omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electric bacteria. Electric bacteria are forms of bacteria that directly consume and excrete electrons at different energy potentials without requiring the metabolization of any sugars or other nutrients. This form of life appears to be especially adapted to low-oxygen environments.  Most life forms require an oxygen environment in which to release the excess of electrons which are produced in metabolizing sugars.  In a low oxygen environment, this pathway for releasing electrons is not available. Instead, electric bacteria "breathe" metals instead of oxygen, which effectively results in both an intake of and excretion of electrical charges.

Some electric bacteria:

 Shewanella, which makes protein nanowires
 Geobacter, which makes protein nanowires out of pilin
 Methanobacterium palustre
 Methanococcus maripaludis
 Mycobacterium smegmatis
 Modified Escherichia coli (with Geobacter nanowire genes)
 A broad collection of 30 bacteria varieties from marine sediments

See also 

 Electron transport chain

References

Bacteria
Artistic Foundry Battaglia. Artistic Foundry Battaglia (Fonderia Artistica Battaglia) is one of the oldest artistic bronze foundries in the world. It specializes in producing artistic sculptures using the lost-wax casting technique.

It was founded in 1913 by Ercole Battaglia, Giulio Pogliani and Riccardo Frigerio in Milan.
For more than 100 years the Battaglia Foundry have worked with artists, sculptors and designers including Giannino Castiglioni, Alighiero Boetti, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Narciso Cassino, Lucio Fontana, Giuseppe Penone, Kengiro Azuma, and many others.

The Foundry specializes in design and sculpture as well as restoration.

In 2016, the Artistic Foundry Battaglia has established its annual award – Battaglia Foundry Sculpture Prize (BFSP).  The aim is to encourage young artists and promote the use of bronze and the lost-wax casting technique in contemporary art.

It was chosen as one of the Artistic Residencies by the Arte Laguna Prize.

Most Notable Works 

 The Monument to the Fallen in Magenta by Giannino Castiglioni (1925);
 The bronze doors of the Milan Cathedral by Giannino Castiglioni (1945);
 One of the four equestrian groups for Arlington Memorial Bridge (The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace) in Washington, D.C.;
 The 14-meter statue of Madonna della Guardia, by Narciso Cassino (one of the largest bronze castings in existence) (1958);
 The door of the Siena Cathedral by Enrico Manfrini (1958);
 The replica of the bronze Byzantine horses for the Basilica of San Marco in Venice (1979);
 Statue of Pope Paul VI by Floriano Bodini (1986);
 Self-Portrait sculpture by Alighiero Boetti (1993);
 Sphere within Sphere sculpture for the UN headquarters in New York by Arnaldo Pomodoro (1996).

References 

Foundries
Bronze
He Yousheng. He Yousheng (; 28 July 1931 – 17 January 2018) was a Chinese hydrodynamicist and mechanical engineer. He was a professor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and served as its party secretary from 1986 to 1992. A pioneer of shipbuilding theory in China, he was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography 
He Yousheng was born on 28 July 1931 in Ningbo, Zhejiang, Republic of China. In 1952, he graduated from Tongji University in Shanghai with a bachelor's degree in shipbuilding, and pursued graduate studies in mechanics at Tsinghua University in Beijing, starting in 1957.

He taught as an assistant professor at the Dalian University of Technology before moving to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), where he spent most of his career. He was later promoted to lecturer, associate professor, and eventually professor. He served as Communist Party Secretary of SJTU from 1986 to 1992.

He published over 100 scientific papers. His research was focused on naval hydrodynamics, specifically propeller vibration resistance, and estuary hydrodynamics. His research has been widely used in the Chinese shipbuilding industry and in the design of shipping channels of the Yangtze River estuary. He also studied the high-speed hydrodynamics of torpedoes and missiles.

He won the State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) and more than ten national and provincial awards. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1995, and of Academia Europaea in 2002.

On 17 January 2018, He died at Zhongshan Hospital in Shanghai, at the age of 86.

References 

1931 births
2018 deaths
Chinese mechanical engineers
Academic staff of Dalian University of Technology
Educators from Ningbo
Engineers from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Chinese naval architects
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Ningbo
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Tongji University alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
Ai Xing. Ai Xing (; 24 August 1924 – 7 April 2018) was a Chinese mechanical engineer and educator who specialized in high-speed machining (HSM) and tool materials. He was a longtime professor at Shandong University and its predecessor Shandong University of Technology, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography 
Ai Xing was born 24 August 1924 in Dongxiang, Jiangxi, Republic of China. After graduating from Xiamen University in 1948 with a bachelor of engineering degree, he was hired by the university as a faculty member.

In September 1953, he moved to the Shandong University of Technology (), where he taught as a lecturer, associate professor, and then professor for the next 47 years. After the university was merged into Shandong University in July 2000, he became a professor of the School of Engineering of Shandong University.

Ai specialized in high-speed machining and tool materials. He developed six types of ceramics machining tools, three of which were the first of their kind in the world. He also developed computer software for machine tools. He published more than 360 scientific papers and nine monographs and textbooks. He also educated 33 doctoral students and more than 40 master students. He won more than 10 national, ministerial, or provincial science and technology prizes, and was elected to the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1999.

Ai died on 7 April 2018 in Jinan, at the age of 93.

References 

1924 births
2018 deaths
People from Fuzhou, Jiangxi
Engineers from Jiangxi
Xiamen University alumni
Academic staff of Xiamen University
Academic staff of Shandong University
Chinese mechanical engineers
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
AIDX. Aviation Information Data Exchange (AIDX) is the global XML messaging standard for exchanging flight data between airlines, airports, and any third party consuming the data. It is endorsed as a recommended standard by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the Airports Council International (ACI).

History 

The development of AIDX began in 2005 and launched in October 2008 as a combined effort of over 80 airlines, airports and vendors. To date, it consists of 95 distinct data elements, including flight identification, operational times, disruption details, resource requirement, passenger, baggage, fuel and cargo statistics, and aircraft details. The goal of the project was to standardize information exchange and tackle problems of disruption for a variety of use cases.

References

External links 
Aviation Info. Data Exchange (AIDX) at International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Airport IT - Documentation  at Airports Council International (ACI)

Aviation infrastructure
Plastic limit theorems. Plastic limit theorems in continuum mechanics provide two bounds that can be used to determine whether material failure is possible by means of plastic deformation for a given external loading scenario.  According to the theorems, to find the range within which the true solution must lie, it is necessary to find both a stress field that balances the external forces and a velocity field or flow pattern that corresponds to those stresses. If the upper and lower bounds provided by the velocity field and stress field coincide, the exact value of the collapse load is determined.

Limit theorems 
The two plastic limit theorems apply to any elastic-perfectly plastic body or assemblage of bodies.

Lower limit theorem: 

If an equilibrium distribution of stress can be found which balances the applied load and nowhere violates the yield criterion, the body (or bodies) will not fail, or will be just at the point of failure.

Upper limit theorem:

The body (or bodies) will collapse if there is any compatible pattern of plastic deformation for which the rate of work done by the external loads exceeds the internal plastic dissipation.

References 

Continuum mechanics
Physics theorems
2-Methylsuccinic acid. 2-Methylsuccinic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(CH3)CH2CO2H.  A white solid, it is the simplest chiral dicarboxylic acid.  It is a recurring component of urban aerosols.  Salts and esters of 2-methylsuccinic acid are called 2-methylsuccinates.

Preparation
It can be prepared by partial hydrogenation of itaconic acid over Raney nickel.  Alternatively, hydrocyanation of ethyl crotonate affords an intermediate, which converts to 2-methylsuccinic acid after hydrolysis of the ester and nitrile substituents.

References

Dicarboxylic acids
Alan Harris (engineer). Sir Alan James Harris CBE (8 July 1916 – 26 December 2000) was a British civil and structural engineer.

Early life and education 
Harris was born in 1916 in Plymouth, and started working at the age of 16 taking evening classes in engineering at Northampton Engineering College now City, University of London.

Career 
From 1940 to 1946 Harris served with the Royal Engineers as an officer in a Port Construction and Repair Company, landing at Port-en-Bessin in Normandy on D-Day + 1. He was officer in command of diving on Mulberry B at Arromanches, working from a small fleet of French fishing boats, as a result of which he was awarded the Croix de Guerre. He later joined the Royal Engineers in the Territorial Army where he attained the rank of Colonel. 

After World War II Harris went to Paris to work for Eugène Freyssinet, the pioneer of prestressed and reinforced concrete and in 1949 became Freyssinet‘s representative in England.

In 1955 Harris, his brother John, and James Sutherland set up the consulting business of Harris & Sutherland. Among other things, they designed aircraft hangars for Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Later, they expanded their work to infrastructure projects and had branches in Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Harris & Sutherland was acquired by Babtie, Shaw and Morton in 1997, and since 2004 has been part of Jacobs Engineering.

Harris was a vice president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was President of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1978-9 and was awarded its Gold Medal in 1984. Harris was appointed a professor of concrete structures at Imperial College London in 1973.

Awards and honours 
 Awarded CBE in 1968 Birthday Honours
 Knighted for services to Civil Engineering in 1980 Birthday Honours
 The Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1984.
 Hon DSc by the University of Exeter in 1984.
 Ordre du Mérite of France in 1975

Selected projects 
 Prestressed concrete hangar at Heathrow Airport for BOAC maintenance headquarters 1950–55
 Spekeland Road Rail Depot

References

External links
  Institution of Structural Engineers
 Obituary in New Civil Engineer, 11 January 2001

Alumni of City, University of London
Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
Structural engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
IStructE Gold Medal winners
Knights Bachelor
Engineering educators
People from Plymouth, Devon
1916 births
2000 deaths
William Johnston Thomson. Sir William Johnston Thomson MIME (1881–1949) was a Scottish engineer and businessman involved in the early automobile industry. He served two consecutive terms as Lord Provost of Edinburgh from 1932 to 1935. He established the first city-to-city bus services in Scotland.

Life
Thomson was born in 1881 to a Caithness family.

He served his apprenticeship as an engineer at J & T Boyd, manufacturers of textile-making machines at Shettleston Ironworks in Glasgow. Around 1899 he joined the firm Pollock, McNab & Highgate based at Carntyne Station in Shettleston. Around 1900 he joined the newly created automobile manufacturer Arrol-Johnston.

In 1905 Thomson founded the Scottish Motor Traction Company (known as the SMT) which began operations at 9 Lauriston Street in south-west Edinburgh in 1906. In 1929 the company took over W. Alexander & Sons, its main rival, together with smaller Scottish bus companies, and thereafter had a near monopoly on public transport provision in central Scotland. In conjunction with LMS and LNER, the SMT group controlled most rail and road freight.

In 1932 he succeeded Thomas Barnby Whitson as Lord Provost of Edinburgh. At the end of his term of office, as was customary, he received a knighthood from George V. However, he then continued for a further term until 1935. He was succeeded by Louis Stewart Gumley.

Thomson died on 18 September 1949.

References

1881 births
1949 deaths
Scottish company founders
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Lord provosts of Edinburgh
20th-century Scottish engineers
Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West. Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West, was an all-boy public middle/high school located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.  The school's focus was on Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education.

History
The school was an extension of the Bluford Drew Jemison Math Science Technology Academy initially opened in 2007 as a charter middle school, and named for African-Americans who had found success in STEM fields: Guion S. Bluford and Mae Jemison, and Charles R. Drew.  This original school was located at 1130 N. Caroline St. in the Gay Street neighborhood of Baltimore.  This original BDJ lost its Charter license in 2013 (becoming a traditional school) due to low academic performance and financial issues, before shuttering for good at the end of 2014.

Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West was launched as a spin off in 2010. Initially co-located within the Diggs-Johnson Middle School at 1300 Herkimer St, the school moved to the former Walbrook High School at 2000 Edgewood Street in the Fairmont neighborhood in 2010 when Diggs-Johnson was closed to make room for the Southwest Baltimore Charter School.  However, by November 2013, the school board had decided to empty the Walbrook campus entirely, and BDJ West was recommended for closure along with its predecessor.  Community protests kept it from closure and relocation, but the board did revoke its charter in December of the same year, announcing it would look for a new operator.

In fall 2023, principal LaWanda Wilson proposed a merger with neighboring Augusta Fells Savage Institute of Visual Arts, the move was then approved by the Baltimore City Board of School Commissioners in January 2024.

References

External links
 Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West at Baltimore City Schools

Public schools in Baltimore
Public high schools in Maryland
West Baltimore
N-(2-Carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid. N-(2-Carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid or β-ADA (β-alanine diacetate) is an organic compound with the formula .  It is a white solid.  The compound is classified as an aminocarboxylic acid, formally a derivative of glycine.

Ligand properties
The conjugate base is  tetradentate complexing agent that forms 1:1 complexes with cations having a charge number of at least +2, e.g. the "hard water forming" cations Ca2+ or Mg2+. N-(2-Carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid should not be confused with α-alaninediacetic acid, also known as methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) or α-ADA. Alkaline earth and heavy metal complexes of both, α-ADA and β-ADA are biodegradable (in contrast to chelate complexes with conventional complexing agents such as EDTA).

Production 
N-(2-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid was first prepared from β-alanine and monochloroacetic acid as reported by Gerold Schwarzenbach in 1949.

The double cyanomethylation of β-alanine as starting material provides with methanal and alkali cyanides and subsequent hydrolysis of the intermediately formed bis-methyl cyanides followed by acidification with mineral acids β-ADA (N-(2-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid) in yields of only 80%, but very high purity of 99.8%.

The cyanoethylation of iminodiacetic acid with 2-propenenitrile by a Michael addition provides the ethyl cyano compound, which produces after alkaline hydrolysis and acidification β-ADA with  a total yield of 93.6% and purity of 99.9% .

In the analogue reaction with acrylic acid esters, 99.9% β-ADA are obtained after acidification in a total yield of 97.6%.

A more direct route is via the Michael addition of acrylic acid to iminodiacetic acid, which produces the trisodium salt of β-ADA in 97% yield and 99.2% purity. The conversion to β-ADA itself is not described in this patent specification.

The most economical synthesis route is based on iminodiacetic acid, which is easily accessible by oxidizing diethanolamine and serves as a key raw material for the herbicide glyphosate.

Properties 
N-(2-Carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid is very well degradable in sewage plant simulations (98% after eight weeks).  It is low in toxicity. Elsewhere, the poor microbial degradability and adsorbability of β-ADA is pointed out. The contradictory assessment of the degradability of β-ADA, the weaker complex formation compared to the (rapidly biodegradable) methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA, Trilon M) and the lower stability in wide temperature and pH ranges have substantially contributed to the breakthrough of MGDA as the most suitable substitute for EDTA.

Use 
Like other complexing agents from the class of aminopolycarboxylic acids, N-(2-carboxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid is used in water softening, in detergents and cleaning agents, in electroplating, cosmetics, paper and textile production. This is based on  its ability to form stable chelate complexes with polyvalent ions, in particular the water hardness formers Ca2+ and Mg2+, as well as transition and heavy metal ions, such as Fe3+, Mn2+, and Cu2+, etc.

References 

Alpha-Amino acids
Beta-Amino acids
Tricarboxylic acids
Holzmine 42. The Holzmine 42 was an anti-tank mine that was developed by Germany and used by the Wehrmacht during World War II.

Design 

The Holzmine 42 was designed to be a low cost, and easy to produce anti-tank mine which could utilize the woodworking industry while relieving pressure on the overstretched metalworking industry.  An advantage of a wooden mine is that it is hard to detect with metal detectors since there are few metal components but in wet conditions, the wood could rot and the explosives could become wet.

The body of the Holzmine 42 consisted of a wooden box divided into four compartments by with removable partitions. The two side compartments contained the main explosive filling of  Amatol that was waterproofed with bitumen, while the center compartment contained three  waterproofed primer charges,  and the end compartment contained the operating mechanism.  The end compartment contained a rectangular shearing flange secured to the outside wall of the box by two  wooden dowels and a pressure of approximately  sheared the dowels and forced the flange down onto the igniter pin and freeing the spring-loaded striker.  The Holzmine 42 could also be fitted with an anti-tamper device which consisted of a Z. Z. 35 fuze that screwed into a hole in the bottom of the box which connected to one of the primer charges.

Similar mines 

Panssarimiina m/44 - Finnish anti-tank mine.
CC 48 mine - Italian anti-tank mine.
YaM-5 box mine - Soviet anti-tank mine.

References

Anti-tank mines
World War II weapons of Germany
Land mines of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1942
Elitaliana. Elitaliana S.p.a. is an Italian helicopter company located in Rome. It owns the operating license for public transport and the Air Operator Certificate (COA) issued by the National Agency for Civil Aviation (ENAC). From 2009 the company is active in all sectors of helicopters: Search and Rescue (SAR), aerial work, freight transport, forest fire prevention, disinfestation services, environmental monitoring, etc.

Elitaliana S.p.a. controls the activity of the Elitaliana Training Academy, an ATO (Approved Training Organization) certified in compliance with Regulation (EU) 1178/2011 and the Elitaliana Maintenance aeronautical maintenance company certified according to Part 145 as well as the Ground Aviation Maintenance, the company that deals with the design and construction of helipads. It is operational on nine bases in Italy. Five of them are destined for helicopter rescue.

History 
Elitaliana S.p.a. was founded in 1964, and after various vicissitudes refounded on the previous FreeAir Helicopters. For this reason, the brothers Alessandro and Giancarlo Giulivi, members of Elitaliana and Free Air Helicopter, were reported by the Guardia di Finanza for tax evasion of 14 million euro on June 26, 2009.

In 2012 it was accused by the Irish Court of Justice of not having paid the installments of the lease for the purchase of three EC135 T2 helicopters, used by the same at the helicopter rescue bases in Italy and in Kosovo.

After 5 years, in accordance with the request of the Criminal Court of Rome Section VI and the Public Prosecutor, Sentence no. 9906  was issued on 10 June 2014 with which Elitaliana S.p.a. and the brothers Alessandro and Giancarlo Giulivi were acquitted with full formula because "the fact does not exist".

The dispute before the Court of Dublin between Elitaliana S.p.a. and a leasing company was also concluded with a settlement signed by the parties before the Dublin Arbitration Center on 22 March 2013.

It began its HEMS activities (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) in Lazio starting from 2001. From 1 July 2009, he manages the Relief Service of the Lazio Region on behalf of Ares 118. The contract, which has a duration of 9 years, has been assigned following a public call for tenders issued by Ares 118. The HEMS operational bases in Lazio are three (Rome, Latina, Viterbo) all H24.

Fleet 
The Elitaliana S.p.a. fleet It is composed of 18 helicopters. The Elitaliana Training Academy has 4 Robinson R22 and 3 Robinson R44 helicopters. Between 2011 and 2013, it signed an agreement with Finmeccanica-AgustaWestland for the purchase of six AW169 helicopters. In 2014, during the Farnborough Air Show, it also announced the purchase of two AW109 Trekker.

See also 
 List of airlines of Italy
 List of airlines
 List of airlines of Europe

References 

Airlines of Italy
Airlines established in 1964
Italian brands
1964 establishments in Italy