omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
The Art of Unit Testing. The Art of Unit Testing is a 2009 book by Roy Osherove which covers unit test writing for software. It's written with .NET Framework examples, but the fundamentals can be applied by any developer.

The second edition was published in 2013. It has two additional chapters, as well as reorganization and updating of chapters from the first edition. The second edition is still in print and is available at the Manning Publications website.

Reception
Reviews of both editions have been largely positive.
 Slashdot book review says that "Osherove's book has something for all readers, regardless of their experience with unit testing.".
 Ward Bell wrote "It just arrived and I read it in one sitting.  I am so pleased that I did. I’ll quarrel with it... but do not let that deter you from rushing to buy your own copy."

References

External links
 The Art of Unit Testing book site, which contains free sample chapters and additional reading and resources.

2009 non-fiction books
2013 non-fiction books
Manning Publications books
James Feyrer. James Donald Feyrer (born May 27, 1968) is a Professor of Economics at Dartmouth College, and the vice-chair of Dartmouth's Department of Economics. His research focuses on economic growth, macroeconomics and productivity.

Education 
Feyrer graduated from Stanford University in 1990 with a B.A. in Mechanical Engineering and from Brown University in 2001 with a Ph.D. in Economics.

Career and research 
Feyrer was previously a visiting associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As of 2010 he was also a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. His work has been published in journals including the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Population and Development Review, the Quarterly Journal of Economics and The Review of Economics and Statistics. He is a co-editor of the Journal of Development Economics.

A 2005 working paper by Feyrer found a correlation between economic productivity and the proportion of its workforce who were aged between 40 and 49. In 2012 the National Research Council's Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population described Feyrer's conclusions as "implausible"; however in 2016 Jason Furman, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Executive Office of the President, said that research since 2012 supported Feyrer's results.

A 2011 study by Feyrer and Bruce Sacerdote found that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a stimulus package designed to protect and create jobs, had a positive effect on employment. Their methodology involved comparing stimulus spending with employment growth at the state and county level in the 20 months following the passing of the legislation, and comparing state-level spending and employment on a month-by-month basis. Dylan Matthews of The Washington Post named Feyrer and Sacerdote's study one of the nine "best studies" on the Recovery Act.

A 2013 National Bureau of Economic Research working paper by Feyrer, Dimitra Politi and David N. Weil found that the introduction of iodized salt in the United States in 1924 resulted in a 15-point increase in IQ in iodine-deficient areas, and a 3.5-point increase nationally.

A 2015 study led by Feyrer found that the expansion of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the United States resulted in an increase in employment, most of which was centered on the county where fracking occurred. The study found that 13 percent of the total value of production from fracking stayed within the county, and 36 percent within 100 miles of the well.

In 2024, Feyrer signed a faculty letter supporting the actions of Dartmouth College president Sian Beilock, who ordered the arrests of 90 students and faculty members nonviolently protesting the Israel-Hamas war.

References 

Dartmouth College faculty
Stanford University alumni
Brown University alumni
Growth economists
Macroeconomists
21st-century American economists
Living people
1968 births
Esmaltina. Esmaltina is the largest Portuguese bicycle manufacturer and one of the five largest in Europe, founded in 1970 in Sangalhos. It has exported over 3 million bikes since its beginning mostly for Europe (Spain, France, United Kingdom) and Africa. It is one of the remaining manufacturers from the once thriving bike and motorbike industry in the Águeda region.

References

External links 

Manufacturing companies established in 1970
Portuguese companies established in 1970
Cycle manufacturers of Portugal
Portuguese brands
Albanian Air Sports Federation. Albanian Air Sport Federation () is the governing body for the sport of Air sports in Albania and member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).It was founded in 2010 in Tirana.

Membership

Current members who are part of the Albanian Air Sports Federation:

National AeroClub of Albania (Aeronautika Shqiptare)
Aeroclub of Durres
Aeroclub of Tirana
Aeroclub of Gjirokastra
Aircadet Albania
Albanian Aeromodeling

References

External links
 

Air Sports
Sports organizations established in 2010
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
Miriah Meyer. Miriah Meyer is an American computer scientist and USTAR professor at the University of Utah. She is noted for her pioneering work in data visualization for research applications. She received an American Association for the Advancement of Science Mass Media Science & Engineering Fellowship in 2006 and served as a reporter for The Chicago Tribune. She was named in MIT Technology Reviews TR35 list in 2011 and Fast Company's list of the 100 most creative people in 2012. She was named a 2013 TED Fellow for her work in interactive visualization.

References

Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of Utah alumni
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
University of Utah faculty
Computer graphics researchers
Data and information visualization experts
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women
TED Fellows
Trifluoroacetone. Trifluoroacetone (1,1,1-trifluoroacetone) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3C(O)CH3. The compound is a colorless liquid with chloroform-like odour.

Preparation, reactions, uses 
Trifluoroacetone is produced from trifluoroacetoacetic acid, which is synthesized by condensation of ethyl trifluoroacetate and ethyl acetate:

 

Hydrolysis of the keto-ester, followed by decarboxylation affords trifluoroacetone:

 

 

Alternatively, addition of methylmagnesium iodide to trifluoroacetic acid gives the ketone according to this idealized equation:

Reactions 
Many studies report on the reactions of trifluoroacetone. It is less prone to hydrate than hexafluoroacetone and more electrophilic than acetone itself. Unlike both of those ketones, trifluoroacetone is prochiral.

Hydrogenation of trifluoroacetone over platinum catalyst gives trifluoroisopropanol. The reduction can also be achieved asymmetrically. Similarly, alkylation with Grignard reagents provides a route to tertiary alcohols. Alkylation and arylation can be achieved using malonate anions and arenes/, respectively.

Trifluoroacetone has been converted to the dioxirane using oxone.

It serves as an oxidizing agent in Oppenauer oxidation.

Trifluoracetone is also used in a synthesis of 2-trifluoromethyl-7-azaindoles starting with 2,6-dihalopyridines. The derived chiral imine is used to prepare enantiopure α-trifluoromethyl alanines and diamines by a Strecker reaction followed by either nitrile hydrolysis or reduction.

See also 
 Hexafluoroacetone
 Trifluoroacetic acid – also abbreviated TFA

References

External links 
 Safety sheet

Trifluoromethyl compounds
Ketones
Trifluoromethyl ketones
Ah Hee Diggings. The Ah Hee Diggings, also known as the Chinese Walls, are an area of some  of hand-stacked rock walls in Oregon, U.S., built by Chinese miners who worked for the Ah Hee Placer Mining Company along Granite Creek from 1867 to 1891 near present day Granite, Oregon.

References

 

Chinese-American culture in Oregon
Grant County, Oregon
Trifluoromethanol. Trifluoromethanol is a synthetic organic compound with the formula . It is also referred to as perfluoromethanol or trifluoromethyl alcohol. The compound is the simplest perfluoroalcohol. The substance is a colorless gas, which is unstable at room temperature.

Synthesis
Like all primary and secondary perfluoroalcohols, trifluoromethanol eliminates hydrogen fluoride in an endothermic reaction and forms carbonyl fluoride.

 ⇌  +  (I)

At temperatures in the range of -120 °C, trifluoromethanol can be prepared from trifluoromethyl hypochlorite and hydrogen chloride:

 +  →  +  (II)

In this reaction, the recombination of a partially positively charged chlorine atom (in trifluoromethyl hypochlorite) with a partially negatively charged chlorine atom (in hydrogen chloride) is used as elemental chlorine. The undesired products, by-products chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and chlorotrifluoromethane, can be removed by evaporation at -110 °C. Trifluoromethanol has a melting point of -82 °C and a calculated boiling point of about -20 °C. The boiling point is thus about 85 K lower than that of methanol. This fact can be explained by the absence of intramolecular H—F bonds, which are also not visible in the infrared gas phase spectrum.

A simpler synthesis uses the reaction (I); an equilibrium can be shifted to the thermodynamically preferred trifluoromethanol at lower temperatures. If the synthesized trifluoromethanol is protonated by superacids, for example  (fluoroantimonic acid), the equilibrium can be further shifted to the left towards the desired product.

Similar to reaction (I), trifluoromethoxides () can be prepared from saline-type fluorides (e.g., ) and carbonyl fluoride. However, if the  ion is, for example, in an aqueous solution displaced by an acid, trifluoromethanol decomposes at the room temperature.

Occurrence in upper layers of atmosphere
While trifluoromethanol is unstable under normal conditions, it is generated in the stratosphere from  and  radicals by reaction with  and  radicals. In this case, decomposition of trifluoromethanol is negligible under the conditions prevailing in the atmosphere due to the high activation energy of the reaction. The expected lifetime of trifluoromethanol is several million years at altitudes below 40 km.

See also
Trifluoroethanol

References

Trifluoromethyl compounds
Primary alcohols
Trifluoromethoxy compounds
Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom
Substances discovered in the 1970s
Technoparc Montreal. Technoparc Montréal is a hightech industrial park in Montréal. The Neomed institute is located in the Technoparc and hosts many small and medium-sized pharmaceutical research companies.

History 
The park was established in 1987 as Technoparc Saint-Laurent, renamed Technoparc Montréal in 2008. It includes the Place Innovation building, an Astra Pharma research laboratory, the Neomed Institute, and the Éco-campus Hubert Reeves. In 2015, Green Cross Biotherapeutics, ABB and 4Degrées all announced plans for real estate projects in the park. REM began infrastructure work for a station in the Éco-campus Hubert Reeves in 2016.

Ecology 
Technoparc Montréal is integrated into an ecological reserve known as the Coulée verte du ruisseau Bertrand. The reserve is a habitat for various native animal species, so development must be carefully planned in order to avoid environmental damage. The Éco-campus Hubert Reeves is the center of these attempts to create usable space for clean technology, nanotechnology and sustainable development companies in an environmentally-friendly manner.

Concerns were raised when REM began construction, as the station that was intended to provide public transport for park workers resulted in the destruction of a green heron nesting site according to TechnoparcOiseaux.

Governance 
Technoparc Montréal is a non-profit organization funded largely by an annual contribution of $2.6 million from the city of Montréal. As a publicly funded enterprise, it is subject to strict scrutiny by the government. In 2015 questions were raised concerning the governing board and CEO after Montréal's auditor general released a report citing lack of oversight and conflicts of interest. This resulted in the city disbanding the non-profit organization that had run the park and governing it directly.

See also 
 Parc d'entreprises de la Pointe-Saint-Charles

References 

Industrial parks in Canada
Parks in Montreal
James Deas (engineer). James Deas  (1827 – 1899) was a 19th-century Scottish harbour engineer.

Life
He was born on 30 October 1827 in Edinburgh the son of James Deas (1794–1856) from Leslie in Fife and his wife, Elizabeth Cairns. From 1841 he was apprenticed to the civil engineer, John Miller, at 1 Brandfield Place.

By 1851 he was living with his parents at High Cample village in Dumfriesshire. His father, also a railway engineer,  had remarried by this stage. There were nine children in the family, presumably from both wives. Soon after James junior became Chief Engineer to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Company.  In 1869, aged only 42, he was appointed Chief Engineer to the Clyde Navigation Trust in succession to John Ure. He remained in this role for 30 years, during the golden days of Clyde shipbuilding. Under his control the area of the docks was greatly increased and the depth of the River Clyde was increased by 2m for a length of 25 km.

James died of a heart attack on 29 December 1899 whilst eating lunch at Daniel Brown's Restaurant at 79 St Vincent Street  in Glasgow. He is buried in one of the north–south rows on the upper section of the Glasgow Necropolis. His grave was sculpted by John Mossman.

Principal works
See
 (1869 and 1883)
Windmillcroft Quay (1877)
Princes Dock (1887)

Family

James was married to Isabella Orr (1839–1920).

References

1827 births
1899 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
Engineers from Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish engineers
British railway civil engineers
Harbour engineers
Burials at the Glasgow Necropolis
Hollow cathode effect. The hollow cathode effect allows electrical conduction at a lower voltage or with more current in a cold-cathode gas-discharge lamp when the cathode is a conductive tube open at one end than a similar lamp with a flat cathode.  The hollow cathode effect was recognized by Friedrich Paschen in 1916.

In a hollow cathode, the electron emitting surface is in the inside of the tube.  Several processes contribute to enhanced performance of a hollow cathode:

The pendulum effect, where an electron oscillates back and forth in the tube, creating secondary electrons along the way
The photoionization effect, where photons emitted in the tube cause further ionization
Stepwise ionization
Sputtering

The hollow cathode effect is utilized in the electrodes for neon signs, in hollow-cathode lamps, and more.

References

Atomic physics
Electrodes
Gas discharge lamps
Kimmen Sjölander. Kimmen Sjölander (née Warnow) is professor emerita  at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Bioengineering. She is well known for her work on protein sequence analysis.

Biography
Sjölander did both her undergraduate and graduate work at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the Department of Computer Science, earning a bachelor's degree in 1993 and a PhD in 1997 under the supervision of David Haussler. She was the chief scientist in the Molecular Applications Group from 1997-1999 (company co-founded by Michael Levitt) and then principal scientist in Protein Informatics at Celera Genomics from 1999-2001, where she was a member of the team (along with J. Craig Venter and Gene Myers) who assembled and annotated the Human Genome.  She joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Bioengineering in 2001 as an assistant professor. She was tenured in 2006, and promoted to full professor in 2012.

Awards
Sjölander received the NSF CAREER Award and the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2003.

Research
Sjölander is most well known for her work in phylogenomic methods for protein sequence analysis, including machine learning methods for functional site prediction and ortholog identification, and hidden Markov model (HMM) methods for protein structure prediction, functional subfamily and ortholog classification, remote homology detection, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree estimation. Her algorithms were used in the functional annotation of the human genome at Celera Genomics, in the PhyloFacts bioinformatics databases and portals, and contributed to the ModBase database.

Personal
Sjölander's twin sister Tandy Warnow is a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign.

Selected publications

.

.

.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American evolutionary biologists
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
American bioinformaticians
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
21st-century American women
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
ACM SIGOPS. ACM SIGOPS is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Operating Systems, an international community of students, faculty, researchers, and practitioners associated with research and development related to operating systems. The organization sponsors international conferences related to computer systems, operating systems, computer architectures, distributed computing, and virtual environments. In addition, the organization offers multiple awards recognizing outstanding participants in the field, including the Dennis M. Ritchie Doctoral Dissertation Award, in honor of Dennis Ritchie, co-creator of the C programming language and Unix operating system.

History
In 1965, Henriette Avram started the ACM Special Interest Committee on Time-Sharing (SICTIME), and Arthur M. Rosenberg became the first chair. In 1968, the name was changed to ACM SIGOPS. By 1969, the organization included nearly 1000 members.

Conferences
ACM SIGOPS sponsors the following industry conferences, some independently and some in partnership with industry participants such as ACM SIGPLAN, USENIX, Oracle, Microsoft, and VMWare.
 APSYS: Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems 
 ASPLOS: International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
 EuroSys: European Conference on Computer Systems 
 OSDI: USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
 PODC: Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing
 SOCC: International Symposium on Cloud Computing 
 SOSP: Symposium on Operating Systems Principles 
 SYSTOR: ACM International Systems and Storage Conference 
 VEE: International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments

Hall of Fame
ACM SIGOPS includes a Hall of Fame Award, started in 2005, recognizing influential papers from ten or more years in the past.  Notable recipients include:
 Leslie Lamport (2013)
 Barbara Liskov (2012)
 Richard Rashid
 Dennis Ritchie (2002)

Journal
ACM SIGOPS publishes the Operating Systems Review (OSR), a forum for topics including operating systems and architecture for multiprogramming, multiprocessing, and time-sharing, and computer system modeling and analysis.

See also

 Cloud computing
 Computer engineering
 Computer multitasking
 Computer science
 Computing
 Kernel
 List of operating systems
 Operating system
 Timeline of operating systems
 Virtual machine

References

Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
International professional associations
Open Rack. Open Rack is an Open Compute Project standard for a new rack and power delivery architecture and an efficient, scalable alternative to the EIA-310 19-inch rack. It differs from the traditional EIA-310 rack in that it was designed specifically for large-scale cloud deployments. There are four key features that make this rack design more efficient to deploy, support, and operate. The power to all of the compute, storage, or network devices is supplied by a pair of bus bars located in the rear of the rack. The bus bars are supplied with 48 V DC by a shelf of power supplies which provides efficient conversion from the local (usually three-phase) AC mains supply. The IT equipment that fits into Open Rack is  wide. This is a 15% increase in frontal area that provides more airflow to the IT devices, enabling the data center to reduce cooling costs. The vertical spacing is also taller to accommodate better airflow and structurally better enclosures that do not sag and interfere with adjacent equipment. All of the cables and interconnects are made from the front of the rack and the IT equipment is hot-pluggable and serviceable from the front of the rack. Service personnel no longer access the rear of the rack or need to work in the hot aisle.

Specification

OpenU 
Open Rack rack units are called OpenU or just OU. An Open Rack consists of three modular zones: power, equipment, and cable.

Physically, OU cabinets maintain the same  external width as conventional server cabinets to maintain compatibility with existing server infrastructure. However, an OpenU is slightly taller, to improve airflow and cable management.

Power Zones

Equipment Bay 
An Equipment Bay is  wide. An equipment bay rests on support shelves and blind-mates with the power supply through bus bars.

External links 
 Reference specifications and designs.
 Rack & Power section of Open Compute Project website.

References 

Computer enclosure
Server hardware
Mechanical standards