omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers. A Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers (RAIS) or Redundant Array of Independent Nodes (RAIN) is the use of multiple servers to maintain service if one server fails. This is similar in concept to how RAID turns a cluster of ordinary disks into a single block device.  RAIS was designed to provide the benefits of a symmetric multiprocessor system (SMP) at the entry cost of computer clusters.

The term may imply some kind of load balancing between the servers.

Technology

RAIS is a simple, high performance, mainframe-grade alternative to more expensive enterprise computing infrastructure solutions. It turns an array of ordinary servers into a single virtual machine, similar in concept to how RAID turns a cluster of ordinary disks into a single block device. Every RAIS node is a stateless computing unit. RAIS stripes and mirrors application code and memory across an array of ordinary servers using the standard RAID schemata of level 0, level 1, level 5, level 1+0. This is possible through a memory management system called Versioned Memory.

Data blocks of each stream are striped across the array servers. A fast packet switch is used to connect server and client stations. Each server has a dedicated network segment, and each client contacts the server one by one. Each server has its own storage, CPU, and network segment.  The server capacity increases with the number of servers.

In a manner more usually associated with high cost SMP architectures, RAIS achieves this by turning a cluster of independent servers into a single large server running applications across a virtualised network of nodes. The concept is similar to how RAID stripes and mirrors data across multiple independent disks and code of an application program across multiple independent nodes of a cluster. The applications see only a single logical shared memory which functions as a binary compatible SMP system.

If the data is split into segments and distributed between multiple storage providers, the technology has applications for improving confidentiality in cloud computing.

See also 
 Disk array controller
 Disk Data Format (DDF)
 Vinum volume manager

References

Servers (computing)
Development, testing, acceptance and production. Development, testing, acceptance and production (DTAP) is a phased approach to software testing and deployment. The four letters in DTAP denote the following common steps:
 Development: The program or component is developed on a development system. This development environment might have no testing capabilities.
 Testing: Once the software developer thinks it is ready, the product is copied to a test environment, to verify it works as expected. This test environment is supposedly standardized and in close alignment with the target environment.
 Acceptance: If the test is successful, the product is copied to an acceptance test environment. During the acceptance test, the customer will test the product in this environment to verify whether it meets their expectations.
 Production: If the customer accepts the product, it is deployed to a production environment, making it available to all users of the system.

The set of environments used for a DTAP cycle is often called a DTAP street.

The set of environments can be smaller or larger, depending on the demands of the project. Examples of other steps are:
 Education – This extension of the DTAP-street is a training environment for the users of the production environment.
 Backup – The backup site is used for disaster recovery.

Though the methodology is called DTAP, some projects might use DTAPB, DTP, DTEP or any other variant addressing the project needs.

See also
 Continuous delivery
 Deployment environment
 Release management
 Software testing

References

Software development process
Execution management system. An Execution management system, or EMS, is an application utilized by traders designed to display market data and provide seamless and fast access to trading destinations for the purpose of transacting orders. This application contains broker provided and independent algorithms such as TWAP and VWAP, global market data and technology that is able to help predict certain market conditions. One of the important features of EMS is the capacity to manage orders across multiple trading destinations such as stock exchanges, stock brokerage firms, crossing networks and electronic communication networks.

In addition to commercial vendors, a few open-source projects can be counted in as EMS, although their breadth varies.

See also
Algorithmic trading
Dark liquidity
Electronic trading platform
High-frequency trading
Order management system
Single-dealer platform

References

External links
Directory of EMS vendors 
EMS Providers Jump Onto The Cloud 
Converge and Diverge

Electronic trading systems
Indraprastha Power Generation Company. Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL) is the electricity generation company of the Government of Delhi state in India.

History 
IPGCL came into existence on 1 July 2002 after unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) commenced operations from the same date. It was formed as part of power sector reforms by the state government to unbundle the activities relating to Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power. All the Generating Stations owned by erstwhile DVB.

Generation capacity 
The installed capacity of IPGCL as on 31 July 2010 is 405 MW comprising 135.00 MW from coal-based thermal and 270.0 MW from gas-based thermal power plants. IPGCL is one of the power generating utilities in the capital city of Delhi along with PPCL.

 Rajghat Power Station. Coal-based thermal power plant of 135 MW installed capacity.
 IPGCL Gas Turbine Power Station. Gas-based thermal power plant of 270 MW installed capacity.
 Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, APCPL Jhajjar. Coal-based thermal power plant of 1500 MW installed capacity.

See also
 Pragati-1 Power Station. A 330 MW gas-based power plant operated by Pragati Power Corporation Limited (PPCL).
 Pragati-III Combined Cycle Power Plant. A 1500 MW gas-based thermal power plant.

References 

Electric-generation companies of India
Energy in Delhi
Companies based in Delhi
State agencies of Delhi
State electricity agencies of India
Energy companies established in 2002
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Delhi
Combat Pin for Civilian Service. Combat Pin for Civilian Service (CPCS) Is a combat service recognition decoration awarded to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civilian employees. The Gulf Region CPCS is a lapel pin designed after the Army Corps of Engineer's Gulf Region Division (GRD) logo.  The Afghanistan Region CPCS is modeled after the Afghanistan District (AED) logo.

Eligibility 
Must be a U.S. Army Corps of Engineer civilian employee that has served with the Gulf Region Division or Afghanistan Engineer District for more than 60 days within a combat zone.

References

External links 
  - for more information on the USACE Combat Pin for Civilian Service (CPCS)
 http://www.drum.army.mil/mountaineer/Article.aspx?ID=964
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130317175602/http://www.smdc.army.mil/SMDCPhoto_Gallery/Eagle/Archived/Aug05/Eagle_Aug.html
 http://frontier.cincinnati.com/blogs/iraq/2005_10_01_default.asp

Civil awards and decorations of the United States
Military awards and decorations of the United States
Gregory Kriegsmann. Gregory Anthony Kriegsmann (1946–2018) was Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Foundation Chair at New Jersey Institute of Technology’s department of Mathematical Sciences.

Education
Gregory received his BS in Electrical Engineering (1969) from Marquette University, MS in Electrical Engineering (1970), MA in Mathematics (1972) and PhD in Applied Mathematics (1974) from University of California at Los Angeles.

Research interests
Gregory's research focuses include applied mathematics, asymptotic methods, differential equations, bifurcation theory, wave propagation, acoustics, electromagnetic fields, circuit theory and more.

Honors
Gregory was elected as a (first batch) Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) in 2009.

Doctoral students
According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, Gregory mentored a total 10 doctoral students (total of 17 descendants) at Northwestern University and New Jersey Institute of Technology including John Pelesko.

Others
He was an Associate Editor of  Analysis and Applications, Journal of Engineering Mathematics (JEMA), IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics (IMA) and European Journal of Applied Mathematics.

References

External links
 'New Jersey Institute of Technology : NJIT Mathematicians Named First Fellows of Math Society'
 
 'NJIT Department of Mathematical Sciences : Gregory A Kriegsmann'

1946 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
New Jersey Institute of Technology faculty
Eric J. Miller. Eric J. Miller (born June 9, 1951 in Fort Erie, Ontario) is Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Toronto's Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering and Director of the University of Toronto Transportation Research Institute (UTTRI). His main research areas include microsimulation of Urban Transportation - Land-Use Systems, Sustainability of Urban Transportation Systems, and Improvements in Conventional Travel Demand Models.

Early life and education 
Miller received a bachelor's degree in engineering science from the University of Toronto in 1973, a master's degree in aerospace studies from the same university in 1975, and a PhD in civil engineering (Transportation Systems) in 1978 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After a brief position at McMaster University, he joined the University of Toronto faculty in 1979.

References

1951 births
People from Fort Erie, Ontario
University of Toronto alumni
21st-century Canadian educators
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of McMaster University
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Tenacity (mineralogy). In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken.

Common terms

Brittleness

The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle.

Malleability

The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable.

Ductility

The mineral may be drawn into a wire. Ductile materials have to be malleable as well as tough.

Sectility

May be cut smoothly with a knife. Relatively few minerals are sectile. Sectility is a form of tenacity and can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance. Gold, for example, is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not.

Elasticity

If bent by an external force, an elastic mineral will spring back to its original shape and size when the stress, that is, the external force, is released.

Plasticity

If bent by an external force, a plastic mineral will not spring back to its original shape and size when the stress, that is, the external force, is released. It stays bent.

References

Mineralogy
Deformation (mechanics)
Materials science
Organelle biogenesis. Organelle biogenesis is the biogenesis, or creation, of cellular organelles in cells. Organelle biogenesis includes the process by which cellular organelles are split between daughter cells during mitosis; this process is called organelle inheritance.

Discovery

Following the discovery of cellular organelles in the nineteenth century, little was known about their function and synthesis until the development of electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation in the twentieth century. This allowed experiments on the function, structure, and biogenesis of these organelles to commence.

Mechanisms of protein sorting and retrieval have been found to give organelles their characteristic composition. It is known that cellular organelles can come from preexisting organelles; however, it is a subject of controversy whether organelles can be created without a preexisting one.

Process

Several processes are known to have developed for organelle biogenesis. These can range from de novo synthesis to the copying of a template organelle; the formation of an organelle 'from scratch' and using a preexisting organelle as a template to manufacture an organelle, respectively. The distinct structures of each organelle are thought to be caused by the different mechanisms of the processes which create them and the proteins that they are made up of. Organelles may also be 'split' between two cells during the process of cellular division (known as organelle inheritance), where the organelle of the parent cell doubles in size and then splits with each half being delivered to their respective daughter cells.

The process of organelle biogenesis is known to be regulated by specialized transcription networks that modulate the expression of the genes that code for specific organellar proteins. In order for organelle biogenesis to be carried out properly, the specific genes coding for the organellar proteins must be transcribed properly and the translation of the resulting mRNA must be successful. In addition to this, the process requires the transfer of polypeptides to their site of function, guided by signaling peptides. If proteins are not directed to their respective sites of subcellular function, a defective organelle that fails to fulfill its tasks within the cell properly may result.

Several metabolic diseases are known to be caused by a fault in the process of organelle biogenesis. These may include mitochondrial biogenesis defects, peroxisome biogenesis disorders, and lysosomal storage disorders.

References

Biochemistry
Cell biology
Organelles
Loehle Sport Parasol. The Loehle Sport Parasol is an American single-seat, parasol winged, single engine, ultralight aircraft produced in kit form by Loehle Aircraft for amateur construction. The aircraft meets the requirements of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations.

When the design was introduced to the market it garnered a high degree of attention for its very low kit price, although the initial price did not include the engine, propeller, instruments or covering supplies. It was still one of the lower cost kit aircraft in 2010. Loehle Aircraft is believed to have ceased operations in 2017.

Design and development
The Sport Parasol was introduced in 1991. The aircraft is conventional in construction, built predominantly from wood and riveted aluminum tubing, covered in doped aircraft fabric. The wings are double-surface, with half-span ailerons. The wings detach and the tailplane folds for trailer transport and storage. The landing gear is of conventional configuration, with bungee-sprung main gear and a steerable tailwheel.

The initial engine recommended for the design was the now out-of-production  Rotax 277. Recommended engines today include  Rotax 447 and the  Rotax 503. Kit options include brakes, an extra  fuel tank, spoked wheels, floats and skis. Construction time from the kit is reported as 350 hours.

Reviewer Andre Cliche describes the aircraft as "a very attractive and simple parasol design that flies perfectly."

Bayerl et al. said of the aircraft, "for very low-cost flying this is pretty much it... [the Sport Parasol] offers  plenty of fun for little money."

Specifications (Sport Parasol)

See also

References

External links
 Last archived copy of official Web site - 1 July 2017
 Photo of Sport Parasol

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Sport
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Fluid Components International. Fluid Components International (FCI), headquartered in San Marcos, California.  In November 2023, FCI was acquired by Process Sensing Technologies (PST). FCI is a manufacturer of thermal dispersion technology flow and level measurement instrumentation. FCI has three business units: One serving customers with measurement needs in industrial process and plant applications; An aerospace division which design and manufactures level, flow, temperature, and pressure sensors for onboard both fixed wing and rotary aircraft; and FCI-Nuclear which manufactures level and flow measurement instruments for the unique and specific applications in nuclear power plants. FCI was a pioneer in developing thermal dispersion technology and holds numerous design and technology patents for its application in flow and level measurement.

FCI products include gas mass flow meters, air flow meters, biogas flow meters, thermal mass flow meters, gas flow switches, liquid flow switches, flow sensors, level switches, and flow conditioners. FCI Aerospace products include sensors, meters and switches for liquid level, flow, temperature, and pressure.

FCI's quality management system is ISO 9001 and AS 9100 certified..

FCI operates a NIST flow calibration laboratory with 19 precision flow stands. FCI utilizes these precision flow stands to flow actual gases and reference fluids matched to the temperature, process conditions, and line size of individual customers' flow meter applications.

The company has subsidiaries in Tilburg, Netherlands and Beijing, China. FCI is represented in 105 countries and has full factory service centers located in the United States, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

History
FCI was founded in 1964 in Canoga Park, California by Robert (Bob) Deane and Malcom (Mac) McQueen.

In 1978, FCI began its nuclear division to deliver level, flow, and temperature measurement solutions to the nuclear power industry. These products have the certifications and credentials that comply with global standards for nuclear plant installations.

In 1980, FCI relocated its corporate and manufacturing headquarters to San Marcos, California (near San Diego). In order to support FCI's increasing international customer base, the company opened the European Sales and Service Center in the Netherlands in 1993.

In 2001, FCI received AS 9100 certification. FCI's design, manufacturing and calibration systems, processes, and facilities are continuously reviewed and audited.

In 2010, Control Global Magazine Reader Choice awards for Thermal Flowmeters and Flow Switches were awarded to FCI.

in 2023, acquired by Process Sensing Technologies (PST)

References

External links
 FCI Global Website
 FCI Aerospace Website  ISA Directory of Automation  Measurement, Control, & Automation Association

Companies based in San Marcos, California
Manufacturing companies based in California
American companies established in 1964
Homer Sarasohn. Homer Sarasohn, an IEEE Life Member (24 April 1916 – September 28, 2001), was an American engineer.

When General Douglas MacArthur recruited him to re-establish the Japanese electronics industry, Mr. Sarasohn initiated the quality control standards for which Japan's electronic industry became known.  He also wrote books on quality control, one of the earliest being Fundamentals of Industrial Management, which is still in print in Japan.

Homer Sarasohn originally focused on the radio industry, since MacArthur saw that as a method to use as a tool of occupation for direct communication with the Japanese people. He worked with Charles Protzman, who had been charged with running Japan's telephone system.  When they returned to the United States, Sarasohn recommended W. Edwards Deming to continue the campaign of quality that he and Protzman had begun.

He fought with the 161st Airborne Engineers in World War II, until receiving a medical discharge at the end of 1943. He then worked on Project Cadillac (military radar systems) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Mr. Sarasohn's wife of 62 years, Shirley Sarasohn, died in November 2001. He is survived by their daughters Linda Kingdon and Lisa Sarasohn and by their grandchildren Sara and David Kingdon.

Life and career

Mr. Sarasohn worked at Raytheon Manufacturing Company in Waltham, MA, where he designed, built, and installed an experimental microwave radio transmission system for wideband general communication use. During World War II he worked at the MIT Radiation Lab and supervised the production of innovative radar systems for critical military applications.

Mr. Sarasohn was 29 when General Douglas MacArthur summoned him to Tokyo to restore Japan's communications industry following its destruction during World War II.

From 1946 through 1950, as chief of the Industry Branch of the occupation army's Civil Communications Section (CCS), Mr. Sarasohn took the lead in helping Japan rebuild its capacity to manufacture radio, telephone, and telegraph equipment—and to assure the reliable quality of its industrial production.

Upon his return from Japan, Mr. Sarasohn worked as a management consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton in New York and later at IBM in several positions including Director of Engineering Communications. During his tenure at IBM he made significant contributions to the integration of computerized data processing and telecommunications.

Before and after his retirement in 1977, Mr. Sarasohn served as a consultant and technical advisor on the exchange and dissemination of engineering information both nationally and worldwide. He was, for example, Technical Advisor to the U.S. Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology and a member of the U.S. delegations to Egypt and the Soviet Union.

Mr. Sarasohn served as an IEEE divisional director, president of the Engineering Management Society, and IEEE representative to the Russian Popov Society. He also organized and served as general chairman for the 14th Annual Joint Engineering Management Conference.

References

1916 births
2001 deaths
Einar Sem-Jacobsen. Einar Sem-Jacobsen (3 August 1878 – 15 October 1936) was a Norwegian military officer, engineer and aviation pioneer.

Einar Olaf Sem-Jacobsen was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He graduated in 1896 from the Norwegian Military Academy and joined the engineering corp of the Norwegian Army in 1899. He was promoted to Captain in 1911 and Major in 1930. He co-founded the society Norwegian Airways Association  (Norsk Luftseiladsforening) in 1909. From 1910 to 11,  Sem-Jacobsen attended  aeronautical engineering studies in Paris. He was the manager of the Army Air Force Factory (Kjeller Flyfabrikk) at Kjeller Airport in Skedsmo  from 1916 to 1922. He subsequently returned to the engineering corp.

In 1926, he was discharged from the air force.  From 1930 until his death in 1936, he was an aerotechnical consultant for the maritime testing, inspection and research facility,  Det norske Veritas.

References

1875 births
1936 deaths
Military personnel from Oslo
Norwegian Army personnel
Norwegian Army Air Service personnel
Engineers from Oslo
Norwegian aviators
Aero Designs. Aero Designs was an American aircraft manufacturer based in San Antonio, Texas. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of composite kit aircraft.

Its sole design, the Aero Designs Pulsar was later produced by Skystar Aircraft of Nampa, Idaho and then by Pulsar Aircraft of El Monte, California. Each subsequent manufacturer introduced new variants.

Aircraft

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in San Antonio
Homebuilt aircraft
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Texas