omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
California Science and Engineering Fair. The California Science and Engineering Fair, previously known as the California State Science Fair, is a science fair held annually at the California Science Center in Los Angeles, except 2020 when it was cancelled. It was established in 1952.

The fair is fed by 28 regional science fairs, each of which is allocated a number of projects based on prior history of producing winning entries.
The allocation in 2009 was 908 projects, an average of 24.7 projects per million population.

Awards are given in several categories at both junior (grades 6–8) and senior (grades 8–12) levels. The awards are posted shortly after the fair ends each spring. At the 2009 fair the major awards include the Patricia Beckman Project of the Year Award—David Zarrin of Redwood Middle School, Saratoga won the Junior Division ($5,000 award) and Anna K. Simpson of Patrick Henry Senior High School, San Diego won the Senior Division ($10,000). There are also many special awards sponsored by various organizations, some with cash prizes. An example of the special awards presented include the UCLA Brain Research Institute Award (given to Senior and Junior Divisions) that was recently awarded to Luke T. Anderson of De La Salle High School.

No fair was held in 2020 as officials cited the COVID-19 pandemic as grounds for cancellation. The 69th was deferred to 2021.

References

External links 
California Science and Engineering Fair
California State Science Fair: Affiliates

Annual fairs
Fairs in California
Annual events in Los Angeles County, California
Education in California
Science and technology in California
Science and technology in Greater Los Angeles
Britney Spears' Guide to Semiconductor Physics. The Britney Spears' Guide to Semiconductor Physics is an informative but tongue-in-cheek website designed to be instructive in semiconductor physics.  Centered on the popularity and sex appeal of American pop singer Britney Spears, it offers a humorous play on the teaching of physics.  It was created by Carl Hepburn while a postgraduate at the University of Essex.

The website has been featured on websites ranging from BBC News to MTV.
A 2016 article in Vice magazine uses it as an example ("a living relic") of historical viral phenomena.

Subjects include "The Basics of Semiconductors", "Density of States", and "Photolithography" among others.
The site also includes a glossary of terms humorously entitled "Lip-glossary of Semiconductor Terms".

References

External links
 Britney Spears' Guide to Semiconductor Physics

Physics websites
Britney Spears
Omsk State Transport University. Omsk State Transport University () is a university in Omsk, Russia. It was established in 1961.

History
In April 1896, the State Council of the Russian Empire decided to establish the Tomsk Technological Institute (TTI). On October 9, 1900, the TTI began training mechanics and construction engineers. A new school was established in July 1930 in Tomsk from two faculties of Tomsk Polytechnic University as the Siberian Institute of Transport Engineers (SIIT). In 1932, the Novosibirsk Institute of Railway Engineers was created from the track-building faculty, and the SIIT itself was transformed into the Tomsk Electromechanical Institute of Transport Engineers (TEMIIT). In 1961, it was transferred to Omsk and renamed Omsk Institute of Railway Engineers (OmIIT). In 1994, the institute was transformed into an academy and in 1997 gained the status of university.

Structure

Faculties and Institutes 
 Institute of Land Transport Systems
 Institute of Automation, Telecommunications and Information Technologies
 Institute of Electric Transport and Power Supply Systems (IETSE)
 Institute of Management and Economics (CPMM)
 Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining
 Faculty of Pre-university Training and Vocational Guidance

Branches 
 Taiga Institute of Railway Transport
 Omsk Technical School of Railway Transport
 Omsk Medical School of Railway Transport

Alumni
Karl Vaino, former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Estonia
Sergey Drobotenko, humorist
Sergey Kalinin, ice hockey player
Aleksei Müürisepp, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from 1961 to 1970.

External links
Website

References

Omsk
Universities in Omsk Oblast
Technical universities and colleges in Russia
N type. N-type, N type or Type N may refer to:
 N-type semiconductor is a key material in the manufacture of transistors and integrated circuits
 An N-type connector is a threaded RF connector used to join coaxial cables
 The MG N-type Magnette was produced by the MG Car company from October 1934 to 1936
 The N-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel
 A Type (model theory) with n free variables
 The Dennis N-Type vehicle chassis was used to build fire engines and trucks
 The N type carriage is an intercity passenger carriage used on the railways of Victoria, Australia
 The REP Type N was a military reconnaissance aircraft produced in France in 1914
 N type battery, see: N battery
 Type N power plugs and sockets, unsuccessfully proposed for Europe and used in South Africa
Cockfield Windmill. Cockfield Mill is a  tower mill at Cockfield, Suffolk, England, which has been converted to residential accommodation.

History
Cockfield Mill was erected in 1891 by Brewer & Sillitoe, the Long Melford millwrights. It replaced Pepper Mill, an earlier tower mill on the site. It ceased work in 1900. The cap was removed  and the mill was used for many years as a store. The empty tower has been converted to residential accommodation.

Description

Cockfield Mill is a four storey tower mill. It had a domed cap winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones.

References

External links
Windmill World webpage on Cockfield Mill.

Windmills in Suffolk
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1891
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Cockfield, Suffolk
OpenMDX. OpenMDX is an open-source model-driven architecture (MDA) software platform, a framework suited for domain-driven design (DDD). It is based on the Object Management Group's MDA standards. OpenMDX supports Java SE, Java EE, and .NET runtime environments. openMDX enables software architects and developers to build and integrate software applications in an automated and industrialized way.

See also

References

External links
 OpenMDX Homepage
 Introduction to OpenMDX
 Getting started with OpenMDX 2.4 (wiki pages)

Computer-aided software engineering tools
Software using the BSD license
Magnetation (iron ore). Magnetation is the processing of iron ore tailings, the waste product of iron ore mines, to recover hematite. Crushed mine tailings are mixed with water to create a slurry; the slurry is then pumped through magnetic separation chambers to extract hematite.  Commercial interest in this process stems from the possibility of extracting additional iron from tailings supplied by existing mines, increasing their yield.

The process is only economical at high ore prices, while low ones lead to companies operating it, such as US Magnetation and ERP Iron Ore, into bankruptcy.

References

External links
July 7th, 2009 Business North article titled "On the Move: Magnetation to Double Iron Recovery" 

Metallurgical processes
Gazeley Windmill. Gazeley Mill is a tower mill at Gazeley, Suffolk, England which has been converted to residential accommodation.

History

Gazeley Mill was built in 1837 by William Death, replacing a nearby post mill. The mill drove five pairs of millstones. A Gippeswyck oil engine was installed by Turners, the Soham millwrights in 1880. In 1893, a one-and-a-half-sack roller mill made by Messrs E R & F Turner of Ipswich was installed. This was driven by the oil engine, which could also drive three of the five pairs of millstones. The mill ceased work c.1920 and was stripped of machinery and house converted in 1947.

Description

Gazeley Mill is a six storey tower mill. It had a boat shaped cap  with a gallery, winded by a fantail. The four patent sails drove five pairs of millstones.

Millers
William De’ath 1844–1893
R J Harvey 1893–1910

References

Windmills in Suffolk
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1837
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Gazeley
De Havilland DH.72. The de Havilland DH.72 was a large British three-engined biplane bomber, designed as a Vickers Virginia replacement. It did not go into production.

Development

Air Ministry specification B.22/27 was for a Vickers Virginia night bomber replacement and de Havilland obtained an order for a single prototype.  The DH.72 was begun as a scaled-up and militarized version of their successful Hercules three-engined biplane airliner.  It took a long time to build – about three years – partly because the contract called for duralumin clad wings and de Havilland were not familiar with metal construction methods, and partly because the Air Ministry required a nose gunner's position, which required the central engine of the Hercules to be moved to the upper wing.  The aircraft was completed by Gloster's at Brockworth, with whom de Havilland had a military aircraft manufacturing agreement, fitted with three 595 hp (444 kW) Bristol Jupiter XFS radial engines.

Like the Hercules, the DH.72 had unswept, unstaggered parallel chord wings of equal span.  The new aircraft's span, though, was 19.5% bigger and the wings were of three rather than two-bay construction.  There were ailerons on both wings and slots on the upper ones.  To provide clearance for the propeller of the central engine, the upper wing was high above the fuselage; the lower wing was attached about one third the way up the fuselage side.  The outer engines were mounted on the upper side of the lower wing, just inboard of the first interplane struts.  Below them were pairs of well-spaced wheels forming a widetrack undercarriage.  These were braced to the fuselage, leaving a clear underside for the fitting of bomb racks.  Unlike the Hercules, the DH.72 had a monoplane tail unit but retained the twin fins.  Rudder and elevators were balanced, the horns of the latter projecting well beyond the fixed surfaces.  The elevators were split and the rear gunner sat between them in the extreme tail.  The fuselage was flat-sided, with a door just aft of the wings and an internal cabin with a pair of windows just forward of the propellers.  The pilots' open cockpit was well forward, with the front gunner below them in the nose.

The DH.72 first flew on 27 July 1931, and visited RAE Farnborough in mid-November before going on to competitive trials at RAF Martlesham Heath. There, one of its competitors was the Boulton Paul P.32. Neither aircraft received a production order and only one DH.72 was built.

Specifications

References

1930s British bomber aircraft
DH.72
Trimotors
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
MotoBoard. MotoBoard was a mass-produced motorized skateboard, made possible by the advent in the mid-1970s of polyurethane skate wheels, as well as the production of lightweight small industrial two-stroke engines (typical of today's string trimmers).

History
Shortly after urethane wheels became available, Jim Rugroden, a student in Berkeley, California, designed and built
the first MotoBoard in the garage of his brother's home in the South San Francisco Bay Area town of Campbell while on break from his physics studies in summer 1975. The MotoBoard evolved from a simple push start prototype, to a precision automatic shaft-driven sport vehicle.

During a photo shoot for Skateboarder Magazine in Carlsbad, California, near San Diego, Rugroden met Bill Posey, an onlooking entrepreneur, and they eventually teamed-up to form Quantimotion, Inc., DBA  MotoBoard International.

Originally, MotoBoard Intl. operated from both a small northern California shop in Sunnyvale, where Rugroden manufactured the units, and Posey's established southern California office in Carlsbad, where much of the promotion and sales were generated. In 1979 the company was consolidated in a new, much larger facility in the newly established Foreign Trade Zone complex in San Jose, California.

Sales
MotoBoard sales were mostly through upper-end  retail outlets and order catalogs such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Sports Pages, Hammacher Schlemmer and Bromley. Motoboards were often featured in widely distributed periodicals such as Playboy, High Times, Time magazine, and center-staged in Road & Track magazine in 1978 as April's road tested vehicle of the month.

Users
Few MotoBoard buyers were avid skateboarders, as the eventual $650.00 sticker was generally not within reach of the average skateboarder.  MotoBoards did well in the movie industry.  MotoBoards were featured in Hooper with Burt Reynolds, Coming Attractions, Skateboarders from Hell, the TV series Max Headroom and The San Pedro Beach Bums.  Appearances on The Price Is Right were frequent, and MotoBoard was spotlighted as McLean Stevenson (M*A*S*H) rode in on stage introducing his short lived variety show America, featuring Michael J. Fox as premier guest in the wake of his Back to the Future box office hit.

Current production
MotoBoards were produced and sold worldwide until Posey and Rugroden parted ways in 1983. MotoBoards are still produced to this day by a firm in Los Banos, California in limited quantities under the assumed name MotoBoard Int'l.

See also
 Electric skateboard
 Onewheel

References

 Jim Rugroden, inventor
 Skateboarder magazine, Max Headroom "Rackers" episode,
 Hooper the movie
 Road & Track Magazine (Featured Road Test, April 1978)
 High Times Magazine, Sept. 1977
 San Jose Mercury News, Sept. 1975
 James E Rugroden, Inventor, R & D, Production Manager (interview 11/23/99)

Skateboards
Personal transporters
Leopold Müller (engineer). Leopold Müller (born 9 January 1908 in Salzburg, died 1 August 1988 in Salzburg) was a geologist, one of the pioneers of rock mechanics and one of the main contributors to the development of the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM).

Müller opined, that the northern flank of the 1,900 meter high Monte Toc was not stable enough to withstand a reservoir with up to 150 million cubic meters of water when the Vajont dam was planned.

References

Austrian civil engineers
1908 births
1988 deaths
People from Salzburg
People from the Duchy of Salzburg
Ladislaus von Rabcewicz. Ladislaus von Rabcewicz (June 12, 1893 in Kungota, nearby Maribor – December 19, 1975) was an Austrian engineer and university professor at the Vienna University of Technology.  He is notable for being one of three men who developed the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM).

He lived in Iran along with his family to build Veresk Bridge in Savadkooh, Mazandaran.

Awards
Wilhelm Exner Medal in 1975.

References

1893 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Austrian people
Austrian civil engineers
Austrian untitled nobility
Austrian people of Polish descent
People from Maribor
Martín Peña Bridge. Martín Peña Bridge, in Spanish properly known as Puente Martín Peña, is an 
Art Deco style bridge from 1939, designed by Cecilio Delgado and others.  It crosses the Martín Peña Channel in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

History 
The original Martín Peña Bridge was simply a stone causeway probably built around the mid-1500s. Later, a wooden bridge was built on top of the causeway, which was in turn replaced by a brick edification in 1784. This bridge, designed by Juan Francisco Mestre, was destroyed by the British during Ralph Abercromby's invasion of Puerto Rico. After this, the bridge was rebuilt in 1846 with a design by engineer Santiago Cortijo. This new bridge measured 220 feet long and 6 meters wide, and was composed of nine elliptical arches.

According to a book by Luis Pumarada and Maria de los Angeles Castro, the name of Martín Peña comes from a fisherman who operated a cove near the area.

Gallery

References 

Bridges completed in 1939
National Register of Historic Places in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Art Deco architecture in Puerto Rico
Transportation in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
1939 establishments in Puerto Rico
Chilla (Rajaji National Park). Chilla is a wilderness area and part of Rajaji National Park in India. Known as an electricity creator (on the River) area in the Pauri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is also well known as a wild tourist place of Uttarakhand, standing in the middle of Rishikesh and Haridwar, nearby Ganga Bhogpur.

National parks in Uttarakhand
Pauri Garhwal district
Protected areas with year of establishment missing
Computational steering. Computational steering is the practice of manually intervening with an otherwise autonomous computational process, to change its outcome. The term is commonly used within the numerical simulation community, where it more specifically refers to the practice of interactively guiding a computational experiment into some region of interest.

Examples 

A simple, but contrived, example of computational steering is:

 In a simulated chess match with two automated players: manually forcing a certain move at a particular time for one player, to change the evolution of the game.

Some real examples of computational steering are:

 In a population dynamics simulation: changing selection pressures exerted between hosts and parasites, to examine the effect on their coevolution.

 In a fluid dynamics simulation: resetting the phase state of an immiscible fluid, to speed the search for its critical separation temperature.

System design 

Computational steering systems are a manner of feedback control system, where some or all of the feedback is provided interactively by the operator.

All computational steering mechanisms have three fundamental components:

 A target system that is being studied
 A representation of the target system, typically a graphical visualization, that can be perceived by the investigator
 A set of controls that the investigator can use to provide feedback that modifies the state, behavior, or product of the system being studied

Disambiguation 

There appears to be a distinction that the term computational steering is used only when referring to interaction with simulated systems, not operational ones. Further clarification on this point is needed. For example: Vetter (who is apparently well acquainted with the computational steering field
) refers to the following practice as interactive steering.

 In a grid computing framework: adjusting the cache size of a computational process, to examine the effect on its performance.

Computational steering software 
 SCIRun
 Cumulvs
 CSE
 RealityGrid
 EStA

References 

Control engineering
Simulation software
Computational science
Performance Co-Pilot. Performance Co-Pilot (also known as PCP) is an open source software infrastructure for monitoring, visualizing, recording, responding to, and controlling the status, activity, and performance of networks, computers, applications, and servers.

Features
The following features are provided by the Performance Co-Pilot:

 Runs on many Unix/Linux variants, as well as Windows and Mac OS X.
 Has a fully distributed architecture; any client may interact with any instrumented server or application.
 Has a plug-in architecture for instrumenting any custom application or server.
 Can query hundreds of operational measurements from operating systems, Apache, Sendmail, MySQL, the Java VM, VMware, KVM, etc.
 Can send operational parameters to remote processes, to change their behavior (cf. computational steering).
 Can query or send any type of value, including: integers, strings, floating point numbers, and arbitrary composite data structures.
 Has a communication protocol designed to minimize consumption of network bandwidth.

History
Performance Co-Pilot was originally created by Silicon Graphics (SGI) as a proprietary software product, exclusively for SGI customers. PCP's initial design was done at SGI in Melbourne, Australia, by Ken McDonell and Mark Goodwin, starting in October 1993. The pair were joined by Seppo Keronen and Jonathan Knispel, early in 1994.  These four produced the initial version of Performance Co-Pilot 1.0, which was released in April 1995 as add-on software for SGI's IRIX operating system. Components included in that initial release were:  (Ken and Jonathan),  (Mark),  (Ken),  (Seppo),  (Jonathan), and a host of other smaller bits and pieces. Other significant early contributors were Ania Bodeit, David Chatterton (), Ivan Rayner, Nathan Scott and Tim Shimmin.

In 2000, the core of PCP was re-released as free software, under the GNU LGPL. Additional proprietary components have been re-released as free software since then. 

Currently an active community of contributors is enhancing the open source distribution of PCP and releasing new tools built upon it.

Netflix built Vector.io   which used PCP.  This has been modified to being a Grafana data source which will be integrated into mainline PCP.

See also

 Comparison of network monitoring systems
 OpenLMI, which includes PCP monitoring agent

References

External links
 Performance Co-Pilot official website
 SLAC list of network monitoring tools

Free network-related software
Fritz Nallinger. Fritz Nallinger  (6 August 1898 in Esslingen am Neckar – 4 June 1984 in Stuttgart) was a German automobile engineer and executive.

He joined Benz & Cie. in 1922. Nallinger played an important part in the development of all-round independent suspension for passenger cars and in the introduction of (relatively) high speed diesel engines to passenger cars in the 1930s, something which has remained a key strength for the company ever since.

During the Nazi period, he enjoyed the status of Wehrwirtschaftsführer, reflecting the important war-time contribution from European auto-makers to military equipment production in the principal belligerent states. He was appointed a director on the research and development side of the business in 1940, and in 1941 was appointed to the executive board. At this time, he was also appointed a member of the "Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung". (German Academy of aircraft research).

After the war, he continued to play a leading role in the Daimler Benz Research and Development department,  associated in particular with the company's return to racing in 1954.

Fritz Nallinger retired from Daimler-Benz in December 1965. He was succeeded by Hans Scherenberg.

Sources and further reading

External links
 

1898 births
1984 deaths
People in the automobile industry
Mercedes-Benz Group people
Businesspeople from Stuttgart
DaimlerChrysler
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Mercedes-Benz in Formula One