omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Project Vulcan. Project Vulcan is a NASA/DOE funded effort under the North American Carbon Program (NACP) to quantify North American fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at space/time scales much finer than has been achieved in the past.  The initial purpose of the Vulcan Project was to aid in quantification of the North American carbon budget, to support inverse estimation of carbon sources and sinks, and to support the demands posed by higher resolution CO2 observations.  The detail and scope of the Vulcan CO2 inventory has now made it a valuable tool for policymakers, demographers, social scientists and the public at large.

Project Vulcan has achieved U.S. fossil fuel CO2 emissions at <10 km spatial scales and an hourly time scale, based on datasets such as air quality emissions reporting, census data, highway statistics, energy statistics, and econometric data.  Furthermore, Vulcan includes significant process-level detail, dividing the emissions into economic sectors and sub-sectors in addition to 23 fuel types. It has been produced for the year 2002, and an annual product spanning 1980-2006 will be available by late-2009.

The first Vulcan inventory (v1.0) was released to the public in early April 2008.  Version 1.1 was released in February 2009 and Version 1.2 is due out in early August 2009.  In addition to the data release, establishment of the Vulcan website and a press release, a video of various aspects of atmospheric transport was released on Purdue University’s YouTube website and portions of the Vulcan inventory are available on Google Earth. As of 2015, version 2.2 has been published on a site hosted by Arizona State University.

See also
Climate change in Canada
Climate change in the United States

References

External links
Project Vulcan
Vulcan emissions/transport simulation
Vulcan Google Earth flyover
Dr. Gurney's Google Tech Talk on Carbon emissions quantification

Climate change in Canada
Climate change in the United States
Greenhouse gas inventories
NASA programs
United States Department of Energy
Henry Brown (inventor). Henry Brown was an American inventor, perhaps best known as the inventor of a type of paper storage box.

Henry Brown developed a type of compartmented storage box intended to keep sheets of carbon paper separate from each other, and patented his invention (number 352,036) on November 2, 1886.

References

External links

19th-century American inventors
19th-century births
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
African-American inventors
Allen (robot). Allen was a robot introduced by Rodney Brooks and his team in the late 1980s, and was their first robot based on subsumption architecture. It had sonar distance and odometry on board, and used an offboard lisp machine to simulate subsumption architecture. It resembled a footstool on wheels.

Allen used three layers of control which are implemented in subsumption architecture. "The lowest layer of control makes sure that the robot does not come into contact with other objects." Due to this layer it could avoid static and dynamic obstacles, but it could not move. It sat in the middle of the room, waiting for obstruction. When the obstruction came, Allen ran away, avoiding collisions as it went. It used following internal representation, and every sonar return represented a repulsive force with, and inverse square drop off in strength. Direction of its move was obtained by sum of the repulsive forces (suitably thresholded). It possessed an additional reflex which halted it whenever it was moving forward, and something was directly in its path.

"The first level layer of control (second layer), when combined with zeroth, imbues the robot with the ability to wander around aimlessly without hitting obstacles." Owing to the second layer, Allen could randomly wander about every 10 seconds. It used simple heuristic, which was coupled with the instinct to shun barriers by vector addition. "The summed vector suppressed the more primitive obstacle avoidance vector, but the obstacle avoidance behaviour still operated, having been subsumed by the new layer, in its account of the lower level's repulsive force. Additionally, the halt reflex of the lower level operated autonomously and unchanged."

The third layer made the robot try to explore. Allen could look for distant places (with its sonars), then tried to reach them. "This layer monitored progress through odometry, generating a desired heading which suppressed the direction desired by the wander layer. The desired heading was then fed into a vector addition with the instinctive obstacle avoidance layer. The physical robot did not therefore remain true to the desires of the upper layer. The upper layer had to watch what happened in the world, through odometry, in order to understand what was really happening in the lower control layers, and send down correction signals."

See also
 Artificial life
 Artificial intelligence
 Distributed artificial intelligence

References

Historical robots
Robots of the United States
1980s robots
Erik Rotheim. Erik Andreas Rotheim (19 September 1898 – 18 September 1938) was a Norwegian professional chemical engineer and inventor. He is best known for invention of the first  aerosol spray can and valve that could hold and dispense fluids.

Biography 
Erik Rotheim was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He earned his engineering degree in Switzerland. In 1921, he graduated as a chemistry engineer at ETH Zürich with electrochemistry as a specialty. Later he attended Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for further education.

Inventions 
He established his own company in Oslo during 1925. He submitted an application for an  aerosol spray can in October 1926. The can could dispense different fluids using a chemical propellant. The Norwegian patent was granted in June 1929. He filed the United States patent application on 30 September 1927 and it was approved on 7 April 1931.

In 1927, he demonstrated the Invention to paint manufacturer Alf Bjercke. The following year Rotheim negotiated an agreement for the use of his patent with paints, varnishes and liquid bean waxes, but commercial success was initially limited. In 1931, a separate foundation, Rotheim Spraying System, was formed for the exploitation of patent rights in the international market. Rotheim died in 1938 and the following year the company that produced the product went bankrupt. After Rotheim's death technological advancements made significant advances with its incorporation into various products including the airbrush and Aerosol paint.

The patent was sold to an American company for .
Commercial exploitation of the patent was not significant until it was introduced in the United States in the 1940s.  
Improvements to the underlying principle of the spray head by Americans Lyle D. Goodhue and William N. Sullivan allowed the technology to be further adapted, first with the Aerosol bomb for insect control, and later in various other applications. In 1949, Robert Abplanalp files the first aerosol valve patent which was issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1953.

Legacy 
Norway Post celebrated Rotheim's invention by issuing a commemorative stamp in 1998.

References

External links
Highlights of The Aerosol (Fédération Européenne des Aerosols)

1898 births
1938 deaths
Engineers from Oslo
ETH Zurich alumni
20th-century Norwegian engineers
20th-century Norwegian inventors
Experiments in Fluids. Experiments in Fluids is a scientific, peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. The journal presents contributions that employ existing experimental techniques to gain an understanding of the underlying flow physics in specific areas. These areas include turbulence, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, convective heat transfer, combustion, turbomachinery, multi-phase flows, and chemical, biological and geological flows. In addition, papers report on investigations combining experimental and analytical/numerical approaches. The journal also publishes letters and review articles.

Impact factor 
Experiments in Fluids had a 2021 impact factor of 2.787.

Editors 
The editors of the journal are E. K. Longmire (University of Minnesota, USA), C. Tropea (Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany) and J. Westerweel (Laboratory for Aero & Hydrodynamics, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands).

The founding editors are J. H. Whitelaw (Imperial College, United Kingdom) and W. Merzkirch (University of Essen, Germany). Jim Whitelaw served the journal from 1982 until 1999; Wolfgang Merzkirch was with the journal from 1982 until 2002.

References

External links 

Aerodynamics
Combustion
Energy and fuel journals
English-language journals
Fluid dynamics journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1983
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
The Unscrambler. The Unscrambler X is a commercial software product for multivariate data analysis, used for calibration of multivariate data which is often in the application of analytical data such as near infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy,  and development of predictive models for use in real-time spectroscopic analysis of materials.  The software was originally developed in 1986 by Harald Martens and later by CAMO Software.

Functionality

The Unscrambler X was an early adaptation of the use of partial least squares (PLS). Other techniques supported include principal component analysis (PCA), 3-way PLS, multivariate curve resolution, design of experiments, supervised classification, unsupervised classification  
and cluster analysis.

The software is used in spectroscopy (IR, NIR, Raman, etc.), chromatography, and process applications in research and non-destructive quality control systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing, sensory analysis and the chemical industry.

References

Statistical software
Computational chemistry
Spectroscopy

ca:Quimiometria
de:Chemometrik
et:Kemomeetria
es:Quimiometría
it:Chemiometria
mk:Хемометрија
nl:Chemometrie
ja:計量化学
pl:Chemometria
pt:Quimiometria
su:Kémometrik
fi:Kemometria
sv:Kemometri
zh:化学计量学
SABCA S.2. The SABCA S.2 was an airliner built in Belgium in 1926.

Design and development
The S.2 was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed, tailskid undercarriage. The flight deck was open, but the passenger cabin was fully enclosed. Power was provided by a single engine in the nose, driving a two-blade propeller, and whose exhaust was collected in a single stack that extended up over the wing. Metal was construction throughout, with corrugated skin. Only a single example was built, which served with SABENA.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 

1920s Belgian airliners
S.2
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Alain Bravo. Alain Bravo (born 1945) is a French electrical engineer and entrepreneur. His accomplishments include founding one of France's leading mobile phone services, Société française de radiotéléphonie (SFR), and he is currently the president of Abhexis and the managing director of Supélec, one of France's top five engineering schools.

Biography
Alain Bravo is a graduate of the École Polytechnique and Télécom ParisTech. From 1970 to 1985, he worked with France's Direction générale des télécommunications. He became its director of production in 1980, and in 1985, he joined the Compagnie Générale des Eaux. Named executive vice president of the cable television division two years later, he created and chaired, in parallel, the  Société Française de Radiotéléphonie (SFR). He left the presidency of SFR in 1992, and from 1991 to 1993, he directed the Compagnie générale de vidéocommunications. In 1994, he was named director of the Compagnie Générale des Eaux, which he would leave one year later.

In 1995, Alain Bravo created Siris, which is today Neuf Cegetel SFR. Then he joined Alcatel as the president of mobile phone network division. He becomes Directeur of Research and Technology in 1998 and left Alcatel in 2001.

He created Abhexis in 2001. For this reason, he directed the FutuRIS operation with the Association Nationale de Recherche Technologique (ANRT) from February 2003 to April 2004.

He currently chairs the Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications (RNRT), the Commission Consultative des Réseaux et Services de Télécommunications with the Ministère de l’Industrie and the ARCEP, the N+i network of schools of engineers, and the Société de l'Electricité and l'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information (SEE). He is Publication director of the Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique (REE), published by the SEE.

He has been managing director of Supélec, an electrical engineering school, since 2004.

Since 2007, he has been President of the T.I.M.E. Association (Top Industrial Managers for Europe), a network of 51 top Engineering Schools and Technical Universities in Europe and worldwide.

In 2015, Alain Bravo becomes the chairman of Data ScienceTech Institute Scientific Advisory Board. As such, he contributes to define and promote higher education programmes to train future Data Scientists and Big Data Analysts.

Personal
His brother Jacques Bravo is the mayor of the ninth district of Paris.

References 

1945 births
Living people
French electrical engineers
Academic staff of Paris-Saclay University
École Polytechnique alumni
Télécom Paris alumni
Corps des télécommunications
SABCA S.40. The SABCA S.40 was a military trainer aircraft built in Belgium in 1939.

Design and development
The S.40 was a graceful, low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem cockpits, enclosed by sliding canopies.  A single engine driving a two-blade propeller was mounted in the nose. The main undercarriage units were fully independent, mounted under the wings, and enclosed in spats.  A small number were built for the Belgian military before the German invasion in 1940.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 

1930s Belgian military trainer aircraft
SABCA aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
KSK Energy Ventures. KSK Energy Ventures Limited is a public limited company listed on the Bombay stock exchange in India as BOM:532997. It is a subsidiary of KSK Power Ventur Plc which listed on the Alternate Investment Market of the london stock exchange (LSE) in November 2006. KSK Power ventur Plc mainly operates in India through KSK Energy ventures Limited.

Power plants

Operational power plants
 Arasmeta, an 86 (2x43) MW coal-based power plant Arasmeta village, in Janjgir–Champa district, in Chhattisgarh
 Sai Regency, a 58 MW natural gas-based power plant at Kalugrani village, in Ramanathapuram district, in Tamil Nadu
 VS Lignite Power Plant, a 135 MW lignite-based power project at Gurha village, in Bikaner district, Rajasthan
 Sai Maithili Power, 10 MW Solar based power plant at Gurha Village, in Bikaner District, Rajasthan
 Wardha Warora Power Plant, a 540 MW (4x135 MW) coal-based power project in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
 KSK Mahanadi Power Project Chhattisgarh, a 3,600 MW (6*600 MW) coal-based power project in Chhattisgarh. First unit of 600 MW was commissioned in May 2013, second in August 2014 and third in January 2018.

Power plants under development

 KSK Dibbin, a 130 MW, a run-of-the-river hydro-electric power project in Arunachal Pradesh

Future power plants
There are no future projects as of now.

KSK Power Ventur plc(Operation Power Plants)
 RVK Energy Private Limited, a 20 MW gas-based power plant in Andhra Pradesh
 Kasargod Power Corporation Limited (KPCL), a 200 MW LSHS-based power plant in Kerala

References

External links
 KSK Energy Ventures Limited Overview
 KSK Energy Ventures Limited(Public, BOM:532997) Stock
 KSK Energy Ventures Ltd (Bombay Stock Exchange) Reuters

Electric power companies of India
Companies based in Hyderabad, India
Energy in Andhra Pradesh
Year of establishment missing
Indian companies established in 2001
2001 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Energy companies established in 2001
Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Limiting oxygen concentration. The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC), also known as the minimum oxygen concentration (MOC), is defined as the limiting concentration of oxygen below which combustion is not possible, independent of the concentration of fuel.  It is expressed in units of volume percent of oxygen.  The LOC varies with pressure and temperature.  It is also dependent on the type of inert (non-flammable) gas.

Limiting oxygen concentration for solid materials

The effect of increasing the concentration of inert gas can be understood by viewing the inert as thermal ballast that quenches the flame temperature to a level below which the flame cannot exist.  Carbon dioxide is therefore more effective than nitrogen due to its higher molar heat capacity.

The concept has important practical use in fire safety engineering.  For instance, to safely fill a new container or a pressure vessel with flammable gases, the atmosphere of normal air (containing 20.9 volume percent of oxygen) in the vessel would first be flushed (purged) with nitrogen or another non-flammable inert gas, thereby reducing the oxygen concentration inside the container.  When the oxygen concentration is below the LOC, flammable gas can then be safely admitted to the vessel, because the possibility of internal explosion has been eliminated.

The limiting oxygen concentration is a necessary parameter when designing hypoxic air fire prevention systems.

See also
 Flammability limit
 Flammability diagram

Sources
Monographs
  Chapter 23

 

  (Presented at 9th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, May 1998, Barcelona (Spain))

References

Combustion
Explosion protection
Fire
Safety
JEDMICS. JEDMICS stands for "Joint Engineering Data Management Information and Control System”. It is a Department of Defense (DoD)  initiative for the management and control of engineering drawings and related text in a standard repository. JEDMICS has been designed as an open, client-server architecture which provides the user with the ability to locate and obtain approved engineering drawings (and associated data). The system provides input services via electronic file transfer, quality assurance review of the drawings, selective retrieval of data using a relational database with built-in business rules, and digital output services.

Capabilities 
In addition to providing the repository functions for engineering drawings and associated technical data, JEDMICS defines the indexing elements and data relationships needed to store and locate that data. JEDMICS also provides necessary interfacing to configuration management systems that control the version and applicability of that data. 

While JEDMICS can be used to create new engineering data, it is primarily intended to store data originally created by the various weapon system vendors. JEDMICS provides a centralized and secure publishing mechanism for access to this data by authorized personnel in their house and maintenance of the weapon systems as deployed within the DoD.

Drawings can be accessed from anywhere in the world through a web browser user interface. Requests for data may range from a single drawing to be used by a technician while making repairs, to thousands of drawings requested by an external configuration management system to be assembled into a bid set. 

Additional Capabilities:
Multiple Data Import Mechanisms
Management of engineering drawings (2D / 3D) and associated documents
Quality Assurance Logic
Management of Technical Data Packages (Bill of Materials)
Electronic delivery of data
Web Services for Inter-Operability with other systems

Additional Details 

JEDMICS C4 and CALS are raster (bitmap) image formats developed by the US Department of Defense for military use.

References

JEDMICS specifications and software downloads

Graphics file formats
Bindows. Bindows is a JavaScript based Software Development Kit (SDK) for writing rich web applications. Bindows applications are defined by XML documents called ADF's (Application Description File). The framework implementation is entirely client-side, but a JSF server side implementation is marketed by the same vendor.

Another meaning of Bindows

In Thailand, there is an operating system called "Bindows XD" which is not to be confused with this software. It is a fake Windows XP released early 2004 still in use as of 2009.

Features
Some highlight features of the Bindows SDK are:
 Native XML, SOAP and XML-RPC support
 Accessibility (Section 508) Support
 Complete windowing system
 Vector Graphics support

Relevance
It has been claimed that Bindows is probably the leading object-oriented platform for developing Ajax applications. While this might be true for implementations in large enterprises (Bindows is used by 91 of the Fortune 100 companies, 85 of The Global 100 companies, and 352 of the Global 500 companies, according to its website), many open-source AJAX frameworks are more widely spread.

Relevance to developers
Bindows is the underlying client technology used in System 9.

Notes

References

External links
 
 
 

Ajax (programming)
JavaScript libraries
Rich web application frameworks
Software development kits
Year of introduction missing
Alvis Pelides. The Alvis Pelides was an unflown British air-cooled radial aero engine first developed in 1936. The Pelides Major was a projected but unbuilt development as were the Alcides, Alcides Major and the Maeonides Major, the Alvis aircraft engine range taking their names from Greek mythology.

Design and development
The Pelides was the first aero engine of Alvis design; the company had previously only built the French Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major under license. With the two companies working closely together the 14 cylinder radial layout of this engine retained metric dimensions but substituted metric screw threads with British fasteners such as BSF and Whitworth. Material specifications were different as were the detail design of internal parts such as the crankpin. The Pelides passed a 50-hour Air Ministry type test in 1937 where it produced 1,065 hp (794 kW) but no aircraft application was found and only 15 engines were built. The onset of the Second World War caused the abandonment of any further development of the Pelides and its related designs.

Variants (projected)
Pelides  2-row 14-cylinder radial,  (bore x stroke), , LH or RH, d/d, 13:19 or 0.5:1.
Pelides MajorThe Pelides Major was a version retaining the same dimensions as the Pelides but with improvements to the supercharger, only built in small quantities for testing at . 
AlcidesThe Alcides of 1937 was a powerful supercharged 18-cylinder two-row radial engine, with a power output of . 2-row 18-cylinder radial,  (bore x stroke), , LH or RH, d/d, 13:19 or 0.5:1.
Alcides MajorThe Alcides Major was an improved supercharged version of the Alcides.
Maeonides MajorAlso designed in 1937, the supercharged Maeonides Major was effectively a smaller version of the Pelides with a power output of . 2-row 14-cylinder radial,  (bore x stroke), , LH or RH, 5:7.

Specifications (Pelides)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Flight magazine - 15 April 1937 (Flightglobal.com)
 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .

External links
Alvis Pelides displayed at a 1938 trade fair - Flightglobal.com

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Pelides
1930s aircraft piston engines