omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Srabanti Chowdhury. Srabanti Chowdhury is an Indian American Electrical Engineer who is an associate professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University. She is a senior fellow of the Precourt Institute for Energy. At Stanford she works on ultra-wide and wide-bandgap semiconductors and device engineering for energy-efficient electronic devices. She serves as Director for Science Collaborations at the United States Department of Energy Energy Frontier Research Center ULTRA.

Early life and education 
Chowdhury earned her bachelor's degree in radiophysics and electronics at the University of Calcutta Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics. After earning her undergraduate degree, she worked in the corporate sector in Bangalore. She eventually decided to pursue a doctorate, and moved to the United States. She was a graduate student at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she worked alongside Umesh Mishra. During her doctoral research, she developed vertical gallium nitride (GaN) devices for power conversion. She was the first to realize a current aperture vertical electron transistor, a high voltage vertical power switching device based on  GaN. These single crystal GaN devices achieved a record-high breakdown electric field. After earning her doctorate, she joined Transphorm, a company that looked to commercialize GaN devices.

Research and career 
Chowdhury leads the WBG Lab at Stanford University.
Chowdhury dedicated her early research to the creation of very low loss transistors for power conversion applications. Building upon her doctoral research, she identified and optimized fabrication processes to create GaN vertical devices. Her fabrication makes use of the interesting polarization characteristics of GaN. Reverse polarization of Aluminum Gallium Nitride/GaN heterostructure blocks current, whilst allowing very high current flow to specific regions. Her work offers hope for high power density, high efficiency electronic devices. Alongside GaN, Chowdhury has investigated diamond for passive electronics.

Chowdhury serves as Director for Science Collaborations at the United States Department of Energy Energy Frontier Research Center ULTRA (Ultra Materials for a Resilient, Smart Electricity Grid).

Awards and honors 
 IEEE Fellow for contribution to wide bandgap device technology -2024
 SRC Technical Excellence Award for her contribution to heat spreading by Diamond deposition on GaN and on SiC with low thermal boundary resistance - 2023 https://www.src.org/award/tech-excellence/2023
DARPA Young Faculty Award
 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
 AFOSR Young Investigator Program
 International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors Young Scientist Award
 Sloan Research Fellowship
 National Academy of Engineering Frontiers of Engineering

Selected publications

References 

American academics of Indian descent
21st-century Indian scholars
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Living people

Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Calcutta alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Arizona State University faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
Manchester Steam Users' Association. By the 1840s, thousands of high-pressure boilers were used in the United Kingdom. However, many boilers were poorly constructed and not well-managed or maintained once installed. Boilers could explode suddenly and powerfully, sending debris flying into nearby streets or fields. In the 1860s, nearly 500 explosions were recorded, causing over 700 deaths and 900 injuries. 

In 1854, engineers and mill owners met in Manchester to form an organisation to deal with the growing number of boiler explosions. Those present included William Fairbairn and Joseph Whitworth. In 1855 they officially founded the Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions and for Effecting Economy in the Raising and Use of Steam. This later became known as the Manchester Steam Users Association or MSUA.

The primary purpose of the MSUA was to provide 'the increased security against explosions, which a periodical inspection by an experienced engineer affords, and the saving of fuel which may be expected from the inspection of an intelligent officer well acquainted with the principle on which perfect combustion depends'.

References 

Organizations established in 1855
Organisations based in Manchester
Safety organizations
Boilers
Judy Vance. Judy M. Vance is an American mechanical engineer known for her research on the use of virtual reality and haptic technology in design and manufacturing. She is a professor emerita of mechanical engineering and the former Joseph C. and Elizabeth A. Anderlik Professor of Engineering at Iowa State University.

Education and career
Vance is originally from Fort Dodge, Iowa. She was a student of mechanical engineering at Iowa State University, beginning in 1973. After taking several years away from school, she earned a bachelor's degree in 1980, a master's degree in 1987, and a Ph.D. in 1992.

She joined the Iowa State faculty in 1984, as an instructor in the Division of Engineering Fundamentals and Multidisciplinary Design, and became an assistant professor in 1987. On completing her doctorate in 1992, she instead became an assistant professor of mechanical engineering. She was promoted to associate professor in 1997 and full professor in 2003. She chaired the mechanical engineering department from 2003 to 2006, and was named Joseph C. and Elizabeth A. Anderlik Professor of Engineering in 2010. She was the first woman in the mechanical engineering department with a tenure-track faculty position, the first to win tenure, and the first to chair the department. She retired as a professor emerita in 2019.

Recognition
Vance was elected as a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2004. In 2012, Heriot-Watt University gave her an honorary doctorate, "for her preeminence in, and outstanding innovative contribution to, advancing virtual reality engineering design applications, as well as for her influence as an advocate to promote the participation of women in engineering". On her retirement, a scholarship at Iowa State was named in her honor.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Fort Dodge, Iowa
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
Iowa State University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Nano Energy. Nano Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering nanotechnology and energy. It was established in 2012 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Zhong Lin Wang (Georgia Institute of Technology).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 19.069.

References

External links

Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 2012
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Elsevier academic journals
Nanotechnology journals
Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether. Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. There are a number of variations depending on the starting molecular weight of the polypropylene glycol. They have the formula (C3H6O)n.C6H10O3 and the IUPAC name is Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)],a-(2-oxiranylmethyl)-w-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)-  A key use is as a modifier for epoxy resins as a reactive diluent and flexibilizer. It is REACH registered.

Manufacturing
The product is made by taking polypropylene glycol and epichlorohydrin and reacting in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a halohydrin. The next step is dehydrochlorination with sodium hydroxide. This forms the diglycidyl ether. Waste products are sodium chloride, water and excess sodium hydroxide (alkaline brine). One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

Use
The molecule has 2 oxirane functionalities, and so a key use is modifying and reducing the viscosity of epoxy resins. These reactive diluent modified epoxy resins may then be further formulated into CASE applications: coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers. It produces epoxy coatings with high impact resistance. The use of the diluent does effect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins.

Synthesis of waterborne polymers has been a feature with this substance. As the basic building block is propylene oxide, there are 3 carbons per oxygen on the backbone. This confers some degree of water miscibility though not as good as ethylene oxide based molecules.

The material maybe used to produce polymers with shape memory and good thermomechanical properties. In addition, the molecule is used to synthesize other molecules.

Toxicology
The toxicology of the material is reasonably well known.

See also
 Epoxide
 Glycidol

Further reading

References

Reactive diluents
Glycidyl ethers

External websites
 AALCHEM DE209
 Cargill Reactive Diluents
 Chinese produced material
Diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DEGDGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family with the formula C10H18O5.. The oxirane functionality makes it useful as a reactive diluent for epoxy resin viscosity reduction.

Manufacture
The product is manufactured by adding diethylene glycol and a Lewis acid catalyst into a reactor and streaming in epichlorohydrin slowly to control the exothermic reaction. This forms the halohydrin, which is dehydrochlorinated with sodium hydroxide. This forms the diglycidyl ether. The waste products are sodium chloride, water and excess sodium hydroxide (alkaline brine). One of the quality control tests would involve measuring the epoxy value by determination of the epoxy equivalent weight.

Uses
A key use is as a modifier for epoxy resins as a reactive diluent and flexibilizer. The molecule has 2 oxirane functionalities, and thus does not at as a chain terminator but it modifies and reduces the viscosity of epoxy resins. These reactive diluent modified epoxy resins may then be further formulated into CASE applications: coatings, (including antimicrobial versions) adhesives, sealants, and elastomers. The use of the diluent does effect mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy resins.

The species has also been used to synthesize other chemical compounds.

The toxicology has been studied.

See also
 Epoxide
 Glycidol

Further reading

References

External websites
 Cargill Reactive Diluents

Reactive diluents
Glycidyl ethers
Glycol ethers
Rebekka Klausen. Rebekka Klausen is an American chemist who is the Second Decade Society Associate Professor at Johns Hopkins University. Her research considers carbon and silicon-based nanomaterials for optoelectronic devices. She was a finalist for the 2021 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists.

Early life and education 
Klausen is from Brookline, Massachusetts. She was an undergraduate student in biochemistry at Boston College. She moved to Harvard University as a graduate student, where she worked under the supervision of Eric Jacobsen and studied asymmetric Pictet–Spengler reactions. She moved to New York for postdoctoral research, joining the lab of Colin Nuckolls at Columbia University. There, she studied the conductive properties of molecules containing a 1-D chain of silicon atoms, as well as other fluorene-derivatives that can act as molecular wires.

Research and career 
Klausen began her independent career at Johns Hopkins University in 2013. Her research group studies organosilicon compounds, including poly(cyclosilane)s. Klausen initially looked to create a bottom-up fabrication process for the realization of silicon-based materials, and to develop cyclo-silane building blocks for their polymerization. Borrowing from the principles of carbon-based synthesis, Klausen has achieved precise control of the structure of silicon-based polymers. She was named as the Second Decade Society Associate Professor in 2019. Klausen is part of the National Science Foundation Polymer Optimization Centre.

Awards and honors 
 2015 United States Department of Energy Early Career Award
 2017 Sloan Research Fellowship
 2017 Marion Milligan Mason Award for Women in the Chemical Sciences
 2017 Johns Hopkins University Catalyst Award
 2018 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
 2021 American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry
 2021 Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists

References 

Living people
Scientists from Brookline, Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American women chemists
21st-century American chemists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women scientists
Aubry–André model. The Aubry–André model is a toy model of a one-dimensional crystal with periodically varying onsite energies. The model is employed to study both quasicrystals and the Anderson localization metal-insulator transition in disordered systems. It was first developed by Serge Aubry and Gilles André in 1980.

Hamiltonian of the model 

The Aubry–André model describes a one-dimensional lattice with hopping between nearest-neighbor sites and periodically varying onsite energies. It is a tight-binding (single-band) model with no interactions. The full Hamiltonian can be written as
,

where the sum goes over all lattice sites ,  is a Wannier state on site ,  is the hopping energy, and the on-site energies  are given by
.
Here  is the amplitude of the variation of the onsite energies,  is a relative phase, and  is the period of the onsite potential modulation in units of the lattice constant. This Hamiltonian is self-dual as it retains the same form after a Fourier transformation interchanging the roles of position and momentum.

Metal-insulator phase transition 
For irrational values of , corresponding to a modulation of the onsite energy incommensurate with the underlying lattice, the model exhibits a quantum phase transition between a metallic phase and an insulating phase as  is varied. For example, for  (the golden ratio) and almost any , if  the eigenmodes are exponentially localized, while if  the eigenmodes are extended plane waves. The Aubry-André metal-insulator transition happens at the critical value of  which separates these two behaviors, .

While this quantum phase transition between a metallic delocalized state and an insulating localized state resembles the disorder-driven Anderson localization transition, there are some key differences between the two phenomena. In particular the Aubry–André model has no actual disorder, only incommensurate modulation of onsite energies. This is why the Aubry-André transition happens at a finite value of the pseudo-disorder strength , whereas in one dimension the Anderson transition happens at zero disorder strength.

Energy spectrum 
The energy spectrum  is a function of  and is given by the almost Mathieu equation

.

At  this is equivalent to the famous fractal energy spectrum known as the Hofstadter's butterfly, which describes the motion of an electron in a two-dimensional lattice under a magnetic field. In the Aubry–André model the magnetic field strength maps onto the parameter .

Realization 
Iin 2008, G. Roati et al experimentally realized the Aubry-André localization phase transition using a gas of ultracold atoms in an incommensurate optical lattice.

In 2009, Y. Lahini et al. realized the Aubry–André model in photonic lattices.

See also 
 Arnold tongue
 Bose–Hubbard model

References 

Condensed matter physics
Mubuga Solar Power Station. The Mubuga Solar Power Station is a grid-connected 7.5 MW solar power plant in Burundi. The power station was constructed between January 2020 and October 2021, by Gigawatt Global Coöperatief, the Netherlands-based multinational independent power producer (IPP), through its local subsidiary Gigawatt Global Burundi SA. The off-taker for this power station is Régie de production et distribution d’eau et d’électricité (REGIDESO), the Burundian electricity parastatal utility company. A 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA) governs the sale of electricity between Gigawatt Global Burundi SA and REGIDESO. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor was Voltalia of France, which was also awarded the operations, management and maintenance contract.

Location
The power station is located in the settlement of Mubuga, in the 
Gitega Province of Burundi, approximately , northeast of the city of Gitega, the political capital of that country.

Overview
This power station is the first grid-connected solar project developed by an IPP in Burundi. It is also the first major electricity generation investment in the country, in the past 30 years.

The renewable energy infrastructure was on the books since 2016. Attempts were made to start construction in 2018, but the process aborted. In January 2020, construction started in earnest. Despite delays attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, the power installation was commercially commissioned in October 2021.

Financing
A number of financial institutions participated in the financing of this renewable energy project. The Renewable Energy Performance Platform, based in London, United Kingdom, "provided a bridge loan for the construction of the Mubuga solar plant". A portion of the construction loan was refinanced as a "10-year subordinated loan".

Other funding sources included (a) Inspired Evolution II Fund (b) Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries (BIO) and (c) U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). The African Trade and Investment Development Insurance (ATIDI), owned by COMESA, provides insurance cover "against political and commercial risks". ATIDI received technical and financial support from the World Bank Group.

Benefits
At the time of commissioning in October 2021, it was reported that  the 7.5 MW power plant contributed 10 percent to the country's generation capacity at that time. The energy generated here is enough to supply an estimated 90,000 people and businesses. A total of 190-300 part-time jobs were created during the construction phase. Another estimated 25-50 people were hired to operate the power station.

Expansion
In May 2023, Evariste Ndayishimiye, the president of Burundi toured the solar farm and personally gave his approval for the power station's capacity to be expanded to 15 megawatts.

See also

List of power stations in Burundi

References

External links
 Approximate Location of Mubuga Solar Power Station As of 24 May 2022.

Solar power stations in Burundi
Gitega Province
2021 establishments in Burundi
Energy infrastructure completed in 2021
Buildings and structures in Burundi
Gato (DeepMind). Gato is a deep neural network for a range of complex tasks that exhibits multimodality. It can perform tasks such as engaging in a dialogue, playing video games, controlling a robot arm to stack blocks, and more. It was created by researchers at London-based AI firm DeepMind. It is a transformer, like GPT-3. According to MIT Technology Review, the system "learns multiple different tasks at the same time, which means it can switch between them without having to forget one skill before learning another" whereas "[t]he AI systems of today are called “narrow,” meaning they can only do a specific, restricted set of tasks such as generate text", and according to The Independent, it is a "'generalist agent' that can carry out a huge range of complex tasks, from stacking blocks to writing poetry". It uses supervised learning with 1.2B parameters. The technology has been described as "general purpose" artificial intelligence and a "step toward" artificial general intelligence.

References

Further reading

2022 software
Deep learning software applications
Google DeepMind
Zaporizhzhia Ferroalloy Plant. Zaporizhzhia Ferroalloy Plant (OJSC) produces ferrosilicon (47.7% of the Ukrainian market), carbon ferromanganese, and metallic manganese (100% of the Ukrainian market) which are used in the metallurgical industry for alloying of steel, alloys, and cast iron. Suppliers of raw materials include Ukrainian companies: Pokrovsky GZK, Marganetsky GZK, Azovstal, Avdiivsky, and Novotroitskye Rudoupravlinnya. Products are exported both directly and through traders. The company produces some products on a toll scheme.

History
The plant began operations in 1933. Workshop 2 of ferrochrome has been operating since October 10, 1933. Workshop 1 of ferrochrome began operating in 1934. Then the equipment was transported to Stalinsk, Russia, which is now called Novokuznetsk. From 1944 to 1948 it produced calcium carbide. After the Second World War restoration of the plant began in 1948. It was rebuilt in early December 1951. In 1955, Workshop 3 for the production of ferromanganese was introduced. In 1958, Workshop 4 for the production of ferrosilicon was introduced. In 1971 the company was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

After the restoration of Ukraine's independence in 1991, the state-owned enterprise was transformed into an open joint-stock company. In 1993 it was incorporated. The owner is PrivatBank. In August 1997, the plant was included in the list of enterprises of strategic importance for the economy and security of Ukraine. In 1998, the Ukrainian Association of Ferroalloy Manufacturers (UkrFA) was established, which included the plant. In September 2005, the plant began production of ferrosilicoaluminum (composed of 15–20% aluminum and 50–70% silicon), which was mastered on the furnace No. 1, which previously produced ferrosilicon.

Production

2017
 Ferromanganese FMn78 – 43 thousand tons
 Ferrosilicon FS65 – 55 thousand tons
 Ferrosilicon FS75 – 30 thousand tons
 Manganese metal Mn95 – 8 thousand tons

Interesting facts
The company sponsors the basketball club – Ferro.

The company publishes the periodical "Ferosplavnik."

See also

 Stakhanovsky Ferroalloy Plant

References

Companies established in 1933
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Steel companies of Ukraine
Privat Group
Ferroalloys
Companies based in Zaporizhzhia
1933 establishments in Ukraine