Grendel Inc went out of business in 1994 as a result of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Kel-Tec had been doing much of the machining for Grendel and the closure of Grendel allowed Kel-Tec to expand their focus ultimately finding a very profitable niche in handgun manufacturing.

References

Firearm designers
20th-century American inventors
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Living people
1943 births
Aviator Monument (Stockholm). The Aviator Monument () is a statue that stands at Karlaplan in central Stockholm, Sweden. The statue was a gift from the Swedish Aeronautical Society in memory of different Swedish aviation pioneers who fell in both the North Pole expedition of 1898 and in the Swedish aviator era in 1917. The task to build the monument was given to the famous sculptor Carl Milles. The Aviator Monument was finished in 1931.

The statue
The monument is a sculpture of a large eagle with outstretched wings about to lift. Height 185 cm, width 750 cm and depth 185 cm. On the plinth which the statue is standing on are reliefs of Icarus, balloonists and early warplanes. Milles thought that an eagle would be an excellent symbol. Inside the shallow monument there is an urn, which contains medals for each fallen Swedish pilot.

History
Based on his sympathy towards Hitler, some art historians think that the Aviator Monument is an expression of Carl Milles admiration for Nazism. The eagle with its outstretched wings is often associated with the Nazi symbol, The Nazi Eagle. In the 1940s, young Swedish Nazis used the monument as a meeting point, and a place for gathering and commemoration. During this time young socialists sabotaged the statue with graffiti in protests against Nazis. The Swedish Air Force used it as a monument for a wreath-laying ceremony. 

The original purpose of this statue is to honour fallen pilots such as Salomon August Andrée, Nils Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel who died in the North Pole expedition in 1898. The monument was taken down during the construction of the Karlaplan metro station and re-erected again in 1967.

References

External links
jr4it
spfkarlaplan
millesmonument

Monuments and memorials in Sweden
Outdoor sculptures in Stockholm
1931 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Sweden
Sculptures of eagles
Sculptures by Carl Milles
Vandalized works of art in Sweden
Aviation art
Monuments and memorials to aviators
NEVOD DMB. DMB NEVOD, a product of RELEX Group, created in 1996, is an object-oriented repository with possibility of search and analysis of structured information (doing ad hoc inquiries and semantic net visualization). It is used mainly by security services of commercial organisations and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

References

External links
 Official site of RELEX Group

Data modeling
Business software for Windows

ru:НЕВОД
Architecture (disambiguation). Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other structure for human use and shelter.

Architecture may also refer to:

Design of built environments
 Landscape architecture, the design of man-made land constructs
 Naval architecture, the science of design of water-borne vessels
 Vehicle architecture, an automobile platform common to different vehicles
 Architectural Technology, the application of technology to the design of buildings

Design of process systems
 Process architecture, the design of general process systems (computers, business processes, etc.)
 Enterprise architecture, an architecture, or framework, for aligning an organization's systems
 Enterprise information security architecture, or EISA, the portion of enterprise architecture focused on information security
 Information architecture, the systems architecture for structuring the information flows in a knowledge-based system
 Robotic architectures, the architecture of the hardware and software in robots
 Systems architecture, the representation of an engineered system
 Technical architecture, the technical definition of an engineered system

Computing
 Computer architecture, the systems architecture of a computer
 Hardware architecture, the architecture design of an integrated device
Microarchitecture, processor implementation
 Software architecture, the systems architecture of a software system

Publications
 Architecture: the AIA journal, published by the American Institute of Architects, 1983–2006
 Architecture (magazine, 1900–1936)

Art
 Architecture (Klee), a 1923 painting by Paul Klee

Biology
 Histopathologic architecture, the overall pattern formed by groups of cells
 Cytoarchitecture, the arrangement and interaction of cellular structures in the central nervous system
 Nuclear architecture, the arrangement and organization of chromatin inside the nucleus

Record labels
 Architecture Label, an Australian record label

Other uses
Architecture sometimes refers to:
 Architectural history, studies the evolution and history of architecture
 Architectural analytics
 Product design, or product architecture, the systems design of a product or product family
 Architectural Association School of Architecture, a private school of architecture

See also
 Temple architecture
Ethyl chloroformate. Ethyl chloroformate is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the ethyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is a colorless, corrosive and highly toxic liquid. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the ethyl carbamate protecting group and for the formation of carboxylic anhydrides.

Preparation 
Ethyl chloroformate can be prepared using ethanol and phosgene:

Safety 
Ethyl chloroformate is a highly toxic, flammable, corrosive substance. It causes severe burns when comes in contact with eyes and/or skin, can be harmful if swallowed or inhaled.

References

Chloroformates
Reagents for organic chemistry
Aerogravity assist. An aerogravity assist, or AGA, is a theoretical spacecraft maneuver designed to change velocity when arriving at a body with an atmosphere.  A pure gravity assist uses only the gravity of a body to change the direction of the spacecraft trajectory.  The change in direction is limited by the mass of the body, and how closely it can be approached.  An aerogravity assist uses a closer approach to the planet, dipping into the atmosphere, so the spacecraft can also use aerodynamic lift with upside-down wings to augment gravity and further curve the trajectory.  This enables the spacecraft to deflect through a larger angle, resulting in a higher delta-v (change in velocity).  This in turn allows a shorter travel time, a larger payload fraction of the spacecraft, or a smaller spacecraft for a given payload.

The related techniques of  aerocapture, aerobraking, and atmospheric entry also attempt to use the body's atmosphere to help reduce propulsion requirements.  In an aerogravity assist, however, the goal is not to use the atmosphere to slow the spacecraft down, but instead use it to achieve a larger change in direction.

While the use of an aerogravity assist has been proposed for a variety of missions, including the capture of a spacecraft into orbit about Saturn, the technique has not yet been used in practice.

See also
Planetary flyby
Flyby (spaceflight)

References

Spacecraft propulsion

.
John Duncan Watson. John Duncan Watson (7 March 1860 – 1946) was a British civil engineer.

Watson was born in Dundee, Scotland on 7 March 1860. He specialised in sanitation and was regarded as a pioneer in the development of sewage treatment. Watson was engineer to the Birmingham and District Drainage Board and also General Manager to the Birmingham, Tame and Rea District Drainage Board. At Birmingham he was responsible for the construction of the first large-scale percolating filter plant, a complete departure from the traditional land treatment in use in the city and elsewhere. Other changes that he introduced, based on his work in Birmingham, were the separation of sludge digestion, the extraction of methane from sewage for use in power generation and the introduction of flocculation prior to the percolating filter. He drew up plans for sanitation works in the district of Aberdeen which included a pumping station at Denmill, reservoir at the Hill of Ord and water supply to the district of Culter. These plans are now held by the National Archives of Scotland.

Watson became General Manager of Birmingham Agricultural College by 1920 where he undertook investigations into tuberculosis in cattle. By 1920 he was also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and a fellow of the Royal Sanitary Institute. Watson was elected president of the ICE for the November 1935 to November 1936 session. In his retirement he joined his son, David Mowat Watson, who was also a member of the ICE, in his private engineering consultancy practice. Watson died in Birmingham in 1946. His son, David Watson followed in his footsteps in November 1954 by also becoming president of the ICE.

References

Bibliography 

        
        
        
        
        
        

1860 births
1946 deaths
Engineers from Dundee
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Scottish civil engineers
British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Livermore loops. Livermore loops (also known as the Livermore Fortran kernels or LFK) is a benchmark for parallel computers. It was created by Francis H. McMahon from scientific source code run on computers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It consists of 24 do loops, some of which can be vectorized, and some of which cannot. 

The benchmark was published in 1986 in Livermore fortran kernels: A computer test of numerical performance range.

The Livermore loops were originally written in Fortran, but have since been ported to many programming languages. 

Each loop carries out a different mathematical kernel
.
Those kernels 
are:
 hydrodynamics fragment
 incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient
 inner product
 banded linear systems solution
 tridiagonal linear systems solution
 general linear recurrence equations
 equation of state fragment
 alternating direction implicit integration
 integrate predictors
 difference predictors
 first sum
 first difference
 2-D particle in a cell
 1-D particle in a cell
 casual Fortran
 Monte Carlo search
 implicit conditional computation
 2-D explicit hydrodynamics fragment
 general linear recurrence equations
 discrete ordinates transport
 matrix-matrix transport
 Planckian distribution
 2-D implicit hydrodynamics fragment
 location of a first array minimum.

References

External links
 Livermore Loops, Fortran version
 Livermore Loops, C version

Parallel computing
Supercomputer benchmarks