omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sabato triangle. The Sábato triangle () is a model concerned with linkages between science, industry and government, which has informed discussions of science policy throughout Latin America. It was developed during the 1960s and 1970s by the Argentine physicist and metallurgist Jorge Alberto Sábato, of the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA, the Argentine government agency overseeing development of nuclear power in the country).

Brief description
The idea of the triangle was proposed by John Kenneth Galbraith and developed by Sábato as a model of policy-making in science and technology.  The model is based on the concept that in order for a scientific-technological system to exist in practice it is necessary for three sectors to be strongly linked together over the long term: the State (which formulates and implements policy); the scientific and technological infrastructure (which provides technology); and the productive sector (which uses technology). These interrelationships are portrayed in the form of a triangle.

Further, each "vertex" needs to have strong internal relations, that is to say, relations between the different institutions contained within itself.  For example, within the State there needs to be coherence between "implicit" policy and "explicit" policy, between different ministries and autonomous organizations, and so on. The other factor considered is the external relations between the "vertices" and outside entities.

The triangle has been used to shed light on technological dependency. The model predicts that the stronger the external relations, the weaker or non-existent will be the interrelationships and the internal relations, and this will delay the country in reducing its dependency.

Impact
The Sábato Triangle won acceptance in several countries of Latin America, having an effect upon science and technology policy there and disseminating the belief that the State had an important role in promoting technology transfer. However, a separation of the three components of the "triangle" has still been observed in more recent times.

See also 
 Jorge A. Sábato institute

References 

 Carlos Martínez Vidal, C., Idealista entre pragmáticos y humanista entre tecnólogos ("An idealist among pragmatists and a humanist among technologists"), pp. 3–24. In: Sábato in CNEA, National Commission of Atomic Energy, National University of General San Martín, 1996.
 Sábato, J., El triángulo nos enseña donde estamos ("The triangle shows us where we stand"). In: Sábato, J., Ensayos en campera, Juárez Editor, 1979.

External links 
 Family tree of the Sábato family.
 Esbozo biográfico de Jorge Alberto Sábato (por él mismo) ("Biographical sketch of Jorge Alberto Sábato, by himself").
 "Jorge Sábato", by Mario Bunge.
 Biography of Prof. Jorge A. Sábato.

Philosophy of science
Political theories
Science policy
Monroe Jackson Rathbone II. Monroe Jackson Rathbone II (March 1, 1900 – August 2, 1976) was an American businessman who was the chairman, president, and CEO of Standard Oil of New Jersey (now the Exxon Corporation).

Early life and education
Rathbone was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia, the son of Ida Virginia (née Welch) and Monroe Jackson Rathbone. He graduated from Parkersburg High School in 1918.

Rathbone received a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Lehigh University in 1921.

Business career
Rathbone joined Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1921 as a design engineer at the Baton Rouge refinery of Standard Oil of Louisiana. In 1923, he was promoted to the operations division of Louisiana Standard as an experimental engineer. In 1924, he was named assistant to the general superintendent. In 1926, he became general superintendent, then assistant general manager and vice president. In 1944, he was appointed president and director of Standard 's new Esso Division. In 1949, he was named to the board of directors of the parent Standard Oil Company. In 1953, Rathbone was named president of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and in 1959 he was named CEO. In 1962, he was elected chairman of the board of directors of Standard Oil of New Jersey. He retired in 1965.

He served on the boards of directors for many other major corporations, including Bethlehem Steel, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Prudential Insurance, and on such private groups as the Deafness Research Foundation, the National Fund for Medical Education, and the Council for Financial Aid to Education.
He was active in the Lehigh Alumni Association, serving as board chairman and president; was board chairman of the American Petroleum Institute and a director of Junior Achievement. During World War II, he served on President Roosevelt's Business Council.

Personal life
Rathbone was married in 1922 to Eleanor Groves, and had two children - Eleanor Virginia and Dr. Monroe Jackson Rathbone III. Jackson Rathbone is Rathbone's great-grandson.

A resident of Summit, New Jersey, Rathbone maintained a country home near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Rathbone died at the age of 76 on August 2, 1976, at Baton Rouge General Hospital.

References

1900 births
1976 deaths
American chairpersons of corporations
American chemical engineers
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
Directors of ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil people
Bethlehem Steel people
Lehigh University alumni
People from Parkersburg, West Virginia
People from Summit, New Jersey
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American engineers
Parkersburg High School alumni
Businesspeople from West Virginia
Erick Wolf. Erick Wolf (born 1974 in Delaware) is a 3D printing evangelist and a patent attorney. He is the co-founder and the current CEO of Airwolf 3D, a professional-grade 3D printers company. He was awarded the Outstanding Enterprise Hardware & Device Award at the OC Tech Alliance 21st Annual High Tech Awards dinner for the HDx 3D Printer.

Early life
Wolf was raised in Pennsylvania and graduated from St. Andrew's School. He received a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1997. He then attended Whittier Law School to complete doctor of law degree. Wolf started his career at WHGC as an attorney, where he practiced patent law and litigation for 8 years. In 2011, while using a 3D printer, he encountered issues of getting the 3D printer to print. With the replacement parts, he tried to fix the printer by himself, which was ultimately scrapped for parts. He began to start working on his own printer and which was named the Airwolf 3D. Wolf started the company in 2012 in Southern California along with his wife Eva wolf and started shipping fully assembled 3D printers. He designed the AW3D HDL, AW3D v.4, AW3D 5,  AW3D 5.5, the AW3D XL, the HD professional-grade 3D printers and the most recently the AXIOM.

Career 
Wolf coined the phrase ‘3D Flash Print’ which involved makers from around the globe working together for dispatching 3d printer code to 3d printers around the world to get them to print simultaneously like a “flash mob”. He was named as a “Rising Star” from 2009 - 2014 by Super Lawyers. Wolf was selected as a semifinalist for Ernst & Young’s Entrepreneur of the Year 2015 Award in Orange County.

He co-invented “wolfbite”,  material for use in promoting adhesion and reducing warpage in 3D printing; bonding agents and adhesives; chemical products for use in 3D printing. In 2015, Wolf supervised the Airwolf 3D’s breaking event of the Guinness World Record.

Patents 
Wolf is a named inventor on four 3D printing-related utility patents:

 U.S. Patent No. 10,195,778 (Three-dimensional printer systems and methods),
 U.S. Patent No. 10,428,248 (Enhancing 3D printer platform adhesion and/or reducing warpage in printed parts), 
 U.S. Patent No. 10,994,480 (Three-dimensional Printer Systems And Methods),
 U.S. Patent No. 11,446,877 (3D printing water soluble support filament).

References

External links
 Airwolf 3d website

American lawyers
Living people
1974 births
Kim Bailie. John Alexander Hope (Kim) Bailie (1929-2008) was a world authority on the structural dynamics of submarine-launched ballistic rockets.

Early life
Bailie was born in Johannesburg on 2 February 1929, he grew up in Bathurst, Eastern Cape and went to St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown and was in  Armstrong House from 1943 to 1946). In 1947 he left South Africa and joined the de Havilland Aeronautical Technical School as an apprentice in aeronautical engineering.

His later qualifications included an M.Sc. in aircraft structures from Cranfield University, a M.S. in engineering mechanics and a PhD in aeronautics and astronautics, both from Stanford University. He was also a CEng and a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

His outstanding achievements in his field included the structures of the Trident and Polaris ballistic missiles.
 
In retirement he helped to restore vintage aircraft at the Hiller Aviation Museum near Palo Alto, He also built houses for Habitat for Humanity.

References

External links
Encyclopædia Britannica article on Kim Bailie

Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
1929 births
2008 deaths
South African emigrants to the United States
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Magnetochromism. Magnetochromism is the term applied when a chemical compound changes colour under the influence of a magnetic field. In particular the magneto-optical effects exhibited by complex mixed metal compounds are called magnetochromic when they occur in the visible region of the spectrum. Examples include K2V3O8, lithium molybdenum purple bronze Li0.9Mo6O17,  and related mixed oxides. Reported magnetochromic compounds are multiferroic manganese tungsten oxide  and multiferroic bismuth ferrite. 

Magnetically–induced color change can also occur in aqueous solutions of colloidal Fe3O4 nanoparticles that are ~10 nm in diameter. Paramagnetic Fe3O4 particles are extracted from a petroleum–based ferrofluid or synthesized in a laboratory and then suspended in water. When exposed to a strengthening magnetic field these particles organize into chains that diffract light and cause the solution to change color from a brown to red, yellow, green and then blue. Manufacturers encapsulate microscopic droplets of this solution in a thin plastic film to create a magnetochromic magnetic field viewing screen.

References

Chromism
Advance Thun. Advance Thun SA is a Swiss aircraft manufacturer based in Thun. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders, harnesses, paragliding carrying bags and paragliding clothing.

Advance is a société anonyme, a share-held company.

The company is one of the world's leading manufacturers of paragliders. They produce a full line of paragliders ranging from training to competition gliders. Many of their glider models have been developed over successive generations of refinements. Gliders include the beginner Advance Alpha, the intermediate Epsilon and Sigma as well as the competition Omega and the two-place Advance Bi Beta.

The 2015 Red Bull X-Alps competition was won by Chrigel Maurer (first) and Sebastian Huber (second), both flying Advance Omega XAlps gliders. They flew  over seven days of bivouac flying.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Switzerland
Paragliders
Ding Lieyun. Ding Lieyun (; born 22 November 1955) is a Chinese management scientist and educator. He served as the president of Northeastern University and is the current president of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. He was elected a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2015.

Life and career
Ding was born on 22 November 1955 in Honghu, Hubei. He completed his undergraduate study in Wuhan College of Building Materials Industry in 1982, and received his master of industrial management engineering from Wuhan Polytechnic University in 1987. In 2002, he got his doctor of industrial management engineering from Tongji University.

He served as the vice-president of Wuhan Institute of Urban Construction from 1994 to 1999, and the president from 1999 to 2000. After he received his doctor's degree, he served as the vice-president of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and the director of the university's National Laboratory of Defense Technology from 2000 to 2003. Then he served as the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Central China Normal University from 2003 to 2011, the president of Northeastern University from 2011 to 2014, and the president of HUST from 2014.

Research
Ding led the design of digital management systems of urban rail transit construction project in China. He proposed 3 kinds of system architecture based on Computer Integrated Construction. This system was used in the construction of Shenyang Metro. Ding and his colleagues also developed a computer system to automatically identificate and pre-warn the security risks in rail transit construction.

References

1955 births
Living people
Engineers from Hubei
Educators from Hubei
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Presidents of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
People from Jingzhou
Tongji University alumni
Academic staff of the Central China Normal University
Academic staff of the Northeastern University (China)
Charles Crenchaw. Charles Madison Crenchaw  (September 11, 1921 – October 27, 1998) was an African American mountaineer and veteran flight engineer. On July 9, 1964, he became the first African American to summit Denali, the highest peak in North America.

Prior to the historic climb, achieved as a member of a climb with the Seattle Mountaineers, Crenchaw served as a Master Sergeant in the U.S. Army Air Corps. As flight engineer he was in charge of maintenance for airplanes flown by the Tuskegee Airmen. His service was an experiment designed to demonstrate that black pilots could serve with distinction as officers and in combat.

Crenchaw attended Morehouse College under the GI Bill, then the University of Chicago Graduate School of Engineering after his service. He majored in industrial management, and worked for the Boeing Aircraft Company in Seattle in quality control for several key components of the Apollo space program.

Crenchaw lived most of his life in the Pacific Northwest, where he developed an interest in climbing. In 1961 he joined the Seattle Mountaineers. In 1963 he was invited by team leader Alvin E. Randall to be part of an expedition the following year to climb Denali via the Karstens Ridge. A team of 15 including Crenchaw reached the summit on July 9, 1964. It was the largest single group (18 climb) to attempt Denali. It also had the largest number of women (three) to reach the summit in a single party.

Crenchaw's mountaineering pursuits are closely tied with the Civil Rights Movement. The March on Washington was featured in the November 1963 edition of Ebony magazine. The same edition featured a story on an aspiring black mountaineer named Crenchaw. In 2013, a team of all African American climbers, known as Expedition Denali, used Crenchaw as inspiration as they attempted to follow his footsteps to the summit of Denali.

References

Morehouse College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Tuskegee Airmen
1921 births
1998 deaths
John Edwin Midwinter. John Edwin Midwinter (8 March 1938 – 13 November 2021) was a British electrical engineer and professor, who was President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now IET) from 2000 to 2001.

Education
He was educated at St Bartholomew's School, King's College London (BSc Physics, 1961) and the University of London (PhD, 1968).

Career
From the 1970s, John's research centred on optical fibre communications, and he led the speedy deployment of optical communications infrastructure in the UK while at British Telecom. He was subsequently the BT Professor of Optoelectronics at University College London from 1984 to 1991 and Pender Professor of Electronic Engineering from 1991 to 2004, and was Vice Provost from 1994 to 1999. He was subsequently made an Emeritus Professor there. He was also a member of the Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology Advisory Board. He was President of IEE (now IET) UK in 2000.

Awards
He was made an OBE and elected to Fellow  of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1984 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1985. He delivered the Clifford Paterson Lecture of the Royal Society in 1983 and was awarded the IEE JJ Thomson Medal  in 1987 and the Faraday Medal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1997. He was awarded Honorary Doctorates  from Nottingham University in 2000, Loughborough University in 2001 & Queens University Belfast in 2004, UK. In 2000 he presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture. In 2002, he was awarded the IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award.

Personal life
Midwinter died on 13 November 2021, at the age of 83.

Books

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
People educated at St. Bartholomew's School
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College London
Alumni of the University of London
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of University College London
People from Newbury, Berkshire
Vinod Intelligent Cookware. Vinod Intelligent Cookware is an Indian manufacturer of cookware.

It was Anil Agarwal, son of Rajeram Agarwal, who collaborated with Saphymo Steel of France to introduce "Copper Sandwich Bottom Cookware", which is a multi-layered bottom and also a good conductor of heat. For this, Mr Agarwal built a manufacturing unit "Kraftwares (I) Ltd" at Palghar, Mumbai and took a step by setting up a factory in Bhandup, Mumbai, which was manufacturing stainless steel products for the local market. These products are now in the national market as "Vinod Bowl" or "Vinod Entry Dish".

As a modestly-priced product, Vinod cookware is accessible to many Indian households. The range of cookware supports cooking a broad spectrum of Indian cuisine.

History

Timeline 

 2015 - Mandira Bedi becomes brand ambassador
 2014 - Vinod Group became the largest exporter of stainless
 2013 - Sakshi Tanwar as its Brand Ambassador
 2006 - Set up another factory in Palghar
 2000 - manufacturing base was set up in Palghar
 1992 - Vinod Cookware went global as Kraftwares began to export
 1990 - Vinod launched Aluminum Sandwich Bottom Cookware
 1987 - Collaborated with Saphymo Steel
 1977 - Factory opened in Bhandup
 1962 - The company founded as a cookware trading company

Products 

Product Category:

 Pressure cooker
 Pressure PAN
 Zest non-stick
 Hard anodized
 Triply
 Stainless steel
 Kraft appliances

References

External links
Vinod Introduces "Vito Health"
Vinod Cookware Introduces Multi Kadai
Vinod Cookware Introduces Zest Superb+	
Vinod Cookware – a debt free Rs300 crore company

Manufacturing companies established in 1962
Kitchenware brands
Companies based in Mumbai
1962 establishments in Maharashtra
ELA Aviación. ELA Aviación, SL () is a Spanish aircraft manufacturer based in Córdoba, Andalusia. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft.

The company is a sociedad limitada (SL), a Spanish limited liability company.

The company was formed in 1996 and produces the open-cockpit ELA 07 series of autogyros, including the ELA 07 Agro agricultural aircraft, the ELA 07 Cougar for recreational touring use and the ELA 07S for flight training. The ELA 09 Junior is an entry-level open-cockpit autogyro, introduced in the mid-2010s. The company also produces an enclosed cockpit autogyro, the ELA 10 Eclipse.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Spain
Ultralight aircraft
Autogyros
Companies of Andalusia
Córdoba, Spain
Spanish companies established in 1996
FlexEnable. FlexEnable is a technology provider that develops flexible organic electronics technologies and OTFT materials (branded as FlexiOM™). The company is located on the Cambridge Science Park, just north of Cambridge city centre.  

FlexEnable was spun-out of Cambridge University with a focus on replacing silicon on glass in large-area electronics with organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) on flexible substrates, enabling optoelectronic modules which are flexible, ultra-thin, ultra-light and unbreakable. FlexEnable is bringing organic electronics technology to market in a fabless business model. It supplies OTFT materials, technology transfers, and process licenses to display manufacturers allowing them to upgrade and diversify using existing production assets and tap into exciting new markets. 
.

Technology 

FlexEnable's maximum processing temperature for organic thin-film transistors is below 100 °C. This low temperature allows for the use of lower-cost plastic substrates enabling low cost, high yield mount and demount approach to handling flexible substrates .

FlexEnable also state  that their transistors are the most flexible – and can be bent to a radius of 0.25mm thousands of times without affecting performance.

Applications for FlexEnable’s technology include flexible Organic LCD displays (OLCD) for consumer electronics and automotive, and flexible biaxially formable active Liquid Crystal Cell (LC Optics) that actively modulate, steer and focus light for applications including AR/VR optics and smart glasses, automotive smart windows and switchable ePrivacy displays.

See also 
 Electronic paper
 Waveshare Electronics

External links
 FlexEnable Flexible Display .

References

Companies based in Cambridge
Technology companies of England
Organic electronics
Flexible displays
Flexible electronics
Electrical artificer. An electrical artificer (EA) is an electrical technician competent in the electrical maintenance of ship's machinery such as engines and generators. This was originally a Royal Navy term for those trained and competent in the installation and maintenance of ships electrical systems.

The title has been replaced in the Royal Navy. However the Irish Naval Service continues to use the term "electrical artificer" for electrical technicians. A distinctive propeller insignia is worn to identify these personnel.

Training
Training is provided in the National Maritime College of Ireland (incorporated into the Cork Institute of Technology). Prior to its closure (in 1998), a number of electrical artificers were trained in the Irish Army Apprentice School and transferred to the Naval Service on completion of training.

Ranks
Rank on completion of training is 'able EA', followed by promotion based on experience and training to 'leading EA', 'petty officer EA' and 'chief petty officer EA'. The highest possible rank is 'warrant officer EA' of which there is only one in the Irish Naval Service.

External links
 Website of the National Maritime College of Ireland
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Shipbuilders