omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
KA2N Gorgon IIA. The KA2N Gorgon IIA – also designated KU2N, CTV-4, and CTV-N-4 – was an air-to-air missile developed by the United States Navy near the end of World War II. Proving a failure in its designed role, it was repurposed as an experimental testbed for missile technology.

Design and development
The Gorgon missile program began in July 1943 at the Naval Aircraft Modification Unit in Warminster, Pennsylvania, and was intended to develop a family of small air-launched missiles for air-to-air and air-to-surface roles. The Gorgon IIA, the baseline design of the family, was of canard configuration, a conventional high-mounted monoplane wing providing lift; the structure was largely of laminated wood, while propulsion was by a Reaction Motors CML2N liquid-fuel rocket, fueled with monoethylamine and nitric acid.

Intended for use intercepting bombers or transport aircraft, the Gorgon IIA was said to be the first American guided missile to be powered by a liquid-fueled rocket. It was fitted with a television guidance system, the pilot of the launching aircraft controlling the missile via radio based on the view from a camera mounted in the nose of the missile.

Operational history
Production of the Gorgon IIA, designated KA2N-1, was ordered from the Singer Manufacturing Company, a sewing machine manufacturer. A mockup of the missile's configuration was approved in March 1944, and by April 1945, orders for 21 Gorgon IIA missiles had been confirmed, all of which would be built. However, initial flight tests of the system, beginning as unpowered glides early in 1945 and proceeding to fully powered guided trials in March 1945, showed that the guidance system was impractical; the closing speeds of the missile and its target were too great for the Gorgon IIA's limited maneuverability to allow the missile's operator to correctly steer the weapon. Despite this difficulty, the Gorgon IIA was the first jet- or rocket-powered radio-controlled aircraft to successfully fly in the United States.

The control issues, combined with the overall immature state of missile technology, led to the Gorgon program being realigned as a testing program; the Gorgon IIA being redesignated in 1946 as KU2N-1, then CTV-4 in 1947, and finally as CTV-N-4 in 1948; the CTV designation reflecting its status as a control test vehicle, although the program was largely concluded by that point. Despite the difficulties with its guidance system, the Gorgon IIA was considered aerodynamically satisfactory.

Gorgon IIB
A turbojet-powered version of the Gorgon II missile, Gorgon IIB, was also ordered, with four examples being contracted for; the project was cancelled due to a lack of suitable engines.

Surviving aircraft

Very few Gorgon IIAs survived the testing program.  One was donated by the U.S. Navy to the National Air Museum (now the National Air and Space Museum) in 1951; it is currently on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Air-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Television guided weapons
World War II guided missiles of the United States
COTECMAR. COTECMAR (Corporación de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo de la Industria Naval Marítima y Fluvial) is a Colombian state-owned defense, shipbuilder, and engineering company that provides services to the Ministry of National Defense of Colombia and other domestic and international customers. It is the largest and most important shipbuilding and repair company in Colombia, with facilities in Mamonal and Bocagrande in Cartagena de Indias.

History

Initially established in 1969 as CONASTIL, the organization served as a cornerstone of Colombia's naval industry until its liquidation in 1994. Recognizing the crucial need to revive the nation's industrial and maritime capabilities, the Colombian Navy embarked on a mission from 1998 to 2000 to restore this vital sector. These dedicated efforts culminated on July 21, 2000, with the founding of COTECMAR—a new entity symbolizing a renewed commitment to advancing Colombia's naval, maritime, and fluvial industries.

In September 2022, COTECTMAR and the Damen Group signed an agreement to co-develop and produce five new frigates for the Colombian Navy based on the Sigma-class design.

Products

Warships 

 Frigates (Sigma-class design)
 Patrol boats (OPV-93, LPR-40)
 Landing Craft Utility (Golfo de Tribuga-class landing craft)

Civilian

Notable clients

  Brazil
 , 
 LPR-40 riverine patrol boats
  Colombia

OPV-80-class offshore patrol vessel
Colombian Naval Infantry

Maintenance work for Libertador Juan Rafael Mora Porras
 
Golfo de Tribuga-class landing craft
 
Golfo de Tribuga-class landing craft
SAFE BOATS 35MMI Multi Misión Interceptor
  Jamaica
  Netherlands
 
 Maintenance work for HNLMS Pelikaan (A804)

See also
Indumil

References

External links
 

Shipbuilding companies of Colombia
Defence companies of Colombia
Government-owned companies of Colombia
Manufacturing companies established in 2000
Transport in Colombia
Colombian companies established in 2000
Companies based in Bogotá
Avimech Dragonfly DF-1. The Avimech Dragonfly DF-1 is an American helicopter produced by Avimech International Aircraft, Inc. of Tucson, Arizona. Originally developed in Switzerland, the aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The DF-1 was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles aircraft rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a single main rotor and tail rotor, a single-seat, open cockpit without a windshield, skid landing gear with ground handling wheels.

The rotor is driven by tip jets fueled by hydrogen peroxide, which emits only water vapour and oxygen as exhaust products. The tail rotor is fitted only for directional control as it is not required to counteract torque, as the tip jet system does not require torque compensation.

The aircraft fuselage is made from steel and aluminum tubing. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of . The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

Specifications (DF-1)

See also
List of rotorcraft
List of aircraft (An–Az)

References

External links

Video of DF-1 flight

DF-1
2010s United States sport aircraft
2010s United States ultralight aircraft
2010s United States civil utility aircraft
2010s United States helicopters
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Rampage (missile). The Rampage, initially named MARS (Multi-purpose, Air-launched Rocket System), is an air-to-surface missile developed by Israel Military Industries and Israel Aerospace Industries derived from the EXTRA. It is a standoff weapon designed to hit high-value targets such as radar installations, communications centers, weapons storage facilities and airfields while the launch aircraft remains out of range of air defenses. It was officially unveiled in June 2018 and reportedly used for the first time in April 2019 in Syria.
As of July 2023, the Royal Air Force is looking at using Rampage missiles after donating Storm Shadow missiles to Ukraine. Rampage missiles are believed to be cheaper than Storm Shadow missiles and are more readily available.

Operational history

In 19 December 2024, the IAF conducted airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen with Rampage (mounted on F-16s) and the older Popeye (mounted on F-15s) missiles  targeting ports and energy infrastructure at Sanaa.

Users 

 Indian Air Force: Integrated with Sukhoi Su-30MKI, MiG-29 and Jaguar fighter jets.
 Indian Navy: Used on MiG-29K.
: Planned to be used on its F-16, weapon integration is in progress.

:  

 Operational missiles were showcased by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) on its official Twitter (X) page in October 2024, integrated onboard an F-16I. Rampage was alleged to have been used during a Deep Strike Mission to eliminate the Deputy Commander of Hezbollah's Radwan Forces, Mustafa Ahmad Shahdi.
 Operational missiles were showcased by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) and IDF Spokesperson, in December 2024, integrated onboard F-16I, as part of preparations for Israel's attack on Yemen's Sana'a Airport.

See also 
Air LORA
SkySniper

References

External links
Rampage Long Range Air-to-Ground Precise Strike Weapon. Israel Aerospace Industries
Rampage Long-range precise air-to-ground supersonic missile. Elbit Systems

Rocket weapons
Air-to-surface missiles
Guided missiles of Israel
SkySniper. SkySniper is an air-to-surface missile developed by Israel Aerospace Industries IAI. The  long weapon has a maximum range of , and carries a general purpose blast/fragmentation warhead.  The SkySniper uses GPS/INS guidance for targeting under all weather conditions. IAI designed the SkySniper for a maximum loadout of four missiles on contemporary combat aircraft such as the F-15, F/A-18, F-16, MiG-29, and Kfir.

See also 

MARS (missile)

References

Israel Aerospace Industries missiles
Air-to-surface missiles
Guided missiles of Israel
MLM products
Word RAM. In theoretical computer science, the word RAM (word random-access machine) model is a model of computation in which a random-access machine does arithmetic and bitwise operations on a word of  bits. Michael Fredman and Dan Willard created it in 1990 to simulate programming languages like C.

Model 
The word RAM model is an abstract machine similar to a random-access machine, but with finite memory and word-length. It works with words of size up to  bits, meaning it can store integers up to . Because the model assumes that the word size matches the problem size, that is, for a problem of size , , the word RAM model is a transdichotomous model. The model allows both arithmetic operations and bitwise operations including logical shifts to be done in constant time (the precise instruction set assumed by an algorithm or proof using the model may vary).

Algorithms and data structures 
In the word RAM model, integer sorting can be done fairly efficiently. Yijie Han and Mikkel Thorup created a randomized algorithm to sort integers in expected time  of (in Big O notation) , while Han also created a deterministic variant with running time .

The dynamic predecessor problem is also commonly analyzed in the word RAM model, and was the original motivation for the model. Dan Willard used y-fast tries to solve this in  time, or, more precisely,  where  is a bound on the values stored. Michael Fredman and Willard also solved the problem using fusion trees in  time. Using exponential search trees, a query can be performed in .

Additional results in the word RAM model are listed in the article on range searching.

Lower bounds applicable to word RAM algorithms are often proved in the cell-probe model.

See also 
 Transdichotomous model

References 

 Models of computation
List of shortest runways. This is a list of the shortest airport runways in the world.  While most modern commercial aircraft require a paved runway of at least  in length, many early aircraft were designed to operate from unprepared strips that could be improvised in small spaces. Los Angeles's Grand Central Airport, considered a landmark in aviation history, had a  runway during its first six years of operation from 1923 to 1929.  Such airstrips were used by heavy as well as light aircraft.  During the Doolittle Raid in WW II, twin-engine B-25 bombers with a loaded weight of seventeen tons took off from the  flight deck of the carrier USS Hornet. As late as 1977, a Lockheed Constellation demonstrated its ability to use the  runway of the Greenwood Lake Airport in New Jersey, and in 1946, a lightened Constellation took off from a grass strip in  on only three engines. Most general aviation aircraft retain this short-field performance; the Cessna 172, the most produced aircraft in history, will take off in as little as  at Standard Temperature when fully loaded. Many small airfields capable of accommodating these types remain in use, mostly in remote areas in the American West and the French Alps, where space is limited.

List of airports with a primary runway less than  long

See also 
 Airpark
 Altiport
 Aviation
 Density altitude
 Highway strip
 List of longest runways
 Satellite airfield
 STOLport
 Joint-use airport
 Naval outlying landing field

References 

Lists of airports
Transport-related lists of superlatives
Runways, shortest
Huglin index. Pierre Huglin developed a bioclimatic heat index for vineyards, the Huglin heat sum index (or after Huglin respectively -warmth index or short Huglin index,) in which the temperature sum over the temperature threshold of 10 °C is calculated and then summed for all days from beginning of April to end of September. The calculation uses both the daily average temperatures and the maximum temperatures and slightly modifies the calculated total according to latitude. Each grape variety needs a certain amount of heat in order to be cultivated successfully in the long term in a given area. The calculated heat sums, which are based on data from weather stations or from climate models, differ in that they are too low compared to the actual values in the vineyards. The index does not take into account e.g. thermally favoured hillsides where temperature values may be higher by about 1.5 °C to 2 °C.

Definition & Calculation 

The Huglin index is calculated as a product of the coefficient K and the sum of the arithmetic mean of daily mean- and daily maximum temperatures relative to the baseline temperature of 10 °C (taking into account all days from 1 April till 30 September):

 

 Tmean = daily mean temperature
 Tmax = daily maximum temperature
 baseline temperature = 10 °C
 K = parameter dependent on the latitude of the location; the sum is multiplied by a factor  K  depending on the latitude of the location, taking into account the length of the day in northern latitudes; for example:
 K (40°) = 1.02
 K (50°) = 1.06

Heat sum index according to Huglin (1986) for different grape varieties

Consequences of changes in the Huglin index 

Due to climate change, the Huglin index will continue to rise over coming decades, and the suitability of an area for a specific grape variety will continue to change.

With increases in the heat sum, the variety of vines in the northern growing areas of Europe has already changed. Varieties that used to be cultivated only in wine-growing regions in the south have already gained a certain amount of significance in cultivation in Austria and Germany. 

The varieties Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah are already being successfully planted and cultivated in warmer regions of Austria. They were included in the quality wine assortment.

Literature 
 Pierre Huglin: Biologie et écologie de la vigne. Lavoisier (Edition Tec & Doc), Paris 1986, . S. 292 (371 S.).
 Pierre Huglin: Nouveau mode d’évaluation des possibilités héliothermique d’un milieu viti-cole. C. R. Académie d’Agriculture (Acad. Agric.), 1117–1126, 1978.
 Dieter Hoppmann: Terroir, Wetter – Klima – Boden, Verlag Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2010, , S. 28.
 Daniela Dejnega: Weinbau in ganz Österreich?, Der Winzer 6/2013, S 23-25, Österreichischer Agrarverlag, Wien.

See also 
 Effects of climate change on wine production
 Viticulture
 Winkler index

References 

Viticulture
Solar energy
Aistyonok. Aistyonok (, Little Stork; GRAU designation 1L271) is a portable counter-battery radar system developed and produced by the state-owned Almaz-Antey corporation for the Russian Armed Forces.

It is a mobile radar for the purpose of detecting position of weapons such as field artillery and anti-aircraft weapons, calculating the trajectory of incoming shells, and the control of unmanned aerial vehicles. Aistyonok is claimed to detect moving ground targets at a distance of up to , with capabilities to detect mortar fire positions at a distance of up to , moving ground equipment at a distance of up to , and the adjustment of artillery fire from  to  depending on the conditions.

The Aistyonok system was debuted in 2008, and has since been introduced for limited use in the North Caucasus by the Russian Armed Forces. The counter-battery radar has also been used in the Russo-Ukrainian war.

See also 
 ARTHUR
 Penicillin (counter-artillery system)
 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar
 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar
 Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
 Red Color

References

Ground radars
Weapon locating radar
Russian military radars
Warning systems
Almaz-Antey products
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
South Sudan Electricity Corporation. The South Sudan Electricity Corporation (SSEC) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to generate electric power for use in South Sudan and for sale to neighboring countries.

History
Following the split from Sudan, South Sudan signed THE SOUTHERN SUDAN ELECTRICITY CORPORATION ACT, 2011 into law. Setting up the establishment of the SSEC in 2012 under the Ministry of Energy and Mining. At that point the country was only producing 22 MW of installed electricity generation capacity split into three isolated networks with only 1% of the country's nine-million people having access to electricity.

On January 24, 2014, the SSEC was approved for a grant from the African Development Bank Group to rehabilitate and expand the distribution networks in Juba.

SSEC Timeline
 
 January 24, 2014: Received a US$26 million dollar grant from African Development Bank Group to rehabilitate and expand the distribution networks in Juba.

Power stations
 Juba Electric Distribution Company - JEDCO 48% ownership

Operational stations
Juba Solar Power Station

Power stations in development

See also

 List of power stations in South Sudan
 Energy in South Sudan

References

2012 establishments in South Sudan
Energy companies established in 2012
Companies of South Sudan
Government-owned companies of South Sudan
Star Air (India). Star Air, the Aviation arm of Sanjay Ghodawat Group is an Indian Regional Airline with its's main base at Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It started operations in January 2019, offering flights within Karnataka, and later expanding to Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana & Maharashtra, as part of the Central Government's UDAN scheme. The airline currently operates an all Embraer Fleet of ERJ-145LRs and EMB-170-200s (E175).

History
Sanjay Ghodawat Group, the parent company of Star Air, sought permission from the Central Government in March 2017 to establish a scheduled passenger airline called Star Air. The airline acquired its first aircraft, an Embraer 145LR, in June 2018. It obtained its Air Operator's Certificate in early January of the following year and announced that it would operate flights under the Central Government's UDAN scheme, which aims to improve regional connectivity within India. Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru was selected as the base of operations. On 25 January 2019, the airline's first flight departed Bengaluru for Hubbali. Flights to Tirupati were initiated as well.

Corporate affairs
Star Air head office is located at Plot 13A, KIADB Hi-Tech Defence and Aerospace Park, Road No. 1, Bangalore-562149 Bangalore.

Destinations
As of  , Star Air flies to 22 domestic destinations within India, with its hubs at Kempegowda International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport and Belgaum Airport.

The state with the most destinations is Maharashtra is 5, followed by Karnataka with 4 destinations.

Fleet

As of  , Star Air operates the following aircraft:

References

Airlines of India
Airlines established in 2017
Companies based in Bengaluru
2017 establishments in Karnataka
Indian companies established in 2017
Bridge Constructor. Bridge Constructor is a series of physics-based simulation-puzzle video games developed by ClockStone and published by Headup Games. While themes and elements change across the series, each game is based on planning out a bridge across a river or ravine using a number of parts, limited by the geometry of the space and the total cost of the parts. The goal for each scenario is to make sure that one or more vehicles driving across the bridge can reach the other side safely.

History

The first Bridge Constructor game, eponymous to the series, was released for Microsoft Windows on 1 December 2011. While it was generally successful in Europe and topped the app charts there, it was not popular in North America until after a Reddit post by a player of the game within the "GamePhysics" subforum in March 2014. The post showed a GIF-image of a truck barely crossing a bridge as it was collapsing underneath it. This created a large interest in the title, resulting it being the top paid iOS within 10 days of the image's posting. Headup Games took initiative to offer sales on the game and cross-promote the other titles in the series.  With the boost in North America, the game saw over 27 million free and paid downloads, and a "good seven-digit figure" in paid sales by March 2014, according to Gregor Ebert of Headup Games.

Games

Bridge Constructor (2011)

Bridge Constructor Playground (2012)

Bridge Constructor Medieval (2013)

Bridge Constructor Stunts (2015)

Bridge Constructor Portal (2017)

Bridge Constructor Portal was announced in December 2017, for release on mobile and personal computers later that same month, and for consoles in 2018. Developed under license from Valve, the game sets challenges in the Aperture Laboratory facilities from the Portal series, under the watchful eye of the artificial intelligence GLaDOS. The game uses the same core gameplay of earlier titles, but with elements from the Portal series, such as the portals, turrets, and other features.

Bridge Constructor: The Walking Dead (2020)
Bridge Constructor: The Walking Dead was announced in August 2020 at Gamescom and released on 19 November 2020.

References

2011 video games
Android (operating system) games
Bridges in fiction
IOS games
Puzzle video games
Simulation video games
Video game franchises introduced in 2011
Video games developed in Austria
Air Colombia. Air Colombia S.A.S. was a cargo airline with a hub at La Vanguardia Airport in Villavicencio, Colombia. It was known for being one of several Colombian airlines who continued to use World War II-era Douglas C-47 aircraft into the 2010s. The airline suspended operations after filing for administration on September 23, 2019.

Fleet

Air Colombia previously operated the following aircraft:
1 Antonov An-32B (leased)
1 Boeing 727-100F
4 Douglas C-47 Skytrain
2 Douglas C-118
1 Short SC.7 Skyvan

See also
List of defunct airlines of Colombia

References

External links

Airlines of Colombia
Colombian companies established in 1980
Airlines established in 1980
Airlines disestablished in 2019
Ebonising. Ebonising is a process for darkening wood, giving it an appearance similar to ebony, hence the name.

It is particularly used for pianos and fine furniture.

History
While little record exists of who invented ebonizing, it was popular among the upper classes throughout the Early Modern period, especially when ebony was scarce.
In the 19th century, ebonizing became popular as ebony was no longer nearly plentiful enough to feed demand for the new mass market furniture.

Processes
One process uses iron dissolved in vinegar as the darkening agent. The ferric acetate thus formed reacts with the tannin in the wood, forming a black substance crusting the top of the wood. Since hardwoods have higher tannin content, they are more convenient woods to ebonize. However, softwoods can be ebonized by soaking them with tea (which has a high tannin content) and then applying the solution.

References

Furniture-making