omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Evans–Saksena reduction. The Saksena–Evans reduction is a diastereoselective reduction of β-hydroxy ketones to the corresponding anti-dialcohols, employing the reagent tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (Me4NHB(OAc)3). The reaction was first described by Anil K. Saksena in 1983 and further developed by David A. Evans in 1987.

The reaction is thought to proceed through the 6-membered ring transition state shown below. The intramolecular hydride delivery from the boron reducing agent forces the reduction to proceed from the opposite face of the chelating β-alcohol, thus determining the diastereoselectivity.

This can be contrasted with the Narasaka–Prasad reduction which similarly employs a boron chelating agent but undergoes an intermolecular hydride delivery, favouring the corresponding syn-diol product.

The Saksena-Evans reduction has since been used in the synthesis of several products, particularly the bryostatins.

See also 
Evans–Tishchenko reaction

References 

Name reactions
Charity Engine. Charity Engine is a free PC app based on Berkeley University's BOINC software, run by The Worldwide Computer Company Limited. The project works by selling spare home computing power to universities and corporations, then sharing the profits between eight partner charities and periodic cash prize draws for the users; those running the Charity Engine BOINC software on their home computers. When there are no corporations purchasing the computing power, Charity Engine donates it to existing volunteer computing projects such as Rosetta@home, Einstein@Home, and Malaria Control, and prize draws are funded by donations.

The company was founded by former journalist Mark McAndrew, who was writing a science fiction novel featuring a similar organisation. He abandoned the book in favour of creating the idea in real life, with the assistance of professor David Anderson from UC Berkeley who created BOINC. The company was incorporated in 2008, but did not start trading until 2011.

The company received €70,000 of EU innovation funding through the Framework Programme 7 (FP7).

Protein folding 

In August 2014 the Rosetta@home project reported Charity Engine had contributed over 125,000 new PCs to its grid.

In January 2017, Charity Engine was credited as a significant contributor to solving protein-folding problems in the paper "Protein structure determination using metagenome sequence data" published by the journal Science.

Sums of three cubes problem 

In September 2019 a team led by Andrew Booker at the University of Bristol and Andrew Sutherland at  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used Charity Engine to solve the sums of three cubes problem for the number 42, as well as finding solutions for four other numbers in the same problem. The numbers found by Charity Engine are:

References

External links 
 Charity Engine Website

Volunteer computing
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing projects
Alfred Giles. Alfred Giles may refer to:

 Alfred Giles (architect) (1853–1920), Texas architect
 Alfred Giles (civil engineer) (1816–1895), British civil engineer and politician
 Alfred Giles (explorer) (1846–1931), South Australian bushman, drover and explorer

See also 
 Alfred William Gyles (1888–1967), New Zealand chess champion (1931, 1936)
Shenyang WS-15. The Shenyang WS-15 (), codename Emei, is a Chinese afterburning turbofan engine designed by the Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute and manufactured by the Shenyang Liming Aircraft Engine Company.

The WS-15 is intended to become the main engine of the Chengdu J-20 stealth aircraft, enabling it to supercruise, improve its range, manoeuvrability and upgrade potential for future weapon systems. It will eventually replace the Shenyang WS-10, which currently serves as the interim engine of J-20, while the WS-15 is being refined.

Design and development
Development of the WS-15 afterburning turbofan engine began in the early 1990s. In 2005, the engine performed successfully on the testbed. An image of the core appeared at 2006 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. In 2009, a prototype achieved  and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 9. The thrust target was reported as  in 2012.

In March 2022, Chinese state media reported that the J-20 had performed trials with the engine and experienced significantly improved performance. 

In December 2022, Chinese military analysts indicated the WS-15 was undertaking the last stage of testing and development. Chinese sources suggested the engine completed its maiden flight earlier that year on an unknown airframe. In late December 2022, a prototype of the new J-20 variant was observed at Chengdu Aerospace Corporation facilities. The new variant was painted in yellow primer and different from previous J-20 aircraft in airframe and was speculated to be used to test the WS-15 engine and thrust-vectoring.

In March 2023, the executive of Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) announced the serial production of the WS-15 had started and China "[tackled] all technical bottlenecks" with the WS-15. FlightGlobal speculated that small-scale production run and in-flight testing with the J-20 fighter was underway. On 29 June 2023, a J-20B equipped with dual WS-15 engines was speculated to have made its maiden flight in Chengdu. Despite the lack of clear pictures, circumstantial evidence such as a photo of the engine installation ceremony, lack of censorship by the authorities, and modified airframe suggested the WS-15 was evidently mounted, though Janes noted the engines on trial apparently lacks the thrust vectoring control (TVC) paddles, which could be added later.

Defense analysts and commentators noted WS-15 was intended to be the ultimate engine for the J-20, providing supercruise capability, enhanced reliability, improved maneuverability, better fuel efficiency and longer ranges, extra electricity production, and upgrade potential for the fighter. Spending several decades of development, the induction of the WS-15 into the Chinese military was seen as a technological leap in China's domestic aviation industry.

Guizhou incorporated many of the same technology as on the WS-15 to develop the WS-19, a 10-ton thrust engine with the same footprint as the earlier Guizhou WS-13.

Specifications

See also
 Shenyang WS-10
 Guizhou WS-19
 Shenyang WS-20
 CJ-1000A
 List of aircraft engines
 List of Chinese aircraft engines

References

Low-bypass turbofan engines
2000s turbofan engines
Bauer BAD-12 Gyrotrainer. The Bauer BAD-12 Gyrotrainer is a Czech autogyro, designed and produced by Bauer Avion of Prague.  The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The BAD-12 Gyrotrainer features a single main rotor, a two seats in tandem open cockpit with a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants, a triple tail and a four-cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912ULS engine in pusher configuration. The turbocharged  Rotax 914 and Subaru EJ22 are optional engines.

The aircraft fuselage is made from tubing, while the cockpit fairing is composite. The main rotor has a diameter of Its . The BAD-12 has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . The tricycle landing gear is supplemented with a small tailwheel to prevent dragging the tail on take-off. The tailboom has a bend in it to permit the installation of larger and more efficient propellers.

Variants
BAD-12 Gyrotrainer
Base open cockpit model.
BAD-12 Gyrotrainer C 
Cabine model with a fully enclosed fairing.

Specifications (BAD-12 Gyrotrainer)

References

External links

2000s Czech sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Radley-England waterplanes. The Radley-England Waterplane was a British floatplane designed and built by James Radley and Gordon England to take place in the 1913 Circuit of Britain race.  Damaged before the start of the race, it was unable to compete and was subsequently rebuilt as the Radley-England Waterplane 2

Design and development
The Radley-England Waterplane was a twin-hulled flying boat with a parasol-mounted biplane wing. The wing was of four-bay biplane construction with ailerons fitted to the top wing only.  A single horizontal stabiliser and elevator with twin balanced rudders mounted below it were carried on four wire-braced booms behind the wing. It was powered by three 50 hp (37 kW) Gnome Omega rotary engines arranged in line above the wing centre section, each connected by a roller chain to a long shaft at the rear of which was a four-bladed propeller 9 ft 10 in (3 m) diameter.  To protect the occupants from the oil thrown out, the front engine was partially enclosed by an aluminium cowling.

A number of successful flights were made at Huntingdon in April 1913 with Gordon England at the controls, using a temporary wheeled undercarriage.  It was then taken to Shoreham for further trials.  During these England ran over a buoy when landing, tearing the bottom out of one of the hulls.

The aircraft was subsequently rebuilt in a modified form. The flat bottomed hulls were replaced with a pair of clinker-built hulls made by the South Coast Yacht Agency of Shoreham, each with a pair of tandem cockpits;  the Gnome engines were replaced by a single  Sunbeam 150hp water-cooled engine driving a slightly smaller propeller and wing area was increased by slightly increasing the span of the upper wing.

Specifications (Waterplane 2)

Notes

References

Waterplane
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1910s British aircraft
Racing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Rotary-engined aircraft
Twin-fuselage aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
The Drop (sculpture). The Drop is a steel sculpture resembling a raindrop designed by the group of German artists known as Inges Idee, located at Bon Voyage Plaza in the Coal Harbour neighborhood of downtown Vancouver. The  tall piece is covered with Styrofoam and blue polyurethane. According to Inges Idee, the sculpture is "an homage to the power of nature" and represents "the relationship and outlook towards the water that surrounds us". The Drop was commissioned as part of the 2009 Vancouver Convention Centre Art Project and is owned by BC Pavco.

Description and history
According to the City of Vancouver Public Art Registry, The Drop is a blue  tall sculpture depicting a "large, gentle 'raindrop' captured in its descent at the moment of contact". The central "spine" of the sculpture is composed of steel and covered with Styrofoam and blue polyurethane. The piece's color complements the sky and contrasts with the large yellow sulfur piles visible on the opposite shoreline.

The Drop was commissioned as part of the Vancouver Convention Centre Art Project and marked the first North American project for Inges Idee, a group of four German artists. The sculpture was installed in 2009 at Bon Voyage Plaza (adjacent to the Vancouver Convention Centre) at the end of Burrard Street, along the waterfront in the Coal Harbour neighborhood of downtown Vancouver. The piece was removed temporarily during the 2010 Winter Olympics for interrupting the view of the television cameras.

Reception
The Vancouver Observer referred to the sculpture as the "quintessential Vancouver piece". According to the publication, The Drop has a "playful relationship with the viewer" and serves as a "big inside joke" for Vancouver residents. This refers to the high amount of rain the city receives; Vancouver is Canada's third most rainy large city, after Abbotsford and Halifax, with over 162 rainy days per year.

References

External links

 Vancouver Convention Centre Art Project

2009 establishments in British Columbia
2009 sculptures
Coal Harbour
Outdoor sculptures in Vancouver
Steel sculptures in Canada
Tourist attractions in Vancouver
Works by German people
George B. Arfken. George Brown Arfken (November 20, 1922 – October 8, 2020) was an American theoretical physicist and the author of several mathematical physics texts. He was a physics professor at Miami University from 1952 to 1983 and the chair of the Miami University physics department 1956–1972. He was an emeritus professor at Miami University. Arfken was also an authority on Canadian philately.

Education 
Arfken graduated from Montclair High School. He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree in chemical engineering from Yale University in 1943. He earned a master's degree in physics in 1948 and a doctorate in 1950, both at Yale.

Personal life 
George was born November 20, 1922, to George, Sr. and Ann (nee Hill) Arfken in Jersey City, NJ. He received a Bachelor of Engineering from Yale in 1943. Enlisting in the U.S. Navy, he served as a lieutenant (junior grade) in the Amphibious Forces in the Western Pacific. He returned to Yale in September 1946 and graduated with a Ph.D. in physics in 1950.

Arfken married Carolyn Dines, a graduate of Westminster College of Pennsylvania, in 1949, and they raised three children together. She died in 1997. In 1998, Arfken endowed a scholar-in-residence program in her name at Miami University. George married Mary Seet in 1999.

In retirement Arfken played a major role in developing the postal history of Canada for the 60-year period 1851–1911, following the pioneering work of Allan Steinhart. This was primarily a study of the postal rates, the routes the mail followed, and the postal markings on the envelopes and postcards. Arfken wrote one book on the United States' first postage-due stamps and then, with coauthors, nine books on the early Canadian postage and registration stamps. In addition there were over 250 articles in philatelic journals. George was inducted into the Order of the Beaver, the Fellowship of BNAPS, in 1996, and named a Fellow of the Royal Philatelic Society of Canada in 2001. He also received the Royal Philatelic Society of Canada’s Geldert Medal for best article in 1989. For BNAPEX convention exhibits between 1984 and 1996, he received four Gold medals and one Reserve Grand award.

He died in October 2020 at the age of 97.

Selected publications 
Articles
 1949: S-Wave Proton-Proton Scattering from 0.2 to 40 Mev for the Yukawa and Gauss Error Potentials, Physical Review Volume 75
 1953: A Vector Addition Coefficient Identity, Physical Review Volume 92
 1961: Ionization of the interplanetary gas, Los Alamos Scientific Lab
 1973: Comment on “Elementary Use of Spheroidal Coordinates”, American Journal of Physics Volume 41, Issue 12, pp. 1375

Books
 1966: Mathematical Methods for Physicists 
 1989: University Physics , coauthored with David F. Griffing and Donald C. Kelly
 1989: Canada's Small Queen Era - Postage Usage During the Small Queen Era, 1870-1897
 2003: Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists , coauthored with Hans J. Weber, Frank E. Harris

References 

1922 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American physicists
Miami University faculty
American theoretical physicists
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
The Butterfly Monarch. The Butterfly Monarch is an American autogyro, designed and produced by The Butterfly LLC of Aurora, Texas.  The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Monarch was designed to comply with the US Experimental - Amateur-built rules. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a twin cylinder, liquid-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration.

The Monarch's fuselage is made from metal tubing and mounts a two-bladed main rotor with a diameter of , with an electric pre-rotator to shorten take-off distances. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . The tail surfaces are made from Kevlar. The landing gear is of 4130 steel construction, incorporates springs and has a long stroke of  to allow almost vertical landings, including descent rates of 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) at touchdown. The tricycle landing gear is supplemented by a triple tail caster.

Optional equipment available includes a cockpit fairing with a windshield, rotor brake, auxiliary  fuel tank and an airshow smoke system.

Operational history
By December 2012 eight examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Monarch)

References

External links

Official Monarch photos

2000s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
James J. Browne. James J. Browne is a former President of University of Galway. Appointed in 2008, he served a ten-year term, completed in January 2018.

He is an engineering graduate of the University. He was awarded the degree of PhD by the University of Manchester in 1980 and appointed Personal Professor of Production Engineering at University of Galway in 1989.  He was awarded the degree of DSc by the University of Manchester in 1990 for published work on the analysis and design of computer integrated manufacturing systems.  He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Engineering in 1995 and Registrar and Deputy President of the University in 2000.

Browne's research work focused on the design and operation of automated manufacturing systems with a particular emphasis on shop floor control and manufacturing execution systems (MES), Enterprise Management Systems, flexible manufacturing and assembly systems, reverse logistics, Industry 4.0 and Circular Manufacturing Systems. He published 11 books and over 400 papers; including 'Production Management Systems - An Integrated Perspective', 2nd edition Prentice Hall, 1996, which was translated into French, 'Les Systemes de production dans un environment CIM'  and published by AFNOR (1994);  'CAD CAM Principles, Practice and Manufacturing Management, Addison-Wesley, 1988, subsequently translated into Chinese by Prentice Hall.

Honours
Browne is a member of the Royal Irish Academy and a Fellow of the Irish Academy of Engineering.

Browne has received the title of Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques from the French Ambassador in Ireland, H.E. Jean-Pierre Thébault.

Family
Browne is married to Maeve. The couple have four sons: Lorcan, Shane, Ronan and Fergus, all of whom attended St Joseph's Patrician College and all of whom became engineering graduates during Browne's time as President of University of Galway.

He is the brother of Raymond Browne, the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kerry.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Galway
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Presidents of the University of Galway
20th-century Irish engineers
Engineers from County Westmeath
People from Athlone
Josiah Dallas Dort. Josiah Dallas Dort (February 27, 1861 – May 17, 1925) was an American engineer and automobile pioneer of the United States automobile industry. He was born in Inkster, Michigan on February 27, 1861. His father was a well-to-do country squire and merchant, well connected politically, who died in 1871 when Josiah was 10. Dort left school at age 15 to help his mother in business and to work at a crockery firm. He moved to Flint, Michigan in 1879. In 1881, he began working at a Flint hardware store, and within a few years opened his own hardware store.

He made a $1,000 investment in 1886 (equivalent to $ in ) to become a partner with William C. Durant in a new carriage business called the Flint Road-Cart Company. Durant was the salesman and Dort the partnership's administrator, running the factories. Together they made Durant-Dort one of the world's largest carriage producers. Dort and Durant invested in a controlling interest in Buick in 1904 when the new owner ran short of capital. Durant's marketing ability was an overwhelming success, and they formed General Motors in 1908. Durant lost control of GM to bankers in 1911 and they re-established themselves by creating a new brand of automobile, Chevrolet. Dort was president of Chevrolet but the following year, in 1915, he left and founded Dort Motor Car Company. By 1920 Dort was the country's 13th largest automobile producer but in 1924 Dort decided to retire and liquidated Dort Motor Car Company. He sold the factory building to AC Spark Plug.

Dort had many involvements outside his business interests. Music institutions (Flint Institute of Music is built on the site of his home and its main offices are in the Dort Music Centre), a mutual benefit association for his employees which paid their medical bills, the local Shakespeare club, Knights Templar of the Masonic Order, Flint YMCA, Flint's first hospital—now Hurley Medical Center.

Flint area trunkline Dort Highway (M-54) is named in his honor.

Personal life
Dort married Nellie M. Bates on January 12, 1887, and they had two children. She died in 1900, and he remarried to Marcia Webb on May 8, 1907. They had three children.

He died due to heart disease while playing a round of golf on May 17, 1925, aged 64. Dort was interred at in Glenwood Cemetery.

See also
Flint, Michigan auto industry
History of General Motors

References

External links
 

1861 births
1925 deaths
American founders of automobile manufacturers
Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Flint, Michigan)
People in the automobile industry
People from Flint, Michigan
General Motors executives
Businesspeople from Michigan
Air Aces. Air Aces is a Cineflix produced series that airs on History channel in Canada. The series originally aired in the UK titled Heroes of the Skies on September 20, 2012. The series premiered in Canada as Air Aces on January 7, 2013 on History and also aired on Military Channel later in 2013. The show tells the stories of the most heroic airborne combat missions in history. The series uses real vintage aircraft and re-creates mid-air combat sequences. Featuring Spitfires, Lancaster bombers, and Phantom fighters and aerial stunt teams, the series dramatizes the exploits of the world's greatest Air Aces. The series also features interviews with the last surviving veterans and military historians and rare archival footage.

Alternative titles
Air Aces is called Heroes of the Skies in the United Kingdom and airs on Channel 5.

Episodes

Season 1

Episode 1 - George Beurling

Canadian George Beurling broke every rule in the book yet became one of the greatest fighter pilots of World War II. The part of George Beurling is played by British actor Adam Drew.

Episode 2 - Douglas Bader

Using bold but controversial tactics, Douglas Bader beats all the odds to help turn the tide in the Battle of Britain and become Britain's most celebrated air ace. The part of Douglas Bader is played by British actor Mark Stanley.

Episode 3 - Wing Walker

The crew of Lancaster ME669 had one of the most dangerous jobs in the Air Force, but the tactic called "total war" overshadowed their legacy. Yet, for the more than one hundred thousand volunteers – half of who would not return – there was no other option.

Episode 4 - Red Tails

Pressure from African-American activist groups pushed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to initiate a Blacks-only fighter pilot training program during World War II. What happened next gave birth to a potent fighting force against Nazi Germany and change the course of American history.

Episode 5 - Robin Olds

In July 1966, North Vietnam's fleet of MiG-21s is hammering the US Air Force. With the help of his pilots, Colonel Robin Olds masterminds Operation Bolo; a death-defying bait-and-switch tactic that he hopes will wipe out the MiGs once and for all.

Episode 6 - Gabby Gabreski

Against the backdrop of World War II, American pilots race to shoot down the most German planes and be crowned the countries top-flying ace. US Air Force Pilot Francis Gabby Gabreski makes it his personal mission to be the best there ever was.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130105024156/http://www.history.ca/airaces
 http://www.cineflixrights.com/sections/19-Programming/shows/air-aces

2012 Canadian television series debuts
History (Canadian TV network) original programming
2010s Canadian documentary television series