omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Guard stone. A guard stone, jostle stone or chasse-roue (French lit. "wheel chaser"), is a projecting metal, concrete, or stone exterior architectural element located at the corner and/or foot of gates, portes-cochères, garage entries, and walls to prevent damage from vehicle tires and wheels.

Description 
Guard stones were developed as an item of street furniture during the era of horse-drawn vehicles, but some are still in use today. They are sometimes used as traffic bollards, but are generally positioned to protect a specific object, such as a corner of a building or the side of a gate. In Paris, they are usually metal in the shape of an arc, ball or cone. There are also models in hard stone with a sloping back to guide errant wheels away from impacting a building. Guard stones made of stone were sometimes surrounded by a metal ring to reduce wear.

The wheels, including the hub, of horse-drawn vehicles protrude beyond the vehicle's body, and are thus prone to collide with and damage a corner of a building or gate. Today, early guard stones are considered cultural heritage objects and some countries, such as France and Belgium, even protect them under specific heritage regulations.

In cities the older guard stones as a concept have been replaced by objects meant for automobile traffic, such as curbs and guard rails. As a city maintenance object they slowly became obsolete and were discarded or reused for other city purposes. When they were incorporated as part of a building's structure however, they were difficult to remove and many remain as silent witnesses to early traffic on historic roads. Today such objects are treasured for historic reasons and are often protected as part of a city's cultural heritage.

Applications

 Farmyard entry doors, subject to traffic by heavy horse-drawn carts.
 Wall corners at the intersection of two city streets (without pavements). In this case, they were often built into the wall.
 Guard stones made in Haussmann's renovation of Paris. 
 Turns in rural roads or along parapets of bridges.
 At turns or at intervals on a mountainous ascent. These also helped the coachman to keep the vehicle from rolling backwards, while it paused to let the horses catch their breath.

Gallery

Notes

External links 
 
 Images of various models of guard stones 
 Irish Examiner article related to jostle stone injury, January 2020

Architectural elements
Gates
Mirth Connect. Mirth Connect is a cross-platform interface engine used in the healthcare industry that enables the management of information using bi-directional sending of many types of messages. The primary use of this interface engine is in healthcare.

On September 9, 2013 Mirth Corporation announced they were acquired by Quality Systems (now NextGen Healthcare).

Adopters
The Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology (CCHIT), in a push to ensure interoperability standards between electronic health records, has adopted Laika, an open source standards software program. At the 2009 Annual HIMSS Conference, Mirth was selected as one of the testing tools for the coming interoperability tests.

References

Free health care software
Free software testing tools
Health standards
Health care software
Trans-European conventional rail network. The Trans-European conventional rail network, together with the Trans-European high-speed rail network, make up the Trans-European Rail network, which in turn is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks (TEN-T). It was defined by the Council Directive 2001/16/EC of 19 March 2001.

Description
The aim of this EU Directive is to achieve the interoperability of the European conventional rail network at the various stages of its design, construction and operation.

The network is defined as a system consisting of a set of infrastructures, fixed installations, logistic equipment and rolling stock.

By definition of the EC decision, the conventional rail network may be subdivided into the following categories:
 lines intended for passenger services
 lines intended for mixed traffic (passengers and freight)
 lines specially designed or upgraded for freight services
 passenger hubs
 freight hubs, including inter-modal terminals
 lines connecting the components mentioned above

This infrastructure includes traffic management, tracking, and navigation systems.

The rolling stock may comprise all the stock likely to travel on all or part of the trans-European conventional rail network.

Corridors
The EU has decided on nine "core network corridors" within the TEN-T framework, which are:
 The Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor: Hamina–Helsinki–Turku, Stockholm/Oslo–Copenhagen/Rostock–Hamburg/Berlin–Kassel/Leipzig–Nuremberg-Regensburg–Munich–Innsbruck–Verona–Florence–Rome–Naples–Messina/Bari–Palermo/Taranto–Valletta
 The North Sea–Baltic Corridor: Rotterdam–Amsterdam/Brussels–Hannover–Berlin–Warsaw–Kaunas–Riga–Tallinn
 The North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor: Cork–Dublin–Belfast, Glasgow/Edinburgh/Holyhead–Manchester–Birmingham–London–Brussels–Luxembourg–Strasbourg/Nancy–Lyon–Marseille/Montpellier
 The Baltic–Adriatic Corridor: Gdańsk/Szczecin–Warsaw/Poznań–Łódź/Wrocław–Katowice–Ostrava–Brno/Bratislava–Vienna–Ljubljana/Udine–Venice–Bologna–Ravenna
 The Orient/East–Mediterranean Corridor: Hamburg/Bremen/Rostock–Hannover–Leipzig/Berlin–Dresden–Prague–Vienna/Bratislava–Budapest–Timișoara–Sofia–Burgas/Athens–Patras/Limassol–Nicosia
 The Rhine–Alpine Corridor: Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Ostend–Düsseldorf/Brussels–Cologne–Frankfurt–Basel–Bern–Novara/Milan–Genoa
 The Atlantic Corridor: Lisbon/Porto/Algeciras–Salamanca/Madrid–San Sebastián–Bordeaux–Paris–Le Havre/Mannheim/Strasbourg
 The Rhine–Danube Corridor: Strasbourg–Frankfurt–Prague–Kosice/Strasbourg–Stuttgart–Munich–Vienna–Bratislava–Budapest–Timișoara–Bucharest–Constanța
 The Mediterranean Corridor: Algeciras–Seville/Málaga–Madrid/Valencia–Barcelona–Montpellier–Lyon–Turin–Milan–Venice–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Budapest
The listed routes are approximate and there are branches on several of them.

See also
Trans-European Transport Network
High-speed rail in Europe
First Railway Package and Second Railway Package, related EU legislation

References

External links
 TENtec Interactive Map Viewer

Trans-European Rail network
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4. The Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 was a twin-engine biplane aircraft built by the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1916. Intended as a cannon armed ground-attack aircraft, it was unsuccessful, only two being built.

Design and development
Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, the Royal Aircraft Factory began development of the F.E.4, a twin engined aircraft intended for ground attack to be armed with a COW autocannon.

The design had large two-bay biplane wings, with the longer upper wing fitted with strut-braced extensions that could be folded down during hangar storage. The lower wing was attached to the fuselage halfway up, so the aircraft sat close to the ground. In addition to the conventional landing gear there was a set of wheels mounted to the nose of the fuselage, to prevent damage if it tipped forward. The tailplane was large, with a central fin and two additional vertical surfaces for rudders.

The fuselage housed a crew of three, with the pilot and forward gunner sat in tandem in a large forward cockpit with dual controls. Despite a limited field of fire caused by being sat behind the pilot, the forward gunner was to be armed with two Lewis guns and a COW gun.  A rear gunner sat behind the wings in a second cockpit.

The two engines, RAF 5s, were installed just above the lower wing in a pusher configuration.

The first F.E.4 was built in March 1916, and the second in July 1916. The second aircraft was fitted with Rolls-Royce engines, and did not include the rear cockpit. The intention was to put the rear gunner in an elevated section mounted above the wings, accessible by a ladder and hole in the upper wing, but this was never built.

Both aircraft were tested at Central Flying School beginning in May 1916, but neither performed well. In September 1916 the second F.E.4 was fitted with bomb-carrying equipment for further testing. Designs were created for engine upgrades, intended for RAF 3As, RAF 4As or RAF 4Bs, but no work was actually done.

Specifications (RAF 5)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1910s British fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
FE04
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.29. The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.29 was a British bomber aircraft built by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft.

Design and development
It was built to satisfy Air Ministry specification P. 27/32, which was for a single-engined long-range day bomber. The A.W.29 was a mid-wing cantilever monoplane. Its front fuselage was a welded tubular steel structure, and the rear fuselage a monocoque light alloy with an unbraced tailplane, fin and rudder. The conventional landing gear was hydraulically retractable by either an engine-driven or hand pump leaving the tyres partially exposed. The long-chord cowled, nose-mounted engine drove a three-bladed propeller.

The A.W.29 was a two-crew aircraft. The pilot was seated ahead of the wing leading edge and the gunner/observer in a distant cockpit aft of the spar enclosed in a hand-operated turret. The aft cockpit could be fitted with a second set of controls for flight training.

Not long after the A.W.29's first flight on 6 December 1936, it was damaged in a wheels up landing.  Since the Fairey Battle had been awarded the P27/32 contract, the A.W.29 was not repaired to fly again.

Specifications

References

1930s British bomber aircraft
A.W.29
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Downspout. A downspout, waterspout, downpipe, drain spout, drainpipe, roof drain pipe, rone or leader is a pipe for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter.

The purpose of a downspout is to allow water from a gutter to reach the ground without dripping or splashing down the building structure. Downspouts are usually vertical and usually extend down to ground level, although may be routed at an angle to avoid architectural features and may discharge onto an intermediate roof.

At the bottom of downspout there are typically features to divert discharged water away from the building's foundations to prevent water damage. This may be a simple bend of, typically around 70 degrees, at the bottom. Alternatively a downspout may lead to a sewer, a runoff water drain or a seepway to allow the water to soak into the ground through seepage.

Decorative heads are sometimes added, these being low-height gargoyles.

See also

 Copper downspout
 Rain gutter
 Eaves
 Leader head
 Rain chain
 Rainwater harvesting

References

External links
 
 

Roofs
Stormwater management
Joseph Barker Stearns. Joseph Barker Stearns (1831-1895) was the inventor of the duplex system of telegraphy.

Biography
Stearns was the son of Edward Ray and Eliza Tyler Barker Stearns of Weld, Maine. As a youth, he worked on a farm.  He studied telegraphy at Newburyport, Massachusetts,  where he became manager of the office. From 1855 to 1869, he was superintendent of the Fire Alarm Telegraph Company of Boston, Massachusetts and was the first to take out patents on the use of reversed currents in connection with the fire alarm signal system.

He was president of Franklin Telegraph Co., from 1869 to 1871, during which time he invented the first practical system of duplex telegraphy which was successfully applied to the English, French and Belgian lines. Two years later this system was used for the Atlantic cables. He sold rights under his duplex patents to the Western Union Telegraph and Cable Companies, receiving large royalties for the use of his inventions from governments in England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia and India, and several submarine cable companies. From 1879 to 1880, he was employed as engineer by the Mexican Telegraph Company in making, laying, and putting into operation the cables of that company between Galveston, Texas, and Veracruz, Mexico. In 1881, he performed a similar service for the Central and South American Telegraph Company, whose cables extended from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to Callao, Peru, in all between 4,000 and 5,000 miles. This work he completed in 1882.

He retired from active business in 1885 and settled in Camden, Maine. There he had a library of 10,000 volumes, and a collection of Chiriquí Province pottery, which was exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He also had a collection of carved ivories which was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  He died in Camden.

Family
He had eight children. He got married on January 8, 1853, to Lois M. Brooks of Putney, Vermont (born June 4, 1827; died July 29, 1861, in South Boston), then married Frances Amanda Edmonds of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (born January 16, 1838) on June 6, 1866.

Honors
In 1872, the American Institute of New York awarded him the Great Medal of Honor for the invention of the duplex telegraph.

Notes

References
 
 
 

American electrical engineers
19th-century American inventors
People associated with electricity
People from Camden, Maine
1831 births
1895 deaths
Telegraphy
Spencer Air Car. The Spencer Amphibian Air Car is an American light amphibious aircraft. The name was first used in 1940 for a prototype air vehicle that developed into the Republic Seabee. The name was later used by its designer Percival Spencer for a series of homebuilt amphibious aircraft roughly based on the Seabee design.

Design and development

Percival H. Spencer formed the Spencer-Larsen Aircraft Corporation and designed the SL-12C amphibian. Disenfranchised with corporate policies in the development of the SL-12C amphibian, Spencer started the Spencer Amphibian Air Car in 1940. The original Spencer Amphibian Air Car was test flown in 1941. The aircraft was put into storage due to wartime restrictions in effect in the US during World War II. The aircraft and rights to its design were sold to Republic as the "Seabee" in 1943. After leaving Republic, he designed the on-off two-seat Air Car. In 1968, Spencer and retired USAF Col. Dale L. "Andy" Anderson formed a new company to market a four-place amphibious homebuilt design once again called the Spencer Amphibian Air Car, with S-12C, S-12D, S-12E, and S-14 variants. The first example was test flown in 1970 in Chino, California. The unit had a build cost of $8700.00

The S-12-D Aircar is an improved and larger four-seat aircraft, which retains the basic layout of the Seabee. The two seat S-14 used advanced composites and was test flown by Spencer in 1983 at the age of 86. Its design did not meet expectations and the sole example was donated to the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

The Air Car is built from wood, steel and glass-fibre. It has a strut-braced high wing and the cabin and fuel-carrying floats are similar to the Seabee, but the tail unit is more angular and a retractable tricycle undercarriage is fitted.

In addition to examples constructed by Spencer, plans of the design have been sold for home construction and the first amateur-built Air Car flew in September 1974. Over 50 had flown by 2001. Examples are currently (2009) flying in the US and Canada.

Variants

Spencer Amphibian Air Car  initial two-seat version
S-12-C  early production with  Lycoming
S-12-D  main production version with  Lycoming O-360 or  Lycoming O-540

S-12-E  prototype re-engined with  Continental Tiara 6-285
S-14 Air Car Junior  two-seater, twin booms, Lycoming O-320, one example
Spencer-Larsen SL-12C
Later prototype built in association with the (Victor A) Larsen Aircraft Co, incorporating many design changes, but flight test were unsuccessful and the sole prototype was dismantled after 10 hours flying.

Specifications S-12-E

References

External links

aerofiles
SPENCER AMPHIBIAN AIRPLANE Percival H. Spencer
PERCIVAL HOPKINS SPENCER

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
List of climate engineering topics. Climate engineering geoengineering topics related to greenhouse gas remediation include:

Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management
Stratospheric aerosol injection (climate engineering)
Marine cloud brightening
Cool roof
Space sunshade
 Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering

Carbon dioxide removal
Carbon dioxide removal
Biochar
Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage
Direct air capture
Ocean fertilization
Enhanced weathering

Other greenhouse gas remediation 
 Greenhouse gas removal
 CFC laser photochemistry

Other projects
Arctic geoengineering
Cirrus Cloud Thinning

References

 
Climate change-related lists
Outlines of sciences
Outlines

External links
 An interactive Geoengineering Map prepared by ETC Group and the Heinrich Boell Foundation
John Gillin Residence. The John Gillin Residence is a large single-story Usonian house, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1950 and built in Dallas, Texas, in 1958. The Gillin House is Wright's only residential project in Dallas. Gillin, a successful oilman, geophysicist and electronics "gadgeteer", commissioned Wright to design a work of art that would also be suitable for living and entertaining. A self-made man, Wright respected him and allowed him to design many details including all door hardware, the stainless steel kitchenettes and even the diving board support.

This sprawling Usonian is one of Wright's most extensive single-story residences. Three wings spin off a central hexagon much as might have happened had Wingspread been based on an equilateral parallelogram rather than a square. The home is organized around a massive angular fireplace. The acute angles of 60 and 120 degrees give intimacy to the rooms with ample light-filled space and volume that is unusual for a Frank Lloyd Wright designed home. The grand living room is under a hexagonal copper dome roof and ventilator specifically copied from the Arizona Biltmore Hotel's Aztec ballroom. 

The home was designed in response to the south central prairie's climate and its site of seven acres overlooking a creek. Long horizontal outer walls of understated native sandstone and horizontal bands of windows converge to create a dramatic entry.

The Gillin House was featured as Bob Mapplethorpe's house in the 1996 Wes Anderson film Bottle Rocket.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works

References

 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.338)

External links
Details of the house and interior from owner
Gillin House on waymarking.com
Frank Lloyd Wright - Preston Hollow Modern Home
Big houses in Big D
Photo of the Gillin House
Photos on Arcaid

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Dallas
Buildings and structures completed in 1958
1948 establishments in Texas
Sverre Rynning-Tønnesen. Sverre Rynning-Tønnesen (24 April 1894 – 1970) was a Norwegian electrical engineer and civil servant.

He graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1922, and began working in Kristiania in the same year. From 1945 to 1962 he served as director of Telegrafverket, which would change its name to Televerket in 1969 and Telenor in 1995. He had been named director already in 1942, but he was exiled in London until 1945 due to the German occupation of Norway.

He was an uncle of police leader Carl M. Rynning-Tønnesen.

References

1894 births
1970 deaths
Norwegian electrical engineers
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Norwegian people of World War II
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
List of Interstate Highways in Arkansas. The list of Interstate Highways in Arkansas encompasses nine members of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in the state of Arkansas.

Cable median barriers
The 2010–2013 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program from the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) lists cable median barrier installation projects along segments of Interstate 30 (I-30), I-40, I-55, I-430, Interstate 540, and US 67 to begin as funds become available. The high-tension designs will first be installed in areas with narrow medians (less than  wide) that carry an average daily traffic of 15,000 or greater near sites of recent serious crossover collisions.

Primary Interstates

Auxiliary Interstates

See also

References

 
Interstate
List of video game middleware. Middleware for games is a piece of software that is integrated into a game engine to handle some specialized aspect of it, such as physics, graphics or networking.

Notable

 Autodesk Gameware - from Autodesk, includes Scaleform GFx, Kynapse, Beast and HumanIK.
 Nvidia GameWorks - visual FX, physics, particle and fluid simulations.
 Simplygon - automated 3D content optimization for a variety of assets as vegetation, buildings, scene views etc.
 SpeedTree - vegetation programming and modelling software products.
 xaitment - customizable and modular game AI software for navigation mesh generation, pathfinding, character behavioral modeling and more.

AI: Pathfinding, collisions 
 AiLive - a suite of game AI middleware.
 Kythera AI - complete AI toolset middleware.
 Mercuna - 3D navigation middleware.
 Havok AI - complete AI toolset middleware.

Full-motion video 
 Bink Video - video file format, video compression tools and playback library from RAD Game Tools.
 CRI-Sofdec - created by CRI Middleware, it is highly used in Dreamcast games.

Online multiplayer 
 DemonWare - created by Activision.
 Steamworks - used for Valve Corporation's Steam.

Physics & animation 
 Cocos2D - 2D physics engine.
 Euphoria - 3D human animation engine created by NaturalMotion based on Dynamic Motion Synthesis.
 FaceFX - realistic facial animation engine created by OC3 Entertainment.
 Havok - 3D physics engine.

Real-time rendering 
 trueSKY - real-time sky & weather renderer created by Simul Software.

Sound 
 CRI-ADX - created by CRI Middleware, it is highly used in Dreamcast games.
 FMOD
 Miles Sound System - audio authoring tools and engine developed by RAD Game Tools.
 Wwise - audio engine and authoring tools from Audiokinetic.

UI 
 Gameface - UI middleware engine developed by Coherent Labs.
 Autodesk Scaleform GFx - 3D UI middleware for the video game industry.

See also 

 Game engine
 Middleware
 Video game development

M
Albert City station. The Chicago, Milwaukee and Pacific Railroad-Albert City Station, also known as the Albert City Depot, was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (The Milwaukee Road) in 1899 to serve the farms around Albert City, Iowa. The railroad built the line from Des Moines to Spencer, Iowa, in 1899 to serve local agriculture. Albert City was platted the same year. The depot was built for passenger service as well as freight.

The depot is rectangular wood-frame building with a two-story section that held the passenger waiting room and station agent's office on the ground floor and the station agent's apartment on the second floor. Attached to it is a single-story section that held the freight room. A large bay extended from both the agent's office and upper-floor apartment on the track side, allowing the agent a clear view down the tracks. 

In 1977, the depot and the surrounding property were sold to a company that wished to build a grain elevator. The town of Albert City and the local historical society purchased the depot and moved it to its present location next to the historical society's museum. 

The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the development of Albert City.

References

Albert City, Iowa
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1899
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Buena Vista County, Iowa
Transportation buildings and structures in Buena Vista County, Iowa
Former railway stations in Iowa