omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Independent engineer. An independent engineer, also known as a lender's engineer, is a term often given to the engineering representative of the lender, or financier, of a large capital project.  The key is to be independent so that opinions on the technical aspects of the project are not biased either in favor of the lenders or the developer/owners. To maintain independence, the independent engineer is typically selected by the lender but paid by the developer/owner.

The role of the independent engineer is to conduct an independent technical assessment of a project or technical due diligence.  The qualifications of an independent engineer are unusual in that in addition to understanding the engineering aspects of a project, the independent engineer must also be well versed in the business aspects of project financing.  This includes the assessment of the technical aspects of major contracts such as EPC contracts, power purchase agreement, off-take agreements, long-term service agreements, and O&M agreements. An independent engineer will review the technical inputs (output, efficiency, O&M expenses, availability, etc.) to the financial model used by the lender and the developer/owner to justify the financing of the project.

Scope of work 

While the role of an independent engineer is similar to an owner's engineer, they are distinctly different.  An independent engineer will deal with the lenders and legal counsel on a regular basis to evaluate the financial health of the project as well as the technical aspects.  Conversely, an owner's engineer more often deals directly with the engineer of record, the constructor, and equipment suppliers with a focus on ensuring that the technical details of the project meet the specifications.

Typical scopes of work for an independent engineer often include:
 Fatal flaw and/or technology reviews
 Project reviews to support project financing
 Review of the engineering design
 Assessment of project participants and the project site
 Technology review
 Contract reviews (non-legal)
 Operations and maintenance review
 Environmental review
 Review of the technical inputs to the financial model
 Construction monitoring
 Budget tracking and draw certifications
 Monitoring of equipment and material compliance with specifications
 Schedule and budget analysis
 Project completion review and completion certifications
 Performance test monitoring
 Annual operational and maintenance review

References

Construction management
Engineering occupations
David Fries. David Fries is an American scientist at the Institute for Human Machine Cognition, researcher, professor, entrepreneur and author in the fields of advanced robotics and ocean sensors.

Research
Fries’ research includes the development of micro-systems and robotics/automation for sensing applications, advanced sensor development (e.g. chemical, physical and biological probes technologies) and mobile robotic systems for field applications. His technical activities also involved advanced manufacturing technology, systems technology, medical instrumentation, technology commercialization, and arts-science. His research in ocean testing and sensing include sonar mapping of a Pensacola estuary, along with collecting mass spectrometer data to inform the City of Pensacola of its Bayou's water quality. While at the University of South Florida, Fries developed underwater autonomous vehicle technologies to test water quality of the St. Petersburg, FL waterways and tweet publicly, real-time water composition updates.

Publications and Patents
David Fries has composed, in part, over 30 peer reviewed publications, as well as over 40 publications and proceedings. In 2016, his technical writings on Non-Acoustic Sensors, in partnership with William Kirkwood, were included in the “Springer Handbook of Ocean Engineering”
He holds more than 35 U.S. patents, 13 of which have been licensed to seven separate companies.

Awards and Boards
Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI)
Board of Directors, Science Center of Pinellas

References

1960 births
Living people
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition people
American scientists
American male writers
Jerome A. Gilbert. Jerome A. Gilbert is a biomedical engineer and university administrator. He was the president of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia.

Early life and education
Gilbert was born in Mississippi and received his bachelor's degree from Mississippi State University.  He then received his Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Duke University.

Academic appointments
Gilbert was previously a graduate assistant at Duke, and later held academic appointments at North Carolina State University and the University of North Carolina Medical School.  In 1988 he joined the faculty of Mississippi State, and was made a full professor in 1993. He also held a position at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.  In 2010 he became provost of Mississippi State.  He was appointed President of Marshall University in 2016 following the sudden death of Stephen J. Kopp. He is a member of the College of Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and of the Fellows of the Institute of Biological Engineering.

See also
List of presidents and principals of Marshall University

References

Living people
People from Mississippi
Mississippi State University alumni
Duke University Pratt School of Engineering alumni
Presidents of Marshall University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hanriot H.38. The Hanriot H.38 was a French twin-engined sesquiplane flying boat built in the mid-1920s. Though the sole prototype was fitted with two defensive machine gun posts. the H.38 was described at the time as a utility aircraft.

Design and development

The upper wing of the H.38 was mounted high above the water, with the smaller lower wing attached to the upper hull.  Both wings had low aspect ratio and were essentially rectangular in plan, with constant thickness.  Each was built around two steel spars and they were braced together with pairs of parallel steel interplane struts. There were three sets of these on each side, one pair outwards from the lower wing, another from the same points inwards to the engine mountings on the upper wing and another between the engines and the lower wing root.

The H.38 was powered by two  Hispano-Suiza 8Ab water-cooled V8 engines with front-mounted radiators, placed as close together as their propellers diameters allowed  in order to minimise asymmetric thrust in the event of an engine failure.

Its hull was wooden, with a concave section, single step bottom, gently curved sides and a flat top. The underside was triple surfaced and the sides double.  Stability on the water was provided by a pair of floats under the lower wings beneath the interplane strut mountings, separated by about . The hull contained three open crew positions. Two of them, one in the extreme nose and the other midway between the trailing edge and the tail, housed machine gunners. The cockpit, which was under the leading edge of the upper wing, had two side-by-side seats, equipped with dual controls.

The hull underside sloped upward aft to the tail, where a low fin served also as a step on which to mount a rectangular tailplane braced on each side with struts to the lower side of the hull. It carried angle-tipped, balanced elevators.  The roughly rhomboidal, generous rudder was also balanced.

The exact date of the first flight of the Hanriot H.38 is not known but it had flown many times before mid-March 1926. It continued to fly for another ten months until, after alighting on the Marne at Bezons, it was caught by the current, capsized and lost after hitting the pier of a bridge. Neither Marcel Haegelen, Hanriot's chief test pilot, nor the flight engineer Quéro were seriously injured.

Specifications

References

Flying boats
1920s French military utility aircraft
Hanriot aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Multi-mission Modular Spacecraft. Multi-mission Modular Spacecraft, also known as the MMS, was originally designed by NASA to serve the largest array of functions for the space program possible to decrease the cost of space missions.  It was designed to operate in four distinct areas of missions. The MMS began development about a decade before it became implemented in the 1980s and 1990s. The basic MMS was made up of three different modules.  They include the altitude control, communications and data handling, and the power subsystems. The idea of a modular system serving many purposes was the pioneer of the leading systems within the space technology ecosystem today as it has left a lasting legacy. The MMS was intended to be "Shuttle compatible", i.e. recoverable/serviceable by the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Missions 

It was used for:
 Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), 1980
 Landsat 4, 1982
 Landsat 5, 1984
 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), 1991
 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 1992
 TOPEX/Poseidon, 1992

Development 
Before the MMS was the standardized space ship system, they began studying how to make a cost effective method of Space exploration. To achieve lower cost space travel, NASA's approached the idea with a production line mentality, to have inherited parts in as many aspects of the rocket as possible to allow fast production. The first idea was to use existing spacecraft designs, but with slight modifications. The main issue was designing a computer that could service any mission with slight modifications to the mission. To do this, they developed a computer for the MMS that could service variance types of missions within the Solar System such as: solar, stellar, and Earth missions.  By designing this space computer to be easily changed, instead of building a new computer with all new hardware every mission, they only had to make software changes. This design greatly reduced cost when developing new spacecraft.

Modules 
What made MMS so effective was the adaptability of the spacecraft to be able to conduct missions in a multitude of areas. The MMS was designed using multiple modules that made this possible. The modules include ACS Module, Power Module, Small Impulse Propulsion Module, Large Impulse Propulsion Module, C & CH Module, and Module support structure. This system allows for interchangeable software and hardware, and ultimately allows it to be repaired to be used at a lower cost level.

References 

NASA satellites
Spacecraft components
Spacecraft design
Hashino iron mining and smelting site. is the ruins of an iron smelting and primitive blast furnace built by the Tokugawa shogunate during the final years of the Edo period in the Hashino neighborhood of the city of Kamaishi, Iwate in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. It has been recognized as the oldest western-style blast furnace in Japan, and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining.

History
During the Bakumatsu period, Ōshima Takatō, a samurai/engineer from Nanbu Domain, was hired by Mito Domain to construct modern western-style mortars. However, the project failed due to the inferior quality of iron produced by the reverberatory furnace he produced in Mito Domain in 1855. He returned to Morioka, and assisted by an engineer on loan from Satsuma Domain, built a new western-style blast furnace near local deposits of magnetite in 1857. The furnace was based on a design found in the Dutch engineering text Het Gietwezen in s' Rijks Ijzer-Geschutgieterij te Luik by Huguenin. Although the project was technically successful, the Tokugawa shogunate did not pursue further development due to the Mito rebellion and the suppression of western-style innovation during the Ansei Purge by the tairō Ii Naosuke.

The new Hashino blast furnace was turned by the shogunate to Morioka Domain in April 1859. Morioka Domain quickly expanded operations, constructing two more blast furnaces to produce 1125 tons of pig iron per year, using over 1000 workers, making it the largest smelter in Japan at the time. Although most of this iron was intended for weapons production, the domain also produced coinage on behalf of the government. When an order came from the government in 1868 to cease production, Morioka Domain continued to mint coins illegally on a large scale through 1869. This came to an end in 1871 after the Meiji restoration and the abolition of Morioka Domain, and the No.1 and No.2 blast furnaces were closed at that time. In 1894, the remaining blast furnace was absorbed into the Kamaishi Tanaka Metals Company and was later closed as well.
The site fell into ruins, and was excavated in 1955. It received protection as a National Historic Site in 1957.  The American Society of Metals recognized the site as a historical landmark in 1984, noting its contribution to the development of the Yawata Iron and Steel Works.

In 2015, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Iwate)

References

External links

UNESCO World Heritage Convention Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
Kamaishi Hashino Iron Mining and Smelting Site
Iwate Tourism information 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Tourist attractions in Iwate Prefecture
History of Iwate Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Kamaishi, Iwate
1857 establishments in Japan
Nanbu clan
Mutsu Province
Zeldovich number. The Zeldovich number is a dimensionless number which provides a quantitative measure for the activation energy of a chemical reaction which appears in the Arrhenius exponent, named after the Russian scientist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, who along with David A. Frank-Kamenetskii, first introduced in their paper in 1938. In 1983 ICDERS meeting at Poitiers, it was decided that the non-dimensional number will be named after Zeldovich.

It is defined as

where 
 is the activation energy of the reaction
 is the universal gas constant
 is the burnt gas temperature
 is the unburnt mixture temperature.

In terms of heat release parameter , it is given by

For typical combustion phenomena, the value for Zel'dovich number lies in the range . Activation energy asymptotics uses this number as the large parameter of expansion.

References

Chemical kinetics
Combustion
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
Diamond Foundry. Diamond Foundry is a producer of lab grown diamonds in San Francisco, California, USA. Diamond Foundry claims that its lab-grown diamonds are of similar quality to natural diamonds and are more environmentally sustainable, as they do not require the extraction and processing of diamonds from the earth.

History
Diamond Foundry was founded in 2012 by Martin Roscheisen and Jeremy Scholz. The company raised approximately $315 million in funding from various investors, including $200 million from Fidelity, Sun Microsystems and Google founding investor Andy Bechtolsheim, iPod co-creator Tony Fadell, eBay founding president Jeff Skoll, Twitter founder Evan Williams, Facebook co-founder Andrew McCollum, actor Leonardo DiCaprio, and businessman Jean Pigozzi.

In November 2016, the company purchased Vrai and Oro, a jewelry brand founded by entrepreneur Vanessa Stofenmacher. In 2020, they rebranded as VRAI, and in 2021, opened a showroom in Los Angeles, California.

In March 2022, Diamond Foundry announced a lawsuit against the United States Trade Office in response to trade tariffs put in place against China. The company claimed the tariffs penalize businesses to an excessive degree for using polishing services in China.

Technology 

The company used software simulations of plasma physics to develop its technology for managing a high-density plasma for diamond growth at high temperatures.

The company grows diamonds using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a vacuum deposition process in which a small piece of natural diamond is placed in a plasma reactor for a period of about two weeks. The resulting man-made diamond is essentially identical to naturally occurring diamonds (atomically, molecularly, chemically, visually, in terms of hardness, optical brilliance, crystalline structure, etc.) but without the resource intensiveness, hazards, and environmental concerns that occur with diamond mining.

Awards and recognition 

 "25 hottest startups that launched in 2015", by Business Insider
 One of the "Disruptor 50 Companies" in 2016, by CNBC
 "Disruptive 25" in 2016, by Inc. Magazine
 One of "The World's 50 Most Innovative Companies" in 2018 by Fast Company

References

External links 

Companies based in San Francisco
Privately held companies based in California
American companies established in 2013
Synthetic diamond
Mk. III LCU. Mk III LCU class vessels were follow on class of Mk II LCU operated by the Indian Navy and were meant to augment the Indian Navy's amphibious capability. The ships were deployed for maritime roles like maritime security, beaching, un-beaching, humanitarian relief operations and evacuation from distant islands, search and rescue operations and peace-keeping missions. The landing craft were meant for use by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore. They were capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers. The landing craft were carried on board amphibious assault ships to the objective area. Built and delivered between 1986-87 the mission of the LCU was to land/retrieve personnel and equipment (tanks, artillery, equipment, motor vehicles) during amphibious operations. LCU's help land personnel and equipment after the initial assault waves of an amphibious operation.

History 
Goa Shipyard Limited built and delivered these 4 LCU Mk III ships between 1978 and 1987 alongside the now decommissioned 2 LCU Mk I and 3 LCU Mk II ships. These versatile vessels served Indian Navy for over 30 years and were retired in 2018/19.

Service 

The LCU Mark-III ships were developed in-house by Goa Shipyard and are designed for multipurpose amphibious operations to be carried out by Indian Navy. In Dec 2016, LCU L38 was part of the operation to rescue 800 tourists stranded in Havelock Islands In 1988, Lt Cdr KR Nair; the Commanding Officer of LCU 36 was awarded Nau Sena Medal for conducting Operation Pawan Patrol, an anti militant patrol operation in uncharted waters. LCU 36 was also involved in providing cyclone relief service in 1990 at Rangat Island part of Andaman islands

Ships of the class

See also 
 List of ships of the Indian Navy
 List of active Indian Navy ships
 Future ships of the Indian Navy

References

External links
 LCU Mk IV on GRSE website

Naval ships of India
Ships built in India
Landing craft
Propynyllithium. Propynyllithium is an organolithium compound with the chemical formula . It is a white solid that is soluble in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and tetrahydrofuran.   To preclude its degradation by oxygen and water, propynyllithium and its solutions are handled under inert gas (argon or nitrogen).  Although commonly depicted as a monomer, 
propynyllithium adopts a more complicated cluster structure as seen for many other organolithium compounds.

Synthesis
Various preparations of propynyllithium are known, but the most expeditious route starts with 1-bromopropene:
CH3CH=CHBr   +   2 BuLi   →   CH3C≡CLi  +  2 BuH  +  LiBr

Historic routes
It can be prepared by passing propyne gas through a solution of n-butyllithium or by direct metallization of propyne with lithium in liquid ammonia or other solvent. Propyne, however, is an expensive gas, and, therefore, it is sometimes replaced by less expensive gas mixtures used for welding and containing a small percentage of propyne.

Applications
Propynyllithium is used in the organic synthesis as a reactant. It is a nucleophile that adds to aldehydes to give secondary alcohols, with ketones to give tertiary alcohols, and with acid chlorides to give ketones containing the propynyl group. These reactions are used in the synthesis of complex natural and synthetic substances such as the drug mifepristone.

References

External links
Safety Data Sheet

Alkyne derivatives
Organolithium compounds
Government Engineer Vishwesarraiya Post Graduate College. Government Engineer Vishwesarraiya Post Graduate College, also known as Govt e v p g college korba, is a coeducational post graduate college located in Korba, Chhattisgarh, India. Established in 1981, it is affiliated to Bilaspur University.

History
The college was established in 1981 and was originally affiliated to Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University. In 1985 it became affiliated to Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya and shifted to its current campus. In 2011 it became affiliated to Bilaspur University.

Academics
The college offers various three-year undergraduate programmes which grant B.A., B.Com or B.Sc. degrees and various two-year postgraduate programmes which grant M.A., M.Com or M.Sc degrees. It also offers one-year postgraduate diploma courses.

See also
Durga Mahavidyalaya, Raipur

References

External links
 

Universities and colleges in Chhattisgarh
Colleges affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya
Korba, Chhattisgarh
Universities and colleges established in 1981
1981 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Training Air Wing Five. Training Air Wing Five (TW-5 or TRAWING 5) is a United States Navy aircraft training air wing based at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, in Milton, FL. TW-5 is one of five training wings in the Naval Air Training Command, and consists of three fixed-wing primary training squadrons and three rotary-wing advanced training squadrons. The wing trains Student Naval Aviators from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard, as well as international allies with instructors of varying backgrounds and seniority from the aforementioned military branches.

According to the Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA), TW-5 accounts for roughly 43% of all flight time within the Naval Air Training Command, and 11% of the Navy and Marine Corps' flight time worldwide. Approximately 1,200 students complete flight training with TW-5 annually.

Subordinate units

TW-5 consists of three fixed-wing primary training squadrons and three rotary-wing advanced training squadrons for naval aviation training for Navy, Marines, Coast Guard and foreign national students. There are two additional squadrons that train instructors, prior to flying events with student naval aviators.

Current force

Fixed-wing aircraft
 T-6B Texan

Rotary wing aircraft
 TH-57B/C Sea Ranger
 TH-73 Thrasher

References

External links
  Training Air Wing Five Official site

Air wings of the United States Navy