omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pescara Model 3 Helicopter. The Pescara Model 3 was the first of several coaxial helicopter designs by Raúl Pateras Pescara to demonstrate sustained controlled helicopter flight.

Development
Argentinian engineer Pescara started helicopter development in 1916. Alberto Santos-Dumont helped fund experimentation on designs in France. Multiple examples were built, demonstrated, crashed, improved and rebuilt owing to conflicting and different names for the various versions. Anticipating success with the counter-rotating mechanism, Pescara patented a design with a streamlined fuselage with one set of rotors above, and one below the fuselage.

The model three was the first example to use control mechanisms as modern helicopters. The helicopter is based around a central shaft with counter-rotating rotors. Each rotor was doubled into a biplane arrangement with cable supports. It used a cyclic stick for forward and lateral control with rotor warping, and wheel for yaw anti-torque control. The main rotor shaft was able to tilt slightly for forward control. The rotors were also capable of autorotation in case of engine failure.

Operational history
In September 1923, a 1 km flight attempt was nearly completed, before the vehicle crashed. On 24 March 1924 Étienne Oehmichen set a world helicopter record flight of 358m. On 18 April 1924 the model 2F bested the record and flew 736m at 8 mph to set a record in sustained vertical flight.

Variants
Pescara Model 1
1919 -  Hispano automobile engine, later  Le Rhône Type 9R rotary 
Pescara Model 2
  Hispano automobile engine, Six pairs of Biplane blades
Pescara Model 2F
 Rear mounted radiator replaced with tail surface.
Pescara Model 3
 Four pair of conter-rotating biplane blades -  Hispano-Suiza 8

Pescara Model 4S
1931-Final British commissioned model featuring a radial engine with a small cooling propeller, and football shaped landing outriggers.

Specifications (Model 3)

See also

References

External links
 1922 Model 2 Youtube video
 Image of a Pescara helicopter at the 1924 Paris Airshow

Single-engined piston helicopters
Helicopters
Coaxial rotor helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Skipper Scrappy UAC-200. The Skipper Scrappy UAC-200 is an American homebuilt aerobatic biplane that was designed by WA Skipper of Greeley, Colorado, introduced in 1970. The aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction, but plans seem to no longer be available.

Design and development
The aircraft features a biplane layout, a single-seat, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing with the  span wings built from wood and the whole aircraft covered in doped aircraft fabric. The standard engine used is the  Lycoming IO-360 powerplant, which gives a 3700 foot per minute (19 m/s) climb rate and a top speed of .

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Operational history
By October 2013 three examples had once been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, but only one remained currently registered.

In September 1997 a Scrappy UAC-200 was flown to third place in the International Aerobatic Club basic category at the East Coast Aerobatics Championships, held in Warrenton, Virginia.

Specifications (Scrappy UAC-200)

References

Scrappy UAC-200
1970s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Glowing Plant project. The Glowing Plant project was the first crowdfunding campaign for a synthetic biology application. The project was started by the Sunnyvale-based hackerspace Biocurious as part of the DIYbio philosophy. According to the project's goals, funds were used to create a glowing Arabidopsis thaliana plant using firefly luminescence genes. Long-term ambitions (never realized) included the development of glowing trees that can be used to replace street lights, reducing CO2 emissions by not requiring electricity.

In 2023 this concept was finally achieved, commercialized, and brought to market by Light Bio,    who used a fungal luminescence gene in petunias to achieve the first commercially available luminescent plants. These are currently only available in the US (as of 2024)

Project funding
Using Kickstarter, the project's founders raised $484,000 on June 8, 2013. This was significantly more than the initial target of $65,000.

Seeds were initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2014, and subsequently scheduled for the fall of 2014. In March 2016, delivery of seeds was forecast for 2016 on the Glowing Plant website. The company encountered difficulty in producing plants that emit significant amounts of light, resulting in a transition to producing moss that emits a patchouli scent. They later announced via email December 2017 that the company was permanently ceasing operations.

Methods 
Biocurious planned to tweak the biobrick containing six genes, including luciferin-regenerating enzyme and luciferase from fireflies. During initial development, they would use Agrobacterium to test the transfer of the genetic circuit. When producing the final product, they intended to instead use a gene gun to avoid issues related to regulation of GM plants. Over the course of the project, several plants were mentioned as being recipients, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and roses. Issues surrounding the production included the difficulty of moving the six component genes of the metabolic pathway, increasing the dim light produced by the plant following insertion, and preventing the pathway from being silenced.

Controversy
The project generated widespread media attention and a discussion of appropriate uses of biotechnology. As a result of the controversy, Kickstarter decided to prohibit genetically modified organisms as rewards to project backers.

Though the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has shown no regulatory concerns about the project, some synthetic biologists and policy researchers have questioned the project's feasibility and impact on future oversight or public opinion of synthetic biology. In particular, if the company were to encourage backers to use a genetic DIY kit themselves, additional regulatory oversight would likely occur.

See also

Cambrian Genomics
Genotype-Phenotype Map

References

External links
Glowing Plant project home page

Bioluminescence
Kickstarter projects
Carlos Katz. Carlos Katz (born 18 August 1934) is an American electrical engineer, researcher and the recipient of the 2010 IEEE award. His area of research is the properties and methods of manufacture of extruded and laminar dielectric high voltage power cables, and extension of service life of installed cables. He has written papers about the effects of water treeing on the life of cable installations.

Early life and education
Katz was born in Nentershausen, Germany. He received an Electrical Engineering degree from Polytechnic Institute of Quito, Ecuador in 1961 and a MS degree from Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey in 1970.

Career
From 1962 to 1971 Katz worked at General Cable Corporation Research Center and from 1971 to 1974 at the laboratories of Phelps Dodge Wire & Cable. In 1974 he became Assistant Director of R&D at General Cable Corp., and later Technical Director Power and Control Cables for General Cable International. He has been with Cable Technology Laboratories as Chief Research Engineer since its founding 1978.

Katz is the recipient of 2010 IEEE Herman Halperin award for his research on moisture prevention in power cables that has extended product life and saved utility companies substantial money worldwide.

An IEEE Fellow, Katz holds 16 U.S. patents has published over 40 technical papers and has contributed to numerous industry reports.

References 

1934 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Molybdenum diselenide. Molybdenum diselenide () is an inorganic compound of molybdenum and selenium. Its structure is similar to that of . Compounds of this category are known as transition metal dichalcogenides, abbreviated TMDCs. These compounds, as the name suggests, are made up of a transition metals and elements of group 16 on the periodic table of the elements. Compared to ,  exhibits higher electrical conductivity.

Structure 

Like many TMDCs,  is a layered material with strong in-plane bonding and weak out-of-plane interactions. These interactions lead to exfoliation into two-dimensional layers of single unit cell thickness.

The most common form of these TMDCs have trilayers of molybdenum sandwiched between selenium ions causing a trigonal prismatic metal bonding coordination, but it is octahedral when the compound is exfoliated. The metal ion in these compounds is surrounded by six  ions. The coordination geometry of the Mo is sometimes found as octahedral and trigonal prismatic.

Synthesis 

Synthesis of  involves direct reaction of molybdenum and selenium in a sealed tube at high temperature. Chemical vapor transport with a halogen (usually bromine or iodine) is used to purify the compound at very low pressure (less than 10-6 torr) and very high temperature (600–700 °C). It has to be heated very gradually to prevent explosion due to its strong exothermic reaction. Stoichiometric layers crystallize in a hexagonal structure as the sample cools. Excess selenium can be removed by sublimation under vacuum. The synthesis reaction of  is:

 Mo  +  2 Se   →

2D- 
Single-crystal-thick layers of  are produced by scotch tape exfoliation from bulk crystals or by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

The electron mobility  of 2D- is significantly higher than that of 2D-. 2D  adopts structures reminiscent of graphene, although the latter's electron mobility is thousands of times greater still. In contrast to graphene, 2D- has a direct band gap, suggesting applications in transistors and photodetectors.

Natural occurrence 
Molybdenum(IV) selenide occurs in the nature as the extremely rare mineral drysdallite.

References 

Selenides
Molybdenum(IV) compounds
Transition metal dichalcogenides
Monolayers
LibreDWG. GNU LibreDWG is a software library programmed in C to manage DWG computer files, native proprietary format of computer-aided design software AutoCAD. It aims to be a free software replacement for the OpenDWG libraries. The project is managed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF).

Motivation 
The proprietary format DWG is currently the most used file format in CAD, becoming a de facto standard, without other alternative extended, forcing many users to use this software in a dominant position on the part of the owner company Autodesk.

There did exist the OpenDWG library (later named "Teigha"), to access and manipulate data stored in DWG format, which is developed by reverse engineering by an association of manufacturers of CAD software with the intention of supporting their products. As OpenDWG's license does not allow the usage in free software projects, the FSF created a free alternative to OpenDWG.

History 
GNU LibreDWG is based on the LibDWG library, originally written by Rodrigo Rodrigues da Silva and Felipe Correa da Silva Sanches and licensed as GPLv2 around 2005.
In July 2010 the FSF noted the creation of an alternative to the OpenDWG library as one of 13 "high priority projects".

GPLv3 controversies 
In 2009 a license update of LibDWG/LibreDWG to the version 3 of the GNU GPL, made it impossible for the free software projects LibreCAD and FreeCAD to use LibreDWG legally.

Many projects voiced their unhappiness about the GPLv3 license selection for LibreDWG, such as FreeCAD, LibreCAD, Assimp, and Blender. Some suggested the selection of a license with a broader license compatibility, for instance the MIT, BSD, or LGPL 2.1.

A request went to the FSF to relicense GNU LibreDWG as GPLv2, which was rejected in 2012.

Refork 
The project was stalled for a few years starting in 2011; this stall occurred for various reasons, including lack of volunteers, licensing issues and programmer motivation. In September 2013, the original project on which LibreDWG is based, LibDWG, announced that it was reactivating, re-forking its code from LibreDWG. A GPLv2 licensed alternative is the libdxfrw project, which can read simple DWGs. 
The LibreDWG project has resumed active development, including the addition of more recent .dwg and .dxf formats with version 0.5 in June of 2018. The most recent release as of November 2020, version 0.12.5 includes read support for all DWG formats r13+, write support for r2000 DWG and read/write support for all r13+ DXF versions. The upcoming 0.13 release will support reading all existing DWG versions.

References

External links 
 
 Project wiki

Computer file formats
Computer-aided design
ZF Openmatics. ZF Openmatics, a subsidiary of ZF Friedrichshafen AG, is a provider of telematics platforms for vehicle fleets. The company Openmatics s.r.o. was founded in Plzeň, Czech Republic in 2010. With connection with ZF Group the company was renamed to ZF OPENMATICS on 1 September 2019. Company develops and operates an open telematics platform which is independent of vehicle and component suppliers.

Openmatics telematics system
The Openmatics system is a tool for improving fleet vehicle management and consists of four components: an on-board-unit, web portal, software applications, and online shop. The onboard unit is used for data transfer to and from vehicles, thus it can send service and location data. The web portal enables access to the received data and can be used for application and vehicle management. The software applications are developed by in-house, or 3rd party developers using a software development kit, also called SDK. Software application development is mainly focused on the following categories: driveline and diagnostics, eco and savings, fleet management, safety and security, entertainment and info.

References

External links 
 

Software companies established in 2010
Software companies of the Czech Republic
Plzeň
2010 establishments in the Czech Republic
Logistics companies
China International Water & Electric Corporation. China International Water & Electric Corporation (abbreviated CWE) is a Chinese construction and engineering consulting company that is a subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTE). CWE specializes in the construction of water and hydropower projects but its work runs the gamut including road and bridge, power transmission, drainage and sewage treatment systems, dredging, port maintenance, and interior design.

Based on international contracting revenue in 2014 it was the 74th-largest international construction and engineering company according to Engineering News-Record.

Engineering projects
The company has completed projects in China, the rest of Asia, Africa, and Europe, focusing especially on hydropower projects in developing countries. In battling for international contracts, CWE is a head-on rival with Sinohydro, another Chinese firm with a hydropower specialization, having ferociously competed with Sinohydro for the Karuma hydropower project in Uganda in 2013; in the end it lost to its rival. It has had ethical lapses in competing for business with the World Bank debarment from bidding for a period of 3 years due to "integrity issues".

 $80 million hydroelectric plant in that started operating in 2003. 
 $556 million Isimba hydropower dam located in Busaana sub-county, Kayunga district, Uganda. 
 $200 million Lom Pangar Dam hydropower project consisting of a main dam across the Sanaga River, signed in 2011.
 $526 million Kaleta hydroelectric dam completed in July 2015 on budget and a year head of schedule. Bloomberg noted the project had a symbolic significance as it was completed during the Ebola outbreak affecting the country, showing the endurance of Chinese companies in Africa in contrast to Western companies that had fled during the crisis.

Transportation 
In 2023, CWE was awarded a $92 million contract for the design and build of depots, terminals, a driving school, and permanent civil and structural works along bus routes for the Davao Public Transport Modernization in the Philippines.

Wind power
Although mainly associated with hydropower, CWE is also involved in wind power. Its parent company, CTE, seeks to develop a 49.5 MW wind farm in Thatta, Pakistan, and in 2011 signed on its subsidiary CWE and another company, China Huashui Development Corporation (CHDC), to install turbines manufactured by Goldwind. In 2013, the company planned to design, build and operate a 300 MW wind farm in Jordan with joint venture partner Goldwind.

References

Government-owned companies of China
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Six Degrees patent. The Six Degrees patent, United States patent #6,175,831, "Method and apparatus for constructing a networking database and system", granted to Andrew Weinreich, et al., has been considered the definitive patent covering social networking by the owners of Tribe.net and LinkedIn. The patent claims covered the building of an online social network by having participants identify contacts who are related to them (i.e. their online friends), and then obtaining from each of these contacts a confirmation accepting the connection or not. The patent was sold along with SixDegrees to YouthStream Media Networks in 2000 and later to Reid Hoffman of LinkedIn and Mark Pincus of Zynga and Tribe.net for $700,000 at an auction in 2003.   When explaining his reasoning for purchasing the Six Degrees patent, Hoffman stated, "Right now you're hearing a lot of spurious patent threats (...) And that's why I moved quickly to get a patent that was foundational." He also commented on other entrepreneurs' views of social networking: "The general attitude among entrepreneurial people is that they think that they were first and that there is no history to what they are doing (...) Both Mark and I had tracked six degrees as an intellectual precursor to our own businesses." Andrew Katz of Fox Rothschild, specialist in Internet intellectual property, said of Hoffman's and Pincus' acquisition of the patent: "It should be taken very seriously by everybody in the industry because it is in the hands of people who have the means and the business acumen to enforce it properly."

References 

Social networks
American inventions
James White (engineer). James Lindsay White (January 3, 1938 – November 26, 2009) was an American polymer scientist.

White was a key figure in defining the field of polymer engineering. He founded two polymer engineering programs, one at the University of Tennessee and the other at the University of Akron. He also founded the International Polymer Processing Society and two scholarly journals: the Journal of Polymer Engineering and the International Polymer Processing Journal. 
He authored the textbook Rubber Processing, which was long popular among engineers. He published more than 500 papers and eight books based on his studies of flow in internal mixers, pin barrel extruders, and twin screw extruders with and without simultaneous chemical reactions.

He received the Charles Goodyear Medal in 2009, for “fundamental understanding of rheology and mathematical modeling of unfilled and filled rubbers and simulations of flow in batch and continuous mixing machines.”  He received the Bingham Medal in 1981.

Education
White obtained his BS in chemical engineering at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.  He then pursued graduate studies in the research group of Arthur B. Metzner at the University of Delaware, receiving his MS degree in 1962 and his doctorate in 1965.  His research resulted in development of the White-Metzner rheological model, which is still widely used in polymer processing simulations.

Career

1963-1967 - research engineer and group leader at the United States Rubber Company, where his colleague Noboru Tokita introduced White to his future wife Yoko Masaki.
1967-1983 - associate professor at the University of Tennessee and later founder of the school's Polymer and Engineering masters and doctorate program
Founded the Journal of Polymer Engineering, serving as editor until 1984
1983-2009 - center director and department chair of the Institute and Department of Polymer Engineering at the University of Akron
Started the Polymer Processing Society in 1985 along with the Society's journal, International Polymer Processing. He served as editor of the journal from 1986 to 2004.

References

1938 births
2009 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
Rheologists
University of Akron faculty
Weinberg S.E.5a Replica. The Weinberg S.E.5a Replica is an American homebuilt biplane that was designed by William Weinberg of Kansas City, Missouri. The aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction, but the plans seem to no longer be available.

The Weinberg S.E.5a Replica is an 80% replica of the First World War Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a fighter aircraft.

Design and development
Like the original S.E.5a fighter, the S.E.5a Replica features a biplane layout, a single-seat open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is predominantly made from wood with the aft fuselage and tail made from welded steel tubing. The  span wings are built with wooden spars, wooden ribs and center-section. The wings, tail and aft fuselage are covered in doped aircraft fabric, with the forward fuselage covered in plywood. There is a small baggage compartment behind the pilot's seat.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is only .

Operational history
At least one example was constructed in 1970 and registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built. The aircraft was removed from the registry on 30 April 2016.

Specifications (S.E.5a Replica)

References

S.E.5a Replica
1970s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Nanotextured surface. A nanotextured surface (NTS) is a surface which is covered with nano-sized structures. Such surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm. They are currently gaining popularity because of their special applications due to their unique physical properties. Nanotextured surfaces are in various forms like cones, columns, or fibers. These are water, ice, oil, and microorganism repellent that is superamphiphobic, anti-icing, and antifouling respectively and thus self-cleaning. They are simultaneously anti-reflective and transparent, hence they are termed smart surfaces.

In research published online October 21, 2013, in Advanced Materials, of a group of scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), led by BNL physicist and lead author Antonio Checco, proposed that nanotexturing surfaces in the form of cones produces highly water-repellent surfaces. These nano-cone textures are superhydrophobic or super-water-hating.

Applications

See also

References 

Cyril R. A. John Chelliah, Cyril R. A. John Chelliah, Rajesh Swaminathan, Rajesh Swaminathan, "Pulsed laser deposited hexagonal wurzite ZnO thin-film nanostructures/nanotextures for nanophotonics applications," Journal of Nanophotonics 12(1), 016013 (13 February 2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.12.016013 
Nanomaterials
Display technology
Moisture protection
Surface science