omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kenneth L. Clarkson. Kenneth Lee Clarkson is an American computer scientist known for his research in computational geometry. He is a researcher at the IBM Almaden Research Center, and co-editor-in-chief of Discrete and Computational Geometry and of the Journal of Computational Geometry.

Biography
Clarkson received his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1984, under the supervision of Andrew Yao. Until 2007 he worked for Bell Labs.

In 1998 he was co-chair of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry.

Research
Clarkson's primary research interests are in computational geometry.

His most highly cited paper, with Peter Shor, uses random sampling to devise optimal randomized algorithms for several problems of constructing geometric structures, following up on an earlier singly-authored paper by Clarkson on the same subject.
It includes algorithms for finding all  intersections among a set of  line segments in the plane in expected time , finding the diameter of a set of  points in three dimensions in expected time , and constructing the convex hull of  points in -dimensional Euclidean space in expected time . The same paper also uses random sampling to prove bounds in discrete geometry, and in particular to give tight bounds on the number of ≤k-sets.

Clarkson has also written highly cited papers on the complexity of arrangements of curves and surfaces, nearest neighbor search, motion planning, and low-dimensional linear programming and LP-type problems.

Awards and honors
In 2008 Clarkson was named ACM Fellow for his "contributions to computational geometry."

References

External links
Clarkson's web page at IBM

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Stanford University alumni
2008 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Amorphous silica-alumina. Amorphous silica-alumina is a synthetic substance that is used as a catalyst or catalyst support. It can be prepared in a number of ways for example:
 Precipitation of hydrous alumina onto amorphous silica hydrogel
 Reacting a silica sol with an alumina sol
 Coprecipitation from sodium silicate / aluminium salt solution
Water-soluble contaminants, e.g. sodium salts, are removed by washing.
Some of the alumina is present in tetrahedral coordination as shown by NMR studies  29Si MASNMR and 27Al NMR
Amorphous silica-alumina contains sites which are termed Brønsted acid (or protic) sites, with an ionizable hydrogen atom, and Lewis acid (aprotic), electron accepting sites and these different types of acidic site can be distinguished by the ways in which, say, pyridine attaches. On Lewis acid sites it forms complexes and on the Brønsted sites it adsorbs as the pyridinium ion.

As of 2000 examples of processes that use silica-alumina catalysts are the production of pyridine from crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, steam, air and ammonia and the cracking of hydrocarbons,

References

Catalysis
Inorganic silicon compounds
Acid catalysts
Weld line. In manufacturing, the Weld line or Knit line or Meld line is the line where two flow fronts meet when there is the inability of two or more flow fronts to "knit" together, or "weld", during the molding process. These lines usually occur around holes or obstructions and cause locally weak areas in the molded part. Knit lines are considered molding defects, and occur when the mold or/and material temperatures are set too low: thus the materials will be cold when they meet, so that they do not bond perfectly.  This can cause a weak area in the part which can cause breakage when the part is under stress. Weld lines therefore occur during machine start-up, when equilibrium conditions have not been met. Mouldings made in this setting-up period must be rejected. 

There are many Computer Aided Engineering tools that are available that can predict where these areas could occur, but a skilled designer will be able to predict where such defects can be found by examining the tool or product.

Weld lines are not found in other manufacturing methods such as Rotational moulding, but can exist in extrusion, especially where there are internal metal supports for a die. The defects are then known as spider lines.

Causes 
Weld lines can be caused by several different problems:

 Low temperature of injection moulding machine barrel
 Inadequate back pressure
 Injection pressure or injection speed is too low
 Low mold temperature
 Small injection gates and/or runners
 Improper location of injection gate
 Too many gates
 Excessive gate land length
 Improper flow rate of injected materials
 Inconsistent process cycle
 poor product design

References 

Injection molding
Armstrong Siddeley Lancaster. The Armstrong Siddeley Lancaster is an automobile which was produced by Armstrong Siddeley Motors Limited from 1945 until 1952. It was the first post-war sports saloon to be made by the company.

The chassis of the Lancaster was all new and featured independent front suspension using torsion bars and a live rear axle with leaf springs. A Girling hydro-mechanical braking system was fitted, with the front drums hydraulically operated while those at the rear used rod and cable. Wire wheels were an option but rarely fitted.

At first, the Lancaster was fitted with a 70 bhp 1991 cc six cylinder engine, carried over from the pre-war 16 hp model but from 1949 this grew to 2309 cc by increasing the cylinder bore from 65 to 70 mm. There was a choice of 4-speed synchromesh or pre-selector gearbox. 

The four-door, six light body was made of steel and aluminum panel fitted over a wooden frame and was bought in from Mulliners of Birmingham. An opening sunshine roof was standard.

References

External links
 Armstrong Siddeley 16-18 hp model range

Lancaster
Cars introduced in 1945
Cars discontinued in 1952
Sikorsky S-10. The Sikorsky S-10 was a Russian military twin-float seaplane that served with the Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet from the summer of 1913 to 1915. After Igor Sikorsky built the successful Sikorsky S-6 for the Russian military, he tried to build another successful aircraft for them. The S-10 was a modified S-6B built by the Russo-Baltic Carriage Factory. Approximately sixteen production versions of the S-10 were built. It had a less powerful engine and generally weaker structure than the S-6. They had either an 80 hp Gnome Monosoupape or a 100 hp Argus Motoren engine. Some were deployed on the world's first operational seaplane carriers.

Development
Sikorsky built a special S-10 for the 1913 military aircraft competition. This particular S-10 had an 80 HP Gnome engine. The wing span was increased by 150 mm and were fitted with outer panels that could be folded for storage. The two seats were fitted side-by-side, and the yoke could be switched between the pilot and co-pilot during flight.

The aircraft also took the first prize in the competition although it lacked the speed and manoeuvrability of the S-6B. Its payload of 48% of the aircraft weight was exceptional. After its wingspan had been reduced by another 3050 mm and the Gnome engine was replaced by a stronger Monosoupape engine, the S-10 served as both a reconnaissance and trainer on floats with the Baltic Fleet.

Records
Russian test pilot Gleb Alekhnovich set a Russian record by flying non-stop 500 km in 4 hours 56 minutes and 12 seconds with the S-10.

Operators
Russian Empire
Russian Navy
Baltic Fleet

Specifications (S-X with monosoupape engine)

See also
 Sikorsky Aircraft

References

1910s Russian military reconnaissance aircraft
S-010
Biplanes
S-10
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Westland Yeovil. The Westland Yeovil was a British biplane bomber designed and built by Westland Aircraft in 1923 to meet an Air Ministry specification for a single-engined day bomber.

Development
The Yeovil was designed to meet Air Ministry Specification 26/23 for a single-engined day bomber, with a Rolls-Royce Condor engine specified by the ministry. It was a two-bay staggered biplane of composite wood and metal construction. It had a crew of two with the pilot in a cockpit at the front and the bomb aimer/gunner behind. It was powered by a nose-mounted tractor  Rolls-Royce Condor IIIA piston engine, fitted with a Leitner-Watts metal propeller.

Three prototypes were ordered. The first, J7508, made its first flight in 1925 from RAF Andover, with Captain Frank Courtney as the test pilot. The prototype was delivered to RAF Martlesham Heath for evaluation against the other aircraft built to meet the specification, the Hawker Horsley and the Bristol Berkeley. After evaluation, the Yeovil and Berkley were not ordered into production, and the Horsley had already been given a contract against a different specification. The three Yeovil prototypes continued to fly for a few years for research and testing.

Specifications

See also

References

Yeovil
1920s British bomber aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Single-engined piston aircraft
Desmond (software). Desmond is a software package developed at D. E. Shaw Research to perform high-speed molecular dynamics simulations of biological systems on conventional computer clusters. The code uses novel parallel algorithms and numerical methods to achieve high performance on platforms containing multiple processors, but may also be executed on a single computer.

The core and source code are available at no cost for non-commercial use by universities and other not-for-profit research institutions, and have been used in the Folding@home distributed computing project. Desmond is available as commercial software through Schrödinger, Inc.

Molecular dynamics program

Desmond supports algorithms typically used to perform fast and accurate molecular dynamics. Long-range electrostatic energy and forces can be calculated using particle mesh Ewald-based methods. Constraints can be enforced using the M-SHAKE algorithm. These methods can be used together with time-scale splitting (RESPA-based) integration schemes.

Desmond can compute energies and forces for many standard fixed-charged force fields used in biomolecular simulations, and is also compatible with polarizable force fields based on the Drude formalism. A variety of integrators and support for various ensembles have been implemented in the code, including methods for temperature control (Andersen thermostat, Nosé-Hoover, and Langevin) and pressure control (Berendsen, Martyna-Tobias-Klein, and Langevin). The code also supports methods for restraining atomic positions and molecular configurations; allows simulations to be carried out using a variety of periodic cell configurations; and has facilities for accurate checkpointing and restart.

Desmond can also be used to perform absolute and relative free energy calculations (e.g., free energy perturbation). Other simulation methods (such as replica exchange) are supported through a plug-in-based infrastructure, which also allows users to develop their own simulation algorithms and models.

Desmond is also available in a graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated version that is about 60-80 times faster than the central processing unit (CPU) version.

Related software tools

Along with the molecular dynamics program, the Desmond software also includes tools for minimizing and energy analysis, both of which can be run efficiently in a parallel environment.

Force fields parameters can be assigned using a template-based parameter assignment tool called Viparr. It currently supports several versions of the CHARMM, Amber and OPLS force fields, and a range of different water models.

Desmond is integrated with a molecular modeling environment (Maestro, developed by Schrödinger, Inc.) for setting up simulations of biological and chemical systems, and is compatible with Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) for trajectory viewing and analysis.

See also
 Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling

References

External links

Desmond Users Group (deleted)
Schrödinger Desmond Product Page

Molecular dynamics software
Force fields (chemistry)
Caterpillar 777. The Caterpillar 777 is a 100-ton haul truck, typically used in open pit mining, manufactured by Caterpillar Inc.

The first model of Caterpillar 777 was introduced in 1974. Its diesel engine is capable of putting out .  The 777D, introduced in 1996, was powered by a  diesel.

References

Dump trucks
Off-road vehicles
Mining equipment
Caterpillar Inc. trucks
Articles containing video clips
Vehicles introduced in 1974
MiTEx. The Micro-satellite Technology Experiment (MiTEx) is a microsatellite-based  mission launched into geosynchronous orbit 21 June 2006 aboard a Delta II rocket. The USAF described the mission as a joint "technology demonstration" mission for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the United States Air Force (USAF) and the United States Navy (US Navy).

MiTEx consists of three spacecraft; two inspection satellites, designated USA-187 and USA-188, and an experimental upper stage, designated USA-189. The two inspection satellites were initially used to inspect each other; however, they were later used to inspect DSP-23, a failed missile detection satellite, to find out why it stopped operating.

The MiTEx goal was to demonstrate technologies such as lightweight power and propulsion systems, avionics, structures, commercial off-the-shelf components, advanced communications, and on-orbit software environments.

Development 
MiTEx was developed with funding from the Microsatellite Demonstration Science and Technology Experiment Program (MiDSTEP). Funding for MiDSTEP (and thus MiTEx) is allocated to DARPA through the "Space Programs and Technology" element of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) "Advanced Technology Development" budget item. DoD budget documents from February 2008 show costs of MiDSTEP in 2007 of US$8 million, in 2008 of US$10 million, and in 2009 of US$8 million. Owen C. Brown was the program manager for the design, integration, test, launch, and demonstration of MiTEx, while he was a program manager in the Tactical Technology Office (TTO) at DARPA.

Launch 
The satellites were launched from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 on 21 June 2006 at 21:34 UTC using a Delta II carrier rocket flying in a 7925-9.5 configuration. The two inspection satellites were lifted to geosynchronous orbit by a fourth stage of a new, experimental design. The stage was developed at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (USNRL), and it is reportedly equipped with photovoltaic arrays for power.

Mission 
Because of their small dimensions (with a mass of  each), the satellites are hard to detect in their geosynchronous orbit, and thus could approach and examine other satellites without being noticed. After completion of their primary mission, the satellites were parked on opposite sides of Earth. During the 2nd week of January 2009, the MiTEx satellites were commanded to approach DSP-23, which had failed two months earlier, and had started to drift by 1° East from its own parking position at 8.5° East. The MiTEx satellite parked over the mid-Atlantic rendezvoused with DSP-23 around 23 December 2008, followed by the 2nd MiTEx satellite one week later.

See also 

 Space Based Space Surveillance
 XSS-11

References

External links 
 Mysterious microsatellites in GEO: is MiTEx a possible anti-satellite capability demonstration?
 Critics Worry There May Be More to MiTEx than Meets the Eye

Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
Spacecraft launched in 2006
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Military space program of the United States
Westland Interceptor. The Westland Interceptor was a fighter developed by the British company Westland Aircraft to Air Ministry Specification F.20/27. When tested in 1929 and 1930, it showed unsatisfactory handling characteristics and was rejected by the RAF in favour of the Hawker Fury biplane fighter.

Development

Specification F.20/27 was for a fighter operating in the daylight interception role. The main requirement was that the F.20/27 fighter would be able to overtake, in the shortest possible time, an enemy aircraft passing overhead at  at an altitude of . This put the emphasis on high speed and rate of climb.

Design work on the Interceptor started in late 1927, and it made its first flight in early 1929, with Lieutenant L. G. Paget at the controls. The Interceptor was a low-wing monoplane with an all-metal structure and wire-braced wings, covered mostly in fabric with the exception of the front fuselage. It had a fixed undercarriage. The single prototype was powered by an uncowled Bristol Mercury IIA, later replaced by a Mercury III. It was armed with two .303-inch (7.7-mm) Vickers Mk.II machine guns, installed in the sides of the fuselage with the breeches within reach of the pilot. The guns were synchronized to fire through the propeller, and heated to improve their operation at high altitude. The RAF had intended to call for four-gun armament in Specification F.20/27, but after an administrative mix-up it was sent out to manufacturers calling for only two guns.

The handling characteristics of the Interceptor have been described as "alarming." In steep turns the elevator became ineffective, and the aircraft was prone to enter a spiral dive or a spin from such flight attitudes. The Mercury II engine suffered from persistent high oil temperatures. Test pilots gave a negative assessment of the Interceptor, causing it to be withdrawn from the F.20/27 competition.

The aircraft continued to fly until 1935, but no orders were placed. Significant aerodynamic modifications were made to improve the handling characteristics, including a considerable increase in the height of the fin and rudder, to improve spin recovery. The troublesome Mercury engine was exchanged for a Bristol Jupiter VII, and later fitted with a Townend ring to reduce drag.

The Interceptor and two of the competing F.20/27 designs, the Vickers Jockey and de Havilland DH.77, were historically important because they were monoplane fighter prototypes, after a long period during which the standard fighter design was a biplane. However, all three were found lacking in overall performance and handling during the test flights, showing that the aircraft designers had failed to reach the project goal. The F.20/27 competition was won by the Hornet, which entered service under the name Hawker Fury.

Specifications

See also

References

Derek N James: "Westland Aircraft Since 1915"

Interceptor
1920s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Caterpillar 789. The Caterpillar 789 dump truck is a model of haul trucks, typically used in open pit mining, manufactured by Caterpillar Inc.
The 789 has a capacity of 177 tonnes, and its engine can produce 1770 horsepower.  While some competing products use hybrid drive, the Caterpillar 789 has an entirely mechanical drive-train.
The first Caterpillar 789 trucks were introduced in 1986.

The vehicle's controls are designed to work much like those of an ordinary truck.  However, they have multiple mechanisms for the driver to slow or stop the vehicle.  Next to the traditional brake pedal there is a second foot pedal to activate a secondary braking system.  There is a lever to the right of the steering wheel, called the "retarding brake", used for less intense braking.  Finally, the vehicle's drive-train will automatically change gears, while descending inclines, to help the driver keep its speed under control.

Because the vehicle provides the driver with a limited view, with many blind spots, they are equipped with multiple proximity sensors, and closed circuit TVs cameras.

The 789 averages . It has six tires, each of which are  in diameter and cost $50,000 to replace.

Malcolm Nance, the author of Defeating ISIS: Who They Are, How They Fight, What They Believe, described ISIS suicide bombers driving Caterpillar 789 trucks loaded with explosives into fortifications.

References

Dump trucks
Caterpillar Inc. trucks
Vehicles introduced in 1986
AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility. The AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility is given by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and honours scientists and engineers whose exemplary actions, often taken at significant personal cost, have served to foster scientific freedom and responsibility and increased scientific awareness throughout the world. According to the AAAS, exemplary actions include "acting to protect the public's health, safety or welfare; focusing public attention on important potential impacts of science and technology on society by their responsible participation in public policy debates."

History 
The establishment of this new Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility was announced by AAAS executive officer William D. Carey on 23 October 1980. The award, presented for the first time at the 1982 AAAS Annual Meeting in Washington, DC, consisted of a plaque and a cash prize of $1,000.

Recipients

 1982 - Paul Berg, Maxine Singer, Norton Zinder, Morris H. Baslow
 1983 - Anatoly Koryagin, Jose Westerkamp
 1985 - Werner A. Baum
 1986 - Colegio Medico de Chile, Victor Paschkis
 1987 - Stanley L. Weinberg, Norman D. Newell, Francisco J. Ayala
 1988 - Richard L. Garwin, Roger M. Boisjoly
 1989 - Robert L. Sprague, Natural Resources Defense Council
 1990 - Matthew S. Meselson
 1991 - Adrian R. Morrison
 1992 - Inez Austin
 1993 - Daniel L. Albritton, Robert T. Watson
 1994 - June E. Osborn, Mathilde Krim
 1995 - Vil Mirzayanov
 1996 - Daniel Callahan
 1997 - Salim Kheirbek
 1998 - JoAnn Burkholder
 1999 - Joel L. Lebowitz
 2000 - Alexander Nikitin
 2001 - Howard K. Schachman
 2002 - L. Dennis Smith
 2003 - Walter Reich
 2004 - rDNA Advisory Committee
 2005 - David Michaels
 2006 - Eugenie Scott, Dover High School Science Department, and R. Wesley McCoy
 2007 - James Hansen
 2008 - Drummond Rennie
 2009 - Nancy Olivieri
 2010 - Elizabeth Loftus
 2011 - J. David Jentsch, Edythe D. London, and Dario Ringach
 2012 - Kiyoshi Kurokawa
 2013 - Hoosen Coovadia
 2014 - Omid Kokabee
 2015 - Jean Maria Arrigo
 2016 - Kurt Gottfried
 2017 - Award date adjusted – see 2018
 2018 - Mark Edwards
 2019 - Channa Jayasumana, Sarath Gunatilake
 2020 - Erin Kimmerle
 2021 - Ricardo Galvão
 2022 - Ronald W. Jones
 2023 - Peter Hotez

See also
 AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy
 AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize
 AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research
 Newcomb Cleveland Prize

References

External links
 Recipients of the AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility – AAAS

Human rights awards
Free expression awards
American science and technology awards
Science and technology awards
Awards established in 1982
Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility
1982 establishments in the United States
C2H5ClO. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C2H5ClO}}
The molecular formula C2H5ClO (molar mass: 80.51 g/mol, exact mass: 80.0029 u) may refer to:

 1-Chloroethanol
 2-Chloroethanol
 Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME)
 Ethyl hypochlorite