omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Woldzigt, Roderwolde. Woldzigt (Drèents for 'view of the woods') is a smock mill in Roderwolde, Drenthe, the Netherlands. The mill has two functions; a grain mill and an oil mill. It was built in 1852 and is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 32541.

History
Woldzigt was built in 1852 for S J Datema and E F Aukema. It was built as a grain mill and oil mill combined. The oil mill was used to crush linseed to produce linseed oil and rapeseed to produce rapeseed oil. The season for oil milling ran from September until May. Throughout the year the mill also functioned as a grain mill.

In 1902, the mill was sold to Jan Rietema of Leens. A Deutz petrol engine was installed in that year as auxiliary power. In 1906, the petrol engine was replaced by a steam engine. Rietema worked the mill until 1919 when he left to take the oil mill Tjamsweer at Appingedam, Groningen. The steam engine was removed at that date. The mill was then sold to the coöperatieve olieslagerij en korenmalerij Woldzigt G.A. It was worked by Jan Faber who had been employed at the mill since 1912. During this time the mill was used to produce cattle food and artificial fertiliser. In 1941, the mill ceased to produce oil. The mill was sold to the Coöperatieve Zuivelfabriek Roden-Zevenhuizen in 1945. Jan Faber died in 1946. The mill was then worked by Frederick van der Velde, who had been employed at the mill since 1925. The mill was producing  of wheatflour per day. Grain milling ended in 1951.

In 1970, the mill was sold to the Gemeente Roden. The Stichting olie- en korenmolen Woldzigt (English: Oil and grain mill Woldzigt Society) was formed. The mill was completely restored in 1976.

Description

Woldzigt is what the Dutch describe as an "achtkante stellingmolen". It is a three-storey smock mill on a four-storey brick base. The stage is at third-floor level,  above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by a tailpole and winch. The four Common sails, which have a span of , are carried in a cast-iron windshaft, which was cast by Koning in 1904. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 72 cogs. The brake wheel drives the wallower (48 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 103 cogs, drives the  diameter  French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves. The  diameter edge runner stones and the stamp mills are driven by lantern pinion stone nuts of 26 and 27 staves.

Millers

S J Datema 1852-1902
E F Aukema 1852-1902
Jan Rietema 1902-19
Jan Faber 1912-46
Frederick van der Velde 1925-51

Public access

Woldzigt is open all year round on the first Saturday in the month from 13:30 to 17:00. From May to September, the mill is open Wednesdays to Saturdays from 13:30 to 17:00.

References

External links

Woldzigt website

Windmills in Drenthe
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windmills completed in 1852
Rijksmonuments in Drenthe
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Noordenveld
1852 establishments in the Netherlands
19th-century architecture in the Netherlands
Thermomechanical processing. Thermomechanical processing is a metallurgical process that combines mechanical or plastic deformation process like compression or forging, rolling, etc. with thermal processes like heat-treatment, water quenching, heating and cooling at various rates into a single process.

Application in rebar steel

The quenching process produces a high strength bar from inexpensive low carbon steel. The process quenches the surface layer of the bar, which pressurizes and deforms the crystal structure of intermediate layers, and simultaneously begins to temper the quenched layers using the heat from the bar's core.
 
Steel billets 130mm² ("pencil ingots") are heated to approximately 1200°C to 1250°C in a reheat furnace.  Then, they are progressively rolled to reduce the billets to the final size and shape of reinforcing bar. After the last rolling stand, the billet moves through a quench box.  The quenching converts the billet's surface layer to martensite, and causes it to shrink. The shrinkage pressurizes the core, helping to form the correct crystal structures.  The core remains hot, and austenitic. A microprocessor controls the water flow to the quench box, to manage the temperature difference through the cross-section of the bars.   The correct temperature difference assures that all processes occur, and bars have the necessary mechanical properties.
 
The bar leaves the quench box with a temperature gradient through its cross section. As the bar cools, heat flows from the bar's centre to its surface so that the bar's heat and pressure correctly tempers an intermediate ring of martensite and bainite.
 
Finally, the slow cooling after quenching automatically tempers the austenitic core to ferrite and pearlite on the cooling bed.

These bars therefore exhibit a variation in microstructure in their cross section, having strong, tough, tempered martensite in the surface layer of the bar, an intermediate layer of martensite and bainite, and a refined, tough and ductile ferrite and pearlite core.

When the cut ends of TMT bars are etched in Nital (a mixture of nitric acid and methanol), three distinct rings appear: 1. A tempered outer ring of martensite, 2. A semi-tempered middle ring of martensite and bainite, and 3. a mild circular core of bainite, ferrite and pearlite.  This is the desired micro structure for quality construction rebar.

In contrast, lower grades of rebar are twisted when cold, work hardening them to increase their strength. However, after thermo mechanical treatment (TMT), bars do not need more work hardening. As there is no twisting during TMT, no torsional stress occurs, and so torsional stress cannot form surface defects in TMT bars. Therefore TMT bars resist corrosion better than cold, twisted and deformed (CTD) bars.

After thermomechanical processing, some grades in which TMT Bars can be covered includes Fe: 415 /500 /550/ 600. These are much stronger compared with conventional CTD Bars and give up to 20% more strength to concrete structure with same quantity of steel.

References

Steelmaking
Metallurgical processes
Carriage control tape. A carriage control tape was a loop of punched tape that was used to synchronize rapid vertical page movement in most IBM and many other line printers from unit record days through the 1960s. The tape loop was as long as the length of a single page. A pin wheel moved the tape accurately using holes in the center of the tape. A hole punched in one of the other channels represented a particular position on the page. Channel one was typically used to indicate the top of the page and might be the only channel used. Another channel might indicate the summary line on an invoice, enabling rapid skipping to that line. IBM provides a special manual punch that allowed accurate placement of the channel punches. Skipping occurred under computer control, but a form feed switch on the printer control panel allowed a manual skip to the top of the page. The tapes could be easily changed when new, continuously fed forms were loaded into the printer.

Forms control buffer
Newer printers starting with the 3211 use a "forms control buffer" (FCB), which is an electronic image of the physical carriage control tape. A job can request a specific FCB for a printout, and it will be loaded before printing is started, eliminating operator intervention.

Conventions
Conventionally, channel 1 indicates the top of the form (the first printable line on a page, often but not necessarily the first line of the page), and a new form is started with a "skip to channel 1" command (skipping is much faster than line spacing). Channel 9 is positioned a few lines above the end of the page, so a system that could sense the printer status while printing would, for example, have room to print a page footer or totals. Channel 12 indicates the last printable line of the form. These are only conventions, however, and applications are free to establish their own standards.

Sources

 IBM 407 manual p.129 ff
 Excerpt on printing from IBM 1130 manual
 Rack for holding carriage tapes at Computer History Museum

External links
 Two IBM carriage control tape punches in the Computer History Museum collection: , 
 Several images of a carriage control tape punch at reddit: 

IBM printers
Computer storage tape media
FITkit (hardware). FITkit is a hardware platform used for educational purposes at the Brno University of Technology in the Czech Republic.

FITkit
The FITkit contains a low-power microcontroller, a field programmable gate array chip (FPGA) and a set of peripherals.
Utilizing advanced reconfigurable hardware, the FITkit may be modified to suit various tasks.

Configuration of the FPGA chip can be specified using the VHDL hardware description language (i.e. VHSIC hardware description language).

Software for the Microcontroller is written in C and compiled using the GNU Compiler Collection.
Configuration of the FPGA chip is synthesized from the source VHDL code using professional design tools, which are also available free of charge.

Use in education
The FITkit serves as an educational tool in several courses throughout the bachelor's and master's degree programmes. Students are expected to create an FPGA interpreter design of a simple programming language (such as Brainfuck) as part of the Design of Computer Systems course.

Licensing
The project is developed as an open-source (software) and open-core (hardware), under the BSD license.

Related projects
 QDevKit, multiplatform development environment for FITkit (Linux, BSD and Microsoft Windows operating systems)

References

External links
 Official website
 FITkit team
 Faculty of Information Technology (Brno University of Technology)
 Design of Computer Systems course website

Embedded systems
Software using the BSD license
Denver Stutler. Denver J. Stutler Jr. is an American engineer who served as the Secretary of the Florida Department of Transportation from June 2005 to December 2006 under then-Florida Governor Jeb Bush. Stutler previously served as chief of staff to Governor Bush before becoming secretary.

Stutler hired Stephanie Kopelousos as his chief of staff at FDOT; she later succeeded him as Secretary. After leaving government, he became CEO of P3 Development Company, LLC in Tallahassee, Florida. He is an alumnus of the University of Central Florida, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1987, and a master's degree in civil engineering in 1989.

Currently, Stutler is the co-founder and CEO U.S. Submergent Technologies.

References

Living people
State cabinet secretaries of Florida
University of Central Florida alumni
1966 births
American civil engineers
Chiefs of staff to the governor of Florida
Glass mullion system. Glass mullion system or glass fin system is a glazing system in which sheets of tempered glass are suspended from special clamps, stabilized by perpendicular stiffeners of tempered glass, and joined by a structural silicone sealant or by metal patch plates.

Notable examples
I. M. Pei's National Airlines Sundrome at Terminal 6 of JFK Airport was noted for pioneering the use of glass mullions.  The airline terminal has since been closed and demolished, after it and the adjacent TWA Flight Center were replaced by a new Terminal 5. 

Other buildings employing this system include the Rose Center for Earth and Space, Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, NASDAQ Marketsite in New York and the Brooklyn Museum of Art.

References

External links
 Apex Tempered Glass

Glass architecture
Molten salt oxidation. Molten salt oxidation is a non-flame, thermal process that destroys all organic materials while simultaneously retaining inorganic and hazardous components in the melt. It is used as either hazardous waste treatment (with air) or energy harvesting similar to coal and wood gasification (with steam).
The molten salt of choice has been sodium carbonate (m.p 851°C), but other salts can be used. Sulfur, halogens, phosphorus and similar volatile pollutants are oxidized and retained in the melt. Most organic carbon content leaves as relatively pure CO//H2/H2O gas (depending on the feed conditions, whether steam or air is used), and the effluent only requires a cold trap and a mild aqueous wash (except mercury-containing wastes). It has been used for safe biological and chemical weapons destruction, and processing waste such as scrap tires where direct incineration/effluent treatment is difficult.
The major downside of the process compared to direct incineration is the eventual saturation of the melt by contaminants, and needing reprocessing/replacement.

See also
 Recovery boiler – a technology with similar issues used in Kraft process chemical pulping of paper, though temperatures <500°C

References

Waste management
Waste treatment technology
Industrial nature. Industrial nature is the regeneration of vegetation on industrial sites; the invasion of abandoned or disused industrial sites by colonising species; or new plantings on abandoned, disused or remediated industrial sites. The underlying principle is that the historical industrial use of landscapes or sites creates a new environment which species can use either by design as in the case of a park or revegetated area, or by colonisation.

The concept has its origins in Germany, specifically at the Emscher Landscape Park in the Ruhr, (of which the Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord is the best known example) and has been applied at the Sudgelande Park in Berlin.

Another example can be found at the Deutsches Technikmuseum German Museum of Technology (Berlin), at the former locomotive workshops and goods yard (Anhalter Güterbahnhof) of Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company. Here much of the goods yards and part of the roundhouse complex has been left as a ruin, colonised by a variety of non-native plants.

See also 

 Brownfields
 Cultural landscape

References 

 Bothmann, Frank, and Sabine  Auer. 2009. The New Emscher Valley – Reshaping an urban Landscape creates regional Identity. In REAL CORP 2009: Cities 3.0 – smart, sustainable, integrative. Strategies, concepts and technologies for planning the urban future, edited by M. SCHRENK, V. V. POPOVICH, D. ENGELKE and P. ELISEI.
 Drexler, Justina 2005. Post-Industrial Nature in the Coal Mine of Göttelborn, Germany: The Integration of Ruderal Vegetation in the Conversion of a Brownfield, in Wild Urban Woodlands New Perspectives for Urban Forestry, edited by I. Kowarik and S. Körner. Berlin: Springer

External links 
 International Brownfields Case Study: Emscher Park, Germany
 

Nature
Cultural heritage
Cultural landscapes
Peter Salamon. Peter Salamon is a mathematics professor at San Diego State University.  
He has published more than 200 mathematical articles related to biomathematics, thermodynamics in finite time / geometrical thermodynamics, and optimization and mathematical modeling.
He has an Erdős number of one and is also known for founding and doing extensive work on Finite Time Thermodynamics.

In 1984, Peter Salamon co-founded the Telluride Science and Innovation Center, together with R. Stephen Berry. Salamon served as Telluride Science’s first Chairman of the Board and President from 1984 through 1987.

In 1990, Salamon introduced the idea of ensembles to neural networks.

Publications

References

--

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
MonoMouse. MonoMouse is a handheld electronic magnifier manufactured by Bierley, designed to help people with a visual impairment to read printed text or images.

Originally developed by Ian Bierley in 2003 for use by his mother, who had glaucoma, and then later released as a commercial product supplied through opticians in 2005. The MonoMouse is shaped like an oversized computer mouse and connects to any television through either the SCART connector in Europe or the RCA connector in the rest of the world.

It is an example of assistive technology to enable people with eye conditions like macular degeneration to read printed text and see printed images.

References

Assistive technology
Kramer Company. Kramer-Werke GmbH is a manufacturer of compact construction machines, such as wheel loaders, tele wheel loaders and telehandlers located in Pfullendorf (Baden-Württemberg), Germany. It was formerly one of the pioneers in tractor manufacturing. It is part of the Wacker Neuson group.

History

Founding until end of its tractor production (1925-1973)
In 1925 the brothers Kramer started to develop and produce mowing machines and Tractors in Gutmadingen, Germany. These were the first ones built in Germany and a revolution in agricultural work. The company headquarters was moved to Überlingen (Bodensee) in 1952.

Between 1957 and 1958, a special department for industrial and construction machines was set up. It caused a sensation, when Kramer introduced in 1968 the first German wheel loader with four-wheel drive and same-sized tires. Many other four-wheel steered machines followed this example.

In 1973 an important change of direction occurred, when the company decided to close down the "tractor" manufacturing division of the business and focused on construction machines. At this time the global tractor manufacturing business was changing with local companies suffering reduced market share as the major players consolidated and average tractor horse power increased. Many of the post war European tractor manufactures failed.

Concentration on construction equipment (1974-2000) 
In 1987 the company's focus was adjusted to the four-wheel steering based models. At the same time the Kramer 312 SL became the first wheel loader with four-wheel steering to be mass-produced.

2000 onwards 
In 2000 the merger between Kramer-Werke GmbH and Neuson Baumaschinen GmbH took place. The company was renamed to Neuson Kramer Baumaschinen GmbH, situated in Linz

Since 2005 Kramer produces telehandlers for the agricultural machinery manufacturer Claas. As part of this cooperation, Claas acquired a minority interest in Kramer.

In March 2007 the merger between the Wacker Construction Equipment AG, Munich and the Neuson Kramer Baumaschinen AG was announced. The Wacker Neuson SE was created following this merger

On April 5, 2007, construction began on a 30 million Euro facility in Pfullendorf. The new production site has an area of about 16 hectare and the facility itself offers 160.000 square meters of factory space. The annual production capacity increased from 1000 to 6000 machines.

Locations 
 Pfullendorf, Germany (production, administration, research & development)

Products 

Wheel loaders
Tele wheel loaders
Telehandlers

Literature 
 Walter Sack: Kramer Traktoren. Podszun Verlag. März 2006. 
 Agrarvideo: "Kramer. Der Allesschaffer vom Bodensee", Firmen- und Trakorengeschichte auf DVD, http://www.agrarvideo.de/kramer-die-allesschaffer-vom-bodensee.html

References

External links 

 Homepage of Kramer-Werke GmbH

Construction equipment manufacturers of Germany
German brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1925
German companies established in 1925
SEBAL. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) uses the surface energy balance to estimate aspects of the hydrological cycle. SEBAL maps evapotranspiration, biomass growth, water deficit and soil moisture. Its main creator is Prof. Dr. W.G.M. Bastiaanssen

Model background 

The basis of SEBAL is the energy balance: the energy driving the hydrological cycle is equal to the incoming energy minus:

the energy going to heating of the soil and air, and
the energy reflected back to space.

SEBAL quantifies the energy balance using satellite data as an input.  Land surface characteristics such as surface albedo, leaf area index, vegetation index and surface temperature are derived from satellite imagery. In addition to satellite images, the SEBAL model requires meteorological data, such as wind speed, humidity, solar radiation and air temperature. It uses meteorological data from the moment of the recording of the satellite data to solve the 'instantaneous' energy balance, and uses extrapolation to calculate daily evapotranspiration. Using a time series of satellite and meteorological data, periodic cumulative (e.g. weekly, monthly, yearly) evapotranspiration data can be calculated.

The SEBAL model uses the energy balance, as opposed to in hydrology common water balance to solve for evapotranspiration.

Applications 
The energy balance applies to all scales, ranging from global to river basin to region to farm and to field level. Satellite images come in a wide variety of spatial and temporal resolutions. Evapotranspiration and biomass production are key indicators for water management and irrigation performance.

The combination of the energy balance with input from remote sensing data is applied by farmers, irrigation districts, catchment management agencies and regional and national governments.

See also 
 METRIC, model developed by University of Idaho that uses Landsat satellite data to compute and map evapotranspiration 
 BAITSSS, evapotranspiration (ET) computer model which determines water use, primarily in agriculture landscape, using remote sensing-based information

References 

Remote sensing
Water resources management
Irrigation
Rohini Kesavan Srihari. Rohini Kesavan Srihari is an American computer scientist and entrepreneur. She is the founder and CEO of Content Savvy Inc., a high-technology company in Western New York. Prior to this she founded Cymfony Inc., which specializes in brand analytics.  She also founded Cymfony Net Private Limited in Bangalore, India.  She also holds a position as Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Early life and education
Rohini Srihari received  her early education in Lansing, Michigan, Kanpur India and Waterloo, Ontario.  She received an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

Career

After receiving her Ph.D., Rohini Srihari joined the University at Buffalo as a research scientist funded by DARPA and NSF. She then became a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering supervising  10 graduated Ph.D. students. She is an author of over 125 papers in Computer Science with a Google Scholar h-index of 30.

Rohini Srihari founded Cymfony Inc. in Williamsville, NY in 1999, Janya Inc. located in Amherst, NY and Washington DC in 2005, and Content Savvy Inc. in Amherst, NY in 2012.

Cymfony was among the first companies to apply information extraction technology to monitor the performance of brands by automatically analyzing press releases, media reports and blogs. This field has since come to be known as brand analytics.  Janya Inc. was founded for work with the federal government.

Rohini Srihari was named to the Women of Accomplishment Legacy Project that identified "outstanding women of the 20th and 21st century who have touched Western New York with their genius, dedication and humanity and left a lasting legacy for the generations to come."

References 

 

Living people
University of Waterloo alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
Indian computer scientists
Indian women computer scientists
Businesspeople from Mysore
Year of birth missing (living people)