omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Salt dough. Salt dough is a modelling material, made of flour, salt, and water. It can be used to make ornaments and sculptures, and can be dried in conventional and microwave ovens. It can be sealed with varnish or polyurethane; painted with acrylic paint; and stained with food colouring, natural colouring, or paint mixed with the flour or water.

Properly mixed salt dough does not crumble or crack. It is dense and hence heavy, which can cause problems in making large pieces. It can be moulded by hand, without special tools or fixtures, and does not stain hands. Complex sculptures can be made with basic tools.

Salt dough sculptures range from such simple shapes as those of apples, leaves, and mushrooms to more intricate ones, such as trees and animals. It is often used to make Christmas decorations, gifts, and souvenirs. It is used in spring rituals in Eastern Europe and sometimes for weddings and winter rituals.

Ingesting salt dough can cause salt poisoning in pets.

See also

 Clay
 Modeling clay
 Plasticine
 Play-Doh

References

Modelling clay
Flour
Edible salt
Rawdon T-1. The Rawdon T-1 was a United States light single-engined civil utility aircraft of the 1950s.

Development
Herb Rawdon had been chief engineer of Travel Air, and later Beech Aircraft in Wichita, Kansas. He left Beech and with his brother Gene, established the Rawdon Brothers Aircraft firm.

In 1938 they designed a low-wing two-seat trainer, the Rawdon R-1. A single example was constructed, but was not ordered, as hoped, by the Civil Pilot Training Programme. Postwar, the firm developed and built a similar, but higher-powered model, the T-1.

Operational history

Rawdon built 35 Model T-1s in five variants.  The major commercial use of the aircraft was as a trainer and in crop spraying, but it also found other utility uses such as aerial banner towing for advertising purposes. Four examples of the T-1M military version were delivered to the Colombian Air Force. Many aircraft were re-fitted with more powerful engines including the Lycoming O-320 series of 150 h.p.

On display

A 1949 Rawdon T-1 is owned by the Kansas Aviation Museum collection.

Variants

T-1   Initial trainer version powered by a Lycoming O-290-C2 engine of 125 h.p.  (13 built);
T-1CS   Crop-spraying version of the T-1 with belly tank and spray equipment buried in the wing structure (2 built);
T-1M  Military version delivered to the Colombian Air Force (4 built);
T-1S  Crop spraying model similar to the T-1CS (9 built);
T-1SD  single-seat  crop sprayer with chemical hopper in place of the rear seat, squared-off wingtips with endplates and modified vertical tail. (7 built).

Specifications (T-1SD)

References
Notes

Bibliography

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Active hard-drive protection. In computer hardware, active hard-drive protection refers to technology that attempts to avoid or reduce mechanical damage to hard disk drives by preparing the disk prior to impact. This approach is mainly used in laptop computers that are frequently carried around and more prone to impacts than desktop computers.

Implementation 
Usually, the system consists of accelerometers that alert the system when excess acceleration or vibration is detected. The software then tells the hard disk drive to unload its heads to prevent them from coming in contact with the platters, thus potentially preventing a head crash.

Many laptop vendors have implemented this technology under different names. Some hard-disk drives also include this technology, needing no cooperation from the system.

See also 
 Hard disk drive failure
 Head crash
 Sudden Motion Sensor

References 

Data security
Hard disk drives
Eastbridge Windpump. Eastbridge Windpump is a smock mill that served as a pumping station until it was relocated to the Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket, Suffolk, England and which was then restored to working order.

History
Eastbridge Windpump was probably built in the mid nineteenth century by Robert Martin, the Beccles millwright. It was originally part of the structures built to maintain the drainage of the Minsmere Levels, Eastbridge, Leiston (). In the early 1920s, millwright Dan England of Ludham reinforced the mill by bolting the frame from a nearby smock mill (), which had collapsed, over the weatherboarding. It worked by wind until 1940. After the war, an iron windpump was erected nearby to take over from Eastbridge Windpump. On 19 February 1977, Eastbridge Windpump collapsed. The remains were dismantled by members of Suffolk Mills Group in July 1977 and later incorporated into the rebuilt mill at the Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket. The restoration work was done by Jameson Marshall Ltd.

Description

Eastbridge windpump is a  high smock mill on a brick base of a few courses. It has a boat-shaped cap and is winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft. They span . The cast-iron brake wheel drives a cast-iron wallower carried on a cast-iron upright shaft. A cast-iron crown wheel drives a three-throw plunger pump, which has cylinders  square.

Public access
Eastbridge Windpump is open to the public and may be viewed externally during normal opening times of the Museum of East Anglian Life.

References

External links
 Suffolk Mills Group webpage on Eastbridge Windpump.

Windmills in Suffolk
Smock mills in England
Windmills completed in 1979
Suffolk Coastal
Stowmarket
Tourist attractions in Suffolk
Museums in Suffolk
Octagonal buildings in the United Kingdom
Former pumping stations
Swiss UAV. Swiss UAV AG was a privately owned company based in Switzerland that designed and manufactured unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). The firm developed, produced & sold vertical take-off & landing vehicles from 2006 to 2014. It entered a partnership with Saab in May 2009. In 2013 the firm was acquired by Unmanned Systems AG and the following year merged into UMS Aero Group alongside Swedish company Unmanned Systems AB. 
At the end of 2015 UMS Aero Group became the majority partner in UMS Skeldar, a joint venture with Saab, manufacturers of the Skeldar unmanned vehicle.

References

External links
 .
 .

Saab aircraft
2000s Swiss aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
2006 establishments in Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 2006
Privately held companies of Switzerland
Rawdon Brothers Aircraft. Rawdon Brothers Aircraft Inc was a United States aircraft manufacturer between 1938 and 1978.

Formation and operations
Herb Rawdon had been the chief designer of Travel Air, and later Beech Aircraft in Wichita, Kansas. He left Beech and in 1938 established the firm, with his brother Gene Rawdon, with their factory located near the Beech aircraft plant. The firm continued in operation until 1978, when it became Spinks-Rawdon in Fort Worth, Texas.

Aircraft

Rawdon R-1 was designed by Herb Rawdon in 1938 and a single example was built.  It was a single-engine twin-seat side-by-side open cockpit low-wing training monoplane powered by a 75 h.p. Lycoming engine. It had a maximum speed of 110 mph and a cruising speed of 105 mph. The R-1 was not accepted as a trainer by the U.S. Army Air Corps and it was modified as a crop spraying aircraft.

Rawdon T-1 was developed in 1951 from the R-1 and 35 examples were completed before the production line was closed in the 1960s. It was a tandem-seat closed cockpit low-wing monoplane, powered by Lycoming engines of between 125 h.p and 150 h.p. The T-1 was built in five versions and was used for training, crop spraying, aerial advertising and other utility roles.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

  (data on Rawdon and its aircraft at Aerofiles)

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Red heat. The practice of using colours to determine the temperature of a piece of (usually) ferrous metal comes from blacksmithing. Long before thermometers were widely available, it was necessary to know what state the metal was in for heat treating it and the only way to do this was to heat it up to a colour which was known to be best for the work.

Chapman
According to Chapman's Workshop Technology, the colours which can be observed in steel are:

Stirling
In 1905, Stirling Consolidated Boiler Company published a slightly different set of values:

See also
Black-body radiation
Color temperature
Incandescence

Notes

References

Metallurgy
Temperature
Vandenberg Probe Launch Complex C. Probe Launch Complex C or PLC-C at the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, United States, is a launch complex which was used for six sounding rocket launches between 1971 and 1975. It was originally built as Launch Complex C or LC-C at the Point Arguello Naval Air Station, however no launches were made from the site whilst it was part of Point Arguello. Following the merger of Point Arguello into Vandenberg in 1964, it was briefly designated PALC-C, and subsequently Probe Launch Complex C.

Launch history 
Six launches occurred from Probe Launch Complex C. The first four launches used Aerobee-170 rockets, whilst the last two used Tomahawks. Five of the launches reached space, with the exception of the third Aerobee, which failed early in its flight. The Aerobee launches conducted tests of infrared sensors for anti-ballistic missile systems, whilst the Tomahawks were used for aeronomy research.

References 

Probe Launch Complex C
Anatoly Filippovich Smirnov. Anatoly Filippovich Smirnov (; 1909–1986) was a Soviet scientist working in the field of structural mechanics.

He graduated Moscow Institute of Railroad Engineers in 1935 and taught structural mechanics there since 1936, becoming a Doctor of Technical Sciences in 1945 and professor in 1947.  In 1951, he became a member of the CPSU.  In 1969, he became the director of the Central Research Institute of Building Structures.

References

Soviet scientists
1986 deaths
1909 births
Exagon Engineering. Exagon Engineering is a French auto racing team which is based in Magny-Cours. The team was founded by director Luc Marchetti in 2004, and is managed by former racer Cathy Muller who is the older sister of successful touring car driver Yvan Muller. Exagon Engineering are best known for preparing cars to enter in the FIA World Touring Car Championship, although they also run cars in other events such as rallycross, sportscar racing and ice racing.

They first entered the WTCC in 2007, running a SEAT León for Belgian driver Pierre-Yves Corthals in a full campaign, as well as Frenchman Anthony Beltoise in two rounds. Corthals returned in 2008 but did not continue in 2009 due to his main sponsor withdrawing its backing. From round five at Marrakech of the 2009 season, Exagon Engineering ran a León for Moroccan Mehdi Bennani.

Exagon Motors

Exagon Motors was established in 2009 as a division of Exagon Engineering to develop a production road car. It unveiled its first car, the Furtive-eGT at the Paris Motor Show in 2012.

References

External links 
 

French auto racing teams
Auto racing teams established in 2004
2004 establishments in France
World Touring Car Championship teams
GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup teams
French brands
French racecar constructors
Caramoussal. A Caramoussal (from  ) is a high-pooped historical trading and naval ship of the Ottoman Navy. They were particularly active in the 17th century Ottoman Empire.

History
They were started to be built during the period of the first Ottoman Kapudan Pasha, Karamürsel Bey, in the dockyard of the town of Karamürsel. In the early periods they were only used in the Marmara Sea. Later in 15th and 16th centuries, a new type of ship was designed with the same name, and was largely used in transportation and shipping, as well as in the fleet of light ships. They were approximately 13 m. long, being the smallest of Ottoman galley type vessels.

References

External links

Ship types
OpenedHand. OpenedHand, a computer software, was an embedded Linux start-up that was acquired by Intel in Q3, 2008.  The firm developed an OpenEmbedded distribution called Poky Linux (now part of the Yocto Project) and the Clutter library. The latter is heavily used in the customized UIs of Maemo and Moblin, embedded Linux distributions from Nokia and Intel, respectively.

References

Intel software
2009 Indonesian Air Force L-100 crash. On 20 May 2009, an Indonesian Air Force Lockheed L-100-30(P) Hercules carrying 112 people (98 passengers and 14 crew) crashed at about 6:30 local time (23:30 UTC), while flying from Jakarta to eastern Java. The crash resulted in 99 deaths, 2 of which occurred on impact when the aircraft struck at least four houses before skidding into a rice paddy in the village of Geplak. and at least 70 others were taken to a local hospital. This is considered among the worst air disasters in Indonesian history and was the first Air Force crash since the 1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash, which also involved a Hercules.

The airplane, a civilian Lockheed L-100-30(P) version of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, registration A-1325 had been on a normal flight transporting military personnel and their families to Iswahyudi Air Force Base. The plane prepared to land on base but instead crashed about  northwest of the north end of the runway, bursting into flames upon impact. Flying conditions were good and the weather was clear at the time of the crash.   Air control communicated with the crew minutes before the accident and indicated no issues. 11 of the 15 survivors were treated at Dr. Soedono Hospital and 4 at the base's hospital. All deceased were identified by the evening of May 22.

The Indonesian Air Force said it was unlikely that the cause of the plane crash would be shared publicly, a practice said to be a military standard around the world. The plane had passed inspection the day before the crash. Witnesses variously claimed seeing fire inside the plane; hearing two explosions; nuts and bolts falling to the ground up to 2km away from the crash site; and a wing snapping off the aircraft. A survivor said that "it felt like the plane's engines just stopped and then the aircraft began to break apart in mid-air." Others speculate that the Hercules series is poorly designed but the Air Force is too underfunded to afford safer planes or spare parts for aircraft they do have.

References

External links 
 Photos of A-1325  Airliners.net

C-130 Hercules crash
Indonesian Air Force
C-130H Hercules crash
Aviation accidents and incidents in Indonesia
Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed C-130 Hercules
May 2009 in Indonesia
Kurganmashzavod. JSC Kurganmashzavod (; Kurganian Vehicle Plant)  is a manufacturing company based in Kurgan, Russia. It is known for its BMP series of infantry fighting vehicles.

Overview 
The company's main products are the well-known BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles, which are in service in 29 countries and, since April 2024, the BMD-4 airborne fighting vehicles. The company also produces a wide range of civil products, such as small-sized tractors, municipal construction machines and automobile trailers, among others.

Kurganmashzavod JSC is the largest enterprise in the Kurgan Oblast. It is a large engineering complex, comprising 3 factories, 6 special plants and auxiliary workshops ensuring the complete production cycle. It is involved in developing technology, testing equipment and experimental development, pilot production and full-scale production of armoured vehicles.

The director general of Kurganmashzavod until 2005 was Valery D. Dorodny. The director general as of 2018 is Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tyukov.

History 

The company was founded as a producer of heavy-duty cranes. In 1954 the manufacture of military equipment was started with the ATS and ATS-59 artillery tractors, which were used for field work and reclaiming of oilfield in Tyumen region, in addition to many produced for export. The ATS-59 artillery tractor licence production was established in Poland. In October 1966, the production plan of the infantry fighting vehicle BMP-1 was prescribed by the government bylaw. In 1967, the mass production of vehicles began.

In the 1970s, the plant was re-tooled for larger-scale military vehicle production. New power supplies were brought in, and the working area was increased by a factor of five. From 1983, the plant produced the BMP-2 model, and in 1987 began the manufacture of the BMP-3.

In 2007 the company's revenue was $231 million. Export share was 20%.

In 2008, the company said that it was pursuing a production processes optimization programme to make the operations more efficient. In the future the company aims to produce "hundreds of vehicles a year, rather than dozens of vehicles per annum", both for the Russian Army and for export.

Kurganmashzavod received a large state contract worth $250 million for building and repairing an unspecified number of BMP-3 vehicles between 20072010. The company planned on investing about $40 million to re-equip its facilities.

In late December 2015, the company was reportedly "balancing on the brink of full stoppage" of its AFV production because of an outstanding natural gas bill of 55.5 million rubles (approximately US$764,000) to Gazprom Mezhregiongaz.

In 2019, ownership of the company was transferred to High Precision Systems (part of the Rostec holding).

References

External links 
 
Official site for the company's military products 
Official site for the company's civilian products

Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
High Precision Systems
Defence companies of Russia
Chilled margin. A chilled margin is a shallow intrusive or volcanic rock texture characterised by a glassy or fine-grained zone along the margin where the magma or lava has contacted air, water, or particularly much cooler rock. This is caused by rapid solidification of the melt near the contact with the surrounding low temperature environment. In an intrusive case, the crystallized chilled margin may decrease in size or disappear by later remelting during magma flow, depending on magma heat flux.

The feature is often seen in dikes or sills, and especially in sheeted dike complexes, where multiple chilled margins are a distinctive feature.

Pillow lavas often show such chilled margins which are glassy and prove the sudden cooling undergone due to contact with water.

External links
H.E. Huppert and R.S.J. Sparks (1989): Chilled margins in igneous rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, volume 92, issues 3–4, pages 397-405.

Igneous petrology
David Rasbash. David Rasbash was a pioneer in the field of Fire Safety Engineering.

Rasbash was a chemical engineer who graduated from Imperial College, London, during World War II. He began publishing and teaching about the evaluation of fire safety in the 1970s. In his early career, he conducted research on techniques for fire extinction to assist firefighters. He also was interested in the production of smoke and its effect on visibility. He was an early proponent of the standardization of automatic fire detection and later became involved in the evaluation of fire safety and the quantification of risk. His contributions to these subjects have become standard references.

After working for the Fire Research Station (UK), Rasbash was appointed at the University of Edinburgh as the first ever Professor of Fire Safety Engineering.

Every year, during The Rasbash Lecture, recipients of the Rasbash Award are chosen based on their eminence in fire safety engineering education, research and practice, worldwide. The award is given by The Institution of Fire Engineers.

References

Fire prevention
Fire protection
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
CECM. CECM may refer to:
 Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics at the Simon Fraser University
 Certified in Ethics and Compliance Management at the John Cook School of Business (St. Louis University)
 Championnat d'Europe de la Coupe Mulet
 Commission des écoles catholiques de Montréal (Montreal Catholic School Commission)
 Computer Engineering Course Management, website of University of Tehran
 
 Caisse Coopérative d'Epargne et de Crédit Mutuel, microfinance bank in Burundi
Sand fence. A sand fence or sandbreak, similar to a snow fence, is a barrier used to force windblown, drifting sand to accumulate in a desired place. Sand fences are employed to control erosion, help sand dune stabilization, keep sand off roadways, and to recruit new material in desert areas. Sand fences are also commonly employed following storm events in order to aid in the dune recovery process, particularly in developed areas where dunes are critical for protection of property.  

A typical construction is to attach a perforated plastic sheet to stakes at regular intervals, similar to construction site fencing or temporary sports field fencing. Another is a cedar or other lightweight wood strip and wire fence, also attached to metal stakes.  A permanent sand fence is generally of larger wooden poles set deeply into the ground with large wooden planks running horizontally across them. 

The drifting and settling  of sand behind and in front of such a fence occurs because the wind speed on both the downwind and windward sides is less than that on the far windward side, allowing light materials such as sand to settle. This creates a pile both in front of and behind the sand fence causing more sand to drop out.  Conveniently the sand does not drop on the barrier itself, otherwise it would soon be buried and rendered useless.

See also

 Agroforestry
 Buffer strip
 Desertification
 Energy-efficient landscaping
 Groyne
 Great Plains Shelterbelt
 Hedgerow
 Macro-engineering
 Snow fence
 Windbreak

References

Environmental soil science
Fences
Earthworks (engineering)
POWER cluster. POWER cluster is a project that aims to establish a business cluster for offshore wind power in the North Sea Region. It is part-funded by the North Sea Region Programme which is part of the transnational branch (IVB) of Interreg, one of the regional policy instruments of the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It is the successor of the POWER project funded under Interreg IIIB.

POWER cluster is led by the Bremerhaven Economic Development Company in Germany together with 17 other participants from Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.

Offshore wind power
Compared to onshore wind power, offshore wind power is more complex and costly to install and maintain but also has several key advantages. Winds are typically stronger and more stable at sea, resulting in significantly higher production per unit installed. Wind turbines can also be bigger than on land because it is easier to transport very large turbine components by sea. Offshore wind farms also have less potential to cause concern among neighbouring residents.

The wind resources over Europe's seas represent a vast, local source of clean, renewable energy. By generating electricity without fossil fuels and by creating jobs in a sector in which some European businesses are global leaders, offshore wind can contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, to ensuring security of supply and to improving EU competitiveness.

Project objectives
Developing an offshore wind power cluster in the North Sea Region (NSR)
Adapting and preparing the NSR workforce to the needs of offshore wind energy
Creating a business platform to foster offshore wind energy development in the NSR
Communicating the benefits of offshore wind energy to the public

Project partners

The lead beneficiary of the POWER cluster project is the Bremerhaven Economic Development Company in Germany. Furthermore, there are 17 beneficiaries from six countries participating in the project.

References

Offshore wind farms in the North Sea