omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bifunctionality. In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (), amide (), aldehyde (), nitrile () or carboxylic acid (). Many bifunctional species are used to produce complex materials.  They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide.

Polyfunctional species have more than two functional groups. Most biological compounds are polyfunctional.

See also
 Functionality (chemistry)

References

Further reading
 Properties of Single Organic Molecules on Crystal Surfaces

Functional groups
Organic chemistry
Jayamatha Engineering College. The Jayamatha Engineering College is located in Aralvaimozhi in the Kanyakumari district of Muppandal in Tamil Nadu, India

The college grew out of The Selvam Educational and Charitable Trust and Rajas Educational and charitable trust, under the chairmanship of philanthropist Dr. S.A. Raja.

References 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges in Kanyakumari district
Ordish–Lefeuvre system. The Ordish–Lefeuvre system or principle is an early form of cable-stayed bridge design, patented by English engineers Rowland Mason Ordish and William Henry Le Feuvre in 1858.

The Ordish–Lefeuvre system differs from conventional suspension bridges in that, while as with a conventional suspension bridge a parabolic cable supports the centre of the bridge, inclined stays support the remainder of the bridge's load. Each stay consists of a flat wrought iron bar attached to the bridge deck, and a wire rope connects the wrought iron bar to one of four octagonal support columns.

Only two major bridges were built using the Ordish–Lefeuvre principle. Ordish was commissioned to build Albert Bridge in Chelsea, London, using the design in 1864, but the start of work on the bridge was delayed due to negotiations regarding the proposed Chelsea Embankment at the northern end of the proposed bridge. While plans for the Chelsea Embankment were debated, Ordish built the Franz Joseph Bridge over the Vltava in Prague to the same design as that intended for Albert Bridge.

In 1870 work finally began on Albert Bridge, with construction expected to take roughly a year. In the event, construction took over three years, and the bridge opened with no formal ceremony on 23 August 1873, almost ten years after it had been authorised.

Albert Bridge was inspected in 1884 by Sir Joseph Bazalgette, Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, who found that the steel rods were already showing serious signs of corrosion. Over the next three years the steel staying rods were augmented with steel chains, giving it an appearance more closely resembling a conventional suspension bridge, and a new timber deck was laid. Albert Bridge continued to suffer serious structural weakness and in 1972 the Greater London Council added two concrete piers in the middle of the river, supporting the central span and turning the central section of the bridge into a beam bridge.

Damaged through overuse during the Second World War, the Franz Joseph Bridge was demolished in the 1950s and replaced with a conventional bridge, leaving Albert Bridge the only surviving example of a significant bridge built using the Ordish–Lefeuvre principle.

Notes and references
References

Bibliography

Bridges
1858 introductions
Application-layer framing. Application-layer framing or application-level framing (ALF)  is a method of allowing  an application to use its semantics for the design of its network protocols.

This procedure was first proposed by D. D. Clark and David L. Tennenhouse. It works as follows:

 The application splits the data into useful segments.
 These segments are called ADUs (application data units).
 The ADUs can be processed in any order.
 The lower layers keep the ADU borders.
This procedure simplifies the quality of service negotiation and provides a simpler method of error checking.

The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an example of where the semantics of the real-time application are used to segment the data.

References

See also 

 Frame (networking)
 Head-of-line blocking
 Reliable byte stream

Telecommunications engineering
Internet architecture
Network performance
Stadler NExT. The Niederflur-Express-Triebzug (NExT, ) is an electric multiple unit light commuter train developed by Stadler Rail for the Swiss Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn (RBS) railway operator. With a top speed of , it is the fastest metre gauge train in Switzerland.

Six three-carriage trains were delivered in 2009 at a cost of 53.4 million CHF and are used for express service between Bern and Solothurn. In 2013, 8 additional trains were delivered.

The Neue Zürcher Zeitung commented favourably on the train's angular design and use of interior space. It commended RBS for setting "new standards of design and comfort" in Swiss commuter transport with the NExT.

External links
 NExT website by RBS

References

Multiple units of Switzerland
Stadler Rail multiple units
Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn
V80. V80 may refer to:

Automobiles 
 Great Wall Voleex V80, a MPV
 Jiabao V80, a microvan
 Maxus V80, a commercial van

Other uses 
 DB Class V 80, a locomotive
 ITU-T V.80, a videoconferencing standard
 Kamov V-80, a Soviet helicopter design
 NEC V80, a microprocessor
Yakovlev Yak-77. The Yakovlev Yak-77 was a planned commuter jet that was under construction during the 1990s, but no prototype was ever produced.

History
The Yakovlev Yak-77 was to have been a commuter.

Development
The construction of the Yak-77 occurred throughout the 1990s. It was predicted to be completed during 1997.

Specifications (Yak-77)

References

See also

Yak-077
2000s Russian airliners
Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management. The Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management or CIEM alongside Calcutta Institute of Science and Management or CISM  is a self-financing college in West Bengal, India, offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.

The college is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology and all the relevant programs are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.

The campus is located along Chandi Ghosh Road at Tollygunge.

Academics 
The institute was established in 2003 and offers eight undergraduate courses:

 B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
 B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering (EE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 120]
 B.Tech. in Civil Engineering (CE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
 B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
 B.Tech. in Information Technology Engineering (IT)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
 Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA)- 3 years [Approved intake - 60]
 Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA Business Analytics)- 3 years [Approved intake - 30]
 Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)- 3 years [Approved intake - 60]
 Bachelor of Science in Data Science- 4 years [approved intake - 30]
A lone post-graduate course is offered: Master in Business Administration- 2 years [Approved intake - 60]

See also

References

External links
 Official website

Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology
2003 establishments in West Bengal
Engineering colleges in Kolkata
Business schools in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 2003
Hydrotalcite. Hydrotalcite, or formerly also völknerite, is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of general formula ·4, whose name is derived from its resemblance with talc and its high water content. Multiple structures containing loosely bound carbonate ions exist. The easily exchanged carbonates allow for applications of the mineral in wastewater treatment and nuclear fuel reprocessing.

Structure and discovery 
It was first described in 1842 for an occurrence in a serpentine–magnesite deposit in Snarum, Modum, Buskerud, Norway. It occurs as an alteration mineral in serpentinite in association with serpentine, dolomite and hematite. The layers of the structure stack in multiple ways, to produce a 3-layer rhombohedral structure (3R polytype), or a 2-layer hexagonal structure (2H polytype) formerly known as manasseite. The two polytypes are often intergrown.

Applications

Nuclear fuel reprocessing 
Hydrotalcite has been studied as potential getter for iodide in order to scavenge the long-lived 129I (T1/2 = 15.7 million years) and also other fission products such as 79Se (T1/2 = 327,000 years) and 99Tc, (T1/2 = 211,000 years) present in spent nuclear fuel to be disposed under oxidising conditions in volcanic tuff at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. However, carbonate anions easily replace iodide anions in its interlayer and therefore the selectivity coefficient for the anion exchange is not favorable. Another difficulty arising in the quest of an iodide getter for radioactive waste is the long-term stability of the sequestrant that must survive over geological time scales.

Anion exchange 
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are well known for their anion exchange properties.

Medical 

Hydrotalcite is also used as an antacid, such as Maalox (magnesium-aluminium oxide).

Wastewater treatment 

Treating mining and other wastewater by creating hydrotalcites often produces substantially less sludge than lime. In one test, final sludge reductions reached up to 90 percent. This alters the concentration of magnesium and aluminum and raises the pH of water. As the crystals form, they trap other waste substances including radium, rare earths, anions and transition metals. The resulting mixture can be removed via settling, centrifuge, or other mechanical means.

See also
 Barbertonite
 Brucite, 
 Fougerite
 Layered double hydroxide (LDH)
 Magnesium hydroxide
 Stichtite

References

 Douglas, G., Shackleton, M. and Woods, P. (2014). Hydrotalcite formation facilitates effective contaminant and radionuclide removal from acidic uranium mine barren lixiviant. Applied Geochemistry, 42, 27-37.
 Douglas, G.B. (2014). Contaminant removal from Baal Gammon acidic mine pit water via in situ hydrotalcite formation. Applied Geochemistry, 51, 15-22.

Further reading
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Tetrahydrate minerals
Putilov Stal-5. The Stal-5 (Stal – steel) was a transport aircraft designed in the USSR from 1933.

Development 
In 1933 Putilov started the design of a flying wing 18 passenger transport with the intention of achieving very high levels of efficiency. The broad rectangular centre section housed the cabin and a fully glazed cockpit on the centre line, with long and shallow fins at its extremities and a large elevator at the trailing edge. The tapered outer wings carried the slotted flaps and ailerons.
The structure was to be entirely formed from Enerzh-6 stainless steel tubing and rolled sections covered with bakelite-impregnated ply (similar to Delta-wood) on the centre section and fabric elsewhere.
Structural test specimens were tested, including a complete wing spar, and a 1/4 scale model powered by two  Salmson engines was built and flown by V.V. Karpov and Ya.G. Paul in 1935. The results of the scale model test flights were not encouraging, displaying poor handling and stability. After adjustments failed to yield better results further work was abandoned.

Variants 
 KhB - (Khimichyevskii Boyevik – chemical fighter) A chemical warfare variant was planned but was abandoned along with the Stal-5.

Specifications (Stal-5)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links
 http://www.ussr-airspace.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=28_39_38_105&products_id=1031

1930s Soviet airliners
Stal-5
Flying wings
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Michael J. Horowitz. Michael J. Horowitz (born January 2, 1964, in Ames, Iowa) is an American electrical engineer who actively participated in the creation of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and H.265/HEVC video coding standards. He is co-inventor of flexible macroblock ordering (FMO)  and tiles, essential features in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and H.265/HEVC, respectively. He is managing partner of Applied Video Compression and has served on the technical advisory boards of Vivox, Inc., Vidyo, Inc., and RipCode, Inc.

Education
 A.B. degree with distinction in physics from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1986.
 M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University, New York, New York, 1988.
 Ph.D. in electrical engineering from The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1998.

Professional work
Horowitz also has contributed to the early productization of several video coding standards:

 2000 – At Polycom, architect and developer of the first commercially available in-product implementation of macroblock-adaptive multiple reference frames (H.263 Annex U).  Macroblock-adaptive multiple reference frames has become a mainstay in subsequent video coding standards.
 2003 – At Polycom, architect and lead engineer of the team that produced the first commercially available in-product implementation of H.264/AVC.
 2008 – At Vidyo, architect and lead engineer of the team that developed the first commercially available in-product implementation of H.264 SVC
 2012 – At eBrisk Video, architect and lead engineer of the team that developed one of the first commercially available implementations of H.265/HEVC.
 2020 – At Google, Technical Lead of the AV1 for Duo project that became the first commercially available real-time interactive video implementation of AV1.

Standardization
 2001-2002 – VCEG Chair, Ad hoc Group on H.26L Complexity Reduction
 2002-2003 – JVT Chair, Ad hoc Group on H.26L Complexity Reduction
 2002-2003 – JVT Chair, Ad hoc Group on Robustness
 2008-2010 – VCEG Chair, Ad hoc Group on Computational Efficiency
 2011-2012 – JCT-VC Chair, Ad hoc Group on High-level Parallelism
 2020      – Alliance for Open Media Co-chair, RTC Subgroup

References 

21st-century American engineers
Cornell University alumni
Living people
People from Ames, Iowa
1964 births
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
American chief technology officers
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Putilov Stal-3. The Stal-3 (Stal – steel) was a transport aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1933.

Development
The Stal-3 was an enlarged development of the Putilov Stal-2, designed at the OOS (Otdel Opytnogo Samolyetostroeniya - section for experimental aircraft construction), with a simplified structure which reduced manufacturing man-hours and structural weight, whilst increasing the design load factor. The layout of the aircraft was very similar to the Stal-2, but featured larger dimensions, slotted flaps, a wide chord engine cowling, slotted ailerons, and spatted wheels with brakes, or skis depending on season.

Flight testing began in 1933 with acceptable results, leading to a production order for 79. The Stal-3 was an important aircraft with the GVF / Aeroflot until 1941, continuing to give service on utility duties with Aeroflot and the Soviet Air Force.

Operators

Mongolian People's Aviation

Aeroflot
Soviet Air Force

Specifications (Stal-3)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet airliners
Stal-3
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Langstone Windmill. Langstone Windmill is a Grade II listed tower mill at Langstone, Hampshire in England. It has been converted to residential accommodation.

History

Langstone Mill was built around 1730. It worked in conjunction with a tide mill close by. The mill was derelict in 1934. By 1939 it had been converted to residential accommodation, with the tower tarred and a new cap constructed. The conversion was to a design by Ernst L. Freud with the first resident being Flora Twort.

Description

Langstone Mill is a four-storey tower mill which shows evidence of having been raised by a storey at some point. It had a hand winded domed cap and the four common sails were carried on a wooden windshaft.

References

External links

Windmill World webpage on Langstone Mill.

Buildings and structures completed in 1730
Windmills completed in the 18th century
Windmills in Hampshire
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in Hampshire
Grade II listed windmills
Lump sum turnkey. Lump sum turnkey (LSTK) is a combination of the business-contract concepts of lump sum and turnkey. Lump sum is a noun which means a complete payment consisting of a single sum of money while turnkey is an adjective of a product or service which means product or service will be ready to use upon delivery.

In the construction industry, LSTK combines two concepts. The LS (lump sum) part refers to the payment of a fixed sum for the delivery under e.g. an EPC contract. The financial risk lies with the contractor. TK (turn key) specifies that the scope of work includes start-up of the facility to a level of operational status. Ultimately the scope of work will define just exactly what is needed.

Progressive LSTK 
Very large projects may be split into phases where a fixed price (lump sum) is agreed at the start of each phase. This reduces the overall project risk taken on by the contractor at the start of the project, and increases flexibility on the part of the project owner to adapt the project to changing circumstances.

References

Business terms
Facilities engineering
Institute for Surface Chemistry. The Institute for Surface Chemistry, YKI (the Swedish name is Ytkemiska Institutet) is an industrial research institute in applied surface and colloid chemistry located in Stockholm, Sweden. It is located on the campus of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). YKI's mission is to transfer and develop innovations to customers in industrial sectors where surface chemistry plays an important role. The areas of expertise lie in the fields of surface and colloid science. It has a staff of approximately 65 persons.

YKI is a part of the SP Group, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. The work within YKI is organized in three sections, Materials and Coatings Section, Forest Products Section and Life Science and Chemical Industries Section.

History
1968/69 saw the creation of The Foundation for Surface Chemistry Research (sw. Stiftelsen Ytkemisk Forskning) as the Laboratory for Surface Chemistry was transformed into the Institute for Surface Chemistry. The industrial group was small and limited to Sweden, but the form was in many ways similar to what has proven to be highly functional and operates to this day. During the 1970s and 1980s the industrial group behind YKI expands outside Sweden to include also Denmark, Finland and Norway. During the 1990s the first companies from European companies outside the Nordic region join. The second half of the decade sees the first US-based companies joining. In 1995 the foundation is changed to an association due to changes in Swedish legislation. FYF, Föreningen Ytkemisk Forskning / The Association for Surface Chemistry Research is formed. At the end of 2000 YKI was turned into a limited company with FYF as an owner to 60% and the Swedish Government via a holding company to 40%. When YKI joined the SP Group at the end of 2005 FYF sold its shares to SP. The revenue from this has been invested in novel instrumentation at YKI.

The Association for Surface Chemistry Research
The Association for Surface Chemistry Research, FYF is YKI's non-profit industrial association. Its prime objectives are to promote technical and scientific research and to disseminate information within the field of applied surface chemistry in industry. The member companies in FYF are YKI’s most important clients and industrial partners. The Association is open, i.e. membership can be granted to any company or organization interested in surface chemistry research.

Research
The research at YKI is categorized in the following ten areas.
Technology and application focus areas
Formulation Technologies
Interfacial and Surface Modification Technologies
Nanotechnology and Structured Materials
Controlled Delivery and Release Technologies 
Cleantech - Energy and Environmental Technologies
Knowledge focus areas
Multicomponent Systems
Dispersed Systems
Interfaces in Contact and Motion
Synthesis and Characterization of Structured Materials
Biointerfaces and Biosurface Chemistry

References

External links
YKI homepage

Chemical research institutes
Research institutes in Sweden
Rana Institute of Higher Studies. RANA University () is a higher education University in Afghanistan.

The University offers courses in Information Technology (BIT), Software Engineering (BSE), Law (LLB), Political Science and Business Administration.

Classes in the business and computer departments are taught in English, while those in other areas, such as LLB and BJM (Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication), are taught in Dari.

See also 
List of universities in Afghanistan

References

Universities and colleges in Kabul
Persian-language education
2009 establishments in Afghanistan
Educational institutions established in 2009
List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh. This is a list of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh:

As of 15 March 2024, Arunachal Pradesh has one central university, one state university, one deemed university, eight private universities and one state private Open University.

 granted deemed university status

Architecture colleges

Engineering colleges

Medical colleges

Law colleges

Degree colleges

Autonomous institution 
 National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh

References 

Arunachal Pradesh
Education
Education in Arunachal Pradesh