omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cooling and heating (combinatorial game theory). In combinatorial game theory, cooling, heating, and overheating are operations on hot games to make them more amenable to the traditional methods of the theory,
which was originally devised for cold games in which the winner is the last player to have a legal move.
Overheating was generalised by Elwyn Berlekamp for the analysis of Blockbusting.
Chilling (or unheating) and warming are variants used in the analysis of the endgame of Go.

Cooling and chilling may be thought of as a tax on the player who moves, making them pay for the privilege of doing so,
while heating, warming and overheating are operations that more or less reverse cooling and chilling.

Basic operations: cooling, heating 
The cooled game  (" cooled by ") for a game   and a (surreal) number  is defined by
 .
The amount  by which  is cooled is known as the temperature; the minimum  for which  is infinitesimally close to  is known as the temperature  of ;  is said to freeze to ;  is the mean value (or simply mean) of .

Heating is the inverse of cooling and is defined as the "integral"

Multiplication and overheating 
Norton multiplication is an extension of multiplication to a game  and a positive game  (the "unit")
defined by
 
The incentives  of a game  are defined as .

Overheating is an extension of heating used in Berlekamp's solution of Blockbusting,
where  overheated from  to  is defined for arbitrary games  with  as
 

Winning Ways also defines overheating of a game  by a positive game , as
 
 Note that in this definition numbers are not treated differently from arbitrary games.
 Note that the "lower bound" 0 distinguishes this from the previous definition by Berlekamp

Operations for Go: chilling and warming   
Chilling is a variant of cooling by  used to analyse the Go endgame of Go and is defined by
 
This is equivalent to cooling by  when  is an "even elementary Go position in canonical form".

Warming is a special case of overheating, namely , normally written simply as   which inverts chilling when  is an "even elementary Go position in canonical form".
In this case the previous definition simplifies to the form

References 

Combinatorial game theory
V. R. Lalithambika. Dr.V. R. Lalithambika (born 1962) is an Indian engineer and scientist who has been working with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). She is a specialist in Advanced Launcher Technologies and was leading the Gaganyaan mission to send Indian astronauts to space by 2022.

Early life 
Lalithambika was born in 1962 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The proximity of her house to the Thumba rocket testing centre got her fascinated by ISRO, right from her childhood. Her exposure to science started very early primarily because of her grandfather, who used to make gadgets like lenses, microscopes, etc at the house itself and also kept her updated about ISRO’s work. Her grandfather was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a gadget-maker. Her father was also an engineer.

She studied B. Tech. in Electrical Engineering at the College of Engineering, Trivandrum and later pursued her M. Tech. in Control Engineering at the College of Engineering, Trivandrum. She worked at two colleges before joining ISRO. She did her Ph. D. while working with ISRO.

Career
Lalithambika is a specialist in Advanced Launch Vehicle Technology. She had joined the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, in 1988. She led a team that designed rocket control and guidance systems. She has worked with various ISRO rockets including the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). She has been a part of over 100 space missions.

Before moving to ISRO headquarters in Bengaluru, she was the Deputy Director (control, guidance and simulation) at VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram. She will lead the Gaganyaan mission as the Director of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme which is intended to send Indian astronauts into space by 2022.

Awards
She was awarded the Space Gold Medal (2001), ISRO Individual Merit Award and ISRO Performance Excellence Award (2013). She has also won Astronautical Society of India award for excellence in launch vehicle technology. In 2023 she was awarded the highest French civilian order Legion d'Honneur  for boosting space cooperation between India and France.

Personal life
Her husband Pradeep Kumar A.B. is former Chairman of Kerala State Pollution Control Board.

References

1962 births
Indian women engineers
20th-century Indian women scientists
Engineers from Kerala
Scientists from Kerala
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian scientists
20th-century Indian engineers
Living people
20th-century women engineers
21st-century Indian women engineers
In Practice Systems Limited. In Practice Systems Limited (INPS) is a health informatics company, part of the Cegedim group and based in the United Kingdom.

Company history
The company was established in 1984 under the name of Ranchalley Ltd. It quickly changed its name to Value Added Medical Products Ltd (VAMP) and then to Reuters Health Information Ltd in 1997. In 1998 INPS was acquired by the Cegedim group. In 2004, the company purchased the UK arm of NDCHealth, makers of Pharmacy Manager software that was widely used across the UK. It later rebranded as Vision.

In 1990 VAMP was one of the four most popular GP computer systems in Wales. In 2010, INPS had about 20% of the English market, 30% of the market in Scotland and Northern Ireland and just over 50% of the market in Wales.

On 10th December 2024 In Practice Systems Limited was voluntarily placed into administration by the Cegedim group.

Products
Vision 3, a clinical system  used within primary care settings
Vision Online Services, a Web-based patient-centric service
Outcomes Manager, a population health solution for local healthcare communities.

England
In 2018, the GP IT Futures framework was announced as a new way to support modularity in healthcare systems in England and so make it easier for new suppliers to enter the market. Before this, INPS had produced one of the computer systems available to GPs in England under the Systems of Choice scheme from 2008, as well as through Local Service Provider, the CSC. Like other GP systems it made extensive use of Read codes.  The other approved GP systems are SystmOne, EMIS Health and Microtest Health.

From April 2014 practices were contractually required to promote and offer patients the opportunity to book appointments online, order repeat prescriptions online and gain access to their medical records online.

The system hosts pathway management systems which automate the processes of monitoring patients, for example those taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs which are potentially toxic.

Wales
In 2018, along with Microtest Health, it was awarded a four-year contract for GP clinical systems by the NHS Wales Informatics Service. This came after EMIS was excluded because its bid failed to 'meet a number of the necessary evaluation criteria relating to financial, contractual and functional requirements', according to NHS Wales.  INPS Vision was already established in Wales, but Microtest was not.

References

External links
Vision

Electronic health record software companies
Companies based in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Private providers of NHS services
Mazda Ibuki. The  was a concept car by Mazda revealed at the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show and the 2004 Chicago Auto Show. Although not its inspiration, the Ibuki previewed the third generation MX-5 ahead of its 2005 launch.

The Ibuki, which is Japanese for "breathing new energy" or "adding vigor", was built on a variation of the Mazda RX-8's platform. Its body consisted of a reinforced open frame with a rigid backbone frame under the transmission tunnel and plastic body panels. To further emphasize its light weight, its brake discs and inner door panels were made of aluminum, the propeller shaft and engine frame used carbon fiber, and its wheels were cast in magnesium alloy. Power came from a  MZR ZM-DE I4 engine paired with an electric motor and mated to a 6-speed manual transmission, generating  and  torque. To ensure an even weight distribution, the air conditioning unit was mounted behind the seats. Safety features included a four-point active rollbar in the front pillars and rear cowl section that instantly lifted up under impact sensor control in case of a rollover.

References

External links

Ibuki
Mazda MX-5
Retro-style automobiles
Roadsters
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Hybrid electric cars
Maria Forsyth. Maria Forsyth is an Australian chemist. She is a research professor at the University of the Basque Country and an Alfred Deakin Fellow at Deakin University in Victoria, Australia where she holds the Chair in Electromaterials and Corrosion Sciences. 

Her research has applications in both energy storage and in understanding the mechanisms of corrosion.

Biography

Education 
Forsyth gained a first class degree and her doctorate at Monash University. In 1985 she was the top Australian student chemist and she was awarded the Masson medal. This led to a three-year commonwealth scholarship.

In 1990 Fulbright funded her postdoctoral Fellowship. The Australian Research Council funded her fellowship from 2003 for four years and during this time she won the Dean's Award for Excellence in Research from her university's Engineering department.

In 2012 she became the Alfred Deakin Professor at Deakin University. She then became  a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2015, an associate Director of ACES as well as being an Australian Laureate Fellow and the Chair of Electromaterials and Corrosion Science. Forsyth is a research Professor at the University of the Basque Country in Spain.

Research 
In 2018 her research group was looking at novel metal-air batteries where the electrolytes are unusual. They are able to look at electrochemical processes using Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. She focuses on studying materials which are use for transporting electrical charge both within the electrolyte and at the interface between the electrolyte and the metal. This has applications in both energy storage and in understanding the mechanisms of corrosion.

The battery systems include combinations which include either sodium or lithium battery systems. The ion transportation has included systems using ionic liquids, polymer electrolytes and plastic crystals. Her group has created a new large rage of organic plastics that have ionic applications.

In 2020 she and colleagues announced a breakthrough in Lithium batteries due to a novel salt based electrolyte. The resulting batteries were more efficient and they were not flammable. In fact their new batteries became more efficient as the temperature increases.

Other awards
 Deputy Director Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University
 Australian Laureate Fellowship, 2011
 Victorian Honour Roll of Women, 2020
 Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 2022
 Appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "significant service to chemistry education, research and scholarship".

References

Living people
Academic staff of the University of the Basque Country
21st-century Australian chemists
Australian women academics
Australian women chemists
Academic staff of Deakin University
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Members of the Order of Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Technological Initiative. The National Technological Initiative (NTI) () is a 2014 program created by Vladimir Putin with the purpose of creating Russian global technical leadership in Russia. It is a $2.1 trillion  “road map” for development of the cybernetics market until 2035.

Programs
 AeroNet  pilotless aviation systems are widely used in agriculture, cargo transportation, and during search and rescue operations.  The new flying taxi is called SerVert SV5B created by Russia's aviation startup, Aviaton.
 AvtoNet long-haul ground transportation using robotized road corridors
 MariNet   digital navigation, pilotless sea vessels, and exploration of  ocean resources. 
 NeuroNet men will communicative with machines by neural interface.

 Other goals
 Developing a Russian computer programming language, secure cybernetic communications, quantum computing, and teleportation.
 5G mobile network in a number of Russian regions and allow data transfers of up to one gigabit per second.

See also
 Skolkovo Innovation Center
 Skolkovo Moscow School of Management
 Skolkovo, Moscow Oblast - Russian Silicon Valley project location

Notes

External links
 National Technological Initiative official site

Cybernetics
James V. Barnett II. James V. Barnett II is an American engineer and co-founder of the FPGA developer Xilinx.

Education
Barnett earned a BS degree in Ceramic Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1967. His early career was spent at Fairchild Semiconductor, Raytheon Semiconductor, American Microsystems, Ness Time, and Zilog Semiconductor.

Founding of Xilinx
Barnett co-founded Xilinx with Ross Freeman and Bernard Vonderschmitt in 1984. The three individuals had been working together at Zilog where Freeman wished to develop chips that were blank and users could program the logic themselves and envisioned the field-programmable gate array. Zilog executives were not interested in developing this technology, which prompted the three Zilog engineers to leave the company and pursue the concept independently. They raised $4.25 million in venture capital from Hambrecht & Quist and Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers, among others, to form Xilinx, Inc., in 1984.

Legacy
Barnett was inducted into the University of Illinois College of Engineering Hall of Fame in 2012.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
American technology company founders
Coachwork International. Coachwork International was a bus manufacturer in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Founded in 1926 as New Zealand Motor Bodies, in 1983 it merged with Hawke Coachwork to form Coachwork International. It ceased trading in 1993.

History

New Zealand Motor Bodies

New Zealand Motor Bodies (NZMB) was established in 1926 as Munt, Cottrell, Nielsen and Company Limited when Munt, Cottrell & Co of Wellington and Neilsen's Body Works of Dannevirke merged.

NZMB operated from the corner of Hutt Road and Jackson Street in Petone building metal frame bus and coach bodies and other commercial bodies, hoists and other truck equipment. It bodied over 1,000 Bedford SBs for the New Zealand Railways Department.

A new factory building in Keith Street Palmerston North was opened on 3 July 1977. The new plant covered 18,000 square metres.

Coachwork International
In 1983 NZMB merged with competitor Hawke Coachwork to form Coachwork International. Owned by Moller Corporation and Newmans, in 1987 it held an 80% share of the New Zealand bus bodying market. Production continued at the Palmerston North plant, while Hawke's plant in Takanini was retained, specialising in building and repairing buses for city authorities. In 1988, Coachwork International was purchased by Jaguar Rover Australia. After Jaguar Rover Australia was placed in administration, and with the impending end of tariff protection. Deloitte & Touche received no offers to purchase the business with operations ceasing in June 1993.

Products
In 1973, it produced the first of 590 VoV bodies for imported Mercedes-Benz, Volvo and MAN bus chassis.
In 1977 NZMB obtained manufacturing rights for the Swiss Carrosserie Hess system. In the early-1980s, NZMB bodied 450 Volvo B58 and Mercedes-Benz buses for Singapore Bus Service. In 1981 it began assembling Plaxton Supreme bodies delivered in CKD packs from England.

References

External links

Bus manufacturers of New Zealand
Palmerston North
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1926
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1993
New Zealand companies established in 1926
1993 disestablishments in New Zealand
Atsuko Miyaji. Atsuko Miyaji (, born 1965) is a Japanese cryptographer and number theorist known for her research on elliptic-curve cryptography and software obfuscation. She is a professor in the Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, at Osaka University.

Education and career
Miyaji was born in Osaka Prefecture and became interested in mathematics as an elementary school student after learning of the Epimenides paradox. She studied mathematics as an undergraduate at Osaka University,
and chose to go into industry instead of continuing as a graduate student, working from 1990 to 1998 for Matsushita Electric Industrial.

During this time she returned to graduate school, and earned a doctorate from Osaka University in 1997.
She became an associate professor at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in 1998, and returned to Osaka University as a professor in 2015. She has also held short-term teaching or visiting positions at Osaka Prefecture University, the University of Tsukuba, the University of California, Davis, and Kyoto University.

Book
Miyaji is the author of a 2012 Japanese language book on cryptography, "代数学から学ぶ暗号理論：整数論の基礎から楕円曲線暗号の実装まで".

References

External links
 
 ResearchMap profile

1965 births
Living people
Japanese computer scientists
Japanese women computer scientists
Public-key cryptographers
Japanese mathematicians
Japanese women mathematicians
Number theorists
Academic staff of Osaka University
Osaka University alumni
Daifuku (company). is a Japanese material-handling equipment company, founded in 1937, in Osaka.  it was the leading material handling system supplier in the world.

Name origin
It was founded as Sakaguchi Kikai Seisakusho Ltd., and renamed to Kanematsu Kiko in 1944 then Daifuku Machinery Works Co., Ltd. in 1947. Its modern name Daifuku Co., Ltd. has been used since 1984.

The company name consists of two parts: Dai is one of the names for the character 大, and refers to ; fuku refers to Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, which was its second production location at the time.

References

External links
 Official site 

Manufacturing companies based in Osaka
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1937
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1937
PB 250. The PB 250 (later Raytheon 250) was a general-purpose computer introduced in 1960 by the Packard Bell Corporation.

Design
The word size was 22 bits and the memory could be expanded to a maximum of 16,000 words. The performance was 40,000 operations per second. It had the ability to operate as an  processor in tandem with another computer; at the time this was considered a "radically new feature" for a less expensive system. The Central Computer weighed .

The design started in November 1959. The computer was intended as a component in special purpose systems, for example, to control electric power plants. The logic design has similarities with the Bendix G-15 computer, which in turn was based on Alan Turing’s Pilot ACE. The circuits were derived from the TRICE digital differential analyzer.

People involved in development:
Max Palevsky – general manager, started the development process.
Stanley Frankel – consultant on the design of the computer logic
Robert Beck – designer of the computer logic
Smil Ruhman – circuit design
Jack Mitchell and Donald Cooper – management and coordination of the overall engineering project

Features
The PB250 used a Flexowriter as a console.

It could be operated entirely from a battery power supply.

Software
SNAP I (Symbolic Non-optimizing Assembly Program) assembler
ATRAN (Algebraic TRANslator), process oriented language
CINCH Interpreter, a floating point interpretive system, designed to permit rapid programming of scientific and engineering problems.
OUP III (Octal Utility Package III) which "allowed the operator to perform certain transfer functions, printout locations of memory, store single words into memory, and begin the execution of programs that had been stored in memory."
NELIAC compiler
Fortran II

Uses
By WANEF (Westinghouse Astronuclear Experiment Facility), whose task was to perform basic research and reactor analysis on the NRX series of nuclear reactors to be used in nuclear rocket engine.
In the Saturn 1 first stage checkout.
In TRICE models TC5108/250 and TC5036/250 hybrid computers.
In Hycomp 250 hybrid computer, later replaced by PB440.
In nuclear submarine training systems and in antisubmarine warfare trainers.
PB 250 was licensed to SETI (). It could be connected to the SETI 2000 process control system.
In mobile (by van) monitoring and data processing services.

Bibliography

References

External links

Transistorized computers
Frank E. Marble. Frank Earl Marble (July 21, 1918 – August 11, 2014) was an American scientist who worked in the field of aerodynamics and combustion. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1940 and Master's degree in Applied Mathematics in 1942, both from Case Institute of Technology. He obtained an engineer's degree in 1947 and PhD in 1948 under the supervision of Theodore von Kármán and Hans W. Liepmann from California Institute of Technology.

Marble worked at Caltech until his retirement in 1989. He was an elected member of National Academy of Engineering (1974) and National Academy of Sciences (1989).

References

External links
 
 Finding Aid to the Frank E. Marble Papers Caltech Archives, California Institute of Technology

1918 births
2014 deaths
American fluid dynamicists
American engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
California Institute of Technology faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Cleveland
Halite AI Programming Competition. Halite is an open-source computer programming contest developed by the hedge fund/tech firm Two Sigma in partnership with a team at Cornell Tech. Programmers can see the game environment and learn everything they need to know about the game. Participants are asked to build bots in whichever language they choose to compete on a two-dimensional virtual battle field.

History
Benjamin Spector and Michael Truell created the first Halite competition in 2016, before partnering with Two Sigma later that year.

Halite I 
Halite I asked participants to conquer territory on a grid. It launched in November 2016 and ended in February 2017. Halite I attracted about 1,500 players.

Halite II
Halite II was similar to Halite I, but with a space-war theme. It ran from October 2017 until January 2018. The second installment of the competition attracted about 6,000 individual players from more than 100 countries. Among the participants were professors, physicists and NASA engineers, as well as high school and university students.

Halite III
Halite III launched in mid-October 2018. It ran from October 2018 to January 2019, with an ocean themed playing field. Players were asked to collect and manage Halite, an energy resource. By the end of the competition, Halite III included more than 4000 players and 460 organizations.

Halite IV
Halite IV was hosted by Kaggle, and launched in mid-June 2020.

See also 

 List of computer science awards
 Competitive programming

References

External links
 Halite AI Challenge

Programming contests
Artificial intelligence competitions
2016 establishments in the United States
Sharp sand. Sharp sand, also known as grit sand or river sand and as builders' sand, concrete sand, or ASTM C33 when medium or coarse grain, is a gritty sand used in concrete and potting soil mixes or to loosen clay soil as well as for building projects. It is not cleaned or smoothed to the extent recreational play sand is. It is useful for drainage. It is an angular grained sand. It was used in the production of brass. It is now used in the building trade. Sand and gravel ridges known as eskers are a frequently used  source.

References

Sand