omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SZD-35 Bekas. The SZD-35 Bekas (Snipe) is a two-seater glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland.

Development
The SZD-35 Bekas is a direct development of the SZD-34 Bocian 3, a modernised Bocian with T-tail and refined aerodynamics, design of which had been completed by engineer George Kubalańca, but further design work led to the SZD-35 Bekas for export to the DDR (the former East Germany), and the abandonment of the SZD-34.

To complement the SZD-30 Pirat gliders purchased by the DDR, the design team at SZD developed the SZD-35 Bekas specifically to fill the requirements of the DDR aero-clubs, with all-wood structure. The Bekas was also designed to comply with portions of the British BCAR airworthiness requirements.

Two flying prototypes were built (SP-2553 and SP-2557) and a third for static testing. Flight tests commenced on 29 November 1970, flown by Adam Zientek. The second prototype first flew in March 1971 culminating in a destructive test of the undercarriage with the aircraft undergoing progressively harsh landings until damage occurred. Modifications to the structure were introduced after these tests to increase strength and reduce weight. The Bekas had safe handling and high spin resistance, but suffered from high cockpit sills, which hampered boarding and limited headroom due to the low canopy.

To comply with the DDR requirements the structure of the Bekas was primarily of wood with plywood skinning except for a small percentage of the wing surface. The undercarriage consisted of a sprung monowheel, set well forward of the centre of gravity, and tail-skid, which improved stability on the ground roll during winch launching but raised the cockpit sill hampering boarding the aircraft.

The DDR cancelled their order and production was cancelled. The two Bekas prototypes have survived, with one in the Aeroclub Gliwice museum and the other at the Rzeszów Aeroclub.

Specifications (SZD-35 Bekas)

See also
SZD-9 Bocian

References

 

1970s Polish sailplanes
Science and technology in Poland
SZD aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Maverick (armoured vehicle). The Maverick is an internal security vehicle that was designed and developed by the Paramount Group in South Africa.

It was launched in 2008 during the Africa Aerospace and Defence Exhibition (AAD), which took place at the Ysterplaat Air Force Base in Cape Town, South Africa.

Vehicle specifics
The Maverick has a combat weight of 15,000 kg, a kerb weight of 10,000 kg and a payload weight of 5,000 kg. The vehicle has a turning radius of 16.5 metres, which makes it very agile and manoeuvrable and therefore suitable for operations in both urban and rural areas.

The Maverick is fitted with either a militarised MAN engine and a 12-Speed Semi-Automatic, or with a diesel power plant with a 6-speed fully automatic transmission. The advantage of both engines is that they are common all around the world, which means that the vehicles can be repaired and serviced in most countries.

The Maverick may be fitted with a biological and chemical protection filtration system, and has a cruising speed of between 100 and 120 kilometres per hour and a road range of approximately 700 kilometres.

Armour
Like its sister vehicles, the Marauder and the Matador, the Maverick features a double-skin monocoque structure, giving it a neat, modern and smooth look.

The vehicle’s hull structure is designed in such way that the crew is protected from Dragunov projectiles, impact from .50 calibre kinetic energy projectiles and attacks from improvised explosive device, commonly known as IEDs.

Armament
The Maverick’s large size and box-like shape provides sufficient space for the crew, their kits and various types of military equipment, such as anti riot gear, surveillance equipment, water cannons, ramps for SWAT Teams, and bomb disposal robots. The vehicle can be fitted with an external fire extinguishing system and small and medium calibre turrets can be mounted on its roof.

User countries 

 Brigada Especial Operativa Halcón
 Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
 Military Police of Rio de Janeiro StateCivil Police of Rio de Janeiro State

 Ghana Army
 South African Police Service Special Task Force
 Zambia Police Service

References

Armoured personnel carriers of South Africa
Internal security vehicles
Paramilitary vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Armoured personnel carriers of the post–Cold War period
Anatoly Ufimtsev. Anatoly Georgievich Ufimtsev () (1880-1936) was a Russian engineer and aviation pioneer.  He was born in Kursk.  He invented a radial engine for which he received a Russian patent and designed his own vehicles "Spheroplane 1" () and "Spheroplane 2" (). He later designed and built agricultural equipment and wind turbines.

Ufimtsev's inventions

References

1880 births
1936 deaths
20th-century Russian inventors
Russian aerospace engineers
People from Kursk
Aviation inventors
MACTEC. MACTEC was among the largest engineering design companies in the United States.  The company provided engineering, environmental, and construction services to private- and public-sector clients. MACTEC was based in Denver, Colorado until 2002, when they merged with LAW Engineering and the headquarters were moved to Alpharetta, Georgia. At that time they employed 3100 staff in 80 locations, with capability in more than 50 scientific and engineering disciplines. The company consisted primarily of two primary operating entities.
 MACTEC Engineering and Consulting (MEC): MEC provided engineering, environmental consulting and remediation, facility lifecycle management, sustainable design, and construction consulting. Special services include disaster response and recovery, and building engineering for LEED certification.
 MACTEC Development Corporation (MDC): MDC provided construction and demolition, nuclear decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), hazmat remediation, risk management, and radiological services.

History
Management Analysis Company (later changed to MACTEC) was founded in 1975 to serve the electric utility and nuclear power industries, expanding during the 1980s into nuclear site remediation. In 1997, MACTEC began strategic acquisition of companies that provided design/build and environmental services.

Mergers and acquisitions
 Acquisition and merger of Harding Lawson Associates and Environmental Science & Engineering (forming Harding ESE) added manufacturing, chemical, transportation, and telecommunications.
 Acquisition of Pacific Environmental Services Inc. added value engineering, occupational health and safety, water and wastewater management, and pollution prevention.
 Merger with Law Engineering and Environmental Services doubled MACTEC size and revenue, and added environmental and geotechnical engineering, facility management, construction quality assurance, and expanded geographic coverage.
 In May 2011, AMEC announced that it had entered a deal to buy MACTEC for $280 million.

References and notes

External links
  AMEC company website

Engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Fulton County, Georgia
American companies established in 1975
Puncture resistance. Puncture resistance denotes the relative ability of a material or object to inhibit the intrusion of a foreign object.   This is defined by a test method, regulation, or technical specification.  It can be measured in several ways ranging from a slow controlled puncture to a rapid impact of a sharp object or a rounded probe.

Tests devised to measure puncture resistance are generally application-specific, covering items such as roofing and packaging materials, protective gloves, needle disposal facilities, 
bulletproof vests, tires, etc. Puncture resistance in fabrics can be obtained through very tight woven fabrics, small ceramic plates in fabric coating or tight woven fabrics with a coating of hard crystals. All described methods significantly reduce the softness and flexibility of the fabric.

The puncture resistance will depend on the nature of puncture attempt, with the two most important features being point sharpness and force. A fine sharp point such as a hypodermic needle will require a high ability to absorb and distribute the force to avoid penetration, but the total forces applied are still limited. The EN388 glove standard use a more pencil-like object with a flat tip of 1mm diameter.  The EN388 test is highly dependent on the materials ability to withstand high forces through high tenacity and to a lesser extent to avoid cut or separation of the material.

There is no or limited correlation between the protections provided in the low force/needle protection and the high force/pencil like EN388 test.

Needle-resistant materials as described above are generally pierced by a force between 2-10N by a 25 gauge needle perpendicular to the fabric.  The forces in the EN 388 test results are rated according to a score from 0-4 (0, <20N; 1, 20N; 2, 60N; 3, 100N; 4, >150N). A newer test, ASTM F2878-10, is specifically designed to simulate common hypodermic needles in 21-, 25-, 28- gauge.

See also
Fracture toughness
ASTM International
Aramid

References

Puncture Resistance

Standards
ASTM D3420 Standard Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
ASTM D4833 Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
ASTM D5494 Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
ASTM D5602 Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Resistance of Roofing Membrane Specimens
ASTM D5635 Standard Test Method for Dynamic Puncture Resistance of Roofing Membrane Specimens
ASTM D5748 Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch Wrap Film
ASTM F924 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Puncture of Cushioned Resilient Floor Coverings
ASTM F1342 Standard Test Method for Protective Clothing Material Resistance to Puncture
ASTM F2132-01(2008)e1 Standard Specification for Puncture Resistance of Materials Used in Containers for Discarded Medical Needles and Other Sharps
ASTM F2878-10 Standard Test Method for Protective Clothing Material Resistance to Hypodermic Needle Puncture

Materials science
Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center. The Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center (HDC) is Union Pacific's rail traffic control headquarters. Also known as "The Bunker", it monitors trains, track and switches across the United States. The dispatch center is located at 850 Jones Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, and is built inside an old Union Pacific freight depot that was built in 1891 and sold in 1897. The building was redeveloped in the 1990s with a bunker made of 18-24 inch steel reinforced concrete that is designed to withstand a direct tornado strike.

The headquarters for Union Pacific, called the Union Pacific Center, is located nearby in downtown Omaha, Nebraska.

In 1997 the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) became concerned with the safety of the Union Pacific Railroad. A report found that at the HDC some supervisors were unfamiliar with the areas they were responsible for due to poor training. New dispatchers would become overwhelmed with busy shifts they had not trained on prior to qualification. The Harriman Dispatch Center problems section of the report concluded the dispatching problems represented "a serious safety concern" and recommended Union Pacific reduce workloads, provide better training, hire more dispatchers and improve dispatching software. Union Pacific responded by reducing workloads at 11 dispatcher positions, creating new training courses for staff, hiring more dispatchers and contracting Union Switch and Signal to improve computer systems.

After a review in 2006, the HDC underwent a refurbishment. The center was reorganised into teams who would be responsible for different areas of Union Pacifics network. 10 SXGA+ Mitsubishi video walls were installed by Activu Services on the operations floor for each "pod" or team. Activu also upgraded systems in the conference room and visitor gallery.

In 2016 members of the 557th Weather Wing of the U.S Air Force visited the Dispatch Center including its commander, Colonel Steven Dickerson.

In 2020, 60 train dispatchers at the Harriman Dispatch Center were made redundant. Union Pacific said this was due to COVID-19 and the installation of new computer-aided dispatching software.

References

Properties of the Union Pacific Railroad
Buildings and structures in Omaha, Nebraska
Downtown Omaha, Nebraska
Allactite. Allactite is a rare arsenate mineral of metamorphosed manganese zinc ore deposits. It is found in Sweden and New Jersey, US. Its name originated from Greek αλλάκτειν (allaktein) meaning "to change", referring to the strong pleochroism of the mineral.

References

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 785-787.

Arsenate minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1884
The Auto Moto. TheAutoMoto.com Corporation is a wholesale powersports distribution company based in Los Angeles, with its primary warehouse in Van Nuys, California. TheAutoMoto.com Corporation currently specializes in a partially enclosed three-wheel tilting scooter called The Auto Moto.

Products 
The Auto Moto is a three-wheel scooter powered by a 150cc single cylinder 4 stroke engine with an automatic CVT transmission and positraction rear wheels. It incorporates a rocker system that allows the cab to rock from side to side while carving through turns, all the while keeping its two back wheels and engine firmly planted on the ground. The Auto Moto gets a claimed , making it more fuel-efficient than most hybrid cars on the market. The Auto Moto features an FM radio player with MP3 connection that plays music through its integrated stereo system. Other standard features included on The Auto Moto are a built in 72 liter trunk, 2 dashboard storage compartments, an ABS braking system for the front disc brake, a cell phone call recognition system, seating for two, an alarm system, and a full windshield with windshield wiper. Being that The Auto Moto has three wheels, some states only require the use of a regular car driver license to operate it.

References

Scooter manufacturers
Motor scooters
Johnson 18. The Johnson 18 is an  sailing dinghy designed by Rodger Martin.  Although it is no longer produced, Johnson Boat Works fabricated over 100 of these sport boats before closing its doors in 1998.

History
Johnson Boat Works had built mostly scow designs on White Bear Lake, Minnesota since its founding in 1896.  However in 1994 Rodger Martin Yacht Designs was hired to finalize the Johnson 18 design concept.  75 Johnson 18's were built in the first year and a half of production.  The nationwide dealer distribution of this boat was a departure from the normal direct sales of the Johnson Boat Works.  As a result Johnson 18's are located all over the United States, though fleet sizes remain relatively low.  In 1998 Johnson Boat Works was sold and its assets were divided.  Melges Boat Works took control of most scow molds, while Catalina Yachts bought the Johnson 18 molds as well as several un-finished Johnson 18 hulls and fittings.  Very few Johnson 18's were produced after the sale and Catalina Yachts retains control of the class molds.

Design

The hull design is low to the water and marginally wide for its length.  The transom is open making the cockpit self bailing.  Cockpit edges are rounded and comfortable to hike on in conjunction with hiking straps for each crew member.  The bowsprit is a retractable carbon fiber pole for the asymmetrical spinnaker, which is launched from an attached bag on the port side.  The centerboard boasts an impressive  draft when down and retracts by swinging aft on a pivot.  The rig is supported by one set of upper side stays and one set of lower side stays, along with a forestay integrated into the roller furling jib.  There is no backstay, and as a result the stern remains quite clear most of the time.  Controls for the cunningham and boomvang are led back to the skipper under a removable spine that keeps them from becoming tangled in Jib Spinnaker sheets.

Sailing
Sailing the Johnson 18 is fairly easy, because of its wide, stable design.  It will plane in under 10 knots of wind, however it will do so much more easily above that threshold.  The asymmetrical spinnaker makes reaching and broad reaching very fast, however heading straight downwind tends to be much slower.  This is a normal result of flying an asymmetrical spinnaker without an articulating pole.

Portsmouth Comparisons (2002) 
Source:

505 - 80.2
Flying Dutchman - 80.2
Thistle - 83.0
M-20 Scow - 84.1
Highlander - 84.6
Johnson 18 - 86.1
Y-Flyer - 87.9
Buccaneer 18 - 87.1
Lightning - 87.7
MC Scow - 88.7
M-16 Scow - 89.8
Finn - 90.5
Laser - 91.4
JY 15 - 91.3
Coronado 15 - 91.9
Snipe - 92.4

Portsmouth yardstick explanation

References

External links
Johnson 18 Google Group
Rodger Martin Yacht Designs

Class Association
Johnson 18 Class Association

Dinghies
Sailboat type designs by Johnson Boat Works
Peter Nickolenko. Peter P. "Pete" Nickolenko is a launch director for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  Nickolenko was responsible for the safe launch of Space Shuttle vehicles from the Kennedy Space Center.

Nickolenko is a graduate from the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, and served in the United States Army for six years.  After being hired as an engineer for NASA in 1990, Nickolenko continued work until being promoted to launch and landing test director in 1992.  He was somehow involved in a major operation of launch processing in each Space Shuttle mission from 1992.

Nickolenko served as one of NASA's lead launch directors. He led the launch of STS-127 and STS-128, both of which required numerous scrubs and difficult decisions regarding launch safety.  He also has been employed with Texas Instruments.  He also attains the position of Chief of the Launch and Landing Division of Vehicle Processing. In April 2010 he was the leader director for the STS-131 flight.

External links and sources
NASA Biography

Living people
NASA flight controllers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bound water. In hydrology, bound water, is an extremely thin layer of water surrounding mineral surfaces.

Water molecules have a strong electrical polarity, meaning that there is a very strong positive charge on one side of the molecule and a strong negative charge on the other.   This causes the water molecules to bond to each other and to other charged surfaces, such as soil minerals.  Clay in particular has a high ability to bond with water molecules.

The strong attraction between these surfaces causes an extremely thin water film (a few molecules thick) to form on the mineral surface.  These water molecules are much less mobile than the rest of the water in the soil, and have significant effects on soil dielectric permittivity and freezing-thawing.

In molecular biology and food science, bound water refers to the amount of water in body tissues which are bound to macromolecules or organelles. In food science this form of water is practically unavailable for microbiological activities so it would not cause quality decreases or pathogen increases.

See also
Adsorption
Capillary action
Effective porosity
Surface tension

References

Hydrology
Soil mechanics
Soil physics
Water
Issoire Aviation. Issoire Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer established on 1 February 1978 in Issoire to build gliders and support the products of Wassmer Aviation following that companies closure.

The company is part of the REXiAA Group as well as building composite light aircraft it creates composite materials, notably for aviation (such as components in the Airbus, helicopters, the Eurocopter, and also the Mirage).

Products
 Issoire APM 20 Lionceau
 Issoire APM 30 Lion
 Issoire APM 40 Simba
 Issoire APM 50 Nala

References

Aircraft manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1978
Companies based in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
French companies established in 1978
Robin Raina. Robin Raina (; born August 31, 1967) is an Indian-born American industrial engineer, businessman and philanthropist who is the currently suspended chairman, president and chief executive officer of Ebix Group. Under Raina's leadership, Ebix declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy on December 17, 2023, after defaulting on a $617 million loan. He also founded the Robin Raina Foundation.

Early life and education 
Raina was born on July 31, 1967 into a Kashmiri Pandit family in Srinagar. He moved to Patiala in Punjab at the age of five and pursued most of his early education from Our Lady of Fatima Convent High School. He graduated from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology with a degree in industrial engineering in 1989. He joined Pertech Computers Limited and was promoted as area manager in 1990. He left for Singapore in 1993 after joining Mindware.

Career 
Raina joined Delphi Information Systems, Inc. in 1997 as Vice President of Professional Services.  In August 1999 he was promoted to the added title of President, having previously been named COO. In 1999 Delphi changed its name to Ebix.com and then in 2003 changed its name to Ebix Inc. On December 17, 2023, following a default on a $617 million loan, Ebix filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

Personal life 
He has a wife, Romica Raina, a son, Sahil Raina, and a daughter, Nikita Raina.

References

External links
 Ebix Ranked No.4: 100 Fastest Growing Companies in the world -Fortune
 Robin Raina: The richest executives - CNNMoney
 Robin ranked No.1 CEO in Georgia for two consecutive years - Atlanta Business Chronicle
 Robin Raina: Executive Profile & Biography – BusinessWeek
 Forbes Profile of Robin Raina
 Digitizing the Insurance industry - Fox News
 Ebix CEO Robin Raina Receives Multiple Awards Including Being Named the Top Performing CEO In Georgia by Atlanta Business Chronicle
 The top-performing CEO, Number 1 Robin Raina, Ebix Inc
 Entrepreneur of the Year Robin Raina, CEO of Ebix, Inc
 Ebix CEO lauded for philanthropy
 Robin Raina Profile - Forbes.com
 2009 FSB 100: Top Small Businesses - Ebix Inc

American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in software
1967 births
Living people
Kashmiri people
Kashmiri Pandits