omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Compagnie maritime d'expertises. COMEX (or Compagnie Maritime d'Expertises) is a French company specializing in engineering and deep diving operations, created in November 1961 by Henri-Germain Delauze and run by him until his death in 2012.

This company is known worldwide for its technology in regard to underwater exploration at great depths.

Its line of business includes:
 hyperbaric testing facilities,
 oceanographic research ships (Minibex and Janus),
 testing pool.

COMEX carried out pioneering work in very deep saturation diving. The company experimented with the use of hydrogen in the divers' breathing gas. 

This work with heliox (a breathing gas mixture of helium and oxygen) and hydreliox (an exotic breathing gas mixture of helium, oxygen and hydrogen gas) mixtures started with Hydra I in 1968. The saturation diving physiology studies were conducted with helium from  and with hydrogen from . The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of COMEX professional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of  of seawater (msw/fsw) in the Mediterranean Sea, whist breathing a hydreliox mixture, as part of the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) programme. The Hydra programme culminated with Hydra X (Hydra 10) in 1992 when COMEX diver Théo Mavrostomos achieved a record simulated dive of  in an onshore hyperbaric chamber.

The use of hydrogen for diving was in part driven by the need to overcome the problems of high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS). However, there was another reason for the interest in using hydrogen in a breathing gas. In 1987, Comex was part of a Canadian-French consortium that was building the world’s first commercial nuclear mini-submarine. This submarine, Saga, was a prototype intended to be used for oil exploration and development under the Arctic ice. Saga was built on a hull originally constructed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau but not completed due to lack of funds. Saga would have a complete saturation diving system on board. The nuclear power plant would be able to produce large volumes of hydrogen and oxygen through the electrolysis of water. This would provide plentiful amounts of breathing gas for autonomous diving operations under the Arctic ice cap.

The project suffered tax problems in Canada which caused political repercussions between the French and Canadian governments. Saga did undergo successful sea trials in 1991 but without the intended nuclear power plant. Underwater propulsion was provided by a Stirling engine and surface propulsion by a diesel engine. The project was abandoned and Saga was laid up at Marseille.

References

External links
 Official COMEX Website
 Historique Henri-Germain Delauze

Underwater diving engineering
Manufacturing companies based in Marseille
Commercial diving contractors
Enoch Thulin. Enoch Leonard Thulin, (15 September 1881 – 14 May 1919) is primarily remembered as a pioneer of the Swedish aircraft industry.  He was an engineer who also worked on cars, lorries and internal combustion engines.

Enoch was born in Simris, Scania, in the south of Sweden. He studied aeronautics 1908-12 and succeeded with flying attempts in 1912.
He wrote a thesis on aerodynamics and received a Ph.D. from Lund University in 1912.

Thulin lived in Landskrona, where he amongst other things founded AB Thulinverken in 1914 to build aeroplanes; today the company is known as Haldex and manufactures pneumatic brake systems for trains and lorries (trucks). Thulin also started the manufacture of automobiles, which continued until 1928, and what later became Svenska Stridsflygskolan F5 ("The Swedish air-combat school", also known as "Airforcebase 5") at Ljungbyhed in north-western Scania.  In 1918 he suggested to the Mayor of Stockholm that he should investigate the possibility of a local airport, and even though the reactions were positive, the idea was postponed until 1936 when Bromma Airport was finally built.

Thulin was killed while practicing flying his K3 airplane on 14 May 1919. According to Palle Mellblom, who started the engine that day, Enoch Thulin was stressed by the successful demonstrations made by Sparmann the same year. Thulin wanted to improve his flying skills but crashed south-east of Landskrona harbour, at the area which during this time was called "Södra Fäladen".

One of the early aeroplanes that Thulin flew is now exhibited at the town museum of Landskrona, along with several propellers and engines.

Thulin is commemorated in Landskrona in several ways. A secondary technical school in Landskrona is called Enoch Thulin-gymnasiet, and a street is called Enoch Thulins väg ("Enoch Thulin road"). The airfield 10 km north of the town has the name Enoch Thulin Airport. This airfield has a 1190 meter long and 30 meter wide runway of asphalt surface but has no regular traffic. ICAO code is ESML. There is also a statue in his honour near Landskrona harbour.

References

Sources
 Book by Lars Olefeldt: ´´Palle Mellblom - lite snack och mycket verkstad´`, 
 Popular scientific magazine article "Allt om Vetenskap"  (in Swedish)

 
1881 births
1919 deaths
Swedish aviators
20th-century Swedish businesspeople
20th-century Swedish engineers
Lund University alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Sweden
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1919
Devon Motorworks. Devon Motorworks was an American car brand based in Los Angeles, California. The company was known for being the sole bidder for the Dodge Viper.

Company 

Founded in 2008 by entrepreneur Scott Devon, Devon Motorworks' stated focus is to undertake "multiple design projects that have a common purpose of providing sculptural power with recognizable beauty."  Devon's initial production vehicle, the Devon GTX super car, was scheduled to begin production in early 2010, however, economic downturn shelved production.

Devon Motorworks made news for being the single bidder for Chrysler's Dodge Viper platform, originally intended to provide the basis for the Devon GTX. The bid was, however, rejected by Chrysler for being below the US$10.0 million reserve and with the fourth-generation Viper upon which the GTX was derived being discontinued, Devon Motorworks was closed.

Products 
The initial product, Devon GTX, was unveiled in 2009 Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance. The vehicle was conceived by Swedish designer Daniel Paulin  and Devon Motor Works Founder Scott Devon, who shared a vision for an American supercar that combined classic and contemporary design cues.

The distinguishing features of the Devon GTX included an aircraft-quality carbon fiber body, “up and forward” articulating doors, two-tone wheel surrounds, minimal front/rear overhangs, dual center exhaust ports and carbon fiber racing seats.

In validation testing, the vehicle set an unofficial lap record at California’s Willow Springs Raceway. Following subsequent testing, spy photos of the prototype appeared online.

Product development for the Devon GTX was led by former Ford executive engineer Andy Benedict, while assembly and manufacturing was headed by Clive Hawkins, founder of the Aria Group. Aerodynamic testing was supervised by Dr. Joseph Katz, Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at San Diego State University.   Vehicle validation and testing was handled by former 24 Hours of Le Mans champion Justin Bell.

Two GTX cars were completed before production ceased, with one selling for $220,000 at a Barrett-Jackson auction in 2012.

References 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Sports car manufacturers
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in California
Kernighan–Lin algorithm. The Kernighan–Lin algorithm is a heuristic algorithm for finding partitions of graphs.
The algorithm has important practical application in the layout of digital circuits and components in electronic design automation of VLSI.

Description
The input to the algorithm is an undirected graph  with vertex set , edge set , and (optionally) numerical weights on the edges in . The goal of the algorithm is to partition  into two disjoint subsets  and  of equal (or nearly equal) size, in a way that minimizes the sum  of the weights of the subset of edges that cross from  to . If the graph is unweighted, then instead the goal is to minimize the number of crossing edges; this is equivalent to assigning weight one to each edge. The algorithm maintains and improves a partition, in each pass using a greedy algorithm to pair up vertices of  with vertices of , so that moving the paired vertices from one side of the partition to the other will improve the partition. After matching the vertices, it then performs a subset of the pairs chosen to have the best overall effect on the solution quality .
Given a graph with  vertices, each pass of the algorithm runs in time . 

In more detail, for each , let  be the internal cost of a, that is, the sum of the costs of edges between a and other nodes in A, and let  be the external cost of a, that is, the sum of the costs of edges between a and nodes in B. Similarly, define ,  for each . Furthermore, let 

be the difference between the external and internal costs of s. If a and b are interchanged, then the reduction in cost is

where  is the cost of the possible edge between a and b.

The algorithm attempts to find an optimal series of interchange operations between elements of  and  which maximizes  and then executes the operations, producing a partition of the graph to A and B.

Pseudocode
Source:

 function Kernighan-Lin(G(V, E)) is
     determine a balanced initial partition of the nodes into sets A and B
     
     do
         compute D values for all a in A and b in B
         let gv, av, and bv be empty lists
         for n := 1 to |V| / 2 do
             find a from A and b from B, such that g = D[a] + D[b] − 2×c(a, b) is maximal
             remove a and b from further consideration in this pass
             add g to gv, a to av, and b to bv
             update D values for the elements of A = A \ a and B = B \ b
         end for
         find k which maximizes g_max, the sum of gv[1], ..., gv[k]
         if g_max > 0 then
             Exchange av[1], av[2], ..., av[k] with bv[1], bv[2], ..., bv[k]
     until (g_max ≤ 0)
 
     return G(V, E)

See also
 Fiduccia–Mattheyses algorithm

References

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial algorithms
Heuristic algorithms
C and H Refinery Historic District. The C & H Refinery Historic District comprises an intact industrial complex in Lusk, Wyoming that documents an early 20th-century refinery.  The C & H Refinery is noted as the smallest functioning oil refinery in the world, and may be the only remaining thermal distillation refinery, all other refineries having modernized to the catalytic cracking method.

The refinery processed oil produced at the Lance Creek Oil Field, which produced a paraffin-based high gravity "sweet" (low-sulfur) oil that could easily be processed through simple means. The Ohio Oil Company controlled the field and piped its product to markets in the U.S. Midwest. A part-time Ohio Oil employee, Roy Chamberlain, obtained permission to use oil from the Lance Creek pipeline and refine it. Using salvaged equipment from the defunct Pennsylvanian Belgo-American Refinery in Casper, Chamberlain and his partner James Hoblit built their refinery in 1933 in Lusk on a  site. Some of the equipment used by the C & H had been made as early as 1886.

Chamberlain sold his interest to Hoblit in 1935 and used the proceeds to buy the Ranger Hotel in Lusk. He went on to be elected state senator and founded the Ranger Oil Company.  Hoblitt and his family retained the refinery until 1974.

The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

References

External links
 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
C&H Refinery Historic District at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Niobrara County, Wyoming
Oil refineries in the United States
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Niobrara County, Wyoming
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Torque tester. A torque tester is a quality control device to test or calibrate torque-controlled tools. This includes electronic torque wrenches, click torque wrenches, dial torque wrenches, electric screwdrivers, air screwdrivers, pulse tools, cordless screwdrivers, nutrunners, and torque screwdrivers. Advanced torque testers include the ability to measure in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, and potentially convert to engineering units (such as in·oz, in·lb, ft·lb, N·m, cN·m, kgf·cm, gf·cm, kgf·fm). They can also have different modes of operation (such as peak, 1st peak, track), and may include a certificate from a local regulator (such as NIST).

Torque testers measure properties such as torsional strength and stiffness and are used in quality control of various fields including medical devices, metals, and aerospace. Cap torque testers are also frequently used of measure the removal torque of screw caps on bottles and jars.

Components

Transducer
A torque transducer, similar to a load cell, is an electronic device used to convert torque into an electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a mechanical arrangement, the torque being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A torque transducer usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Torque transducers of one or two strain gauges are also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few millivolts and usually requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it can be used. The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force applied to the transducer. There are several styles available for torque transducers. Rotary, stationary (reaction), and inline are used for different calibration and audit purposes.

Digital display 
A key component of modern torque testers is the digital display. A digital display is used to measure the output signal from the transducer and calculates that reading into a torque value that is displayed on screen. In most cases the display and transducer are contained together inside a housing. This is known as a "Desktop Torque Tester". External rotary and stationary transducers can be used with portable displays (handheld torque analyzers).

Rundown fixture (joint simulator)
A rundown fixture, also known as a joint simulator, is used during the calibration process to help test power tools (electric screwdrivers, air screwdrivers, pulse tools, cordless screwdrivers, nutrunners, etc.). A joint simulator is placed on top of the transducers. An adapter bit is inserted into the power tool and is mated to the top of the joint simulator. By using springs of different stiffness or stacking Belleville washers in set patterns, the joint simulator can replicate soft, medium, or hard joints. This is important when trying to repeat how a tool may be used during an actual process.

References

External links
Brief History of Torque Measurement
Fastening: How Tight Is Tight?

Wrenches
Measuring instruments
Virtual organization (grid computing). In grid computing, a virtual organization (VO) refers to a dynamic set of individuals or institutions defined around a set of resource-sharing rules and conditions. All these virtual organizations share some commonality among them, including common concerns and requirements, but may vary in size, scope, duration, sociology, and structure.

History
The collaborations involved in grid computing of the early 2000s lead to the emergence of multiple organizations that function as one unit through the use of their shared competencies and resources for the purpose of one or more identified goals.

A virtual organization has the characteristics of a formal organization while not being one. It comprises a complex network of smaller organizations which each contribute a part of the production process. Boundaries between organizations are fuzzy; control is generally by market forces, reinforced by the certainty of long- term contracts.

The XtreemOS project promised to support virtual organizations.

See also 
 List of grid computing projects
 Open Grid Forum
 Cloud computing

References 

Grid computing
William Morrison (dentist). William James Morrison (1860–1926) was an American dentist and inventor who is best known for developing the cotton candy machine.

Career
Morrison, from Nashville, Tennessee, was an avid inventor, and has a number of inventions to his credit.  One of them is the first cotton candy (originally named Fairy Floss and named Candy Floss in the UK and Fairy Floss in Australia) machine, which he invented in 1897 in cooperation with confectioner John C. Wharton.  This electric machine melted sugar and then used forced-air to push it through a wire screen.  It was introduced at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, and was a big success.  Thomas Patton and Josef Delarose Lascaux also claimed to invent the cotton candy machine.

References

 "History of the Tennessee State Dental Association" by Madison Jones, comp. by Thomas Davidson Dow. Tennessee Dental Association (Nashville), 1958

1860 births
1926 deaths
19th-century American dentists
American inventors
People from Nashville, Tennessee
20th-century American dentists
COPERT. COPERT 

is an MS Windows software program aiming at the calculation of air pollutant emissions from road transport. The technical development of COPERT is financed by the European Environment Agency (EEA), in the framework of the activities of the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change. Since 2007, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre has been coordinating the further scientific development of the model. In principle, COPERT has been developed for use from the National Experts to estimate emissions from road transport to be included in official annual national inventories. 
The COPERT methodology is also part of the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook. The Guidebook, developed by the UNECE Task Force on Emissions Inventories and Projections, is intended to support reporting under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the EU directive on national emission limits. The COPERT methodology is fully consistent with the Road Transport chapter of the Guidebook. The use of a software tool to calculate road transport emissions allows for a transparent and standardized, hence consistent and comparable data collecting and emissions reporting procedure, in accordance with the requirements of international conventions and protocols and EU legislation.

Features 
 Calculation of Emissions from Road Transport
 Compilation of an emission inventory
 Calculation for different vehicle categories (passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, mopeds and motorcycles)
 Pollutants covered:
 major air pollutants (CO, NOx, VOC, PM, NH3, SO2, heavy metals)
 greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4)

History

Version History

Older versions:
 COPERT 4 version 11.4 - September 2016
 COPERT 4 version 11.3 - June 2015
 COPERT 4 version 11.2 - January 2015
 COPERT 4 version 11.0 - September 2014
 COPERT 4 version 10.0 - November 2012
 COPERT 4 version 9.1 - August 2012
 COPERT 4 version 9.0 - October 2011
 COPERT 4 version 8.1 - May 2011
 COPERT 4 version 8.0 - October 2010
 COPERT 4 version 7.1 - March 2010
 COPERT 4 version 7.0 - December 2009
 COPERT 4 version 6.1 - February 2009
 COPERT 4 version 6.0 - December 2008
 COPERT 4 version 5.1 - February 2008
 COPERT 4 Version 5.0 - December 2007
 COPERT 4 Version 4.0 - October 2007
 COPERT 4 Version 3.0 - November 2006
 COPERT 4 Beta Version 2.0.0 - July 2006
 COPERT 4 Beta Version 1.4 - March 2006
 COPERT 4 Beta Version 1.0 - Dec 2005
 COPERT III Final Version 2.3 - July 2002

See also 
 Emission Inventory
 Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA)

Notes

External links 
 COPERT Data
 COPERT Documentation
 COPERT
 European Environment Agency - EEA
 Joint Research Centre - JRC
 EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook
 Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections - TFEIP

Business software for Windows
Ariel VI. Ariel VI, known pre-launch as UK-6, was a British and American satellite launched in 1979 as part of the Ariel programme. It was operated by the Science Research Council, which became the Science and Engineering Research Council in 1981. Ariel VI was used for astronomical research and provided data until February 1982. It was the last Ariel satellite to be launched.

Satellite design

Operations
The spacecraft was manufactured by the Marconi Company, and had a mass of .

Sensors
The primary experiment, the cosmic ray detector, could sense heavy cosmic rays with an atomic number over 30. The  diameter acrylic-lined aluminum sphere was filled with a gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, and helium mixture. Heavy cosmic rays penetrated the sphere and excited the gas to produce scintillation light; the acrylic produced Cherenkov radiation. These ultraviolet emissions were detected with 16 photo-multipliers. Data processing to separate the two different types of ultraviolet emissions was performed by comparing the brightness and duration of the emissions. The amplitude of the signal was used to determine the atomic number of the cosmic ray. Unlike the X-ray experiments, this experiment had no pointing requirements other than what was required for thermal control.

The two other experiments were X-ray telescopes. One detected low-energy X-rays and the other high-energy X-rays.

Mission

Launch
A Scout D-1 carrier rocket (SN S198C) was used to launch Ariel VI from Launch Area 3A at the Wallops Flight Center. The launch was successfully conducted at 23:26:00 UTC on 2 June 1979. Once the satellite achieved orbit it was renamed from UK-6 to Ariel 6.

Operations
Ariel 6 operated in a  low Earth orbit, at an inclination of 55.0° and with an orbital period of 97.22 minutes as of 15 July 1979. The satellite provided data until February 1982. It decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere on 23 September 1990.

Results
Interference from radar signals prevented the satellite from pointing correctly, and affected the data that it returned.

Notes

References

External links
 Ariel VI Measurements of Ultra-Heavy Cosmic Ray Fluxes in the Region 34 ≤ Z ≤ 48

1979 in spaceflight
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
Spacecraft launched in 1979