omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chromium pentafluoride. Chromium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF5. It is a red volatile solid that melts at 34 °C. It is the highest known chromium fluoride, since the hypothetical chromium hexafluoride has not yet been synthesized.

Chromium pentafluoride is one of the products of the action of fluorine on a mixture of potassium and chromic chlorides.

In terms of its structure, the compound is a one-dimensional coordination polymer. Each Cr(V) center has octahedral molecular geometry. It has the same crystal structure as vanadium pentafluoride.

Chromium pentafluoride is strongly oxidizing, able to fluorinate the noble gas xenon and oxidize dioxygen to dioxygenyl. Due to this property, it decomposes readily in the presence of reducing agents, and easily hydrolyses to chromium(III) and chromium(VI).

Reactions
Chromium pentafluoride can react with Lewis bases such as caesium fluoride and nitryl fluoride to give the respective hexafluorochromate(V) salt.
CrF5 + CsF → CsCrF6

Chromium pentafluoride can also react with the Lewis acid antimony pentafluoride to give the CrF5·2SbF5 adduct. The adduct was found to be a strong oxidizing agent, liquid at room temperature with a melting point of −23 °C.

See also
 Chromium difluoride
 Chromium trifluoride
 Chromium tetrafluoride

References

Chromium–halogen compounds
Fluorides
Metal halides
Chromium(V) compounds
Benstonite. Benstonite is a mineral with formula Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13. Discovered in 1954, the mineral was described in 1961 and named after Orlando J. Benston (1901–1966).

Description and occurrence
Benstonite is translucent and white, pale yellow, or pale yellow-brown in color. The mineral occurs as cleavable masses; cleavage fragments are nearly perfectly rhombohedral in shape. Cleavage faces are up to  across and slightly curved. On large specimens, the faces exhibit a mosaic structure similar to that in some specimens of dolomite and siderite. Benstonite fluoresces red or yellow under x-rays and longwave and shortwave ultraviolet. The mineral also exhibits strong red phosphorescence.

Benstonite is known to occur in Canada, China, India, Italy, Namibia, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. It occurs in association with alstonite, barite, barytocalcite, calcite, daqingshanite, fluorite, huntite, monazite, phlogopite, pyrite, sphalerite, strontianite, and quartz.

Synthesis
The mineral was first synthesized in 1973 during a study of the Ba-Mg-Ca-CO3 system in aqueous solution. At room temperature, a solution containing proportional quantities of magnesium chloride, barium chloride, and calcium chloride was prepared, to which sodium carbonate was added. The solution immediately precipitated, and after sitting for two weeks, the precipitate was identified as nearly pure benstonite.

History
Orlando J. Benston of Malvern, Arkansas, visited a barite mine near the Magnet Cove igneous complex on New Year's Eve, 1954. He collected samples of a mineral that he guessed might be alstonite or  barytocalcite on the basis of qualitative tests. Friedrich Lippmann identified it as a new mineral and described it in the journal Naturwissenschaften in 1961. He named it Benstonite in honor of Benston.

Type specimens are held at Victor Goldschmidt University in Germany and the National Museum of Natural History in the United States.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 148
Carbonate minerals
Magnesium minerals
Calcium minerals
Barium minerals
Rapidcreekite. Rapidcreekite is a rare mineral with formula Ca2(SO4)(CO3)·4H2O. The mineral is white to colorless and occurs as groupings of acicular (needle-shaped) crystals. It was discovered in 1983 in northern Yukon, Canada, and described in 1986. Rapidcreekite is structurally and compositionally similar to gypsum.

Description

Rapidcreekite is transparent and white to colorless. The mineral occurs as isolated clusters or pervasive crusts of radiating sprays of acicular crystals up to  in length.

Structure
In the structure of rapidcreekite, there are two distinct calcium sites coordinated by six oxygen anions and two H2O groups arranged as a square antiprism. The sulfur site is tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen anions and the carbon site is coordinated by a triangle of oxygen anions. The structural unit of rapidcreekite is a sheet that consists of edge-sharing CaΦ8 polyhedra (Φ, unspecified species: O or OH) cross-linked by carbonate and sulfate groups. Sheets are held together by weakening hydrogen bonds, accounting for the perfect cleavage along {100}.

The structure and composition of rapidcreekite is similar to that of gypsum. If half of the sulfate groups in gypsum were replaced by carbonate, the formula of rapidcreekite is obtained. If gypsum were transformed by twinning along alternate rows of sulfate groups and the resultant triangles of oxygen along the boundary occupied by carbon, the structure of rapidcreekite would result.

History
Rapidcreekite was first encountered in 1983 in a tributary of Rapid Creek unofficially known as Crosscut Creek at  in northern Yukon. The mineral was named rapidcreekite for the general area in which it was found. The mineral and name were approved by the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (IMA1984-035). Rapidcreekite was described in 1986 in the journal Canadian Mineralogist.

The holotype specimen, which consists of a few grams of rapidcreekite on a matrix, is held in the National Mineral Collection of the Geological Survey of Canada in Ottawa. Other specimens are held there and in the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Ottawa.

Occurrence
Rapidcreekite occurs in association with aragonite, gypsum, and kulanite. It has been found in Canada, Germany, Norway, and Romania. The rare mineral occurs as a secondary phase that formed along the surfaces of joints and bedding planes in a quartz-rich sideritic formation. In the Rapid Creek area, the formation occurred in Albian ironstones and shales.

References

Bibliography

External links

Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
Calcium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Carbonate minerals
Tetrahydrate minerals
Minerals described in 1986
Xirallic. Xirallic is an alumina effect pigment made of aluminum oxide platelets covered with titanium oxide that shows a strong glitter effect with a distinct shimmering behavior.

It was developed and patented by researchers of the company Merck KGaA in Japan.  Because the pigment was produced at a single plant in Onahama, production was severally curtailed following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  The shortage of the pigment caused Ford and Chrysler to restrict the availability of cars and trucks in some red and black paints.  The shortage also affected other automobile makes.  Hyundai replaced Xirallic with mica in their paints.  The plant reopened on 8 May 2011.

See also
 Alumina effect pigment

References

 Pfaff, G., Huber, A., “Spezielle Effektpigmente auf Basis von Aluminiumoxid-Plättchen”, Welt der Farben(2005)
 http://www.iol.co.za/business/international/closure-of-pigment-plant-limits-certain-colour-cars-1.1048481#.UCY2JJ3iaHc
 http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/innovation/2011/1125/1224307878356.html

External links
 Xirallic info page from Merck KGaA

Inorganic pigments
Merck Group
William Wright (engineer). William Wright was an American engineer who contributed to the development of the Corliss steam engine in the mid 19th century.

Wright also developed several innovative improvements in steam engine design such as the automatic shutoff steam engine which employed a governor to limit the engine's speed. He also developed and may have built some designs that have not survived the test of time such as the "Annular Steam Engine" also known as the "Oscillating Steam Engine". He owned a series of steam engine manufacturing plants in and around New York City, the largest being "The Wright Steam Engine Works" in Newburgh, NY. He built engines that powered the pumps of the Brooklyn Water Works. During the American Civil War he built engines that powered warships of the North.

After bankruptcy in the early 1890s, Wright failed to raise the $10,000 needed to satisfy his creditors and keep his engine works. The buildings of Wright's Engine Works, in the northern waterfront area of Newburgh known as Sherman Dock, still survive today as warehouses.

References

American railroad mechanical engineers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Jesse Lowen Shearer. Jesse Lowen Shearer (1921—1992) was an American professor, engineer and pioneer in the field of hydraulics.

Shearer obtained his Sc.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and as a member of their faculty for mechanical engineering he worked at Dynamic Analysis & Control Laboratory from 1950 to 1963. After then he became professor of the faculty of mechanical engineering at Pennsylvania State University until his retirement 1985. He was also a member of the Dynamic Systems and Control Division of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Awards and honors 
1965 he received the Donald P. Eckman Award of the Instrument Society of America, 1966 he got the Charles Russ Richards Memorial Award of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and finally 1983 the Rufus Oldenburger Medal of ASME.

Selected publications 
Shearer wrote many books, papers, and articles on hydraulics and system dynamics such as:

 Introduction to System Dynamics (1967) - wrote with Arthur T. Murphy and Herbert H. Richardson
 Dynamic Modeling and Control of Engineering Systems (2007) - wrote with Bohdan T. Kulakowski and John F. Gardner

References 

Pennsylvania State University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American mechanical engineers
1921 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Patricio Rey Sommer. Patricio Alberto Rey Sommer (born 27 March 1978) is a Chilean civil industrial engineer and former intendant of O'Higgins Region.

Biography
He began his studies at Instituto San Fernando in San Fernando. Between 1994 and 1995, he studied at Chillicothe High School in Ohio, United States.

He graduated as a civil industrial engineer with a degree in engineering of informatics at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, and in 2003 he obtained a Master of Science in Engineering at the same university.

Political career
He worked in Serplac of O'Higgins Region, and was SEREMI of Planning, in the same region. On 19 April 2011, he took over Rodrigo Pérez Mackenna's position as intendant of O'Higgins Region.

References

1978 births
Instituto San Fernando alumni
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Chilean politicians
Living people
Intendants of O'Higgins Region
Microleve. Microleve was a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer based in Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1982 at the beginning of the ultralight boom years, the company appears to have gone out of business in about 2011. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft.

Microleve was the first microlight manufacturer in Brazil and for many years was the largest manufacturer of ultralight aircraft in Latin America. The company exported its own designs and also imported designs by other companies, notably those of Tecnam of Italy.

Aircraft

References

External links
Microleve website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Brazil
Defunct manufacturing companies of Brazil
Manufacturing companies based in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Lightening holes. Lightening holes are holes in structural components of machines and buildings used by a variety of engineering disciplines to make structures lighter. The edges of the hole may be flanged to increase the rigidity and strength of the component. The holes can be circular, triangular, elliptical, or rectangular and should have rounded edges, but they should never have sharp corners, to avoid the risk of stress risers, and they must not be too close to the edge of a structural component.

Usage

Aviation

Lightening holes are often used in the aviation industry. This allows an aircraft to be as lightweight as possible, retaining the durability and airworthiness of the aircraft structure.

Maritime
Lightening holes have also been used in marine engineering to increase seaworthiness of the vessel.

Motorsports

Lightening holes became a prominent feature of motor racing in the 1920s and 1930s. Chassis members, suspension components, engine housings and even connecting rods were drilled with a range of holes, of sizes almost as large as the component.

Military
Lightening holes have been used in various military vehicles, aircraft, equipment and weaponry platforms. This allows equipment to be lighter in weight as well as increase the ruggedness and durability. They are usually made by drilling holes, pressed stamping or machining and can also save strategic materials and cost during wartime production.

Architecture

Lightening holes have been used on various architecture designs. During the 1980s and early 1990s, lightening holes were fashionable and somewhat seen as futuristic and were used in the likes of industrial units, car showrooms, shopping precincts, sports centres etc. Parsons House in London is a notable building that uses lightening holes since its renovation in 1988. Ringwood Health & Leisure Centre in Hampshire is another notable example.

See also
 Honeycomb structure
 Hollow structural section
 Isogrid
 Truss

References

External links

 Tests Of Beams Having Webs With Large Circular Lightening Holes, by L. Ross Levin, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
 The Strength And Stiffness Of Shear Webs With And Without Lightening Holes, by Paul Kuhn, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
 The Strength And Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45° Flanges, by Paul Kuhn, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Mechanical engineering
Civil engineering
Structural engineering
Aerospace engineering
Marine engineering
Military engineering
Theatre History of Operations Reports. Theatre History of Operations Reports or THOR is a United States Air Force historical ordnance database endeavoring to catalog every bomb dropped by the United States Armed Forces since World War I.

The officer overall responsible for the project is Lieutenant Colonel Jenns Robertson.

Apart from the project's historical value, the database is being used by the U.S. and other countries for practical purposes such as helping to locate possible unexploded ordnance in places like Germany, Vietnam and Iraq although data dating from 1991 onward is still classified for security purposes.

References

Security databases
Seli Hydroelectric Plant. The Seli Hydroelectric Plant aims to provide  of hydro electric power in Lahaul & Spitidistrict, Himachal Pradesh, India. The project has been awarded to Moser Baer through the international competitive bidding process. The project component comprises a concrete gravity dam of about  height above river bed level with two head race tunnels of approximately 4.2 km and an underground powerhouse complex on the right bank of river Chenab. Power would be generated by harnessing  average gross head between intake and tail race location.

Project objectives
The Project shall provide:
Peaking power
Renewable energy which helps reduce carbon emissions
Development of remote areas in higher reaches
Sustainable business and lowering cost of generation of electricity

CSR and R&R
CSR activities are being taken regularly under the name EECHHO (Education, Environment, Community Development, Health & Hygiene and Other Activities).

In phased manner tree plantation activity taken up in association with Forest Department. Deodar and other broad leaved species have been planted in the first phase of the drive. SHEPCL is promoting & sponsoring local sports & cultural activities, medical camps etc. for the benefit of local population.

Notes

External links
 http://www.hindustanpowerprojects.com/businesses/hydro-power/projects/hydro-electric-project-seli-himachel-pradesh/

Dams on the Chenab River
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in India
Mars Hand Lens Imager. Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) is one of seventeen cameras on the Curiosity rover on the Mars Science Laboratory mission.

Overview
The instrument is mounted on the rover's robotic arm. It is primarily used to acquire microscopic images of rock and soil, but it can also be used for other images. MAHLI can take true-color images at 1600×1200 pixels with a resolution as high as 14.5 micrometers per pixel. MAHLI has an 18.3 mm to 21.3 mm focal length and a 33.8- to 38.5-degree field of view. MAHLI has both white and ultraviolet LED illumination for imaging in darkness or fluorescence imaging. MAHLI also has mechanical focusing in a range from infinite to millimetre distances. This system can make some images with focus stacking processing. MAHLI can store either the raw images or do real-time lossless predictive or JPEG compression.  The calibration target (3-D image) for MAHLI includes color references, a metric bar graphic, a 1909 VDB Lincoln penny, and a stairstep pattern for depth calibration.

NASA says, "The main purpose of Curiositys MAHLI camera is to acquire close-up, high-resolution views of rocks and soil at the rover's Gale Crater field site. The camera is capable of focusing on any target at distances of about 0.8 inch (2.1 centimeters) to infinity. This means it can, as shown here, also obtain pictures of the Martian landscape."

The device is also used to take photos of the rover. One of those photos was considered in 2013 by Discovery News as one of the best space robot selfies.

References

External links

 
 MAHLI from NASA
 Curiositys Landscape Portrait in Context from NASA

Mars imagers
Mars Science Laboratory instruments
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station. Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) is a weather station on Mars for Curiosity rover contributed by Spain and Finland. REMS measures humidity, pressure, temperature, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation on Mars.  This Spanish project is led by the Spanish Astrobiology Center and includes the Finnish Meteorological Institute as a partner, contributing pressure and humidity sensors.

Overview 
All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover Remote Sensing Mast (RSM), the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover. Goals include understanding Martian general circulation, microscale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction.

By August 18, 2012, REMS was turned on and its data was being returned to Earth. The temperature at that time: 37 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8 degrees Celsius). On August 21, 2012, one of two anemometers returned data with errors. After testing it was concluded that it was broken, probably hit by a rock on descent. Martian winds can still be detected with the other sensor.

Reports are posted on the Center for Astrobiology website and Twitter daily.

Parts of REMS
Instrument Control Unit
Ultraviolet Sensor
Boom 1 with:
Air Temperature Sensor
Wind Sensor
Ground Temperature Sensor
Boom 2 with:
Air Temperature Sensor
Wind Sensor
Humidity Sensor

The pressure sensor can detect pressures from 1 to 1150 Pa (Pascal) (0.000145038 PSI to 0.1667934 PSI). For comparison, 1 atmosphere is 101,325 Pascals or 14.7 PSI.

The air temperature, wind speed and direction sensor for InSight Mars lander (planned for 2018 launch) is based on REMS, also contributed by Spain.

Results

See also
Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (Spain)
Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS, for InSight lander)

References

External links
CAB - REMS (Weather)
NASA/JPL – REMS NASA Science Corner - REMS
Temperature Pressure 
Materia - El sensor de viento español de 'Curiosity' se estropea 
Mars Weather – Twitter

Mars Science Laboratory instruments
Space program of Finland
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Space science experiments
INTA spacecraft instruments
Bismarck Tribune Building. The Bismarck Tribune Building on N. 4th St. in Bismarck, North Dakota was designed by architect George H. Shanley and was built in 1920.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982.

According to its NRHP nomination it is a "rare application" of Prairie School architecture in North Dakota.

The editor, George Douglas Mann, recruited a Great Falls, Montana, designer to plan this flame resistant structure with substantial casing and floors, primary mud tile dividers, and Hebron pressed block outside. The famous Prairie Style configuration accentuates flat extents and joins enhancing brickwork with applied earthenware decoration with themes of adapted lights, blossoms, leaves, and lotus buds. Block header courses emphasize the pilasters that help rectangular spandrels between the first-and second-floor windows. A particular polychrome earthenware bas-help board over the fundamental passage recreates a work of art of priests rehearsing the printer's art on a hand press. The Bismarck Tribune Building has filled in as office space since the newspaper relocated its operations in 1981.

Location 

The building is located in a great central area and is within walking distance from many places.
Nearby the estate you can find various places:
 The Downtown Historic District
 The US post office and the Municipal courthouse
 The Burleigh county courthouse
 The Patterson place ( The Patterson hotel & The Mackenzie hotel )
 The Northern Pacific (NP) Railway Depot

See also 
Link to photograph at State Historical Society of North Dakota

References

Newspaper headquarters in the United States
Newspaper buildings
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Prairie School architecture in North Dakota
Commercial buildings completed in 1920
National Register of Historic Places in Bismarck, North Dakota
1920 establishments in North Dakota
Maritime University of Szczecin. The  Maritime University of Szczecin (; Akademia Morska until 2022) is a public institute of technology in Szczecin, Poland. The profile of the institute of technology is maritime education. 
The Institute of Technology structure:
 Faculty of Navigation
 Faculty of Maritime Engineering
 Faculty of Economics and Transport Engineering
Faculty of Mechatronics and Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications
The structure of the University also includes:

 Centre for Maritime Technology Transfer
 International Students & Mobility Office.

The Maritime University of Szczecin and AGH University of Science and Technology have established educational cooperation in scope of maritime mining.

Training programs 

Sea-going programmes:
 navigation (in Polish and English language)
 mechanical engineering
 mechatronics 
Other programmes
 transport
 naval architecture
 geodesy and cartography
 computer science
 logistics
 management and engineering of production

References

External links 
 
 International Students & Mobility Office

Universities and colleges in Poland
Universities and colleges established in 1947
Universities and colleges in Szczecin
1947 establishments in Poland
Maritime colleges in Europe
Front-end Robotics Enabling Near-term Demonstration. The Front-end Robotics Enabling Near-term Demonstration (FREND, a play on friend) is a DARPA project "aiming to create a fully autonomous docking capability for satellites that weren't built to be serviced", currently under testing at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Spacecraft Engineering Department.

The FREND mission concept uses robotic arms to position a grappling tool at a customer spacecraft structural hardpoint, and docks the two spacecraft together by first rigidizing this tool, then rigidizing the positioning robotics. FREND has been described as a robotic manipulator technology "that someday could potentially deliver fuel, provide repairs, or reposition satellites."

References

Spacecraft components
Spacecraft docking systems
DARPA projects