omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FS-255 (U.S. Army ship). U.S. Army FS-255 was one of the U.S. Coast Guard-manned U.S. Army Freight and Supply (FS) ships of World War II.

Construction
The ship was a Design 381 coastal ship built at Wheeler Shipbuilding, Whitestone, New York and commissioned at the shipyard on 6 June 1944 with Lieutenant Ludwig Ehlers, USCG as commanding officer. On 3 August 1944 he was succeeded by Lt. Robert F. Maloney, USCGR.

Service history
FS-255 with the Davao Gulf First Re-Supply Echelon was loaded with a cargo of 155-mm ammunition destined for the U.S. Army 24th Infantry Division. She was anchored on the night of 10–11 May 1945 in  of water, , 140 degrees from the pier at the head of Talomo Bay, Davao Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines with hatches open and about 80 tons of ammunition remaining to be unloaded. At 0030 on 11 May 1945 in rainy weather she was hit on her port quarter in the after crew's compartment by a torpedo.

Lt. George A. Tardif, USCG, the commanding officer, went on deck and ordered all hands checked and a search for injured. The search determined three were injured and two were missing from the crew's quarters and two who had been sleeping in hammocks on the fantail were also missing with large masses of blood found on deck.

The aft bulkhead of the engine rooms was ruptured and the main engines were nearly flooded. The wardroom, galley and mess hall aft were torn apart and impassable. The lifeboat and gig were heavily damaged with sterns blown off and out of their cradles. The ship had buckled between the #2 hatch and bridge with foot-high ridges in deck plating and extending down the ship's side to the water. Ammunition from a gun aft had been blown forward to the forecastle head near the anchor winch. The 140 mm gun was missing.

FS-255 was settling rapidly and two life rafts were launched as LCI-21 was signaled that the ship had been hit. Three minutes after the life rafts had cleared FS-255 rolled over to port and sank at 0050. LCI-21 picked up all survivors ten minutes later. Sixteen of twenty enlisted crew and all four officers survived.
FS-255 sunk by IJN 5th Attack unit [Torpedo boats]

See also
 Battle of Mindanao

References

Paraphrased from: World War II Coast Guard-Manned U.S. Army Freight and Supply Ship Histories: FS-255

Further reading

External links
 Army FP/FS Vessels
 World War II Wrecks of the Philippines

Ships of the United States Army
Design 381 coastal freighters
Metal Fatigue. Metal fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading.

Metal Fatigue may also refer to:
Metal Fatigue (album), a 1985 album by Allan Holdsworth.
Metal Fatigue (novel), a 1996 science fiction novel by Sean Williams.
Metal Fatigue (video game), a 2000 real-time strategy video game by Zono Incorporated.
Peugeot SR1. The Peugeot SR1 is a convertible, hybrid concept car by Peugeot. It was unveiled to the general public at the Geneva Motor Show, in March 2010.

Overview
The SR1 concept incorporates HYbrid4 technology, which was launched in the Peugeot 3008 in 2011. In the SR1, at the front, a 1.6-litre THP petrol engine with a power of , is combined with a rear electric motor developing . In electric only mode, the car becomes a ZEV (zero emission vehicle), while its combined cycle fuel consumption is only  and 119 g/km of CO2. When the two power trains operate simultaneously, the SR1 develops a potential maximum power of  and also benefits from 4-wheel drive.

Because the SR1 concept was presented together with the new Peugeot brand identity - and its well-known lion - designers all over the world have seemingly been very eager to capture the new design directions chosen by the French giant, in an attempt to understand where the brand would position itself in terms of design, in the near future.

Technical characteristics

Engines

Front, 1.6 L THP

Rear, electric
Synchronous with permanent magnets

THP + Electric

Tires

Transmission
Electronically controlled 6-speed transmission

Performance
(driver only)

Fuel consumption

Dimensions

Others

Gallery

References

External links
 Peugeot SR1 : eagerly expected in...Japan, article knowckers.org

SR1
Balderton Cheese Factory. Balderton Cheese Factory is a building in the village of Balderton, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

History
This was a factory for the manufacture of cheese built in 1874–75 for the 1st Duke of Westminster in a village on his Eaton Hall estate.  It was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.  A small number of cheese factories were built on Cheshire estates during the 19th century and the cheese was then carried to industrial towns on special trains.  This building is no longer used for cheese manufacture.  A similar factory was the Aldford Cheese Factory in Bruera, also designed by Douglas for the Duke, and built about the same time.

Architecture
The building is constructed in red brick with timber framing in its attic storey, and a slate roof.  Its main part has four bays and behind it are additional wings.  The left bay formed the office of the factory and it projects forward.  It contains a five-light casement window, over which is a jettied gable containing a three-light window.  The next bay is recessed and contains a Tudor arched doorway with a window to its right.  Above this are timber-framed panels, but no gable.  The third bay projects forward; it has two three-light windows, the upper one is in a timber-framed gable that is smaller than the gable in the left bay.  The fourth bay is recessed with two three-light windows at the lower level. Above these are two two-light windows set in dormers.  A chimney rises from the roof of the left bay and behind the right bay is a large boiler-house chimney.

See also

Listed buildings in Dodleston
List of non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works by John Douglas

References

Grade II listed buildings in Cheshire
Commercial buildings completed in 1875
John Douglas buildings
Enchanté. Enchanté () is a Belgian-built barge of the spits category, originally named Maria, converted into a hotel barge. She is one of around 50 hotel barges operating on the French waterways.

History 
Enchanté was built in Oostkamp Belgium in 1958 as a trading barge, 39.50m in length. She carried grain, carbon, chemicals and other bulk goods. She was christened Maria and was renamed several times before finally being registered in France under the name Enchanté, in 2009. She is constructed of steel with a high carbon content, which was more common in pre-war barges. Although slightly more brittle, this type of steel has excellent anti-corrosion properties.

Enchanté was refitted for her new purpose in 2009, for a total of €500,000.

After the plans were drawn up by the Parisian naval architects Technicarene, Enchanté was transformed at the Chantier Naval de Meuse et Sambre in Belgium in 2008/09. She was reduced to 30.00m in length, to suit the Canal du Midi, with its shorter locks and low curved bridges.  She is one of only two Midi passenger barges with two interior decks.

Layout and accommodation 
Enchanté has four guest bedrooms, a saloon, demonstration kitchen and Jacuzzi for guests. Crew quarters are in the bow and stern. The Enchanté has a crew of five: Captain, first mate/tour guide or matelot, chef, and two hostesses.

External links 
 Owner's website - www.europeanwaterways.com
 Comprehensive review of the Enchanté luxury barge on the Canal du Midi

References

Hotel barges
Barges of France
Canal du Midi
Hotels in France
1958 ships
Oxidizing and reducing flames. A flame is affected by the fuel introduced and the oxygen available. A flame with a balanced oxygen-fuel ratio is called a neutral flame. The color of a neutral flame is semi-transparent purple or blue. This flame is optimal for many uses because it does not oxidize or deposit soot onto surfaces.

Oxidizing flame 
If the flame has too much oxygen, an oxidizing flame is produced. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens due to quicker combustion, its color becomes a more transparent blue, and it hisses/roars. With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface.  The same principle is important in firing pottery.

Reducing flame 
A reducing flame is a flame with insufficient oxygen. It has an opaque yellow or orange color due to carbon or hydrocarbons which bind with (or reduce) the oxygen contained in the materials the flame processes. The flame is also called carburizing flame, since it tends to introduce carbon soot into the molten metal.

The flame also produces carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas which burns on the outer envelope of flame into carbon dioxide.

Reducing flames with no carbon 
Reducing zero-carbon fuel flames, such as reducing hydrogen flames, are exceptions. They don't have an opaque yellow or orange glow, nor do they produce soot or carbon monoxide.

See also
 for further details about the above types of flame in oxy-fuel burners
Oxyhydrogen
Redox
Oxygen
Flame test
Spark testing

References

Fire
Singlewell Infrastructure Maintenance Depot. The Singlewell Infrastructure Maintenance Depot is a railway maintenance depot located near the Gravesend ward of Singlewell, Kent, in the United Kingdom.  The depot is located between the A2 road and High Speed 1 (Channel Tunnel Rail Link).  It lies halfway between Ebbsfleet International railway station and the Medway Viaducts, and is connected via a spur at the Singlewell freight loops.

When originally constructed in 2007, the area between the A2 and the depot formed a field, but the subsequent long-planned realignment of the A2 meant that the road now runs closer to the depot.  The depot has fuelling facilities, workshops, plant storage and offices.

References

External links
 Depot Information

Railway depots in England
Basket winding. Basket winding (or basket-weave winding or honeycomb winding or scatter winding) is a winding method for electrical wire in a coil. The winding pattern is used for radio-frequency electronic components with many parallel wires, such as inductors and transformers. The winding pattern reduces the amount of wire running in adjacent, parallel turns. The wires in successive layers of a basket wound coil cross each other at large angles, as close to 90 degrees as possible, which reduces energy loss due to electrical cross-coupling between wires at radio frequencies.

Purpose
The basket winding method is used for coils designed for use at frequencies of 50 kHz and higher to reduce two undesirable side effects, proximity effect and parasitic capacitance, that arise in long parallel segments of current-carrying wire.

The proximity effect is caused in a wire by the magnetic field from  current flowing in nearby parallel wires, such as other loops in the same coil. If two adjacent wires carry a current in the same direction, then the effect is felt in both – the magnetic field of the nearby wires causes current in each wire to be concentrated in a small region on the wire’s surface farthest from the adjacent wires. The concentration of current along a small portion of the conductor increases the wire’s resistance and hence increases energy loss. At medium and high radio frequencies the increased resistance of the inductor can increase the bandwidth of tuned circuits and reduce the circuit’s frequency selectivity, or Q factor.

Parasitic capacitance is the consequence of parallel turns of wire acting as capacitor plates, storing charge between adjacent wires. The parasitic capacitance can cause the coil to become self-resonant at one or several frequencies, which interferes with the intended tuned resonance and blocks and reflects current at the self-resonant frequency.

Unfortunately basket-weave coil winding increases the physical size of the coil, which increases leakage inductance.

Methods
Basket windings are often wound with Litz wire, a thin, multi-strand wire with each strand individually insulated, which further reduces losses. Cotton or fabric insulation is important from a mechanical point of view during the winding process, because a common enameled magnet wire does not provide sufficient surface friction between coil layers to hold the turns at large angles.

See also
 Ayrton–Perry winding
 Bifilar winding
 Inductor

External links
 Photo and description of basket winding

References

Electromagnetic coils
Aichi AB-3. The Aichi AB-3 was a Japanese ship-board reconnaissance floatplane of the 1930s. The AB-3, a single-seat, single-engined biplane, was designed to equip a light cruiser Ning Hai being built in Japan for the Chinese navy, a single aircraft being accepted by the Chinese.

Development and design
In 1928, the Republic of China Navy, keen to modernise its obsolete fleet, placed orders for a class of two light cruisers, the Ning Hai class, to be designed in Japan, with the lead ship to be built at the Harima shipyard in Japan, and the second ship, with Japanese help, in China.  The ships were designed to carry two small seaplanes each, with a small hangar being provided for a folded aircraft, and the Japanese Navy placed an order with Aichi for a single seat floatplane to equip these ships.

Aichi's designer, Tetsuo Miki based his design on his Aichi AB-2 two seat floatplane which was under design for the Imperial Japanese Navy, producing a small single-seat biplane of mixed wood and metal construction with single-bay wings, powered by a 130 hp (97 kW) Gasuden Jimpu radial engine.  It had twin floats, and had detachable wings to aid storage aboard ship.  The prototype AB-3 was completed in January 1932, and when flown for the first time in February that year proved to have excellent performance, exceeding the specification in all ways.

Operational history
The prototype was accepted by the Chinese navy, but no further production ensued, the Chinese instead building a similar aircraft of local design, the Naval Air Establishment Ning Hai, powered by the same engine that powered the AB-3.

Specifications (AB-3)

Notes

References

 
Mikesh, Robert C. and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

1930s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
AB-3
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
ZND detonation model. The ZND detonation model is a one-dimensional model for the process of detonation of an explosive.  It was proposed during World War II independently by Yakov Zeldovich, John von Neumann, and Werner Döring, hence the name.

This model admits finite-rate chemical reactions and thus the process of detonation consists of the following stages. First, an infinitesimally thin shock wave compresses the explosive to a high pressure called the von Neumann spike. At the von Neumann spike point the explosive still remains unreacted. The spike marks the onset of the zone of exothermic chemical reaction, which finishes at the Chapman–Jouguet condition. After that, the detonation products expand backward.

In the reference frame in which the shock is stationary, the flow following the shock is subsonic.  Because of this, energy release behind the shock is able to be transported acoustically to the shock for its support.  For a self-propagating detonation, the shock relaxes to a speed given by the Chapman–Jouguet condition, which induces the material at the end of the reaction zone to have a locally sonic speed in the reference frame in which the shock is stationary.  In effect, all of the chemical energy is harnessed to propagate the shock wave forward.

However, in the 1960s, experiments revealed that gas-phase detonations were most often characterized by unsteady, three-dimensional structures, which can only in an averaged sense be predicted by one-dimensional steady theories. Indeed, such waves are quenched as their structure is destroyed. The Wood–Kirkwood detonation theory can correct for some of these limitations.

References

Further reading 
 

Explosives
Explosives engineering
Combustion
Fluid dynamics
Fragility. Fragility may refer to:

 A property of a solid, related to brittleness
 Fragility (glass physics), a concept to characterize viscous slow down during glass formation
 Fragility (film), a 2016 Swedish documentary
 Fragility Tour, a 1999 concert tour by Nine Inch Nails
 Financial fragility, the vulnerability of a financial system to a financial crisis
 White fragility, defensive responses by white people to racial stress

See also
 Fragility Index, in medical literature, a statistical metric used to assess test results
 Fragile States Index, an annual report assessing states' vulnerability to conflict or collapse
 Antifragility, a property of systems in which they increase in capability to thrive as a result of stressors
Conservation economy. A conservation economy is an ideal, imagined economy in which economic wealth is harvested from a bioregion's local natural resources in a way that meets local communities' needs yet restores rather than depletes natural and social capital.

In a conservation economy, economic arrangements of all kinds are gradually redesigned so that they restore, rather than deplete, natural capital and social capital...Even in a globalizing economy, diverse bioregional economies that are more self-sufficient in meeting their own needs will be more competitive and less vulnerable... 

The primary agents expected to ultimately transform local economies and move bioregions towards locally resilient and enduring 'conservation economies' are small plus medium-sized business owners ('conservation entrepreneurs') who embrace a conservation ethic and take a rational self-interest in maintaining and restoring local ecosystems.

Individuals and organizations that see its potential and acquire the skills to build [a conservation economy] will create ongoing and enduring economic opportunities. Individuals and organizations that continue to depend on the depletion of social and natural capital will face increasingly unpredictable global commodity markets, tightening laws and regulations, new taxes, public outrage, loss of motivation, and many other symptoms of economic transformation...

Key advocates spending many years taking a lead in promoting the benefits of conservation economies and investing in local businesses to help build conservation economies have been the not-for-profit organization, Ecotrust, (founded in 1991 by economist Spencer Beebe) and its partners: Ecotrust Canada, ShoreBank Pacific, and ShoreBank Enterprise Pacific.

See also

 Ecotrust
 Ecological economics
 Environmental economics
 Green economy

References

Economy and the environment
Y alloy. Y alloy is a nickel-containing aluminium alloy. It was developed by the British National Physical Laboratory during World War I, in an attempt to find an aluminium alloy that would retain its strength at high temperatures.

Duralumin, an aluminium alloy containing 4% copper was already known at this time. Its strength, and its previously unknown age hardening behaviour had made it a popular choice for zeppelins. Aircraft of the period were largely constructed of wood, but there was a need for an aluminium alloy suitable for making engines, particularly pistons, that would have the strength of duralumin but could retain this when in service at high temperatures for long periods.

The National Physical Laboratory began a series of experiments to study new aluminium alloys. Experimental series "Y" was successful, and gave its name to the new alloy. Like duralumin, this was a 4% copper alloy, but with the addition of 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium. This addition of nickel was an innovation for aluminium alloys. These alloys are one of the three main groups of high-strength aluminium alloys, the nickel–aluminium alloys having the advantage of retaining strength at high temperatures.

The alloy was first used in the cast form, but was soon used for forging as well. One of the most pressing needs was to develop reliable pistons for aircraft engines. The first experts at forging this alloy were Peter Hooker Limited of Walthamstow, who were better known as The British Gnôme and Le Rhône Engine Co. They license-built the Gnome engine and fitted it with pistons of Y alloy, rather than their previous cast iron. These pistons were highly successful, although impressions of the alloy as a panacea suitable for all applications were less successful; a Gnôme cylinder in Y alloy failed on its first revolution. Frank Halford used connecting rods of this alloy for his de Havilland Gipsy engine, but these other uses failed to impress Rod Banks.

Air Ministry Specification D.T.D 58A of April 1927 specified the composition and heat treatment of wrought Y alloy. The alloy became extremely important for pistons, and for engine components in general, but was little used for structural members of airframes.

In the late 1920s, further research on nickel-aluminium alloys gave rise to the successful Hiduminium or "R.R. alloys", developed by Rolls-Royce.

Alloy composition

Heat treatment 
As for many of the aluminium alloys, Y alloy age hardens spontaneously at normal temperatures after solution heat treating. The heat treatment is to heat it to  for 6 hours, then to allow it to age naturally for 7–10 days. The precipitation hardening that takes place during this ageing forms precipitates of both CuAl2 and NiAl3.

The times required depend on the grain structure of the alloy. Forged parts have the coarsest eutectic masses and so take the longest times. When cast, chill casting is favoured over sand casting as this gives a finer structure that is more amenable to heat treatment.

References

See also 
2218 aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloys
Nickel–aluminium alloys
Aerospace materials
Aluminium–copper alloys
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Caproni Vizzola F.4. The Caproni Vizzola F.4 was an Italian fighter aircraft prototype that was designed in 1937 and built from 1939. It was a single-seat, low-wing cantilever monoplane with retractable landing gear.

Development
The F.4 was developed in parallel with the Caproni Vizzola F.5, with which it shared a common airframe. Design began in late 1937 by a team led by F. Fabrizi. The aircraft had a welded steel-tube fuselage and a wooden wing; the fuselage was covered with flush-riveted duralumin, while the wing had a stressed plywood skin. Fabrizi and his design team intended the F.4 (standing for Fabrizi 4) to be powered by a 12-cylinder Isotta Fraschini Asso 121 R.C.40 water-cooled engine rated for  at , but the Italian Air Ministry preferred that the Asso not be used in fighters; the F.4 project therefore was halted before construction of a prototype in favor of continued development of the F.5, which employed a radial engine.

In the summer of 1939, Italy received its first Daimler-Benz DB 601A—a liquid-cooled inverted V-12 engine rated at  from Germany. This gave the F.4 project a new lease on life, as the Air Ministry approved of its use in fighters. The last of 12 pre-production F.5 aircraft ordered for the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) was selected for conversion into the F.4 prototype, powered by the DB 601A. It flew for the first time in July 1940.

No further F.4s were ordered, and a proposal to build a production model powered by an Alfa Romeo-built DB 601A as the F.5bis was dropped in favor of pursuing development of the more advanced Caproni Vizzola F.6M.

Operational history
The Regia Aeronautica assigned the lone F.4 prototype to the 303ª Squadriglia, which operated it experimentally during 1942.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Variants
F.4
Prototype with German-built Daimler-Benz DB 601A engine

Specifications (F.4)

See also

Notes

References

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .
 Thompson, Jonathan. Italian Civil and Military Aircraft 1930-1945. Aero Publishing Inc. United States of America. 

Vizzola F.4
Low-wing aircraft
1940s Italian fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft