omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Douglas (locomotive). Douglas is a narrow gauge steam locomotive. It was built by Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. Ltd. in 1918. It was originally used by the Air Service Constructional Corps (RAF) then was bought in 1949 by Abelson & Co. (Engineers) Ltd. who then sold it to the Talyllyn Railway in 1953.

History

After being handed over to the RAF on 21 February 1918 the engine was first used at Manston by the Admiralty Air Construction Service. From October 1921 onwards Douglas spent most of its working life at RAF Calshot near Southampton. In April 1949 it was sold at auction and bought for £60 by an engineering company called Abelson & Co (Engineers) Ltd. In the early days of preservation, the Talyllyn Railway had contacted this and other similar firms, asking for redundant equipment. Abelson's offered the locomotive to the Talyllyn, and in return they named it after the donor, Douglas Abelson. After presentation in 1953 the locomotive was retubed and converted from 2ft gauge at Griffin Foundry, Oldbury (with the conversion being paid for by Abelson) before being taken by road to Tywyn. At the same time as the conversion the engine's buffers were changed from a single centred buffer at each end to pairs of buffers. The cab was also extended backwards by about 6 inches to allow the engine's lever brake to be replaced by a screw brake.

Although smaller than the other locomotives on the Talyllyn Railway, it has performed well and was returned to service in 1995, with a new boiler fitted, and turned out in its old Air Ministry Works & Buildings livery.

In more recent years Douglas has been painted in standard Talyllyn Railway livery of deep bronze green lined with black borders and yellow lining; however as of 2010 it was painted red, acting as Duncan from the fictional Skarloey Railway. In February 2018, to mark the centenary of both the locomotive and the RAF, it was painted RAF blue.

Douglas’s boiler ticket expired in January 2024 after which the engine was relocated to the Severn Valley Railway where it was placed on displayed in the engine house.

In fiction

All the steam-operated engines on the Talyllyn Railway appeared many times in The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry on the Skarloey Railway. In this case, Douglas was the basis for the character “Duncan”.

References

External links

Talyllyn Railway locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Preserved narrow gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
0-4-0WT locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1918
Andrew Barclay locomotives
Narrow gauge locomotives of the United Kingdom
Biodegradable electronics. Biodegradable electronics are electronic circuits and devices with a limited lifetime owing to their tendency to biodegrade. Such devices are proposed to represent useful medical implant, and temporary communication sensors.

Organic electronic devices as compostable material platforms have been fabricated on aluminum foil and paper to accommodate these expanded functionalities. In one embodiment of this idea, paper films were utilized as a combination substrate and gate dielectric for use with pentacene-based active layers. This idea was expanded upon to create complete circuits using foldable paper-based substrates.

Silk coatings could underpin an electronic devices because it melts away when the device is no longer needed. One test device, a heating circuit powered by beaming radio waves at it, was implanted under the skin of a rat with a wound. After the wound had healed, the implant simply melts away. The US military research agency DARPA funded research on building a tiny dissolving camera with this silk coating for use as a disposable spy camera.

Cable bacteria give insight to how biodegradable electronics could be made.

References

Electronics and the environment
National Cooperative Highway Research Program. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) conducts research in problem areas that affect highway planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance in the United States. Spearheaded by the Transportation Research Board (TRB), part of the National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, it is jointly supported by federal agencies, state departments of transportation (DOTs), and other nonprofit organizations.

Funding
The National Cooperative Highway Research Program was established in 1962 under TRB.  Governments needed to tackle what Rex M. Whitton termed “clearly a supreme challenge to research”: moving people and goods in cities by using a fixed percentage of highway funding dedicated to research. Whitton envisioned that this research would encompass studies of human behavior, land use, employment, and new technologies. Another anecdote contributing to NCHRP's founding comes from the late 1950s when it was noted that 32 state DOTs were researching the same topic without any knowledge of each other’s work. This revelation provided incentive for the states to pool their resources on a national research program addressing common problems. The extent of duplicative and isolated research was mentioned in a conversation between Edward Holmes of the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) and Alfred E. Johnson, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) executive director at the time.

It is sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). This program is funded by all the state highway and transportation departments. State departments of transportation are requested to contribute 5.5% of their State Planning and Research (SP&R) funds each year. Annual NCHRP funding has been approximately $37 million in recent years.

FHWA provides the funds to the NCHRP through a cooperative agreement with the National Academy of Sciences, the parent organization of the Transportation Research Board.

Examples

Projects
Examples of research projects previously approved by NCHRP include:

Reports
Examples of final NCHRP reports include:

A comprehensive list of NCHRP reports by publication date can be found on the TRB website.

References 

Transportation organizations based in the United States
TESCAN. TESCAN is one of the world's leading manufacturers of Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM), Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopes (FIB-SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes (STEM), and microcomputed tomography (microCT). TESCAN serves customers in materials science, geosciences, life sciences and semiconductor markets. Company is located in Brno (Czech Republic), which is considered to be the cradle of electron microscopy in Europe.

History

The history of electron microscope production in Czechoslovakia dates back to the 1950s when a team led by Armin Delong in Brno started to produce electron microscopes. One of the first successful microscopes was the Tesla BS 242 model, which won a gold medal at the EXPO 1958. During its 30-year existence, Tesla produced over 3,000 different models of microscopes which were exported to over 20 countries.

After the Velvet Revolution, Tesla was divided into several smaller companies. Some of them still operate in the electron microscope market. One of these companies is TESCAN which was founded in 1991 by former Tesla development and service employees. The name TESCAN was derived from the words TESla and SCANning (scanning – screening).

TESCAN originally manufactured programmable controllers, digitizers for older analog scanning electron microscopes, and other small accessories.

In 2020, 3000 was installed at the University of Freiburg, Germany. TESCAN has now produced over 3,000 SEMs and FIB-SEMs.

Holding structure
In 2013, TESCAN ORSAY HOLDING was established following the merger of the Czech company TESCAN, a leading global developer and supplier of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and focused ion beam (FIB) workstations, and the French company ORSAY PHYSICS, a world leader in customized Focused Ion Beam and Electron Beam technology.

The headquarters of the TESCAN ORSAY HOLDING is located in Brno, The Czech Republic. This location serves as the base for production and research and development of all microscopes. From this, about 95% of the total production is exported to locations all over the world via local subsidiaries and distributors.

TESCAN ORSAY HOLDING comprises 7 subsidiaries located in Europe, Asia and the Americas that together employ almost 500 people. TESCAN manufactures about 250 microscopes per year yielding  revenue of approximately US$80 million per annum.

References

External links 

ISI Brno – The Museum of the Department of Electron Optics
 Installation of Tescan SEM at Flamant Laboratory in Breda, the Netherlands
 Tescan Scanning Electron Microscopes Appoint Distributor in Ireland and the UK

Electronics companies established in 1991
Multinational companies
1991 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Electronics companies of Czechoslovakia
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Holborn Viaduct power station. Holborn Viaduct power station, named the Edison Electric Light Station, was the world's first coal-fired power station generating electricity for public use.  It was built at number 57 Holborn Viaduct in central London, by Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Light Company.

The plant began running on 12 January 1882, three years after the invention of the carbon-filament incandescent light bulb.  It burnt coal to drive a steam engine which drove a ,  generator which produced direct current (DC) at 110 volts.

It initially lit 968 16-candle incandescent lamps to provide street lighting from Holborn Circus to St. Martin's Le Grand, which was later expanded to 3,000 lamps. The power station also provided electricity for private residences, which may have included nearby Ely Place. Having run at a significant loss the station closed in September 1886, and the lamps were converted back to gas.

Edison opened a second coal-fired power station in September 1882 in the United States, at Pearl Street Station in New York City.

Background
In 1878, the City of London Corporation had installed 16 electric arc lamps over the viaduct, but the experiment was discontinued within six months, and the bridge returned to gas lighting. The Victoria Embankment was lit with electric lamps at around the same time, using the Yablochkov candles demonstrated at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1878.

The Holborn Viaduct project was preceded by two months by an electricity supply from a water wheel in Godalming, Surrey – the world's first public electricity supply. This hydroelectric project was on a much smaller scale, however, with a  generator running 4 arc lamps and 27 incandescent lamps.

Location and technical specification
Lacking the legal precedent to lay underground cables (digging the street was the sole prerogative of the gas companies), Edison's associate Edward Hibberd Johnson discovered culverts existed on the Holborn Viaduct which would allow for electrical cables to be laid.

The American-built 'Jumbo' generator (named after P.T. Barnum's circus elephant) was driven by a Porter-Allen steam engine built by Babcock & Wilcox.

Closure
The station was on Crown property and so could not be extended, and was running at a significant annual loss.  It closed in September 1886 and the lamps were converted back to gas.  The building in which it was housed was destroyed by bombing during the Blitz, and the large building called 60 Holborn Viaduct has since subsumed the site.

See also
Electric Lighting Act 1882
Deptford Power Station – UK's first major public power station

References

Citations

Sources

Buildings and structures in Holborn
Former power stations in London
1882 establishments in England
1886 disestablishments in England
1882 in London
Former buildings and structures in the City of London
Arthur J. Schmitt. Arthur J. Schmitt (14 June 1893 – 29 March 1971) was an American engineer, inventor, entrepreneur and philanthropist.  In 1932, he founded American Phenolic Corp (which became Amphenol) when he discovered that insulating plastic could effectively be used to produce tube sockets in a quicker and simpler method than using Bakelite or ceramic. Under his leadership, Amphenol developed and manufactured equipment for radios, military equipment during World War II, and various industrial uses after the war.

In 1941, the Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation purchased the property that would become the Fournier Institute of Technology in Lemont, Illinois. The former seminary was converted into a two-year high school and a four-year college, with the goal of training engineers for service in World War II. The Fournier Institute of Technology opened in 1943, and college-level classes commenced in 1947. Due to low enrollment and rising operating costs, the institute graduated its last high school class in 1951, and its last college class in 1955. DePaul University Special Collections and Archives holds a collection of historical and legal documents, correspondence, publications, and photographs related to the Fournier Institute of Technology, donated by the Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation. The Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation continues to provide scholarships and fellowships at numerous Catholic-based universities in the Chicago and surrounding Great Lakes area, such as DePaul University and Saint Xavier University and the graduate schools at Loyola University Chicago, University of Notre Dame, and Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI). The Foundation also supports scholarships at a handful of high schools.

Schmitt turned his financial success into significant philanthropic efforts that continue to propagate his moral and ethical values.

References

1893 births
1971 deaths
DePaul University Special Collections and Archives holdings
20th-century American philanthropists
Trans-Korean Main Line. The Trans-Korean Main Line is a project to build railway infrastructure in North Korea, and allow rail freight to travel between South Korea and Russia; it is hoped to halve the time taken to transport freight from eastern Asia to Europe and earn substantial transit fees.

In 2001, the leaders of Russia and North Korea signed agreements to construct a rail corridor.

Construction
In 2008, reconstruction work began on a 54 km cross-border rail link between Khasan in Russia, and the port of Rasŏn, via Tumangang both in North Korea; Russian Railways sees this as a first step in construction of a trans-Korean main line. Initially freight is expected to be forwarded by sea from South Korea's second city Busan to Rasŏn; there are also plans to reconstruct a line from Rasŏn to the Chinese border. Further plans are to extend the line along the east coast of the Korean peninsula, across the North/South Korean border to Busan. A line between Onjong-ri and Jojin would be rebuilt.

See also
Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge
Rail transport in South Korea
Rail transport in North Korea

References

Railway lines in South Korea
Rail transport in Korea
Railway lines in North Korea
MUSS (countermeasure). Multifunctional Self protection System (MUSS, ) is a soft kill active protection system developed to protect military vehicles against guided anti-tank missiles.

History
MUSS was developed by EADS, Buck (a Rheinmetall subsidiary) and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW). Before September 2003, it was tested on a Leopard 2 tank by the German .

The German Puma infantry fighting vehicle has been equipped with MUSS, after EADS was awarded a contract in 2006. Hensoldt delivered the 300th MUSS active protection system to the German Army on 19 September 2019. A total of 342 MUSS systems were delivered by 2020.

In July 2016, the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory placed a £7.6 million contract with QinetiQ to evaluate the MUSS system for armoured vehicles, particularly the Challenger 2 main battle tank.

In November 2021, Hensoldt announced the development of an improved version known as "MUSS 2.0". The development of MUSS 2.0 was commissioned by the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support and includes optimizations in regards to size and weight while improving the capabilities of the missile warners and laser detectors. MUSS 2.0 can also detect second-generation laser rangefinders, laser beam riding missiles such as Kornet and can act as hostile fire indicator. It is compliant to the NATO Generic Vehicle Architecture (NGVA).

Design

MUSS consists of three main elements: ultraviolet sensors, consisting of a laser warner and a missile warner which detects incoming projectile, the computer, and the electronic or pyrotechnic countermeasures (for example an infrared jamming device). When the sensors detect an incoming missile or a laser beam aimed at the vehicle, the computer activates the countermeasures. MUSS offers 360° protection with elevation up to 70° and can handle up to four threats at once.

Depending on application the weight of the system can vary between 65 and 160 kg.

References

External links
 Defense-Update.com "Multifunction Self Protection System"
 "Hensoldt"

Weapons countermeasures
Land active protection systems
Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Karem. Karem may refer to:

People
Abraham Karem (born 1937), an aerospace engineer and UAV pioneer
Arfa Karem (1995–2012), Pakistani student and computer prodigy
Brian Karem, American journalist 
David Karem (born 1943), American politician
Robert Karem, American government official 
Karem Achach, (born 1991), Mexican synchronized swimmer
Karem Ben Hnia (born 1994), a Tunisian Olympic weightlifter
Karem Mahmoud (1922–1995), Egyptian singer and actor
Karem Shivaji (born 1978), Indian politician and activist

Other uses
 Karem Aircraft, an American aerospace company
 Carem or Karem, a place mentioned in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible

See also

Karey (disambiguation)
Karim, and variant spellings, a name
Ein Karem, or ʿAyn Kārim, a neighbourhood in Jerusalem 
Carrom, game
Tampering (quality control). Tampering in the context of a controlled process is adjusting the process on the basis of outcomes which are within the expected range of variability. The net result is to re-align the process so that an increased proportion of the output is out of specification. The term was introduced in this context by W. Edwards Deming, and he was a strong proponent of using control charts to avoid tampering.

See also
 Incentive program
 Control chart

References
W. Edwards Deming (1994) The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education, 2nd edition, Massachusetts Inst Technology.   (Chapter 9.)
Deming, W. Edward (1986), Out of the Crisis,  MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 327–32. (2000 edition: )
Gitlow, Howard; Gitlow, Shelly; Oppenheim, Alan; Oppenheim, Rosa (1989), Tools and Methods for The Improvement of Quality, CRC Press 
Krehbiel, T. C. (1994), "Tampering with a Stable Process". Teaching Statistics, 16, 75–79. 

Quality control
David H. Burrell. David Hamlin Burrell (1841 – January 13, 1919) was an American industrialist, inventor, and philanthropist based in Little Falls, New York.  He achieved prominence through improvements and inventions related to the dairy industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

He developed most of his inventions at his Overlook estate at Little Falls.  There he invented a seamless cheese bandage, silos for the preservation of ensilage, the Burrell-Simplex Link Blade "Simplex" Separator, milk pasteurization systems, churns, butter workers, milk testers and coolers, gang presses, and a universally accepted, patented, BLK milking machine.  He also patented the first practical oil burner in 1885.  President Ronald Reagan officially proclaimed 1985 to be "Oil Heat Centennial Year" to posthumously honor Burrell.

He was a Republican and served as Presidential Elector for New York, in the Presidential Election of 1896.

He died at his home in Little Falls on January 13, 1919.

References 

1841 births
1919 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from Little Falls, New York
1896 United States presidential electors
19th-century American businesspeople
Kenneth C. Brugger. Kenneth C. Brugger (16 June 1918 – 25 November 1998) was an American naturalist and self-taught textile engineer. He is noted for discovering, with his wife Catalina Trail, the location of the overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus.

Life and career
Brugger was born 16 June 1918 in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He never attended college but had strong mechanical aptitude and mathematical skills. He worked as a mechanic in his father's garage until World War II, when he worked in the cryptology section of the U. S. Signal Corps. After the war he went to work for Jockey International and rose to the position of chief engineer for Jockey's worldwide knitting operations. He designed innovative knitting machines, including a compactor that minimized shrinkage in knitted underwear. Following a divorce in 1965 he moved to Mexico to work as a textile consultant.

Monarch research
In 1972 Brugger was working in Mexico City. An amateur naturalist, he responded to a notice in a local newspaper written by Fred and Norah Urquhart, Canadian zoologists who were studying the migration patterns of monarch butterflies. The Urquharts had tracked the migration route as far as Texas, where it disappeared, and they thought it might continue into Mexico, so they were seeking volunteers to look for the butterflies.

In 1973, after seeing the ad, Brugger convinced Catalina Aguado to search for the butterflies with him. They searched for several years, first as volunteers, then as paid assistants to the Urquharts. In 1974 he married Catalina Aguado, a fellow butterfly lover. On 2 January 1975, they finally found a mountaintop forest containing millions of resting monarch butterflies. Their discovery was reported as the cover story in National Geographic magazine in August 1976. Eventually a dozen such sites were located and were protected by the Mexican government as ecological reserves. The area is now a World Heritage Site known as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. The sites are popular with ecotourists who admire the beauty of the massed butterflies. Ironically, Brugger could not appreciate that beauty; he was totally colorblind.

Brugger and Catalina Aguado (who later remarried and became known as Catalina Trail) separated in 1991 and eventually divorced; they had one son.

Recognition
Brugger's search and discovery is dramatized in the IMAX film Flight of the Butterflies.

References

1918 births
1998 deaths
Textile engineers
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
People from Austin, Texas
20th-century American naturalists
United States Army personnel of World War II
Bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride. Bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride is the coordination complex with the formula PdCl2(NCCH3)2.  It is the adduct of two acetonitrile ligands with palladium(II) chloride.  It is a yellow-brown solid that is soluble in organic solvents.  The compound is a reagent and a catalyst for reactions that require soluble Pd(II).  The compound is similar to bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride.  It reacts with 1,5-cyclooctadiene to give dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium.

References

Palladium compounds
Homogeneous catalysis
Coordination complexes
Chloro complexes
Nitriles