omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scheibe SF-23 Sperling. The Scheibe SF-23 Sperling (en:Sparrow) is a 1950s German two-seat cabin monoplane.

Development
 
The Sperling was the first design of powered aircraft to come from the Scheibe Flugzeugbau company which had started building gliders in 1951. The prototype first flew on 8 August 1955 and the initial production SF-23A aircraft first flew in September 1958.

The Sperling is a high-wing braced monoplane with side-by-side seating for two in an enclosed cabin. It had a fixed tailwheel landing gear and was initially powered by a  Continental C90 piston engine. The Sperling utilizes mixed construction, the fuselage being a fabric-covered steel-tube structure and the wings being single-spar wooden structures with fabric and plywood covering. Production of the Sperling was completed in 1963.

Operation
Most aircraft produced were sold to German private pilots and flying clubs but one was purchased by a British owner. The higher powered versions were suitable for use in glider-towing. By 2009, seven examples remained in active operation in Germany.

Variants

SF-23A
Production variant with a  Continental C90-12F engine, 17 built.
SF-23B
Production variant with a  Continental O-200-B engine, four built.
SF-23C
Production variant with a  Lycoming O-235 engine, six built.

Specifications (SF-23A)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1950s German civil utility aircraft
Sperling
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
FM-8. The FM-8 (Fujitsu Micro 8) is a personal computer developed and manufactured by Fujitsu in May 1981. It was Fujitsu's second microcomputer released to the public after the LKIT-8 kit computer, and the first in the "FM" series. The FM-8 was an early adopter of bubble memory technology. The FM-8 would later be replaced by two new models in November 1982 – the FM-11, aimed at businesses and the FM-7 aimed at the mass market.

Emulator
The computer is emulated by MESS.

Reception
In an evaluation of six Japanese computers, BYTE in 1982 approved of the FM-8's BASIC tutorial and other manuals.

See also 

 FM-7
 FM-11
 
 
 

 FM Towns

References

6809-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1981
Home video game consoles
Roaches Grit. Roaches Grit is a coarse sandstone which outcrops widely throughout the western part of the Peak District of northern England and gives rise to several significant landscape features in the area. Its counterpart in the eastern part of the National Park is the Ashover Grit.

The combined Roaches Grit and Ashover Grit are amongst the most widespread sandstone units within the Millstone Grit Group of the Peak District. Along with other similar sandstones, such as the immediately overlying Chatsworth Grit, it is assigned to the Marsdenian sub-stage of the Namurian stage within the Carboniferous period.

The two units which, prior to the doming and erosion of the central Peak District were once one, are interpreted as delta-top sandstones. The deposited material was brought down from a northerly source by braided rivers.

Landscape features
Amongst the features for which the Roaches Grit is responsible are Axe Edge, The Roaches, Hen Cloud, Ramshaw Rocks, Back Forest and Hangingstone. The natural chasm of Lud’s Church is developed within the Roaches Grit whilst it also forms the lower slopes of Shutlingsloe.

Equally the Ashover Grit contributes to the landscape in the form of Stanton Moor and Harthill Moor. The former is home to gritstone quarries whilst the latter boasts Robin Hood’s Stride and Cratcliffe Tor. Much of the country around Edensor and Baslow (though not Baslow Edge) and around Ashover, from whence it derives its name, is underlain and shaped by this rock.

References
Aitkenhead, N. et al. 2002 British Regional Geology: the Pennines and adjacent areas (4th Edn) (British Geological Survey, Nottingham)
Various of BGS 1:50,000 scale geological map sheets

Stratigraphy of the United Kingdom
Yokosuka K4Y. The Yokosuka K4Y (or Navy Type 90 Seaplane Trainer) was a Japanese floatplane trainer of the 1930s.  A single engined two-seat biplane, 211 K4Ys were built between 1933 and 1940, serving as the Imperial Japanese Navy's basic floatplane trainer throughout the Second World War.

Development and design
In 1930, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's basic seaplane trainer was the Yokosuka K1Y or Type 13 Seaplane Trainer, which had been in use from 1925, and it instructed the First Naval Air Technical Arsenal based at Yokosuka to design a replacement. The design team, led by Jiro Saha and Tamefumi Suzuki designed a single-bay biplane with a welded steel-tube fuselage and wooden wings, it being the first Japanese designed aircraft with such a fuselage.

Yokosuka built two prototypes, powered by 90 hp (67 kW) Hatakaze four-cylinder air-cooled inline engines in 1930, flying in 1930, and after successful testing, a version powered by a 130 hp Gasuden Jimpu radial engine was ordered into production as the Navy Type 90 Seaplane trainer, with the short designation K4Y1.

Operational history
Production began at Watanabe in May 1933, Watanabe building 156 by 1939, with production then transferring to Nippon Hikoki who built a further 53 in 1939–40.

The K4Y1 started to replace the K1Y from 1933, remaining the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's principal basic seaplane trainer throughout the Pacific war. A few aircraft were released for civilian use.

Units using this aircraft

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Specifications (K4Y1 seaplane)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

K04Y, Yokosuka
Floatplanes
K4Y
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Inter Autoscooter. The Inter Autoscooter is a discontinued three-wheeled French microcar that debuted at the 1953 Paris Motor Show. Between the two body types, the open-topped Torpedo and the close-topped Berline, only 300 were produced between 1954 and 1958. As of 2017, only 30 are estimated to still exist.

Design
Inters were designed and produced by Societé Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Nord, an aeronautics firm; the avian inspiration for these cars is clear. The Inter has a single windshield wiper and headlight, tandem seats, and a hinged canopy, and its steering is controlled by a yoke. Inters gained a reputation for being unreliable, due in part to the complicated starter system. The car is fitted with a six-volt power supply connected to a motorcycle battery, which powers the Westinghouse gyrostarter. A gyrostarter is a starter seen most frequently on helicopters; it engages the engine by pressing a lever. The fuel tank and engine are also both located in the rear of the car. In addition to its reported unreliability, the Inter has several parts that are unique, making it expensive and difficult to find replacement parts.

The first Inters built had front wheels that could be tucked under the car to more efficiently travel down narrow streets and park in small spaces. This brought the car from a width of  to . While in theory this might appear efficient, it was not and the feature was quickly discontinued. Its top speed is .

References

Microcars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars introduced in 1953
Dietrich DP.II. 

The Dietrich DP.II Bussard was a 1920s German two-seat training biplane designed by Richard Dietrich and built by the Dietrich-Gobiet Flugzeugwerke as Kassel.

Development
The DP.II was a development of the earlier DP.I with the change to be a cantilever unequal-span biplane. The DP.II was built with wooden wings and a steel-frame fabric covered fuselage and tailplane. The aircraft had a fixed tailskid landing gear and was powered by a Siemens-Halske radial engine. Following the single Siemens-Halske Sh 4 powered prototype was a production run of 58 improved DP.IIa variants powered by Siemens-Halske Sh 5 radial engines.

Variants

DP.II
Prototype with a Siemens-Halske Sh 4 radial engine, one built.
DP.IIa
Production variant with a Siemens-Halske Sh 5 radial engine, 53 built.

Specifications (DP.IIa)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s German civil utility aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Biplanes
Portland Railway, Light and Power Company. The Portland Railway, Light and Power Company (PRL&P) was a railway company and electric power utility in Portland, Oregon, United States, from 1906 until 1924.

History

A series of mergers of various transportation companies in 1905–1906 culminating in the merger of the Portland Street Railway Company; Oregon Water, Power and Railway Company; and the Portland General Electric Company on June 28, 1906, established the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company (PRL&P). Nearly 200 miles of track and 375 urban and interurban streetcars were thereupon consolidated under a single company. Upon its formation, PRL&P became the only company to operate streetcars within Portland city limits; it also continued to sell electric power.  The name, Portland General Electric (PGE), remained in use as a division of PRL&P and, after subsequent reorganizations in 1930 and 1940 eventually PGE became once again fully independent as a power utility company, making PGE in some ways both an ancestor and a descendant of PRL&P.

The company's interurban lines used standard-gauge track, with the exception of the line to Vancouver, Washington, while most of its urban (or "city") lines were narrow-gauge, specifically 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm) gauge.  A few lines in the southeast part of the city were standard-gauge, converted from narrow gauge in December 1908 for efficiency, so that they could operate out of PRL&P's Sellwood carbarn, which was closer to the area those lines served but was only equipped for standard-gauge operation.

By 1910, PRL&P was a $15 million holding company, having received 43 franchises from the city of Portland, mostly in the form of land grants. It was a monopoly, and "liable to anti-trust action under the Sherman Act." The company only installed safety devices (such as pedestrian bumpers) on its streetcars after "extreme public pressure." While PRL&P installed many public streetlights, the city council complained about the power rates charged to the city.

PRL&P's president, Franklin Griffith, was part of the corruption and graft surrounding Mayor George Luis Baker; Griffith and others paid off Baker's mortgage.

PRL&P was reorganized as the Portland Electric Power Company (PEPCO) on April 26, 1924.

Two former PRL&P streetcar buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Bay E of the West Ankeny Carbarns was listed in 1978, and the Sellwood Division Carbarn Office and Clubhouse was listed in 2002.  The company's 1911 hydroelectric facility in Estacada, Oregon, the River Mill Hydroelectric Project, is also listed on the NRHP.

See also
Portland General Electric
Transportation in Oregon

References

Further reading

External links
 

Oregon railroads
Electric power companies of the United States
Streetcars in Oregon
Electric railways in Oregon
Transportation in Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
Portland General Electric
1906 establishments in Oregon
History of transportation in Oregon
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United States
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Tram, urban railway and trolley companies
Dietrich DP.III. 

The Dietrich DP.III  was a design for a 1920s German light passenger transport monoplane for six passengers designed by Richard Dietrich and was to be built by the Dietrich-Gobiet Flugzeugwerke as Kassel. Due to the financial problems of the company it is believed that the DP.III was not completed.

Development
The DP.III was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit and a fixed tailskid landing gear. It was to be powered by an inline piston engine in the 172 to 194 kW (230-260 hp) range possibly a Benz Bz IV or Rolls-Royce Falcon. It had a crew of two in a semi-open cockpit and accommodation for six passengers in an enclosed cabin.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s German airliners
Dietrich DP.VII. 

The Dietrich DP.VII  was a 1920s German two-seat touring monoplane designed by Richard Dietrich and built by the Dietrich Flugzeugwerke in Kassel, Germany.

Development
The DP.VII was a low-wing braced monoplane powered by a Haacke lightweight flat-two piston engine. A training variant the DP.VIIa had a larger Siemens-Halske radial engine.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s German civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Biorefining. Biorefining is the process of "building" multiple products from biomass as a feedstock or raw material much like a petroleum refinery that is currently in use. 

The process of biorefining can be characterized as the sustainable processing of biomass, which eventually yields:
 biobased products, such as food, feed, chemicals or other materials, and/or
 bioenergy, such as biofuels, power or heat.

A biorefinery is a facility like a petroleum refinery that comprises the various process steps or unit operations and related equipment to produce various bioproducts including fuels, power, materials and chemicals from biomass. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry producing entire spectrum of bioproducts or bio-based products.

Biomass has various components such as lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, extractives, etc. Biorefinery can take advantage of the unique properties of each of biomass components enabling the production of various products. The various bioproducts can include fiber, fuels, chemicals, plastics etc.

Processes 
Biorefining processes can be categorized into four groups:

 Mechanical
 Biochemical
 Chemical
 Thermochemical

See also

 Biomass
 Biomass (ecology)
 Forest
 Agriculture
 Biogas
 Bioenergy
 Biofuels
 Biochemicals
 Bioproducts

References

Biofuels technology
Biotechnology
Dionel M. Aviles. Dionel Michael Aviles (born January 23, 1961) was the United States Under Secretary of the Navy from October 8, 2004, to May 19, 2009, part of which he served as the acting United States Secretary of the Navy.

Biography
A native of Bryan, Texas, Dionel M. Aviles graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1983. He subsequently spent 1983 through 1988 as a surface warfare officer in the United States Navy. He retired from the navy in 1988, though he remained an officer of the United States Navy Reserve.

After leaving the navy, Aviles initially worked as a production support engineer, working on the Standard Missile and Phalanx CIWS programs.  He then joined the Naval Air Systems Command, where he worked on developing the BGM-109 Tomahawk as part of the Naval Air Systems Command's Cruise Missile Project.

From 1991 to 1995, Aviles worked in the National Security Division of the Office of Management and Budget within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. He began as the budget examiner of the navy's procurement and R&D budgets. He ended as the division director responsible for the defense accounts used during the President of the United States' proposed United States federal budget. During this period, he earned an MBA from the George Washington University in 1993.

In 1995, Aviles became a professional staff member on the staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services. There, his work focused on defense budgeting and finance issues. He also did work related to Navy shipbuilding and procurement.

In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Aviles as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management), and Aviles served in this capacity from July 2001 until October 2004.

President Bush subsequently nominated Aviles as Under Secretary of the Navy and Aviles was sworn in as Under Secretary on October 8, 2004. He resigned in May 2009 and was replaced by Robert O. Work.

Notes

References

Biography at U.S. Navy website

External links

|-

|-

1961 births
George W. Bush administration personnel
Living people
People from Bryan, Texas
Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal
Texas Republicans
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Under Secretaries of the Navy
List of wave power stations. The following page lists most power stations that run on wave power, however there are not many operational at present as wave energy is still a nascent technology. A longer list of proposed and prototype wave power devices is given on List of wave power projects.

Wave farms are classified into 8 types based on the technology used, such as Surface-following attenuator, Point absorber, Oscillating wave surge converter, Oscillating water column, Overtopping/Terminator, Submerged pressure differential, Bulge wave device, and Rotating mass.

Wave farms

See also 

 Marine power

References

External links
 Worlds First Grid-connected wave power World’s first grid-connected wave power station switched on in Australia

Wave
List of tidal power stations. This article lists most power stations that run on tidal power, both tidal range (impoundment via a barrage) and tidal stream (harnessing currents). Since tidal stream generators are an immature technology, no technology has yet emerged as the clear standard. A large variety of designs are being experimented with, with some very close to large scale deployment. Hence, the following page lists stations of different technologies. While only a few schemes are operational or under construction, many more have been proposed, but some of these plans may never be constructed.

Tidal power stations

Operational 
The following table lists tidal power stations that are in operation:

Under construction 
The following table lists tidal power stations that are currently under construction as of the date in each cited source.

Proposed 
The following table lists tidal power stations that are at a proposal stage. Some of these scheme may not go ahead, but have not formally been cancelled.

Historical proposals 
These schemes were proposed, but will not now go ahead in the form originally proposed because the developer has ceased trading, the technology is no longer being developed, or the consent has lapsed.

Decommissioned

See also 

 Tidal power
 Development of tidal stream generators
 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of hydroelectric power station failures

References 

Tide
 
Tidal
Binodal. In thermodynamics, the binodal, also known as the coexistence curve or binodal curve, denotes the condition at which two distinct phases may coexist.  Equivalently, it is the boundary between the set of conditions in which it is thermodynamically favorable for the system to be fully mixed and the set of conditions in which it is thermodynamically favorable for it to separate into two phases. In general, the binodal is defined by the condition at which the chemical potential of all solution components is equal in each phase.  The extremum of a binodal curve in temperature coincides with the one of the spinodal curve and is known as a critical point.

Binary systems

In binary (two component) mixtures, the binodal can be determined at a given temperature by drawing a tangent line to the free energy.

References

External links

Thermodynamics
Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association Plant. JSC Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association Plant named after V.P. Chkalov (NAPO) is one of the largest aerospace manufacturers in Russia.

The company produces, repairs and upgrades Su-34 fighter-bombers. It is also involved in the Sukhoi Superjet 100 program, where it is one of the two main production sites. NAPO focuses on component production for the program, while the main assembly line is at Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association. NAPO also conducts repair and upgrade work on Su-24M frontline bombers. In addition, the company is involved in pilot training and education of engineering personnel, as well as production of consumer goods.

The company is based in the city of Novosibirsk. It has about 10,000 employees.

Products

Military technics 

 Production of a fighter-bomber Su-34;
 Modernization of the front-line bomber Su-24M;
 Participation in the creation program fifth-generation fighter
 Project S-70 Okhotnik

Civil engineering 

 Participation in the SSJ regional aircraft program (fuselage elements F1, F6, F5, VO, GO, protective panels of the AFU compartment)

Awards 

 1945 - Order of Lenin
 1971 - Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 1981 - Order of the October Revolution

References

External links
Company website (Russian)

Sukhoi
Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Manufacturing companies based in Novosibirsk
Critical field resistance. Critical field resistance is a term that is associated with a shunt DC generator. In a DC shunt generator, the voltage induced across the armature, Va, is directly proportional to the flux acting across it, The flux in a DC generator is directly proportional to the field current, If. The critical field resistance is defined as the maximum field circuit resistance (for a given speed) with which the shunt generator would just excite. The shunt generator will build up voltage only if field circuit resistance is less than critical field resistance.

It is a tangent to the open-circuit characteristics of the generator (at a given speed).

References
 Electrical Technology - II by B.L. Thereja

External links
DC Machines

Electric motors
Electrical generators
Raw Dykes. Raw Dykes () is a Roman earthwork and scheduled monument in Leicester. The monument consists of two parallel banks up to 20 metres apart, with an excavated channel running between them. A stretch 110 metres long survives, but originally the earthwork was at least 550 metres in length.

The official entry in the schedule of monuments maintained by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport states that the remains are those of a Roman aqueduct, stating that "the narrow cut within the centre of the ditch represented the main water channel and was designed to increase the flow of water by concentrating it within a constricted space". A publication by Leicester City Council has speculated that the earthwork may have been a canal, rather than a source of clean water, but concluded that the aqueduct-interpretation is "by far the most likely suggestion". Kathleen Kenyon, among others, argued that the level of the aqueduct (following the modern 60-metre contour) was lower than the Roman bath in Leicester, and that Raw Dykes was therefore a failure. However, J.S. Wacher has argued that the Romans were skilled hydraulic engineers, and that it is possible that they pumped water into the town from the Raw Dykes aqueduct. There is evidence that they employed a pump and a storage tank at Leicester's Roman baths in the 4th century.

Excavations in 1938 found two Roman pottery sherds from the 1st century AD, indicated that Raw Dykes was constructed during or after this time. The first written reference to the earthwork occurs in the borough of Leicester's accounts from 1322. During the English Civil War,  Royalist soldiers used part of the earthwork as an artillery emplacement; it also appears on several 18th- and 19th-century maps. Since the early modern period its length has been greatly shortened by the expansion of Leicester. Members of the public cannot access the site, but a viewing enclosure has been constructed leading off Aylestone Road.

References

External links 

 

Scheduled monuments in Leicester
Roman Leicester
Tourist attractions in Leicestershire
Archaeological sites in Leicestershire
Sally saw. A sally saw is a portable, motorized saw created by the Cummings Machine Works in 1945  for limbing and bucking trees. A sally saw comprises an engine, an annular saw blade driven by a gear adjacent to the rim, and a drive shaft. Like a String trimmer or Motorized Pole Saw, the drive shaft runs through a tube, which serves as the frame and grip area.

References

Woodworking hand-held power tools
Saws
Logging
Habitat management equipment and methods
Gardening tools