omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ransomite. Ransomite is a sulfate mineral first discovered at the United Verde mine in Jerome Arizona. This mineral was formed as a result of a mine fire. The United Verde mine is one of few places in the world where Ransomite can be found. This mineral can be described as a soluble sulfate that forms needle-like crystals and has a pale blue color in transmitted light. This mineral was named by Carl B. Lausen as a tribute to Frederick Leslie Ransome. Ransome was an American mining geologist who worked at the California Institute of Technology, the University of Arizona and the United states Geological Survey.

Occurrence
Ransomite is found in association with pyrite, voltaite, and romerite. These minerals can be found in Campbell shaft, Arizona. Ransomite tends to form in the cavities of crushed up rock in these different mines. In these cavities, Ransomite forms small radiating crystals and pale-blue crusts.

Physical properties
Ransomite is a bright sky blue or a pale blue in transmitted light, transparent mineral with a vitreous, pearly luster. It exhibits a hardness of 2.5 on the Mohs hardness scale. Ransomite occurs as needle-like crystals and has radiating tufts and crusts. Ransomite has perfect cleavage along the {010} plane. The specific gravity is 2.632 g/cm3.

Optical properties
Ransomite is biaxial positive, this means it can refract light on two axes. The refractive indices are: α ~ 1.631, β ~ 1.643, and γ ~ 1.695 (Na). Dispersion is strong, v > r. Ransomite has a max birefringence of 0.064 and has a moderate surface releif.

Chemical properties
Ransomite is a sulfate that has a similar formula to the mineral Cuprocopiapite. Cuprocopiapite has a specific gravity of (2.23 g cm−3), which is close to the value of Ransomite.

Chemical composition

X-ray crystallography
Ransomite is in the monoclinic crystal system. The space group associated with Ransomite is P21/b with unit cell dimensions: a = 4.811Å, b = 16.217Å, c = 10.403Å; β= 93.01°; Z=2. Ransomite has a point group of 2/m and is prismatic. It also has skinny prisms extended parallel to the c axis.

References

Lead minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Sulfate minerals
Wikipedia Student Program
Akanksha Kumari. Akanksha Kumari, from Barkagaon, Hazaribagh, a student of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and a graduate of Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, is the first Indian female engineer to be employed underground in mining in India. In 2021 she was recruited to work for Central Coalfields at the Churi mines in the North Karanpura Area.

References

People from Jharkhand
Indian women engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pictet's experiment. Pictet's experiment is the demonstration of the reflection of heat and the apparent reflection of cold in a series of experiments performed in 1790 (reported in English in 1791 in An Essay on Fire) by Marc-Auguste Pictet—ten years before the discovery of infrared heating of the Earth by the Sun. The apparatus for most of the experiments used two concave mirrors facing one another at a distance. An object placed at the focus of one mirror would have heat and light reflected by the mirror and focused. An object at the focus of the counterpart mirror would do the same. Placing a hot object at one focus and a thermometer at the other would register an increase in temperature on the thermometer. This was sometimes demonstrated with the explosion of a flammable mix of gasses in a blackened balloon, as described and depicted by John Tyndall in 1863.

After "demonstrating that radiant heat, even when it was not accompanied by any light, could be reflected and focused like light", Pictet used the same apparatus to demonstrate the apparent reflection of cold in a similar manner. This demonstration was important to Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford who argued for the existence of "frigorific rays" conveying cold. Rumford's continuation of the experiments and promotion of the topic caused the name to be attached to the experiment.

The apparent reflection of cold if a cold object is placed in one focus surprised Pictet and two scholars writing about the experiment in 1985 noted "most physicists, on seeing it demonstrated for the first time, find it surprising and even puzzling." The confusion may be resolved by understanding that all objects in the system—including the thermometer—are constantly radiating heat. Pictet described this as "the thermometer acts the same part relatively to the snow as the bullet [heat source] in relation to the thermometer." Addition of a very cold object adds an effective heat sink versus a room temperature object which would not, in the net, cool or warm a thermometer in the other focus.

Modern replications and demonstrations 
There are relatively few published examples of demonstrations or recreation of the experiment. Two physicists in the University of Washington system reported on demonstrations to students and colleagues and produced directions for re-creating the experiment in 1985 as part of an investigation into the role of the experiment in the history of physics. Physicists at Sofia University in Bulgaria reported on reproducing the experiment for high school students in 2017.

References

External links 

 The Pictet Cabinet: The art of teaching science through experiment, a 2011 pamphlet from the Musée d'histoire des sciences de la Ville de Genève (Museum of the History of Science of the City of Geneva)
 "Are There Rays of Cold?", an undated video demonstration in Russian from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute

1790 in science
1791 in science
Physics experiments
Thermodynamics
History of science
Chloryl tetraperchloratoaurate. Chloryl tetraperchloratoaurate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula ClO2Au(ClO4)4 consisting of the chloryl cation and a tetraperchloratoaurate anion. It is an orange solid that readily hydrolyzes in air.

Production and reactions
Chloryl tetraperchloratoaurate is produced by the oxidation of gold metal, gold(III) chloride, or chloroauric acid by dichlorine hexoxide:
2 AuCl3 + 8 Cl2O6 → 2 ClO2Au(ClO4)4 + 6 ClO2 + 3 Cl2
A production of gold(III) perchlorate is attempted by heating this compound, but it instead forms an oxy-perchlorato derivative.

References

Gold(III) compounds
Perchlorates
chloryl compounds
DMT (company). DMT GmbH & Co. KG is an engineering and consulting company based in Essen, Germany. Founded in 1990, DMT has been a subsidiary of TÜV NORD AG since 2007. It operates within the TÜV NORD GROUP, providing engineering and consulting services.

The DMT Group consists of 16 engineering and consulting firms with global locations and around 1,100 employees. The group's annual revenue is approximately €130 million. DMT collaborates on research projects with industry, research institutions, and universities internationally.

History 
DMT GmbH & Co. KG traces its corporate history to 1990. It evolved from a series of corporate mergers dating back to 1737 when the Märkische Gewerkschaftskasse was founded. In the 1990s, the business lines were integrated into the newly created Deutsche Montan Technologie für Rohstoff, Energie, Umwelt e.V., where two companies emerged:

 DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung und Prüfung mbH
 DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH

Organization 
DMT GmbH & Co. KG operates 19 testing and specialist centers for safety, with 17 of them being accredited or officially recognized. The company employs approximately 100 recognized experts.

Service Areas 
DMT provides engineering services in areas such as plant construction, process engineering, civil engineering, mining, and oil and gas. Its core activities include engineering, consulting, geotechnics, and exploration. The company also develops measurement and monitoring systems for various industries.

Geo Engineering and Exploration 
In this sector, DMT offers services for the development, planning, and monitoring of infrastructure projects, including geotechnical and site investigation, route engineering, and geomonitoring.

Mining Consulting and Engineering 
DMT assists investors, governments, and mining operators throughout the entire lifecycle of a mine, offering services such as resource prospecting, feasibility studies, and mine planning.

Industrial Engineering 
DMT designs and constructs process engineering plants for coking, the chemical industry, and material handling systems for mining.

Plant and Product Safety 
In this domain, DMT addresses safety aspects in various industries, including fire and explosion protection, building systems safety, and product safety and quality.

Exploration Seismics 
DMT provides solutions for reflection and refraction seismic studies.

Products 
DMT develops monitoring systems and testing equipment, including geodetic measurement systems, monitoring systems, and devices for flow measurement. The company also offers services for optimization in steel production.

References 

Companies established in 1990
Engineering consulting firms
Mining companies
Geotechnical engineering
Graphitization. Graphitization is a process of transforming a carbonaceous material, such as coal or the carbon in certain forms of iron alloys, into graphite.

Process 
The graphitization process involves a restructuring of the molecular structure of the carbon material. In the initial state, these materials can have an amorphous structure or a crystalline structure different from graphite. Graphitization generally occurs at high temperatures (up to ), and can be accelerated by catalysts such as iron or nickel.

When carbonaceous material is exposed to high temperatures for an extended period of time, the carbon atoms begin to rearrange and form layered crystal planes. In the structure of graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in flat hexagonal sheets that are stacked on top of each other. These crystal planes give graphite its characteristic flake structure, giving it specific properties such as good electrical and thermal conductivity, low friction and excellent lubrication.

Interest 
Graphitization can be observed in various contexts. For example, it occurs naturally during the formation of certain types of coal or graphite in the Earth's crust. It can also be artificially induced during the manufacture of specific carbon materials, such as graphite electrodes used in fuel cells, nuclear reactors or metallurgical applications.

Graphitization is of particular interest in the field of metallurgy. Some iron alloys, such as cast iron, can undergo graphitization heat treatment to improve their mechanical properties and machinability. During this process, the carbon dissolved in the iron alloy matrix separates and restructures as graphite, which gives the cast iron its specific characteristics, such as improved ductility and wear resistance.

Notes and references 

Molecular physics
Metallurgy
Materials science
Jien-Wei Yeh. Jien-Wei Yeh is a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the National Tsing Hua University, in Hsinchu, Taiwan. He is known for his contributions to the field of high-entropy alloy. He has a Google H-index of 95 with over 54,921 citations and is named on 336 publications according to Research Gate.

Research on high-entropy alloys 
Yeh first conceived the idea for high-entropy alloys in 1995. Yeh led his first research group on the subject in 2001 funded by the National Science Council of Taiwan. That research group published several papers in 2004 and a review in 2020. Notably, the early work was soon after Brian Cantor released some of his foundational work.

References 

Taiwanese academics
Date of birth unknown

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Davidsmithite. Davidsmithite is a Ca-bearing nepheline-group mineral with the formula (Ca,◻)2Na6Al8Si8O32, with the "◻" being a vacancy in the formula. It is a feldspathoid mineral that occurs as a rock forming in the Liset eclogite pod (Norwegian Caledonides). Commonly found alongside lisetite, davidsmithite is found overgrowing this other mineral in corona textures.

Name 
Davidsmithite is named after David Christopher Smith, who has made significant contributions to the world of mineralogy and petrology. As Emeritus professor at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris, France, he has discovered minerals like nyböite, lisetite, taramite and ferro-taramite, in Norway. His contributions towards petrology include the recognition of the sub-discipline of Ultra High Pressure Metamorphism (UHPM).

Occurrence 
Davidsmithite was discovered at the Liset eclogite pod, Liset, Selje, Western Gneiss Region, Vestlandet, Norway. It is found near the closely related Lisetite, which has a similar composition (CaNa2Al4Si4O16) and structure, being a tectosilicate. It has also been reported in melted rocks (clinkers and paralavas) in Eastern Mongolia.

Properties 
Davidsmithite occurs as anhedral and sometimes skeletal or lath-like crystals ranging between 80 and 100μm in length and about 30μm wide. It is indistinguishable to surrounding minerals such as quartz, plagioclase and lisetite. The optical properties of Davidsmithite show it to be colorless to pale yellow in thin sections. It is optically uniaxial negative. It has a low birefringence, which is similar to lisetite and plagioclase. This low birefringence is the main way to distinguish it, otherwise it can only be confirmed by EMP (electron microprobe) and SEM (scanning electron microscope).

X-ray crystallography 
Davidsmithite is in the hexagonal crystal system with the space group of P63. The unit cell was found using x-ray-powder diffraction. The unit cell dimensions are as follows: a = 9.982(1) Å, c = 8.364(2) Å, V = 721.74 Å3, and Z = 1. No polarization or Lorentz corrections were applied.

Chemical composition

References 

Wikipedia Student Program
Silicate minerals
Feldspathoid
Hexagonal minerals
Kuramite. Kuramite is a mineral of the stannite group. It is named after the Kochbulak Au-Ag-Te deposit locality in the Chatkal-Kuraminskii Mountains in Uzbekistan, where it was first discovered.

Occurrence
Kuramite occurs in gold-sulfide-quartz veins as inclusions in goldfieldite, as observed in the Kochbulak deposit in Uzbekistan. It may also occur as microscopic crystals.

Kuramite has also been found in the Arctic Ocean, Argentina, Chile, DR Congo, Greece, Hungary, Japan, United Kingdom, and USA.

Physical properties
Kuramite's hardness on the Mohs scale is 5, and it has a density of 4.56. It is an opaque steel grey color with a metallic luster and a metallic streak.

Chemical properties
The chemical formula of Kuramite is Cu3SnS4 with common impurities being iron, zinc and indium (Fe, Zn, and In).

X-ray powder pattern
X-ray study of Kuramite was done using the powder method, in the mineralogical laboratory of IGEM, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, by G. V. Vasova (RKO-57.3, unfiltered FeK).  Kuramite was found to relate to the stannite-kesterite group. The parameters of the unit cell are found to be a=5.445±0.005 Å, c=10.75±0.02 Å, c/a=1.972.

See also
 List of minerals

References

Wikipedia Student Program
Copper minerals
Tin minerals
Sulfide minerals
Yegorovite. Yegorovite, ([Na4[Si4O8(OH)4]·7H2O]) is a silicate mineral found in a hyperalkaline
pegmatite in the Lovozero Pluton at Mt. Kedykverpakhk in the Kola Peninsula of Russia. It was named in memory of Russian crystallographer Yurii Kavdievich Yegorov-Tismenko, and approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association in 2008.

Physical properties
Yegorovite is colorless, with a white streak. Found in small quantities among pegmatites. It is a natural silicate of alkali cations.

Chemical composition
The chemical composition of yegorovite in elemental weight percent is as follows:

Crystal structure
The crystal structure of yegorovite is made up of a single chain of four silicon (Si) tetrahedrons [Si4O8(OH)4]∞ and sixfold polyhedrons of [NaO(OH)2(H2O)3] and [NaO(OH)(H2O)4] centered by sodium (Na).

References

Wikipedia Student Program
Sodium minerals
Silicate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Heptahydrate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Guerber Engineering. The Guerber Engineering Co. was a civil engineering firm that served most of the Lehigh Valley during the first half of the 20th century, erecting many of the steel elements of most notable buildings in the valley during this time period.

History
The company was established in 1901 by Paul A. E. Guerber, a mechanical engineer and graduate of the Stevens Institute of Technology operating originally out of Allentown, Pennsylvania before moving to West Bethlehem. In 1913, William B. M. Hutchinson was named president and chairman of Guerber Engineering. Hutchinson would transform the company into Bethlehem Fabricators, Inc. in the early 1930s, no longer offering structural engineering services nor structural steel elements, instead focusing on the production of gas‐fired heaters and other metal products. The company, both under Guerber and Hutchinson's tenure had a close connection with Lehigh University, with Hutchinson being an alumnus. As such many recent Lehigh graduates in the early 20th century were employed upon graduation by the firm. Morris J. Dimmick served as the company's vice president from the 1930s to his retirement in 1960.

Bethlehem Fabricators would be purchased and merged into Lewis Industries, Inc. in 1981. Lewis Industries is a local industrial conglomerate that at the time began to move into the steel fabrication industry. However, by 1984, the former Bethlehem Fabricators plant would be shuttered as part of the wider Rust Belt with 335 people losing their jobs.

Notable projects
Lehigh University's Fritz Lab erecting their structural steel in 1909, the lab would be the future home of the school's civil engineering department and Guerber was commemorated with a plaque.
Glendon Hill Road Canal Bridge constructed in 1910. The historic bridge spans the Lehigh Canal in Easton, Pennsylvania.
Allentown National Bank constructed in 1905, a National Historic Landmark.

References

American companies established in 1901
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1901
Design companies established in 1901
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Laura I. Clarke. Laura I. Clarke is an American polymer scientist and nanoscientist known for her research on nanomotors, on the observation of kinetic and electric properties of nanostructures, and on the fabrication of nanofibers and nanocomposites including electrospinning. She is Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor of Physics at North Carolina State University.

Education and career
Clarke studied physics as an undergraduate at Montana State University, graduating in 1992. She completed a Ph.D. in physics in 1998 at the University of Oregon; her dissertation was Coulomb Blockade Dominated Transport in Gold Nanoparticle Systems.

After postdoctoral research at Dartmouth College and the University of Colorado, she joined the North Carolina State University faculty in 2003. She added an affiliation with the Department of Biomedical Engineering in 2008, was promoted to associate professor in 2009, and became a full professor in 2015. She was named as Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor of Physics in 2018.

Recognition
Clark received the 2022 UNC Board of Governors Award for Excellence in Teaching. She was the 2023 recipient of the Jonathan F. Reichert and Barbara Wolff-Reichert Award for Excellence in Advanced Laboratory Instruction of the American Physical Society (APS), citing her "leadership and dedicated efforts in developing sustainable laboratory experiences and courses throughout the entire physics curriculum that address the needs of diverse students who are considering careers in both industry and graduate study".

She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2023, after a nomination from the APS Division of Soft Matter, "for work on polymers spanning from nanometer to mesoscopic scales, including under optical and electric driving; and for teaching, scholarship, and innovation benefiting diverse students underserved by standard practices".

References

External links
Clarke lab

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American nanotechnologists
Polymer scientists and engineers
American physicists
American women physicists
Montana State University alumni
University of Oregon alumni
North Carolina State University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Operation Dragonfly. Operation Dragonfly（）was an operation conducted by the Ukrainian Armed Forces on October 17, 2023 during the Russo-Ukrainian War, where it focused on striking logistical points that the Russian military used for supplying efforts.

History
This operation mainly targeted the Luhansk International Airport in the east and Berdiansk Airport in the south. During the operation, the Special Operations Forces used MGM-140 ATACMS for the attack, which led to the heavy losses of helicopters of  the Russian Air Force. The Ukrainians also succeeded in destroying the airport runways, numerous supply depots, and even some air defense systems. The Ukrainians also claimed to have caused manpower losses, but it cannot be confirmed.

The fires created due to the burning of equipment at the Berdiansk Airport was visible from NASA's FIRMS. According to Russia, there were shrapnel of M74 Bomblets found at the scene, which likely originated from the ATACMS Block IA (M39A1) that the Ukrainians used for the attack. More shrapnel found later proved that the Ukrainians used ATACMS for the operation. which is likely the first time that it has been used in Ukraine. Prior to this incident, there had been fears from American leaders that the supply of ATACMS would lead to an "escalation of tensions",  which American Ben Hodges criticized has "created sanctuary for the Russians".

References 

Ukrainian airstrikes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Berdiansk
Luhansk
October 2023 events in Ukraine
Luhansk Oblast in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Zaporizhzhia Oblast in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2023 airstrikes
Operations involving special forces
Bombardments of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Military operations involving airports
Attacks on airports in Ukraine
Attacks on military installations in Ukraine
Attacks on military installations in 2023
Ammunition depot bombings
2023 building bombings
Building bombings in Ukraine
Airport bombings in Europe
Industrial fires and explosions in Ukraine
2023 fires in Europe
Ishaq Sidr. Ishaq “Muhammad Sharif” Abdel-Hay Sidr (born November 5, 1963, in Hebron) is a Palestinian engineer and academic who has been serving since April 2019 as Minister of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology within the government of Mohammad Shtayyeh. He previously served as chairman of the Palestinian Engineers Association sub-committee in Hebron Governorate in 2011. He also served as Dean of the College of Applied Professions at Palestine Polytechnic University and worked as a lecturer in its Colleges of Engineering and Graduate Studies.

References

1963 births
Living people
Palestinian mechanical engineers
21st-century Palestinian academics
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
Palestine Polytechnic University alumni