omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Yii. Yii is an open source, object-oriented,  component-based MVC PHP web application framework. Yii is pronounced as "Yee" or [ji:] and in Chinese it means "simple and evolutionary" and it can be an acronym for "Yes It Is!".

History 
Yii started as an attempt to fix perceived drawbacks of the PRADO framework: Slow handling of complex pages, steep learning curve and difficulty to customize many controls. In October 2006, after ten months of development, the first alpha version of Yii was released, followed by the formal 1.00 release in December 2008.

Yii 1.1 was released in January 2010 adding a form builder, relational Active record queries, a unit testing framework and more. The Yii community continues to follow the 1.1 branch with PHP7+ support and security fixes. The latest version 1.1.23 was released in December 2020.

In May 2011 the developers decided to use new PHP versions and fix architectural shortcomings, resulting in version 2.0. In May 2013 the Yii 2.0 code went public, followed by the first stable release in October 2014. PHP8 is supported since version 2.0.38. The latest version 2.0.51 was released in July 2024.

Version history

Extensions 
The Yii project includes a repository of user-contributed extensions in addition to an official extension library, zii, which was merged with the core framework; it has been bundled in every release since Yii version 1.1.0 and includes additional widgets such as grids and jQuery UI.

See also 
 Active record pattern
 Comparison of web frameworks
 Model–view–controller
 Scaffold (programming)

References

Bibliography

Books

Journals

External links 
 

PHP software
Software using the BSD license
Web frameworks
PHP frameworks
Gasochromism. Gasochromism is closely related to electrochromism. The process involves the interaction of an electrochrome, usually a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide,  with an oxidizing or reducing gas, commonly oxygen and hydrogen, producing reversible color changes. The gasochromic technology is used commercially in reversible smart windows and gas sensing of oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide.

References

 Monk, M.S., Mortimer, R.J., & Rosseinsky, D.R., Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices, Cambridge UP, UK, 2007. 

Chromism
Vapochromism. In chemistry, Vapochromism strongly overlaps with solvatochromism since vapochromic systems are ones in which dyes change colour in response to the vapour of an organic compound or gas. Vapochromic devices are the optical branch of electronic noses. The main applications are in sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs)  in a variety of environments, including industrial, domestic and medical areas.
An example of such a device is an array consisting of a metalloporphyrin (Lewis acid), a pH indicator dye and a solvatochromic dye. The array is scanned with a flat-bed recorder, and the result are compared with a library of known VOCs.  Vaporchromic materials are sometimes Pt or Au complexes, which undergo distinct color changes when exposed to VOCs.

References

Chromism
Spectroscopy
Heinkel P.1077. The Heinkel P.1077 (or He P.1077) was a single seat interceptor design developed for the Luftwaffe by Heinkel under the Emergency Fighter Program during the last year of the Third Reich. This rocket-powered project was originally known as He P.1068, but that name was later used for a Heinkel design project for a turbojet-powered medium bomber.

Design and development
This airplane was one of the products of the last phase of the Third Reich, when the lack of materials and the dire need to put up a strong defense against the devastating Allied bombing raids required such craft to be built as quickly as possible in underground factories. Comparable models were the Junkers EF 127 Walli and the Messerschmitt P.1104. In the design of such small aircraft little thought was given to the safety and comfort of the pilots who were intended mostly to be young Nazis motivated by fanaticism, much as was intended for the Heinkel He 162.

The pilot would have flown the aircraft from a prone position. Takeoff was to be aided by four solid fuel RATO boosters which were jettisoned at burnout, and a jettisonable "trolley" sled for take-off. It would climb at a nearly vertical angle to operational altitude, after which the pilot would have only five minutes for combat action, before gliding the aircraft to land on a fixed skid.

Variants

P.1077 Julia I and Julia II
Rocket (Walter HWK 109-509) powered interceptor project.  One prototype unit was built, but was destroyed by an Allied air raid over Vienna on December 22, 1944, before having flown.

P.1077 Romeo
Pulse-jet (Argus As 014) powered interceptor project.  Unbuilt concept.

Specifications (Projected - He P.1077 Julia)

See also
Bachem Ba 349 Natter
List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45
List of rocket aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Koos, Volker. Heinkel Raketen-und Strahlflugzeuge(in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatic-Verlag GmbH, 2008. .

External links

Planet Models' 1/48 scale Heinkel P.1077 Julia

P1077
Prone pilot aircraft
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
Transactions on Aspect-Oriented Software Development. Transactions on Aspect-Oriented Software Development is a peer-reviewed book series that covers aspect-oriented software development techniques in all phases of the software life cycle, from requirements and design to implementation, maintenance, and evolution. The editors-in-chief are Shmuel Katz (Technion – Israel Institute of Technology) and Mira Mezini (Technische Universität Darmstadt). The series is published by Springer Science+Business Media.

External links

Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Computer science journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
English-language journals
Ward Gnome. The Ward Gnome is a very small single seat sports monoplane, designed for amateur construction in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.  Only one is known to have flown.

Design and development

Michael Ward was a carpenter by profession and an enthusiastic aeromodeller.  In April 1966 he began the design of an extremely small single-seat aircraft, the Ward P46 Gnome, with one of the smallest spans (15 ft 9 in or 4.80 m) of any monoplane. It was intended for home construction.

The Gnome is an all wood low-wing monoplane, each wing braced from above with a slender strut to the upper fuselage longeron. The wood skinned wings, which are straight tapered and built around box spars and D-section leading edges, carry 2° of dihedral. There are wooden ailerons but no flaps.

The fuselage is built around four 3/4 in (19 mm) square longerons, with diagonal bracing and ply formers.  The skin is 1/16 in (1.6 mm) ply, with flat surfaces apart from curved decking. There is a single seat open cockpit.  The fixed tailwheel undercarriage has each mainwheel mounted on a pair of steel tubes forming a narrow 'V' and fixed under the fuselage.  Single bracing struts run forward from the wheel mountings to the lower longerons forward of the wings. Go-Kart wheels and tyres are used, without brakes. A two-cylinder, horizontally-opposed 14 horsepower Douglas motorcycle engine, built in 1925 and driving a two blade fixed pitch propeller, was the original powerplant though this may have been replaced later by a Sachs-Wankel motor.

The Gnome flew for the first time on 4 August 1967.

Operational history
The prototype Gnome was sold to a new owner who registered it as G-AXEI in April 1969 and flew it under a Permit to Fly.  The registration was cancelled in 1984.  At least one other Gnome was partially built, but never flown nor registered.

Survivors

The prototype, no longer airworthy, is currently with the Real Aeroplane Company at Breighton, East Riding of Yorkshire.  The unflown Gnome is on display at the Newark Air Museum, fitted with a Citroen 2CV engine.

Specifications

Notes

References

External links

 Ward Gnome G-AXEI

1960s British sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Black Sea Transmission Network. The Black Sea Transmission Network is a project for electric power transmission from Georgia to Turkey.

Technical description
The project foresees a rehabilitation and expansion of the existing transmission system. An overhead transmission line with a total length of  will be built from the existing Gardabani and Zestaponi substations to the new Akhaltsikhe substation situated at . The line between Gardabani and Akhaltsikhe will be , of which  is a rehabilitation of the existing line and  will be a new line. The line between Zestaponi and Akhaltsikhe is  long, of which  is a rehabilitation of the existing line and  will be a new line.  The 500 kV overhead line will be a single-circuit transmission line.

At Akhaltsikhe substation two back-to-back high-voltage direct current stations, each with a capacity of 350 MW will be installed. A 400 kV AC overhead line will connect it with Borçka substation in Turkey.  About  of it will run in the territory of Georgia.  The first HVDC back-to-back station would be operational in May 2012 and the second one in May 2013.  This link will be built by Siemens.

Financing
The project is financed by several European finance institutions.  The European Investment Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development lend €80 million both while the German development bank KfW provides €100 million in the form of a grant (€25 million) and a long-term loan (€75 million, €20 million Development Bank of Austria, w:de:Oesterreichische Entwicklungsbank (OeEB) risk participation).  The project is developed by the Georgian state-owned transmission system operator Energotrans.

See also 

 List of HVDC Projects
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

External links 
 http://www.gse.com.ge/M9Ltvi2EQCCNYg7LvHW0JQ.html
 http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-transmission/HVDC/HVDC-Classic/pm-pdf/EPT201008116e.pdf 

Electric power infrastructure in Georgia (country)
Electric power infrastructure in Turkey
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Georgia (country)
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Turkey
Proposed electric power transmission systems
Air pollution in Malaysia. Air pollution has been an ongoing problem in many countries in the Southeast Asia region, and Malaysia is one of the worst affected. Haze has been a major issue for the country, driven by slash and burn practices by farmers and peat fires blown by the wind from Indonesia.

A state of emergency was announced in 2005 at Port Klang as the Air Pollution Index (API) went above 500. Malaysia has worked with the Indonesian authorities to help curb peat fires. Malaysia and Indonesia, together with other members of the ASEAN community, signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as a result of a 1997 haze.

Air Pollution Index

The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the Air Pollution Index (API). Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m3.

This scale below shows the health classifications used by the Malaysian government.

  0-50  Good
 51-100 Moderate
101-200 Unhealthy
201-300 Very unhealthy
301- Hazardous

If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.

2005 Malaysian haze

The 2005 Malaysian haze was a week-long choking smog-like haze over Malaysia that almost brought the central part of Peninsular Malaysia to a standstill, prompted crisis talks with Indonesia and caused widespread inconvenience. The haze was at its worst on August 11, 2005. This was a comeback of the haze crisis which last hit Malaysia in September 1997.

2015 Southeast Asian haze

The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was caused by mass illegal burning in Indonesia and resulted in over a month of haze in Malaysia, Singapore and parts of Thailand - triggering school closures and disrupting air travel. The haze was considered among the worst in history according to a NASA scientist. Researchers from Harvard and Columbia universities in the US estimated 6,500 people in Malaysia died prematurely due to the incident. But later, the claim was refuted by Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian health authorities.

See also
1997 Southeast Asian haze
2006 Southeast Asian haze
Asian brown cloud

References

External links
 at the Department Of Environment
Optic (disambiguation). Optic(s) or OPTIC(S) can refer to:

 Optic, an alcoholic spirits measure, a device for dispensing fixed amounts of alcoholic spirits
 OpTic Gaming, an American esports organization
 Optics, In computer science, optics are a general class of bidirectional transformations
 OPTICS algorithm, an unsupervised learning clustering algorithm
 Optimized Protocol for Transport of Images to Clients used by iCentrix's MarioNet split web browser (OPTICS)

See also 
 Opticks, a treatise by Isaac Newton
Nordjylland Power Station. Nordjylland Power Station () is a coal-fired combined heat and power plant in Vodskov,  north-east of Aalborg, Denmark.  It is operated by the municipality Aalborg Kommune.

History
The first unit at the site became operational in 1967, under the association "I/S Nordjyllands Elektricitetsforsyning". 
Its original name from the opening was "Vendsysselværket", and build to burn oil from the start, but prepared for reconstruction to also burn coal.

The power plant has 3 coal fired boilers and a gas turbine. The gas turbine has an output of 25 MW and entered service in 1977, while unit 2, which went also in 1977 has a maximum production capacity of electricity of 305 MW and heat of 42 MJ/s. Unit 3, which entered service in 1998, has a maximum production capacity of 411 MW and a maximum heat production capacity of 490 MJ/s. It uses a  tall flue gas stack, while Units 1 and 2 and the gas turbine use  tall stacks. Unit 3 was the first power plant in Denmark with a SNOX-system for exhaust cleaning.

The produced heat is used for district heating of Aalborg.

An electric boiler for district heating was inaugurated in January 2018. It can convert 35 MW from electricity to heated water, and can act as an back-up heating source for the district heating system. This electric boiler was envisioned in 2017 to replace some of the use of methane gas and oil for the district heatings backup needs, and sell regulations services for the electricity market.

Plant owner Aalborg Forsyning has said the power plant will stop using coal in 2028.

Units

Power lines 
While two power lines leave the station eastward to the famous Vester Hassing Static Inverter Plant, where HVDC Konti-Skan starts, two other 380-kV lines cross Limfjord just east of the power plant in two spans. The towers of the westernmost of these spans are  tall and cross Limfjord in a  long span, while that of the easternmost span are  tall and cross Limfjord in a  long span.  Latter towers are the tallest electricity pylons in Denmark. Their considerable height results from the fact that they are equipped with a further crossbar for a 110-kV circuit.

See also 

 List of power stations in Denmark

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1967
Energy infrastructure completed in 1977
Energy infrastructure completed in 1992
Coal-fired power stations in Denmark
Cogeneration power stations in Denmark
Vattenfall
Nomad 200. The Nomad 200 or N200 was a commercial research robot manufactured in the 1990s by Nomadic Technologies, Inc. It is an integrated mobile system robot built with different sensing options and was primarily built for laboratory courses in robotics as well as for research and development work.

Description 
Nomad 200 was a cylindrical robot around 1 metre tall and 20 inches in diameter and moved on three wheels. It could travel at 0.5 metres per second and rotate at 60 degrees per second. It was built as a synchronous system capable of handling three motors: for movement, for turning the wheels, and for turning its turret.

The basic robot, comprising the mobile base and the control system, cost $16,000 in 1990. It had a base tactile sensor ring outfitted with 20 independent pressure sensitive sensors. It could be equipped with 16 sonar sensors mounted around the circumference, 16 infra-red sensors. For example, it included a bump sensor that protects the robot from bumps that were not detected by the sonar a magnetic compass. There was also a TV camera and laser rangefinder system and two rows of ten contact sensors. The laser system worked by drawing in space a plane of light, producing a broken line when an object intersects it. The additional sensor systems cost between $1,500 and $7000. 

It was controlled by an on-board Intel 486 based computer system.

References

Cylindrical robots
1994 robots
Robots of South Korea
Roof cleaning. Roof cleaning is the process of removing algae, mold, mildew, lichen and moss from roofs. Also cleaning oxidation on metal roofs. Cleaning can extend the duration of a roof's ability to function. Algae and other types of build-up often form on the north and west parts of roofs that are shaded or receive less sun, and can reduce a roof's life expectancy. The presence of soot, dirt, or biomass can affect how much sunlight is absorbed by a roof and thus the amount of heat a building absorbs.

Cleaning may be accomplished with a bleach or sodium percarbonate solution, various cleaning products or commercial cleaning services. The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) recommends using a 50/50 solution of household strength sodium hypochlorite (pool chlorine) and water to remove moss and algae. The addition of zinc strips near the roof's peak may reduce the regrowth of algae and moss. Zinc sulfate can also be applied on an annual basis.

Cleaning apparatus
One safe and effective means to clean a roof is an electric agricultural sprayer system, as originally developed in Florida, USA in the early 1990s. The equipment is used to apply a cleaning solution (typically containing bleach) that kills the algae, bacteria, mold, mildew, moss, fungus and other organic organisms growing on the roof. This process is referred to as soft washing. The equipment does not use pressure or mechanical means to clean the roof. Using a pressure washer, or any other gas powered device, to clean a roof at more than 100 PSI can damage the roof. The U.S. based Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers' Association specifies the use of a bleach cleaning solution, without the use of a pressure washer, to remove algae from a roof. ARMA discourages the use of a pressure washer, a flat-surface cleaner or any other mechanical device to clean a roof. Safe, effective soft washing cannot be achieved with a pressure washer, as the Venturi device (downstreaming) cannot achieve sufficient strength of solution to kill the organisms, cleaning the roof. Use of different tips on the pressure washer, so that it drops the pressure down to around  or less, relies on the pressure of the equipment, and not the chemicals, to clean the roof. 

Never use a pressure washer as this may damage the roof. Roof cleaning devices exist that may minimize the spread of airborne radioactive materials (in contaminated areas) and other harmful materials, such as asbestos. Specialized robots have been designed to facilitate cleaning roofs.

See also
 Domestic roof construction
 Roofer

References

Roofs
Home improvement
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Scripta Materialia. Scripta Materialia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the "letters" section of Acta Materialia and covers novel properties, or substantially improved properties of materials. Specific materials discussed are metals, ceramics and semiconductors at all length scales, and published research endeavors explore the functional or mechanical behavior of these materials. Articles tend to focus on the materials science and engineering aspects of discovery, characterization, development (including advances), structure, chemistry, theory, experiment, modeling, simulation, physics processes (thermodynamics, mechanics, etc.), synthesis, processing (production), mechanisms, and control.

The journal also publishes comments on papers published in both Acta Materialia and Scripta Materialia and "Viewpoint Sets", which are sets of short articles invited by guest editors. The editor-in-chief is Gregory S. Rohrer, who also edits Acta Materialia.

History 
The journal was established in 1967 as Scripta Metallurgica. It was renamed Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia in 1990, finally obtaining its current name in 1996.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.611.

References

External links 
 http://www.journals.elsevier.com/scripta-materialia/
 

Biweekly journals
Elsevier academic journals
Engineering journals
English-language journals
Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 1967
Space Storm. Space Storm  – a side-scrolling shooting video game of the Shot ‘em up genre developed by the American studio DAVA Consulting LLC for the iPhone platform in 2008. Since its release for Apple's iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices, over a million of copies of the game have been purchased.

Game Play 
A player runs a space ship loaded with different weapons. The ship can fly both vertically and horizontally within the borders of the game screen. At the beginning of each level the space is empty but during the flight certain enemy ships and obstacles appear on the screen. Enemies can fly freely on the screen making tricks and special moves. The purpose of the game is to kill as many enemy objects as possible, including asteroids. After a certain number of enemy objects is destroyed a player gets different bonuses, i.e. healing packs, weapons upgrades, double-power packs, etc. When the enemies are eliminated on the level, a player jumps to the next level. After completing every three levels you'll meet a super-boss on your way – an enemy super space ship with tricky weapons and fight behavior. 
The game offers many guns from common machine gun to plasma gun and ion shell. Homing missiles find targets themselves and help annihilate super tricky enemies.

Controls 
The game provides with joystick control of a space ship, without blocking too much of the screen. The virtual joystick is made in the form of a Virtual Analog Stick located in the lower left part of the screen and doesn't disturb a player when flying around. Virtual Fire button is located in the lower right corner of the screen. All of the control options suffer from the lack of tactile feedback of having a real control stick or pad under the player's thumb. But they don't all force the player's thumb to cover the same amount of screen space.

References

Similar Games 
 1942 by Capcom
 Star Soldier by Hudson Soft
 Raptor: Call of the Shadows by Cygnus Studios (later Mountain King Studios)
 Tyrian by Eclipse Productions (later World Tree Games)

External links 
 Official website
 Space Storm screen shots

2009 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in the United States