omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Richard C. Powell. Richard C. Powell (born 1939) is an American professor emeritus of physics and vice president emeritus of the University of Arizona (UA), whose career focused on research in materials science and laser optics. He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 2000.

Early life and education 
Powell was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, and was reared in Ottumwa, Iowa. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1962 and took his commission in the U.S. Air Force because the Air Force offered immediate support for study in a Ph.D. program. At Arizona State University he earned an M.S.; he completed a Ph.D. in physics there in 1967.

Career 
Powell completed his military service at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories and then worked as a civilian at Sandia National Laboratory. He taught at California Institute of Technology, Oklahoma State University and the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Fisica. Powell joined the faculty of the University of Arizona as a professor of optical sciences and of materials science and director of the Optical Sciences Center. He later served as vice president for research and graduate studies, and upon retirement, became professor emeritus of optical sciences.

Following his retirement, he became a  senior fellow at the UA Science and Tech Park, expanding "their Solar Zone to test, evaluate and demonstrate solar technologies."

Publications 
Powell has written textbooks and published 260 research articles on laser spectroscopy and solid state laser development.

His textbooks are Physics of Solid-State Laser Materials,  Symmetry, Group Theory, and the Physical Properties of Crystals, and with Baldassare Di Bartolo, Crystal Symmetry, Lattice Vibrations and Optical Spectroscopy of Solids.

Awards and honors 
The University of Arizona honored Powell as an innovator with a 2005 Technology Innovation Award for "moving UA technology out of the laboratory and into the marketplace." Powell is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, and also an elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America.

In 1999, he was also elected to the Russian Academy of Engineer Science.

See also
Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA

References

External links
 JOSA Articles Published by Modern OSA Presidents, Journal of the Optical Society of America
 Interview - Richard Powell, Part 1 (video, 30:00)
 Interview - Richard Powell, Part 2 (video, 30:00)
 Interview - Richard Powell, Part 3 (video, 14:12)

Presidents of Optica (society)
21st-century American physicists
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
University of Arizona faculty
Arizona State University alumni
Educators from Nebraska
Educators from Iowa
1939 births
Erich P. Ippen. Erich P. Ippen is a principal investigator in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He holds appointments as the Elihu Thomson Professor of Electrical Engineering Emeritus and Professor of Physics Emeritus. He is one of the leaders of RLE’s Optics and Quantum Electronics Group.

Ippen was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1985 for pioneering contributions to nonlinear optics in optical waveguides and ultrashort-optical-pulse-generation techniques. In 1989 he was also elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for his pioneering work in the generation, measurement, and application to physical systems of picosecond and femtosecond light pulses"  Professor Ippen is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 1997 he was awarded the Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science. He was president of the Optical Society of America in 2000. He is the recipient of OSA’s R. W. Wood Award (1981), Charles Hard Townes Medal (2004), and the Society's highest honor, the Frederic Ives Medal/Jarus W. Quinn Prize (2006). Most recently, Ippen was named an Honorary Member of the Society in 2020.

References

External links
 Articles Published by early OSA Presidents  Journal of the Optical Society of America

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Presidents of Optica (society)
21st-century American physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
American optical physicists

Fellows of Optica (society)
C. Robert Kidder. Charles Robert Kidder (born 1945), was chairman and CEO of 3Stone Advisors LLC, and later chairman of Chrysler Group LLC and was previously CEO of Duracell, CEO of Borden, Inc., and is on the board of Merck and Morgan Stanley.

Career 
At the time of his appointment, Kidder was chairman and CEO of 3Stone Advisors LLC, an investment firm that focuses on clean-tech companies. He holds an M.S. Industrial Economics from Iowa State University and a B.S. Industrial Engineering from the University of Michigan. Kidder is an alumnus of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, having been initiated at its Michigan chapter as an undergraduate.

He resides with his family in Columbus, Ohio.

References

Chrysler executives
Directors of Morgan Stanley
Living people
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
1945 births
American chief executives of food industry companies
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Iowa State University alumni
WiPower. The Alliance For Wireless Power is an industry standard group that uses the principles of magnetic resonance to develop a wireless energy transfer system over distance. The WiPower system uses directed and controlled magnetic fields to replace traditional power cords. To do this, the transmitter utilizes one or more primary windings in order to induce an even magnetic field above its surface.  A receiver in the magnetic field uses a secondary winding which captures the magnetic energy and converts it back to electrical energy.

WiPower's system was based on modified coreless inductive technology and dynamically adjusts power supplied by the transmitter to power demanded by the receiver without the need for control systems or communication.  As such, the company's technology represents a simpler design versus alternate wireless power solutions. The system is capable of supplying power to multiple receivers simultaneously that are placed on top of the transmitter in any position or orientation, and the company has reported DC to DC efficiencies between 60 and 90%.

These technologies were combined in a backwards compatible manner with Intel and Qualcomm's wireless power over distance technologies to be standardised by the Alliance For Wireless Power.

History 
Originally pioneered by Nikola Tesla in the 1890s, wireless power transfer systems, largely based on Michael Faraday's electromagnetic induction principles of 1831, have seen many applications, from electronic toothbrushes to HP's smartphones based on webOS.

Founded in 2004, WiPower emerged from the University of Florida when founder Ryan Tseng began exploring the technology and developed a prototype. Over the following three years, the company continued research and development with the University of Florida, ultimately creating the current technology.

WiPower received coverage in the media, such as Fast Company magazine and the New York Times, and was featured on television shows, such as NBC's Today Show and CNBC's Power Lunch

Acquisition and standards body formed 
WiPower was acquired by Qualcomm in September 2010. The Alliance For Wireless Power was formed with major components suppliers in 2012, with Intel joining in 2013.

In 2015 the organization was merged with the Power Matters Alliance (PMA) to form the AirFuel Alliance.

See also 
 Qi (standard)
 Open Dots open standard for wire-free power by the Open Dots Alliance

References

External links 

Wireless energy transfer
Dart Kitten. The Dart Kitten was a British-built ultra-light aircraft of the 1930s.

Design and development

The Dart Kitten was designed by A.R. Weyl in 1936 and built by Dart Aircraft Ltd at Dunstable, Bedfordshire.  It is an ultra-light single-seat low-wing aircraft with a fixed tailskid undercarriage. The four examples built were powered by a variety of engines of between 27 h.p. and 40 h.p.

Operational history

The Dart Kitten I G-AERP first flew in January 1937 and was sold to a private owner at Tollerton airport near Nottingham. It was stored during the Second World War. It was re-engined with a 40 h.p. J.A.P. J-99 postwar and flew with a private owner at Broxbourne airfield Hertfordshire before crashing there in November 1952.

The Dart Kitten II G-AEXT received its authorisation to fly on 30 April 1937 and had a series of owners before being badly damaged in a crash at Willingale, Essex in November 1964.  It was subsequently rebuilt and in 2009 was airworthy with a private owner near Aylesbury Buckinghamshire. As of 2023 it is based with the Real Aeroplane Company at Breighton near Selby in North Yorkshire.

The Dart Kitten III G-AMJP was built by Dart Aircraft in January 1952 and was flown by owners in Buckinghamshire, Wiltshire and Lincolnshire before being lost in a crash near Kings Lynn in June 1966.

A fourth Kitten was home-built at Port Moresby New Guinea in 1960 and registered in Australia as VH-WGL.

Variants

 Kitten I  27 h.p. Ava 4A-00 flat four engine;
 Kitten II  36 h.p. Aeronca-J.A.P. J-99 engine, revised rear decking and simplified undercarriage;
 Kitten III  as Kitten II but with wheel brakes.

Specifications (Kitten III)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British sport aircraft
1930s British civil utility aircraft
Kitten
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Multidimensional parity-check code. A multidimensional parity-check code (MDPC) is a type of error-correcting code that generalizes two-dimensional parity checks to higher dimensions. It was developed as an extension of simple parity check methods used in magnetic recording systems and radiation-hardened memory designs.

Overview  
In an MDPC code, information bits are organized into an -dimensional structure, where each bit is protected by  parity bits. Each parity bit is calculated along a different dimensional axis. The code can be characterized by its dimension vector , where  defines the size of the block or multi-block in the th dimension. The code length  can be expressed as

while the number of information bits  is given by
.

Reduced generator matrices 
Reduced generator matrices eliminate redundant parity bits while maintaining error correction capabilities. This modification increases the code rate without significantly degrading performance. The code rate  for a reduced MDPC is given by
.
The reduced generator matrix can be created using systematic construction methods, resulting in more efficient encoding processes compared to traditional parity check codes.

The following pseudocode shows how to generate a reduced generator matrix:

 function function_name is
    // Initialize G with identity matrix augmented with ones column
    G ← [I_{r₁-1} | 1_{(r₁-1)×1}]
    for n ← 2 to N do
       // Update G with Kronecker product
       G ← I_{r_n-1} ⊗ G
       // Calculate product of previous dimensions
       x ← ∏ᵢ₌₁ⁿ⁻¹(rᵢ - 1)
       // Create temporary matrix with ones column and identity
       G_tmp ← 1_{(r_n-1)×1} ⊗ I_x
       // Augment G with temporary matrix
       G ← [G | G_tmp]
    return G
 end function

Decoding algorithms 
Decoding in MDPC systems typically employs an iterative algorithm based on Failed Dimension Markers (FDM), which indicate the number of parity check failures associated with each information bit. The FDM-based decoding process works by identifying bits with the highest probability of error and iteratively attempting corrections until either all errors are resolved or a maximum iteration limit is reached.

Applications 
MDPC codes have applications in scenarios where short block lengths are required, such as real-time communications systems and memory protection schemes. They offer several advantages over other error-correcting codes, including positive code gain at low signal-to-noise ratios and simpler implementation complexity compared to LDPC codes. The level of error protection can be adjusted by modifying the number of dimensions or the size of each dimension, allowing for flexibility in design trade-offs between code rate and error correction capability.

References

See also 
 Error detection and correction
 Forward error correction
 Low-density parity-check code

Error detection and correction
The Brimnes. Tenax Steamship Co v Owners of the Motor Vessel Brimnes [1974] EWCA Civ 15 is an English contract law case on agreement. It decided that communication of withdrawal of an offer by telex is effective when it could be read, rather than when it is in fact read.

Judgment
The Court of Appeal held that it took place when it was received in the charterer's office, not when it was read. Accepting the submissions of Robert Goff QC, Edmund-Davies LJ said this in the course of his judgment.

See also

English contract law

Notes

English agreement case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1974 in United Kingdom case law
1974 in British law
Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA). Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA) (, Sherkat-e Narm-afezar va Sakht-afzare Iran (NOSA)) is an independently owned development and consulting corporation, which provides software applications and support to businesses of all sizes located in Iran. Since its founding in 1988, NOSA has engaged in the development and distribution of a range of integrated Business Software, ERP, MIS, BPMS, RFID, and Library Solution as well as related products designed to meet the needs of the public, private and not-for-profit organizations in the region.

Simorgh
Iran Software & Hardware Company's digital information management package for companies and libraries. Simorgh is an n-tier program based on .NET framework. Simorgh uses three databases in order to effectively store information. The first server is an indigenous Database Management System built by NOSA that can efficiently support right to left and left to right text functionality and search options while storing document and book information. The second server is an SQL repository of all digital media files and documents with in document search engine. Simorgh's third server is also based on SQL and stores user and system information.

Simorgh is used in hundreds of libraries and companies around Iran, including Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting corporation's 52 countrywide databases, which are all now using a single server solution and online client accesses. Simorgh can link libraries and data sources to provide unified access through one portal. Simorgh can be used as a repository of digital documents and provide them to clients. The latest version of Simorgh incorporates radio-frequency identification, and was covered by news agencies including the Iranian News channel, the Iranian Technology news, and the Iranian Students News Agency.

NOSA Books
With arising needs of scholars to use digital sources for research and the desire of publishers and libraries to safely share such copyrighted sources online, NOSA created NOSA Books. This Project uses an artificial intelligent cloud computing server called Brain Center to match available metadata and document information across all of Simorgh's network of 100+ libraries and intelligently match them with reference libraries such as Library of Congress, National Library of Medicine and National Library of Iran.

See also

Library 2.0
Enterprise resource planning
Database management system
Radio frequency identification

References

External links
NOSA's Website
سفارش طراحی سایت

Companies established in 1988
Financial software companies
Software companies of Iran
Charles M. Manly. Charles Matthews Manly (1876–1927) was an American engineer.

Manly helped Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley build The Great Aerodrome, which was intended to be a manned, powered, winged flying machine. Manly made major contributions to the development of the aircraft's revolutionary 52 hp gasoline-fueled radial engine, called the Manly–Balzer engine. Manly attempted to pilot the Aerodrome in its only two tests, October and December 1903. The machine failed to fly both times, plunging into the Potomac River after its launch from a houseboat. Manly was rescued unhurt, although he was briefly trapped underwater after the second test.

During World War I Manly was an advisor to the British War Office.  He also earned about 40 patents in variable-speed hydraulic drives.

From 1915 to 1919 he was a consulting engineer to the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company.

In 1919 he was named president of the Society of Automotive Engineers (now SAE International).  Following his tenure he did additional engineering research on engines.  The Manly Memorial Medal is an annual award given by SAE for the best paper on aeronautical power plants.

Manly married his wife Grace Agnes Wishart Manly (1877–1921) in 1904. He died at Kew Gardens, Brooklyn, NY on October 16, 1927, leaving two sons, Charles and John.

He was a 1929 posthumous recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution.

References

External links

 

1876 births
1927 deaths
American mechanical engineers
American test pilots
Cornell University alumni
Engineers from Virginia
Smithsonian Institution people
20th-century American engineers
Trygve Røed-Larsen. Trygve Røed-Larsen (born 17 May 1939) is a Norwegian physicist.

He graduated with the cand.real. degree in physics, and took the dr.philos. degree at the University of Oslo in 1973. He spent his professional career at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Det Norske Veritas, and was also a delegate to AGARD. He has over 100 academic publications, and is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

He resides in Høvik.

References

1939 births
Living people
Norwegian physicists
Norwegian climatologists
People from Bærum
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy. Diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) is an optical technique derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS) that studies the dynamics of scattered light in the limit of strong multiple scattering. It has been widely used in the past to study colloidal suspensions, emulsions, foams, gels, biological media and other forms of soft matter. If carefully calibrated, DWS allows the quantitative measurement of microscopic motion in a soft material, from which the rheological properties of the complex medium can be extracted via the microrheology approach.

One-speckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy
Laser light is sent to the sample and the outcoming transmitted or backscattered light is detected by an optoelectric sensor. The light intensity detected is the result of the interference of all the optical waves coming from the different light paths.

The signal is analysed by calculating the intensity autocorrelation function called g2. 

For the case of non-interacting particles suspended in a (complex) fluid a direct relation between g2-1  and the mean squared displacement of the particles <Δr2> can be established. Let us note P(s) the probability density function (PDF) of the photon path length s. The relation can be written as follows:

with  and  is the transport mean free path of scattered light.

For simple cell geometries, it is thus possible to calculate the mean squared displacement of the particles <Δr2> from the measured g2-1 values analytically. For example, for the backscattering geometry, an infinitely thick cell, large laser spot illumination and detection of photons coming from the center of the spot, the relationship between g2-1 and <Δr2> is:

, γ value is around 2.

For less thick cells and in transmission, the relationship depends also on l* (the transport length).

For quasi-transparent cells, an angle-independent variant method called cavity amplified scattering spectroscopy makes use of an integrating sphere to isotropically probe samples from all directions, elongating photon paths through the sample in the process, allowing for the study of low turbidity samples under the DWS formalism.

Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy (MSDWS)

This technique either uses a camera to detect many speckle grains (see speckle pattern) or a ground glass to create a large number of speckle realizations (Echo-DWS). In both cases an average over a large number of statistically independent intensity values is obtained, allowing a much faster data acquisition time.

MSDWS is particularly adapted for the study of slow dynamics and non ergodic media. Echo-DWS allows seamless integration of MSDWS in a traditional DWS-scheme with superior temporal resolution down to 12 ns. Camera based adaptive image processing allows online measurement of particle dynamics for example during drying.

References

External links
Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Overview with video
Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Overview with Animations 
Particle Sizing using Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy 

Spectroscopy
Soft matter
Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council. The Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council (ASTEC) was an Australian government agency. ASTEC was established in April 1977 as the Australian Science and Technology Council to advise the Australian government on matters relating to science and technology.

The council was composed of leading academics and industrialists, although scientists from other government agencies, notably the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), were excluded. In 1997, the Australian Science and Technology Council changed its name to the Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council. The council was abolished in 1997, and its functions and scope were transferred to the Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council (PMSEIC).

During its existence ASTEC published the following reports and other documents:
Future Arrangements for an Australian Science and Technology Council - 1976
Science and Technology in Australia 1977–78: Volume 1A - 1978

The complete collection of ASTEC documents were published on CD-ROM in two volumes
Volumes 1 and 2

References

Scientific organisations based in Australia
Defunct Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Government agencies established in 1977
1997 disestablishments in Australia
1977 establishments in Australia
Government agencies disestablished in 1997
Standard Interchange Format. Standard Interchange Format, called SIF, is a geospatial data exchange format.  A standard or neutral format used to move graphics files between  DOD Project 2851 and is currently codified in Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata maintained by the Federal Geographic Data Committee.

Unit 69 of the NCGIA Core Corriculum in GIS states that SIF is a "popular data exchange format for many GIS packages" and was "developed to support exchange of data between Intergraph and other systems."

Navteq uses Standard Interchange Format (SIF) 

Another example of data available in SIF format can be found online from the NASA's BOREAS project  that also claims that the SIF format is "not well documented."

Additional criticism of SIF, along with recognition of SIF's ubiquity and utility for exchanging data, is acknowledged in the online journal article "Is a Standard Terrain Data Format Necessary?"

See also
Map database management

References

External links

Geocodes