omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Extraordinary magnetoresistance. Extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) is a geometrical magnetoresistance effect discovered in 2000, where the change in electrical resistance upon the application of a large magnetic field can be greater than 1,000,000% at room temperature (orders of magnitude greater than other magnetoresistance effects such as GMR and CMR). The effect occurs in semiconductor-metal hybrid systems when a transverse magnetic field is applied. Without a magnetic field the system is in a low-resistance state with most of the current flow directed through the metallic region. Upon the application of a large magnetic field the system switches to a state of much higher electrical resistance, due to the Hall angle approaching 90°, with the current flow inside the metallic region dramatically reduced. The effect is influenced greatly by the system geometry, with an enhancement of over four orders of magnitude shown to be possible with an alternative branched geometry. Since the EMR effect occurs at room temperature and does not rely on magnetic materials it has many possible benefits for applications including in the read heads of future hard disk drives.

References

Magnetoresistance
Spintronics
Computer storage technologies
Laboratoire français de gemmologie. The Laboratoire français de gemmologie (Gemological Laboratory of France) is the oldest gemological laboratory in the world, having been founded in 1929 by a customs official. It was run by the Paris Chamber of Commerce from 1933 to 2011, when it was attached to the Union Française de la Bijouterie, Joaillerie, Orfèvrerie, des Pierres et des Perles (BJOP). It operates completely independently as a source of expertise in gemology for clients' information and security, and has a partnership with the University of Nantes. Its director since 2011 has been Olivier Segura.

References

External links
 

Laboratories in France
Gemological laboratories
1929 establishments in France
B. Mario Pinto. Dr. B. Mario Pinto is a Canadian chemical biologist, academic and the former President of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Prior to his appointment at NSERC, Pinto served as a chemistry professor and as the Vice-President of Research at Simon Fraser University. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Chemical Institute of Canada and the American Chemical Society.

He resigned as president of NSERC on September 21, 2018.

He was appointed Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research) of Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, on October 3, 2019, to commence in February 2020.

Education
Pinto received his undergraduate degree and doctorate from Queen's University in Ontario. He completed his post-doctoral work at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique in France and the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa. Pinto has published over 225 papers.

Awards and honours
 Horace S. Isbell Award from the American Chemical Society in 1992
 CSC Bernard Belleau Award in 2002
 Elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Society of Canada in 2003
 R.U. Lemieux Award in 2012
 Alfred Bader Award in 2013
 Montreal Medal in 2014 awarded for his "outstanding contribution to the profession of chemistry or chemical engineering in Canada."

References

External links
 News.gc.ca
 Finance.yahoo.com

 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Canadian biologists
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
St George Lane Fox-Pitt. St George William Lane Fox-Pitt (born 14 September 1856 in Malta, died 6 April 1932 in South Eaton Place) was a British electrical engineer and student of psychic phenomena.

Life
His parents were Lieutenant General Augustus Henry Lane-Fox (1827–1900) and Alice Margaret (1828–1910, née Stanley). His younger sister was the essayist Agnes Geraldine Grove. On the death of his father's cousin Horace Pitt-Rivers, 6th Baron Rivers, the family took the name Fox Pitt-Rivers on 25 May 1880.

In 1878, Fox-Pitt was granted a patent on a light bulb with a platinum-iridium filament. The patent also describes a system for power distribution using incandescent lamps in parallel.

On 12 December 1879, Charles F. Brush founded the Anglo-American Electric Light Company Ltd in the UK, and in the same year acquired the patent rights to produce the Lane-Fox incandescent lamp. On 24 March 1880, he founded a new company, Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation, which took over the previous one.

About 1880, Fox-Pitt is said to have successfully experimented with charred plant fibres as the filament material. That was about the same time as the development of the light bulb with carbon filament by Edison in the United States. By 1883, Fox-Pitt had obtained further patents.

Fox-Pitt wrote books on the philosophy of science, education, and social problems. He was temporarily Vice-President of the Moral Education League and organized the International Moral Education Congress. He was also one of the first active members of the Society for Psychical Research.

In 1891, he repurchased the patent rights of the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation and built himself a small lamp factory.

In 1898, he participated in a railway concession in Ecuador.

In 1899, he married Lady Edith Gertrude Douglas (1874–1963), the daughter of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry.

Works 
 The Purpose of Education, 1914, Cambridge University Press,
 Free Will & Destiny, 1920, Constable Books, London

References

External links 
 St George Lane Fox-Pitt, Biography

British electrical engineers
1856 births
1932 deaths
British inventors
Crown Colony of Malta people
Caking. Caking is a powder's tendency to form lumps or masses.  The formation of lumps interferes with packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption.  Usually caking is undesirable, but it is useful when pressing powdered substances into pills or briquettes. Granular materials can also be subject to caking, particularly those that are hygroscopic such as salt, sugar, and many chemical fertilizers. Anticaking agents are commonly added to control caking.

Caking properties must be considered when designing and constructing bulk material handling equipment. Powdered substances that need to be stored, and flow smoothly at some time in the future, are often pelletized or made into pills.

Mechanism
Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Caking is a consequence of chemical reactions of grain surfaces.  Often these reactions involve adsorption of water vapor or other gases.  Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge between microcrystals and subsequent fusion of a solid bridge. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity.  Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking. The caking process can involve electrostatic attractions or the formation of weak chemical bonds between particles.

Anticaking agents

Anticaking agents are chemical compounds that prevent caking.  Some anticaking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a common anti-caking agent added to table salt, absorbs both water and oil.  Anticaking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, synthetic detergents, and in manufacturing applications.

References

Chemical engineering
Particle technology
Variable rate application. In precision agriculture, variable rate application (VRA) refers to the application of a material, such that the rate of application is  based on the precise location, or qualities of the area that the material is being applied to. This is different from uniform application, and can be used to save money (using less product), and lessen the environmental impact. 

Variable rate application can be either map based or sensor based.
 Map based VRA is pre-planned, and applications are based on VRA prescription maps that an agronomist or advisor prepares based on data sources. Prescription maps can be created using electromagnetic induction, which is considered to be cost-effective, and non-destructive.
 Sensor based VRA is calculated realtime, based on sensors that are local to the variable rate applicator.

Applications of VRA
In precision agriculture, VRA is known to be used in the following areas.

Seeding 
Planters and drills can be made into VRA sensors, by attaching a motor or gear box. With this, you can vary the rate of the seeds. The seeding rates can also be connected to match the application of agrochemicals.

Weed control 
For variable rate weed control you need both a task computer and a system to physically change the flow rate of the agrochemicals.

Fertilizer 
Crops do not always require a uniform application, as some areas will have different nutrient requirements due to their location (soil properties, sunlight). Variable rate fertilizer spreaders can be used to increase or decrease fertilizer application rate, using a global positioning system (GPS). They can also use "on-the-go" sensors, or a combination of the two.

References

Agricultural soil science
Precision agriculture
3D publishing. 3D publishing concerns the production and distribution of content for 3D printers. 3D publishing holds the promise of an industry for the creation and distribution of files for the production of 3D objects, or physibles.

Any individual or organisation producing files for 3D printers can be considered a 3D publisher. With the advent of specialist software, scanners and cloud based tools, access to 3D publishing is spreading fast. The development of online tools to facilitate and monetize publishing is bringing a new industry to fruition. Boundaries between value chains are disappearing, leading to new business models. 
While 3D publishing and 3D publishers are fairly new concepts, the space is developing rapidly along with related 3D printing technology.

Business models 

 Free distribution 
Anyone can upload 3D models to a site and anybody can download the model and 3D print at home for free. For example: Thingiverse, Pinshape, Youmagine, MyMiniFactory, Clara.io, Threeding.

 Shopfront
Shopfront services allow anyone to open a shop and upload their 3D models. Customers pay to get the 3D model printed via the 3D print services of these companies. The designers of the selected 3D models will get a fee.

Examples: Shapeways, Ponoko, i.materialise, Sculpteo, MyMiniFactory, Threeding.
 Paid distribution
Designers can upload designs and make them available for paid download for profit. For example: Pinshape.

 Hybrid
In a hybrid model, the designer or company might make use of any of the above services and/or local 3D print bureau to create print to order models.

Ecosystem 

There are many 3D content strategies being developed as part of the growing industry of 3D printing. Companies that are not 3D printing specialists are entering the field. These may be companies who have existing content and brands that can be distributed as 3D models, or they may need tools that enable the secure and efficient distribution of content. Employees will be needed to create, select, edit and market 3D content as part of these companies' marketing strategies. In the near future, companies like IKEA may offer a database with accessories where the customer could pay, download and 3D print.

A conference on 3D publishing was first held in the Netherlands in March 2013.

Software tools 

In order to create 3D models, one needs 3D software tools. There is a broad range of tools available from very simple tools on a tablet to very sophisticated engineering tools.

See also
 3D modeling
 3D scanner
 3D printing marketplace

References

External links 

 The Coming Ecosystem of 3D Printing
 Introduction to 3d printing costs
 Structural optimisation of metallic components
 3D fabbers: don’t let the DMCA stifle an innovative future // Arstechnica, 2010-11-10
 3-D printing at MIT
 3D Printing: The Printed World from The Economist
 3D Printer News and Updates from Industry
 3D Printing Industry News
 New 3D design and mind
 Overview of recent 3D printing applications (from Dezeen magazine)
 Will 3D Printing Change the World? Video produced by Off Book (web series)
Klebanoff–Saric Wind Tunnel. The Klebanoff–Saric Wind Tunnel (KSWT) is a low-speed, low-disturbance wind tunnel located at Texas A&M University. This facility is mainly used to study laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition by means of flat-plate and swept-wing experiments. Measurement techniques used include hotwire anemometry, infrared thermography, and naphthalene flow visualization.

History
Originally built by Dr. Phillip Klebanoff in 1970 at the National Bureau of Standards in Maryland, this tunnel was later moved by Dr. William Saric to Arizona State University in 1984, and it was then moved by Saric to Texas A&M University in 2005.

References

Wind tunnels
Walter Junior. The Walter Junior was a family of four cylinder air cooled inverted inline engines produced by Walter Aircraft Engines in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s for aircraft, characterised by a bore and stroke of , a displacement of  and producing roughly .

The Junior was also built in Poland as the P.Z. Inż. Junior.

Variants 
Walter Junior 4-I
 at 2,000 rpm.

Walter Junior-Major
 at 2,100 rpm (nominal),   at 2,350 rpm (maximum). 

P.Z. Inż. Junior
Approximately 600 engines manufactured under license in Poland by Państwowe Zakłady Inżynierii, Warsaw.

Elizalde J4
Approximately 150 engines manufactured under license in Spain by Elizalde SA Barcelona.

Applications

Adaro Chirta
Aero A.34
Beneš-Mráz Be-150 Beta-Junior
Breda Ba.15
de Havilland Puss Moth
González Gil-Pazó GP-1
Hispano-Suiza E-34
Hopfner HS-10/32
Praga BH-111
RWD 5
RWD 8
RWD 10

Specifications

See also

References

Junior
Aircraft air-cooled inline piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines
Chirok. The Chirok (Russian: чирок – "Teal") is a Russian hybrid amphibious UAV vehicle in development by United Instrument Manufacturing Corporation, a Rostec subsidiary. The drone was presented in the Innoprom 2014 technology exhibition in Yekaterinburg for the first time. This machine is a hybridized and amphibious like UAV meaning it doesn't need an airfield for launching, similar how helicopters work according to Aleksey Smirnov, the head of the unmanned aerial vehicles department at Radio-Technical Institute.

It is expected that at Moscow-hosted MAKS Air Show 2015 the UAV Chirok will be presented as an operational prototype. The production of this aircraft could start as early as in the year of 2016.

Data & performance

The first flight tests for the Chirok aircraft will start in 2015. Reports show it will have a wingspan of 10 meters and have a maximum takeoff mass of approximately 700 kilograms, of which 300 kg would be its effective payload. Altitude ceiling is 6,000 meters, the Drone is expected to travel up to 2,500 kilometers on one single fueling. While the material of this device is made exclusively of composite materials and the fabric of its air cushion was developed in Russia and is patented by Rostec, the air cushion is fully retractable in flight mode.

The developers plan to use the drone for reconnaissance and wild fire monitoring missions, delivery of necessities to distant oil rigs and other things, it also enables carrying offensive military appliances.

Chirok can be equipped with high precision weapons like small-size guided missiles. Unlike most existing military drones, the Chirok will enough inner space to fit the weapons internally according to reports.

References

Weapons of Russia
Unmanned military aircraft of Russia
United Instrument Manufacturing Corporation
Hovercraft
Landing craft
Ogden–Roxburgh model. The Ogden–Roxburgh model is an approach published in 1999 which extends hyperelastic material models to allow for the Mullins effect. It is used in several commercial finite element codes, and is named after R.W. Ogden and D. G. Roxburgh. The fundamental idea of the approach can already be found in a paper by De Souza Neto et al. from 1994.

The basis of pseudo-elastic material models is a hyperelastic second Piola–Kirchhoff stress , which is derived from a suitable strain energy density function :

The key idea of pseudo-elastic material models is that the stress during the first loading process is equal to the basic stress . Upon unloading and reloading  is multiplied by a positive softening function . The function  thereby depends on the strain energy  of the current load and its maximum  in the history of the material:

It was shown that this idea can also be used to extend arbitrary inelastic material models for softening effects.

References 

Continuum mechanics
Elasticity (physics)
Rubber properties
Solid mechanics
Simon Godsill. Simon John Godsill (born 2 December 1965) is professor of statistical signal processing at the University of Cambridge, and a professorial fellow at Corpus Christi College. He is also a member of the Centre for Science and Policy. His main area of research is Bayesian statistics and stochastic sampling methodologies, particularly particle filtering.

Education

Godsill obtained both undergraduate and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Engineering at Cambridge University, whilst a member of Selwyn College. He obtained a first class degree in the Electrical and Information Sciences Tripos. The title of his 1993 Ph.D. thesis was "The Restoration of Degraded Audio Signals" and his Ph.D. supervisor was Peter Rayner, whom he shared with Michael Richard Lynch.

Career

Godsill has published over 250 articles in peer reviewed journals, along with the books Digital audio restoration: a statistical model based approach and Compressed sensing & sparse filtering.

Business interests
Godsill is currently a director of CEDAR Audio Ltd, a Cambridge-based company that applies Bayesian mathematics for purposes of noise reduction in audio data. In February 2005, the company received a Sci-Tech Academy Award (a 'Technical Oscar') for its services to the movie industry, and a stream of innovations appeared over the following years with corresponding recognition including induction into the Audio Technology Hall of Fame (2008), a Cinema Audio Society Award (2009). Godsill is also a director at Input Dynamics Ltd, a Cambridge-based company that applies Bayesian techniques to touch screen technology. Godsill is involved with the research effort at BMLL Technologies, a Cambridge spin-off working in the field of machine learning application in the financial sector.

References

1961 births
Living people
British statisticians
Engineering professors at the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Ghatampur Thermal Power Station. Neyveli Uttar pradesh Power Limited-Ghatampur Thermal Power Project is an upcoming coal-based thermal power plant located in Ghatampur in Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The power plant is owned by the Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited a joint venture between Neyveli Lignite Corporation (51%) and Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam (49%).

Status update
 Jan 2015: The land acquisition is completed.
 May 2015: South Pachwara Coal Block allotted to NLC India ltd for GTPS Project. MDO selection under progress 
 Jun 2015: MoEF issued Environment Clearance on 17-Jun-2015 
 Feb 2016: Centre to consider 1,980 MW Ghatampur project in Kanpur soon.
 July 2016: Centre approved for installation of Ghatampur Thermal Power Project (GTPC) of 1980 MW (3 X 660 MW) capacity through a joint venture company named "Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL)" formed jointly by Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) and Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL).Untitled Page
 October 2016: Construction starts 
June 2021 inspection of railway line to power plant by railway DRM
72Hrs continuous full load (660MW) Trial operation of Unit-1 is completed on 07-12-2024.
Commercial operation of Unit-1 commences on 12-12-2024.

Capacity
The planned capacity of the power plant in 1980 MW. The power plant is secured  with coal supply.

The plant has a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation (UP Power Corporation) and Assam:

 Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation: The plant will supply 75.12% of its power to UP Power Corporation.
 Assam: The plant will supply 24.88% of its power to Assam.

References

External links
 Ghatampur power station at SourceWatch
Ajay Mehrotra being Observer +91-9839100876, https://www.architizer.com/users/ajay-mehrotra/

Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh
Kanpur Nagar district
2020 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Energy infrastructure completed in 2020
K.L. Polytechnic, Roorkee. K.L. Polytechnic, Roorkee, also known as Kanhaiya Lal Polytechnic, is an engineering college in Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India.

History
Kanhaiya Lal Polytechnic was established on 25 January 1956 by Shri Sahab Kanhaiya Lal Ji. At the time of establishment, its name was Kanhaiya Lal Technical Institute and it offered only one course: Diploma in Civil Engineering. In 1963, it was upgraded as Kanhaiya Lal Polytechnic and two other courses, three years Diploma in Mechanical (Production) Engineering and Diploma in Electrical Engineering were introduced. Later, three years Diploma in Electronics Engineering (1971), two years post-graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (1995) and three years Diploma in Mechanical (Automobile) Engineering (2008) courses were added to the course list of institute. 
Twenty students were additionally permitted to admit in second shift of each branch from 2008.

Affiliation
All the courses running in the institute are affiliated with the Uttarakhand Technical Education Board in Roorkee and All India Council For Technical Education in New Delhi. The institute is managed by a committee appointed by the state government of Uttarakhand.

Courses

Polytechnic
 Diploma in Civil Engineering 
 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Production) 
 Diploma in Electrical Engineering
 Diploma in Electronics Engineering 
 Diploma in Mechanical (Auto) Engineering
 Diploma in Artificial intelligence and machine learning
 Diploma in Communication
 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application

References

External links 
 Roorkee
Uttarakhand Board of Technical Education official website

Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand
Education in Roorkee
Educational institutions established in 1956
1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Bernard Cooke Dixon. Major General Bernard Edward Cooke Dixon CB CBE MC (7 September 1896 – 9 October 1973) was a senior British Army officer.

Biography
Born on 7 September 1896, Bernard Cooke Dixon was educated at Bedford School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He received his first commission in the Royal Engineers in 1915 and served in France during the First World War. During the Second World War he served in the Middle East between 1940 and 1943, and in Italy between 1943 and 1944. He was engineer-in-charge at General Headquarters, Middle East, between 1944 and 1947, and chief engineer, Headquarters, Western Command, between 1947 and 1948.

Dixon was invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1944 and as a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1947. He retired from the British Army in 1948. In the early 1950s he was managing director of East Kilbride Development Corporation. He died on 9 October 1973.

References

1896 births
1973 deaths
British Army major generals
People educated at Bedford School
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army generals of World War II
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Military personnel from the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan