omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Interexpress. Interexpress (abbreviated as "IEx") is a former international train category.  The word Interexpress is a short form version of the German language term  (English: International Express) and its foreign language equivalents.

Interexpress services operated between 1986 and 1991 as express trains between Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Hungary and Poland.

History  
In the mid 1980s, the State railways of Czechoslovakia (Československé státní dráhy (ČSD)), the GDR (Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR)), Hungary (Magyar Államvasutak (MÁV)) and Poland (Polskie Koleje Państwowe (PKP)) decided to introduce the Interexpress train category for high value passenger train traffic between these four countries.

In 1986, a few Schnellzug-category trains were converted into IEx trains. This conversion anticipated by one year the equivalent transformation of international express train traffic by the Western European rail operators, which introduced their own new EuroCity system only in 1987.

Following the political changes in central Europe in 1989/1990, there was no longer any demand for an isolated train service offering for international travellers.  In 1991, the IEx trains were therefore either discontinued, or converted to EuroCity trains or Schnellzug category services.

Trains 
The following trains operated as Interexpresses:

The Báthory and the Metropol were overnight trains that also included sleeping and couchette cars.

Some of the IEx trains included through coaches at least occasionally; examples were the Metropol (to Vienna), and the Berolina (from Paris).  In 1986/87 and 1987/88, the Hungaria ran coupled together with the D374/375 Vindobona to Vienna, and in summer included through coaches from Malmö in Sweden.

The Progress operated as an IEx train only in 1986/87 and 1987/88 and then reverted to its previous classification. Its IEx formation (consist) included special air-conditioned Komfortwagen in a red-white livery.

The fares charged for travel in IEx trains were in accordance with the normal Schnellzug tariffs. Seat reservations were compulsory for all passengers.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links 
 Private Website –about the history of the IEx trains 
 Train compositions of IEx Trains

This article is based upon a translation of the German language version as at March 2013.

Comecon
Trains
Elastomeric bridge bearing. An elastomeric bridge bearing, also known as a pot bearing or elastomeric bearing, is a commonly used modern bridge bearing. The term encompasses several different  types of bearings including  bearing pads, bridge bearings, laminated elastomeric bearings, and seismic isolators ...  which are all generally referred to as
"bridge bearing pads" in the construction industry.

The purpose of the elastomeric bearings is to support a bridge or other heavy structure in a way that permits the load to shift slightly, in a horizontal direction, relative to the ground or foundation.  Without such bearings, the bridge support might crack or fracture when it moves due to ground movements or thermal expansion and contraction.  Elastomeric bearing pads compress on vertical load and accommodate both horizontal rotation and horizontal shear movement. 

The internal structure of an elastomeric bearing consists of a three layers:  a lower "pot" made of steel, which rests on the foundation or footing; a relatively thin elastomeric pad (a rectangle or disk shape) resting on the lower pot; and a steel plate loosely set on top of the elastomeric disk, on top of which the weight of the bridge rests.  The bearings are often produced as a unit, ready to be installed. 

The elastomeric pad may made from any of several materials, including natural rubber, elastomers, teflon, or synthetic rubber (such as neoprene).

Elastomeric bearing pads are the most economical solution used in construction of large span bridges and buildings.

Elastomeric bearings are often used in applications other than bridges, for example, supporting buildings that are built on soil that may shift slightly and cause a concrete load to crack in the absence of a elastomeric bearing.

Elastomeric bearings are designed and manufactured based on standards and specifications of such organizations as British Standard, AASHTO, and European Norms En 1337.

References

External links 
 Pretread page on bridge bearing pads - a UAE based company which supplies bridge bearing pads

Bearings (mechanical)
Bridge components
Cornwallite. Cornwallite is an uncommon copper arsenate mineral with formula Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4. It forms a series with the phosphate pseudomalachite and is a dimorph of the triclinic cornubite. It is a green monoclinic mineral which forms as radial to fibrous encrustations.

Discovery and occurrence

It was first described in 1846, for an occurrence in Wheal Gorland, St Day United Mines of the St Day District, Cornwall, England. It occurs as  secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits.  Associated minerals include olivenite, cornubite, arthurite, clinoclase, chalcophyllite, strashimirite, lavendulan, tyrolite, spangolite, austinite, conichalcite, brochantite, azurite and malachite.

See also
 Kernowite, another mineral named after Cornwall

References

Arsenate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Stour (narrowboat). The Stour  is an all-wooden motor narrow boat powered by a Bolinder 11 kW diesel engine. It was built as a tar tanker in 1937 by Fellows Morton & Clayton at their Uxbridge dockyard for fuel oil carriers Thomas Clayton Ltd of Oldbury.

The hull has oak planked sides, elm bottoms, and a pine deck with a fully fitted traditional boatman's cabin. It was one of a large fleet of all wooden boats used by that Company for liquid cargo carrying, the main hold area being fully decked over.

When new, it would have carried refined fuels such as gas oil for powering machinery but was later used for carrying heavier lubricating oil from the fuel distribution plants on the Manchester Ship Canal.

It is now owned by the Black Country Living Museum, in Dudley, where it is based and can be seen dockside in the Lord Ward's Canal Arm at the museum.

The Stour is on the  National Historic Ships register.

References

External links
 National Historic Ships website 
 Black Country Living Museum website 

Black Country Living Museum
Canal boats of the United Kingdom
Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels
Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences. Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences  is a professional institution in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was founded in 2003.

GGITS offers bachelor's and master's degrees, and diplomas in engineering, pharmacy, and management. It is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Praudyogiki  Vishwavidyalaya and is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation of the All India Council for Technical Education.

GGITS is part of the Gyan Ganga Group of Institutions. The Gyan Ganga Group of Institutions partnered with Oracle to conduct a virtual website building contest for students under its umbrella.

External links
 Official website

References 

Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Education in Jabalpur
Educational institutions established in 2003
2003 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Swiss Interbank Clearing. The Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) system is a mechanism for the clearing of domestic and international payments.

History 
The development of the SIC started in 1980. Since 1987, the SIC system has been operated by SIX Interbank Clearing (100% owned by the SIX Group) on behalf of the Swiss National Bank (SNB). 12 Swiss banks participated in the launch. The SIC was one of the first real-time gross settlement system operating worldwide, following Cedel launched in 1970.

In 1990, different priorities were introduced. In March 1995, the system was connected to the Secom system to reduce transaction risks. In 1996, the Swiss Stock Exchange became an electronic trading platform, and the system SWX was developed to link it to the SIC. The  was introduced in 1998, and the settlement of checks was launched in 2000.

In 1998, the SNB loosened the conditions to participate to the SIC, allowing non-banks to become participants. A remote access to the system was also allowed to international subsidiaries and joint-ventures. A year later, 63 out of 291 participants were not banks. 556,000 transactions were settled on an average day in 1999 (average total value of 170 billion francs).

In 2016, the SIC developed a new ISO 20022-compliant software system for its clearing services. By 2018, the new system was rolled out to all banks in Switzerland, and further international development of the standard was planned.

In 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched a new service to clear digital currency transactions, and developed its own blockchain-based digital currency to make this service interoperable with the SIC. The service, which aims to incorporate virtual central bank funds into a distributed ledger technology, was first launched in Switzerland, Singapore and Hong Kong. Fintech startups have access to this service if they have a legal fintech licence and a business model that revolves around payments.

Description 
By 2018, 325 financial institutions (national and international) participated in the SIC. The system processes an average of 2.4 million transactions every day with an average daily total value of CHF 156 billion. The majority of cashless transactions in Switzerland are settled through the SIC.

See also 

 SIX Interbank Clearing
 Swiss Euro Clearing Bank
 Swiss National Bank
 Clearing house (finance)

References

External links 

 Official website

Banking in Switzerland
Pfalz D.XV. The Pfalz D.XV was a German single seat fighter aircraft which was approved for production right at the end of World War I, too late to enter service.

Design and development

The D.XV was last of the series of biplane fighters and notably different from their earlier aircraft, with both mainplanes clear of the fuselage and without flying wires.  The lower wing was the smaller of the two both in span and chord and had elliptical tips.  The upper wing was square tipped and fitted with ailerons.  Both were single piece from tip to tip.  Outward leaning N-form struts defined the D.XV as a single bay biplane; groups of short struts from the mid and upper fuselage joined it to the upper wing and similar groups attached the lower plane.

The D.XV had a 185 hp (138 kW) 6-cylinder water-cooled inline engine BMW IIIa with a rectangular radiator filling the upper nose above the drive-shaft of the two blade propeller. Aft, the fuselage was rounded in cross-section with the single open cockpit behind the upper wing's trailing edge.  The horizontal tail was mounted at mid-fuselage, D-shaped in plan and with balanced elevators.  The fin was triangular and carried a short, curved, balanced rudder.  The D.XV's fixed conventional undercarriage was of the fixed axle type, the axle ends supported on pairs of V-struts and wire cross-braced; there was a tall tail skid.

The D.XV was developed over the summer of 1918 and versions with unbalanced ailerons (D.XVf) and overhung, balanced ailerons (D.XV (Spezial).  The 180 hp (134 kW) Daimler DIIIa engine was also considered. The Pfalz took part in the third D-type trial, held in October 1918. It was judged to have high performance and maneuverability though tail heavy and hard to land. It was one of the last German fighters accepted for production, getting its type approval on 4 November 1918, just a few days before the Armistice.

Because it was approved for production so late, the Pfalz XV never reached operational status. Nonetheless, several were built and finished, and there were 74 completed fuselages in the Pfalz works when these were inspected by the Allies in the autumn of 1919.

Variants

D.XVfaerodynamically unbalanced ailerons
D.XV (Spezial)overhung, balanced ailerons

Specifications

References

Further reading

Biplanes
1910s German fighter aircraft
D.XV
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
List of Royal Navy vessels active in 1981. The following vessels were in commission, planned or under construction for Her Majesty's Royal Navy in 1981.

Aircraft Carriers
 – .
 – , , & .

Destroyers
Type 82 – .
Type 42 – , , , , , , , , & .
 – , , ,  & .

Frigates
Type 22 – , , , ,  & .
Type 21 – , , , , , ,  & .
 (Type 12I) –
Batch 1 (Ikara Group): , , , , , ,  & .
Batch 2 (Exocet Group): , , , , , ,  & .
Batch 3 (Broad-Beamed Group): , , , , , , , ,  & .
 – , , , , , , ,  & .
 – .
 – .

Amphibious Units
 –  & .
 (RFA) – , , , ,  & .
 Logistic Landing Craft (RCT) – HMAV Ardennes & HMAV Arakan.
 LCM (9) Type – 14 craft
 LCM (7) Type – 2 craft
 Avon-class RPL – Avon, Bude, Clyde, Dart, Eden, Forth, Glen, Hamble, Itchen, Kennet, London & Medway.
 LCVP –
LCVP 1: 9 craft
LCVP 2: 8 craft
LCVP 3: 9 craft
 LCP(R) – 3 craft

Mine Warfare Forces
.
  – , , , , , , ,  & .
 .
  –
Mine Hunters: Bilderston, Brereton, Brinton, Bronington, Bossington, Gavinton, Hubberston, Iverston, Kedleston, Kellington, Kirkliston, Maxton, Nurton & Sheraton.
Minesweepers: Alfringston, Bickington, Crichton, Cuxton, Glasserton, Hodgeston, Laleston, Pollington, Shavington, Upton, Walkerton, Wotton, Soberton, Stubbington, Lewiston & Crofton.
  – St. David & Venturer.
  – Aveley.
  – Dittisham, Flintham & Thornham.

Ice Patrol Ship

Offshore Patrol Vessels

 Castle-class - Leeds Castle, Dumbarton Castle
 Island-class - HMS Anglesey, HMS Alderney, HMS Jersey, HMS Guernsey, HMS Shetland, HMS Orkney, HMS Lindisfarne

Submarine Service
 – , ,  & .
 – , , + 1.
 – , , , ,  & .
 –  & .
 – ,  & .
 
 – , , , , , , , , , , ,  & .
Porpoise-class – ,  & .

See also
 List of Royal Navy vessels active in 1982

Notes

References

1981
Royal Navy ships
Laurence Wolsey. Laurence Alexander Wolsey is a Belgian-English mathematician working in the field of integer programming. His mother Anna Wolsey-Mautner was the daughter of the Viennese Industrialist Konrad David Mautner. He is a former president and research director of the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE) at Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium. He is professor emeritus of applied mathematics at the engineering school of the same university.

Early life and education
Wolsey received a MSc in Mathematics from Cambridge in 1966 and a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 under the supervision of Jeremy F. Shapiro.

Career

Wolsey was visiting researcher at the Manchester Business School in 1969–1971.

He was invited by George L. Nemhauser as a Post-Doctoral student to CORE in Belgium in 1971. He met his future wife, Marguerite Loute, sister of CORE colleague Etienne Loute, and settled in Belgium. He was later a visiting professor at the London School of Economics in 1978–1979, at Cornell University in 1983, at Ecole polytechnique de Lausanne in 1986–1987, and Donders professor at University of Utrecht in 1998.

Wolsey was the editor-in-chief of the Mathematical Programming journal from 1999 to 2003.

Research 
Wolsey has made seminal contributions in duality theory for integer programming, submodular optimization, the group-theoretic approach and polyhedral analysis of fixed-charge network flow and production planning models.

Awards and honours 
Wolsey has received the Beale-Orchard Hays Prize in 1988,  the Frederick W. Lanchester Prize in 1989, the EURO Gold Medal in 1994, the John von Neumann Theory Prize in 2012, and the Dantzig Prize in 2012.

The ORBEL Wolsey award is a Belgian prize recognizing the best and most significant OR implementation contributed to Open-Source during the year.

Selected publications 
 Integer and Combinatorial Optimization (with George L. Nemhauser, Wiley, 1988)
 Integer Programming (Wiley, 1998)

References

External links
Google Scholar report

INFORMS: Biography of Laurence Wolsey from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

1945 births
Living people
British applied mathematicians
20th-century English mathematicians
Mathematics journal editors
British academic journal editors
John von Neumann Theory Prize winners
Belgian people of English descent
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Zadoc Dederick. Zadoc P. Dederick was an American inventor. Along with Isaac Grass he was the creator of a steam-powered humanlike robot designed to pull a cart. The invention was patented on March 24, 1868, as patent 75874,  and operated through a system of levers and cranks, attached to steam-powered pistons and a boiler. The original prototype cost $2,000 (equivalent to about $39,458 in 2020) and was built in Newark, New Jersey. Plans to produce it for $300 never went through, making this an example of an early development in steam power that was abandoned.  Nonetheless, inventions such as this one spurred interest in steam power, as exemplified by novels such as The Steam Man of the Prairies, and by many imitations and hoaxes that appeared as a result.

See also
History of steam road vehicles

References

19th-century American inventors
History of the steam engine
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Single-core. A single-core processor is a microprocessor with a single CPU on its die. It performs the fetch-decode-execute cycle one at a time, as it only runs on one thread. A computer using a single core CPU is generally slower than a multi-core system. 

Single core processors used to be widespread in desktop computers, but as applications demanded more processing power, the slower speed of single core systems became a detriment to performance. Windows supported single-core processors up until the release of Windows 11, where a dual-core processor is required.

Single core processors are still in use in some niche circumstances. Some older legacy systems like those running antiquated operating systems (e.g. Windows 98) cannot gain any benefit from multi-core processors. Single core processors are also used in hobbyist computers like the Raspberry Pi and Single-board microcontrollers. The production of single-core desktop processors ended in 2013 with the Celeron G440, G460, G465 & G470.

Development

The first single core processor was the Intel 4004, which was commercially released on November 15, 1971 by Intel. Since then many improvements have been made to single core processors, going from the 740 kHz of the Intel 4004 to the 2 GHz Celeron G470.

Advantages

 Single core processors draw less power than larger, multi-core processors. 
 Single core processors can be made a lot more cheaply than multi core systems, meaning they can be used in embedded systems.

Disadvantages

 Single-core processors are generally outperformed by multi-core processors.
 Single-core processors are more likely to bottleneck with faster peripheral components, as these components have to wait for the CPU to finish its cycle.
 Single-core processors lack parallelisation, meaning only one application can run at once. This reduces performance as other processes have to wait for processor time, leading to process starvation.

Increasing parallel trend
 Single-core one processor on a die. Since about 2012, even most smartphones CPUs marketed are no longer single-core; Microcontrollers are still single-core, while there are exceptions.
 Multi-core processors a 'few' processors on a die, e.g. 2, 4, 8.
 Manycore processors a 'large number' of processors on a die, e.g. 10s, 100s, 1000s. Some specialist ASICs/Accelerators and GPUs fall into this category.

References

Computer architecture
Microprocessors
Flynn's taxonomy
CloudBees. CloudBees is an enterprise software delivery company. Sacha Labourey and Francois Dechery co-founded the company in early 2010, and investors include Matrix Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, HSBC, Verizon Ventures, Golub Capital, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, and Bridgepoint Group.

CloudBees is headquartered in San Jose, CA with additional offices in Raleigh, NC,
Lewes, DE, Richmond, VA, Berlin, London, and Neuchâtel, Switzerland. CloudBees' software originally included a Platform as a Service offering, which let developers use Jenkins (software) in the cloud, along with an on-premise version of Jenkins with additional functions for enterprise companies. In 2020, CloudBees also introduced a Software Delivery Automation platform.

History
CloudBees was founded in 2010 by Sacha Labourey and Francois Dechery. Later that year, CloudBees acquired InfraDNA, a company run by Kohsuke Kawaguchi, the creator of Jenkins.

Since 2010, CloudBees has raised a total of over $250 million in venture financing from investors. CloudBees customers include Salesforce, Capital One, United States Air Force,  and HSBC.

In September 2014, CloudBees stopped offering runtime PaaS services and began to focus on its enterprise Jenkins for on-premises and cloud-based continuous delivery. Also in 2014, Kohsuke Kawaguchi, the lead developer and founder of Jenkins, became CloudBees' CTO.

In 2016, the company added a Software as a Service (SaaS) version of its continuous delivery software.

In February 2018, CloudBees acquired the cloud-based continuous delivery company Codeship.

In 2019, CloudBees acquired Electric Cloud and Rollout.

In 2020, Kawaguchi left his role as CTO of CloudBees to found a new company, Launchable.

In 2021, CloudBees announced CloudBees Compliance, a compliance and risk analysis capability platform for software delivery. CloudBees raised $150 million in a series F funding round in December 2021.

In 2022, CloudBees announced the acquisition of ReleaseIQ, a SaaS-based offering, to expand the company’s DevSecOps capabilities.

References

Technology companies established in 2010
American companies established in 2010
Companies based in San Jose, California
Technology companies of the United States
Java (programming language)
Cloud platforms
Cloud infrastructure
Cloud computing providers
Cloud storage
2010 establishments in California
Persistence Software. Persistence Software was an American software company that operated from 1991 to 2004. Persistence was based in San Mateo, California, founded in 1991 by Derek Henninger, Christopher Keene, and Richard Jensen, and developed software for object-relational mapping. In 1999, Persistence Software went public on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol PRSW. In 2004, Progress Software bought Persistence.

History
Persistence Software was founded in 1991 by Derek Henninger, Christopher Keene, and Richard Jensen in San Mateo, California.

The company started life as a spinoff from Lighthouse Design. As the original NeXTSTEP computer shipped with a relational database and Objective-C, Lighthouse engineers created a simple mapping utility called Exploder to store objects in a relational database.

The Persistence team worked with Stanford University's professors Gio Wiederhold and Arthur M Keller, who was the chief technical advisor, to extend the object-relational mapping technology by adding the concepts of mapping related objects.

Persistence created a series of products that integrated object-to-relational mapping, caching, and cache synchronization with automated cache management.
The products were marketed under the names PowerTier, EdgExtend, and DirectAlert.

Sun Microsystems licensed the Persistence technology in 1998, which was later incorporated into the Enterprise JavaBeans standard.

In 2004, Progress Software bought Persistence for $16 million.

References

External links
PowerTier overview from ServerWatch. 
PowerTier 6 product review from Java Developer's Journal

Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies established in 1991
Software companies disestablished in 2004
1991 establishments in California
2004 disestablishments in California