omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Extended reality. Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term to refer to augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR). The technology is intended to combine or mirror the physical world with a "digital twin world" able to interact with it, giving users an immersive experience by being in a virtual or augmented environment. 

The fields of virtual reality and augmented reality are rapidly growing and being applied in a wide range of areas such as entertainment, cinema, marketing, real estate, training, education, maintenance and remote work. Extended reality has the ability to be used for joint effort in the workplace, training, educational purposes, therapeutic treatments, and data exploration and analysis.

Extended reality works by using visual data acquisition that is either accessed locally or shared and transfers over a network and to the human senses. By enabling real-time responses in a virtual stimulus these devices create customized experiences. Advancing in 5G and edge computing – a type of computing that is done "at or near the source of data" – could aid in data rates, increase user capacity, and reduce latency. These applications will likely expand extended reality into the future.

Around one-third of the global extended reality market is attributed to Europe.

In 2018 the BBC launched a research project to capture and document the barriers present in eXtended Reality environments.

See also

References

Sources
 
 Pereira, Fernando. "Deep Learning-Based Extended Reality: Making Humans and Machines Speak the Same Visual Language." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactive eXtended Reality, 1–2. IXR ’22. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3552483.3555366. 
 United States Government Accountability Office. Extended Reality Technologies. Science & Tech Spotlight. Washington, D.C: GAO, Science, Technology Assessment, and Analytics, 2022.
 Boel, Carl, Kim Dekeyser, Fien Depaepe, Luis Quintero, Tom van Daele, and Brenda Wiederhold. Extended Reality: Opportunities, Success Stories and Challenges (Health, Education) : Executive Summary. Luxembourg: Publications Office, 2023. https://op.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_KK0722997ENN.
 Sayler, Kelley M. "Military Applications of Extended Reality." IF 12010. Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2022.

 
Hyperreality
User interface techniques
Wearable computers
Wearable devices
Subfields of computer science
Science fiction themes
Applications of artificial intelligence
Brumby Aircruiser. The Brumby Aircruiser is a four-seat general aviation aircraft currently under development by Brumby Aircraft Australia. The design has its origins in the 1960s Victa Aircruiser, itself a development of the successful Victa Airtourer.

Design and development
A single example was completed in 1966, before the company ceased aircraft production in 1967 when the government declined tariff protection. The design was later developed into the PAC CT/4. The type certificate was sold to Brumby in 2013. As of 2015, the status of the modernised aircraft is described by the company as in the "final design" stage. It will be marketed as a both a touring and business aeroplane. Under a recent deal with China's AVIC, engineers will travel to Brumby's Cowra, New South Wales plant to assist with production of the Aircruiser. The deal has shifted much of the production of Brumby's existing models to a larger facility in China, allowing the Cowra factory to concentrate on the Aircruiser project.

Variants
Brumby intends to offer three variants. A  Continental IO-360 powered version will be aimed at pilot training or as a replacement for the aging Cessna 172 and Piper Archer. A more powerful  Continental IO-550 will be offered to compete with the Cirrus SR22. A third option will be powered by a derated Rolls-Royce M250 turbine driving a three-bladed propeller, producing . Brumby will market this version specifically as a business aircraft, with no established competitor. The Aircruiser design already meets the requirements of the United States Federal Aviation Administration FAR 23 equivalent certification.

References

2010s Australian civil utility aircraft
Brumby Aircraft Australia aircraft
Electric Carriage Workshops. The Electric Carriage Workshops, often abbreviated to Elcar, was the principal maintenance centre for the New South Wales Government Railways electric multiple unit fleet. Construction commenced in 1922, coinciding with the electrification of the Sydney network. It was located within the Chullora Railway Workshops complex on a  site. It was not electrified until 1939 requiring carriages to be hauled to and from the works by steam locomotive.

Elcar had a railway station that was served by worker's trains at shift changeover times.

It closed in March 1994, when maintenance of CityRail's electric fleet was taken over by UGL Rail's Maintrain facility at Auburn. The site has been redeveloped as the Chullora Resource Recovery Park.

References

Industrial buildings in Sydney
Railway workshops in New South Wales
1994 disestablishments in Australia
Municipality of Strathfield
History of transport in New South Wales
Defunct railway workshops of Australia
Swiss Network Operators Group. The Swiss Network Operators Group (SwiNOG) is a Swiss counterpart to NANOG. Like NANOG, SwiNOG operates a mailing list for operators of Swiss data networks, including ISPs.

Events
Twice a year the community gathers in Bern, the capitol of Switzerland for a social gathering containing technical presentations and of course direct interaction between the people in the community. Usually these talks are very technical and can contain various topics related to the work of network operators like out-of-band management. Of course there are also more high-level presentations like the one about SDN and NFV. Usually some months before the event, someone from the SwiNOG-Core-Team sends out a CfP.

On a monthly basis, Steven Glogger is also organizing the SwiNOG Beer Events. In the past there where already more than 100 events, taken place in the city of Zürich, a social gathering where people talk about technology, their employer and sometimes also about customers but mainly to exchange information to each other in an offline mode.

History

See also
 Internet network operators' group

References

External links 

SwiNOG Federation a non-profit organisation representing Swiss SME Internet access and service providers.

Internet in Switzerland
Internet Network Operators' Groups
Electronic mailing lists
Computer networking
History of the Internet
Information technology organisations based in Switzerland
Designability. Designability Charity Limited (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) is a charity and limited company working in the field of human centred design. Its main focus is the research and design of products enabled disabled people to live with greater independence.

History 
Designability (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) was established in 1968 as an independent charity by an inventor and engineer, Bevan Horstmann, and local consultant surgeon, Kenneth Lloyd-Williams. BIME was first situated at St Martin's Hospital in Bath  but in 1987 it was moved to the Royal United Hospital (RUH) in Bath.

Achievements 
During the last 50 years, Designability has completed 300 projects in various disciplines.

In 1970, Designability created the world's first spring assisted armchair.

In 1990  the original Designability Junior Buggy was developed for young children with limited mobility which led to the  creation of the current Wizzybug. The Wizzybug is a powered wheelchair designed for specifically children aged from 14 months and 5 years and aims to support development, independence and socialisation of preschool disabled children.

Designability has previously worked in the field of applying technology to the needs of people with dementia. Designability was the first to design a simple clock, which is helping to dispel confusion for people living with dementia.

Designability was also an active participant in a range of research projects including "Robotics in Care Chiron Project", nutrition in aging, task promoting for dementia and autonomous vehicles for the elderly.

In 2023 the charity was working on an accessible pushchair to enable disabled parents and carers to transport their young children independently.

Designability is also part of a consortium called the National Centre for Accessible Transport which is looking to address and improve the accessibility of transport systems across the UK.

Funding 
Designability are funded by 3 income streams, Charitable donations, Research grants and Commercial income from sale of products.

See also 
University of Bath
Royal United Hospital

References 

1968 establishments in England
Charities based in Somerset
Charities for disabled people based in England
Phenotype (igneous petrology). In igneous petrology, a phenotype is an aphanitic igneous rock which is identified and classified according to the mineralogy of its phenocrysts, when it is impossible to determine the mineralogy of the groundmass.
Because phenocrysts represent the earlier part of crystallisation, and a melt may have evolved somewhat in between stages of cooling, they cannot be used to accurately describe the rock's true mineralogy or chemistry, but do provide an approximate estimation. As a result of this potential for error, phenotypes are identified using the prefix pheno-.

References

Igneous petrology
Aphanitic rocks
Relaxor ferroelectric. Relaxor ferroelectrics are ferroelectric materials that exhibit high electrostriction. , although they have been studied for over fifty years, the mechanism for this effect is still not completely understood, and is the subject of continuing research.
  
Examples of relaxor ferroelectrics include:

 lead magnesium niobate (PMN) 
 lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) 
 lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT)
 lead scandium niobate (PSN) 
Barium Titanium-Bismuth Zinc Niobium Tantalum (BT-BZNT)
Barium Titanium-Barium Strontium Titanium (BT-BST)

Applications

Relaxor Ferroelectric materials find application in high efficiency energy storage and conversion as they have high dielectric constants, orders-of-magnitude higher than those of conventional ferroelectric materials. Like conventional ferroelectrics, Relaxor Ferroelectrics show permanent dipole moment in domains. However, these domains are on the nano-length scale, unlike conventional ferroelectrics domains that are generally on the micro-length scale, and take less energy to align. Consequently, Relaxor Ferroelectrics have very high specific capacitance and have thus generated interest in the fields of energy storage. Furthermore, due to their slim hysteresis curve with high saturated polarization and low remnant polarization, Relaxor ferroelectrics have high discharge energy density and high discharge rates. BT-BZNT Multilayer Energy Storage Ceramic Capacitors (MLESCC) were experimentally determined to have very high efficiency(>80%) and stable thermal properties over a wide temperature range.

References 

Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Ferroelectric materials
Electrical phenomena
IDE Technologies. IDE Technologies is an Israeli water desalination company.

History
The company was founded in 1965 by Ukrainian-born engineer Alexander Zarchin. It is headquartered in the Hasharon Industrial Park in Kadima, Israel. Its chairman is Asaf Bartfeld, while its chief executive officer and president is Avshalom Felber.

In Israel, it has built desalination plants in Hadera, Ashkelon and Soreq.

In 2013, it agreed to design the Carlsbad desalination plant in Carlsbad, California. It was expected to be completed by 2016, however, due to the continuing drought in California, plant completion was advanced to late 2015, and was eventually finished in December, 2015. Other projects under construction include plants in India, Chile, Venezuela and Mexico.

Ownership
IDE is jointly owned by Alfa Partners, a private strategic water fund controlled by Avshalom Felber, IDE Executive Chairman, and Amir Lang, former EVP of the Delek Group.

References

Technology companies of Israel
Utilities of Israel
Water desalination
Technology companies established in 1965
1965 establishments in Israel
De Schelde S.21. The De Schelde S.21 was a proposed Dutch fighter of the late 1930s and early 1940s. It was a single-seat, single-engined, pusher monoplane. A single prototype was under construction in 1940, but work was abandoned due to the German invasion.

Design and development
The Dutch shipbuilding company NV Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde of Vlissingen entered the aviation business in 1935, when it recruited most of the technical staff, including Chief Designer T. E. Slot, of Pander & Son, which had failed in 1934. Early designs built by De Schelde were the De Schelde Scheldemusch, a lightweight single-seater pusher biplane powered by a  Praga B engine, and the Scheldemeeuw, a flying boat version of the Scheldemusch. In 1938, Slot started design work on two more advanced types which also followed Slot's preferred pusher configuration, the De Schelde S.20, a light cabin monoplane, and the S.21, a single-seat fighter, with construction of prototypes for both types beginning in early 1939.

The S.21 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction. It featured an inverted gull wing, with the aircraft's tail carried on twin booms. The compact fuselage nacelle carried the pilot, engine and the aircraft's armament. The pilot sat in a heavily glazed cockpit in the nose of the nacelle, with the engine, a Daimler-Benz DB 600Ga liquid-cooled inverted V12 engine rated at  for takeoff and at  at , driving a three-bladed propeller was situated immediately behind the pilot. Slot recognized that to allow the pilot to bail out from the aircraft, the propeller would have to be jettisoned. A mechanism for doing this had yet to be decided on when work on the aircraft stopped. The engine was cooled by a radiator in the nose of the aircraft below the cockpit. A nosewheel undercarriage was fitted.

Its armament consisted of a single Madsen 23 mm cannon on a flexible mount in the nose, together with four 7.9 mm FN-Browning machine guns in the side of the nacelle. The cannon was intended to be fixed during air-to-air combat, and during ground strafing operations, it would be released and aimed manually by the pilot, with an automatic stabilizing system controlling the aircraft's ailerons and elevators to aid the pilot in keeping control of the aircraft while busy aiming and firing the cannon.

The prototype S.21 was almost complete when Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, with the De Schelde factory and the prototype S.21 being seized by German troops. Development was abandoned, with the prototype being tested to destruction at Utrecht. Although abandoned, artist impressions of the S.21 were presented in the wartime aviation press as the fictional Focke-Wulf Fw 198.

Specifications (Performance estimated)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 S.21 (in Russian)

Single-engined pusher aircraft
Scheldemusch
Inverted gull-wing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Evan Beard. Evan Beard is an American entrepreneur, engineer, and co-founder/CEO of Standard Bots, an artificial intelligence robotics startup which has raised $63m from investors including General Catalyst and Amazon and build robots in the United States. Beard has been recognized on the Forbes "30 under 30" list which features the "brightest young entrepreneurs, breakout talents and change agents" and Business Insider's list of the "most inspiring and influential people in New York tech". Prior to A Plus, Beard co-founded Etacts and ArmorHub, both acquired by publicly traded companies.

Early life 
Beard attended Duke University, where he studied computer science and graduated with distinction in economics in 2009. While finishing school he wrote a widely distributed iOS app, “Girlfriend Keeper”, which attracted attention from international media, including Good Morning America, the LA Times, Cosmopolitan Magazine, and local news and radio stations. The app asked for details about one's significant other and sent automated emails and text messages expressing affection, such as "it's only 67 days until your birthday, I might get you something green like your eyes".

Career

Etacts 
In 2009, shortly after graduating college, Beard co-founded Etacts and was admitted to the Y-Combinator seed accelerator. Etacts was a relationship management app that provided a unified view of one's contacts and all emails, calls, and texts with them. It allowed setting reminders on one’s contacts to remember to stay in touch with them. It also provided a contextual widget within Gmail that automatically showed biographical details next to emails, such as the education and work history of your correspondents. The company raised $700,000 from prominent angel investors, including Ron Conway and Ashton Kutcher. In 2010, Etacts was acquired by Salesforce.com, where Beard subsequently worked in engineering as a Senior Member of Technical Staff.

ArmorHub 
In 2011, Beard co-founded Gridtech Inc which created ArmorHub.com. ArmorHub is an app that allows businesses to quickly scan their websites for application-level security vulnerabilities such as SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting. ArmorHub was acquired by Spirent Communications, a publicly traded British company.

A Plus 
In 2013, Beard moved to Los Angeles to co-found A Plus with Ashton Kutcher and Kendall Dabaghi. A Plus is a technology-focused media company that creates positive journalism for millennials and uses its own technology for content creation, optimization and distribution. After a soft launch in early 2014, A Plus grew to 50 million unique visitors per month and six months after launch was the fastest growing site in comScore’s Mobile Metrix database. The site raised $3.5m from investors in 2015 and expects $8 million in revenue in 2016. A Plus started in Kutcher’s living room and moved to New York City in 2014.

References

Living people
1986 births
American business executives
Leveraged Freedom Chair. The Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC) was an all-terrain wheelchair made from bicycle parts.

History 
Amos Winter, a PhD graduate from MIT, travelled to Tanzania during his work, and found that conventional wheelchairs are inadequate in areas without wheelchair accessible roads and buildings. He and his students from his mechanical engineering class worked together on the development of the project. The tests of the LFC were conducted in East Africa, Guatemala and India.

Description 
In addition to a normal wheelchair push rim, the wheelchair had a lever drivetrain that let the user grip the lever far from the wheel for high torque on rough terrain. The levers could be removed and stored on the chair, allowing it to be used like a normal wheelchair indoors. The wheelchairs were designed to be produced at low cost from commonly available bicycle parts, and to be repaired and maintained at local bicycle shops.

The chair was developed by a group called Global Research Innovation & Technology. The chair was sold at around US $250 to NGOs--less than the price of common wheelchairs.

The LFC made way for the GRIT Freedom Chair, an improved all-terrain wheelchair designed for the developed world. The initial version of the Freedom Chair product launched on Kickstarter with a lowest price point of US$2,195, which sold out.

Awards 
 1st place at the MIT IDEAS Global Challenge
 Wall Street Journal 2010 Technology Innovation Award
 Awarded at the 2012 MassChallenge
 Awarded at the Patents for Humanity award in 2015

References

External links
Global Research Innovation & Technology

Wheelchairs
Tamara Minko. Tamara Minko is a distinguished professor and chair of the department of pharmaceutics at Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy. She has an H-index of 43 since 2016 and over 17,800 citations of her work.

Career
Minko's scientific career began in Ukraine, but in 1997 she moved to the United States to work with Professor J. Kopecek at the University of Utah. Minko is the chair of the pharmaceutics at Rutgers University. Her research focuses on nanoparticles used to deliver medicine more efficiently to the body, specifically to fight cancer. In 2009, she became the CRS Bioactive Materials Track Program Chair. She was also a member of the board of Scientific Advisors and director-at-large of the Controlled Release Society, Academy of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Fellow Research, the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute.

Minko is a Fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), Controlled Release Society (CRS), and American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS). She is a member of the Study Sections of the Center for Scientific Review at the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, and the American Heart Association. Her research is funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the American Lung Association, National Science Foundation, and the Department of Defense among other sources.

Publications and speaking events
Minko is executive editor of Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews and editor of Pharmaceutical Research. She has published in PNAS, Nature Nanotechnology, Cancer Research, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal of Controlled Release, Small, and ACS Nano.

Minko has spoken at symposiums and seminars including the Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Symposium 2008 at Northeastern University, and the Chemistry in Cancer Research from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Chemical Society in 2009. In 2012 she spoke at the 9th International Conference and Workshop on Biological Barriers 2012. Minko spoke at the Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translation Nanomedicine Symposium, and the Capital Region Cancer Research New Frontiers Symposium in 2014. In March 2015, she spoke at the Spring Seminar Series at University of Pittsburgh. Minko has also spoken at the New Strategies and Technologies in Cancer Research for Bioconnex and Capital Region Cancer Research Group.

Further reading

References

Living people
Rutgers University faculty
Academic journal editors
Pharmacists from New Jersey
Ukrainian pharmacists
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American pharmacists
Intermetallic particle. Intermetallic particles form during solidification of metallic alloys.

Aluminium alloys

Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys 

Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys form Al5FeSi- plate like intermetallic phases like -Al8Fe2Si, Al2Cu, etc. The size and morphology of these intermetallic phases in these alloys control the mechanical properties of these alloys, especially strength and ductility. The size of these phases depends on the secondary dendrite arm spacing, as well as the Si content of the alloy, of the primary phase in the micro structure.

Phases and crystal structures

Magnesium alloys

WE 43 
In-situ synchrotron diffraction experiment on Electron alloy-WE 43 (Mg4Y3Nd) shows that this alloy form the following intermetallic phases ;Mg12Nd, Mg14Y4Nd, and Mg24Y5.

Phases and crystal structures

AZ 91

References