omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Magnus Bjorndal. Magnus Bjorndal (September 13, 1899 – January 23, 1971) was a Norwegian American engineer and inventor. Magnus Bjorndal was the founder and president of Tech Laboratories, Inc.

Biography
Magnus Bjorndal was from Ulstein in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. He held degrees in both electrical and mechanical engineering. Mechanical trade school at Porsgrunn (now Telemark University College) in Telemark county, Norway. He also studied at the Hindenburg Polytechnicum in Oldenburg, Germany. At age 24, Magnus Bjorndal came to the United States in 1923. He studied electrical engineering at Brooklyn Polytech (now Polytechnic Institute of New York University).

Magnus Bjorndal served as chief engineer of The Daven Radio Company, an electronics manufacturer in Newark, New Jersey. Subsequently he was the founder and president of Tech Laboratories, Inc., which was incorporated in the state of New Jersey in 1937. Tech Laboratories developed the initial test and control instruments for the NBC Radio City Studios in New York City. Bjorndal personally held a number of United States patents for scientific and technical instruments.

Bjorndal was a member of American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Association for the Advancement of Science and Audio Engineering Society. Bjorndal served as editor of the Norwegian-American Technical Journal. He was president of Norwegian-American Historical Association (1969–1971).

Bjorndal died in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1971.

Selected listing of patents
 Terminal For Resistors – Patent number: 1971809, Filing date: Oct 28, 1929, Issue date: Aug 1934
 Variable Speed Gearing – Patent number: 1883500, Filing date: Nov 24, 1930, Issue date: Oct 18, 1932
 Electric Hydrometer – Patent number: 2071607, Filing date: December 13, 1933, Issue date: Feb 23, 1937

References

Other sources
 Saga in Steel and Concrete – Norwegian Engineers in America (Kenneth Bjork. Northfield, Minnesota: Norwegian-American Historical Association. 1947)
 Migrants, immigrants, and slaves: racial and ethnic groups in America (George Henderson, Thompson Dele Olasiji. University Press of America. 1995)

1899 births
1971 deaths
American civil engineers
Norwegian engineers
Technical University of Munich alumni
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
People from Ulstein
20th-century American engineers
Izhar Haider. Izhar Haider (Urdu:  اظہار  حیدر) was an Urdu poet, social worker and broadcaster who helped to transform Abu Dhabi from a small fishing village to a major city.

Education and early career
Born in Junagadh, India to Professor Zainul Abidin Naqvi in a family of high-profile educationists and professors from Indian Sub-Continent studied in St Patrick's High School, Karachi and graduated from NED University of Engineering and Technology in Karachi. Later, he joined as chief engineer (structural engineering) in 1971 in Abu Dhabi Municipality, shortly before the independence of the United Arab Emirates.

Izhar Haider was part of the team of engineers who built Abu Dhabi. He arrived in Abu Dhabi, when the late president Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyyan was uniting the emirates into the UAE to infuse a new vision in his people and lead them to become one of the world’s most developed and rich nations. He retired in 2004 from Abu Dhabi Municipality.

He was involved in 200 government and private building projects in Buteen.

In addition to being the president of the capital's Pakistani Cultural Centre, he also raised funds for schools and hospitals in Pakistan and helped build a community welfare school in Musaffah for 2,000 underprivileged students.

Death

Izhar Haider died December 23, 2009. He was survived by a daughter, Sadiqa Bano, who lives in Pakistan, and a son Zulfiqar Haider, who resides in Chicago, USA.

See also
Urdu poetry

References

2009 deaths
1944 births
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Pakistani civil engineers
Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates
People from Abu Dhabi
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
NED University of Engineering & Technology alumni
Writers from Karachi
Engineers from Karachi
20th-century Pakistani poets
Sorption calorimetry. The method of sorption calorimetry is designed for studies of hydration of complex organic and biological materials. It has been applied for studies of surfactants, lipids, DNA, nanomaterials and other substances. A sorption calorimetric experiment is performed at isothermal regime, but different temperatures can be studied in separate experiments.

In a sorption calorimetric experiment, a two-chamber calorimetric cell is inserted into a double-twin microcalorimeter.
Water evaporates, diffuses through the tube connecting two chambers of the calorimetric cell and is absorbed by the studied substance.

The amount of evaporated water is calculated from the thermal power registered in the vaporisation chamber:

From the same data, the activity of water in the sample can also be calculated:

From the thermal powers registered in the two chambers one can calculate the partial molar enthalpy of mixing of water.
During the sorption experiment the water content in the sample increases until it reaches a value high enough to make the process of diffusion of water vapor between the chambers very slow. Then the sorption experiment can be stopped.

For studies of hydration at very high relative humidities, a special modification of the method of sorption calorimetry – the desorption calorimetric method – was developed. A desorption experiment starts with a fully hydrated sample which is placed in the sample chamber (the top chamber in the figure). In the bottom chamber a salt solution is injected. During the desorption experiment the sample is being slowly dehydrated and the salt solution takes up the water evaporated from the sample.

See also
 Isothermal microcalorimetry
 Isothermal titration calorimetry
 Pressure perturbation calorimetry

References

External links

 Vitaly Kocherbitov: Sorption calorimetry (Malmö University)

Calorimetry
Heat transfer
Land bridge (rail). A rail land bridge is a route allowing the transport of containers by rail between ports on either side of a land mass, such as North America.  Jean-Paul Rodrigue defined a rail land bridge as having two characteristics:  First, a single bill of lading issued by the freight forwarder that covers the entire journey, and second, the freight remains in the same container for the total transit.  One example of a rail land bridge is the Eurasian Land Bridge.  A transcontinental railroad can be a type of land bridge.

References

Supply chain management
Economic integration
Transnationalism
Rail freight transport
International rail transport
Passenger rail transport
Hydroacylation. Hydroacylation is a type of organic reaction in which an electron-rich unsaturated hydrocarbon inserts into a formyl C-H bond.  With alkenes, the product is a ketone: 
RCHO  +  CH2=CHR'   →   RC(O)CH2CH2R'
With an alkyne instead, the reaction produces an α,β-unsaturated ketone.

The reaction requires a metal catalyst or a radical initiator.  It is almost invariably practiced as an intramolecular reaction using homogeneous catalysts, often based on rhodium phosphines.

History
The reaction was discovered in the 1970s as part of a synthetic route to certain prostanoids. The reaction required tin tetrachloride and a stoichiometric amount of Wilkinson's catalyst:

An equal amount of a cyclopropane was formed as the result of decarbonylation.

The first catalytic application involved cyclization of 4-pentenal to cyclopentanone using (again) Wilkinson's catalyst. In this reaction the solvent was saturated with ethylene. 
CH2=CHCH2CH2CHO   →   (CH2)4CO

Reaction mechanism
Labeling studies establish the following regiochemistry:
RCDO  +  CH2=CHR'   →   RC(O)CH2CHDR'

In terms of the reaction mechanism, hydroacylation begins with oxidative addition of the aldehydic carbon-hydrogen bond. The resulting acyl hydride complex next binds the alkene. The sequence of oxidative addition and alkene coordination is often unclear. Via migratory insertion, the alkene inserts into either the metal-acyl or the metal-hydride bonds. In the final step, the resulting alkyl-acyl or beta-ketoalkyl-hydride complex undergoes reductive elimination. A competing side-reaction is decarbonylation of the aldehyde. This process also proceeds via the intermediacy of the acyl metal hydride:
R"C(O)-MLn-H   →   R"-M(CO)Ln-H
This step can be followed by reductive elimination of the alkane:
R"-M(CO)Ln-H   →   R"-H  +  M(CO)Ln

Asymmetric hydroacylation
Hydroacylation as an asymmetric reaction was demonstrated in the form of a kinetic resolution. A true asymmetric synthesis was also described. Both conversions employed rhodium catalysts and a chiral diphosphine ligand. In one application the ligand is Me-DuPhos:

References

Organic reactions
Poe (disambiguation). Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) was an American writer.

Poe or POE may also refer to:

Places
 Poe, Indiana, an unincorporated community in the US
 Poe, Alberta
 Poe, West Virginia
 17427 Poe, an asteroid
 Poe, a settlement in the Nzérékoré Prefecture, Guinea
 Poe (crater), a crater on Mercury

Science and technology
 Polyolester oil, synthetic oil used in some refrigeration compressors
 Polyoxyethylene

Computing
 Perl Object Environment, a library for event-driven multitasking for the Perl programming language
 Power over Ethernet (PoE), combining data and power supply via Ethernet cabling
 PowerOpen Environment, an open standard for running a Unix-based operating system on the PowerPC computer architecture
 Product of experts (PoE), a machine learning technique
 Poe (software) (Platform for Open Exploration), a service developed by Quora that allows users to ask questions and obtain answers from a range of AI bots

Games
 Pillars of Eternity, a 2015 role playing game by Obsidian Entertainment
 Path of Exile, a 2013 action role playing game by Grinding Gear Games

People and characters
 Poe Ballantine (born 1955), American author
 Poe (singer) (born 1968), American singer/songwriter
 Poe (surname), a surname (and list of people with the name)
 Poe (mascot), a mascot of the Baltimore Ravens National Football League team
 Poe, a character in the series Ruby Gloom
 Poe, an AI character in the series Altered Carbon
 Poe, an uglydoll
 Poe, a ghost-like enemy in The Legend of Zelda series
 Poe Dameron, a Resistance pilot in the Star Wars sequel trilogy
 Poe De Spell, brother of Magica De Spell in Ducktales
 Poe, A violetish indigo crow from Poppy Playtime as one of the Nightmare Critters.

Other uses
 Post-occupancy evaluation, of a building or space
 Port of entry, a place where one may lawfully enter a country
 Poe's law, which states that a sufficiently sophisticated parody of extremism is indistinguishable from the real thing
 Place of Employment, the address a repossessor, skip tracer, or process server will use to find a debtor or the debtor's collateral
 Poe Lock, one of the Soo Locks allowing access between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes, North America
 Jiaobei, wooden divination tools originating from China 
 Poe divination

See also
 Peace on Earth (disambiguation)
 Po (disambiguation)
 Purity of Essence (disambiguation)

English masculine given names
Masculine given names
Behr Dayton Thermal Products. Behr Dayton Thermal Products LLC is a  auto parts facility located in Dayton, Ohio. The Dayton plant is a major U.S. operation of the German company Behr GmbH & Co. KG. This facility manufactures vehicle air conditioning and engine cooling systems. Chrysler Corporation owned and operated this facility from about 1937 until April 2002.

Products and processes
Products manufactured from this plant include HVAC, EC modules, evaporators, radiators, condensers, and heater cores. Processes include forming of coil stock, nocolok and vacuum brazing, tube welding, injection molding, stamping, module assembly, surface treatment, testing, and prototype build.

References

External links
 Behr USA

Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Companies based in Dayton, Ohio
Built-in. Built-in, builtin, or built in may refer to:

Computing
 Shell builtin, a command or a function executed directly in the shell itself
 Builtin function, in computer software and compiler theory

Other uses
 Built-in behavior, of a living organism
 Built-in furniture
 Built-in inflation, a type of inflation that results from past events and persists in the present
 Built-in obsolescence, in industrial design and economics
 Built-in self-test, a mechanism that permits a machine to test itself
 Built-in stabiliser, in macroeconomics

See also
 All pages beginning with "", "" and ""
 All pages with titles containing "", "" and ""
 Built (disambiguation)
 Bulletin (disambiguation)
University of Dayton Research Institute. The University of Dayton Research Institute is the professional research arm of the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. UD is ranked first among all colleges in the nation for sponsored materials research, according to statistics released by the National Science Foundation. In Ohio, UD is ranked first among nonprofit institutions for research sponsored by the Department of Defense.

Facts and information
The University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) employs 830 full-time research, technical and administrative staff. In fiscal year 2023, UDRI performed 95% of sponsored research at the University, largely contributing to UD's total research volume of $238.6 million. UDRI is nationally recognized for its research in materials, structures, sensors and autonomous systems, energy and sustainment technologies. Established as the research arm of the University of Dayton in 1956, UDRI broke the $3 billion mark in cumulative sponsored research in 2022.

References

External links
 University of Dayton Research Institute

Research institutes in Ohio
Nanotechnology institutions
Energy research institutes
Materials science institutes
Companies based in Dayton, Ohio
University of Dayton
Economy of Dayton, Ohio
Research institutes established in 1956
1956 establishments in Ohio
Anthony Zuppero. Anthony Zuppero is an American nuclear scientist who is noted for his work in nuclear thermal rockets using water as the propellant.

Early in his career he worked on nuclear weaponry, including one proposal to try to move a 1 gigatonne nuclear bomb to Russia in under two minutes, which he was able to show was impractical. "Just before he left the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Department of Energy, where he worked from 1991 through 1998, he was the (de facto) Principal Investigator, Nuclear Space Transport Systems."

Zuppero has proposed nuclear and solar powered steam-propelled spacecraft. He has proposed such vehicles as a means to carry ice and water around the Solar System, rather than take the more energy- and equipment-intensive route of extracting the hydrogen and oxygen. His calculations suggest that this needs two orders of magnitude less equipment, and generates propellant at a far faster rate.  Working with Geoffrey Landis, he proposed mining water from the Martian moons Deimos and Phobos, showing that there was an optimum specific impulse for doing so, and later proposed similar techniques to utilize water from Near Earth Asteroids, and from the Moon.

References

External links
Neofuel.com presentations and technical notes
Autobiography: To Inhabit The Solar System

American nuclear physicists
1940s births
Living people
SpaceKids. SpaceKids is a video game developed by Evryware Software and published by MicroProse in 1994 for MS-DOS.

Gameplay
SpaceKids plays like a collection of minigames, similar to the WarioWare series, though minigames have no time limit. Depending on the actions taken in-game, the player can discover multiple branching paths leading to different endings. For example, in one early minigame, the main characters slide down their spaceship's runway, and can either land safely at the bottom or fall off, landing in a bag carried by a pirate. The top right corner of the screen shows which of the arrow keys can be pressed to interact with the game, as well as whether the player needs to clear an interactive sequence in order to proceed.

Plot
SpaceKids is an entertainment and educational game for children. In this interactive cartoon, Zeedle and Deet are Kids who travel to Earth in a living UFO to find their famous missing grandfather, a space explorer who has traveled to Earth without them. Early on, their ship, Saucer, flies past an elephant named Elmo and his friend, a bug named Buzz, before landing. Various characters that can be encountered during the game's branching plots include Balboa, a pirate who hates music, Grunges, monsters who live under a bed in the house the two have landed in, and Spike, a cat whose favorite toys are pencils. No matter what happens, the ending will always be a "happy" one, according to the website; the Kids find their Grandpa and travel back to the Moon.

Reception
The game was reviewed in 1995 in Dragon #215 by Jay & Dee in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Jay gave the game  2 out of 5 stars, while Dee gave the game 4 stars. DosGames.com gave it 3 out of 5 stars, calling its production values "generally good".

Reviews
Computer Game Review and CD-ROM Entertainment

References

External links
SpaceKids at MobyGames

1994 video games
Children's educational video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Evryware games
MicroProse games
Video games developed in the United States
Geological Strength Index. The Geological Strength Index (GSI) system, proposed in 1994 by Evert Hoek, is used for the estimation of the rock mass strength and the rock mass deformation modulus.

The GSI system concentrates on the description of two factors, rock structure and block surface conditions. The guidelines given by the GSI system are for the estimation of the peak strength parameters of jointed rock masses. There are no guidelines given by the GSI, or by any other system, for the estimation of the rock mass’ residual strength that yield consistent results.

Another method is that defined in the work of Cole & Stroud whereby the basic strength, in Newtons, and the shear strength in Kg/cm2, can be estimated empirically by varied responses to hammer, knife & finger nail.

References 
 Hoek, E. (1994) "Strengths of rock and rock masses" ISRM News Journal, 2(2): 4–16.

Further reading
Hoek E. (2007) "Practical Rock Engineering". Chapter 11, pp. 50. Hoek's Corner (Rock Science)
 Pantelidis L. (2009) "Rock slope stability assessment through rock mass classification systems" International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46(2):315–325.

Rock mass classification
Flightstar Sportplanes. Flightstar Sportplanes was an American aircraft manufacturer based in South Woodstock, Connecticut. Its primary product was the Flightstar line of ultralight and two-seat training and light-sport aircraft, which were produced continuously from the mid-1980s. The company also distributed two other manufacturer's aircraft lines, engines and aviation products. The company business was wound up in 2009 and the Flightstar line sold to Yuneec International of China.

History
The company was founded in the early 1980s by aircraft designer Tom Peghiny to build his initial commercial design the Flightstar ultralight. The Flightstar was intended for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category with its maximum  empty weight requirement. The two-seat Flightstar II soon followed to fill the role of a trainer. The designs quickly became commercial successes and the basic design has been extensively developed over time. By 2007 over 700 single seaters had been sold.

In July 2009 Peghiny demonstrated a new version of his Spyder single seat model at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh. Designated the e-Spyder, it differs from earlier models in that it is electric-powered. The aircraft replaces the standard Spyder's normally-fitted two-stroke engine with a Yuneec Power Drive 20  electric motor and two  lithium-polymer battery packs which provide a 40-minute endurance. The aircraft is intended to be developed into a commercially available kit and forecast to be available for under US$25,000.

Flightstar was also a distributor for Ballistic Recovery Systems parachutes, Rotax and HKS aircraft engines, Lockwood Aircraft supplies, the Leza-Lockwood Air Cam and Flight Design CT series of aircraft.

Aircraft

References

External links

Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Pseudoconversational transaction. In transaction processing, a pseudoconversational transaction is a type of transaction that emulates a true conversation in an interactive session. To the end user, it appears as though the program has simply "paused" to request further input, whereas in reality, most resources are released while the input is waiting to be received.

Transparent termination and restart
The controlling program has deliberately saved most of its state during the delay, terminated, and then, on being restarted through new input, restores its previous state. A single control variable is usually retained to hold the current state in terms of the stage of input reached (and therefore what must be recovered at any stage in order to resume processing). The state, including the control variable, is usually preserved in a 'temporary storage record' that maps the variables needing restoration as an aggregate set, usually contained in a single structure (other variables will be re-initialized on restart).

Conserving resources
This method of programming frees up pooled resources (such as memory) for an indeterminate time. This delay is the end-user 'thinking time' (or response time) and depends on human factors including speed of typing.
For systems supporting many thousands of users on a single processor, it allows the transparent 'look and feel' of a true conversational session without tying up limited resources.

References

External links
 Pseudoconversational and conversational design by IBM

Transaction processing