omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics. Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.

Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image. 
The technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-service detection and characterization of corrosion in pipes and vessels.
The data is stored on a computer and may be color coded to show differences in thickness readings.   

Corrosion may be mapped using Zero degree ultrasonic probes, an Eddy current array and/or Time of flight detection methods.  
The book Nondestructive Examination of Underwater Welded Structures by Victor S. Davey describes a "fully automated dual axis robotic scanner used for corrosion mapping normally using a single zero degree compression probe scanned in a raster pattern over the area of interest."  
He also goes on to explain that "typically a 4 mm by 4 mm raster" is used.

References

 Computer modelling for the prediction of the probability of detection of ultrasonic corrosion mapping Authors: Burch, S F; Stow, B A; Wall, M
 Eddy current array probe for corrosion mapping on ageing aircraft AIP Conf. Proc. 509, pages 489–496; 8 pages) REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 19 Date: 25–30 July 1999 Location: Montreal (Canada) Rémi Leclerc and Rock Samson
 Pipeline Corrosion and Cracking and the Associated Calibration Considerations for Same Side Sizing Applications Ginzel, R.K. & Kanters, W.A. Eclipse Scientific Products Inc, Williamsford, Ontario, Canada https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064220/http://www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/Pipeline%20Corrosion%20and%20Cracking%20and%20the%20Associated%20Calibrati.pdf
 Improved plant availability by advanced condition based inspections Harry J.M Hulshofa, Jan W Notebooma, Paul G.M Welberga, Leo E de Bruijnb KEMA Nederland BV, P.O. Box, 9035 6800 ET Arnhem, The Netherlands Benelux Generation N.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Nondestructive testing
Corrosion
Liquid contact indicator. A liquid contact indicator (LCI) is a small indicator that turns from white into another color, typically red, after contact with water. These indicators are small adhesives that are placed on several points within electronic devices such as laptops and smartphones. In case of a defective device, service personnel can check whether the device might have suffered from contact with water, to protect from warranty fraud.

Liquid contact indicators are also known by other names such as water damage tape, water damage sticker, water contact indicator tape, liquid submersion indicator.

Purpose
The main purpose of the liquid contact indicator is to have a lead to the cause of a defect in electronic devices. The manufactuer will not conduct a repair under warranty for a device with an activated LCI.
Still there can be reasons for doubt.
Longer, but not extreme exposure of a device in a humid environment, can trigger a LCI.
In theory water can reach the LCI(s), but still the electronics underneath it are not touched, for instance when a small drop of rain falls into the headphone connector.
A user should be able to use a device in normal circumstances. For instance a smartphone is normally used while travelling, quite often outside. It can rain, or start to rain outside. A device should not break down immediately. Still such circumstances could trigger the LCI.
So, a liquid contact indicator can be triggered, without pointing to liquids causing a defect.

Forgery
In the simplest form, liquid contact indicators are good for a first lead to the cause of defects. LCIs can be replaced, they are readily available in online electronic stores. But the other interest, use in warranty claims, make them prone to potential misuse. Therefore, manufacturers introduced LCIs that are harder to reproduce, even with small holographic details.

Placement
Liquid contact indicators are placed on several places in electronic devices. For example, underneath the keyboard in a notebook and on several places on its mainboard. Sometimes the liquid contact indicators are placed in such a way that they can be inspected from the outside. For instance there is an LCI in the SIM-card slot of Apple iPhones and in the dock connectors and headphone jacks of iPods made since 2006. In a Samsung Galaxy smartphone there is a LCI underneath the battery cover near the battery contacts.

References

 Explanation of a Water Damage Indicator

Sensors
Mobile phones
Portable electronics
National Space Centre (Malaysia). The National Space Centre or Pusat Angkasa Negara is a Malaysian mission control facility. This  centre is located at Sungai Lang near Banting, Selangor and is managed by the Malaysian Space Agency (MYSA). The space centre started construction in 2004 and completed phase I of the project in 2005.

Facilities
The facility contains a Mission Control Facility (MCF) that allows communications with satellites and remote networking with other agencies in the country. The facility also collaborates with European Space Agency (ESA) in the monitoring of the GIOVE-A satellite. The Optical Caliberation Laboratory was constructed in 2006 to caliberate the optical system of a satellite.

References

Kuala Langat District
Space program of Malaysia
Anatoliy Koroteyev. Anatoliy Sazonovich Koroteyev (; born July 22, 1936) is a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist and academic who contributed to the field of rocket engine physics.

Biography 
Koroteyev was born in Baranovo, Moscow Oblast. In 1959, he graduated from S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute.

Anatoliy Koroteev is an expert in propulsion and power systems of space-rocket complexes, generation and application of low-temperature plasma, and obtaining powerful energy flow.

With his direct participation and leadership made major research and development:

 Obtained fundamental results, will create the world's first high-power plasma torches;
 Proposed and implemented a unique system of high-power electron and neutral beams in the atmosphere and gases high blood pressure, which was the basis for the development of innovative systems for defense and economic purposes, the complex of space experiments on the interaction of artificial plasma formations with the ionosphere;
 A complex of research on the development of nuclear power plants and ensure their high ground tests;
 Work began on a new generation of high-power electric propulsion and high specific impulse with a new way to control the thrust vector.

He is
 President of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics, 
 Member of the International Academy of Astronautics 
 Member of the board of Rosaviakosmos,
 Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 2012, Koroteyev announced that a nuclear reactor for space would be developed at the Keldysh Research Centre and tested at Sosnovy Bor.

Koroteyev has created more than 220 inventions and concepts in the fields of rocket engines and power in space.

Nuclear propulsion advocacy 

Koroteyev is a proponent of nuclear propulsion. He believes that nuclear propulsion can provide the energy needed for a Mars mission.

References

External links 
 Academician Anatoly Koroteyev - 70! on site of Russian Academy of Sciences
 Profile on site of Russian Academy of Sciences

1936 births
Living people
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow Aviation Institute alumni
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
21st-century Russian physicists
Russian theoretical physicists
Maher Jamal. Maher Jamal is a Syrian engineer and politician who served as oil minister of Syria between 1996 and 2001.

Career
Jamal is an oil engineer by profession. He served as chairman of al Furat Petroleum Cooperation from January to July 1996. He was appointed minister of petroleum and mineral resources in a cabinet reshuffle on 3 July 1996. Jamal replaced Nader Nabulsi as oil minister in the cabinet led by Mahmoud Zuabi. Jamal continued to serve as oil minister in the next cabinet headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Mustafa Mero, which was formed on 13 March 2000. Jamal's tenure lasted until December 2001 when he was replaced by Ibrahim Haddad.

References

21st-century Syrian engineers
21st-century Syrian politicians
20th-century Syrian engineers
Living people
Oil and mineral reserves ministers of Syria
Syrian engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Petroleum engineers
Independent politicians in Syria
20th-century Syrian politicians
Air Creation Skypper. The Air Creation Skypper is a French ultralight trike, designed and produced by Air Creation of Aubenas. The aircraft was introduced in 2011 and is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Skypper was designed as a simpler, lighter and less expensive carriage than the top-of-the line Air Creation Tanarg, to replace the Air Creation GT series in production. It was intended to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminium tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. Available powerplants include the a twin cylinder, liquid-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 582 engine, the four cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912UL or  Rotax 912ULS engine and the twin cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  HKS 700E.

With the Rotax 582 the aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

A number of different wings can be fitted to the basic carriage, including the Air Creation NuviX, Fun 450, iFun 16, iXess 13 and the BioniX.

When equipped with the Bionix wing and Rotax 912 engine the Skypper was €6,300 cheaper than the more sophisticated Air Creation Tanarg with the same engine and wing, in 2011.

Specifications (Skypper 582 NuviX)

References

External links
Official Skypper 912 website
Official Skypper 582 website

2010s French sport aircraft
2010s French ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
High-wing aircraft
Skypper
Bhopal Municipal Corporation. Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) is the Municipal Corporation for the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. It is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Bhopal. BMC administers an area of 463 km2 (250.29 sq mi). BMC is headed by Kolsani V.S. Choudhary (IAS) as the commissioner and Alok Sharma as the mayor. In August 2014, the corporation became one of India’s first municipal corporations to automate citizen services, working with German software company SAP SE for the purpose.

Overview
The total area under BMC is 463 km2 (250.29 sq mi). The city is divided into 85 wards. Each ward elects a corporator. The winning party elects a council of members, who are responsible for various departments. The council members chose the mayor among themselves. At present, there are ten members in the council. The Commissioner of Bhopal is the highest officer of Municipal Corporate Office, which is responsible for the departments of public works, revenue and tax, water supply, planning and development, fire brigade, health and sanitation, finance and accounts etc. The current Municipal Commissioner of Bhopal is Kolsani V.S. Choudhary (IAS) while the current mayor is Alok Sharma.

History
Majlis-e-intezamia was the name of first municipal body of Bhopal, which came into being in 1907 in the erstwhile Bhopal State. First city survey was conducted in 1916 after the enactment of Municipal Act. Up to 1956 the area under Bhopal Municipal limit was very small, but after that few more surrounding villages were added to it. The total area under Bhopal municipal limit reached to 71.23 km2 by 1975.

The Municipal Board was constituted for the first time in 1952 with Shri. Abdul Karim Babu Miya as president and Shri. Deendayal as vice-president.
Later on the status of Municipal board was upgraded to municipal council & an IAS officer was appointed as Chief Administrator. In 1983, Bhopal Municipal Council got the status of Municipal Corporation, with total 56 wards and Dr. R.K. Bisaria of Congress was elected as the first mayor.

Elections

2022 election

2015 election

Departments
Public Works
Revenue & Tax
Heritage Cell 	 
Garden
Public Relation 	 
Water Supply
Planning & Development 	 
General Administration
Fire Services 	 
Health & Sanitation
Finance
e-Governance

Revenue sources 
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.

Revenue from taxes  
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Property tax.
 Profession tax.
 Entertainment tax.
 Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
 Advertisement tax.

Revenue from non-tax sources 

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Water usage charges.
 Fees from Documentation services.
 Rent received from municipal property.
 Funds from municipal bonds.

See also

 List of municipal corporations in India

References

External links 
 

Organisations based in Bhopal
Municipal corporations in Madhya Pradesh
1907 establishments in India
Electron-hole droplets. Electron-hole droplets are a condensed phase of excitons in semiconductors. The droplets are formed at low temperatures and high exciton densities, the latter of which can be created with intense optical excitation or electronic excitation in a p-n junction.

Discovery

Evidence for electron-hole droplets was first observed by J. R. Haynes of Bell Labs in 1966, who observed a frequency shift in the spectrum radiated by silicon at low temperatures (~3 K). The shift was attributed to the recombination of a bound state of two excitons (electron-hole pairs). V. M. Asnin and A. A. Rogachev discovered metallic conduction in germanium at low temperatures when the density of excitons exceeded the amount required to transition into a metallic state.

References

Condensed matter physics
Beamer (occupation). A beamer was an occupation in the cotton industry. The taper's beam is a long cylinder with flanges where 400 plus ends (threads) are wound side-by-side. Creels of bobbins with the correct thread, mounted on a beaming frame wind their contents onto the beam. The machine is watched over by a "beamer".

In early days beaming was often done in the weaving shed but later the process tended to be transferred to the spinning mill. The spinners would send lorries loaded with of beams wound with thread of the ordered specification to the weavers. 
Several tapers beams would be attached to creels on the Tape Sizing machine, and the threads from these would be sized and combined to create the smaller weavers beams. As a rule of thumb, a tapers beam had thread long enough to make 20 weavers beams.

Colloquially, the term beamer was used for anyone responsible for moving beams of yarn. In a weaving shed that bought its yarn on the beam, the Beamer would be the operative who carried new beams to the looms and gaited them.. A 'drawer-in' was sometimes referred to as a beamer.

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

Obsolete occupations
Cotton industry
AN/ARC-231. The ARC-231 Skyfire is a software-definable radio for military aircraft that provides two-way, multi-mode voice and data communications over a 30 to 512 MHz frequency range. It covers both line-of-sight Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) bands with AM, FM and SATCOM capabilities, including Integrated Waveform (IW). The ARC-231 radio also includes embedded  anti-jam waveforms, including HAVE QUICK and SINCGARS, and other data link and secure communications features, providing battlefield interoperability. The radios utilize the MIL-STD-1553 data bus.

The ARC-231s are manufactured by BAE Systems and are installed in a wide range of helicopters and some fixed-wing aircraft, across all the U.S. military services. Available accessories include remote controls, transmit power amplifiers, SATCOM preamplifiers, and ground support equipment. As of 2012, over 5000 radios had been fielded.

A related radio by Raytheon, the AN/ARC-232, has similar line-of-sight capabilities  but is designed to be a form-fit replacement for the older, UHF-only AN/ARC-164.

See also

 AN/ARC-210 similar radio made by Rockwell Collins
List of military electronics of the United States

References

Equipment of the United States Air Force
Military radio systems of the United States
Military electronics of the United States
Goods manufactured in the United States
Aircraft stations
Erik Quistgaard. Erik Quistgaard (3 June 1921 – 11 February 2013) was a Danish engineer and Director General of the European Space Agency (ESA) from 1980 until 1984.

As head of ESA, he oversaw early stages of the Ariane launcher's development, as well as Spacelab's earliest contributions to space science, notably its maiden launching, with the first ESA astronaut in space.

With an MS (1945) in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Denmark,
Quistgaard's early career included working in the US as an engineer for Chrysler 1948-1951, and at Volvo in Sweden, where he held various production management functions between 1956 and 1972. Prior to joining ESA, Erik Quistgaard headed the Danish naval and maritime yard Odense Steel Shipyard from 1972 to 1979.
A European recipient (1984) of the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, Erik Quistgaard was also among the founders of the SES (Astra satellite) company in Luxembourg.

References

European Space Agency personnel
1921 births
2013 deaths
SGX Sensortech. SGX Sensortech Limited is a manufacturer and research company of sensors and detectors for Industrial Safety, and Environmental Monitoring. It is headquartered in Neuchatel, Switzerland with research and manufacturing sites in Katowice, Poland and Shanghai, China. SGX Sensortech since October 2016 is now part of the Advanced Technology Sensors group(ASTG)belonging to Amphenol

History
SGX Sensortech Limited was formed in May 2012 when Baird Capital Partners Europe acquired the instrumentation business from e2v technologies plc, a provider of systems and equipment. The business that SGX Sensortech has acquired comprises what was formerly known as e2v industrial gas sensors, previously based in Chelmsford, UK; and e2v microsensors and MiCS Microsensors, based in Neuchatel, Switzerland.

Products and Services

Industrial Safety
Gas Sensor technologies, design and manufacture of Infrared Sensors, Pellistor Sensors, Metal Oxide Sensors, Thermal Conductivity Sensors, Electrochemical Sensors and Evaluation Kits, with applications in Mining, Oil and gas, Confined space entry, Indoor air quality, Industrial area protection and Leak detection.

Environmental Monitoring
Metal-oxide sensors are produced for environmental gas detection, including, Automotive Air Quality Sensors (AQS), Interior Air Quality (IAQ), Outdoor Air Quality (OAQ), MeMs Pellistor sensors (mPell), IR Source and Module (MIMS) and MeMS Thermal Conductivity sensors for high volume markets such as the automotive industry.

References 

2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies based in Buckinghamshire
Koolhoven Heidevogel. The Koolhoven Heidevogel was one of the first Dutch aircraft, an improvement of the popular Farman type.

Development
Frits Koolhoven began as car dealer and racing driver but his entry into aviation came in partnership with Henri Wijnmalen whose uncle was the Verwey in the motor car manufacturing business, Verwey and Lugard.  An aviation department of the latter developed, with Koolhoven dominant in the factory and Wijnmalen running the flying school.

The Heidevogel (Heathbird or Heatherbird) was one of several pioneer aircraft based on the Farman III and generally known as "Farman types", though it had several modifications to the wings, rudders and accommodation. It was a multi-bay, unequal span biplane with no stagger and wings of constant chord, braced with pairs of parallel interplane struts. Ailerons provided lateral control.

The empennage was supported by an open frame fuselage with longitudinal upper and lower pairs of longerons or booms, each side braced with four vertical strut pairs. At the rear, fixed and almost square horizontal tailplanes stretched between the upper and the lower pairs of booms. A pair of trapezoidal rudders were hinged on the last two verticals, assisted by another central one further forward.  The elevator was all moving and mounted ahead of the wings on a pair of vertically converging booms with vertical cross braces.

In Farman types the pilot sat over the wing, completely exposed, with the 37 kW (50 hp) seven cylinder Gnome Omega rotary engine behind him in pusher configuration; Koolhoven added a pod or gondola, its flat sides curving together to a sharp edge at the front. The undercarriage consisted on each side of a pair of wheels on either side of a skid, curved up at the front.  Each skid was mounted on two vertical struts attached below the wing at the bases of the innermost interplane struts and laterally braced with an inner diagonal strut to the wing underside. A long, curved tailskid was fixed just ahead of the leading edge of the tailplane.

Operational history
Both Koolhoven and Wijnmalen flew the Heidevogel throughout 1911 but Verwey and Lugard went bankrupt at the end of the year.

Specifications

References

1910s Dutch aircraft
Heidevogel
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Rotary-engined aircraft
Polyetherketoneketone. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family of polymers. It possesses high heat, chemical, and mechanical load resistance. PEKK has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 162 °C.

Applications 
Hexcel Corporation (Formerly Oxford Performance Materials) manufactures PEKK-based parts for Boeing for use in its Starliner space taxis, using 3D printing-based additive manufacturing. It has wide dental and medical applications. The parts are claimed to be as strong as aluminum while being 40 percent of the weight. In addition, PEKK manufactured components have shown fire and radiation resistant properties.

Oxford Performance Materials manufactures Biomedical 3D printing of PEKK parts. In addition, the company has a solution casting technology to apply a nanoscale coating of PEKK to various mediums.

References

Organic polymers
Polyethers
Thermoplastics
Tsai Chuen-horng. Tsai Chuen-horng (; born 11 March 1950) is a Taiwanese nuclear engineer. He was the Minister and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Council of the Executive Yuan from 2008 to 2016.

Education
Tsai obtained his bachelor's degree in nuclear engineering from National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). He then continued his studies in the University of California, Berkeley in the United States and earned his master's degree and Ph.D. in the same field.

Early career
Tsai held several positions in NTHU from 1982 until his ministry appointment in 2008, such as associate professor, professor and chairman or director of the Institute of Nuclear Engineering, dean of the Office of Student Affairs, professor of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, dean of the College of Nuclear Science, professor of the Department of Engineering and System Sciences, and distinguished professor.

See also
 Nuclear power in Taiwan

References

1950 births
Living people
Political office-holders in the Republic of China on Taiwan
Academic staff of the National Tsing Hua University
Taiwanese educators
National Tsing Hua University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni