omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Precipitate-free zone. In materials science, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) refers to microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It is a common phenomenon that arises in polycrystalline materials (crystalline materials with stochastically-oriented grains) where heterogeneous nucleation of precipitates is the dominant nucleation mechanism. This is because grain boundaries are high-energy surfaces that act as sinks for vacancies, causing regions adjacent to a grain boundary to be devoid of vacancies. As it is energetically favorable for heterogeneous nucleation to occur preferentially around defect-rich sites such as vacancies, nucleation of precipitates is impeded in the vacancy-free regions immediately adjacent to grain boundaries

History 
Pioneering studies on the theory and experimental observation of PFZs were made in the 1960s.

Effect on material properties 
PFZs are detrimental to the mechanical properties of materials. In particular, PFZs degrade the material's hardness, because the lack of precipitates in PFZs lead to these regions having fewer pinning sites. Dislocation motion – a condition necessary to cause a material to yield – will require an appreciably lower applied shear stress in PFZs, and consequently these locally weak zones will lead to plastic deformation. The width of PFZs have also been found to be negatively correlated with intergranular fracture

PFZs also accelerate pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, significantly reducing the usable life of these materials in chemically aggressive environments.

Techniques to minimize 
It has been shown that PFZs can be minimized by quenching. First, quenching increases undercooling, favoring homogeneous nucleation in PFZs as it lowers the nucleation energy barrier even in the absence of potent nucleation sites. Additionally, low temperatures also lead to a reduction in diffusion rates, minimizing the loss of vacancies and premature growth of grain boundary precipitates. However, since diffusion rates at low temperatures are suppressed, the aging time (time taken for treatment to yield a desired grain size) would be long. Therefore, one processing technique to circumvent this is to increase the temperature slightly once a sufficient number of homogeneous nucleation sites have been formed.
Another technique to minimize PFZs is to introduce impurity elements, as they strongly interact with vacancies and allow for a more even distribution of vacancies in the material. One example would be to introduce Mg in Al alloys

Cyclic strengthening (CS), a process wherein a material is mechanically pushed and pulled repeatedly at room temperature, creates fine precipitates that is homogeneously distributed throughout the microstructure. It has been suggested as an alternative to conventional, precipitate hardened alloys as this process achieves strengthening effects without introducing PFZs.

References 

Materials science
Mosharaf Chowdhury. Mosharaf Chowdhury is a Bangladeshi-American computer scientist known for his contributions to the fields of computer networking and large-scale systems for emerging machine learning and big data workloads. He is an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and leads SymbioticLab. He is the creator of coflow and the co-creator of Apache Spark.

Research 
Chowdhury specializes in the fields of computer networking and large-scale systems for emerging machine learning and big data workloads. Especially, his research aims for the symbiosis of AI/ML applications and software/hardware infrastructure in wide-area, datacenter-scale, and rack-scale computing.

Chowdhury pioneered many fields of research and technology in the context of emerging workloads and computer systems.
Chowdhury created Infiniswap, the first practical memory disaggregation system, Salus, the first software-only GPU sharing system for deep learning, FedScale, the largest federated learning benchmark and platform, and Zeus, the first GPU time & energy optimization framework for deep learning.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Bangladeshi diaspora in the United States
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Alyssa Apsel. Alyssa B. Apsel is an American electrical engineer whose research involves the design and analysis of integrated circuits that combine information from electrical, optical, and radio-frequency channels, including CMOS-based optoelectronics, low-power asynchronous analog-to-digital converters as an interface to the internet of things, and implantable radio devices for body area networks. She is the IBM Professor of Engineering and director of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University.

Education and career
Apsel majored in electrical engineering at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1995. After earning a master's degree at the California Institute of Technology in 1996, she completed a Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Johns Hopkins University in 2002. Her dissertation, Optoelectronic Receivers in Silicon on Sapphire CMOS: Architecture and Design for Efficient Parallel Interconnects, was supervised by Andreas Andreou.

She joined Cornell University as an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering in 2002. She was promoted to associate professor in 2008. She became director of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2018, and was named the IBM Professor of Engineering in 2023.

Book
Apsel is a coauthor of the book Design of Ultra-Low Power Impulse Radios (with Xiao Wang and Rajeev Dokania, Springer, 2014).

Recognition
Apsel was a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society for 2018–2019. She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to radio frequency and optical communications circuits and systems".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electrical engineers
21st-century American women engineers
21st-century American engineers
American women electrical engineers
Swarthmore College alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Teodor Gotszalk. Teodor Paweł Gotszalk is a Polish scientist who is head of Department of Nanometrology at Wrocław University of Science and Technology. Corresponding member of Polish Academy of Sciences since 2022. Teodor Gotszalk works in the area of nanotechnology and nanometrology, particularly scanning probe microscopy (SPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques, and using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Career 

Teodor Gotszalk has been a Head of Department of Nanometrology at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology's Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics since 2006. Since then, he has been chairing the first Polish team focused on comprehensive metrology of micro- and nanostructures. The studies combine scanning probe microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam (SPM, SEM and FIB) techniques together with measurements of electrical, thermal, diffractive and optical properties of the structures.

Teodor Gotszalk has been a Corresponding member of the Polish Academy of Sciences since 2022.

Private life 
Son of Krystyna and Ryszard Gotszalk. Husband of Magdalena Cisek-Gotszalk, father of Anna Kotowska.

Grants and awards
Awardee of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) (30 months), Fulbright Program (4 months at the University at Albany, SUNY's College of Nanoscience and Engineering in 2010) and Kosciuszko Foundation (3 months at the University of California, Berkeley, 2022).

References 

1966 births
Living people
21st-century Polish physicists
Nanotechnologists
Scientists from Wrocław
Academic staff of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology
Wrocław University of Technology alumni
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Asmau Ahmed. Asmau Ahmed is a Nigerian-American entrepreneur, technology advocate, and beauty expert. Ahmed is an advocate for women in technology and entrepreneurship.

Early life and education 
She was born in 1983 in Kaduna, Nigeria and spent her early childhood in West Africa and London. Ahmed earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Engineering from the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York, USA, and a Master of Science degree in Computer Science from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University. She also holds an MBA from Columbia Business School and a BS with Honors in Chemical Engineering from the University of Virginia.

Career 
In 2014, Ahmed founded Plum Perfect, which is based a beauty technology company in New York City. The company's flagship product is a mobile app that uses facial recognition technology to analyze a user's skin tone and recommend the best makeup products. Ahmed also developed an education app called beauTV and Girl Seeks Sample program to help users get personalized makeup recommendations while watch makeup tutorials. Ahmed has licensed Plum Perfect's technology to IMAN Cosmetics. Plum Perfect has won numerous awards and has been featured in major media outlets such as Forbes, InStyle, and Essence.

Ahmed is an advocate for women in technology and entrepreneurship. She has spoken at various conferences and events, including the United Nations General Assembly, and has been recognized for her work with awards such as the Women in IT International's 2016 Global Leadership Award. She has also been recognized as a “Top Woman in Digital" by Cynopsis Media and “Black Business and Tech Professionals Changing the Game” by Huffington Post. Ahmed was recognized as one of “26 Women Of Color Diversifying Entrepreneurship In Silicon Valley, Media, And Beyond” by Vanity Fair for raising $1 million or more in outside capital as a woman entrepreneur.

References 

1983 births
Living people
University of Virginia alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
New York University alumni
American technology company founders
American women company founders
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
American technology businesspeople
Borough Road footbridge. Borough Road footbridge is a footbridge in North Shields, England.

The bridge crosses Borough Road and connects Waldo Street and Tennyson Terrace. It carries a public right of way.

History 
The bridge was constructed in 1936.

In April 2022, North Tyneside Council approved plans to demolish the bridge, claiming it was in poor condition and nearing the end of its natural lifespan. It estimated restoration of the bridge would cost £360,000 while demolition would cost £63,000 and a replacement would cost £1 million. The council also stated that usage of the bridge had declined and more people cross the street at ground level which had led the council to install a pedestrian crossing parallel to the bridge in 2019. The proposed demolition was met with opposition from local groups.

As the bridge carries a public right-of-way, a government inquiry was launched on 17 January 2023 into whether the right-of-way should be abolished to allow the bridge to be demolished. In May 2023, it was announced that the public right-of-way must be maintained and that the council would not be allowed to remove the bridge.

References 

Pedestrian bridges in England
Bridges completed in 1936
Bridges in Tyne and Wear
North Shields
1936 establishments in England
Monica Blank. Monica Blank is an American electrical engineer whose research focuses on gyrotrons and their use in generating millimeter-wave radiation for applications including radar and nuclear magnetic resonance. She works for Communications & Power Industries (formerly part of Varian, Inc.) in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Education and career
Blank majored in electrical engineering at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1988. She went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for graduate study in electrical engineering, earned a master's degree in 1991, and completed her Ph.D. in 1994.

From 1994 to 1999 she worked at the Naval Research Laboratory in its Vacuum Electronics Branch. She moved to Varian in 1999. In 2021, she became chair of the Vacuum Electronics Technical Committee of the IEEE Electron Devices Society.

Recognition
Blank has been a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society. She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for development of gyrotron oscillators and amplifiers".

She was the recipient of the IEEE 2020 Plasma Science and Applications Award, given at the 2020 International Conference on Plasma Sciences, "for outstanding technical contributions to the development of high-power, high-frequency gyrotron amplifier and oscillator sources for spectroscopy, radar, fusion, and industrial applications".

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electrical engineers
American women electrical engineers
Catholic University of America alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Polycarbonate (functional group). A polycarbonate is an oxocarbon dianion consisting of a chain of carbonate units, where successive carbonyl groups are directly linked to each other by shared additional oxygen atoms. That is, they are the conjugate bases of polycarbonic acids, the conceptual anhydrides of carbonic acid, or polymers of carbon dioxide. They have the structure –O[(C=O)–O]n– and the molecular formula [CnO2n+1]2–.

Whereas the carbonate dianion itself is well known, as found in many salts, many organic compounds containing esters of it have been made, and the parent carbonic acid is also well-known, higher homologs are substantially less stable. Only a few examples of covalent dicarbonate and tricarbonate structures and ionic dicarbonate salts have been made and their conjugate acids have only been studied theoretically. Polycarbonates up to n=6 have been studied theoretically, with the dianions being only metastable but stabilized when paired with metal counterions or as their conjugate acids.

Di-tert-butyl tricarbonate extrudes carbon dioxide in the presence of various catalysts to form di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. Long-chain carbon dioxide oligomers are likewise expected to decompose exothermically.

References 

Oxyanions
Oxocarbons
Vibhas Pande. Air Marshal Vibhas Pande, PVSM, AVSM,  VSM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He served the 37th Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Maintenance Command. He assumed the office on 14 June 2022 succeeding Air Marshal Shashiker Choudhary.

Early life and education 
Vibhas Pande is an alumnus of Government Engineering College, Jabalpur and IIT Mumbai and was recipient of ERTL (W) Bombay Gold Medal for his outstanding performance during the course. He is also an alumnus of College of Air Warfare and National Defence College, New Delhi.

Career
Vibhas Pande was commissioned in the Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical) in the Indian Air Force. In a career spanning 40 years, he has been trained on the MiG-23 and Antono An-32 planes and well as Mil Mi-17 helicopters.

As a flight engineer he has flown the  Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-17 helicopters and served the Air Force examiner for the rotary wing platform.

As Air Commodore, he served as the Command Engineering Officer at the Western Air Command and later served as Air Officer Commanding at the 11 Base Repair Depot.

As Air Vice Marshal, he served as the Senior Maintenance Staff Officer at the Eastern Air Command. Later, he served as the Assistant Chief of Air Staff (ACAS), Engineering Transport and Helicopter at Air HQ (VB) in New Delhi.

He had been the founder Commanding Officer of Central Indigenisation and Manufacturing Depot (CIMD), Nashik.

As Air Marshal, he teneted the appointment of  Director General (Aircraft) . He was appointed  as the  Air Officer-in-Charge Maintenance on 1 January, 2020.

He took over as the 37th  Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Maintenance Command on 14 June 2022 from Air Marshal Shashiker Choudhary.

Honours and decorations 
During his career, Vibhas Pande has been awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal in 2024 Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in 2021 and Vishisht Seva Medal in 2017 for his service.

Personal life 
Air Marshal Vibhas Pande is a qualified astrologer and an avid sportsman. He enjoys playing Squash and Golf. He is married to Mrs Ruchira Pande and is blessed with two daughters namely Vanya Pande and Vibha Pande.

References 

  
Living people
Indian Air Force air marshals
Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal
Year of birth missing (living people)
Siris 8. Siris 8 is a discontinued operating system developed by the French company CII for its Iris 80 and Mitra 15 computers. It was later replaced by Honeywell DPS 7.

Jean Ichbiah worked at CII on the rewrite of the Siris 7 operating system of the Iris 80 to create a more successful version, used to operate a three processor Iris 80 in Évry.

The first version of Siris 8 offered full compatibility with applications running on its predecessor Siris 7. Among its strong points were its excellent memory management, which took advantage of the extended virtual addresses and spaces of the Iris 80.

Siris 8 was suitable for both scientific and business computing, as well as real-time applications.

The first delivery of the uniprocessor version occurred in February 1972, and the dual-processor version in September 1972 for the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) . Siris 8 also included , networking software for transporting data to other computers.

After the CII merger with Honeywell-Bull, the functionality of Siris was adapted for the GCOS system through an emulation processes, which made it possible to retain all of the Siris 8 customers. The final version of Siris 8, C10, was shipped in 1976.

Characteristics
Before demand paged virtual memory was added in 1975, Siris 8 was described as having "two core partitions... one for resident 'batch' tasks, one for swapped time-shared tasks."

It operated in four separate modes:
 Batch processing comprising, local and remote
 Transaction processing
 Time sharing
 Real-time processing.
The Siris 8 monitor consisted of a permanently resident portion and pageable segments.

Batch jobs could be entered through the local or a remote card reader, or by the console operator. Timesharing could be started and stopped by the operator. A timesharing job was started by the DEMON task, which performed all terminal I/O. The system maintained three types of queues of work. The multiprogramming queue could run multiple jobs at a time, with jobs scheduled by priority. One to five Operational queues () could run one job in each at a time, queued strictly by arrival time. A cataloged job queue was used for jobs submitted by the console operator; multiple jobs from this queue could be active at one time.

Real-time jobs had access to special system services such as "[s]witching from slave mode to master mode and vice versa, time delays, abort recoveries."

Transaction processing was performed by a subsystem called STRATEGE.

The virtual address space available to the user could be up to 32 segments of 128 K (32-bit) words, or 16 MB.

References

Mainframe computers
Discontinued operating systems
History of computing in France

External links 

 Siris 8 description from the original commercial brochure, Fédération des Equipes Bull (translated to English)
John H. Lyons Jr.. John H. Lyons (October 29, 1919 – October 26, 1986) was an American labor union leader.

Born in Cleveland, Lyons grew up in St. Louis.  He was the son of Jack Lyons (John H. Lyons Sr.), who was active in the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers (IABSOIW).

Lyons worked in the iron industry while studying mechanical engineering at the University of Missouri School of Mines.  In 1937, he joined the IABSOIW.  During World War II, he served in the United States Air Force, then after the war, he worked for the General Bronze Corporation in New York City.

In 1954, Lyons began working full-time for the IABSOIW full-time as a general organizer, his father at this point having become president.  The following year, he was put in charge of the union's Washington D.C. office.  In 1959, Lyons was elected as a vice-president of the union, then in 1961 he succeeded his father as president.  He sat on numerous government committees, including serving as chair of the labor advisory committee of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.  In 1967, he was also elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO.

In 1972, Lyons moved the union's headquarters from St. Louis to Washington.  In the 1980s, he was the only labor member of Reagan's Scowcroft Commission, while in 1984, he was co-chair of the National Democratic Party Platform Committee.  He retired in 1985, and died the following year.

References

1919 births
1986 deaths
American trade union leaders
Activists from Cleveland
Trade unionists from Ohio
Vice presidents of the AFL-CIO
Yingying Chen. Yingying (Jennifer) Chen is a computer scientist whose research involves mobile computing, the internet of things, the security implications of mobile sensor data, wearable technology, and activity trackers. She is a professor at Rutgers University, where she heads the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and directs the Data Analysis and Information SecuritY (DAISY) Lab.

Education and career
Chen has a 2007 Ph.D. from Rutgers, jointly supervised by Richard Martin and Wade Trappe. Before returning to Rutgers as a faculty member, she worked for Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise and then as a professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology.

Books
Chen is the coauthor of books including:
Securing Emerging Wireless Systems (with Wenyuan Xu, Wade Trappe, and Yanyong Zhang, Springer, 2009)
Pervasive Wireless Environments: Detecting and Localizing User Spoofing (with Jie Yang, Wade Trappe, and Jerry Cheng, Springer, 2014)
Sensing Vehicle Conditions for Detecting Driving Behaviors (with Jiadi Yu and Xiangyu Xu, Springer, 2018)

Recognition
Chen was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to mobile computing and mobile security". She was named as a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2021. She was named as an ACM Fellow, in the 2023 class of fellows, for "contributions to design and application of mobile sensing and mobile security systems".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Rutgers University alumni
Stevens Institute of Technology faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
2023 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery