omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fulgurex. Fulgurex is a manufacturer of Brass models of railway rolling stock.

History
Fulgurex was created in 1947 as a specialized model train shop located in Lausanne, Switzerland by Count Antonio Giansanti Coluzzi, a tin plate train collector and the official distributor of the VB brand in Switzerland.

In 1962, in collaboration with Tenshodo, Fulgurex started to produce its own brass models. The first was a 141 R steam engine, reproduced in H0 scale.
In 1967, it launched its first model in O scale, followed by 1 gauge in 1970, then N scale in 1983.

In the 1970s Fulgurex produced 1/12 scale models of the Mercedes-Benz SSKL and Bentley 8 Litre.

A prototype of a Bugatti Type 59 was created but was never put into production because of the high price, which at the time was about US$895 ($ in  dollars).

References

External links 
 FULGUREX Precisions Models

Model railroad manufacturers
Model manufacturers of Switzerland
companies based in Lausanne
Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan. Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan (30 January 1917 – 27 July 2007) was an IOFS officer, nuclear chemist, defence scientist and an expert in the science of Explosives engineering. He was the founder director of the Explosives Research and Development Laboratory (now known as the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)) of India. He is considered one of the distinguished scientists in India due to his contributions to Indian space program, Indian nuclear program and missile program in their early stages. He developed the solid propellant for India's first space rocket launched at Thumba. He was responsible for developing the detonation system of India's first nuclear device which was successfully tested in 1974, an operation codenamed Smiling Buddha.

Other areas of work: Wrote a book on Hydroponics and developed a cost-effective method for producing parabolic mirrors for astronomical telescopes.

He was awarded Padma Shri in 1974 by the Government of India for his contributions.

References

External links
Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan

Indian Ordnance Factories Service officers
Scientists from Madhya Pradesh
20th-century Indian chemists
1917 births
2007 deaths
People from Jabalpur
Indian military engineers
20th-century Indian engineers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry
Captive odorant. A captive odorant, or short captive, is an odorant or aroma chemical retained by the originating manufacturer for exclusive use in their own perfumes to protect them from imitation.

Background
Perfume formulations cannot be protected by patents, and with the aid of modern analytic techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it is relatively easy to analyze their composition, and thus to imitate a fragrance composed only of commercially available perfumery raw materials, such as essential oils and synthetic odorants sold on the market. New odorants can however be patented, and so the company that invented the material can decide not to sell a patented odorant but to keep it as a captive for their own perfumes only, thereby extending the patent protection for that compound on the perfume formulation, since the patented compound can only be produced by the patent owner. Thus, if the patent owner does not sell the compound on the market to the competition, his perfumes cannot be copied as long as the patent is valid. To be useful in that respect a captive odorant has to possess special odor characteristics that provide a signature effect on a fragrance. This signature effect on the fragrance should be unobtainable by other fragrance raw materials or mixtures thereof. The use of captives thus offers the respective fragrance company, at least for a limited time, a commercial advantage over their competitors. When the patent that covers the captive is close to expire, the material is generally released to the market. As the discovery and introduction of new odorants is very costly, only the big fragrance companies, such as Givaudan, Firmenich, IFF, Symrise and Takasago, can afford this strategy.

Examples
Important examples of now released captives include Hedione in »Eau Sauvage« (C. Dior, 1966), Moxalone in »CK Be« (Calvin Klein, 1996), and Dynascone in »Cool Water« (Davidoff, 1988).

References

Perfumes
List of largest power stations. This article lists the largest power stations in the world, the ten overall and the five of each type, in terms of installed electrical capacity. Non-renewable power stations are those that run on coal, fuel oils, nuclear fuel, natural gas, oil shale and peat, while renewable power stations run on fuel sources such as biomass, geothermal heat, hydro, solar energy, solar heat, tides and the wind. Only the most significant fuel source is listed for power stations that run on multiple sources.

As of 2021, the largest power generating facility ever built is the Three Gorges Dam in China. The facility generates power by utilizing 32 Francis turbines each having a capacity of  and two  turbines, totalling the installed capacity to , more than twice the installed capacity of the largest nuclear power station, the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (Japan) at . As of 2019, no power station comparable to Three Gorges is under construction, as the largest under construction power station is the hydroelectric Baihetan Dam ().

The proposed 20,000 MW Australia's Darwin Solar Park, for the Australia-Asia Power Link, would be slightly below the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam. The proposed Grand Inga Dam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo would surpass all existing power stations, including the Three Gorges Dam, if construction commences as planned. The design targets to top  in installed capacity, nearly twice that of the Three Gorges. Another proposal, Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project, presumes an installed capacity up to .

Top 20 largest power producing facilities

Timeline of the largest power plants in the world 

At any point in time since the early 20th century, the largest power station in the world has been a hydroelectric power plant.

Non-renewable power stations

Coal

Fuel oil

Natural gas

Nuclear

Oil shale

Peat

Renewable power stations

Biomass

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

Conventional

Run-of-the-river

Tide

Solar power

Photovoltaic

Concentrated solar thermal

Wind

Onshore

Offshore

Storage power stations

Pumped-storage

Battery storage

Molten-salt

List of largest power station and unit within each country 

The following table lists the largest operating power station, and the largest single generating unit within each country.

See also 

 Power station
 List of power stations

References

External links 
 World's 39 largest electric power plants
 
 The world's 25 biggest power plants

Lists of power stations
Economy-related lists of superlatives
Power stations
Power stations
Lists related to renewable energy
Upper Vaal Water Management Area. Upper Vaal WMA, or Upper Vaal Water Management Area (coded: 8), is a Water Management Area that includes the following major rivers: the Wilge River, Liebenbergsvlei River, Mooi River and Vaal River, and covers the following Dams:

 Boskop Dam Mooi River 
 Grootdraai Dam Vaal River 
 Klerkskraal Dam Mooi River 
 Klipdrift Dam Loop Spruit 
 Potchefstroom Dam Mooi River 
 Saulspoort Dam Liebenbergvlei 
 Sterkfontein Dam Nuwejaar Spruit 
 Vaal Dam Vaal River

Boundaries 
Tertiary drainage regions C11 to C13, C21 to C23, and C81 to C83.

References 

Hydrology

Water Management Areas
Dams in South Africa
Mark Jung. Mark A. Jung was the founder and former CEO of IGN Entertainment and the networks of Snowball.com, running the company from January 1999 to November 2006. Previously, he was CEO of Worldtalk Corporation and also served as VP and General Manager at Retix. He is the younger brother of Andrea Jung.

Jung graduated with a B.S.E. in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1981 after completing a 51-page long senior thesis titled "Measurement of the Contact Resistance of Screen-Printed Silver Metallization of N+ Silicon."

Career 

As CEO of IGN Entertainment (formerly Snowball.com), a leading Internet media and services company for video gaming and other forms of digital entertainment, Jung took the company public in March 2000 and then private in August 2003. Jung led IGN's sale to NewsCorp, the parent company of Fox Interactive Media in October 2005. When the company was acquired by NewsCorp, Jung served as chief operating officer of Fox Interactive Media (FIM), where he was responsible for all of its internet properties, including MySpace, IGN Entertainment, FoxSports.com, AmericanIdol.com, and Scout Media.

Prior to joining IGN, Jung was the co-founder and CEO of Worldtalk Communications Corp., an Internet security company that he took public in 1996. He also served as VP and General Manager at Retix.
Jung has served as board chairman for Clearspring Technologies and as CEO of Vudu. He has also been a board member of the San Francisco Symphony, beginning in 2006. In May 2012 he became one of the Board Member and advisor for HackerRank.
In March 2014 Jung became the CEO of OnLive which subsequently ceased operations after selling its patents to Sony in April 2015.

References 

IGN
American technology chief executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American chief operating officers
Princeton University alumni
NedTrain. NedTrain are the locomotive and rolling stock maintenance and repair company of the Dutch Railways company, Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

History
Always historically part of Nederlandse Spoorwegen, NedTrain's history closely follows that of its parent company and main customer. In the early 1990s under European Union Directive 91/440, which included the need for formal separation of the national railways from Governments and into a two separate companies, one which deals with the infrastructure, and the other which deals with the transport activities; NS began to be separated into separate divisions. NedTrain was formed at this point, not only to comply with the EU Directive and NS's strategy, but also to take advantage of the Dutch Government's desire to create competition in both passenger and freight transport by offering an "independent" locomotive and rolling stock maintenance and repair facility.

Although much of the reorganisation of NS was reversed in 2002 when new CEO Karel Noordzij was put in place, and NS being granted by the Dutch Government the sole concession to run on the main passenger lines until 2015, NedTrain had built up enough non-NS business to remain owned by a separate division of NS.

NedTrain Consulting
In October 2006, the Lloyd’s Register Group acquired the 230 employee subsidiary NedTrain Consulting (NTC), the rolling stock Centre of Competence which covers whole life cycle of rolling stock and its systems.

Locations

Refurbishment & Overhaul
Haarlem
Tilburg

NedTrain Services
Amsterdam
Eindhoven
Hengelo
Leidschendam
Maastricht
Onnen
Rotterdam
Zwolle
Alkmaar
Zandvoort

References

External links
NedTrain website in Dutch

Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Railway companies of the Netherlands
Douglas DC-8 (piston airliner). The Douglas DC-8 was an American piston-engined airliner project by Douglas Aircraft. A concept developed more than a decade before the DC-8 jetliner, the piston-engined DC-8 was to have propellers in the tail, an idea first used at Douglas by Edward F. Burton on a fighter project. The airliner project was canceled after development costs made it commercially unviable.

Design and development

Based on the cancelled XB-42, the program began shortly after the end of World War II. It was intended to operate on short- and medium-range routes, carrying between 40 and 48 passengers in a then-novel pressurized cabin (which had been pioneered by the Boeing 307 in 1938, but was still not in standard airline use).

The DC-8 was to use the same Allison V1710s as the XB-42 (these rated at ), fitted below and immediately behind the cockpit. They were to power contra-rotating propellers in the tail, as in the XB-42, by way of driveshafts under the cabin floor (an arrangement reminiscent of the P-39). This arrangement, also proposed for the Douglas Cloudster II general aviation aircraft, reduced drag by 30% and eliminated the problems associated with controlling the aircraft with one engine out. Cabin access would have been by airport stair through a single portside door.

Despite performance predicted to significantly surpass conventional twin airliners, excessive complexity and high development costs (with consequent high sales price and operating costs) meant that less risky types, such as Convair's 240 and Martin's 2-0-2, were preferred, and the DC-8 was dropped before a prototype was built.

Specifications (estimated)

See also

Bibliography
Notes

References

 - Total pages: 721

External links
 DC-8 'Skybus' concept 
 "Your Pin-up Douglas DC-8 Transport", February 1946, Popular Science bottom of page 96, art work Page 97
 "Tail End Propellers Will Push The New Douglas Air Transport", November 1945, Popular Science early article revealing DC-8 design to general public
 "New U.S. Transports" a 1945 Flight article on the DC-8 and Martin 202

Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
DC-08
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-engined single-prop pusher aircraft
Douglas XT-30. The Douglas XT-30 was a proposed American military advanced trainer. It was never built.

Design and development

Intended to replace the North American T-6 Texan, the XT-30 was designed in 1948 for a United States Air Force competition. The design had an  Wright R-1300 radial mounted amidships behind the cockpit (in the fashion of the P-39), in a rather squared-off fuselage. The R-1300 drove a three-bladed propeller by way of an extension shaft (driveshaft). The XT-30 design seated pilot and pupil in tandem, under a framed greenhouse canopy and had a straight low wing.

Competing against the North American T-28 Trojan, the more complex XT-30 was not selected for production and none were built.

Specifications (projected)

See also
 North American T-28 Trojan

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920.  London : Putnam, 1979.

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
T-030
Mid-engined aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Indramat. Indramat GmbH, now part of Bosch Rexroth, was an industrial control firm founded in 1958, based in Neuwied (am Rhein), Germany. Its name is a German abbreviation meaning “Gesellschaft zur INDustrialisierung-RAtionalisierung und AutoMATisierung“ (Association for Industrialization, Rationalization, and Automation).

The core business was the production of industrial servo drives and motion controls for use on machine tools, machine presses, printing presses, food packaging machinery, as well as assembly lines and material handling equipment.

Indramat was acquired by the hydraulic company Rexroth in 1965, for Rexroth to gain competence in machine control.  At that time, Indramat was moved to the German town of Lohr am Main, Rexroth’s headquarters. In 1968 Rexroth, including Indramat GmbH, was taken over by Mannesmann AG.  In 2001, after the hostile takeover of Mannesmann by Vodafone, the industrial portion of Mannesmann was acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH, including Rexroth and Indramat.  The new entity was named Bosch Rexroth, and Indramat GmbH became the Electric Drives and Controls Technology Group under Bosch Rexroth. The name Indramat was no longer used, however Bosch Rexroth Electric Drives and Controls continues to produce and support products originally marketed under the Indramat brand, and newer product families such as the IndraDrive, IndraDyn, and IndraControl are named in recognition of their heritage.

In 2001 Indramat employed 1,500, with a turnover of 261 million Euro.  Exports constituted 52% of the business.

Indramat gained recognition in Germany and Central Europe starting in the 1970s as a supplier of DC servo drives and control systems, especially in the areas of sheet steel processing, and 3-dimensional tracing controls.  A key feature of the Indramat servo is the programming module (called a “Personality Module” in the North American market), which contained all variable settings required to match the servo amplifier with a given motor.  This feature greatly simplified the commissioning process. In 1979 Indramat released a brushless drive servo system, which it branded as an “AC Servo”. This product gained acceptance in automotive industry Powertrain manufacturing, bringing Indramat global recognition.

Indramat is also recognized for distributed CNCs for automotive Powertrain manufacturing, and electronic line shaft technology for commercial printing presses.

External links 
 Bosch Rexroth Electric Drives and Controls

References

Engineering companies of Germany
Electronics companies of Germany
German brands
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Electronics companies established in 1958
Bosch (company)
1958 establishments in West Germany
Wet leakage current test. The wet leakage current test is an electrical withstanding test carried out on electrical appliances to test the electrical isolation of the housing. The test is carried out by submersing the appliance into water with one lead attached to the electrical leads of the appliance, and the other lead connected to the water. It is often carried out on photovoltaic modules in order to qualify them for IEC61646 or IEC61625 certification.

External links
 http://www.harrexco.com
 http://www.hipot-test.com

Electrical safety
Electrical tests
Lemaco. Lemaco is a brass model railway rolling stock manufacturer based in Switzerland.
Lemaco produces models at almost any scale, like HO scale, O scale, N scale, 1 gauge and 2 gauge.

History 
After 30 years spent at Fulgurex, Urs Egger founded Lemaco SA in 1985, in Ecublens (Vaud), Switzerland. Later Egger's Lematech SA company was taken over by Lemaco Prestige Models SA. In 2006, the Lemaco company was acquired by Lematec SA.

External links 
 Lematec website

Model railroad manufacturers
Toy companies established in 1985
Model manufacturers of Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 1985
companies based in the canton of Vaud
Flex temp. Flex temp is a technique used to produce cost savings through increased engine life and reduced overhaul and fuel costs for airliners by allowing them to take-off at less than rated thrust.

For Airbus and Fokker aircraft the technique is known as flex temp or just flex. Other manufacturers use the terms Assumed temperature thrust reduction, Reduced take-off thrust or Factored take-off thrust.

Technique
The runway length required for an aircraft to take off depends on a number of things including aircraft weight, flap setting and environmental conditions. The particular take-off distance required may be shorter than the available runway length. In this case a lower thrust may be used. Lower thrust settings increase engine life and reduce maintenance costs.

The take-off thrust available from a civil engine is a constant value up to a particular ambient temperature. At this temperature the engine is now running at its turbine temperature limit which is displayed as a corresponding EGT limit. Since the turbine limit cannot be exceeded, any increase in ambient temperature results in less thrust. The flex temp procedure recognizes that an ambient temperature beyond the flat rating produces less thrust. If a lower-than-flat-rated thrust is calculated for a particular take-off that thrust can be specified by where it coincides with the EGT limit. This false ambient temperature is the flex temp.

The flex temp is entered into the flight management system (FMS) — effectively telling the engine control system to assume the specified air temperature instead of the actual outside air temperature in calculating the maximum thrust available under current conditions. Setting the throttle levers to the max continuous thrust (MCT/FLEX) position for take-off will then produce this reduced amount of thrust from the engines, thus realizing the savings discussed above. Advancing the throttle levers all the way to the take off/go around (TOGA) detent can still be used to request full rated thrust under actual conditions.

Problems
A number of aircraft incidents and accidents have occurred when the flex temp was incorrectly calculated or entered — for example, those involving Emirates Flight 407, US Airways flight 1702 and Thomas Cook Airlines G-OJMC. Modern procedures are designed to minimize that possibility.

See also
Index of aviation articles

References

Avionics
Olifants/Doorn Water Management Area. Olifants/Doorn WMA, or Olifants/Doorn Water Management Area, Includes the following major rivers: the Olifants River, Doorn River, Krom River, Sand River, and Sout River, and covers the following dams:

 Bulshoek Dam Olifants River
 Clanwilliam Dam Olifants River
 Karee Dam Karee River

Boundaries 
Primary drainage region E and tertiary drainage regions G30 and F60.

See also 
 Water Management Areas
 List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
 List of rivers of South Africa

References 
http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/

Water Management Areas
Dams in South Africa
Ballahoo-class schooner. The Ballahoo class (also known as the Fish class) was a Royal Navy class of eighteen 4-gun schooners built under contract in Bermuda during the Napoleonic War. The class was an attempt by the Admiralty to harness the expertise of Bermudian shipbuilders who were renowned for their fast-sailing craft (particularly the Bermuda sloops). The Admiralty ordered twelve vessels on 23 June 1804, and a further six on 11 December 1805.

Construction
A number of different builders in different yards built them, with all the first batch launching in 1804 and 1805. The second batch were all launched in 1807. Goodrich & Co acted as the main contractor to the Navy Board, and in many cases the actual builder is unrecorded. They were all constructed of Bermuda cedar.

This durable, native wood, abundant in Bermuda before the Blight, was strong and light, and did not need seasoning.  Shipbuilders used it for framing as well as planking, which reduced vessel weight. It was also highly resistant to rot and marine borers, giving Bermudian vessels a potential lifespan of twenty years and more, even in the worm-infested waters of the Chesapeake and the Caribbean.

Operational lives
Of the eighteen vessels in the class, only two were not lost or disposed of during the war, surviving to be sold in 1815-6. Twelve were wartime losses, and four were disposed of before 1815.

William James wrote scathingly of the Ballahoo and subsequent Cuckoo-class schooners, pointing out the high rate of loss, primarily to wrecks or foundering, but also to enemy action. He reports that they were "sent to 'take, burn, and destroy' the vessels of war and merchantmen of the enemy". The record suggests that none seem to have done so successfully. In the only two (arguably three) cases when the Cuckoo-class schooners did engage enemy vessels, in each case the enemy force was much stronger and overwhelmed the Cuckoo-class schooners.

James also remarks that:

Ships

Orders of 23 June 1803

The first twelve were intended for three different stations:
Newfoundland: Herring, Mackerel, Pilchard, and Capelin
Jamaica:- Barracuta, Whiting, Pike, and Haddock
Leeward Islands: Flying Fish, Ballahou, Grouper, and Snapper.

Orders of 11 December 1805

Citations

References
 
 
 
 

 
+
Ships built in Bermuda
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Schooner classes