omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
E-class container ship. The E class comprises eight 14,770 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) container ships. Each sister ship bears a name beginning with the letter "E". Until 2012, they were the largest container ship ever constructed, and are among the longest ships currently in use at  long and  wide. They are owned by the Danish A. P. Moller-Maersk Group. The first in the class built was  by Odense Steel Shipyard Ltd., Denmark. The ships Emma, Estelle, and Eugen were subjects of TV documentaries. The E class was followed by the larger and more fuel efficient .

Capacity upgrade

In 2016, the decision was made to upgrade the capacity of the ships and make them more efficient at lower speeds. The capacity increase was done by increasing the height of the lashing bridges and adding an extra floor to the accommodation block. This allows the containers to be stacked higher on deck. To help maintain stability, flume tanks were added on the sides of the accommodation block. The work was carried out at Qingdao Beihai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry's shipyard in China.

List of ships

See also

References

Container ship classes
Ships of the Maersk Line
Maersk Line
Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables. The Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables is a multilateral treaty that was signed in 1884 in order to protect submarine communications cables that had begun to be laid in the 19th century.

Content
The convention made it a punishable offence to damage submarine communications cables. In addition, all ships were to be regulated to staying a distance of  away from cable laying ships when in operation.  Any ship that accidentally hooked a cable and sacrificed its fishing nets to avoid breaking it would be compensated for the lost equipment.

State parties
The convention has been signed, ratified, and acceded to by the following parties. A number of dependent territories ratified the convention or had the convention extended to them. 

For states that were not original signatories, the date they accepted the convention is indicated.

Notes

Telecommunications treaties
Law of the sea treaties
Convention
Treaties entered into force in 1888
Treaties concluded in 1884
Convention
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Austria-Hungary
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of the Empire of Brazil
Treaties extended to Canada
Treaties of the Cape Colony
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Free City of Danzig
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of the German Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Treaties of the Empire of Japan
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of the Colony of Natal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties extended to the Dominion of Newfoundland
Treaties of the Colony of New South Wales
Treaties of the Colony of New Zealand
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
Treaties of the Colony of Queensland
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Treaties of the Russian Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Serbia
Treaties of the Colony of South Australia
Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
Treaties of the Colony of Tasmania
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of the Colony of Victoria
Treaties of the Colony of Western Australia
1884 in France
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
ABC-79M. The ABC-79M (4x4) (Romanian: amfibiu blindat pentru cercetare) armoured personnel carrier has been developed in Romania and uses some automotive components of the TAB-77 (8 × 8) armoured personnel carrier. Although previously known as TABC-79 (transportorul blindat pentru cercetare), it is now known as the ABC-79M.

The ABC-79M is a simplified version of the earlier TAB-77 8x8 armored personnel carrier, which was itself a Romanian version of the BTR-70. Both vehicles share several common components.

The ABC-79M is fully amphibious, and is equipped with a single water-jet for propulsion. Other equipment includes infra-red night-vision equipment, winch with 50m of cable and capacity of 5,500 kilograms, and central tire pressure regulation. It is also equipped with an engine preheater, to allow the engine to start in severe cold.

It is equipped for nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare and features a 14.5mm KPVT heavy machine gun with 500 rounds of ammunition as primary armament. This is supplemented by a lighter 7.62mm machine gun with 2000 rounds of ammunition on board. Both weapons are located in a small one-man turret which is identical to turret of the TAB-77 and the earlier TAB-71M.

Production is now complete, and the vehicle is no longer available for foreign or domestic sale. It is in use only with second line units of the Romanian military, and there have been no export orders other than a single vehicle purchased by Israel in 1994. No Israeli order followed the trials.

Variants
Variants include:
 TAB-C reconnaissance vehicle
 AM-425 armored personnel carrier
 TAB-79A PCOMA artillery observation vehicle
 TAB-79AR mortar carrier
 ML-A95M vehicle used for the CA-95M self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

Gallery

Sources

External links 

 

Romanian Land Forces
Armoured personnel carriers of Romania
Amphibious armoured personnel carriers
Wheeled amphibious armoured fighting vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Armoured personnel carriers of the post–Cold War period
Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station. Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station () is a facility for the development of high voltage equipment in Russia, situated at Bely Rast, Moscow Oblast near the eponymous station of the Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway.  Built in 1966, the equipment of the 750 kV- and 1150 kV-lines in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union were first developed and tested at this facility, as well as the equipment for the never completed HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre. The facility also has an unused 1150 kV AC and a 1500 kV DC line. The DC line was the prototype of the never finished HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre.

References

External links 

 Wikimap of Bely Rast Research Station

Research stations
Energy research institutes
Research institutes in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
1966 establishments in the Soviet Union
Energy in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1966
Shih-Ying Lee. Shih-Ying Lee or S. Y. Lee (; April 30, 1918 – July 2, 2018) was an American aerodynamicist, businessman, inventor, and mechanical engineer who carried out research and innovation in hydrodynamics-related technologies. He was a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Biography 

Lee was born in 1918 in Beijing, Republic of China. Lee attended Tsinghua University in 1936, and obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1940. Upon graduating, Lee worked as a bridge designer and hydraulic power research engineer for the Chinese government for nearly two years, then went to study in the United States in 1942. Lee obtained his Master and PhD in civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1943 and 1945.

After graduation, Lee worked for two years at Cram and Ferguson Architects, before returning to MIT as a research engineer. He joined MIT's faculty in 1952 and retired from there in 1974.

In 1985, Lee was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering for his original research on control valve stability, for innovative dynamic measurement instrumentation, and for successful entrepreneurial commercialization of his inventions. Lee was granted many US patents.

Lee founded or co-founded several companies specialized in process control and hydrodynamic instruments. Lee co-founded Dynisco Inc. and Setra Systems Inc. with his brother Y. T. Li, and was chairman of the company. He donated funds to establish the Shih-Ying Lee Scholarship at Tsinghua. He died in July 2018 at the age of 100.

References 
 An Autobiography — China to MIT to Setra Systems (2007; Lee's autobiography)
 Home at Tsinghua (《家在清华》; by S.Y. Lee; April, 2008)

1918 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American physicists
Aerodynamicists
American aerospace businesspeople
American aerospace designers
American aerospace engineers
American men centenarians
American civil engineers
American inventors
American manufacturing businesspeople
American mechanical engineers
Businesspeople from Beijing
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Beijing
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Physicists from Beijing
Tsien family
Tsinghua University alumni
Leland I. Anderson. Leland I. Anderson (1928-October 15, 2021) was a technical writer and electrical engineer who was credited with helping renew interest in the work of Nikola Tesla. His long-time interest in Nikola Tesla took root in the early 1950s, and his activities since then have resulted in his recognition as one of the world's foremost Tesla historians. He founded the Tesla Society and edited the Tesla Society Newsletter Tesliana for many years, beginning in the 1950s.

His extensive archive on Nikola Tesla and his work, the largest in the United States and second only to that of the Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, has been acquired by the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh and is now open for public access. Mr. Anderson's Nikola Tesla Photograph Archive is being acquired by the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe and is now available for commercial use.

Anderson was a resident of St. Paul, Minnesota, when he died on October 15, 2021, at the age of 93.

References

1928 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American male non-fiction writers
Citec. Citec is a company that provides plant and product engineering, engineering consultancy as well as in technical documentation. The company trades within energy, process, oil & gas and machinery & equipment sectors.

The total number of employees is 1,000 and the turnover for 2020 was 73 million euros.

Citec is headquartered in Vaasa, Finland, and has offices in Finland, Sweden, Norway, France, Germany, India and Saudi Arabia.

The company Tri-Tech was founded in 1984 by Rune Westergård and Rolf Berg within the field of mechanical engineering.

During the first few years the company was a small engineering firm. In the early 1990s, a more rapid expansion phase began. Simultaneously as new lines of business emerged: environmental consultancy and technical documentation. These lines of business became two separate corporations in 1993 (Citec Environmental) and 2001 (Citec Information). In 2008, Citec Environmental became part of Citec Engineering Oy Ab.

In 2011 both companies - Citec Engineering Oy Ab and Citec Information Oy Ab – were consolidated into one group; Citec Oy Ab. A fund managed by Sentica Partners entered as the new majority shareholder with a 67 percent share and Martin Strand was appointed CEO as of June 1, 2011.

In conjunction with Martin Strand's retirement, Johan Westermarck was appointed CEO of Citec Group as of December 4, 2017.

In 2022, the Indian company Cyient purchased all of the shares of Citec for .

History 
2022: Cyient, an company in India, acquires Citec
2019: Wärtsilä Gas Solutions outsources Technical Documentation and P&ID Processes
2018: Outotec outsources 59 experts in Germany
2014: Citec acquires Cargotec engineering India
2013: Citec acquires M7 Offshore
2013: Citec acquires Akilea Engineering
2012: Citec acquires S&V Analysis
2011: Citec acquires German system engineering business Imotion
2011: Sentica Partners acquires a majority stake in Citec (67%), merges Citec Engineering and Citec Information
2009: Citec Engineering acquires KPA engineering
2003: Citec India was founded
1984: Citec was founded

References

Companies based in Vaasa
Engineering companies of Finland
Dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel. Dichloro[1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]nickel a coordination complex with the formula NiCl2(dppp); where dppp is the diphosphine 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. It is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. The compound is a bright orange-red crystalline powder.

Structure and properties
While the electronic and solid-state structure of the chloride congener is not known (due to low solubility in common analytical solvents), several studies have been carried out on the bromo and iodo derivatives.  The complexes display a temperature-dependent interconversion between square-planar and tetrahedral geometries (diamagnetic and paramagnetic) in polar organic solvents (Keq between 1-3.68, depending on the solvent and temperature).  In contrast, dichloro(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)nickel adopts a static square-planar (diamagnetic) structure in solution.

Preparation 
NiCl2(dppp) is prepared by combining equal molar portions of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate with 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane in 2-propanol.

Ni(H2O)6Cl2 + dppp → NiCl2(dppp) + 6 H2O

Reactions
NiCl2(dppp) in an effective catalyst for coupling reactions such as the Kumada coupling and Suzuki reactions (example below). It also catalyzes other reactions that convert enol ethers, dithioacetals, and vinyl sulfides to olefins.

References

Nickel complexes
Phosphine complexes
Chloro complexes
PAL-S. PAL-S is the system of television receiver sets in the early days of the PAL system. Here PAL stands for Phase alternating at line rate and S stands for simple.

PAL system 

The color hue modulates the phase of a subcarrier named color carrier. In PAL system the polarity of the phase in each frame is reversed to neutralize the undesirable phase shifts introduced during transmission. Thus the effect of undesirable phase shift is positive in one frame and negative in the second frame. Averaging the two, the effect of the undesirable phase shifts in two consecutive frames cancel each other.

The PAL-S receiver 
In the early days of the PAL system, it was proposed that, the human eye can average the slightly different color hues in two consecutive frames and perceive the original color. The television receiver sets which rely on optical averaging were called PAL-S receivers.

The problems in PAL-S 

However, it soon turned out that the optical averaging had problems. When the distance between the viewer and the receiver set is not large,  the viewer can distinguish the lines. The phase reversion takes place in  every frame. But each frame is composed of two fields. So the viewer watches two consecutive lines without reversion. The next two lines are reverted phase lines. That means that when there is undesired phase shift the viewer watches a thin horizontal bar with one color and another thin bar with another color. This pattern is known as Hanover bar.

Electronic averaging 
In the standard analogue PAL receiver, the color differences between the consecutive bars are  averaged electronically (by the use of delay line). This system is known as PAL-D.

See also 
 Differential gain
 Differential phase

References 

Television technology
Broadcast engineering
Theory of regions. The Theory of regions is an approach for synthesizing a Petri net from a transition system. As such, it aims at recovering concurrent, independent behavior from transitions between global states. Theory of regions handles elementary net systems as well as P/T nets and other kinds of nets. An important point is that the approach is aimed at the synthesis of unlabeled Petri nets only.

Definition 

A region of a transition system  is a mapping assigning to each state  a number  (natural number for P/T nets, binary for ENS) and to each transition label a number   such that consistency conditions  holds whenever .

Intuitive explanation 

Each region represents a potential place of a Petri net.

Mukund: event/state separation property, state separation property.

References 

Set theory
City Centre, Bokaro. The city centre is the prominent central business district of Sector 4, Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand, India. It is a CBD and one of the most developed and planned CBD in Jharkhand and Eastern India.  Recent years have seen it grow more than threefold in size. The difference of this market and most other major markets in Indian cities happens to be the planning of the market. There is ample parking space, and the approach roads, as well as those inside the market are wide. The place houses almost all major Indian banks, has various shops in the city for clothing, electronics, and food joints. 

The latest comers to the market are:

 coaching institutes
 small clinics
 hospitals
 hotels
 restaurants
 mall

Their rate of growth shows the demand these services have in the city.

Market 
This is a main and major marketplace in Bokaro Steel City. This area has many fashionable stores which include Domino's Pizza, Reliance Fresh, Lenskart and many more. Other stores include vegetables vendors, small grocery and medical stores.

Education 
City Centre is the education hub for IIT JEE, AIEEE and AIPMT aspirants in Jharkhand. FIITJEE, Bansal Classes and some more coaching institutes have their centers here.

Harshvardhan Plaza 

Harsh Vardhan Plaza is a shopping complex at City Centre. This is one of the famous shopping malls in the city. This complex consists of restaurants and branded fashion stores. It has two floors of shopping and the remaining floors are for residential uses by the users. It was built in the 2000s.

This shopping complex has also facilities for parking. Infrastructure of this complex is very well built. And it has several outlets. Now and currently it is the major shopping hub of the city. Which has branded and standard shops and outlets.

Banks 
Bank Tower is a type of building in city centre. State Bank of India has its branch at City Centre, Sector 4. This is one of the major branches of SBI in Bokaro Steel City. There is also presence of the other banks. Bank of Baroda also has its branch at City Centre. Here is also a branch of IDBI Bank, Punjab National Bank, and many more.

Cinemas 
It used to be home for the only cinema theatres in the city, but only one of them (Jeetendra Cinema) is operational now. PVR cinemas in the Bokaro Mall is also a famous cinema theatre in the city.

Languages and Future development 
Here the major languages spoken are Hindi and Urdu. There is a plan to develop this place more by MyWorld Group

Landmarks 

Bokaro District
Bokaro Steel City
Central business districts in India
Suretrack Contracts Services. Suretrack Contracts Services  is a privately owned construction firm which provides professional services which include Engineering, Design, Planning, Project Management, Construction Management,  Real Estate and Consulting services for all aspects of buildings, infrastructure and the environment in  Ghana.

History
The Company was founded in 2007: it was originally based in the Eastern Region Nkawkaw. Originally working mainly on projects in Accra, the firm now operates nationwide and in almost all areas of engineering and construction for the built environment.

Operations
The Company has offices in four regions, Greater Accra Region, Eastern Region, Ashanti Region and Northern Region, with its head office in the Greater Accra Region.

Major projects
Public Projects:
Suretrack was involved in the construction of training ground facilities in the Northern Region for the 26th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations held in Ghana. Suretrack completed a two number four- apartments teachers’ accommodation for Abirem District Assembly (JICA sponsored project). A major subcontractor on a contract for the construction of classroom blocks in the New Juaben Municipal Assembly. Suretrack is currently in contract with JICS for the construction of three number classroom blocks in Assin Manso in the Central Region.

Private Projects:
A majority of Suretrack projects are construction of high end private residential developments, hotels and office developments for overseas clients. Current ongoing projects for detached residential properties in Greater Accra and Ashanti Region. It is also developing a hotel and leisure resort in the central region.

External links
 www.suretrackservices.com

Construction and civil engineering companies of Ghana
Companies based in Accra
Ghanaian companies established in 2007
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2007
Markranstädter Automobilfabrik. The Markranstädter Automobilfabrik is a former producer of automobiles from Markranstädt, Germany, which was active between 1909 and 1923.

Hugo Ruppe founded the Markranstädter car factory in 1909, producing cars that were sold under the brand name MAF. The first model was the Type D 4 from 1909 to 1913. Its air-cooled four-cylinder engine with 1192 cc provided 12 PS. The Type F 5 followed in 1913 with 1375 cc and 14 hp, and the G 6 with 1620 cc and 16 hp. Due to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 production was interrupted.

After the war MAF produced the pre-war type F 5, and the 6 / 18 hp which replaced the G 6. MAF also built the type 8 / 25 hp, and the large 14 / 35 hp with a six-cylinder engine. In 1921 the factory was taken over by the Apollo-Werke AG, and in 1923 the last models were produced by MAF.

Very few examples of the MAF remain today. A type F 5 / 14 PS of 1914 is in the Cité de l'Automobile in Mulhouse, France. In addition, a collector in Saxony still owns a vehicle of this brand.

Literature
 Halwart Schrader: German cars from 1885 to 1920. Motor Verlag, Stuttgart, 
 Werner Oswald: German cars from 1920 to 1945. Motor Verlag, Stuttgart,

External links
Website GTÜ about MAF
Auto Preparation Website

Car manufacturers of Germany
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1909
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1923
1923 disestablishments in Germany
1921 mergers and acquisitions
German companies established in 1909