omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Solder alloys. Solder is a metallic material that is used to connect metal workpieces. The choice of specific solder alloys depends on their melting point, chemical reactivity, mechanical properties, toxicity, and other properties. Hence a wide range of solder alloys exist, and only major ones are listed below. Since early 2000s the use of lead in solder alloys is discouraged by several governmental guidelines in the European Union, Japan and other countries, such as Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive.

Solder alloys

Notes on the above table 

In the Sn-Pb alloys, tensile strength increases with increasing tin content. Indium-tin alloys with high indium content have very low tensile strength.

For soldering semiconductor materials, e.g. die attachment of silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide, it is important that the solder contains no impurities that could cause doping in the wrong direction. For soldering n-type semiconductors, solder may be doped with antimony; indium may be added for soldering p-type semiconductors. Pure tin can also be used.

Various fusible alloys can be used as solders with very low melting points; examples include Field's metal, Lipowitz's alloy, Wood's metal, and Rose's metal.

Properties 
The thermal conductivity of common solders ranges from 30 to 400 W/(m·K), and the density from 9.25 to 15.00 g/cm3.

References

External links 

 Phase diagrams of different types of solder alloys

Fusible alloys
Soldering
Lead alloys
China Chopper. China Chopper is a web shell approximately 4 kilobytes in size, first discovered in 2012. This web shell is commonly used by malicious Chinese actors, including advanced persistent threat (APT) groups, to remotely control web servers. This web shell has two parts, the client interface (an executable file) and the receiver host file on the compromised web server.

China Chopper has many commands and control features such as a password brute-force attack option, code obfuscation, file and database management and a graphical user interface. It originally was distributed from a website www.maicaidao.com which is now down. FireEye revealed that the client of this web shell is programmed in Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0

China Chopper was used in attacks against eight Australian web hosting providers which were compromised due to their use of an unsupported operating system (Windows Server 2008). Hackers connected the web servers to a Monero mining pool, by which they mined about 3868 AUD worth of Monero.

In 2021, a version of the web shell programmed in JScript was used by Advanced Persistent Threat group Hafnium to exploit four zero-day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server, in the 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach. This web shell was dropped when one of these vulnerabilities was exploited, allowing attackers to upload a program which ran with administrator privileges. With only the address of the .aspx file containing the script, a HTTP POST request could be made to the script with just a command in the request, causing the script to execute the command immediately using the JScript 'eval' function, allowing attackers to run arbitrary code on the server.

References

Web shells
Salmson 3. The Salmson 3 C.1 was a French World War I biplane fighter aircraft developed by Salmson which lost out in competition to the SPAD XIII and Morane-Saulnier AI.

Design
The Sal 3 C1 was a biplane of all-wood construction, originally built with a  Salmson 9Z, but re-engined with a  Salmson 9Zm in an effort to rectify deficiencies in performance.

Flight tests began in late 1917, but pilots complained of poor visibility and difficulties operating the machine. Although the Salmson 3 prototype was returned to the factory for modifications, further tests were unable remedy the deficiencies sufficiently, and the French military judged the Salmson 3 to be inferior to the SPAD XIII in performance.

Specifications (Sal 3 C1)

References

Salmson aircraft
1910s French fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Herbert Morawetz. Herbert Morawetz (October 16, 1915 – October 29, 2017) was a Czechoslovakian-American chemical engineer. He was a professor of chemistry at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; now New York University. His work focused on polymer chemistry and macromolecules.  He published two books: Macromolecules in Solution and Polymers  and The Origins and Growth of a Science  both Wiley).

Personal life 

Herbert's wife Cathleen Synge Morawetz was a prolific mathematician at NYU. His sister Sonja Morawetz Sinclair revealed in 2017 she was a WW2 codebreaker after seven decades of secrecy by Bletchley Park Signals Intelligence. He helped organize the defection of Mikhail Barishnikov from the USSR 1974.  His brother, Oskar Morawetz was a Canadian composer.  His brother John Morawetz was a Canadian businessman.

References 

1915 births
2017 deaths
American chemical engineers
Engineers from Prague
Polymer chemistry
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
American men centenarians
Susan Martonosi. Susan Elizabeth Martonosi is an American mathematician who works at Harvey Mudd College as the Joseph B. Platt Professor of Mathematics and as the director of the Global Clinic Program at Harvey Mudd. Her research studies operations research, game theory, social networks, and their applications to counter-terrorism, epidemiology, and sports analytics.

Education and career
Martonosi studied operations research and industrial engineering at Cornell University, graduating summa cum laude in 1999. She completed her Ph.D. in operations research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005. Her dissertation, An Operations Research Approach to Aviation Security, was supervised by Arnold I. Barnett.

She joined Harvey Mudd College as an assistant professor in 2005, and was named Joseph B. Platt Chaired Professor for Teaching Excellence in 2014, while still an associate professor. She was promoted to full professor in 2017.

Martonosi has also been active in the leadership of INFORMS, including terms as chair of the Academic Programs Database Committee and as president of the Forum on Women in OR/MS.

Recognition
In 2012, Martonosi won the Henry L. Alder Award of the Mathematical Association of America, given annually for "distinguished teaching by a beginning college or university mathematics faculty member".

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
American operations researchers
Cornell University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvey Mudd College faculty
21st-century American women mathematicians
2019 Laser Aéreo Douglas DC-3 crash. On 9 March 2019, a Douglas DC-3 operated by Latinoamericana de Servicios Aéreo (Laser Aéreo) crashed near San Carlos de Guaroa, Colombia. The plane was on a flight from Jorge Enrique González Torres Airport, San José del Guaviare to La Vanguardia Airport, Villavicencio. All 14 people on board were killed, including the mayor of Taraira. The crew were attempting to land at Villavicencio and had just declared an emergency.

Aircraft
The Aeronautica Civil reports that the aircraft, registered HK-2494, was built in 1945, for the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) as a Douglas TC-47B-DK (USAAF 44-76773 / MSN 16357 / 33105), and converted to a Douglas R4D-7 (USN Bureau Number 99826) for the United States Navy on 14 May 1945. Re-designated as a Douglas TC-47K in 1962, it was transferred to the University of Texas at Austin on 8 Oct 1971 with civil registration N87611.

Crash 

As the aircraft was cruising, the left engine suffered a failure, which disabled the oil system in that engine. The crew then radioed in a mayday and diverted to La Rinconada, a plantation. While they were descending, the crew could not feather the engine which was required in an engine failure, thus they began to lose speed as the engine windmilled, creating drag. At 10:31 am local time, the crew made their final transmission stating they had the runway in sight. Ground witnesses in the area said they saw the aircraft doing several turns while descending. The aircraft then crashed in proximity to a road, coming to rest just over the road, on fire. Plantation workers rushed to help, but they found no survivors.

See also
 List of accidents and incidents involving the DC-3 since 2000

References

Further reading
 Informe Final Accidente: COL-19-10-GIA Falla del sistema motor y colisión contra el terreno

2019 in Colombia
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2019
Aviation accidents and incidents in Colombia
March 2019 in South America
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-3
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Flight 241. Flight 241 may refer to:
 Aerosvit Flight 241, crashed on 17 December 1997
 PMTair Flight 241, crashed on 25 June 2007
 CHC Helikopter Service Flight 241, crashed on 29 April 2016
 Air Vanuatu Flight 241, suffered an in-flight engine fire on 28 July 2018

0241
List of non-profit space agencies. Non-profit space agencies include:

 Arizona State University, Milo Space Science Institute (United States)
 Celestrak.org (United States)
 Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (United States)
 International Space Science Institute (Switzerland)
 KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center (South Korea)
 Mars Institute (United States)
 Space Foundation (United States)
 The Planetary Society (United States)
 WARR (TUM), Technical University of Munich (Germany)
 SpaceIL (Israel)
+ SpaceU (Poland)

See also
 List of government space agencies
 List of private spaceflight companies

non-profit
Paul J. Tikalsky. Paul J. Tikalsky is an American engineer and the Oklahoma State University Regents Service Professor. He was dean and the Donald and Cathey Humphreys Endowed Chair of Engineering at OSU.

Career
He served as dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology at Oklahoma State University (OSU) from 2012 to 2023. 
Tikalsky was inducted into the Czech National Academy of Engineering in 2012 for his contributions in advancing simulation-based reliability assessment techniques for long-life structures in the European Union.
Tikalsky was named a Fulbright Scholar by the US State Department and served as a Fulbright Specialist in Namangan, Uzbeckistan.
A bio of Paul J. Tikalsky can be found in the Encyclopedia of Bohemian and Czech-American Biography.

References

External links
Bio at Oklahoma State University
Paul Tikalsky at ResearchGate

Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Santa Clara University faculty
Oklahoma State University faculty
American university and college faculty deans
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Engineering academics
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
American civil engineers
American structural engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Engineers from Wisconsin
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Flight 107. Flight 107 may refer to:

Listed chronologically
 LAN-Chile Flight 107, crashed on 6 February 1965
 Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 107, crashed on 16 March 1978
 FlyMontserrat Flight 107, crashed on 7 October 2012

See also
 
 STS-107, a Space Shuttle mission that ended with destruction of the Columbia on 1 February 2003

0107
Hari Kiran Chereddi. Hari Kiran Chereddi (born 19 May 1980) is an Indian businessman, Angel Investor and International badminton player. He is the managing director of HRV Global LifeSciences. Previously, he served as the managing director of Sujana Energy Limited.

Early life and education
Hari Kiran Chereddi was born on 19 May 1980 in Hyderabad, India. He holds a computer science engineer degree from Osmania University and a MBA in supply-chain management and finance from University of California.<

Business career
Chereddi began his career as the Head of Business management operations for Bank of America in India. He set up Sujana Energy, an Energy company that specializes in creating advanced LED lighting solutions, solar products and renewable power generation solutions. Chereddi joined the family business as an executive director of Sriam Labs, a pharmaceutical company, which he expands and sold to Laurus Labs, a company now listed on the NSE and BSE. He is the member of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) industry panel on 'Energy & Environment. He is also the  member of National Energy Efficiency Standards Committee and National LED Lightning standards Committee.Hari Kiran Chereddi is the managing director for HRV Global Life Sciences Pvt Ltd. HRV Global Life Sciences honoured with two prestigious Leadership award as the leading pharmaceutical company in India and Middle East.

Badminton
Chereddi is also a prominent Badminton sportsperson who has represented the country in several senior National Championships. His current world ranking is 204 in men's doubles and 142 in World Tour Ranking Men's Doubles. He represented India in over 20 International Tournaments across the world.

References

1980 births
Living people
Angel investors
Indian venture capitalists
Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India
Osmania University alumni
University of California alumni
Flight 108. Flight 108 may refer to:

Listed chronologically
 Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108, destroyed by a bomb on 9 September 1949
 Nürnberger Flugdienst Flight 108, crashed on 8 February 1988
 Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108, crashed on 5 March 1991

See also
 
 STS-108, a successful Space Shuttle mission in December 2001

0108
AB 250-3. The AB 250-3 (Abwurfbehälter) was an anti-personnel cluster bomb used by the Luftwaffe during World War II.

AB 250-3 
The AB 250-3 could be suspended horizontally within a bomb bay or fuselage or wing hardpoint.  It also had trunnions so it could be dropped by dive bombers.  The body of the AB 250-3 was constructed of mild sheet steel and was of clamshell construction and hinged at the tail.  It was divided into three compartments; a dome-shaped nose compartment, a cylindrical center compartment, and a cone-shaped tail compartment.  The AB 250-3 could carry 108 x SD 2 anti-personnel bombs in its center section.  The AB 250-3 was similar to the other AB 250 containers except it had six tail fins instead of four welded to the container with braces riveted between each fin.  The nose compartment housed the fuze pocket which was welded to a bracket on the upper half of the container.  The two halves were held together by a shear wire which passed through a steel anvil, in the lower part of the fuze pocket.  When dropped a time fuze was triggered and after a few seconds, the wire holding the container together was sheared by a small exploder under the fuze. The case then opened and allowed the bombs to fall out.  The containers were painted dark green with two longitudinal red stripes on tail cone.

Gallery

See also
 List of weapons of military aircraft of Germany during World War II

References

World War II aerial bombs of Germany
Ground (etching). A ground is waxy material applied to the surface of a metal etching plate. A metal etching plate is a piece of sheet metal, usually copper, zinc, steel, or aluminium. The ground resists the acid or mordant which is used for etching, protecting areas of the metal plate. Grounds are made from a variety of materials including tar, asphaltum, paint (including spray paint), oil pastels, and other materials manufactured specifically for etching.

Most commonly, a ground is applied evenly over the surface of the metal sheet (also known as the etching plate), and then removed using scratching and other mark making techniques to reveal bare metal underneath. In the traditional technique this is done with a metal needle. However, different grounds enable the artist to create different types of marks. Some types of grounds, such as an aquatint ground, are more complex and may not include a removal process because they are applied in a selective manner.

The areas of the metal plate that are exposed will be etched by acid or mordant, while the ground resists the acid. The etched areas will have indentations, grooves, or cavities, while the areas that had a ground on them will typically remain the same as before the etching process.

References 

Printmaking
Etching
Ivan Jones (British Army officer). Lieutenant General Ivan Bartholomew Leonard Jones,  (born September 1966) is a retired senior British Army officer.

Military career
Jones was commissioned into the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers on 7 September 1986 and transferred to the Royal Engineers on 26 October 1988. He was appointed commanding officer of 26 Engineer Regiment and, in that role, saw active service in Afghanistan in 2007, for he received the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in 2008.

Jones became Commander 8th Force Engineer Brigade in October 2011, Chief of Joint Force Operations from September 2013 and Chief of Staff, Field Army in November 2015. That month, Jones was appointed as Colonel Commandant of the Royal Engineers, and held the position until 1 November 2020.

Jones went on to be Director-General, Army Personnel in May 2018, was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2018 Birthday Honours, and became Commander Field Army, with the substantive rank of lieutenant general, on 20 March 2019. He retired from the army in April 2021 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Ralph Wooddisse as Commander Field Army.

He was Honorary Colonel of the Engineer and Logistic Staff Corps Army Reserve until 1 July 2024, and a Colonel Commandant of the Adjutant General's Corps until late 2024.

References

British Army lieutenant generals
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers
1966 births
Living people
Military personnel from Bristol
British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
20th-century British Army personnel
National Highway 321G (India). National Highway 321G, commonly referred to as NH 321G is a national highway in India. It is a spur road of National Highway 21.  NH-321 runs in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Jalesar to Awagarh

Route 
NH321G connects Jalesar and Awagarh in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Junctions  
 
  Terminal near Jalesar.

  Terminals near Awagarh.

See also 
 List of National Highways in India
 List of National Highways in India by state
List of State Highways in Uttar Pradesh

References

External links 

 NH 321G on OpenStreetMap

National highways of India
National highways in Uttar Pradesh
Human-agent team. A human-agent team is a system composed of multiple interacting humans and artificial intelligence systems. The artificial intelligence system may be a robotic system, a decision support system, or a virtual agent. Human agent teaming provides an interaction paradigm that differs from traditional approaches such as supervisory control, or user interface design, by enabling the computer to have a certain degree of autonomy. The paradigm draws from various scientific research fields, being strongly inspired by the way humans work together in teams, and constituting a special type of multi-agent system.

Concept 
Software agents that behave as artificial team players satisfy the following general requirements:

 Observability: agents must make their status, intentions, knowledge observable to others. 
 Predictability: agents must be predictable to others such that others can rely on them when considering their own actions
 Directability: agents must be capable of directing the behavior of others, as well as be directed by others.

To satisfy these OPD requirements, agents exhibit various behaviors such as:

 Proactively communicating information to other agents to establish shared situation awareness within the team
 Explaining their decisions and recommendations to other teammates to establish appropriate levels of trust (also known as Explainable artificial intelligence)
 Receiving instructions at a high level of abstraction.
Choosing the right moment of interaction to prevent inconvenient interruptions of other team members. 
 Notifying others when they believe they can no longer contribute their part of the work required to fulfill the team goal.  

The engineering efforts to develop artificial team members include user interface design, but also the design of specialized social artificial intelligence, that enables agents to reason about whether some piece of information is worthy of sharing.

Frameworks  
Various frameworks have been developed that support the software engineering effort of building human agent teams, such as KAoS, and SAIL. Engineering methodologies for human agent teaming include Coactive design

Applications 
Human agent teaming is a popular paradigm to approach the interaction between humans and AI technologies in various domains such as defense, healthcare, space, disaster response.

References 

Human–computer interaction
Lajvar Industrial Group. LAJVAR Industrial Group is an Iranian crane manufacturing company that was established in 1985 in Arak. Products include truck-mounted cranes, telescopic cranes, hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic cylinders and line trucks. This company exports its products mainly to Romania, Azerbaijan, UAE, Sudan, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan and Armenia.

Lajvar is the largest crane manufacturer in the Middle East.

References 

Iranian brands
Crane manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1985
Companies based in Arak
Iranian companies established in 1985
Companies of Iran
Construction equipment manufacturers of Iran
Aerial Navigation Act 1911. The Aerial Navigation Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 4), passed by British Government, was a statute that conferred power to Parliament to close airspace over Britain including the English Channel, from foreign aircraft, when felt necessary. It was motivated by the perceived need to protect British citizens from aircraft incidents, following Louis Blériot's flight across the English Channel in 1909 and the Paris Convention of 1910.

See also
 International Air Navigation Conference

References

External links 
 "United Kingdom Aerial Navigation Act, 1911", Winston Churchill (1911)

Air traffic control in the United Kingdom
History of air traffic control
Aviation history of the United Kingdom
History of transport in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1911
Burr Block. The Burr Block, at 1206 O St. in Lincoln, Nebraska, is a long-salient building which was built in 1887 and later expanded to become a skyscraper.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

It has also been known as the Security Mutual Building, as the Veterans Administration Building, and as the Anderson Building.
 
The original designer and construction supervisor was James Tyler. The firm of Berlinghof & Davis apparently were the architects the 1916 expansion when four additional stories were added.

Its NRHP nomination describes its importance as:historically significant to Lincoln and Nebraska as being a highly visible chronicle of two prosperous eras in the city and state. In this capacity the Burr Block is also an exemplary instance of changing modes in American architecture: initially constructed in 1887 as a romantic Victorian edifice, it was transformed twenty-nine years later into a modern, ten-story "skyscraper"- up-to-date construction methods being employed, but stone remaining the principal medium. These factors accord the Burr Block as a unique remnant of late-19th and early-20th-century business activities on "0" Street, Lincoln's main thoroughfare. Since its initial construction the building has been associated with persons significant on the local, state, and national levels, and for over four decades the building was home office to an important insurance company that experienced tremendous growth during its period of occupancy.

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln, Nebraska
Skyscrapers in Nebraska

Buildings and structures completed in 1887