omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wing wall. A wing wall (also "wingwall" or "wing-wall") is a smaller wall attached or next to a larger wall or structure.

Bridges
In a bridge, the wing walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining walls. They are generally constructed of the same material as those of abutments. The wing walls can either be attached to the abutment or be independent of it. Wing walls are provided at both ends of the abutments to retain the earth filling of the approaches. Their design depends upon the nature of the embankment and does not depend upon the type or parts of the bridge.

The soil and fill supporting the roadway and approach embankment are retained by the wing walls, which can be at a right angle to the abutment or splayed at different angles. The wing walls are generally constructed at the same time and of the same materials as the abutments.

Classification of wing walls 
Wing walls can be classified  according to their position in plan with respect to banks and abutments. The classification is as follows:
Straight wing walls: used for small bridges, on drains with low banks and for railway bridges in cities (weep holes are provided).
Splayed wing walls: used for bridges across rivers. They provide smooth entry and exit to the water. The splay is usually 45°. Their top width is 0.5 m, face batter 1 in 12 and back batter 1 in 6, weep holes are provided..
Return wing walls: used where banks are high and hard or firm. Their top width is 1.5 m and face is vertical and back battered 1 in 4. Scour can be a problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water in the stream erodes the supporting soil.

Other uses
Wing walls provide smooth entry of water into the bridge site and provide support and protect the embankment. Wing walls can serve as buttresses to support walls. They can also be purely decorative.

References

Types of wall
Bridge components

.
Rubik's 360. Rubik's 360 is a 3D mechanical puzzle released in 2009 by Ernő Rubik, the inventor of Rubik's Cube and other puzzles. Rubik's 360 was introduced on February 5, 2009 at the Nürnberg International Toy Fair ahead of its worldwide release in August.

In contrast to most of Rubik's puzzles, Rubik's 360 is a physical challenge requiring manual dexterity rather than learning and memorizing algorithms. The puzzle involves moving six balls, each a different color, from a central sphere to six color-coded compartments in the outer sphere. This is done by maneuvering them through a middle sphere that only has two holes. There are three spheres that make up the puzzle.

Like Rubik's Cube, Rubik's 360 has only one solution, but it cannot be solved by being broken apart. It is considered suitable for all ages and reviews described it as addictive and engaging.

See also
 Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
 Perplexus
 Rubik's Revenge

References

External links
Rubik's official website
Creator Ernő Rubik introduces the Rubik's 360  Exclusive interview with TIME
Rubik's 360 News and Discussions
Official UK website for the Rubik's 360

Combination puzzles
Mechanical puzzles
Educational toys
2000s toys
Hungarian inventions
Products introduced in 2009
Rumpler D.I. The Rumpler D.I (factory designation 8D1) was a fighter-reconnaissance aircraft produced in Germany at the end of World War I. It was a conventional single-bay biplane with wings of unequal span braced by I-struts. It featured an open cockpit and a fixed, tailskid undercarriage. The upper wing was fitted with aerodynamically balanced ailerons and fuselage had an oval cross-section.

Design and development
The D.I had a protracted development through the course of 1917, with at least six development prototypes built before Rumpler settled on a final design in 1918 in time for the Idfliegs D-type competition at Adlershof. Two 8D1s participated, powered by Mercedes D.III engines. Another one participated in the follow-on competition in autumn, this time with a BMW engine.

Operational history
The Idflieg approved the type for production and issued the designation D.I, but only a small number were produced; the war was practically over and none saw operational service.

Variants
 7D1 - initial prototype with comma-style balanced rudder, wide-chord I-struts, and upper wing supported by pylon faired into engine cowling. The entire fuselage was skinned in plywood. The radiator was mounted in the upper wing, set off the port side of the supporting pylon.
 7D2 - identical to 7D1 but with vertical stabiliser added
 7D4 - similar to 7D2 with conventional struts in place of I-struts, conventional cabane struts in place of central pylon, radiator moved to wing centreline, and central fuselage skinned in fabric.
 7D5 7D7 - similar to 7D4 but with wing bracing again using I-struts (this time of narrow chord) and the bracing wires simplified. The flush-mounted radiator in the wing was replaced by ear-style frontal radiators on the forward fuselage
 7D8 - very similar to 7D7, with wire bracing simplified further (no landing wires at all)
 8D1 - final version approved for production as D I'''

OperatorsLuftstreitkräfteSpecifications (D.I)

See also

 LFG Roland D.XVII 
 Fokker D.VIII 
 Kondor D 2
 Aviatik D.VII
 Albatros D.XII 
 Zeppelin-Lindau D.I

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putnam, 1962. 

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1985. 
 Kroschel, Günter and Helmut Stützer. Die Deutschen Militärflugzeuge 1910–1918 (in German). Wilhelmshaven: Herford Verlag, E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 1994. . 
 Murphy, Justin D. Military Aircraft: Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of their Impact.. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2005. . 
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation''. London: Studio Editions, 1989. .

External links

 Rumpler 7D 1, Experimental Single-seat Fighter Airplane

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
D.I
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Werkspoor Jumbo. 

The Werkspoor Jumbo was a 1930s Dutch biplane freighter aircraft design by Joop Carley and built by Werkspoor. Only one aircraft was built (registered PH-AFI), which was sometimes called the Carley Jumbo and was operated by KLM for two years.

Ordered in 1927 as a specialised freighter for KLM. The Jumbo was a large single-engined biplane fitted with two large cargo doors.

Delivered in 1931 it was operated by KLM between Amsterdam, Rotterdam and London for two years and was then passed to the airlines training centre which operated it for the next eight years. In 1938 it was described as a good trainer. The aircraft was destroyed at Amsterdam-Schiphol in a German bombing raid on the 10 May 1940.

Operators

KLM

Specifications

References

 

1930s Dutch cargo aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Hot stain. A hot stain is a region of the world where safe drinking water has been depleted.  The term may have been coined by Goldman Environmental Prize winning hydrologist Michal Kravcik. Hot stains can be found on every continent, except for Antarctica.  The biggest reason for a hot stain to develop is population pressure. As the population grows, water demand increases. Although the earth is covered in 97% water, only 1% of that water is available for human consumption. Hot stains can cause great harm to a regions agricultural ability and can lead to food scarcity, famine, and even the abandonment of the region. 

Maude Barlow an environmental activist, head of the Council of Canadians, and founder of the Blue Planet Project has used the term 'hot stain' in regard to water resources. In 2005, Maude Barlow received Sweden's Right Livelihood Award.

Water resources
'Hot stains' areas are one term given where water reserves are disappearing. These areas include the Middle East, Northern China, Mexico, California and almost two dozen countries in Africa. Today thirty-one countries and over 1 billion people completely lack access to clean water. The global freshwater crisis looms as one of the greatest threats ever to the survival of our planet according to Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke in an article in The Nation magazine.

See also

Fossil water
Potable water
Peak water
Global warming
Deforestation
Water contamination

References

External links

Environmental economics
Environmental issues with water
Post Tower. Post Tower is the headquarters of the logistic company DHL Group with the two brands: the Deutsche Post postal services and the DHL logistics service. The Post Tower is a 162.5-metre, 41-storey office building in Bonn, Germany. It was designed by German-American architect Helmut Jahn and won the 2002 Silver Emporis Skyscraper Award.

It is the sixteenth tallest skyscraper in Germany, and the tallest in Germany outside of Frankfurt am Main.

Building details 
The building is located at the river Rhine and in the center of the old parliament area of Bonn near the Deutsche Welle and has about 55,000 m2 office surface. Construction phase was May 2000 to December 2002, 80,000 m³ of concrete and 16,000 tons of structural steel were used in the building shell. The building dimensions are; height: 162.5 m, width: 41.0 m, length: 81.1 m (with ring walls 86.55 m), weight: 300,000 t. The building has the ground floor, 40 upper floors and 5 underground levels. The Tower has a surface area of 7,000 m². The Tower is constructed as a steel-glass-building. The base of the Post Tower has the shape of two staggered semi-ellipses of two shifted circle segments. Most office walls, doors and the floors of skygardens and elevators are therefore made of 93,000 m² glass used.

Climate control concept 
A double skin glass façade with about 1.2 m cavity between the external skin and the primary façade, provides natural ventilation regulated by venetian blinds. The north-facing windows at the front are smooth, the glass windows on the south-facing façade are gently sloping to allow a better flow of air (see picture). Via a decentralized underground convector, the external air is sucked in from the space between the façades, then it is conditioned and fed back into the offices. The air also reaches internal areas of the building through doors and corridors.

The office air is filtered into the Sky Gardens, warms up those areas and then is filtered back outside via façade flaps on the east and west sides of the Sky Gardens. The double skin façade enables huge energy savings.

The benefits gained by the Post Tower in using up to 130 liters of groundwater per second to heat and cool the concrete core. The remaining energy requirement is covered by connection to the district heating system, refrigerating equipment and heat pumps.

References

DHL Group
Skyscrapers in Germany
Skyscraper office buildings in Germany
Buildings and structures in Bonn
Buildings and structures completed in 2002
Office buildings completed in 2002
2002 establishments in Germany
21st-century architecture in Germany
Modernist architecture in Germany
Helmut Jahn buildings
China Center of Advanced Science and Technology. The China Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CCAST; ) was established on October 17, 1986, by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Government.

History 
The China Center of Advanced Science and Technology was established in 1986 with the support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Government. It was through Professor T. D. Lee of Columbia University and the backing of the World Laboratory which the institution was founded. The purpose of the center was  to introduce important frontier sciences and technologies to China. It was also to foster a suitable environment and to promote free exchange of scientific information between China and other countries.

References

External links 
China Center of Advanced Science and Technology Official Website

Universities and colleges in Beijing
Educational institutions established in 1986
1986 establishments in China
Amir Khajepour. Amir Khajepour Is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Waterloo. He holds Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Mechatronics Vehicle Systems.
He is Co-author of Laser Cladding book published by CRC Press.

Education
PhD: University of Waterloo, 1996
MASc: Sharif University of Technology, 1992
BASc: Ferdowsi University of Mashad, 1989

Selected/Recent Publications
A. Fathi, E. Toyserkani, A. Khajepour, and M. Durali, "Prediction of melt pool depth and dilution in laser powder deposition" Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 39, pp. 2613–2623, 2006.
Behzadipour, S., and Khajepour, A., "Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning in Cable-based Manipulators", IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Volume 22, Issue 3, June 2006 Page(s):559 - 563.
Behzadipour, S., Khajepour, A., "Causality in Vector Bond Graphs and its Application to Modeling of Multi-Body Dynamic Systems", Journal of Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Volume 14, Issue 3, April 2006, Pages 279-295.
Behzadipour, S., Khajepour, A., "Stiffness of Cable-based Parallel Manipulators with Application to Stability Analysis", ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 128, 303 (2006).
Motiee, M., Mansour, R. R., and Khajepour, A., "Novel MEMS Filters For On-Chip Transceiver Architecture, Modeling and Experiments", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 16 (2006), pp. 407–418.

References

Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Living people
Canada Research Chairs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fiberize. Fiberization is a manufacturing process that has been used to make objects such as insulation, asphalt, and mineral wool. Optical fiber wiring is created using this method as well.

Definition
The term "fiberization" is used to describe several similar processes. In general, molten plastic or other fiberizable materials are extruded to form a fibrous mass, which is then post-processed through varying methods.

Rotary Fiberization
Possibly the most common form of fiberization, rotary fiberization utilizes centrifugal force to form fibers. A hollowed wheel with many small holes is injected with whatever molten material is being fiberized. The wheel must by necessity include vents for the hot gases as well. One design for rotary fiberization places slits in a central bore-axle that lets the hot gases escape.  As the centrifugal force squeezes the molten material out of the holes, it is severed from the wheel by a sharp blade. As the fibers are collected, several post-processes can be applied, such as grouping or bunching.

New research
New research makes possible the fiberization of silicate melts in an acoustic field. These silicate metals become super-fine in such conditions, and have great potential in the microelectronic field.

References

Industrial processes
TEREM. TEREM - HOLDING JSC (Cyrillic: ТЕРЕМ) is a state-owned company of the Bulgarian Ministry of Defence specialized in repairs, modernization and logistical support of aviation equipment, ships and vessels, armored vehicles, small arms, artillery and missiles weapons, ammunition, radar and communication equipment.

Subsidiaries
Terem JSC is the sole shareholder of:

 TEREM – Letets  LTD. - Sofia - repair of aircraft, helicopters and aviation equipment. 
 TEREM-SHIPYARD Flotski Arsenal - Varna LTD. - repair of ships, refurbishment and modernization of vessels; Armament and equipment for the Navy. 
 TEREM – Ovech  LTD. - Provadia - overhaul and repair of automotive and armored vehicles. 
 TEREM - Khan Krum LTD. - Targovishte - repair of armored vehicles, tanks, automobile engines and spare parts production. 
 TEREM – Ivailo LTD. - Veliko Tarnovo - overhaul and repair of small arms, artillery, rocket weapons and all types of missile systems.
 TEREM - Tsar Samuil  LTD. - Kostenets - production and utilization of ammunition.

References

Defence companies of Bulgaria
University College of Applied Sciences. University College of Applied Sciences (UCAS) is a technical college in Gaza founded in 1998. It offers 40 majors in engineering, health, technology, administration, education and the humanities. The school had a student population of 6,000 with its main campus is in Gaza City. The College offers undergraduate degrees in a number of specializations such as education technology, technological management and planning, and geographic information systems. Its campus buildings were completely destroyed by Israeli bombing during the Israel–Hamas war on October 19, 2023. Israeli forces then shelled Palestinians living amid the rubble of the university on January 22, 2024. The university's president, prominent academic Said Alzebda, was killed during the Gaza genocide on December 31, 2023.

Despite the destruction of its campus, in August 2024 the university announced a project to integrate medical students directly into Gaza's health sector via a five-month  training program funded by Kuwait.

UCAS is a member of the International Association of Universities.

Undergraduate programs 
 Educational technology
 Technology management
 Geographic Information Systems
 Applied Accounting
 Development planning

Diploma programs 
 Information Technology
 Library Science & Information Management
 Multimedia Technology
 Geographic Information Systems
 Designing and Developing Web Sites
 Databases and Programs
 Administration and Financial Science
 Accounting
 Administration & Office Automation
 Administration & Office Automation
 Sales Representative
 Engineering Professions
 Surveying
 Architecture 
 Interior Design
 Arts & Crafts
 Civil Engineering
 Autotronics Engineering
 Aluminum Technician (Professional Diploma - 1 year)
 Automotive Transmission Technician
 Educational Science
 Early Childhood Education
 Supervision in Childhood Associations
 Physical Education
 Health Professions
 Nursing
 Surgical Technologist
 Medical Secretary
 Midwife Nursing
 Anesthesia and Resuscitation Technologies
 Dentist Assistant
 Humanity Studies
 Islamic Studies (Preachers)
 Public Relations & Advertising
 Social Work
 Secretarial & Legal Studies
 Computer Tech. & Industrial Professions
 Electromech Technician
 Computer Maintenance
 Electronics Instruments Technology
 Internet and Computer Networks
 Science Lab Technologist
 (NEW) Information Security Engineering
 Rehabilitation Science
 Articulation and Speech Problem Therapy
 Community-based Rehabilitation
 Physical Therapy
 Orthotics & Prosthetics

Incubator

UCAS has a start-up incubator that supports entrepreneurs in the Gaza Strip. It is a non-profit incubator that is 100% donor-funded to help aspiring entrepreneurs turn their ideas into successful businesses.

References

Universities and colleges established in 1998
1998 establishments in the Palestinian territories
Universities and colleges in Gaza Strip
Salt ceramic. Salt ceramic, also called Victorian salt clay is a traditional salt-based modeling medium.

Composition

It is an air-dry modeling clay, which is commonly made in the kitchen by combining one part corn starch with two parts table salt and heated and stirred till it stiffens to a dough-like consistency. It is then placed on wax paper to cool before kneading.

Coloring

The clay is naturally white, but is often colored by mixing in food color or paint after kneading.

Techniques

Salt ceramic dries to a coarse stone-like texture, and so is often used in folk craft and children's art. Like other air-dried modeling compounds, it is not suitable for vessels that will contain liquids.

Popular uses of salt ceramic include making jewelry and Christmas ornaments.

In jewelry making, it can be rolled into balls and formed into beads, or pressed into various shapes. In making Christmas ornaments it is sometimes made into balls, similar to the bead-making process, or rolled out with a rolling pin and cut with cookie cutters and painted.

Finishing

It takes about two days for the objects to dry. It is known to take paint well, once hardened. It is often coated with acrylic, once hardened, to protect it from moisture.

Related modeling media
Cold porcelain is used in a similar way, but is made with white glue in place of the salt and water. It is a popular medium for modeling lifelike flowers.
Mastic cold porcelain uses bicarbonate of soda rather than salt. It is preferred by some people who do not like to work with salt. Also known as kitchen craft clay, it has been around since at least the 1960s.

See also
 Metal clay
 Play-Doh
 Polymer clay

References

Modelling clay
Edible salt
Rumpler G.I. The Rumpler G.I was a bomber aircraft produced in Germany during World War I, together with refined versions known as the G.II and G.III.

Design and development
Based on a prototype with the factory designation 4A15, the G.I and its successors were built to a conventional bomber design for their time, two-bay biplanes with unstaggered wings of unequal span. The pilot sat in an open cockpit just forward of the wings, and open positions were provided in the nose and amidships for a gunner and observer. The engines were mounted pusher-fashion in nacelles atop the lower wings and enclosed in streamlined cowlings. Fixed tricycle undercarriage was fitted, with dual wheels on each unit.

The G.II version was almost identical, but featured more powerful engines and carried a second 7.92 mm (.312 in) machine gun and increased bombload. The G.III was again similar, but had engine nacelles that were now mounted on short struts clear of the lower wing.

Variants

 4A15 - prototype with Benz Bz.III engines
 5A15 - G.I production version with single machine gun and Benz Bz.III or Mercedes D.III engines (c. 60 built)
 5A16 - G.II production version with Benz Bz.IV engines and two machine guns (c. 72 built)
 6G2 - G.III production version with Mercedes D.IVa engines and two machine guns (c. 90 built)

Specifications (G.III)

Notes

References

 

 
 

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.I
Biplanes
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915