omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Najibullah Awzhan. Engineer Najibullah Awzhang is a former Minister of Public Works in the Afghan government.

Awzhang was born in Kabul in 1947 and received a bachelor's degree from the Civil and Industrial Constructions Department at Kabul Poly-Technique Institute in 1974. After his studies he worked as a design engineer for the Afghan Ministry of Construction Affairs. In 1986 he received a master's degree in construction engineering from Kabul Poly-Technique Institute and between 1987 and 1990 he was General Director of PAMA, the Central Institute of Building Projects.

During the civil war of the 1990s, Awzhang left Afghanistan and worked as a design engineer in the Netherlands. After the fall of the Taliban, Awzhang returned to Afghanistan and served as chief of the technical board of the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development before he became Design Director for an Afghan construction company.

In 2012 he was named Minister of Public Works in the second Karzai government.

References 

Public works ministers of Afghanistan
CTuning foundation. The cTuning Foundation is a global non-profit organization developing a common methodology and open-source tools to support sustainable, collaborative and reproducible research in Computer science and organize and automate artifact evaluation and reproducibility inititiaves at machine learning and systems conferences and journals.

Notable projects 

 Collective Mind - a Python package with a collection of portable, extensible and ready-to-use automation recipes with a human-friendly interface to help the community compose, benchmark and optimize complex AI, ML and other applications and systems across diverse and continuously changing models, data sets, software and hardware. 
 Collective Knowledge - an open-source framework to organize software projects as a database of reusable components with common automation actions and extensible meta descriptions based on FAIR principles, implement portable research workflows, and crowdsource experiments across diverse platforms provided by volunteers.
 ACM ReQuEST - Reproducible Quality-Efficient Systems Tournaments to co-design efficient software/hardware stacks for deep learning algorithms in terms of speed, accuracy and costs across diverse platforms, environments, libraries, models and data sets
 MILEPOST GCC - open-source technology to build machine learning based self-optimizing compilers.
 Artifact Evaluation - validation of experimental results from published papers at the computer systems and machine learning conferences.
 Reproducible Papers - a public index of reproducible papers with portable workflows and reusable research components.

History 

Grigori Fursin developed cTuning.org at the end of the Milepost project in 2009
to continue his research on machine learning based program and architecture optimization as a community effort.

In 2014, cTuning Foundation was registered in France 
as a non-profit research and development organization. 
It received funding from the EU TETRACOM project 
and ARM to develop the Collective Knowledge Framework
and prepare reproducible research methodology for ACM and IEEE conferences.

In 2020, cTuning Foundation joined MLCommons as a founding member to accelerate innovation in ML.

In 2023, cTuning Foundation joined the new initiative by the Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium and MLCommons to develop an automotive industry standard machine learning benchmark suite.

Since 2024, cTuning Foundation supports the MLCommons Croissant Metadata Format to help standardize ML Datasets.

Funding 

Current funding comes from the European Union research and development funding programme, Microsoft, and other organizations.

References

Free software project foundations
Standards organizations in France
International organizations based in France
Renfe Class 446. The Renfe Class 446 is a series of electric multiple units designed to provide effective commuter services in major urban centers in Spain.

History 
Planning began in the early 1980s and resulted in the prototype Class 445 when commuter services began to assume a major role in cities such as Madrid. The trains then operating these services, mainly Class 440 units, were becoming inadequate to cope with the volume of traffic. It was decided that to provide the required facilities for these service, with their short inter-station distances and high passenger volume, new trains would be needed, with greater acceleration at the cost of maximum speed. Due to the 2004 Madrid train bombings, three trains of this class were decommissioned. Two of the damaged sets were amalgamated to form a new train and the third set was repaired and returned to service.

Design 
Introduced in 1989, the 446 series was an innovative train design by Renfe. Each set having  of power, allowing a maximum acceleration of  /s² with a top speed of . The three car sets consist of two driving motor cars and an intermediate trailer, a new concept for Renfe. Each car has three pairs of double doors for quick entry and exit of travelers. One of the major drawbacks of these units, which earned them the nickname dodotis (a type of baby's nappy), is that originally they did not have toilets in the cars.

Outwardly they are of similar appearance to the later Renfe Class 447 design, with which they can operate with some limitations in traction and brake.  Recent changes and enhancements included the addition of hustle alarms, both sound and indicator lights, for closing doors. Of the 170 units delivered, 25 have been withdrawn, including those affected by the 2004 Madrid train bombings. The  units can be found operating metro type inner suburban services around Madrid, Seville, San Sebastián, Santander and Bilbao where the distances between stations is often  or even less.

Formation 
Each set is made of 3 cars:

Numbering example 
 The set no.1 is numbered as 001M-001R-002M (UIC numbering: 9-446-001+7-446-001+9-446-002), the second as 003M-002R-004M (9-446-003+7-446-002+9-446-004), and so on (M means powered and R trailer).

References

Renfe multiple units
CAF multiple units
3000 V DC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1989
HSM Oldenbarneveldt - Simon Stevin. The HSM 190 - 193 were a class of four 1'B () steam locomotives build by Borsig for the Hollandsche Spoorweg Maatschappij in 1888. The locomotives were named as was typical for the HSM. These were of the same type as locomotives of the series 184-189 (later the NS 1100 serie) with the exception that these locomotives were compounds. Compounding was introduced in an effort to improve efficiency.

In 1885, Mr. F.A.A. Middelberg of the HSM ordered a study of coal efficiency improvement by the use of compounding. Four locomotives of the series 184-189, two in freight service and two in passenger service, were converted. The trials were successful The four production machines showed a decrease in coal consumption as well. The reduction in coal usage was around 17%. Still, no further compound locomotives were built for the HSM.

Typically, compounding locomotives use a small-diameter high-pressure cylinder(s) and a large-diameter low-pressure cylinder(s). These locomotives were different: the cylinders had the same bore, but different strokes. The low pressure cylinder's stroke was double the length of the high pressure cylinder's. The cut-off of the cylinders could be independently controlled.

The HSM employed these locomotives from depots in Zutphen and Almelo. In 1908, three locomotives were taken out of service, whilst No. 191 Paulus Potter remained in service until 1913. All locomotives have been scrapped.

Fleet list

References

2-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1888
Steam locomotives of the Netherlands
Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij
Borsig locomotives
Heat release parameter. In combustion, heat release parameter (or gas expansion parameter) is a dimensionless parameter which measures the amount of heat released by an adibatic combustion process. It is defined as

where
 is the adiabatic flame temperature
 is the unburnt mixture temperature.

In typical combustion process, . For isobaric combustion, using ideal gas law, the parameter can be expressed in terms of density, i.e.,

The ratio of burnt gas to unburnt gas temperature is

Gas expansion ratio

The gas expansion ratio is simply defined by

which is related to  by

See also

Zel'dovich number

References

Combustion
Fluid dynamics
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Grigori Fursin. Grigori Fursin is a British computer scientist, president of the non-profit CTuning foundation, founding member of MLCommons, and co-chair of the MLCommons Task Force on Automation and Reproducibility. His research group created open-source machine learning based self-optimizing compiler, MILEPOST GCC, considered to be the first in the world. At the end of the MILEPOST project he established cTuning foundation to crowdsource program optimisation and machine learning across diverse devices provided by volunteers. His foundation also developed Collective Knowledge Framework and Collective Mind to support open research. Since 2015 Fursin leads Artifact Evaluation at several ACM and IEEE computer systems conferences. He is also a founding member of the ACM taskforce on Data, Software, and Reproducibility in Publication.

Education 
Fursin completed his PhD in computer science at the University of Edinburgh in 2005. While in Edinburgh, he worked on foundations of practical program autotuning and performance prediction.

Notable projects 

 Collective Mind - collection of portable, extensible and ready-to-use automation recipes with a human-friendly interface to help the community compose, benchmark and optimize complex AI, ML and other applications and systems across diverse and continuously changing models, data sets, software and hardware. 
 Collective Knowledge – open-source framework to help researchers and practitioners organize their software projects as a database of reusable components and portable workflows with common APIs based on FAIR principles, and quickly prototype, crowdsource and reproduce research experiments.
 MILEPOST GCC – open-source technology to build machine learning based compilers.
 Interactive Compilation Interface – plugin framework to expose internal features and optimisation decisions of compilers for external auto tuning and learning.
 cTuning foundation – non-profit research organisation developing open-source tools and common methodology for collaborative and reproducible experimentation.
 Artifact Evaluation - validation of experimental results from published papers at the computer systems and machine learning conferences.

References

British computer scientists
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Year of birth missing (living people)
Eleks. ELEKS, also known as ELEKS Software, is an international company that provides custom software engineering and consulting services, headquartered in Tallinn, Estonia. The company has about 2000+ employees and operates offices in the United States, Canada, Germany, Ukraine, Poland, Switzerland, Japan, Croatia, UAE, KSA and the United Kingdom.

History
ELEKS was established as a product company in 1991 by Oleksiy Skrypnyk and his son Oleksiy Skrypnyk, Jr. The company started with the launch of Dakar, a science-intensive software for power distribution systems for Eastern European markets.

By 2016, Dakar was used in more than 20 Eastern European power systems, and by 2019, the company had 1400 employees. As of 2019, more than 200 companies are using the services of  the company.

Industries and technologies
ELEKS provides its services to enterprises in Finance, Media & Entertainment, Healthcare, Retail, Agriculture and Logistics industries.

Activities include:
Custom Software Development
 Advanced Analytics
Virtual Reality
 Drones
 Mobile and Wearable Development
 Solutions for Retail
Data Science
Research and innovations

The company supports Ukrainian armed forces by developing military drone software and hardware.

References

Software companies established in 1991
Consulting firms established in 1991
Development software companies
Engineering software companies
Information technology consulting firms
Outsourcing companies
Software companies of Ukraine
Ukrainian brands
Van Dyke brown (printing). Van Dyke brown is a printing process named after Anthony van Dyck.

It involves coating a canvas with ferric ammonium citrate, tartaric acid, and silver nitrate, then exposing it to ultraviolet light. The canvas can be washed with water, and hypo to keep the solutions in place.  The image created has a Van Dyke brown color when it's completed, and unlike other printing methods, does not require a darkroom. 

The Van Dyke brown process was patented in Germany in 1895 by Arndt and Troost. It was originally called many different names, such as sepia print or brown print. It has even been called kallitype, however that process uses ferric oxalate instead of ferric ammonium citrate.

Concerns have been voiced about the archival qualities of the Van Dyke brown print due to the fact that many early Van Dyke brown prints did not last long. However, if properly processed, Van Dyke brown prints should last as long as any other silver process.

Gallery

References

History of printing
Halman 20. The Halman 20 is a Canadian trailerable sailboat, that was first built in 1977.

The design is thought to be a development of the Nordica 20, but was constructed with new tooling.

Production
The boat was built by Halman Manufacturing in Beamsville, Ontario, Canada, starting in 1977, but it is now out of production.

Design

The Halman 20 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a transom-hung rudder and a fixed long keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The design has a draft of  with the standard keel and is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two a straight settee berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on the starboard side just aft of the bow cabin. Cabin headroom is .

The boat has a PHRF racing average handicap of 276 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a review Michael McGoldrick wrote, "unlike many boats under 20 feet in length, the Halman will generally come well equipped with lifelines, winches, and other gear. Its cabin has 5 feet of standing headroom and it is remarkably roomy for a 20 footer, although some of this space was achieved at the expense of a smaller cockpit."

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "Best features ... the doghouse is raised a bit more than on the Nordica [20], giving an extra six inches of headroom on the Halman. The beamy hulls give good space below. Worst features: Compared to the heavier, narrower Corinthian [20], a comp, both the Halman and the Nordica can be expected to be slower, especially in light air, due to their higher wetted surface. And neither the Halman nor the Nordica can match the sailing performance of the other comp, the centerboarder Quickstep 21, with her two-foot longer waterline, bigger sail area, and deeper draft with her board down."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Halman Horizon
Nordica 20

Similar sailboats
Buccaneer 220
Cal 20
Core Sound 20 Mark 3
Flicka 20
Hunter 20
Mistral T-21
Nordica 16
Paceship 20
San Juan 21
Santana 20
Sirius 22 
West Wight Potter 19

References

External links

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat types built by Halman Manufacturing
Richard A. Normann. Richard A. Normann is a Distinguished Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Utah. He is known for inventing the Utah array in-vivo electrode array for brain–computer interfaces and is presently on the advisory committee of the White House BRAIN Initiative. He received his PhD in 1973 from UC Berkeley in electrical engineering. He received an honorary doctorate in 2012 from Miguel Hernández University in Elche, Spain.

The Utah array was first developed, under his guidance and this technology is currently in use at other centres around the world, where it provides a vital link between the central nervous systems of rats, cats, monkeys and other laboratory animals, and the computers used to study their brain patterns.

References

Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Utah faculty
American neuroscientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
1,1-Diiodoethane. 1,1-Diiodoethane is an organic saturated haloalkane containing iodine with formula CHCHI.

Preparation

1,1-Diiodoethane can be synthesized from gem-dihaloalkanes. The starting material is 1,1-dichloroethane, and iodoethane is a source of iodine. In the presence of aluminium trichloride, 1,1-dichloroethane will converted to 1,1-diiodoethane.

To be specific, mix 0.4 mol (~39.6 g) of 1,1-dichloroethane with 1.2 mol (~187 g) of ethyl iodide, and ~2.0 g of aluminium chloride. Heat for three hours using steam bath. Then, wash the mixture with HO and NaHSO respectively, and dry with MgSO. By boiling at 76-76 °C and 25 mmHg, about 67.3 g of product will be received when distilled.

The alternative method, which does not require 1,1-dichloroethane, is the reaction of iodine, triethylamine and hydrazone of acetaldehyde. Using 1 mol of acetaldehyde, about 95 g, which is 34% from acetaldehyde, of 1,1-diiodoethane formed.

Application

1,1-Diiodoethane is commonly used as a reactant in reaction such as SN2. The following are some examples of SN2 reaction using 1,1-diiodoethane as a reactant.

Moreover, is can also be used as a reactant in enolate substitution reaction as the following examples.

See also
1,2-Diiodoethylene
1,2-Difluoroethane
1,2-Diiodoethane
1,1-Dibromoethane
1,2-Difluoroethylene

References

External links
 PubChem Compound Summary for CID 68980
 Chemistry of Ethylidene Moieties on Platinum Surfaces:  1,1-Diiodoethane on Pt(111)

Iodoalkanes
Videoliner (dragster). Videoliner is a streamliner slingshot dragster, built for "TV Tommy" Ivo.

History
Designed by Steve Swaja, Videoliner used a Frank Huzar chassis and aluminum body built by Bob Sorrell. It had a dropped front axle and bicycle wheels, a partially enclosed engine (leaving the blower and blower scoop exposed), and enclosed slicks (without wheel covers or skirts). The rear of the cockpit was also closed, but there was no canopy. The exhaust pipes exited flush with the top of the body on either side, ahead of the cockpit.

The car was built for "TV Tommy" Ivo, who planned to barnstorm the U.S. in 1965, but in test runs at Fremont, he found exhaust fumes and burnt rubber tended to enter the cockpit; worse still, the car had a tendency to spin when approaching the end of a pass. To cure the exhaust problem, Ivo cut vents over the slicks and routed the exhaust into the wheelwells, which then proceeded to damage the aluminum body.

Chopping off some of the bodywork and "scalloping" the fenders was done in a futile effort to cure the "spooky handling". Failure led Ivo to purchase the conventional Red Wing fueller.

Videoliner set a best pass of 7.82 seconds at .

Notes

Sources
 Taylor, Thom. "Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone" in Hot Rod, April 2017, p.31.

1960s cars
Drag racing cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Arthur Hillyer Ford House. The Arthur Hillyer Ford House is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States.  Ford was a Chicago native who worked as an electrical engineer before becoming a college professor.  He eventually became professor of electrical engineering at the University of Iowa, and is credited with inventing glare-less automobile headlights.  He hired local architect Orville H. Carpenter to design his Mission Revival house.  It features a symmetrical composition, wall dormers with scalloped parapets, a quatrefoil window, stuccoed walls, red clay tile roof with wide overhanging eaves, and a full-length front porch with square piers and flattened arches.  The American Craftsman influence is found on the interior, especially in the fireplace inglenook.  The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  In 1994 it was included as a contributing property in the Brown Street Historic District.

References

Houses completed in 1909
Mission Revival architecture in Iowa
Houses in Iowa City, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa
Kaleidophone. The kaleidophone is a "philosophical toy" that produces moving optical figures.

History 
The kaleidophone was invented by Charles Wheatstone, who published an account of the device in 1827.

The name "kaleidophone" was derived from the kaleidoscope, an optical toy invented in 1817 by David Brewster.

Wheatstone's photometer was probably suggested by this appliance. The photometer enables two lights to be compared by the relative brightness of their reflections in a silvered bead, which describes a narrow ellipse, so as to draw the spots into parallel lines.

There are several different versions of the kaleidophone, but in all cases at least one slender rod is fixed at one end and has a shiny bead fixed to the other end of the rod. As the rod vibrates the spot is seen to describe Lissajous curves in the air, like a spark whirled about in the darkness.

References

External links

Optical toys
English inventions
1820s toys
Patterns
19th-century inventions
Traditional toys
INS Buland. INS Buland (Literally means Lofty) is a 25 tonne bollard pull tugboat built by Hindustan Shipyard for the Indian Navy. It is the third ship of the series of 25-ton bollard pull tugboats after INS Balwan and INS Sahayak that were built within  10 months and delivered in January 2016 in time for International Fleet Review 2016. After the sea trials, the ship was flagged off by Commander A.S. Mitra (retired), Director (Shipbuilding) on 15 November 2016 and joined the Indian Navy at its home port of Port Blair.

See  also
Tugboats of the Indian Navy

References 

2016 ships
Ships built in India
Tugs of the Indian Navy
Roboat. Roboat is a research program on autonomous boats in Amsterdam. The program was scheduled to last from 2016-2021, is developing the world's first fleet of autonomous vessels. It focuses on moving people and goods, portable infrastructure and data gathering. Roboat is a project of the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (AMS Institute). The research within the program is conducted by MIT, Delft University of Technology and Wageningen University and Research. The program has a budget of €25 million. Prototypes are tested in Amsterdam's canals.

History 
On 5 October 2018 a shuttle was tested, using 6-person autonomous boats following a circular route linking Oosterdokskade with the NEMO science centre, a crossing where building a fixed bridge is impossible as it is a through route for high-masted ships.

In 2019, the vessels learned how to dock together and organizing to support specific tasks. 

In 2020, the first passenger-capable configuration was completed. Roboat III is  long and can carry and adapt to up to 5 passengers. 

Two full-scale units had been deployed by October 2021, becoming the world's first urban autonomous vessels.

References

External links
 Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions

Education in the Netherlands
Unmanned surface vehicles
Transport in Amsterdam
4043 aluminium alloy. 4043 aluminium alloy is a wrought aluminium alloy with good corrosion resistance typically used as filler material for welding of aluminium parts. It contains high amounts of silicon (between 4.5 and 6%) and trace amounts of other metals. It is grey in appearance and is sold as either welding wire or welding rod for TIG/MIG processes.

Chemical composition 
Aluminium is the remainder.

References

Aluminium alloy table 

Aluminium–silicon alloys