omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Coulomb drag. In condensed matter physics, Coulomb drag (also called electron drag or current drag) refers a transport phenomenon between two spatially isolated electrical conductors, where passing a steady electric current through one of them induces a voltage difference in the other. It is named after the Coulomb interaction between charge carriers (usually electrons) responsible for the effect. 

The effect was first predicted by Soviet physicist M. B. Pogrebinsky in 1977. The first experimental verification of the phenomena was carried between 1991 and 1992 in two-dimensional electron gases by the group of James P. Eisenstein working with gallium arsenide (GaAs) double quantum wells.

In the presence of magnetic fields it leads to analogous phenomena, like the Hall drag or the magneto-Coulomb drag. When spin-polarized currents are involved, it is termed spin Coulomb drag.

Description 
The phenomenon considers two spatially isolated layers. In between the two layers, there can be vacuum or an insulator. When an electric direct current is driven in the active layer, it drags carriers in the passive layer due to Coulomb interaction, this charge imbalance leads to a drag voltage VD induced in the passive layer. For ballistic conduction, it is expected that the resistance is RD to be proportional to the temperature squared . In a realistic system, the resistance dependence with temperature deviates from this regime due to the presence of phonons (low temperatures compared to the Fermi temperature TF), plasmons (high temperatures of the order of TF), disorder ( behaviour) and magnetic fields.

References

Mesoscopic physics
3D printing in India. The first 3D printing (additive manufacturing) was used in 1983 by an American inventor, Charles (Chuck) W. Hull, to make industrial components. It is unknown when 3D printing technology entered India, but the earliest reference to 3D printing in India is when Imaginarium company started making jewellery via 3D printing technology. 3D printing has been rapidly used in many industries in India, like the medical, automotive, jewellery, and construction areas. Industries are using this technology to save time, material, and money.

3D policy

Weapons 

India has no rules or regulations imposed on owning or operating 3D printing technology. People around the world have tried to use 3D printing machines to produce dangerous weapons. The Indian government has not made laws to stop crimes that could happen using 3D printing technology.

Copyright 
The CAD file is a design and blueprint of a 2D and 3D item; the 3D machine uses the CAD file to produce 3D products. Indian Copyright Act of 1957 protects these CAD files as artistic work. However, any CAD file generated by scanning a product is not copyrighted.

Industrial changes 
The 3D printer revolutionized the Indian manufacturing industry. Industries like construction, jewelry, medical, automobiles, and aerospace have been utilizing 3D printing to save time, money, and resources. The Indian government plans to increase 100 new startups in 3D printing by 2025. India aims to create 50 new technologies to advance 3D printing in the industry. India has predicted that this new technology will generate 100,000 new jobs in India. The Indian government targeted to produce 500 new products using 3D printing technology by 2025.

Businesses in India are modernizing. India has transformed itself from buying foreign 3D printers to making high-technology 3D printing domestically. Now, industries in India are selling 3D printers to foreign nations and collaborating with some companies to share their technology. India has over 1,000 domestic 3D printing companies valued at $100 million. Housing companies in India are developing technology to construct houses with 3D printers, which will help lower costs and be more sustainable. India's medical industry uses 3D printing technology to make products like organs and tissue to help doctors with studies and training. The medical industry is estimated to take up 20% of the 3D printing industry worldwide.

References 

3D printing
Manufacturing in India
Georgia Institute of Technology - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is an academic institution specializing in electrical and computer engineering education, research, and innovation. Located in Atlanta, Georgia, the school offers degree programs in Electrical engineering and Computer engineering that are accredited by ABET. It is one of the largest departments under the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Engineering.

As of 2023, the Chair of the School of ECE is Arijit Raychowdhury, Ph.D.

Degrees offered 
The School of ECE offers two undergraduate degrees, and eight graduate degrees.

 B.S: Computer Engineering
 B.S: Electrical Engineering
 M.S: Electrical and Computer Engineering
 M.S: Bioengineering
 M.S: Cybersecurity
 M.S: Robotics
 Ph.D: Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Ph.D: Bioengineering
 Ph.D: Machine Learning
 Ph.D: Robotics

Enrollment and research 
As of Fall 2023, the School of ECE reported that it had 143 staff members, and 2,543 total students. Making it one of the largest Schools of Electrical and Computer engineering in the world. The School also has over 20 research centers nationwide.

The school of ECE earned over $70,000,000 USD in research funding in fiscal year 2021.

Research areas of the School of ECE include:

 Bioengineering
 Computer Systems and Software
 Digital Signal Processing
 Electrical Energy
 Electromagnetics
 Electronic Design and Applications
 Nanotechnology
 Optics and Photonics
 Systems and Controls
 Telecommunications
 VLSI Systems and Digital Design

Facilities 
The School of ECE occupies eleven buildings, most of which are located in central/east campus.

 Blake R. Van Leer Electrical and Computer Engineering Building
 Joseph M. Pettit Microelectronics Research Center
 Bunger-Henry Building
 Manufacturing Research Center
 Technology Square Research Building
 Centergy One Building
 National Electric Energy Testing Research and Applications Center
 Christopher W. Klaus Advanced Computing Building
 Marcus Nanotechnology Building
 Molecular Science and Engineering Building
 Coda Building

International facilities 
Additionally, the School of ECE also offers two international satellite campuses – with the largest being located at Georgia Tech Europe in Metz, France; and the second being Located at Georgia Tech Shenzhen in Shenzhen, China.

References

Engineering
Laboratoire Aerodynamique Eiffel. The Laboratoire Aerodynamique Eiffel () is a research institute, associated with the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building. It is located in Paris, France, 16th arrondissement.

History
La Société Aérodynamique Eiffel operates the Auteuil wind tunnel, designed in 1912 by Gustave Eiffel and listed as a Monument historique.

Although he was concerned about the wind resistance of structures, Gustave Eiffel did not do a great deal of work on this issue. He carried out very few wind tunnel tests on this specific subject and only studied one of his constructions, the Garabit viaduct. His main contribution to aerodynamics concerns aviation.

Gustave Eiffel is recognised as one of the precursors of experimental aerodynamics, particularly for aeronautics.

As early as 1915, Gustave Eiffel put his facilities and knowledge at the service of the Peugeot Company to improve the performance of a racing car.

This activity remained marginal until 1950, but then developed very rapidly at the request of the car industry. The laboratory designed and manufactured an aerodynamic balance for measuring the main aerodynamic coefficients.

From 1945, the Eiffel Laboratory's facilities were used to determine the wind dimensions of engineering structures.

In 2016, the Eiffel laboratory assisted ADEME (Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie) and the public authorities in drafting rules for natural ventilation in housing in the French overseas departments.

Research partners
The following are research partners of the laboratory:

 Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-Malaquais
 École d'Architecture de La Réunion
 University of Florence
 IUT de Cachan

References

External links
 Official website

1912 establishments in France
Research institutes established in 1912
Research institutes in France
Organizations based in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Hywel R. Thomas. Hywel Rhys Thomas is a British scientist researching in the area of civil engineering, who is known for his work on the behaviour of unsaturated soils. He is Professor of Civil Engineering and founder director of the Geoenvironmental Research Centre at Cardiff University, and served as a pro-vice chancellor of that university (2010–18). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2012 and has been president of the Learned Society of Wales since 2020.

Career 
Thomas was a senior research assistant at University College, Swansea in 1978. In 1980, he joined Cardiff University as successively lecturer, senior lecturer and reader; he was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering in 1995. He has also held the posts of Senior Deputy Head (1999–2002) and then director of the Cardiff School of Engineering (2002–2010). He was also a pro-vice chancellor of Cardiff University (2010–2018), and since 1996 he has been the founder director of the university's Geoenvironmental Research Centre. As of 2023, he is also a distinguished research professor at Swansea University.

He has also worked with the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and UNESCO.

Research 
Thomas is known for his research into the behaviour of unsaturated soils. He researches high-speed aerodynamics, data analysis, geoenvironmental and geotechnical engineering; his main research interests are "Coupled Processes in the Ground" and other geoenvironmental issues, such as flow problems in soils in rocks, nuclear waste, land regeneration and sustainability. He develops computer models to understand the movement of chemicals and gases at different temperatures and water pressures, and with different applied mechanical forces.

Honours and awards 
He is an elected fellow of Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (2003), Transport Research Foundation (2005), Learned Society of Wales) (2011) and the Royal Society of London (2012), a member of the Academia Europaea (2012) and an elected foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021). His awards include the Dufton Silver Medal of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (1999). In 2017, he received a CBE for services to academic research and higher education. He has served as president of the Learned Society of Wales since 2020.

Selected publications
Thomas' highest-cited research articles are:
H. R. Thomas, P. Cleall, Y.-C. Li, C. Harris, M. Kern-Luetschg (2009). Modelling of cryogenic processes in permafrost and seasonally frozen soils. Géotechnique 59 (3): 173–84 
H. R. Thomas, Y. He (1995). Analysis of coupled heat, moisture and air transfer in a deformable unsaturated soil. Géotechnique 45 (4): 677–89

References

External link
Google Scholar profile

Welsh scholars and academics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
People associated with Cardiff University
Mind Foundry. Mind Foundry is an artificial intelligence company that is headquartered in Oxford, Oxfordshire. The company is a spin-out of the University of Oxford and was founded by two professors of machine learning at the university, Stephen Roberts. and Michael Osborne. The company specialises in “AI for high-stakes applications”. Mind Foundry primarily operates in three sectors: Insurance, Infrastructure, and Defence & National Security.

History 
Mind Foundry was founded in 2016 out of the Machine Learning Research Group at the University of Oxford by professors Stephen Roberts and Michael Osborne.

Mind Foundry received investment from Oxford Science Enterprises and Parkwalk Advisors in an initial seed round in 2016.

In 2019 the company appointed Brian Mullins as its CEO.

In 2020 the company raised $13.6 million investment in a Series A round that was led by Aioi Nissay Dowa Insurance Company Ltd (ANDI), part of the MS&AD Insurance Group. Other investors in the series A round included Parkwalk Advisors, Oxford Sciences Innovation, the University of Oxford, and the Oxford Technology and Innovations EIS Fund.

In February 2023 it was announced that Mind Foundry had launched a commercial research and development laboratory in Oxford in partnership with ANDI called the Aioi R&D Lab - Oxford. The Aioi R&D Lab - Oxford "brings together experts from numerous disciplines to apply cutting-edge research on projects that solve global-scale issues affecting society today, and in the future."

In 2023 Mind Foundry raised a further $22 million in investment in a series B round, bringing the total amount the company has raised to date to $44 million.

Mind Foundry and Aioi Nissay Dowa Insurance were named winners in the UK–Japan Partnership category at the British Business Awards gala by the British Chamber of Commerce in Japan in November 2023.

In January 2025 Mind Foundry was named at number 11 in The Times Tech 100, a list ranking Britain’s fastest-growing private tech companies.

References 

Artificial intelligence companies
Artificial intelligence stubs
Companies based in Oxford
University spin-offs
Companies established in 2016
John A. Kennedy (Illinois politician). John Allen Kennedy (December 29, 1921 – August 17, 1997) was an American politician and businessman.

Early life and education
Kennedy was born on December 29, 1921, in Chicago. He attended Lane Tech College Prep High School and received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from Northwestern University.

Military and business career
Kennedy served in the United States Navy as an engineer from 1943 to 1946. He served at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1943, working on the Manhattan Project. He then served in the Pacific for two years repairing electronics.

After the war, Kennedy worked for Motorola from 1946 to 1949. He then founded James Electronics, a manufacturer of electronic components.

Kennedy served on numerous boards, including those of the St. Elizabeth's, St. Anne's, and St. Francis hospitals. He was a trustee at Barat College and at Northwestern's Technological Institute.

Political career
In 1962, Kennedy ran for Illinois's 13th congressional district, but lost to Republican candidate Donald Rumsfeld. Kennedy was the co-founder and vice-chairman of the Winnetka Democratic Club.

Kennedy was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in the 1964 election, which was held at-large due to the legislature's failure to redistrict. Kennedy was nominated for the Democratic Party's ticket due to his name's similarity to the recently-slain John F. Kennedy, to whom he was unrelated.

Kennedy chaired Lyndon B. Johnson's 1965 Task Force on Intergovernmental Information. He also helped create Illinois's Management Information Division during his time in the legislature.

Kennedy ran for Illinois's 1st Senate district in the 1966 Illinois Senate election, but lost to the Republican incumbent W. Russell Arrington.

Personal life and death
Kennedy lived in Winnetka, Illinois. He had four sons and five daughters with his wife Mary Ann Bremner. He died on August 17, 1997, at the Saint Francis Hospital of Evanston.

Electoral history

References

1921 births
1997 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Northwestern University trustees
People from Winnetka, Illinois
Manhattan Project people
20th-century members of the Illinois General Assembly
Georgia Institute of Technology - Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering. The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is an academic institution specializing in aerospace engineering education, research, and innovation. Located in Atlanta, Georgia, the school offers degree programs in Aerospace engineering that are accredited by ABET. It is a department under the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Engineering.

As of 2024, the Chair of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering is Mitchell L.R. Walker, Ph.D.

Degrees offered 
The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering offers one undergraduate degree, and eight graduate degrees.

 B.S: Aerospace Engineering
 M.S: Aerospace Engineering
 M.S: Bioengineering
 M.S: Computational Science and Engineering
 Ph.D: Aerospace Engineering
 Ph.D: Bioengineering
 Ph.D: Computational Science and Engineering
 Ph.D: Machine Learning
 Ph.D: Robotics

Enrollment and research 
As of Fall 2023, The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering reported that it had over 40 tenure-track professors and enrollment of more than 1,800 students.

The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering earns over US$40,000,000 in research funding each year.

Research areas of The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering include:

 Cyberphysical Systems, Safety, Security, & Reliability
 Large-Scale Computations, Data, & Analytics
 Mechanics of Multifunctional Structures and Materials
 Robotics, Autonomy and Human Interaction
 Space Exploration & Earth Monitoring
 Sustainable Transportation & Energy Systems
 System of Systems and Complex Systems Integration
 Vertical Lift and Urban air mobility

Facilities 
The Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering occupies four buildings, most of which are located in central/east campus:

 Montgomery Knight Building
 Assistant Director for Operations, Human Resources, Academic Advising Office, AE Development, Academic Advising Manager, Loewy Library, AE Computer Lab, Cognitive Engineering Center, AE Machine Shop, Dynamics & Control Systems Lab, Low Turbulence Wind Tunnel, Structures Laboratory.
 Daniel Guggenheim Building
 Computational Combustion Laboratory, Georgia Space Grant Consortium, Harper Wind Tunnel.
 Weber Space Science & Technology Building(s)
 Aerospace Systems Design Lab (ASDL), Yang Aero Maker Space, Space Systems Design Lab (SSDL), Collaborative Visual Environment (CoVE) auditorium, Collaborative Design Environment (CoDE) auditorium.
 Engineering, Science, and Mathematics (ESM) Building
 Air Transportation Laboratory, Center for Advanced Machine Mobility (CAMM), Center for Space Systems

References 

Georgia Tech colleges and schools
Aerospace engineering organizations
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
1930 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1930
Laurie Grindle. Laurie Marshall Grindle is an American aeronautical engineer who is deputy director of the Armstrong Flight Research Center. She has been awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal and NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal.

Early life and education 
Grindle was born in Los Angeles. Her mother is noted senior United States district judge Consuelo Bland Marshall. Her father earned his pilot's licence the year that she was born, and she became fascinated by mathematics, science and flight. At high school, she played basketball and was on the athletics team. At the age of 18, she earned her pilot's licence and qualified for instrument flying.  She earned her undergraduate degree in aeronautical and mechanical engineering at the University of California, Davis, and a masters degree from California State University, Fresno. Her masters project was based at the Edwards Air Force Base. Grindle moved to the Armstrong Flight Research Center in 1992, where she started an internship in the Aerodynamics Branch.

Career 
In 1993, Grindle was appointed full time at the Armstrong Flight Research Center. She was involved with experiments on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Systems Research Aircraft, using air pressure to study angles of attack. She worked on the F-16XL Ship 2 Supersonic Laminar Flow Control project, and was chief engineer on the hypersonic NASA X-43. Grindle was eventually made Director of Programs and Projects, looking after advocacy and formulation of flight projects. She became deputy director of the Center in 2023.

Awards and honors 
 2005 NASA Exceptional Service Medal
 2013 NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
 2013 Women in NASA honoree
 2018 NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal

Selected publications

References 

21st-century American engineers
American women engineers
University of California, Davis alumni
NASA people
21st-century American women scientists
Scientists from Los Angeles
California State University, Fresno alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mykola Dmytrychenko. Mykola Dmytrychenko (Ukrainian: Дмитриченко Микола Федорович; born December 19, 1952, Sniatyn) — rector of the National Transport University, head of the department of production, repair, and materials science, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology, full member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine (2016), President of the National Transport University of Ukraine.

Biography 
He was born on December 19, 1952, in Sniatyn, Ivano-Frankivsk region, in a family of teachers. In 1976, he graduated with honors from the mechanical faculty of the Kyiv Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers, where he went from being a postgraduate student, assistant to professor, head of the department, vice-rector of the university.

From 2000 to 2002, he held the position of head of the higher education department of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. He was part of a team of specialists developing the draft law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", the Concept of the development of distance education in Ukraine, and other legislative and regulatory acts in the field of higher education. Since 2003 — rector of the National Transport University and head of the department of production, repair, and materials science.

He is an expert in the field of machinery. Dmytrychenko is an author and co-author of over 250 scientific works, including the monograph "Elastohydrodynamics: Theory and Practice", study guides: "Higher Education and the Bologna Process", "Tribology and the Basics of Machine Reliability". He developed a series of new methods for improving wear resistance and reliability of machines.

He underwent training in higher educational institutions of the UK, USA, and Canada. He is fluent in English.

He is married and has two children - a son and a daughter.

In the morning of October 14, 2022, the Pechersk police department of the National Police in Kyiv began the persecution of civil activists who participated in the dismantling of the monument to Pushkin. The motive for this was a complaint to the police, which was filed by Mykola Dmytrychenko, the rector of the National Transport University. That is, the capital's university openly defended the Russian identity and Alexander Pushkin.

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Sniatyn