omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mixing length model. In fluid dynamics,  the mixing length model is a method attempting to describe momentum transfer by turbulence Reynolds stresses within a Newtonian fluid boundary layer by means of an eddy viscosity. The model was developed by Ludwig Prandtl in the early 20th century. Prandtl himself had reservations about the model, describing it as, "only a rough approximation,"
but it has been used in numerous fields ever since, including atmospheric science, oceanography and stellar structure. Also, Ali and Dey hypothesized an advanced concept of mixing instability.

Physical intuition
The mixing length is conceptually analogous to the concept of mean free path in thermodynamics: a fluid parcel will conserve its properties for a characteristic length, , before mixing with the surrounding fluid. Prandtl described that the mixing length,

In the figure above, temperature, , is conserved for a certain distance as a parcel moves across a temperature gradient. The fluctuation in temperature that the parcel experienced throughout the process is . So  can be seen as the temperature deviation from its surrounding environment after it has moved over this mixing length .

Mathematical formulation
To begin, we must first be able to express quantities as the sums of their slowly varying components and fluctuating components.

Reynolds decomposition

This process is known as Reynolds decomposition. Temperature can be expressed as:

where , is the slowly varying component and  is the fluctuating component.

In the above picture,  can be expressed in terms of the mixing length considering a fluid parcel moving in the z-direction:

The fluctuating components of velocity, , , and , can also be expressed in a similar fashion:

although the theoretical justification for doing so is weaker, as the pressure gradient force can significantly alter the fluctuating components. Moreover, for the case of vertical velocity,  must be in a neutrally stratified fluid.

Taking the product of horizontal and vertical fluctuations gives us:

The eddy viscosity is defined from the equation above as:

so we have the eddy viscosity,  expressed in terms of the mixing length, .

See also 
 Law of the wall
 Reynolds stress equation model

References

Oceanography
Turbulence
Melt (manufacturing). Melt is the working material in the steelmaking process, in making glass, and when forming thermoplastics. In thermoplastics, melt is the plastic in its forming temperature, which can vary depending on how it is being used. For steelmaking, it refers to steel in liquid form.

See also
 Wax melter
 Crucible

References

Notes

Bibliography
.
.

Plastics industry
Steelmaking
111th Engineer Brigade (United States). The 111th Engineer Brigade is an engineer brigade of the United States Army. It is a subordinate unit of the West Virginia Army National Guard with units located throughout West Virginia. It is headquartered at Eleanor, West Virginia, formerly in St. Albans, West Virginia. The 111th Engineer Brigade relocated in 2005 to its new facility at the Winfield Locks and Dam.

Insignia
DISTINCTIVE BADGE: A gold color metal and enamel device consisting of a black enamel diamond shape bearing a white enamel powder horn, mouth to the right, ferruled and stringed gold, at the top a semi-circular scarlet enamel scroll folded back at each side, terminating behind the diamond shape a base and inscribed at the top "MINUTEMEN FOR FREEDOM" in gold letters. SYMBOLISM: The white powder horn represents the early pioneers, the Greenbrier Long Rifles of the day and the readiness of the present 111th Engineer Brigade. The black diamond shape alludes to the coal fields of West Virginia. Scarlet and white are colors used for Engineer units.

Organization

1092nd Engineer Battalion – Parkersburg, West Virginia
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
Forward Support Company
115th Engineer Company
119th Engineer Company (Sapper)
601st Engineer Company
821st Engineer Company
922nd Engineer Detachment

771st Troop Command – Gassaway, West Virginia
753rd Ordnance Company (EOD) Explosive Ordnance Disposal
863rd Military Police Company
157th Military Police Company
3664th Support Maintenance Company
1935th Contingency Contracting Team
156th Military Police Detachment(Law and Order)

772nd Aviation Troop Command – Williamstown, West Virginia
Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment
Company C, 2d Battalion (General Support), 104th Aviation Regiment
Company C, 1st Battalion (Assault), 150th Aviation Regimemt
Company B, 1st Battalion (S&S), 224th Aviation Regiment
Detachment 1, 642d Support Battalion (Aviation)
Detachment 28, Operational Support Airlift Command

References

External links
GlobalSecurity.org: 111th Engineer Brigade
The Institute of Heraldry: 111th Engineer Brigade

Engineer 111
West Virginia Army National Guard
Wiborg. Wiborg may refer to:
Anders Nilsen Wiborg (~1655-1718), the fourth commander of the Christiansfjell Fortress.
Erlend Wiborg (born 1984), Norwegian politician for the Progress Party
Frank Bestow Wiborg (1855-1930), created Ault & Wiborg Co., the ink manufacturer
Jan Fredrik Wiborg (1944–1994), Norwegian civil engineer
Mary Hoyt Wiborg (1888-1964), New York City socialite
Sara Sherman Wiborg (1883–1975), daughter of Frank Bestow Wiborg

Other uses
Wiborg, Kentucky
The former Finnish town, now the Russian Vyborg

See also
Viborg (disambiguation)
K-250 Submarine. The K-250 submarine is usually configured to be a one-person personal submarine that is rated to go down to 250 fsw. The sub was designed by retired US Navy World War II submarine captain George Kittredge. It is a basic solid submarine that has been used by researchers, salvage divers, and private enthusiasts.

Kittredge Industries began building subs in 1970 at a plant in Warren, Maine. A number are still in use today. They generally weigh 2200 pounds when fully outfitted. Their hull is a quarter of an inch thick, and usually made out of A-36 mild steel, or ASME-516 Grade 70 high carbon steel. They have twin keels, that also act as skids so the sub does not need to be placed in a cradle. The K-250 has a 150-pound drop weight, that can be released to make the sub float to the surface if all the other systems have failed. The drop weight is made up of a metal tray and a number of lead bricks. If released, having the lead broken up into smaller bricks makes them easier to recover by a SCUBA diver if they are not too deep.

The plans call for the sub to have three 12 volt car batteries, and two SCUBA tanks, used primarily to blow the water out of the front and rear soft ballast tanks. These external soft ballast tanks are usually made out of a fiberglass composite or steel.  Some K-250s have a single action grabber arm in the front.

References

Midget submarines
CP2K. CP2K is a freely available (GPL) quantum chemistry and solid state physics program package, written in Fortran 2008, to perform atomistic simulations of solid state, liquid, molecular, periodic, material, crystal, and biological systems. It provides a general framework for different methods: density functional theory (DFT) using a mixed Gaussian and plane waves approach (GPW) via LDA, GGA, MP2, or RPA levels of theory, classical pair and many-body potentials, semi-empirical (AM1, PM3, MNDO, MNDOd, PM6) and tight-binding Hamiltonians, as well as Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid schemes relying on the Gaussian Expansion of the Electrostatic Potential (GEEP). The Gaussian and Augmented Plane Waves method (GAPW) as an extension of the GPW method allows for all-electron calculations. CP2K can do simulations of molecular dynamics, metadynamics, Monte Carlo, Ehrenfest dynamics, vibrational analysis, core level spectroscopy, energy minimization, and transition state optimization using NEB or dimer method.

CP2K provides editor plugins for Vim and Emacs syntax highlighting, along with other tools for input generation and output processing.

The latest version 2024.2 was released on 6 August 2024.

See also 
Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
Computational chemistry
Molecular dynamics
Monte Carlo algorithm
Energy minimization
Quantum chemistry
Quantum chemistry computer programs
Ab initio quantum chemistry methods
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Hartree–Fock method
Random phase approximation
Density functional theory
Harris functional
Tight binding
Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method

Key Papers

External links 
 Official CP2K Website
 Users' Forum
 1st CP2K Tutorial: Enabling the power of imagination in MD Simulations
 2nd CP2K Tutorial: Enabling the power of imagination in MD Simulations
 CP2K User Tutorial: "Computational Spectroscopy"
 Ascalaph, a 3rd party graphical shell for CP2K and other quantum chemistry software

References 

Density functional theory software
Computational chemistry software
Molecular dynamics software
Monte Carlo software
Molecular modelling software
Monte Carlo molecular modelling software
Monte Carlo particle physics software
Chemistry software for Linux
Free chemistry software
Free physics software
Physics software
Scientific simulation software
Simulation software
Free science software
Science software for Linux
Science software
Free software programmed in Fortran
Green Kenue. Green Kenue (formerly EnSim Hydrologic) is an advanced data preparation, analysis, and visualization tool for hydrologic modellers. It is a Windows/OpenGL-based graphical user interface, integrating environmental databases and geo-spatial data with model input and results data. Green Kenue provides complete pre- and post-processing for the WATFLOOD and HBV-EC hydrologic models.
Also included is a 1D "reach scale" unsteady hydrodynamic flow solver, Gen1D.

Visualization and Animation 

Visualization in Green Kenue is provided by dynamic 1D, Polar, 2D, 3D and Spherical views that can be recorded as digital movies or saved as images for inclusion in reports or presentations.

All views and data are fully geo-referenced and coordinate conversion between common projections is supported.

Data Formats/Types 
Green Kenue provides support for a full-featured set of data types commonly used by hydrologic modellers.
ASCII and Binary native file formats (for static and temporally-varying data) are available.

 Time-series (scalar and vector)
 Tabular data, Distributions, Velocity roses
 Multi-attribute point-sets
 Multi-attribute line-sets
 Multi-attribute networks
 Rectangular gridded data (scalar and vector)
 Triangular gridded data (scalar and vector)

Green Kenue supports import and export for common GIS data formats including:

  ArcINFO/ArcView,
  MapInfo,
  GeoTIFF,
  DTED/CDED,
  BIL,
  SRTM,
  WMO-GRIB,
  Surfer

Digital Elevation Map Processing 

The watershed basin and stream delineation tool uses either the Jenson or At Search algorithm and allows for artificial diversions. A suite of sophisticated basin metrics and digital elevation map analysis tools is provided, including statistical and analysis functions such as temporal min, max, mean, standard deviation, slope and curvature analysis, hypsography, stream power, and relief potential. For more sophisticated analysis, a powerful algebraic calculator for gridded data is available.

Environmental Databases 

Green Kenue provides an interface to Environment Canada's hydrometric station database (HYDAT) as well as the Canadian Daily Climate Database (CDCD). Stations are queried interactively and available time series data can be extracted, re-sampled, analyzed, and processed with various editors and calculators. Users can also load and analyze gridded weather forecast datasets in GRIB or FST format.

See also
Hydrology

HBV hydrology model

External links
 "Green Kenue" Home Page
 WATFLOOD Home Page

Hydrology models
Physical geography
GIS software
EN 13445. EN 13445 - Unfired Pressure Vessels is a standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection of pressure vessels

EN 13445 consists of 8 parts:
 EN 13445-1 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General
 EN 13445-2 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 2: Materials
 EN 13445-3 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
 EN 13445-4 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
 EN 13445-5 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 5: Inspection and testing
 EN 13445-6 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
 EN 13445-8 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 8: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of aluminium and aluminium alloys
 EN 13445-10:2015 : Unfired pressure vessels - Part 10: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of nickel and nickel alloys. PUBLISHED 2016.6.30

Parts 7 and 9 do exist but they are merely technical reports.

EN 13445 was introduced in 2002 as a replacement for national pressure vessel design and construction codes and standards in the European Union and is harmonized  with the Pressure Equipment Directive (2014/68/EU or "PED"). New updated versions of all parts were published between 2009 and 2012.

See also 
 Pressure Equipment Directive

References

External links
 EN 13445 Maintenance Agency (French/English)  Union de Normalisation de la Mécanique UNM

Pressure vessels
13445
Structural engineering standards
Charles W. Bowles. Colonel Charles William Bowles (30 September 1877 – 14 September 1966) was a British civil engineer for Patiala State Monorail Trainways commissioned by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala.

Before starting work on Patiala State Monorail Trainways, Bowles was appointed by the British as an engineer in the Bengal Nagpur Railway Company Bowles was in charge of constructing its workshops, houses, schools, churches, hospitals, armory, recreational facilities and a gaol, which once held two very important Indian political prisoners, Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Bowles experimented with using the Ewing System for transporting construction material during the laying of railway tracks for Bengal Nagpur Railway Company. This experiment allowed him to perfect the monorail based on the Ewing System which he subsequently used to construct the Patiala State Monorail Trainways at Patiala.

Bowles, who was born in Homerton, died in 1965 in Gloucestershire, England.

References 

1877 births
1962 deaths
British civil engineers
Engineers from Manchester
Engineers from British India
British people in colonial India
DSPF. DSPF may stand for:

 Detailed Standard Parasitic Format, a file format for representing parasitic parameters (namely: resistance, capacitance and inductance) of interconnections in a chip (see also: SPEF)
 Double-studded packoff flange, a type of flange
  (Latin for "done with his own money"; also abbreviated D.S.P.F.); in Ancient Rome, associated with public buildings financed by private donors.
LNER Thompson Class A2/1. Disambiguation: LNER Thompson Class A2

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Thompson Class A2/1 was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives built at Darlington locomotive works during 1944. They were originally ordered as Class V2 locomotives, as designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, but were revised during construction into a 4-6-2 'Pacific' arrangement under the instruction of Edward Thompson.

Background
At the time Edward Thompson succeeded Sir Nigel Gresley as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the LNER in April 1941, Darlington works was busy building Class V2 mixed traffic locomotives. Although the V2 class were competent and powerful locomotives, Thompson did not like this design as it required more servicing than his own mixed traffic B1 class 4-6-0. He also envisaged a time when the V2s would be replaced by his own design of 'Pacific' locomotives, but would not receive authority to build a new class during the war. He therefore decided to build the final four V2 already authorised as experimental 'Pacific' locomotives along similar lines to his recently rebuilt A2/2 class. The revised design was authorised in August 1943 and the new locomotives built between May 1944 and January 1945.

Design
The pony truck of the V2 class was replaced by Thompson's own design of bogie and they had an extended smokebox. They retained the same boiler as the V2 class although the pressure was increased to 225 psi, giving an increased tractive effort of . The firebox was also the same as the V2 although these were the first LNER locomotives to be fitted with a rocking grate and ashpan. Rather than have all three cylinders driving a single axle Thompson adopted divided drive with the middle cylinder driving the first pair of driving wheels and the outside cylinders the middle pair. Thompson also abandoned the Gresley conjugated valve gear and instead fitted independent sets of Walschaerts valve gear to each cylinder.

Performance
The four locomotives of this design performed adequately but proved to be under-boilered for their size and lacked adhesion. They were less problematic than the A2/2 class, but did not distinguish themselves.

Accidents and incidents

On 17 July 1948, locomotive No. 60508 Duke of Rothesay was hauling a passenger train when it became derailed inside Barnet Tunnel, Hertfordshire due to a combination of faulty track and excessive speed. The whole train was subsequently derailed on points at New Southgate, London. One person was killed.

Withdrawal 
All four locomotives were withdrawn from stock in 1960/1.

Stock list

Models

Apple Green Engines produce a ready-to-run model of the A2/1 in 4 mm scale. PDK, Nucast, and DJH also produce 4 mm scale kits of the A2/1. Crownline have produced a 4 mm kit in the past, but this is no longer available.

References

External links 

 The Thompson A2/1 Pacifics LNER Encyclopedia

A2 1
4-6-2 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1944
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
2′C1′ h3 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Sales process engineering. Sales process engineering is the systematic design of sales processes done in order to make sales more effective and efficient. 

It can be applied in functions including sales, marketing, and customer service.

History
As early as 1900–1915, advocates of scientific management, such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Harlow Stafford Person, recognized that their ideas could be applied not only to manual labour and skilled trades but also to management, professions, and sales. Person promoted an early form of sales process engineering. At the time, postwar senses of the terms sales process engineering and sales engineering did not yet exist; Person called his efforts "sales engineering".

Corporations the 1920s through 1960s sought to apply analysis and synthesis to improve business functions. After the publication of the paper "If Japan Can... Why Can't We?", the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a variety of approaches, such as business process reengineering, Total Quality Management, Six Sigma, and Lean Manufacturing.

James Cortada was one of IBM's management consultants on market-driven quality. His book TQM for Sales and Marketing Management was the first attempt to explain the theory of TQM in a sales and marketing context. Todd Youngblood, another ex-IBMer, in his book The Dolphin and the Cow (2004) emphasized "three core principles": continuous improvement of the sales process, metrics to quantitatively judge the rate and degree of improvement, and a well-defined sales process. Meanwhile, another executive from IBM, Daniel Stowell, had participated in IBM's project known as the "Alternate Channels Marketing Test." The idea was to incorporate direct response marketing techniques to accomplish the job of direct salespeople, and the initiative was quite successful. 

Paul Selden's "Sales Process Engineering, A Personal Workshop" was a further attempt to demonstrate the applicability of the theory and tools of quality management to the sales function.

Rationale
The sales decision process is a formalized sales process companies use to manage the decision process behind a sale. SDP “is a defined series of steps you follow as you guide prospects from initial contact to purchase.” 

Reasons for having a well-thought-out sales process include seller and buyer risk management, standardized customer interaction during sales, and scalable revenue generation.  Approaching the subject from a "process" point of view offers an opportunity to use design and improvement tools from other disciplines and process-oriented industries.

See also
 Sales management
 Theory of constraints

References

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

Customer experience
Process engineering
Sales
Personal selling
Promotion and marketing communications
KFUPM Program of Industrial and Systems Engineering. The Industrial & Systems Engineering Program offers a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial engineering at the King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With a total of 133 credit hours, the program covers the major areas of industrial engineering, such as operations research, production planning, inventory control, methods engineering, quality control, facility location, manufacturing, and facility layout.

History
The Industrial & Systems Engineering (ISE) program in the Systems Engineering Department was first introduced in 1984 and has been revised in 1996 based on the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) recommendation after their first visit in 1993. The revision made in 1996 came after when the number of credit hours of the Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) was reduced from 141 to 133 credit hours. The program has received ABET accreditation extension in 2010.

Program courses
The ISE program has a total of 50 credit hours on required ISE courses, with the following descriptions:
 Introduction to I&SE
 Probability & Statistics
 Regression for Industrial Engineering
 Linear Control Systems
 Numerical Methods
 Operations Research I
 Statistical Quality Control
 Principles of Industrial Costing
 Engineering Economics
 Manufacturing Technology
 Work and Process Improvement
 Fundamental of Database Systems
 Seminar
 Industrial Engineering Design
 Production Systems
 Stochastic Systems Simulation
 Operations Research II
 Facility Layout and Location
 Senior Design

External links
Codes of courses and description
Department website

Industrial engineering
Measurement Studio. NI Measurement Studio is a set of test and measurement components built by National Instruments, that integrates into the Microsoft Visual Studio environment. It includes extensive support for accessing instrumentation hardware. It has drivers and abstraction layers for many different types of instruments and buses are included or are available for inclusion.

Measurement Studio includes a suite of analysis functions, including curve fitting, spectral analysis, fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and digital filters, and visualization. It also includes the ability to share variables and pass data over the internet with network shared variables.

History 
Measurement Studio was introduced in February 2000 by National Instruments to combine its text-based programming tools, specifically: LabWindows/CVI, Component Works ++, Component Works.

Measurement Studio 7.0 adopted support for .NET and allowed 
for native .NET controls and classes to integrate into Visual Studio. As of Measurement Studio 8.0.1, support for Visual Studio 2005 and .NET 2.0 framework have been included, with support for Windows Vista first adopted in version 8.1.1. Current version of Measurement Studio drops support for multiple versions of Visual Studio including 2008, 2005, .NET 2003 and 6.0.

Measurement Studio includes a variety of examples, to illustrate how common GPIB, VISA, DAQMX, analysis, and DataSocket applications can be accessed.

Related software 
National Instruments also offers a product called LabVIEW, which offers many of the test, measurement and control capabilities of Measurement Studio. National Instruments also offers LabWindows/CVI. as an alternative for ANSI C programmers.

See also 
 Dataflow programming
 Virtual instrumentation
 Comparison of numerical analysis software
 Fourth-generation programming language

References 

.NET Framework software
Computer networking