omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Westland Wagtail. The Westland Wagtail was a prototype British fighter aircraft of the First World War. A single-engined tractor biplane, the Wagtail was a failure owing to the unreliability of its engine, only five being built.

Development and design
The Westland Wagtail was designed by Westland Aircraft of Yeovil in 1917 to meet the Royal Air Force Specification IA for a light fighter with superior performance to the Sopwith Camel. Westland's design team, led by Robert Bruce,  the Company's manager and Arthur Davenport, Chief Draughtsman, came up with a design for a small single bay biplane, powered (like the other competitors for the Specification, the BAT Bantam and the Sopwith Snail) by the 170 hp (127 kW) ABC Wasp radial engine.  The Wagtail was of conventional wood and fabric construction, with the upper wing centre-section having a large cut-out to improve the pilot's view, and carrying an armament of two Vickers machine guns mounted over the nose.

An order for six prototypes was placed in February 1918, (although the last two were later cancelled) with the first airframe being used for structural tests and not flown.  Delays in delivery of engines delayed flight testing of the Wagtail, with the first to fly, serial number C4291, flying in April 1918, two months after the airframe was complete. Testing showed that handling of the Wagtail was good, but also quickly showed that the Wasp was unreliable. Although the Wagtail proved the best of the three Wasp-engined fighters tested, the Wasp was officially abandoned in October 1918, which together with the end of the war on 11 November, resulted in it not being adopted as a fighter.

Despite this, two further Wagtails were ordered in 1920, as testbeds for the new 150 hp (112 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Lynx radial. These two aircraft, which had a shorter nose to compensate for the heavier engine, were delivered in 1921 and remained in use until August 1922.

Specifications

See also

References

Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters Volume One. London:Macdonald, 1969. .
James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1991. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links
Local Lights:The Westland Wagtail  PFA : The Bristol Strutter.
Aircraft Data Sheet: Wagtail (1918) AgustaWestland.

1910s British fighter aircraft
Wagtail
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Jean-Pierre Hansen (CEO). Jean-Pierre, Baron Hansen (born 25 April 1948, in Athus, Belgium) is a Belgian corporate executive. He served as vice-chairman of the executive committee and senior executive vice-president of GDF-Suez, in charge of operations.

Career 
Jean-Pierre Hansen holds a master's degree in electrical engineering (University of Liège), a degree in economics (Panthéon-Assas University) and a PhD in engineering (Paris VI). He entered the electricity and gas sector in 1975.

He was CEO of Electrabel from 1992 to March 1999.  Since January 2005, he has been vice-chairman and again CEO of Electrabel. Since March 1999, he has also held the position of chairman of the executive committee of Electrabel. He is also CEO of Suez-Tractebel, chairman of Fabricom and director of Distrigas, Fluxys, AGBAR (Spain) and ACEA (Italy), vice-chairman of the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium (FEB) and associate professor of economics at the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) and at the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris). He is also member of the board of directors of ArcelorMittal.

In 2008, Jean-Pierre Hansen and Patrick Ouart (now personal advisor for justice to French President Nicolas Sarkozy) have been recognized guilty by a Belgian court of "hacking". In February 2004, they tried to spy the telecommunications installation of an employee of Electrabel. The affair had then been called by the Belgian press the "Electragate" affair.

References

External links 
 Jean-Pierre Hansen at ArcelorMittal
 Jean-Pierre Hansen at GDF Suez
 Jean-Pierre Hansen at AGBAR
 Jean-Pierre Hansen at Fluxys

1948 births
Living people
University of Liège alumni
Engie
Faradaic current. In electrochemistry, the faradaic current is the electric current generated by the reduction or oxidation of some chemical substance at an electrode. The net faradaic current is the algebraic sum of all the faradaic currents flowing through an indicator electrode or working electrode.

Limiting current
The limiting current in electrochemistry is the limiting value of a faradaic current that is approached as the rate of charge transfer to an electrode is increased. The limiting current can be approached, for example, by increasing the electric potential or decreasing the rate of mass transfer to the electrode. It is independent of the applied potential over a finite range, and is usually evaluated by subtracting the appropriate residual current from the measured total current. A limiting current can have the character of an adsorption, catalytic, diffusion, or kinetic current, and may include a migration current.

Migration current
The difference between the current that is actually obtained, at any particular value of the potential of the indicator or working electrode, for the reduction or oxidation of an ionic electroactive substance and the current that would be obtained, at the same potential, if there were no transport of that substance due to the electric field between the electrodes. The sign convention regarding current is such that the migration current is negative for the reduction of a cation or for the oxidation of an anion, and positive for the oxidation of a cation or the reduction of an anion. Hence the migration current may tend to either increase or decrease the total current observed. In any event the migration current approaches zero as the transport number of the electroactive substance is decreased by increasing the concentration of the supporting electrolyte, and hence the conductivity.

See also 
 Butler–Volmer equation
 Gas diffusion electrode

References

Electrochemistry
Rotax 377. The Rotax 377 is a , twin-cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine, that was built by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG of Austria for use in ultralight aircraft.

Development

The Rotax 377 features piston-ported, air-cooled cylinder heads and cylinders, utilizing either a fan or free air for cooling. Lubrication is by use of pre-mixed fuel and oil. The 377 has a single Bosch Flywheel Magneto Generator 12 volt ignition system and is equipped with a 36 mm Bing double float carburetor, with either a hand lever or cable choke.

The Rotax 377 is no longer in production.

Applications

Specifications (377)

See also

References

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Rotax engines
Two-stroke aircraft piston engines
Leopoldoff Colibri. The Leopoldoff Colibri (English: Hummingbird) is a French-built light sporting and trainer biplane of the 1930s.

Development
The Colibri was designed to meet demand for an economical two-seat tandem training and sporting biplane and the prototype L.3 Colibri, powered by a  Anzani engine, first flew at Toussus-le-Noble airfield near Paris in September 1933.

Series production of the L.3 Colibri fitted with the  Salmson 9Adb engine was started in 1937 by Aucouturier-Dugoua & Cie, followed by examples built by the Societe des Avions Leopoldoff, a total of 33 aircraft being completed before World War II.

Operational history

The Colibris served with aero clubs and private owners prewar, with several surviving the conflict. Production of six further Colibris was undertaken postwar by the Societe des Constructions Aeronautiques du Maroc in Morocco, receiving their designation CAM-1. Various engines were fitted in service, and the aircraft involved received modified type numbers.

In 2011, three Colibris were active in France and two were flying in the United Kingdom.

Variants
L.3 prototype
  Anzani engine (1 built);
L.3 production prewar
  Salmson 9Adb radial engine (33 built);
L.31
 L.3 fitted with  Boitel 5Ao engine;
L.32
 L.3 fitted with Walter Mikron III engine;
CAM-1
 Colibri built postwar in Morocco (6 aircraft);
L.53
 Colibri fitted postwar with  Minie engine;
L.55
 Colibri fitted postwar with  Continental C90 engine;
L.6 
Colibri fitted postwar with Minié 4.DF.28 Horus engine;
L.7
 Colibri built postwar and fitted with a Continental A65-8S engine.

Specifications (L.55 Colibri)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Site officiel du Leo Colibri - En français

1930s French civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Wayne Quinton. Wayne Everett Quinton (January 4, 1921 – January 22, 2015)  was a developer of over 30 biomedical devices, including the Quinton catheter. He also invented a lightweight treadmill, for cardiac stress testing - the prototype of those used in fitness centers. 

Quinton was raised in Rigby, Idaho. He received a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington in 1959. He previously attended Ricks College (now BYU-Idaho) and Montana State University. A week after Pearl Harbor, he arrived in Seattle and began working for Boeing to work on the B-29 bomber. 
He was hired by the University of Washington for an Arctic Acclimatization study and subsequently as the sole member of the instrument shop.

Among Quinton's inventions was a shunt with Belding Scribner and David Dillard that allowed for repeated kidney dialysis procedures on an individual, making the process one that truly extended the patient's life expectancy.  He was also involved with the following inventions: structure to allow polio patients to get into a sitting position; movable camera boom and cart to reduce time taking autopsy photos; uniform University of Washington lucite bubble oxygenator for use during open-heart surgery; hydraulic gastrointestinal biopsy instrument;  Mitral valve finger knife for use during open-heart surgery; small aortic valve dilator for use during open-heart surgery; high-speed machine to test fatigue in artificial heart valves; Teflon tracheotomy plug to aid patients with paralytic polio.

Although Quinton was raised in a rural Mormon community, it wasn't until age 35 that he was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 

Wayne Quinton died of congestive heart failure, age 94, at his home in the Highlands area of Seattle, Washington.

Notes

References
UW article on Quinton's inventions
An article about Wayne Quinton featured in the June 2009 the UW Alumni Magazine, Columns.
Seattle Times obituary of Scribner that mentions Quinton
"Latter-day Saint goes from small town Idaho farm boy to engineering pioneer", Church News, January 16, 2010
Seattle Times obituary (Wayback Machine archive of Seattle Times obituary)
Thomas, George I., Presidential Address, K. Alvin Merendino: His Contribution to Surgery, Am. J. Surg, May 1985, Vol 149, (5): 574-579 (Quiinton's contribution to Oxygenator, p. 575)

1921 births
2015 deaths
American biomedical engineers
Brigham Young University–Idaho alumni
Converts to Mormonism
Latter Day Saints from Washington (state)
Montana State University alumni
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
MTC MQ-17 SpyHawk. The XMQ-17A ("SpyHawk") is an unmanned aerial vehicle built and developed by MTC Technologies which was intended to be used by the US Marine Corps in order to fulfill a need for an unmanned aerial reconnaissance capability at division level, or "Tier II". Launched from a trailer-mounted pneumatic launcher, the aircraft is powered by a single Honda GX-57 gasoline-fueled piston engine. The SpyHawk purchase was canceled in January 2008, after MTC Technologies was purchased by BAE Systems.

Specifications (XMQ-17A)

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Flying syringe. Flying syringe is a phrase that is used to refer to proposed, but not yet created, genetically modified mosquitoes that inject vaccines into people when they bite them.

History
In the 1990s, Bob Sinden of Imperial College, London, and Julian Crampton of the University of Liverpool, developed this idea and filled three related patents between 1997 and 2003.

In 2008, the Gates Foundation awarded $100,000 to Hiroyuki Matsuoka of Jichi Medical University in Japan to do research on them, with a condition that any discoveries that were funded by the grant must be made available at affordable prices in the developing world. If Matsuoka proves that his idea has merit, he will be eligible for an additional $1 million of funding. The Washington Post referred to flying syringes as a "bold idea".

See also

The concept of using mosquitoes as “flying vaccinators” has been explored by scientists for years. In 2010, Japanese researcher Shigeto Yoshida modified mosquito saliva to deliver leishmania vaccines to mice, noting that vaccination by insect could be painless and cost-effective. However, concerns about informed consent and medical safety have hindered the development of this approach

References

Vaccination
Hypothetical technology
Culicidae
Retrogradation (starch). Retrogradation is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and amylopectin chains in cooked, gelatinized starch realign themselves as the cooked starch cools.

When native starch is heated and dissolved in water, the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and they hydrate to form a viscous solution. If the viscous solution is cooled or left at lower temperature for a long enough period, the linear molecules, amylose, and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure. The linear chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges.

In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel. At temperatures between  and , the aging process is enhanced drastically. Amylose crystallization occurs much faster than crystallization of the amylopectin. The crystal melting temperature of amylose is much higher (about ) than amylopectin (about ). The temperature range between cooking starch and storing in room temperature is optimum for amylose crystallization, and therefore amylose crystallization is responsible for the development of the initial hardness of the starch gel. On the other hand, amylopectin has a narrower temperature range for crystallization as crystallization does not occur at a temperature higher than its melting temperature. Therefore, amylopectin is responsible for development of the long-term crystallinity and gel structure.

Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network. This process is known as syneresis. A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel. Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread.

Retrograded starch is a type of resistant starch.

Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation. Waxy, high amylopectin, starches also have much less of a tendency to retrogradate. Additives such as fat, glucose, sodium nitrate and emulsifier can reduce retrogradation of starch.

See also
 Retrograde (disambiguation)

References

External links
 

Starch
Food science
Adam RA-15 Major. The Adam RA-15 Major was a French sporting plane developed and produced in the decade after World War II.

Development
The RA-15 was developed in 1948 as a higher-powered successor to the Adam RA-14 Loisirs, utilising a number of refinements including a plywood-covered fuselage and an enlarged rudder. It was a side-by-side two-seater with dual controls, wooden construction and a fabric-covered two-spar wing which folded for storage in hangars. The Major was designed to use any flat-four engine in the 65-75 h.p. range.

Production and operational history
A small series of Majors was produced in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The basic RA-15 was fitted with the 75 h.p. Regnier 4D-2 engine and the RA-151 had the 75 hp Continental C75 engine. Two Majors were still active in 1965.

Variants
RA-15 Major
RA-17 a modified single seat crop dusting variant of the RA-15.
Maranda BM3Canadian production of the RA-17 by the Maranda Aircraft Company

Specification (RA-15)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1940s French civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Physiological condition. Physiological condition or, more often "physiological conditions" is a term used in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. It refers to conditions of the external or internal milieu that may occur in nature for that organism or cell system, in contrast to artificial laboratory conditions. A temperature range of 20-40 degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure of 1, pH of 6-8, glucose concentration of 1-20 mM, atmospheric oxygen concentration, earth gravity and electromagnetism are examples of physiological conditions for most earth organisms.

References

Physiology
Five Stone Arch Bridges, Hillsborough, New Hampshire. Five Stone Arch Bridges is a cluster of stone arch bridges in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, United States that have been designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

History
The stone arch bridges were built during the 19th century, when there was a need for sturdier construction to replace weaker wooden bridges. The design required exceptional skill by stonecutters. Each stone had to fit just right. At one time there were twelve stone arch bridges in Hillsborough. The designation of the five remaining structures as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 2002 had much to do with their close proximity to one another.

Fred Rhyner, a member of the ASCE New Hampshire Section and a vice president at Haley & Aldrich Engineering in Manchester, filed the nomination application for the historic landmark. His interest in the remarkable cluster of stone arch bridges began while he was working on a New Hampshire DOT bridge project on the Second New Hampshire Turnpike in 1996. It took three years to gather all the information together. The application was filed in 1999.

The Hillsborough town website states that the arch bridge near U.S. Route 202 (Sawyer Bridge) "is going to become the focal point of a public park," although it is unclear if there are active plans to do this. Selectman Robert Buker described the park surrounding the stone arch bridge at Route 202 as an attempt to balance commercial growth on the west end of town with historic preservation. A New Hampshire historical marker and an ASCE landmark plaque for the stone arch bridges are both located near Sawyer Bridge.

Bridges

See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 203: Stone Arch Bridges

References

External links
American Society of Civil Engineers - Five Stone Arch Bridges

Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Road bridges in New Hampshire
Hillsborough, New Hampshire
Bridges in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Deep Green. Deep Green is a project that ran under the Information Processing Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The purpose of the project was to develop a decision-making support system for United States Army commanders. The systems developed feature advanced predictive capabilities to enable computers to efficiently and accurately predict possible future scenarios, based on an analysis of the current situation, in order to give army commanders a better view of possible outcomes for their decisions 

Deep Green is composed of four major components:

 Blitzkrieg – Battlefield model which analyzes current situation and determines possible future outcomes for use in planning. When a plan is presented, Blitzkrieg analyzes the plan to point out possible results of that course of action to the commander. Blitzkrieg itself does not do planning, it merely determines the likely results of a plan formulated by a human commander.
 Crystal Ball – Performs analysis of possible futures generated from blitzkrieg, and determines the "best" choices by measuring flexibility, usefulness, and likelihood of each. It picks the best of these choices and presents them to the commander. Also updates model of battlefield situation with information pulled from the field. This might include reports from soldiers, through a program similar to the Communicator program that was developed under the Information Awareness Office or through automated RSTA systems such as HART.
 Commander's Associate – this is the user interface and visualization component. It consists of "Sketch-to-decide" which presents the commander with a list of options, and "Sketch-to-plan" which is a screen on which the commander can draw up a plan, which Deep Green will interpret and put into action.

See also

 Heterogeneous Aerial Reconnaissance Team – a RSTA program of the sort that will feed battlespace situational data to "Crystal Ball"
 Information Awareness Office – which developed similar systems, such as Genoa & Genoa II

References

Military equipment of the United States

DARPA projects
List of printer companies. This is a list of companies who produce or have produced digital printers. This list includes only those companies who have actually designed and manufactured printers, not those who have only offered rebadged products.

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References