omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Republic SD-4 Swallow. The Republic SD-4 Swallow was an early high-speed reconnaissance drone developed by Republic Aviation for the United States Army. Intended for use by the U.S. Army Signal Corps to target tactical ballistic missiles, it was cancelled before the first prototype could be completed, and did not see operational service.

Design and development
Contracts were awarded by the U.S. Army in 1960 for development of a high-speed, long-range reconnaissance drone to gather targeting information for the Army's tactical ballistic missile force; competing designs for the requirement were developed by Republic Aviation, which proposed a 'clean-sheet' aircraft given the designation SD-4 Swallow, and Fairchild Aircraft, which developed a variant of the Bull Goose decoy missile as the SD-5 Osprey.

Given the full designation AN/USD-4 for its overall system, the SD-4 was of tailless delta configuration, with power provided by a Pratt & Whitney J60 turbojet, the military version of the civilian JT12 engine; two Arrow 2 jet-assisted takeoff-type rocket boosters allowing for zero length launch from a specially-designed trailer.  

In a similar fashion to Republic's smaller SD-3 drone, the Swallow was equipped with an interchangeable nose section allowing for aerial photography, infrared photography, or radar systems to be installed depending on mission needs. Capable of operating in any weather conditions, recovery following the completion of the SD-4's mission was to be by parachute. 

Before any flight test vehicles were constructed, the program was cancelled in January of 1961 due to cost constraints.

Specifications

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References
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Bibliography

 

 
 

SD-4
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Delta-wing aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Fairchild SD-5 Osprey. The Fairchild SD-5 Osprey was an early high-speed reconnaissance drone developed by Fairchild Aircraft for the United States Army. Intended for use by the U.S. Army Signal Corps to gather targeting information for tactical ballistic missiles, it was cancelled before the first prototype could be completed, and did not see operational service.

Design and development
In 1960 the U.S. Army issued a requirement for the development of a high-speed, long-range reconnaissance drone to provide targeting information to the Army's tactical ballistic missile force; contracts for competing designs were awarded to Republic Aviation, which proposed an all-new design given the designation SD-4 Swallow, and Fairchild Aircraft, which developed a variant of the Bull Goose decoy missile as the SD-5 Osprey.

Given the full designation AN/USD-5 for its overall system, the SD-5 was of tailless delta configuration,   with power provided by a Pratt & Whitney J60 turbojet (the military version of the civilian JT12 engine); a single rocket booster of the jet-assisted takeoff type, giving  thrust for 3 seconds, allowed for zero length launch from a specially-designed trailer. Recovery following the mission was by parachute, with airbags used to cushion the landing; sensors including infrared scanners, side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) and optical mapping were available for use, and could be recovered following the mission, or transmitted during the mission via telemetry. Guidance during the mission was provided by an inertial navigation system and autopilot.

Operational history
The first flight of the SD-5 took place in May 1960; fifteen prototypes were constructed for the test program, with Fairchild quoting a cost per drone of $350,000-$400,000 USD for production aircraft. An operational date of 1964 was anticipated; however, due to the cost of the program, the SD-5 was cancelled in November 1962 before entering service.

Specifications

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

1961 National Archives newsreel on the Unmanned Airborne Surveillance System, AN/USD-5

SD-5
1950s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Aviolanda AT-21. The Aviolanda AT-21 was a target drone developed in the Netherlands by Aviolanda. Powered by a pulsejet engine, it was the Netherlands' first drone to be successfully developed, and saw limited use in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Design and development
Developed in 1955, the AT-21 was of conventional aircraft design, with a high-mounted, constant-chord monoplane wing and a twin tail empennage. Power was provided by a SNECMA AS-11 Ecrevisse pulsejet, mounted in a fairing underneath the aircraft's fuselage; the construction of the airframe made extensive use of plastic in the nose and tail, with the center-section being of metal construction, and the wings and tail were made of foam-filled plastic with metal stabilizers and rudders.

Launch was by JATO-type booster rockets from a zero-length launch ramp; a trolley for conventional takeoff from a runway was also available. Control was by  radio commands from a remote guidance station, set up like an aircraft cockpit; if radio contact was lost, the parachute recovery system would automatically deploy. The parachutes could also be manually released at the end of a mission; the wing and tail would be separated by explosive bolts upon landing to simplify recovery and reduce the risk of damage during the process. Endurance was up to one hour, and it was possible to fit a payload of cameras for aerial reconnaissance duties.

Operational history
The first flight of the AT-21 took place in late 1955. The first Dutch drone to successfully complete development, it entered service with the Royal Dutch Navy. Production of the AT-21 continued through 1958.

Specifications

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References

Citations

Bibliography

AT-21
1950s Dutch special-purpose aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Target drones
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Pulsejet-powered aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the Netherlands
William T. Freeman. William T. Freeman is the Thomas and Gerd Perkins Professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is known for contributions to computer vision.

Education
Freeman received his undergraduate degree in physics from Stanford University in 1979, and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1992.

Career and research
Freeman worked at Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs before joining the faculty at MIT in 2001, where he is currently Thomas and Gerd Perkins Professor of electrical engineering and computer science. He served as the Associate Department Head from 2011 to 2014.

Freeman's research interests include machine learning applied to computer vision, Bayesian models of visual perception, and computational photography. He has also made research contributions on steerable filters and pyramids, orientation histograms, the generic viewpoint assumption, color constancy, computer vision for computer games, and belief propagation in networks with loops. He received outstanding paper awards at computer vision or machine learning conferences in 1997, 2006, 2009 and 2012, and test-of-time awards for papers from 1990 and 1995.

Awards and honors
Freeman is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). In 2021, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for contributions in computer science and engineering.

References 

MIT School of Engineering faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American artificial intelligence researchers
1957 births
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Lockheed Aequare. The Lockheed Aequare (Latin: "to equalize") was an unmanned aerial vehicle developed by the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for the United States Air Force. It was intended for launch from an F-4 Phantom II fighter-bomber, and would carry a remote sensor array and laser designator for use by the launching aircraft. The system was evaluated in the mid 1970s, but did not enter operational service.

Design and development
Development of the Aequare was initiated in 1973 with the awarding of a contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for the development of an expendable miniature air-launched remotely piloted vehicle (later known as unmanned aerial vehicle) for use by the United States Air Force (USAF) to find and designate targets for strike aircraft in high-threat environments. The resulting aircraft, produced under subcontract by Windecker Industries, was equipped with a folding  wing and a pusher ducted fan powered by a McCulloch MC-101 engine, and was intended to be launched from a SUU-42 flare dispenser, which would be released from a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter-bomber at approximately  and descend under parachute. Upon deployment of the main parachute, the Aequare would be released, starting its engine and flying under radio command guidance from a ground station, with imagery and telemetry transmitted through a datalink, with the launching aircraft acting as a relay using the CTU-2 datalink pod. The Aequare was equipped with cameras for aerial reconnaissance and also was fitted with a laser designator to allow the launching F-4, or other aircraft, to attack targets found by the UAV.

Operational history
The Aequare first flew in mid-1975; between 15 and 20 prototype aircraft were produced. Following the end of the system's flight trials in March 1976, no production was undertaken.

A development of the Aequare, SAVIOR (Small Aerial Vehicle for Observation, Intelligence, and Reconnaissance), jointly produced by LMSC and Windecker, used the fuselage and engine of Aequare mated to a new fixed wing and landing gear configuration; it was used to research autopilot design and launch-and-recovery techniques for unmanned aerial vehicles.

Specifications

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References

Citations

Bibliography

Aequare
1970s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ducted fan-powered aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Windecker aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
SS H. H. Raymond. SS  H. H. Raymond  was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Henry H. Raymond, president and general manager of the Clyde Steamship and Mallory Steamship Companies. He was appointed by the Shipping Board during World War I as the first Federal Controller of Shipping.

Construction
 H. H. Raymond  was laid down on 13 April 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2303, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; she was sponsored by Corporal Alice Howard, and launched on 24 May 1944.

History
She was allocated to Agwilines Inc., on 14 June 1944. On 18 August 1949, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in Olympia, Washington. On 9 June 1952, she was relocated to the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in the Hudson River Group. Starting on 18 June 1953, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain as part of the "Grain Program 1953". She returned to the fleet on 26 June 1953, full of grain. On 22 May 1956, she was withdrawn to unload and reload with grain. She returned on 14 June 1956, with another load of grain. She was withdrawn on 31 March 1960, to be unloaded but the floating elevator where she was to discharge was shut down due to a strike, she returned to the fleet with the same load on 5 April 1960. On 7 March 1961, she was again withdrawn to unload the grain and returned to the fleet empty on 15 March 1961. On 13 November 1961, she was withdrawn for the last time to be loaded with grain, she returned full on 28 November 1961. She was withdrawn on 29 July 1963, to be emptied and returned 3 August 1963. On 15 May 1970, she was sold to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, to be scrapped. She was removed from the fleet on 30 June 1970.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1944 ships
Hudson River Reserve Fleet
Hudson River Reserve Fleet Grain Program
Olympia Reserve Fleet
Guillaume Faury. Guillaume Faury (born 22 February 1968) is a French engineer and businessman. He is the chief executive officer (CEO) at the aerospace corporation Airbus SE and chairman of its civil aircraft division, Airbus SAS.

Education 
Graduated from École Polytechnique (Paris) in 1990 and École Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (Toulouse). Certified light-aircraft pilot and helicopter flight-test engineer with over 1,300 flying hours.

Career 
Working at Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) for ten years, Faury was the chief engineer of the EC225/H225, being responsible for the heavy helicopter flight tests. He eventually became the executive vice-president for research and development (R&D).
In 2010, Faury became executive vice-president for research and development at car maker Peugeot.

In March 2013 Faury replaced Lutz Bertling as the CEO of Airbus Helicopters.
As the new CEO, he faced the H225 crash in Norway, killing all thirteen people on board and grounding all H225 helicopters used in North Sea oil exploitation for a 15-month period. The sale of the helicopter model to the Polish Armed Forces was cancelled.
Faury restructured the X4 program leading to the H160 medium helicopter development to be introduced in 2019, and launched the X6 development for a fly-by-wire successor to the Super Puma.
He began significant R&D programs like the high-speed X3 Racer and the CityAirbus program.

Faury replaced Fabrice Brégier as Airbus Commercial Aircraft COO from February 2018.
On 8 October 2018, the Airbus Board of Directors selected him to succeed Tom Enders as Airbus CEO, starting from 10 April 2019.
Faury will have to shape Airbus' response to the Boeing New Midsize Airplane, face A320neo production and operational challenges, complete A400M negotiations and address slower-selling models like the A330neo. During the Annual General Meeting (AGM) 2022, Faury was reappointed as CEO for the next three years. Faury led the company through the recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic and the continued development of an environmentally friendly aircraft fueled by hydrogen.

On 1 December 2022, Faury was one of the guests invited to a state dinner hosted by U.S. President Joe Biden in honor of President Emmanuel Macron at the White House.

Personal life 
He is married to Maria Faury, and they have three children.

Other activities
 European Round Table for Industry (ERT), Member

References 

1968 births
Living people
French chief operating officers
French chief executives
Airbus people
French aerospace engineers
École Polytechnique alumni
Supaéro alumni
People from Cherbourg-Octeville
Robin Lee Wilson. Robin Lee Wilson (March 1933 – 11 November 2019) was a British civil engineer.  He served as chairman of the Travers Morgan Consulting Group and EC Harris and also as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1991–92.  He was master of the Worshipful Company of Paviors in 2003 when the livery company updated its ordinances for the first time since 1479.  Wilson also chaired the Construction Industry Council and the heritage trust which manages the  Coultershaw Wharf and Beam Pump.

Career
Wilson had a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering and was a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.  He was one of six engineers that formed a partnership with Travers Morgan Limited and traded as the Travers Morgan and Partners design consultancy, the partnership was dissolved in October 1990.  At one point he also served as chairman of the Travers Morgan Consulting Group.  Travers Morgan were bought by Huntingdon International in 1991 and by the Compagnie Générale des Eaux (now known as Vivendi) in 1995.  Wilson has also been chairman of engineering consultancy EC Harris (now part of Arcadis).

Wilson was a fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers and was its president for the November 1991 to November 1992 session.  He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queens Birthday Honours of 13 June 1992.

Wilson served as chairman of the Construction Industry Council between 1994 and 1996 and in 1998 was chairman of the Engineering Council's Board for Engineers' Regulation.  He was master of the Worshipful Company of Paviors in 2003 when the livery company sought to update its ordinances, last amended in 1479, and to apply for a Royal Charter. Wilson was also active in recruiting new members for the company.

Wilson was chairman of the Coultershaw Heritage Trust, which looks after the Coultershaw Wharf and Beam Pump in West Sussex, from before 2005.  Between 2008 and 2012 he project managed the installation of an Archimedes' screw water turbine at the site that looked to supply 65,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year to the National Grid and save 50 tons of carbon dioxide emissions.  The project required a survey to ensure that sheet piling works would not affect a suspected unexploded bomb.  The Coultershaw site, operational since 1782, previously supplied water to the town of Petworth and is a scheduled monument.

He died on 11 November 2019 at the age of 86.

References 

British civil engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1933 births
2019 deaths
Fellows of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate. Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3.  It is the one of simplest dithiocarbamic esters.  It is a white volatile solid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.  It was once used as a pesticide.

Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate can be prepared by methylation of salts of dimethyldithiocarbamate:
(CH3)2NCS2Na  +  (CH3O)2SO2   →   (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3  +  Na[CH3OSO3]

It can also be prepared by the reaction of a tetramethylthiuram disulfide with methyl Grignard reagents:	
[(CH3)2NC(S)S]2  +  CH3MgBr   →   (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3  +  (CH3)2NCS2MgBr

References

Dithiocarbamates
South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-132-040. South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-132-040 is a historic bridge in rural Turner County, South Dakota.  Built in 1939, it is a well-preserved period stone-arch bridge, built with funding from a New Deal jobs program.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Description and history
Bridge No. 63-016-150 is located in rural northern Turner County, carrying 272nd Street over an unnamed stream, between 453rd Avenue and South Dakota Highway 19.  It is a two-arch stone structure, with a total length of about .  Its two arches are segmental, with a span of , and rise about  above the grade.  The bridge has stone wing walls, which rise to low parapets that serve as curbing for the roadway.  The bridge is fashioned out of locally quarried fieldstone, most of which is roughly cut and randomly laid.  The finished surfaces have been trimmed and squared.

This bridge is one of 180 stone arch bridges built in Turner County as part of a New Deal-era federal jobs program, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). The county administration was able to build stone bridges at a lower cost than then-conventional steel beam bridges because of the availability of experienced stone workers, and the federal subsidy to the wages they were paid. The county was responsible for supervising the work crews and providing the building materials. This bridge was built in 1935 by a county crew to a standardized state design.  It is one of only two bridges in the county built with FERA funding; others were built with later Works Progress Administration funds.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Turner County, South Dakota
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota

References

Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Turner County, South Dakota
Bridges completed in 1939
Transportation in Turner County, South Dakota
Buildings and structures in Turner County, South Dakota
Brian Ridley. Brian Kidd Ridley  (2 March 1931 – 22 May 2024) was a British solid-state physicist specialising in semiconductor theory. He was an emeritus professor at the University of Essex.

Early life and education 
Ridley was born on 2 March 1931. He educated at the University of Durham. He received a BSc degree in physics in 1953 and completed his doctoral studies in 1957.

Career 
Ridley began his career as a research physicist in the solid-state physics division of the Mullard Research Laboratories in Redhill, Surrey (1956–1964). In 1964, he joined the University of Essex as a lecturer in physics, later becoming a senior lecturer (1967), reader (1971) and finally professor of physics (1984), before retiring in 2008. He has held distinguished visiting professorial appointments at Cornell University (1967) and the Danish Technical University (1969), and has held research appointments at Princeton, Stanford, Lund, Santa Barbara, Oregon, and Eindhoven.

Research 
Ridley conducted work on negative differential resistance (NDR), instabilities and hot-electron transport in semiconductors. In the early 1960s, he jointly discovered the electron transfer mechanism (Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum effect) which underlies microwave generation in Gunn diodes, and he was the first to discover the impurity barrier mechanism for NDR, and to demonstrate its existence in germanium. He was also the first to describe the consequences of NDR instabilities in terms of propagating dipole domains and current filaments. The existence of these nonlinear entities has been verified in a wide variety of solids. His work on acoustoelectric instabilities led to his invention of the microsonic analogue of the laser. He has made original contributions to the theory of electron transitions in solids, particularly impurity scattering and multiphonon processes. This work is the subject of his monograph Quantum Processes in Semiconductors, widely used as a reference text.

He wrote three popular books, Time, Space and Things (1976), which has been translated into multiple languages, The Physical Environment (1979) and  On Science (2001).

Death 
Ridley died on 22 May 2024, at the age of 93.

Awards and honours 
Ridley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1994. In 2001, the Institute of Physics awarded him the Dirac Medal in recognition of his four-decade long influence on the semiconductor theory.

Selected works

Textbooks

Books

Research papers

References

External links 
 Homepage

1931 births
2024 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
British physicists
Academics of the University of Essex
Alumni of St Cuthbert's Society, Durham