omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Elements of AI. Elements of AI is a massive open online course (MOOC) teaching the basics of artificial intelligence. The course, originally launched in 2018, is designed and organized by the University of Helsinki and learning technology company MinnaLearn. The course includes modules on machine learning, neural networks, the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and using artificial intelligence to solve problems. It consists of two parts: Introduction to AI and its sequel, Building AI, that was released in late 2020.

University of Helsinki's computer science department is known as the alma mater of Linus Torvalds, a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator of the Linux kernel, which is the kernel for Linux operating systems.

EU’s AI pledge 

The government of Finland has pledged to offer the course for all EU citizens by the end of 2021, as the course is made available in all the official EU languages. The initiative was launched as part of Finland's Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2019, with the European Commission providing translations of the course materials.

In 2017, Finland launched an AI strategy to stay competitive in the field of AI amid growing competition between China and the United States. With the support of private companies and the government, Finland's now-realized goal was to get 1 percent of its citizens to participate in Elements of AI.

Other governments have also given their support to the course. For instance, Germany's Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy Peter Altmeier has encouraged citizens to take part in the course to help Germany gain a competitive advantage in AI. Sweden's Minister for Energy and Minister for Digital Development Anders Ygeman has said that Sweden aims to teach 1 percent of its population the basics of AI like Finland has.

Participants 

Elements of AI had enrolled more than 1 million students from more than 110 countries by May 2023. A quarter of the course's participants are aged 45 and over, and some 40 percent are women. Among Nordic participants, the share of women is nearly 60 percent.

In September 2022, the course was available in Finnish, Swedish, Estonian, English, German, Latvian, Norwegian, French, Belgian, Czech, Greek, Slovakian, Slovenian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Spanish, Irish, Icelandic, Maltese, Croatian, Romanian, Italian, Dutch, Polish, and Danish.

References 

Artificial intelligence
Education International
Fluorosulfite. Fluorosulfite is an ion with the formula SO2F−. The term is also used for compounds or salts containing this group.  Fluorosulfite was discovered in 1953 by F Seel and H Meier.

Organic compounds with the name "fluorosulfite" contain the group -OS(O)F.

Preparation 
[((CH3)2N)3SO][SO2F] can be prepared from OSF4 and Me3SiNMe2. Alkali metal fluorosulfites can be made by soaking the metal fluoride in liquid sulfur dioxide for a few days. β-CsSO2F converts to α-CsSO2F when heated to 110 °C for a couple of days but remains stable below 50 °C.

Properties 
The fluorosulfite ion is tetrahedral, with sulfur at the top. The oxygen to sulfur bonds are 147.8 pm and the fluorine to sulfur bond is >169.0 pm long. In solid ionic fluorosulfites, the ion is not fixed in orientation and continuously turns around resulting in dynamic disorder. At room temperature this turning rate is from 2×105 to 107 Hz. When cooled the rate of rotation slows, and can be frozen in place, resulting in static disorder.

Fluorosulfite is isoelectronic with chloryl fluoride (ClO2F) and in compounds it resembles chlorate (ClO3−).

The heat of formation from fluoride (F−) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is 50 kcal mol−1.

Reactions
Fluorosulfites can react with chlorophosphazenes to make fluorophosphazenes:

(NPCl2)n + 2n KSO2F → (NPF2)n + 2n KCl + 2nSO2 n=3 or 4

Related 
Fluorosulfite is in the category of halosulfite ions which include chlorosulfite, bromosulfite and iodosulfite. Related ions include cyanosulfite SO2CN−.

List

References

Sulfites
Fluorine compounds
Aerogalnite. Aerogalnite (Aero-Gallium Nitride, Aero-GaN, AGaN) is a synthetic material consisting of networks of GaN interconnected microtubes. Due to the fact that the microtubes walls thickness is just several nanometers, the material is ultra-lightweight with a density of around 10 mg/cm3, being among the lightest synthetic materials. It was developed by joint efforts of researchers from Technical University of Moldova, University of Kiel, University of Trento, University of New South Wales, and was first reported in a scientific journal in February 2019.

Structure and properties
Aerogalnite is a pale-yellow freestanding highly porous, mechanically flexible and stretchable inorganic nanomaterial that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic at the same time. Rolling a water droplet onto a bed of GaN hollow tetrapods results in the formation of a liquid marble with the entire surface covered with GaN aerotetrapods.

Synthesis 
The synthesis process includes the epitaxial growth of ultrathin layers of GaN on a sacrificial template consisting of an interpenetrated network of ZnO microtetrapods, followed by the gradual removal of the ZnO substrate. It results in a freestanding interpenetrated network of microtubular GaN with an ultrathin layer of ZnO on the inner surface of the walls. ZnO is a suitable substrate for GaN growth due to the fact that both materials have the same crystallographic wurtzite structure, close lattice parameters, and similar thermal expansion coefficients.

Potential applications
Aerogalnite efficiently blocks electromagnetic field in a wide range of frequencies from X-band to THz region.  Since GaN is a piezoelectric and piezoresistive material, the ultra-lightweight aerogalnite is very promising for pressure sensor application. Microtubular structures of GaN have shown their potential as self-propelled micromotors under irradiation with UV light.

References 

Gallium compounds
Kopeysk Machine-Building plant. The Kopeysk Machine-Building plant ()  is Russia's largest manufacturer of Mineral processing equipment and mining equipment, situated in Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk, Russia. Its products have been sold in over 30 countries.

History
The company was founded on  under the name Sergei Kirov State All-Union Machine-Building Plant.  It combined the existing Kopeysk Mine Repair Plant with the resources of the Gorlovka Engineering Plant, which had been evacuated from Ukraine as a result of Operation Barbarossa.

On November 28 1941, the plant began production of supplies for the war effort against Nazi Germany. In 1942 the plant was reconfigured to produce civilian goods, especially mining equipment, logging machines, pumps, and fans. In 1943, the company was awarded the Stalin Prize for its development of the "Kopeyskaya Pulsating Power-1", a new machine for cutting coal. In 1948, it assembled the first Walking Excavator in the Soviet Union (the ESH-1). In 1950, the plant's products were exported to Poland, Bulgaria, and China. In 1976 the company was decorated with an Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

In the 1990s, the company was reorganized into a joint stock company. It also developed a new machine, the K-500, for loading potash ores and salt. Between 2004 and 2010, the plant was re-equipped. In 2006, the Kopeysk Machine-Building Plant received a Letter of Acknowledgment from the President of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the plant developed the KP21-02 roadheader and the Ural-20R roadheader. The KP21 roadheader family are modern tunneling machines equipped with Remote control to ensure safety in mines prone to sudden outbursts of coal and gas.

Quality Management 
“Kopeysk Machine-Building plant” operates under the QMS and has been certified to the ISO 9001 International Standard and TÜV in design and production of mining equipment, communal services equipment, forging and machine foundry blanks.

Products
The company produces mining equipment, metallurgy equipment, Underground mining equipment, and ore crushers.
Roadheader: PK-3M,  PK-10, KP330, KP220, KP220K, KP150, KP21-150, KP21, 1GPKS
Trencher: 2086.31, 2086.51, AT, ATM
Loader : 2PNB2B, MPK3, MPK3B, KALIY-4500
Mine Drilling rig: UBSH-210A
Coal Cutter: URAL-33M
Heading-and-Wining Machines: URAL-10R, URAL-20R-11, URAL-20R-12, URAL-61A, URAL-60S
Shuttle mine car: V17K

References

External links
 Official website

Manufacturing companies established in 1941
Companies based in Chelyabinsk Oblast
Code page 1042. Code page 1042 (CCSID 1042), also known as Simplified Chinese PC Data Extended, is a single byte character set (SBCS) used by IBM in its PC DOS operating system in China.
This code page is intended for use with code page 928 (Simplified Chinese double byte character set). It is an extension of Code page 903.

Code points 0x01 through 0x1F and x7F represent either graphic or control characters depending on the context.

Code points 0x81 through 0xFC are used as lead bytes for double byte characters.

Codepage layout

References

1042
Shenzhen speed. The Shenzhen speed () was a term originally used during the early stages of Chinese economic reform to describe the fast construction of Guomao Building in Shenzhen, China. Being the tallest building in China at the time, Guomao Building, constructed by China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co. Ltd, boasts an efficient construction progress in which the completion of every storey took a mere three days.

The term has been used to describe the fast growth of Shenzhen as one of the first special economic zones of China, which has been called "China's Silicon Valley" and the "Instant City". Since 1979, Shenzhen has transformed from a small fishing village to be one of the world's most important technological hubs with one of the highest per-capita income levels in mainland China. In 1984 and 1992, Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China and the "Chief Architect of Reform and Opening-up", made inspection tours to Shenzhen, endorsing the "Shenzhen speed" and the development model of the special economic zones.

See also 

 Shekou
 Yuan Geng
 Time is money, Efficiency is life
 Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour

References 

Economy of Shenzhen
Economic liberalization
Economic booms
Reform in China
Economic history of the People's Republic of China
Vortex filter. A vortex filter is a filter used in rainwater harvesting systems to separate medium to large sized debris from the flow of water before the water flows into a tank, cistern or  reservoir. by directing the flow around the inside of the wall of the filter housing. Any material with a density greater than water is pushed to the outside and allows cleaner water to flow through a central fine mesh basket into the supply pipe.

All debris washes out of a large diameter drain pipe in the base of the filter body.

They are best suited for commercial and residential rainwater harvesting; however, they can be used for other process and wastewater filtering applications. 

Before entering the tank for storage, rainwater should be both filtered and aerated. Filtration removes large particulate matter, which frequently both carries and feeds bacteria. Removal of this particulate matter, along with oxygenation of the water, greatly reduces the number of harmful bacteria in the tank.

WISY pre-tank filters accomplish both of these tasks, protecting the water quality in the tank. WISY Filters are also self-cleaning and require minimal annual maintenance.

References

Water filters
Code page 1115. Code page 1115 (CCSID 1115), also known as Simplified Chinese PC Data, is a single byte character set (SBCS) used by IBM in its PC DOS operating system in China.

This code page is intended for use with code page 1380 (Simplified Chinese double byte character set). Together, code pages 1115 and 1380 make up 1381.

Code points 0x01 through 0x1F and x7F represent either graphic or control characters depending on the context.

Code points 0x8C through 0xFE are used as lead bytes for double byte characters.

Codepage layout

References

1115
Andrea Young. Andrea F. Young is an American experimental physicist and professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2018, he was awarded the New Horizons in Physics Prize for his work on van der Waals heterostructures and quantum Hall phases.

Education and career 
Young received his bachelor's degree in 2006 and his doctoral degree in 2012 from Columbia University, where he studied the properties of graphene. From 2011 to 2014, he was a Pappalardo Fellow in experimental condensed matter physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Following his postdoctoral fellowship at MIT, he was a visiting scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Young joined the faculty at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in 2015.

Awards and honors 
In 2016, Young was awarded the William McMillan Prize from the University of Illinois Department of Physics and the Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering. He was additionally a recipient of an AFOSR Young Investigator grant (2016) Young was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship in 2017. He received the 2018 New Horizons in Physics Prize.

References 

Living people
American physicists
American experimental physicists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Year of birth missing (living people)
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
ARM Cortex-X1. The ARM Cortex-X1 is a central processing unit implementing the ARMv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set designed by ARM Holdings' Austin design centre as part of ARM's Cortex-X Custom (CXC) program.

Design 
The Cortex-X1 design is based on the ARM Cortex-A78, but redesigned for purely performance instead of a balance of performance, power, and area (PPA).

The Cortex-X1 is a 5-wide decode out-of-order superscalar design with a 3K macro-OP (MOPs) cache. It can fetch 5 instructions and 8 MOPs per cycle, and rename and dispatch 8 MOPs, and 16 μOPs per cycle. The out-of-order window size has been increased to 224 entries. The backend has 15 execution ports with a pipeline depth of 13 stages and the execution latencies consists of 10 stages. It also features 4x128b SIMD units.

ARM claims the Cortex-X1 offers 30% faster integer and 100% faster machine learning performance than the ARM Cortex-A77.

The Cortex-X1 supports ARM's DynamIQ technology, expected to be used as high-performance cores when used in combination with the ARM Cortex-A78 mid and ARM Cortex-A55 little cores.

Architecture changes in comparison with ARM Cortex-A78 

 Around 20% performance improvement (+30% from A77)
 30% faster integer
 100% faster machine learning performance
 Out-of-order window size has been increased to 224 entries (from 160 entries)
 Up to 4x128b SIMD units (from 2x128b)
 15% more silicon area
 5-way decode (from 4-way)
 8 MOPs/cycle decoded cache bandwidth (from 6 MOPs/cycle)
 64 KB L1D + 64 KB L1I (from 32/64 KB L1)
 Up to 1 MB/core L2 cache (from 512 KB/core max)
 Up to 8 MB L3 cache (from 4 MB max)

Licensing 
The Cortex-X1 is available as SIP core to partners of their Cortex-X Custom (CXC) program, and its design makes it suitable for integration with other SIP cores (e.g. GPU, display controller, DSP, image processor, etc.) into one die constituting a system on a chip (SoC).

Usage 
 Samsung Exynos 2100
 Qualcomm Snapdragon 888(+)
 Google Tensor

See also 

 ARM Cortex-A78, related high performance microarchitecture
 ARM Neoverse V1 (Zeus), server sister core to the Cortex-X1
 Comparison of ARMv8-A cores, ARMv8 family

References 

ARM processors
Encased. Encased: A Sci-Fi Post-Apocalyptic RPG, is an isometric turn-based RPG developed by Dark Crystal Games and inspired by games like Fallout and Wasteland as well as Soviet-era sci-fi novel Roadside Picnic. The game was released in early access on Microsoft Windows on September 26, 2019, and its full release was on September 7, 2021.

Gameplay 
The gameplay is inspired by classic computer RPGs such as Fallout, Wasteland and Shadowrun. It features a turn-based combat system with an isometric camera view. One of the game's distinguishing features is its emphasis on storybuilding, with the player's decisions affecting the rest of the gameplay in one way or another.

Character customization is a key feature, along with a reputation system where a character's reputation can change due to player choice. While the player begins with only one character of their creation, various companions can also join them along the way.

Story 
Game events unfold in alternative '70s. The story of the game tells us about the study of the Dome, a huge building discovered in one of the remote deserts. Nobody knows who built the Dome, but in official documents of researchers this civilization is called the Forefathers.

In the labyrinths below the Dome, there are many amazing examples of advanced technology and strange artifacts protected by automatic defence systems, traps and anomalies. Aside from that, the special field of the Dome does not allow those who got inside to leave it. Research of the Dome is carried out by CRONUS Corporation, an international organization founded by the governments of the most influential world powers. CRONUS is divided into five departments called Wings, each of which reports to its own leader, has its own specialization and history.

Development 
May 18, 2018 Encased development was announced by Russian studio Dark Crystal Games. After the game's announcement, Dark Crystal Games were considering additional funding avenues. This ended in the September 2018 launch of the Kickstarter campaign, that was aiming to expand the game content, not funding it

The full release was on September 7, 2021. Under the wing of Prime Matter Publishing, a subsidiary of Koch Media.

The developers have published a roadmap with plans for further content development for the game through the spring of 2022.

Reception 

Encased received mixed reviews on Metacritic.  Jeuxvideo praised the game's faithfulness to its inspirations but said the combat was too rooted in old-school gameplay. Alberto Naso of Eurogamer Italia praised the storytelling and visuals, but also felt the combat was lacking.

References

External links 
 

2021 video games
Alternate history video games
Video games developed in Russia
Post-apocalyptic video games
Prime Matter games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Indie games
Early access video games
Video games set in the 1970s
Video games with isometric graphics
Agua Negra Deep Experiment Site. The Agua Negra Deep Experiment Site (ANDES) is a project for the construction and operation of an underground laboratory in the Agua Negra Tunnel, between Argentina and Chile. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are involved in this project and are also expected to integrate the whole international scientific community.

Possible scientific research areas 

Neutrino physics: For the study of geoneutrinos, underground laboratories in the absence of close by nuclear power plants are necessary. Detailed studies of the nature and mass of the neutrinos help in our understanding of Nature (geoneutrinos are related to the thermal equilibrium of the Earth).

Dark Matter: Experiments in this field greatly benefit from being in very deep underground laboratories.  It involves usually huge detection mass, very low detection thresholds, and excellent control of the detector backgrounds.
Furthermore, an indirect way to detect dark matter is to find a modulation caused by the movement of the Earth in the halo of dark matter. A laboratory located in the southern hemisphere could unambiguously discriminate between atmospheric-induced backgrounds and dark matter signals.

Geoscience: The zone of the Agua Negra Pass one of the world's most seismically active regions. This is ideal to place highly sensitive seismographs, able to record seismic frequencies from around 1 Hz, of local earthquakes, to very ultra-long periods of more than 100 sec of the earth normal modes vibrations excited by a large earthquake. For these measurements, low background noise is required and can be achieved at an underground laboratory.

Biology: Experiments in a deep underground laboratory could investigate the possible contribution of cosmic radiation to the basal DNA damage, as it free from this kind of radiation. This damages can develop pathologies like cancer.

Low radioactivity measurements: the new generation of detectors used in the dark matter and neutrino underground experiments require the ability to measure extremely low radiation levels. These measurements are also useful in multiple areas like ecology, glaciology, microelectronics and in the selection of pure materials with almost no radioactive content. Nuclear astrophysics can also be researched with dedicated equipment.

International support
The ANDES deep underground project has support from different institutions and scientists, both in Latin America and worldwide. The governments of Argentina and Chile have expressed their support for the development of the project.

See also 

 Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 1300 km detector between Fermilab and Sanford Underground Research Facility.
 List of neutrino experiments

References

External links 

 andeslab.org

Neutrino observatories
Underground laboratories
Physics laboratories
Virginia Sink. Virginia Sink (September 14, 1913 – November 20, 1986) was an American chemical engineer and the first woman automotive engineer at Chrysler.

Early life and education
Mary Virginia Sink was born in Denver, September 14, 1913, to Iva and George Sink, who worked in printing. She attended North High School in Denver and was part of the Girls' Athletics Society.

She graduated as a chemical engineer from the University of Colorado in 1936.

She had originally intended becoming a teacher but lacked the finance necessary to complete the training. She later explained the need to tell the engineering department that although she wanted to study chemical engineering she didn't plan on being an engineer. She was admitted to the course and finished in the top three of her class. She went to work for Chrysler where she took a master's degree in engineering in the Chrysler Institute of Engineering. When she graduated in 1938 she was the first woman to do so. Sink then taught at the institute as well as working as an engineer for Chrysler until 1946.

Career
In 1943 Sink was named Supervisor of Laboratory Personnel and was responsible for hiring 500 women during the Second World War. By 1950 she was appointed Group Leader in the Chemical Research Department. Sink gained her chartered member status in the Society of Women Engineers, in the Detroit Section in 1952. Sink worked on the LA smog project from 1957 until 1962 when she co-developed Chrysler's Cleaner Air Package. Sink retired as the Manager of Emission Certification in the Materials Engineering department in 1979.

Sink was a member of the American Chemical Society, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. She was also president of the Soroptomist Federation of America.

Recognition
She was given a number of honours including being the first woman given honorary membership of Tau Beta Pi, the engineering honorary society. In 1950 she was Detroit's Woman of Achievement. Sink was the focus of Charm Magazine in 1956 when they called her a "Symbol of Detroit's Working Women". In 1980, the University of Colorado awarded her the George Norlin Award from in recognition of outstanding achievements. Virginia Sink died in on 20 November 1986 in Pontiac, Michigan.

References 

1913 births
1986 deaths
Engineers from Denver
American chemical engineers
People from Pontiac, Michigan
Automotive businesspeople
Women chemical engineers
Women automotive engineers
20th-century American chemists