Pipe marking. In the process industry, chemical industry, manufacturing industry, and other commercial and industrial contexts, pipe marking is used to identify the contents, properties and flow direction of fluids in piping. It is typically carried out by marking piping through labels and color codes. Pipe marking helps personnel and fire response teams identify the correct pipes for operational, maintenance or emergency response purposes.

Background 
Pipes are used extensively in commercial and industrial buildings and on industrial plant (e.g. oil refineries) to transfer fluids between items of plant and equipment. Positive identification assists operations personnel to correctly identify plant when carrying out routine or maintenance activities, and for emergency personnel when responding to emergencies. Pipe marking is particularly important for identification where pipes run along pipe racks, through walls and bulkheads and through floors.

A range of corporate, national and international codes, standards and regulations are in use around the world.

National standards: United States

ANSI/ASME Standards 

In the United States, Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations recommend following American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard A13.1-2015 - Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems.

The standard states that labels should be placed where easily viewed by a person standing near the pipe at any of the following points:

 Valves and flanges.
 Approximately every  to  on straight sections.
 A pipe passes through a wall or floor.
 Any pipe direction changes, such bends or junctions.

2015 revisions

2015 revisions added oxidizing materials to the existing 'Flammables' classification. The other major change allowed and encouraged labels to incorporate the GHS signal word, hazard pictograms, and hazard statements. This addition helped identify additional dangers when dealing with materials that fit into multiple categories, like hydrogen sulfide, which is both flammable and toxic.

IIAR Bulletin #114 

In 2014, the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration introduced a specialized label design for use when marking pipes associated with refrigeration systems using ammonia, including information such as the physical state, pressure and purpose in the system.

NFPA 99C 2002 
The National Fire Protection Association have a special labeling system in the standard for Health Care Facilities, such as hospitals and dentistry offices. This standard puts more emphasis on gases found in Medical gas supply systems, which consist of both oxidizing gases and gases that displace oxygen.

National standards: United Kingdom 
In the United Kingdom there are three principal regulations that mandate the marking of equipment and piping:

 Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015,
 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996,
 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998,

The regulations require that vessels containing hazardous substances together with the pipes containing or transporting such substances must be labelled or marked with the relevant hazard pictograms or pipe marking. The labels used on pipes must be positioned visibly in the vicinity of the most hazardous points, such as valves and joints; at both sides of bulkheads and floor penetrations; and at reasonable intervals.

The regulations do not specify a specific marking system, but BS EN ISO 1710 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs is often used.

BS 1710 Safety colours and signs 
A widely used British Standard (BS) for marking equipment is:

 BS 1710:2019 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
The Standard stipulates the colours to be used. These are as follows:

In addition to the basic colours, certain safety colours are used:

The arrangement of markings is for the safety colour to be between bands of the basic colour.

Firewater service would be:

The pipe contents must be identified adjacent to the banding. This can be done by giving either:

 The full name
 Abbreviation
 Chemical symbol
 Refrigerant number
 Coloured bands (user specified)

The direction of flow should also be identified near the banding.

Examples using this system are as shown.

National standards: India

IS 2379 Pipelines Identification Colour Code 
The Indian Standard IS 2379 provides for a ground colour and a coloured band on piping to identify material.

Colour bands of 25 mm to 100 mm width are placed at locations such as battery limits, intersections, near valves, at walls, starting and terminating points. There is a large range of bands which define the contents of the line. For example, for oils.

National standards: Australia 
Pipes, ducts and conduits are identification by the Australian Standard AS 1345—1995 “Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits and ducts”

International standards

ISO 14726  Ships and marine facilities 
Ships and marine facilities must conform to an international standard for piping systems identification. This is ISO 14726:2008 Ships and marine technology — Identification colours for the content of piping systems.

This is a two-colour banded marking system. The main colour shows what the fluid is being used for. This is on either side of the secondary colour which indicates what the substance actually is. The main colours are as follows:

  Black - Waste media
  Blue - Fresh water
  Brown - Fuel
  Green – Sea water
  Grey - Non-flammable gases
  Maroon - Air and sounding pipes
  Orange - Oils other than fuels
  Silver - Steam
  Red - Fire fighting
  Violet - Acids, alkalis
  White - Air in ventilation systems
  Yellow - Flammable gases

ISO 20560-1 & -2  Safety information for piping systems 
International Standard ISO 20560-1:2020 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems was intended to replace the variety of regulations and standards across countries and regions. Basic identification colours and warning symbols identify the pipe contents and any hazards.

Pipe markers consists of 4 basic elements:

 Basic identification (background) colour, see table below,  e.g. yellow for hazardous substance
 Name of the substance/content, e.g. NATURAL GAS
 Flow direction indicator arrows, ⇒
 Warning symbols, e.g. GHS symbol

Colours and substances are typically as follows:

International Standard ISO 20560-2 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 2: Tanks, provides a similar colour scheme for tanks.

European standards: RAL Colours 
RAL colour standard charts are used by architects, construction industry and road safety. 

The pipe identification colours are as shown in the table.

See also

 Piping
 American National Standards Institute
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Notes

References

Piping
Civil engineering
Hazardous materials
Chemical safety
Color codes