omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flory–Schulz distribution. The Flory–Schulz distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Paul Flory and Günter Victor Schulz that describes the relative ratios of polymers of different length that occur in an ideal step-growth polymerization process. The probability mass function (pmf)  for the mass fraction of chains of length  is: 

In this equation, k is the number of monomers in the chain, and 0<a<1 is an empirically determined constant related to the fraction of unreacted monomer remaining.

The form of this distribution implies is that shorter polymers are favored over longer ones — the chain length is  geometrically distributed. Apart from polymerization processes, this distribution is also relevant to the Fischer–Tropsch process that is conceptually related, where it is known as Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution, in that lighter hydrocarbons are converted to heavier hydrocarbons that are desirable as a liquid fuel.

The pmf of this distribution is a solution of the following equation:

References

Polymers
Continuous distributions
Glasair GlaStar. The Glasair GlaStar (sometimes Glastar) is an American amateur-built aircraft that was designed by Tom Hamilton and produced by Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft and later Glasair Aviation. It was first flown in 1994 and was superseded in production by the Glasair Sportsman 2+2 c. 2005. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development

The GlaStar features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit accessed via doors, fixed tricycle landing gear or conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made with a welded steel fuselage, with a fiberglass covering and aluminum wings. Its  span wing employs a NASA GA(W)-2  airfoil at the wing root, with a NASA GA(W)-2 mod at the wing tip. The wings have an area of , mount flaps and can be folded for ground transportation or storage. The acceptable power range is  and early engines used included the  Rotax 912ULS. The aircraft proved underpowered with the Rotax, and later the   Lycoming O-320 and the  Lycoming O-360 four-stroke powerplants were used. The landing gear can be rapidly converted between tricycle and taildragger configurations. The cockpit is  wide and includes a large baggage area that will accommodate  of cargo.

Initial factory estimated construction time was 1200 hours.

Accidents and Incidents
In 1996, a service recall was issued for the control yoke assembly of select GlaStar kits. In 1999, one of the GlaStar kits not included in the recall crashed, killing its two occupants.

Variants

Symphony SA-160
Type certified version, produced by Ostmecklenburgische Flugzeugbau (OMF) and later Symphony Aircraft.
Glasair Sportsman 2+2
Four seat development with a gross weight of  that replaced the original GlaStar in production.
Plane Driven PD-1
Roadable version produced by Plane Driven.

Specifications (GlaStar)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
GlaStar
GlaStar
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Yves Sillard. Yves Sillard (January 5, 1936 – April 12, 2023) was a French aerospace engineer and high-ranking public servant who played a major role in the development of the French space program (Ariane). He headed the CNES, IFREMER, and the Délégation générale pour l'armement (General Directorate for Armament).

Biography in short 
Sillard was born in the Coutances area of Normandy, France. He studied at the École Massillon and entered École polytechnique in 1954. He joined the Corps de l'armement in 1957 and later obtained a degree from Supaéro in 1959. Sillard became the Secrétariat général à l'Aviation civile, Programme manager for Concorde in 1964 and from 1969 to 1971, he was head of the Guiana Space Centre.

Between 1976 and 1982, Sillard was the General Director of the CNES, followed by the CEO position at IFREMER between 1982 and 1988. From 1989 to 1993, he was Délégué général pour l'armement and from 1994 to 1997, he was the CEO of Défense conseil international. From 1998 to 2001, Sillard was the Assistant General Secretary for Scientific and Environmental Affairs at NATO. Afterwards, he became an active member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace and promoted international collaboration.

Bibliography

References 

École Polytechnique alumni
Corps de l'armement
Year of birth missing (living people)
1936 births
2023 deaths
Supaéro alumni
French aerospace engineers
NATO personnel
IFREMER
People from Coutances
Ufologists
Space scientists
CNES directors
Space Defense Center. The Space Defense Center (SDC) was a space operation center of the North American Aerospace Defense Command. It was successively housed at two Colorado locations, Ent Air Force Base, followed by Cheyenne Mountain's Group III Space Defense Center  The 1st Aerospace Control Squadron manned the SDC at both locations, which used the Electronic Systems Division's 496L System for processing and displaying data combined from the U.S. "Air Force's Space Track and the Navy's Spasur" (NAVSPASUR).

The photo is of a console introduced for the 427M system, the 496L inputs were only card readers and paper tape readers, the only output was from two large line printers.

History
The initial 496L System was at Hanscom Field's National Space Surveillance Control Center and the second was installed at Ent Air Force Base's Space Defense Center. The Ent SDC was one of several facilities providing data to the Cheyenne Mountain Combat Operation Center when the nuclear bunker achieved full operational capability on July 1, 1966.

The SDC's approximately $5-million Delta I computer system at Cheyenne Mountain became operational on October 28, 1966, with about 53 individual computer programs totaling 345,000 instructions.  The Space Defense Center mission moved from Ent Air Force Base to "adjacent to the NORAD command center" in Cheyenne Mountain on February 6, 1967.

The NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program (ESD program $427M contracted in 1972, operational in 1979) included the Space Computational Center (SCC)" intended to replace the Space Defense Center  (the 1979 Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC) was for "replacing the  in Cheyenne Mountain during October.")

The Space Computational Center (using the 427M computer system) replaced the Space Defense Center (which used the 496L computer system) and the SDC was closed.

References

Command and control in the United States Department of Defense
North American Aerospace Defense Command
Cheyenne Mountain Complex
Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair II. The Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair II is an American amateur-built aircraft that was designed by Tom Hamilton and produced by Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft and later Glasair Aviation as a kit for amateur construction. It was first flown in 1989, and remained in production in 2012.

Design and development
A development of the earlier Glasair I, the Glasair II features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit accessed via gull-winged doors, fixed or retractable tricycle landing gear or fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Glasair II was designed to FAR Part 23 standards and was extensively tested. Its wing has been tested to +10.5g. As indicated by its name, the aircraft is made from fiberglass. Its  span wing employs a NASA GA(W)-2  airfoil. The wings have an area of  and mount flaps. The acceptable power range for the Super II RG or Super II FT versions is , with the  Lycoming O-360 four-stroke powerplant a commonly used engine.

The manufacturer estimates construction time for the Super II RG or Super II FT versions as 3000 hours.

The Glasair II was later developed into the Glasair III.

Operational history
By December 2011 there were 1200 examples reported completed and flying making it one of the most successful two seat kit aircraft ever designed.

Variants

Glasair II-S
 stretch

Glasair Super II FT
Fixed tricycle landing gear version, in production in 2011.

Glasair Super II RG
Retractable tricycle landing gear version, in production in 2011.
Glasair Super II TD
Fixed taildragger landing gear version, in production in 1998, but production presently completed.

Specifications (Glasair Super II RG)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Glasair II
Glasair II
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1989
1980s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Space Detection and Tracking System. Space Detection and Tracking System, or SPADATS, was built in 1960 to integrate defense systems built by different branches of the United States Armed Forces and was placed under North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The Air Force had a program called Spacetrack, which was a network of space-probing cameras and radar. The Navy had a system called SPASUR, a space surveillance system that was "an electronic fence" the protected the southern United States.

SPADATS was developed by the SpaceTrack Research and Development Facility, also called the 496L System Program Office, at Hanscom Field in Bedford, Massachusetts. (Bendix, Sperry Rand and Hughes competed for SPADATS contract in the early 1962 on the basis of their prior experience in phased array technology.) It first operated at the Electronic Systems Command building at Hanscom and in 1963 was transferred to the Ent Air Force Base and then to the Cheyenne Mountain Complex in 1965 or 1966. From that point, the SpaceTrack Research and Development Facility continued to build and test new software, manage contracts for hardware and software, and operate as a backup facility. SPADATS was developed in assembly language and the hardware at all three locations was Philco 2000/Model 212 large scale transistor computers. Spiral Decay, a Special Perturbation Program, was used to model the motion of space objects re-entering the Earth's atmosphere. Project 437 used a second Special Perturbation Program called ESPOD.

SPADATS remained operational until about 1980 at Cheyenne Mountain. Some of its logic, though continued on in Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC) systems.

References

NORAD systems
Space Detection
Diwei Bridge. The Diwei Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge which crosses the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China.  Completed in 2008, it has a main span of .  The bridge carries road of traffic between the Jiangjin District south of the Yangtze River and the Dadukou District to the north.

See also
 Yangtze River bridges and tunnels

References

Bridges in Chongqing
Bridges over the Yangtze River
Cable-stayed bridges in China
Bridges completed in 2004
Plant wall (University of Guelph-Humber). Located at the University of Guelph-Humber, the plant wall, also known as the living wall, is a new form of technology that uses a biological system to filter indoor air. The plant wall was invented by Alan Darlington.

The plant wall is one of the largest installations by Darlington and his company. The wall has an area of approximately 150 square meters and consists of over 1,000 individual living plants. The wall acts as a bio-filter and purifies the air that circulates around the building. Working like a humidifier, the plant wall warms the building's air in the winter and cools the air in the summer. The living wall reduces the threat of airborne pollutants and creates a more esthetically pleasing environment. The wall also saves energy by lowering the need to bring new air into the building.

Method of operation 

A plenum supports and distributes the airflow through the plant wall; a synthetic media covers this plenum. Ferns, foliage and flowering plants are planted hydroponically (without soil) into the synthetic media. The plants are then fed through a circulating nutrient solution. The building's air handling system, which the plant wall is connected to, removes dirty air. While that process is happening, the plants' leaves utilize  in the air for photosynthesis, and oxygen is released back into the building.

References

Air pollution control systems
University of Guelph
Shandong Jianzhu University. Shandong Jianzhu University (), also translated as Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering, is a public university in Jinan, Shandong province, China. Founded in 1956 as the Jinan Construction and Engineering School, over time it evolved into a full university. Since 1998, it has the right to offer Master-degree studies. Since 2012, it has the right to offer Doctoral-degree.

Administration

Faculties 
School of Civil Engineering
Management Engineering
Thermal Energy Engineering
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
Building Planning Institute
Institute of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
School of Materials Science and Engineering
College of Information and Electrical Engineering
Adult Education College
College of Arts
School of Business
School of Computer Science and Technology
College of Science
College of Law and Politics
College of Foreign Languages
Department of Physical Education

External links
 Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering website 
Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering Official Website 

Universities and colleges in Jinan
1956 in Jinan
Antonov A-11. The Antonov A-11 is a single-seat, high performance, all-metal sailplane built in the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. 150 were produced.

Design and development

The almost all-metal A-11 was Antonov's first non-wood framed sailplane.  It is a cantilever  mid-wing monoplane, with straight tapered wings mostly swept on the trailing edge and set with 1.5° of dihedral but no washout.  A single spar with a metal-skinned leading edge forward of it and fabric covering aft forms most of the span but the curved tips are supported by twin spars. The fabric-covered ailerons are slotted, with set-back hinges and mass balances.  They can be drooped together through 8° to act as flaps.  Inboard, there are slotted flaps on the trailing edges and spoilers, mounted at mid-chord and quite close to the fuselage, of the gapless kind opening upwards only.

The fuselage of the A-11 is a metal monocoque of pod and boom form, with a gradual transition between the two.  It carries an all-metal, straight edged 90° V- or butterfly tail, its control surfaces mass-balanced with external weights.  The three-piece canopy stretches smoothly from the nose to above mid-chord without a stepped windscreen. There is a retractable monowheel undercarriage, sprung but without brakes, assisted by a rubber-mounted skid forward of the wheel and a tail bumper aft, formed by a short, shallow ventral fin

The A-11 first flew on 12 May 1958.  It was approved for aerobatics, spins and cloud flying.

Aircraft on display
Information from Ogden
Central Russian Air Force Museum, Monino 
Panevėžys Airfield Monument

Specifications (Antonov A-11)

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

1950s Soviet sailplanes
A-11
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
V-tail aircraft
Data mapper pattern. In software engineering, the data mapper pattern is an architectural pattern. It was named by Martin Fowler in his 2003 book Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. The interface of an object conforming to this pattern would include functions such as Create, Read, Update, and Delete, that operate on objects that represent domain entity types in a data store.

A Data Mapper is a Data Access Layer that performs bidirectional transfer of data between a persistent data store (often a relational database) and an in-memory data representation (the domain layer). The goal of the pattern is to keep the in-memory representation and the persistent data store independent of each other and the data mapper itself. This is useful when one needs to model and enforce strict business processes on the data in the domain layer that do not map neatly to the persistent data store. The layer is composed of one or more mappers (or Data Access Objects), performing the data transfer. Mapper implementations vary in scope. Generic mappers will handle many different domain entity types; dedicated mappers will handle one or a few.

Implementations 
Implementations of the concept can be found in various frameworks for many programming environments.

Java/.NET 
 MyBatis persistence framework
 Hibernate (NHibernate) persistence framework

Node.js / TypeScript 
 Bookshelf.js library
 TypeORM library
 Massive.js library
 Prisma
 Objection.js library
 MikroORM library
 LDkit Object Graph Mapper (OGM) for RDF data sources

PHP 
 Atlas ORM (data mapper, table data gateway, query builder, and PDO wrapper)
 Doctrine2 Object Relational Mapper (ORM) and the Database Abstraction Layer
 Cycle ORM (PHP DataMapper ORM and Data Modelling Engine)
 CakePHP ORM (PHP DataMapper ORM, query builder, and PDO wrapper)

Perl 
DBIx

Python 
 SQLAlchemy library
 mincePy library

Ruby 
 DataMapper  library (Actually this library implemented the Active Record design pattern, its successor, DataMapper 2 (now ROM) aimed to actually implement the design pattern it was named after)

Elixir 
 Ecto persistence framework

See also

References 

Software design patterns
Architectural pattern (computer science)
Master jet base. In the United States Navy, a master jet base is a naval air station with permanent basing and homeporting of carrier-based tactical jet squadrons (e.g., fighter, strike fighter, attack), carrier air wings, and the provision of one or more jet-capable naval outlying fields or auxiliary landing fields in relatively close proximity for use in concentrated Field Carrier Landing Practice (FCLP).

Current operating
Naval Air Station Lemoore - Lemoore, California
Naval Air Station Oceana - Virginia Beach, Virginia
Naval Air Station Whidbey Island - Whidbey Island, Washington

Decommissioned
Naval Air Station Cecil Field - Jacksonville, Florida, now the Cecil Airport
Naval Air Station Sanford - Sanford, Florida, now the Orlando-Sanford International Airport

Originally slated as a Master Jet Base, but redirected to other missions (e.g., Maritime Patrol, Training, etc.), then decommissioned
Naval Air Station Brunswick - Brunswick, Maine, now the Brunswick Executive Airport
Naval Air Station Glynco - Brunswick, Georgia, formerly the Glynco Jetport, now the Brunswick Golden Isles Airport

Transferred to another service
Naval Air Station Miramar - San Diego, California, now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar

References

Airfields of the United States Navy
San Acacia Diversion Dam. The San Acacia Diversion Dam is a structure built in 1934 for the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD) near to San Acacia, New Mexico, United States.
It diverts water from the Rio Grande into irrigation canals.

Structure

The dam is location on the Rio Grande about  north of San Acacia, New Mexico.
There are significant archeological sites along the left abutment of the diversion dam and the river embankments. 
There is a spoil levee about  upstream from the dam.  
Scour by the river on the bank here was causing persistent bank erosion.

The dam was built in 1934 and rehabilitated by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1957 as part of the Middle Rio Grande Project.
It is  high and  long, a concrete structure with 29 radial gates. The dam serves the Socorro Division, and has a diversion capacity of  per second.
The dam diverts river water into the Socorro Main Canal operated by the MRGCD.
It can also divert water into the Low Flow Conveyance Channel, operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation.  
The Low Flow Conveyance Channel runs along the Rio Grande for  from the San Acacia Diversion Dam to the narrows above Elephant Butte Reservoir.

Impact

A 2003 report noted that there had been silting upstream of the dam but the width of the downstream channels had decreased sharply since the diversion dam was built.  The river has cut a deeper channel in its bed and now runs faster.  This made it harder for fish to travel upstream.
The report suggested that if eight Gradient Restoration Facilities were installed in the downstream reach, that should be enough to slow the water, allowing sediment to settle and making fish passage easier.
A 2005 report considered removing the dam altogether.  Again, it suggested emplacement of Gradient Restoration Facilities to control erosion as sediment above and below the dam returned to normal levels.

Concerns about the survival of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow raised in Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation
led to the United States Bureau of Reclamation working with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to try to rescue the fish.
A number of projects are being undertaken to restore the silvery minnow's habitat, including a study of ways to allow the fish to pass the diversion dam.
A requirement for a fish passage was given in the Biological Opinion (BO) issued in March 2003 by the USFWS.
Water has been released from upstream reservoirs to supply more water to the habitat of the silvery minnow, and the Department of Reclamation is leasing water from the owners of water rights for this purpose.  Water from the Low Flow Conveyance Channel is being pumped into sections of the river that regularly run dry.

References
Citations

Sources

Dams in New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Socorro County, New Mexico
Dams completed in 1934
United States local public utility dams
Dams on the Rio Grande
1934 establishments in New Mexico
Pickaroon. A pickaroon (or picaroon) is a typically wood-handled (or other material), metal-topped log handling tool that originates from the Alpine Region where it is called a "Sappie", "Zapin", or "Sapine".  It is distinguished from a pike pole by having a shorter handle, no metal point, and an opposite curve to its hook (toward the handle rather than away); and from both a cant hook and peavey by having a fixed hook facing its handle rather than a pivoting one facing away.

A pickaroon with a down-turned point on its hook is also known as a hookaroon; one with an axe blade opposite its hook an axaroon, eliminating the need to carry two tools to manage logs.

See also
 Picaroons Traditional Ales – a New Brunswick brewer named after the tool.

References

External links

 Extensive glossary of tools at YesteryearsTools online magazine

Logging
Mechanical hand tools
Forestry tools
JPM 01 Médoc. The JPM 01 Médoc is a French amateur-built aircraft that was designed by Jean-Pierre Marie in 1987 and produced by Avions Jean-Pierre Marie (JPM) of Le Mesnil-Esnard. The aircraft is supplied as plans for amateur construction.

The aircraft is named for the French community of Médoc.

Design and development
The Médoc features a cantilever low wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. Standard engines recommended are -class Volkswagen air-cooled engines, including the  Limbach L2000 four-stroke powerplant.

Almost thirty years after its introduction the aircraft was redesigned and lightened, gaining slotted flaps to reduce stall speed.

Specifications (JPM 01 Médoc)

References

External links

Official photos of the JPM 01 Médoc 

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Avions Jean-Pierre Marie aircraft