omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roll bender. A roll bender is a mechanical jig having three rollers used to bend a metal bar into a circular arc. The rollers freely rotate about three parallel axes, which are arranged with uniform horizontal spacing. Two outer rollers, usually immobile, cradle the bottom of the material while the inner roller, whose position is adjustable, presses on the topside of the material.

Roll bending may be done to both sheet metal and bars of metal. If a bar is used, it is assumed to have a uniform cross-section, but not necessarily rectangular, as long as there are no overhanging contours, i.e. positive draft.  Such bars are often formed by extrusion.  The material to be shaped is suspended between the rollers. The end rollers support the bottomside of the bar and have a matching contour (inverse shape) to it in order to maintain the cross-sectional shape. Likewise, the middle roller is forced against the topside of the bar and has a matching contour to it.

Operation 
After the bar is initially inserted into the jig, the middle roller is manually lowered and forced against the bar with a screw arrangement. This causes the bar to undergo both plastic and elastic deformation.  The portion of the bar between the rollers will take on the shape of a cubic polynomial, which approximates a circular arc.  The rollers are then rotated moving the bar along with them. For each new position, the portion of the bar between the rollers takes on the shape of a cubic modified by the end conditions imposed by the adjacent sections of the bar.  When either end of the bar is reached, the force applied to the center roller is incrementally increased, the roller rotation is reversed and as the rolling process proceeds, the bar shape becomes a better approximation to a circular arc. During the rolling process, the force applied to the center roller is incrementally increased to gradually bring the arc of the bar to the desired radius.

Plastic and elastic deformation 

The plastic deformation of the bar is retained throughout the process.  However, the elastic deformation is reversed as a section of bar leaves the area between the rollers.  This spring-back needs to be compensated in adjusting the middle roller to achieve a desired radius. The amount of spring back depends upon the elastic compliance (inverse of stiffness) of the material relative to its ductility.  Aluminum alloys, for example, tend to have high ductility relative to their elastic compliance, whereas steel tends to be the other way around.  Therefore aluminum bars are more amenable to bending into an arc than are steel bars.

See also 
Tube bending
Roll forming
Rolling (metalworking)
Metalworking
Plate rolling machine

References 

Metalworking tools
Metal forming
Georges Besançon. Georges Besançon (1866–1934) founded and edited the aeronautical journal L'Aérophile.

Besançon was a balloonist ("aeronaut") and journalist.
Besançon helped train the later-celebrated balloonist Salomon Andrée, probably in the late 1880s.

In 1892, Besançon and scientist Gustave Hermite sent instruments on fabric or paper balloons into the upper atmosphere for meteorological research.
In 1901, Hermite and Besançon sent up small instrumented rubber balloons that were designed to expand until at a high altitude they would burst. Then their instruments would descend by parachute.

Besançon founded the aeronautical periodical L'Aérophile in 1893, and remained its director until at least 1910.  There he covered and reported on the era in which the airplane was invented and an international airplane industry arose.

References

History of aviation
French balloonists
French journalists
1866 births
1934 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male non-fiction writers
Atmospheric sounding
Norman Rowntree. Sir Norman Andrew Forster Rowntree (11 March 1912 – 22 July 1991) was a British civil engineer.

Rowntree was born in London in 1912 and held a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering. He worked as an engineering consultant for Alcott & Lomax, who would be acquired by Babtie in 2000. During his consulting career he was involved with the construction of water pumping stations. Rowntree was appointed director of the Water Resources Board (WRB), a national water planning body established in 1964. The WRB was dominated by civil engineers and focussed its efforts on implementing structural solutions to water resource problems. Rowntree was a keen proponent of that school of thought, saying in 1962 that "the solution of water supply problems … will require the construction and operation of large works and highly‐developed technical control". Under Rowntree's leadership the WRB was able to undertake what was the largest scheme of water planning yet seen in England and Wales.

Rowntree was made a Knight Bachelor in Elizabeth II's 1970 Birthday Honours. Rowntree gave the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1972 Graham Clark Lecture on "Conservation and use of water resources" and the same year wrote an article for the Proceedings of the Royal Society B entitled "Water Resources Management in England and Wales". By 1974, he had become a Professor and, on 2 December that year, was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by City University London.

Rowntree was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) for the November 1975–76 session. He used his inaugural presidential address to emphasise that "the duty remains with engineers and other experts to minimise the range of intangible issues… the inaccuracy of words and the opportunities of distortion are enormous. In the present age of unreason this is a real danger and may be responsible for many of our present ills". He was a chartered engineer and a fellow of the institution. In 1976 Rowntree was employed by the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and, on 8 December, gave the 63rd Thomas Hawksley lecture to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on the history of water engineering. In August 1986 he wrote an article in the Proceedings of the ICE comparing water resources planning in the United Kingdom with that of New Jersey in the USA.

References

Bibliography 

        
        
        
        
        
        

1912 births
1991 deaths
British civil engineers
People from Edmonton
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Knights Bachelor
Don Freshwater. Donald Cole Freshwater (21 April 1924 – 2 August 2004), known as Don Freshwater,  was a British professor of chemical engineering.

Education
Freshwater was born in Brewood, where he attended the Grammar School.  He gained a degree in chemistry at Birmingham University in 1944, then took a course in fuel technology at the University of Sheffield, a conversion course to chemical engineering at Loughborough College and a PhD at Birmingham in 1955.

Career
Hired as a chemist he worked for the Ministry of Fuel and Power on industrial coke, which led him to take courses and convert to chemical engineering, working for APV and Midland Tar Distillers before going to Birmingham to lecture and take his PhD.
In 1957, at the age of 33, he was appointed the head of the department of chemical engineering at Loughborough College of Advanced Technology, where he remained for 30 years, as the college changed to a university and his department grew in stature.
Retiring from Loughborough, he took up a post at Louisiana State for ten years, receiving an Excellence in Teaching Award.  He returned to the UK in 1996, and wrote a book on the history of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).

Life, honours and achievements
In 1950 he was a winner of the IChemE Junior Moulton Medal for the best paper by a member under 40 in an IChemE publication.  In 1986 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and in 1990 received an honorary degree from Loughborough University, the first to one of its own staff.
He served as a Parish Councillor in Mountsorrel and was Chairman of her Majesty the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Celebrations in the village. 
Donald Freshwater died 2 August 2004, survived by his wife, Eleanor.

Publications
D. C. Freshwater (1955) Bubble cap phenomena : a study of the mechanism of operation of bubble cap plates (PhD Thesis) University of Birmingham
D. C. Freshwater (1997) "People, Pipes and Processes" IChemE, Rugby

References

British chemical engineers
1924 births
2004 deaths
People from Brewood
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Chemical engineering academics
Academics of Loughborough University
Louisiana State University faculty
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Zdzisław Bubnicki. Zdzisław Bubnicki (born 17 June 1938 in Lwów, died 12 March 2006 in Wrocław) was a Polish scientist, a specialist in the fields of automation and computer science. His main scientific interests concerned: decision theory, control theory, system identification, pattern recognition, expert systems, and knowledge-based systems, complexes of operations, and methodology of computer systems.

He obtained a degree of Master of Science in 1960 at Faculty of Electronics at Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. Since 1962 he moved to Wroclaw where he worked at Wroclaw University of Technology. In 1964 he achieved a Ph.D. degree, and in 1967 - a Doctor of Sciences degree. Several years later, in 1973 he became an assistant professor and in 1979 - a professor.

For many years he was a chief of Institute of Control and Systems Techniques at Wroclaw University of Technology.

Since 1986 he became a correspondent member of Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), and since 1994 - a real member of PAS.

Prof. Bubnicki was a supervisor of 44 Ph.D. dissertations, and now 16 of them are professors. Results of his work had a big influence on the control and decision theory. Especially so called uncertain variables, that are extensions of fuzzy sets, was one of his biggest contributions to the field of computer science.

He was honoured with many Polish and international rewards, e.g.  Krzyż Kawalerski i Krzyż Oficerski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski, IFIP medal. He is a doctor of honoris causa of following universities: West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Military University of Technology.

Books written by Zdzisław Bubnicki 
 "Identyfikacja obiektów sterowania", PWN, Warszawa, 1974
 "Identification of Control Plants", Elsevier, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, 1980
 "Wstęp do systemów ekspertowych", PWN, Warszawa, 1990
 "Podstawy informatycznych systemów zarządzania", Wydawnictwo Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław, 1993
 "Uncertain Logics, Variables and Systems", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002
 "Analysis and Decision Making in Uncertain Systems", Springer-Verlag, London, 2004
 "Teoria i algorytmy sterowania", PWN, Warszawa 2002, 2005
 "Modern Control Theory", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005

References 
 , http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/cc/cc35/cc3521.pdf

1938 births
2006 deaths
Polish computer scientists
Control theorists
Scientists from Lviv
Bottle glorifier. A bottle glorifier is a display that is designed to fit on a bottle, typically with a cut-out area to hold the bottle in position.

Bottle glorifiers can be made of acrylic, wood, stainless steel, plastic, or polyresin. New lighting technology brings LED and electroluminescent illumination options to the display. Most bottle glorifiers are illuminated with LED or fluorescent 
lighting elements. The units can be powered via AC current or by using DC (batteries) although batteries have a short shelf life when illuminating bottle glorifiers. Other options such as rechargeable batteries are available.

Bottle glorifiers are used for all sorts of marketing expressions but mostly in B2C business.
Decorative arts
Operational Street Pollution Model. The Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) is an atmospheric dispersion model for simulating the dispersion of air pollutants in so-called street canyons. It was developed by the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, Department of Atmospheric Environment, Aarhus University. As a result of reorganisation at Aarhus University the model has been maintained by the Department of Environmental Science at Aarhus University since 2011. For about 20 years, OSPM has been used in many countries for studying traffic pollution, performing analyses of field campaign measurements, studying efficiency of pollution abatement strategies, carrying out exposure assessments and as reference in comparisons to other models. OSPM is generally considered as state-of-the-art in practical street pollution modelling.

Description

In OSPM concentrations of traffic-emitted pollution is calculated using a combination of a plume model for the direct contribution and a box model for the recirculating part of the pollutants in the street.

The NO2 concentrations are calculated taking into account NO-NO2-O3 chemistry and the residence time of pollutants in the street. The model is designed to work with input and output in the form of one-hour averages.

The main principles in the model are depicted in Figure 1 for the case of a wind direction nearly perpendicular to the street canyon. A receptor point in leeward position is affected by the direct plume showing considerably higher concentrations than a receptor in windward position being exposed to the less concentrated recirculating air.

The turbulence produced by the moving traffic (TPT) is acting in addition to the turbulence created by the roof level wind. This leads to a faster dispersion of the direct plume but also to an improved air exchange at roof level between the street canyon and the background air.

See also

 List of atmospheric dispersion models

Further reading
For those who are unfamiliar with air pollution dispersion modelling and would like to learn more about the subject, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:

 www.crcpress.com
 www.air-dispersion.com

References

External links
 OSPM home page

Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Carlos Torres-Verdin. Carlos Torres-Verdin is Zarrow Centennial Professor in Petroleum Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He obtained his B.Sc. degree in geophysical engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute of México, his M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, and a Ph.D. from University of California at Berkeley. He has more than eight years of industrial experience and has been affiliated with UT Austin since 1999.

His research interests include formation evaluation, geophysics and well-logging.

External links
Official web page

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Gary Pope. Gary A. Pope currently holds the Texaco Centennial Chair in Petroleum Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He holds a B.Sc. from Oklahoma State University and a Ph.D. from Rice University, both in chemical engineering. He has previously worked at Shell for more than 7 years and has graduated more than 110 graduate students. He is noted for research in reservoir engineering, reservoir simulation, enhanced oil recovery, phase behaviour and fluid properties. 
He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1999 for contributions to understanding multiphase flow and transport in porous media, and applications  of these principles to improved oil recovery and aquifer remediation. He has received numerous awards, among them the SPE John Franklin Carll Award in 2002 and the SPE Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal in 2004. 
Notable students include Mojdeh Delshad, Akhil Datta-Gupta, and Bang Vishal.

References

External links
http://pe.utexas.edu/~gpope/
http://www.pge.utexas.edu/faculty/pope.cfm
http://www.utexas.edu/opa/experts/profile.php?id=305

Living people
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Oklahoma State University alumni
Rice University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Roboty. ROBOTY ()  is a differential wheeled robot with self-balancing, motion, speech and object recognition capabilities. ROBOTY is also the first autonomous robot in Yemen, all of which will be primarily controlled by voice commands. The final goal of this research project is to build a robot capable of playing chess.

History and background 
ROBOTY was first introduced on October 21, 2010 by its inventor, Hamdi M. Sahloul, as his final year project. The seminar showed the components and capabilities of the robot. These capabilities included moving, speaking, hearing, facial recognition, and GPS navigation.

Various media and newspapers covered this event, including Yemen TV Channel, Al-Motamar, 26 Sep., Almasdar Online, Al-Sahwa, 22 May, Al-Moheet, Al-Hadath, Al-Tagheer, Al-Bida Press, Shabab Al-Yemen, Yemen Sound and Nashwan News.

References 

Robots of Yemen
Technology systems
Humanoid robots
Unmanned ground vehicles
Autonomy
Command and control
Geographical technology
2010 robots
Differential wheeled robots
TexRD. TexRD is a specialized graphics software, designed to simulate reaction–diffusion processes and to produce animated random textures through the underlying mathematical models.

Principles
Complex chemical reactions between several fluids are simulated by computer and produce various patterns through a self-organization process.
Similar morphogenesis phenomena (spontaneous build-up of shapes) are observed in the real life and can account -at least on a qualitative point of view-for the patterns observed on animal skins such as tigers or zebra, tropical fishes, sea shells, minerals such as agate... The software always creates seamless textures. Beyond the classical and well studied reaction–diffusion models such as the Brusselator, the software also contains new reaction–diffusion equations invented by the author, who worked 4 years as a researcher in this field.

Applications
TexRD was designed at first for graphic designers and cyber artists.
Seen also as mathematical game, it allows science lovers to create new and original textures because the number of parameter combinations is nearly infinite.
The interest of playing with a texture generator (discovering new patterns) also comes from the fact that many reaction–diffusion patterns cannot be predicted by the theory - except for the simplest models.
They require multiple trials associating chance, observations and attempts to find the rules governing the effects of the various parameters. Such textures produced from computer simulations can be used to create abstract images for postal cards, front pages, bindings, paper bookmarks, wallpapers, as well as new ideas for decoration patterns.
Computer graphics experts also use the textures to cover virtual objects and make them look more realistic (see ray tracing software such as POV-Ray and the example below).

History
Luc Decker created the first version of TexRD in October 2002, following some ideas initially developed during his PhD entitled "Random structure models based on Reaction–Diffusion" (1999, "Ecole des Mines de Paris", France).
The current version of the software (0.4 beta) was released in July 2003.

Operating systems
English and French versions are available for Windows (all versions). Wine emulator allows Linux users to run the software without known problem.

Licence
TexRD is free for non-commercial use.

External links
TexRD homepage
POV-Ray homepage

References

Graphics software
Hinkler Ibis. 

The Hinkler Ibis was a British two-seat wooden amphibian monoplane designed and built by the Australian aviator Bert Hinkler while working in the United Kingdom.

Design and development
Hinkler designed and built the Ibis with the assistance of R.H. Bound at Hamble Aerodrome in Hampshire. The wing was designed by Basil Henderson and built by Hendy Aircraft at Shoreham Airport. It was a two-seat high-wing monoplane made of wood and powered by two  Salmson AD.9 radials. The two engines were strut mounted back-to-back above the fuselage, one driving a pusher propeller, the other a tractor propeller. The Ibis registered G-AAIS was first flown from Hamble in May 1930 and later stored in the garden of Hinkler's house in Southampton. According to the aircraft's registration with the Civil Aviation Authority, it was deregistered in December 1933. In 1953, it was found in a semi-derelict condition in the garden but was scrapped in 1959.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
UK Civil Aviation Authority: G-AAIS registration

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Amphibious aircraft
Três Marias Dam. The Três Marias Dam, also known as Bernardo Mascarenhas, is an embankment dam on the São Francisco River near Três Marias in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was constructed for hydroelectric power production and flood control. The dam was completed in 1961 and its first generator was operational in 1962. The dam's power plant is named after Bernard Mascarenhas who in 1889, built South America's first major hydroelectric power plant in Brazil, the Marmelos Zero Power Plant.

Background
Construction on the dam began in May 1957 with a goal to stabilize the river's flow, improve navigation and to produce hydroelectric power. 10,000 people worked on the project and Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek was influential in the dam's construction pace. The majority of the dam works were completed in January 1961 and its first generator was operational in 1962. The other five generators went online by 1969. The dam does not have a fish ladder and effectively halted fish migration in the upper São Francisco River while also splitting it into two zones.
When the reservoir was filled it formed an island that became the Pirapitinga Ecological Station, with an area of about .

Specifications

The dam is a  long and  high embankment dam with a spillway off to its east-side and a power plant at its east toe. The dam's reservoir has a surface area of  and a capacity of .

Bernard Mascarenhas Power Plant
The dam's power station, Bernard Mascarenhas Power Plant, contains six  generators powered by Kaplan turbines for a total installed capacity of . There is additional room for two more generators in the power station which would increase the capacity to  if installed. The Kaplan turbines used in the power station were designed by Voith and first installed in 1958. Each one has eight runner blades and is designed to operate with a hydraulic head as low as . The dam regulates downstream water flows to other reservoirs and power plants, keeping a normal discharge of .

See also

List of power stations in Brazil

References

Dams completed in 1961
Dams in Minas Gerais
Embankment dams
Dams on the São Francisco River
Ensto. Ensto is an international technology company and a family business, which designs and provides electrical solutions for electricity distribution networks, buildings, marine and electric traffic. Ensto manufactures, for example, solutions for overhead line and underground cable networks, luminaires, electric vehicle charging systems, electric heaters, control systems and enclosing systems.

Ensto was established by Ensio Miettinen in 1958. Since 2001, it has been owned by four of his descendants through the parent company EM Group. In 2018, the majority of the ownership was transferred to the third generation of the Miettinen family through the parent company Ensto Invest Oy. The headquarters of Ensto is in Porvoo, Finland, where the company was founded.

References

External links
 

Manufacturing companies of Finland
Electrical engineering companies
Engineering companies of Finland
Family-owned companies
Porvoo