omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Clinton H. Havill. Clinton Hunter Havill (November 25, 1892 – March 25, 1953) was an American naval officer and early aeronautical engineer, who worked in the areas of aerodynamic drag and airships.

Biography
He was born on November 25, 1892, in Rochester, New York, to Eric E. Havill and Lydia A. Parkes. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1916. He held a commission as a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy.  He was the inaugural recipient of the Wright Brothers Medal in 1928 for work on the performance of aircraft propellers. By 1937 he was living in South Orange, New Jersey. He died on March 25, 1953, in his office at Curtiss-Wright Corporation in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

References 

American aerospace engineers
1892 births
1953 deaths
People from South Orange, New Jersey
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
Curtiss-Wright Company
DUCS (software). DUCS (Display Unit Control System) was a teleprocessing monitor from CFS Inc. It was one of two early local teleprocessing packages for IBM's DOS/VSE environment. DUCS provided an interface and access method for programmers to 'talk' to monitors. Such access methods later became known as APIs.

Initially written for the IBM 2260 running under DOS on IBM mainframes, the original product was free for IBM users. With the advent of DOS/VS and the IBM 3270 series terminals, the original author commercialized the product, circa 1970. The company added transparent remote access about 1972.

The product is believed to be the first non-IBM publicly available commercial software package to transmit data via satellite.

Application 

DUCS  differed from competing products such as Westi and IBM's own CICS in that it was subordinate to the application's mainline program. Westi, for example, was the mainline program and users wrote subroutines to read and write data to and from terminals and discs. This real time paradigm became known as transaction processing.

DUCS  reversed that model in that it was, in fact, a subroutine package that read from and wrote to monitors, both local and remote. While DUCS was considerably easier to program and use, it also placed the onus of task management upon the programmer. Correctly designed, a DUCS program was faster than any competing package or access method.

Development

2260 

Dick Goran wrote the original DOS 2260 package. Its popularity made him realize it had potential as a commercial product, and he left IBM about 1970, and incorporated in Brookline, Massachusetts as CFS, Inc.

3270 

In 1972, IBM released DOS/VS with the IBM/370 and the first IBM 3270 terminals, and CFS began a rewrite for the new products. Former New York City IBMer, Leigh Lundin, wrote DUCS Remote, a bi-sync module to handle remote teleprocessing. The bi-sync handler was only 4k, in contrast to IBM's BTAM at 28k, QTAM at 36k, and TCAM at 42k, and VTAM which started at 48k.

Demos 

Lundin wrote games in Fortran and Assembler and Goran in COBOL to demonstrate the API for programmers. To model IBM's new light pen, programmers contributed a simple tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses), possibly the only practical use of the subsequently discontinued light pen.

Marketing 

DUCS was sold in North America by CFS, Inc, Brookline, Ma.

For overseas sales, CFS engaged in both mail order and local vendors.

References

Transaction processing
IBM mainframe software
Japanese escort ship Tsushima. was one of fourteen s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Tsushima was launched by Tsurumi on 20 March 1943 and completed on 15 August. She served on repatriation duties until 1947 when she was turned over to the Republic of China Navy on 31 July and renamed Lin An.

Notes

References
 

World War II naval ships of Japan
Etorofu-class escort ships
1943 ships
Ships built in Japan
Ships of the Republic of China Navy
Japanese escort ship Amakusa. The Japanese escort ship Amakusa was one of fourteen Etorofu-class Kaibōkan destroyer escorts built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Amakusa was damaged by a magnetic mine at Chichi-jima on 20 December 1944. Sailed to Yokosuka and drydocked 13 January 1945. Repairs finished 22 January. On 26 February 1945 damaged by US Navy aircraft from Task Force 58 east of Izu Shima, 26 crewmen killed. Repaired at Yokosuka with repairs finished on 16 March 1945. On 9 August 1945, while lying in harbor at the Onagawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the ship came under attack by a Corsair piloted by Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray and was sunk; 71 crewmen, and Lt. Gray (while he earned the Victoria Cross), were killed.

In 2007, a memorial was dedicated to both the crew of Amakusa and Lt. Gray overlooking the town of Onagawa in Sakiyama Scenic Park.

Notes

References

External links

World War II naval ships of Japan
Ships sunk by British aircraft
Etorofu-class escort ships
1943 ships
Maritime incidents in August 1945
Shipwrecks of Japan
Ships built by Hitachi Zosen Corporation
Military Vehicle Technology Foundation. The Military Vehicle Technology Foundation was a large collection of military vehicles located in Portola Valley, California. It was founded in 1998 by Jacques Littlefield, and closed in 2018, with its collection being distributed to other museums. Many of its vehicles are now part of the American Heritage Museum run by the Collings Foundation in Stow, Massachusetts.

History
The first acquisition was an unrestored M3A1 Scout Car. The first two tanks arrived on site in 1983, and by 1988 the collection comprised five armored vehicles. Subsequent military vehicles and associated equipment were acquired from dealers, collectors, or in trade with various museums or government agencies in the United States and abroad. By the middle of the 1990s the collection included examples from almost all historically significant land battles of the last half-century. The oldest armored military vehicle in the collection is a World War I era M1917 light tank.

The Foundation was established in early 1998. Littlefield's major objective for the Foundation was to preserve the collection for the future. Over 200 armored fighting vehicles were present in the collection, displayed in a  exhibition space at Littlefield's  Pony Tracks Ranch in the Vista Verde neighborhood. The ranch was once owned by former San Francisco Mayor and California Governor "Sunny Jim" Rolph. The foundation offered tours of its collection with a mandatory donation until the inventory was transported to the new museum in Stow.

In 2012 the foundation started a new program in conjunction with the Boy Scouts of America to start the youth Venturing Crew 551. Crew 551's stated goals were to assist in the restoration of vehicles, and to help educate the public through tours and presentations about the significance of armored vehicles throughout history.

Collings Foundation

Jacques Littlefield died after a decade-long battle with colon cancer on January 7, 2009. The foundation signed over its collection to the Collings Foundation on July 4, 2013. A year later, the Collings Foundation auctioned off 120 of the vehicles to fund creation of the new American Heritage Museum to display the collection at the Collings Foundation headquarters in Stow, Massachusetts.

In 2015, the Stow Planning Board questioned the educational merit of the proposed museum. The educational purpose was needed in order to allow the planned  museum to be built on land that was zoned for residential use. The Planning Board rejected the foundation's application in August 2015 but a settlement was eventually reached in July 2017 and construction of the museum was completed in 2018. The museum held a "preview" opening in October 2018 and fully opened in May 2019.

The MVTF officially closed for tours on March 25, 2018.  The last of the vehicles left the premises on July 30, 2018.

References

Further reading

External links

 Churchill Toad acquisition
 Large, high quality photojournal of a visit by Bernard Zee
 Photojournal of a visit by Neil Mishalov
 Information about Venture crew 551
 
 

Military and war museums in California
SS Westfalen (1905). SS Westfalen was a German ship launched on 14 November 1905 at Joh. C. Tecklenborg in Geestemünde (today Bremerhaven).

In the early 1930s Westfalen was converted into a seaplane tender to serve as a weather reporting and refueling station for Dornier Wal flying boats of Deutsche Luft Hansa carrying mail across the Atlantic between Europe and South America.  The conversion of the Westfalen consisted of a large retractable stern mounted canvas drag apron for the flying boat to taxi on (i.e. for use in heavy seas and so the ship did not have to come to dead stop), cranes to lift the flying boats out of the water to be refueled and serviced, and a large compressed air catapult for launching the aircraft.  When in operation, Westfalen cruised 900 miles in the middle of the South Atlantic between Bathhurst, Gambia (now Banjul) and Pernambuco, Brazil.  The first test trans-Atlantic flights by Lufthansa Wals began in 1933 and the first commercial mail flights in 1934.

World War II
During World War II, the ship was used for transport between Germany and German-occupied Norway. On 28 July 1943, Westfalen sailed from Bodø under escort of the vorpostenboot  for a port to the south. On 7 September 1944 the ship sank off Marstrand, after hitting a naval mine. Seventy-eight people aboard survived, but most of the locked-up Norwegian prisoners-of-war were casualties, including Petter Moen, Reidar Olaf Østlid and Sverre Lid. SS-Sturmscharführer Wilhelm Heinze also died.

References

Bibliography

External links
 "Steamer Is Floating Airport For Flying Boats" May 1933 Popular Mechanics
 SS Westfalen (+1944) Wreck site

1905 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Steamships of Germany
Merchant ships of Germany
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Ships sunk by mines
Shipwrecks of Sweden
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in September 1944
1944 in Norway
Seaplane tenders
Megh R. Goyal. Megh R. Goyal is an engineer and professor in Puerto Rico, and a Methodist pastor. He has been called the father of irrigation engineering in Puerto Rico.

Education
Goyal earned his high school diploma from Prem Sabha High School in Sangrur; B.Sc. degree in Agricultural Engineering from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - India; M.Sc. degree (1977) and Ph.D. (1979) from Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Master of Divinity (2001) from Puerto Rico Evangelical Seminary, Hato Rey – Puerto Rico.

Career
Goyal has worked as a soil conservation inspector, research assistant and lecturer at Haryana Agricultural University, research associate at the Ohio State University, and research agricultural engineer at the Agricultural Experiment Station of University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez Campus. He was the first agricultural engineer to receive a professional license in agricultural engineering in 1971, from the Institution of Engineers (India), and in 1986, from College of Engineers & Surveyors of Puerto Rico. For his pioneering work on micro-irrigation, he is known as a "Drip Irrigation Man" in Puerto Rico.

Goyal is currently a retired professor of agricultural engineering and biomedical engineering at the College of Engineering of the University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez Campus and senior editor-in-chief for Apple Academic Press.

Goyal has authored journal articles and text books such as: "Introduction to Agriclimatology", Management of Drip/trickle or Micro Irrigation, and Biofluid Dynamics of Human Body Systems

On 16 September 2005, Goyal was named "Father of Irrigation Engineering in Puerto Rico for the 20th Century" by the ASABE – Puerto Rico Section, for his pioneer work on irrigation, evapotranspiration, climatology, and soil and water engineering.

Personal life
Goyal was born in Punjab in India. His late parents were natives of Punjab State. Goyal was married to Subhadra Goyal who was a Methodist pastor in Rincon, Puerto Rico. They have three children.

References

Further reading
 Investigaciones de UNISARC, Volume 5, No. 1, July 2007, pages 1–11.

External links
 Megh R Goyal, Faculty Member at University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian irrigation engineers
21st-century American engineers
Engineers from Punjab, India
Laser-heated pedestal growth. Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) or laser floating zone (LFZ) is a crystal growth technique. A narrow region of a crystal is melted with a powerful CO2 or Nd:YAG laser. The laser and hence the floating zone, is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it. This technique for growing crystals from the melt (liquid/solid phase transition) is used in materials research.

Advantages
The main advantages of this technique are the high pulling rates (60 times greater than the conventional Czochralski technique) and the possibility of growing materials with very high melting points. In addition, LHPG is a crucible-free technique, which allows single crystals to be grown with high purity and low stress.

The geometric shape of the crystals (the technique can produce small diameters), and the low production cost, make the single-crystal fibers (SCF) produced by LHPG suitable substitutes for bulk crystals in many devices, especially those that use high-melting-point materials. However, single-crystal fibers must have equal or superior optical and structural qualities compared to bulk crystals to substitute for them in technological devices. This can be achieved by carefully controlling the growth conditions.

Optical elements

Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone,  making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process. 

An improvement to the laser-heated crystal growth technique was made by Fejer et al., who incorporated a special optical component known as a reflaxicon, consisting of an inner cone surrounded by a larger coaxial cone section, both with reflecting surfaces. This optical element converts the cylindrical laser beam into a larger diameter hollow cylinder surface. This optical component allows radial distribution of the laser energy over the molten zone,  reducing radial thermal gradients. The axial temperature gradient in this technique can go as high as 10000 °C/cm, which is very high when compared to traditional crystal growth techniques (10–100 °C/cm).

Convection speed
A feature of the LHPG technique is its high convection speed in the liquid phase due to Marangoni convection. It is possible to see that it spins very fast. Even when it appears to be standing still, it is in fact spinning fast on its axis.

See also

 Crystal structure
 Crystallite
 Crystallization and engineering aspects
 Fractional crystallization
 Micro-pulling-down
 Nucleation
 Protocrystalline
 Recrystallization (metallurgy)
 Seed crystal

References

Crystals
Crystallography
Materials science
Mineralogy
Methods of crystal growth
ABS Hovercraft. ABS Hovercraft is a British hovercraft designer and producer, founded in the early 1990s in Chandlers Ford, Hampshire.

History
ABS Hovercraft researched the introduction of new materials to innovate Hovercraft technology.

In 1993 ABS created the world's fastest recreational Hovercraft fully made from advanced composite materials.
 
In 1994 ABS launched the largest Hovercraft entirely made from advanced composite materials, called the ABS M-10, which was built by Vosper Thornycroft in Southampton. The M-10 crossed the English Channel and was the first hovercraft to circumnavigate the Baltic Sea during winter trials in 1994.
 
In 1995 the ABS M-10 was sold to a commercial operator, Eurosense, in Belgium as a replacement for an SR-N6 for use as a hydrographical survey vessel along the coastline off Zeebrugge. Other ABS M-10 hovercraft were sold as logistic supply vessels to the Sri Lanka Navy and to the Swedish Amphibious Corps, the latter built under licence by Kockums AB of Sweden.
 
In 1998 the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, announced on television the Millennium Product award of the UK Design Council for the ABS M-10 Hovercraft.

Models

So far, ABS has concentrated on larger hovercraft that can carry up to 100 passengers as a ferry or more than 10 tons of payload for military, paramilitary or commercial applications. Their vessels can be used as commercial ferry or for cargo operations, as a work boat or for logistic supply in arduous environments.

Their technology is licensed to a number of international shipyards. Currently the ABS M-10 is being built under licence by EPS Corporation of Tinton Falls, NJ as the "EPS M-10".

The EPS M-10 has the following specifications:
Length:    
Beam:    
Cushion height: 
Max Payload: 10 tonnes (22,000 lb)
Max Speed: 
Max Speed (fully laden): 
Range: up to 500 nmi

See also
 British Hovercraft Corporation
 Cushioncraft
 Christopher Cockerell - Inventor of the Hovercraft

References

 Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces 
 Jane's High-Speed Marine Transportation

External links
 ABS Hovercraft official website
 ABS Hovercraft video: model donar video on YouTube
 ABS Hovercraft video: model m10 video on YouTube
 EPS M-10 video on website

Hovercraft manufacturers
Otto Liebermann. Otto Liebermann (24 November 1898 – 6 April 1974) was the first scientist to describe the low-temperature synthesis of dolomite in a reproducible laboratory experiment.

Works
Liebermann, O. (1967): Synthesis of dolomite. Nature, vol.213, pp. 241–245.

Further reading
 Anonymous: O. Liebermann D. Ph.  Paint Technology, 1963, vol.27, no.4, pp. 34–35.
 Anonymous: Working methods of a paint laboratory.  Paint Technology, 1963, vol.27, no.7, pp. 36–42 (featuring several photographs of Dr. O. Liebermann at work).
 Deelman, J. C. (2011): A tribute to Otto Liebermann , pp. 481–482, in: Low-temperature formation of dolomite and magnesite.
 For a broader perspective on the rise of the oil industry in Austrian Galicia, see: Frank, Alison Fleig (2005): Oil Empire: Visions of prosperity in Austrian Galicia. (Harvard Historical Studies 149) Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 366 p.  .

References

20th-century Austrian chemists
1898 births
1974 deaths
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
Martinus Brandal. Martinus Brandal (born March 11, 1960) is a Norwegian engineer and businessman. He is chair of Aker Floating Production and Aker Solutions.

Brandal was educated with a bachelor in electrical engineering from Oslo University College. He worked for the ABB Group from 1985 to 2004, including management positions in the Zürich headquarters. During this period he also sat on the boards of Aker Kværner and Aker Seafoods. In 2004 Brandal started working for Aker, and in 2006 he was appointed chief executive officer of Aker Kværner (later renamed Aker Solutions), a position he held until 2008, when he became president of energy technologies of the Aker Group. He later became CEO of Solør Bioenergi.

References

1960 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian electrical engineers
Oslo University College alumni
Aker Group people
Jeffrey W. Smith. Jeffrey W. Smith is Director, Program for Excellence in Nanotechnology, Center on Proteolytic Pathways, Tumor Microenvironment at the Burnham Institute. Smith earned his Ph.D. in biological sciences at UC Irvine in 1987. Following postdoctoral training at The Scripps Research Institute, he was appointed to their staff in 1991. Smith was recruited to The Burnham Institute in 1995.

See also
 Nanotechnology
 The Proteolysis Map

References

External links
 Burnham Institute for Medical Research: Jeffrey W. Smith Faculty page
 Jeffrey W. Smith, Selected list of publications via PubMed, (NIH National Library of Medicine)

Scripps Research
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Critical thermal maximum. Critical thermal maximum, in zoology, is the temperature for a given species above which most individuals respond with unorganized locomotion, subjecting the animal to likely death. This concept is particularly relevant in periods of aestivation or quiescence, in which circumstances an organism experiences limited mobility and lacks the ability to seek a microhabitat of reduced thermal stress.

See also
 Aestivation
 Physiology
 Torpor

Line notes

References
 Roy W. McDiarmid and Ronald Altig (1999) Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae, p 202, University of Chicago Press  

Animal physiology