omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Simon Moutter. Simon Paul Moutter is a New Zealand engineer and businessman, and was Managing Director of Spark New Zealand from 1 September 2012 to 30 June 2019. He is currently appointed as a non-exec Director for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia

Early life
Moutter grew up in Palmerston North, New Zealand,  He attended Highbury School, Monrad Intermediate and Palmerston North Boys High. He has a BSc Bachelor of Science (Physics) from Massey University, a BE (Hons) Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Electrical and Electronics) from the University of Canterbury, and a ME Master of Engineering (Electrical and Electronics) also from the University of Canterbury.

Career
 1983–1987: Electrical Engineer, New Plymouth Power Station, Electricity Division, NZ Ministry of Energy
 1987–1990: MD and Founder of Electrotech Consultants Ltd, New Plymouth
 1991–1992: Station Manager, New Plymouth Power Station, Electricorp Production
 1992–1999: Chief Executive, Powerco
 1999–2000: General Manager Network Delivery, Telecom New Zealand
 2000–2002: Group General Manager Network & International, Telecom NZ
 2002–2006: Chief Operating Officer, Telecom NZ
 2006–2008: Chief Operating Officer (Business), Telecom NZ
 2008–2012: CEO, Auckland Airport 
 2009–2012: member of the New Zealand Racing Board
 2012–2019: CEO and Managing Director of Spark NZ
 2019–present: Operating Partner to Private equity firms in NZ and Australia
 2020-present: Non-executive, independent Director of Commonwealth Bank of Australia

Awards
 1986 IPENZ Fulton-Downer Gold Medal
 1989 IPENZ Evan Parry Award
 2017 Deloitte Top200 NZ CEO of the Year

References

External links

Living people
Massey University alumni
University of Canterbury alumni
20th-century New Zealand engineers
21st-century New Zealand businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
21st-century New Zealand engineers
New Zealand electrical engineers
Grouser. Grousers are devices intended to increase the traction of continuous tracks, especially in loose material such as soil or snow. This is done by increasing contact with the ground with protrusions, similar to conventional tire treads, and analogous to athletes' cleated shoes. On tanks and armoured vehicles, grousers are usually pads attached to the tracks; but on construction vehicles they may take the form of flat plates or bars.

Similar traction-improving patterns have been implemented on the surface of the wheels on tractors. These include strakes, where material is removed from the surface of the wheel to achieve protrusion; cleats, with spikes instead of straight bars; and lugs with raised rubber on a tire tread.

Variations
Developed during World War I, external track extensions – often called "grousers" or "duckbills" – were added to the outside edges of the trackshoes on armored fighting vehicles such as tanks, widening the track for improved performance in snow or mud. Track segments (i.e., trackshoes) that incorporate grouser bars are known as grouser shoes, and typically include one to three grousers.

Grousers are commonly used on construction vehicles such as bulldozers, loaders, and excavators. Grousers may be permanently attached to, or formed as a single piece with, the track shoe, or they may be bolted onto the track shoe for ease of replacement as they become worn. While grousers are usually straight, they may have more complex shapes, including spikes and involute curves, depending on the type of terrain and the performance requirements of the vehicle. Grousers are typically made of metal, such as forged steel, and are not designed for use on paved roads. Various devices, with names such as road bands, have been developed to temporarily cover grousers/cleats in order to allow a vehicle to travel on paved roads.

Grousers have been used in such exotic environments as the deep sea floor, and the surfaces of the Moon and Mars. Snowmobiles once used cleated tracks, but racing snowmobiles are banned from using cleated track for safety reasons and instead use rubber tracks.

Protrusions molded into rubber tractor tire treads are known as lugs, as are cleats for round wheels, which perform a similar function. Unlike metal grousers, these rubber tire treads or crawler-track shoes/pads may be more suitable for driving on roads.

Terramechanics
Grousers function by trapping soil against the contact area of the track. It is the shearing of the soil against itself that generates tractive force. The gross tractive effort, or soil thrust, of a vehicle may be calculated from the equation:

where:
 soil thrust
 track width
 contact length
 coefficient of cohesion (a soil property)
 grouser height
 gross vehicle weight
 angle of repose (a soil property)

Gallery

See also
 Bar grip tyre
 Heavy equipment (construction)
 Soil mechanics
 Terramechanics

References

Vehicle parts
Tracked vehicles
Soil mechanics
SS Empire Cameron. Empire Cameron was a  cargo ship which was built in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was sold in 1946 and renamed St Margaret. In 1960, she was sold and renamed Agna, serving until scrapped in 1963.

Description
The ship was built by William Denny & Bros Ltd, Dumbarton, as yard number 1358. She was launched on 19 November 1941 and completed in December.

The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . Her GRT was 7,015 and she had a NRT of 5,175. Her DWT was 9,207. She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by J G Kincaid Ltd, Greenock.

History
Empire Cameron was built for the MoWT. She was placed under the management of F C Strick & Co Ltd. The Code Letters BCRW were allocated. Her Official Number was 168704.

On 10 August 1942, Spitfire Vb EP192 was loaded onto Empire Cameron as part of her cargo. It was delivered to Takoradi, Gold Coast on 15 September.

Convoys
Empire Cameron was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

ONS 100
Convoy ONS 100 was a North Atlantic convoy that departed Liverpool on 2 June 1942 bound for Cape Cod.

MKS 4
Convoy MKS 4 departed Algiers, Algeria on 24 December 1942 bound for Liverpool.

MKS 8
Convoy MKS 8 departed Gibraltar on 22 February 1943 bound for Liverpool. Empire Cameron was on a voyage from Algiers and joined the convoy at Gibraltar.

MKS 13G
Convoy MKS 13G departed Gibraltar on 22 May 1943 bound for Liverpool. Empire Cameron was carrying a cargo of molybdenum.

MKS 46
Convoy MKS 46 departed Oran on 20 April 1944 bound for Liverpool. Empire Cameron was on a voyage from Alexandria, Egypt, joining the convoy at Oran and leaving at her destination of Augusta, Italy.

MKS 48 / MKS 48G
Convoy MKS 48 departed Oran on 8 May 1944 bound for Liverpool. Empire Cameron was a member of this convoy. On 10 May 1944, the convoy sailed from Gibraltar under the designation of MKS 48G.

During 1943, management was transferred to Shakespear Shipping Co Ltd. In 1946, Empire Cameron was sold to Shakespear Shipping and renamed St Margaret. She was placed under the management of South American Saint Line. In 1960, St Margaret was sold to Agna Compagnia Navigazione SA, Panama. She was renamed Agna, serving until 1963. She arrived at Yawata, Japan on 17 July 1963 for scrapping.

References

1941 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Ministry of War Transport ships
Empire ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of Panama
Steamships of Panama
College of Industrial Technology. is a private junior college in Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan. The Japan Iron and Steel Federation Corp considered it necessary to provide specialized training to engineers who would work in the iron and steel industry in 1962. It consists of four departments now. Moreover, it is one of the very few industry-specific junior colleges in Japan.

Department and Graduate Course

Departments 
 Department of system design engineering
 Department of Mechanical engineering
 Department of electric and Electronic Engineering
 Department of information processing engineering

Advanced courses 
 Department of Industrial engineering
 Department of electricity and information engineering

Available certifications 
 Students in the department of electrical and electronic engineering can earn professional certification as an electrician.

See also 
 List of junior colleges in Japan

External links

 College of Industrial Technology

Private universities and colleges in Japan
Japanese junior colleges
Universities and colleges in Hyōgo Prefecture
Amagasaki
Smith Miniplane. The Smith DSA-1 Miniplane ("Darn Small Aeroplane", "Darned Small Airplane", or "Damn Small Airplane") is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft designed in the United States in the 1950s and marketed for home building.

Design
The Miniplane is a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span braced with N-struts and wires. The Miniplane design has fixed undercarriage with a steerable tailwheel and although designed with an open cockpit, many have been fitted with canopies. The fuselage and  the tail fin are of a conventional truss design constructed of welded steel tube and covered in fabric, and the wing spars and ribs are made from spruce and also fabric-covered. A variant has been built with an all-metal wing construction.

Engines used by builders are generally the 65-hp (48-kW) Continental A65, 85-hp (63-kW) Continental C85 or the Lycoming O-235 of 100 hp to 125 hp (75 kW to 93 kW).

Development
Designer Frank Smith died of a heart attack shortly after completing the prototype. His wife, Dorothy, and son, Donald continued to market the plans into the 1970s and Donald worked on a two-seat version, the Miniplane +1.

In the late 1990s Sky Classic Aircraft of Des Moines, Iowa was developing an improved version of the Miniplane designated as the Smith Sport Miniplane. This model featured more cockpit room for larger pilots, a new airfoil and re-drawn plans to aid construction.

In 2010, Sky Classic Aircraft of Des Moines, Iowa marketed plans for another updated version of the Miniplane, the Miniplane 2000.  The Miniplane 2000 incorporates several modifications to the original design, including a slightly longer and wider fuselage to accommodate larger pilots, adding bracing struts to reinforce the horizontal stabilizer, and changing the airfoil section and angles of incidence of the wings.

Operational history
In August 1959, Tom Messick flew a Miniplane on a 4,200-mile (6,700-km) round trip to attend the EAA Fly-in at Rockford, Illinois and was awarded a trophy for flying the longest distance to the event.

The prototype DSA-1 is preserved at the EAA AirVenture Museum. Originally lent to the museum by Dorothy and Donald Smith in 1973, Donald donated the aircraft in 1988 in memory of his mother.

Variants
DSA-1 Miniplane
original single-seat version by Frank Smith
Miniplane +1
two-seat version by Donald Smith
Miniplane 2000
updated version by Sky Classic Aircraft
Sport Miniplane
updated version from the late 1990s by Sky Classic Aircraft, with more cockpit room for larger pilots, a new airfoil and re-drawn plans.

Specifications (DSA-1 prototype)

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Elmer Carlson's account of the first flight of N671EC
 "Underrated biplane" by Kenny Grisham
 Bob McDaniel's N1321
 

1950s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1956
Triggering device. A Triggering device is an electronic circuit, such as a Schmitt trigger, which is used to control another electronic circuit.

Uses
In many of industrial operations, the delivery of a variable and controlled amount of electrical power is necessary. The most common of these operations include electric lighting, electric motor speed control, electric welding, and electric heating. Although it is always possible to control the amount of electrical power delivered to a load by using a variable transformer to create a variable secondary output voltage, these transformers are physically large and expensive and need frequent maintenance (in high power ratings). There are other methods of controlling power to a load, but they are mostly not available for high power applications.

Since 1961, an alternative method, using thyristors, has been in use. Both silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) and TRIACs are members of the thyristor family. The term thyristor includes all the semiconductor devices, which show inherent ON-OFF behavior, as opposed to allowing gradual changes in conduction. All thyristors are regenerative switching devices, and they cannot operate in linear manner. Thus, a transistor is not a thyristor even though it can operate like a switch (ON-OFF). The transistor is not inherently an ON-OFF device, and it is possible for a transistor to operate linearly.

Some thyristors can be gated into the ON state. Other thyristors cannot be gated ON, but they can be turned ON when the applied voltage reaches a certain breakover value.

References

Digital electronics
Electronic circuits
Curtiss-Wright VZ-7. The Curtiss-Wright VZ-7 (also known as the VZ-7AP) was a VTOL quadrotor helicopter aircraft designed by the Curtiss-Wright company for the US Army. Like the Chrysler VZ-6 and the VZ-8 Airgeep it was to be a "flying jeep".

Design and development
The Aerophysics Development Corporation, a subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright, designed an "Aerial Platform" for a US Army Transport and Research Command "Flying Jeep" design competition. The Aerophysics design sat two in tandem between four ducted fan rotors and could also be armed with machine-guns or recoil-less rifles.

To prove the design concept the US Army ordered two prototypes of a smaller single-seat demonstrator, the VZ-7, which were delivered to the US Army in mid-1958. The VZ-7 had a fuselage with the pilot's seat, fuel tanks and flight controls. On both sides of the fuselage the four propeller/rotors were attached, unshrouded (the aircraft did originally have shrouds, but these were later removed). The VZ-7 was controlled by changing the thrust of each propeller and was maneuverable and easy to fly.

Operational history
The aircraft performed well during tests but, not being able to meet the Army's standards, was retired and returned to the manufacturer in 1960.

One VZ-7 is part of the United States Army Aviation Museum aircraft collection at Fort Novosel. However, it is not currently on public display due to space restrictions.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20111024155224/http://www.vectorsite.net/avplatfm.html

1950s United States military utility aircraft
VZ-7
Experimental helicopters
Quadrotors
1950s United States helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Single-turbine helicopters
Alenia Aermacchi Sky-Y. The Italian Alenia Aeronautica Sky-Y is a self-financed MALE Unmanned air vehicle for demonstration and research purpose; on 30 October 2007 it set a new European endurance record in the over 1000 kg category with a spotless eight-hour flight. Since 2016 manufacturer became Leonardo-Finmeccanica as Alenia Aermaccchi merged into the new Finmeccanica (definitively  rebranded Leonardo since 2017).

Design and development
The roll-out of the Sky-Y was carried out by Alenia in June 2007, after 12 months of development, and it first flew at the Swedish test area of Vidsel.

As a testbed for key MALE UAV technologies the aircraft include a heavy fuel engine of automotive derivation, a new night and day ATOL system (Autonomous take off and landing), a collision avoidance system and an advanced data link with surveillance sensor data integration. After a first test campaign conducted in order to explore the whole flight envelope and the engine performance the development has focused on data treatment, elaboration and fusion with the onboard Galileo Avionica EOS-45 IR cam, the Selex Galileo SAR radar and the satellite datalink.

The company is now looking towards the developing of a new bigger dual use MALE UAV derived from the Sky-Y experience, the Molynx.

Specifications (Sky-Y)

References

External links

 Product Official webpage
 Leonardo official Structures webpage

Sky-Y
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Italy
Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Twin-boom aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Diesel-engined aircraft
2000s Italian experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2007
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
EL/M-2106. EL/M-2106 ATAR (Advanced Tactical Acquisition Radar) is a solid state L band medium range tactical 3D radar with active electronically scanned array (AESA) in elevation.

History
The radar, developed by Elta Systems,  detects a wide variety of low RCS target such as low velocity ultra-lights and UAVs.  

The radar can track up to 500 targets simultaneously, has 360° operation and all-weather day and night ability and includes advanced electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) to operate in dense hostile electronic warfare environments.

It is a field proven design that has operated in undesirable environments. The range of detection for a fighter aircraft is 70–110 km. It can detect hovering helicopters at a range of 40 km and UAVs at 40–60 km.

Used on the SPYDER air defense system.

References

Ground radars
Military radars of Israel
Elta products
Epps 1907 Monoplane. 

The Epps 1907 Monoplane was a pioneering aircraft built and flown in 1907 by Ben T. Epps of Athens, Georgia from an original design. The aircraft consisted of an open framework suspended below a wire-braced monoplane wing. The undercarriage consisted of three bicycle wheels, one at the front of this frame, and two behind it. A buggy seat was located beneath the wing for the pilot. A 15-horsepower (11 kW) two-cylinder Anzani motorcycle engine was mounted behind the seat and drove a two-bladed propeller from an exhaust fan mounted pusher-fashion behind the wing's trailing edge. A biplane elevator unit was carried on struts at the front of the aircraft, and a single rudder on struts to its rear. The airframe was made from scrap timber collected from a sawmill, with the flying surfaces covered in cotton. Only the undersurfaces of the wings were covered.

Inspired by the Wright Brothers and pioneering European aviators, Epps first conceived of the design at the age of sixteen. In 1907, he built the aircraft in the workshop of his bicycle, electrical contracting, and automobile repair business on Washington Street, Athens.

In October 1907, he flew the machine from a cow pasture near Brooklyn Creek. After rolling downhill, Epps took off and flew around 100 yards (90 metres) at a maximum altitude of around 50 feet (15 metres). The flight ended in a crash, but made Epps Georgia's first aviator. In 1949, Lola Trammel told The Atlanta Journal Magazine that Epps had already made a successful flight in the machine prior to the public demonstration, testing the machine by moonlight with the help of friends at two o'clock in the morning.

In his 2016 book "To Lasso the Clouds," and his 2017 article published in Air & Space Magazine, Dan A. Aldridge Jr. documents how this plane actually first flew in 1909, not 1907. The book shows how the Epps aircraft was actually the first monoplane to fly in the United States, predating the monoplane flight of Henry Walden, who was credited with the historic milestone. 

The Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in Titusville, Florida has a replica of the aircraft on display. Bearing the registration N1907, it was constructed by John D. Pruett.

Specifications

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 FAA Registry search for N1907, retrieved 2010-03-06.
 The Georgia Historical Society, Athens–Clarke County Government, Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame, and the Epps Cousins Club (2007). First Flight in Georgia: Ben Epps' Garage (Historical Marker 29-5, located ).

External links
 Digitized copy of the Benjamin Thomas Epps Scrapbook 1904–1963, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia

1900s United States experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1907
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Canard aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Ben T. Epps. Ben T. Epps (February 20, 1888 - October 16, 1937), known as "Georgia's First Aviator" was an American aviation pioneer. In 1907, he built a monoplane of his own design, now known as the Epps 1909 Monoplane. This was followed by other original monoplane and biplane designs in 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1916, 1924 and 1930. He died of injuries as a result of an airplane crash. Athens-Ben Epps Airport is named in his honor. In 1989 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.

Aircraft designs
Between 1907 and 1930, Epps designed and built eight aircraft:

 Epps 1909 Monoplane
 Epps 1909 Monoplane
 Epps 1910 Monoplane
 Epps 1911 Monoplane
 Epps 1912 Monoplane
 Epps 1916 Biplane
 Epps 1924 Monoplane
 Epps 1930 Biplane

References

External links
Ben T. Epps (1888-1937) from the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Ben Epps historical marker
First Flight in Georgia historical marker

1888 births
1937 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Aviators from Georgia (U.S. state)
American aviation pioneers
Aircraft designers
Georgia Tech alumni
People from Oconee County, Georgia
Burials at Oconee Hill Cemetery
Lancaster Airport (California). Lancaster Airport was an airport about  northwest  of Lancaster, California.  It was closed in the late 1940s and is now a housing development.

History
The airport was established about 1929 as a municipal airport, operated by W. B. Carter.  The airport was said to have 2 dirt runways in an “L” shape: 2,250' east/west & 1,350' north/south. A hangar on the southeast corner was said to be marked with “Lancaster”.

On 28 July 1942 the airport was taken over by the United States Army Air Forces and used as a contract primary pilot training airfield under the AAF West Coast Training Center (later Western Flying Training Command).  The 3043d Army Air Force Base Unit administered the contract to a civilian operated primary flying school.  Training was performed with Fairchild PT-19s; several PT-17 Stearmans and a few P-40 Warhawks were assigned.   Royal Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force personnel also trained at the airfield.

The contract training was replaced by Oxnard Army Airfield's primary school which moved to Lancaster on 27 June 1944. Conducted contract flying training until inactivated on 1 November 1945.

After the war the airport returned to general aviation operations until it closed about 1949. The land was redeveloped into suburban housing, although traces of the airport could be seen in aerial photography until about 1970.

See also

 California World War II Army Airfields

References

 Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002.  Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas 
 Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.

External links
 (Original) Lancaster Airport, Lancaster, CA, Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields

Defunct airports in California
1929 establishments in California
USAAF Contract Flying School Airfields
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California
History of Los Angeles County, California