omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Themis programme. The Themis programme is an ongoing European Space Agency programme and carried by prime contractor, ArianeGroup, aiming to develop a prototype reusable rocket first stage and plans to conduct demonstration flights. The prototype rocket will also be called Themis.

Context 
Themis is expected to provide valuable information on the economic value of reusability for the European government space program and develop technologies for potential use on future European launch vehicles.

Themis will be powered by the ESA's Prometheus rocket engine.

Two possible landing sites have been mentioned in discussions surrounding the project:
 The former Diamant launch complex, which will be used for the flight testing phase;
 The Ariane 5 launch complex, which will become available after the transition from the Ariane 5 to Ariane 6.

The estimated program timeline, , is as follows:
 2020: Basic stage testing, composed of tank filling and ground support equipment tests.
 2021: Prometheus engine testing
 2022: Low-altitude hop tests (short flights up from and down to the launch site)
 2023: Initial flight test
 2023–2024: Loop tests (repeated flights of the reusable demonstration vehicle)
 2025: Full flight envelope test

Suborbital flight tests were slated to begin as early as 2023 at Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, but have been delayed.

Eventually, lessons learned with Themis' development will pave the way for developing the European reusable launcher Ariane Next, which should first fly in the 2030s.

History 
On 15 December 2020, ESA signed a contract worth €33 million with ArianeGroup in France for the "Themis Initial Phase". This first phase of the Themis programme involves development of the flight vehicle technologies and test bench and static fire demonstrations in Vernon, France. It also includes the preparation of the ground segment at the Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden, for the first hop tests and any associated flight vehicle modifications.

On 22 June 2023, the first hot-fire test of the Prometheus engine, as a part of the Themis first stage demonstrator, was successfully conducted in Vernon, France.

Landing leg testing began in July 2024.

See also 
 
 
 
 
 SpaceX reusable launch system development program

References

External links 
ESA Themis website

Space programs
European space programmes
Spaceflight technology
Reusable launch systems
Partially reusable space launch vehicles
Space launch vehicles of Europe
Bottom metal. A bottom metal is a firearm component typically made of metallic material (such as aluminium alloy or steel), that serves as the floor of the action and also helps to clamp the receiver onto the stock.  The bottom metal also frequently incorporates the trigger guard, for instance on the Mauser 98 and M1 Garand, although a trigger guard by itself is not considered a bottom metal.

In repeating firearms with internal magazines, the bottom metal serves as the magazine floorplate and contains the spring and follower, either as a fixed solid piece or can be opened like a hinged door.  Bottom metals designed to accept detachable magazines are called detachable bottom metals (DBM), and contains a rectangular reception slot called the magazine well, with a latch mechanism that securely holds the inserted magazine in place.

Single-shot firearms (e.g. SIG Sauer 200 STR) typically do not have bottom metals, and modern firearms with metallic chassis (e.g. SIG Sauer CROSS) do not have separate bottom metals as its function is already integrated into the chassis.

Aftermarket bottom metals are available commercially for various models of modern firearms. It is not uncommon to see a firearm with internal magazine (e.g. a Remington 700 rifle) being modified to accept various models of detachable box magazines (e.g. an AICS magazine), simply by replacing the factory bottom metal with an aftermarket one.

See also 
 Receiver

References 

Firearm components
M. Alauddin. Muhammad Alauddin is a Bangladeshi chemist and university professor. He was the tenth vice-chancellor of the Islamic University, Bangladesh, from March 2009 to December 2012. He is a life Member (MRSC) of the Royal Society of Chemistry in UK.

Career 
Alauddin obtained a Bachelor and Master's degree in Chemistry from the University of Rajshahi, and a PhD degree from the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. He was a professor of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ACCE) department at Islamic University, Bangladesh. He was the founding chairman of this department in 1995, and was also founding chairman of the Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering department in 1998. He served in the latter department as a chairman for more than a year.

Vice-chancellorship 
On March 9, 2009, Alauddin was appointed vice-chancellor of the Islamic University in Bangladesh, where he worked in the M. A. Wazed Miah Science Building, Sheikh Hasina Hall, and Central Shaheed Minar. At the time, the political situation of the university was tenuous; the Islamic University Teachers Association (IUTA) accused Alauddin and pro-vice-chancellor Kamal Uddin of corruption, and nepotism. As a result, he and Pro VC Kamal Uddin was removed from the administrative charge of the Islamic University, Bangladesh.

Research 
 Volumetric Properties of Secondary Butanol and Tertiary Butanol in Water and Aqueous Micellar Systems of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Section B: Chemical and Biological Sciences.

References 

Bangladeshi chemists
Academic staff of the Islamic University, Bangladesh
Vice-chancellors of the Islamic University, Bangladesh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Rajshahi alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
21st-century Bengalis
State Public Works Engineering Corps (France). The State Public Works Engineering Corps  (French: ) is a division of civil servants (fonctionnaires) working for the Government of France. Its members are mainly employed as team or project managers in the French Civil Service, overseeing areas such as infrastructure, environment, transportation, and energy.

Missions 
The members of the corps are in charge of the supervision and management of public policies requiring technical and scientific skills; their work is not restricted to traditional public works areas, but include areas as :
 Civil engineering
Real estate management
 Security of the national road network
 Sustainable development
 Transportation
 Management of natural and technological risks
 Urban planning
 Biodiversity
 Hydrology and Hydrometry
 Air quality
 Geology and Mining
 Energy
 Civil Aviation within the DGAC
 Rail safety
 Maritime Safety and Security within French Ships Safety Centers
 Port Facility
 Maintenance and Safety of inland waterways
 IT and big data
 Economic development
Education and Research
 ...

Engineers carry out their assignments and responsibilities throughout France, including French overseas territories. They could also be stationed in French embassies abroad, as well as in international and European Union organizations, such as the World Bank and European Commission.

Formation 
The majority of the engineers are recruited directly during their 2-years post secondary studies in classes préparatoires by taking a competitive examination in mathematics, physics, and engineering. If accepted they join the National School of Public Works (French: ) as a paid civil servant in training for 3 years.

During their studies in this engineering school (grandes écoles d'ingénieurs), they receive a multidisciplinary education in the fields of competences in which they will be brought to work once graduated. They also carry out a professional internship per year of study, in France or abroad. After graduation, they can go directly to an assigned position in the civil service. It is also possible for them to be selected to do a thesis in a field of interest of the Government or to carry out an additional year of specialization study to occupy certain positions requiring specific technical skills.

See also
French Civil Service
Ministry for the Ecological Transition (France)
Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests

References

French Civil Service
French civil servants
French engineers
Deja Perkins. Deja Perkins is an American urban ecologist. She has spoken out vocally against racism in STEM fields, is a co-organizer of Black Birders Week, and is president of the BlackAFinSTEM collective. She graduatated from the North Carolina State University and now is a PhD student at the NC State's Center for Geospatial Analytics, where she examines the spatial data gaps in environmental participatory projects to better understand conservation and nature gaps in urban neighborhoods. Some of her current interests are in the intersection of environmental justice and conservation where she aims to study and take a closer look to how human culture and bias have impacted avian habitat destruction in cities. Some of her latest projects and work are conservation efforts that aim to target climate change in a urbanized cities and metropolitan areas. .

Awards and honors 
In 2022, Perkins received the National Wildlife Federation's National Conservation Young Leader Award and was honored by North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper as a Black STEM Leader.

References 

Living people
American ecologists
American women ecologists
American women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
North Carolina State University faculty
American women academics
21st-century American women
UniAIMOV. UniAIMOV also known as just AIMOV is a Light Armored vehicle based on the Land Rover Defender chassis developed and manufactured by the Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.

Design 
AIMOV is a 4x4 light armored High-Mobility/Forward Command vehicle built on Land Rover chassis with seating for 5 including driver and operator. External racks have been added for 4-8 men to easily hang on to the vehicle during emergency exfiltration. It is protected from land mines and hand grenades. It is equipped with Run-flat tire, greater shielding on vital components such as engines and transmission, design that reduces crew fatigue, day-night cameras that provide 360 degree vision, VHF base station and can launch & operate short ranged drones for aerial surveillance. It is fully air conditioned for crew comfort. 

The vehicle was designed mainly for urban warfare, counter-insurgency and special operations. It can also be used as a command center for the ground commander who can maintain real time communications with HQ.

Production history 

The UniAIMOV was first unveiled to the public in December 2020 during the opening of the SLEME Base Workshop Homagama.

See also 

 Unibuffel
 Unicorn APC
 Snatch Land Rover
 MDT David

References 

Post–Cold War military equipment of Sri Lanka
Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s
Vehicles of Sri Lanka
Minecart (short story). is a short story by Japanese writer Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. It was published in 1922. It is a story about a young boy who experiences the adult world for a short amount of time. Many junior high school students in Japan study this short story in class.

In 2009, a movie based on this story was released.

Plot 
Construction of a light railway has begun between Odawara and Atami, two towns in east Japan. At the construction site, workers are using minecarts for transporting earth and sand. Ryōhei, aged eight, is interested in these minecarts. One day, he pushes one of the minecarts with a construction worker. At the beginning, he is very excited. But as it gets late in the day, he starts to worry about how he will get home. After a while, the construction worker tells him to go home because it is late. Ryōhei runs down a dark hill road thinking “I  just don’t want to die”. As soon as he comes back home, he bursts into tears.

He becomes an adult and moves to Tokyo. He looks back on that time. He is tired of everyday life. Without any reason, he sometimes dreams of the dark hill road.

The story is set between Odawara and Atami. The boy describes seeing the sea on his right as he heads away from his home, and on his left on the way back. Because of this, it seems that he was moving toward Odawara from Atami.

Additional information 
Rikiishi Heizo was a journalist from Yugawara, a town between Atami and Odawara. The Atami light railway was under construction when he was a boy. Construction workers changed a human-powered railway into a light railway. Rikiishi looked back on his memory of watching this construction work and wrote it down. The story's author, Akutagawa, embellished Rikiishi's writing to make the story.

References

External links 
 "Torokko" modern kanji forms and kana spellings（Aozora Bunko）
 "Torokko" modern kanji forms and old kana spellings（Aozora Bunko）

1922 short stories
Japanese short stories
Short stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
Works originally published in Japanese magazines
ALC-0315. ALC-0315 ([(4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl]di(hexane-6,1-diyl) bis(2-hexyldecanoate)) is a synthetic lipid. A colorless oily material, it has attracted attention as a component of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BNT162b2, from BioNTech and Pfizer. Specifically, it is one of four  components that form lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which encapsulate and protect the otherwise fragile mRNA that is the active ingredient in these drugs. These nanoparticles promote the uptake of therapeutically effective nucleic acids such as oligonucleotides or mRNA both in vitro and in vivo.

Below physiological pH, ALC-0315 becomes protonated at the nitrogen atom, yielding an ammonium cation that is attracted to the messenger RNA (mRNA), which is anionic.

Synthesis
The preparation of ALC-0315 was first described in a patent application to lipid nanoparticles by Acuitas Therapeutics in 2017. The final step is a reductive amination reaction in which 4-aminobutanol is condensed with a lipid aldehyde, using sodium triacetoxyborohydride as the reducing agent to convert the intermediate imines to the amine of the product.

2 (C8H17)(C6H13)CHCO2(CH2)5CHO + H2N(CH2)4OH + 2 NaBH(O2CCH3)3 → ALC-0315

Use
ALC-0315 is one of the components of the BNT162b2 vaccine (0.43 mg per dose). Its chemical properties as a tertiary amine mean that its cation can form an ionic bond to the messenger RNA which carries the genetic information for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein formation in the human body. Importantly, once the lipid nanoparticle which encapsulates the mRNA has been absorbed into antigen-presenting cells (a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis) the more acidic environment within the endosome fully protonates the ALC-0315 as a result the nanoparticle releases its payload of mRNA. In December 2021 there were objections raised against the use of ALC-0315 and ALC-0159 (and some other solid lipid nanoparticles) in humans by critics of mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines in Germany but the German pharmaceutical trade journal Pharmazeutische Zeitung (de) and the German investigative collective Correctiv refuted this and stated as one important reason that the European Medicines Agency has approved the vaccine and this includes all its ingredients.

See also
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine nanoparticle ingredients
ALC-0159
1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Cholesterol

References

Esters
Amines
Lipids
Primary alcohols
JoAnn Slama Lighty. JoAnn Slama Lighty is an American chemical engineer who is a professor at Boise State University. Her research considers carbon capture, chemical looping and black carbon emissions. In 2020 she was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for her air quality research.

Education 
Lighty was an undergraduate student at the University of Utah, where she specialized in chemical engineering. She remained there for her doctoral research, studying opportunities to cleanup contaminated waste using thermal treatment.

Research and career 
Lighty studies the combustion and gasifaction of fuels, and how these processes result in the formation of airborne pollutants. She has worked on carbon-capture from coal powered combustion systems and soot oxidation in fuel-lean conditions.

Lighty joined the faculty at the University of Utah in 1988. In 2007, Lighty was elected Chair of Chemical Engineering at the University. She spent 2010 as a Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge. Her scientific research involves policy work with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and National Science Foundation.

Lighty worked as division director for chemical, bioengineering, environmental, and transport systems at the National Science Foundation. In this capacity, she oversaw the clean water program, which sought to identify low cost, low energy technologies to test and treat water. In 2017 Lighty joined Boise State University as dean of engineering.

Academic service 
At the University of Utah, Lighty founded the High School Girls Engineering Abilities Realized (HiGEAR) outreach programme and the elementary engineering group.

Awards and honors 
 Society of Women Engineers Distinguished Engineering Educator Award
 Utah Engineering Educator of the Year
 YWCA Outstanding Achievement Award
 University of Utah Linda Amos Award for Distinguished Service to Women
 Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Lawrence K. Cecil Award

Selected publications

Personal life 
Lighty is married with two daughters.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American chemical engineers
University of Utah alumni
Boise State University faculty
American women scientists
American women academics
21st-century American women
Distearoylphosphatidylcholine. Distearoylphosphatidylcholine is a phosphatidylcholine, a kind of phospholipid. It is a natural constituent of cell membranes, eg. soybean phosphatidylcholines are mostly different 18-carbon phosphatidylcholines (including minority of saturated DSPC), and their hydrogenation results in 85% DSPC.
It can be used to prepare lipid nanoparticles which are used in mRNA vaccines,  In particular, it forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines.

See also
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine nanoparticle ingredients
SM-102
DMG-PEG 2000

Others
 Stearic acid, contributing stearoyl- group
 Phosphocholine

References

Phosphatidylcholines
Maria Prandini. Maria Prandini (born 8 September 1969) is an Italian electrical engineer whose research topics have included control theory, pursuit–evasion, and air traffic control. She is a professor at the Polytechnic University of Milan.

Education and career
Prandini was born in Brescia, earned a laurea in electrical engineering in 1994 from the Polytechnic University of Milan, and completed her Ph.D. in 1998 at the University of Brescia, with Marco Claudio Campi as her doctoral supervisor.

After postdoctoral research with Shankar Sastry at the University of California, Berkeley, and visiting positions at Delft University of Technology and the University of Cambridge, she became an assistant professor at the Polytechnic University of Milan in 2002.

Recognition
In 2020, Prandini was named an IEEE Fellow, affiliated with the IEEE Control Systems Society, "for contributions to stochastic, hybrid and distributed control systems theory".

References

External links
Home page

1969 births
Living people
Italian electrical engineers
Italian women engineers
Control theorists
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
University of Brescia alumni
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Milan
Fellows of the IEEE
Nseke Hydroelectric Power Station. Nseke Hydroelectric Power Station (French: Centrale hydroélectrique de Nseke) is an operational hydropower plant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with installed capacity of . It is operated by the Congolese electricity utility company, Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL).

Location
The power station is located on the Lualaba River, in Lualaba Province, in southeastern DR Congo, close to the border with Zambia. Its location is approximately , north of the city of Kolwezi, the provincial capital. This is approximately , northwest of Lubumbashi, the nearest large city. The geographical coordinates of Nseke Hydroelectric Power Station are: 10°18'15.0"S, 25°24'24.0"E (Latitude:-10.304167;
Longitude:25.406667).

Overview
This power station was constructed in the 1950s and commercially commissioned in 1956. The power plant comprises four General Electric turbines, each with generating capacity of 65 megawatts. The power produced is integrated into the national electric grid, by the national electricity utility, SNEL.

Due to the age of the hardware, there have been efforts to refurbish and modernize hardware and operations at the power station, in order to maintain functional efficiency.

Ownership
Nseke Power Station was constructed in the 1950s and commercially commissioned in 1956 to supply power to Générale des carrières et des mines (Gécamines) a DR Congo mining conglomerate, which owns mines in Lualaba Province and in the adjacent Haut-Katanga Province. In 1974, SNEL, the electricity generation, transmission and distribution monopoly took over ownership of the power station, following a presidential decree.

See also

References

External links
Democratic Republic of Congo and GE sign energy infrastructure agreement As of 13 February 2020. 

Hydroelectric power stations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Energy infrastructure completed in 1956
Lualaba Province
Hydroelectricity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Dams in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
BTM Layout metro station. BTM Layout is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Yellow Line of Namma Metro in Bengaluru, India.

As per latest reports, the Yellow Line is slated to be operational around April 2025 instead of January 2025 with four trainsets which will be ready for operations after arriving from Titagarh Rail Systems in Kolkata.

History 
In December 2016, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) issued a call for bids to construct the BTM Layout metro station along the 6.340 km Reach 5 – Package 3 section (Central Silk Board - Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road) of the 18.825 km Yellow Line of Namma Metro. On 16 May 2017, HCC-URC Construction JV was selected as the lowest bidder for this stretch, with their bid closely aligning with the original cost estimates. Consequently, the contract was successfully awarded to the joint venture, which then commenced construction of the metro station in accordance with the agreements.

Station layout 
Station Layout (TBC)

Entry/Exits

See also
Bengaluru
List of Namma Metro stations
Transport in Karnataka
List of metro systems
List of rapid transit systems in India

References

External links

 Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site) 
 UrbanRail.Net – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

Namma Metro stations
Proposed railway stations in India
Kempapura metro station. Kempapura is an upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the Blue Line of Namma Metro in Bangalore, India. This metro station is stated to become operational around December 2026.

History

Blue Line 
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Kempapura metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km Blue Line of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. (NCC Ltd.) was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.  As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

Station Layout 
 Station Layout - To Be Confirmed

 Station Layout - To Be Confirmed

References 

Namma Metro stations
Proposed railway stations in India