omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Memetic computing. Memetic computing is a novel computational paradigm that incorporates the notion of meme(s) as basic units of transferable information encoded in computational representations for boosting the performance of artificial evolutionary systems in the domain of search and optimization. 

The term memetic computing is often unassumingly misinterpreted  to mean the same thing as memetic algorithms (MAs) that typically hybridize population-based global search algorithms with one or more local search schemes. Notably, memetic computing  offers a much broader scope, perpetuating the idea of memes into concepts that pave the way towards simultaneous problem learning and optimization approaches.

Methods 
There are two different methods that describe the history and rise of memetics in computing.  These are human-crafted memes and machine-crafted memes.

Human-crafted memes 
One of the most widely recognised instantiations of the  memetic computing paradigm are the first-generation  memetic algorithms (MAs). In particular, MAs are referred to as hybrid algorithms, prescribing a marriage between a population-based global search  coupled with one or more local search schemes (interpreted as computational manifestations of  memes)  such as heuristic solution refinements, gradient descent procedures, etc.  The specific choice of  local search heuristics are handcrafted (manually specified) by a domain expert and  often require  a reasonably deep understanding of the problem at hand.  

The second generation MAs focus on adaptive data driven selection and integration of memes from a manually specified catalogue of multi-memes (a pool of memes); gleaning patterns (knowledge) from the data generated during the course of a search/optimization run so as to ascertain promising combinations of memes at runtime.

Machine-crafted memes 
It is only recently that the concept of memes  were set free from the narrow scope of merely hand-crafted local search heuristics, paving the path towards fully automated extraction, dispersal and exploitation of knowledge memes.  In this era of data-democratization with access to modern computing platforms, emerges an unmanned multi-meme setting; one in which memes, capturing diverse forms of higher-order problem-solving knowledge, are uncovered by machines. They are thereafter made available for reuse across various problems.  As such, making it possible for advanced optimizers to automatically harness the transmitted  memes and orchestrate custom search behaviours on the fly without human intervention.

Applications
The concept of memes have been exploited in various research fields, for example, robotics engineering, multi-agent systems, robotics, optimization, software engineering, and the social sciences etc.

See also
Memetics
Memetic algorithm

References

WIO
inhoahong

 Memetics
Chaser's pitch. Chaser's pitch is a thermal adhesive used by goldsmiths, silversmiths, coppersmiths, and other metal cold-working artisans to hold a metal plate for repoussage and "chasing" (embossing) while it is being hammered out.

Generally, chaser's pitch must become soft or even liquid when heated at moderate temperatures, in order to fit the object and fill all its nooks and crannies.  For many uses, it is desirable that the pitch is soft like glazing putty while it is still cool enough to be molded with the fingers.  On the other hand, at room temperature it must be hard enough to hold the object.  It must strongly adhere to the metal while it is cooling.

There are many varieties of chaser's pitch available, that differ on the nature or the ingredients, physical properties (such as fusibility and hardness), or place of origin. Names include Swedish pitch, Red (or Brown) German pitch, green chaser's pitch, and  black chaser's pitch.

Handling

Heating
A heat gun is a preferred way to heat up the pitch (and, if necessary, the metal object). A powerful hair dryer could also work. A blow torch as used by plumbers may also be used, although it creates a fire hazard since the pitch (and any vapors it may release when hot) are flammable.

Receptacles

For repoussé or other metalworking, the pitch is usually poured or pressed while hot into a "pitch tray" for larger pieces, or in a heavy hemispherical cast iron "pitch bowl" for smaller ones.  The bowl, typically 6 to 20 cm in diameter, can be placed over a sand bag or leather ring, and tilted to whatever angle is most convenient.  Its weight (3–4 kg when filled) will keep it firm enough for most jewelry work.

For deep repoussé or chasing works, the pitch is usually applied as a thick layer on top of some backing material that can accommodate larger deformations.

Cleanup
Pitch residues stuck to the object can be removed with an appropriate solvent, such as turpentine.  A blow torch can also be used to burn the residues, if the object can withstand the temperature.

Recycling
Chaser's pitch has indefinite shelf life and can be re-melted and re-used indefinitely.

Composition
Chaser's pitch is usually a combination of
 a "pitch" proper, that provides the basic adherence and fusibility; 
 a "filler", such as powdered pumice or plaster of Paris, to improve firmness;
 an emollient, such as Venetian turpentine, that makes it softer.

The pitch can be a form of asphalt derived from petroleum, or can be derived from resins of various trees.

Recipes
A typical recipe could be:
16 parts pitch
20 parts plaster of Paris
4 parts resin
1 part tallow

The pitch is heated until molten.  Plaster of Paris is added a small amount at a time.  Resin and tallow are then mixed in.

See also
 Dopping cement, used to hold gemstones while grinding or polishing.

References

Visual arts terminology
Jewellery making
Sculpture techniques
Metal forming
Dopping cement. Dopping cement, dopping wax, or faceting wax is a thermal adhesive used by gem cutters to secure ("dop") a gemstone to a wooden or metal holder ("dopstick", "Tounded stick") for grinding and lapping.  Setters cement is a similar material used to secure a gemstone while setting or polishing.

Dopping cement is usually formulated so that it is hard at room temperature, but soft and moldable like putty at 45-65 °C, when it can still be shaped with the fingers.  The cement is commercially sold as sticks or flat slabs.

With metal dopsticks, a low-melting tin-lead solder can be used for that purpose, instead of a dopping cement.

Use
In typical use, a small amount of cement is melted from the tip of a cement stick or from the edge of a cement slab by holding it over an alcohol lamp or similar source of heat.

The tip of the dopstick is dipped into the molten cement, which is allowed to cool until it has the consistency of putty.  The stone too is separately warmed up to about the same temperature.  Then the dopstick is pressed down over the stone, and the cement is pressed with the fingers so as to tightly enclose it, except for the part that is to be ground or polished.

Alternatively, the stone may be warmed up to that temperature, and a few drops of molten cement can be dropped over it.  The dopstick is then placed over the stone, and the cement is pressed around it.

The stone can be removed from the dopstick by warming the cement again. Alternatively, the cement can be further cooled with cold water, so that it becomes brittle, and then the stone is pried out with a knife.

Composition
Dopping cement can be made from several materials, including
 Shellac
 Chasers pitch
 Sealing wax
 Beeswax 
Commercial cements may have other formulations.

Formulations with higher melting point, like 65-75 °C, tend to be harder at room temperature and thus hold the stone more firmly.  However, they may be too hot to mold with bare fingers; and some gemstones (like opal and turquoise) are easily damaged by heat.

See also
 Chasers pitch, used to hold metal plates for repoussé and chasing, embossing.

References

Visual arts terminology
Jewellery making
Adhesives
Sunil Kumar (academic administrator). Sunil Kumar is an Indian-born academic administrator serving as president of Tufts University since 1 July 2023. He was previously the provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at Johns Hopkins University from 2016 to 2023.

Early life and education 
Kumar was born in India. He is the son of a police officer. He earned a bachelor of engineering from National Institute of Technology Karnataka in 1990. In 1992, he completed a master of engineering in computer science and automation at the Indian Institute of Science. Kumar received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1996.

Career 
Kumar worked for 14 years at Stanford Graduate School of Business. He was the Fred H. Merrill Professor of Operations, Information and Technology. He was also a senior associate dean of academic affairs and oversaw the MBA program. Kumar was later the George Pratt Shultz Professor of Operations Management at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business where he also served as the dean since 2011. On 1 September 2016, Kumar became the 15th provost of Johns Hopkins University. On 30 April 2023, he was succeeded by interim provost Stephen Gange.

On 17 November 2022, Kumar was announced as the 14th president of Tufts University, succeeding Anthony Monaco. He assumed the position on 1 July 2023, becoming the first person of color to hold the position.

References

External links
 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty
Johns Hopkins University administrators
Indian expatriate academics in the United States
USCGC Yellowfin. USCGC Yellowfin (WPB-87319) is an  long  of the United States Coast Guard built by Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana. She was the nineteenth vessel in her class, which was so successful that the Coast Guard commissioned 73 cutters. 

She is homeported in Charleston, SC.

Design

Like her sister ships she was designed for a crew of ten on missions of up to five days.  She was designed for mixed-gender crews.  Her modest armament is a pair of M2 Browning Heavy Machine Guns.  She was designed with a stern launching ramp that allows her to deploy and retrieve a high-speed pursuit boat without first coming to a stop.  Only a single crew member is required to remain on deck when the pursuit boat is being launched or retrieved.

Operational history

In September 2017 Yellowfin was one of the 13 Coast Guard cutters that was tasked to assist Puerto Rico respond to Hurricane Maria.

On August 30, 2018, Yellowfin and  intercepted a go-fast carrying four drug smugglers from the Dominican Republic, and  of cocaine.

On November 30, 2018, Yellowfin took part in a remembrance ceremony in Charleston, South Carolina, for those lost in the wreck of the pleasure craft Morning Dew, which sank with all hands on December 29, 1997.

References

Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boats
Ships built in Lockport, Louisiana
2000 ships
VM Brasseur. V M (Vicky) Brasseur is an author and public speaker advocating in the field of free and open-source software.

Career
Brasseur is the director of Open Source Strategy for Juniper Networks and former Vice President of the Open Source Initiative.

Brasseur is a frequent keynote speaker at tech conferences where she often discusses issues of community management and technological challenges in open source projects and environments, especially when they intersect with business environments.

Brasseur has written many articles for publications including Linux Journal and opensource.com, for which she has also been a moderator. Her 2018 book Forge Your Future with Open Source aimed to help newcomers get started in participating in the open source software community. The book was listed number 11 in BookAuthority's 21 Best New Software Development Books To Read In 2019.

Awards
Brasseur is the winner of the Perl White Camel Award in 2014 and the O'Reilly Open Source Award in 2016. She won an Opensource.com Moderator's Choice Award in 2018 and in 2019.

References

Work

External links
 Personal website
 

Open source people
Living people
O'Reilly writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dragon 1 (disambiguation). Dragon 1 was a class of fourteen partially reusable cargo spacecraft developed by SpaceX.

Dragon 1 or Dragon I may also refer to:

 Dragon1, a visual enterprise architecture
 deHavilland Dragon I, a model of the biplane de Havilland Dragon
 Dragons I: Fire and Ice (2004 film) animated Mega-Blocks film

See also
 SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 (December 2010), the first SpaceX Dragon mission
 How to Train Your Dragon 1, first film in a film series
 Dragon (disambiguation)
Universidade Veiga de Almeida. Universidade Veiga de Almeida (Veiga de Almeida University, often abbreviated as UVA) is a private university with campuses located in Rio de Janeiro and Cabo Frio, Brazil.

History
It was first founded in 1972 by Professor Mario Veiga de Almeida as the Escola de Engenharia Veiga de Almeida (Veiga de Almeida School of Engineering). It gained university status in 1992. The university was acquired by Rede Ilumno in 2011. Since then standards have consistently increased.

References

External links
 Official website

 
1972 establishments in Brazil
Educational institutions established in 1972
Universities and colleges in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Universities and colleges in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane. Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane is the organosilicon compound with the formula (Me3Si)3SiH (where Me = CH3).  It is a colorless liquid that is classified as a hydrosilane since it contains an Si-H bond.  The compound is notable as having a weak Si-H bond, with a bond dissociation energy estimated at 84 kcal/mol.  For comparison, the Si-H bond in trimethylsilane is 94 kcal/mol.  With such a weak bond, the compound is used as a reagent to deliver hydrogen atoms.  The compound has been described as an environmentally benign analogue of tributyltin hydride.

Reactions  
The compound can be prepared by protonation of tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl lithium, which is derived from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane:
(Me3Si)4Si  +  MeLi  →  (Me3Si)3SiLi  +  Me4Si
(Me3Si)3SiLi  +  HCl  →  (Me3Si)3SiH  +  LiCl

Alternatively, the reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride and trichlorosilane in the presence of lithium delivers the silane directly but in modest yield:
3 Me3SiCl  +  HSiCl3  +  6 Li  →  (Me3Si)3SiH +  6 LiCl

Many coordination complexes have been prepared with (Me3Si)3Si− (hypersilyl) ligand.  Chalcogenide derivatives of (Me3Si)3SiLi are also well developed:
3 Me3SiLi  +  E  →  (Me3Si)3SiELi (E = S, Se, Te)

References

Carbosilanes
Trimethylsilyl compounds
Keren Bergman. Keren Bergman is an American electrical engineer who is the Charles Batchelor Professor at Columbia University. She also serves as the director of the Lightwave Research Laboratory, a silicon photonics research group at Columbia University. Her research focuses on nano-photonics and particularly optical interconnects for low power, high bandwidth computing applications.

Education and career
Bergman received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Bucknell University in 1988. She received a M.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1991, and a PhD in 1994, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During her graduate work at MIT, she worked with Hermann A. Haus, researching "quantum noise reduction and soliton propagation in optical fibers."

Bergman was an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Princeton from 1994 to 2000. During this time, she led a project funded by NASA and the NSA to test components of an optical communications network for supercomputing.

Bergman went to Columbia as an associate professor of electrical engineering in 2001 and became director of its Lightwave Research Laboratory in 2002. According to her member biography from OSTI's Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee (of which she was a member from 2016 to 2019),As director of the Lightwave Research Laboratory she leads multiple research programs on optical interconnection networks for advanced computing systems, data centers, optical packet-switched routers, and chip multiprocessor nanophotonic networks-on-chip.
In 2019 a team led by Bergman won a $4.8 million DARPA grant to support the development of a new class of on-chip optical interconnects that scale performance without increasing energy costs.

Returning to the lab in July 2020, after a hiatus caused by COVID-19, Bergman told Columbia Engineering News that her team used the break to find new ways to do informal interactions as well as remote data analysis.

Awards and honors 
In 2003 she was named a Fellow of The Optical Society "for seminal contributions to quantum noise reduction and soliton pulse generation".

She was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2009 "for contributions to development of optical interconnection and transport networks".

Bergman also won the 2016 IEEE Photonics Society Engineering Achievement Award "[f]or pioneering contributions to optical interconnection networks and photonic-enabled architectures that advance communications and computing systems."

Selected publications 

Biberman, A., Sasikanth Manipatruni, Ophir, N., Chen, L., Lipson, M. and Bergman, K., 2010. First demonstration of long-haul transmission using silicon microring modulators. Optics express, 18(15), pp. 15544-15552.

References

External links
 Keren Bergman at Columbia University

Living people
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Bucknell University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of Optica (society)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women in optics
American women academics
Thomas B. Berns. Thomas B. Berns (August 8, 1945 – February 19, 2018) was an American politician and civil engineer.

Berns was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from University of Illinois with a degree in civil engineering. He lived in Urbana, Illinois with his wife and family. Berns was a civil engineer and surveyor. He taught surveying at the University of Illinois. Berns served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2000 to 2003 and was a Republican. Berns died at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, from complications following heart surgery.

Notes

1945 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Chicago
People from Urbana, Illinois
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
American civil engineers
American surveyors
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
21st-century members of the Illinois General Assembly
Harold Charles Richards. Harold Charles Richards (12 October 1925 – 2 June 2014) was an Australian civil engineer who co-founded the consulting engineering firm Hardcastle & Richards.

Career
Harold Richards studied engineering at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. In 1951, he worked in the Design Section of Johns and Waygood, which was responsible for many of Australia's post-war infrastructure developments. In 1952, he co-founded Hardcastle & Richards with business partner Roy Hardcastle, as a result of winning the design competition for the Olympic Stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. However, a change in government caused the cancellation of the project.  The firm expanded to have offices in Melbourne, Perth, Sydney, Brisbane and Broken Hill.
The firm was involved in many civil engineering projects, including the King Street Bridge over the Yarra River.
In 1962, Hardcastle & Richards were invited by the School of Engineering at the University of Melbourne to participate in guiding students' final year design projects. These projects were based on actual projects in which the firm had been involved. This association with engineering education lasted five decades.

Other positions held:

Chairman of the Victorian Institute of Marine Science, 1994-1997
Chairman of the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, 1997-1998
Member of the Board of Management, Greenvale Centre and Mount Royal Hospital, 1990-1991
President Emeritus, Broadmeadows College of TAFE, 1989-1993
Elder, St John's Uniting Church in Australia, 1977-2014
Councillor, Shire of Bulla, 1965-1985
President, Shire of Bulla, 1972
President of the Association of Consulting Engineers Australia, 1977-1980
Vice-President of the Australian College of Professions, 1975
National Vice-President, Institution of Engineers Australia, 1973-1975
Member of the National Capital Planning Committee, 1973-1978
Member of Board of Management, North West Hospital, Melbourne, 1991-1995

Philanthropy
For almost 50 years, Hardcastle & Richards were major donors to the School of Engineering at the University of Melbourne and to RMIT University. 
In 1979, a bronze relief by artist Michael Meszaros, entitled Compression and Tension was presented to the Department of Civil Engineering to mark the 25th anniversary of the founding of the firm.
Richards was the founder of the Rotary Club of Carlton in 1985 and its Charter President.

Honours
Member of the Order of Australia, 1980, for service to technical education 
Honorary Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne
Elected Fellow, Institution of Engineers Australia
Paul Harris Fellow, Rotary International, 1995
Honorary Life Member, Rotary Club of Carlton, 2013

References 

1925 births
2014 deaths
Philanthropists from Melbourne
Rotary International leaders
Australian civil engineers
20th-century Australian philanthropists
General Motors Japan. General Motors Japan, Ltd. is a Japanese company that specializes in automobile imports and previously automobile production. It is the Japanese subsidiary of the American company General Motors.

History 
General Motors built a factory in Osaka in 1927 where Knock-down kits of Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile and Buick vehicles were shipped from the United States and assembled locally. From 1925 to 1935, the Japanese car market was dominated by American manufacturers (alongside GM since 1925 Ford and since 1930 also Chrysler). In 1930, the combined market share of Ford and General Motors was 95%. During its presence (1927-1939), General Motors had a market share of 42 percent. Among the produced models was the brand Chevrolet. As a result of a new law in 1936, according to which existing foreign companies were not allowed to increase their annual production further, further economic and political factors led to General Motors (like other American manufacturers) withdrawing from the Japanese market in 1939.

The refoundation of General Motors Japan, Ltd. in Tokyo took place in 2001.

References

External links
 

Car manufacturers of Japan
General Motors subsidiaries
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1927
Japanese companies established in 1927
Japanese subsidiaries of foreign companies