omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
List of free electronics circuit simulators. List of free analog and digital electronic circuit simulators, available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and comparing against UC Berkeley SPICE.  The following table is split into two groups based on whether it has a graphical visual interface or not.  The latter requires a separate program to provide that feature, such as Qucs-S, Oregano, or a schematic design application that supports external simulators, such as KiCad or gEDA.

 Table notes
 Xyce - limited experimental support for Verilog and VHDL

See also

 List of HDL simulators for VHDL, Verilog, SystemVerilog, ...
 Espresso heuristic logic minimizer, such as Logic Friday
 Comparison of EDA software
 List of instruction set simulators
 List of electrical engineering software

References

Free simulation software
Electronics circuit simulators (free)
Deep underground. is a Japanese concept for the public use of deep underground, enabled by a 2001 law. It was first thought of in the late 1980s as Japan faced ever-increasing land values in the economic bubble, to allow the use of heretofore-unused deep underground for necessary water and utility ducts and other city tunnels.

However, due to technical difficulties in ventilation, emergency procedures and other safety-related issues and the relatively high cost, no projects using deep underground have been completed as of 2010.

Definition
 Depth greater than 40 meters or
 Depth 10 meters greater than the layer on which deep foundation rests
In the case of public use, no compensation to the land owner is required.

Projects using the law
 Underground water mains in Kobe (Chūō-ku, Kobe)
 Project approved on June 19, 2007 (first ever in Japan).
 Tokyo Gaikan Expressway (Tōmei Junction - Ōizumi Junction/Interchange)
 Project status elevated to construction stage on April 27, 2009.

Projects anticipated to use the law
 Capacity expansion of Chūō Main Line (extension of Keiyō Line from Tokyo Station to Mitaka Station)
 Extension of Tsukuba Express from Akihabara Station to Tokyo Station
 Chūō Shinkansen (a total of 100 km of deep underground track in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka areas)
 Hanshin Expressway Route 2 Yodogawa-Sagan Line third phase (extension from Toyosaki, Kita-ku, Osaka to Hiejima, Kadoma)

External links
 Law on Special Measures for the Public Use of Deep Underground (大深度地下の公共的使用に関する特別措置法 dai-shindo chika no kōkyō-teki shiyō ni kansuru tokubetsu sochihō or 大深度地下使用法 dai-shindo chika shiyōhō)
 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism page on the utilization of deep underground
 Group plans to bury Tokyo's elevated 'shuto'

Civil engineering
Jenkins Airport. Jenkins Airport  is a public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Wyoming, a town in Kent County, Delaware, United States. It is privately owned by Joe C. Jenkins.

Facilities and aircraft 
Jenkins Airport covers an area of 60 acres (24 ha) at an elevation of 53 feet (16 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway, which has a turf surface: runway 12/30 is 2,035 by 70 feet (620 x 21 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 60 aircraft operations, all general aviation, an average of 5 per month. This is down from 1,400 operations in 2011. At that time, there were 20 aircraft based at this airport: 18 single-engine airplanes, 1 multi-engine airplane, and 1 glider.

The airport does not have a fixed-base operator, and no fuel is available.

See also 
 List of airports in Delaware

References

External links 
  at Delaware DOT website
 Aerial image as of March 1992 from USGS The National Map
 

Transportation in Kent County, Delaware
Buildings and structures in Kent County, Delaware
Airports in Delaware
Aviation in Delaware
Stage (hydrology). In hydrology, stage is the water level in a river or stream with respect to a chosen reference height. It is commonly measured in units of feet. Stage is important because direct measurements of river discharge are very difficult while water surface elevation measurements are comparatively easy. In order to convert stage into discharge, a rating curve is needed. Hydrologists can use a combination of tracer studies, observations of high water marks, numerical modeling, and/or satellite or aerial photography.

See also
 Hydraulic head
 Stream gauge

References

Hydrology
Vertical position
Circular rampart. A circular rampart () is an embankment built in the shape of a circle that was used as part of the defences for a military fortification, hill fort or refuge, or was built for religious purposes or as a place of gathering.

The period during which these structures were built ranged from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages.

Construction

The key feature of a circular rampart is that the embankment formed the primary element of the defensive fortification. It can be constructed in various ways: as a simple earth embankment, as a wood and earth structure, or as a wall. Circular ramparts usually have a moat or ditch in front of them; the embankment can be enhanced with a wooden palisade. They are mostly found on lowlands, but sometimes encircle the summit of a hill. Often several concentric rings were built, which produced a more effective defensive position against attackers. The interior of such sites often shows evidence of buildings such as halls, barns, and other secondary structures.

Locations

Circular ramparts are found in north and western Europe, for example, in Denmark, Estonia, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands; in central Europe, in Austria and Switzerland; in southeastern Europe in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine; and also in the United States. They are often hidden in woods and discovered by aerial photography. Archaeological profiles through the defences and excavations of the interior enable analysis of the period the site was occupied, the pottery used and the type of food consumed.

Notable circular ramparts

 Aggersborg, near Aggersund, Denmark
 Circular rampart of Burg, near Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany
 The Donnersberg, near Rockenhausen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
 Castle Dore, Cornwall, England
 Fyrkat, Denmark
 Gråborg, built in stages between years 500–1100, Öland, Sweden
 The Heidenmauer near Bad Dürkheim, Germany
 Nanih Waiya, a Choctaw mound, Winston County, USA
 The circular rampart at Old Basing, Hampshire, England
 Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen, Saarland, Germany
 Saxon rampart on the Marienberg near Nordstemmen, Germany
 Varbola Stronghold largest circular rampart fortress built in Estonia (10th – 12th century)
 Viking ring fortress of Trelleborg, Sweden

See also

References

Literature
 Radig, Dr. Werner (1935). "Die Burgwälle Ostthüringens" in Die Fundpflege. Yr 3, Issue 2/3 (June 1935), pp. 9–15.
 Orser, Charles E., Encyclopedia of historical archaeology,  Routledge, 11 April 2002,

External links
 Trelleborg circular fortress in Denmark
 Castle Dore in Cornwall, England
 Old Basing, Hampshire, England

Archaeological sites
Fortifications by type
Stone Age
Medieval defences
Canaero Toucan. The Canaero Toucan is a Canadian high-wing, two seats in tandem, twin engine push-pull configuration, twin-boom ultralight kit aircraft that was produced from 1983 to the late 1980s by Canaero Dynamics Aircraft of Rexdale, Ontario.

The Toucan greatly resembles an ultralight Cessna Skymaster.

Design and development
The Toucan design work started in January 1983 and was completed in April of the same year, with the first flight of the prototype in September 1983. Construction of the first pre-production aircraft was started in July 1985 with the first production aircraft flying in January 1986.

Four prototypes/pre-production aircraft were completed, which were followed by a run of twelve Toucans, all completed by June 1986. A second batch of 25 aircraft were planned to have been completed by November 1986 as well.

The Toucan design features a strut-braced high wing built from aluminum covered with aircraft fabric. The wing's leading edge is of "D" cell construction and has fiberglass wing tips. Flight controls are conventional three-axis with full-span flaperons and  twin rudders. The fuselage is constructed from welded 4130 steel tube. When originally delivered an airframe parachute was standard.

The landing gear is of tricycle gear configuration with the main gear legs of sprung steel and brakes are standard equipment. Wheel pants, skis and pontoons were optional.

The original engines were  Rotax 277s with  Rotax 377 engines as optional, although some aircraft have been modified with larger engines.

Operational history

In Canada Toucans are registered as basic ultralights which prohibits passenger-carrying. Both seats can only be occupied by a student and instructor or two licensed pilots.

In November 2016 there were still five Toucans registered in Canada.

Aircraft on display
 Alberta Aviation Museum - in long term storage (2019)

Specifications (Toucan T-IV)

References

External links

Twin-boom aircraft
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
1980s Canadian ultralight aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
Ammonium thiocyanate. Ammonium thiocyanate is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is an ammonium salt of thiocyanic acid. It consists of ammonium cations  and thiocyanate anions .

Uses
Ammonium thiocyanate is used in the manufacture of herbicides, thiourea, and transparent artificial resins; in matches; as a stabilizing agent in photography; in various rustproofing compositions; as an adjuvant in textile dyeing and printing; as a tracer in oil fields; in the separation of hafnium from zirconium (important for the production of hafnium-free zircalloy for use in nuclear fuel cladding), and in titrimetric analyses.

In May 1945, USAAF General Victor E. Betrandias advanced a proposal to his superior General Arnold to use of ammonium thiocyanate to reduce rice crops in Japan as part of the bombing raids on their country.

Ammonium thiocyanate can also be used to determine the iron content in soft drinks by colorimetry.

Ammonium thiocyanate may also be used to separate quinidine, from liquors, after the isolation of quinine from the neutral, aqueous, sulphate solution. The salt is added to the hot solution and the gummy solid that forms is strained off from the liquid. The solid is then refluxed with methanol, which dissolves most of the impurities, leaving the quinidine thiocyanate as a crystalline solid of 90 - 95% purity. Following separation, (usually by centrifuge) the solid may then be further purified to pharmaceutical quality. (Quinidine is used for the treatment of heart arrhythmia and therefore has considerable value.)

Preparation
Ammonium thiocyanate is made by the reaction of carbon disulfide with aqueous ammonia. Ammonium dithiocarbamate is formed as an intermediate in this reaction, which upon heating, decomposes to ammonium thiocyanate and hydrogen sulfide:

Reactions
Ammonium thiocyanate is stable in air; however, upon heating it isomerizes to thiourea:

The equilibrium mixtures at 150 °C and 180 °C contain 30.3% and 25.3% (by weight) thiourea, respectively. When heated at 200 °C, the dry powder decomposes to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide, leaving a residue of guanidinium thiocyanate.

 is weakly acidic due to the ammonium ion; it reacts with alkali hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to form sodium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate, along with water and ammonia. The thiocyanate anion, specifically, reacts with ferric salts to form a deep-red ferric thiocyanate complex:

Ammonium thiocyanate reacts with several metal ions including copper, silver, zinc, lead, and mercury, forming their thiocyanate precipitates, which may be extracted into organic solvents.

References

 A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984. 

Thiocyanates
Ammonium compounds
Chemical anti-agriculture weapons
Cyber Studio. Cyber Studio CAD-3D (or just CAD-3D) is a 3D modeling and animation package developed by Tom Hudson for the Atari ST computer and published by Antic Software. The package is a precursor to 3D Studio Max.

CAD-3D is a basic polygonal 3D modeling and rendering program. An operator can assemble a scene out of geometric primitives or custom extruded or lathed objects. Various view ports are available to adjust lighting and camera positioning. The limited rendering functionality allows for flat shading in 16 shades. Rendered images can be exported in Degas Elite or NEOChrome format.

By making changes between rendering separate cels, CAD-3D can be used for simple animations. Without its scripting extension Cyber Control changes have to be made by hand.

History 
The first version was published in 1986 titled CAD-3D. It still lacked advanced modeling features (boolean subtraction) and any animation.

In early 1987 Tom Hudson extended the application and it was renamed 'Cyber Studio CAD-3D v.2.02 '. The name Cyber Studio was proposed by Antic Software publisher Gary Yost due to his interest in William Gibson's seminal 1984 book "Neuromancer" which had introduced the term Cyberspace to describe a virtual 3D environment.  As of 1987 the software was packaged together with Cybermate, a Forth-based authoring language written by Tektronix engineer Mark Kimball, the creator of the StereoTek liquid crystal shutter 3D glasses that Antic Software sold as an add-on to Cyber Studio. Cybermate was used to edit, sequence and present the animation files along with sound. The scripts allowed an operator to control when and how fast a video or audio segment played and whether it should loop. In combination with the other scripting language, CyberControl, users were capable to create video animations up to five minutes long. Jim Kent wrote Cyber Paint, a 2D animation program that brought together a wide variety of animation and paint functionality and the delta-compressed animation format developed for CAD-3D.

Extensions 
Antic Software published a variety of related Cyber-products to extend the software's functionality:
 Cyberpaint - A Cell-based 2D-painting and animation software
 CyberControl - Scripting language for CyberStudio CAD-3D
 CyberSculpt - An extended modeling software
 CyberTexture - A texturing extension

References

1986 software
Animation software
Atari ST software
Second Coen Tunnel. The Second Coen Tunnel is a tunnel under the North Sea Canal, next to the Coen Tunnel in Amsterdam. The tunnel was built in combination with a new highway connection, the Westrandweg, to the A5 motorway. The tunnel consists of 3 fixed lanes and two reversible lanes, which are opened in the direction where traffic is the heaviest. The goal of the Second Coen Tunnel is to lighten congestion which occurs before the original Coen Tunnel on the A8 motorway in the morning and the A10-West motorway in the evening. This greatly increases the accessibility of Amsterdam from the north of the Netherlands.

The Second Coen Tunnel was procured under a Public-private partnership model under a DBFM structure (Design Build Finance & Maintain). The project was awarded to a consortium consisting of French group Vinci Concessions, CFE, Dredging International, Besix, Dura Vermeer, TBI Bouwgroep and Arcadis. The consortium was advised by financial advisors RebelGroup and Rabobank, with Clifford Chance acting as legal advisor in the project.

Total costs of the project are estimated at 1.2 billion euros and construction started on September 7, 2009. The tunnel was officially opened on July 21, 2014.

References

External links

Road tunnels in the Netherlands
Immersed tube tunnels in the Netherlands
Exzisus. Exzisus is a 1987 horizontally scrolling shooter released in arcades in Japan by Taito and published overseas by TAD Corporation. The player controls a giant robot that can transform into a space-ship or be accompanied by robotic animal helpers in an attempt to free four planets from a mechanical enemy.

Gameplay
Players control a giant flying robot that can walk along the surface of each level as well as crouch. The robot is equipped with bombs to fire from its back and guns to shoot simultaneously. By collecting A items, the robot can transform into a ship which had the advantage of adding one extra point of health and increasing speed. However, once the player transforms into the ship, the ship can not brush against the surface of the level or it would count as a hit. Despite that, the surface will disappear during boss fights, yet the ship and its bombs can still detect it, though the ship will not be damaged by it.

Any mechanical animals assisting the player during the robot form will converge with the robot once the A item was collected, combining their firepower. The levels contain checkpoints, though an on-screen map also shows the player how close to the end they are. While destroying enemy waves, there is always a midsection composed of various barriers that the player needs to avoid getting hit by such as asteroids and ice-blocks. During a boss fight, the map will change to the boss' health meter. Extra lives are awarded with every 100,000 points.

Legacy
Exzisus was included in compilations of Taito arcade games: Taito Memories II Joukan for the PlayStation 2 in Japan and Taito Legends for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows in North America and Europe.

References

External links
Exzisus at Arcade History

1987 video games
Arcade video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Taito arcade games
Video games developed in Japan
TAD Corporation games
Rashid Ahmad bin Fahad. Rashid Ahmad bin Fahad () was born in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, in 1964. He was the Minister of Environment & Water from February 2008 to February 2016.

References

1964 births
Emirati civil engineers
Emirati chemical engineers
Living people
People from Dubai
Environment ministers of the United Arab Emirates
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
United Arab Emirates University alumni
Northeastern University alumni
Mad Dog Knives. Mad Dog Knives is a custom  knifemaking facility headed by Kevin McClung, a former Senior Materials Scientist at the American Rocket Company, Mad Dog Knives is based in Prescott, Arizona.  Mad Dog Knives made the fixed-blade knife known as the ATAK, used by Naval Special Warfare Groups 1 and 2 after the "SEAL Trials" of 1992.  Mad Dog Knives are typically made from selectively tempered, hand ground O1 Tool Steel with a hardchrome plating to protect the blade.

Materials and design
Mad Dog Knives makes tactical fixed-blade knives, originally using Starrett 496-O1 high carbon tool steel and later switching to Precision Marshall Presco American Made 01, which is given a proprietary heat treatment.  This process includes hardening, stress relieving, and selectively tempering the blade. As a result, the blades have an edge hardness of 62-63 on the Rockwell C scale whereas the tip, spine, and tang have a Rockwell hardness of 50-54. This heat treatment was devised to develop phenomenal edge retention while preventing tip breakage and maintaining a degree of flexibility on the softer spine to improve the toughness of the knife. The blades are coated with a layer of hard chrome as a method of abrasion and corrosion resistance.

Mad Dog Knives utilizes a proprietary glass/epoxy composite material for the handle material of its knives. This material can withstand long term heat in excess of 149 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit), a tractive force of 79,000 psi, current of 1,000 volts per mil (0.001") of thickness and is impervious to salt water, diesel oil, benzine and other caustic/corrosive fluids.  Mad Dog Knives utilizes Kydex 100 ® as a sheath material. 

Mad Dog Knives has made ceramic MIRAGE X blades and blades from other non-metallic materials for EOD and other military usage.  These knives are not available for sale to the general public.

Military models

Mad Dog Knives won the 1992 "SEAL Trials" to supply Naval Special Warfare Groups 1 and 2 with a fixed blade knife.  This knife is the ATAK (Advanced Tactical Assault Knife) and Mad Dog Knives received a U.S. Navy Sole Source Justification for its manufacture. The ATAK is the only knife in US Military history justified as such.

In the media
Mad Dog Knives have been described as weapons in Richard Marcinko's Rogue Warrior novels and were props in Steven Seagal's movie Under Siege 2: Dark Territory.  One of the knives used in the movie was later sold at a Safari Club International fund raiser for $10,000.

References

Knife manufacturing companies
manufacturing companies based in Arizona
Prescott, Arizona
New Holland Construction. New Holland Construction is a multinational construction machinery manufacturer founded in New Holland, Pennsylvania, and now based in Turin, Italy. New Holland Construction produces construction equipment including backhoes, excavators and loaders. Originally formed as the New Holland Machine Company in 1895, the company is now owned by CNH Industrial N. V., a company incorporated in the Netherlands.

History 
New Holland Construction was founded in 1895 in New Holland, Pennsylvania; in 2005 New Holland Construction Brand was created with a global full-line product offering. Since 1999, New Holland is a brand of CNH, which was demerged from Fiat Group to Fiat Industrial at the start of 2011.

Operations 
New Holland equipment is built all around the world; the headquarters is in Turin, Italy and with ten plants and ten research and development centers spread globally, more than 800 dealers and 2,100 outlets. It is present in 100 countries worldwide.

New Holland produces thirteen product families, five in the heavy range and eight in the light range; products include dozers, miniexcavators, graders, wheel loaders, crawler excavators, backhoe loaders, skid steer loaders.

Factories
CNH Industrial manufactures equipment under the New Holland brand in factories in

Gallery

Marketing 
From 2007 to 2010, the brand was the shirt sponsor for Juventus FC

See also 
 New Holland Agriculture

References

External links

CNH Industrial
Construction equipment manufacturers of Italy
Manufacturing companies based in Turin
Turin motor companies
Family-owned companies of Italy
1895 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1895