omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Prussian T 14.1. The Prussian Class T 14.1 was a German 2-8-2T, goods train, tank locomotive operated by the Prussian state railways and the Royal Württemberg State Railways. They were later incorporated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn into the DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives as DRG Class 93.5–12.

Compared with the Prussian T 14 the axle load on the trailing wheels of the T 14.1 was initially 187.3 kN higher than that of the driving wheels. Later this was able to be reduced to 170,6 kN. The water tanks and coal bunkers were larger, so that more water and coal could be carried. Through changes in the running gear, the top speed could be increased to 70 km/h.

Because many engines had been lost due to break downs or World War I reparations, the Württemberg State Railway procured these locomotives initially for the lines from Esslingen am Neckar via Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg. They were based on the Prussian T 14.1 and differed only in a few details from their prototype.

In all 729 vehicles were procured between 1918 and 1924 for the Prussian state railways and the Prussian railway divisions of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The Royal Württemberg State Railways and the DRG's Stuttgart division bought 39 engines between 1921 and 1922. They were given numbers 93 501 - 1261, of which 93 795–814 and 832–850  were former Württemberg machines.

The Deutsche Bundesbahn retired the last T 14.1, designated in 1968 as Class 093, that same year. In the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR) the engines, which had been designated in 1970 as 93.1–6, were withdrawn by 1972.

The only existing example, number 93 526, is to be found in the German Steam Locomotive Museum at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg and is currently being restored there.

See also 
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars

References

External links

 DDM – Deutsches Dampflokmotiv-Museum, Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg

2-8-2T locomotives
T 14.1
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1918
Hohenzollern locomotives
Esslingen locomotives
Hanomag locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Berliner locomotives
Krupp locomotives
1′D1′ h2t locomotives
Schichau-Werke locomotives
Union Giesserei locomotives
Modern Machine Shop. Modern Machine Shop (ISSN 0026-8003) is a media brand that reports on product and process technology being used in North America's CNC machining and metalworking industry. Modern Machine Shop'''s audience consists primarily of owners, managers, and engineers at OEMs, contract manufacturers, and job shops that machine for industries including automotive, aerospace, electronics, energy, medical/surgical, defense, and construction equipment.

Overview
First published in 1928, Modern Machine Shop is the flagship publication of Gardner Business Media. Modern Machine Shops qualified, no-charge subscription base is BPA-audited. As of August 2017, monthly circulation was 85,500.

The publisher is Bryce Ellis and the Editor-in-Chief is Brent Donaldson. Editorial offices are located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Modern Machine Shop is published 12 times per year.

Modern Machine Shop also maintains a complete suite of multi-media resources used for researching machining and metalworking processes, product technologies and for locating suppliers of equipment and services used in machining and metalworking facilities.  

Sample editorial calendar topics

PartnershipsDomestic:'''
Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT)
Precision Machined Products Association (PMPA)

Other Gardner Business Media brands
AutoBeat
Modern Machine Shop Mexico
MoldMaking Technology
Production Machining
Products Finishing
Products Finishing Mexico
Plastics Technology
Plastics Technology Mexico
CompositesWorld
Additive Manufacturing

References

External links
MMSOnline

1928 establishments in Ohio
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1928
Magazines published in Cincinnati
Professional and trade magazines
Business magazines published in the United States
Philip A. Kaufman. Philip A. Kaufman (Phil Kaufman) (1942 – July 17, 1992) was an American engineer, the namesake of the Phil Kaufman Award, a prestigious award in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry.

He was president and CEO of Quickturn Systems, ex-chief of Silicon Compiler Systems. He died unexpectedly on his business trip to Japan in 1992.

References

Electronic design automation people
20th-century American engineers
1942 births
1992 deaths
Swarovski Optik. Swarovski Optik is a division of the Swarovski group of companies, manufacturing optical instruments. Its headquarters are located in Absam, Tyrol, Austria.

History 
Wilhelm Swarovski, son of the original founder, was born in 1918. In 1935, with the help of his father, he developed a prism fabrication and grinding process that he used in the design of his first 6×30 binocular. In 1949 he founded SWAROVSKI OPTIK KG in Absam, Tyrol, to produce the Habicht 7×42 that it continues producing today.

 1935 First Swarovski binoculars, which was a 6×30
 1949 Formation of Swarovski Optik
 1959 First Swarovski Optik rifle scope (4×32)
 1967 First Swarovski Optik extendable spotting scope (30×75)
 1974 Kahles was purchased by Swarovski Optik
 1977 Kahles became a branch of Swarovski Optik
 1989 Kahles Limited again became an independent company within the Swarovski group
 1991 First AT 80 telescope
 1993 First hunting rifle scope with reticle illumination
 1995 First rifle scope with integrated laser range finder
 1999 First binoculars with wrap-around grip, named EL
 2007 First Swarovski rifle scope with 6× zoom
 2016 First Swarovski rifle scope with 8× zoom
 2017 Kahles was again brought into the Swarovski advertising and sales programs

Overview 
SWAROVSKI OPTIK, headquartered in Absam, Tyrol, Austria is part of the Swarovski group of companies. Founded in 1949, the Austrian company specialises in the development and manufacturing of long-range optical instruments in the premium segment of the market, including binoculars, telescopes (spotting scopes), rifle scopes, range finders and night sight devices. The binoculars, spotting scopes, rifle scopes, and optronic instruments are products of choice for demanding users. The company’s success is based on its innovative strength, the quality and intrinsic value of its products, and their functional and esthetic design. The appreciation of nature is an essential part of its company philosophy and is reflected commendably in its environment-friendly production and its long-term commitment to selected nature conservation projects. The turnover in 2020 was 163.5 million euros (2019: 158.7 million euros), with an export ratio of 91%. The company has around 1,000 employees.

Product Range 

Swarovski Optik produces the following series of products.

Binoculars

 Habicht 
 CL, includes CL Nomad
 SLC 
 EL 
 EL Range (green and orange) 
 NL Pure 
 AX Visio

Spotting scopes

 CTC, CTS
 ATS, STS
 STR     
 ATX, STX 
 ATX Interior   
 BTX   
 ST Vista

Rifle scopes

 Z3 (American market only)
 Z5 (American market only)
 Z5i 
 X5i 
 Z6i  
 Z8i 
 Ds

References 

Swarovski BTX 95mm review

External links 
 

British royal warrant holders
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
Manufacturing companies of Austria
Optics manufacturing companies
Telescope manufacturers
Austrian brands
Economy of Tyrol (federal state)
Innsbruck-Land District
LMS 2 and 2A boilered 4-6-0 locomotives. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) 2 and 2A boilered 4-6-0 locomotives were express passenger 4-6-0 steam locomotives. In 1935, William Stanier, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the LMS, ordered the rebuilding of the unique experimental high pressure compound locomotive 6399 Fury. The Schmidt-Henschel boiler was replaced with a tapered boiler, with a drumhead smokebox, designated type 2. The type 2 boiler had a tube surface of 1,669 square feet, formed by tubes  in diameter and  long. It was fitted with a 28-row superheater with  of heating surface. The superheater elements,  in diameter, were fitted into flue tubes  diameter. 

On testing the boiler performed poorly, with heat transfer to the water being inadequate because the hot gases from the firebox passed too rapidly through the tubes to the smokebox. The rapid passage of gas was indicated by too high a temperature in the smokebox, and the choking of the smokebox by excessive char carried through from the firebox. The boiler was re-tubed with 180 smaller tubes  diameter, and with superheater elements  diameter. The single blastpipe was replaced with a double blastpipe and chimney to provide adequate gas velocity in the smokebox. This, combined with the increased rate of evaporation provided by the re-tubing, improved the performance of the boiler substantially. 

The performance of Stanier's Jubilee Class also suffered from incorrect boiler proportions. In 1935, a design for an improved taper boiler was schemed out; this was  long, with 198 tubes  in diameter. In 1943 Stanier instructed Coleman, the chief designer at Derby, to rebuild two of the Jubilee class with boilers to this design. This type of boiler was designated type 2A. Combined with modifications to the steam ports and valve gear, the rebuilding produced locomotives that were more powerful and economical than either the original Jubilees or the Royal Scots.

As the boilers of the Royal Scots were due for replacement, and their built-up smokeboxes were proving difficult to keep airtight, the decision was taken to rebuild the class in batches. They were also fitted with type 2A boilers. Rebuilding started in 1943, and eventually all 70 members of the class were rebuilt.

From 1946, 18 of the 52-strong Patriot Class (which shared the same chassis as the Royal Scots) also received 2A boilers.

List of locomotives
A total of 91 locomotives were rebuilt. Dates of building and numbers of engines are given in the following table.

Withdrawal 

All 91 locomotives were withdrawn from stock between 1961 and 1965.

References

Sources 

 Pat Rowledge Stanier 4-6-0s of the LMS

London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Polarizable continuum model. The polarizable continuum model (PCM) is a commonly used method in computational chemistry to model solvation effects.  If it is necessary to consider each solvent molecule as a separate molecule, the computational cost of modeling a solvent-mediated chemical reaction would grow prohibitively high.  Modeling the solvent as a polarizable continuum, rather than individual molecules, makes ab initio computation feasible. Two types of PCMs have been popularly used: the dielectric PCM (D-PCM) in which the continuum is polarizable (see dielectrics) and the conductor-like PCM (C-PCM) in which the continuum is conductor-like similar to COSMO Solvation Model.

The molecular free energy of solvation is computed as the sum of three terms:

Gsol = Ges + Gdr + Gcav

Ges = electrostatic
Gdr = dispersion-repulsion
Gcav = cavitation

The Charge-transfer effect is also considered as a part of solvation in cases.

The PCM solvation model is available for calculating energies and gradients at the Hartree–Fock and density functional theory (DFT) levels in several quantum chemical computational packages such as Gaussian, GAMESS and JDFTx.

The authors of a 2002 paper observe that PCM has limitations where non-electrostatic effects dominate the solute-solvent interactions.  They write in the abstract: "Since only electrostatic solute-solvent interactions are included in the PCM, our results lead to the conclusion that, for the seven molecules studied, in cyclohexane, acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile electrostatic effects are dominant while in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform other nonelectrostatic effects are more important."

There is an integral equation formalism (IEF) version of the PCM which is very commonly used.

PCM is also used to model outer solvation layers in multi-layered solvation approach.

See also
 COSMO Solvation Model

References

Computational chemistry
Cass Lewart. Cass Lewart is an author, electrical engineer and Polish Holocaust survivor. He has written extensively on computer and data communication, as well as non-fiction articles on his life experiences. He is also a speaker on computer related topic and an award-winning computer hobbyist.

Career

Cass Lewart has written 10 books and numerous articles relating to personal computers, database programming and data communication. He worked in the electrical engineering field for 40 years and is an avid computer hobbyist. His writings on computer related topics include the Modem Handbook for the Communications Professional published in 1987 and his most recent book The Ultimate Modem Handbook published by Simon & Schuster. The Ultimate Modem Handbook was reviewed by Robert Slade in an industry publication and his books have been used as sources for New York Times technology articles.

He and his wife were 2005 recipients of the Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey: Hobbyist of the Year award. Cass has been a speaker at computer clubs meetings and contributed papers to the Trenton Computer Festival Annual Proceedings Book.

He wrote a short memoir on his experiences growing up in Poland during World War II and his survival of the Holocaust (Shoah). as well as the non-fiction story Pleasure of Winning.

References

External links
Cass Lewart's Web Page  
 Cass Lewart page

American electrical engineers
American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Transient friction loading. Transient friction loading is the mechanical stress induced on an object due to transient or vibrational frictional forces.

Examples
A classic example of transient friction loading is the wooden block sliding over an unlevel, non-planar surface. Due to the transient response of the contact force, the resultant frictional force is noisy. The induced stress is concisely described as transient friction loading.

Another is the internal stresses on a hydraulic ram operating in a vibrational environment. Due to the oscillatory nature of the acceleration experienced by the ram, in n-dimensions, the resulting frictional response is described as transient friction loading.

See also
 Tribology
 Frictionless plane

References 

Friction
Daniel S. Weld. Daniel Sabey Weld is an American computer scientist who is the Thomas J. Cable/WRF Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, where he does research in automated planning and scheduling, software agents, and Internet information extraction. He is a venture partner at Madrona Venture Group, a Seattle-based venture capital firm.

Weld was born in 1960 in Boston. He attended high school at Phillips Academy, earned bachelor's degrees in Computer Science and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry (1982) from Yale University, and a master's degree (1984) and PhD (1988) in Computer Science from MIT.  He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.

Weld co-founded Netbot Incorporated (1996), which was acquired by Excite; AdRelevance (1998), which was acquired by Media Metrix and then by Nielsen NetRatings; and Nimble Technology (1999), which was acquired by Actuate.

References

External links 
 Daniel Weld's Home Page
 UW page describing "The Intelligence in Wikipedia Project"

Living people
University of Washington faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
American computer scientists
Yale University alumni
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
2005 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Phillips Academy alumni
1960 births
José Achache. José Achache is founder and CEO of ALTYN, a Swiss company in space and commercial applications of satellites. After 17 years in academia as professor of geophysics at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, followed by 17 years as an  executive in French then international research and development  organizations in environment and space (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Centre national d'études spatiales, European Space Agency, Group on Earth Observations), Achache is now developing technologies for satellites (optical systems for observation and telecommunication, image compression, cybersecurity) as well as applications of space on Earth (global IoT, Earth observation and environmental intelligence).  He participates in ESA BIC CH, a joint programme of ESA and the Swiss Space Office, which supports space startups and fosters the development of commercial applications and services powered by satellites.

Achache has been the architect of the Copernicus Programme of the European Union and its Sentinel series of satellites and the early advocate of its free and open data policy. He is the author of "Les Sentinelles de la Terre", an essay on space policy and the applications of space on Earth. He has published numerous scientific papers as well as editorial, interviews and conferences for wider audiences on space and environmental issues.

He is co-founder and director of Groupe Plani, a Paris-based company providing end-to-end equipment and services for video and TV production, chairman of ILTOO Pharma, a biotech company developing new treatments for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and director of Suzette Gourmet Private Ltd, an organic food brand based in Mumbai, India.

Education and experience 
A graduate of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, he holds a PhD in geophysics from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, a PhD in physical sciences from the Université Denis Diderot and was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

He has been professor at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, chief scientist at the French Geological Survey BRGM, deputy director general of the French space agency CNES, director of Earth Observation Programmes at the European Space Agency ESA and the first secretary general of the Group on Earth Observations when the Global Earth Observation System of Systems was established in Geneva.

References

French geophysicists
Swiss geophysicists
21st-century Swiss physicists
21st-century Swiss geologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
CNES directors
TiLR. TiLR is the world's first enterprise-grade telepresence robot developed by RoboDynamics Corporation. The Telepresence internet-connected Low cost Robot (TiLR) enables a user to instantly transport to a remote location whereby the robot would embody the user in the remote location. The advantage of robotic telepresence is reduced travel and downtime as well as increase throughput and collaboration.

Description
TiLR is essentially a video conferencing system on wheels. The user is able to commandeer the robot by remote control, driving the robot and controlling the pan/tilt/zoom function of the robot's camera. As such TiLR provides a means for frictionless ad hoc face-to-face conversations as well as remote audio and visual monitoring.

Operations

There are two components to the TiLR telepresence system. The robot TiLR is stationed at the remote site. The second component is the TiLR Command Center (TCC) software that installs on any PC with a webcam and broadband connection. The user simply launches the TiLR Command Center and logs into TiLR. Once logged in, there is bi-directional video/audio between the robot and the TCC. The user is then able to commandeer the robot from remote, take snapshots, and even record the session for later viewing. TiLR Command Center is currently only supported on Windows XP/Vista. The next incarnation of the TiLR Command Center will be based on Flash technology where users will be able to log into TiLR and commandeer the robot from the World Wide Web.

Development
TiLR was introduced in late 2007 by RoboDynamics following the MILO telepresence platform which was introduced in 2004. This makes TiLR a 14th generation telepresence robot developed by RoboDynamics. In August 2008 RoboDynamics kicked off their Beta Program by placing robots into various organizations in exchange for feedback. The very first program participant was the Google Lunar X Prize team of the X Prize Foundation. RoboDynamics planned to continue the TiLR Beta Program until the end of 2008.

References

External links
 RoboDynamics Corporation website 
 TiLR Beta Program website

Rolling robots
Robots of the United States
Telepresence robots
Hydrogenography. Hydrogenography is a combinatorial method based on the observation of optical changes on the metal surface by hydrogen absorption. The method allows the examination of thousands of combinations of alloy samples in a single batch.

History
In the 1996 report of the method, thin films were coated with yttrium and lanthanum topped with a layer of palladium for the diffusion of hydrogen. The rate of absorption of hydrogen resulted in typical optical properties. In the 2008 report magnesium, titanium and nickel are eroded and sputtering deposited in different ratios onto a transparent film in a thin layer of 100 nanometres following exposure to hydrogen in different amounts resulting in optical differences.

See also
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen storage

References

External links
Hydrogenography: An optical combinatorial method to find new light-weight hydrogen-storage materials

Hydrogen technologies
Analytical chemistry
Materials science
AKARI Project. The AKARI Architecture Design Project was a project for designing a new generation computer network architecture supported by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) of Japan. The name "AKARI" indicates "A small light in the dark pointing to the future" and it comes from the Japanese word Akari, which means "a small light". Launched in May 2006, the AKARI Project investigated technologies for new generation network by 2015, developing a network architecture and creating a network design based on that architecture. AKARI is also denoted as a Future Internet project.

The members of the AKARI Project came from NICT and some other universities or companies such as Tokyo University, Keio University, Osaka University, Tokyo Institute of Technology and NTT. In 2008, they produced a conceptual design book, which describes their philosophy to pursue an ideal solution by researching new network architectures from a clean slate without being impeded by existing constraints.

To some extent, the AKARI Project was similar to the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) facility of USA and many of the Seventh Framework Programmes (FP7) of EU such as the Future Internet Research and Experimentation.

Conferences were held in June 2007, January 2008, June 2008, and June 2010.
The project updated a web site through 2011, and removed the site by 2013.

References 

Network architecture
Osaka University research
China Railways HXD3. The HXD3 () is an electric locomotive built in Mainland China by CRRC Dalian Locomotives.

The locomotive is designed for hauling 5,000t freight trains on main lines. It was jointly developed by CNR Dalian Locomotives and Toshiba.

The first prototype (SSJ3-0001) was rolled out from Dalian and underwent testing on the loop track of Beijing CARS in 2004.

Dalian commenced mass production of the locomotive in 2004 with an order of 60 pieces by the Ministry of Railways (MOR). The first mass-produced locomotive was rolled out in 2006. MOR later increased the order from 60 to 240, than to 640, and finally to 1040 locomotives.

Most locomotives were allocated on Jinghu Railway and Jingguang Railway on freight schedules.

Gallery

External links

 HXD3 Electric Locomotive (CRRC　Dalian)
 Spec Sheet; French
 Locomotive and Container Car System Supporting Modern Distribution and Transportation 

25 kV AC locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
HXD3
Toshiba locomotives
CRRC Dalian locomotives
CRRC Datong locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2004
Standard gauge locomotives of China