omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Soil defertilisation. Soil defertilisation refers to the practice of reducing soil fertility in order to reduce the number of plants that can grow on that soil. It is often done on land not intended for agriculture, such as city parks.

Benefit 
On land not intended for agriculture, such as city parks or other communal spaces, undesired plants (weeds) can become a nuisance to the city's communal services, costing effort and money.

In some cases, along with soil defertilisation, the soil's pH and water content can be altered. This may create a much different environment, allowing more specialised plants/vegetation to grow and take hold.

In practice 
Soil defertilisation is done by growing specific cover crops (e.g., Phacelia, Sinapis alba, Lolium multiflorum) on them and then, instead of ploughing them under, removing them from the soil. By doing this, the nutrients that have accumulated in the crops are removed together with the crops. The crops may be used on other land that needs to be fertilsed (instead of defertilised), for example, agricultural land.

See also 
 Soil fertilisation

References 

Fertilizers
Sustainable technologies
Göktürk-3. Göktürk-3 is a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Earth observation satellite that will be designed and developed under prime contractorship of Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) with support of Military Electronic Industries (ASELSAN) and TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute (TÜBİTAK UZAY) for the Turkish Ministry of National Defence.

Project 
The project is to provide high-resolution images from any location in the world in day and night, and in any weather condition without territorial waters and aerial domain restrictions to meet the requirements of the Turkish military. After the contract signed between Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) on 8 May 2013, the parties have started to work on the indigenous design of the satellite and ground stations. According to the announcement of the Undersecretariate of Ministry of National Defence, the launch of Göktürk-3 was planned by end 2019.

See also
 Göktürk-1
 Göktürk-2
 List of Earth observation satellites

References

External links

Reconnaissance satellites of Turkey
Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)
Earth observation satellites of Turkey
Space synthetic aperture radar
2023 in spaceflight
2023 in Turkey
China Machinery Engineering Corporation. China Machinery Engineering Corporation (CMEC) is a construction and engineering company, forming one part of the China National Machinery Industry Corporation (Sinomach) group of companies. A specialization of CMEC is construction of power projects in generation, transmission, and distribution.

The company is present in Turkey with representative offices in Istanbul and Ankara. CMEC has operated in Turkey since the mid-1980s and operations in the country accounted for 5% of global revenue by 2013. The total value of projects in Turkey amounted to 3 billion US dollars as reported in mid-2013 by the company with another 1 billion US dollars in project revenue set to be added to the total by the end of 2013. The work it takes on in Turkey includes the construction of a 600 MW supercritical thermal power plant, a project signed in 2007. Moving into investment, the company announced in 2013 the creation of an investment fund, based on its own equity capital and lines of credit from Chinese financial institutions, for power projects in Turkey.

It signed a deal with Argentina in 2010 to rehabilitate the Belgrano Cargas freight network, part a series of railways that cross the central and northern parts of the country. In 2013, financing was announced for the project with a loan of 2.47 billion US dollars from China Development Bank to finance the bulk of costs. A second deal was signed in September 2015, doubling the original investment to 4.8 billion dollars.

CMEC also built and partially owns two power plants in Nigeria, Omotosho Power Plants in Ondo State

In January 2016, the company signed 150 million euro deal with the city, Tomislavgrad, in Herzegovina, to build a wind farm. The project will be finished in 2017.

References

China National Machinery Industry Corporation
Government-owned companies of China
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Chinese companies established in 1978
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1978
1982 TABA Fairchild FH-227 accident. The TABA Fairchild FH-227 accident happened on 12 June 1982 when a twin-engined Fairchild FH-227B (registered in Brazil as PT-LBV) on an internal scheduled passenger flight from Eirunepé Airport to Tabatinga International Airport crashed in bad weather. On approach to land at Tabatinga, the aircraft hit a lighting tower and crashed into a car park; the aircraft exploded and burned, and all 44 on board were killed, resulting as TABA's worst aviation disaster.

Aircraft
The aircraft was a Fairchild FH-227B twin-engined turboprop that had been built in the United States in 1967 for Mohawk Airlines. After a number of owners it was bought by TABA in June 1981.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Accidents and incidents involving the Fairchild F-27
Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982
June 1982 events in South America
Aeroflot Flight 892. Aeroflot Flight 892 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Minsk to East Berlin, which crashed on 12 December 1986 due to pilot error, killing seventy-two of the eighty-two passengers and crew on board.

Accident
Due to adverse weather conditions, the scheduled flight from Minsk to East Berlin diverted to Prague. Once the weather in Berlin improved, the flight took off for the original destination. Upon arrival the conditions allowed only an ILS landing. The airport controller cleared the flight to land on runway 25L (left), but when the aircraft was entering final approach, the runway lights for runway 25R (right), which was undergoing renovation at the time and was closed, were turned on. The controller warned the crew in English that this was a test, but due to the lack of English language proficiency among the Aeroflot flight crew, the radio operator understood that this meant that the airplane was to land on runway 25R. The pilot disengaged the autopilot and manually changed the course to runway 25R, which was 460 meters to the right of runway 25L and 2200 meters nearer to the position of the aircraft. The error was noticed on the ground, but the warnings went unnoticed for some time due to discussion among the crew. The ILS signal was dropped. Once the crew realized their mistake, they rapidly changed course and engaged the autopilot, but without increasing the thrust of the aircraft's engines. The Tu-134 stalled and struck trees some 3 km from runway 25L's threshold. Upon impact, the fuel in the aircraft's tanks ignited. The rescue services found 12 survivors, but two later died in the hospital. In all, all 9 crew members and 63 passengers (including 20 of the 27 schoolchildren from class 10A of the Schwerin high school) lost their lives.

References

External links
 Aeroflot Flight 892 at Aviation Safety Network

Aviation accidents and incidents in Germany
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986
892
Accidents and incidents involving the Tupolev Tu-134
Aviation accidents and incidents in East Germany
Aviation history of Berlin
1986 in East Germany
1986 in the Soviet Union
December 1986 in Europe
December 1986 in the Soviet Union
Smart Lighting ERC. The Smart Lighting ERC (Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center) focuses on developing solid-state lighting systems with advanced functionality, with an "emphasis" on industry outreach to facilitate commercialization.

Purpose
In the words of Director Robert F. Karlicek Jr, the Smart Lighting ERC seeks to contribute to the creation of "smart lighting systems that think." A primary goal of Gen-3 ERCs is the global commercialization of academic research.

Partnership
The center is an NSF Gen-3 ERC formed in 2008, and is a partnership between the lead university Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, (RPI) two core partner universities—Boston University (BU) and the University of New Mexico (UNM)—and three other outreach universities—Howard University, Morgan State University (MSU), and the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (RHIT). 

Funding comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF), New York Empire State Development's Division of Science, Technology, and Innovation (NYSTAR), and industrial partners.

See also
 Professional Lighting Designers' Association

References

External links
ERC Association Website
Lighting for Interior Designers

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
National Science Foundation
Bounsall Super Prospector. The Bounsall Super Prospector is an American STOL homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Bounsall Aircraft of Mesquite, Nevada, introduced in 1990s. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Super Prospector has a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing and an optional pre-welded fuselage frame was available as part of the kit. The wing is predominantly of wooden construction, with all surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric and is supported by "V" struts, with jury struts. Its  span wing has an area of . The acceptable power range is  and the standard powerplant used is a  Volkswagen air-cooled engine.

The Super Prospector has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for pilot and baggage is .

The aircraft has been noted for its all-around pilot visibility and its STOL performance. Standard day, sea level take off distance is  and the landing distance is . The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 500 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that three kits had been sold.

In December 2013 one example was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, although at one time five had been registered.

Specifications (Super Prospector)

References

External links

Photo of a Super Prospector

Super Prospector
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
OMPL. OMPL (Open Motion Planning Library) is a software package for computing motion plans using sampling-based algorithms. The content of the library is limited to motion planning algorithms, which means there is no environment specification, no collision detection or visualization. This is intentional as the library is designed to be easily integrated into systems that already provide the additional needed components. For example, OMPL is integrated with ROS and MoveIt!.
In 2012 OMPL won the Grand Prize at the Open Source Software World Challenge.

Implementation 
OMPL is written in C++ but also offers Python bindings. 
The library includes implementations for a large number of planning algorithms, all of these being implemented on top of the same base functionality. The base functionality OMPL provides for planners is thread safe. Adding new motion planning algorithms to OMPL is easy, thus facilitating comparisons between existing algorithms and evaluations of new ideas.

Target audience

Teaching 
One of the design goals for OMPL is clarity of concepts used. This equates to having C++ classes that correspond to concepts found in the literature. Such a design facilitates using OMPL for education. Furthermore, the authors provide free course materials and assignments for use in conjunction with OMPL.

Industrial use 
The first use for OMPL was actually at Willow Garage, where the library was started, to do motion planning for the PR2 arms. As such, the library was hardened to run reliably and efficiently. Afterwards OMPL started to be used (via ROS and MoveIt!) for hundreds of different types of robots

.

Research 
OMPL includes tools for benchmarking, providing a common platform for easily developing and testing new algorithms.

References

External links
 

Computer libraries
Robot kinematics
Software using the BSD license
Robotics software
Free software programmed in C++
Cross-platform free software
Free software for Linux
Free software for Windows
Free software for macOS
Slag (welding). Welding slag is a form of slag, or vitreous material produced as a byproduct of some arc welding processes, most specifically shielded metal arc welding (also known as stick welding), submerged arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. Slag is formed when flux, the solid shielding material used in the welding process, melts in or on top of the weld zone (also known as Dross). Slag is the solidified remaining flux after the weld area cools.



Flux

Welding flux is a combination of carbonate and silicate materials used in welding processes to shield the weld from atmospheric gases. When the heat of the weld zone reaches the flux, the flux melts and outgasses. The gases produced push the atmospheric gas back, preventing oxidation (and reactions with nitrogen).

The melted flux covers the molten metal in the weld zone. Flux materials are chosen so that the density of the melted flux / slag is lower than that of the metal being welded, so that the flux floats to the very top of the weld puddle and leaves pure or nearly pure metal to solidify below.

Flux materials may also contribute to metal behavior in the molten metal, with physical or chemical alterations to the molten metal.

The flux cover also helps thermally insulate the weld and reduce the cooling rate.

Inclusions

It is possible for areas of slag to become embedded within the solidified metal, if it did not float to the top of the molten metal for some reason. These are called inclusions and are a form of welding defect. Inclusions may be visible on the surface after cleaning, or may be completely contained within the metal, in that case they can only be detected on X-rays of the weld, requiring grinding or drilling to remove (followed by re-welding that section).

Processes

Four welding processes use flux in slag-producing manners:
 Shielded metal arc welding, also known as SMAW
 Flux-core arc welding, also known as FCAW or FC
 Submerged arc welding
 Electroslag welding

Removal of slag
Slag does not contribute to strength or protection of metals after the welding process; it is waste material. Removal of the slag is necessary for four reasons: 
 ability to inspect the quality of the weld area;
 aesthetics, or visual appearance; 
 if a second layer or pass of welding is to be made on top of the first;
 to clean and clear the surface for coatings such as paint or oil.

Removal is usually done using manual or power tools. Manual tools may include a welding or chipping hammer, which has a pointed tip on one end to break up large chunks of slag efficiently, or wire brushes. Power tools include angle grinders with grinder disks or wire brush wheels.

See also
 Flux (metallurgy)

References

Arc welding
Spherical roller thrust bearing. A spherical roller thrust bearing is a rolling-element bearing of thrust type that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. The bearing is designed to take radial loads, and heavy axial loads in one direction. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the shaft washer that may be misaligned in respect to the housing washer. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the house washer.

Construction
Spherical roller thrust bearings consist of a shaft washer (for radial bearings often called "inner ring"), a housing washer (for radial bearings often called "outer ring"), asymmetrical rollers and a cage. There are also bearing units available that can take axial loads in two directions.

History
The spherical roller thrust bearing was introduced by SKF in 1939. The design of the early bearings is similar to the design that is still in use in modern machines.

Designs

The internal design of the bearing is not standardised by ISO, so it varies between different manufacturers and different series. Some of the design parameters are:
 Roller shape and dimensions
 Flange design
 Non-rotational notches in house washer

The spherical roller thrust bearings have the highest load rating density of all thrust bearings.

Dimensions
External dimensions of spherical roller bearings are standardised by ISO in the standard ISO 104:2015.

Some common series of spherical roller bearings are:
 292
 293
 294

Materials
Bearing rings and rolling elements can be made of a number of different materials, but the most common is "chrome steel", a material with approximately 1.5% chrome content. Such "chrome steel" has been standardized by a number of authorities, and there are therefore a number of similar materials, such as: AISI 52100 (USA), 100CR6 (Germany), SUJ2 (Japan) and GCR15 (China).

Some common materials for bearing cages:
 Sheet steel (stamped or laser-cut)
 Brass (stamped or machined)
 Steel (machined)

The choice of material is mainly done by the manufacturing volume and method. For large-volume bearings, cages are often of stamped sheet-metal, whereas low volume series often have cages of machined brass or machined steel.

Manufacturers
Some manufacturers of spherical roller bearings are SKF, Schaeffler, Timken Company and NSK Ltd.

Applications
Spherical roller thrust bearings are used in industrial applications, where there are heavy axial loads, moderate speeds and possibly misalignment.
Some common application areas are:

 Gearboxes
 Pulp and paper processing equipment (notably refiners)
 Marine propulsion and offshore drilling
 Cranes and swing bridges
 Water turbines
 Extruders for injection molding

See also
 Bearing (mechanical)
 Rolling-element bearing
 Self-aligning ball bearing
 Spherical plain bearing
 Spherical roller bearing
 Tapered roller bearing
 Thrust bearing

References

Bearings (mechanical)
Rolling-element bearings
Mechanical engineering
Swedish inventions
York Leeman Road depot. The York Leeman Road railway depot, located in York, England, is a passenger multiple unit depot opened in May 2007 by Siemens. It services TransPennine Express Class 185s and  locomotives.

The facility's shed code is YK.

History
Before the 1870s, the site area was known as Bishop Fields; it was undeveloped and in agricultural use. In 1877, the new Holgate railway station (see York railway station), and its associated loop line, opened. The loop line passed through Bishop Fields and through the 20th century surrounding land north of Leeman Road. It was extensively developed, much for railway use including a large engine shed to the east, with sidings and a large carriage shed to the west. In the latter part of the 20th century, there was some contraction; the carriage shed was removed and the engine shed ceased to have an operational role until it became part of the National Railway Museum in 1975. In 2004, the site of the depot was occupied by a mixture of disused and in-use railway sidings.

TransPennine Express depot
In 2003, the new TransPennine Express franchise was awarded to First TransPennine Express (FTPE). As part of the franchise agreement, FTPE was to introduce a new fleet of 100 mph trains, together with new maintenance facilities for the fleet; the main depot was to be in Manchester, with a secondary depot in York. An order for 51 Class 185 diesel multiple units, and the associated maintenance facilities, was placed with Siemens in 2003.

The facilities required by the franchise agreement included: a one road three-car length shed, with sidings for 8 three-car trains; siding facilities for controlled emission toilet servicing and fuelling; train electric supply (125 A three phase); offices and stores; and a  capacity overhead hoist.

In 2004, Siemens submitted a planning application for a depot on Leeman Road to York City Council, the plans were approved in May 2005.
A ground breaking ceremony took place in December 2005. The main contractors for the £10m works were the Spencer Group.
The depot was opened in May 2007, by Prince Andrew, Duke of York.

Since April 2016, the Class 185s have been operated by TransPennine Express (TPE). In 2018, work began on an £11 million upgrade to the depot, which included signalling upgrades and road lengthening. The project was undertaken to allow the depot to accommodate Class 68 with Mark 5A carriages and Class 802 units.

Allocation and stabling 
As of 2018, the depot's allocation consists of TransPennine Express  locomotives and  Desiros.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Railway depots in Yorkshire
Rail transport in York
Siemens Mobility projects
Ardwick train depot. The Ardwick train depot is a passenger multiple unit maintenance depot in Ardwick, Greater Manchester. The depot was opened in 2006 for the servicing of Siemens-built Class 185 DMUs, which are used on the TransPennine Express franchise. It was electrified in 2012–13 to allow the servicing of Siemens Class 350/4 EMUs.

Location
Ardwick depot is located approximately  east of Ardwick railway station, beside the Hope Valley line and south of the A635 road.

The depot code is AK.

History

In the 1840s, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway was constructed between Manchester Store Street station (now known as Manchester Piccadilly) and Sheffield Victoria railway station. Initially, the site of the depot was just outside the urban spread of Manchester; the area was used for brick manufacture. Subsequently, the area east of Ardwick station and north of the line was used for railway sidings, including goods sheds; the wider area became known as Ardwick West Goods Depot and Mineral Yard, later Ardwick West Freight Terminal. The site remained in railway use through most of the 20th century, but became disused by 1990.

Siemens train maintenance depot
In 2003, Siemens was announced as the preferred bidder to supply and maintain a fleet of diesel multiple units for use on the TransPennine Express franchise. The £260 million contract included the provision and supply of maintenance facilities, with the primary facility in Manchester, along with a secondary depot in York. In 2004, Siemens applied to construct sidings, train facilities and offices on the Ardwick site.

The groundbreaking ceremony took place in March 2005. The depot was constructed on the  site over 13 months, being completed on 3 April 2006, at a cost of about £30m. The designers were Burks Green; Taylor Woodrow were the main contractors; and NG Bailey and Atkins Rail were subcontractors. The main shed was a  building capable of holding eight trains – a four-road shed with two three-car  trains per road – with facilities including wheel lathe, train jacks, and bogie and engine drops. The depot was officially opened on 16 May 2006 by Transport Secretary Douglas Alexander.

In February 2012, Siemens obtained a contract to build and maintain twenty Class 350 Desiro 25 kV AC electric multiple units, including ten Class 350/4 units for First TransPennine Express. The contract required the overhead electrification of the depot. Work to modify the depot began in September 2012, with Spencer Rail (Spencer Group) as the main contractor. The depot was extended at the western end by  to allow four -long car units to be accommodated, with one shed road and all of the outside track electrified. The estimated cost of the project was £5 million.

The depot's electrification was ceremonially opened by local MP, Lucy Powell, on 27 September 2013. The first of the Class 350/4 trains arrived at the depot on 28 November 2013.

References

Notes

Sources

Railway depots in England
Rail transport in Greater Manchester
Siemens Mobility projects