omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
N-Vinylacetamide. N-Vinylacetamide (NVA) is a non-ionic monomer. Copolymers made of NVA and other monomers can exhibit practical characteristics in addition to those common with the existing hydrophilic polymers.

History 

NVA is an amphipathic monomer. It was introduced and compounded in the U.S. in 1967. Today, it is recognized as a monomer that does polymerize; however, Showa Denko K.K. succeeded in its industrialization in 1997.

Properties 

NVA is soluble in water, various organic solvents and  liquid vinyl monomers. It is polymerizable by various radical polymerization processes, depending on the objective.  Since NVA itself is a solvent, it can act as a dissolution agent for poorly soluble substances.

References 

Acetamides
Amide solvents
Plasticizers
Monomers
Vinyl compounds
Barium hexaboride. Barium hexaboride is a hard material with a high melting point. It can be formed by passing a barium vapour at >750 °C over boron crystals:

However, it can also be formed by reacting barium chloride with boron in two stages: firstly at 900 °C for 30 minutes and then at 1,500 °C for 60 minutes.

Potential applications 
Barium hexaboride has been considered as a candidate for use in hot-cathode electron guns.

References 

Barium compounds
Borides
3-Nitrochlorobenzene. 3-Nitrochlorobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4ClNO2.  It is a yellow crystalline solid that is important as a precursor to other compounds due to the two reactive sites present on the molecule.

Synthesis
Nitrochlorobenzene is typically synthesized by nitration of chlorobenzene in the presence of sulfuric acid:
C6H5Cl  +  HNO3  →   O2NC6H4Cl  +  H2O

This reaction affords a mixture of isomers. Using an acid ratio of 30/56/14, the product mix is typically 34-36% 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 63-65% 4-nitrochlorobenzene, with only about 1% 3-nitrochlorobenzene. 

Since the above synthetic route does not efficiently produce the 3-isomer, the route most commonly used by chemists is the chlorination of nitrobenzene. This reaction must be carried out with a sublimed iron(III) catalyst at 33-45 °C.

Purification of 3-nitrochlorobenzene is somewhat difficult since other isomers are formed even via chlorination of nitrobenzene, and all of these isomers have similar physical properties. Hydrolysis at the activated chlorine site of the 2- and 4-isomers (but not at the resistant 3-chlorine center) makes separation by physical means much less tedious.

Reactions
Unlike the other isomers of nitrochlorobenzene, the meta isomer is not activated to nucleophilic substitution at the chlorine center. However, 3-nitrochlorobenzene has other interesting reactivity. 3-Nitrochlorobenzene can be reduced to 3-chloroaniline with Fe/HCl mixture, the Bechamp reduction. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is possible on 3-nitrochlorobenzene, yielding many possible products.

Applications
3-Nitrochlorobenzene is not useful itself but is a precursor to other useful compounds. Its derivative 3-chloroaniline, a useful compound sometimes referred to as Orange GC Base.

References

Nitrobenzene derivatives
3-Chlorophenyl compounds
SplinterBike. The SplinterBike is an invention by Michael Thompson. It is a 100% wooden bicycle which only uses glue to hold everything together. No bolts or screws were used.

History 
On September 16, 2010, during the Tour of Britain, Michael Thompson (a veteran wood joiner) suggested to his friend James Tully (an amateur cyclist) that he could make a 100% wooden bicycle. James responded by saying that if Michael would build it, he would ride it.

To consolidate these bold statements the two made a £1 bet.

100% Wooden Bicycle Land Speed Record 
On August 18, 2011 Thompson and Tully set the 100% Wooden Bicycle Land Speed Record with an average speed of 11.3 MPH (18.2 km/h). Because this was the first 100% wooden bicycle, all they needed was a successful run to measure the speed.

Due to the use of a soft running track and mechanical failure, James was not able to drive the bike to higher speeds.

SplinterBikeHʌɪbrɪd 
The Hʌɪbrɪd is a derivative of the original SplinterBike. The idea behind the bicycle was to build an everyday bicycle with as much wood as possible. Some elements of a bicycle, like the drive section or brakes, are simply not realistic in wood.
However, the entire frame and the rims are made of wood (walnut and birch).

Thompson T-Bar Frame 
The frame uses a T shape for maximum strength, while maintaining the necessary flexibility. Other wooden framed bicycles use a tubular design, making the Hʌɪbrɪd unique.

See also 
 Bamboo bicycle
 Cardboard bicycle
 Chukudu wood bicycle
 Wooden bicycle

References 

Bicycles
Wind Data Generator. The Wind Data Generator (WDG) is a wind energy software tool capable of running WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) model to create a wind atlas and to generate wind data at any location, any height of interest for any resolution from 3 km to 10 km.

Before investing in the installation of a meteorological measurement mast tower, wind engineers use the WDG software to generate Virtual Met Masts (VMM) at any area of interest and get 30+ years of hourly wind data (speed and direction). These data can be used to run pre-feasibility analyses and generate conceptual layouts for any wind turbine types. Doing so, site selection & ranking decision-making is based on optimized installed capacity (MW) and capacity factor numbers (MWh/year) even before having on-site mast data. The software has other interesting features (Micrositing, MCP, extreme wind speed analyses...) that can be used to build more profitable wind farms (by reducing uncertainties) over the long-term (IEC standards).

The WDG is used worldwide to bring confidence on the project feasibility at the very early stages of project development in terms of both “quantity” (wind speed) and “quality” (shear, turbulence, inflow angles) of the wind.

Model 
The WRF model integrated in the WDG is a fully compressible and non-hydrostatic model. Its vertical coordinate is a terrain-following hydro-static pressure coordinate. The grid staggering is the Arakawa C-grid. The model uses the Runge-Kutta 2nd and 3rd order time integration schemes and 2nd to 6th order advection schemes in both horizontal and vertical directions. It uses a time-split small step for acoustic and gravity-wave modes. The dynamics conserves scalar variables.

Innovation award 
On April 9, 2014 in Paris, French-based MeteoPole was awarded an innovation award from the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the disruptive Wind Data Generator software, becoming the first wind power industry technology to be awarded by the MIT.
The company’s CEO, Karim Fahssis, was also named by the MIT Technology Review as one of the world’s top 35 innovators of the year for introducing the path-breaking software to the wind industry. MIT’s TR35 has awarded several of today’s global influencers in its initial editions, including Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin.

References 

Wind power
Big Game Hunt. "Big Game Hunt" is a science fiction short story by the British writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in 1956. It is the only one in the collection not narrated by Harry Purvis. This story describes the efforts of an eccentric professor to study the electrical circuitry of the brain. After using his research to develop robotic creatures, he then tries to use electrical stimulation of the brain to control the behavior of animals. The professor's work is discovered by a wildlife photographer, who tries to exploit it to film a giant squid. While their attempt is initially successful, the equipment blows a fuse, and the squid kills both scientist and photographer. The story was also published as "The Reckless Ones". The piece was later published as the second story in Clarke's collection Tales from the White Hart. Science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl writes that machines malfunctioning with unexpected consequences are a recurring motif in Clarke's writing, and lists "Big Game Hunt" as an example.

References

External links 
 

Short stories by Arthur C. Clarke
1950 short stories
Tales from the White Hart
Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000. The Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements of very low temperatures, in the range of 0.9 mK (millikelvin) to 1 K, adopted by the International Committee for Weights and Measures in October 2000. It is based on the melting pressure of solidified helium-3.

At these low temperatures, the melting pressure of helium-3 varies from about 2.9 MPa to nearly 4.0 MPa. At the temperature of approximately 315 mK, a minimum of pressure (2.9 MPa) occurs. Although this gives a disadvantage of non-monotonicity, in that two different temperatures can give the same pressure, the scale is otherwise robust since the melting pressure of helium-3 is insensitive to many experimental factors.

See also 
 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) — the calibration standard used for all temperatures above 0.6 K
 Leiden scale

References 

Temperature
Scales of temperature
Perfluorotributylamine. Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), also referred to as FC43, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless liquid. A molecule of this chemical compound consists of three butyl groups connected to one nitrogen atom, in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. The compound is produced for the electronics industry, along with other perfluoroalkylamines. The high degree of fluorination significantly reduces the basicity of the central amine due to electron-withdrawing effects.

Preparation
It is prepared by electrofluorination of tributylamine using hydrogen fluoride as solvent and source of fluorine:

Uses
The compound has two commercial uses.
It is used as an ingredient in Fluosol, artificial blood. This application exploits the high solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the solvent, as well as the low viscosity and toxicity. It is also a component of Fluorinert coolant liquids. CPUs of some computers are immersed in this liquid to facilitate cooling.

Niche
The compound is used as a calibrant in gas chromatography when the analytical technique uses mass spectrometry as a detector to identify and quantify chemical compounds in gases or liquids. When undergoing ionization in the mass spectrometer, the compound decomposes in a repeatable pattern to form fragments of specific masses, which can be used to tune the mass response and accuracy of the mass spectrometer. Most commonly used ions are those with approximate mass of 69, 131, 219, 414 and 502 atomic mass units.

Safety
Fluorofluids are generally of very low toxicity, so much that they have been evaluated as synthetic blood.

Environmental impact
It is a greenhouse gas with warming properties more than 7,000 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period, and, as such, is one of the most potent greenhouse gasses ever discovered. Its concentration in the atmosphere is approximately 0.18 parts per trillion. The compound can persist in the atmosphere for up to 500 years.

See also
 Perfluorotripentylamine

References

Greenhouse gases
Perfluorinated compounds
Amines
Coolants
Howard Vollum Award. The Howard Vollum Award for Distinguished Accomplishment in Science and Technology is an annual award that was created by Reed College and endowed in 1975 by a grant from the Millicent Foundation, now a part of the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust.

The award was created as a tribute to the late C. Howard Vollum, a 1936 Reed graduate and lifelong friend of the college. For his senior thesis project, Vollum built an oscilloscope; he later went on to co-found Tektronix, which revolutionized oscilloscope design and became a world leader in test, measurement, and monitoring technology. The award "recognizes and celebrates the exceptional achievement of one or more members of the scientific and technical community of the Northwest." Winners are selected for "the perseverance, creative imagination, ability to work with people, and fresh approach to problem solving that characterized Howard Vollum's career." Past recipients include Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, and Leroy Hood.

Recipients
2022 - Kevan M. Shokat
2018 - Mary Ruckelshaus
2017 - Geraldine (Geri) Richmond
2015 - Mary-Claire King
2014 - Ivan E. Sutherland
2013 - Kip S. Thorne
2012 - Edward D. Lazowska
2011 - Lynn M. Riddiford
2010 - Brian Druker
2009 - Carl E. Wieman
2008 - B. Kenneth Koe
2007 - Stanley Fields
2006 - Daniel Bump
2005 - Linus Torvalds
2004 - Warren M. Washington
2003 - Leroy Hood
2002 - Kenneth Raymond
2000 - James T. Russell
1999 - Jane Lubchenco
1997 - Russell J. Donnelly
1996 - Edwin G. Krebs
1995 - Adele Goldberg
1994 - Brian W. Matthews
1993 - Lynwood W. Swanson
1992 - Jerry F. Franklin
1991 - Steve Jobs
1990 - Lewis H. Kleinholz
1989 - Michael L. Posner
1988 - Harold K. Lonsdale
1987 - Gertrude F. Rempfer
1986 - David Powell Shoemaker
1985 - Howard S. Mason
1984 - Bill Gates and George Streisinger
1983 - Paul Lutus
1982 - Victor Klee
1981 - M. Lowell Edwards and Albert Starr
1980 - Paul H. Emmett
1979 - Linus C. Pauling
1978 - C. Norman Winningstad
1977 - Arthur F. Scott
1976 - John M. Fluke
1975 - Douglas C. Strain

References

American awards
Reed College
Awards established in 1975
Associated Air Liberty 181. The Associated Air Liberty 181 is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Associated Air of Woodland, Washington, introduced in the late 1990s. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Liberty 181 was designed as a bushplane for hauling heavy loads into unprepared airstrips. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin with doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from mixed metal and composites and features extra large doors for loading bulky items. Its  span wing mounts flaps, has a wing area of  and is supported by two parallel lift struts per side, with jury struts. The cabin width is . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engine used is the  Continental O-470 powerplant, with a constant speed propeller. With that engine installed the take-off distance is  and the landing distance is .

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Factory supplied options included floats and skis. The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 2000 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that 7 kits had been sold, with one aircraft flying.

In October 2016 no examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, although one had been previously registered and exported to Canada. In October 2016 one was registered with Transport Canada, having been built in the US in 1996 and imported in 2008.

Specifications (Liberty 181)

References

External links
Photo of a Liberty 181

Liberty 181
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Tim Prentice (designer). Tim Prentice (born c. 1964) is an American industrial designer and president of Motonium Design in California. Prentice holds a B.S. in industrial technology from California State University, Chico (1987) and is a graduate of Art Center College of Design's transportation program (1990). He has also been an instructor at Art Center for industrial design and illustration, as well as a guest lecturer at Stanford University.

Prentice was motorcycle designer of the 2009 Triumph Thunderbird motorcycle, Mission Motors' 2010 Mission R electric motorcycle, and the 2011 Triumph Speed Triple. Prentice and his firm won the Red Dot and Core77 industrial design awards in 2011 (respectively) for the Mission R.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
American motorcycle designers
California State University, Chico alumni
ArtCenter College of Design alumni
ArtCenter College of Design faculty
Avid Catalina. The Avid Catalina is an American homebuilt amphibious aircraft that was designed and produced by Avid Aircraft of Caldwell, Idaho. It is a development  of the Avid Amphibian.

When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit, for amateur construction.

The Catalina was introduced in September 1994. Avid Aircraft ceased operations in November 2003 and Catalina production ended.

Design and development
The Catalina features a strut-braced high-wing, a three-seat enclosed cabin, retractable conventional landing gear, a boat hull and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from mixed construction, consisting of welded steel tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric, plus fiberglass for the hull and other parts. Its  span wing has a wing area of  and folds for storage or ground transport, without disconnecting the controls. The wing is supported by "V" lift struts with jury struts. The Catalina wings had the option of mid-wing sponsons, or the original Amphibian droop wing tip sponsons for water operations.

The original engine used was the  Rotax 582 twin cylinder two stroke powerplant. Other known engines flown have included the Rotax 618, Rotax 912, Hirth F30, Hirth 2706 and Verner 133MK  engines.

The Catalina has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is . While the  fuel tank is standard equipment, the factory also offered optional  and  tanks. The earlier Amphibian model offered only  standard fuel, with a total of   as two  tanks optional.

The Avid Amphibian and Catalina could also be built without water operations capability. This variation of the aircraft was dubbed the "Landphibian", and was lighter without the inboard and outboard sponsons. In 1992 the Amphibian kit cost US$16,695, while the land-only version kit was US$15,695.

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 700 hours.

Operational history
By 2001 the company reported that 100 examples of the Amphibian/Catalina were flying.

In December 2013 eleven examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

One builder, Rod Snider, of Boise, Idaho, wrote, "I completed the land version of the Avid Amphibian in January of 1987. Since then I have flown this remarkable little plane for 1960 hours. It is really a superb plane for sightseeing and flying slow and camping in back country airstrips. Three people of medium build can be carried comfortably, as can two people and all necessary camping gear with full fuel."  This aircraft was reported as destroyed in January 2004.

Variants
Amphibian
Earlier version with turned down wingtips acting as tip floats
Catalina
Later version introduced in September 1994, with conventional wing-mounted floats.
Landphibian
Version with float gear removed.

Specifications (Catalina)

References

External links

Photo of a Catalina
Photo of a Catalina

Catalina
1980s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Flying boats
Highflyer-class corvette. The Highflyer-class corvettes were a pair of 21-gun wooden screw corvettes built in the 1850s for the Royal Navy.

Design
Highflyer was ordered as a small wooden frigate to a design by the Surveyor's Department of the Admiralty on 25 April 1847; she and her sister  were re-designated as corvettes in 1854.  These ships were envisaged as steam auxiliaries, intended to cruise under sail with the steam engine available for assistance.  Commensurately they were provided with a full square sailing rig. Esk was built in exchange for  (which went to the Australian Royal Mail Co.) The words of the Admiralty Order stated she should be "a wood screw vessel complete of Highflyers [class] in exchange when built".

Propulsion
Highflyer was given a geared two-cylinder horizontal single-expansion steam engine, provided by Maudslay, Sons & Field, which developed  and drove a single screw.  Esk was provided with an oscillating two-cylinder inclined single-expansion steam engine, provided by the builders, was quite different from Highflyers, but developed broadly the same power —  — and drove a single screw.

Armament
The class was a 21-gun corvette, mounting twenty 32-pounder (42 cwt) long guns in a broadside arrangement, and a single 10-inch 84-pounder (85 cwt) gun on a pivot. Both ships later swapped their broadside 32-pounders for eighteen 8-inch guns.

Construction
Highflyer was built at Leamouth Wharf by C J Mare & Co., while Esk was ordered from the Millwall yard of J. Scott Russell & Co. on the River Thames.

Ships

Citations

References

Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Victorian-era corvettes of the United Kingdom
3-Heptanone. 3-Heptanone (butyl ethyl ketone), is a seven carbon ketone. It is a colorless liquid with a "green odor," also described to have a fruity scent. It is often used as a perfume/fragrance, as a solvent for cellulose, nitrocellulose, or vinyl resins, and as a synthetic building block in the preparation of other organic molecules.

Preparation
3-Heptanone is produced industrially through reductive condensation of propionaldehyde (propanal) with butanone (methyl ethyl ketone). This reaction yields hept-4-en-3-one, which is subsequently hydrogenated to 3-heptanone.

   +      →      +   

   +      →

References

Heptanones
Samir Kouro. Samir Kouro is a Chilean professor of electronic engineering who works at Federico Santa María Technical University and have 27 peer-reviewed articles along with 21 journal publications and 3 book chapters which give him an h-index from 14 to 24.

Biography
Samir was born as Samir Felipe Kouro Renaer on March 14, 1978, in Valdivia, Chile. In November 2002, he became an intern at the Federico Santa María Technical University in Valparaíso and two years later, in March, received a master's degree in electronic engineering there. He became a principal investigator during the FONDECYT project and in March 2008 he received a Ph.D. in the same field and became an associate researcher at the same place. From October 2005 to October 2008, he worked as a young researcher at the Scientific Millennium Nucleus on Industrial Electronics and Mechatronics project. From 2009 to 2011, he worked as a postdoc at the Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada. After he completed his studies there he returned to UTFSM where he continues to lecture. In 2012, he worked as a principal investigator again, this time at his alma mater.

References

1978 births
Chilean engineers
Living people
People from Valdivia
Gopakumar Thiruvancheril. Gopakumar Thiruvancheril is an Indian Assistant Professor of molecular electronics from Indian Institutes of Technology. He is an author of certain peer-reviewed articles two of which, as of 2013, were cited over 60 times and appeared in such journals Journal of Physical Chemistry B and C, including others.
He completed his Ph.D. in Physics at TU Chemnitz.

Selected publications

References

Indian electronics engineers
Living people
20th-century births
Academic staff of the Indian Institutes of Technology
Year of birth missing (living people)