omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Volvo RM8. The Volvo RM8 is a low-bypass afterburning turbofan jet engine developed for the Saab 37 Viggen fighter. An augmented bypass engine was required to give both better fuel consumption at cruise speeds and higher thrust boosting for its short take-off requirement than would be possible using a turbojet. In 1962, the civil Pratt & Whitney JT8D engine, as used for airliners such as the Boeing 727, was chosen as the only engine available which could be modified to meet the Viggen requirements. The RM8 was a licensed-built version of the JT8D, but extensively modified for supersonic speeds, with a Swedish-designed afterburner, and was produced by Svenska Flygmotor (later known as Volvo Aero).

Variants and applications

 RM8A - AJ 37 Viggen
Since the original civil engine was designed for subsonic speeds, parts had to be thickened and made from improved materials for the higher pressures and temperatures which occur in a Mach 2 military engine. These are higher than in a Mach 2 civil airliner because supersonic combat aircraft go faster at sea level. Here the ambient temperature and pressure are higher than at altitudes where civil airliners are accelerating through the speed of sound. The Viggen was designed with a maximum speed at sea level of Mach 1.2. As an example of a required material change the diffuser case, where the compressed air is slowed for entry to the flame tubes, was changed from steel to nickel alloy to withstand the higher temperatures leaving the compressor. Air cooling for the HP turbine blades was introduced as the turbine entry temperature was 110 degC higher than on the civil engine. Hamilton Standard had supplied the fuel control for the JT8D but Bendix was chosen for the engine and afterburner fuel control systems due to their experience developing the fuel controls for another augmented turbofan engine, the Pratt & Whitney TF30. RM8 thrust boosting of 76% at take-off was much higher than possible with a turbojet. In comparison the Saab 35 Draken with a Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine and Swedish-developed afterburner had a thrust boost at take-off of 38%. For short landings the engine exhaust was deflected partially forwards by an airframe-mounted reverser. The exhaust passed through three slots (which otherwise supply ambient air to the airframe-mounted exhaust ejector) to give a braking force about 60% of the maximum dry take-off thrust. In comparison the braking force with the reverser design used on the JT8D engine installation on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 airliner was 40/45% of take-off thrust.

 RM8B - JA 37 Viggen
The flight envelope for the fighter-version demanded both more thrust and better stall margins at high altitudes. This led to redesigns for the fan, the low-pressure compressor and the combustion-chambers with four injectors in each for more complete fuel mixing.

Specifications (RM8B)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 RM8 history  in Swedish

Low-bypass turbofan engines
1960s turbofan engines
António Câmara. António Câmara is a professor at the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa and has been a visiting professor at both Cornell University (1988–89) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1998–99). He was a Senior Consultant to the Expo '98 project and Senior Advisor to the National Geographical Information System (Sistema Nacional de Informação Geográfica). He was a member of the engineering team which studied and evaluated the Alqueva Dam's environmental impact. He has been YDreams CEO and founder since the company was created in June 2000. In 2006, Câmara was awarded with the Pessoa.

Câmara was awarded a licentiate degree in civil engineering from the Instituto Superior Técnico (University of Lisbon) and a doctorate degree from the Virginia Tech. He was a tennis player during his youth and was part of the under-18 and under-21 national tennis teams.

References

20th-century Portuguese engineers
20th-century Portuguese scientists
Portuguese chief executives
Living people
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
People from Lisbon
Pessoa Prize winners
1954 births
Instituto Superior Técnico alumni
Mission Cobra. Mission Cobra (also known as Sidewinder in Australia and Asia) is a 1989 action arcade game developed by Joy Van and published in Australia by HES Interactive and in Brazil by Milmar. It was later published in the U.S. by Bunch Games.

Plot
As commander of a fast and powerful helicopter, the player must fight through waves of enemy aircraft and destroy their commander.

Gameplay
The game can be played by a single player, or by two players co-operatively. The player's life consists of an "Exx" counter. The player begins with 66 and this is not only health but also fuel. This will be drained constantly when flying and a large amount will be lost if hit by enemy fire. When an enemy vehicle is destroyed they leave power-ups and some refill the "Exx" counter. If the "Exx" counter reaches zero by flying the player will still be able to fly but will die instantly if hit by enemy fire.

Stages
There are three levels in the game and they all end with a boss fight. If all levels are beat the game loops and stage one will act as stage four and so on. There is no ending apart from the game over screen.

References

1989 video games
Bunch Games games
Helicopter video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Unauthorized video games
Video games developed in Taiwan
Elektrizitätsmuseum. The Elektrizitätsmuseum (Museum of Electricity) is in Münchenstein,  in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland.

The Elektrizitätsmuseum belongs to the electric utility Elektra Birseck Münchenstein (EBM), and was opened in 1997. Exhibits explore the history and development of power production and its use. The collection contains rare historic equipment and is complemented by a laboratory in which visitors can experiment with electric power.

Special exhibitions 
 „Rechnen unter Strom“, (calculation under current):„From counting frame to electronic brain“ and „Exclusives from the Basler super brains Bernoulli und Euler“, exhibition in 2006.
 „Licht - vom Kienspan zur LED“, (Light from Fatwood to LED).Special Exhibition from 14 June 2009 to 15 December 2009.
 „Kommunikation - Vom Rauchzeichen zum iPhone“, (Communication from smoke signal to iPhone):Special exhibition from 24 October 2010 until 22 May 2011.

See also 
 History of electrical engineering
 History of electromagnetism

References 

Museums established in 1997
Münchenstein
History museums in Switzerland
Technology museums in Switzerland
Electric power
1997 establishments in Switzerland
Museums in Basel-Landschaft
Fritz Gosslau. Fritz Gosslau (25 March 1898 – 1 December 1965) was a German engineer, known for his work on the V-1 flying bomb.

Study
Gosslau was born in Berlin.  In 1923, he completed his engineering studies by gaining a diploma from the Königliche Technische Hochschule in Berlin-Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin). In 1926, he obtained his PhD on the topic Rechnerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über Wärmebeherrschung und Leistungssteigerung in luftgekühlten Flugmotorenzylindern – calculated and experimental studies on heat control and performance improvement in air-cooled aircraft engine cylinders.

Work
During the 1930s, Gosslau worked on the development of aircraft engines at Siemens. When the company abandoned production of aircraft engines, he moved to Argus Motoren Gesellschaft. Gosslau was part of the construction team of the Argus As 410 and 411 engines. He was also involved in the construction of a 24-cylinder air-cooled engine that developed 3,500 horsepower.
In early 1937, Gosslau developed proposals for a remote, unmanned missile for special military use. This remote controlled target aircraft completed its maiden flight on 14 July 1939. On 9 November 1939, he proposed the development of a motorized wing-mounted missile providing a range of several hundred kilometers, and through radio-navigation, a high accuracy. For this missile, Gosslau used a pulse jet engine (Pulsationsschubrohres). By the start of production, he had developed this into a highly reliable unit.

From 1942, Gosslau participated in the development team of the Fieseler Fi 103, also called V1 – an unmanned, explosive payload missile. Towards the end of World War II, Gosslau became involved with its construction as a suicide weapon, and his name is connected with the establishment of the Leonidas Squadron.

After the war, Gosslau joined Dürkopp, the motorcycle manufacturer, where he was chief designer from 1948. In 1954, he moved to the Heinkel Flugzeugwerke (aircraft manufacturer) and took over the development of new engines. In 1958, after the engine development branches of Heinkel and Messerschmitt were acquired by Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke (aircraft and engine manufacturer), Gosslau became a director of Junkers until 1963, when they were converted to a stock company, a technical board of the Munich-based company.

Gosslau died in Grünwald, Bavaria, aged 67.

References

External links

1898 births
1965 deaths
Junkers people
Engineers from Berlin
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
V-weapons people
Virginian EL-2B. The Virginian Railway's class EL-2B comprised four two-unit electric locomotives with AAR (B+B-B+B)+(B+B-B+B) wheel arrangements.  The locomotives were used on the  electrified portion of the railroad, from Roanoke, Virginia to Mullens, West Virginia. These large motor-generator locomotives weighed , were  long, and were capable of producing .

The EL-2B locomotives were built at General Electric's Erie works in 1948. Numbered 125–128, they were the largest two-unit electric locomotives used in North America.

The locomotives were retired and sold for scrap shortly after the 1959 merger of the Virginian with the Norfolk and Western Railway. None of the 4 examples built have survived.

Gallery

References

11 kV AC locomotives
Virginian Railway locomotives
General Electric locomotives
B+B-B+B locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1948
Streamlined electric locomotives
Uzi Landman. Uzi Landman (May 1944) is an Israeli/American computational physicist, the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Computational Materials Science at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Career
He earned a B.Sc. in chemistry at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem in 1965, an M.Sc. in chemistry from the Weizmann Institute in 1966 and a D.Sc. from the Israel Institute of Technology in 1969. His research interests included surface and materials science, solid state physics and nanoscience. 

He joined the faculty of Georgia Tech in 1977 as an associate professor of physics and made professor in 1979, In 1988 he was promoted to regents professor of physics, a title he still holds. In 1992 he became director of the Center for Computational Materials science, at Georgia and in 1995 appointed Fuller E. Callaway endowed Chair in Computational Materials Science.

Honors and awards
In 1989 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for applications of numerical simulation modeling of both the status structure and nonequilibrium dynamics of solid surfaces, interfaces, and small clusters" 

In 2000 he was awarded the Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology by the Foresight Institute.  

In 2005 he received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics, which is the highest honor given by the American Physical Society for work in computational physics. He was also awarded the 2008 Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scientists from Tel Aviv
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
21st-century American physicists
Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Computational physicists
Georgia Tech faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Hand drill. A hand drill is the simplest primitive method to produce rapid rotary motion of a rod.  It consists in holding the rod vertically between both hands and moving these back and forth, in opposite directions, as in rubbing them.  The rod typically is one or two feet long and half an inch in diameter.

Hand drills have been used by many primitive societies as a fire drill to start a fire.  It is still often learned as a useful survival skill.  A hand drill could also be used as a tool for drilling holes in hard materials such as wood, stone, or bone.  

For either use, the hands must also exert downward pressure while spinning the rod.   As a result, the hands drift down the rod, and  must be periodically raised to the top again.  These interruptions can be avoided by cutting a notch at the top of the shaft, tying a cord through it, and then inserting the thumbs through loops in the cord. However, skilled operators can either maintain pressure with their hands almost stationary vertically; or, in a movement comparable to floating, can "float" their hands back to the top of the drill.

See also
 Bow drill
 Pump drill
 Brace (tool)

References

External links
 

Mechanical hand tools
Fire making
Stone and muller. A stone and muller is a hand-operated tool used for mixing and grinding paint. The stone and muller was popular with artists and tradesmen from the late 18th through the 19th century. A stone and muller differs from a mortar and pestle in that the former consists of two flat stone surfaces which are rubbed together to create a paste, whereas the latter consists of a bowl and stick.

See also
Britannica
Malerwerkzeug (in German)

Footnotes

References
Evans, Nancy Goyne (2006): Windsor-chair Making in America, UPNE,  .
Ure, Andrew and Nicholson, William (1831): A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy: With Their Applications, Cole Collection of Chemistry, Fourth Edition, published by Thomas Tegg, London, and R. Griffin & Co., Glasgow.

Hand tools
Paints
Edgar Stead. Edgar Fraser Stead (22 October 1881 – 7 February 1949) was a New Zealand ornithologist, engineer, horticulturist and marksman.  He was born in Christchurch and educated there at Christ's College and Wanganui Collegiate School.  He then studied electrical engineering at Canterbury College, followed by three years at Schenectady, New York, at the research laboratories of the General Electric Company.

Following the death of his father, George Gatonby Stead, in 1908, Stead returned to New Zealand and, in 1914, bought a property at Ilam, close to Christchurch, on 20 ha of land adjacent to the river Avon. He had inherited enough to not have to pursue a career in engineering and he devoted the rest of his life to ornithology, angling, hunting and sports shooting, as well as to growing and hybridising prize rhododendrons and azaleas on his property. His collection eventually came into the possession of the University of Canterbury, which maintains it as Ilam Gardens.  He became an expert at all these pursuits and acquired an international reputation for his marksmanship, winning competitions at Monte Carlo and elsewhere.  He frequently travelled to Britain where he acted as a rhododendron judge at the Chelsea Flower Show.  In 1915 he married Irene Mary Phillips in Christchurch, with whom he had a son, Roland.

Ornithology
Stead acquired a detailed knowledge of the birds of Canterbury, as well as of New Zealand's offshore islands through many field trips.  He built up an important collection of skins and eggs which was bequeathed to the Canterbury Museum.  He wrote many papers for the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand and other journals, as well as a book, The Life Histories of New Zealand Birds, published in 1932.  He named two new subspecies of fernbird and a new subspecies of bush wren from Stewart Island (Stead's bush wren, Xenicus longipes variabilis).  His field studies and contributions to natural history and ornithology were recognised in 1948 by his election as a fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

Stead died at his home in Ilam, survived by his wife and Roland. In 2011, Roland left $110,000 for the maintenance of the Ilam gardens.

References

1881 births
1949 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
New Zealand non-fiction writers
New Zealand ornithologists
New Zealand male sport shooters
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
People educated at Whanganui Collegiate School
New Zealand horticulturists
Christchurch City Councillors
20th-century New Zealand zoologists
20th-century New Zealand non-fiction writers
Robert A. Boyd. Robert A. Boyd  (June 21, 1918 – November 6, 2006) was a Canadian electric engineer and utility executive. He successfully led the construction of the first phase of the James Bay hydroelectric project, a large dam complex built in northern Quebec by Hydro-Québec during the 1970s and early 1980s.

Early life and family
Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec in a working-class family to a Scot-Irish father and a French Canadian mother. Boyd graduated from École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1943.

Career
Soon after finished school, Boyd joined the ranks of the newly created provincially owned utility Hydro-Québec, as the first French-speaking engineer ever hired by the company. He spent his 37-year career in different positions, reaching the top job in 1977.

In 1972, Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked Boyd to take the helm of the Société d'énergie de la Baie James, a Crown corporation tasked with the construction of the first phase of what was then called Le projet du siècle (The Project of the Century), a network of dams, reservoirs and three giant hydroelectric generating stations located in a remote area  north of Montreal. Stretching for  east of James Bay along the course of the La Grande River, the 10,000 MW public works project presented massive logistical challenges to the builders: roads and airstrips had to be built and towns for the 18,000 workers had to be set up deep into the Quebec Hinterland.

Boyd took over as president of Hydro-Québec on August 9, 1977, after the departure of financier Roland Giroux. During his 4-year tenure as president of the Crown Corporation, Boyd secured large bond issues with international banks to finish the construction project. On October 27, 1979, Boyd inaugurated, with Premier René Lévesque, the LG-2 generating station, a massive 5,616 MW underground powerhouse buried deep in the Canadian Shield.

Construction on Phase I of the James Bay Project was completed in 1984, when La Grande-3 and La Grande-4 generating stations came on-line further upstream.

Honors and awards
In 1978, he received an honorary doctorate from Concordia University. Boyd was selected Construction's Man of the Year in 1981 by the Engineering News-Record for his work on the James Bay project.

See also
 Hydro-Québec
 James Bay Energy
 Churchill Falls

References

Canadian electrical engineers
Officers of the Order of Canada
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
James Bay Project
Hydro-Québec
1918 births
2006 deaths
Quebec civil servants
Canadian chief executives
People from Sherbrooke
Ganesh Shah. Ganesh Shah ( born 12 December 1949) is a Nepalese politician and ex-Minister for Environment, Science and Technology.
He is also one of the senior most leader of the Communist Party of Nepal (United) and until recently was the General Secretary of the party Communist Party of Nepal (United).

Shah is a chemical engineer by profession and received his M-Tech (Technical Engineering) from Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University in 1973.

Shah was appointed the Minister for Environment, Science and Technology when Prachanda extended his cabinet.
Mr. Shah is a big advocate of the climate change issues in Nepal and has been quoted in various media outlet during his time as a minister.
Mr. Shah is known for being one of the technology savvy politician in Nepal maintains his own blog at  and is an active Facebook user.

Family life
Shah was born in Lohana Dhanusha. He belongs to Nepali people of Madhesi (business caste)ethnicity.

He is married to Kalyanee Sapkota, and has two sons.

References

1949 births
Living people
Government ministers of Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal (United) politicians
Nepalese engineers
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
Madhesi people
People from Dhanusha District
Harold Marion Crothers. Harold Marion Crothers (born 1887) was an American professor of electrical engineering at South Dakota State University where he also served as president for three periods (1946, 1951, 1957–58).
He was dean of Engineering 1925-55 and gave name to the Crothers Engineering Hall (1957). Earlier, he was instrumental in the establishment of the university's first radio station (1931).

Crothers received a B.S. in mathematics (1910) and did a study on Potential Distribution on High Tension Insulators with advisor Jesse L. Brenneman (1913).
This led to a Ph.D. at University of Wisconsin, Madison on a thesis entitled The Selective Properties of Coupled Radio Circuits advised by with Edward Bennett (physicist) (1920).  He joined the faculty there and wrote a book on Introductory Electrodynamics, jointly with Bennett (1926).

References

American engineers
1887 births
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
South Dakota State University faculty
Year of death missing
Saryu-class patrol vessel. The Saryu class of offshore patrol vessels (OPV) are advanced patrol ships of the Indian Navy built at the Goa Shipyard Limited. These vessels are capable of ocean surveillance and monitoring and can maintain control of shipping lanes. They can also be deployed to provide security to offshore oil installations, and other naval assets.

Design and development
Saryu class was derived from Sankalp-class vessels built for the Indian Coast Guard. The ships were designed by GSL's in-house design team and built at a cost of . The vessels are powered by two Pielstick diesel engines rated at a combined , each driving a Wärtsilä WCP 5C10 controllable-pitch propeller through a reduction gearbox.

Construction
The first ship,  was launched on 30 March 2009 in the presence of Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sureesh Mehta. INS Saryu was handed over to the Navy on 21 December 2012 and was commissioned on 21 January 2013 at Vasco da Gama, by the Commander-in-Chief of Andaman and Nicobar Command, Air Marshal P K Roy.

The second ship, INS Sunayna, was handed over to the Indian Navy on 2 September 2013; her first CO was to be Cdr Aftab Ahmed Khan. The three remaining ships were delivered subsequently with an interval of six months each. INS Sumitra, the fourth and last OPV, was delivered to the Navy by GSL on 16 July 2014. Two ships were delivered to Sri Lankan Navy in 2017 and 2018.

Ships of the class

Operators

Gallery

See also
List of active Indian Navy ships
List of Sri Lanka Navy equipment

References

External links 
 
 Saryu Class Offshore Patrol Vessel
 Images from INS Saryu launch ceremony
 Graphical Image of NPOV

Patrol vessels of the Indian Navy
Patrol ship classes
Ships built in India
Saryu-class patrol vessels