omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shafag-Asiman gas field. Shafag-Asiman (Azerbaijani:  Şəfəq və Asiman) is a large complex of offshore geological structures in the Caspian Sea located  southeast of Baku, Azerbaijan. The Shafag and Asiman structures have been previously called D8 and D10, respectively.

History
The memorandum of understanding (MOU) for exploring the Shafag-Asiman structures was signed on July 13, 2009. According to the initial agreement, the offshore block will be jointly developed by BP and State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR). The MOU was signed by the President of SOCAR, Rovnag Abdullayev and Chief Executive of Exploration and Production of BP, Andy Inglis in the presence of President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev and former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Gordon Brown. The MOU was followed by signing of Heads of Agreement on basic commercial principles on joint exploration and development of the fields by Rovnag Abdullayev and President of BP Azerbaijan, Rashid Javanshir, on July 6, 2010, during the visit of the President of BP, Tony Hayward, to Azerbaijan. The production sharing agreement for development and exploration of Shafag-Asiman block covers a period of thirty years with potential extension of up to five more years. The first two exploration wells will be drilled within the next four years with possible extension of exploration works for three more years. All costs for exploration works will be covered by BP. Development of the Shafag-Asiman block is considered by some as extension of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli (ACG) project, operated by BP. Exploration works are expected to start in the second half of 2016 and continue through the second half of 2017.

Reservoir
The offshore block covers an area of nearly  which have never been explored before. The fields are located in a deepwater section of close to  with a reservoir depth of about . The initial reserves are estimated to be about 500 billion cubic meters of gas and 65 million tons of condensate. The 2D geophysical surveys previously conducted at block indicate that these deeply laying structures may contain big amounts of gas. The 3D-seismic study in three stages is being carried out by Caspian Geophysical under BP contract. The first phase will be completed in 2011; the second data processing phase in 2012 and the third data interpretation phase in the first half of 2014.

See also

Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli
Shah Deniz gas field
Umid gas field

References

Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan
Energy in the Soviet Union
Caspian Sea
BP oil and gas fields
Lawrence Lidsky. Lawrence Mark Lidsky (1935–2002) was a professor of nuclear engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Lidsky was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 15, 1935. He did his undergraduate studies at Cornell University, graduating in 1958, and earned a doctorate in nuclear engineering from MIT in 1962 with a thesis entitled "Plasma Generation and Acceleration", after which he joined the MIT faculty.

Lidsky was the advisor to more than 80 graduate students and the founding editor of the Journal of Fusion Energy. In 1983, as assistant director for the MIT Plasma Fusion Center, Lidsky wrote an influential article about the difficulties of making a working nuclear fusion power plant. The ensuing reduction in federal funding for fusion research led him to resign from the center, and caused him to be "drummed out" of the nuclear fusion research community.

Because of his concerns with the viability of fusion power, he instead became by 1989 an advocate for safer nuclear fission reactor designs.  In 1999 he was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science "for outstanding contributions to both nuclear fission and fusion in education, research, system design and analysis, technical publications and federal policy".

He died March 1, 2002, in Newton, Massachusetts, after struggling with cancer for many years.

Selected publications
Lidsky, L. M. (1983). The Trouble With Fusion. Technology Review, 86(7), 32–44.

References

External links
Lidsky, Lawrence Mark, MIT Museum Collections - People

1935 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Cornell University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American nuclear engineers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
20th-century American engineers
Bryan Willson. Bryan Willson is a professor of mechanical engineering at Colorado State University (CSU) and the founder and director of the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) at CSU. His research primarily focuses on the development of sustainable energy solutions.

Career 
Bryan Willson received his PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1988, the same year he joined the CSU faculty. He teaches in the areas of design, energy, and sustainable development. He is the principal or co-principal investigator on over $30 million in funded research; has funded over 350 graduate and undergraduate students; and is author or co-author of over 200 journal papers, conference proceedings, or technical reports.

Willson has worked for over 25 years to develop large scale solutions for global energy needs. He is the founding director of CSU's Clean Energy Supercluster, founder and director of CSU's Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory; and co-founder of Envirofit International. Willson a co-founder and chief technology strategist of Solix Biofuels, a developer of large-scale production systems for algae-based biofuels.

Achievements 
In June 2009, Scientific American named him to its inaugural list of the "Scientific American 10" – ten individuals who have made significant contributions to "guiding science to serve humanity" on a global basis; in August 2009, he was awarded the Maurice Albertson Medal for Sustainable Development (Albertson played a key role as architect of the Peace Corps).

References

21st-century American engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Technologist. Technologist may refer to:

 Applied science technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and applied science technology. 
 Architectural technologist, a specialist in the technology fields of building, design and construction.
 Cardiovascular technologist, a health specialist who uses imaging technology to help diagnose cardiac and vascular ailments.
 Chemical technologist, a worker who provides technical support or services in chemical-related fields.
 Civic technologist, a specialist capable of satisfying societal needs by exploiting technologies.
 Educational technologist, a specialist in tools to enhance learning.
 Electrical technologist, a person whose knowledge lies between that of an electrical engineer and an electrical tradesperson.
 Engineering technologist, a specialist who implements technology within a field of engineering.
 Industrial technologist, a specialist in the management, operation, and maintenance of complex operation systems.
 Information technologist
 Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analysis on a variety of body fluids.
 Polysomnographic technologist, a health specialist who administers overnight polysomnograms. 
 Professional technologist, a Canadian and Malaysian professional title in engineering and technology related fields.
 Radiologic technologist, a medical professional who applies doses of radiation for imaging and treatment. 
 Surgical technologist, a health specialist who facilitates the conduct of invasive surgical procedures.
 Technologist (magazine), a European science magazine.
Engines and energy conversion laboratory. The Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) is a research/education program housed in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Colorado State University (CSU).

Background 
The Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) is housed in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. The laboratory was established in the Old Fort Collins Power Plant in June 1992. In the years since then, the laboratory has grown to become one of the more known engine research programs in the United States. The EECL is an international manufacturer in the fields of gas engines for power generation and compression, small 2-stroke cycle engines for developing countries, alternative fuels for automobiles, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of engines, and optical combustion diagnostics. The Department has invested in the laboratory by hiring faculty members who have established new EECL programs in diesel engines, laser diagnostics, and plasma  applications in engines.

Natural Gas Engines 
The EECL's earliest work with natural gas pipeline engines produced a series of market-driven environmental solutions that improved the industry. In the last five years, the lab has done the same thing but has expanded its scope to encompass areas both upstream (fuels) and downstream (power grids) of its core engine Research and Intelligence. In addition, the EECL has applied this research in energy conversion technology and product development to the creation of solutions with an impact on energy production, conversion, and consumption globally – testing new energy technologies around the world including India, The Philippines, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Nepal.

Research 
The Lab's main research areas include engine emissions and efficiency research, biofuel research (including algae-derived biofuels through its partnership with Solix), researching cookstoves through its partnership with Envirofit International, as well as distributed power and smart grid research.

References

Further reading

Colorado State University
Engine technology
Perfect Citizen. Perfect Citizen is a program designed in 2010 to perform vulnerability assessment by the United States National Security Agency on U.S. critical infrastructure.  It was originally reported to be a program to develop a system of sensors to detect cyber attacks on critical infrastructure computer networks in both the private and public sector through a network monitoring system named Einstein. It is funded by the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative and thus far Raytheon has received a contract for up to $100 million for the initial stage.

The program was originally reported to be designed to monitor for, as well as neutralize and counter, cyberattacks against government agencies and private companies in critical parts of the U.S. private sector including defense, power plants, transportation, and major internet firms. The program is the successor to a previous surveillance project called "April Strawberry".

The project is still in an early stage, "but NSA officials have reportedly met with utility executives and politely asked them to cooperate with the surveillance." Although participation is still voluntary, the government has offered incentives such as additional contracts to those who comply.

Controversy
The program, which is described by critics as "Big Brother",  has raised privacy concerns as well as concerns over government intervention in the private sector.

See also
 Echelon (signals intelligence)

References

National Security Agency
Privacy of telecommunications
Privacy in the United States
Australian National Fabrication Facility. Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) has its headquarters at the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication in Clayton, Victoria. It is an organization that links eight corresponding university-based nodes to offer researchers with access to up to date fabrication facilities.

Each of the eight nodes provide capability in a specific range of areas to meet researchers’ different fabrication needs. The nodes consists of different partners as listed below.

Victorian Node (Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication):
 Monash University
 CSIRO
 Deakin University
 La Trobe University
 University of Melbourne
 Swinburne University of Technology
 RMIT University
 Victoria University

ACT Node:
 Australian National University
Queensland Node:
 University of Queensland
 Griffith University

NSW Node:
 University of New South Wales
South Australia Node:
 University of South Australia
 Flinders University

OptoFab Node:
 Macquarie University
 University of Adelaide
 University of Sydney
Western Australian Node:
 University of Western Australia
Materials Node:
 University of Wollongong
 University of Newcastle

References

External links 
 Australian National Fabrication Facility Ltd
 Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication
 NSW Node
 ACT Node
 Materials Node
 OptoFab Node
 South Australia Node

Companies based in Melbourne
Crop destruction. Crop destruction is the deliberate destruction of crops or agricultural products to render it useless for consumption or processing. It can be made by burning, grinding, dumping into water, or application of chemicals. It should not be confused with crop residue burning, which burns non-edible parts of the crop.

Related to crop destruction is alternate, low-price use of agricultural products. A large portion of the European Union wine surplus has been converted to industrial ethanol.

There can be numerous reasons for crop destruction. In a scorched-earth strategy, crops and other useful materials are destroyed to prevent the enemy from gaining hold of them. The strategy of destroying the food supply of the civilian population in an area of conflict has been banned under Article 54 of Protocol I of the 1977 Geneva Conventions, though it continues to be used as a weapon of war.

In government-regulated agriculture, farmers can be required to destroy crops that exceed their production quota. Crops can also be dumped in the street during a public protest; this custom has been common in the European Union. Also, illegal crops, such as opium and cannabis, can be destroyed by law enforcement.

Note that this term does not apply to the burning of crops which are or can be usefully harvested by this means, such as sugar cane.

In culture
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck depicts the destruction of oranges, potatoes, pig carcasses and other agricultural products during the Great Depression.

See also

References

Crops
Kyozi Kawasaki. was a Japanese physicist. His research interests include chemical physics and statistical mechanics. In 2001, Kawasaki was awarded the Boltzmann Medal for "his contribution to our understanding of dynamic phenomena in condensed matter systems, in particular the mode-coupling theory of fluids near criticality, and nonlinear problems, such as critical phenomena in sheared fluids and phase separations".

Academic background
Kawasaki was born on 4 August 1930 in Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan. He received his B.Sc. (1953) and M.Sc. (1955) in physics from Kyushu University, followed by his Ph.D. in physics from Duke University in 1959. He has held a number of appointments in Japan and in the United States since then.
 JSPS Research Fellow at Kyushu University (1959–1960) and Kyoto University
(1960–1962)
 Instructor, Nagoya University, 1962–1963
 Research Associate, M.I.T., 1963–1966
 Associate Professor, Kyushu University, 1966–1970
 Associate Professor, Temple University, 1970–1972
 Professor, Temple University, 1972–1973
 Professor, Research Institute for Fundamental Physics, Kyoto University,
1973-1976
 Professor, Department of Physics, Kyushu University, 1976–2001
 Professor, Department of Physics, Chubu University, 2001–2007
 Electronics Research Laboratory, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 2008-

Recognition
 Nishina Memorial Prize, 1972
 Humboldt Prize, 1992
 Boltzmann Medal, 2001
 Ulam Scholar, 2001-02

References 

1930 births
2021 deaths
Japanese physicists
Kyushu University alumni
Academic staff of Kyushu University
People from Ōtsu, Shiga
Recipients of the Boltzmann Medal
FlexGen B.V.. FlexGen was a biotechnology company based in Leiden, Netherlands. FlexGen was a spin-off from Leiden University Medical Centre and Dutch Space (part of EADS) and had proprietary technologies for laser based in-situ synthesis of oligonucleotides and other biomolecules. On 21 December 2015, Flexgen Bv in Leiden (South Holland) was declared bankrupt by the court in Gelderland Source.

Products

FleXelect

FleXelect oligopools consist of custom oligonucleotides in solution and can be used for in solution target enrichment prior to next generation DNA sequencing. Target enrichment or In solution hybrid selection is a method for genomic selection in an increasing number of applications such as;
 Analysis of custom genomic regions of interest (e.g. specific genes, multiple variants and/or complete pathways).
 Analysis of Chromosomal translocation
 Validation of Single-nucleotide polymorphism or SNPs (typically after whole genome or whole exome studies)
 Other research and diagnostic applications (e.g. Synthetic biology)

An example of a recent application is testing of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer risk genes

FlexArrayer
The FlexArrayer is an in-house custom oligonucleotide synthesis instrument. The FlexArrayer facilitates high throughput synthesis of FleXelect oligopools for in-solution target enrichment as well as custom microarray production. The FlexArrayer is also applicable for array based re-sequencing.

The FlexArrayer provides microarray and oligopool synthesis typically used by:
 Genomics centres and sequencing facilities
 Health and safety institutes & microbiology labs
 Technology innovators in the fields of: Surface chemistries, PNA's (Peptide nucleic acid), siRNA's (Small interfering RNA) and more

Technology

Production of microarrays and FleXelect oligopools is done with the FlexArrayer (see image) using proprietary technology. The FlexArrayer synthesizes custom probesets on a substrate based on oligonucleotide deprotection technology;
 Before the first oligonucleotide synthesis step the complete DNA microarray surface is covered by photolabile groups.
 Those spots the first nucleotide addition is to occur are individually activated by the laser .
 The nucleotide solution is washed over the microarray surface and the nucleotides chemically bind to the activated spots.
 All nucleotides contain a photolabile group that can in turn be activated. As many rounds of photoactivation and nucleotide addition are performed as are required to synthesize oligonucleotides of the desired length.
 This is repeated up to 60 times until the required sequences (up to 100.000) have been synthesized. Thus, the maximum length of any oligonucleotide produced on this platform is 60mer in length.
 The microarray is now ready to be used, alternatively the oligonucleotides can be cleaved off to produce FleXelect oligopools.

References

External links
 FlexGen's Former Company Website on WayBack Machine

Biotechnology companies of the Netherlands
Biotechnology companies established in 2004
Microarrays
Companies based in Leiden
2004 establishments in the Netherlands
S. Brooks McLane. S. Brooks McLane (died January 13, 2000) was the electronic technician in the Field Emission Laboratory at Penn State who, with  Gerald Fowler and J. A. Panitz was responsible for developing the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope.  An electronics specialist who received an M.S. degree from the Texas School of Arts and Industries, he was Assistant Professor of Physics at Davidson College in 1957 and co-authored several scientific papers including "Field Absorption and desorption of helium and neon" that appeared in Surface Science in 1969.  Between 1964 and 1986 he co-wrote 8 separate articles in his field that appeared in the American Institute of Physics' Review of Scientific Instruments.

References 

American scientific instrument makers
2000 deaths
Pennsylvania State University staff
Carbon dioxide generator. A carbon dioxide generator or CO2 generator is a machine used to enhance carbon dioxide levels in order to promote plant growth in greenhouses or other enclosed areas. Carbon dioxide generators have been used to help grow marijuana. They can be fueled with propane or natural gas. CO2 generators were used mostly by commercial growers until smaller and less expensive systems made the technology more widely available to hobbyists. The generators also give off heat. Using compressed CO2 is an alternative to generators.

See also

References

Horticulture
Industrial gases
Solar-powered aircraft. Solar-powered aircraft are electric aircraft that can be an airplane, blimp, or airship and use either a battery or hydrogen to store the energy produced by the solar cells and use that energy at night when the sun isn't shining.

Usage 
Solar-powered aircraft do not require fuel, so they don't require oxygen, and they are able to operate at altitudes over  to  for months at a time.

Conventional passenger or cargo aircraft usages aren't practical yet with modern technology, but high-altitude platform stations and long-endurance missions over a fixed location with unmanned aircraft or airships are feasible. Thus solar-powered aircraft could be used in telecommunications, video/imagery, flight control by transporting airport surveillance radars, in precipitation detection by transporting weather radars, geopositioning Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and other pseudo satellite applications that transpond the data with ground stations.

List of solar airplanes
This list is non-exhaustive.
AstroFlight Sunrise - first uncrewed solar flight in 1974
Mauro Solar Riser - first crewed solar flight in April 1979
MacCready Gossamer Penguin - second crewed solar flight in May 1980
Pathfinder
Centurion
Helios
Facebook Aquila
Solar Impulse - first manned solar aircraft to circumnavigate the globe. Since reconfigured by Skydweller Aero into an uncrewed autonomous drone.
Airbus Zephyr
BAE Systems PHASA-35
HAPSMobile Hawk30

Solar airships

Solar Airship One is being developed by Euro Airship and is planning to launch a would tour in 2026 and fly by 25 countries in 20 days as it travels around the world non-stop.

It will be autonomous and use electrolysis to store hydrogen to keep moving at night when the sun isn't shining.

See also

Geostationary satellite
High-altitude balloon
Hydrogen-powered aircraft
Ingenuity (helicopter) - Solar helicopter on mars
Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE) - proposed solar VTOL aircraft to fly in the atmosphere of mars
2023 Chinese balloon incident
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay
Radiosonde - telemetry device carried by weather balloons
Advanced Technology Demonstrator - next generation Doppler radar for weather and air traffic control
Third-generation photovoltaic cell

References

Electric aircraft
Energy conservation
Renewable energy technology
Aviation and the environment
Balloons (aeronautics)
Balloon-borne experiments
Piercing (disambiguation). Piercing most commonly refers to body piercing.

It may also refer to:

Piercing (metalworking), a manufacturing process for cutting webs, sheet metal, and plates
Piercing (novel)
Piercing (film), a 2018 horror film
Rotary piercing, a metalworking process for forming seamless tubes
"Piercing", a 2001 song by Katy Hudson (later known as Katy Perry) from the album Katy Hudson
In computational geometry, piercing a collection of objects means finding a hitting set for these objects