omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Axelson (company). The Axelson Aircraft Engine Company was a manufacturer of aircraft engines based in Los Angeles in the late 1920s.

Their engines were originally known as "FLOCO", because the manufacturer was originally Frank L. Odenbreidt Co. Their products included the 115 hp Axelson A-7-R and 150 hp Axelson B.  Axelson engines were used to power the Swallow F28-AX, among other contemporary aircraft.

Notes

References
 
 
 Approved Type Certificate 16

External links
 Photograph of the Axelson factory, circa 1930

Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
List of Space Shuttle rollbacks. This is a list of Space Shuttle rollbacks. "Rollback" is the term NASA uses when the Space Shuttle was rolled back from the launch pad atop the mobile launcher platform and Crawler-transporter to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). A variety of factors could require a rollback, from severe weather to the need for repairs that could not be performed at the launch pad. Shuttle rollbacks are listed in chronological order:

References

External links
NASA Shuttle page

Space Shuttle program
Population balance equation. Population balance equations (PBEs) have been introduced in several branches of modern science, mainly in Chemical Engineering, to describe the evolution of a population of particles. This includes topics like crystallization, leaching (metallurgy), liquid–liquid extraction, gas-liquid dispersions like water electrolysis, liquid-liquid reactions, comminution,  aerosol engineering, biology (where the separate entities are cells based on their size or intracellular proteins), polymerization, etc. Population balance equations can be said to be derived as an extension of the Smoluchowski coagulation equation which describes only the coalescence of particles. PBEs, more generally, define how populations of separate entities develop in specific properties over time. They are a set of Integro-partial differential equations which gives the mean-field behavior of a population of particles from the analysis of behavior of single particle in local conditions.
Particulate systems are characterized by the birth and death of particles. For example, consider precipitation process (formation of solid from liquid solution) which has the subprocesses nucleation, agglomeration, breakage, etc.,  that result in the increase or decrease of the number of particles of a particular radius (assuming formation of spherical particles). Population balance is nothing but a balance on the number of particles of a particular state (in this example, size).

Formulation of PBE 
Consider the average number of particles with particle properties denoted by a particle state vector (x,r) (where x corresponds to particle properties like size, density, etc. also known as internal coordinates and, r corresponds to spatial position or external coordinates) dispersed in a continuous phase defined by a phase vector Y(r,t) (which again is a function of all such vectors which denote the phase properties at various locations) is denoted by f(x,r,t). Hence it gives the particle characteristics in property and space domains. Let h(x,r,Y,t) denote the birth rate of particles per unit volume of particle state space, so the number conservation can be written as

This is a generalized form of PBE.

Solution to PBE 
Monte Carlo methods 
, discretization methods and moment methods  are mainly used to solve these equations. The choice depends on the application and computing infrastructure.

References

Partial differential equations
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Raise (mining). In underground mining, a raise refers to a vertical or inclined excavation that leads from one level, or drift, to another.  A raise may also extend to surface.  There are four excavation methods for raises:
Conventional or open raise
Long-hole or drop raise
Alimak
Raise boring

Raises serve a number of purposes including:
Transportation of ore and waste rock
Ventilation
Creating a free face for mining
Movement of workers via manway ladders

References

Underground mining
Benelli Raffaello. The Benelli Raffaello semi-automatic shotgun is manufactured by Italian arms manufacturer Benelli Armi SpA.

Design details
The shotgun has a relatively small number of component parts, incorporating a simple operating principle. The main features of the mechanism are the turning block bolt locking system and the cartridge feeding system (cut off).

Operation
Benelli's range of semi-automatic shotguns operate on the same basic principle of inertial operation, with a fixed barrel, utilizing the kinetic energy of gun recoil. This system requires no outlet for gas or barrel recoil, but operates by means of a spring freely interposed between bolt head and bolt.

During firing, due to the recoil of the gun, breech block inertia makes it move about 4 mm forward in relation to the power of the cartridge, compressing the spring. When this is fully compressed, it overcomes breech block inertia, thrusting it to the rear under residual pressure, permitting cartridge case extraction and reloading with the conventional system.

The pressure of the spring is calculated to delay the opening of the action, which occurs after the shot has left the barrel, and to regulate the different pressures produced by cartridges of varying power, with no need for braking.

See also
 Benelli Raffaello CrioComfort

External links
 Official homepage - Italy
 Official homepage - USA

Benelli Armi
Semi-automatic shotguns of Italy
John Edward Sharman. John Edward Sharman, DSC and Bar and Croix de Guerre (11 September 1892 – 22 July 1917) was a Canadian flying ace in World War I credited with eight victories.

Early life
Sharman was born in Oak Lake, Manitoba, to Thomas Higgins Sharman and Frances A. Sharman. He was the oldest child in his family, followed by his sister Beverly and his brother Thomas. He attended university in Toronto, where he studied to become a mining engineer. His father had served in the 90th Winnipeg Rifles during the North-West Rebellion of 1885 and then as a member of the militia with the 12th Manitoba Dragoons.

World War I
Sharman joined the Royal Naval Air Service on 3 February 1916 and served with 3 Wing until its disbandment in April 1917. Flying Sopwith 1½ Strutter aircraft, he participated in at least twenty-nine raids and claimed one enemy aircraft destroyed. Sharman was cited by the French General Castelnau for services in eleven of these raids, notably two raids on the same day on Freiburg and was awarded the Croix de guerre.

From 1 May 1917, Sharman was posted to form part of the nucleus of 10(N) Squadron, flying Sopwith Triplanes; his flight commander was the notable Canadian ace Raymond Collishaw. In June and July 1917, Sharman claimed seven victories and became a flight commander on 9 July 1917.

On 22 July 1917, Sharman and the rest of C Flight set off for a morning patrol at around 0725 hrs. His flight was patrolling the area between Ypres and Messines when they encountered scouts from JG1. As he engaged the first aircraft, his Triplane suffered a direct hit from anti-aircraft fire, probably from Flak Batterie 503. John Sharman is commemorated on the Arras Memorial to the Missing. During the same dogfight, FLt J. Page was shot down and killed by Ltn Otto Brauneck. They were both shot down in the same area around Comines-Warneton, Belgium. Sharman and Page are buried side by side at Pont-Du-Hem Military Cemetery, La Gorgue, France. Sharman had no offspring.

References

1917 deaths
1892 births
Royal Naval Air Service aviators
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Aviators killed by being shot down
People from Westman Region, Manitoba
British military personnel killed in World War I
Vincent Fecteau. Vincent Fecteau (born 1969) is an American sculptor based in San Francisco. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1992.

He is known for working with ordinary materials such as foamcore, seashells, string, rubber bands, paper clips, walnut shells, and popsicle sticks, and transforming them into beautifully precise handcrafted sculptures. Constructed of papier-mâché, Fecteau often works on several sculptures at a time, taking a year or longer to finish each work. He layers materials and textures, revealing a painstaking creative process that alters significantly the original spherical shapes.

Fecteau's art has been included in numerous exhibitions, including the 2002 and 2012 Whitney Biennial, the 2013 Carnegie International, and a 2008 solo exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago, Focus: Vincent Fecteau, New Work. In 2005, the Guggenheim Foundation announced Vincent Fecteau as recipient of their fellowship. A MacAuthur Foundation fellowship (commonly known as a "genius grant") followed in 2016. His work is held in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Vincent Fecteau is represented by Matthew Marks and Galerie Buchholz.

References

External links
Vincent Fecteau at Galerie Buchholz
Vincent Fecteau at the Matthew Marks Gallery
Vincent Fecteau in Conversation with Constance Lewallen (9/2009)

Wesleyan University alumni
1969 births
Living people
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
MacArthur Fellows
Davis DA-1. 

The Davis DA-1 was a light aircraft designed in the United States in the 1950s which never progressed beyond the prototype stage. Davis tried to bring the plane to market as a certified aircraft (his goal was a selling price of under $10,000), but was not successful.

Design and development
Davis constructed his DA-1 starting on 24 April 1957. It was a strut-braced high-wing single-engine all-aluminum airplane designed around the new Lycoming O-360 engine.  The fixed-nosegear-equipped piston-engine DA-1 was of otherwise conventional configuration, but its V-tail was similar to that of the contemporary Beechcraft Bonanza, whose high cruise speed was attributed partly to its use of that empennage type.

Wings and tail surfaces of the DA-1 used external heat treated ribs; those surfaces were non-tapered (i.e. of constant chord).

Power for the DA-1 was a horizontally-opposed Lycoming O-360 of 180 hp (134 kW), which gave a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h).

Operational history
Initial test flights showed that there was not enough elevator authority with full flaps, and the plane was very loud. Soundproofing, and aerodynamic modifications were applied.

Specifications

References

 
 

1950s United States civil utility aircraft
Davis aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Banxing. Banxing or BX-1 (), is a small Chinese technology development satellite which was deployed from the Shenzhou 7 spacecraft at 11:27 GMT on 27 September 2008. Prior to deployment, the satellite was mounted on top of the Shenzhou 7 orbital module.

Purpose
Banxing was used to relay images of the Shenzhou 7 spacecraft. Weighing some 40 kilograms, and containing two cameras and communication equipment, it was maneuvered using an ammonia gas-based propulsion system.  Following the re-entry of Shenzhou 7, Banxing remained in orbit as part of a formation-flying experiment with the discarded Shenzhou orbital module.

A few hours after Banxing was launched it and the Shenzhou 7 orbital module passed unusually close to the International Space Station. This provoked some speculation that the experiment was intended to test military anti-satellite interception technology.

See also 

 2008 in spaceflight
 Orbital Express

References 

Satellites of China
Shenzhou 7
Shenzhou program
Spacecraft launched in 2008
Spacecraft which reentered in 2009
2008 in spaceflight
Spindle (automobile). In an automobile, the wheel spindle, sometimes called simply the spindle, is the part of the suspension system that carries the hub for the wheel and attaches to the upper and lower control arms.

Spindles are carried by steering knuckles or "uprights". Although the terms "steering knuckle" and "upright" are sometimes used interchangeably with "spindle", they all refer to different parts.

Design
There are several considerations when designing a spindle. Loads and forces need to be considered. Tolerance to vertical and horizontal forces greater than those due to 5 times the acceleration of gravity, approximately 50 meters per second squared, are sometimes considered desirable.

Non-driven wheel
The main forces on a non-driven wheel are braking and turning forces.

Driven wheel
The main forces on a driven wheel include forward and reverse propulsion in addition to braking and turning forces.

See also
 Front axle assembly
 List of auto parts
 Pintle
 Stub axle

References

 List of Spindles/Uprights available in Australia suitable for Race, Modified and Individuality Constructed Vehicles

Automotive suspension technologies
Francis Webb Sheilds. Francis Webb Wentworth-Sheilds (born Sheilds; 8 October 1820 – 18 January 1906) was an Anglo-Irish civil engineer on the Sydney Railway Company during its construction but before its opening.

In Great Britain and Ireland, Sheilds worked on a number of railway projects, including the then  Dublin and Kingstown Railway. He considered himself to be a born railway engineer.

City Surveyor 
Sheilds was the Sydney City Surveyor in 1843 for a few years where he worked on water works. He resigned in 1849, in order to take up a post with the Sydney Railway Company.

Sydney Railway Company engineer 
Sheilds is mainly remembered because he persuaded the company to adopt the  rail gauge, rather than the English standard gauge of . Sheilds had worked on railways in Ireland, which had adopted  as its own standard gauge. His proposal was backed by the British Board of Trade, and agreed to by all Australian colonies.

Sheilds resigned in 1850 when his pay was cut due to the company's financial difficulties. His replacement, Scotsman James Wallace, recommended that the track gauge be changed to the , and the New South Wales government concurred. However, the construction of  broad gauge lines had already started in Victoria and South Australia, and the necessary rolling stock had been ordered. The two colonies strongly protested about the change and declined to follow suit.

Sheilds's recommendation, and its overturning by New South Wales, is the origin of the huge problems caused by breaks of gauge between  and  rail tracks in Australia. To add to the predicament, most other Australian colonies, including parts of South Australia, later adopted the cheaper narrow gauge of . Tasmania's first railway was constructed with a  gauge, as per the original agreement, but it was converted to  in 1888.

See also 
 Rail gauge in Australia

References 

 Wentworth-Sheilds Family History details

External links
 

Irish engineers
19th-century Irish people
People from County Meath
Australian engineers
1820 births
1906 deaths
QL (chemical). Isopropyl aminoethylmethyl phosphonite (NATO designation QL), also known as O-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) -ethyl methylphosphonite, is a precursor chemical to the nerve agent VX  and VR-56. It is a colorless liquid with a strong fishy odor, and is slightly soluble in water.

Synthesis
QL is manufactured by the transesterification of diethyl methylphosphonite with 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol.

Uses in chemical warfare
QL is a component in binary chemical weapons, mainly VX nerve agent. It, along with methylphosphonyl difluoride (DF), was developed during the 1980s in order to replace an aging stockpile of unitary chemical weapons. QL is listed as a Schedule 1 chemical by the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Toxicity
QL itself is a relatively non-toxic chemical. However, when reacting with sulfur, the corresponding sulfide of QL isomerizes into the highly toxic VX molecule.

References

Nerve agent precursors
Organophosphonites
Diisopropylamino compounds
Ethoxy compounds
Married Accommodation Project. Consequent to the promise made to the Indian Armed Forces by the Government of India, the Married Accommodation Project, or MAP, was begun to construct married accommodation for the three services, with a view to remove over a period of time the complete deficiency of married accommodation for service personnel of the Indian Armed Forces.

A separate Directorate General Married Accommodation Project(DG MAP) was raised on 31 May 2002 by the Government of India under the aegis of Engineer-in-Chief for this purpose, subsequent to the Prime Minister of India's announcement on 15 Aug 2001.

With a mandate to construct 200,000 dwelling units, it is one of the largest construction endeavors in the world.

See also
Indian Army Corps of Engineers

External links
 DG MAP official site

2002 establishments in India
Military of India
Executive branch of the government of India
Housing in India
VAX 7000 and VAX 10000. The VAX 7000 and VAX 10000 are a discontinued family of high-end multiprocessor minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), introduced in July 1992. These systems use NVAX microprocessors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture, and run the OpenVMS operating system.

They were designed in parallel with the DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP server computers, and were identical except for the CPU modules used and the supported I/O bus interfaces. Digital intended customers of the VAX 7000/10000 to eventually upgrade to the Alpha-based configuration, the AXPs, by simply swapping the VAX-based CPU module(s) for those based on the Alpha.

Models

VAX 7000 
There were three models of the VAX 7000.

Model 6x0

The Model 6x0, code-named "Laser/Neon", was announced on 7 July 1992 in Zurich, Switzerland with the United States announcement on 15 July. It supported one to four 90.91 MHz (11 ns cycle time) NVAX+ microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 4.

Model 7x0

The Model 7x0, code-named "Laser/Krypton", was introduced in August 1994. It supported one to six 137.5 MHz NV5 (also known as NVAX++) microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 6.

Model 8x0

The Model 8x0, code-named "Laser/Krypton+", supported one to six 170.9 MHz NV5 microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 6.

VAX 10000 
The VAX 10000 was essentially a larger configuration of the VAX 7000. Both shared the same System Cabinet, but the VAX 10000 was configured as standard with one Expander Cabinet housing storage devices, and one Battery Cabinet housing an uninterruptible power supply. These were optional for a VAX 7000 system.

There was one model of the VAX 10000, the Model 6x0. Code-named "Blazer/Neon", it supported one to four 90.91 MHz (11 ns) NVAX+ microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 4.

CPU module 

The initial Model 600 used the KA7AA CPU module, which contained a 90.91 MHz (11 ns cycle time) NVAX+ microprocessor with 4 MB of B-cache (L2 cache). Later, the clock frequency of microprocessor featured was increased. The Model 700 used the KA7AB CPU module containing a 133.33 MHz (7.5 ns cycle time) NVAX++, and the Model 800 used the KA7AC CPU module featuring a 170.9 MHz NVAX++.

The CPU modules had two LEVI gate arrays which interfaced the microprocessor to the Laser System Bus, the system bus.

Memory 

The VAX 7000/10000 supported a maximum of 3.5 GB of memory. This was a limitation of the VAX architecture, which had 32-bit addressing which was common to all VAX hardware.

References 
 Rifkin, Glenn (7 July 1992). "Digital Has New Models Of Computer". The New York Times.
  Computer Business Review (23 August 1994).

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1992
32-bit computers
VAXserver. The VAXserver was a family of minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAXserver models were variants of various VAX-based computers which were configured to only run operating systems which were licensed for network server use and not interactive time-sharing use. This was accomplished with different CPU modules and firmware.

VAXserver models include:

 VAXserver 3000 – (Based on the MicroVAX)
 VAXserver 3100
 VAXserver 3300
 VAXserver 3400
 VAXserver 3500
 VAXserver 3600
 VAXserver 3602
 VAXserver 3800
 VAXserver 3900
 VAXserver 4000 – (Based on the VAX 4000)
 VAXserver 4000 Model 200 – KA660-BA CPU module
 VAXserver 4000 Model 300 – KA670-BA CPU module
 VAXserver 6000 – (Based on the VAX 6000)
 VAXserver 6000 Model 210
 VAXserver 6000 Model 220
 VAXserver 6000 Model 310
 VAXserver 6000 Model 320
 VAXserver 6000 Model 410
 VAXserver 6000 Model 420
 VAXserver 6000 Model 510
 VAXserver 6000 Model 520
 VAXserver 9000 – (Based on the VAX 9000)
 VAXserver 9000 Model 110
 VAXserver 9000 Model 3x0
 VAXserver 9000 Model 310/Model 310VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 320/Model 320VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 330/Model 330VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 340/Model 340VP

References 

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1987
Social software engineering. Social software engineering (SSE) is a branch of software engineering that is concerned with the social aspects of software development and the developed software.

SSE focuses on the socialness of both software engineering and developed software. On the one hand, the consideration of social factors in software engineering activities, processes and CASE tools is deemed to be useful to improve the quality of both development process and produced software. Examples include the role of situational awareness and multi-cultural factors in collaborative software development. On the other hand, the dynamicity of the social contexts in which software could operate (e.g., in a cloud environment) calls for engineering social adaptability as a runtime iterative activity. Examples include approaches which enable software to gather users' quality feedback and use it to adapt autonomously or semi-autonomously.

SSE studies and builds socially-oriented tools to support collaboration and knowledge sharing in software engineering. SSE also investigates the adaptability of software to the dynamic social contexts in which it could operate and the involvement of clients and end-users in shaping software adaptation decisions at runtime. Social context includes norms, culture, roles and responsibilities, stakeholder's goals and interdependencies, end-users perception of the quality and appropriateness of each software behaviour, etc.

The participants of the 1st International Workshop on Social Software Engineering and Applications (SoSEA 2008) proposed the following characterization:
 Community-centered: Software is produced and consumed by and/or for a community rather than focusing on individuals
 Collaboration/collectiveness: Exploiting the collaborative and collective capacity of human beings
 Companionship/relationship: Making explicit the various associations among people
 Human/social activities: Software is designed consciously to support human activities and to address social problems
 Social inclusion: Software should enable social inclusion enforcing links and trust in communities

Thus, SSE can be defined as "the application of processes, methods, and tools to enable community-driven creation, management, deployment, and use of software in online environments".

One of the main observations in the field of SSE is that the concepts, principles, and technologies made for social software applications are applicable to software development itself as software engineering is inherently a social activity. SSE is not limited to specific activities of software development. Accordingly, tools have been proposed supporting different parts of SSE, for instance, social system design or social requirements engineering. 
Consequently vertical market software, such as software development tools, engineering tools, marketing tools or software that helps users in a decision making process can profit from social components. Such vertical social software differentiates strongly in its user-base from traditional social software such as Yammer.

References

Software engineering