omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Taradale Viaduct. The Taradale Viaduct is a large wrought iron box girder bridge over Back Creek at Taradale, Victoria on the Bendigo Railway in Victoria Australia. It was erected as part of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway between 1858 and 1861, and was at the time one of the largest rail bridges built in Australia.

Construction of the Bendigo line commenced under the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company in 1858, but this private consortium met with financial difficulties when it was unable to raise sufficient funds, and was bought out by the Victorian colonial government in 1860 when it formed the Victorian Railways Department. The design work was then taken over by Captain Andrew Clarke, R. E., Surveyor-General of Victoria, with the bridge designs completed by Bryson and O'Hara The ironwork for the bridge was made by Rowland Brotherhood, of Chippenham, Wiltshire, under the supervision of British Railway engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The foundation stone was laid by Mr. W. S. Urquhart Wednesday 25 September 1861

The contract for the first stage of the line from Footscray to Sandhurst (now Bendigo), was let to Cornish and Bruce for £3,356,937.2s.2d ($6.714 million) with work commencing on 1 June 1858. Completion of the permanent way was to be by 31 July 1861.

Clarke appointed William O’Hara to design bridges and viaducts, while William Edward Bryson stated to the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly on Railway Contracts that he had designed most of the large bridges on the line. Clarke clearly influenced the design of the railway in setting the standards for the line. However, this was also a very costly undertaking, which stretched the colonial finances and this approach was later abandoned for more economic light lines in later Australian Railways. William Edward Bryson was described as a Civil Engineer in 1857 when he was a member of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria. He was also a member of the Royal Society of Victoria 1859-60 and employed at the "Government Railway Office". He published  
"Resources of Victoria & their development" in 1860 in the Royal Society’s Transactions.

Introduction of heavier locomotives in the 20th century required strengthening of the bridge with steel trestles added between the original masonry piers in 1933-1934.

The bridge is included on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR Number: H1595). and the National Trust Register.

References

External links 
 
 THE TARADALE VIADUCT Alfred Morris & Co. 

Railway bridges in Victoria (state)
Bridges completed in 1862
1858 establishments in Australia
Victorian Heritage Register
SIGINT (conference). The SIGINT conference was a three-day conference held yearly on the social and technical aspects of digital society between 2009 and 2013. It was organized by the Chaos Computer Club and held in Cologne, Germany. The conference featured both lectures and workshops on various different topics. It specifically wanted to focus on the social and political aspect of technology and hacker culture. The conference was officially discontinued in January 2014.

See also 
 Chaos Communication Congress
 Chaos Communication Camp

References

External links 
 Archived version of the conference website
 Video recordings are available from the majority of talks: SIGINT13, SIGINT12, SIGINT10, SIGINT09

Free-software events
Computer security conferences
SRF Airspace monitoring and management system. The SFR Airspace monitoring and management system was the first Airspace monitoring and management system of the Swiss Air Force.

History

After the second world war it became apparent that the rapid development of air defense of Switzerland without a comprehensive air surveillance was unrealistic. However, Switzerland lacked knowledge of such systems and the victorious  Allies of World War II restricted both the sharing of knowledge and the sale of new radar equipment. Only the LGR-1 Radar was available. It was used to find suitable locations for the radar antennas of the SFR system.

The core of the SFR system was the French ER-200 early warning and guidance radar from the Société Française Radioélectrique. The system was ordered on 31 January 1952, in a larger number of radar systems, radar components from which were compiled by its own architecture. From 1955 to 1966, a school complex in Dübendorf (the Radar Doerfli ("Radar village") on the training site Dürrbach Rüti bei Riggisberg), one on the top of Bütschelegg (above Bern-Belp) and the plants on 4 height locations (mountain peaks) were formed for the first radar aerial surveillance system of Switzerland. The airspace monitoring system also included an aboveground command center in Dübendorf as well as an underground command center on the Tschorren above the Brünig Pass. In these command centers put the data of the radarsites together to a national wide air surveillance picture. From these command centers where also the own aircraft guided by tactical fighter controllers.

See also 
 LGR-1 Radar
 Target allocation radar TPS-1E
 FLORIDA Airspace monitoring and management system
 TAFLIR
 FLORAKO

References

Flieger-Flab-MuseumDübendorf
 Alber Wüst: Die Schweizerische Fliegerabwehr.  2011, 
    SFR ER220  in "Militärische Dänkmäler im Bereich Luftwaffe".  Page 13 &14
" Zur Geschichte der Radarüberwachung in der Schweiz", 16.January 2017 Walter Dürig Pages 2–5
"Gespräch mit Alfons Haltmeier"  13.September 2013  Walter Dürig  Picture of the System on Mount Pilatus (LO) on Page 6
  Einsatzzentralen der Luftwaffe   23.Jun 2015 Oberst (aD) Rudolf Wiki, Hinwil  Page 27-30

Swiss Air Force
Military of Switzerland
Ground radars
Graphene foam. Graphene foam is a solid, open-cell foam made of single-layer sheets of graphene. It is a candidate substrate for the electrode of lithium-ion batteries.

Synthesis 
The foam can be manufactured using vapor deposition to coat a metal foam, a three-dimensional mesh of metal filaments. The metal is then removed.

Applications

Electrode 
A physically flexible battery was created using the foam for electrodes. The anode was made by coating the foam with a lithium-titanium compound () and the cathode by coating the foam with . Both electrodes were lightweight and their large surface area provided high energy density of 110 Wh/kg, comparable to commercial batteries.

Power density was much greater than a typical battery. At a rate that completely discharged the material in 18 seconds, power delivered was 80 percent of what it produced during an hour-long discharge. Performance remained stable through 500 charge/discharge cycles.

Support 
In 2017 researchers used carbon nanotubes to reinforce a foam. The latter material supports 3,000 times its own weight and can return to its original shape when unweighted. Nanotubes, a powdered nickel catalyst and sugar were mixed. Dried pellets of the substance were then compressed in a steel die in the shape of a screw. The nickel was removed, leaving a screw-shaped piece of foam. The nanotubes' outer layers split and bonded with the graphene.

See also 
 Aerographene
 Foam
 Lithium-ion battery

References

Further reading
 

Lithium-ion batteries
Graphene
Electrodes
Zincolivenite. Zincolivenite is a copper zinc arsenate mineral with formula CuZn(AsO4)(OH) that is a member of the olivenite group. Its colors range from green to blue, and its name comes from its composition of zinc and olivenite.

It was first described from St Constantine, Lavrion District Mines, Laurium, Attica, Greece. It was approved by the International Mineralogical Association in 2006.

References

Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 58
Zinc minerals
Arsenate minerals
Minerals described in 2006
Lee Kwang-hee. Lee Kwang-hee, born in 1960, is a South Korean physicist. Since 2007, he has served as the director of the Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energy at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST).

Biography
Lee is currently a full professor of the Materials Science & Engineering Department and a vice-director of the Heeger Center for Advanced Materials at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in Korea. His major areas of focus include polymer devices such as polymer LEDs, polymer solar cells, and polymer FETs using semiconducting and metallic polymers. He received a BS degree from Seoul National University in 1983, and a MS degree from KAIST in 1985. Lee then worked at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute as a Staff Researcher from 1985 to 1990. In 1990 he migrated to the US for his doctorate study at the University of California, in Santa Barbara (UCSB) and obtained his Ph.D. in March 1995 under the supervision of one Professor Alan J. Heeger. After finishing his post-doctoral work at UCSB in 1997, Lee started his professorship at the Pusan National University in South Korea. In 2007, Lee moved to his current position of a Full Professor at GIST.

Scientific discoveries 
Established a theoretical model of charge dynamics in conducting polymers called the localization modified Drude model.
Produced truly metallic polymers.
Performed the fabrication of all-solution processable tandem polymer solar cells
Internal quantum efficiencies approaching 100% were obtained in his polymer solar cells.
He realized that the conductivity of conducting polymer films was increased by aligning polymer chains.
Used statically charged self-assembled non-conjugated polyelectrolytes as an interfacial layer for inverted polymer solar cells
Key role of interchain coupling in the metallic state of conducting polymers

References

1960 births
Living people
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean physicists
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Academic staff of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Austin ReBlend. Austin ReBlend is a paint recycling program administered by the City of Austin in Austin, Texas. In 2012, Austin ReBlend produced  of wholly recycled paint.

History
In 2009, Austin ReBlend received a grant to purchase equipment that allowed it to process and manufacture paint on-site, as opposed to through an independent contractor, which raised its production efficiency substantially.

Production

The service aggregates locally recycled latex paint, processes and analyzes it for quality control, and then retrofits candidate material into a new 100% post-consumer, low-volatile organic compound product. In order to optimize manufacturing efficiency and to provide a stable consumer product, Austin ReBlend produces two pliable shades of beige: Texas Limestone and Balcones Canyonland, as well as a shade of green: Barton Creek Greenbelt. According to annual reports, the service produced 8,333 gallons of recycled paint during 2011. This number increased to  in 2012. It is also experimenting and researching new ways to improve its process.

Distribution
Austin ReBlend operates out of the Household Hazardous Waste Facility in Southeast Austin.

Availability
The service's recycled paint is made available free of charge to individuals and nonprofit civic organizations. A blacklist is also maintained to deter excessive exploitation of the service.

References

External links

Austin Recycles on Facebook

Culture of Austin, Texas
Economy of Austin, Texas
Government of Austin, Texas
Government programs
Paint recycling
Recycling in the United States
Messerschmitt P.1099. The Messerschmitt P.1099 was a two-seat prototype jet plane designed by Messerschmitt for the Luftwaffe before the end of the Second World War.

History
The design of the Me P.1099 began in the summer of 1943 and was intended as an improvement to the Messerschmitt Me 262. The Me P.1099 was planned in a way which could later be developed into high-speed bomber (Schnellbomber), reconnaissance plane, interceptor, night fighter and trainer versions.

The Messerschmitt P.1099 was a 12 m long, conventional-looking aircraft with a wingspan of 12.6 m. It had a wider fuselage than the Messerschmitt Me 262 and was equipped with a cockpit for two pilots, located at the front end. The planned powerplants were two Junkers Jumo 004 turbojet engines, later to be replaced by Heinkel HeS 011 turbojets in a further development with swept wings, the Messerschmitt P.1100. None of the variants was built, but this project was developed into the Messerschmitt P.1100 all-weather fighter project, which in turn would lead to the single-seat, single-jet Messerschmitt P.1101 design for the Emergency Fighter Program in July 1944.

Variants
The Messerschmitt P.1099 project had different versions of two-seat fighters which retained the tail and the  wing design of the Me 262. All of the projected aircraft variants would be powered by two Junkers Jumo 004 turbojets.

Messerschmitt Me P.1099A 
Jet-powered fighter with a crew of two, developed in January 1944. It retained the wings and the tail section of the Me 262A-2a, but with a wider fuselage. There were three planned versions, differing in armament: Version A with four MK 108 30 mm cannon. Version B with two MK 103 30 mm cannon and Version C with two MK 108 and two MK 103 cannon in the nose.

Messerschmitt Me P.1099B 
A heavily armed variant, developed from the Me 262, of which two versions were foreseen: Version A would be armed with a MK 108 cannon and a MK 112 55 mm cannon. Version B was armed with a MK 114 50 mm cannon. The radio equipment would be a FuG 16, Peil G6, FuG 101 radio altimeter, FuBl 2 blind landing equipment, as well as the FuG 25a Erstling identification friend or foe transceiver.
There was also a night fighter version equipped with two upward-firing MK 108 cannons.

See also
List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45

References

External links

"Wildgans", "Libelle", "Wespe", P.1106: bogus Messerschmitt Projects?

P.1099
1940s German fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
BacillaFilla. BacillaFilla is a genetically engineered strain of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis which was developed by a group of students at Newcastle University in 2010 in order to repair cracks in concrete as part of an International Genetically Engineered Machine competition.

The bacteria would be released as spores which would germinate upon coming into contact with the pH of concrete. Upon germination, the bacteria would descend into cracks in the concrete. The bacteria use quorum sensing to determine when enough bacteria have accumulated, triggering production of a mixture of calcium carbonate and a "bacterial glue", which combines with the bacterial cells to fill the crack. This mixture hardens to be as strong as the surrounding concrete.

Prolonging the life of concrete could reduce CO2 emissions derived from concrete production.

See also
 Concrete degradation

References

External links
 Official site

Bacteriology
Magritek. Magritek is a scientific instrument company based in Wellington, New Zealand, and Aachen, Germany, that was established in 2004 and specialises in compact, portable and benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) products. The technology was originally developed to enable NMR measurements in Antarctica by scientists at Massey and Victoria Universities in New Zealand, including Dr Robin Dykstra. This was combined with compact, handheld NMR magnet technology developed by researchers at RWTH University in Aachen.

Magritek is well known in New Zealand as an example of successful commercialisation of university developed IP and in 2010 the team behind the company won the Prime Minister's Science Prize led by famous New Zealand scientist Sir Paul Callaghan.

Magritek uses novel magnetic resonance techniques such as Earth's field NMR and Halbach array permanent magnets to create products such as the Spinsolve benchtop NMR spectrometer which enables both scientists and students to access high resolution NMR spectroscopy where they are working.

In 2009 they released a series of popular free videos explaining and demonstrating the principles of NMR and MRI.

References

External links
Official Website

Electronics companies of New Zealand
Instrument-making corporations
New Zealand companies established in 2004
New Zealand brands
Wearing course. The wearing course, also known as a friction course or surface course, is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term 'surface course' is sometimes used slightly different, to describe very thin surface layers such as chip seal. In rigid pavements the upper layer is a portland cement concrete slab. In flexible pavements, the upper layer consists of asphalt concrete, that is a construction aggregate with a bituminous binder. The wearing course is typically placed on the binder course which is then laid on the base course, which is normally placed on the subbase, which rests on the subgrade. There are various different types of flexible pavement wearing course, suitable for different situations.

Stone mastic asphalt is a type of flexible pavement wearing course which is typically used for heavily trafficked roads.

See also
Highway engineering
 Road construction
Road surface

References

Pavement engineering
Road infrastructure
Bill Wagner (software). Bill Wagner is an American software developer and author, known for his involvement in the C# programming language.

Early life 
Wagner received a B.S. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was a self-employed consultant for eight years before joining with Dianne Marsh to cofound SRT Solutions, an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based software development company, in 1999. Wagner won an Automation Alley Emerging Technology Leader award in 2011.

Career and Contributions 
Wagner is known primarily for .Net development work, particularly C#. He is the author of several books, including Effective C# (now in its second edition, 2010) and More Effective C# (2004). Wagner has written a number of articles appearing in MSDN Magazine, the C# Developer Center, Visual C++ Developer's Journal, Visual Studio Magazine, ASP.NET Pro Magazine, .NET Developer's Journal, as well as technical articles for software developers. Wagner wrote a set of programming idioms for C#.

Wagner has stated that he has been involved with C# since public betas for C# 1.0 were released. Prior to that time, Wagner had worked with C++ and Java.

Wagner was appointed Microsoft regional director for Michigan in 2003, and he was reappointed and named a Microsoft MVP in 2006. He has since received 11 Microsoft MVP awards. Wagner also won the Automation Alley Emerging Technology Leader award in 2011.

Wagner is a founding member and past president of the Great Lakes .NET User Group and the Ann Arbor .NET Developers Group, and a contributor to the Ann Arbor Computer Society.

Notes

American computer programmers
Living people
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hardgrove Grindability Index. Hardgrove Grindability Index (short HGI) is a measure for the grindability of coal. 
Grindability is an index, therefore it has no unit.
The smaller the HGI, the harder is coal texture and less grindable is the coal.

Grindability is an important factor for the design a coal mill.
As grindability depends on many unknown factors, HGI is determined empirically using a sample mill according to the following procedure:

Procedure of measurement 
50 g of air dried coal featuring a grain size in the range between 0.6 and 1.18 mm are filled into the sample mill and a weight is put on the mill's grinding stone.
After 60 rounds the grinded coal is put on a sampling sieve.
Factor D equals the fraction of the coal passing through the sieve of 74 μm corresponding to 200 mesh.
HGI is calculated from D as follows:

This procedure only results in relative values because the sampling mill is calibrated using a reference coal.
The HGI of the reference coal is defined as 100.

Developer 

HGI is named after Ralph M. Hardgrove (born 1891 in Massillon, Ohio, died October 29, 1978, in Jacksonville, Florida), who developed this procedure in the 1930s  for the company Babcock & Wilcox  in the USA.

The procedure is generally accepted and standardized by ASTM-Standard D 409, DIN 51742 and ISO 5074.

References 

Coal
Interrupt coalescing. Interrupt coalescing, also known as interrupt moderation, is a technique in which events which would normally trigger a hardware interrupt are held back, either until a certain amount of work is pending, or a timeout timer triggers. Used correctly, this technique can reduce interrupt load by up to an order of magnitude, while only incurring relatively small latency penalties. Interrupt coalescing is typically combined with either a hardware FIFO queue or direct memory access, to allow for continued data throughput while interrupts are being held back.

Interrupt coalescing is a common feature of modern network cards, but the technique dates back to early computer UARTs such as the 16550 UART chip used in the IBM PC's serial interface, at a time when even servicing the interrupt rates required by the low data rate serial data streams of the day was taxing for contemporary CPUs.

Interrupt coalescing can also be implemented without support in hardware, by disabling interrupts in the interrupt controller and using timer-based polling.

See also 
 I/O processor
 Timer coalescing

References 

Interrupts
New Zealand Centre for Sustainable Cities. The New Zealand Centre for Sustainable Cities states that it is an inter-disciplinary research centre "dedicated to providing the research base for innovative solutions to the economic, social, environmental and cultural development" of New Zealand urban centres. It states "87% of New Zealanders live in cities. The health and well-being of a significant proportion of (New Zealand) population is reliant on developing environments that take into account the connections between transport, design, energy, health and governance and other issues."

Professor Philippa Howden-Chapman  of the University of Otago is the director and states:The centre builds on a strong existing network of expertise. It is a partnership, led by the University of Otago, of six universities—Otago, Canterbury, Victoria, Massey, Waikato and Auckland—two Crown Research Institutes, Landcare and NIWA and BRANZ. It is positioned to work with regional councils, territorial local authorities and national agencies, with national frameworks that can accelerate urban sustainability.Professor Howden-Chapman has been quoted as expressing concern in 2012 at the clear absence of a central government agency in New Zealand that sees urban development and sustainable cities as a priority part of its brief.

The centre has been instrumental in researching the application of indigenous knowledge to sustainable urban design.

See also

 Sustainable city
 Transition town
 Sustainable design
 Ecodistrict
 Zero-carbon city
 Carfree city
 Urban design

References

External links 
 New Zealand Centre for Sustainable Cities
 University of Otago Page on the New Zealand Centre for Sustainable Cities

Sustainable urban planning
Environmental research institutes
Environmental organisations based in New Zealand
Sustainability in New Zealand
Mark 12 torpedo. The Mark 12 torpedo was a destroyer-launched anti-surface ship torpedo used by the United States Navy in World War II. It was developed and manufactured by the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island, which built 200 units. The Mark 12 was similar to the Mark 11 torpedo, but with a lower high speed setting of 44 knots versus 46 knots.

See also
American 21-inch torpedo

References 

Torpedoes of the United States
World War II naval weapons