omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
TRI-D (rocket engine). TRI-D is a 3D printed metal rocket engine. Students from the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space at  University of California, San Diego (SEDS at UC San Diego) built the metal rocket engine using a technique previously confined to NASA, using a GPI Prototype and Manufacturing Services printer via the Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) method. UCSD students were the first group in the world to 3D print a rocket engine of its size, other than NASA as of February 2014. The Tri-D engine cost US$6,800.

Development
The Tri-D rocket engine was designed and built with the cooperation of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, to explore the feasibility of printed rocket components. It was designed to power the third stage of a Nanosat or Cubesat launcher, i.e. an engine capable of launching satellites that weigh less than 1.33 kg (2.93 lb).

Specifications
Tri-D is around 17.7 cm long and weighs around 4.5 kg. It was fabricated using a chromium-cobalt alloy powder. The propellants are kerosene and liquid oxygen. The engine produces about  thrust. According to Gizmag "the injector has a Fuel-Oxidizer-Oxidizer-Fuel inlet arrangement with two outer fuel orifices converging with two inner oxidizer orifices".

The engine has a regenerative cooling jacket that extends to the nozzle to prevent the engine from overheating while firing. The combustion chamber was designed to burn the propellants in the middle of the chamber and keep as much heat generated as possible away from its chamber walls, while at the same time insulating the wall with a film of cooler gases.

Printer
The engine was printed with a GPI Prototype and Manufacturing Services printer using a technique called Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). In the process of printing, a powder of the chromium-cobalt alloy is spread in a thin layer. Then computer-controlled laser fuses the powders into a cross section of the engine component. The machine then spreads a second layer of powder and the process continuously repeats until each component is complete. Any excess powder is removed as are  temporary supports that were printed to hold the components together during printing process. Finally it is hardened, polished and assembled.

Test firing
The test firing at Mojave went without any problems and the engine exhaust achieved  thrust. The team claimed "it was a resounding success and could be the next step in the development of cheaper propulsion systems and a commercializing of space".

Injector test

On a separate engine, a 3D printed injector was test fired in a conventionally manufactured engine. In the test of the injector on August 22, 2014, the engine generated  thrust.

References

3D printing
Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
Solid Concepts 1911 DMLS. The Solid Concepts 1911 DMLS  is a 3D printed improvised firearm version of the M1911 pistol. It was made public around November 2013 and was printed via the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) method. It was created by Solid Concepts.  The first gun, version 1.0, is made up of 34 3D-printed 17-4 stainless steel components.

Specifications 

It weighs  when it is empty i.e is not filled with a magazine and the trigger pull weighs . The width is  wide. The sight radius is  and consists of a standard GI with a square notch rear. The ratio of the twist is 1:15.8; at 6=Lands 6=Grooves. The gun used Inconel 625 (a nickel-chromium alloy) material and stainless steel via the Direct Metal Laser Sintering method.

The Solid Concepts Browning M1911 replica, version 2.0, will be composed of 34 Inconel 625 components, (not including grips). The two carbon-fiber filled nylon 12 grips were also 3D printed. Unlike early 3D printed plastic guns, the barrel of the 1911 was rifled. None of the parts were machined during production, and assembly took less than seven minutes once the parts had been filed and hardened.

Printer
The German EOSINT M270 Direct Metal 3D Printer used to create the weapon cost between $500,000 to $1,000,000 at the time the gun was created as of November 2013 and uses a commercial-grade power source. The printer requires argon and nitrogen gas.

Capability and firing tests
According to Sky News, during the initial test Solid Concepts stated: "It functions beautifully. Our resident gun expert has fired 50 successful rounds and hit a few bull's eyes at over 30 yards (27.43 metres)". 
The Solid Concepts Pistol fired its 5000th round on 6 September 2014.

See also
List of 3D printed weapons and parts

References

3D printed firearms
.45 ACP semi-automatic pistols
1911 platform
Semi-automatic pistols of the United States
Potez 35. The Potez 35 was a twin engine bomber aircraft, designed and built in France in the late 1920s. Only one was completed.

Design and development

The Potez 35 was designed as a medium bomber and could be equipped for night as well as day attacks. The official classification was Multiplace (Grande
Reconnaissance, Combat et Bombardment) (). It had a crew of two.

It was a twin engine, high wing monoplane of mixed construction. Its two spar wing was braced to the lower longerons of the rectangular section fuselage by parallel pairs of streamlined struts at about mid-span. Its liquid cooled V-12 Renault 12Jb
engines were mounted on the wing, exhausting over the wing and with radiators attached to the lower front of their cowlings. Engine oil was carried and cooled in wing leading edge tanks. The tailplane was placed just above the fuselage and braced to it from below. The leading edge of the fin was curved and low; the balanced rudder projected above it and curved downwards to mid-fuselage, below the balanced elevators.

The Type 35 had a fixed conventional undercarriage. Each single main wheel was on a vertical, shock absorbing leg. which joined the forward spar through the engine mountings. The wheels were hinged to the lower longerons with pairs of long V-form struts. It had an enclosed pilot's cockpit ahead of the leading edge of the wing, equipped with a single fixed, forward firing machine gun.  Behind the cockpit were cameras, radios and navigation equipment.  The cabin could also house the bomb load, ten  bombs carried vertically. Further defensive armament was provided by a pair of ventrally mounted machine guns and by a pair of machine guns, on a standard gun ring, in an open dorsal position halfway between the trailing edge of the wing and the tail.

The Potez 35 was on display at the 1928 Paris Salon, equipped as a night bomber with searchlights in its nose. It made its first flight in that year but did not enter production.

Specifications

References

035
1920s French bomber aircraft
Georges Matheron Lectureship. The Georges Matheron Lecture Series is sponsored by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG) to honor the legacy of the French engineer Georges François Paul Marie Matheron, known as the founder of geostatistics and a co-founder (together with Jean Serra) of mathematical morphology. The Georges Matheron Lecture is given by a scientist with proven research ability in the field of spatial statistics or mathematical morphology. It is presented annually if an eligible and worthy nominee is found. The first recipient of the award was Jean Serra, for a long time a scientists with the  Centre of Mathematical Morphology, Fontainebleau.  Serra delivered the first lecture at the IAMG conference in Liège, Belgium in 2006. The IAMG Lectures Committee seeks nominations and makes the selection.

Awardees

See also
 IAMG Distinguished Lectureship
 Bullerwell Lecture
 List of geology awards
 List of geophysics awards
 List of mathematics awards

References 

Awards of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences
Awards established in 2006
International awards
Mathematical morphology
Science lecture series
Recurring events established in 2006
Statistics education
Geostatistics
MPL-50. The MPL-50 (, malaya pekhotnaya lopata-50, small infantry spade-50) is a small spade ( length) invented by Danish officer  in 1869. It has been used by rank and file military personnel in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and its successor states since the late 19th century. While nominally an entrenching tool, the MPL-50 has seen wide-ranging wartime applications, from a close-quarters combat weapon to a cooking utensil.

History
The MPL-50 was invented in 1869 by the Danish officer Mads Johan Buch Linnemann. In 1870 it was patented and supplied to the Danish Army. The next year it was adopted by the much bigger Austrian Army, and Linnemann founded a factory in Vienna to produce his spade. It was later introduced to Germany, France, Romania and Russia, though only Russia recognized Linnemann's patent rights, and paid him 30,000 rubles and ordered 60,000 spades. The MPL-50 remains almost unchanged through its history in Russia and the Soviet Union; attempts to introduce a folded-handle design were not approved.

Design
The MPL-50 has a total length of ; the steel blade is  wide and  long. It is sharpened on its working edge and often on one side, for use as an axe. The wooden handle is not painted, but polished with sandpaper and fire singed to create a smooth surface that doesn't slide off the user's hand. The blade carries the manufacturer's seal, which indicates the production year and distinguishes original products from forgeries.

Use
The main purpose of MPL-50 is entrenching, which is carried out at a rate of 0.1–0.5 m3/hour depending on the soil type and physical condition of the soldier. The spade can also be used as an axe, and one side of its blade is sharpened for this purpose, or as a hammer, with the flat of the blade as the working surface. It can serve as an oar for paddling on improvised rafts, as a frying pan for cooking food, and as a measuring device, as its length and width are standardized. 

Soviet Spetsnaz units had advanced training with the MPL-50, which they mostly used as a weapon for close quarters combat rather than for entrenching. The spade is well balanced, which allows it to be used as a throwing weapon.

In March 2023, the UK's Ministry of Defence reported that Russian military reservists fighting in Ukraine had resorted to using MPL-50s in hand-to-hand combat, due to a shortage of ammunition.

References

Army equipment
Military equipment of Russia
Shovels
Trench warfare
Danish inventions
1870 introductions
Roop Mallik. Roop Mallik is an Indian biophysicist who works on nanoscale molecular motor proteins that transport material such as viruses, mitochondria, endosomes etc. inside living cells. The motors, such as kinesin and dynein generate forces of  pico-newton order to carry our various cellular processes namely cell division, vesicular transport, endocytosis, molecular tethering etc. His lab is working to understand how  motor proteins help in degradation and clearance of pathogens, and also how these motors work inside the liver to maintain systemic lipid homeostasis in the animal. Mallik is currently a professor at the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay).

Early life
Mallik was born in 1970 in Allahabad, situated in the Northern India state of Uttar Pradesh. His father is a machine design engineer and mother was a senior teacher.

Career
Mallik completed his post graduation in Physics in 1993 from Allahabad University. On the advice of his uncle, in 1994, he joined E. V. Sampathkumaran’s lab in Department of Condensed Matter Physics at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai for doctoral research . After the completion of his PhD with over 20 international articles, Mallik joined G. Krishnamoorthy (TIFR) and Jayant Udgaonkar's labs (NCBS) for short stint as post doctoral fellow. This small tenure introduced him to the world of biology. In 2002, he joined the lab of Steven Gross at Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine. In 2006 Mallik joined TIFR as assistant professor and became full professor in the Department of Biological Sciences. He moved from TIFR to the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2020.

Personal life
Mallik is married to Dr. Sreelaja Nair, also a colleague at BSBE, IIT Mumbai. He is an avid outdoor enthusiast. He maintains a website of his travels and hikes.

Honors and awards
 Fellowship of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Delhi 
 Associate Membership of EMBO  (European Molecular Biology Organization) 
 DBT – Wellcome Trust India Alliance Senior Research Fellowship (January 2021 onwards)
 The G.D. Birla Award for Scientific Research, 2019 
 Infosys Prize in Life Sciences 2018 
 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, 2014
 Fellowship of the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) Bengaluru 
 Wellcome Trust – DBT India alliance Senior Research Fellowship (2013–2018)
 Wellcome Trust (UK) International Senior Research Fellowship (2006–2012) 
 Human Frontier Sciences Program HFSP Long-term Postdoctoral Fellowship

References

External links 
 Roop Malik's Home page

1970 births
Living people
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science
Engineering Plastics Ltd v J Mercer & Sons Ltd. Engineering Plastics Ltd v J Mercer & Sons Ltd [1985] 2 NZLR 72 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding mutual mistake.

Background
J Mercer & Son's manufactured post mix drink machines used in the hospitality industry. As part of these systems, they needed O-rings.

JMS had purchased 40,000 such O-rings from an Australian supplier, all of which were quoted on a "per hundred" basis, for example orders for "3.13/HN" and "31.13 HUN".

In 1982, JMS required 4,000 O-rings of a different diameter and decided to use a NZ supplier rather than their previous Australian supplier, for which JMS were to resell at a unit price of 90 cents.

Engineering Plastics supplied the following quote "4,000 each 3.7/16 id x 5/16 cross section, shore hardness 50, price $644.96/c, part cost tool charge $1,072,50". JMS accepted the quote, and Engineering Plastics ordered the O-rings from the US manufacturer.

However, instead of the expected invoice for $1,700, they were astonished to instead receive a bill of $27,246.42

It later transcribed that the quote of $644.96/c was 644.96 per one hundred units, whereas JMS mistakenly thought that $644.96 was the total cost, with the "/c" being mistakenly put down to an abbreviation for "cents".

As a result, JMS were asked to pay $6.67 per O-Ring, that they normally resold for only 90 cents. The net cost of the O-rings to Engineering Plastics was $3.91, however the court received evidence that similar O-rings could have been imported from the US for only 90 cents.

After offering to return the O-rings to Engineering Plastics, which they refused, and subsequently sued JMS for payment.

JMS defended their claim, with the main one that the contract was subject to mutual mistake, and sought relief under section 6(1)(a) (iii) of the Contractual Mistakes Act 1979.

Held
The judge ruled that there was a mutual mistake, namely regarding the price of the transaction. However, the judge did validate the transaction, but did grant relief to JMS by altering the unit price to $4, a figure that was arbitrarily calculated by the judge. This did allow Engineering Plastics a small profit on the transaction of 9 cents per unit.

References

High Court of New Zealand cases
New Zealand contract case law
1984 in New Zealand law
1984 in case law
Frederick Augustus Starring. General Frederick Augustus Starring (May 24, 1834 – April 11, 1904) was an American civil engineer, lawyer, and soldier. After the American Civil War, he entered public service as an agent for the U.S. Treasury and examined U.S. consular and diplomatic affairs in Europe.

Biography
Frederick Augustus Starring was born in Buffalo on May 24, 1834. His father was civil engineer, Sylvanus Seaman Starring, descended from Dutch pioneers; his mother was Adeline Morton Williams from Fredonia, New York. He was educated at Harvard and also Paris, Heidelberg and Vienna. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar in New York. Before the American Civil War he worked for the Illinois Central Railroad and the Cairo & Fulton Railroad Company. He was also involved with surveying the boundary lines between Arkansas, Texas and the Indian Territory.

At the start of the Civil War, he volunteered to fight with the Union army, being first an aide at the Battle of Bull Run. He was then appointed major in the 46th Illinois Infantry Regiment, after which he served in the 2nd Illinois Artillery and later became colonel of the 72nd Illinois Infantry Regiment. During the war he was involved in numerous actions with the 72nd, including the siege and surrender of Vicksburg. In 1865 he became the provost-marshal general of the Department of the Gulf and in the same year was appointed brevet brigadier general for gallant and meritorious services. He left the army and travelled to Europe, returning to help form the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization for the veterans of the American Civil War who fought for the Union. He became their first inspector general and was also involved with the design of the medal.

Starring took up the post of US diplomatic and consular agent in 1869, visiting consulates in foreign countries and was a special agent for the US Treasury in Europe. He investigated and reported on the market price and dutiable value of steel imported into the United States from Europe. In 1871 he investigated the activities of the Consul General to Egypt, ex-journalist George H. Butler. He was the nephew of General Benjamin F. Butler, who had secured the position for him. Butler's eccentric behaviour whilst in Egypt had been widely reported and led to his dismissal.

Starring married Olivia (Conine) Ellis from Baltimore on November 14, 1874, in St George's, Hanover Square, London. Following a divorce, he remarried in July 1889, at New York City, to Louisa Perle Whitehouse from Farmington. She died in 1903, and Starring died a few months later on April 11, 1904, in Pasadena, California.

During his life he travelled extensively to Africa, India, South America, Europe and beyond.  He is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.

References

1834 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
United States Army colonels
American civil engineers
Harvard University alumni
Grand Army of the Republic officials
Soumen Chakrabarti. Soumen Chakrabarti (সৌমেন চক্রবর্তী) is an Indian computer scientist and professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Bombay. He is known for his work on

 The CLEVER Web page ranking system based on hyperlinks, related to PageRank.
 Focused crawlers, which are Web crawlers guided by page topic classifiers.
 Keyword search on graph databases, later popularized by Facebook graph search.
 Named entity disambiguation in Web text.

He is author of an early book on Web search and mining.

He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2014.
He was awarded the J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2019.

He is a fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the Indian National Science Academy.

He is among the distinguished alumni of IIT Kharagpur.

References

External links 
 Soumen Chakrabarti's Home Page

1969 births
Living people
Engineers from Maharashtra
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
Engineers from West Bengal
Pratap Raychaudhuri. Pratap Raychaudhuri (born 13 December 1971) is an Indian physicist who works at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. His specialization is in the fields of superconductivity and magnetism, transport based spectroscopy, and thin films.  He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2014.

References

External links 
 Pratap Raychaudhuri's Home Page

1971 births
Living people
Scientists from West Bengal
De Vrouwbuurstermolen. De Vrouwbuurstermolen is a smock mill in Vrouwenparochie, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1862 and is in working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument.

History
Little is known of the early history of the mill. A mill stood here in 1570. It was almost certainly a post mill. A rye mill was marked on a map dated 1832. This was a smock mill. De Vrouwbuurstermolen was built on the base of this mill in 1862. The mill was owned by Johannes Jans van der Ley in 1869. The mill was then a corn and pearl barley mill. The mill worked until 1954. At that time, it was fitted with a secondhand pair of sails with leading edges on the Dekker system. These sails were shorter than the other pair, having been acquired secondhand from a demolished drainage mill. They had a span of less than . In 1962, a society was formed to restore the mill. Restoration took place from 1963 to 1967. The mill gas worked regularly since then. A further restoration in 2007 saw the mill fitted with a sprinkler system in case of fire. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, No. 9526.

Description

De Vrouwbuurstermolen is what the Dutch describe as a "Stellingmolen". It is a smock mill on a wooden base. The stage is  above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of  . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The windshaft also carries the wooden brake wheel, which has 56 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 88 cogs. The great spur wheel drives two pair of French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 22 staves each. Both pairs of millstones are  diameter.

Millers
Johannes Jans van der Ley (1869- )

References for above:-

Public access
De Vrouwbuurstermolen is open to the public on  the first Saturday in the month between 09:00 and 12:00, or by appointment.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1862
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Grinding mills in the Netherlands
Agricultural buildings in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
1862 establishments in the Netherlands
Waadhoeke
19th-century architecture in the Netherlands
Universal Space Interface Standard. Universal Space Interface Standard (USIS) is a physical interface between medium to large crewed or uncrewed spacecraft such as satellites, space stations and service tugs. It is designed to be suitable for adoption as an industry standard. Development is currently being undertaken by Mark Hempsell at Hempsell Astronautics Ltd. The rationale for the creation of an industry standard for spacecraft interfaces is that the number of applications for space vehicles is likely to increase greatly in the future (space tourism being a recent example). If each craft is utilising a common interface many new applications become feasible. This is somewhat analogous to the benefits which have been gained by widespread adoption of the USB connector in computing or even the standardisation of AC power plugs and sockets across some parts of the world.

Design

The fundamental purpose of USIS has been stated to "be a standard connection that maximises the interconnectivity between independent systems in both the open space (orbital) and celestial body surface environments". To achieve this USIS must be suitable for a range of connection types, from ground made connections to hard docking between orbiting spacecraft. It must also be highly interconnectable (for example being fully androgynous, any two USISs being compatible), capable of bearing expected loads, capable of soft capture, and be able to sever the connection in a controlled manner. USIS also needs to be able to facilitate data, power and resource transfer when connected, and allow easy passage of personnel who are not necessarily trained astronauts in anticipation of the Space Tourism industry.
Three potential designs have been proposed for the USIS concept, one from Reaction Engines, one from Qinetiq and one most recently from Hempsell Astronautics.

References

Spacecraft components
Spacecraft docking systems