omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Macromonomer. In polymer chemistry, a macromonomer (or macromer) is a macromolecule with one end-group that enables it to act as a reactive monomer and undergo further polymerization. Macromonomers will contribute a single repeat unit to a chain of the completed macromolecule.

Several macromonomers have been successfully synthesized utilizing various methods such as controlled radical polymerization (CRP) and copper-catalyzed "click" coupling.

Due to the larger size of macromonomers (as opposed to the size of regular monomers), synthetic challenges are brought about, giving reason for the analysis of polymerization mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that macromonomer polymerization kinetics and mechanisms can be significantly affected by the topological effect.

Macromonomers are also used in controlled graft copolymerization.

References 

Polymer chemistry
John Frederick Fogerty. John Frederick Fogerty  (1863–1938), was an Irish architect and engineer active late 19th-century Limerick, London, Shropshire, Bournemouth, Pretoria, and Zambia. Born in Limerick, he was the son of architect William Fogerty, grandson of architect and engineer John Fogerty (engineer), and nephew of engineer and novelist Joseph Fogerty.  He earned a bachelor's degree in engineering from Queen's College, Cork in 1883, and attended the South Kensington Art School the year later.  He was articled to Sir Thomas Drew. In 1889, he established his office at Wellington, Shropshire, and  entered into partnership with Reginald George Pinder in Bournemouth in 1893, later amalgamating Pearce & Parnell of Bournemouth in 1902.  He emigrated to South Africa in 1914 and enlisted at the outbreak of the First World War, serving time in South Africa, the Isle of Wight, Palestine, and Poona, India. During the interwar period, he worked as an engineer in Pretoria's Public Works Department, before becoming borough surveyor in Lusaka, Zambia, in 1926, where he died in 1938.

Works
His works include East Cliff Hall, Bournemouth (1897–1907) mansion for Merton and Annie Russell-Cotes.

References

1863 births
1938 deaths
19th-century Irish engineers
Engineers from County Limerick
Irish civil engineers
Architects from Limerick (city)
British emigrants
Immigrants to South Africa
Northern Rhodesia people
Alumni of Queens College Cork
List of Russian electrical engineers. This list of Russian electrical engineers includes the electrical engineers, inventors and physicist from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

See also the :Category:Russian electrical engineers.

Alphabetical list


A
Zhores Alferov, physicist, inventor of heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner

B
Pyotr Bagration, inventor of dry galvanic cell and gold electroplating
Lev Belkind, engineer and historian of science, author of the several biographies of famous Russian and foreign electrical engineers
Nikolay Benardos, inventor of carbon arc welding (the first practical arc welding method)
Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich, co-inventor of flip-flop and reflex klystron, major developer of radiolocation
Mikhail Botvinnik, three times World Chess Champion, earned his doctorate in electrical engineering

D
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, inventor of three-phase electric power

G
Boris Galitzine, inventor of electric seismograph

I
Andronik Iosifyan, father of Soviet electromechanics, chief constructor of the first Soviet meteorological satellites, inventor of noncontact synchronized transmissions

J
Boris Jacobi, inventor of electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat

K
Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding

L
Dmitry Lachinov, inventor of economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester and optical dynamometer, pioneer of long-distance electricity transmission
Alexander Lodygin, one of the inventors of incandescent light bulb, inventor of electric streetlight and tungsten filament
Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine

P
Vasily Petrov, inventor of electric arc and arc welding
Fyodor Pirotsky, inventor of railway electrification system and electric tram
Alexander Poniatoff, inventor of videotape recorder
Alexander Popov, inventor of lightning detector, one of the inventors of radio

R
Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, died from ball lightning during an experiment
Boris Rosing, the first to use cathode ray tube in a TV system

S
Pavel Schilling, inventor of shielded cable, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph
Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of shielded metal arc welding
Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist, inventor of photoelectric cell

T
Leon Theremin, polymath, inventor of interlace, theremin (the first successful electronic musical instrument), terpsitone and rhythmicon (the first drum machine)

Y
Pavel Yablochkov, inventor of Yablochkov candle (the first commercially viable electric lamp), AC transformer and headlamp

Z
Vladimir Zworykin, "the Father of television", inventor of iconoscope and kinescope

See also

List of electrical engineers
Electrical engineering
List of Russian inventors

Electrical engineers
Russian
Gulf Helicopters. Gulf Helicopters Company (GHC) is a Qatari helicopter services provider mainly servicing the oil and gas industry in Middle East, North Africa and Asia.  It is a 100% subsidiary of Gulf International Services under the QatarEnergy umbrella, and has its headquarters in Doha, Qatar. Gulf Helicopters services include offshore operations IFR/VFR, emergency medical services, VIP executive transport, support of commercial short-term contracts, load lifting -long & short line, seismic support, onshore transport, tourist flights, aerial photo flights, aerial advertising and banner flying. The company operates a fleet of 54 helicopters and has 500+ employees. They also have clients in Malta, Libya, South Africa, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, India, Thailand & Malaysia.

History
Gulf Helicopters Company was established in 1970 in Doha. It was initially set up in February 1973 as a joint venture company involving British Overseas Airways, British European Helicopters and Gulf Aviation Services to provide helicopter service to oil companies developing the offshore exploration and production industry. In March 1977, Gulf Aviation Company Ltd. purchased Gulf Helicopters for the intention of developing economic cooperation and air transportation for the region. Then in June 1998 the company was purchased again by Qatar General Petroleum Corporation. The company is a member of the Helicopter Association International and received the Operator's Safety Award in 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 & 2022.

Mohd Hilal M O Al Hilal is the Acting CEO of the company.

Awards & Certifications 

Source:

 ISO 45001:2018
 ISO 9001:2015 
 Helicopter Association International (HAI) Operator Safety Award 2022
 FAA Certification as Repair Station
 EASA Part 147 Approval
 Foreign Maintenance Org - PACA Oman
 QCAA Approval for CAMO
 EASA Part 145 Approval
 QCAA Maintenance Org. Approval
 Rotodyne Aerospace Ground Equipment Authorized Dealer Certificate
 Eurami Board Awards Redstar Aviation (Turkey)
 Leonardo Helicopters - Authorized Service Centre
 DGCA India Certification for Maintenance Organization
 Leonardo Authorized Training Centre
 Pratt & Whitney Canada Premium Service Provider
 Libyan CAA Part 145 Approval

Affiliates 

Source:

 Air Ocean Maroc (Morocco)
 Gulf Med Aviation Services Limited (Malta)
 Al Maha Aviation Company (Libya)
 Redstar Havacilik Hizmetleri A.S. (Turkey)

Fleet

Gulf Helicopters currently operates a fleet of 54 helicopters  (Nov 2022) including the following:
 2 Sikorsky S-92
 23 AgustaWestland AW139
 5 AgustaWestland AW189
 1 AS 350

References

HeliHub, (22 February 2010), Gulf Helicopters wins three year offshore contract, retrieved 26 August 2012.

External links
 

Airlines established in 1970
Airlines of Qatar
Companies based in Doha
Helicopter airlines
Qatari companies established in 1970
Pheasant Aircraft Company. The Pheasant Aircraft Company  was an American aircraft manufacturer.

In 1927, flight school operator Lee R. Briggs had mobilized Memphis, Missouri community members to incorporate a company for aircraft production.  The first aircraft was a three-seater designed by Orville Hickman. Production peaked at one unit per week. On December 5, 1927 Biggs died in a training accident. Aircraft racer Steve Wittman took over as chief test pilot. The Pheasant Flight engine was developed in house for the H-10 Aircraft, but only three were built. The H-10 was flown successfully across the country in several events. Wittman and convinced investor Adolf Bechaud to move the company to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin in 1929.
The company was absorbed into Dayton Aero & Engineering Company in 1930.

Red Cherry Airlines started the first private airline in Saskatchewan with a Pheasant H-10 in 1928, using the aircraft for barnstorming charging passengers by weight for flights. The biplane eventually was sold to the Northern Aero Company flight school after the stock market crash. The airplane crashed in 1932, and was restored over four years in 1964. It now resides in the Western Development Museum in Moose Jaw.

One example of a Pheasant H-10 is owned by the Experimental Aircraft Association and is on display in the EAA AirVenture Museum.

A mural of the Pheasant aircraft is painted on the side of the original factory in Memphis,.  and a volunteer effort in April 2012 accomplished purchasing a surviving Pheasant and returned it to the city of its manufacture.

Aircraft

References

External links
After a 76-Year Interlude, the Pheasant H-10 Bi-Plane Flies Again

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
TL.37. The TL.37 was an Italian military artillery tractor of World War II. It was manufactured by SPA (Società Piemontese Automobili), an Italian car maker that was a subsidiary of Fiat.

Development and history

While the Pavesi P4/100 artillery tractor was popular and was produced in large numbers, it was considered bulky and the suspension inadequate for rough terrain and Spanish roads. A request by the Royal Italian Army was placed in 1935 for a new artillery tractor with the specifications that it have four-wheel drive, accept either solid rubber or inflatable tires, a crew of six, be able to climb a 60 degree slope, and have the capacity to tow up to 100mm artillery pieces at 40 km/h across rough terrain. Fiat-S.P.A. met this call with the TLa (Trattore Leggero per artiglieria). In 1937 the TLa competed against a design from Breda Meccanica Bresciana and won, so was adopted and renamed the TL.37 with production beginning in October 1937. 24 units were sent to Libya for extended testing in 1938, towing Cannone da 75/27 modello 06 guns and 100-round ammunition trailers, where performance was found to be satisfactory. On 1 March, 1942, 1,021 tractors were in service with 1,021 on order. By 30 April, 1943, 2,267 were in service with a further 479 on order. In 1941 captured units were evaluated by n troops, who considered the TL.37 as the best artillery tractor being used in North Africa. 

Hungary purchased an unknown quantity of TL.37s, and after the Italian Armistice in 1943 they continued to be used by German forces as well as the Italian Social Republic. Post–war, it was in service until 1948 with the Italian Navy.

A self-propelled gun variant was also built, with a Cannone da 75/27 modello 11 fitted at the rear. The TL.37 was also the basis for a general–purpose truck, the Fiat–SPA AS.37, and two armoured cars the Fiat–SPA S37 (Fiat-SPA Autoprotetto S37) and the Fiat-SPA AS43.

Variants and further developments
 TL.37 Libia - Equipped with rigid Artiglio tires, 2.5 ton winch, and additional oil and air filters for desert use.
 TL.37 Sahariana - Equipped with additional fuel tanks.
 TL.37 Coloniale - Used by engineers and equipped with additional fuel tanks.
 TL.37 Pontiere - For constructing pontoon bridges, 3.5 ton winch.
 AS.37 - Truck based upon the TL.37
 Autocannone da 75/27 su FIAT-SPA T.L.37 - Self-propelled gun created by mating a TL.37 with a Cannone da 75/27 modello 11. 
 S.37 Auroprotetto - Armored personnel carrier.

Bibliography
 Gli Autoveicoli tattici E logistici del Regio Esercito Italiano fino Al 1943, tomo secondo, Stato Maggiore dell' Esercito, Ufficio Storico, Nicola Pignato & Filippo Cappellano, 2005
 Gli Autoveicoli del Regio Esercito nella Assisted Guerra Mondiale, Nicola Pignato, Storia Militare
 Dal TL 37 all ' A.S. 43, It trattore leggero, the autocarro sahariano, I derivati, artigliery, GMT, Nicola Pignato, Filippo Cappellano
 Trattore leggero SPA TL 37, Notiziario Modellistico GMT 2/91, Nicola Pignato (pp. 4–15)

External links
 TL-37 Tractor of Fiat SPA (Video)
 ASPHM SPA TL37 Trattore (Video)

References

World War II vehicles of Italy
Artillery tractors
Wrapper (data mining). Wrapper in data mining is a procedure that extracts regular subcontent of an unstructured or loosely-structured information source and translates it into a relational form, so it can be processed as structured data. Wrapper induction is the problem of devising extraction procedures on an automatic basis, with minimal reliance on hand-crafted rules. 

Many web pages are automatically generated from structured data – telephone directories, product catalogs, etc. – wrapped in a loosely structured presentation language (usually some variant of HTML), formatted for human browsing and navigation. Structured data are typically descriptions of objects retrieved from underlying databases and displayed in web pages following fixed templates at a low level, injected into pages where the high-level structure can vary from week to week, per the rapidly evolving fashion of the site's presentation skin. The precise dividing line between the fluid high-level skin and the less fluid structured data templates is rarely documented for public consumption, outside of the content management team at the web property. Software systems using such resources must translate HTML content into a relational form. Wrappers are commonly used as such translators. Formally, a wrapper is a function from a page to the set of tuples it contains.

Wrapper generation
There are two main approaches to wrapper generation: wrapper induction and automated data extraction.
Wrapper induction uses supervised learning to learn data extraction rules from manually labeled training examples. The disadvantages of wrapper induction are
 the time-consuming manual labeling process and 
 the difficulty of wrapper maintenance. 
Due to the manual labeling effort, it is hard to extract data from a large number of sites as each site has its own templates and requires separate manual labeling for wrapper learning.
Wrapper maintenance is also a major issue because whenever a site changes the wrappers built for the site become obsolete. Due to these shortcomings, researchers have studied automated wrapper generation using unsupervised pattern mining. Automated extraction is possible because most Web data objects follow fixed templates. Discovering such templates or patterns enables the system to perform extraction automatically.

Wrapper generation on the Web is an important problem with a wide range of applications. Extraction of such data enables one to integrate data/information from multiple Web sites to provide value-added services, e.g., comparative shopping, object search, and information integration.

See also
Business intelligence (section semi-structured or unstructured data)
Web scraping

Sources

Data mining
Electrotroph. An electrotroph is a microorganism which can receive electrons necessary for its growth from an electrode (power supply) terminal or other electron donors.

The chemolithoautotrophic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, that lives in ocean thermal vents, has been shown to exhibit electrotrophic behavior in experiments. In particular, it switches the electron source for carbon assimilation from diffusible  ions to an electrode under the condition that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons.

References

Microbiology
Extremophiles
MARKAL. MARKAL is a numerical model used to carry out economic analysis of different energy related systems at the country level to represent its evolution over a period of usually of 40–50 years. The word MARKAL was generated by concatenating two words (MARKet and ALlocation).  Various parameters such as energy costs, plant costs, plant performances, building performance and so on, can be input and the software will choose an optimal technology mix to meet that demand at minimum cost.  It is available from the International Energy Agency. TIMES is an evolution of MARKAL and both energy models share many similarities.

Applications 

A 2009 report describes a newly developed and updated UK MARKAL elastic demand (MED) model, used to explore low carbon pathways for the United Kingdom.

See also 
 Energy modeling

References 

Energy models
International Energy Agency
Dahlbusch Bomb. A Dahlbusch Bomb is an emergency evacuation device for use in mining. In its original form it is a torpedo-shaped cylinder with a length of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), developed to transport trapped miners through boreholes after mining accidents. It does not contain explosives: it was called a "bomb" because of its shape.

The Dahlbusch Bomb was developed in May 1955 at the Zeche Dahlbusch coal mine in Gelsenkirchen in Germany's Ruhr area to rescue three miners. Thirty-four-year-old engineer Eberhard Au sketched it on a leaflet. Au, who never applied for a patent, was quoted as saying "the main thing is, the lads get out".[1]  Its distinguishing feature was the small diameter of only 38.5 centimetres (15.2 in), which allows miners to be evacuated through significantly smaller boreholes than using other evacuation devices, and whose shape also helps in raising and lowering the device across long distances. At Zeche Dahlbusch, the device was successfully used to rescue three miners, trapped at a depth of 855 metres (2,805 ft) after a mine collapsed, through a vertical borehole drilled 42 metres (138 ft) from the next-higher mine level.

The 15.2-inch diameter would need its passenger to have his shoulders hunched up or his arms vertical above his head, and not be obese or very muscular.

The device was used again in 1956 and 1957, but gained further prominence on 7 November 1963, when eleven miners were rescued after two weeks trapped at a depth of 58 metres (190 ft) in the iron ore mine in Lengede, Germany, in what is known in Germany now as the Wunder von Lengede ("Lengede Miracle").

The "Phoenix" (Fénix) evacuation devices used in the rescue of 33 miners after the 2010 Copiapó mining accident, in Chile, are an enhanced version of the Dahlbusch Bomb.

References

External links

 Dahlbuschbombe at the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum in Bochum (German)

1955 introductions
History of mining
Mining equipment
Mining rescues
Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center. The Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science (CNS) Center was founded in October 2005 by Professor Katy Börner at Indiana University, Bloomington. It emerged from the Information Visualization Lab at IU that focused on the analysis and visualization of data since 1999. With the advent of CNS, the mission was broadened from providing a research lab to building an entity that would advance datasets, tools, and services for the study of biomedical, social and behavioral science, physics, and other networks. A specific focus of CNS is research on the structure and evolution of science and technology (S&T) and the communication of results via science maps.

The Center organizes international workshops and conferences, promotes network science and visualization at national and international initiatives, organizes and finances a weekly talk series on Network Science, holds an annual open house, hosts about 20 national and international visitors each year, and teaches regular workshops on its infrastructure and tools.

CNS is also the creative and administrative home of Places & Spaces: Mapping Science, an international science mapping exhibit. The collection features leading examples of knowledge domain mapping, novel location-based cartographies, data visualizations, and science-inspired art, all created by experts from around the globe.

One of the center's primary contributions is research and development of data and information visualization tools. Among these are included: the Cyberinfrastructure Shell (CIShell), the Science of Science (Sci2) Tool, the Network Workbench, the Scholarly Database, the EpiC Marketplace, MAPSustain, and others.

In addition, CNS offers several courses at Indiana University on information visualization, structural data mining and modeling, user interface design, and human-computer interaction. In January 2013, CNS offered one of the first massive open online courses (MOOC) at Indiana University. This initial course, entitled Information Visualization MOOC (or IVMOOC), attracted visitors from over 100 countries. Since then, the course has been offered yearly and there are plans for additional iterations in the future. The following year, the course spawned a companion text, Visual Insights, published by The MIT Press.

References

External links 
 Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center
 Network Science Talks
 Places & Spaces: Mapping Science
 CIShell
 Sci2 (Science of Science) Tool
 Network Workbench
 Scholarly Database
 EpiC Tool
 MAPSustain
 VIVO

Cyberinfrastructure
Indiana University
Draw bench. A draw bench is a machine used to do cold work on a metal, such as changing the shape of the metal without applying heat and applying only pressure.

Machine construction 
It consists of a chain drive, driven by a motor and a set of gears. The other end of the machine consists of a die mounted on a thick steel plate. The workpiece is inserted through the die and clamped on a trolley which then is hooked onto the chain for pulling across.

Die 
The die is usually made of tungsten carbide with a steel housing. The die can be made to any desired shape (round, square, rectangular, triangular, half round, L-shaped, oval etc.).

Metal forming
El Car. El Car is a bus manufacturer from Romania. The company was created by engineer Dorian Igescu and their main production line is the Igero bus.

Igero bus
Igero is a bus manufactured in multiple versions: as a city or intercity midibus or as the Igero Maxi, which is a 10-meter version designed for urban transport, with a passenger capacity of up to 80 people.

The design of the bus shows strong resemblance to the bigger Roman 17.280 bus, because the Igero bus is the technical platform on what it is based. There was a strong cooperation between the two manufacturers, based mainly on Roman allowing El Car to use their production facilities. There was a plan for building their own factory but its completion had to be delayed. However the collaboration with Roman ended and the production line was moved to the Romprim factory in Bucharest.

Igero midibuses operate public transportation in Braşov, Târgu Mureş and in Covasna County.

The first Igero bus was built by Igescu in his own garage, in 2004, and was successfully franchised in Romania.

The midibus version of the Igero lengths 8.5m and has a seating capacity of either 31 persons in the intercity version or 59 in the city version. They come equipped with MAN EURO 3 turbocharged diesel engines, developing 170 HP. The gearbox is from ZF and the suspensions are pneumatic. Standard features also include ABS/ASR brakes and air conditioning system.

The Maxi version of the bus was launched in 2009 and is an extended 10m version, equipped with MAN EURO 4 engine, 270 HP, and with up to 80 persons capacity. It also has a maximum permissible weight of 16t and ECAS system. In the future versions they plan to use for this bus a MAN EURO 5 engine.

References

External links
Igero Intercity bus
El Car Igero Intercity bus
Igero bus operating in Braşov, Târgu Mureş, Covasna
Autobuze ROMAN & ELCAR Igero - Tram Club Romania

Bus manufacturers of Romania
Companies based in Bucharest
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2003
Romanian brands