omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Applications of cybernetics in economics. Economics is one domain in which cybernetics has had application and influence.

In the Soviet Union

The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia defines Economic cybernetics as a scientific field wherein cybernetic approaches are applied to economics. It facilitates a dialogue between microsystems and macrosystems.

The design of self-regulating control systems for a real-time planned economy was explored by economist Oskar Lange, cyberneticist Viktor Glushkov, and other Soviet cyberneticists during the 1960s. By the time information technology was developed enough to enable feasible economic planning based on computers, the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries began moving away from planning and eventually collapsed.

Project Cybersyn

Hayek

Friedrich Hayek attended the 1960 Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization, organised by Heinz von Foerster.

Hayek mentions cybernetics as a discipline that could help economists understand the "self-organizing or self-generating systems" called markets. Being "complex phenomena", the best way to examine market functions is by using the feedback mechanism, explained by cybernetic theorists. That way, economists could make "pattern predictions".

Therefore, the market for Hayek is a "communication system", an "efficient mechanism for digesting dispersed information". The economist and a cyberneticist are like gardeners who are "providing the appropriate environment". Hayek's definition of information is idiosyncratic and precedes the information theory used in cybernetics and the natural sciences.

Finally, Hayek also considers Adam Smith's idea of the invisible hand as an anticipation of the operation of the feedback mechanism in cybernetics. In the same book, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Hayek mentions, along with cybernetics, that economists should rely on the scientific findings of Ludwig von Bertalanffy general systems theory, along with information and communication theory and semiotics.

Towards a New Socialism
A proposal for a "New Socialism" was outlined by the computer scientists Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell in 1995 (Towards a New Socialism), where computers determine and manage the flows and allocation of resources among socially owned enterprises.

References

Cybernetics
Economics articles
JS Asayuki. JS Asayuki (DD-132) was a  of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Development and design 

Adopting Japan's first all-gas turbine engine (COGOG), equipped with well-balanced weapons such as helicopters, C4I systems, and various missiles, it is inferior to Western frigate at that time. It has been evaluated as a non-escort ship. Twelve ships were built as first-generation general-purpose escort vessels in the era of eight ships and eight aircraft, they supported the escort fleet for a long time, but now they are gradually retiring due to aging.

In addition, there are many changes to training ships, and up to three ships have been operated in the training fleet as Shimayuki-class training ships, but the decline has begun with the conversion of Hatakaze-class destroyers to training ships.

The core of the combat system is the OYQ-5 Tactical Data Processing System (TDPS), composed of one AN/UYK-20 computer and five OJ-194B workstations and capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514).

This is the first destroyer class in the JMSDF equipped with the Sea Sparrow Improved basic point defense missile system. The IBPDMS of this class uses FCS-2 fire-control systems of Japanese make and one octuple launcher at the afterdeck. And in the JMSDF, OTO Melara 76 mm compact gun and Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missile are adopted from the ship of FY1977 including this class. Also, ships built in FY1979 and beyond carried Phalanx CIWS and were retrofitted to previous ships.

Construction and career 
The vessel was laid down on 22 December 1983 and launched on 16 October 1985 at Sumitomo Heavy Industries Shipyard in Uraga. Asayuki commissioned on 20 February 1987.

In 1990, she and JS Haruna left Sasebo for San Diego and Pearl Harbor for Exercise RIMPAC 1990.

From 21 March to 22 April 2014, the destroyer participated in the 2013 open sea practice voyage (flight) with the escort ship . From 15 March to 28 May 2016, Asayuki participated in the Japan-Australia joint training conducted in the waters around Sydney with the escort ship  and the submarine . On 16 November 2020, Asayuki was removed from the naval register. The final affiliation was the 13th escort fleet of the escort fleet, and the homeport was Sasebo.

Gallery

References

1985 ships
Ships built by Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Hatsuyuki-class destroyers
Archambault Coco. The Archambault Coco is a French sailboat that was designed by Harlé - Mortain as a Classe Mini racer for racing in the Mini Transat 6.50. It was first built in 1985.

Production
The design was built by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France, with 110 boats completed between 1985 and 2002, but it is now out of production. Archambault, which had been founded in 1967, went out of business in 2015.

Design
The Coco is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a fractional sloop rig. The hull has a plumb stem, a reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of  or an asymmetrical spinnaker of . It has a hull speed of .

Operational history

The boat is supported by an active club, the Class Mini 650, that organizes racing events for Classe Mini boats with a length overall of . The major race run for this class of sailboats is the Mini Transat 6.50, a solo transatlantic yacht race, that typically starts in France and ends in Le Marin, Martinique in the Caribbean.

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Video: Sailing the Coco
Video: Coco sails and rigging

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Harlé - Mortain
Sailboat types built by Archambault Boats
Movable scaffolding system. A movable scaffolding system (MSS) is a special-purpose self-launching form used in bridge construction, specifically prestressed concrete bridges with segments or spans that are cast in place. The movable scaffolding system is used to support a form while the concrete is cured; once the segment is complete, the scaffold and forms are moved to the end of the new segment and another segment is poured.

While superficially similar, movable scaffolding systems should not be confused with launching gantry machines, which also are used in segmental bridge construction. Both feature long girders spanning multiple bridge spans which move with and temporarily support the work, but launching gantry machines are used to lift and support precast bridge segments and bridge girders, while movable scaffolding systems are used for cast-in-place construction.

Operation and design
An MSS is generally used instead of a launching gantry to minimize the number of joints, since the cast in place segments typically are longer than precast segments.

Once several bridge piers are complete, support brackets are attached to adjacent piers and the main parallel girders of the MSS are lifted in place to support the scaffold and concrete forms. Jacks are used to raise the girders and forms and the concrete is poured for the segment (or span) after rebar is placed. After the concrete has cured and the tendons have been tensioned, the jacks are lowered and the MSS girders are launched to bridge the next span. This process is repeated until the bridge is complete.

Both overhead (forms suspended from support girder(s) above the bridge deck level) and underslung (forms supported by support girder(s) below bridge deck level) MSS are available.

History
MSS construction was developed in the 1960s in Europe; the first bridge built with a MSS was the  in Germany, completed in 1959. The first bridge constructed with a MSS in California was the Long Beach International Gateway in Long Beach that replaced the Gerald Desmond Bridge, completed in 2020.

References

External links
 

Civil engineering
Construction equipment
Roland Gumpert. Roland Gumpert (born 10 December 1944) is a German engineer and founder of the sports car manufacturer Apollo Automobil. Gumpert is currently the managing director of the sports car manufacturer Gumpert Aiways Automobile, which he also founded.

Biography

Engineer at Audi

Gumpert studied mechanical engineering at the Graz University of Technology. After graduating as a graduate engineer, he worked from 1969 as a test engineer for vehicle development at Audi AG in Ingolstadt. From 1972 he then worked as a test manager and type supervisor for the Audi 50. In 1974, Gumpert became head of the pre-development and testing department. Between 1975 and 1977, he developed a motorcycle for Audi, the Z02, which was rejected by the responsible Volkswagen manager. The selectable four-wheel drive of the Volkswagen Iltis was also one of his projects at this time. In 1977, Gumpert moved to the chassis and assembly testing department. Finally, in 1981 Gumpert became Head of Sport and Special Development at Audi Sport. Under his leadership as race director, Audi won 25 rounds of the world rally championship and 4 rally world championship titles.

In 1986, Gumpert was head of technical development overseas and in 1992, he was responsible for sales and marketing for the Asia-Pacific region. In 1999, Gumpert was appointed to the sales and marketing board member "VW-Audi Joint Venture China".

Managing director of Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur

Together with Roland Mayer, the owner of Motoren Technik Mayer, Gumpert developed the Gumpert Apollo super sports car. Gumpert left Audi AG in the same year when GMG Sportwagenmanufaktur Altenburg was founded. A year later, the factory, of which he became managing director, was renamed Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur. After the insolvency and the sale of the sports car manufacturer in 2014, Gumpert left it. This company was renamed Apollo Automobil GmbH after the acquisition by its new owner.

Gumpert Aiways Automobile
After a career break of several years, Gumpert returned in 2017 as CEO of Gumpert Aiways Automobile. As the leading developer of the methanol electric sports car Gumpert Nathalie, he has since been one of the pioneers of methanol fuel cell technology in the automotive industry.

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
People from Głuchołazy
German automotive engineers
German mechanical engineers
German founders of automobile manufacturers
20th-century German engineers
21st-century German engineers
Koelsch radical. The Koelsch radical (also known as Koelsch's radical and 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl or α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl, abbreviated BDPA) is a chemical compound that is an unusually stable carbon-centered radical, due to its resonance structures.

Properties
BDPA is an unusually stable radical compound due to the extent to which its electrons are delocalized through resonance structures. The unpaired electron is located predominantly at the 1 and 3 positions. Steric effects from the biphenyl substituents also contribute to the compound's stability.

Uses
BDPA and closely related compounds are used as molecular standards in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) experiments, and as a polarizing agent in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Because BDPA itself is hydrophobic, derivatives have been developed that are more soluble in aqueous solution.

History
The compound was first synthesized by C. Frederick Koelsch while he was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University in the 1930s. He attempted to publish a paper describing the compound, but the paper was rejected on the grounds that the described properties, particularly stability, were unlikely to be those of a radical. Subsequent experimental evidence and quantum mechanics calculations suggested his interpretation of the original experiment was correct, resulting in the publication of the paper in 1957, nearly 25 years after the original experiments. Although the original report described stability on the order of years, modern experiments suggest that this family of compounds, while unusually stable for radicals, shows measurable degradation in months after preparation.

References

Aromatic compounds
Free radicals
JS Shimayuki. JS Shimayuki (DD-133/TV-3513) was a  of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Development and design 

Adopting Japan's first all-gas turbine engine (COGOG), equipped with well-balanced weapons such as helicopters, C4I systems, and various missiles, it is inferior to western frigates at that time. It has been evaluated as a non-escort ship. Twelve ships were built as first-generation general-purpose escort vessels in the era of eight ships and eight aircraft, they supported the escort fleet for a long time, but now they are gradually retiring due to aging.

In addition, there are many changes to training ships, and up to three ships have been operated in the training fleet as Shimayuki-class training ships, but the decline has begun with the conversion of Hatakaze-class destroyers to training ships.

The core of the combat system is the OYQ-5 Tactical Data Processing System (TDPS), composed of one AN/UYK-20 computer and five OJ-194B workstations and capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514).

This is the first destroyer class in the JMSDF equipped with the Sea Sparrow Improved basic point defense missile system. The IBPDMS of this class uses FCS-2 fire-control systems of Japanese make and one octuple launcher at the afterdeck. And in the JMSDF, OTO Melara 76 mm compact gun and Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missile are adopted from the ship of FY1977 including this class. Also, ships built in FY1979 and beyond carried Phalanx CIWS and were retrofitted to previous ships.

Construction and career 
Shimayuki was laid down on 8 May 1984 and launched on 29 January 1986 at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Shipyard in Tokyo. She commissioned on 18 February 1987. In 1990, she participated in Exercise RIMPAC 1990.

On 22 March 2013, the first female captain of the Maritime Self-Defense Force as a training ship was appointed as the training ship . At around 20:50 on June 11, the same year, it was reported that there was a danger of collision when approaching a car carrier (26,651 tons) that was facing the Kanmon Straits (off the coast of Mutsure Island, Shimonoseki City) while sailing toward Sasebo Base.

Gallery

References

1986 ships
Hatsuyuki-class destroyers
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Training ships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Conrad von Borsig. Conrad von Borsig (April 23, 1873, in Berlin – February 13, 1945, in Przelewice, Pyrzyce County) was a co-owner of the German mechanical engineering .

Biography 
Conrad von Borsig was the son of Albert Borsig and the grandson of August Borsig. His brothers were Ernst and Arnold. Borsig attended the Luisengymnasium in Berlin-Moabit. He then completed a commercial apprenticeship that included both banking and export business. In 1894 he became co-owner and commercial manager of the Borsig company. He was also a member of the Central Committee of the Reichsbank.

Literature 
 Munzinger: International Biographical Archive. 01/1948 of December 22, 1947.
 Hubertus Neuschäffer: Castles and mansions in Western Pomerania. Commission publisher Gerhard Rautenberg, Leer 1994,  , p. 184.
 Eckhard Hansen, Florian Tennstedt (Eds.) U. a .: Biographical lexicon on the history of German social policy from 1871 to 1945 . Volume 2: Social politicians in the Weimar Republic and during National Socialism 1919 to 1945. Kassel University Press, Kassel 2018,  , p. 16 f. ( Online, PDF; 3.9 MB).

References 

German businesspeople
1873 births
1945 deaths
Zou Deci. Zou Deci (; 1 October 1934 – 28 December 2020) was a Chinese engineer in the fields of city planning. He was a member of the Urban Planning Society of China (UPSC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC).

Biography
Zou was born in Shanghai, on October 1, 1934, while his ancestral home was in Yujiang District of Yingtan, Jiangxi. In September 1951, he was accepted by Tongji University, majoring in city planning.  

After graduating in July 1955, he was assigned to a designing institute of the Urban Construction Ministry as a technician. He worked at the Urban Planning Research Institute of State Planning Commission from January 1961 to February 1964, Urban Planning Bureau of State Economic Commission from February 1964 to March 1965, and State Construction Commission from March 1965 to December 1973. In January 1974, he was promoted to become chief engineer of the CCCC First Harbour Consultants Company Co. Ltd., a position he held until June 1980. In June 1980, he moved to the Institute of Urban Planning, State Administration of Urban Construction as chief engineer. After the institutional reform as China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, he served as vice-president in January 1982 and president in January 1986. 

On December 28, 2020, he died of illness in Beijing, at the age of 86.

Honours and awards
 2003 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Engineers from Shanghai
Tongji University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Brick (keelboat). The Brick (English: Brig, referring to the class of sailing ship) is a French sailboat that was designed by Jean-Jacques Herbulot and first built in 1964.

Production
The design was built by Chantier Mallard starting in 1964 and by Archambault Boats of Dangé-Saint-Romain, France, starting in 1967, but it is now out of production. Archambault, which had been founded in 1967, went out of business in 2015.

Design
The Brick is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of wood. It has a 9/10 fractional sloop rig, with a single set of unswept spreaders. The hull has a raked stem, a raised reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. The deck has a reverse sheer.

It displaces  and carries  of ballast. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Jean-Jacques Herbulot
Sailboat types built by Archambault Boats
Sailboat types built by Chantier Mallard
Methylene diurea. Methylene diurea (MDU) is the organic compound with the formula CH2(NHC(O)NH2)2.  It is a white water-soluble solid.  The compound is formed by the condensation of formaldehyde with urea.  Methylene diurea is the substrate for the enzyme methylenediurea deaminase.

Applications
MDU is an intermediate in the production of urea-formaldehyde resins.

Together with dimethylene triurea, MDU is a component of some controlled-release fertilizers.

References

Fertilizers
Horticulture
Ureas
Dimethylene triurea. Dimethylene triurea (DMTU) is the organic compound with the formula (H2NC(O)NHCH2NH)2CO.  It is a white water-soluble solid.  The compound is formed by the condensation of formaldehyde with urea. Both branched and linear isomers exist.

Applications
DMTU is an intermediate in the production of urea-formaldehyde resins.

Together with methylene diurea, DMTU is a component of some controlled-release fertilizers.

References

Fertilizers
Horticulture
Ureas
Terri Kelly. Terri Connor Kelly is an American engineer. A member of the National Academy of Engineering, she was the president of the American company W. L. Gore & Associates from 2005 to 2018.

Biography
In 1983, she obtained her bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Delaware, and she joined W. L. Gore & Associates as a mechanical engineer in the Fabrics Division, She had chosen such a company smaller than DuPont for better career prospects. At the company, she worked on their dealings of their Gore-Tex uniforms with the United States Department of Defense. In 1997, Michael Kaplan of Fast Company said of Kelly: "If you’ve nicknamed your boss the Walking Plague, [she] is a woman you will envy: she’s never had a boss", noting the company's consensus-based leadership.

After joining the Fabrics Division leadership in 1998, she oversaw the opening of Gore-Tex's first textile manufacturing plant in China, located in Shenzhen. In 2005, she became president and CEO of W. L. Gore after being put on the company's shortlist. In April 2018, she stepped down from both positions.

In 2009, she joined the University of Delaware Board of Trustees, later becoming their vice-chair. She became chair on July 1, 2022. She has also served as a board member for ASML Holding, the Nemours Foundation, and United Rentals, as well as a trustee for the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust and Unidel Foundation.

She was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2021, for "leadership in product development and commercialization by advancing management practices that foster innovation."

She has four children with her husband John Kelly. The couple are also philanthropists known by the nickname "Double Dels", with their donations including the Terri Connor Kelly and John Kelly Career Development Professor of Mechanical Engineering and the John B. and Terri L. Kelly Athletic Scholarship.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women business executives
Place of birth missing (living people)
American mechanical engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American women engineers
Engineers from Delaware
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Trustees of educational establishments
Trustees of charities
Manfred Werz. Manfred Werz (15 May 1933 – 7 April 2021) was a German civil engineer and a president of the Federal Association of Road and Traffic Engineers (Bundesvereinigung der Straßenbau- und Verkehrsingenieure) from 1990 to 1993 and Road Administration Rheinland-Pfalz (Straßenverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz) (now known as Landesbetrieb Mobilität Rheinland-Pfalz) from 1995 to 1998 in Germany. In 1998, he earned the Wirtschaftsmedaille des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz, a prestigious award and acknowledgement for his work, handed by Rainer Brüderle, Minister of Economics and Transport of Rhineland-Palatinate at the time.  Werz died on 7 April 2021, at the age of 87.

References 

1933 births
2021 deaths
German civil engineers
Microsoft Holoportation. Microsoft Holoportation is a project from Microsoft Research that demonstrates real-time holographic communications with the Microsoft Hololens. Holoportation is described as "a new type of 3D capture technology that allows high-quality 3D models of people to be reconstructed, compressed and transmitted anywhere in the world in real time. This allows users wearing virtual or augmented reality displays to see, hear and interact with remote participants in 3D, almost as if they were present in the same physical space. From an audio-visual perspective, communicating and interacting with remote users edges closer to face-to-face communication." The project was launched by Shahram Izadi and his Microsoft team in 2016. In March 2016, Alex Kipman performed a live demonstration of the technology at the TED conference as part of his talk. In 2020, Microsoft Mesh was launched which offered Holoportation capabilities to "project yourself as your most lifelike, photorealistic self in mixed reality to interact as if you are there in person".

See also 
 Augmented reality
 Virtual reality
 Telepresence

References 

Holography
Microsoft