omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sublimation sandwich method. The sublimation sandwich method (also called the sublimation sandwich process and the sublimation sandwich technique) is a kind of physical vapor deposition used for creating man-made crystals.  Silicon carbide is the most common crystal grown this way, though other crystals may also be created with it (notably gallium nitride).  

In this method, the environment around a single crystal or a polycrystalline plate is filled with vapor heated to between 1600°C and 2100°C. Changes to this environment can affect the gas phase stoichiometry.  The source-to-crystal distance is kept very low, between 0.02mm to 0.03mm. Parameters that can affect crystal growth include source-to-substrate distance, temperature gradient, and the presence of tantalum for gathering excess carbon. High growth rates are the result of small source-to-seed distances combined with a large heat flux onto a small amount of source material with no more than a moderate temperature difference between the substrate and the source (0.5-10°C). The growth of large boules, however, remains quite difficult using this method, and it is better suited to the creation of epitaxial films with uniform polytype structures. Ultimately, samples with a thickness of up to 500 μm can be produced using this method.

References

See also
Lely method
Czochralski process
Mokhov, E. et al.: “Growth of Silicon Carbide Bulk Crystals by the Sublimation Sandwich Method”, Elsevier Science S.A., 1997, pp. 317-323

Crystallography
Materials science
Thin film deposition
Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering Technology. The Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering and Technology (ASIET), is a self-financing college, situated in Kalady, in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The college started on 31 August 2001.  ASIET is affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University. This institution received ISO 9001-2000 certification for the quality systems from KPMG quality registrar in the year 2002 and upgraded to ISO 9001-2008 in the year 2012.
NBA accredited in 2018.

When Mahatma Gandhi University published the results of the B.Tech. examinations held in April 2010, several ASIET students were among the rank holders.]

The annual cultural and technical festival of this institution is called "Brahma".

Departments
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence)
 Electronics and Biomedical Engineering
 Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Robotics and Automation
 Business School (MBA)

Notable alumni
 Sshivada, Indian film actress

References

External links

Private engineering colleges in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Engineering colleges in Ernakulam district
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Kerala
Indian locomotive class WW. The Indian locomotive class WW was a class of 0-6-2T tank locomotives used on  broad gauge lines in India.  The four members of the class were built by Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England, and completed in 1942.

Class table

See also

Rail transport in India#History
Indian Railways
Locomotives of India
Rail transport in India

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Railway locomotives introduced in 1942
WW
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
0-6-2T locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Arie E. Kaufman. Arie E. Kaufman (born 1954) is an Israeli-American computer scientist best known for his work in volume visualization and virtual reality. Dr. Kaufman is Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science at Stony Brook University, where he is also Director of the Center for Visual Computing (CVC), and Chief Scientist at the Center of Excellence in Wireless and Information Technology (CEWIT). He has an H-Index of 84 and is currently the ninth most cited researcher in the world working in the area of visualization.

Education
Born in Jerusalem, Israel, Kaufman attended Hebrew University as an undergraduate, graduating in 1969 with BSc degrees in physics and mathematics. He later received his PhD in Computer Science at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 1977, supervised by Samuel Bergman.

Academic work
Within the field of computer science, Kaufman is known for his work in visualization, graphics, virtual reality, user interfaces, multimedia, and their applications, especially in bio-medicine. He is especially well known for his work on the 3-dimensional virtual colonoscopy, a revolutionary low-risk technique for colon cancer screening, and for pioneering the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and GPU-clusters. In 2012, he presided over the development and opening of the Reality Deck, the largest virtual reality display in the world, at Stony Brook University.

Kaufman was the founding Editor in Chief of IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), co-founded the IEEE Visualization Conference and Volume Graphics series, and is currently the director of IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Visualization and Graphics. He is an IEEE Fellow, ACM Fellow, winner of many awards, including the IEEE Visualization Career Award, and member of the European Academy of Sciences.

References

Stony Brook University faculty
Living people
American computer scientists
1954 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Data and information visualization experts
Fellows of the IEEE
2009 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Oil well dog house. An oil well dog house is the steel-sided room adjacent to an oil rig floor, usually having an access door close to the driller's controls. This general-purpose shelter is a combination tool shed, office, communications center, coffee room, lunchroom, and general meeting place for the driller and his crew. It is at the same elevation as the rig floor, usually cantilevered out from the main substructure supporting the rig.

References

External links
 Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
 The History of the Oil Industry
 "Black Gold" Popular Mechanics, January 1930 - large photo article on oil drilling in the 1920s and 1930s
 "World's Deepest Well" Popular Science, August 1938, article on the late 1930s technology of drilling oil wells
 'Ancient Chinese Drilling' article from June 2004 CSEG Recorder

Oilfield terminology
Tuscarora Creek railroad bridge. The Tuscarora Creek bridge is a  single-span, steel, through-girder bridge with a floor beam/stringer system supporting a -thick concrete slab south of Walkersville, Maryland. Originally constructed by the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company (F&PL) in 1872. It was later rebuilt by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1907 as a thru girder concrete deck bridge using an older bridge from the Northern Central Railway. In 1915, the bridge was surveyed as part of the Interstate Commerce Commission's effort to establish freight rates for the Parent railroad.

As of 2021, the bridge is in active rail service, operated by the Walkersville Southern RR.

History

Construction

Bollman Iron Bridge
The original plan for the railroad called for it to cross the Monocacy River below Tuscarora Creek and therefore, no bridge was located by Gitt in 1867. The finalized location for the railroad called for a bridge over Tuscarora Creek approximately 300 feet south of the Monocacy River crossing for the road. Like the other bridges on the road, the Tuscarora Creek bridge was to be a "Bollman suspension truss" with a creek span of 63 feet, 10 feet above the water. In 1872, Bollman's firm, Patapsco Bridge and Iron Works completed the bridge.

Pennsylvania Railroad Rebuilds
The ICC survey work papers  indicate one rebuild after the 1872 construction but before the 1915 inspection:
The Bollman iron truss span for Monocacy was replaced by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1907 but the masonry abutments were left in place.
Pennsylvania replaced the Bollman truss with a  single-span, steel, through-girder bridge. The 1915 ICC inspection reports indicate that the steel girders at that time were 3/8's of an inch in thickness and  deep. This 1907 replacement did not use new materials but instead, bridge 65.35 had been previously used by the Northern Central RR, or NCR as NCR bridge #33 built in 1882.
Subsequent to this ICC survey, Pennsylvania replaced the NCR bridge with a second thru girder bridge using  deep x  thick web side girders and a  thick concrete deck. This probably occurred at the same time as the Monocacy River rebuild in 1927.
No later rebuild by PRR was made after 1927 and before 1982 when the bridge was conveyed to the State of Maryland..

United States Railway Administration (USRA) Rebuild
There is no evidence of a rebuild by the USRA.

State Railroad Administration (SRA 1982-1989)
Subsequent to the conveyance of the railroad from Conrail to the State of Maryland in 1982, State Railroad Administration developed a Maryland State Rail Plan.
The plan called for no action on the Tuscarora Creek bridge. Currently, the Maryland Dept. of Transportation owns the bridge.

Notes

References 

Bridges in Frederick County, Maryland
Bridges completed in 1872
Railroad bridges in Maryland
Iron bridges in the United States
Plate girder bridges in the United States
Fly Hard Trikes SkyCycle. The Fly Hard Trikes SkyCycle is an American ultralight trike, designed by Mike Theeke and produced by Fly Hard Trikes of Wildwood, Georgia. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft and several hundred have been completed and flown.

Design and development
The SkyCycle was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of  in its "S" model. It features a cable-braced or optionally a strut-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit with a small cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, single-ignition  Rotax 447 engine or the twin-cylinder, in-line, two-stroke  Kawasaki 340. With the Kawasaki 340 engine the aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of   the payload is .

A number of different wings can be fitted to the basic carriage, including the strut-braced North Wing Maverick III and the Airborne Sting 175.

An electric-powered version was reportedly under development in 2011.

Operational history
The aircraft has won many awards including, 2007 Sun 'n Fun Best Type Trike Ultralight, 2008 Sun 'n Fun Outstanding Weight Shift Ultralight, 2009 Sun 'n Fun Grand Champion and Best Commercial Ultralight, 2010 Sun 'n Fun Best Type Trike Ultralight and Best Commercial Ultralight, 2011 Sun 'n Fun Best Type Trike Ultralight and 2012 Sun 'n Fun Grand Champion.

Variants
SkyCycle S
Model with the  Kawasaki 340 powerplant, North Wing Maverick III strut-braced wing, cockpit fairing and an empty weight of .
SkyCycle Firefly
Nanotrike version with the  Zenoah G25 engine, the Airborne Sting 175 wing, instrument pod only in place of the cockpit fairing and an empty weight of .

Specifications (SkyCycle S)

See also

References

External links

2000s United States sport aircraft
2000s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Magnesium chromate. Magnesium chromate is a chemical compound, with the formula . It is a yellow, odorless, water-soluble salt with several important industrial uses. This chromate can be manufactured as a powder.

History
Before 1940, the literature about magnesium chromate and its hydrates was sparse, but studies starting in that year looked at its properties and solubility.

Uses
It is available commercially in a variety of powders, from nanoscale to micron-sized, either as an anhydrous or hydrated form.

As a hydrate, it is useful as a corrosion inhibitor and pigment, or as an ingredient in cosmetics.
In 2011, an undecahydrate (containing 11 molecules of water) of this compound was discovered by scientists at the University College London.

Hazards
Magnesium chromate hydrate should be stored at room temperature, and there is no current therapeutic use. It is a confirmed carcinogen, and can cause acute dermititis, and possibly kidney and liver damage if inhaled, so it should be treated as a hazardous waste.

References

Magnesium compounds
Chromates
Blohm & Voss P 170. The Blohm & Voss P 170 was a three-engined unarmed fast bomber and ground-attack aircraft project proposed by the aircraft manufacturer Blohm & Voss to the Luftwaffe during the Second World War.

Design
Designed by Richard Vogt in 1942, the P 170 was intended to meet a requirement for a schnellbomber, a bomber capable of outrunning contemporary interceptors, and which would then not need any defensive armament. Accommodating a crew of two, it was to have been  powered with three BMW 801D radial engines. Three different configurations were proposed, two with the bomb aimer buried in the fuselage ahead of the pilot, with or without additional side windows, and the other with the gunner behind the pilot under a continuous greenhouse type canopy.

The layout was unusual, with two of the three engines mounted on the wingtips of the straight untapered shoulder-mounted wing. To balance so much weight ahead of the wing, the crew were moved as far aft as possible in the cylindrical fuselage to a tandem cockpit just ahead of the tailplane. The outer engine nacelles were each fitted with a small tail fin and rudder. The outboard location distributed the aircraft weight across the span, reducing the stress loads and weight of the wing structure. Steel was to be used extensively throughout its construction, with wooden control surfaces.

The main undercarriage comprised three identical retractable units just behind each engine and retracting up underneath the main fuel tanks. A single relatively large tailwheel retracted up behind the cockpit.

Three variants were proposed but none were built.

Specifications

See also
List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Blohm & Voss P 163
de Havilland Mosquito

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

P 170
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Janis Bubenko. Janis Askolds Bubenko junior (; 3February 193515January 2022) was a Swedish computer scientist and professor emeritus at the Department of Computer and Systems Science, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.

Biography 
Born 1935 in Riga, Latvia, Bubenko fled with his family to Sweden at the end of World War II in 1944. He received his MSc in civil engineering from the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1958, his Licentiate of Technology in structural mechanics also from the Chalmers University of Technology in 1958. In 1973 he received his Ph.D. in information systems from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1973, and his habilitation in 1974.

In 1961 Bubenko started his career as a manager in Univac Scandinavia, a branch of the U.S. computer company Univac. In 1965 he started as an assistant professor at the Royal Institute of Technology, where in 1969 he founded the research group Computer Aided Design of Information Systems (CADIS). From 1977 to 1981 he was a professor of computer and systems sciences at University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, and from 1981 to 2000 professor at the Royal Institute of Technology and University of Stockholm.

Bubenko has chaired multiple information systems conferences since the late 1970s. He is member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society, and the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 8.1.

Bubenko died on 15 January 2022 in Lund, Sweden, at the age of 86.

Publications
Bubenko authored and co-authored more than 140 articles, and seven textbooks in the fields of "Information Systems Development Methods, Performance Analysis of Data Processing Systems, Operating Systems, and Conceptual Modelling Methods". Books, a selection:
 1971. Computer-aided information systems analysis and design. The first Scandinavian workshop. With Arne Sølvberg and Börje Langefors (Eds).
 1973. Contributions to formal description, analysis and design of data processing systems. Stockholm. Libris
 2000. Information systems engineering: state of the art and research themes. With Sjaak Brinkkemper, Eva Lindencrona and Arne Sølvberg.
 2003. Working Conference on the History of Nordic Computing (1st : 2003 : Trondheim, Norway)  History of Nordic computing : IFIP WG9.7 First Working Conference on the History of Nordic Computing (HiNC1), June 16–18, 2003, Trondheim, Norway. Edited with Arne Sølvberg and John Impagliazzo.

Articles, a selection:
 2007. "From Information Algebra to Enterprise Modelling and Ontologies - a Historical Perspective on Modelling for Information Systems". In: Conceptual Modelling in Information Systems Engineering. John Krogstie et al. eds. pp 1–18

References

External links 
 Janis A. Bubenko jr at Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm

1935 births
Information systems researchers
Swedish computer scientists
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Chalmers University of Technology alumni
Latvian emigrants to Sweden
Latvian World War II refugees
2022 deaths
Silab. Silab, Silabs or Seylab or Seilab or Sailab () may refer to:

 Seylab, East Azerbaijan
 Silab, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
 Seylab, Kurdistan
 Silab, West Azerbaijan
 Silicon Labs, a fabless manufacturer of semiconductors
 Sailab-cheni, portable wash basin in India

See also
Sailaab (disambiguation)
Liquefied flow. Liquefied flows (also known as liquified flows and fluidized flows) are types of sediment-gravity flows in which grains within the flow are kept in suspension by the upward movement of fluid. They form in granular substances where the concentration of suspended mud is too low to develop cohesive forces within the flow. As grains at the base of the suspension settle out, fluid that is displaced upward by the settling generates pore fluid pressures that can help suspend grains in the upper part of the flow. Application of an external pressure to the suspension will initiate flow. This external pressure can be applied by a seismic shock, which may turn transform loose sand into a highly viscous suspension as in quicksand. Generally as soon as the flow begins to move, fluid turbulence results and the flow rapidly evolves into a turbidity current. Flows and suspensions are said to be liquefied when the grains settle downward through the fluid and displace the fluid upwards. By contrast, flows and suspensions are said to fluidized when the fluid moves upward through the grains, thereby temporarily suspending them. Most flows are liquefied, and many references to fluidized sediment gravity flows are in fact incorrect and actually refer to liquified flows. Because fluid is displaced upward in these types of flows, dewatering features such as dish structures, pillars, pipes and dikes are common.

Notes and references

Sedimentology
Rafael Esguerra. Rafael Esguerra García (1922–2000) was the principal architect and co-founder of Colombian architecture firm Esguerra Saenz Urdaneta Samper (ESUS) in 1946.  He graduated in 1945 from the National Colombian University (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) in Architecture and Civil Engineering. In ESUS he was in charge of the Structural department. He was also in the Board of subsidiary companies of ESUS such as Estruco & Cia. Ltda, a company specialized in concrete structures and civil engineering established in 1953. He partnered with engineer Doménico Parma and created the firm Ingeniería Mecánica Colombiana (IMC) in 1963 to design and produce heavy machinery for building processes, structural cabling and post-tensioning technologies.  His work includes Avianca headquarters Tower in 1968, the Centro Urbano Antonio Nariño (Antonio Nariño Urban Center) in 1952, and notably the Concrete dome of the Periodicals Archive Hall (Hemeroteca) of the Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango (Luis Ángel Arango Library). He was also involved in the design and construction of the Banco Central Hipotecario (BCH) building (Central Mortgage Bank) and the Ciudadela Colsubsidio. He founded the Aeroclub de Colombia and logged 15,000 hours of flight.

Works

See also
Colombian architecture

References

Colombian architects
1922 births
2000 deaths
National University of Colombia alumni
RMIT Platform Technologies Research Institute. The RMIT Platform Technologies Research Institute was a major research institute of RMIT University. Using a whole-of-system approach, the Institute's cross-disciplinary research investigates the integration of smart materials and systems into technology platforms to address industry’s future needs.

Institute researchers are contributing to improvements in aged care, predicting severe weather events and optimising logistics, energy and data networks. The Institute's nanotechnology is boosting drug delivery and fuel cells, and a smart cricket ball to assist bowlers.

The Institute was dissolved on 1 January 2016.

References

Platform Technologies Research Institute, RMIT
Fernbach flask. A Fernbach flask is a type of flask suited for large volume cell culture where the culture requires a large surface area to volume ratio.  Typically, they are baffled on the bottom in order to maximize oxygen transfer to the culture medium when shaken. The flask was named after French biologist Auguste Fernbach (1860-1939). A common volume of Fernbach flasks is 2.8 L, although only less than half would typically be used to allow for the best liquid-to-air surface area for appropriate gas exchange. Fernbach flasks are about 8" in diameter, and 9" high.

See also
Erlenmeyer flask

References 

Laboratory glassware
French inventions
Production flow analysis. In operations management and industrial engineering, production flow analysis refers to methods which share the following characteristics:

 Classification of machines
 Technological cycles information control
 Generating a binary product-machines matrix (1 if a given product requires processing in a given machine, 0 otherwise)

Methods differ on how they group together machines with products. These play an important role in designing manufacturing cells.

Rank order clustering

Given a binary product-machines n-by-m matrix , rank order clustering is an algorithm characterized by the following steps:

 For each row i compute the number 
 Order rows according to descending numbers previously computed
 For each column p compute the number 
 Order columns according to descending numbers previously computed
 If on steps 2 and 4 no reordering happened go to step 6, otherwise go to step 1
 Stop

Similarity coefficients

Given a binary product-machines n-by-m matrix, the algorithm proceeds by the following steps:

 Compute the similarity coefficient  for all  with  being the number of products that need to be processed on both machine i and machine j, u comprises the number of components which visit machine j but not k and vice versa.
 Group together in cell k the tuple (i*,j*) with higher similarity coefficient, with k being the algorithm iteration index
 Remove row i* and column j* from the original binary matrix and substitute for the row and column of the cell k, 
 Go to step 2, iteration index k raised by one

Unless this procedure is stopped the algorithm eventually will put all machines in one single group.

References

Industrial engineering