omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kandla-Gorakhpur LPG Pipeline. Kandla-Gorakhpur LPG pipeline (KGPL) is an under-construction gas pipeline project in India. It has a total length of   stretching from Kandla port in Gujarat to the city of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh via Madhya Pradesh. The project cost is estimated to be 9,000-10,000 crore. It is constructed by IHB Limited, a joint venture company comprising three PSUs in India: the Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL), the Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL), and the Bharat Petroleum (BPCL). The pipeline connects refineries to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plants.

History

On 24 February 2019 the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, laid the foundation stone of the pipeline at Gorakhpur.

Project detail 
Total Length: 2,805 km

Gujarat: 1,076 km, Madhya Pradesh':  621 km, Uttar Pradesh': 1,108 km

Line Diameter : 20”, 18”, 16”, 14”, 12”, 10”, 8”

Pumping Stations: Kandla, Mithi Rohar, Viramgam, Dahej, Pipavav,  Dumad,  BPC Bina Refinery, IPS-1 (Ch. 237: Near Indore)

LPG Sources:

LPG Import Terminals:  Kandla, Mundra (at Mithi Rohar), Dahej, Pipavav

Refineries: IOCL’s Koyali Refinery(Gujarat Refinery), BPCL’s Bina Refinery

See also 

 HVJ Gas Pipeline
 East West Gas Pipeline (India)

References 

Pipelines in India
Liquefied petroleum gas
Energy in Gujarat
Energy in Madhya Pradesh
Energy in Uttar Pradesh
Proposed infrastructure in Gujarat
Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh
Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh
Proposed infrastructure in India
Possible Minds. Possible Minds: Twenty-five Ways of Looking at AI, edited by John Brockman, is a 2019 collection of essays on the future impact of artificial intelligence.

Structure 
Twenty-five essayists contributed essays related to artificial intelligence (AI) pioneer Norbert Wiener's 1950 book The Human Use of Human Beings, in which Weiner, fearing future machines built from vacuum tubes and capable of sophisticated logic, warned that "The hour is very late, and the choice of good and evil knocks at our door. We must cease to kiss the whip that lashes us." Wiener stated that an AI "which can learn and can make decisions on the basis of its learning, will in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made, or will be acceptable to us". The essayists seek to address the question: What dangers might advanced AI present to humankind? Prominent essayists include Daniel Dennett, Alison Gopnik, Jaan Tallinn, and George Dyson. Brockman interleaves his own intros and anecdotes between the contributors' essays.

Ideas 
Multiple essayists state that artificial general intelligence is still two to four decades away. Most of the essayists advice proceeding with caution. Hypothetical dangers discussed include societal fragmentation, loss of human jobs, dominance of multinational corporations with powerful AI, or existential risk if superintelligent machines develop a drive for self-preservation. Computer scientist W. Daniel Hillis states "Humans might be seen as minor annoyances, like ants at a picnic". Some essayists argue that AI has already become an integral part of human culture; geneticist George M. Church suggests that modern human are already "transhumans" when compared with humans in the Stone Age. Many of the essays are influenced by past failures of AI. MIT's Neil Gershenfeld states "Discussions about artificial intelligence have been (manic-depressive): depending on how you count, we're now in the fifth boom-and-bust cycle." Brockman states "over the decades I rode with (the AI pioneers) on waves of enthusiasm, and into valleys of disappointment". Many essayists emphasize the limitations of past and current AI; Church notes that 2011 Jeopardy! champion Watson required 85,000 watts of power, compared to a human brain which uses 20 watts.

Reception 
Kirkus Reviews stated readers who want to ponder the future impact of AI "will not find a better introduction than this book." Publishers Weekly called the book "enlightening, entertaining, and exciting reading". Future Perfect (Vox) noted the book "makes for gripping reading, (and the book) can get perspectives from the preeminent voices of AI... but (the book) cannot make those people talk to each other." Booklist stated the book includes "many rich ideas" to "savor and contemplate". In Foreign Affairs, technology journalist Kenneth Cukier called the book "a fascinating map".

Explanatory notes

References 

Books by John Brockman
2019 non-fiction books
Penguin Press books
Non-fiction books about artificial intelligence
Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project. Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project (SUB2Axis64) is a multi-basin irrigation cum hydropower project lying in Surkhet District of Karnali Province in Mid-West Nepal. The water is diverted from the Bheri River and discharged to Babai River. The project aims to irrigate 51,000 ha of land in Banke and Bardiya District throughout the year. The elevation difference between the intake and irrigation area provided an opportunity to install 46.8 MW firm electricity. The project has a tunnel 12208 meters long that was constructed using a tunnel boring machine (TBM) for the first time in Nepal. The project is owned by the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation. Construction of the project commenced in 2015 and is expected to complete in 2023. The project is estimated to cost NPR 30,00,00,00,000. 

As of June 2021, 45% of the construction work is completed.

Project description
The headworks of the project is located in Chhote village of Lekhpharsa VDC on the right bank and Gothiyari village of Ramghat VDC on the left bank of the Bheri River. A diversion barrage across the Bheri will divert the flow to six intake orifices on the left bank of river. The flow is then conveyed to a three-bayed settling basin followed by a 12 km long headrace tunnel and 773 m long penstock pipe. A power station will be located on the right bank of the Babai River. The gross head of the project is 151 m while the design discharge is 40 m3/s.

Contractors
 Tunnel: China Overseas Engineering Group Company (COVEC) and Robbins provided the TBM. The component was constructed ahead of schedule.
 Headworks and Powerhouse: Guangdong Yuantian Raman JV
 Irrigation Canals: Not declared

See also
National Pride Projects
Department of Water Resources and Irrigation
Interbasin transfer

External links

References

Power stations in Nepal
Irrigation in Nepal
National Pride Projects
Buildings and structures in Surkhet District
Babai Irrigation Project. Babai Irrigation Project (बबई सिचाई आयोजना) is an irrigation project in western Nepal which aim to irrigate 36,000 ha of land by using water of Babai River. The project has been listed as the National Pride Projects of Nepal and is implemented by the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (Nepal). The project aims to irrigate about 21,000 ha and  15,000 ha in the eastern and western side of the river respectively.
 The project cost is estimated to be about NPR 17,340,000,000.

Project implementation
(Years in BS refers to Bikram Sambat)

The master plan study of the project was done in 2024 BS which concluded to irrigate 21,000 ha and  15,000 ha in the eastern and western side of the river respectively.

First stage
In 2035 BS, the first stage of the feasibility study was done to irrigate 13,240 ha in the eastern branch and detail engineering was done for the same in 2040BS.

When the world bank in 2046 BS disagreed to fund the project, the district level committee started the work on its own by firstly constructing the highway weir cum bridge over the Babai River. This work was completed in 2049 BS.

By 2050 BS 5.5km of the canal was constructed and the traditional canals (Budhi kulo, Majro Kulo, Raj Kulo and Dhadhawar kulo) were fed to irrigate about 4000 ha.

From 2051 BS to 2058 BS, 28 km of the canal was constructed.

Second stage
The design works of the second stage of the construction were concluded in 2058 BS. As of 2020, this stage is still ongoing. Study of the canal from chainage 28 km to 43 km is being carried out.

See also
Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project
National Pride Projects
Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (Nepal)

External links
Official website

References

Irrigation in Nepal
National Pride Projects
Super-AGB star. A super-AGB star is a star with a mass intermediate between those that end their lives as a white dwarf and those that end with a core collapse supernova, and properties intermediate between asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and red supergiants.  They have initial masses of  in stellar-evolutionary models, but have exhausted their core hydrogen and helium, left the main sequence, and expanded to become large, cool, and luminous.

HR diagram
Super-AGB stars occupy the top-right of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HR diagram), and have cool temperatures between 3,000 and , which is similar to normal AGB stars and red supergiant stars (RSG stars). These cool temperatures allow molecules to form in their photospheres and atmospheres. Super-AGB stars emit most of their light in the infra-red spectrum because of their extremely cool temperatures.

The Chandrasekhar limit and their life
A super-AGB star's core may grow to (or past) the Chandrasekhar mass because of continued hydrogen (H) and helium (He) shell burning, ending as core-collapse supernovae. The most massive super-AGB stars (at around ) are theorized to end in electron capture supernovae. The error in this determination due to uncertainties in the third dredge-up efficiency and AGB mass-loss rate could lead to about a doubling of the number of electron-capture supernovae, which also supports the theory that these stars make up 66% of the supernovae detected by satellites. 

These stars are at a similar stage in life to red giant stars, such as Aldebaran, Mira, and Chi Cygni, and are at a stage where they start to brighten, and their brightness tends to vary, along with their size and temperature. 

These stars represent a transition to the more massive supergiant stars that undergo full fusion of elements heavier than helium. During the triple-alpha process, some elements heavier than carbon are also produced: mostly oxygen, but also some magnesium, neon, and even heavier elements, gaining an oxygen-neon (ONe) core. Super-AGB stars develop partially degenerate carbon–oxygen cores that are large enough to ignite carbon in a flash analogous to the earlier helium flash. The second dredge-up is very strong in this mass range and that keeps the core size below the level required for burning of neon as occurs in higher-mass supergiants.

References

attribution contains text copied from Asymptotic giant branch available under CC-BY-SA-3.0

Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Stellar evolution
Ann Shaw Carter. Ann Shaw Carter (December 5, 1922 – September 26, 2005) was an American pilot who was the first female commercial helicopter pilot and the second woman to fly a helicopter, after the German pilot, Hanna Reitsch.

Carter was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., on December 5, 1922, and moved to Fairfield, Connecticut, as a child. During World War II, she studied aircraft building in Bridgeport, Connecticut. She then got a job with Chance-Vought as a factory riveter, assembling F4U Corsair aircraft, to finance flying lessons. She joined the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) in 1944, training in Texas, and was a member of the last graduating set before the program was discontinued that year.

After the end of the war, she was the first American woman to learn to pilot a helicopter, receiving her commercial helicopter license on June 12, 1947, more than nine years after Hannah Reitsch's demonstration flight in February 1938. She became a pilot with the Metropolitan Aviation Corporation, piloting New York City sightseeing trips and charter flights. She is documented as the world's first female commercial helicopter pilot. She flew Bell Helicopters, including a Bell 47B. In 1955, she was one of the six founding members of the Whirly-Girls, which dubbed her "Whirly Girl #2"; she was one of several society members to meet President John F. Kennedy in a visit to the White House in 1961. One of the helicopters that she flew was preserved by the American Helicopter Museum in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Her aviation career was cut short by polio towards the end of the 1950s.

Later life
In later life, Carter continued to live in Fairfield, Connecticut. She was married to Edward Carter (died 2004); the couple had three children. She was active in local politics and in the early 1990s, was one of the founders of Friends of Open Space, a Fairfield organization that aimed to conserve open land for community use. In 1999, she and her husband gave 2.2 acres of land to the Connecticut branch of the National Audubon Society, a conservation charity, to facilitate access to a Fairfield wildlife sanctuary.

Carter died on September 26, 2005, at the age of 83, after a car accident.

References

External links
Photograph in a Metropolitan Aviation Corporation Bell helicopter (Fairfield Museum from Women's Collection, Texas Woman's University)

1922 births
2005 deaths
Women Airforce Service Pilots personnel
American women commercial aviators
American commercial aviators
People from Fairfield, Connecticut
21st-century American women
Women helicopter pilots
AMMDes. AMMDes (short for Alat Mekanis Multiguna Pedesaan—lit. Rural Multipurpose Mechanical Tool) is an agricultural vehicle produced by PT Kreasi Mandiri Wintor Indonesia (KMWI). This vehicle is categorized as rural car. The price of the base model is Rp70 million (US$4900 as of June 2020), not including the equipment it carries. The cheapest equipment price is the irrigation pump (Rp4 million) and the most expensive is the water purifier (Rp40–120 million, depending on the water quality and capacity). The certification carried out by the Ministry of Industry and PT Surveyor Indonesia denotes that the AMMDes has a TKDN (Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri — Domestic Component Level) of 40.92%.

Production
The Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Rural Car Program collaborated with PT KMWI to make the AMMDes prototype in 2018, and by 2019 mass production has begun. AMMDes itself was first launched through the 2018 GIIAS (Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show) event. In 2019 KMWI had a production capacity of 3,000 units per year. It was planned that the capability will be increased to 12,000 units per year in 2020. After the cancellation of Klaten production plant, AMMDes is currently produced at a rate of 3,000 units per year.

Features
AMMDes is equipped with a power take-off system to transmit power from the car to other machines. The basic version is a pickup car, which can be equipped with a 3-door tub. The rear tire is equipped with an anti-slip system (differential lock system) to facilitate driving through muddy areas. AMMDes carrying capacity is 700kg. The engine is made in India, the 650 cc 1-cylinder G650 W 1 diesel engine with 14hp/3000 rpm power and 35 Nm/1800-2200rpm torque, while the gearbox is made in Taiwan, manual 3 forward speed and 1 reverse speed. The fuel tank capacity is 15 liters. The AMMDes is a rear wheel drive vehicle, the front suspension is a double wishbone suspension while the rear suspension is a trailing arm type. AMMDes has a ground clearance of 180mm (7in) and a turning radius of 4m. The maximum speed is 32 km/h, with a maximum gradeability of 18°.

See also
 Fin Komodo (ATV)
 Kei car
 Panda car

References

External links
 KMWI official website
 AMMDes in Ministry of Industry website

Pickup trucks
Vehicles introduced in 2018
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Trucks
Splash lubrication. Splash lubrication is a rudimentary form of lubrication found in early engines. Such engines could be external combustion engines (such as stationary steam engines), or internal combustion engines (such as petrol, diesel or paraffin engines).

Description
An engine that uses splash lubrication requires neither oil pump nor oil filter. Splash lubrication is an antique system whereby scoops on the big-ends of the connecting rods dip into the oil sump and splash the lubricant upwards towards the cylinders, creating an oil mist which settles into droplets. The oil droplets then pass through drillings to the bearings and thereby lubricate the moving parts. Provided that the bearing is a ball bearing or a roller bearing, splash lubrication would usually be sufficient; however, plain bearings typically need a pressure feed to maintain the oil film, loss of which leads to overheating and seizure.

The splash lubrication system has simplicity, reliability, and cheapness within its virtues. However, splash lubrication can work only on very low-revving engines, as otherwise the sump oil would become a frothy mousse. The Norwegian firm, Sabb Motor, produced a number of small marine diesel engines, mostly single-cylinder or twin-cylinder units, that used splash lubrication.

Modern use of splash lubrication
Splash lubrication is still used in modern engines and mechanisms, such as:
 the Robinson R22 helicopter uses splash lubrication on some bevel gears.
 all BMW motorcycles with shaft drive use splash lubrication in the final drive hub.
 British pre-unit and unit construction motorcycles, (such as Triumph, BSA and Norton) used splash lubrication in their gearboxes.
 Cars and lorries invariably still use splash lubrication in their differentials.

See also 
 Oil pressure

References

External links 

 International Council for Machinery Lubrication
 Machinery Lubrication magazine (archived)

Lubrication
Tribology
Lubricants
William V. Van Rensselaer. William V. Van Rensselaer (December 26, 1838 – May 3, 1904) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York.

Life 
Van Rensselaer was born on December 26, 1838, in Seneca Falls, New York. His father was Henry J. Van Rensselaer. Van Rensselaer attended Seneca Falls Academy, and when he was only 18 he was put in charge of the enlargement of the Cayuga–Seneca Canal.

In August 1862, during the American Civil War, he enlisted in the 50th New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment as first lieutenant of Company K. He was promoted to captain in January 1865. He was mustered out with his company in June 1865.

After the war, he returned to Seneca Falls to work as a civil engineer. In 1882, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent of Public Works, in charge of the middle division of the canals. In the 1885 and 1889 New York state elections, he was the Republican nominee for New York State Engineer and Surveyor, losing both times. He served as President of the Seneca Falls village, a member of the Board of Education, and town supervisor of Seneca Falls. He was also a trustee of the Seneca Falls Savings Bank and a vestryman for the Trinity Episcopal Church.

In 1897, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, representing Seneca County. He served in the Assembly in 1898.

Van Rensselaer was manager of the Courier Printing Company for several years. He was a freemason and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. He died at home on May 3, 1904.

References

External links 

 The Political Graveyard

1838 births
1904 deaths
American civil engineers
People from Seneca Falls, New York
Union army officers
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
American Freemasons
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Engineers from New York (state)
19th-century American engineers
19th-century American Episcopalians
School board members in New York (state)
Town supervisors in New York (state)
19th-century members of the New York State Legislature
Large width limits of neural networks. Artificial neural networks are a class of models used in machine learning, and inspired by biological neural networks. They are the core component of modern deep learning algorithms. Computation in artificial neural networks is usually organized into sequential layers of artificial neurons. The number of neurons in a layer is called the layer width. Theoretical analysis of artificial neural networks sometimes considers the limiting case that layer width becomes large or infinite. This limit enables simple analytic statements to be made about neural network predictions, training dynamics, generalization, and loss surfaces. This wide layer limit is also of practical interest, since finite width neural networks often perform strictly better as layer width is increased.


Theoretical approaches based on a large width limit 

 The Neural Network Gaussian Process (NNGP) corresponds to the infinite width limit of Bayesian neural networks, and to the distribution over functions realized by non-Bayesian neural networks after random initialization.
 The same underlying computations that are used to derive the NNGP kernel are also used in deep information propagation to characterize the propagation of information about gradients and inputs through a deep network.  This characterization is used to predict how model trainability depends on architecture and initializations hyper-parameters.
 The Neural Tangent Kernel describes the evolution of neural network predictions during gradient descent training. In the infinite width limit the NTK usually becomes constant, often allowing closed form expressions for the function computed by a wide neural network throughout gradient descent training. The training dynamics essentially become linearized.
 Mean-field limit analysis, when applied to neural networks with weight scaling of  instead of  and large enough learning rates, predicts qualitatively distinct nonlinear training dynamics compared to the static linear behavior described by the fixed neural tangent kernel, suggesting alternative pathways for understanding infinite-width networks.
 Catapult dynamics describe neural network training dynamics in the case that logits diverge to infinity as the layer width is taken to infinity, and describe qualitative properties of early training dynamics.

References 

Deep learning
Artificial neural networks
Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. The Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing is an academic journal about remote sensing published by Springer on behalf of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing.
Its editor-in-chief is Dr. Shailesh Nayak; editor is Dr. V.K. Dadhwal; and executive editor is Dr. S.P. Aggarwal;
its 2021 impact factor is 1.894.

References

Remote sensing journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of India
Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing. The Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing (French: Journal canadien de télédétection) is an academic journal about remote sensing published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Canadian Remote Sensing Society and the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. Its editor-in-chief is Monique Bernier; its 2020 impact factor is 2.000.

See also
Cartographica

References

Remote sensing journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of Canada
European Journal of Remote Sensing. The European Journal of Remote Sensing (EuJRS) is an academic journal about remote sensing published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Associazione Italiana di Telerilevamento (Italian Association of Remote Sensing) and co-sponsored by the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL).
Its editor-in-chief is Marco Marchetti;
its 2018 impact factor is 1.904.

References

Remote sensing journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Indian Society of Remote Sensing. The Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS) is an Indian learned society devoted to remote sensing; it was created in 1969 and has more than 5000 members. It is a national member of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and Asian Association on Remote Sensing.  
ISRS publishes the Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing.

See also 
 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

References

Further reading 
 

Remote sensing organizations
Scientific societies based in India