omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kaivan-class patrol craft. The Kaivan () is a class of large patrol craft operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy. They ships in the class are modified versions of the American Cape-class vessels, built by the United States Coast Guard Yard in the 1950s.

Design
Sources cite displacement of Kaivan class vessels slightly different. According to Jane's Fighting Ships, the ships have a standard displacement of  and  at full load. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships puts the numbers at  and  for standard and full load displacements respectively. Combat Fleets of the World mentions only . The class design is  long, would have a beam of  and a draft of . The length is also recorded .

Ships in the class
The ships in the class are:

References 

Ship classes of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Patrol boat classes
Ships built in Baltimore
Urmila Mahadev. Urmila Mahadev is an American mathematician and theoretical computer scientist known for her work in quantum computing and quantum cryptography.

Education and career
Mahadev is originally from Los Angeles, California, where her parents are physicians. She became interested in quantum computing through a course with Leonard Adleman at the University of Southern California, where she graduated in 2010.

She went to the University of California, Berkeley for graduate study, supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.
As a student of Umesh Vazirani at Berkeley, Mahadev discovered interactive proof systems that could demonstrate with high certainty, to an observer using only classical computation, that a quantum computer has correctly performed a desired quantum-computing task.

She completed her Ph.D. in 2018, and after continued postdoctoral research at Berkeley, she became an assistant professor of computing and mathematical sciences at the California Institute of Technology.

Recognition
For her work on quantum verification, Mahadev won the Machtey Award at the Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science in 2018, and in 2021 one of the three inaugural Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prizes for early-career achievements by women mathematicians.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
American theoretical computer scientists
Quantum information scientists
University of Southern California alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American women mathematicians
JDS Asakaze (DDG-169). JDS Asakaze (DDG-169) is the second ship of the  built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

Development 
The s were designed almost exclusively as anti-aircraft platforms. No helicopter facilities are provided, and the ASW armament is confined to ASROC missiles and Mk 46 torpedoes. In order to save on construction costs the class adopted the propulsion plant and machinery of the s.

Construction and career 
She was laid down on the 27 May 1976 in Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki. She was launched on 15 October 1977, and commissioned on 27 March 1979. She was decommissioned on 12 March 2008.

Participated in the Exercise RIMPAC 1982.

From November 2 to December 2, 1982, she participated in the Hawaii dispatch training with the escort vessels ,  and eight P-2Js.

Participated in the Exercise RIMPAC 1984.

From April 25 to July 13, 1985, participated in the US dispatch training with the escort vessels Shirane and .

Participated in the Exercise RIMPAC 1988.

From June 27 to August 28, 1991, participated in the US dispatch training with the escort vessels  and .

On March 16, 1995, the 64th Escort Corps was newly formed under the 4th Escort Corps group and was incorporated with .

On March 20, 1998, the homeport was transferred to Sasebo.

On July 1, 2002, based on the Act on Special Measures Against Terrorism, he was dispatched to the Indian Ocean with the escort ship  and returned to Japan on October 29, 2002.

Asakaze succeeded JDS Tachikaze in the flagship role after her decommissioning in 2008.

In October 2009, dismantling was completed at Imari Port. In March 2010, dismantling was completed.

Gallery

References

External links
 Military Factory

1977 ships
Tachikaze-class destroyers
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
JDS Sawakaze. JS Sawakaze (DDG-170) was the third ship of the s built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

Development 
The s were designed almost exclusively as anti-aircraft platforms. No helicopter facilities are provided, and the ASW armament is confined to ASROC missiles and Mk 46 torpedoes. In order to save on construction costs the class adopted the propulsion plant and machinery of the s.

Construction and career 
She was laid down on the 14 September 1979 in Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki. She was launched on 4 June 1981, and commissioned on 30 March 1983.

She participated in the Exercise RIMPAC 1984.

From April 25 to July 13, 1985, she participated in the US dispatch training with the escort vessels  and .

She participated in the Exercise RIMPAC events in 1986, 1988, 1990 and 1992.

From June 15 to September 5, 1995, she participated in the US dispatch training with  and three P-3C aircraft.

On February 13, 2002, based on the Act on Special Measures Against Terrorism, dispatched to the Indian Ocean along with Haruna and the supply ship . She was engaged in missions until June of the same year, and returned to Sasebo on July 5.

On March 15, 2007, she became a ship under the direct control of the escort fleet and the honeport was transferred to Yokosuka. She succeeded  and assumed the role of the flagship of the 5th escort fleet, but was not modified in particular.

On June 25, 2010, she was decommissioned along with the escort ship  to the Yokosuka District Chief, Sadayoshi Matsuoka, and retired. The total nautical mile was 691,913 nautical miles (about 1.28 million kilometers).

In April 2011, she was dismantled at Etajima.

References

External links 

1981 ships
Tachikaze-class destroyers
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
25 (Close Support) Engineer Group. 25 (Close Support) Engineer Group is an engineering group of the British Army's Corps of Royal Engineers.

History 
The group was formed in 2014 under the Army 2020 programme.

Current structure
After the Army 2020 Refine, the group now has the following structure (Volunteer units have RHQ location shown);

Group Headquarters, at Wing Barracks, Bulford Camp
21 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, at Claro Barracks, Ripon
22 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, at Swinton Barracks, Perham Down 
26 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, at Swinton Barracks, Perham Down

Commanding officers

The Commanding officers have been:
2014–2015: Col. Charles S.E. Thackway
2015–2019: Col. Paul B. Nicholson
2019–present: Col. Stephen W. Davies

References

Military units and formations established in 2014
Groups of the Royal Engineers
Upgrade (disambiguation). Upgrade is the process a product with a version the same product.

 Upgrade (film), a 2018 cyberpunk action film
 Upgrade (novel), a 2022 science fiction novel Blake Crouch
 "Upgrade", a song from the musical Be More Chill (musical)
 , a facility that upgrades bitumen into synthetic crude oil
 Academic , also known as education
 Upgrade, Inc., American financial services company.
 Upgrade U, a song American singer Beyoncé
Japanese destroyer Nara (1944). was one of 18   escort destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Completed in November 1944, the ship was badly damaged when she struck a naval mine in June 1945. She was not repaired before the end of the war and was scrapped in 1948.

Design and description
Designed for ease of production, the Matsu class was smaller, slower, and more lightly armed than previous destroyers, as the IJN intended them for second-line duties like escorting convoys, releasing the larger ships for missions with the fleet. The ships measured  long overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . Their crew numbered 210 officers and enlisted men. They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The Matsus had a range of  at .

The main armament of the Matsu-class ships consisted of three  Type 89 dual-purpose guns in one twin-gun mount aft and one single mount forward of the superstructure. The single mount was partially protected against spray by a gun shield. The accuracy of the Type 89 guns was severely reduced against aircraft because no high-angle gunnery director was fitted. The ships carried a total of twenty-five  Type 96 anti-aircraft guns in 4 triple and 13 single mounts. The Matsus were equipped with Type 13 early-warning and Type 22 surface-search radars. The ships were also armed with a single rotating quadruple mount amidships for  torpedoes. They could deliver their 36 depth charges via two stern rails and two throwers.

Construction and career
Authorized in the late 1942 by the Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Program, Nara was laid down by Fujinagata Shipyards on 10 June 1944 in its Osaka facility and launched on 12 October. Upon her completion on 26 November, the ship was assigned to Destroyer Squadron 11 of the Combined Fleet for training. The ship was assigned to the squadron's Destroyer Division 53 on 15 March. The squadron was briefly attached to the Second Fleet on 1–20 April before rejoining the Combined Fleet. She was badly damaged when she struck a mine near the Shimonoseki Strait on 30 June. The division was disbanded on 15 July; Nara was disarmed and towed to Moji. The ship was turned over to Allied forces there at the time of the surrender of Japan on 2 September and was stricken from the navy list on 30 November. Unrepaired, she was broken up at Shimonoseki in July 1948.

Notes

Bibliography

 

 
 

Matsu-class destroyers
Ships built by Fujinagata Shipyards
World War II destroyers of Japan
1944 ships
Ciments du Katanga. Ciments du Katanga (CMKT or Cimenkat) is a company in the Democratic Republic of the Congo that makes cement and related products. It was established during the copper boom of the early 1920s to supply the new mining and refining companies, including worker housing and industrial construction.

Creation

Katanga is in the heart of the continent and has no navigable water route to the ocean.
The ores from the rich copper mines of the region had to be refined to reduce their bulk, and thus cut transport costs.
Cimenkat was one of a number of construction-related companies founded to support housing for the growing workforce and other types of construction for the mining companies.
The Société Ciments du Katanga was created by royal decree on 16 January 1922 to supply cement to the rapidly growing Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (UMHK) and other companies in southern Katanga and the two Kasais.
The founders included the Société Belge et Minière du Katanga, the Compagnie du Congo pour le commerce et l'industrie, the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, the Belgo-Katanga and others.

Belgian Congo

Directors in the early years included Alphonse van Gèle and Louis Valcke.

The cement factory in Lubudi, Katanga was commissioned at the start of 1924.
By the end of 1958 its production capacity was 200,000 tonnes, including 180,000 tonnes of cement and 20,000 tonnes of clinker, which were sold to Ciments Métallurgiques de Jadotville.
The plant at first supplied UMHK. and other Katangan companies, but its market also extended to neighboring countries.
A fibrocement factory was established in 1929 to manufacture materials such as granites, artificial stones, tiles, pipes and corrugated roofing sheets.
A second cement plant was founded in Likasi in 1953.
Its cement was particularly suitable for foundation work, since it was resistant to groundwater loaded with sulphate.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Under the law of 17 June 1960 the company came under Belgian law.
On 13 February 1962 Ciments du Katanga transferred its property and facilities at Lubudi, and all its industrial and commercial activities, to a new company incorporated under Congolese law, Ciments et materiaux de construction du Katanga (CIMENKAT).
The company was nationalized on 31 December 1974, and became completely state-owned.
On 17 September 1976 it was restored to its former shareholders.
As of 1995 these were GECAMINES (49.8%), EGINTER (47.4%), S.A. des Cimenteries CBR (2.1%) and ETEROUTREMER (0.7%).

Notes

Sources

 

1920s establishments in the Belgian Congo
Manufacturing companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
History of Katanga
Bernard Sapoval. Bernard Sapoval (30 October 1937 – 26 August 2020) was a French physicist. He was known for his work in semi-conductors, and fractals.

Biography
An engineer, Sapoval graduated from ESPCI Paris in 1960. He continued his studies at the École Polytechnique to study the fields of magnetic resonance of semiconductors.

Beginning in 1970, Sapoval was a professor at the École Polytechnique. In 1976, he became director of the condensed matter physics lab at the school. In 1978, he became president of the physics department. In 1997, he began working at the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay and served as research director of the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

In the 1970s, he met Benoit Mandelbrot and began studying fractals, which he researched on the coast of Brittany. In 1997, he published Universalité et Fractales, Jeux d'enfants ou délits d'initié, which made fractal geometry more accessible to the general public and won him the Prix de la Culture scientifique in 1998. In 2003, he received the Grand Prix de l'innovation for his research on the fractal wall. In 1995, he was made a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

Bernard Sapoval died on 26 August 2020 in Paris at the age of 82.

Publications
Physique des semi-conducteurs (1984)
Les fractales (1990)
Physique des semi-conducteurs (1991)
Physics of semiconductors (1995)
Universalités et fractales, jeux d’enfant ou délits d’initié (1997)
Universalités et fractales (2001)
Elements of semiconductor physics (2002)

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
French physicists
ESPCI Paris alumni
Scientists from Paris
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Shelf-break front. Shelf-Break Fronts are a process by which stratification of the water column occurs. This stratification normally results in thermoclines, since they occur where a sudden change in water depth causes a constriction of the current flow. They can be expressed as a ratio of their potential energy due to maintaining mixed (non-stratified) conditions, to the dissipated energy produced by the current being forced across the sudden change in depth. This can be expressed as:

The energy terms can be expressed in very detailed equations, but with constant terms factored out, the important terms are water velocity (average velocity, ) and water depth (h).
The equation for the stratification index can be expressed as:

Where  is a friction coefficient, approximated as 0.003 for a sandy bottom. This index can be calculated for any coastal region, usually in the range of +3 (highly stratified) to -2 (highly turbulent).

Reason to calculate
The stratification index for a Shelf Break Front is an indication of how productive phytoplankton will be. When the stratification index is approximately 1.5, this produces a nutrient-rich environment for the growth of phytoplankton. Too much higher, and the stratification of the water column will not cause the upwellings of nutrients needed for the phytoplankton to prosper, too much lower, and the water will be too turbulent for the phytoplankton to use the nutrients available.  
Stability of the front, in addition to nutrients, is a key to phytoplankton production. 
An illustration of the stratification index for Narragansett Bay is shown here, with the average speeds estimated, using actual bathymetry for the bay, and an estimated  for silt, which composes much of the bay's bottom.  Using the Stokes Spreadsheet, and some customization on the size of silt particles, I used a  = 0.0011.  More accurate speed measurements and detailed  values for the Bay's bottom could yield a higher fidelity image.

Notice the green color (a stratification index of approximately 1.5) along the edges of the Northern Bay and near some of the islands.  These areas are favorable to the formation of algal blooms in the Narraganset Bay habitat due to the stratification index being approximately 1.5.  Algae have been observed in high concentration in some of these areas, but not all of them.

Using flow cytometry, results  have determined that the relative abundance of picophytoplankton (< 2 m), small nanophytoplankton (2 to 10 m) and large nanophytoplankton (10-20 m) are greatly affected by the stratification index of the water column. Cell diversity was greatest in the presence of moderate levels of stratification.
If the turbulence is too high, their numbers remain stable or fall, but if there is no turbulence, their numbers do fall.  It is postulated that the nutrient-rich boundary layer around each phytoplankton cell is not exhausted, but renewed, by this moderate level of turbulence.

References 

Thermodynamics
Algae
Plankton
Narragansett Bay
Fluid dynamics
Water quality indicators
Bombhaat. Bombhaat () is a 2020 Indian Telugu-language science fiction film directed by Raghavendra Varma and produced by Vishwas Hannurkar under the Sucheta DreamWorks Productions banner. The film is presented by K. Raghavendra Rao and the music is scored by Josh B. The film stars Sai Sushanth Reddy, Chandini Chowdary, and Simran Choudhary.

Plot 
With luck never on his side, a young robotics engineer constantly battles his comedic misfortune. But things take a serious turn once he becomes entangled in an epic revenge story between his God Father and the Mad Scientist, who is chasing a dangerously powerful formula. A tale of twisted love, with sparks of Sci-Fi, and a deadly plot of vengeance. Will the power of science finally triumph over fate?

Cast 
 Sai Sushanth as Vicky
 Simran Choudary as Maya
 Chandini Chowdary as Chaitra
 Priyadarshi Pulikonda as Karun
 Shishir Sharma as Professor Aacharya, Maya's father 
 Makarand Deshpande as Mad Scientist 
 Vineet Kumar as Dada
 Tanikella Bharani as Varaha Murthy, Vicky's father
 Hema as Kumari, Vicky's mother
 Fish Venkat as Dada's henchman
 Pramodini as Maya's mother
 Dhanvi as young Maya
 Silly Monks Sanjay as Chaitra's father
 Rama Devi as Chaitra's grandmother

Soundtrack 
The soundtrack and background score was scored by Josh B, and the audio was released on Lahari Music.

Reception 
The film received negative reviews from critics.The News Minute, rated the film 2/5 and stated that "Bombhaat suffers from clichéd, occasionally cringeworthy writing, that also trickles into the performances." Manoj Kumar of The Indian Express rated the film 1 star out of 5, and wrote "A sci-fi film that neither serves drama nor logic." Kumar opined that the director uses Hitchcock's quote "Where drama begins logic ends" as an excuse "to make an utterly nonsensical movie that neither serves drama nor logic."

The Hindu's Sangeetha Devi wrote about the film that "This isn’t science, just dull and drab fiction."

References

External links
 

2020 films
2020 science fiction films
Indian time travel films
Indian science fiction films
2020s Telugu-language films
Amazon Prime Video original films
2020s films about time travel
Aleksandra Radenovic. Aleksandra Radenovic (born in 1975 in Croatia) is a Swiss and Croatian biophysicist. Her research focuses on the development of experimental tools to study single-molecule biophysics. She is a professor of biological engineering at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and head of the Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology.

Career 
Radenovic studied physics at the University of Zagreb, where she wrote her Master thesis on Raman spectroscopy of Beta-Carotene. She then joined Giovanni Dietler's Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, then located at University of Lausanne, and in 2003, she graduated with a PhD on cryo atomic force microscopy. For postdoctoral studies she went to work at University of California, Berkeley with Jan Liphardt. In 2008, she became an assistant professor at EPFL where she established the Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology. In 2015, she was promoted as an associate professor.

Research 

Radenovic's area of research is the development of experimental techniques for the study of molecular and cell biology making use of biosensors and optical imaging. In particular, she is interested in single-molecule biophysics.

Her research follows three main trajectories. First, she employs nanopores applied on suspended 2D material membranes, standard silicon-nitride membranes, and in glass nanocapillaries to study and manipulate single molecules. Then, Radenovic studies the function of single molecules, especially protein and nucleic acid interactions, via optical tweezers, optical wrench system, anti-Brownian electrokinetic trap, and a combination of nanopores or nanocapillaries with optical tweezers. Finally, based on single molecule localization microscopy, she designs super-resolution optical microscopes to extract quantitative information on single molecules.

Selected publications

References

External links 

 Website of the Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology
 
 Citation data from Researcher ID

21st-century Swiss biologists
21st-century Croatian scientists
Croatian emigrants to Switzerland
Swiss women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Women bioengineers
University of Zagreb alumni
University of Lausanne alumni
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
1975 births
Living people
Swiss biophysicists
Croatian physicists
Women biophysicists
21st-century Swiss physicists
21st-century Swiss women scientists
Mech Brigade. Mech Brigade is a computer wargame published by Strategic Simulations in 1985. It was designed by Gary Grigsby, and is a follow-up to his earlier Kampfgruppe.

Gameplay
Mech Brigade is a computer wargame that simulates a hypothetical conflict between NATO and the nations of the Warsaw Pact.

Development
Mech Brigade was designed by Gary Grigsby. It serves as a follow-up to his title Kampfgruppe, a World War II simulation. Mech Brigade was designed to bring the system into a modern warfare context. He launched both games in 1985, the same year he debuted U.S.A.A.F. - United States Army Air Force.

Reception

Author Rusel DeMaria later reported that Mech Brigade was "superior in design but inferior in sales" to Kampfgruppe. 

Jay Selover reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "The addition of anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM's), combat helicopters, and all the other trappings of modern combat make Mech Brigade a much more dangerous place to take a Sunday stroll." In Antic, Dr. John Stanoch opined that Mech Brigade is "certainly not a game for beginners".

In his 1989 computer wargame survey, J. L. Miller of Computer Play offered Mech Brigade a generally positive score but found that the "weapons systems seem to lack the lethality that they in fact possess".

As it had with Kampfgruppe, Computer Gaming World inducted Mech Brigade into its Hall of Fame. The magazine's Alan Emrich later said that Mech Brigade was "the pre-eminent tank game until the arrival of M-1 Tank Platoon."

Reviews
Computer Gaming World - June 1991

References

External links

Article in Tilt (French)

1985 video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit computer games
Cold War video games
Commodore 64 games
Computer wargames
DOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Strategic Simulations games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Europe