omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lincoln-Page PT. The Lincoln-Page PT is an American open-cockpit two-seat single-bay biplane trainer aircraft produced from 1929 to 1931.

Manufacture and operations

Lincoln-Page were eager to take a share of the emerging trainer market. Using their Lincoln-Page LP-3 as a basis they set about designing the PT. The resultant aircraft was quite different from the LP-3, having tandem cockpits and a lengthened rear fuselage. The design bears a resemblance to the Swallow aircraft, partially from manager Victor Roos prior history with the company. Structure was standard for its day:- welded steel tube warren girder fuselage with spruce spars and basswood ribs for the wings. With the ubiquitous Curtiss OX-5 the PT proved quite versatile and able to perform basic aerobatic manoeuvers without too much effort. It was awarded ATC no 181 in July 1929.

The aircraft was also offered with a Curtiss OXX-6  engine, but no evidence exists that any were produced. However, a later variant using a Kinner K-5 radial engine was named Lincoln PT-K.

Surviving aircraft
A PT-K is on display at the EAA AirVenture Museum. In August 2014 three other PTs were registered by the Federal Aviation Administration as owned by private pilot owners in the United States.

Variants
PT (ATC 181)
 Curtiss OX-5 or  Curtiss OXX-6 V-8 engine. 28 built.
PT-K (ATC 279)
 Kinner K-5 radial engine. 18 built
PT-W (ATC 284)
 Warner Scarab radial engine. 5 built
PT-T (ATC 344)
 Brownback Tiger. 5 built

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 

1920s United States civil trainer aircraft
Invention disclosure. An invention disclosure, or invention disclosure report, is a confidential document written by a scientist or engineer for use by a company's patent department, or by an external patent attorney, to determine whether patent protection should be sought for the described invention. It may follow a standardized form established within a company.

See also 
 Inventor's notebook
 Lab notebook
 Electronic lab notebook
 Laboratory information management system
 LEDES invention disclosure data format
 Scientific management

References

Scientific documents
Research
List of historic Estonian Air Force aircraft. The Estonian Air Force had more than 130 aircraft in the middle of the 1930s. Estonian engineers had previously designed and constructed several trainer and light fighter aircraft types, of which the most famous is the PTO-4 which entered service in 1938 as a military training aircraft.

Before the Soviet occupation, Estonia had placed an order for 12 Supermarine Spitfire fighters and 2 Westland Lysander aircraft from Britain, and was also seeking to purchase 12 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters from Germany. Deliveries were interrupted by the start of World War II and the Spitfires later served in the Royal Air Force.

Aircraft

1918-1940: From independence to Soviet occupation of 1940

This is a list of aircraft formerly used by the Estonian Õhukaitse during the period starting from the Estonian independence of 1918 to the Soviet occupation of 1940:

Reconnaissance aircraft
Halberstadt CL.IV: 4
Halberstadt C.V: 5
RAF BE2e: 2
Shchetinin M-16: 1
Farman HF.30: 1
DFW C.V: 4
AGO C.IV: 1
FBA Type H: 1
Friedrichshafen FF.41AT: 1
Letov Šmolík 228E: 4
Henschel Hs 126B-1: 5
Short 184: 6
Lebedev 12: 1

Trainer aircraft
Avro 504K: 12 
Avro 504R: 12 
Avro 594 Avian: 6 
Avro 626 Prefect: 4 
Avro Anson: 1
PN-3: 1
PTO-4: 6
Hanriot HD.14: 2
PON-1A: 4
Miles Magister: 1

Fighter aircraft
Sopwith Camel 2F1: 1
Nieuport 17: 2
Nieuport 21: 1
Nieuport 23: 1
Nieuport 24bis: 3
Gourdou-Leseurre GL-22: 15
Grigorovich M-11: 1
SPAD S.VII: 2
Bristol Bulldog Mk.II: 12
Siskin IIIDC: 2

Bomber aircraft
RAF RE8: 8
Potez 25 A.2: 9
Hawker Hart: 8
Airco DH.9: 13

Multi-role aircraft
Sopwith 1½ Strutter: 1

Flying Boat
Norman Thompson NT2B: 2

1991-present: After the end of Soviet occupation

This is a list of aircraft used and in use by Estonian Air Force after the end of post-WW2 Soviet occupation and resumption of Estonia's de facto independence in 1991 (de jure independence having been continuous during Soviet occupation due to Estonia's government in exile):

Transport aircraft
Let L-410UVP: 2
M28 Skytruck: 2
Antonov An-2: 2

Helicopters
Mi-2: 3
Mi-8: 4
Robinson R44: 4

Jet Trainer aircraft
Aero L-39 Albatros: 2

Trainer aircraft
Wilga 35:1

See also
 Military of Estonia
 List of active Estonian Air Force aircraft

Notes and references

 Gerdessen, Frederik "Estonian Air Power 1918 - 1945". Air Enthusiast No 18, April  - July 1982. Pages 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Humberstone, Richard. Estonian Air Force, 1918-1940 (Insignia Air Force Special No.3). London: Blue Rider Publishing, 1999. 
 Gerdessen, Frederik; Kitvel, Toivo and Tilk, Johannes. "Aeg, mehed, lennukid" Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus 2001
 Kitvel, Toivo and Tilk, Johannes ""Eesti lennukroonika: tekste ja pilte aastani 1940" Tallinn: Aviopol 2003

Military equipment of Estonia
Estonian Air Force
Galvani (disambiguation). Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna.

Galvani may also refer to:

People
 Galvani (surname)

Other uses
 10184 Galvani, a main-belt asteroid
 Galvani (crater), a lunar crater that lies close to the northwestern limb of the moon
 Galvani, the first electric railway locomotive, built in 1841 by Robert Davidson
Laville DI-4. The Laville DI-4 () was a prototype two-seat fighter aircraft developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The chief designer Henri Laville was one of several French aviation specialists invited to work in the Soviet Union and not surprisingly the DI-4 layout was typical of the French trend at the time with the first high-mounted gull wing on a Soviet aircraft and all-metal construction. 

The test flight program was completed in 1933 but despite good performance the aircraft did not enter mass production, in part because the Soviet Union had no plans to purchase the Curtiss V-1570 engine.

Specifications (DI-4)

References

Bibliography

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Gull-wing aircraft
Tupolev TB-6. The Tupolev TB-6 (internal designation ANT-26; ) was a proposal by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1930s for a super-heavy bomber.  Had it been built, it would have been the biggest-ever Soviet bomber and the largest aircraft by wingspan of its time, nine feet short of the 320 foot span of the Hughes H-4 Hercules, although the Scaled Composites Stratolaunch is now the biggest plane by wingspan.

Development

While undertaking development of the Tupolev ANT-16 and ANT-20/PS-124, Tupolev began work in 1931 on an even larger bomber aircraft, powered by 12 engines and with a takeoff weight of . The resulting ANT-26 design was to have 12 Mikulin M-34FRN engines, eight on the leading edge of the wing and four in two tandem pairs above the wings. The tail empennage would have had three vertical stabilizers on the tailplane, the center vertical stabilizer taller than the others. An alternative TB-6 design featured a bomber aircraft with six Mikulin M-44 engines and a single rudder.

Given the sheer size of the TB-6, Tupolev decided to build a sub-scale aircraft to test the flight behavior of the TB-6. The subscale model flew in 1935, piloted by B.N. Koodrin. However, by the mid-1930s the trend in military aviation shifted towards smaller and faster aircraft and the TB-6 was cancelled, by which time the airframe was 75 percent complete and the entire aircraft 16 percent complete.

ANT-28

In parallel with design of the ANT-26, the Tupolev Design bureau envisaged a vastly scaled-up ANT-20 with the same dimensions as the ANT-26 under the internal designation ANT-28 It was intended as an airliner and cargo plane with a maximum payload of 15,000 kg and a range of 1,500 km, and the arrangement of the engines was the same as for the TB-6. Like the TB-6, the ANT-28 never progressed past the drawing board.

Specifications (TB-6 estimated)

References

Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kankdalov. (1996) Tupolev The Man and His aircraft. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

TB-6
Twelve-engined push-pull aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Aviron Aviation Company. Aviron Palestine Aviation Company was established in April 1936 in Mandatory Palestine. The company was intended to train pilots and then operate a mainly internal airline, which would serve the security needs of the Yishuv, the Jewish community in Palestine.

Name
Aviron is the word for airplane invented in 1908 either by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda or by his son Itamar Ben-Avi, the first native speaker of Modern Hebrew. In the second half of 20th century, it fell out of use in favour of matos, invented in 1928 by Hayim Nahman Bialik.

History
The Aviron airline company was established in 1936 by Dov Hoz and Yitzhak Ben Ya'akov, one of the first members of Degania, at the initiative of the Histadrut trade union association and the Jewish Agency. At its beginnings, Aviron was based in three kibbutzim in the northern Jordan Valley, with the flight school in the attic of the cowshed at Degania Alef, an improvised airstrip at Afikim, and a hangar at Ashdot Ya'akov. In 1938, Aviron opened a flight school and held its first graduation ceremony of fifteen Jewish pilots on 21 April 1939.

Two years previously, in 1934, Zionist officials who dealt with Jewish immigration from Poland obtained from David Ben-Gurion, who acted on behalf of the Jewish Agency, the money for buying a de Havilland Tiger Moth. The airplane arrived in October that year, flown by a British instructor-pilot.

During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Aviron assisted the Haganah in reconnaissance missions and the transfer of supplies and medical aid to otherwise inaccessible settlements.

Besides two teaching planes, the company operated two aircraft with three passenger seats and two with two passenger seats, offering a daily service between Lydda, Haifa and Tiberias.

Gallery

See also
Palavir, the air branch of the Palmach
Sherut Avir, the air branch of the Haganah, which took over Aviron's materiel in 1947-48
Israeli Air Force

References

Aviation in Israel
Defunct airlines of Israel
CID The Dummy. CID The Dummy is a 3D adventure video game released for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Microsoft Windows and PlayStation Portable on April 17, 2009, in Europe, and July 7 in North America.

Plot
The game features a story about two scientists who were once colleagues and are now bitter rivals. After an experiment gone wrong, D. Troit, the game's villain, creates an army of sentient robots and kidnaps the daughter of B. M. Werken. Werken retaliates by creating a crash impact dummy, the hero and the game's playable character, to defeat D. Troit and his armies and save Werken's daughter. Werken is assisted by a small flying robot named Copcam.

Reception

CID The Dummy received negative reviews upon its release. On Metacritic, the game holds scores of 41/100 for the PlayStation Portable version based on 6 reviews, and 31/100 for the Wii version based on 7 reviews. On GameRankings, the game holds scores of 36.00% for the PlayStation 2 version based on 2 reviews, 35.60% for the PlayStation Portable version based on 5 reviews, and 33.43% for the Wii version based on 7 reviews.

Demake
The demake Crash Dummy was developed by Twelve Games and published by Funbox Media and released digitally in 2019 for the Nintendo Switch on February 28, PC via Steam on March 1, and the Sony PlayStation 4 on March 4 respectively as a 2D side-scroller.

References

External links
 GameSpot summary

2009 video games
Cancelled Xbox games
Oxygen Games games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Video games developed in Italy
Wii games
Windows games
Macchi M.9. The Macchi M.9 was a flying boat bomber designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy close to the end of World War I and shortly afterwards.

Design and development
The M.9 was a conventional design for its day, with unstaggered biplane wings of unequal span and a single engine mounted pusher-fashion on struts in the interplane gap, close to the underside of the top wing. The pilot and observer sat side by side in an open cockpit. While earlier Macchi flying boats had conventional interplane struts, the M.9 introduced the Warren truss-style struts that would become characteristic of this manufacturer's designs.

Around 16 examples were delivered to the Italian Navy prior to the Armistice, and around another 14 were assembled after the end of hostilities. A small number of postwar aircraft were built with four seats under the designation M.9bis and were used in Switzerland for carrying passengers and mail.

Operators

Argentine Navy
Argentine Naval Aviation

Brazilian Naval Aviation

Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Polish Navy (Naval Aviation Base in Puck)

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. .
Nelcarz, Bartolomiej and Robert Peczkowski. White Eagles: The Aircraft, Men and Operations of the Polish Air Force 1918–1939. Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2001. 
 Grey, C.G. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919. London: Sampson Low Marston, 1969 (reprint). .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. .

1910s Italian bomber aircraft
Flying boats
M.09
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
United States Army Gas School. The United States Army Gas School was established during World War I at Camp A.A. Humphreys in Virginia. The first courses began in May 1918 and the school was designed to instruct commissioned and noncommissioned officers in chemical warfare.

History
In late October 1917 the War College was badly underprepared for large-scale chemical warfare in World War I. With many U.S. soldiers operating in a chemical environment with no knowledge of chemical warfare the War College requested a British gas officers and NCOs, the requests were granted. The British experts arrived and were directed and coordinated by Major S.J.M. Auld. Auld was tasked with composing a "working textbook on gas" for the U.S. Army.

Among Auld's recommendations was an idea the General Staff had already been considering, the establishment of a central Army Gas School. As a result of Auld's suggestion the Army Gas School was established at Camp A.A. Humphreys, Virginia. The school, beginning in May 1918, offered two initial courses. One course was a four-day class on general information about gas warfare and was offered to commissioned and noncommissioned officers. The second course was a 12-day affair for Chief Gas Officers which went into greater detail about chemical warfare.

Upon its establishment, Ross A. Baker was given charge of training for Chief Gas Officers at the Army Gas School. Baker was the Chief Gas Officer at Camp Pike in Arkansas and a professor of chemistry at the University of Minnesota before taking the post at Camp Humphreys. Later in the month of October 1917 the entire Army Gas School operation was transferred to Camp Kendrick.

See also

Defence CBRN Centre
United States Army CBRN School
United States Army Chemical Corps
United States chemical weapons program

References

Further reading
"Army Starts a Gas School", The New York Times, 30 May 1918, accessed 19 October 2008.

United States Army schools
Chemical warfare facilities
1918 establishments in Virginia
Lake of Sainte-Croix. The Lake of Sainte-Croix (, ) is a reservoir in Southern France that was formed by the construction, between 1971 and 1974 (when it was put into service), of a reinforced-concrete arch dam, the . It marks the departmental border between Var to the southeast and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the northwest.

Geography
The reservoir is fed by the Verdon river, at the outlet of the Verdon Gorge. It holds a maximum of 761 million cubic metres of water. The dam, which generates 142 million kWh of electricity per year, is 94 metres high, 7.5 metres thick at its base and 3 metres thick at its crest.

The village of Les Salles-sur-Verdon stands by the lake; it was rebuilt on the shore after the original lower village was destroyed to make room for the reservoir. Other villages around the lake are Bauduen and Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon. The lake comprises a sole island, the Île de Costebelle (Island of Costebelle), part of the commune of Les Salles-sur-Verdon.

References

External links
 

Sainte Croix
Landforms of Var (department)
Landforms of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Macchi M.18. The Macchi M.18 was a flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy in the early 1920s. Originally planned as a passenger aircraft, it entered production as a bomber before eventually being offered on the civil market that it was originally intended for.

Design and development
A conventional design for World War I, the M.18 was a biplane flying boat with unstaggered wings of unequal span braced by Warren truss-style struts. The engine was mounted pusher-fashion in the interplane gap, and the pilot and observer sat in side-by-side open cockpits. An open position was provided in the bow for a gunner.

In addition to the standard military version, a version with folding wings was produced for shipboard use as the M.18AR. This equipped the Italian Navy's seaplane tender Giuseppe Miraglia and the Spanish Navy's Dédalo. The latter service used the type in action against Moroccan rebels. Six of the 20 machines purchased by Spain remained in service at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and were used to attack Nationalist forces on Majorca as well as flying reconnaissance patrols. Portugal also operated the type, buying eight examples in 1928.

The Paraguayan government bought two Macchi M.18AR in late 1932 for the naval aviation wing. They received the serials R.3 and R.5 and were intensively used in the Chaco War (1932–1935). Both fulfilled many reconnaissance and bombing missions in the North Front during the war. The first aerial night bombing was done by R.5 on December 22, 1934. R.3 was destroyed in an accident at the end of the war and R.5 was in service until the mid-1940s.

Three civil versions were eventually produced. The first of these, the M.18 Economico ("Commercial"), was generally similar to the military version, but was followed by the M.18 Lusso ("Luxury") which featured an enclosed cabin. The M.18 Estivo ("Summertime") again reverted to open cockpits. Some 70 civil examples were produced in all, some being purchased by joyriding firms such as Ad Astra Aero in Switzerland and some others being used by SISA for training flying boat pilots for airline service in the Adriatic.

Variants
M.18 Standard bomber version.
M.18AR With folding wings for shipboard use.
M.18 Economico (Commercial) Civil version generally similar to the Military bomber.
M.18 Lusso (Luxury) Enclosed cabin VIP transport.
M.18 Estivo (Summertime) Open cockpit for joyriding.

Operators

Ecuadorian Air Force

Regia Marina

Paraguayan Navy

Portuguese Navy

Spanish Republican Air Force
Spanish Republican Navy

Spanish Air Force
Spanish Navy

Specifications (M.18 AR)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 Sapienza Fracchia, Antonio Luis: "La Contribución Italiana en la Aviación Paraguaya". Author's edition. Asunción, 2007. 300 pp.

M.18
1920s Italian bomber aircraft
Flying boats
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Manipulability ellipsoid. In robot kinematics, the manipulability ellipsoid represents the manipulability of a robotic system in a graphical form. Here, the manipulability of a robot arm refers to its ability to alter the position of the end effector based on the joint configuration. A higher manipulability measure signifies a broader range of potential movements in that specific configuration. When the robot is in a singular configuration the manipulability measure diminishes to zero.

Definition 
The manipulability ellipsoid is defined as the set

where q is the joint configuration of the robot and J is the robot Jacobian relating the end-effector velocity with the joint rates.

Geometric Interpretation 
A geometric interpretation of the manipulability ellipsoid is that it includes all possible end-effector velocities normalized for a unit input at a given robot configuration. The axis of the ellipsoid can be computed by using the singular value decomposition of the robot Jacobian.

References

External links 
 Interactive demonstration of manipulability ellipsoid of a robot arm

Robot control
Geometry
Macchi M.24. The Macchi M.24 was a flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy during the 1920s. Originally intended as a bomber, it was eventually produced for civilian use as well.

Design and development
The M.24 resembled a scaled-up version of earlier Macchi flying boat bombers such as the M.9 and M.18, sharing their biplane configuration and Warren truss-style interplane struts. However, while these earlier aircraft were single-engine types, the M.24 had twin engines mounted in a tractor-pusher pair on struts in the interplane gap. Also like the M.18, it featured an open position in the bow for a gunner, but added a second such position amidships as well.

Two M.24s made a demonstration flight in 1925 from Macchi's home on Lake Varese, crossing the Alps to Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Leningrad and home again. This feat was followed by torpedo-launching experiments. The M.24 saw extensive use with the Italian Navy, and several were purchased by the Spanish Navy, which made an extensive use of them during the Rif War, particularly in the Alhucemas landing.

A civil version with equal-span wings was developed in 1927 as the M.24bis. This featured an enclosed cabin within the forward hull that could seat eight passengers. Aero Espresso Italiana flew these on its Brindisi-Athens-Constantinople route, and SITAR operated them on routes in the Mediterranean as well.

Operators

Regia Marina

Variants
 M.24 - initial production version - biplane with Fiat A.12 engines and shorter lower wings
 M.24bis - equal-span version with Lorraine-Dietrich or Isotta-Fraschini Asso engines, produced in both military and civil subtypes
 M.24ter - military version with Isotta-Fraschini Asso engines

Specifications (M.24ter)

See also

Notes

References

 
 

M.24
1920s Italian bomber aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924