omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Natya-class minesweeper. The Natya class, Soviet designation Project 266M Akvamarin, are a group of minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy and export customers during the 1970s and 1980s. The ships were used for ocean minesweeping.

Design
The design evolved from the  with new demining equipment including more advanced sonar and closed circuit TV. A stern ramp made recovering sweeps easier. The hull was built of low magnetic steel. The engines were mounted on sound dampening beams and shrouded propellers were used to reduce noise. An electrical field compensator was also installed. A single ship designated Natya 2 by NATO was built with an aluminium hull for reduced magnetic signature.

Ukrainian forces claimed to have sunk the minesweeper Kovrovets on 19 May 2024. At the same time, in other sources they claimed to sink the small missile ship Tsiklon. There are no independent confirmations or comments from the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Project 02668
 Displacement: 852 tons. 
 Armament: 1 × 30mm AK-306 CIWS, 2 × 14.5 mm MTPU-1 machine guns, BKT high-speed pin sweep, TEM-4 electromagnetic sweep, AT-3 acoustic sweep, SZ-1 or SZ-2 depth charges, "Livadia" mine detector-finder. 
 Crew: 60.

Project 02668 was designed by Design Bureau "Almaz" and is a prototype, which demonstrates the latest technology - the logical continuation of a series of Project 266ME. The minesweeper is equipped with the most modern means of anti-mine protection. It was the first Russian mine-sweeping ship to have an integrated navigation bridge and main command center, as well as the "Diez-E" automated control system of anti-mine action activities.

The St. Andrew's flag-raising ceremony was held on 17 January 2009, and the ship was accepted into the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

Operators
45 ships were built for the Soviet Navy from 1970 to 1982.

7 ships believed to remain in service.
Black Sea Fleet - 3 ships
Pacific Fleet - 2 ships
Northern Fleet - 2 ships

2 captured by Russia.
 (ex-Zenitchik - captured)
Cherkasy (captured)

12 ships built for the Indian Navy in two batches between 1978 and 1988. Ship design was modified to Indian specifications. Known as the  in Indian service. All have since been decommissioned. These ships were to be replaced by GSL Mine Counter-Measure Vessels, but the project is currently on hold.

8 ships transferred 1981-86. 2 still in active

 Libyan People's Army
2 ships captured in February 2011.

One ship in 1986.

 
One ship.

See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number

Citations

References

 Also published as 

Mine warfare vessel classes
 
 
Minesweepers of the Russian Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Ukrainian Navy
Minesweepers of Ukraine
Minesweepers of the Libyan Navy
Minesweepers of the Syrian Navy
Minesweepers of the Yemen Navy
MARSA (aviation). In United States aviation, MARSA designates the delegation of responsibility for separation of aircraft in flight to military authorities by civilian air traffic control authorities.  MARSA is an acronym for Military Authority Assumes Responsibility for Separation of Aircraft.

MARSA procedures are used when military aircraft must operate in close proximity and with close coordination.  Under such conditions, it may be impractical for standard civilian air traffic controllers to ensure safe separation of the aircraft.  MARSA procedures delegate the separation responsibility temporarily to the military authority operating the flights, thereby relieving ATC of the separation workload.  When operations in close proximity have concluded, the designated military authority relinquishes responsibility back to ATC, and normal ATC procedures resume.

Typical applications of MARSA procedures include military formation flights and in-flight refueling operations.

MARSA operations are defined by regulatory documents and agreements between civilian and military aviation authorities.  MARSA operations are initiated under specific conditions and terminated under equally specific conditions, using precisely defined steps to formally transfer responsibility to and from military authorities.

Sources
 FAA, Order JO 7110.65W, Air Traffic Organization Policy   Retrieved: 1 Sep 2016.

References

See also
Aerial refueling
GIANT KILLER
Wingman

Air traffic control in the United States
American military aviation
Military air traffic control
Ohaaki Power Station. The Ohaaki Power Station is a geothermal power station owned and operated by Contact Energy.  A distinctive feature of this power station is the 105 m high natural draft cooling tower, the only one of its kind in New Zealand.

Although initially constructed to generate 104 MW, decline in the steamfield has meant maximum net capacity is about 65 MW with an annual output of around 400 GWh pa.

There are currently three turbines in operation. One smaller turbine runs off high pressure steam which then backfeeds into the main intermediate pressure system that feeds the two main units. Condensers on the back end of the main turbines are fed cooled water from the cooling tower to condense the steam back into water. Additional condensate gained in this process is reinjected back into the ground.

In 2013, the Waikato Regional Council granted resource consents for a term of 35 years and for a take of 40,000 tonnes per day of geothermal fluid.

Ohaaki Marae
The plant is located adjacent to the Ohaaki Marae (Ngāti Tahu) on the banks of the Waikato River in New Zealand.  Gradual sinking of the marae has been attributed to draw-off of geothermal fluids by the power station.  The area of the marae is sinking approximately 170mm a year.  In the 1960s, the marae was moved to its present location because the previous site was flooded when the dam for the Ohakuri Power Station was filled.

Climate

References

Further reading

Geothermal power stations in New Zealand
Taupō District
Buildings and structures in the Taupō District
David Charleston. David Morley Charleston (27 May 1848 – 30 June 1934) was a Cornish-born Australian politician. Born in St Erth, Cornwall, he received only a primary education before becoming an apprentice engineer at Harvey & Co ironworks, and later an engineering unionist in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in London. In 1874 he moved to San Francisco and worked as a marine engineer for Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Migrating to South Australia in 1884, he continued his engineering work initially on the Hackney Bridge for the Road Board then with the Adelaide Steamship Company, but resigned in 1887 after labour troubles. He subsequently became President of the United Trades and Labour Council of South Australia for a year from February 1889.

In 1891 he was elected to the South Australian Legislative Council as a Labor member, but he left the United Labor Party in 1897 and resigned his seat. He was re-elected as an independent at the resulting by-election. Leaving the Council in 1901, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Free Trader. He was defeated in 1903, and was later General Secretary of the Farmers and Producers Political Union. Several attempts to re-enter the Senate were unsuccessful. Charleston died in 1934.

Personal
Charleston married Mary Foster (née Cooke) on 24 December 1895. Mary was the daughter of William Cooke of the Britannia Iron Works, Melbourne, and a well-known singer and widow of Fanny Simonsen's pianist Charles Bunbury Foster, who may have died in Queensland in 1894, but details are elusive.

Charleston's sister was the suffragist Nellie Martel.

See also
Hundred of Charleston

References

1848 births
1934 deaths
Australian people of Cornish descent
British emigrants to Australia
Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Australian trade unionists
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Emergency aircraft evacuation. Emergency aircraft evacuation refers to emergency evacuation from an aircraft which may take place on the ground, in water, or mid-flight.  There are standard evacuation procedures and special evacuation equipment.

Commercial airplanes
Commercial aircraft are equipped with aircraft safety cards detailing evacuation procedures.  These include locating and using emergency exits, using slides and flotation devices for water landings, etc.

Airliners are certified for a full evacuation within 90s, but evacuation tests can be theoretical as real passengers may be older and in more overweight conditions.
Around 30 evacuation events occurs each year around the world, with a very high overall level of safety as observed by the FAA.
In 2016, an Emirates 777-300 caught fire in Dubai but evacuation took 6min 40s while it was only 77% full, as half of the passengers surveyed admitted retrieving Hand luggage.
EASA is avoiding automatically locking overhead bins, as it could lead to even greater delays with frustrated passengers.

An evacuation is more urgent than a "rapid disembarkation", which entails using the aircraft's ordinary exits while leaving luggage behind. A 2017 incident at Cork Airport saw passengers use the overwing doors and slides after misinterpreting the captain's rapid disembarkation instruction as an emergency evacuation instruction.

Ejection seats

In aircraft, an ejection seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or rocket motor, carrying the pilot with it. The concept of an ejectable escape capsule has also been tried. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a parachute.

Parachutes
Parachutes are designed to allow people to exit aircraft mid-flight and safely land on the ground by creating drag to slow descent.

See also
Air safety

References

Further reading
Safety Study: Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes. National Transportation Safety Board. Adopted June 27, 2000.
 
 Youtube.com 

Aviation safety
Emergency aircraft operations
No value added. No value added (NVA) is a management term loosely related to the lean manufacturing movement as codified in the 1980s by a landmark MIT study of the automobile industry, which explained lean production for the first time.

No Value Added programs can be formal or whimsical. Generally, they involved seeking input and opinion from every level of the organization about rules, processes or process elements which are said to be "no value added".

In one form, the proponent of an activity accused of being NVA must defend it, or suspend it.

In a milder form, the proponent (or process owner) of an activity accused of being NVA is simply informed that it is seen in that light. Oddly, this milder form is often effective because in a large organization, the original reason for an activity can be long forgotten, similar to cabooses which came into use in the 1830s, but eventually had no useful purpose and became NVA.

Some claim that this NVA is a jibe at Net Value Added accounting methods, which were held in low esteem by some Lean advocates, and high esteem by others.

See also
Added value
Value added

References 

Lean manufacturing
MDynaMix. Molecular Dynamics of Mixtures (MDynaMix) is a computer software package for general purpose molecular dynamics to simulate mixtures of molecules, interacting by AMBER- and CHARMM-like force fields in periodic boundary conditions.
Algorithms are included for NVE, NVT, NPT, anisotropic NPT ensembles, and Ewald summation to treat electrostatic interactions.
The code was written in a mix of Fortran 77 and 90 (with Message Passing Interface (MPI) for parallel execution). The package runs on Unix and Unix-like (Linux) workstations, clusters of workstations, and on Windows in sequential mode.

MDynaMix is developed at the Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden. It is released as open-source software under a GNU General Public License (GPL).

Programs
 md is the main MDynaMix block
 makemol is a utility which provides help to create files describing molecular structure and the force field
 tranal is a suite of utilities to analyze trajectories
 mdee is a version of the program which implements expanded ensemble method to compute free energy and chemical potential (is not parallelized)
 mge provides a graphical user interface to construct molecular models and monitor dynamics process

Field of application 
 Thermodynamic properties of liquids
 Nucleic acid - ions interaction
 Modeling of lipid bilayers
 Polyelectrolytes
 Ionic liquids
 X-ray spectra of liquid water
 Force Field development

See also

References

External links 
 
 Ascalaph, graphical shell for MDynaMix (GNU GPL)

Molecular dynamics software
Free science software
Free software programmed in C++
Free software programmed in Fortran
Bill Gropp. William Douglas Gropp is the director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and the Thomas M. Siebel Chair in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.  He is also the founding Director of the Parallel Computing Institute. Gropp helped to create the Message Passing Interface, also known as MPI, and the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation, also known as PETSc.

Gropp was awarded the Sidney Fernbach Award in 2008, "for outstanding contributions to the development of domain decomposition algorithms, scalable tools for the parallel numerical solution of PDEs, and the dominant HPC communications interface".  In 2016, he was awarded the ACM/IEEE-CS Ken Kennedy Award "For highly influential contributions to the programmability of high-performance parallel and distributed computers, and extraordinary service to the profession."

In 2009, Gropp received an R&D 100 Award for PETSc. In February 2010, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering, "For contributions to numerical software in the area of linear algebra and high-performance parallel and distributed computation." In March 2010, he was honored with the IEEE TCSC Medal for Excellence in Scalable Computing.  He is a Fellow of ACM, IEEE, and SIAM, and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Gropp received his PhD at Stanford in 1982, under Joseph Oliger.

References

External links
 Gropp's website

Living people
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
2006 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Year of birth missing (living people)
Borg & Beck. Borg & Beck is a British car parts company owned by First Line Ltd.

It was started as a tool company in Moline, Illinois, in the United States, by Charles Borg and Marshall Beck. In 1909 they invented the first practical sliding clutch. It merged with other companies in 1928 to become BorgWarner. In 1931, the Borg & Beck Company Limited was set up by Automotive Products in the UK to manufacture clutches under American patents from Borg & Beck in the USA. This allowed the company to sell British made Borg & Beck clutches in Great Britain, British Overseas Territories and the British Empire (except Canada).

The company was particularly successful in the UK, where, during the 1970s, over 85% of British-made vehicles had a Borg & Beck clutch fitted as OE. The Borg & Beck brand was purchased in 2006 by First Line Ltd. who supply over 40,000 products across 60 different product groups to the Automotive Aftermarket globally.

References

Auto parts suppliers of the United Kingdom
Automotive companies established in 1903
Marine electronics. Marine electronics refers to electronics devices designed and classed for use in the marine environment on board ships and yachts where even a small amount of salt water can destroy some electronics devices. Therefore, the majority of these types of devices are either water resistant or waterproof.

Marine electronics devices include chartplotter, marine VHF radio, autopilot and self-steering gear, fishfinder and sonar, marine radar, satellite navigation device, fibre optic gyrocompass, satellite television, and marine fuel management.

Communication
The electronics devices communicate by using a protocol defined by National Marine Electronics Association(NMEA), with two standards available, NMEA 0183 (serial communication network) and NMEA 2000 (controller-area network based technology). There is also Lightweight Ethernet (LWE).

In recent years, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has created a new standards suite for "Digital interfaces for navigational equipment within a ship". This is known as IEC 61162 and included NMEA 0183, NMEA 2000 and LWE.

Additionally, different suppliers of marine electronics have their own communications protocol.
A+T Instruments has ESP Ethernet over Ships Power
B&G has FastNet
Furuno has NavNet ("NavNet" refers to a product family, and is not a communications protocol. Furuno uses industry standard NMEA 0183, NMEA 2000, and standard Ethernet for communications protocol in their products)
Mastervolt has CZone
Nexus has FDX
Raymarine has Seatalk / SeatalkNG
Simrad has SimNet
Stowe has Dataline

Navigation
Another important part of marine electronics is the navigation equipment. Here compasses, which includes both gyrocompasses and magnetic compasses, make up for equipment that is used by the entire shipping industry.

Industry
Some manufacturers specialize more in equipment for commercial vessels such as tankers and general cargo vessels.
This industry is relatively small with worldwide sales of $3.2 billion in 2015. The top manufacturer is Garmin's Marine division with a turnover of US$917 Million in 2023  followed by Brunswick-owned Navico Group (Simrad, Lowrance, B&G and several other brands), with a turnover of US$915 Million (although this includes sales of equipment which is not marine electronics, such as batteries, cables and pumps). Other popular brands are Japan-based Furuno,  Japan Radio Company,  Wärtsilä and Raymarine.

References

Navigational equipment manufacturers
Kiviter process. The Kiviter process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

History
The Kiviter process is based on the earlier vertical retort technology (Pintsch's generator).  This technology underwent a long process of development. The early concept of central inlet of the heat carrier was later replaced by a concept of heat carrier gas cross flow in the retort.

The Kiviter technology has been used in Estonia since 1921, when first experimental Kiviter retorts were built.  The first commercial scale oil plant based on the Kiviter technology was built in 1924.

From 1955 to 2003, Kiviter technology was used for oil shale processing also in Slantsy, Russia.

Technology
The Kiviter process is classified as an internal combustion technology.  The Kiviter retort is a vertical cylindrical vessel that heats coarse oil shale with recycled gases, steam, and air.   To supply heat, gases (including produced oil shale gas) and carbonaceous spent residue are burnt within the retort. Raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort, and is heated by the rising gases, which pass laterally through the descending oil shale causing decomposition of the rock. Pyrolysis is completed in the lower section of the retort, where the spent shale contacted with more hot gas, steam and air is heated to about  to gasify and burn the residual carbon (char).  Shale oil vapors and evolving gases are delivered to a condensing system, where condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gases are fed back to the retort. Recycled gas enters the bottom of the retort and cools the spent shale, which then leaves the retort through a water-sealed discharge system.

The Kiviter process uses large amounts of water, which is polluted during processing, and the solid waste residue contains water-soluble toxic substances that leach into the surrounding area.

Commercial use
The Kiviter process is used by the Estonian Viru Keemia Grupp's subsidiary VKG Oil.  The company operates several Kiviter retorts, the largest of them having a processing capacity of 40 tonnes per hour of oil shale feedstock.

See also
 Oil shale in Estonia
 Alberta Taciuk Process
 Petrosix
 Galoter process
 TOSCO II process
 Fushun process
 Paraho process

References

Oil shale technology
Oil shale in Estonia
Bomber: A Defense Report on Film. Bomber: A Defense Report on Film is a 1941 American short documentary film produced by the United States Office for Emergency Management, and was edited from the 19-minute Building a Bomber: A Defense Report on Film (1941). The film commentary was written by Carl Sandburg.

The main subject of Bomber: A Defense Report on Film was the Martin B-26 Marauder, a twin-engine medium bomber in production from 1941 to 1945.

Synopsis
Bomber: A Defense Report on Film showed aspects of the assembly of Martin B-26 Marauders at the Glenn L. Martin Company plant in Baltimore, Maryland. The manufacture of the aircraft involves both mechanical assembly as well as work done by hand, such as riveting. The process of building a bomber is seen, from the foundry where molten metals are cooked, to rivets and tools designed specifically for American aircraft production.

The many sub-assemblies that make up the bomber were precisely machined so that the final assembly was eased. After assembly, the B-26s were tested by a small team of two USAAC pilots and a flight engineer, before acceptance by the military.

Reception
Bomber: A Defense Report on Film was typical of the information-based training films of the period produced under the auspices of the Office of War Information. The film was distributed and exhibited by under the auspices of the Motion Picture Committee Cooperating for National Defense; and ends with the "V sign" signifying victory.

Bomber: A Defense Report on Film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

The Academy Film Archive preserved Bomber: A Defense Report on Film in 2002.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Ethell, L. Jeffrey. Aircraft of World War II.  Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. .
 Johnsen, Frederick A. Martin B-26 Marauder. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2000. .
 Koppes, Clayton R. and Gregory D. Black. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies. New York, The Free Press, 1987. .

External links
 
 

1941 films
1941 short documentary films
American World War II propaganda shorts
American documentary films
American black-and-white films
Documentary films about military aviation
Black-and-white documentary films
Films about the United States Army Air Forces
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language short documentary films
English-language war films