omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Piobert's law. Piobert's law applies to the reaction of solid propellant grains to generate hot gas. It is stated: "Burning takes place by parallel layers where the surface of the grain regresses, layer by layer, normal to the surface at every point."

History
The law was devised by French general Guillaume Piobert  in 1839 to explain the behavior of gunpowder, but it has subsequently been applied to other solid propellants. Description of the reaction as burning may cause confusion with simple atmospheric combustion of solid materials where a similar reaction progression may be attributed to availability of the oxygen reactant only at the surface of the solid being consumed by the reaction. In the case of single-phase propellant grains, the progression is attributed to heat transfer from the surface of the solid of energy necessary to initiate the reaction. The heat transfer rate increases with pressure; and smokeless powder reaction rates vary with pressure as described by Paul Vieille in 1893.

Mechanism
Studies of solid single- and double-base propellant reactions suggest a series of zones or phases as the reaction proceeds from the surface into the solid. The deepest portion of the solid experiencing heat transfer melts and begins phase transition from solid to gas in a foam zone. The gaseous propellant decomposes into simpler molecules in a surrounding fizz zone. Energy is released in a luminous outer flame zone where the simpler gas molecules react to form conventional combustion products like steam and carbon monoxide. Propellants designed for a minimum heat transfer pressure may fail to sustain the flame zone at lower pressures.

References

Bibliography 
G. Piobert, Mémoire sur les poudres de guerre, des différents procédés de frabrication (1844)

Firearm propellants
Ballistics
Physical chemistry
BioServe Space Technologies. BioServe Space Technologies is a research institute within the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. Since its foundation in 1987 it focuses on developing microgravity life science research and hardware.
Its current Chief Scientist is Prof. Louis Stodieck and the Center Director is Ms. Stefanie Countryman

BioServe has designed, built and flown over 50 different payloads on over 85 space flight missions including the Space Shuttle, ISS, MIR, Soyuz, and Progress and recently the SpaceX's Dragon capsule and  Orbital's Cygnus spacecraft.

In 2011, BioServe was selected to be the official payload developer for the YouTube Space Lab - a contest where students were able to propose micro gravitational research and BioServe would develop the winner's experiment hardware and perform all of the mission integration and operations work.
BioServe Space Technologies was also the designer of the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) which is a temperature controlled incubator for experiments on cells, microbes, and plants currently in use on the ISS.

In August 2023, BioServe announced that would be collaborating with Sierra Space to grow hematopoietic stem cells in microgravity to research undergoing treatment for blood cancer.

References

External links 
 Official Website
 YouTube Channel

Research institutes established in 1987
Research institutes in Colorado
University of Colorado
Space technology research institutes
Aerolineas Mundo. Aerolineas Mundo S.A. (also known as AMSA) was a cargo airline that operated from 1986 to 1993 out of Las Americas International Airport in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

History
AMSA began as Air Mar Freighters in 1986, the creation of businessmen William Bailes Bachi and Filippo Deplana. AMSA flew various aircraft during its lifetime, including the C-54, DC-7, C-121, L-1049 and C-46.

Incidents and accidents
AMSA's co-owner, William Bailes Bachi, was killed in April 1990 when one of AMSA's aircraft had a ditching accident off Miami.
On February 3, 1992, a C-54 of the airline had a runway collision at Rafael Hernandez Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico with a Lockheed Super Constellation, suffering a fire and being damaged beyond repair.

References

External links
 

Defunct cargo airlines
Airlines established in 1986
Airlines disestablished in 1993
1986 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Defunct airlines of the Dominican Republic
1993 disestablishments in the Dominican Republic
Knapsack cryptosystems. Knapsack cryptosystems are cryptosystems whose security is based on the hardness of solving the knapsack problem. They remain quite unpopular because simple versions of these algorithms have been broken for several decades. However, that type of cryptosystem is a good candidate for post-quantum cryptography.

The most famous knapsack cryptosystem is the Merkle-Hellman Public Key Cryptosystem, one of the first public key cryptosystems, published the same year as the RSA cryptosystem. However, this system has been broken by several attacks: one from Shamir, one by Adleman, and the low density attack.

However, there exist modern knapsack cryptosystems that are considered secure so far: among them is Nasako-Murakami 2006.

Knapsack cryptosystems, when not subject to classical cryptoanalysis, are believed to be difficult even for quantum computers. That is not the case for systems that rely on factoring large integers, like RSA, or computing discrete logarithms, like ECDSA, problems solved in polynomial time with Shor's algorithm.

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 

Cryptography
National Design & Research Forum. National Design & Research Foundation (NDRF)  is a premier Indian research and development organization promoting collaborative interdisciplinary research and development. It is actively involved in Technological Research, Design, Development, Productization, Innovation, and Program Management of large, interdisciplinary Indian Technological Research Programs.

NDRF was established in June 1967 by the Institution of Engineers (India), as an autonomous forum  for technological research and development. It was formerly known as the National Design Engineering Forum. It is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

NDRF's collaborative research ecosystem-NDRF Consortium has over 80 partners from the academia, industry, and research organizations; and has progressed 32 research projects.

Currently, Space Scientist Dr. Annadurai M, serves as the chairman, board of governors, NDRF. Defence Scientist Dr.V.Dillibabu is the Director of NDRF from June 2019.

NDRF -Consortium partner 
 Agargami Applied Aeronautics

Activities

•Research and Development
 Micro, Nano, and Bio Systems
 Medical Device Development for Affordable Healthcare
 Interfacing Biology and Engineering
 Sensors and Sensors for Societal applications including Chemical, Biomimetic and Biosensors
 National Programme on Micro air vehicles (NP-MICAV)
 System Identification Group-Flapping Wing MICAVs 
 Development of Fuel Cells
 Rapid Prototyping and Tooling

•Research Infrastructure and Laboratories as National Resource Facilities
 ProtoLab-Rapid Prototyping Laboratory
 Central Integrated Systems Laboratory-systems engineering, and design of multidisciplinary systems by simulation
 Technical Facility for NP-MICAV

•Knowledge-sharing and Networking
 National and International Flying Competitions for MICAVs
 Organizing premier technological networking and collaborative sessions to bring professionals and researchers from different disciplines of engineering on a common platform

•Monographs on Contemporary Technologies

•Design Awards-National Design Awards and Student Design Awards

Contribution

NDRF success stories span
 
•Development of Interdisciplinary Technologies-biosensors for detection of explosives and gases, bio-fuel cells and folding wing technologies for micro air vehicles, innovative technologies for developing affordable blood pressure measurement devices

•Products-micro brushless outrunner motors for micro air vehicles, non-invasive glucometer using innovative technologies

•Patents and Intellectual Property

References

External links
National Design & Research Forum
Agargami Applied Aeronautics

Research institutes in Bengaluru
Research and development in India
Research and development organizations
Research institutes established in 1967
1967 establishments in Mysore State
Gary Bradski. Gary Bradski is an American scientist, engineer, entrepreneur, and author. He co-founded Industrial Perception, a company that developed perception applications for industrial robotic application (since acquired by Google in 2012 ) and has worked on the OpenCV Computer Vision library, as well as published a book on that library.

Education
Ph.D., Cognitive and Neural Systems (mathematical modeling of biological perception) May, 1994,Boston University Center for Adaptive Systems. 
BS degree in EECS from U.C. Berkeley

The OpenCV Library

The OpenCV Library is a Computer Vision Software Library.

Learning OpenCV
Originally published in 2006, the book Learning OpenCV (O'Reilly) serves as an introduction to the library and its use. An updated version of the book], which covers OpenCV 3, was published by O'Reilly Media in 2016.

Publications 
Bradski has published a wide variety of articles in computer science on the topics of computer vision and optimization. The following are his most highly cited works:

 2016 Learning OpenCV 3: Computer Vision in C++ with the OpenCV Library with Adrian Kaehler, O'Reilly Media.
 2008 Learning OpenCV: Computer vision with the OpenCV library with Adrian Kaehler, O'Reilly Media.
 2007 Map-reduce for machine learning on multicore, with Cheng Chu, Sang Kyun Kim, Yi-An Lin, YuanYuan Yu, Andrew Ng, Kunle Olukotun. Advances in neural information processing systems
 2006 Stanley: The robot that won the DARPA Grand Challenge, with Sebastian Thrun, Mike Montemerlo, Hendrik Dahlkamp, David Stavens, Andrei Aron, James Diebel, Philip Fong, John Gale, Morgan Halpenny, Gabriel Hoffmann, Kenny Lau, Celia Oakley, Mark Palatucci, Vaughan Pratt, Pascal Stang, Sven Strohband, Cedric Dupont, Lars‐Erik Jendrossek, Christian Koelen, Charles Markey, Carlo Rummel, Joe van Niekerk, Eric Jensen, Philippe Alessandrini, Bob Davies, Scott Ettinger, Adrian Kaehler, Ara Nefian, Pamela Mahoney. Journal of Field Robotics
 2000 The OpenCV Library, Dr. Dobb's Journal
 1998 Computer vision face tracking for use in a perceptual user interface

References

Living people
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American computer businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
American company founders
Seibu 4000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway mainly on Seibu Chichibu Line services in Saitama Prefecture, Japan since 1988.

Design
The 4000 series trains were built between 1988 and 1992 by combining electrical equipment from former 101 series EMUs with new steel bodies. The trains are finished in a livery of ivory white with blue, red, and green stripes along the waist line, the team colours of the Saitama Seibu Lions baseball team. The driving cabs have a similar configuration to the earlier 101 series and 2000 series EMUs, with a left-hand master controller and right-hand brake control.

Operations

The fleet of four-car trains is primarily used on all-stations driver only operation "Local" services on the Seibu Chichibu Line between  and , but the trains are also used as eight-car formations on through "Rapid Express" train services from  on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line to  and  on the Chichibu Main Line. These trains divide and couple at , with separate portions for Mitsumineguchi and Nagatoro.

Fleet
, the fleet consists of twelve four-car sets, numbered 4001 to 4023, based at Musashigaoka depot.

Formations
Sets are formed as shown below with two motored ("M") cars and two non-powered driving trailer ("Tc") cars, and the Tc1 car at the southern (Ikebukuro) end.

The M1 car is fitted with two single-arm pantographs (originally lozenge-type pantographs).

Interior
Seating mainly consists of fixed 4-person facing seating bays, with longitudinal bench seating next to the doorways. The Tc1 car has a toilet.

History
The first train entered service in 1988, with twelve four-car sets built by 1992. The fleet was refurbished in 2002 for use on wanman driver only operation services on the Seibu Chichibu Line. Modifications included the addition of automatic passenger announcements.

Fifty-two Seats of Happiness

One four-car set was modified from set 4009 into a tourist train called the  for use on services operating between Seibu Shinjuku and Ikebukuro in Tokyo and Seibu Chichibu and Hon-Kawagoe in Saitama Prefecture, entering service from 17 April 2016. The interior and exterior design of the train was overseen by architect Kengo Kuma.

The automated on-board passenger announcements in Japanese use the voice of TV presenter , and the melody chimes accompanying the announcements were created by musician Minoru Mukaiya, who was formerly the keyboard player in the group Casiopea.

The train is formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Tokyo (southern) end.

Special liveries
From 16 January 2016, set 4015 received a special Hello Kitty livery as part of a campaign to promote tourism to the Chichibu area. It is scheduled to operate in this livery until 27 March 2016.

References

External links

 Seibu 4000 series train information 
 Fifty-two Seats of Happiness train information 

Dinner trains
Electric multiple units of Japan
4000 series
Train-related introductions in 1988
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Tokyu Car multiple units
Peter Denz. Peter Denz (14 January 1940 – 25 June 2022) was a German engineer, inventor, entrepreneur and Oscar winner.

Biography 
Denz was born in Freiburg. In 1970, engineering graduate Denz, who had previously studied aircraft construction in Zürich and Munich, established the Präzisions-Entwicklung DENZ Fertigungs-GmbH, which specialized in the development, manufacturing and distribution of high-tech precision products for the industry as well the development, production and distribution of cinematographic film and video products, and of which he was the shareholder and Managing Director.

Denz received the Academy Award for technical merits (Technical Achievement Award) by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in 1996 for the development of a flicker-free color video camera.

Honors (selection) 
 1984, iF product design award: Handlebar for remote control of zoom lenses for film cameras
 1985, iF product design award: Control knob for electronic control of camera lenses
 1986, iF product design award: Argus Viewfinder extension with Video Control System VCS
 1987, iF product design award: deniz.belt underwater energy belt
 1991, American Society of Lighting Designers Award: Video-Assist-System - digital, color
 1996, Academy Award for technical merits (Technical Achievement Award): Development of a flicker-free color video camera, VCSC digital video control system
 1996, Cinec Award in the category Camera Technology: VCSC digital 2000 Video-Control-System-Color
 1999, American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) Award
 2000, American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) Award

External links 
 Official website

References 

1940 births
2022 deaths
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
People from Freiburg im Breisgau
Uninterruptible autopilot. An Uninterruptible Autopilot is a proposed system designed to take control of a commercial aircraft away from the pilot or flight crew in the event of a hijacking.

If implemented, the system would allow the craft to automatically guide itself to a landing at a designated airstrip. The "uninterruptible" autopilot would be activated either by pilots, by onboard sensors, or remotely via radio or satellite links by government agencies, if terrorists attempt to gain control of a flight deck. The pilots or hijackers would then be unable to regain control of the aircraft, which would automatically land safely.

A patent for the invention was awarded to Boeing in 2006. 

Conspiracy theorists have claimed that the technology has been secretly fitted to some commercial airliners. Some, including historian Norman Davies, have blamed it for the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, the cause of which is unknown . According to Bob Mann, an airline industry consultant, evidence of an uninterruptible autopilot system being installed in a commercial aircraft has not been publicized and is not proven to exist. Safety concerns, including the possibility that such a system could be hacked, have prevented its roll-out.

See also
Single pilot operations

References

Aircraft emergency systems
Aircraft hijacking
Boeing
Avionics
Aircraft automation
Biju Pattanaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha. The Biju Pattanaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha, Cuttack (BPFTIO) is an autonomous college established by the Government of Odisha under World Bank assisted scheme to meet the emerging demand of well trained technical manpower in the field of television network and film production activities. Situated on the bank of river Mahanadi, BPFTIO occupies an independent space in the sprawling campus of Bhubanananda Orissa School of Engineering (BOSE), Cuttack the oldest Engineering School of the State. Funded by Government of Odisha, Department of Employment and Technical Education & Training, the institute offers diploma courses in 3 disciplines such as Cinematography, Sound & TV. Engineering and Film & Video Editing.

History
The institute was established in 1998.  Government of Odisha has established an autonomous Institute in the name and style of Biju Pattanaik Film & Television Institute of Orissa (BPFTIO) under World Bank assisted scheme to meet the emerging demand of well trained technical manpower in the field of television network and film production activities. Situated on the bank of river Mahanadi, BPFTIO occupies an independent space in the sprawling campus of Bhubanananda Orissa School of Engineering (BOSE), Cuttack the oldest Engineering School of the State. Funded by Government of Odisha, Department of Employment and Technical Education & Training, the institute offers diploma courses in 3 disciplines such as Cinematography, Sound & TV. Engineering and Film & Video Editing.

BPFTIO has some of the most advanced and sophisticated equipments in the Eastern Region and all the three disciplines are managed by experienced faculties. Fourteen batches of students in Cinematography, Eleven batches both in Sound & TV. Engineering and Film & Video Editing have successfully completed their course till date. Almost all the diploma holders of the institute have found gainful employment in Government and Private sector, Media channels, Television & Film industry.

Courses

 Three-year diploma courses in Cinematography
 Sound and TV. Engineering (Audiography) 
 Film and Video Editing

See also
 Film and Television Institute of India
 Bhartendu Natya Academy
 Cinema of India
 Film and Television Institute of India alumni
 Film school
 State Institute of Film and Television
 Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute
 Government Film and Television Institute
 M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute
 Jyoti Chitraban Film and Television Institute

References

External links
 
 Alumni Website of FTII
 an Informal Space for FTIIans

Film schools in India
Universities and colleges in Odisha
Education in Cuttack
Memorials to Biju Patnaik
Universities and colleges established in 1998
1998 establishments in Orissa
Duncan McRae (designer). Duncan McRae (1919-1984) was an American industrial designer who spent the majority of his career designing automobiles.  After spending a couple of summers working as a laborer and clay modeler for Ford Motor Company, McRae was hired as a designer at Kaiser-Frazier Corporation in September, 1949 where he was involved with the development of the 1951 Kaiser.  He went on to work at Studebaker Packard Corporation beginning in August, 1955, where he became chief stylist.  Along with other designers at Studebaker, McRae helped design several models, including the 1958 Packard Hawk and the 1959 Studebaker Lark, a small car which sold in sufficient numbers to keep Studebaker afloat for several more years.  McRae left Studebaker in 1960 and worked for a year at Curtiss-Wright Corporation.  He then operated his own design studio in Muskegon, Michigan, working on various freelance design projects.

In 1964 McRae was hired by Ford Motor Company as a designer.  He was transferred later that year to Ford of England, where we worked on the design of the Mark II Cortina, the Escort and the original Capri.  In 1967 McRae was transferred to Ford of Germany where he led the design team which developed the Taunus 23M.  After spending a year back at Ford's design center in Dearborn, Michigan, McRae was transferred to Ford of Australia in September 1969 where he became chief of design.

McRae retired from  Ford Motor Company in 1975 and moved to Australia where he operated a cattle farm in Apollo Bay, Victoria for several years before returning to live in Ann Arbor, Michigan until his death in 1984.

References 

 Automobile Quarterly, Volume XII, No 3 - 1974.

1919 births
1984 deaths
American industrial designers
Ford designers
S. N. Balakrishnan. S N Balakrishnan was the second Chancellor of Shiv Nadar University and the Chairperson of the Executive Council, the apex statutory body at the University. His brother, Shiv Nadar, is the founder of the university bearing his name.

An engineer and scientist, Balakrishnan has previously served as the founding Pro-Chancellor of the University. He heads IST Rolla, an engineering firm focused on providing clients with engineering research, development and technology.  He has done work in missile defence, aircraft control, launch vehicle and spacecraft control areas. Balakrishnan teaches at the Missouri University of Science and Technology and is the Curator's Professor for Aerospace Engineering at Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.

Balakrishnan took charge of the Office of the Chancellor in April, 2014, and continued to carry forward the objectives of the University, while at the same time defining organizational structures for the University. His appointment was announced on April 11, 2014. His brother, the founder, Shiv Nadar talked about Balakrishan's "rich experience and depth in academics and research" and his "expertise in global learning pedagogy" being important for shaping up the young university.

Education 
Balakrishnan completed his doctoral thesis in 1983, at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a PhD in Aerospace Engineering.

References 

Heads of universities and colleges in India
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Missouri University of Science and Technology faculty
SHARC International Systems Inc.. SHARC International Systems Inc. (CSE: SHRC), DBA SHARC Energy Systems, is a Canadian company, based in Vancouver, British Columbia, that specializes in wastewater heat recovery. Founded in 2010 by Lynn Mueller, the company operates throughout North America. A subsidiary, SHARC Energy Systems, based in Leicester, UK, operates throughout Europe.

The company is one of only a few worldwide focusing on waste heat recovery as an alternative energy source, reducing the need to burn fossil fuels. Their systems can be used for domestic hot water production as well as building space heating & cooling.

SHARC Energy's main products are the SHARC and PIRANHA, which remove solids from wastewater, allowing the wastewater to effectively move through a heat exchanger and heat pump. The systems provide hot water heating, space heating, air conditioning, and wastewater cooling.

See also
 Waste heat
 Energy recovery
 HVAC
 Wastewater

References

External links
 

Renewable energy technology