omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mélange (rocket fuel component). Mélange (Soviet name for Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid) is a liquid oxidant rocket propellant component that was "used during the Soviet era as one of two components to propel small and medium range missiles." It is highly toxic and aggressive mixture of nitric acid (≥ 70%) and dinitrogen tetroxide (18-27%) and other additives and impurities (~ 3%) with very limited amount of water (≤ 4%). As the mixture is an extremely strong oxidant, it can ignite combustibles upon contact. Upon decomposition it produce red fumes of nitrogen tetroxide and nitric acid.

Some former-Soviet countries have large quantities. Ukraine, for example, had 16,000 tonnes, which the OSCE has helped process. NATO has successfully processed mélange in Uzbekistan. Most states are eliminating their mélange, either by neutralizing it or transferring it to specialized chemical facilities. The substance can be processed into chemical products for civilian use, such as agricultural fertilizers.

References

Rocket oxidizers
Rocketry articles needing major expansion
Shouleh Nikzad. Shouleh Nikzad is an Iranian-American electronic engineer and research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. She leads the Advanced Detector Arrays, Systems, and Nanoscience Group. Her research considers ultraviolet and low-energy particle detectors, nanostructure devices and novel spectrometers. Nikzad is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the National Academy of Inventors and SPIE.

Early life and education 
As an undergraduate, Nikzad majored in electronic engineering at the University of Southern California. She moved to California Institute of Technology for graduate studies, where she earned her Ph.D. in 1983. Nikzad investigated compound materials (including zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide) that had been produced through ion beam sputtering using laser spectroscopy.

Research and career 
Nikzad was appointed an electro-optics engineer at Pacific Infrared. She moved to the Argonne National Laboratory as a graduate fellow in 1998, before joining California Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow in 1990. After two years at Caltech, Nikzad moved to Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), where she focused on imaging and detector systems. At the JPL, Nikzad designed curved imaging systems, which, inspired by the human eye, can support high quality imaging in large telescopes.

As of 2019, Nikzad is a senior research scientist and principal engineer at JPL where she leads the Advanced Detector Arrays, Systems, and Nanoscience Group.

Awards and honors 
 1997 Lew Allen Award of Excellence
 2011 IEEE Pioneer Electrical Engineer
 2012 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society
 2013 SPIE Women in Optics Planner
 2017 Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors
 2019 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Photonics Distinguished Lecturer
 2020 NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
 2021 SPIE Aden and Marjorie Meinel Technology Achievement Award
 2023 Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation
 2023 Elected Fellow of Optica for leadership and sustained, high-impact contributions to the field of ultraviolet/visible photonic detection.

Selected publications

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Southern California alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
American women scientists
21st-century American women
Fellows of the American Physical Society
David R. Hopkins. David R. Hopkins (May 24, 1938December 16, 2017) was an American engineer, businessman, and Republican politician.  He served two years in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Chippewa County.

Biography
Born in Belmont, Massachusetts, Hopkins graduated from Belmont High School and went on to the University of Massachusetts, where he earned his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering.  His work as an engineer brought him to Wisconsin, where he was employed first at Johnson Plastics Machinery, and then co-founded Extrusion Dies, Inc.

He became involved with the Republican Party of Wisconsin and was an officer in The Conservative Caucus.  In 1978, he ran what was considered to be a longshot campaign for Wisconsin State Assembly, challenging incumbent Democrat Steven C. Brist.  He won a narrow 317 vote victory in the general election, taking 51% of the vote.  He went on to win reelection in 1980, but was defeated in a rematch with Brist in 1982, after the implementation of a court-ordered redistricting plan.

Shortly after the 1982 election, he relocated to Florida with his family and founded Complex, Inc., in St. Augustine, Florida.  He remained there for the rest of his life.

Personal life and family
Hopkins married Gloria Ann Burris in 1962.  They had three children together.

David R. Hopkins died in St. Augustine in December 2017.

Electoral history

Wisconsin Assembly, 67th district (1978, 1980)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 7, 1978

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 4, 1980

Wisconsin Assembly, 55th district (1982)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 2, 1982

References

External links
  Hopkins, David R. 1938 at Wisconsin Historical Society

1938 births
2017 deaths
People from Belmont, Wisconsin
People from Chippewa County, Wisconsin
People from St. Augustine, Florida
University of Massachusetts alumni
Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
20th-century members of the Wisconsin Legislature
Russian corvette Hero of the Russian Federation Aldar Tsydenzhapov. Geroy Rossiyskoy Federatsii Aldar Tsydenzhapov () is a  of the Russian Navy.

Development and design 

The Steregushchiy-class corvettes have a steel hull and composite material superstructure, with a bulbous bow and nine watertight subdivisions. They have a combined bridge and command centre, and space and weight provision for eight SS-N-25 missiles. Stealth technology was widely used during construction of the ships, as well as 21 patents and 14 new computer programs. Newest physical field reduction solutions were applied too. As a result, designers considerably reduced the ship's radar signature thanks to hull architecture and fire-resistant radar-absorbent fiberglass applied in tophamper's design.

The Kashtan CIWS on the first ship was replaced in subsequent vessels by 12 Redut VLS cells containing 9M96E medium-range SAMs of the S-400 / S-350 system. SS-N-27 (Kalibr Land Attack Cruise Missiles) will be fitted to a larger domestic version, Project 20385.

The export version known as Project 20382 Tigr carries either eight supersonic SS-N-26 (P-800 Oniks) anti-ship missiles or sixteen subsonic SS-N-25 'Switchblade' (Kh-35E Uran). It also carries two twin-tube launchers for 533mm heavy torpedoes. The A-190E 100mm gun first used in the s is controlled by a 5P-10E system that can track four targets simultaneously. Protection from air attacks is provided by the Kashtan CIWS and eight mounts for the SA-N-10 'Grouse' (9K38 Igla) SAM.

Starting from Aldar Tsydenzhapov, newly built ships of the class received an upgraded sensor mast containing the Zaslon radar system that was first installed in Gremyashchiy.

Construction and career 
Hero of the Russian Federation Aldar Tsydenzhapov was laid down on 22 July 2015, and launched on 12 September 2019 by Amur Shipyard in Komsomolsk. She was commissioned on 25 December 2020.

Between 3 and 10 June 2022, Aldar Tsydenzhapov, along with destroyer Admiral Panteleyev, corvettes Gromkiy, Sovershennyy and intelligence ship Marshal Krylov, took part in naval exercises in the Pacific Ocean. More than 40 warships and support vessels, as well as around 20 aircraft, were involved in the exercises.

In October 2024, corvettes Aldar Tsydenzhapov, Gromkiy and Rezkiy docked at Swettenham Pier in George Town, the capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang, where the crews attended a ceremony to commemorate the 110th anniversary of the Battle of Penang.

Gallery

References 

2019 ships
Ships built by Amur Shipbuilding Plant
Naval ships of Russia
Steregushchiy-class corvettes
Barb Samardzich. Barbara Jean "Barb" Samardzich (born September 21, 1958) is an American business executive who worked for Ford from 1990 to 2016. From November 2013 to 2016, she served Chief Operating Officer of Ford of Europe.

Early life
Samardzich received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Florida and master's degrees in mechanical engineering (Carnegie-Mellon University) and industrial engineering (Wayne State University).

Career
At the beginning of her professional life, Samardzich worked at Westinghouse Electric. In 1990 she moved to Ford, where she held various management positions in the areas of product development, quality and powertrain development.

She had been working in Europe since 2011, first as Vice President for Product Development, and from Autumn 2013 to October 1, 2016, as Chief Operating Officer of Ford of Europe.

Honors and awards
2005 and 2010 recognition as Leading Woman in the North American Automotive Industry (Automotive News)
2006 Distinguished Women Award from Northwood University
2007 Recognized as one of the Most Influential Women (Crain’s Detroit Business)
2009 and 2010 Automotive News All Star
2011 Top 50 women in the automotive industry (Automobilwoche)

References

1958 births
Living people
People from Long Beach, New York
American women business executives
Ford executives
BEE Star Label. BEE Star Label is a program run by the Indian government's Bureau of Energy Efficiency under Ministry of Power that promotes energy efficiency. The program provides information on the energy consumption of products and devices using different standardized methods. The program for rating electrical appliances started in May, 2006. The labeling program now covers a wide range of electrical appliances like Air Conditioner, Ceiling Fan, Colour Television, Computer, Refrigerator & Freezers, Distribution Transformer, Domestic Gas Stove, Industrial Motor, Pump, Water Heater, Washing Machine, Ballast, Solid State Inverter, Office Automation Products, Diesel Generator Set, LED Lamps, Microwave Oven and Air Compressors.

Methodology 
The process for determining star ratings differs between various categories. For instance, the BEE had announced in 2016 that it would be switching to ISEER (Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) to calculate star ratings for air conditioners. This is an evolution of the SEER method used in the US. ISEER allows manufacturers to make more efficient air conditioners for the Indian climate conditions.

See also 

 Energy Star
 European Union energy label

References 

Product certification
Environmental certification marks
2006 introductions
Energy conservation in India
Russian Technical Society. The Russian Technical Society (RTS) was founded as the Imperial Russian Technical Society (IRTS) in 1866 bringing together scientists, engineers, and others in order to promote technological development. It was by the government Ministries of Education and Finance, and was supported by other public agencies and by industry. It set out to bolster the further the development of Russia's manufacturing and production industries, through facilitating new inventions and the application of technology. Dmitry Mendeleyev and Peter Kochubei played a leading role in the organisation.

In 1895 the society criticised Ludwig Knoop for holding back the Russian textile industry by exclusively importing English textile machinery.

In 1914 it participated in the mobilisation of scientists and technicians behind the war effort by creating an information bureau. This provided information for  industry and state and local governments.

Organisation and structure

 Chemical technology and metallurgy (1866)
 Mechanics and mechanical technology (1866)
 Civil engineering and mining (1866)
 Military and naval technology (1866)
 Photography and its applications (1878) founded by Vyacheslav Sreznevsky.
 Electrical engineering, (1878) founded by Vladimir Chikolev.
 Aeronautics (1880)
 Railway business (1881)
 Technical education (1884)
 Agriculture (by 1914)
 Industrial and economic (by 1914)
 Labour assistance (by 1914)
 Mountain (by 1914)
 Techniques of mining and rural economy
 Reclamation(1916)
 Fuel (1916)

References

1866 establishments in the Russian Empire
Science and technology in Russia
Rolling stock of the mid-Suffolk light railway. This is a list of rolling stock used by the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.

Locomotives

Original

LNER Class J64 (the reclassification of the original 3 MSLR engines)
LNER Class J65
LNER Class J15

Current

The museum currently has six locomotives on site, three operational steam engines, and "1604" which is under restoration and owned by the MSLR. It also has two Ruston diesels; a 165 named "Alston" and a Ruston 48, which is very similar to the engine used to take up the railway.

Previous
LNER Class J15 No. 7564 , built 1912.
LB&SCR A1 class No. 662  'Martello', built 1875.
Andrew Barclay  W/No. 2069 'Little Barford', built 1939.
Hawthorn Leslie  'Falmouth Docks and Engineering Co. No. 3'
W. G. Bagnall No. 2565 , built 1946

Rolling stock

Passenger carriages  
The MSLR's coaching stock is entirely made up of ex-GER carriages, to replicate what the line's original stock would've been like many years ago. 

There are also several wagons and freight items that are under restoration and operational.

Some signs of the original rolling stock is visible in the countryside surrounding the railway. One example is a semi-derelict carriage on farmland near Mendlesham at  (). It may be seen on Google maps satellite view.

Wagons  
The railway owns a few vintage Great Eastern covered vans, one LNER van, a special LNER survivor; a 'Toad B' brake van No. 157787, due to the mass amount of vans and minuscule open wagons, the MSLR built a replica open wagon to a GER design in 2012.

Former stock

Carriages

Wagons

References 

Mid Suffolk Light Railway
Mid-Suffolk Light Railway
Mid Suffolk Light Railway
Chiolite. Chiolite is a tetragonal-ditetragonal dipyramidal mineral, composed of sodium, fluorine, and aluminium. The name originates from the combination of the Greek words for snow () and stone (). It is an allusion to its similarity and appearance to cryolite (ice stone). Chiolite is an IMA approved mineral that has been grandfathered, meaning the name chiolite is believed to refer to a valid species to this day. Synonyms of chiolite are arksudite, arksutite, chodneffite, chodnewite and nipholith. It was first discovered in the Ilmen mountains, Russia, in 1846. Chiolite has been a valid species from the same year of its discovery.

Properties 
Chiolite consists of fluorine (57.59% ), sodium (24.89%) and aluminium (17.53%). It does not show any radioactive properties whatsoever. Twinning sometimes distorts the crystals into a prismatic shape. In common literature, chiolite is usually referred to as having a 3.5 - 4 hardness on the mohs scale. However, chiolite is softer than cryolite is, which has a hardness of 2.5 - 3. Upon examining numerous samples, researchers determined chiolite to have a 2.5 hardness.  When it is linked with topaz, brecciated chiolite transformed into cryolite among the fragments' rims according to a study. These transformations in thin sections appear to be solid state replacements. This transformation liberates both aluminium and potassium. With silica added, a reaction started with chiolite's breakdown, which formed topaz and potassium-mica.

Occurrences and usage 
It is a type locality in Russia, but otherwise it has occurrences in Greenland and Virginia. It occurs in granite pegmatites. At its type locality, chiolite is associated with cryolite, topaz, fluorite, thomsenolite, cryolithionite, phenakite, pachnolite and elpasolite. Due to its rarity, the difficulties of cutting the mineral and the lack of interest towards it, chiolite is rarely ever cut into a gem, hence why less than two dozens of cut specimens are estimated to exist. Cut stones that are clean always weight 1-2 carats as bigger clean specimens suitable for cutting do not exist.

References 

Minerals
Chakavak (plane). The Chakavak (ultralight training-reconnaissance plane) () is an Iranian ultralight training-reconnaissance plane which is able to fly at an altitude of 14000 feet above sea-level for approximately four and a half hours with a speed of 280 kilometers (per hour). Chakavak aircraft possesses 2 seats and an engine. The aircraft weighs 500 kg during flight and 750 kg during takeoff.

This plane was designed by a domestic knowledge-based company, and was joined the Iranian Navy's aviation fleet in the southern port city of Bandar Abbas, in Hormozgan province on December 03, 2019. Three of these domestically-manufactured training-reconnaissance planes were delivered to the Iranian Navy's aviation fleet on the mentioned day in 2019.

References

Iranian military trainer aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
Low-wing aircraft
Post–Cold War military equipment of Iran
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Prussian G 7.3. The Prussian G 7.3 was a class of 2-8-0 locomotives of the Prussian state railways. The third class of the G 7 series, they were intended to power heavy goods trains on steep inclines, on which the permissible axle load was not yet that high. This affected for example, the Paderborn–Holzminden and Betzdorf–Siegen routes.

A larger boiler could be used due to the front carrying axle. Like the G 7.2, the G 7.3 was designed as a compound locomotive. A total of only fifteen of these locomotives were built between 1893 and 1895, all of them by Hanomag; this was due to and increase in the permissible axle loads meant that the cheaper G 7.1s, without a front carrying axle, could also travel on these routes. In World War I this type was remembered because there was a need for simple locomotives with a low axle load, and production was resumed. Another 70 locomotives were built by J. A. Maffei, Krauss and Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. They differed from the earlier series, among other thinks, with a higher boiler pressure of  and a feedwater heater. They were delivered directly to the German Army railways (Heeresbahnen).

After World War I several locomotives had to be surrendered to foreign railways. The Polish State Railways (PKP) operated 23 locomotives under the class designation Tr1.

The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway (MFFE) bought five G 7.3 locomotives second-hand,  and the Lübeck-Büchen Railway Company (LBE) bought four G 7.3s, also second-hand. In 1925, the Deutsche Reichsbahn included eleven locomotives in their  renumbering plan. The G 7.3s from Prussia were renumbered 55 701 and 56 001 to 56 005, those from the MFFE, 56 201 to 56 205. After the nationalisation of the LBE in 1938, its two remaining locomotives were renumbered as (second) 56 001 and 56 002.

References 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2-8-0 locomotives
1′D n2v locomotives
G 07.3
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1893
Hanomag locomotives
Maffei locomotives
Krauss locomotives
Esslingen locomotives
Freight locomotives
Finnafjord Port. The Finnafjord Port ( ) is a proposed deepwater port and industrial site in Iceland. Construction is expected to begin between 2021 and 2023 and will continue until at least 2040.

Background 
In recent years, Trans-polar shipping along the Northeast Passage has become more viable due to the decline of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. If Arctic Sea Ice continues to shrink, the Northeast Passage could become navigable year-round, significantly reducing the journey from Asia to the United States.

In 2013, the Icelandic engineering firm EFLA and Bremenports GmbH, which manages the Ports of Bremen in Germany, announced they would investigate the viability of an Arctic trans-shipment hub in Finnafjord.

In 2019, Bremenports announced it had entered into a joint venture agreement with EFLA to construct the port. Currently, Bremenports owns 66% of the port, EFLA owns 26%, and the nearby municipalities of Vopnafjarðarhreppur and Langanesbyggð own 8%.

EFLA claims that the port could be a distribution hub for offshore Arctic oil and mineral resources in Greenland and Iceland.

Location 
The Finnafjord Port is located south of the Langanes Peninsula in the Eastern Region. Like many fjords in Iceland, Finnafjord is rich with gravel, which could be used to build up the harbor facility near the coast. The waters around Iceland are ice-free year round due to the Gulf Stream.

See also 

 Arctic shipping routes

External links 

 Finnafjord Port Project

References 

Ports and harbours in Europe
Jinkeng station. Jinkeng station (), is a station of  Line 21 of the Guangzhou Metro. It started operations on 20 December 2019.

On 17 December 2019, Jinkeng Station was awarded the "Three-star Green Building Design Mark Certificate" by the Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Guangdong Province, reaching the highest level in China's green building evaluation standards and becoming the first city rail transit line in mainland China to have a station that has obtained this certificate.

The station has 2 elevated island platforms, numbered 1 & 2 on the inside, and 3 & 4 on the outside. Trains usually stop at the middle 2 platforms (platforms 1 and 2), with the express trains also passing through the middle tracks.

Exits
There are 2 exits, lettered A and B. Both exits are accessible and are located on Guangshan Highway.

Gallery

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2019
Guangzhou Metro stations in Huangpu District
Black Gap Bridge. The Black Gap Bridge on Old Safford Rd., 7.8 miles southwest of Clifton, Arizona, was built in 1920–21.  It has also been known as Pumroy Canyon Bridge.  It is one of few convict labor-built bridges surviving in the state.  It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

It is a single-span concrete rail top beam bridge, meaning it is constructed with railroad rails reinforcing the concrete slab.  The rails are spaced at  on center.  This type of bridge is only for short spans.  It was designed by the state engineer, as the last-completed link in the Clifton-Solomonville Highway across Greenlee and Graham counties.  U.S. 666 later took away the majority of its traffic, but it remains as a county route serving local traffic.

References 

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Bridges completed in 1921
Buildings and structures in Greenlee County, Arizona
History of Greenlee County, Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Greenlee County, Arizona
Beam bridges in the United States