omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Critical Energy Infrastructure Information. Critical Energy Infrastructure Information (CEII) is specific engineering information such as plant schematics, information transfer ports, or detailed design information about proposed or existing critical infrastructure (physical or virtual) that meets these criteria:

Relates details about the production, generation, transmission, or distribution of energy
Could be useful to a person planning an attack on critical infrastructure
Is exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act, and
Gives strategic information beyond the location of the critical infrastructure

See also
 Sensitive But Unclassified information
 Classified information in the United States

References

External links
 CEII Freedom of Information Act Guidelines
 CEII Regulations

Energy infrastructure
Laplandite-(Ce). Laplandite has a general formula of Na4CeTiPO4Si7O18•5H2O, and is found primarily in igneous rocks. This silicate mineral has been found as inclusions in pegmatites, primarily in the Kola Peninsula in Lappland, where the mineral's name gets its origin. Laplandite is orthorhombic, which states that crystallographically, it contains three axes of unequal lengths that all intersect at 90 degrees, perpendicular to one another. The shape of the crystal is bipyramidal, and is similar in structure to olivine or aragonite. Because of these different axes lengths, it shows anisotropism, which will allow for the visibility of birefringence. This property can give the mineral very distinct colors when viewed under cross-polarization. Laplandite has three different indices of refraction, which are measures of the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light within the mineral, determined individually on each axis. Due to these different indices, Laplandite is a biaxial mineral, which states that the mineral will have two optic axes. Under the microscope, this mineral has moderate relief, which describes the contrast between Laplandite's refractive index and the refractive index of the mounting medium on which it is placed. The relief can be seen physically as how easily you can see the boundary lines of the mineral under plane polarized light in a petrographic microscope.

Because of Laplandite's sodium solubility, it has been designated as a candidate for extracting soda from the rocks in which it is found. This readily soluble mineral has given geologists clues about the history of the source of the parent rock, as water-soluble minerals do not form near surface temperatures and pressures. Also, the formation of this type of chemical assemblage is commonly located near phosphate and rare-element deposits, giving it another important characteristic as a good indicator to where more economic minerals can be found.

References 

Inosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 47
Samuelsonite. Samuelsonite is a complex mineral that is found near North Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire, US. Additionally, it is most commonly found as a secondary mineral in granite pegmatite. Samuelsonite is named after Peter B. Samuelson, a prospector from Rumney, New Hampshire. 

The mineral has a pale yellow color and has a hardness of 5 on Mohs scale. The crystal is generally yellow, flat, and with straited crystals and blue trolleites. Samuelsonite is monoclinic. There are three vectors of unequal length in this crystal system. The three vectors form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram at the base. Therefore, two of the vectors are perpendicular, while the third makes an angle that is not equal to 90°. Samuelsonite has biaxial birefringence (trirefringence), meaning when light passes through the optic axis it is split into two rays due to the difference in refractive index of the ray with parallel polarized light compared to the ray with perpendicular polarized light.

References

Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Phosphate minerals
Kainosite-(Y). Kainosite is a silicate mineral that has the formula of Ca2(Y,Ce) SiO4O12(CO3)•(H2O). Kainosite was first discovered in Norway on the island of Hitterø and was named by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901) in allusion to the Greek word for "unusual" for its rarity and exotic composition.

Kainosite, is part of the orthorhombic crystal class minerals, which is a system that results from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs. Kainosite is a biaxial mineral, so the light entering its crystals will be polarized in two vibration directions (XYZ) for it has two optic axes. Because Kainosite is orthorhombic, the vibration directions XYZ coincide with the a,b,c crystallography axes.

Kainosite is very rare and mostly found in Russia in vugs, pegmatites, granites, and alkalic complex as an altered product of the mineral kuliokite. Classic samples have been discovered in Madawaska Mine, Bicroft Mine, and Greyhawk Mine, near Bancroft, Ontario.

References

Rumanova I.M,and Volodina G.F,and Belov N.V (1967) "The crystal structure of the rare earth ring silicate kainosite, Ca2(Y,Tr)2[Si4O12]CO3[H2O]". Soviet Physics Crystallography, 11, 485–491.

Cyclosilicates
Carbonate minerals
Lanthanide minerals
Yttrium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Hayne Constant. Hayne Constant, CB, CBE., MA., FRAeS., FRS, (26 September 1904 – 12 January 1968) was an English mechanical and aeronautical engineer who developed jet engines during World War II.

Education
Constant was born at Gravesend, the son of Frederick Charles Constant  and his wife Mary Theresa (Tissie) Hayne. His father was a dental surgeon in Folkestone. Hayne was educated at King's College Choir School Cambridge, King's School, Canterbury, The Technical Institute Folkestone, Sir Roger Manwood's School, Sandwich and Queens' College, Cambridge.

Career
Constant stayed at Cambridge for a post graduate year in 1927/28 and then joined the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. He became a member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers. After six years he joined Imperial College.
 
In 1936 Henry Tizard persuaded Constant to return to the RAE from Imperial College to help with the development of A. A. Griffith's  turbine engine designs. A series of engines to Griffith's design were built under Constant's direction at the RAE. He was the Head of the Research Department at Power Jets (R&D) from 1944 to 1946. Hayne was director of the National Gas Turbine Establishment from 1948 to 1960, and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1963 for his outstanding contribution to gas turbine development. In 1964 he became Chief Scientist (R.A.F.) at the  Ministry of Defence.

Constant died unmarried at the age of 63.

References

External links
 News item on the death of Constant in Flight
 "Gas Turbine Development" an excerpt from a Hayne Constant lecture in a 1957 issue of Flight - Part 1
 "Gas Turbine Development" an excerpt from a Hayne Constant lecture in a 1957 issue of Flight - Part 2

1904 births
1968 deaths
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jet engine pioneers
People educated at Sir Roger Manwood's School
Power Jets
Aberford Railway. The Aberford Railway was a privately owned light railway built in the 19th century between Garforth and Aberford in West Yorkshire, England. It was owned by the Gascoigne family of Yorkshire to transport coal from their collieries via the Great North Road and a connection with the Leeds and Selby Railway. The railway was locally known as the Fly Line.

History and description
Coal mining in the Garforth area of West Yorkshire dates back centuries, and the Gascoignes, being major landholders in the area, had owned pits since at least the 17th century. The introduction of steam-driven pumps in the 18th century allowed deeper mines to be worked, and extended the usefulness of the Gascoignes' mines. The area around Garforth and Aberford was at a disadvantage compared to other mining regions because of poor transportation. High turnpike fees, and the inability to access the Aire and Calder Navigation due to competing interests owning land on the few miles to the canal meant that the sale of coal to nearby Leeds was uneconomic.

Circa 1833, surveying of the line began, by William Harker and William Walker; at the same time, the Leeds and Selby Railway was under construction, and Gascoigne, also a shareholder in the Leeds and Selby had obtained favourable rates for transport of coal to Selby on that line. The route was designed on a falling gradient from Garforth to Aberford, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 72 at the Sisters pit. Horse traction was the motive power. The line opened in the late 1830s with the cooperation of the Leeds and Selby, and carried both freight and passengers. A stationary engine was installed on the line between the Isabella and Sisters' pits which was also double tracked; the rest of the railway was single track.

Passenger traffic briefly ceased as a result of loss of a connection to Leeds whilst the Leeds and Selby railway was under George Hudson's control and was closed to passengers in favour of other lines. The line was successful in aiding the transport and sale of coal, in particular to the agricultural areas to the north such as Tadcaster and Wetherby, which lacked indigenous coal resources.

From the 1870s, horse-powered transport was replaced by steam engines – the first being a Manning Wardle Class H 0-4-0 locomotive named Mulciber purchased in 1870.

Mining reached its zenith at the beginning of the 20th century, with 440,000 tons per year being produced, 120,000 of which exported via Hull. The death of many men in the First World War, and an embargo on exported coal both contributed to the decline of the pits; in 1920, the Gascoignes sold the pits and railway, both of which were steadily run down in the next decade. The line closed in 1924, the collieries in 1930.

Legacy and remnants
Much of the line is walkable as a public footpath, with a Ha-ha rebuilt as a railway cutting in the grounds of the Gascoignes family house still extant.

References

Sources

Further information

 

Rail transport in West Yorkshire
Fabrican. Fabrican is an instant spray-on fabric technology. The spray-on material is made from polymers and natural or synthetic fibers. The spray is delivered from a compressed air spray gun or aerosol can and dries upon contact with the air, creating a non-woven fabric that can be applied to many surfaces (including water). The material is sterile when it is dispensed from the spray gun or aerosol can.

History 
Fabrican was invented by Manel Torres while investigating ways to speed up conventional methods of constructing garments as part of his Ph. D. research in Fashion at the Royal College of Art and Imperial College London. Torres founded Fabrican Ltd in 2003. The technology was further developed by Fabrican Ltd while based at Imperial College London.

Fabrican was showcased at London Fashion Week 2010 as well as in fashion shows in Milan and Moscow and at TED Talks. The technology has also been featured in the media by the BBC, the Discovery Channel, and CBS News.

In 2014, in conformity with an organizational emphasis on developing biomedical applications, fabrican occupied new laboratory facilities at the London Bioscience Innovation Centre.

At Paris Fashion Week 2022, Bella Hadid closed the Coperni fashion show after being sprayed into a dress on stage and walking the runway.

See also
Spray-on condom
Silly String
Spray-on skin

References

External links
Video from The Daily Telegraph
Website

Technical fabrics
Eletrobras Furnas. Eletrobras Furnas (Furnas – Centrais Elétricas SA) is a regional power utility and a major subsidiary of Eletrobras. The company generates or transmits electricity to 51% of households in Brazil and more than 40% of the nation's electricity passes through their grid. The company has a generating capacity of 10,050 MW which corresponds to 10% of Brazil's electrical production.

Overview
The company was founded on February 28, 1957, to support the fast-pace of urbanization in Brazil during the 1950s. Their aim was to develop the Grande River. They began construction of the Furnas Dam in February 1957. Their effective operation began in 1963 and in 1971, their headquarters moved to Rio de Janeiro. The company owns and maintains 12 hydroelectric power plants, two thermal power plants and 49 substations. Out of their 10,050 MW installed capacity, 7,971 is owned by them and the rest through partnerships. The company also maintains 19,000 km of transmission lines, 900 km of which are from the Itaipu Dam. They supply 97% of the electricity in Brasília, 92% in Rio de Janeiro, 91% in Mato Grosso, 81% in the Espírito Santo, 61% in Goiás, 58% in São Paulo, Minas Gerais 45% and 16% in Tocantins.

Power plants
The hydroelectric power plants that the company owns and operates are the Baguari (140 MW), Corumbá (375 MW), Funil (216 MW), Furnas (1,216 MW), Itumbiara (2,082 MW), Luiz Carlos Barreto (1,050 MW), Manso (212 MW), Marimbondo (1,440 MW) Mascarenhas de Moraes (Peixoto) (476 MW), Peixe Angical (452 MW), Porto Colômbia (320 MW) and Serra da Mesa (1,275 MW) which is operated in a public partnership. They also own and manage the Campos (30 MW) and Santa Cruz (766 MW) thermal power plants.

References

Eletrobras
Companies based in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Energy companies established in 1957
1957 establishments in Brazil
Edward Brooke (fencer). Edward Hugh Brooke (31 December 1916 – 1 November 2002) was a Canadian fencer. He competed in the individual foil and épée events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Biography 
In 1942 Brooke graduated Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta. That year he moved to Montreal to begin working for the McColl-Frontenac Oil Company, which in 1959 became Texaco Canada Limited. In 1952 he was made chief engineer, and in 1969 was appointed manager of the company's engineering department.

In July 1952, Brooke competed in the foil and épee events at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, placing 6th and 5th respectively.

In 1973 Brooke relocated to Calgary. He died in Calgary on 1 November 2002 at age 85.

References

External links
 

1916 births
2002 deaths
People from Didsbury, Alberta
Olympic fencers for Canada
Fencers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Alberta
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Fencers at the 1950 British Empire Games
Fencers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in fencing
Medallists at the 1950 British Empire Games
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Canadian male épée fencers
Canadian male foil fencers
20th-century Canadian sportsmen
Phosphorothioic chloride difluoride. Phosphorothioic chloride difluoride or thiophosphoryl chloride difluoride is a chemical compound with formula . It is normally found as a gas boiling at 6.3 °C and melting at −155.2 °C. The density of the gas at standard conditions is 5.579 g/L. Critical pressure is 41.4 bars, and critical temperature is 439.2 K.

Production 
Phosphorothioic chloride difluoride was made in 1940 by reacting  with  and  at 75 °C.

In another reaction  reacts with  to make , KCl and , but also partly yields .

A small percentage of is formed when  or  reacts with chlorine.

It can be formed from difluoro(germylthio)phosphine:

Properties 
Although phosphorothioic chloride difluoride does not spontaneously ignite in air, mixtures with air are explosive. The gas is hydrolysed slowly by water vapour. It also reacts with potassium hydroxide solution.

Heat of vaporization is 5703 cal/mol.

Infrared bands in the gas are at 946, 920, 738, 541, 395, 361, 317, missed, and 198 cm−1. In liquid, a Raman spectroscopy has bands at 939, 913, 727, 536, 394, 359, 314, 251, 207. These are for  symmetric stretch in a' and a'' symmetry, PS stretch, PCl stretch, PCl bend,  scissor,  rock, PS op-bend, and PS ip-bend.

The nuclear magnetic resonance coupling constants for  are 1220. It is a triplet line with intensities 1:2:1. The chemical shift from orthophosphoric acid is −50×10−6. For  the coupling constant is 1218. It is a doublet line in ratio 1:1. The chemical shift from  is −15.9×10−6.

References

Phosphorus halides
Thiophosphoryl compounds
Edmund Bruce Ball. Edmund Bruce Ball FRSE (21 May 1873 – 17 June 1944) was an English hydraulic engineer. He specialised in the storage and distribution of water.

Life

He was born in Thetford in Norfolk. He was educated in Thetford and then apprenticed as an engineer to Charles Burrell & Sons in that towns. His talent won him a scholarship to study engineering at Manchester Technical School.  On completion of this apprenticeship in 1895, Ball was elected a Whitworth Exhibitioner and also received a Queen’s Prizeman for Science.

He had a very successful career, starting as Chief Designer for Benjamin Goodfellow & Co in Hyde, Manchester. Thereafter he served as Works Manager for Reavell & Co in Ipswich, Technical Director for San Georgio Co in Genoa, Technical Director for Samuel & Co Ltd in Shanghai and Manchuria, Works Manager at D Napier & Son in Acton, and Managing Director of Glenfield & Kennedy in Kilmarnock. His last position also gave him control of two subsidiary companies: British Pitometer and Hydrautomat.

He served as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers from 1939 to 1940, the same year he was President of the Whitworth Society. He was also President of the Institute of Water Engineers. He was an Honorary Life Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

He died of a heart attack at his home, Eldo House, in Monkton, Ayrshire in 1944.

References

1873 births
1944 deaths
English engineers
Hydraulic engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Anglo-Scots
English mechanical engineers
People from Thetford
People from Monkton, South Ayrshire
Archibald Barr. Archibald Barr LLD, FRS FRSE (18 November 1855, Glenfield House, Paisley, Renfrewshire – 5 August 1931) was a Scottish scientific engineer, inventor and businessman. He was a co-founder of Barr & Stroud, and invented the Barr & Stroud Rangefinder.

Early life and education
Barr was born in Glenfield House in Abbey, near Paisley, the third son of Archibald Barr, a yarn merchant, and Jeanie Stirrat, Barr was educated at Paisley Grammar School and apprenticed as an engineer to A F Craig & Co in Paisley before attending University of Glasgow to study engineering.

Academic career
Barr first worked as assistant to James Thomson, Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow, a post Barr was to attain himself later in his career. In 1884 he was appointed to the chair of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the Yorkshire College (which became the University of Leeds in 1904).  In 1889 he returned to Glasgow as Regius Professor of Engineering.

In 1898 he successfully campaigned for a new chair in Electrical Engineering at Glasgow University. In 1901 he raised £54,000 to build and equip the James Watt Engineering Building at Glasgow University.

Other activities
Barr was a motoring enthusiast and as a member of the Scottish Automobile Club, he participated as an organiser of Scotland's first motor car reliability trials in 1901.  He also helped to form the Scottish Aeronautical Club in 1909, becoming its president, and was a promoter of Scotland's first aviation meeting, held at Lanark in 1910.

He served as President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1910–11. Barr was also a governor of the Royal Scottish National Institution for the care of those with learning difficulties.

He also gifted £8,000 towards the cost of a new organ for Paisley Abbey.

Honours
Barr was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) by Glasgow upon his retirement in 1915.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1923.

Marriage
Barr married Isabella Young in 1885.

Death
Barr died at his home, Westerton of Mugdock, near Milngavie, near Glasgow, on 5 August 1931 at the age of 75.

Positions held
President of the Royal Philosophical Society (Glasgow) 
President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
President of the Scottish Aeronautical Society
President of the Optical Society, London

References

External links
The Dreadnought Project – Archibald Barr

People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Presidents of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
Engineers from Paisley, Renfrewshire
1855 births
1931 deaths
Scottish inventors
Scottish businesspeople
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Leeds
Walter Biggar Blaikie. Walter Biggar Blaikie FRSE DL LLD (23 November 1847 in Pilrig, Edinburgh – 3 May 1928) was a Scottish civil engineer, printer, historian and astronomer.

Life
Second of the seven recorded sons of Margaret Catherine Biggar and William Garden Blaikie, minister of Pilrig Free Church, Walter Biggar Blaikie was educated at Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh.

He worked as a civil engineer with the Department for Public Works in India from 1870 until 1873, but after the birth of their first child he and his wife returned to Scotland to work for the large engineering firm of Blyth & Blyth where he worked until 1880. In 1879, he became involved in the printing business which became T and A Constable of Edinburgh. He would work with the firm for almost 50 years, and for many years he ran it.

He became one of the leading scholars of the Jacobite period, especially of the life of Bonnie Prince Charlie.

In 1897, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposers being John George Bartholomew, Sir John Murray, Frederick Bailey and Hugh Robert Mill. He served as Vice President of the Society 1924 to 1927.

He is buried in the grave of his maternal grandfather, Henry Balfour Biggar, in the north-east corner of the north extension to St Cuthberts Churchyard in Edinburgh. He is the last named on a badly eroded stone.

Walter Blaikie Collection

In 1928 his daughters donated a large collection of his historical papers concerning the Jacobite Uprising and the Stuarts to the National Library of Scotland. This ran to 1076 printed items in 756 volumes, 42 manuscripts, 3 charters and around 400 engravings.

Publications

Itinerary of Prince Charles Edward (1896)
Edinburgh at the Time of the Occupation of Prince Charles (1910)
Origins of the 45 (1914)

Awards and honours
 Honorary degree "Doctor of Laws" from the University of Edinburgh
 1897 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ("Ordinary Fellow")
 1918 Deputy Lieutenant of the County and City of Edinburgh

References
 

1847 births
1928 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Scottish civil engineers
Scottish printers
20th-century Scottish historians
Scottish astronomers
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish historians
Deputy lieutenants of Edinburgh
WinCC. SIMATIC WinCC is a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and human-machine interface (HMI) system from Siemens. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control physical processes involved in industry and infrastructure on a large scale and over long distances. SIMATIC WinCC can be used in combination with Siemens controllers. WinCC is written for the Microsoft Windows operating system. It uses Microsoft SQL Server for logging and comes with a VBScript and ANSI C application programming interface.

In 2010, WinCC and PCS 7 were the first known SCADA systems to be specifically targeted by malware. The Stuxnet worm can spy on and even reprogram infected systems.

References

External links 
 Siemens' WinCC product page
 WinCC' WinCC scada page Introduction to WinCC Flexible

Industrial automation software
SCADA
Siemens software products

et:SIMATIC#WinCC