omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
C++03. C++03 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language. It is defined by two standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), in standard ISO/IEC 14882:2003.

C++03 replaced the prior C++98 standard. C++03 was later replaced by C++11. C++03 was primarily a bug fix release for the implementers to ensure greater consistency and portability. This revision addressed 92 core language defect reports, 125 library defect reports, and included only one new language feature: value initialization.

Among the more noteworthy defect reports addressed by C++03 was the library defect report 69, whose resolution added the requirement that elements in a vector are stored contiguously. This codifies the common expectation that a C++ std::vector object uses a memory layout similar to an array. While most implementations satisfied this expectation, it was not required by C++98.

See also
 C++ Technical Report 1 - Additions to the C++03 Standard Library
 C++ standardization
 C++ Standard Library

References 

 

C++
Programming language standards
C++ programming language family
IEC standards
ISO standards
Loring R-1. 

The Loring R-1 or R-I was a reconnaissance aircraft and light bomber produced in Spain in the late 1920s. It was the first design by Eduardo Barron for Jorge Loring's company — Talleres Loring, and the firm's first aircraft of its own design.

Design and development
Conventional for its day, it was a biplane with staggered wings that were braced with struts in a Warren truss-like configuration. The pilot and observer sat in open cockpits in tandem and the main units of the fixed, tailskid undercarriage were divided.

The design of the Loring R-I was inspired by the Fokker C.V. , and saw service in Morocco during the last stages of the Rif War from July 1926 until March 1927.

Thirty examples were produced for the Aeronáutica Militar of the Spanish Army. They remained in service until December 1931 when they were phased out during the military restructuring promoted by Manuel Azaña, the newly nominated Minister of War of the republican government. Azaña's aim was to modernize the Spanish Military and cut down the expenses of the state in the aftermath of the Great Depression.

Variants
R-1 
First prototype aircraft that later went into production.
R-2 (R-II)
A refined version able to take heavier load than the R-I that was designed around 1925 before production shifted to the Loring R-3.

Operators
 (Kingdom)
Aeronáutica Militar
 (Republic)
Aeronáutica Militar

Specifications

See also

References

 

1920s Spanish military reconnaissance aircraft
Loring aircraft
Light bombers
Biplanes
Chengdu Grain Storage Research Institute. Chengdu Grain Storage Research Institute (CGSRI) is a grain storage research and development and quality inspection facility in Chengdu, China. It is administered by the State Grain Administration, a department of the National Development and Reform Commission. CGSRI has served as project leader on over 230 national-level key projects. CGSRI has also carried out academic exchanges and technological cooperation in grain storage and quality inspection with experts and institutions in many countries. The information center of CGSRI is also the official body of the Storage Professional Branch of the CCOA.

External links
CGSRI maintains two websites which serve as platforms for the release of official policies and the latest progress in research and development, as well as dissemination of projects and products:
Grainstorage.net
Cgsri.net

Research institutes in China
Audio Signal Processor. The Audio Signal Processor (ASP) is a large-scale digital signal processor developed by James A. Moorer at Lucasfilm's The Droid Works. Moorer programmed a number of digital signal processing algorithms that were used in major motion picture features. Sounds processed by the ASP were used in the THX logo's Deep Note, Return of the Jedi, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and others.
ASP provided the technological basis for the SoundDroid.

References

Further reading
 The Early Years. About Sonic Studio, LLC. 

Digital signal processing
Audio editors
Philadelphia Power Station. Philadelphia Power Station is a defunct coal-fired power station situated between the villages of Philadelphia and Newbottle,  north of Houghton-le-Spring in Tyne and Wear, North East England.

History
The station was built by the Sunderland District Electric Tramways Ltd and the Durham Collieries Power Company. It was built to provide electricity for the local district tramway and collieries, and it was planned for the station to open in May 1905, but its opening was delayed slightly, also delaying the electrification of the tramway, and it didn't begin providing electricity for the tramway until 10 June 1905. The station was provided with coal from the nearby Dorothea Pit. By 1911, the station was part of the Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company's system.

After closing, the station was used as a central garage by the National Coal Board. The station's generating hall still stands today, along with two smaller associated buildings, and they are Grade II listed. The generating hall is a single-gabled yellow brick built building with red brick dressings and felt roofing, and is currently one of a number of workshops on the Philadeliphia Complex. Persimmon Homes applied to refurbish the building and bring it into mixed commercial use, as part of a refurbishment of the Philadelphia Complex. The Northern National Restoration Group moved into the hall in November 2019.

References

Power stations in North East England
Buildings and structures in the City of Sunderland
Grade II listed buildings in Tyne and Wear
Grade II listed industrial buildings
Former power stations in England
Plane strain compression test. The plane strain compression test is a specialized test used on some materials ranging from metals to soils.

Metals
One variation of the test is also known as the Watts-Ford test.  It is an engineering test, and is a particularly specialized way of determining some of the material characteristics of the metal being tested, and its specialization can be summarized by this quote:

The test is useful when the sheet pieces are too small for a tensile test of a balanced biaxial test. It can give stress-strain curves up to considerably higher strains than tensile tests.

Plane-strain compression testing is typically used for measuring mechanical properties and for exploring microstructure development in the course of thermomechanical treatment. During the test the specimen is placed between the punches and the constrain plates. When the upper punch is pushed down during the material test, the specimen is extended to horizontal directions. Friction between the tool and the specimen can be reduced by applying lubricants, such as graphite, MoS2, glass or PTFE(Teflon).

The testing essentially consists of a thin metal bar being compressed by two equally wide compressive strips, which are located of opposite sides of the thin bar. Then, over a range of increasing loads on the bar, the compressive forces lead to the thickness of the metal bar being reduced. This change of thickness is then measured sequentially after each loading, and after some mathematics a stress-strain curve can be plotted.

The advantages of the Watts-Ford test are that it is convenient for testing thin sheets or strips, it is similar to a rolling process (in manufacturing analyses), frictional effects may be minimized, there is no 'barrelling' as would occur in a cylindrical compression test, and the plane strain deformation eases the analysis.

Stress-strain curve

The stress-strain curve is the relationship between the stress (force per unit area) and strain (resulting compression/stretching, known as deformation) that a particular material displays; stress–strain curves of various materials differ widely, and different tensile tests conducted on the same material yield different results depending upon the temperature of the specimen and the speed of the loading. When performing Watts-Ford tests, temperatures of the metal specimens will vary from 800 to 1100 °C and strain rates of (0.01- 10 s-1).

Pressure

The average pressure on a unit of area of the contact surface between the punch and the specimen is expressed as: P= F/(wb), where F is force, w is the punch width, b is the specimen width.

See also
 Compression (physics)
 Compressive strength
 Shear stress

Citations

Continuum mechanics
Materials testing
MiniGUI. MiniGUI is a GUI system with support for real-time and embedded operating systems, and aims to be fast, stable, light-weight and cross-platform. It was first released under the GNU GPL in 1999, and has since offered a commercial version with more features, including support for operating systems other than Linux and eCos. MiniGUI has been widely used in handheld terminals, portable media players, and industry instruments.

History 
MiniGUI was started by Wei Yongming as a simple interface for a control system based on Linux. The project was developed independently under the GNU GPL until September 2002, when the developers founded Feynman Software Technology and began commercial marketing of the software.

In October 2003, MiniGUI was ported to μClinux and eCos.

Features 
 Support for many embedded operating systems, including Linux and its derivative μClinux, eCos, VxWorks, pSOS, ThreadX and Nucleus
 Support for embedded resources and as a result devices without file systems
 Compatibility with Windows resource file formats including icons and cursors.
 Skin support
 Support for many character sets, including ISO8859 and BIG5

References

External links 
 MiniGUI official website
 

Graphical user interfaces
E86 cluster bomb. The E86 cluster bomb was an American biological cluster bomb first developed in 1951. Though the U.S. military intended to procure 6,000 E86s, the program was halted in the first half of the 1950s.

History
The E86 cluster bomb was developed as a biological weapon by the United States Army Chemical Corps and the United States Air Force beginning in October 1951. The Ralph M. Parsons Company was contracted to produce the E86 in October 1952. In 1953 procurement began for 6,000 E86 cluster bombs, with their production expected no earlier than 1958. When U.S. military munition requirements were reviewed in the first half of the 1950s, production and further development of the E86 was halted. The E86 cluster bomb supplanted technologies such as the E77 balloon bomb.

Specifications
The E86 was similar to the M115 biological bomb, except it was larger. While the M115 weighed , the E86 was a  weapon. Regardless, operationally, the E86 was similar to the M115. It was designed as an anti-crop weapon; the U.S. biological weapons program produced three anti crop agents, wheat and rye stem rust and rice blast. The weapon was in a steel case and intended to be dropped from the exterior of an aircraft such as the B-47 or B-52. Sub-munitions included the E14 munition; the sub-munition was originally intended as anti-crop weapons as well, but was later altered and used in testing as the U.S. pursued an entomological warfare program.

See also
M33 cluster bomb

References

Biological weapon delivery systems
Cluster munitions
Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Emtunga. Emtunga is a mechanical production company which was founded in 1945 in the village of Emtunga, Sweden by Bertil Gustavsson as Emtunga Mekaniska Verkstad AB, and which later developed into a group of companies. In the early days he supplied local farmers with equipment such as pressure vessels and tanks. The first living-quarter module produced by Emtunga was delivered to a North Sea oil rig in 1974. After Gustavsson's retirement in 1976, his two sons managed the business and turned its activities towards the oil and gas industry. Between 1976 and 1984, all activities were focused on this sector. To decrease its dependency on the volatile oil and gas industry, Emtunga decided to enter into the expanding telecom sector and delivered the first telecom modules 1983 to Ericsson. In 1986 Emtunga delivered its first pharmaceutical modules for Pharmadule.

Emtunga International AB
In 1998 Emtunga is acquired by IDI (Industrial Development & Investment AB) and the company name is changed to Emtunga International AB.

Pharmadule Emtunga AB
In July 2001, Pharmadule AB officially merged with Emtunga International AB. The merger completed the two companies long-term relationship. Emtunga had been Pharmadule's exclusive manufacturer of modular pharmaceutical plants and the companies had operated extremely close during a period of fifteen years. In 2001 Flexenclosure is made a separate division of Pharmadule Emtunga and is now a stand-alone company based in Lidköping.
In December 2003, 3i acquires Pharmadule Emtunga from IDI. Pharmadule Emtunga has 600 employees and conducts operations in Emtunga, Vara, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Emtunga Offshore AB
On September 1, 2007, Pharmadule Emtunga AB has established its two operating divisions into two separate companies: Pharmadule AB and Emtunga Offshore AB.

In October 2008 Emtunga Offshore AB applies for a company reconstruction.

Emtunga Offshore AB decided on December 17, 2008 to apply for bankruptcy. This is the result of the company’s largest customer – MPF Corp. Ltd – having become insolvent and not being able to fulfill its commitments to Emtunga Offshore, amounting to approximately 100,000,000 SEK. It is also the result of the global financial crisis that has led to a weaker market climate and delayed projects. Emtunga Offshore has 140 employees in Arendal, Gothenburg and Emtunga, Vara.

Leirvik Emtunga AB
In February 2009 Norska Leirvik MT announced the foundation of the 100% owned Company, LEIRVIK Emtunga AB. LEIRVIK Emtunga will fabricate modular steel living quarters for international customers all over the world.

Apply Leirvik Emtunga AB
In November 2009 LEIRVIK Emtunga LQ AB changed its name to Apply Leirvik Emtunga AB.

References

External links
Apply Leirvik Emtunga AB Official site
Apply Group Official site
Pharmadule Official site
Flexenclosure Official site

Companies based in Västra Götaland County
3i Group companies
Construction and civil engineering companies of Sweden
Swedish companies established in 1945
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1945
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1945
Daniel Mandl. Daniel Mandl (April 20, 1891 – March 23, 1945) was a civil engineer, inventor, and a student of anthroposophy.

Life 
Daniel Mandl was born in Prostějov, Moravia. He studied engineering at the University of Vienna, Austria. During World War I, he commanded an artillery unit of the Austro-Hungarian Army, and fought in Albania. A decorated officer, he resumed his studies after World War I. Upon graduation, he was employed by the General Electrical Company in Berlin. He was involved in the electrification of Slovakia, and he introduced the then-new technology of arc welding to Czechoslovakia, making improvements to arc welding electrodes. He was a student of anthroposophy.

After the annexation of rump Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany on March 15, 1939, Mandl held a teaching position in the Technical School founded by the Brno Jewish community. He was deported from Brno to the Terezin (Theresienstadt ghetto on March 31, 1942, together with his wife Hajnalka and his son Tommy (Herbert Thomas Mandl). In Terezin, Mandl worked in the Jewish self-administration.  He participated in the Jewish cultural life in the ghetto, delivering at least one lecture, titled "A Chapter from Some Thoughts On the History of Humanity," on June 23, 1944.

Mandl and his son were deported from Theresienstadt concentration camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 28, 1944. Unbeknownst to his son Tommy at the time, Tommy was the only one selected for the transport but his father volunteered to go with him. From Auschwitz, the Mandls were transported, in turn, to several Dachau-Kaufering subcamps, where Mandl died March 23, 1945, a mere  six weeks before the end of World War II (cf. testimonies of his son, Herbert Thomas Mandl).

References

 Herbert Thomas Mandl: Erinnerungen an Daniel Mandl und Viktor Ullmann. in: Novalis 1997/98, Nr. 12/1

1891 births
1945 deaths
Anthroposophists
Czech Jews who died in the Holocaust
Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners
Czech people who died in Dachau concentration camp
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
ENMASA Beta. The ENMASA Beta was a Spanish air-cooled radial engine of the 1950s. A copy of the American  Wright R-1820 Cyclone, the Beta was the powerplant of a number of post Spanish Civil War aircraft, including the Spanish version of the Junkers Ju 52 transport, the CASA C-202 Halcón and the Hispano HA-100 trainer.

Specifications (Beta B-4)

See also

References

 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54. London:Jane's, 1953.

1950s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Daniel Meyer. Daniel Meyer is the name of:

Sportsmen
Dan Meyer (first baseman) (born 1952), baseball utility player
Dan Meyer (pitcher) (born 1981), baseball pitcher
Danny Meyer (footballer) (born 1986), Australian rules footballer for the Port Adelaide Football Club
Daniel Meyer (coach) (born 1979), German football manager
Daniel Meyer (curler) (born 1955), Swiss wheelchair curler, 2010 Winter Paralympian

Others
Daniel Meyer (engineer) (1932–1998), founder and president Southwest Technical Products Corporation
Dan Meyer (Wisconsin politician) (born 1949), Wisconsin Secretary of Natural Resources and former state assemblyman
Daniel Meyer (conductor), American conductor and musical director
Dan Meyer (entertainer) (born 1957), American sword swallower, America's Got Talent contestant and Ig Nobel Prize winner
Danny Meyer (born 1958), New York City restaurateur
Daniel P. Meyer (born 1965), federal supervisory investigator specializing in protection of whistleblowers
Dan Meyer, White House Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs

See also
Daniel Mayer (1909–1996), French politician
Daniel Mayr (born 1995), German professional basketball player
Dechlorane plus. Dechlorane plus (abbrev. DDC-CO) is a polychlorinated flame retardant produced by Oxychem. 

Its log P is 11.27±0.94.

It is produced by the Diels-Alder reaction of two equivalents of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with one equivalent of cyclooctadiene. The syn and anti isomer are formed in the approximate ratio of 1:3.

Environmental concerns
Dechlorane plus was first found in the environment in 2006 in air around the Great Lakes. Since then, its environmental occurrence has been further documented in several studies including sediments of the Great Lakes; zooplankton, fish, and mussels in Lake Winnipeg and Lake Ontario; air and seawater from the Arctic to Antarctica; and Chinese air. In 2011, modeling data indicated that Dechlorane Plus may be persistent, bioaccumulative, and subject to long-range transport. The 2023 Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants took the decision to eliminate the use of Dechlorane Plus, by listing this chemical in Annex A to the Convention.

Dechlorane plus was added to the list of REACH Substances of Very High Concern on January 15, 2018.

Literature

References 

Organochlorides
Persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention
M125 bomblet. The M125 bomblet was a U.S. chemical sub-munition designed to deliver the nerve agent sarin. It was brought into service in 1954 with the M34 cluster bomb as part of the first U.S. air-delivered nerve agent weapon.

History
The M125 bomblet was a sub-munition of the M34 cluster bomb, which was first brought into regular service by the United States Army in 1954. In development the M125 was known as the E54R6 bomblet (shortened to E54). The M34 and its payload of M125s was the first air-delivered nerve agent weapon in the U.S. chemical arsenal. Later, the Chemical Corps developed chemical-biological warheads for multiple missile systems including, Matador, Rascal, Snark, and Navaho missiles. These warheads incorporated the M125 bomblet and the M114 bomblet. Over 21,000 of the M125 containing M34 bombs were destroyed at Rocky Mountain Arsenal in 1976.

Specifications
The M34 was designed to hold 76 M125 bomblets, arranged in four groups of 19. Each bomblet held  of the nerve agent sarin, and  of the explosive tetryl. The ten pound cylindrical M125 bomblet also held an opening delay, fuze and parachute, as well as a burster, which contained the explosive. A M34 cluster bomb, fully loaded with M125 bomblets, had an agent weight to weapon weight ratio of 17 percent; the M34 and M125 were not the best delivery system. Eventually, cylindrical chemical bomblets, such as the M125, were supplanted by spherical models because they could obtain a greater coverage area.

References

Chemical weapon delivery systems
Submunitions
Cold War weapons of the United States
Chemical weapons of the United States
List of chief mechanical engineers of the Western Australian Government Railways. Chief mechanical engineers of the Western Australian Government Railways

 Thomas Forth Rotheram (1900-1903)
 Edward S. Hume (1904-1920)
 Ernest A. Evans (1920-1929)
 John W. R. Broadfoot (1929-1939)
 Frederick Mills (1940-1949)
 Tom Marsland (?-?)
 Charles Clarke (?-?)
 William Charles Blakeney-Britter  (?-?)

See also
 Western Australian Government Railways
 Rail transport in Western Australia

References
 Bertola, P.; Oliver, B. [Eds.] (2006). The Workshops: A History of the Midland Government Railway Workshops. Perth: University of Western Australia Press.

 
 
Railways
Western Australian Government Railways
History of rail transport in Western Australia
Telomerization. Telomerization is a reaction that produces a particular kind of oligomer with two distinct end groups. The oligomer is called a telomer. Some telomerizations proceed by radical pathways, many do not. A generic equation is:
 A-B + n M -> A-M_{n}-B
where M is the monomer, and A and B are the end groups, and n is the degree of polymerization.

One example is the coupled dimerization and hydroesterification of buta-1,3-diene. This step produces a doubly unsaturated C9-ester:
2CH2=CH-CH=CH2  +  CO +  CH3OH → CH2=CH(CH2)3CH=CHCH2CO2CH3
The monomer in this reaction is butadiene, the degree of polymerization is 2, and the end groups are vinyl and the carboxy methyl (CO2CH3). This and several related reactions proceed with palladium catalysts.  Many telomerizations are used in industrial chemistry.

Nomenclature
According to the jargon in polymer chemistry, telomerization requires a telogen to react with at least one unsaturated taxogen molecule. Fluorotelomers are an example.

See also
Perfluorooctanoic acid (synthesis)
Telomerization (dimerization)

References

Chemical synthesis
Chemical processes
Industrial processes
Polymer chemistry
Oligomers