omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maximum energy product. In magnetics, the maximum energy product is an important figure-of-merit for the strength of a permanent magnet material. It is often denoted  and is typically given in units of either  (kilojoules per cubic meter, in SI electromagnetism) or  (mega-gauss-oersted, in gaussian electromagnetism). 1 MGOe is equivalent to .

During the 20th century, the maximum energy product of commercially available magnetic materials rose from around 1 MGOe (e.g. in KS Steel) to over 50 MGOe (in neodymium magnets). Other important permanent magnet properties include the remanence () and coercivity (); these quantities are also determined from the saturation loop and are related to the maximum energy product, though not directly.

Definition and significance

The maximum energy product is defined based on the magnetic hysteresis saturation loop (- curve), in the demagnetizing portion where the  and  fields are in opposition. It is defined as the maximal value of the product of  and  along this curve (actually, the maximum of the negative of the product, , since they have opposing signs):

Equivalently, it can be graphically defined as the area of the largest rectangle that can be drawn between the origin and the saturation demagnetization B-H curve (see figure).

The significance of  is that the volume of magnet necessary for any given application tends to be inversely proportional to . This is illustrated by considering a simple magnetic circuit containing a permanent magnet of volume  and an air gap of volume , connected to each other by a magnetic core. Suppose the goal is to reach a certain field strength  in the gap. In such a situation, the total magnetic energy in the gap (volume-integrated magnetic energy density) is directly equal to half the volume-integrated  in the magnet:

thus in order to achieve the desired magnetic field in the gap, the required volume of magnet can be minimized by maximizing  in the magnet. By choosing a magnetic material with a high , and also choosing the aspect ratio of the magnet so that its  is equal to , the required volume of magnet to achieve a target flux density in the air gap is minimized. This expression assumes that the permeability in the core that is connecting the magnetic material to the air gap is infinite, so unlike the equation might imply, you cannot get arbitrarily large flux density in the air gap by decreasing the gap distance. A real core will eventually saturate.

See also 
 Tetrataenite

References

Magnetostatics
Magnetism
Magnetic ordering
Katja Lindenberg. Katja Lindenberg (born 1941) is an Ecuadorian-American theoretical chemical physicist whose research concerns statistical mechanics, stochastic processes, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and quantum thermodynamics. She is Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Chancellor's Associates Endowed Chair Emeritus at the University of California, San Diego.

Education and career
Lindenberg is originally from Ecuador. She graduated from Alfred University in 1962, and completed her Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1967. After postdoctoral research at the University of Rochester, she joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego in 1969. She retired in 2019.

Contributions
With Bruce J. West, Lindenberg authored the book The Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Open and Closed Systems (Wiley/VCH, 1990).
Her research has also studied chemical transport on fractal media.

Recognition
Lindenberg was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1992, after a nomination from the APS Division of Chemical Physics, "for her fundamental contributions to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of stochastic processes toward the understanding of the evolution of coupled nonlinear systems of importance in physical applications".

The University of California System Senate gave Lindenberg the 2016 Oliver Johnson Award for Distinguished Senate Service, including serving as the first female chair of the UC San Diego faculty senate. In 2017, Jagiellonian University gave Lindenberg the Plus ratio quam vis medal. In 2019, the University of California, San Diego held a symposium on honor of her 50 years at the university and her retirement that year. In 2020 the university gave her their Revelle Medal in honor of her service to the university.

References

External links
Lindenberg group home page

1941 births
Living people
American chemists
American physicists
American women chemists
American women physicists
Ecuadorian scientists
Ecuadorian women scientists
Ecuadorian emigrants to the United States
Alfred University alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American women
21st-century Ecuadorian women
Line 27 (Chongqing Rail Transit). Line 27 of Chongqing Rail Transit is a rapid transit line in Chongqing, China.

Line 27 (Bishan to Huimin section) will be  long, all stations except Bishan will be located underground. Trains will run at a maximum speed of . Line 27 trains will through operate with the Bitong Line and continue to Tongliangxi in Tongliang District. The line will feature passing loops for express services.

History
Construction started in February 2022.

Construction of the Yangtze River Tunnel of Line 27 (about 800 meters long) started in May 2024.

Stations

References
De Kimpe aziridine synthesis. The De Kimpe aziridine synthesis is a name reaction of organic chemistry, for the generation of aziridines by the reaction of α-chloroimines with nucleophiles such as hydride, cyanide, or Grignard reagents.

The De Kimpe aziridine synthesis is suitable for both aldimines and ketimines, particularly those with two alkyl substituents on the α-carbon (Thorpe-Ingold effect).

Mechanism
The nucleophile attacks the imino carbon atom, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The intermediate then undergoes an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, with the negatively charged nitrogen atom attacking the α-carbon and having the chloride anion as the leaving group.

References

Name reactions
Aix-les-Bains–Annemasse railway. The Aix-les-Bains–Annemasse railway is a railway line in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France. It runs  from Aix-les-Bains to Annemasse.

References

External links 
 

Railway lines in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
25 kV AC railway electrification
ACE EV Group. ACE Electric Vehicle Group Pty Ltd describes itself as an Australian automobile manufacturer of electric cars and vans based in Maryborough, Queensland.

History
The ACE EV Group startup was founded in 2017 by Australian engineer Gregory McGarvie and Chinese entrepreneur Will Qiang, with the small town of Maryborough in Queensland in the northeast of the country as its headquarters.

It was claimed that the goal was to develop the domestic production of electric cars in the form of small, city vans aimed at small entrepreneurs. The company name is an acronym from the words Australian Clean Energy Electric Vehicle, with the logo incorporating one of Australia's informal symbols, the kangaroo.

In 2018, ACE EV was awarded the MTAiQ Innovation Award in the State of Queensland, Australia

In August 2019, ACE EV unveiled plans for a complete range of electric vehicles consisting of a Cargo van and a Yewt pickup, as well as the Urban compact 3-door hatchback. Sales of vehicles on the Australian market were claimed to be expected to start in 2021.

In September 2020 it was claimed by the company that ACE EV had partnered with SenSen Networks to begin development of an Autonomous EV Solution in Australia

As of 2024, it is still searching for a suitably sized factory as no commercial production has been established.

Vehicles 
 Urban
 Yewt
 Cargo
 V1 Transformer

References

External links 
 

Car brands
Car manufacturers of Australia
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Australia
Australian companies established in 2017
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2017
Companies based in Queensland
Maryborough, Queensland
ACE Urban. The ACE Urban is an electric city car produced by the ACE EV Group from 2022.

History
In addition to the Yewt and Cargo, the Australian startup that aims to develop electric cars in 2019 also introduced a small passenger car called the ACE Urban. Like the two afformentioned models, the car adopted oval proportions with two-tone body paint and an upturned window line. The vehicle can transport up to 4 people.

Pre-orders of the Urban became available in February 2021 and it is expected to reach its first customers in Australia in mid-2022. The vehicle is to be manufactured in Adelaide, along with the company's other products.

Specifications 
Like other models in the ACE range, the Urban hatchback offers a range of 150 to 200 kilometres on a single charge, depending on driving style. Also, the Urban has a maximum speed of 100 kph and also takes up to 8 hours to charge. The Urban starts at $35,995 AUD however it also has many optionals like Seat heating and a soft carpet. Power assisted steering is also only an optional, which is unusual for a modern car.

References

Cars of Australia
Electric city cars
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2022
1965 Lehigh Engineers football team. The 1965 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. Lehigh finished second-to-last in the Middle Atlantic Conference, University Division, and was one of three co-champions in the Middle Three Conference.

In their first year under head coach Fred Dunlap, the Engineers compiled a 1–8 record. Robert Draucher and Harold Yeich were the team captains.

In conference play, Lehigh's 1–3 record against opponents in the MAC University Division represented the sixth-best winning percentage in the seven-team circuit, ahead of Lafayette's 1–5. All three teams in the Middle Three recorded one win and one loss against league rivals, splitting the championship three ways. Lehigh beat Lafayette, its only win of the year, but lost to Rutgers.

Lehigh played its home games at Taylor Stadium on the university campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Schedule

References

Lehigh
Lehigh
Lehigh Mountain Hawks football seasons
Lehigh Engineers football
William Mrazek. William "Willi" Mrazek (October 20, 1911 – February 8, 1992) was a German-American loads engineer and member of the "von Braun rocket group." Mrazek worked first at Peenemünde Army Research Center and later, through Operation Paperclip, at Fort Bliss and the Marshall Space Flight Center, where he was involved with the development of the Saturn V rocket.

Biography
Mrazek was born in 1911 in what was then Austria-Hungary. He graduated from Deutsche Technische Hochschule, where he earned his Dipl. Ing., in 1935. Mrazek spent some military time after graduation on the Eastern Front, where he received a saber wound to his face; following his injury, he began work at Peenemünde, which continued from 1941 to 1945.

In 1946, Mrazek was one of the engineers and scientists invited to the United States through Operation Paperclip, arriving with von Braun's team at Fort Bliss on April 8. The Marshall Space Flight Center employed Mrazek, naming him Director of Structures and Mechanics Division in 1960; by 1969, he held the position of Assistant Director for Engineering for Industrial Operations. Mrazek also reported to the Saturn V Project Manager as Chief Engineer for all development and fabrication work on the rocket from 1965 to 1970. While working on the Saturn V, Mrazek and his team clashed with American aviation companies who were subcontracted on the project. One such instance involved an argument with North American Aviation over internal loads in the rocket's S-II phase; North American was ultimately proven right, to Mrazek's consternation.

References and notes

External links
 William Mrazek Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
 Stages to Saturn History Project oral interview with Mrazek, part 1, part 2 and part 3, from The University of Alabama in Huntsville Oral History Collections
 Space History Interview with Ursula Mrazek Vann, Mrazek's daughter, from The University of Alabama in Huntsville Oral History Collections

American aerospace engineers
German aerospace engineers
German rocket scientists
1911 births
1992 deaths
People from Lukavac
Early spaceflight scientists
Peenemünde Army Research Center and Airfield
Marshall Space Flight Center
NASA people
Operation Paperclip
People from Austria-Hungary
Werner Kuers. Werner Richard Kuers (April 18, 1907 - May 14, 1983) was a German-American engineer and expert in guided missiles. Kuers worked at Peenemünde Army Research Center in manufacturing and later, as part of the "von Braun rocket group" through Operation Paperclip, at White Sands V-2 Launching Site and the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Biography
Kuers was born in Berlin in 1907, the same city where he later received his Diplom degree in Engineering from the Königliche Technische Hochschule (now Technische Universität Berlin) in 1930. In 1942 Kuers was sent by the German Army to Peenemünde. There he met Wernher von Braun, who assigned him to work in the center's machine shop. Kuers was discharged from the Army in August 1944, and in February 1945 he exited Peenemünde.

In 1945 Kuers was invited to the United States through Operation Paperclip; he arrived in the country on November 16, 1945, aboard the Argentina and was sent to Fort Bliss. From there Kuers was assigned to White Sands, where he assembled and test launched V-2 rockets from components shipped from Germany. By 1955 he had moved to the Marshall Space Flight Center, and by 1964 he was the center's Director of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. Kuers continued to work there until his retirement in November 1968, after which he moved to Mexico.

Kuers was regarded as an "accomplished violinist." During his time at Fort Bliss, he joined the El Paso Symphony Orchestra. Later, while working at the Marshall Space Flight Center, he was concertmaster for the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra from 1955 until his retirement.

References and notes

External links
 Werner Kuers Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

American aerospace engineers
German aerospace engineers
German rocket scientists
1907 births
1983 deaths
People from Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Early spaceflight scientists
Peenemünde Army Research Center and Airfield
Marshall Space Flight Center
NASA people
Operation Paperclip
German male violinists
20th-century German male musicians
Helen Burt. Helen M. Burt  is a British-Canadian pharmaceutical scientist who is the Angiotech Professor of Drug Delivery at the University of British Columbia. She serves as Associate Vice President of Research and Innovation at UBC. Her research considers novel therapeutics based on nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer and coronary artery disease.

Early life and education 
Burt is from Manchester in the United Kingdom. During a high school trip to a local hospital, she was first introduced to pharmacy. Burt was an undergraduate student at the University of Bath, where she specialised in pharmacy. She moved to Canada to complete her graduate research as a doctoral student at the University of British Columbia, where she studied anisotropy and defects on dissolution of crystals.

Research and career 
Burt joined the faculty at the University of British Columbia in 1980. Her research involves the use of nanotechnology for drug delivery. She has demonstrated that systems can provide targeted relief to different parts of the body, and release specific amounts of drug and controlled rates. In particular, Burt has studied nanocrystalline cellulose, a molecular substrate that has large surfaces areas and negative surface charges. Nanocrystalline cellulose can withstand binding of high quantities of drugs, and contain hydroxyl groups that can be used for surface modification. The hydroxyl groups can be used to selective load and release treatments, including ant-infective agents in wound dressings.

Burt worked alongside Sitka Biopharma on STK-01, a polymer nanoparticle based drug-delivery system that can be used to treat bladder cancer. The drug, which delivers targeted chemotherapy (Docetaxel) to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, entered clinical trials in 2017.

Burt co-founded the Centre for Drug Research and Development in 2004. The centre later became adMare BioInnovations, which allows biomedical scientists to translate their research into industry. In 2011, Burt was made Associate Vice President of Research and Innovation.

Awards and honours 
 2006 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Synergy Award for Innovation
 2009 Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences Award of Leadership in Canadian Pharmaceutical Sciences
 2009 University of British Columbia Killam Faculty Research Award for Science
 2020 Order of Canada

Selected publications

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian people of British descent
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine
Scientists from Manchester
Officers of the Order of Canada
Alumni of the University of Bath
University of British Columbia alumni
Pharmaceutical scientists
British nanotechnologists
Canadian nanotechnologists
Pechini process. A process related to the sol-gel route is the Pechini, or liquid mix, process (named after its American inventor, Maggio Pechini). An aqueous solution of suitable oxides or salts is mixed with an alpha hydroxycarboxylic acid such as citric acid. Chelation, or the formation of complex ring-shaped compounds around the metal cations, takes place in the solution. A polyhydroxy alcohol is then added, and the liquid is heated to 150–250 °C (300–480 °F) to allow the chelates to polymerize, or form large, cross-linked networks. As excess water is removed by heating, a solid polymeric resin results. Eventually, at still higher temperatures of 500–900 °C (930–1,650 °F), the resin is decomposed or charred, and ultimately a mixed oxide is obtained. Particle size is extremely small, typically 20 to 50 nanometres (although there is agglomeration of these particles into larger clusters), with intimate mixing taking place on the atomic scale.

The Pechini method was proposed in 1967 as a technique of depositing dielectric films of titanates and niobates of lead and alkaline-earth elements in the production of capacitors. Later, the process was customised for the in-lab synthesis of multicomponent finely dispersed oxide materials.

Pechini process 
This method has been used for synthesizing over 100 mixed metal oxides including lanthanum manganite for solid oxide fuel cells and BaTiO3 (Lessing 1989). Unlike the sol–gel process in which the metal alkoxide participates in the gel-forming reactions this process is based on a gelation reaction between the alcohol and acid used as solvents. A polymeric resin containing a good distribution of cations is obtained which yields the oxide upon calcination. The use of polyacrylic acid with higher functionality results in highly cross-linked resins containing a more uniform distribution of the reacting cations. The gel structures can be varied depending on the acid-to-alcohol ratio. A low organic content is preferred to decrease the calcination time and temperature in order to obtain fine-grained materials with low carbon contents.

References

Chemical processes
Thin film deposition
Catherine Kallin. Catherine Kallin is a Canadian theoretical quantum condensed matter physicist whose research topics have included spin wave theory, the quantum Hall effect, frustrated antiferromagnets, chirality in superconductors, and high-temperature superconductivity. She is a professor emerita of physics and astronomy at McMaster University.

Education and career
Kallin is originally from Vancouver, where she was an undergraduate at Langara College and the University of British Columbia (UBC), graduating from UBC in 1979. She was turned off from physics in her high school education, but regained interest after taking a general-interest physics course at Langara.

She completed her Ph.D. in physics at Harvard University in 1984. Her dissertation, Some Dynamic Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, was supervised by Bertrand Halperin. After postdoctoral research at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, she became an assistant professor at McMaster University in 1986.

Recognition
In 1994, Kallin was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Condensed Matter Physics, "for contributions to the understanding of correlations between electrons in low-dimensional systems".

Kallin was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship in 1987.
She became a Guggenheim Fellow in 1996, and was awarded the 1996 E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.
Kallin was given a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Quantum Materials Theory in 2003, renewed in 2010. She won a Killam Research Fellowship from the Canada Council for the Arts in 2013, and a Simons Fellowship in 2016, the only Canadian winner in that year.

Langara College gave her their outstanding alumni award in 2016.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian physicists
Canadian women physicists
University of British Columbia alumni
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of McMaster University
Sloan Research Fellows
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Scientists from Vancouver