omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
2021 Pakistan blackout. The 2021 Pakistan blackout was a power outage that occurred across Pakistan on January 9, 2021.

Cause 
The Power Minister Omar Ayub cited the reason that at 11.41pm local time (1841 GMT) on Saturday January 9, the blackout was caused by “an engineering fault” in Guddu power plant in southern Pakistan which tripped the system and caused power plants to shut down.

Areas affected 
Areas affected by power cuts include the capital Islamabad, along with major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Multan, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Muzaffargarh, Narowal, Bhakkar, Kabirwala, Khanewal, Bahawalpur and Sukkur. Between 80 and 90 per cent electricity supply was suspended during the blackout.

Impact 
The blackout affected the operations of airports as well as forced the hospitals to use their backup generators. An inquiry was also conducted by National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) to probe the incident and imposed a fine of Rs50 million on the National Transmission and Despatch Company (NTDC). NEPRA stated the reason that the NTDC failed to ensure the supply of electricity in a timely manner.

References 

Power outages in Pakistan
January 2021 events in Pakistan
Wrinklon. A wrinklon is a type of quasiparticle introduced in the study of wrinkling behavior in thin sheet materials, such as graphene or fabric. It is a localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system.

It represents a localized region where two wrinkles in the material merge into one, serving as part of the pattern seen when the material forms wrinkles. The term "wrinklon" is derived from "wrinkle" and the suffix "-on", the latter commonly used in physics to denote quasiparticles, such as the "phonon" or "polaron".

The concept of wrinklons aids in understanding and describing the complex wrinkling patterns observed in a variety of materials. This understanding could prove useful in fields such as material science and nanotechnology, particularly in the study and development of two-dimensional materials like graphene.

Further studies have expanded the understanding of wrinklons, demonstrating that the behavior of these wrinkles in thin films, such as graphene, can differ depending on the substrate they are on. For instance, when graphene is on a compliant polymer substrate, the properties of the wrinklons change with the thickness of the graphene.

This suggests that the characteristics of the substrate have a significant role in wrinklon formation and behavior, which is important to consider in various applications of thin film materials.

See also

 Straintronics

References

Physical phenomena
Condensed matter physics
Quantum phases
Quasiparticles
Mesoscopic physics
Vanesa Gomez Gonzalez. Vanesa Gomez Gonzalez is a Spanish software engineer who has worked for NASA since 2013. During her NASA career, she has worked at Ames Research Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on projects involving air traffic simulations, quantum computing, robotics, and bioinformatics.

Education
Gomez Gonzalez earned a bachelor’s degree in computer science from the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and a master’s degree in space studies from the International Space University in France. 

She worked on developing the batch and sequencing process of commands for an academic NASA Mars Rover. She was a MarsWithoutBorders and Mars-X project team member.

Career
Gomez Gonzalez has participated in several space-themed studies, such as undergoing 6G forces in a centrifuge at the National Aerospace Training and Research Center in Southampton, Penn. She also served as a control subject for spatial awareness investigations in connection with space station research. 

In 2023, she was a Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) crew member for a 45 day mission. HERA enables researchers to study how crew members adjust to isolation, confinement, and remote conditions on Earth before NASA sends astronauts on deep-space missions. To help researchers learn about crew behaviors, the crew carries out various science and maintenance tasks inside HERA, such as analyzing rock samples in a glovebox and testing augmented reality capabilities. Crew members also face the challenge of increasing communication delays with mission control as they approach Phobos.

Personal life
Gomez Gonzalez is originally from Madrid. She is a private pilot and a certified rescue scuba diver, and also volunteers at Humane Society and mentors young engineers.

References

Spanish computer scientists
Spanish women computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Spanish scientists
NASA people
Women engineers
Engineers from Madrid
Polytechnic University of Madrid alumni
International Space University alumni
Daphne de Jong. Daphne de Jong is an aerospace engineer and a trained commercial pilot. In 2018, she was listed as Forbes 30 under 30 in consumer technology. She worked on the first Amazon Prime Air customer delivery in the United Kingdom. She is a board director at United Nations Women in San Francisco.

Education 
De Jong graduated from Cranfield University with a MSc in aerospace engineering and from International Space University with a MSc in space technologies.

Career 
Daphne de Jong worked for Waymo and Rivian on advanced autonomous vehicles. Previously, she also worked for SpaceX. At Amazon Prime Air she contributed to deliver Amazon's packages to their customers by autonomous drones. She also spent time at NASA Ames, focused on optimizing flight networks.

Personal life 
De Jong has described her goal as the development of technologies that will transform people's lives, a topic she discussed in her TED talk and multiple interviews.

In 2019, she climbed Mount Everest.

References 

Aerospace engineers
Living people
1990 births
Dutch engineers
Alumni of Cranfield University
High-temperature oxidation. High-temperature oxidation refers to a scale-forming oxidation process involving a metallic object and atmospheric oxygen that produces corrosion at elevated temperatures.

High-temperature oxidation is a kind of High-temperature corrosion. Other kinds of high-temperature corrosion include high-temperature sulfidation and carbonization. High temperature oxidation and other corrosion types are commonly modelled using the Deal-Grove model to account for diffusion and reaction processes.

Mechanism of oxidation 
High temperature oxidation is generally occurs via the following chemical reaction between oxygen (O2) and a metal M:

nM + 1/2kO2 = MnOk

According to Wagner's theory of oxidation, oxidation rate is controlled by partial ionic and electronic conductivities of oxides and their dependence on the chemical potential of the metal or oxygen in the oxide.

References 

Redox
Sun Jiulin. Sun Jiulin (; 10 August 1937 – 10 May 2023) was a Chinese engineer specializing in resource science, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Sun was born in Songjiang County, Shanghai, on 10 August 1937, while his ancestral home is in Yancheng, Jiangsu. In 1959, he entered Xi'an Jiaotong University, where he majored in power system automation. 

After graduating in 1964, he was despatched to the Comprehensive Investigation Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the Cultural Revolution, he was forced to work in the fields of May Seventh Cadre Schools and returned to the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1972. He was promoted to associate research fellow of the Land and Resources Information Research Office of Comprehensive Examination Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in March 1978. In January 1991 he was promoted again to become research fellow. In March 1992, he was appointed deputy director of Agricultural Research Center of National Agricultural Zoning Commission of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a post he kept until August 1997. Following the merging of the Natural Resources Comprehensive Investigation Committee and the Institute of Geography into a new Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research in September 1999, he was also transferred to the newly workplace. In May 2002, he was recruited as a professor of Henan University.

On 10 May 2023, he died of an illness in Beijing, aged 85.

Contributions
Sun presided over the construction of China's first land and resources database, filling the domestic gap. He took the lead in building a multi variety and large-scale remote sensing production estimation practical system that breaks through multiple key technologies, making pioneering contributions to China's remote sensing production estimation. He also took the lead in hosting and implementing the National Science Data Sharing Project, established the National Earth Systems Science Data Sharing Platform, and promoted the open sharing of scientific data in China.

Honours and awards
 2001 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

 2014 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for the construction, key technologies and application services of the national platform for data sharing in earth systems science

References

1937 births
2023 deaths
Engineers from Shanghai
Xi'an Jiaotong University alumni
Academic staff of Henan University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
Engineer Mountain (Hinsdale and Ouray counties, Colorado). Engineer Mountain is a 13,225-foot-elevation (4,031 meter) summit located on the boundary shared by Hinsdale County with Ouray County, in Colorado, United States.

Description
Engineer Mountain is situated 5.7 miles southeast of the community of Ouray on land administered by the Bureau of Land Management. It is set west of the Continental Divide in the San Juan Mountains which are a subset of the Rocky Mountains. Neighboring geographic features include Engineer Pass 0.4 mile to the northeast and the nearest higher neighbor, Darley Mountain, is 0.86 mile to the north. Precipitation runoff from the mountain's west aspect drains into the Uncompahgre River via Bear and Mineral creeks, whereas the east slope drains to Henson Creek which is a tributary of the Gunnison River. Topographic relief is modest as the summit rises nearly  above the Uncompahgre River in two miles (3.2 km) and over  above Mineral Creek in 0.7 mile. Access to the mountain is via the Alpine Loop Back Country Byway at Engineer Pass and the summit offers one of the most spectacular views of the San Juan Mountains in this area.

Etymology
Engineer Mountain's name commemorates the United States Army Corps of Engineers who surveyed this land in 1873. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. There is another Engineer Mountain in Colorado's San Juan Mountains located 22 miles southwest of this one.

Climate 
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Engineer Mountain is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring. Hikers can expect afternoon rain, hail, and lightning from the seasonal monsoon in late July and August.

Gallery

See also 

Thirteener

References

External links 
 Weather forecast: Engineer Mountain

Mountains of Hinsdale County, Colorado
Mountains of Ouray County, Colorado
San Juan Mountains (Colorado)
Four-thousanders of the United States
Uluberia Government Polytechnic. Uluberia Government Polytechnic, is a government polytechnic located in Uluberia,  Howrah district, West Bengal. This polytechnic is affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education,  and recognized by AICTE, New Delhi. This polytechnic offers diploma courses in Computer Science & Technology, Mechanical, and Chemical Engineering.

History 
Under the Multi Sectoral Development Programme initiated by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, plans were made in 2012 to establish a polytechnic college in Uluberia - I, located in the Howrah district. In 2015, the Government of West Bengal sanctioned Rs.14.39 Crore for the construction of the college building at Boalia, Uluberia - I. The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) completed the construction of the institute building in December 2020. The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) granted approval to start the academic session in 2021–22, offering three diploma courses in Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Technology, and Chemical Engineering, with an intake capacity of sixty students in each stream. Sri Kunal Kanti Sarkar served as the founding head of the institution, discharging his duties as Principal from 17.08.2018 to 15.02.2021. Currently, Sri Tapas Kumar De is serving as the Principal from 15.02.2021.

References

External links
https://polytechnic.wbtetsd.gov.in/uluberia-government-polytechnic

Universities and colleges in Howrah district
Technical universities and colleges in West Bengal
2021 establishments in West Bengal
Universities and colleges established in 2021
Guan Xingya. Guan Xingya (; 7 February 1932 – 23 May 2023) was a Chinese petroleum engineer, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was the pioneer and technological founder of China's acrylonitrile catalyst and its complete process.

Biography
Guan was born in Fengtian, Fengtian Province, Manchukuo (now Shenyang, Liaoning), on 7 February 1932. In 1951, he entered Jiaotong University, but transferred to Fudan University the next year.

After graduating in 1955, he was assigned to the Acetylene Chemistry Research Office of Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology, and reassigned to the Petrochemistry Process Room of Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry two years later. He moved up the ranks to become director of the Research Room 2 in June 1960 and deputy chief engineer in July 1981.

On 23 May 2023, he died of an illness in Shanghai, aged 92.

Honours and awards
 1988 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for the research and development of MB-82 Acrylonitrile Catalyst
 1993 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for the research and industrial application of MB-86 Acrylonitrile Catalyst
 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References

1932 births
2023 deaths
People from Shenyang
Engineers from Liaoning
Fudan University alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
Curium(IV) oxide. Curium(IV) oxide is an inorganic chemical compound of curium and oxygen with the chemical formula . Since all isotopes of curium are man-made, the compound does not occur in nature.

Synthesis
Curium(IV) oxide can be prepared directly from the elements. Metallic curium is annealed in air or in an oxygen atmosphere:

Curium(III) hydroxide and curium(III) oxalate are also usually used for this purpose:

Another way is the reaction of curium(III) oxide in an oxygen atmosphere at 650 °C:

Physical properties
Curium(IV) oxide forms black crystals. Insoluble in water. The compound crystals are of the cubic crystal system, the fluorite structure in the space group Fm3m.

Chemical properties
The compound reacts with mineral acids to form solutions of curium(III) salts.

Uses
The compound is used for the manufacturing of isotopic current sources, also as targets for the synthesis of transcurium elements.

References

Curium compounds
Oxides
LGA 1851. LGA 1851 (codename Socket V1) is a land grid array CPU socket designed by Intel for Meteor Lake-PS and Arrow Lake-S  desktop processors, released in October 24, 2024.

The number of contacts has increased, from 1700 (for LGA 1700) to 1851. It uses the same dimensions and cooler mounting hole spacing as LGA 1700, ensuring continued CPU cooler compatibility.

It offers 20 PCIe 5.0 lanes (x16 for the expansion cards and x4 for storage) and an additional 4 PCIe 4.0 lanes for storage. The available PCIe lanes for the expansion cards can now be bifurcated to three devices (x8, x4, x4) instead of two, in case of LGA 1700. Similar to AMD's AM5 socket, it is exclusively on DDR5 SDRAM, dropping support for DDR4 unlike its predecessor (LGA 1700), marking the end of mainstream DDR4 after 10 years.

Arrow Lake chipsets (800 series)

Notes

References 

Intel CPU sockets
Building materials processing in the vernacular architecture of Oceania. The peoples of Oceania, spread across multiple island groups in the Pacific Ocean, developed unique architectural styles that made optimal use of the available resources. These included materials like timber, bamboo, pandanus, coconut palm, and coral.

Materials and Their Processing

Timber 

In the Pacific Islands, timber was and remains a crucial building material, with diverse species being utilized for different purposes. The preparation process involved felling, debarking, and often, curing for several months to ensure the material's durability. Specialized tools made from shell, stone, or later iron, were used to cut and shape the timber. This wood was primarily used in the construction of structural elements like posts, beams, and rafters.

Bamboo 

Bamboo, particularly prevalent in Melanesia, was another crucial material used. The hollow, cylindrical structure of bamboo lends itself well to lightweight construction and ease of assembly. Bamboo canes were typically cut, dried, and then often treated with heat or submerged in water to prevent pest infestation.

Pandanus and coconut palm 

Both pandanus and coconut palm were extensively used for thatching and wall materials in Oceanic architecture. These materials were harvested, dried, and often woven into mats or shingles. The leaves of the pandanus, when processed into a plaiting material, were used to create the panels in the walls and floors of houses, while the trunks could be used as posts.

Coral 

In certain island groups like Kiribati, the absence of timber necessitated the use of other materials like coral. Coral blocks were extracted, dried, and used primarily for foundation and wall construction. Though less common, this practice demonstrates the resourcefulness of the indigenous Oceanic peoples in adapting to their environment.

Building techniques 
The processing of materials was intrinsically tied to the construction techniques employed. Lashed construction was dominant, with the processed timber, bamboo, and other materials being joined using plant fiber ropes rather than nails or screws. Notches were cut into posts and beams to facilitate lashing and provide structural integrity.

In the case of coral construction, a mortar made from ground coral and coconut water was commonly used to bind blocks together. The coral blocks were carefully chosen and shaped to fit tightly together, providing a robust and durable structure.

See also 

 Traditional Architecture of Papua New Guinea
 Hale (architecture)

References 

Vernacular architecture
Oceanian architecture
Babbage Building. The Babbage Building is a teaching building at the University of Plymouth for the university's School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics and the School of Art, Design and Architecture.

Background 
The Babbage Building, also known as the New Engineering and Design Facility, is a teaching building named after Charles Babbage, a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.

After renovations in 2021–2023, the building contains a number of fabrication and computing laboratories.

History

1979-2019: Original building 
The Babbage Building was originally constructed in 1979 as an engineering facility for the University of Plymouth. Prior to being named the Babbage Building, it was called the General Teaching Block (abbreviated to GTB).

2019-2023: Renovation 
In 2019, a design competition was held for a renovation of the Babbage Building.

Planning permission was granted for the works in December 2020. The main contractor for the renovations is BAM, and the new building was designed by Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios.

In 2021, the building was closed for renovations costing £63 million. For the renovations to be able to take place, the university had to temporarily relocate classes and infrastructure to other places across the campus. The university's data center was mostly moved to the cloud as a result of the works.

The building was completely emptied, internal walls taken down, and the outer walls taken off, with only the concrete structure remaining. The renovated building has larger windows, blue cladding, and a rooftop garden. The original structure was also expanded towards the rear and right side of the building.

The newly renovated building contains  of teaching and learning space, and is focused on using low carbon technologies to reduce the university's carbon footprint.

The building was due to reopen in September 2023, but was delayed and officially opened on Saturday 18 November 2023.

Some time after the works, the university has stated that the nearby Brunel building will be demolished and turned into a park when all of its functions have been moved into the Babbage building.

References 

Buildings and structures in Plymouth, Devon
Buildings at the University of Plymouth
Arcturus-class submarine. The Arcturus class is a planned future replacement for the Russian  of ballistic missile submarines. It was announced in 2022 and is designed by Rubin Design Bureau.

At the Army-2022 expo, the Rubin Design Bureau revealed a new ballistic missile submarine design, with an angled hull design, similar to the British , intended to make the submarine harder to detect. The submarine will also contain 12 missile tubes, and will be able to carry the Surrogat-V AUV, which is an anti-submarine warfare drone. It will also have 20% less displacement compared to current ballistic missile submarines, with a planned crew of around 100 people, and being 134 meters in length.

On 21 June 2023, the Rubin Design Bureau announced that the Arcturus class would begin replacing the Borei class from 2037 onwards.

See also
 List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
 Future of the Russian Navy
 List of submarine classes in service
 Submarine-launched ballistic missile

References

Submarine classes
Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
Nuclear submarines of the Russian Navy
Ballistic missile submarines