omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Breathing bridge. A breathing bridge is a type of living root bridge handmade from the aerial roots of banyan trees from the region of Amazonas (Peru).

Nukak Makú indigenous tribes have been modelling the roots of these trees from centuries to cross above the streams that spontaneously appear during the wet season.  They first grow the trees along the river banks and after ten years when the roots are big enough they start assembling the bridge. Such a long-term project
cannot be completed in a lifetime, so the knowledge is passed over generations.  Some of these bridges will live for 500 years spanning over 100 feet (30 meters). Sustainable architecture that will live and grow for many generations.  It is one of the few worldwide ecological examples where human benefits themselves coping with nature without provoking any damage to the natural realm.

See also
Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge

References

Trestle bridges
Amazonas Region
Indigenous culture of South America
Footbridges
Free Bird Innovations. Free Bird Innovations, Inc. is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota and formed in about 2003. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of plans and kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft in the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category.

History
The two-seat Freebird II was introduced by the Freebird Airplane Company of Marshville, North Carolina at Sun 'n Fun in 1996. Two years later they brought out the single-seat Freebird I before going out of business. By 2000 both designs were being built by Pro Sport Aviation of Wingate, North Carolina, who also built a derivative single-seater, the Pro Sport Sportlite 103.

Free Bird Innovations took over the Freebird I and II designs and by 2004 was producing three derivative models, the single-seat Free Bird Sportlite 103 kit aircraft for the US FAR 103 ultralight category and the Free Bird Sportlite SS and Free Bird Sportlite 2 two-seaters. In 2007, they were building three further developed models, the single-seat Free Bird LiteSport Ultra and the two-seat Free Bird LiteSport II and Free Bird LiteSport Classic and continued those models through 2011. The LiteSport II model had been dropped by 2012.

Despite the LiteSport model name, none of the company's aircraft were ever listed by the US Federal Aviation Administration as light-sport aircraft.

The company had been developing a new model, the Freebird 103, originally projected for introduction in 2011, as a single seat US FAR 103 ultralight aircraft with a design empty weight under . The project received a setback when the lead project engineer, Eric Grina, was killed in a car accident in October 2011.

Aircraft

References

External links

Company website archives on Archive.org

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Pearl I. Young. Pearl Irma Young (1895 – 1968) became the first female technical employee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which evolved to become today's NASA. She became Chief Technical Editor at NACA's Langley Instrument Research Laboratory, and an engineering professor.

Early life and education
Pearl Irma Young was born October 12, 1895, in Minnesota. She grew up in North Dakota after leaving home at 11. She attended Jamestown College and the University of North Dakota. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1919 with honors, a Phi Beta Kappa key and a triple major in physics, chemistry and mathematics. She was hired by the university to teach physics in 1922.

Career
In 1922 Young was hired as a physicist by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and was assigned to the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory's Instrument Research Division under the direction of Henry J.E. Reid.  In 1929 Reid appointed Young as Langley's Chief Technical Editor. She established an office, hired staff and formed the research reports and official documents that communicated the extraordinary technical accomplishments of Langley. Young wrote NACA's Style Manual for Engineering Authors, a reference work which had lasting influence at Langley and elsewhere at NACA. In 1943, Young left the Langley lab to go to NACA's new Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, which became the NASA Lewis Research Center. In 1947 she went to Pennsylvania State University to be an assistant professor of engineering physics. She returned to the Lewis Research Center in 1958.

NACA was incorporated into NASA in 1958. Over her 28 years at the NACA and NASA, Young helped define the public image of the NACA and influenced the way the U.S. government's aeronautical engineers communicated in publication.  Young retired in 1961 from NASA, and taught physics for another year at Fresno State University. She then turned her full-time attentions to researching a biography of aviation pioneer Octave Chanute. Chanute is one of the most important figures in the history of aviation. In addition to his own experimentation with flight in the late 19th century, he was the "central disseminator of aeronautical developments around the world." She compiled her findings in various article and pamphlets.

Legacy
A theater at NASA Langley was named for Pearl Young in 1995.

Archives of Pearl Young's papers are at the Denver Public Library, the University of Wyoming, and at the University of North Dakota.

Works 
. The publisher printed 255 copies, of which 250 were for sale or distributed to various libraries. The 28-page booklet contains a short biography (3 pages) with the remainder listing writings and speeches by or about Chanute.
 Style Manual for Engineering Authors (NACA)

References 

NASA people
1895 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Scientists from North Dakota
University of North Dakota alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
American women physicists
20th-century American women scientists
University of North Dakota faculty
Dodge 100 "Kew". The Dodge 100 "Kew" was a range of trucks made from 1949 until 1957 by the American Dodge company at their British factory in Kew, London. The trucks were often nicknamed the "parrot nose" due to their distinctive shaped bonnets and grilles. Most of the trucks were powered by either Perkins diesel or Chrysler petrol engines. The cab body was built by Briggs Motor Bodies and was shared with the Ford Thames ET6 and Leyland Comet. They were featured in the 1957 film Hell Drivers.

In India, the same model was manufactured by Premier Automobiles Limited and production continued until the 1980s. Many were still in operation as of 2016 in some regions. Since the early 1970s it has been known as Premier Roadmaster for diesel versions and Pioneer for petrol versions, otherwise simply known as Fargo.

Gallery

References

100 "Kew"
Dodge UK
Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College. Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school located in Skelmersdale in the English county of Lancashire.

It is a voluntary aided school administered by Lancashire County Council and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool. The school is currently designated as a specialist Engineering College.

Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College offers GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils. The school also offers some vocational courses in conjunction with Myerscough College and West Lancashire College.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Lancashire
Schools in the Borough of West Lancashire
Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Liverpool
Voluntary aided schools in England
Skelmersdale
Boeing Phantom Badger. The Boeing Phantom Badger, or simply the Badger, is a combat support vehicle built by Boeing, in collaboration with MSI Defense Solutions. Designed for transport inside the V-22 Osprey, the Badger is notable for its size and versatility. Unlike previous vehicles and competing offers, the Badger's design is such that it avoids non-standard equipment, instead using already available hardware for construction. Although officially certified for use with United States Navy  aircraft, the Badger is also used by the United States Air Force as well as United States Marine Corps special operations.

The Badger is the second vehicle to fit into the MV-22 after the M1161 Growler ―  the Internally Transportable Light Strike Vehicle (ITV-LSV) also designed specifically for use with the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft.

Design
The Badger is designed with mission-specific rear modules that are attached with six bolts at six connection points that can be interchanged on the field in 30 minutes or less. Interchangeable modular mission capabilities include reconnaissance, combat search and rescue, casualty transport and explosive ordnance disposal in addition to mounts for weapons like a .50-caliber machine gun and 40mm automatic grenade launcher.

References

External links
 Boeing Phantom Badger

All-wheel-drive vehicles
Military trucks of the United States
Off-road vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Military light utility vehicles
Post–Cold War armored fighting vehicles of the United States
Vehicles designed for aircraft carriage
Edmund Cranch. Edmund Titus Cranch was an American engineering educator and academic administrator who served two terms as chair of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at Cornell, and as dean of the Cornell University College of Engineering from 1972 to 1978. He was the 12th president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) from 1978-1985.

Biography 

Dr. Cranch grew up in Westfield, New Jersey. After receiving his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Cornell University in 1945, he served as an engineering officer in U.S. Navy and earned his master's degree in mechanical engineering through the U.S. Navy’s wartime V-12 officer training program. He worked for Bell Labs briefly as an electromechanical design and development staff member before he returned to Cornell to pursue his graduate studies. He earned a PhD in mechanics, mathematics, and applied physics in 1951. He started his academic career as an assistant professor in Cornell College of Engineering. He served two terms as chair of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and as associate dean of graduate study and research in 1967. In 1972 he was named dean of the College of Engineering. He served in that capacity until he was named president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1978. During his WPI tenure, he oversaw extensive campus expansion and doubled its revenue and endowment. In 1985, Cranch was elected president of the American Society for Engineering Education, which honored him as a fellow in 1993. He was a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a member of Tau Beta Pi honorary engineering fraternity, president of the Cornell chapter of Sigma Xi and a member of the Society for Experimental Mechanics.

References

2015 deaths
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Cornell University faculty
Worcester Polytechnic Institute faculty
Presidents of Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Fellows of the American Society for Engineering Education
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Faradaic impedance. In electrochemistry, faradaic impedance is the resistance and capacitance acting jointly at the surface of an electrode of an electrochemical cell.   The cell may be operating as either a galvanic cell generating an electric current or inversely as an electrolytic cell using an electric current to drive a chemical reaction.  In the simplest nontrivial case faradaic impedance is modeled as a single resistor and single capacitor connected in parallel, as opposed say to in series or as a transmission line with multiple resistors and capacitors.

Mechanism

The resistance arises from the prevailing limitations on availability (local concentration) and mobility of the ions whose motion between the electrolyte and the electrode constitutes the faradaic current.  The capacitance is that of the capacitor formed by the electrolyte and the electrode, separated by the Debye screening length and giving rise to the double-layer capacitance at the electrolyte-electrode interface.  When the supply of ions does not meet the demand created by the potential the resistance increases, the effect being that of a constant current source or sink, and the cell is then said to be polarized at that electrode.  The extent of polarization, and hence the faradaic impedance, can be controlled by varying the concentration of electrolyte ions and the temperature, by stirring the electrolyte, etc.  The chemistry of the electrolyte-electrode interface is also a crucial factor.

Electrodes constructed as smooth planar sheets of metal have the least surface area.  The area can be increased by using a woven mesh or porous or sintered metals.  In this case faradaic impedance may be more appropriately modeled as a transmission line consisting of resistors in series coupled by capacitors in parallel.

Dielectric spectroscopy

Over the past two decades faradaic impedance has emerged as the basis for an important technique in a form of spectral analysis applicable to a wide variety of materials.  This technique depends on the capacitive component of faradaic impedance.  Whereas the resistive component is independent of frequency and can be measured with DC, the impedance of the capacitive component is infinite at DC (zero admittance) and decreases inversely with frequency of an applied AC signal.  Varying this frequency while monitoring the faradaic impedance provides a method of spectral analysis of the composition of the materials at the electrode-electrolyte interface, in particular their electric dipole moment in the role of dielectric of a capacitor.  The technique yields insights into battery design, the performance of novel fuel cell designs, biomolecular interactions, etc.

See also

 Dielectric spectroscopy
 Electrochemical cell
 Faradaic current

References 

Electrochemistry
Tom Linebarger. Norman Thomas Linebarger (born January 24, 1963) is an American businessman in the diesel engine industry.

Education
Linebarger has joint undergraduate degrees in management engineering from Claremont McKenna College and mechanical engineering from Stanford University. He has an MSc in manufacturing systems from the School of Engineering and an MBA from the Graduate School of Business.

Career
Linebarger began his career as an investment analyst and investment manager at Prudential Financial. He then took an internship at Cummins, joining the company full-time in 1993. During this time he held a variety of roles, including product manager of Fuel Systems Plant, then managing 60-member staff.

Since 2012, Linebarger has served as chairman and chief executive officer of Cummins. Previous positions held at the firm include executive vice president, then president, of Power Generation Business; vice president; chief financial officer; and vice president of Supply Chain Management. He was also one of the "100 CEO leaders in STEM" by STEMblog.

Boards
In 2008, Linebarger joined the Harley Davidson board of directors. He also sits on the Board at the Energy Systems Network. Linebarger is a principal of the American Energy Innovation Council.

Personal life
Born in Los Altos, California, Linebarger is married to Michele. They have two daughters.

References

1963 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Indiana
Cummins people
Harley-Davidson people
People from Los Altos, California
Claremont McKenna College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Karosa C 834. Karosa C 834 is an intercity bus produced from 1997 to 1999 by bus manufacturer Karosa from the Czech Republic. It was succeeded by Karosa C 934 in 1999.

Construction features 
Karosa C 834 is basic model of Karosa 800 series. C 834 is based on its predecessor, Karosa C 734 and is unified with city bus models B 832 and B 841. Body is semi-self-supporting with frame and engine with manual gearbox in the rear part. Only rear axle is propulsed. Front axle is independent, rear axle is solid. All axles are mounted on air suspension. 
On the right side are two doors. Between the axles underneath the bodywork is luggage compartment volume of 3.5 m³. Hot water heating is efficient at temperatures lower than 0 °C, however, the problem of the whole bus is heat. Difficulties are also vented at high temperatures, since the sliding parts are located in only two windows on the right side and three on the left. Airstream ventilation from two fans can not effectively exchange air. Seats for passengers are spaced as 2 + 2 with the central aisle. Drivers cab is not separated from the rest of the vehicle.

Production and operation 
Production of buses C 834 began in 1997 (after end of production 700 series) and was completed in 1999, when it began to be to the countries of the former Soviet Union exported buses from 900 series. Production 800 Series, and therefore the type C 834, began because of problems with the approval of the new 900 series buses in these states. A total of 36 buses C 834 was made.
The vast majority of C 834 was intended to export in the former Soviet Union. Due to financial problems of some buyers C 834 appeared also in  Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.

Historical vehicles

See also 

 List of buses

Buses manufactured by Karosa
Buses of the Czech Republic
Gearbox bicycle. A gearbox bicycle is a bicycle that uses a gearbox to convert torque and rotational speed from the power source, usually the rider's legs, to what is desired at the drive wheel. The gearbox is usually incorporated into the frame near the crank, and it may be used in addition to or instead of derailleur gears or a hub gear. Cited advantages include improved shifting performance, protecting the gearing from damage and exposure to dirt and moisture, as with hub gears, plus locating the additional mass between the two wheels and on the frame where it may be suspended, unlike with hub gears.

History 
Patents for built-in systems to change gear ratios appeared as early as 1890. Adler offered a three-speed gearbox bicycle in the 1930s. Several attempts to develop gearbox bicycles during the 2000s for downhill racing, such as the Honda RN-01 G-cross, incorporated complete derailleur gear drive trains in an enclosure. Around the same time Schlumpf Innovations and Hammerschmidt offered cranksets with two different gear ratios and just one chainring. Pinion launched their spur-gear system in the 2010s.

Methods 
At least three different gearing techniques have been employed.
Epicyclic gears, as in hub gears.
Spur gears, as in most automobile transmissions.
Derailleur gears, as on many bicycles, but fully enclosed.

See also 
Bicycle drivetrain systems

Gallery

References 

Cycle types
Drivetrain
drivetrains
Silver Lake (Pittsfield, Massachusetts). Silver Lake is a lake in Pittsfield, Massachusetts that has had environmental concerns and been subject to a clean-up effort by both the city  of Pittsfield and the EPA.

Location  
Silver Lake is bounded to north by Silver Lake Boulevard and Fourth Street, and the west and south by residential and commercial properties. It is approximately  large with a maximum water depth of about .

Environmental 
The lake currently receives storm water flow from several City outfalls and one NPDES-permitted outfall. The NPDES-permitted outfall receives storm water from a portion of the GE Plant Area that has been transferred to PEDA. Silver Lake drains to the Housatonic River by an underground  diameter, concrete, culvert pipe located near the intersection of Fenn Street and East Street. Two significant oil spills have occurred in the lake, and garbage, sewage and PCBs have been dumped into it. The lake caught fire in 1923 due to the pollution.

Cleanup 
The long-polluted lake has undergone a massive cleanup (July 2012 – December 2013) and has opened as a park to the public with water safe enough for activities like fishing and boating. Recently re-mediated Silver Lake is a recreational asset to the city, according to local officials, fit for picnics, boating and fishing. GE submits annual reports regarding the details of all of the inspection, monitoring and maintenance activities that occurred within the Silver Lake Area Removal Action Area over the course of a given year.

References 

EPA Cleanups: GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Site

External links 
2014 Annual Monitoring Report Silver Lake Area, prepared by the EPA

Lakes of Massachusetts
Lakes of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Airsport Song. The Airsport Song is a Czech ultralight aircraft, designed by Marek Ivanov and produced by Airsport of Zbraslavice.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the LTF-L 120 kg, US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles and English SSDR categories. It features a cantilever low-wing, twin-booms, a single seat enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The Song has been produced in both a twin–tail and inverted V-tail layout. In most configurations, the Song includes a Galaxy GRS 3/270 ballistic parachute rescue system.

The Song is made from composites. Its polyhedral wing comes in two optional spans:  (with flaperons) and  (with ailerons and either spoilers or flaps). Standard engines available are the  Bailey V5 four-stroke and the  Verner JCV 360 four-stroke powerplant. 

Randall Fishman of Electric Aircraft Corporation produces an electric-powered version of the Song, the Electric Aircraft Corporation ElectraFlyer-ULS.

Specifications (Song SW-V)

References

External links

2000s Czech ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Airsport aircraft
Gemini Guidance Computer. The Gemini Guidance Computer (sometimes Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer (OBC)) was a digital, serial computer designed for Project Gemini, America's second human spaceflight project. The computer, which facilitated the control of mission maneuvers, was designed by the IBM Federal Systems Division.

Functionality 

Project Gemini was the first with an on-board computer, as Project Mercury was controlled by computers on Earth. The Gemini Guidance Computer was responsible for the following functions:

 Ascent – serves as a backup guidance system. The switchover is manually controlled by the astronauts
 Orbital flight – gives the astronauts the capacity to navigate, allowing them to choose a safe landing spot in an emergency and calculate the timing of retrofire (on extended missions ground data may become unavailable when ground data network rotates out of the orbital plane).
 Rendezvous – serves as primary reference by providing guidance information to the astronauts. The orbit parameters are determined by the ground tracking which are then sent to the spacecraft; the guidance computer was responsible for processing the information along with sensed spacecraft attitude. The information was presented to the astronauts in terms of spacecraft coordinates.
 Reentry – feeds commands directly to the reentry control system for automatic reentry or provides the guidance information to the astronauts for manual reentry.

Specs 
 The computer was architecturally similar to the Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, in particular in the instruction set; however its circuit integration was less advanced. The GGC weighed 58.98 pounds (26.75 kg) and was powered by 28V DC. During a short power outage it could be powered by the Auxiliary Computer Power Unit (ACPU)
 39-bit words memory, each composed of three 13-bit syllables
 Ferrite core memory of 4,096 words
 Two's complement integer arithmetic
 7.143 kilohertz clock (140 μs per instruction); all instructions took a single cycle except for multiplication and division

See also
 Apollo Guidance Computer

References

External links 

 Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer (OBC)
 Gemini Program Overview
 IBM and the Gemini Program

Project Gemini
Guidance computers
IBM avionics computers
Spacecraft navigation instruments