omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chang Yinfo. Chang Yinfo (; 6 July 1931 – 27 April 2024) was a Chinese mineral deposit geologist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Chang was a representative of the 13th, 14th, and 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

Biography 
Chang was born in Taixing County (now Taixing), Jiangsu, on 6 July 1931, to Chang Yisheng (), and Zhu Zhuoyuan (), both were teachers. He attended Taixing County Private Yanling Middle School, Taixing County Middle School, Zhenjiang High School, and the Affiliated High School of Nanjing Central University. In 1949, he was admitted to Tsinghua University, where he majored in geology.

After graduating in 1952, he was assigned to the Tongling No. 321 Geological Team and was transferred to the Geological and Mineral Resources Department of East China Geological Bureau in July 1955. He moved back to the Tongling No. 321 Geological Team in December 1957, and was promoted to chief engineer in September 1960. He was despatched to Anhui Provincial Geological Bureau in September 1977. He moved up the ranks to become deputy chief engineer in October 1978 and chief engineer in 1982.

In 2002, the University of Science and Technology of China recruited him as Dean of the School of Earth and Space Sciences.

Personal life and death 
Chang married Wang Deyong () on 8 June 1957, they had a son and two daughters together. On 27 April 2024, he died in Hefei, Anhui, at the age of 92.

Honours and awards 
 1991 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 1994 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 2000 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation

References 

1931 births
2024 deaths
People from Taixing
Scientists from Jiangsu
Tsinghua University alumni
Chinese geologists
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese scientists
21st-century Chinese scientists
Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China
Fukuoka Subway 4000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau for use on the Hakozaki Line and Kūkō Line in Fukuoka, Japan, since 2024. Eighteen 6-car sets are to be built.

Design 
The 4000 series trains are the first in the world to implement synchronous reluctance motors on a full scale; they are expected to offer 20% energy savings over older, induction motor-driven trains. The trains use bogies with steerable axles to reduce noise on curves.

Internally, the trains use longitudinal seating throughout. With a per-person seat width of , the 4000 series features the widest seats of any commuter train in Japan.

Operations 
The trains operate on the Kūkō Line and Hakozaki Line, as well as JR Kyushu Chikuhi Line through services.

History 

In June 2021, the Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau announced that it was seeking out manufacturers to build a fleet of 108 new vehicles to replace its fleet of 1000N series trains. It was announced on 7 February 2022 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries that its rolling stock division, Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing, would produce the new trains at a cost of approximately .

Details of the trains were first announced by the Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau on 30 November 2023.

The first set, 25, was delivered from the Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing plant in Hyogo from 23 April 2024. By October 2024, two sets had been delivered.

The type entered revenue service on 29 November 2024.

See also 

 Tokyo Metro 1000 series – introduced steerable bogies and synchronous motors on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line in 2012

References

Further reading

External links 

 Press release 

Electric multiple units of Japan
Fukuoka City Subway
Kawasaki multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2024
WinShock. WinShock is computer exploit that exploits a vulnerability in the Windows secure channel (SChannel) module and allows for remote code execution. The exploit was discovered in May 2014 by IBM, who also helped patch the exploit. The exploit was present and undetected in Windows software for 19 years, affecting every Windows version from Windows 95 to Windows 8.1

Details 
WinShock exploits a vulnerability in the Windows secure channel (SChannel) security module that allows for remote control of a PC through a vulnerability in SSL, which then allows for remote code execution. With the execution of remote code, attackers could compromise the computer completely and gain complete control over it. The vulnerability was given a CVSS 2.0 base score of 10.0, the highest score possible.

The attack exploits a vulnerable function in the SChannel module that handles SSL Certificates. A number of Windows applications such as Microsoft Internet Information Services use the SChannel Security Service Provider to manage these certificates and are vulnerable to the attack.

It was later discovered in November 2014 that the attack could be executed even if the ISS Server was set to ignore SSL Certificates, as the function was still ran regardless. Microsoft Office, and Remote Desktop software in Windows could also be exploited in the same way, even though it did not support SSL encryption at the time.

While the attack is covered by a single CVE, and is considered to be a single vulnerability, it is possible to execute a number of different and unique attacks by exploiting the vulnerability including buffer overflow attacks as well as certificate verification bypasses.

Responsibility 
The exploit was discovered and disclosed privately to Microsoft in May 2014 by researchers in IBM's X-Force team who also helped to fix the issue. It was later disclosed publicly on 11 November 2014, with a proof-of-concept released not long after.

See also 

 Heartbleed, a similar vulnerability.

References

External links 

 Microsoft Security Bulletin Entry
 National Vulnerability Database Entry
 CVE-2014-6321

Computer security exploits
Sonja Buchegger. Sonja Buchegger is a computer scientist specializing in peer-to-peer networking, reputation systems in wireless ad hoc networks, and confidential computing. Born in Austria, and educated in Austria and Switzerland, she has worked in the US, Germany, and Sweden. She is a professor of computer science at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.

Early life and education
Buchegger was born in Schwarzach, in Austria. She became an undergraduate at the University of Klagenfurt in Austria, where she studied business administration and computer science, earning two bachelor's degrees in 1995 and 1996 respectively. She continued at Klagenfurt for a master's degree in computer science in 1999.

In 2004, she completed a PhD in communication systems from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. Her doctoral dissertation, Coping with Misbehavior in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, was supervised by Jean-Yves Le Boudec.

Career
She became a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley from 2005 to 2006, and then worked in industry for Telekom Innovation Laboratories from 2007 to 2009, before taking a position as associate professor at KTH. She was installed as a full professor at KTH in 2019.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Austrian computer scientists
Austrian women computer scientists
University of Klagenfurt alumni
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Dysprosium stannides. Under standard conditions, the elements dysprosium and tin combine to form a number of intermetallic compounds, the dysprosium stannides.  Dysprosium stannides with simple empirical formulas include Dy5Sn3 and DySn2, but four other intermetallics have intermediate composition.  None is believed to survive temperatures higher than , whereat Dy5Sn3 decomposes.  Although dysprosium is a lanthanoid, its f orbitals likely participate in the metallic bonding: mixing dysprosium and tin releases an enthalpy quite different from mixing samarium and tin, with gadolinium and tin intermediate.

DySn2 adopts the zirconium disilicide crystal structure, and undergoes a Néel transition around .  The magnetic patterning below the Néel point has periods incommensurable with the atomic unit cell, leading to a sinusoidal modulation.  Theoretically, DySn2 should transition at very low temperatures to a different magnetic pattern with commensurable spatial period, but even at  the incommensurable pattern survives.

References

Dysprosium compounds
Tin compounds
Intermetallics
Water supply and sanitation in Uttar Pradesh. Water supply and sanitation in Uttar Pradesh, India has seen recent advancements in ensuring comprehensive access and quality. The northern state has a historical record of falling below the national average on critical metrics, leading to sanitation and water access becoming a political focal point, particularly in regions like Bundelkhand. Issues such as unequal resource distribution and water contamination present ongoing challenges. 

Government-led initiatives, often in partnership with private sector entities and grassroots organizations, are actively working to improve access to safe water and sanitation facilities. Despite progress, challenges remain, especially in rural areas and urban slums, highlighting the need for ongoing efforts and innovative solutions. Water supply has been improved by central scheme of water tap. Recently announced Ken Betwa river link project would help the water problem in Bundelkhand region.

Access 
According to the National Family Health Survey 2 (NFHS2) conducted in Uttar Pradesh in 2000, only 85.6% of the population had access to an improved water source. A further 26.7% of respondents had access to a latrine. 

Following significant progress, subsequent surveys conducted from 2019 to 2021 indicate that access to improved water sources has increased substantially to 99.2%. Access to latrines has also shown a significant improvement, now reaching 68.7% of the population.

Despite significant progress in improving access to sanitation facilities, Uttar Pradesh still grapples with Open defecation, particularly in rural areas, where approximately 29% of the population continues to defecate in the open. Challenges such as widespread Water scarcity further complicate efforts to provide adequate sanitation and promote hygiene practices.

As of 2019, the Centre for Science and Environment reported that, in some cities of Uttar Pradesh, approximately 80% of containment systems are frequently not connected to functional soak pits.

See also 

 Water supply and sanitation in India
 Water resources in India

References

Uttar Pradesh
Health in Uttar Pradesh
PT-ZBA. PT-ZBA was a Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia that was built by Embraer as the prototype of the EMB-120 and the very first example of the EMB-120.

History

Construction and first flight 
The PT-ZBA took its maiden flight on July 27th, 1983. The Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia was designed as a regional turboprop aircraft, capable of carrying passengers and cargo efficiently. The airliner was used only by Embraer as a demonstrator of the EMB-120 and was never used by any other airline. Throughout its life, the aircraft utilized two PWC PW118 engines.

Brasília series 
Following the success of testing the prototype and certification, production of the Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia series began in 1985. These aircraft were widely used for regional transport, connecting smaller cities and towns. Production of the Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia would officially come to an end in 2001.

Preservation 
The aircraft was retired from active service by Embraer and placed into storage at São José dos Campos in 2003. As of today, PT-ZBA is preserved at São José dos Campos Airport and the Embraer plant.

References

Further reading 
 
Embraer aircraft
Strimple's Mill Road Bridge over Lockatong Creek. The Strimple's Mill Road Bridge over Lockatong Creek is a historic Pratt thru truss bridge located in Delaware Township of Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1897 by the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 2016, for its significance in engineering. It was listed as part of the Historic Bridges of Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

The  long single-span pin-connected wrought iron bridge crosses the Lockatong Creek in the northwest corner of the township. According to the nomination form, the bridge features details such as a "crow’s foot" vertical hanger and “reversed” vertical hangers.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey

References

External links
 

Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Bridges completed in 1897
1897 establishments in New Jersey
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Bridges in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Wrought Iron Bridge Company
Mengdi Wang. Mengdi Wang is a theoretical computer scientist who is a professor at Princeton University. Her research considers the fundamental theory that underpins reinforcement and machine learning. She was named one of MIT Technology Review's 35 Under 35 in 2018.

Early life and education 
Wang was an undergraduate student at Tsinghua University, where she specialized in automation. At the age of 18, she joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a graduate student, where she worked alongside Dimitri Bertsekas. Her doctoral research developed stochastic methods for large-scale linear systems.

Research and career 
Wang specializes in the theoretical frameworks that underpin machine learning and reinforcement learning. She joined Princeton University as an assistant professor in 2014. She was the first person to propose stochastic gradient methods for composition optimisation. Her early work used reinforcement to minimize risk in financial portfolios and help hospitals identify potential complications.

Wang has studied Markov decision processes, a model for reinforcement learning. She uses state compression methods to use empirical data to sketch black box Markov processes.

In 2020, Wang joined the C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, a consortium of researchers who seek to accelerate the use of artificial intelligence in society. She proposed that reinforcement learning could be used to protect educational establishments from COVID-19. She used system identification and adaptive control to develop strategies to understand the health status of students, and to deploy algorithms that recommend interventions to decision makers. In 2024, she was awarded a United States Department of Defense Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative program to develop AI and reinforcement learning for biological systems. She showed it was possible to use large language models with semantic representation to design MRNA vaccines.

Awards and honors 
 2016 Mathematical Optimization Society Young Researcher Prize in Continuous Optimization 
 2016 Princeton SEAS Innovation Award
 2017 NSF Career Award 
 2017 Google Faculty Award
 2018 MIT Tech Review 35-Under-35 
 2022 WAIC YunFan Award
 2024 American Automatic Control Council Donald Eckman Award

Selected publications

References 

Princeton University faculty
Living people
Chinese computer scientists
Tsinghua University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Metal-organic nanotube. Metal–organic nanotubes (MONTs) are a class of crystalline coordination polymers consisting of organic ligands bonded to a metal or metal cluster that form single-walled one-dimensional porous structures.  The usage of organic ligands allows the properties of the resulting material to be tuned, as in the parent class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), but like carbon nanotubes, MONTs are anisotropic structures.

Structure

MONTs have three main components: an organic bridging ligand, an inorganic metal or metal cluster, and a capping ligand that limits the dimensionality of the resulting structure. The bridging ligand is typically di-, tri- or tetravalent, while the capping ligand and metal form structures analogous to secondary building units (SBUs) in MOFs. MONTs have topologies that can be classified as helical coils, stacked macrocyclic rings, pillars of metal-ligand chains, or (m,n) scaffold nets.

Helical coil MONTs can be thought of as a linear coordination polymer that is warped into a spiral conformation, resulting in a tube-shaped structure. Macrocyclic ring MONTs are macrocycles fused via coordination bonds to construct an infinite tube. Pillar-chain MONTs are two, three, or four metal-anion linear chains connected via organic linkers to form a nanotube. (m,n) scaffold nets are constructed from a single organic linker functioning as nodes in a topological net, where “m” represents the number of metal linkers while “n” represents the number of organic nodes.

Synthesis and properties

MONTs are synthesized primarily via a bottom-up solvothermal synthesis approach from a mixture of organic ligands and metal. In bottom-up syntheses, ligands coordinate to metals and rapidly form pre-MONT crystallites that ripen into well-developed crystals through equilibrium processes. This process can expel defects as discrete molecules add to existing crystal structures reversibly over the course of hours to days. Guest molecules such as dimethylformamide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone often play a vital role in the formation of MONTs.

Another route of MONT synthesis is performed via curling a 2-D sheet into a nanotube. This method relies on exfoliation of the sheet, enabled by weak interlayer interactions. Once the sheets have been separated, chemical stresses induced by a host material force the sheet to curl upon itself and form a MONT.

Careful selection of ligands and metals in MONTs allow tunable pore sizes and dimensions, resulting in applications such as fluid separations, hydrogen storage, as an ion exchange material, and chemical sensing.

See also

Coordination chemistry
Coordination polymers
Covalent organic framework
Macromolecular assembly
Metal–inorganic framework
Metal-organic framework
Omar M. Yaghi
Organometallic chemistry
Porous polymer
Reticular chemistry
Susumu Kitagawa
X-ray Crystallography
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks

References

Nanotubes by composition
Metal-organic frameworks
Yttrium stannides. Yttrium and tin form several yttrium stannide intermetallic compounds.

The most tin-rich is YSn3, followed by YSn2, Y11Sn10, Y5Sn4, and Y5Sn3.  None survives above , at which point Y5Sn3 melts congruently.  The enthalpy of dissolution is similar to the stannides of other late lanthanoids, and the intermetallics' overall enthalpies of formation resemble silicides, not germanides or plumbides.

YSn3 is an electrical superconductor below .  It was originally thought to be a Type I superconductor, but 7 K may actually be the strong-coupling regime, despite the low temperature.  The density of electronic states has a local maximum at the Fermi level, composed of tin p and d orbitals.  The intermetallic is difficult to form, slowly crystallizing from a mixture of Sn and YSn2 above .  This may arise from competing allotropes near room temperature: although its crystal structure is certainly cubic, simulation indicates that both the tricopper auride (Pmm) or aluminum-titanium alloy (I4/mmm) structures are stable under standard conditions.

YSn2 has unit cell sized 4.39×16.34×4.30 Å.  Like DySn2, it exhibits the zirconium disilicide crystal structure: layers of yttrium rhombohedra encapsulating tin atoms alternate with flat planes of tin.  Doping with nickel puckers the planes, and Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that it removes electron density from the tin s orbitals.

Y5Sn3 has the hexagonal manganese silicide crystal structure, with unit cell 8.88×6.52×0.73 Å.

References 

Tin compounds
Yttrium compounds
Intermetallics
Superconductors
Sabita Maharjan. Sabita Maharjan (born 1980) is a computer scientist, a professor of networks and distributed systems in the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo, Norway. Her research involves wireless networks, network security, green computing, and vehicular ad hoc networks. Originally from Nepal, she was educated in Nepal, Japan, and Norway, and has worked in Nepal, Singapore and Norway.

Early life and education
Maharjan was born in 1980 in Kathmandu, where her parents operated a roadside vegetable stand. She became a student at St. Xavier's College, Maitighar and then the Pulchowk Campus of Tribhuvan University, where she completed a bachelor's degree in 2004. Next, she obtained a scholarship from the Japanese government to study at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, where she earned a master's degree in 2008. She moved to Norway and the University of Oslo in 2009, and completed a Ph.D. there in 2013.

Career and later life
Maharjan taught at Tribhuvan University from 2004 to 2006, and worked for the Institute for Infocomm Research in Singapore in 2010. After completing her Ph.D., she became a research scientist at the Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, while continuing to hold a part-time position at the University of Oslo as an associate professor. She since became a full professor at the University of Oslo, while continuing to hold an adjunct affiliation with Simula as a senior research scientist.

Beyond her academic work, Maharjan has also held a leadership role as women's coordinator for the Non-Resident Nepali Association of Norway.

Recognition
Maharjan was one of two 2020 recipients of the TCGCC Outstanding Young Researcher Award of the Green Communications & Computing Technical Committee of the IEEE Communications Society.

References

External links
Home page

1980 births
Living people
Nepalese scientists
Nepalese women scientists
Norwegian computer scientists
Norwegian women computer scientists
Pulchowk Campus alumni
Tokyo Institute of Technology alumni
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Hafnium nitrides. The hafnium nitrides are the various salts produced from combining hafnium and nitrogen.  The two most important such are hafnium(III) nitride, HfN; and hafnium(IV) nitride, Hf3N4.  None can be prepared from hafnium oxide, but must instead be prepared from the elemental metal or a different hafnium nitride salt; attempted nitridation of the oxide gives an oxynitride instead.  

HfN is refractory and generally produced as a thin film coating, although zone annealing gives the bulk material.   HfN adopts the rock-salt crystal structure.  The surplus hafnium electron delocalizes, so that HfN is a metal, conducting at room temperature and superconducting below .  Its bright gold color is a cheaper alternative to gilding.  

The dark red semiconductor Hf3N4 does not form at room temperature, but requires high pressure, high temperature synthesis in a diamond anvil cell.  At  and , it adopts the cubic crystal structure and repeats according to space group I3d.  At lower pressures, the cubic structure is believed metastable, decaying to the orthorhombic structure of zirconium(IV) nitride.  That structure forms outright at 19 GPa and , and another metastable tetragonal structure forms at 12 GPa and .  Computational studies suggest that it may catalyze polymerization of nitrogen at very high temperatures, through a catenary anion in HfN10.  

In systems with limited nitrogen, hafnium also forms Hf3N2, as well as a solid solution hafnium alloy.

References 

Hafnium compounds
Nitrides
Salts
Refractory materials