omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Woolrich Electrical Generator. The Woolrich Electrical Generator, now in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, England, is the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process. Built in February 1844 at the Magneto Works of Thomas Prime and Son, Birmingham, to a design by John Stephen Woolrich (1820–1850), it was used by the firm of Elkingtons for commercial electroplating.

Plaque 
The generator stood for some time in the chapel of Aston Hall, accompanied by a plaque bearing the following inscription:

Construction
The generator in its surviving form consists of eight axial bobbins with a magnetic field applied by four iron horseshoe magnets. The rectangular, wood frame measures  tall,  wide, and  long. The generator was fitted with a commutator, as electroplating requires direct current.

John Stephen Woolrich
The generator's designer, John Stephen Woolrich, was born in Lichfield, England in late 1820. The second son of John Woolrich (c.1791–1843) and his wife Mary Woolrich (formerly Egginton), he was baptised at St Mary's Church, Lichfield on 6 November 1820.

In August 1842 he was granted patent number 9431 for the use of a magneto-electrical machine (instead of batteries) in electroplating, and the use of gold sulphite and silver sulphite as electrolytes. He offered to sell the rights to Elkingtons for the enormous sum of £15,000; they declined, and after some heated correspondence eventually, in May 1845, agreed to pay Woolrich £100 initially and then £400 annually for the rest of the term of the patent. Woolrich later relicensed the patent himself to use in his own Magneto-Plating and Gilding Works in Great Charles Street, Birmingham, and in 1849 was listed as a "chemist & magneto-plater & gilder", residing at 12 James Street, just off St Paul's Square in the Jewellery Quarter.

He died at the age of 29 in early 1850, and was buried at St Bartholomew's Church, Edgbaston on 4 March 1850.

The elder John Woolrich is listed in the United Kingdom Census 1841 as a "Chemist", and at the time of his death on 20 April 1843 was a lecturer in chemistry at the Royal School of Medicine and Surgery in Birmingham. He had a particular interest in electrochemistry, and in February 1819 wrote a letter entitled On Galvanic Shocks to the Annals of Philosophy, pointing out an error in the editor Thomas Thomson's book System of Chemistry. He was granted a number of patents for chemical processes, including one in 1836 for an improved method of producing "carbonate of baryta" (barium carbonate) and another in 1839 for producing "carbonate of lead, commonly called white lead".

See also
 Dynamo
 Electromagnetic induction
 Faraday's law of induction

References 

Electrical generators
Collection of Thinktank, Birmingham
1844 in England
1844 in science
List of Saab 340 operators. The list of Saab 340 operators lists former, military and current operators of the aircraft as of 2015.

Current operators

Civil operators

 
LADE
 
Link Airways
Pel-Air
Rex Airlines
 
Pacific Coastal Airlines
Transwest Air
Pascan
 
Int'Air Îles
 
Cayman Airways
 
Air Rarotonga
 
NyxAir
Airest
 
Transportes Aéreos Guatemaltecos
 
Aerolíneas Sosa
 
 Fleet Air
 
RAF-Avia
 
Air Chathams
 
SprintAir
 SkyTaxi
 
One Caribbean
 
Lulutai Airlines
 
Air Urga
 
Cranfield University - National Flying Laboratory Centre
RVL Aviation
 
Ameriflight
Castle Aviation
IBC Airways
Southern Airways Express

Military operators

Argentine Air Force

Japan Coast Guard

Swedish Air Force
 
 Royal Thai Air Force

Former operators

 
 Andesmar
 Kaiken Líneas Aéreas
 LAER Línea Aérea Entre Ríos
 LAPA
 TAN Transportes Aéreos Neuquén
 TAPSA Transportes Aéreos Petroleros S.A
 SOL

 
 Hazelton Airlines
 Kendell Airlines
 
 Fairline 
 Robin Hood Aviation
 
Western Air
 
 Calm Air
 Corporate Express Charter and Business Flightline Solutions
 Prince Edward Air
 Provincial Airlines
 Quebecair Express
 
 China Southern Airlines
 
 Aerotaca
 
Tus Airways
 
 Air Ostrava
 Job Air
 
 Caribair
 
 Timor Air

Estonian Air
 
Blue1
 Finnaviation
 Finncomm Airlines
 
 Air Åland
 
 Air Vendee
 Alsavia
 BritAir
 Europe Aero Service
 Regional Airlines
 Darta
 
 Nationale Regionale Transport
 
 Air Bremen
 City-Air
 Dauair 
 Deutsche BA
 OLT
 
 Transportes Aéreos Guatemaltecos
 
 Eastok Avia
 
 Aer Lingus
 
Japan Air Commuter
Hokkaido Air System
 
Kenya Airways
 
 SkyBishkek
 
 RAF-Avia – cargo
 
 Avion Express
DAT LT
 FlyLAL
 Nordic Solutions Air
 
 Aerolitoral
 
 Eznis Airways
 
 Moldavian Airlines
 
 KLM Cityhopper
 Netherlines
 
 Air Nelson
 Kiwi Regional Airlines
 Vincent Aviation
 
 Air Leap
 Norving
 Vildanden
 
Air Panama
 
 Direct Fly
 SkyTaxi
 SprintAir
 
 Fina Air
 Seaborne Airlines
 
Carpatair
Direct Aero Services
 
Polet Flight
 
 Adria Airways – cargo
 Tatra Air
 
 Air Leap
 Avitrans Nordic
 Braathens Regional Airways
 Flying Enterprise
 NextJet
 Scandinavian Airlines
 Skyways
 SkyTaxi
 Swedair
 
 Crossair – launch customer
 
 SGA Airlines
 Happy Air
 
 Business Aviation Center
 Dniproavia
Mars RK
South Airlines
 
 Birmingham Executive Airways
 Business Air
 Manx Airlines
 Loganair
 
 Aurigny Air Services
 
 Air Midwest
 American Eagle Airlines
 Business Express
 Castle Aviation – Freighter launch customer
 Chicago Express
 Comair
 Express Airlines I/Pinnacle Airlines
 GLO Airlines
 Indiana University Foundation
 Mesaba Airlines
 National Airlines (5M)
 RegionsAir
 Shuttle America
 Silver Airways
 PenAir

References

340
Dandy loom. A Dandy loom was a hand loom, that automatically ratcheted the take-up beam. Each time the weaver moved the sley to beat-up the weft, a rachet and pawl mechanism advanced the cloth roller. In 1802 William Ratcliffe of Stockport patented a Dandy loom with a cast-iron frame. It was this type of Dandy loom that was used in the small dandy loom shops.

Economics
In the mid 1830s, there were about twice as many weavers operating a variety of different handlooms as there were power-looms. The dandy loom increased the productivity of a hand-loom weaver by 50%. The dandy-loom weaver would work in a small workshop and would rent the loom for 10½d a week and in 1825 could expect to earn 5s a week.

Timmins has tried to assess the relative importance of the hand-powered branch of the industry on the one hand and of the water- or steam-powered branches on the other. It is difficult: the output of power looms was certainly greater than that of the handlooms, but the handloom weavers produced higher quality cloths with greater profit margins. The weaving trade was only partially mechanised before about 1830, and that even so late as 1850, handloom weavers made up a sizeable minority of the total workforce.

References

Bibliography

Weaving equipment
Jerzy Werner. Jerzy Werner (22 April 1909 Krosno, Galicia – 8 October 1977 Łódź) was a professor at the Technical University of Lodz, the constructor of the first Polish lorries, the Star 20 and Valentina, a builder of chassis for trucks at PZInż (National Industry Works) prior to World War II, and a Pawiak prisoner.

From 1962-1968, Werner was rector of the Technical University of Lodz; from 1965-1972, he was a Member of Parliament for the 4th and 5th terms of the Sejm of the Polish People’s Republic (as an independent politician).

Between world wars, Werner was a constructor of a truck chassis for the PZInż 703 and 713, which were much ahead of their time. He was also a constructor of the first Polish torque converter, and a creator of his own scientific school in the field of automotive engineering.

Decorations and Awards
 	Order of the Banner of Labour 2nd Class
 	Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
 	Order of Polonia Restituta
 	Medal of the 10th anniversary of Polish People's Republic
 	Medal of the National Education Commission
 	State Scientific Award of the second degree
 	The City of Łodz Award

Bibliography
 
 

1909 births
1977 deaths
People from Krosno
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969
Engineers from Łódź
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Academic staff of Łódź University of Technology
Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland
Bellevue Manufacturing Company. Bellevue Manufacturing Company is a historic textile mill complex located at Hillsborough, Orange County, North Carolina.  The main mill was built about 1909, and is a two-story, side-gabled brick building, with a one-story boiler room and engine room wing. It is representative of slow-burn heavy timber construction. A one-story brick weaving room with monitor roof was built parallel to the main mill in 1920.  In 1923, the wing was raised to two stories and an addition built to connect to the weaving room forming a U-shaped complex. The center of the "U" was filled in during the 1960s.  Also in 1923, a separate two-story cloth building was constructed.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

On May 20, 2016, the  weaving room was completely destroyed by a multi-alarm fire, which required mutual aid from seven local fire departments to extinguish.

References

Textile mills in North Carolina
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1909
Companies based in Hillsborough, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Orange County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, North Carolina
Caudron C.430 Rafale. The Caudron C.430 Rafale was a fast, two seat French touring monoplane. Soon after its first flight in 1933 it set an international class speed record.

Design and development

The C.430 Rafale was a two-seat development of the single seat Caudron C.362, the winner of the 1933 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe. Slightly larger and heavier, though with a lower wing loading, the Rafale was a low wing cantilever monoplane, wood framed and covered with a mixture of plywood and fabric. Its one piece, single spar wing was strongly straight tapered to elliptical tips and was plywood covered with an outer layer of fabric. There were flaps inboard of the ailerons.

Its fuselage was flat sided and fabric covered, with a deep, rounded decking running the full length. It had an air cooled   inverted four cylinder  inline Renault 4Pei Bengali engine in the nose, driving a two blade, two position variable pitch propeller. The Rafale's two seats were in tandem, one over the wing and the other  behind the trailing edge, under a long (about a third of the fuselage length), narrow multi-framed canopy with a blunt, vertical windscreen and sliding access. Behind the canopy a long fairing continued its profile to the straight tapered, round tipped vertical tail, which included a balanced rudder that ended at the top of the fuselage. The tapered horizontal tail, with inset elevators, was mounted on the top of the fuselage largely ahead of the fin. Construction of the empennage was similar to that of the wing. The Rafale had a fixed tailskid undercarriage. Its wheels were on vertical legs from the wings and were largely enclosed within magnesium spats.

The C.430 Rafale F-AMVB probably flew for the first time in the last week of March 1934, though the other example may have flown earlier.

A replica of Helene Boucher's F-AMVB was built by Jean Precetti, which is now on display at the Musée de l'Air d'Angers.

In 2023, Renault introduces the Renault Rafale vehicle as a tribute to the Caudron C.430 Rafale.

Operational history
On 31 March 1934, only about a week after its first flight, the C.430 F-AMVB set a new International speed record of  over  for aircraft with an empty weight less than .

Hélène Boucher, a prominent French pilot in the mid-1930s, died in a landing approach accident in F-AMVB on 30 November 1934.

Though Caudron dominated the 1935 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe, the single seat C.430/1 Rafale, F-AMVA re-engined with a more powerful   Renault 438,  was outclassed by the single seat C.450 and C.460 machines and retired with engine problems after a few  circuits.

Variants
C.430 As described below; two built.
C.430/1 F-AMVA fitted with a  Renault 438 engine in October 1934 for the 1935 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe.

Specifications (C.430)

References

Citations

Bibliography

C.430
1930s French sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Rony Abovitz. Rony Abovitz (born 1971) is an American entrepreneur. Abovitz founded MAKO Surgical Corp., a company manufacturing surgical robotic arm assistance platforms, in 2004. MAKO was acquired by Stryker Corporation in 2013 for $1.65B.

Abovitz is the founder of the Augmented Reality (AR) company Magic Leap and was its CEO from its founding in 2010. In May 2020, amid financial strife for the company, Abovitz stepped down from his position.

Early life and education
Abovitz was born to an Orthodox Jewish family, the eldest of five children of Isaac and Itta Abovitz. 

In 1962, his parents immigrated from Israel to Cleveland, Ohio in 1962. Abovitz's father worked in the real estate industry and his mother was an artist. He grew up playing Atari video games, and at the age of 8 he received his first computer which he says was an Apple Macintosh [Introduced in 1984, when he was 13]. In 1983, his family moved to Hollywood, Florida where he attended Nova High School in Davie, Florida. After high school, Abovitz aimed to have a career as a scientist.

Abovitz attended the University of Miami, where he eventually obtained a master's degree in biomedical engineering. While attending the University of Miami, he also was a cartoonist.

Career

In 2011, Abovitz founded a augmented reality company called Magic Leap, based in Florida. The company maintains offices in New Zealand, in Los Angeles, Seattle, and Mountain View, California.

In 2017, Abovitz spoke at the Black Tech Week annual conference, where he shared some of his goals for the Magic Leap company.

In February 2018, Abovitz spoke at Recode’s Code Media conference about the augmented reality technology his company was developing.

References

External links
Biography at Boston Consulting Group

1971 births
Living people
American Orthodox Jews
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
Engineers from Cleveland
Nova High School alumni
People from Hollywood, Florida
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Miami College of Engineering alumni
Aggie Beynon. Aggie Beynon  is a Canadian metalsmith based in Waterloo, Ontario. She is noted for her technique of compressing metal powder to create jewellery.

Benyon graduated from the University of Waterloo in 1975. She developed a patented process for Powder metallurgy. She co-owns the Harbinger Gallery in Waterloo, Ontario and was inducted into the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2007.

Exhibitions 

 "Aggie Beynon, Wabi: Imperfect Beauty" Robert Langen Gallery, Waterloo, Ontario, March 30-April 30, 2005
 "Canadian National Exhibition" Toronto, Canada, August 13-September 1, 1986

References

Canadian women artists
Living people
Canadian metalsmiths
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Women metalsmiths
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nuprl. Nuprl is a proof development system, providing computer-mediated analysis and proofs of formal mathematical statements, and tools for software verification and optimization.  Originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Lee Constable and others, the system is now maintained by the PRL Project at Cornell University.  The currently supported version, Nuprl 5, is also known as FDL (Formal Digital Library).  Nuprl functions as an automated theorem proving system and can also be used to provide proof assistance.

Design 

Nuprl uses a type system based on Martin-Löf intuitionistic type theory to model mathematical statements in a digital library.  Mathematical theories can be constructed and analyzed with a variety of editors, including a graphical user interface, a web-based editor, and an Emacs mode. A variety of evaluators and inference engines can operate on the statements in the library.  Translators also allow statements to be manipulated with Java and OCaml programs.  The overall system is controlled with a variant of ML.

Nuprl 5's architecture is described as "distributed open architecture" and intended primarily to be used as a web service rather than as standalone software. Those interested in using the web service, or migrating theories from older versions of Nuprl, can contact the email address given on the Nuprl System web page.

History 

Nuprl was first released in 1984, and was first described in detail in the book Implementing Mathematics with the Nuprl Proof Development System, published in 1986.  Nuprl 2 was the first Unix version.  Nuprl 3 provided machine proof for mathematical problems related to Girard's paradox and Higman's lemma.  Nuprl 4, the first version developed for the World Wide Web, was used to verify cache coherency protocols and other computer systems.

The current system architecture, implemented in Nuprl 5, was first proposed in a 2000 conference paper.  A reference manual for Nuprl 5 was published in 2002.  Nuprl has been the subject of many computer science publications.

Successors 

Both the JonPRL and RedPRL systems are also based on computational type theory. RedPRL is explicitly "inspired by Nuprl".

References

External links 
 PRL Project web page at Cornell University. The current maintainers of Nuprl have extensive documentation and publications on Nuprl.
 . 
 A User-Level Introduction to the Nuprl Proof Development System (2001 paper at the University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons)
 RedPRL web page

Automated theorem proving
Proof assistants
Axiall. The Axiall Corporation is a manufacturer and marketer of chlorovinyls (caustic soda, chlorine, VCM, EDC, PVC resins, PVC rigid and flexible compounds) and aromatics (acetone, cumene, phenol). With the acquisition of Royal Group Technologies the company is now also a major producer of building materials ranging from piping and siding to window profiles, decking, and fencing.

The company operates 47 locations in numerous states such as Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Michigan, Tennessee, and Texas, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.  As of November, 2007 the company employed 6,214 full-time individuals.

The Georgia Gulf Corp. became the Axiall Corp. with the completion of its $2 billion acquisition of PPG Industries Inc.'s chlor-alkali and derivatives business in 2013. In 2014, Axiall entered a joint venture with Shriram Polytech India, forming Shriram Axiall. The two companies partnered together "to provide a technological thrust to the PVC offering for different industries".

Westlake Chemical Corporation acquired Axiall Corporation on August 31, 2016. The combined company became the third-largest chlor-alkali producer and the second-largest polyvinyl chloride (PVC) producer in North America.

Notes and references

External links

Chemical companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Atlanta
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Czesław Strumiłło. Czesław Strumiłło (17 February 1930 – 30 September 2018) was a Polish chemical engineer, a founder of a scientific theory in the field of drying processes and a former rector of the Lodz University of Technology.

In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology. In 1960 he obtained the Doctor of Science degree, in 1966 his postdoctoral scientific qualifications and associate professor and professor degrees in 1974, and 1981, respectively.

He is an honoris causa doctor of the Strathclyde University in Great Britain, Lodz University of Technology and University of West Hungary. 
He is an ordinary member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. 
He was twice selected a member of the State Committee for Scientific Research, in 1993–96 he was the Vice Chairperson of this Committee. 
He is the Vice President of the Lodz Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, a vice chairperson of the Committee on Chemical and Process Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, a Polish representative in Drying Working Party and Science Advisory Committee European Federation of Chemical Engineering. In 1995 he received the title of the Honorary Professor of the Tianjin University in China.
From 1984 to 1987 he was a Vice Rector, and from 1987 to 1990 the Rector of the Lodz University of Technology. From 1993 to 1999 he was the Dean of the Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering.

Scientific activity

His scientific activity is connected with heat and mass transfer in the processes of distillation, evaporation, drying and fluidization. He is an author of the first Polish monograph in the field of drying. His scientific achievements include 250 publications, 7 handbooks and monographs related to chemical engineering and process engineering. He has promoted 15 doctors of science.

References

External links
 The Lodz Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences
 Czesław Strumiłło in the Polish Science Database (OPI)

1930 births
2018 deaths
Engineers from Vilnius
Polish chemists
Polish inventors
Łódź University of Technology alumni
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Academic staff of Łódź University of Technology
Recipients of the Medal of the 40th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland
US Naval Ordnance Testing Facility Assembly Building. US Naval Ordnance Testing Facility Assembly Building is a historic building located at Topsail Island, Pender County, North Carolina. It was built in 1946 by Kellex Corporation, and is a 1 1/2-story, reinforced concrete and concrete block building.  It measures 75 feet by 82 feet and has a low-pitched, gable-front roof. The building was abandoned by the military in 1948 and subsequently used for commercial and recreational purposes.  It was erected for the purpose of fabricating and storing missiles used in "Operation Bumblebee."

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

References

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1946
Buildings and structures in Pender County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Pender County, North Carolina