omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Doosan Lentjes. Doosan Lentjes GmbH is a subsidiary of Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction. It is a company specializing in engineering, design and construction that provides proprietary waste-to-energy and sewage sludge services and technologies, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and air quality control systems for thermal power generation.

The company was founded as a boiler manufacturing company by Ferdinand Lentjes in 1928. Doosan Lentjes's main headquarters are located in Ratingen, Germany.

Products and services
The company offers precision steam turbines from its partner business, Doosan Škoda Power. Around 77 Doosan Lentjes units are in operation internationally.

In 2011, the company installed the grate, boiler and balance of the Harlingen waste-to-energy plant. In 2008, the AVA Frankfurt Nordweststadt four-line waste incineration plant began operating. Existing incineration lines were replaced with new ones.

Since mid-2013, Doosan Lentjes has been working with E.ON’s coal-fired Provence power plant in Gardanne, France, to convert the existing coal-fired boiler, built and installed by Doosan Lentjes in 1992, into a biomass unit.

Air quality control systems
Doosan Lentjes develops wet limestone flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), seawater FGD and dry-circulating "fluidised" bed technologies. It also supplies high- and low-pressure pulse jet fabric filters and electrostatic precipitator de-dusters.

In 2009, Doosan Lentjes fitted wet limestone FGD plants at Rugeley power station, United Kingdom, to meet the European Large Combustion Plant Directive, which requires a 94% removal rate of sulphurous compounds from flue gases. At the Gheco One power plant in Thailand, Doosan Lentjes designed a seawater FGD system that makes use of seawater from the steam turbine unit. It has been operating since 2012.

As of 2013, Doosan Lentjes has installed over 280 wet FGD units and over 800 dedusting plants internationally.

History
In 1928, Ferdinand Lentjes founded Doosan Lentjes. Doosan Lentjes designed and built the first CFB boiler featuring a "fluidized" bed heat "exchanger" (FBHE) in Germany in 1982.

The company acquired Burmeister & Wain A/S in 1980 and Gottfried Bischoff GmbH in 1984. In 1990, Metallgesellschaft acquired Lentjes. In 2005, Lurgi Lentjes AG was renamed "Lentjes GmbH".

In 2007, Lentjes GmbH was acquired by AE&E to form AE&E Lentjes, which was later sold to Korea’s Doosan Group to form Doosan Lentjes GmbH in 2011.

References

External links
 Doosan Lentjes
 Doosan Power Systems
 Doosan Babcock Energy Germany
 Doosan Babcock Energy Polska

Manufacturing companies established in 1928
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
1928 establishments in Germany
Energy companies established in 1928
Jeffrey Shapiro. Jeffrey H. Shapiro is a Julius A. Stratton Professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the former director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics. He made seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental quantum limits on communications, generation, detection, and application of quantum squeezed state, ghost imaging, and quantum information science.  He invented the microchannel-plate spatial light modulator with Cardinal Warde.

Biography 
Shapiro received his S.B., S.M., E.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from MIT in 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, respectively. From 1970 to 1973, he was on the faculty of Case Western Reserve University. From 1973 to 1985, he was an associate professor of electrical engineering at MIT, and in 1985, he was promoted to professor of electrical engineering. He became a Julius A. Stratton Professor in 1999.

From 1989 to 1999, Shapiro served as the associate department head of MIT's department of electrical engineering and computer science. He was appointed director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics in 2001. He is also a director of MIT's Optical and Quantum Communications Group.

Research 
Shapiro's research focuses on utilizing quantum mechanical effects to develop metrology tools and applications, whose performance greatly exceeds what can be realized with conventional, classical-physics systems. In particular, his group investigated the quantum limits on optical communications, such as remote viewing, and derived the capacity of quantum channels. His group also demonstrated high-performance entanglement sources and took advantage of these sources to implement quantum key distribution systems. Shapiro's group pioneered in developing quantum illumination, which enables use of entanglement in lossy and noisy environments.

Honors 
 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA)
 Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS)
 Fellow of the Institute of Physics (IoP)
 Fellow of SPIE
 2008 International Quantum Communication Award
 2008 IEEE/LEOS Quantum Electronics Award

References

External links 
Jeffrey Shapiro's Home Page at MIT
Optical and Quantum Communications Group at MIT

MIT School of Engineering faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bidirectional current. A bidirectional current (BidC)  is one which both charges and discharges at once. It is a current that flows primarily in one direction and then in the other. 

Complicated systems which have integrated recharging capability sometimes resort to using bidirectional currents, as in Laptops or other systems. Monitoring of a bidirectional current is required for a laptop to report the battery level and charging status. Components are available for this purpose.

See also 
 Difference amplifier

References 

Electric current
Sloshsat-FLEVO. SLOSHSAT-FLEVO (Sloshsat Facility for Liquid Experimentation and Verification in Orbit) is a microsatellite launched to investigate the dynamics of fluids in microgravity. FLEVO stands for Facility for Liquid Experimentation and Verification in Orbit. Multiple sensors were used to monitor the behavior of water in an instrumented tank and how sloshing affects the attitude control of launchers and space vehicles.

The project is a joint program between ESA, the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes, and the Israel Space Agency. The primary contractor is the National Aerospace Laboratory providing the spacecraft structure and power systems. The ejection system and ground support equipment were contracted by NEWTEC. The ISA was responsible for supplying the sub-propulsion system which was built and assembled by Rafael.

Spacecraft

The spacecraft itself is a 90-cm cube microsatellite covered by solar cells and fitted with 12 small thrusters.

Launch
Originally Sloshsat-FLEVO was to be launched from the Space Shuttle and use the shuttle as a data relay, but after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster the satellite was modified to be launched on board the Ariane-5 qualification flight.
The satellite was launched from the Guiana Space Centre launch site at Kourou, French Guiana on 12 February 2005.

Experiment
The SLOSHSAT-FLEVO is the first satellite entirely dedicated to liquid research in space. The satellite was equipped with an 87-litre cylindrical tank containing 33.5 litres of de-ionised water. 270 sensors were placed on the tank's walls to measure the sloshing behavior by calculating the thickness of the water. Three accelerometers and a fibre-optic gyroscope were used to measure the motion of the spacecraft. An array of temperature, pressure and fluid velocity sensors were also installed on the craft.

After depletion of the propellants and completion of the experiment, the satellite was turned off. The satellite had a lifetime of around 14 days. ESA estimate that without active debris removal the orbit would decay by 2335.

See also

 European Space Agency
 Israel Space Agency

References

External links
 Shimshon Adler, Abraham Warshavsky, and Arie Peretz.  "Low-Cost Cold-Gas Reaction Control System for the Sloshsat FLEVO Small Satellite", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2005), pp. 345–351. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.5128

Spacecraft launched in 2005
Satellites orbiting Earth
Satellites of Israel
2005 in Israel
Tungsten diselenide. Tungsten diselenide is an inorganic compound with the formula WSe2.  The compound adopts a hexagonal crystalline structure similar to molybdenum disulfide. The tungsten atoms are covalently bonded to six selenium ligands in a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere while each selenium is bonded to three tungsten atoms in a pyramidal geometry. The tungsten–selenium bond has a length of 0.2526 nm, and the distance between selenium atoms is 0.334 nm.  It is a well studied example of a layered material.  The layers stack together via van der Waals interactions. WSe2 is a very stable semiconductor in the group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides.

Structure and properties 
The hexagonal (P63/mmc) polymorph 2H-WSe2 is isotypic with hexagonal MoS2. The two-dimensional lattice structure has W and Se arranged periodically in layers with hexagonal symmetry. Similar to graphite, van der Waals interactions hold the layers together; however, the 2D-layers in WSe2 are not atomically thin. The large size of the W cation renders the lattice structure of WSe2 more sensitive to changes than MoS2.

In addition to the typical semiconducting hexagonal structure, a second metallic polymorph of WSe2 exists.  This phase, 1T-WSe2, is based on a tetragonal symmetry with one WSe2 layer per repeating unit. The 1T-WSe2 phase is less stable and transitions to the 2H-WSe2 phase. WSe2 can form a fullerene-like structure.

The Young's modulus varies greatly as a function of the number of layers in a flake. For a single monolayer, the reported Young's modulus is 258.6 ± 38.3 GPa.

Synthesis
Heating thin films of tungsten under pressure from gaseous selenium and high temperatures (>800 K) using the sputter deposition technique leads to the films crystallizing in hexagonal structures with the correct stoichiometric ratio.

W  +  2 Se   →   WSe2

Potential applications 

The potential applications of transition metal dichalcogenides in solar cells and photonics are often discussed. Bulk  has an optical band gap of ~1.35 eV with a temperature dependence of −4.6 eV/K.  photoelectrodes are stable in both acidic and basic conditions, making them  potentially useful in electrochemical solar cells.

The properties of  monolayers differ from those of the bulk state, as is typical for semiconductors.  Mechanically exfoliated monolayers of  are transparent photovoltaic materials with LED properties. The resulting solar cells pass 95 percent of the incident light, with one tenth of the remaining five percent converted into electrical power. The material can be changed from p-type to n-type by changing the voltage of an adjacent metal electrode from positive to negative, allowing devices made from it to have tunable bandgaps.

Superconductivity has been reported in twisted bilayer , with a transition temperature of 200 mK.

See also 
 Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

References

Tungsten(IV) compounds
Selenides
Transition metal dichalcogenides
Monolayers
Robert Winter (business theorist). Robert Winter (born c. 1960) is a German business theorist, Professor of business & information systems engineering at the University of St. Gallen, and director of its Institute of Information Management. He is known for his contributions in the field of Enterprise Architecture and Business Engineering.

Biography 
Winter studied economics, business administration and business education at the Goethe University Frankfurt, where he received his PhD in 1989 and his Habilitation in 1995.

Winter started his academic career in 1984 as Associate Professor at Goethe University Frankfurt. In 1996 he moved to the University of St. Gallen, where he is appointed Professor at the School of Management (SoM), and director of its Institute of Information Management (Instituts für Wirtschaftsinformatik). Winter is Vice Editor-in-Chief of the Business & Information Systems Engineering Journal and associate editor of the European Journal of Information Systems, International Journal of Organizational Design and Engineering and MISQ Executive Journal.

His research interests are in the field of "Situational Method Engineering for Information Management, Enterprise Architecture Management, Enterprise Transformation Management, Health Network Engineering, Corporate Management Systems and Service Innovation & Engineering."

Publications 
Winter authored and coauthored numerous publications. Books, a selection:
 Österle, Hubert, and Robert Winter. Business engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003.
 Robert Winter, J. Leon Zhao & Stephan Aier (eds.) Global perspectives on design science research : 5th international conference, DESRIST 2010, St. Gallen, Switzerland, June 4–5, 2010 : proceedings. Berlin : Springer, 2010.

Articles, a selection:
 Winter, Robert. "Modelle, techniken und werkzeuge im business engineering." Business Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. 87-118.
 Braun, Christian, and Robert Winter. "A comprehensive enterprise architecture metamodel and its implementation using a metamodeling platform." Desel, Jörg; Frank, Ulrich (2005): 24-25.
 Winter, Robert, and Ronny Fischer. "Essential layers, artifacts, and dependencies of enterprise architecture." Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops, 2006. EDOCW'06. 10th IEEE International. IEEE, 2006.
 Winter, Robert. "Organisational design and engineering: proposal of a conceptual framework and comparison of business engineering with other approaches." International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering 1.1 (2010): 126-147.
 Loos, P., Lechtenbörger, J., Vossen, G., Zeier, A., Krüger, J., Müller, J., ... & Winter, R. (2011). "In-memory databases in business information systems." Business & Information Systems Engineering, 3(6), 389-395.

References

External links 
 Robert Winter at the University of St. Gallen

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
German business theorists
Enterprise modelling experts
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Academic staff of the University of St. Gallen
Earthship Brighton. Earthship Brighton is a self-sustainable building, completed in 2006 and owned by the non-profit Low Carbon Trust, situated in Stanmer Park, Brighton, England.

The building is an example of passive solar earth-sheltered design and was constructed using waste car tyres and other recycled materials such as cans and bottles. The structure incorporates rammed earth tyres, renewable power systems and rainwater harvesting. It uses the planet's natural systems to provide heat, power and water and is designed to work as an autonomous building.

History
The Low Carbon Network, later renamed the Low Carbon Trust, was responsible for the construction of Earthship Brighton. Alex Leeor, one of the original co-directors of the Low Carbon Network, played a key role in securing funding for the project and contributing to its initial work.

The Low Carbon Trust crew were trained by Mike Reynolds, who designed the Earthship structure and is the founder of Earthship Biotecture. Earthship Brighton is currently one of only two Earthships in the UK and was the first Earthship to be built in England.

Earthship Brighton is used as a community and environmental education centre, with regular guided tours for the public. It is used as a venue for various green building courses, including a three-day course on 'Self-building an Earthship'.

In 2007, a book was written about the project: Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes.  A second edition, Earthships in Europe, was published in 2012, with case studies of earthships in France, Spain, and the UK.  There is also an in-depth analysis of the thermal performance of the earthship in a temperate climate.

Awards
Earthship Brighton has won ten awards and commendations. These include:
 South East Renewable Sustainable Energy Awards 2005 in the field of Innovation - Winner
 Environment Agency’s Water Efficiency Awards 2006 - Winner
 Sustain Magazine’s Construction and Renovation category; DfES category 2006;
 Green Apple Awards 2007 for the Built Environment and Architectural Heritage – National Gold Winner in the New Build Tourism category;
 Green Apple Awards 2007 – National Gold Winner for Business;
 South East Low Carbon Awards 2007 – Highly commended in the Low Carbon Development of the Year category
 National Energy Efficiency Awards 2007 – Highly commended in the Construction & Renovation category
 The Argus Eco Award 2010 – Winner of Greenest Building in Sussex

References

External links
About Earthship Brighton, Low Carbon Trust
Tours of Earthship Brighton, Low Carbon Trust
Earthship Brighton, Stanmer Park, BN1 9PZ, eco open houses

Sustainable building
Brighton
Eagle Materials. Eagle Materials Inc. is an American producer of building materials based in Dallas, Texas. The company produces cement, concrete, construction aggregate, gypsum, wallboard, paperboard, and sand for hydraulic fracturing.

As of 2023, the company  operates 7 cement plants, 1 slag grinding facility, 17 cement distribution terminals, five gypsum wallboard plants, 3 frac sand wet processing facilities, 3 frac sand drying facilities, and 6 frac sand trans-load locations.

History
The company was founded in 1963 as a division of Centex Construction Company. Between April 1994 and January 30, 2004, the company was known as Centex Construction Products, Inc.

On January 30, 2004, Centex distributed its shares in the company to its shareholders and the company was renamed Eagle Materials Inc.

In May 2005, the company announced a $65 million expansion of its plant in LaSalle, Illinois.

In September 2012, the company acquired plants in Sugar Creek, Missouri and Tulsa, Oklahoma from Lafarge for $446 million.

In October 2014, the company acquired CRS Proppants LLC, a frac sand supplier, for $225 million.

In February 2017, the company acquired a cement plant in Fairborn, Ohio from Cemex for $400 million.

In May 2024, the company began expanding its cement plant in Laramie, Wyoming.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies established in 1963
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies based in Dallas
1963 establishments in Texas
Companies in the S&P 400
China Wu Yi. China Wu Yi Co., Ltd. is a construction and engineering company that carries out international projects as the overseas arm of the Fujian Construction Engineering Group Company.  It reported $334 million in international project work in 2012, placing the company among the 250 largest international contractors as ranked by Engineering News-Record.

Projects
A 2013 report noted it had 18 projects in Kenya. The Kenyan operations of the company is one of the six largest Chinese construction companies in Kenya, competing in a highly competitive market with each other and local and European construction companies. 

One of the key projects Wu Yi was selected, in September 2006 for, was the $37.2 million first phase of the $1.23 billion modernization of the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, funded by a syndicate of Kenyan banks and the World Bank.  The company is a contractor in paving the first phase of a road between the border Kenya-Ethiopia border town of Moyale and Isiolo, a northern Kenyan gateway city in a project worth $63.9 million, funded by the African Development Bank.  A Reuters article documenting the project noted there was a pan-African significance to the project as it would lay down tarmac on one of the last unpaved sections of the Cairo – Cape Town Highway.

In another important project, it was one of several Chinese contractors that built the Thika superhighway, a project that involved widening an existing road that had one lane on one side and two lanes on the other to 12 lanes total.  The $360 million project financed by the Export-Import Bank of China was finished in 2012 on schedule.

A scholarly article in 2008 on Kenyan and Chinese economic relations, published by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, praised the work of the company in Kenya.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Companies based in Fuzhou
Sugar charcoal. Sugar charcoal is formed by the charring of cane sugar, which was repeatedly recrystallized to remove any organic impurities. It is also prepared by the dehydration of sugar in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Since sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent, it absorbs water from the sugar and leaves behind black residue of carbon. It is the purest form of amorphous carbon.

Use
Since sugar charcoal is a method of producing very pure carbon it is used to prepare artificial diamonds. When heated strongly at high temperature (3000-3500 °C) and high pressure, it is converted into an artificial diamond.

It is used as a reducing agent in the process of extraction of metals.

Sugar charcoal has decolourizing properties, which means it removes some dyes, such as methylene blue, from water.

Charcoal
Charcoal

References
Dundee Engine Plant. Dundee Engine Plant is an automobile engine factory in Dundee, Michigan. It is now wholly owned by Stellantis North America; it was formerly part of the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance (GEMA). 

The plant has over  of floor space and  of land,  of which are covered in Michigan prairie. The plant currently employs about 714 workers.

History
The plant was constructed as part of the Global Engine Alliance joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Hyundai Motor Company, and Mitsubishi Motors and cost $803 million. Construction of the plant began in April 2003 and was complete in 2004. The North Plant opened in October 2005, and the South Plant opened in November 2006.
Chrysler launched production of the 1.4 L FIRE engine at the plant in November 2010, after a $179 million investment. An additional $150 million investment was also announced in October 2010 to be used for capacity expansion and future engine production.

In January 2012, the name was officially changed from Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance to its current name. Also in 2012, Dundee started producing the 2.0 L Tigershark engine. On August 6, 2012, a second shift was added to FIRE engine production.

In August 2013, Chrysler planned to invest in Dundee Engine and the Trenton Engine Plant with $52 million in improvements. $40.5 million was to go to Dundee to help aid Trenton with Tigershark engine production.

Former Products
 1.4 FIRE I4 engine
 1.8 World I4 engine
 2.0 World I4 engine 
 2.4 World I4 engine 
 2.0 Tigershark I4 engine

Current Products
 2.4 Tigershark I4 engine
 3.6 Pentastar V6 engine

Future Products
 1.6 engine
 2.0 Hurricane4 EVO twin turbo I4

References

External links
 

Chrysler factories
Mitsubishi Motors factories
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Michigan
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Buildings and structures completed in 2004
2003 establishments in Michigan
Robotics in the United States