Low plasticity burnishing. Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) cold compresses metal to provide deep, stable surface residual stresses to improve damage tolerance and extend metal fatigue life; mitigating surface damage, including fretting, corrosion pitting, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and foreign object damage (FOD). Improved fretting fatigue and stress corrosion performance has been documented, even at elevated temperatures where the compression from other metal improvement processes: low stress grinding (LSG) etc. relax.  The resulting deep layer of compressive residual stress has also been shown to improve high cycle fatigue (HCF), low cycle fatigue (LCF), and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) performance.

LPB is the only known metal improvement method applied under continuous closed-loop process control and has been successfully applied to turbine engines, piston engines, propellers, aging aircraft structures, landing gear, nuclear waste material containers, biomedical implants, armaments, fitness equipment and welded joints.  Typical applications involve titanium, iron, nickel and steel-based components which showed improved damage tolerance as well as HCF and LCF performance by an order of magnitude over existing metal improvement processes.

History 
LPB, unlike traditional burnishing tools, consists of a hard wheel or fixed lubricated ball pressed into the surface of an asymmetrical work piece with sufficient force to deform the surface layers, usually in a lathe. Multiple passes are made over the work piece, usually under increasing load, to improve surface finish and deliberately cold work the surface.  Roller and ball burnishing have been studied in Russia and Japan, and were applied most extensively in the USSR in the 1970’s and Eastern Europe.

LPB was further developed and patented by Lambda Technologies in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1996.

How it works 
The basic LPB tool is a ball, wheel or other similar tip supported in a spherical hydrostatic bearing held in a CNC machine or industrial robot, depending on the application.  Continuous coolant flow pressurizes the LPB tool bearing to support the ball.  The ball does not contact the mechanical bearing seat, even under load.  The ball is loaded at a normal state to the surface of a component with a hydraulic cylinder that is in the body of the tool. LPB can be performed in conjunction with chip forming machining operations in the same CNC machining tool.

The ball rolls across the surface of a component in a pattern defined in the CNC code, as in any machining operation.  The tool path and normal pressure applied are designed to create a distribution of compressive residual stress.  The form of the distribution is designed to counter applied stresses and optimize fatigue and stress corrosion performance.  Since there is no shear being applied to the ball, it is free to roll in any direction.  As the ball rolls over the component, the pressure from the ball causes plastic deformation to occur in the surface of the material under the ball.  Since the bulk of the material constrains the deformed area, the deformed zone is left in compression after the ball passes.

Benefits 

 With this practice of customization along with the closed-loop process control system, LPB has been shown to produce a maximum compression of 12mm, although the average is around 1-7+mm.
 LPB has even been shown to have the ability to produce through-thickness compression in blades and vanes, greatly increasing their damage tolerance over 10-fold, effectively mitigating most FOD and reducing inspection requirements. 
 No material is removed during this process, even when correcting corrosion damage. 
 LPB smooths surface asperities during machining, leaving an improved, almost mirror-like surface finish that is vastly better looking and better protected than even a newly manufactured component.

Cold working 
The cold work temperature produced from this process is typically minimal; similar to the cold work produced by laser peening, but a great deal less than shot peening, gravity peening or, deep rolling. Cold work is particularly important because the higher the cold work temperatures at the surface of a component, the more vulnerable to elevated temperatures and mechanical overload that component will be and the easier the beneficial surface residual compression will relax, rendering the treatment pointless.  In other words, a highly cold worked component will not hold compression if it comes into contact with extreme heat, like an engine, and will be just as vulnerable to damage without cold working. Therefore, LPB and laser peening stand out in the surface enhancement industry because both are thermally stable at high temperatures.  The reason LPB produces such low percentages of cold work is because of the aforementioned closed-loop process control.  Conventional shot peening processes have some guesswork on complete component coverage and are not exact at all, causing the procedure to be performed multiple times on one component to ensure adequate cold work. For example, shot peening, in order to make sure every spot on the component is treated, typically specifies coverage of between 200% (2T) and 400% (4T).  This means that at 200% coverage (2T), 5 or more impacts occur at 84% of locations and at 400% coverage (4T), it is significantly more. One problem is that one area will be hit several times while the area next to may be hit fewer times, leaving uneven compression at the surface; resulting in the whole process being unstable and easily “undone”, as mentioned above.  LPB requires only one pass with the tool and leaves a deep, even, stable compressive stress.

The LPB process can be performed on-site in the shop or in situ using robots, making it easy to incorporate into everyday maintenance and manufacturing procedures.  The method is applied under continuous closed loop process control (CLPC), creating accuracy within 0.1% and alerting the operator and QA immediately if the processing bounds are exceeded. One issue of this process is that different CNC processing codes need to be developed for each application, just like other machining tasks.  Another potential issue is that because of dimensional restrictions, it may not be possible to create the tools necessary to work on certain geometries, although this has yet to be a problem.

See also 
Corrosion fatigue
Damage tolerance
FOD
Fretting
High Frequency Impact Treatment aftertreatment of weld transitions
Laser peening
Metal fatigue
Peening
Residual stress
Shot peening
Stress corrosion cracking
Ultrasonic impact treatment

References 

Beres, W.  "Ch. 5- FOD/HCF Resistant Surface Treatments".  Nato/Otan.  Retrieved 11 December 2008 from ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFullText/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-AVT-094/TR-AVT-094-05.pdf.  This contains and excellent comparison of several surface treatments.  
Exactech.  "Low Plasticity Burnishing." Retrieved 11 December 2008 from http://www.exac.com/products/hip/emerging-technologies/low-plasticity-burnishing.
Giummara, C., Zonker, H.  "Improving the Fatigue Response of Aerospace Structural Joints."  Alcoa Inc., Alcoa Technical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.  Presented at ICAF 2005 Proceedings in Hamburg, Germany.   
Jayaraman, N., Prevey, P. "Case Studies of Mitigation of FOD, Fretting Fatigue, Corrosion Fatigue and SCC Damage by Low Plasticity Burnishing in Aircraft Structural Alloys."  Presented for the USAF Structural Integrity Program.  Memphis, TN.  2005. 
Lambda Technologies.  “LPB Application Note: Aging Aircraft.”  Retrieved 20 October 2008 from http://www.lambdatechs.com/html/documents/Aa_pp.pdf.  
Migala, T., Jacobs, T.  "Low Plasticity Burnishing: An Affordable, Effective Means Of Surface Enhancement."  Retrieved 11 December 2008 from http://www.surfaceenhancement.com/techpapers/729.pdf.
NASA.  “Improved Method Being Developed for Surface Enhancement of Metallic Materials.”  Retrieved 29 October 2008 from . 
NASA: John Glenn Research Center. "Fatigue life and resistance to damage are increased at relatively low cost."  Retrieved 11 December 2008 from http://www.techbriefs.com/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=Briefs/Aug02/LEW17188.html.
Prevey, P., Ravindranath, R., Shepard, M., Gabb, T.  "Case Studies of Fatigue Life Improvement Using Low Plasticity Burnishing in Gas Turbine Engine Applications."  Presented June 2003 at the ASME Turbo Expo.  Atlanta, GA.

Corrosion
Metalworking