omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Allenna Leonard. Allenna Leonard is an American cybernetician, consultant and director of Team Syntegrity International, specializing in the application of Stafford Beer's Viable System Model and Syntegration.  She was president of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) from 2002 to 2004 and president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences in 2009–2010, and led the organization of its 54th annual meeting in Waterloo, Canada. Leonard is president of Metaphorum since 2022.

Biography 
She received a B.A. Classic liberal arts curriculum from the St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, a M.A. in Higher Education Administration from the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park, in administration with a concentration in cybernetics.

Leonard is a consultant under the auspices of The Complementary Set, especially applications of the Viable System Model, a part-time University Teacher, Licensee T.S.I. and a representative of the Cwarel Isaf Institute. Currently she is the Director of Team Syntegrity Inc. in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was president of the American Society for Cybernetics from 2002 to 2004, and was elected president for 2009–2010 of the International Society for the Systems Sciences.
 
Allenna Leonard was Stafford Beer’s partner in life and at work from 1981 until his death in 2002. She states on her web page that she is committed to continuing to use and publicize his work, and that her special interest is using Syntegration as a forum for democratic dialogue, especially on issues of public importance.

See also 
 Variety (cybernetics)
 Viable System Model

Publications 
Allenna Leonard has published several works on cybernetics and the work of Stafford Beer. A selection:
 
 
 

Articles and papers, a selection:

References

External links 
 
 Biography at University of Hull.

American systems scientists
Living people
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development alumni
Women cyberneticists
Cyberneticists
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences
Dual-purpose. Dual-purpose is a noun and adjective referring to things serving two purposes. It can specifically refer to:

 Dual-use technology
 Dual-purpose gun, a naval artillery mounting designed to engage both surface and air targets
 Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition
 Dual-purpose motorcycle, designed for both on- and off-road use
 Dual Purpose Ladder (London Fire Brigade), a standard type of firefighting vehicle used by the London Fire Brigade
 Fighting knife
 Viaduct, a road bridge-aqueduct
 Dual-purpose breed, an animal or plant breed that provide at least two types of resources, for example, dual-purpose chicken breeds, bred for meat and egg production

See also
 Dual (disambiguation)
 Purpose (disambiguation)
 Hybrid (disambiguation)
 Multi-purpose (disambiguation)
 Single-purpose (disambiguation)
Mao Chi-kuo. Mao Chi-kuo (; born 4 October 1948 in Fenghua, Zhejiang) is a Taiwanese politician, who served as the Premier, the President of Executive Yuan, from 2014 to 2016.

Early life and education 
Mao was born on 4 October 1948, in Fenghua, Zhejiang Province. Mao obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the National Cheng Kung University in Tainan in 1971. He earned his Master of Engineering in Community and Regional Development from the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand in 1975, then his Ph.D. in civil engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States in 1982.

Academic career 

In 1982-1987, Mao was the Associate Professor, Professor and Director at the National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) in Hsinchu City. In 2003-2006, he became the Chair Professor of the College of Management of NCTU, and become the college's Dean and Professor in 2006-2008.

Political career 
Mao's first service at the Ministry of Transportation and Communications was as the Administrative Deputy Minister under President Lee Teng-hui from 1993 until 2000.

He served as the Minister of Transportation and Communications in the Republic of China under the administration of President Ma Ying-jeou from 2008 until 2013.

See also 

 List of premiers of the Republic of China
 List of vice premiers of the Republic of China

References

External links 
 Vice Premier

|-

1948 births
Asian Institute of Technology alumni
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Politicians from Ningbo
Premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Vice premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
20th-century Taiwanese economists
Ministers of transportation and communications of Taiwan
Taiwanese people from Zhejiang
Academic staff of the National Chiao Tung University
National Chiao Tung University alumni
Tsai Duei. Tsai Duei (; born 1 December 1947) is a Taiwanese electrical engineer who served as the Minister of Transportation and Communications.

Education 
Tsai graduated from National Taipei University of Technology in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He then earned a master's degree in electronic engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU) in 1983 and earned his Ph.D. from NTU in electrical engineering in 1987.

References

Living people
Ministers of transportation and communications of Taiwan
1947 births
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Taichung
Maschinenbau Anstalt Humboldt. The Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt  was a German mechanical engineering firm in Cologne-Kalk and a precursor to the firm of Deutz AG. It was founded in 1871 as  Maschinenbau A.G. Humboldt, liquidated due to debts in 1884 and reformed as Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt A.G..

Its predecessor was a company run by Wimmar Breuer, who had manufactured perforated plate in Kalk since 1853. It was expanded in 1856 by Breuer and shareholders, Neuerburg and Sievers, into the Maschinenfabrik für den Bergbau von Sievers & Co. at Kalk near Deutz am Rhein. 

In 1896, under the name of Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt, locomotive construction was begun. To that end, the site of a bankrupt engineering works in Güstrow was procured and, on 24 September 1898, the first steam locomotive was delivered. Amongst others, the company built 81 units of the Prussian S 6 locomotive from 1911 to 1913 as well as some 77 units of various Prussian G 5 locomotive variants. 

On 22 December 1924 a shareholding agreement was concluded with the Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz AG. In 1925 the Öllokomotivenbau (Oil Locomotive Works) resulted, in which Humboldt, the Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz and the locomotive works of Henschel & Sohn at Kassel had shares. After building just one locomotive, however, the company was dissolved again in 1928. That same year Humboldt ceased locomotive production, after having delivered over 1700 locomotives, due to a lack of orders. On 17 October 1930, Humboldt merged with the Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz to form Humboldt-Deutz-Motoren. In 1938 the Isselburger Hütte was taken over, and a deal with the Klöckner Werke  resulted in the famous name of Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD). Today part of that name still appears in the firm  KHD Humboldt Wedag International, a cement plant and equipment supplier that was formerly part of Deutz AG.

External link and Source

Company history at werkbahn.de 
 

Transport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Cologne
ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) is a quarterly scientific journal that aims to disseminate the latest findings of note in the field of numeric, symbolic, algebraic, and geometric computing applications.

The journal publishes two kinds of articles: Regular research papers that advance the development of algorithms and software for mathematical computing, and "algorithms papers" that describe a specific implementation of an algorithm and that are accompanied by the source code for this algorithm.

Algorithms described in the transactions are generally published in the Collected Algorithms of the ACM (CALGO). Algorithms published since 1975 (and some earlier ones) are all still available.

Software that accompanies algorithm papers is accessible by anyone via the CALGO website.

History 
ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software is one of the oldest scientific journals specifically dedicated to mathematical algorithms and their implementation in software, and has been published since March 1975 by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

The journal is described as follows on the TOMS Homepage of the ACM Digital Library page:

The purpose of the journal was laid out by its founding editor, John Rice, in the inaugural issue. The decision to found the journal came out of the 1970 Mathematical Software Symposium at Purdue University, also organized by Rice, who then negotiated with both SIAM and the ACM regarding its publication.

References

External links
Journal home page
ACM Collected Algorithms

Transactions on Mathematical Software
Academic journals established in 1975
BBÖ 113. The BBÖ 113 was a class of 40 express train, 4-8-0 tender locomotives operated by the Federal Railway of Austria (Bundesbahnen Österreichs, BBÖ).

History

After World War I new locomotives had to be built for the Austrian Western Railway due to increasing train loads and the replacement of old, wooden, passenger coaches with steel-bodied coaches. A 4-8-0 design was chosen which was based in many respects on the  of the Austrian Southern Railway, but which, at the same time, had numerous improvements. Between 1923 and 1928 40 locomotives of this new Class 113 were taken into service with the BBÖ.

This class was very powerful and much liked by locomotive crews. It was employed on the most importance passenger train duties and in front of express and fast trains (Eilzüge) and fulfilled its role on main lines well until the end of the steam era, when its top speed of 85 km/h was no longer considered enough. In 1939, the Deutsche Reichsbahn took these locomotives over as DRG Class 33 101–140. In 1953 there were still 33 engines left in the ÖBB, their Reichsbahn numbers being retained. All were retired by 1968.

50 close copies were of Class 570 were built in Poland by Fablok and StEG, as . Class 113 was further developed in Hungary, where 514 MÁV Class 424 were built for Hungary, Yugoslavia and North Korea.

Preserved locomotives
Number 33.102 has been preserved for the Austrian Railway Museum (Österreichische Eisenbahnmuseum) and is based today at the Strasshof Railway Museum (Eisenbahnmuseum Strasshof) in Lower Austria. In the 1980s a preserved example in Yugoslavia was bought by private firm and restored to operational status. Today this engine has the fictitious number 33.132 and is available for heritage trips. A single Os24 locomotive exists in Poland, which can be regarded more as a Polish copy of the Class 570 predecessor.

See also 
 Deutsche Reichsbahn 
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

References

External links 
 The Class 33 at dampflok.at
The locomotive database 

4-8-0 locomotives
131
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Lokomotivfabrik der StEG locomotives
Floridsdorf locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Cattierite. Cattierite (CoS2) is a cobalt sulfide mineral found in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It was discovered together with the nickel sulfide vaesite by Johannes F. Vaes, a Belgian mineralogist and named after Felicien Cattier, who was chairman of the board of the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga.

The mineral belongs to the pyrite group, in which all minerals share the same building principle. The metal in the oxidation state +2 forms a sodium chloride structure together with the anion S22−. This formalism recognizes that the sulfur atoms in pyrite occur in pairs with clear S-S bonds.

It occurs with pyrite, chalcopyrite and members of the linnaeite – polydymite group in ore deposits in carbonate rocks. In addition to the type locality in the Katanga district it is reported from Gansberg, Black Forest, Germany; near Filipstad, Varmland, Sweden; Bald Knob, near Sparta, Alleghany County, North Carolina and in the Fletcher mine of Reynolds County, Missouri.

References

Cobalt minerals
Pyrite group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 205
Minerals described in 1945
Class 36. Class 36 may refer to:

 DRG Class 36, a class of German passenger locomotive with a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising the:
 Class 36.0-4: Prussian P 4.2
 Class 36.4-5: PKP Class Od 2
 Class 36.6: Mecklenburg P 4.2
 Class 36.7-8: Bavarian B XI
 Class 36 861: Bavarian P 2/4
 Class 36.9-10: Saxon VIII V2
 Class 36.1201-1219: Oldenburg P 4.1, 
 Class 36.1251-1258: Oldenburg P 4.2
 Class 36.70: Prussian P 4.1
 Class 36.70II: EWA IIa
LNWR Whale Experiment Class. The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Experiment Class was a class of 4-6-0 steam locomotive designed by George Whale.

Career
They were an extended version of the Whale's Precursor Class 4-4-0, with slightly smaller driving wheels.  The first of the class, 66 Experiment was built in 1905 and a total of 105 were constructed up until 1910. The LNWR reused numbers and names of withdrawn locomotives, with the result that the numbering system was completely haphazard. A 19in Express Goods Class with smaller driving wheels was also built from 1906. From 1911, a superheated version, the Prince of Wales Class was built.

In 1915, 1361 Prospero was experimentally rebuilt with four cylinders, Dendy Marshall valve gear and superheated.  The conversion was not repeated. Only two other engines were given superheaters; 2624 Saracen and 1993 (LMS 5472) Richard Moon.

All entered London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) stock upon grouping in 1923. The LMS gave them the power classification 3P.  The LMS renumbered them into a more logical series of 5450–5553 according to date of construction.  An exception was made for 1361 Prospero which became 5554.  Not all however survived long enough to receive their LMS numbers — withdrawals had started in 1925.  In 1934 the thirteen then remaining were renumbered with the addition of 20000 to their numbers make room for Black Five, Patriot and Jubilee class locomotives.  The final engine was withdrawn  the following year and none were preserved.

Fleet list

Accidents and incidents 

 On 15 October 1907, a mail train hauled by No. 2052 Stephenson was derailed at , Shropshire due to excessive speed on a curve. Eighteen people were killed.
 On 5 July 1923, an express passenger train hauled by 1406 George Findlay was involved in a rear-end collision with a freight train at , Lancashire due to confusion by the driver of the freight train over flag signals. Four people were killed.

References

External links
 LNWR Society Photographs of the Whale 4-6-0 Experiment class steam locomotives.

Experiment (Whale)
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1905
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Shell Professor of Chemical Engineering. The Shell Professor of Chemical Engineering is an endowed chair in chemical engineering at the University of Cambridge, one of many endowed chairs at Cambridge.

History and influence
The Shell Chair was created in 1945 after a donation was made by Royal Dutch Shell for the purpose of creating the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Cambridge. Terence Fox served as the first Shell Professor. Initially the Shell Professors also chaired the chemical engineering department, but in 1998 these two roles were separated, with the department chair becoming a fixed-term position that could also be held by other professors.

John Augustus Oriel, chief chemist for Shell and later president of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, played a key role in persuading the company to make this donation and in negotiating its terms with the university. The donation of £435,000 was, at the time, the second-largest gift the university had been given. At the time of the donation, representatives for Shell argued that the Shell Professors should be paid considerably more than other Cambridge professors, because of the need to compete with industry salaries, but this did not happen.

The Shell Chair is frequently cited in anti-corporate activism as an example of industry funding of academic research.

Chairholders
The Shell Professors have been:
1945–1959: Terence Fox
1959–1978: Peter Danckwerts
1978–1993: John Davidson
1993–2004: John Bridgwater
2004–present: Lynn Gladden

References

1945 establishments in England
Chemistry education in the United Kingdom
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Chemical Engineering, Shell
School of Technology, University of Cambridge
Chemical Engineering, Shell
Project Big Ben. "Big Ben" was the World War II code name for the British project to reconstruct and evaluate captured German missiles such as the V-2 rocket.  On 31 July 1944, after the UK agreed to exchange Supermarine Spitfires for the wreckage of a V-2 in Sweden during World War II, experts at Farnborough began an attempt to reconstruct the missile.

In late July, 1944, Operation Most III the Polish resistance movement (Armia Krajowa) succeeded in capturing an intact V2 rocket near the Pustkow Testing Centre. It had been launched for a test flight, failed but did not explode and then retrieved still intact from the Bug River, and transferred secretly to London.

See also
V-1 and V-2 Intelligence
Home Army and V1 and V2 — Polish resistance efforts.
Operation Crossbow
Operation Hydra (1943)

References

V-weapons
Operation Crossbow
Code names
United Kingdom intelligence operations
P
1944 in the United Kingdom
1944 in military history
Prussian P 6. The Prussian Class P 6s were passenger locomotives operated by the Prussian state railways with a leading axle and three coupled axles.

The P 6 was conceived as a so-called universal locomotive. The first vehicle was manufactured in 1902 at Düsseldorf by the firm of Hohenzollern. This engine has a number of features that are characteristic of its designer, Robert Garbe: a narrow chimney located well forward and the unusual position of the boiler. As a result, and in spite of the relatively small,  diameter, driving wheels (on the prototype they were only ), the locomotives were authorised to travel at up to , a speed which could not be attained in practice due to its poor riding qualities.

The smokebox superheater installed on the first machines was soon replaced by a smoke tube superheater. In all, 275 engines of this class were built up to 1910. 110 examples had to be handed over after the First World War as reparations: 44 to Poland (PKP Oi1), 24 to Belgium, 19 to France (16 to the Nord (3.1551–3.1566), 3 to Alsace-Lorraine), 9 to Italy (FS 626), 6 to Lithuania, 4 to Latvia and 4 to the Territory of the Saar Basin (2101–2104). 163 locomotives were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as DRG Class 37.0-1, where they were allocated the running numbers 37 001 to 37 163. In 1935 the four Saar locomotives were incorporated into the DRG fleet as 37 164 to 37 167.

The locomotives with numbers 37 201–206 were, by contrast, G 6 and P 6 class engines respectively of Lübeck-Büchen Railway (LBE), that had a different design from the Prussian locomotives.

The Prussian P 6s were retired by about 1950. The few engines left after the Second World War were no longer employed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn and the Reichsbahn.

The locomotives taken over by the Polish State Railways (PKP) were given the designation Oi1.
One of them has been preserved and can be viewed in the Warsaw Railway Museum.
The engines were equipped with Prussian tenders of class pr 2'2' T 16.

See also 
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars
 List of preserved steam locomotives in Germany

Notes

References

Further reading 

2-6-0 locomotives
P 06
Railway locomotives introduced in 1902
Berliner locomotives
Hohenzollern locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
1′C h2 locomotives
Ariel W/NG 350. The Ariel W/NG 350 is a motorcycle based on the well-proven Ariel Red Hunter singles built by Ariel Motorcycles for the British military, and designed by the firm's chief designer Val Page in 1932 around an engine he had developed six years earlier.  Although the Ariel was not initially selected by the War Department, they were in great demand after the evacuation of Dunkirk when much of the British Army's materiel had been left behind.

Development
On the outbreak of the Second World War, Ariel submitted the 1939 VA  overhead valve single for evaluation against the War Office's Norton 16H. The  1939 W/VA 497cc side-valve single was also tested.  Both performed well and Ariel developed the W/NG specifically for military use. This was a  OHV single based on a Scottish six-day Trials winning model and went into production in 1940.

Although the French military immediately placed orders for the W/NG, the British War Office rated it as "fair – for use only in emergency purposes". Following the loss of equipment resulting from the evacuation of Dunkirk in May 1940 the "emergency purposes" became necessary, and Ariel turned over as many motorcycles as possible to the war effort, including converted civilian machines – many of which still carried an Ariel badge painted over with green or sand paint. VH & VG (500 OHV singles), NH & NG (350 OHV singles), and even the VB ( SV single) models were put into military service, although most were used for training and civil defence. The British Army, Royal Air Force, Admiralty, Ministry of Agriculture and Women's Land Army all used Ariel W/NG 350s.

Production
W/NG  motorcycles were supplied from 1940 to 1945 and featured dual triangular tool boxes, pannier frames for bags, rear carrying racks and headlamp masks.   Rubber items were impossible to source from 1942 because of a shortage of rubber, therefore handgrips were made from canvas and footrests from steel.  As the war progressed, aluminium also became scarce and pressed steel was used for the primary chaincase and timing covers.

From an order of 2,000, a few hundreds were delivered in June 1940 to the French Army, many being captured by the Wehrmacht.

Post war
After the war over 800 W/NG motorcycles were supplied to the Danish Army between 1946 and 1947. The remaining W/NGs that survived were mostly converted back into civilian specification for resale by dealers, so good examples of the military model are now rare.

In popular culture
An example attached to a sidecar appears in the film, Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang. The motorcycle, ridden by the title character, also appeared in versions of the advertising poster upon release.

See also
Matchless G3/L
List of motorcycles of the 1940s

References

External links
Background

W NG 350
Military motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in the 1940s