omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Indore Bus Rapid Transit System. The Indore BRTS or Ahilya Path is the bus rapid transit system for the city of Indore, Madhya Pradesh by AICTSL also called i-Bus(Intelligent Bus), became operational from 10 May 2013. 
The Indore BRTS project started in 2007 under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). It involves the participation of the Governments of India and Madhya Pradesh, and the World Bank.

The UK-based Serco won the operation and maintenance contract of the BRT from Atal Indore City Transport Services Ltd (AICTSL), a joint venture between Indore Development Authority and Indore Municipal Corporation, which was set up to operate and manage the public transport system in the city. The company will operate and maintain the fleet of the 50 low-floor and air conditioned buses. It will also manage the operations control center and a depot for the corridor.

Under the SUTP, the Global Environment Facility will fund the setting up of the GPS-enabled Intelligent Transport System (ITS) on the BRTS.

The corridor is fully equipped with free high-speed Wi-Fi internet service for commuters, provided by Free As Air.

The ITS architecture will boast, among other high-tech features, of advance signal systems based on data-centric algorithms for emergency pre-emption and network surveillance with CCTV cameras. The SUTP also envisages support for the BRTS through two Traffic Signal Prioritisation and Automatic Fare Collection plans. These include traffic signal co-ordination with adaptive signal control and a centralised traffic control centre managing 46 traffic signals and priority for BRTS buses.

The BRTS will have Automatic Fare Collection System (AFCS), which will facilitate off-board fare collection. There will also be a Ticket Office Terminal for issuing "contactless smart cards." Under the AFCS, fares will be collected by a private company on behalf of Indore City Bus.

The company, under a 10-year contract, will be responsible for the supply, installation, maintenance and operation of the AFCS, besides providing the personnel required. A similar contract-based system is planned for the AFCS of BRTS-Ahmedabad.

While the completed BRTS will cover 106 km, connecting all major corridors in Indore, Phase-I of the project proposes three corridors: the AB Road pilot corridor, the Vijayanagar Chowraha-Ujjain Road junction and Ujjain Road junction-the Airport. The current Rs. 130-crore AB Road pilot corridor runs along 11.7 km and will cater to around 70,000 passengers daily. BRTS may also be linked to the upcoming Indore Metro as planned

Corridors
The following corridors were proposed to be executed under JNNURM.

Project Status
23 June 2009 :
 Six consultants have been shortlisted for Phase-I of BRTS.

15 July 2012 :
 The 14 km-long proposed Indore BRTS project worth Rs 140 crore would be ready by September – 2012.

2 February 2013 :
 BRTS to become operational in Indore from April 2013.

10 May 2013 :
 BRTS becomes operational in Indore with 16 buses plying.

References

External links

 City portal at Govt. of India info. website
 

Bus rapid transit in India
Transport in Indore
2013 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
European Master on Software Engineering. The European Master on Software Engineering, or European Masters Programme in Software Engineering (new name since 2015) (EMSE) is a two-year joint Master of Science (Msc) program coordinated by four European universities (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Technical University of Madrid, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Oulu), funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.

Programme Overview 
The discipline software engineering is traditionally designed to bridge industry and research needs. The European Masters Programme in Software Engineering (EMSE) is a part of the Erasmus Mundus Programme from the European Commission which focuses on the area of software engineering. This course enforces a wide spectrum of courses based on the high scientific knowledge of each partner university both in theoretical and applied research. With this program students will be guided into a cognitive path including foundation courses - such as advanced statistics, requirements engineering, verification and validation, software quality and management - and elective courses in which basic knowledge is applied, such as distributed systems, information management, computer networks, cluster technologies, software product lines, system engineering, system security, internet technologies, usability and others.

The courses are project oriented. This means that students have a large offering of internships and projects to develop at the university or in a company. Courses are taught in English. Nevertheless, students can take advantage of the university language centre to learn local languages at zero costs.

With EMSE, students will become familiar with the software engineering discipline both through theoretical and practical experience. This program aims at forming high qualified professionals in software engineering with a strong theoretical base and practical competence that can be spent both in industry and for a further education plan. Namely, motivated students are prepared for a future PhD, taking also advantage of the excellent connections of the EMSE consortium with international research centres and European consortia.

Partner universities
 Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy (coordinating university)
 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain 
 Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany
 University of Oulu, Finland

References

External links 

Programme's website at Libera Università di Bolzano
2nd Workshop on the European Masters in Software Engineering (WEMSE)

College and university associations and consortia in Europe
Computer science education
Erasmus Mundus Programmes
Transterpreter. The transterpreter (from the words interpreter and transputer) is a virtual machine for the programming language occam-π (occam-pi), and a portable runtime for the KRoC compiler. It is designed for education and research in concurrency and robotics. The transterpreter was developed at the University of Kent.

The transterpeter has made it possible to easily run occam-π programs on platforms such as the Lego Mindstorms RCX, Arduino, IA-32, SPARC, MIPS, and the Cell BE, on the Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, and MS-DOS operating systems.

See also 
 KRoC

References 

Virtual machines
University of Kent
Programming language implementation
Concurrent programming languages
EATPUT. The EATPUT model is a model for analyzing an information system designed by Anthony Debons of
the University of Pittsburgh's School of Information Science in 1961. It has been widely used in the fields of information systems and information science, in a variety of areas. One example is the use of the model in the design of information systems to serve remote islands.

The EATPUT model is so called because of the six fundamental components, which taken together form the acronym EATPUT.

Event 

The Event Phase details occurrences relevant to the information system and their representation to the information system.  Representation to the system could take many forms such as sound or digitally coded data, depending on the information system.  For example, a weather predicting machine's event could be an increase in humidity, represented to the system as directly as an increase in water vapor in the air.

Acquisition 
The Acquisition Phase is the sensor of an information system.  The Acquisition Phase is where the system captures its data pertaining to the Event Phase.  Continuing with the example of a weather predicting machine, the increase in water vapor in the air is detected by an instrument on the device.

Transmission 
Transmission actually occurs between each phase, but its most important (and most aesthetically pleasing to the acronym EATPUT) occurrence is the one between the Acquisition and Processing phases.  Transmission is a fairly straightforward concept; it is how the different components and phases of an information system communicate with each other.  Continuing with the weather predicting machine example again, the water vapor sensors might code the information digitally (this process itself would require yet another information system) and send it to the next phase.

Processing 
Processing is where the data is ordered, stored, retrieved, and operated on appropriately in order to form knowledge.  The amount of humidity can be compared to past years and general meteorological principles in order to analyze the event of higher or lower humidity and translate it to something more useful (e.g. "the humidity is 60%).

Utilization 
The Utilization Phase of the system evaluates and interprets the Processing Phase's result.  60% humidity might mean that the chance of a thunderstorm is higher.

Transfer 
The Transfer Phase is the action component of the system, the implementation of the knowledge the other phases have generated.  Perhaps the weather predicting machine, as it becomes more and more certain a severe thunderstorm is likely, will notify a human that can declare an appropriate storm warning or use the information for the television weather forecast.

References

Further reading 

Analysis
PLate OPtimizer. PLate OPtimizer, or PLOP is a CAD program used by amateur telescope makers to design primary mirror support cells for reflecting telescopes. It was developed by telescope maker David Lewis, first described in 1999, and used to simplify calculations needed in the design of mirror support cells.  It was based on Toshimi Taki's 1993 program PLATE, with a simplified user interface, thus giving it wide acceptance among makers of large Dobsonian style amateur telescopes, with good support of mirrors as thin as two inches for a diameter of thirty inches.

Comparisons and limitations
A basic mirror cell may be built using minimal calculation and simple materials such as wood and outdoor carpet, with a good example being Dobson's original telescopes. However, as amateurs sought to build larger and thinner mirrors, they found such designs inadequate.

Many amateur telescope makers use cells which are designed via equal area rule calculation, using programs such as David Chandler's public domain program, Cell. However, such calculation does not account for mechanical stresses introduced in one part of a telescope mirror by another part, whereas finite element analysis can be used to reduce such stress. Although general finite element analysis programs such as Nastran will work for mirror cells, an advantage of PLOP is that it can be set to ignore deformation that merely results in refocus of a mirror's parabola. PLOP can be used to calculate floating support points for a mirror's axial (rear) support; however, additional tools are needed to calculate potential error from a mirror's lateral (edge) support.

Mirror cell calculations, whether using PLOP or another program, do not overcome errors introduced by gluing the mirror to its cell, excessive tightening of edge supports, nor impingement of the cell structure onto the mirror as result of differential cooling shrinkage. The significantly more complex calculations arising from the support needs of large honeycomb mirrors and those using active optics systems are outside the design parameters of such programs.

See also
 Amateur astronomy
 Amateur telescope making
 List of telescope parts and construction
 MATLAB
 Nastran
 Optical aberration
 Optical telescope
 Whiffletree

Notes

External resources
 A Study of 18-point Mirror Cell Optimization Using Varying Forces Jeff Anderson-Lee, January 2003
 David Lewis, Automated Mirror Cell Optimization
 Mechanical design of the 110 cm cruxis telescope
 Stellafane links page

Computer-aided design software
Finite element software
Telescopes
Telescope making
Bob Twiggs. Robert J. Twiggs (born November 27, 1935) is an American professor of Astronautics and Space Science at Morehead State University. He is responsible, along with Jordi Puig-Suari of California Polytechnic State University, for co-inventing the CubeSat reference design for miniaturized satellites which became an Industry Standard for design and deployment of the satellites.

Education
Twiggs earned a Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Idaho in 1961 and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering with a concentration in microwave devices from Stanford University in 1964.

Career
From 1985 to 1994, Twiggs was the director of the Weber State University Center for Aerospace Technology. He served as a consulting professor in the Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics from 1994 to 2008. At Stanford, he established the Space Systems Development Laboratory. Bob Twiggs became a professor at Morehead State University in 2009 in an effort to push the PocketQube standard leveraging the university's large aperture (21m) space tracking system, and to help develop a space economy in the state of Kentucky.

In 2019, Twiggs designed and proposed another smaller, simpler satellite form factor called ThinSat which could enable high school students to design and build satellites.

References

External links 
 Official site
 
 Satellite pioneer joins Morehead State's space science faculty

1935 births
Living people
Morehead State University faculty
Rocket scientists
University of Idaho alumni
Weber State University faculty
Scratch hardness. Scratch hardness refers to the hardness of a material in terms of resistance to scratches and abrasion by a harder material forcefully drawn over its surface. Scratch hardness test or scratch test refers to any of a number of methods of measuring scratch hardness. Resistance to abrasion is less affected by surface variations than indentation methods. Scratch hardness is measured with a sclerometer.

Attempting to scratch a surface to test a material is a very old technique. The first scientific attempt to quantify materials by scratch tests was by mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1812 (see Mohs scale). The Mohs scale is based on relative scratch hardness of different materials; with talc assigned a value of 1 and diamond assigned a value of 10. Mohs's scale had two limitations: it was not linear, and most modern abrasives fall between 9 and 10.; so, later scientists attempted to increase resolution at the harder end of the scale.

Raymond R. Ridgway, a research engineer at the Norton Company, modified the Mohs scale by giving garnet a hardness of 10 and diamond a hardness of 15. Charles E. Wooddell, working at the Carborundum Company, extended the scale further by using resistance to abrasion, and extrapolating the scale based on 7 for quartz and 9 for corundum, resulting in a value of 42.4 for South American brown diamond bort.

There is a linear relationship between cohesive energy density (lattice energy per volume) and Wooddell wear resistance, occurring between corundum (H=9) and diamond (H=42.5).

See also
Scratch test (disambiguation)

References

Hardness tests
Physical quantities
Neophyl chloride. Neophyl chloride, C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl, is a halogenated organic compound with unusual nucleophilic substitution properties. Neophyl chloride is used to form a versatile organolithium reagent, neophyl lithium, by reaction with lithium.

Preparation 
Neophyl chloride was first synthesized by Haller and Ramart from neophyl alcohol by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, using thionyl chloride as the chlorinating agent:

C6H5C(CH3)2CH2OH + SOCl2 → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl + HCl + SO2

It is easily prepared on a large scale from benzene and methallyl chloride by an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, using sulfuric acid as the catalyst: The reaction is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

H2C=C(CH3)CH2Cl + C6H6 → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl

It can also be prepared by free radical halogenation  of tert-butylbenzene, using various chlorine donors.

Reactions and applications 
Neophyl chloride can be used to form an organolithium reagent, neophyl lithium, by reaction with lithium. Organolithium reagents are useful due to their nucleophilic properties and their ability to form carbon-to-carbon bonds, like in reactions with carbonyls.

C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Cl + 2Li → C6H5C(CH3)2CH2Li + LiCl

Neophyl chloride is of interest to organic chemists due to its substitution properties. Neophyl chloride is a neopentyl halide which means it is subject to the neopentyl effect. This effect makes SN2 nucleophilic substitution highly unlikely because of steric interactions due to the branching of the β-carbon. No rotamer of the molecule would allow a backside attack of the α carbon.

β-Hydride elimination also does not occur with neophyl derivatives as this group lacks hydrogens at the β positions. These factors make neophyl chloride a precursor to intermediates that resist common substitution and elimination reactions.

References 

Organochlorides
Phenyl compounds
Oscar Faber. Oscar Faber  (5 July 1886 – 7 May 1956) was a British structural engineer. He was influential in the development of the use of reinforced concrete in the United Kingdom. Because many engineers were not certain of the material, Faber pioneered simple deflection tests, which enabled him to develop his theory of "Plastic yield in concrete", and to calculate shear in reinforced concrete beams.

Faber was born in London, the son of the Danish Commissioner of Agriculture in London. His work for Trollope & Colls on  non-magnetic mine casings during the First World War earned him the OBE in the 1918 Birthday Honours.

He set up as an independent consultant at the age of 35 in 1921, with £2000 capital, in Finsbury Circus, City of London. The firm comprised 2 engineers, an office junior and a typist. This was to grow to become Oscar Faber and Partners. 

Notable projects include the Bank of England, the House of Commons, Africa House and India House in London. He co-authored the book, Reinforced Concrete Design, with P.G. Bowie, which became a standard work. Faber's work on rebuilding the House of Commons won him a CBE in 1951. He also worked on the Snow Hill, Bath, re-development scheme - 11-storey block of 56 maisonettes opened by Alderman Sam Day in March 1958 - in association with architects Snailum, Huggins and Lefevre.

Faber was president of the Institution of Structural Engineers between 1935 and 1936. The Institution named an award after him, the Oscar Faber Medal, one of which was presented to Fazlur Khan in 1973.

Faber's company Oscar Faber & Partners eventually merged with G Maunsell & Partners to become Faber Maunsell. In 2009, Faber Maunsell was rebranded AECOM.

References

1886 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
English people of Danish descent
British structural engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Material flow. Material flow is the description of the transportation of raw materials, pre-fabricates, parts, components, integrated objects and final products as a flow of entities. The term applies mainly to advanced modeling of supply chain management.

As industrial material flow can easily become very complex, several different specialized simulation tools have been developed for complex systems. Typical tools are:
 AnyLogic
 AutoMod for logistics systems
 Plant Simulation for production system

References

Control engineering
Industrial ecology
Industrial engineering
Systems ecology
Resource economics
Loden cape. A loden cape is an overcoat of Tyrolean origin, made of a thick, water-resistant woolen material with a short pile known as loden cloth, first produced by peasants in Austria. This fabric is derived from the coarse, oily wool of mountain sheep and has a traditional earthy green colour. The name is derived from Middle High German "lode" or from Old High German "lodo", meaning "coarse cloth".  It is a cloth of traditional Tracht worn in Tyrol.

To produce loden cloth, strong yarns are woven loosely into cloth which then undergoes a lengthy process of shrinking, eventually acquiring the texture of felt and becoming quite dense. It is then brushed with a fuller's teasel and the nap is clipped, a process which is repeated a number of times until the resulting fabric provides good warmth for the weight, and is relatively supple, windproof, and extremely durable. It is a subclass of the wools known as "melton".

A similar type of woolen cloth manufacturing comes from the Belgian village of Duffel, giving name to the British Royal Navy Duffel coat, a coat that has most probably partly been produced from Melton wool.

References

Austrian clothing
Coats (clothing)
German clothing
Woven fabrics
Waulked textiles
Chester Pipe and Tube Company. The Chester Pipe and Tube Company was a company incorporated in 1877 in Chester, Pennsylvania, by shipbuilder John Roach for the manufacture of iron pipes and boiler tubes for the steamships built at his Chester shipyard, the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works.

Incorporated for a sum of $300,000, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company was located on  of land at the intersection of Front and West Streets in Chester, adjacent to another Roach company, the Chester Rolling Mill, and close to Roach's shipyard. Two large brick buildings and a number of smaller ones were erected onsite, and a workforce of approximately 200 was employed there. By the early 1880s, the company was manufacturing about 18,000 tons of wrought iron pipes annually from 20,000 tons of skelp iron.

In 1880, Potts Brothers Iron Company Ltd., which owned a rolling mill in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, acquired a controlling interest in the Chester Pipe and Tube Company. Colonel Joseph D. Potts, a prominent figure in the transportation business, purchased the Potts Brothers Iron Company in 1890, and thereafter became President of the Chester Pipe and Tube Company, a position he retained until his death in 1893.

In June 1899, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company was consolidated with twenty other pipemaking firms in the northeastern United States to form the National Tube Company. In 1901, the National Tube Company and nine other major American steel companies merged to form the world's first billion dollar company, U.S. Steel.

The National Tube Company was a subsidiary of U.S. Steel until 31 December 1951 and together with a number of other wholly-owned subsidiaries in an internal corporate restructuring became a division of the United States Steel Company (a subsidiary of the U.S. Steel Corporation).

Footnotes

References
Ashmead, Graham Henry (1884): History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, L. H. Everts & Co., Pennsylvania.
Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965): John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862–1886 — United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing, ).
Warren, Kenneth (2001): Big Steel: the First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901-2001, University of Pittsburgh Press, .
Wilson, William Bender (1902): From the Hudson to the Ohio: A Region of Historic, Romantic and Scenic Interest, and Other Sketches, Kensington Press, Philadelphia.

American companies established in 1877
Chester, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1877
John Roach & Sons
Companies based in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania