omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dragon silk. Dragon silk is a material created by Kraig Biocraft Laboratories of Ann Arbor, Michigan from genetically modified silkworms to create body armor. Dragon silk combines the elasticity and strength of spider silk. It has the tensile strength as high as 1.79 gigapascals (as much as 37%) and the elasticity above 38% exceeding the maximum reported features of the spider silk. It is reported that dragon silk is more flexible than the "Monster Silk" and stronger than the "Big Red, recombinant spider silk designed for increased strength.

Mechanical properties 
Dragon silk has properties higher than that of any other fiber ever noticed.

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength of dragon silk is higher than that of steel (450-2000 MPa). The reported strength of dragon silk is as high as 1.79 GPa, which is 37% higher than the widely reported spider silk. Its tensile strength is higher than the "Big Red silk," which had been reported as the strongest fiber ever made.  "Bid Red Silk" was developed in the same laboratories as dragon silk.

Flexibility
Dragon silk is far more flexible than Kevlar (the material used by US Army to develop body armor). Its flexibility is 38% higher than normal spider silk and is noticeably more flexible than the "Monster silk" from the same laboratory. In percentage, Kevlar's flexibility is 3% and dragon silk's flexibility is 30% to 40%.

History
In 2010, the scientists discovered the first spider silk, which was a great achievement, as it is one of the strongest natural fiber. But the problem was that spiders are cannibalistic and territorial, so it is impossible to create a cost-effective spider farm. To overcome this problem, eight scientists, three from Kraig Labs, developed a method for making spider-like silk from silkworms. In 2011, Malcolm J. Fraser, Donald L. Jarvis and their colleagues published a study in which they described how they engineered transgenic silkworms to do so. In this study, the scientists adjusted the silkworms' silk-making protein using piggyBac vectors and combined it with the spiders' protein to build unique forms of silkworms, which they call "super silkworms", that can spin composite spider/silkworm silk. 

Kraig Biocraft was contracted with the US Army in 2017-2018 to assemble ballistic shoot packs from Dragon Silk to evaluate its potential for applications in protective apparel.

Since the production of Dragon Silk, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories has gone on to create other forms of spider silk from silkworms, some with a purity rate almost ten times greater than Dragon Silk.

References

Silk
Genetic engineering in the United States
Biotechnology
Takashi Masuda (computer scientist). is a Japanese computer scientist. He was born in Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1939.

Masuda graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1963, and received his MS degree in 1956 there. From 1956 to 1977, he worked at Hitachi's Central Research Center and then Systems Laboratory, studying from 1969 at Carnegie Mellon University's Computer Science School on a sabbatical. He received his PhD from University of Tokyo. His doctorate thesis was on the "Analysis and Evaluation of the Computer System Which Uses Virtual Memory".

From 1977 Masuda taught at the College of Information Science in University of Tsukuba. In 1988 he moved to University of Tokyo's School of Science as a professor of computer science and became the Dean of the (Graduate) School of Science there in 1995. He then moved to University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, as a professor in 2000 and became the President there in 2004. He retired from the University in 2008.

From 2003 to 2005, Masuda served as President of the Information Processing Society of Japan. From 2008, he has served as an Executive Director of the Funai Foundation for Information Technology, which helps those who study abroad to get  Ph.D.

References

External links
 University of Electro-Communications
 Funai Foundation for Information Technology

Japanese engineers
Japanese computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
1939 births
Living people
University of Tokyo alumni
Sudhira Das. Sudhira Das (; 8 March 1932 – 30 October 2015) was an Indian engineer. She was the first female engineer from the state of Odisha. She became an engineer at a time when education was a taboo for women in India.

Early life 
She was born in an aristocratic family in Cuttack, Odisha on 8 March 1932. She had a passion for Mathematics from her childhood.

Education 
She graduated with Bachelor of Science from the Ravenshaw College in 1951, after which she joined University of Science and Technology, Calcutta in 1956 for her masters in Radio Physics and Electronics.

Work 
After graduating with her MSc. (Tech), Das started teaching at the Berhampur Engineering School (currently Uma Charan Pattnaik Engineering School) as a lecturer in the department of Mathematics in 1957. Later she became the principal of Women's Polytechnic, Rourkela. During 1957–1990, she served the Government of Odisha in various different capacities. During that period she founded Women's Polytechnic, Bhubaneswar, an institutions providing diploma programs to female students which has been one of her major contributions.

Death 
She died on 30 October 2015 at the age of 83.

References

External links

Indian women engineers
1932 births
2015 deaths
People from Cuttack
Ravenshaw University alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian engineers
20th-century Indian women scientists
Women scientists from Odisha
Engineers from Odisha
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian engineers
20th-century women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Kellner-Béchereau 23. The Kellner-Béchereau 23 was a French two seat cabin touring aircraft, built in 1932. Its wing was constructed in a novel way. Only one was completed.

Design

The Kellner-Béchereau 23 was the first aircraft known as a Kellner-Béchereau (the company was founded in 1931), though the only example built (F-AKGH) was originally marked as the Béchereau 23.

It was a single engine cabin aircraft with an all-metal, three part cantilever wing constructed in a novel way.  In place of spars, an approximately oval section, light metal tube, shaped around a wooden form which was then removed, provided both structural strength and formed the outer skin of the forward half of the wing. A more conventional lattice structure was attached to the rear of the tube and supported ailerons.  The whole wing was then fabric covered.

In plan, the wing was approximately elliptical. The centre section, occupying about 20% of the span, was built into the fuselage and the outer panels tapered rapidly to pointed tips. The wings also tapered in section; the upper surface was horizontal but the lower sloped upwards, providing about 5° dihedral at the centreline.  Their trailing edges were entirely filled with two-part, high aspect ratio ailerons.

Its flat-sided cross-section fuselage was built around four spruce longerons, transversely braced with steel tubes. They supported a light, fabric covered body formed with plywood frames and stringers.  The  Salmson 7AC, a seven-cylinder radial engine, was in a pointed nose with its cylinders exposed for cooling. Its fuel tanks were in the wing centre-section. The tourer's cabin seated two in tandem under a long, multi-part, fully glazed canopy which ran from the leading edge to mid-chord, then blended without change in height into the upper fuselage. The cabin had two small baggage holds in the centre wing section, each providing  of space.

The empennage of the Kellner-Béchereau 23 was conventional, with a triangular tailplane mounted on the upper fuselage and carrying narrow, rounded elevators was wire braced to the blunted triangular fin which carried a curved and narrow unbalanced rudder. The tourer had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage with independent mainwheels on hinged V-struts from the fuselage underside and near-vertical sprung legs, with Béchereau shock absorbers, from the wings.  The mainwheels, with a track of , were equipped with independent brakes. At the rear the sprung tailwheel was free to castor.

Operational history

The date of the Kellner-Béchereau 23's first flight is not known but by early September 1932 it was sufficiently developed to begin its official tests with the S.T. Aé at Villacoublay, flown by Seitz. These were resumed in December. In September 1933 it was one of the eleven aircraft in the third annual, eight day Tour de France des avions prototypes.

Specifications

References

1930s French sport aircraft
Kellner-Béchereau aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Roberto Roy. Roberto Roy is a Panamanian civil and mechanical engineer and politician, who served as the Minister of Canal Affairs of Panama from 2012 and as Director General of Panama Metro from January 2015.

Roy graduated in mechanical engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, gaining a master's degree in industrial administration at the same Institute. He also graduated in civil engineering at Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua Roy launched his own construction company, R-M Ingeneria, in 1975.

In September 2012, Roy was named a knight of the French Legion of Honour in a ceremony presided over by French Ambassador Hugues Goisbault. In May 2016, Roy was granted the Order of Civil Merit by the government of Spain.

In his role as Minister, Roy oversaw the expansion of the Panama Canal in June 2016.

References

Government ministers of Panama
Order of Civil Merit members
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Place of birth missing (living people)
Georgia Tech alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
21st-century Panamanian politicians
Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua alumni
Panamanian engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Libraries.io. Libraries.io is an open source web service that lists software development project dependencies and alerts developers to new versions of the software libraries they are using.

Libraries.io is written by Andrew Nesbitt, who has also used the code as the basis for DependencyCI, a service that tests project dependencies. A key feature is that the service checks for software license compliance.

As of 17 April 2022, the web service monitors 6,921,905 open source libraries and supports 32 different package managers. To gather the information on libraries, it uses the dominant package manager for each programming language that is supported. The website organizes them by programming language, package manager, license (such as GPL or MIT), and by keyword.

On November 14, 2017, Libraries.io announced its acquisition by Tidelift, an open-source software support company, with an intention to continue to develop and operate the service.

The code that runs the web service is available on GitHub and under the GNU Affero General Public License.

External links
 Libraries.io source code

References

Free software websites
Software metrics
Code search engines
Internet properties established in 2015
Carbon Medal. The Carbon Medal is a medal of achievement in carbon science and technology given by the American Carbon Society for the "... outstanding contributions to the discovery of novel carbon products or processes."

Awardees
The following have won the Carbon Medal:

 1997 Robert Curl (Rice University, co-discoverer of fullerene)
 1997 Harry Kroto (University of Sussex, co-discoverer of fullerene)
 1997 Richard Smalley (Rice University, co-discoverer of fullerene)
 2001 Mildred Dresselhaus (MIT, researcher of carbon nanotubes)
 2004 Donald S. Bethune (IBM research, researcher of single-walled carbon nanotubes)
 2004 Morinobu Endo (Shinshu University, one of the pioneers of carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes synthesis)
 2004 Sumio Iijima (NEC, often cited as the inventor of carbon nanotubes)
 2016 Andre Geim (University of Manchester, co-inventor of graphene)
 2016 Konstantin Novoselov (University of Manchester, co-inventor of graphene)

References

1997 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1997
American science and technology awards
Carbon
Bridge of Oich. The Bridge of Oich (also known as Victoria Bridge, Aberchalder) is a taper principle suspension bridge, designed by James Dredge, across the River Oich near Aberchalder in Highland, Scotland. The bridge opened in 1854 and was used to take the main road traffic over the river until 1932.

Overview 
The bridge was designed by James Dredge, an engineer from England. Dredge used his patented 'taper principle' design for the bridge. The bridge uses a double cantilever system where two opposing cantilevers are supported by suspension chains giving it the appearance of a classic suspension bridge. The span of the bridge is  and the two main chains are  apart. Each of the main chains is made from a series of wrought-iron eye-rods varying in length from  to  and with a nominal diameter of . The main chains hang over  high granite towers and one end of each chain is anchored to the bridge at mid-span and the other ends are anchored below ground inland of the bridge. The chains consist of twelve parallel rods at the tower and progressively reduce in width by one link at each joint towards each end of the chains as they get further from the towers. The decking is of timber, supported on trussed wrought-iron transoms.

History 
In 1849 an old stone bridge that spanned the River Oich near Aberchalder was destroyed by flooding. To reduce the risk of a new bridge being damaged by similar flooding, it was decided that a single-span bridge was required to replace the old bridge. English engineer James Dredge was engaged to provide such a bridge. Dredge used his patented 'taper principle' for the bridge which was opened in 1854. Dredge's bridge carried the main road traffic across the River Oich until the construction of a two-lane concrete bridge in 1932. Following its withdrawal from service, the bridge fell into disrepair and had to be closed to public use. The bridge, which is now a listed building, was renovated for Historic Scotland in 1997, and returned to use as a public footbridge.

Images

See also

References

External links

Bridges in Highland (council area)
Bridges by James Dredge
Listed bridges in Scotland
Bridges completed in 1854
1854 establishments in Scotland
Patrick Hunter Gordon. Major Patrick Hunter Gordon CBE MC FRSE (6 December 1916 – 28 March 1978) was a Scottish soldier and electrical engineer. He was Managing Director of two engineering firms, AI Welders and Cable Belt.

Life 
Patrick Hunter Gordon was born on 6 December 1916 in Inverness, the son of Samuel Gordon Hunter (born 1877) and his wife Clare Agnes Johnston, who was from County Down. He was educated at Cargilfield Preparatory School in Edinburgh and Oundle School in Northamptonshire, before going on to study Mechanical Sciences at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated BA (1938) and MA (Cantab).

He next undertook military training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, joining the Royal Engineers in 1936. In the Second World War he was located at Fort Hahenberg, before moving to Brillon near Lille on the Maginot Line in March 1940. In June 1948, after the war was over, he became an instructor at Camberley Staff College.

He died in a car accident on 28 March 1978 and was buried at Tomnahurich in Inverness.

Family 
In 1940 he married Valerie de Ferranti (granddaughter of Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, founder of Ferranti). Valerie Hunter Gordon came to fame in 1947 as the inventor of one of the world's first disposable nappies, the PADDI.

References 

1916 births
1978 deaths
People educated at Cargilfield School
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Recipients of the Military Cross
Military personnel from Inverness
Royal Engineers officers
Scottish electrical engineers
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
People educated at Oundle School
Scottish chief executives
Road incident deaths in Scotland
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Taper suspension bridge. The taper suspension bridge (also known as the taper principle) is a bridge design patented by James Dredge in 1836.

The principle 
On a conventional suspension bridge, the whole deck is suspended by vertical cables, rods or chains from a single cable or chain slung between two supporting towers. The taper suspension bridge, devised by James Dredge in the early nineteenth century, differs from the conventional suspension bridge design in that it effectively functions as a double cantilever bridge. Each opposing cantilever system is self-supporting. The cantilever half-deck structure of each cantilever is suspended from angled chains, which hang from a tapered main attached to the top of the tower and to the outer end of the half-deck. The main chain taper is achieved by incrementally reducing the number of links stacked across the chain's width as it moves farther from the support tower.

The advantage of this taper system is that it results in a more cost-effective design compared to conventional suspension bridge of the time because it uses less iron and is quicker to build.

Surviving examples 
Of the 36 known examples of bridges started or completed by Dredge using this design, 7 are known to have survived.

References 

Bridge design
Jinghu South Circuit. Jinghu South Circuit or Jinghu South Province was one of the circuits during the Song dynasty. Its administrative area corresponds roughly to the modern province of Hunan.

Jinghu South Circuit and Jinghu North Circuit were split from Jinghu Circuit in 998.

References

 
 

 
Circuits of the Song dynasty
998 establishments
10th-century establishments in China
Former circuits in Hunan
Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line. The Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line is a major railway line in the Indian state of Karnataka connecting state capital  Bangalore with city of Hubballi in north-central Karnataka. It traverses across Karnataka and links several cities of Karnataka, including Tumakuru, Kadur, Davanagere, Haveri and Hubballi. Currently, 29 pairs of trains operate in this route, out of which 8 are daily services. Apart from this, this route also links Karnataka with other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. This route is also a major feeder line for iron ore, coal and steel hauling freight trains originating from Ballari district towards the Ports of Goa (via Braganza Ghats) and Mangaluru (via Shiradi Ghats).

The maximum operating speed of this route is 110 km/h for passenger trains and 75 km/h for freight trains. The fastest passenger service in this line is KSR Bengaluru–Dharawad vande bharat Express, which covers the two cities in 6h 40m, at an average speed of 76 km/h.

Main line and branches
The main line which is of Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli section is 469 km in length. this line has five branches
 First branch line which is from Chikkabanavara to Arsikere via Shravanabelagola Hassan is 211 km in length.
 Second branch line which is from Kadur to Chikkamagluru is 45 km in length.
 Third branch line which is from Birur to Talguppa is 160 km in length.
 Fourth branch line which is from Chickjajur to Bellary is 185 km in length.
 Fifth branch line is from Amaravathi colony junction after Davangere station to Hosapet junction which is 135 km in length.

Doubling and electrification 
As of June 2023, the entire stretch is fully electrified and electrification of loop lines at some stations between Haveri and hubballi is in progress and is expected to be completed by end of June 2023. A trial run of vande bharat express was also conducted on June 19 from KSR Bengaluru to Dharawad before its inaugural run on 27 June.

References

5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Rail transport in Karnataka
Transport in Hubli-Dharwad
Transport in Bengaluru Urban district
Transport in Bangalore Rural district
Titan Winged Aerobot. Titan Winged Aerobot (TWA) is a new aerobot exploration vehicle (under creation) to enter the surface of Saturn's largest moon Titan. NASA has given this contract to Global Aerospace Corporation and Northrop Grumman collectively on July 6, 2016. Under the contract of 2016 NASA Small Business Innovation Research, both the teams will develop the TWA concept and produce a proof of concept prototype for Earth-based testing.

Titan Winged Aerobot features will be its ultra-low power requirement and extended vertical range, both of which is inspired by Northrop Grumman's Titan lifting entry atmosphere flight (T-Leaf) platform. Titan's atmosphere is denser than Earth's atmosphere, with the atmospheric pressure of 1.45 atm. Its atmosphere contains 98.4% nitrogen with remaining 1.6% is composed of 1.4% methane and 0.1-0.2% hydrogen. Titan's cold and harsh environment can cause problems to any lighter-than-air exploration. TWA will be designed in the way that it can overcome those challenges.

Design 
TWA is the vehicle with 3-D directional control so that it can complete its objectives of researching Titan's environment, while using minimal power from a single radioisotope power source. Constantly moving in an atmosphere will facilitate long lived flight at low altitudes and target delivery to the surface.

Titan is the only moon with an atmosphere, and its atmosphere is the only known nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the Solar System. The observations from Voyager 1 and Cassini–Huygens shows that its atmosphere is denser than Earth's with the atmospheric pressure of 1.45 atm. It is 1.9 times as massive as Earth overall.

References

Proposed NASA space probes
Missions to Saturn
Titan (moon)
Gerald Leroy Fowler. Gerald Leroy Fowler was a veteran of World War II, the lead technician in the Field Emission laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University and was a master technician in the Surface Science division at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was the author or co-authored of nine technical publications in refereed journals.

Life
Gerald Leroy Fowler was a veteran of World War II, serving with the 1570th Engineering Heavy Shop Company and the 562nd Engineering Boat Maintenance Battalion. He received the Philippines Liberation Ribbon with one Bronze Star, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 2 Bronze Stars, and the World War II Victory Medal.
 
At the end of World War II "Gerry" was hired by Erwin Müller as the lead technician in the Field Emission laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University where he designed and constructed scientific instruments and helped to educate a cadre of undergraduate and graduate physics students. He was instrumental in the design and construction of the Atom probe and was recognized for his contribution in the first atom probe publication.

Gerry retired from Penn State in 1975 and was immediately hired in the Surface Science division at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico where he published several technical papers  and received the “Department 1110 Technical Excellence Award” from Sandia National Laboratories in May 1990 and the “Outstanding Lifetime Contribution” award for Vacuum Science and Technology from the New Mexico Chapter of the American Vacuum Society in April 1994. Jerry received the 1988 Shop Note of the Year Award from the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology for his publication “Coaxial helium Leak detection Probe”. He retired from Sandia in 1994. In 1995 Gerry published his autobiography: My Little Corner of the World.

Fowler was a Charter Member of New Mexico Military Vehicle Preservation Association - Roadrunner Convoy in Albuquerque and the proud owner of “Henrietta” (an original military jeep) that he exhibited in parades and veteran events in New Mexico and Pennsylvania. Gerry died peacefully on October 21, 2010, at the age of 81.

References

American scientific instrument makers
2010 deaths
Sandia National Laboratories people