omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Virophysics. Virophysics is a branch of biophysics in which the theoretical concepts and experimental techniques of physics are applied to study the mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virions and cells.

Overview 
Research in virophysics typically focuses on resolving the physical structure and structural properties of viruses, the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, their population kinetics over the course of an infection, and the emergence and evolution of various strains. The common aim of these efforts is to establish a set of models (expressions or laws) that quantitatively describe the details of all processes involved in viral infections with reliable predictive power. Having such a quantitative understanding of viruses would not only rationalize the development of strategies to prevent, guide, or control the course of viral infections, but could also be used to exploit virus processes and put virus to work in areas such as nanosciences, materials, and biotechnologies.

Traditionally, in vivo and in vitro experimentation has been the only way to study viral infections. This approach for deriving knowledge based solely on experimental observations relies on common-sense assumptions (e.g., a higher virus count means a fitter virus). These assumptions often go untested due to difficulties controlling individual components of these complex systems without affecting others. The use of mathematical models and computer simulations to describe such systems, however, makes it possible to deconstruct an experimental system into individual components and determine how the pieces combine to create the infection we observe.

Virophysics has large overlaps with other fields. For example, the modelling of infectious disease dynamics is a popular research topic in mathematics, notably in applied mathematics or mathematical biology. While most modelling efforts in mathematics have focused on elucidating the dynamics of spread of infectious diseases at an epidemiological scale (person-to-person), there is also important work being done at the cellular scale (cell-to-cell). Virophysics focuses almost exclusively on the single-cell or multi-cellular scale, utilizing physical models to resolve the temporal and spatial dynamics of viral infection spread within a cell culture (in vitro), an organ (ex vivo or in vivo) or an entire host (in vivo).

References

External links

Related meetings/conferences 
 Virophysics 2015
 2nd Workshop on Virus Dynamics

Biophysics
Virology
Kathleen Nichols. Kathleen Nichols is an American computer scientist and computer networking expert. Nichols is the founder and CEO of Pollere, Inc, a network architecture and performance company based in California, US. Before founding Pollere, Nichols was VP of Network Science at Packet Design, where she was part of the founding team. Prior to Packet Design she was director of advanced Internet architectures in the Office of CTO at Cisco Systems.

Education and background 

Nichols holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering and computer sciences from University of California, Berkeley, and a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. She has held several advanced architecture and research positions at Pollere, Cisco, Bay Networks, Com21, Philips Research Labs, Apple Computer, and AT&T Bell Labs. In addition, she was co-chair of the IETF Differentiated Services Working Group, has held several positions with the IEEE Hot Interconnects Symposium, and has been a guest editor of both IEEE Software and IEEE Micro.

Research 

Nichols' research focuses on networking and Internet performance. She has written about the problem of bufferbloat, which can lead to failure with Transmission Control Protocol congestion-avoidance algorithms. Bufferbloat causes problems such as high and variable latency, network bottlenecks, and dropped packets. As a buffer becomes full of packets for one TCP stream, packets from other network flows are dropped. The buffers then take some time to drain, before the TCP connection ramps back up to speed and then floods the buffers again. 

When the bufferbloat problem is present and the network is under load, even normal web page loads can take many seconds to complete, and simple DNS queries can fail due to timeouts.

Beyond bufferbloat, Nichols has also published additional research on how to control queueing delay, how to improve network simulation with feedback, and how to navigate complexity to achieve high performance. 
 From September 1984 to December 1985, Nichols was an assistant professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Oregon State University.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
21st-century American women
MegaBots Inc.. MegaBots Inc. was an American startup company headquartered in Hayward, California that created giant robots and real-world mecha for robotic sports competitions.

In June 2015, MegaBots challenged Japan-based Suidobashi Heavy Industry to the world's first giant robot duel. Suidobashi accepted the challenge on the condition that the fight include melee combat. In 2017, the company premiered a scripted version of the duel on Twitch TV, which ended in victory for the MegaBots team.

In 2019, Matt Oehrlein declared MegaBots had run out of money. 
The same year, the company liquidated its assets, selling off its giant robot Eagle Prime on eBay.

History
MegaBots was co-founded in 2014 by Gui Cavalcanti, Matt Oehrlein, and Andrew Stroup (and follow-on co-founder Brinkley Warren in 2015) with the vision to start an international robot fighting sports league.

The company premiered the Mark II ("Iron Glory") robot at Maker Faire in 2015. The company then went on to raise a seed round of $3.85M dollars from investors including Autodesk, DCM, Maveron, Azure Capital, and AME Cloud Ventures. In August 2015, MegaBots announced plans to upgrade its Mark II robot with melee capabilities by raising funds through a Kickstarter campaign and partnering with Howe and Howe Technologies, NASA, and IHMC. MegaBots launched a YouTube web series at Techcrunch Disrupt 2016. The series followed the progress of the team as they upgraded the Mark II robot to take on the Kuratas. The company won Best in Show at the 2017 LAUNCH Startup Festival and announced a total subscriber base of more than 250k, 20M+ video views, 29 billion press mentions, and an advertising equivalency value of $270M, which is one third of the brand value of the Transformers franchise during the period since MegaBots was founded. The company also announced its plans to launch spin-offs of the MegaBots entertainment brand in verticals such live events, sponsorship, TV/Digital, and merchandising. The company premiered the Mk.III ("Eagle Prime") robot at Maker Faire Bay Area in 2017 and the robot was featured on Jay Leno's Garage.

After the company encountered complications while producing the world's first giant robot duel in Japan, at the request of Suidobashi Heavy Industries; a scripted version of the duel was filmed and was premiered on Amazon's Twitch TV in October 2017, with MegaBots winning in two rounds over Suidobashi. The match has since been viewed over 8.9M times and received a Guinness World Record in the category of "Largest Robots to Fight".

In September 2019, the company had run out of money. Their assets were liquidated and the Eagle Prime robot that cost the company $2,500,000 to build was sold on eBay for $29,900.

References

External links
 Official Web Site

Manufacturing companies based in Oakland, California
Mecha companies
Ahmed Majan. Ahmed Majan (born  1963) is an Emirati inventor. Majan is a retired army major in the UAE Armed Forces who obtained an engineering degree in Greece.

Inventions

His inventions include a "smart saddle" for racehorse training which contains solar-powered electronic devices that measure the heart rate of the animal being trained, the rider's weight, a compass and a location tracker, a device to cool the animal's body temperature during exercise in warm climates, and a hidden camera.

Awards

, his inventions have won a total of fourteen awards at the British Invention Show (British Inventors Society) in London (2013, six medals), the International Trade Fair for Ideas, Inventions and New Products (IENA) in Nuremberg (2014, four medals), and the International Exhibition of Inventions in Geneva (2015, four medals). He is in the Guinness Book of World Records for building the world's largest bicycle. Majan is also one of the awardees of the UAE Pioneers Award in 2014

References

Emirati inventors
Emirati expatriates in Greece
Living people
1963 births
Emirati aerospace engineers
People from Dubai
United Arab Emirates Army officers
21st-century inventors
Jens Dall Bentzen. Jens Dall Bentzen  (born 18 April 1968 in Aalborg) is a Danish engineer.

Bentzen studied Thermodynamics and Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen. Bentzen made a master's degree in gasification of biomass in 1995. After his master's degree Bentzen worked as a researcher at the Technical University, developing a new gascleaning system for biomass gasification based on use of baghouse filtration.

Between 1998 and 2007 Bentzen worked for the major Danish consulting company COWI . Bentzen continued to co-operate with the Technical University, about optimizing and upscale of the gasification technology. In 2000 Bentzen filed a patent about the upscale high efficient gasification process (patent number WO 01/68789 A1). In 2004 was a licensagreement between COWI and a Danish boiler manufacturer. Between 2005 and 2008 was a pilot plant of the gasification process built and tested. Between 2009 and 2013 was a full scale demonstration plant built in Hillerød.

In 2006 Bentzen made a new invention about increased efficiency of biomass combustion plants, and a patent application was made (Patent number WO 2007/036236 A1). After negotiations with COWI and potential partners mr. Bentzen founded Dall Energy in 2007, with seed investment from Spraying Systems, and bought the patent application from COWI.

Since 2007 Bentzen have been managing director of Dall Energy. In 2011 Bentzen achieved the European Inventor Award as the first Dane ever. In 2017 Bentzen achieved the Blue tech award in China.

Innovation Awards
2010 - Innovation Award. Biomass conference in Valladolid, Spain.
2011 - European Inventor Award in the category SMEs awarded by the European Patent Office
2011 - Clean tech price. Danish Environmental Agency.
2017 - Blue tech award. China

External links
Homepage of Dall Energy
European Inventor Award 2011
Feature in CNN International

1968 births
Living people
21st-century Danish engineers
European Inventor Award winners
Technical University of Denmark alumni
Mark II (robot). Mark II is a rideable and user-operated robot built by the American company MegaBots Inc. The robot made its debut in May 2015 at Maker Faire San Mateo. An updated version of the robot, Mk.III, was scheduled in August 2017 to engage in a head-to-head fight with Kuratas, a robot built by Suidobashi Heavy Industry of Japan. MegaBots announced plans in August 2015 to upgrade Mark II with melee capabilities in order to confront Kuratas, using funds from a Kickstarter campaign.

See also
 Mecha
 Powered exoskeleton
 Artificial intelligence
 Glossary of robotics

References

External links
 MegaBots Inc.

2015 robots
Entertainment robots
Individual mecha
Robots of the United States
MW 18014. MW 18014 was a German A-4 test rocket launched on 20 June 1944, at the Peenemünde Army Research Center in Peenemünde. It was the first human-made object to reach outer space, attaining an apogee of , well above the Kármán line that was established later as the lowest altitude of space. It was a vertical test launch, and was not intended to reach orbital velocity, so it returned and impacted Earth, making it the first sub-orbital spaceflight.

Background 

Early A-4 rockets, despite being able to reach altitudes of 90 km, had suffered from multiple reliability problems. For example, a design fault in the forward part of the outer hull caused it to regularly fail mid-flight, resulting in the failure of as many as 70% of test launches. On one occasion, an A-4 rocket suffering from pogo oscillations during ascent veered 90 degrees off course then spiralled back down to its launch pit, killing four launch troops on site.

The Peenemünde rocket team made a number of improvements to rectify the reliability problems during 1943 and the first half of 1944. Hindering the program were Allied raids as part of Operation Hydra, attempts to privatise the program during June 1944, frequent interference from the SS, and a two-week detention of technical director Wernher von Braun on 15 March 1944.

Allied advances in Northern France, improvements of the Mittelwerk underground facility, where the A-4 rockets were produced, and improvements of the liquid propellant formula renewed emphasis on Von Braun to address the A-4's reliability problems.

Records exceeded 
MW 18014 was part of a series of vertical test launches made during June 1944 designed to gauge the rocket's behaviour in vacuum. MW 18014 exceeded the altitude record set by one of its predecessors (launched on 3 October 1942) to attain an apogee of 176 km.

MW 18014 was the first human-made object to cross into outer space, as defined by the 100 km Kármán line. This particular altitude was not considered significant at the time; the Peenemünde rocket scientists rather celebrated test launch V-4  in October 1942, first to reach the thermosphere. After the war, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (World Air Sports Federation) defined the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space to be the Kármán line.

A subsequent A-4/V-2 launched as part of the same series of tests would exceed MW 18014's record, with an apogee of 189 km. The date of that launch is unknown because rocket scientists did not record precise dates during this phase.

Notes

See also
 Sputnik 1, first orbital space flight, 4 October 1957
 Albert II, first mammal in space, 14 June 1949
 Vostok 1, first manned space flight, 12 April 1961

References

1940s in spaceflight
1944 in outer space
1944 in transport
1944 in Germany
V-weapons
Wernher von Braun
Space programme of Germany
Short-range ballistic missiles
Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology. Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology (PIET) is a private engineering college under the  University of Nagpur, India.  It is located in Nagpur city, Mouza Shivangaon, Behind CRPF Campus, Hingna Road, Nagpur. The college was established in 1999. The principal is Dr. V. M. Nanoti. The college is run by Lokmanya tilak Jankalyan Shikshan Santha's Nagpur.

History
PIET was founded in 1999 by Dr. Satish Chaturvedi, a former Parliamentarian and a veteran state leader.

It started with unique branches, Chemical and Biotechnology and was affiliated to the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University. The college continued to progress rapidly and by 2001 had seven different departments and offered postgraduate programs as well.

Admission
Admission is done based on the score obtained in 12th standard or JEE Mains exams. 
Common admissions process conducted by Directorate of Technical Education is used to fill 80% seats of the institute.
40% of the CAP seats are reserved for OBC, SC, ST, VJ, NT (A), NT (B), NT (C), NT (D), SBC. 
To improve chances of a career in engineering for women, 30% of all the seats allocated for the common admissions process are reserved for women.

Departments 
The following departments for higher study and research have been in continuous operation since these were established:

References

Educational institutions established in 1999
Engineering colleges in Nagpur
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
1999 establishments in Maharashtra
Wer'wolf MKII. The Wer'wolf MKII is a Namibian designed and built military vehicle that offers protection against small arms fire and land mines.  The vehicle uses a MAN chassis, axles and engine. The Wer'Wolf MKII is a modular vehicle. It is built with a crew compartment that seats three people plus a driver and a rear flatbed configuration. The flat bed configuration allows for different modules to be fitted. It is suited for rough terrain, in APC configuration the Wer'Wolf MKII can carry up to 10 passengers plus the driver. Designed and built in 1998 it was the first Mine Protected Vehicle manufactured by Windhoeker Maschinenfabrik after it was bought by Government of Namibia.

Design
The Wer'wolf MKII was developed by Windhoeker Maschinenfabrik, a subsidiary of August 26 Group which in turn is wholly owned by the Government of Namibia. The vehicle utilizes a MAN Truck & Bus AG chassis, axle and engine and is built for the African operating environment. The modular design of the vehicle allows for the rear flatbed to be interchangeable with different mounts such as a personnel compartment, a ZU-23-2 gun mount amongst others. As with other typical Southern African mine protected vehicles of its era it also has monocoque Cavalry designed to deflect a mine blast away from the occupants or cargo. The Wer'wolf MKII is in service with the Namibia Defence Force (NDF).

The Wer'wolf MKII is  in length,  in width, and has a height of . The four-wheeled vehicle can carry up to 10 passengers in APC configuration, plus driver. The crew compartment has two roof hatches which allow a gunner to use the weapon mount. The passenger APC compartment has an additional three hatches. Two doors in the rear of the vehicle provide access for the passengers and crew.

Capabilities
The Wer'wolf MKII features ballistic protection that can withstand impacts of up to 7.62×51mm NATO rounds. The Wer'wolf MKII also provides protection against triple anti tank mines of up to  under any wheel and can also withstand a double anti tank mine explosion  under the hull. By adding an additional plate in the hull the vehicle can be protected against Explosively formed penetrator mines i.e.TMRP-6. It has four-wheel drive capability, and can achieve a top speed of . The Wer'wolf MKII provides side protection from IED explosion of 14 kg of TNT from a stand-off distance of 3 m.

Variants

Apart from the primary APC role, the vehicle was designed for use in other roles including:
 Ambulance
 Anti aircraft artillery role 
 Infantry fighting vehicle – an APC configuration armed with a 2A28 Grom 73mm gun
 VIP transport
 Freight logistics vehicle
 Multiple rocket launcher
 Recovery vehicle
 Water/Diesel tanker
 Riot control
 Communication vehicle

A variation of the Wolf MKII called a HEC wolf has also been developed by WMF and Henrik Ehlers Consult (HEC).

See also
 Casspir
 Buffalo (mine protected vehicle)

References

Military trucks
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Penzadieselmash. Penzadieselmash (Penza diesel plant) is a Russian industrial enterprise, manufacturing diesel engines and diesel generators both for locomotives and ships and related products. It was founded in 1948 and is now (2015) part of the Transmashholding group.

Products
Products include diesel engines, turbochargers and spare parts for these. Also water and oil pumps and flexible couplings.  Penza engines have been widely used in Russian diesel locomotives including classes TE2 (ТЭ2), TEM1 (ТЭМ1), TEM2 (ТЭМ2) and TEM3 (ТЭМ3) and marine engines and generators.

Engines
 PD-1A 1D and 4A , from D-50 , local ALCO Fairbanks FM 539T , D50 D55 engines
 naval engines and generators , ° D-50S ° 5D50 ° 5Д50М/6ChN 31,8/33-1 , 4D50 diesel generator 
 D-200 V4 V6 V8 from 500 kW to 1500 , V12 
 D-400 V12 turbodiesel
 Wartsila , B&W

References

Engine manufacturers of Russia
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
1948 establishments in Russia
Locomotive engine manufacturers
Diesel engine manufacturers
Marine engine manufacturers
Transmashholding
Companies based in Penza Oblast
Engine manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Pump manufacturers
Ahmet Engin. Ahmet Emin Engin (born 9 August 1996) is a German-born Turkish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish club Iğdır.

Career
Engin made his 2. Bundesliga debut for MSV Duisburg on 22 August 2015 against Karlsruher SC. On 26 May 2021, it was announced that he would leave Duisburg at the end of the 2020–21 season. He moved to Kasımpaşa afterwards.

In 2023 Engin joined Greek side Volos.

Engin returned to MSV Duisburg, fighting relegation from 3. Liga, in January 2024. After the season, he signed for Iğdır.

Personal life
Engin was born in Germany and is of Turkish descent.

Career statistics

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Moers
German sportspeople of Turkish descent
Turkish men's footballers
German men's footballers
Footballers from Düsseldorf (region)
Men's association football midfielders
Oberliga (football) players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Süper Lig players
Super League Greece players
MSV Duisburg players
MSV Duisburg II players
Kasımpaşa S.K. footballers
Volos F.C. players
Turkish expatriate men's footballers
Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
21st-century German sportsmen
21st-century Turkish sportsmen
Amber Gell. Amber S. Gell is an American program manager, former engineer and scientist, and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education advocate who specializes in human performance in extreme environments.  A Milwaukee, Wisconsin native, she currently works for Lockheed Martin as a Program Manager. She has won awards for her accomplishments in space systems and educational outreach, including the 2010 Early Career Rotary National Award for Space Achievement and the 2013 Adler Planetarium Women in Space Science Award.  She has a degree in aerospace engineering and business, and physiology (Fitness), and is also a certified group fitness instructor, Wilderness First Responder (WFR), Master Scuba Diver. Amber was also a member of the Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University Mathematics Industry Advisory Board

Education
She received Bachelor of Science degrees in both aerospace engineering and aerospace studies from Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida.  She subsequently earned a Master of Science degree in physiology and human performance from the University of Houston–Clear Lake. She has a Master of Engineering degree in systems engineering  from the Stevens Institute of Technology, and also a Master of Science degree in finance and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree, both from the University of Houston–Clear Lake.

Research
Her research includes Optimal Crew Selection for Long-Duration Spaceflight focusing on gender, culture, and personality characteristics, in which she contributed an academic paper and presented her work at the Human Performance in Extreme Environments (HPEE) Conference along with the senior member of the 6 other authors of the paper, Spacecraft Propulsion Technologies, and Exothermic Welding in a Reduced Gravity Environment. Amber is a published author that has contributed to advancements in the Physiology field.

Engineering outreach
Gell has given presentations on her work to inspire others to pursue degrees in STEM.  Presentations include the 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Scientix Conference Keynote Speaker, Irish Science Teacher's Association Keynote Speaker, i.d.e.a. Museum BRIGHT i.d.e.a.s Fundraiser Keynote Speaker, Mission Possible Week Keynote Speaker, Conrad Spirit of Innovation Challenge Fireside Chat, Lecture with Cosmonaut Anatoly Artsebarsky, and many more.  Amber was also a judge for the FIRST Robotics Competition at the Wisconsin Regional and FIRST Championship events in 2016.  Amber has served as a judge for the FIRST Robotics Competition at the Wisconsin Regional annually since 2008 and the FIRST Championship events annually since 2011.

References

Living people
Scientists from Milwaukee
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University alumni
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
University of Houston–Clear Lake alumni
American aerospace engineers
1984 births