FOCSA Building. The FOCSA Building is a residential and commercial block in the Vedado neighborhood of Havana, Cuba. At , it was the tallest building in Cuba for over 6 decades until the construction of La Torre López-Callejas. It was named after the contracting company Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, Sociedad Anónima, and the architects were Ernesto Gómez Sampera (1921–2004), Mercedes Diaz (his wife), and Martín Domínguez Esteban (1897-1970), who was the architect of the Radiocentro CMQ Building. The structural engineer was Luis Sáenz Duplace, of the firm Sáenz, Cancio & Martín, and professor of engineering at the University of Havana. The civil engineers were Bartolome Bestard and Manuel Padron. Gustavo Becquer and Fernando H.Meneses were the mechanical and electrical engineers, respectively. It is located on a site bordered by Calles 17 and M and Calles 19 and N in the Vedado.

History 

The building was built between 1954 and 1956, is 121 metres (394 feet), and located in the Vedado section of Havana. In 1952 the CMQ Radio and TV Network located at Calle Rampa and M in el Vedado planned to provide administrative offices, a radio station and housing for employees. CMQ selected a 110,000 sq. ft. plot of land costing approximately 700,000 pesos. The company Fomento de Hipotecas Aseguradas (FHA) financed 80% of the cost of the residences and 60% of the commercial shops. El Banco Continental Cubano granted a credit of 6 million pesos.

Work began in February 1954 and finished in June 1956. At the time of construction it was the second-largest residential concrete building in the world, second only to the Martinelli Building in São Paulo, Brazil. It surpassed the López Serrano Building in height, which had been Cuba's tallest building.

In the early 1960s, middle-class owners of residential floor units in the building had their properties nationalized by the current government.  In the 1970-1980s the building housed Soviet and Eastern bloc specialists and advisors and the ground store supermarket was for non-Cubans only. In 2000 an elevator cable snapped killing one person. In the 2000s the building was repainted and renovated and much of the building was given over to temporary housing of foreign guest workers, primarily from Venezuela.

Construction 

The building rises to a height of  above its footings;  bearing walls separate the apartments and in turn support the  reinforced concrete slabs at each level. The bearing walls are solid and have no openings except at the basement and lobby floors to facilitate access between rooms. There is an additional concrete mass at the center of the Y, (apartments F and G), to increase resistance to lateral forces. The walls extend through the rear wall to support the corridors. The wall and slab structural system form a three-dimensional lattice resisting horizontal forces. A high strength concrete mix from  to . was used. The tower and corridors show prefabricated panels on the exterior. Reinforced concrete columns support the podium and the stories below. The residential block, the 'Y,' is supported by 13  walls. There are coral tiles on the ground floor.

The building was chosen in February 1997 by the Unión Nacional de Arquitectos e Ingenieros de la Construcción de Cuba (UNAICC) as one of the seven wonders of Cuban civil engineering.

Area distribution 
The FOCSA has 39 floors 4 of which are dedicated to commercial use; two floors are for parking. 28 floors have 13 residences each. The 34th floor has six penthouses on a plinth made possible by the structural walls which stop below this floor. Each penthouse is the size of two apartments (A+B, C+D, E+F, etc.). The penthouses have a dedicated elevator and patio-courtyards open to the sky. All apartment floors are terrazzo on cinders.

The site is divided into three parts:
A shallow, mixed-use “wall and slab” Y of 35 floors above a base.
The podium of outdoor amenities including two swimming pools and a club for guests and tenants. The podium covers the entire site.
Four floors of building services, commercial spaces, and parking for 500 cars located below the podium.

Apartments are a one-half level up or down from the service and tenant corridors. A typical floor contains 13 apartments; five have two bedrooms and a maid's room. The cost of the apartments was $21,500 for the larger units in the center and $17,500 for the smaller ones. An additional $30 per floor was charged the higher up in the building the unit was located; the highest apartments were the first to be sold.

Located in the tower are the building's four tenant and two service elevators and two sets of stairs. One of the service elevators is dedicated to the restaurant and the observation floor. The other service elevator is for the apartments and is linked to the service corridors. The tower also contains offices on the 37th floor for the restaurant, “La Torre,” on the 38th floor and an observation room on the 39th floor.

The podium contains a clubhouse, and offices and swimming pools for adults and children. It has gardens, lighted paths, and benches. There is a ramp to the street located at the corner of 19th and M; the podium was used as a staging area during the construction of the project. Below the podium at the fourth level are building offices.

Porte-cochere

Marked by a two-lane covered porte-cochѐre at street level is the building's entrance. Inside is the building desk, a large waiting area, and the tenant elevator lobby. The restaurant “El Emperador,” and a supermarket, a bank, a post office, theaters, and two radio stations are also located on the ground floor. (COCO and Radio Metropolitana) There are various cafés situated around the perimeter of the site and along a double-loaded corridor traversing the site from Calle M to N. Light filters to the interior corridor from openings in the podium. On the second floor are the administrative offices for the building.

Corridors 
The wall of the apartments extends through the rear wall to form the support of the corridors on the exterior. The corridors are separated vertically from each other by approximately twenty inches to provide for apartment ventilation and view to the west. There are three sets of service and tenant corridors every other floor. The center corridor is for service to the building; the other two corridors are for tenants. The service and tenant corridors are undifferentiated on the exterior, except that the service corridors are shorter in length; this reflects the location of the service stairs of the end units, A and L. Service and tenant corridors are located at different heights. From each apartment, the exit stair goes up to the tenant corridor and down to the service corridor. There was a private elevator in the initial design to each apartment (X on the plan), however it was never installed.

Ventilation

The  separation of the floating corridors allows for cross ventilation of the apartments and views to the west. The dropped ceiling over the bathrooms and maid's room allow for natural ventilation to flow through the apartments.  Closet doors have vent grilles on their tops and bottoms to allow for air circulation.

Penthouses

Penthouse apartments have a "patio" that is open to the sky with access to water that is located next to the kitchen.

One penthouse on the south side of the FOCSA Building appears in the 1968 film Memories of Underdevelopment, written and directed by Tomás Gutiérrez Alea. It features as the apartment of the protagonist Sergio Carmona Mendoyo, played by Sergio Corrieri.

Gallery

See also

Martín Domínguez Esteban
Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana
López Serrano Building
Radiocentro CMQ Building

Notes

References

External links
Martín Domínguez Esteban
La sombra del arquitecto Martín Domínguez Esteban
Havana skyline from Havana Hilton
Exploring Havana: The tallest building in Cuba, El Focsa.
FOCSA 
Derek Malcolm of the Guardian places "Memorias del Subdesarrollo" at number 54 in his 100 greatest movies
Memories of Underdevelopment: Imaging History an essay by Joshua Jelly-Schapiro at the Criterion Collection

Architecture in Havana
Residential buildings completed in 1956
Buildings and structures in Havana
20th-century architecture in Cuba