omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sŭngri Petrochemical Complex. The Sŭngri Refinery (승리정유공장) is a Russian-design oil refinery with a capacity of 2 million tons located in Sŏnbong, Rasŏn Special Economic Zone, North Korea. It is served by the Sŭngri Line of the Korean State Railway.

Investment 
In 2013, Mongolian firm HBOil bought a 20% share in the refinery with intention to supply crude oil to Sŭngri and export refined products to Mongolia. In 2016, South Korean newspaper Korea Joongang Daily reported HBOil had withdrawn from the deal following pressure from the international community due to North Korea's ongoing nuclear weapon and missile testing. HBOil publicly denied the claims.

References

Oil refineries in North Korea
Korea–Soviet Union relations
Soviet foreign aid
Buildings and structures in Rason
Ponghwa Chemical Factory. The Ponghwa Chemical Factory (, "Torchlight Chemical Factory") is the larger of North Korea's two oil refineries. It is located in Sinŭiju, on the river border with Dandong in China, and originally was supplied with crude by rail from the Daqing oilfields in China. The other refinery is the Sŭngri Refinery on North Korea's Tumen River border with Russia.

In 2019 NK News reported that to the refinery was expanded with Fluid catalytic cracking being implemented into the refinery, likely increasing production of gasoline and diesel.

References

Chemical companies of North Korea
China–North Korea relations
Chinese foreign aid
Oil refineries in North Korea
French ship Pacificateur (1804). {|

{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship displacement=*2 966 tonnes
5 260 tonnes fully loaded
|Ship length= (172 French feet)
|Ship beam= (44' 6)
|Ship draught= (22 French feet)
|Ship propulsion=Up to 2 485 m² of sails
|Ship speed=
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=678 men
|Ship armament=*74 guns:
Lower gundeck: 28 × 36-pounder long guns
Upper gundeck: 30 × 24-pounder long guns
Forecastle and Quarter deck:
16 × 8-pounder long guns
4 × 36-pounder carronades
|Ship armour=Timber
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
|}
The Pacificateur was a  74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

 Career Pacificateur'' was started at Brest in May 1801, under the supervision of engineer Antoine Geoffroy and after plans by Sané. In 1804, recurrent difficulties in bringing construction timber to Brest, compounded by a criminal fire at the arsenal in February, led Bonaparte to order all construction ceased there.

Citations

References
 

Ships of the line of the French Navy
Téméraire-class ships of the line
Choshi Electric Railway 3000 series. The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Choshi Electric Railway in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, since March 2016. The sole two-car set was converted from former Iyotetsu 700 series EMU cars, which were themselves converted from former Keio 5000 series EMU cars, and was introduced to replace the Choshi Electric Railway's 1000 series EMU car number 1001, which was withdrawn in February 2016.

Formation
The two-car set is formed as shown below, with one motored ("DeHa") car and one non-powered trailer ("KuHa") car, and the DeHa 3000 car at the Choshi (i.e. northern) end.

External livery
Following conversion, the train was repainted into a livery consisting of light blue upper body and dark blue lower body separated by a thin white stripe. This livery was based on that applied to the line's former Yu 101 open-sided special-event car nicknamed Miotsukushi.

History
The two cars were built in 1963 for Keio Corporation in Tokyo, and resold to the Iyo Railway in Ehime Prefecture in 1988. They were withdrawn from service by the Iyo Railway in June 2015.

The two cars (713 and 763) were purchased from the Iyo Railway at a cost of 1.3 million yen, and shipped to Choshi, arriving at Choshi Port on 15 September 2015. Shipping and conversion work cost an estimated 75 million yen, funded partially by grants from the national government, Chiba Prefecture, and the city of Choshi.

Individual car histories

The train entered service on 26 March 2016.

References

External links

 Choshi Electric Railway rolling stock details 

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 2016
600 V DC multiple units

ja:銚子電気鉄道線#車両
List of motor gliders. A motor glider is an aircraft which sustains flight principally through soaring flight but also has a small engine for takeoff and emergencies. For a list of unpowered gliders see Glider types. For an exhaustive list of all Glider types see List of gliders.

See also 

 Flight
 Gliding flight

Sources 
j2mcl-planeurs Comprehensive Glider Database
Glider polar data

Sailplane Directory

External links 

!
 Lists of aircraft by power source
 Lists of glider aircraft
Edel Be All. The Edel Be All is a South Korean single-place, paraglider that was designed and produced by Edel Paragliders of Gwangju. It is now out of production.

Design and development
The Be All was designed as a beginner's glider and introduced in 2003. The models are each named for their relative size.

Variants
Be All S
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. It has a wing area of , 37 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.8:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1 certified.
Be All M
Mid-sized model for medium-weight pilots. It has a wing area of , 37 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.8:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1 certified.
Be All L
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. It has a wing area of , 37 cells and the aspect ratio is 4.8:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 1 certified.

Specifications (Be All L)

References

Be All
Paragliders
TX-Sector. TX-Sector is a pinball machine designed by John Trudeau and released by Gottlieb in 1988. The game features a scifi theme and revolves around raising the energy level to teleport the ball.

Description
TX-Sector was one of only three pinball machines to use a Vitrigraph playfield besides the games Victory and Diamond Lady.

The pinball machine creates the illusion of teleporting the ball by so-called staged balls that are hidden and released when needed.

The game was praised in a review by Classic Game Room for its music and sound effects, which raised the machine's market value.

Design team
 Game Design: John Trudeau
 Software: John Buras
 Artwork: Constantino Mitchell, Jeanine Mitchell
 Sound: Dave Zabriskie
 Music: Dave Zabriskie

Game quotes
 "Lock enabled"
 "Interlink disabled"
 "Power drain"
 “TX tx tx tx…”
 "Release enabled"
 "Entering transphazer"

Digital versions
TX-Sector is available as a licensed table on The Pinball Arcade for PC & Android since May 2016. This table is also available for PlayStation 3 and 4 since October 18, 2016. This table is also available on the Pinball Arcade on the Nintendo Switch.

References

External links
 Internet Pinball Database entry for TX-Sector

1988 pinball machines
Gottlieb pinball machines
Balcancar record. "Balkancar-Record" () is a Bulgarian machinery construction factory, located in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The company is the biggest manufacturer of forklift trucks in the country.

The factory was an important unit in the manufacturing of end products (electrocars and forklifts) in the state economic union "Balkancar", which throughout the 1970s and 1980s was one of the largest manufacturers of forklifts and electrocars in the world.

History
"Balkancar-Record" was a part of Balkancar, which was among the biggest machine-building factories in the People's Republic of Bulgaria.

In 1950 in Plovdiv the Automobile manufacturing plant "Vasil Kolarov" was founded, where cars were assembled from manufacturers like Renault. 

The production of forklifts began in 1965. In 1980 100 000 forklifts were produced. The first electric platform of the company was produced in 1951.

See also
 Anhui Heli
 Coventry Climax

References

External links
Official Website
Lifting Equipment
Balkancar Website

Bulgarian brands
Forklift truck manufacturers
Organizations based in Plovdiv
Car manufacturers of Bulgaria
Truck manufacturers of Bulgaria
Bulgarian companies established in 1950
Ultraviolet thermal processing. In electronics manufacturing, ultraviolet thermal processing (UVTP) is the process of using ultraviolet light to stabilize dielectric films used to insulate semiconductors.

Description
Semiconductor films need low dielectric constants (k-values) for optimal thermal conductivity, to ensure semiconductor scaling.  Newer dielectric films used to insulate modern chips can be easily damaged, causing them to lose their insulating capacity.  Specialized treatments applied with ultraviolet light improve chip performance.  Tungsten halogen lamps are the sources used for traditional rapid thermal processing.

References

Electronics manufacturing
Packaging (microfabrication)
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor packages
Semiconductor technology
Spring Hurlbut. Spring Hurlbut (born 11 April 1952) is a Canadian artist, known for work that deals with the relationship between sculpture and architecture, and with themes of mortality.
She lives and works in Toronto.

Education 
Hurlbut studied at the Ontario College of Art and Design, now known as OCAD University from 1971 to 1973 and the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD University) from 1973 to 1975.

Works 
Early in her career, Hurlbut created on-site work using plaster that dispelled the 'common assumption that our built environment simply exists'. Beginning in her studio in 1977, Hurlbut made a number of wall works. A hand plastered wall work The Wall was  made in the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1981 and the Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart in 1983. The installation Three Tree Columns was featured at the Toronto Sculpture Garden in 1986 and on the campus of York University in 1989.  Its components included actual tree trunks with Doric bases and capitals made from steel. In her later work, she investigated the origins of classical Greek architecture. Ovo and Claw Entablature (1990) is an example of such work. The Final Sleep/Le Dernier Sommeil was an installation created from Artifacts in the Royal Ontario Museum in 2001

In the mid 90s Hurlbut began to photograph cremated ashes. Several of those works, Mary #3 (2006), Peewee #2 (2007) and Scarlett #1 (2005) are in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada. Airborne, a slow-motion video work from 2008 is a reflection on mortality. It documents the release of human ashes entrusted to the artist by relatives of the deceased, including her own father.

Hurlbut and her partner, the photographer Arnaud Maggs, were the subject of the film Spring & Arnaud, which premiered at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in April 2013. In the 1990s, Hurlbut and Maggs divided their time between Toronto and France, spending their summers exploring French flea markets and finding objects to incorporate into their works, which explored similar themes of time, life and death, and loss.

Hurlbut's work is in the permanent collection of the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal and the National Gallery of Canada.

Hurlbut was awarded the Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts in 2018.

Bibliography

References

Living people
Canadian women artists
1952 births
Canadian sculptors
Artists from Toronto
Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners
Sustainable development reserve (Brazil). A sustainable development reserve (, RDS) in Brazil is a type of protected area inhabited by a traditional population that seeks to preserve nature while maintaining and improving the life of the population through sustainable development.

Background

The concept of Sustainable Development Reserves originated in the Projeto Mamirauá launched in the early 1990s by the Sociedade Civil Mamirauá.
The project followed the principle of management based on scientific research and controlled use of natural resources.
The local population participates actively in the planning process and in responsible for managing and monitoring the area.
Key aspects are that the strategy can adapt to changes in the market, private property is maintained, plans are implemented to improve living conditions, and the local people partner with government agencies and NGOs to develop proposals for sustainable use.

The Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve was established in 1996, the first such reserve in Brazil.
The adjacent Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve was established in 1998 after the successful implementation of the Mamirauá reserve, and was fully supported by the local people.
They already recognized the importance of preserving the vegetation and animals that they depend upon for their livelihood.
The new category of protected area was included in the National Protected Areas System (SNUG), which defined types of protected area of Brazil in 2000.

Structure

A Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) holds traditional populations that live by sustainable exploitation of natural resources, developed over generations and adapted to the local ecology, and that protect nature and maintain biological diversity.
The goals are to preserve nature while preserving and improving the quality of life of the traditional populations, and to advance scientific knowledge and understanding of traditional techniques for managing the environment.

The land in an RDS is in the public domain, and may be expropriated.
Land use is regulated according to Law 9985 article 23 (2000) and in specific regulations.
A board of directors is chaired by the administrative agency and includes representatives of public bodies, civil society organizations and traditional populations living in the area.
A management plan is created by the administrative agency, which recognises the dynamic balance between conservation goals and the size of the population.
Natural ecosystems may be exploited sustainably, and cultivation of introduced species is allowed, subject to the management plan.
The plan defines areas where the ecology is fully protected, buffer zones, zones of sustainable use and ecological corridors.
Public visits to the RDS are allowed and encouraged where compatible with local interests and the management plan.
Scientific research and education with focus on conservation of nature are also encouraged.

Selected reserves

Notes

Sources

 
Indigenous politics in Brazil
Sustainability in Brazil
Sustainable communities
Sustainable development
Types of protected area of Brazil
BMW 1602 Elektro-Antrieb. BMW developed its first electric car based on the 1602 model. The BMW 1602 Elektro-Antrieb was first unveiled at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Germany; two examples were used to shuttle VIPs and serve as support cars in various long-distance events like the marathon.

Specifications

Powertrain
The 1602 Elektro-Antrieb used one  electric motor, front-mounted driving the rear axle. It has a claimed top speed of  and acceleration of 0 to 30 mph (0 to 48 km/h) in 8.0 seconds. The 1602 elektro is unique in the fact it has a front engine, rear wheel drive layout.

Battery
The battery has a total capacity of 12.6 kWh electric vehicle battery these batteries can be charged or replaced with a freshly charged pack, the battery pack weighed .

References

1602
Electric concept cars
Waterless fracturing. Waterless fracturing or Non-Aqueous fracturing is an alternative to hydraulic fracturing in which liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is formed by using non-water fracturing fluid, most commonly by compressing propane gas into a liquid, and mixing it with a gelling agent forming a thick gel. 

The waterless fracturing fluid is pumped into shale formations creating pressure of about 100–200 psi. Excessive pressure cracks the rocks and releases natural gases in the process. In waterless fracturing, most of the released gas is able to get to the surface because the propane used does not block drilled pathways. During the pumping, LPG is converted into gas, which can lead to a high retrieval rate, depending on the specific conditions of the well. Some studies claim that gel used in LPG fracturing tends to be less likely to bring toxic chemicals or underground radioactivity to the surface compared to water-based methods. Additionally, the gel can be reused in certain applications, reducing material waste. Waterless fracturing is a more expensive process than hydraulic fracturing as propane is more expensive than water. The use of propane necessitates rigorous monitoring, as any leak could potentially lead to an explosion hazard.

LPG fracturing was developed by Gastric, an energy company based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. LGP fracturing has been in use since 2008 in gas wells of Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Texas, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.

Advancements are also being made regarding other possible forms of waterless fracturing, including oil-based and CO2 energized oil fracturing, explosive and propellant fracturing, gelled LPG and alcohol fracturing, gas fracturing, CO2 fracturing, and cryogenic fracturing.

Environmental Impact 
In the 21st century hydraulic fracturing has increased oil and gas extraction from shale and tight sandstone reservoirs. Taking into consideration formation damage, water consumption, and water pollution, efforts have been devoted to developing waterless fracturing technologies because of their potential to alleviate these issues.

References

Hydraulic fracturing
Edel Excel. The Edel Excel is a South Korean single-place, paraglider that was designed and produced by Edel Paragliders of Gwangju. It is now out of production.

Design and development
The Excel was designed as an advanced and competition glider. It can be fitted with thin cross-section lines to reduce drag for competition flying.

The models are each named for their relative size.

Variants
Excel S
Small-sized model for mlight-weight pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 63 cells and the aspect ratio is 5.93:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 2-3 and AFNOR Competition certified.
Excel L
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 63 cells and the aspect ratio is 5.93:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is DHV 2-3 and AFNOR Competition certified.

Specifications (Excel L)

References

Excel
Paragliders
Edel Millennium. The Edel Millennium is a South Korean single-place, paraglider that was designed and produced by Edel Paragliders of Gwangju. It is now out of production.

Design and development
The Millennium was designed as an advanced and competition glider. It can be fitted with thin cross-section lines to reduce drag for competition flying.

The models are each named for their relative size.

Variants
Millennium S
Small-sized model for light-weight pilots. Its wing has an aspect ratio is 6.37:1. The glider model is AFNOR Competition certified.
Millennium M
Mid-sized model for medium-weight pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 77 cells and the aspect ratio is 6.37:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is AFNOR Competition certified.
Millennium L
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its wing has an aspect ratio is 6.37:1. The glider model is AFNOR Competition certified.

Specifications (Millennium M)

References

Millennium
Paragliders
Kenneth Denbigh. Kenneth George Denbigh FRS (30 May 1911 – 23 January 2004) was an English chemical engineer and scientific philosopher. He wrote much on the issue of time in relation to thermodynamics. He was an associate of the Russian chemist Georgi Gladyshev.

The University of Edinburgh named the Kenneth Denbigh Building at King's Buildings in his honour. They also offer a Kenneth Denbigh Scholarship to science students.

The School of Engineering of The University of Edinburgh awards the Kenneth Denbigh Medal in support of his scientific legacy. The Medal has been first established in 2023 and awarded during the 10th Heat Powered Cycles Conference.

Life

He was born in Luton on 30 May 1911 the son of George Denbigh, manager of Brothertons Chemical Works in Wakefield. He attended the University of Leeds graduating with a BSc in 1932. He then undertook his doctorate under Robert Whytlaw-Gray gaining a PhD in 1934. He worked for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) until 1938 when obtained a post of Lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Southampton.

In the Second World War he was taken back into industry, as head of the laboratories for the Royal Ordnance Factory at Bridgwater. This led him into his first hands-on experience with practical issues concerning thermodynamics.

In 1948 he received a post lecturing at the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Cambridge and this provided a stepping-stone to be Professor of Chemical Technology at the University of Edinburgh in 1955. This in turn took him to Imperial College, London in 1960. In 1966 his final move was to be principal of Queen Elizabeth College in London.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1965.

He died in London on 23 January 2004.

Family

He married Kathleen Enoch in 1935. They had two sons.

His son Jonathan Denbigh was also a scientist.

Publications

The Thermodynamics of the Steady State (1951)
Thermodynamics and the Sense of Time (1953)
The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium (1955)
Science, Industry and Social Policy (1963)
Chemical Reactor Theory (1965)
An Inventive Universe (1975)
Three Concepts of Time (1981)
Entropy in Relation to Incomplete Knowledge (1985) ,

References

1911 births
2004 deaths
People from Luton
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of Imperial College London
British chemists
20th-century non-fiction writers
Alan E. Willner. Alan E. Willner is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California.  He was also president of the Optical Society in 2016.

Willner is known for his research on optical fiber communications and free-space communications.  Willner's doctoral advisor was Richard M. Osgood Jr.

He is a recipient of the Paul F. Forman Engineering Excellence Award, Robert E. Hopkins Leadership Award, and several other distinctions.

Education
Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, 1988, Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science
BA, Yeshiva University

Memberships
In early 2016, he became a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is also an International Fellow of the U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; IEEE; National Academy of Inventors; the Optical Society (OSA); and SPIE. He received a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, the IEEE Eric Sumner Award, and a Presidential Faculty Fellows Award from the White House."

Willner was President of the OSA and editor in chief of several of their publications.

References

External links
Willner's home page.
Willner at Google Scholar.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American optical physicists
Laser researchers
Fellows of Optica (society)
Presidents of Optica (society)
University of Southern California faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Yeshiva University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the IEEE