omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Target protein. Target proteins are functional biomolecules that are addressed and controlled by biologically active compounds. They are used in the processes of transduction, transformation and conjugation. The identification of target proteins, the investigation of signal transduction processes and the understanding of their interaction with ligands are key elements of modern biomedical research. Since the interaction with target proteins is the molecular origin of most drugs, their particular importance for molecular biology, molecular pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences is obvious. Target proteins control the action and the kinetic behavior of drugs within the organism. The elucidation of structure, conformational signaling and catalytic properties of particular target proteins facilitates a rational design of drugs and biotechnological processes. Known as biologicals, target proteins can also be drugs by themselves when their modification and formulation is emphasized within the pharmaceutical sciences. Finally, target protein - inducer interactions can be exploited for biomolecular transcription regulating systems in order to control for example gene therapeutic approaches.

See also 
 Biological target

References

External links 
 Target Protein Database of the University of Kansas
 Myprotein

Drug discovery
ASTAP. ASTAP (Advanced Statistical Analysis Program) 

was a general purpose analog electronic circuit simulator developed primarily for in-house use by IBM from 1973 

on. It was a powerful program used for simulation of integrated circuit designs, and their analysis with statistical variations of the manufacturing process. In combination with the built-in Monte Carlo method capabilities it allowed prediction of the performance of electronic circuits under a wide range of material parameters and temperatures. ASTAP was designed to run on IBM Mainframe computers. Its algorithms were developed by IBM electrical engineers, especially Robert Brayton, Gary Hachtel, and Fred Gustavson.

Unlike SPICE, which used Modified nodal analysis (MNA) to form the system of circuit equations, ASTAP instead used sparse tableau approach (STA) to construct and solve a sparse matrix.  The sparse tableau formulation produced very large, very sparse matrices which required special techniques to solve efficiently, even at that time.  The advantage of STA for statistical analysis is that, as originally outlined, a subsequent analysis of a circuit with randomly varied parameters only required changing entries in the matrix.

References 

Simulation programming languages
Electronic circuit simulators
International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) (Persian: پژوهشگاه بین‌المللی زلزله‌شناسی و مهندسی زلزله) is an international earthquake engineering and seismology institute based in Iran. It was established as a result of the 24th UNESCO General Conference Resolution DR/250 under Iranian government approval in 1989. It was founded as an independent institute within the Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.

On its establishment, the IIEES drew up a seismic code in an attempt to improve the infrastructural response to earthquakes and seismic activity in the country. Its primary objective is to reduce the risk of seismic activity on buildings and roads and provide mitigation measures both in Iran and the region.

The institute is responsible for research and education in this field along with several universities and institutes in Iran by conducting research and providing education and knowledge in seismotectonic studies, seismology and earthquake engineering. In addition conducts research and educates in risk management and generating possibilities for an effective earthquake response strategy.

The IIEES is composed of the following research Centers: Seismology, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Structural Earthquake Engineering, Risk Management; National center for Earthquake Prediction, and Graduate School, Public Education and Information Division.

See also
2003 Bam earthquake
Bahram Akasheh
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

References

External links
Official site (Persian) 
Official site (English)

Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
Earthquake engineering
Research institutes in Iran
Science and technology in Iran
Scientific organisations based in Iran
Perfluoropentane. Perfluoropentane (PFP) or dodecafluoropentane; also known as Perflenapent (INN/USAN) is a fluorocarbon, the fluorinated analogue of pentane. It is a liquid that boils at slightly over room temperature.

It has several biomedical applications including: propellant for pressurized metered dose inhalers; gas core in microbubble ultrasound contrast agents; and occlusion therapy via the conversion of nanometer liquid droplets into micrometer sized gas microbubbles (acoustic droplet vaporization).

References

Perfluoroalkanes
Ultrasound contrast agents
Iocarmic acid. Iocarmic acid (trade name Dimer-X) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an iodinated contrast medium for X-ray imaging in the 1970s and 80s. Uses included imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes. It was applied in form of its salt, meglumine iocarmate.

It is not known to be marketed anywhere in the world in 2021.

References 

Radiocontrast agents
Iodobenzene derivatives
Benzoic acids
Benzamides
Anilides
Europrop International. Europrop International (EPI) GmbH is a consortium set up in 2002 in the form of a company governed by German law, by the four main European aircraft engine manufacturers, MTU Aero Engines, Safran Aircraft Engines, Rolls-Royce and ITP Aero.

EPI GmbH is tasked with designing, developing, marketing, manufacturing and providing support for the TP400-D6 turboprop engine designed to power the Airbus A400M Atlas military transport aircraft built by Airbus Defence and Space.

The TP400 is the most powerful turboprop in the world currently in production.

Pooling the expertise of each engine manufacturer, Europrop International GmbH brings together around 2,500 people across Europe who are invested in the TP400-D6 program. Based in Munich, the Europrop International teams also operate out of Madrid, Seville and Berlin. The final assembly of the TP400-D6 engine is carried out in Munich before being delivered to Airbus in Seville.

History 
Europrop was established in 2002. One year after its inception the TP400 was selected by Airbus Military to design the engine to power the A400M. In 2004, work began on analyzing the engine design, with the initial ground tests taking place a year later. The first engine run with propeller took place in 2006, with the first flight of the TP400 aboard a testbed taking place in 2008.

The first flight of the A400M took place in 2009. Two years later the TP400 engine received EASA certification. The first engines were delivered in 2012. The French Air Force began using the A400M in 2013. The following year, the engine was delivered to a further three countries: Turkey, the United Kingdom and Germany. The year 2015 marked the first delivery to the Royal Malaysian Air Force, the first export customer for the A400M and TP400, and in 2016, the first delivery was made to the Spanish Air Force. 

In 2017, EPI GmbH signed a support contract with the Royal Malaysian Air Force, which was extended in 2019.

References

Multinational aircraft engine manufacturers
Gas turbine manufacturers
Aerospace companies of Europe
DBCS (disambiguation). A DBCS, Double Byte Character Set, is an encoding in which characters are encoded in two bytes.

DBCS may also refer to:
 Delivery Bar Code Sorter, a machine used by the United States Postal Service
 Drakensberg Boys' Choir School, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
 Honda VFR800#Dual combined braking system (DCBS)

See also
 DBC (disambiguation)
WEAP. WEAP (the Water Evaluation and Planning system) is a model-building tool for water resource planning and policy analysis that is distributed at no charge to non-profit, academic, and governmental organizations in developing countries.

WEAP can be used to create simulations of water demand, supply, runoff, evapotranspiration, water allocation, infiltration, crop irrigation requirements, instream flow requirements, ecosystem services, groundwater and surface storage, reservoir operations, pollution generation, treatment, discharge, and instream water quality. The simulations can be created under scenarios of varying policy, hydrology, climate, land use, technology, and socio-economic factors.  WEAP links to the USGS MODFLOW groundwater flow model and the US EPA QUAL2K surface water quality model.

WEAP was created in 1988 and continues to be developed and supported by the U.S. Center of the Stockholm Environment Institute, a non-profit research institute based at Tufts University in Somerville, Massachusetts. It is used for climate change vulnerability studies and adaptation planning and has been applied by researchers and planners in thousands of organizations worldwide.

Establishing the ‘current accounts’ and building scenarios and evaluating the scenarios about criteria are the main WEAP applications in Simulation problems.

References

Sieber, J., WEAP History and Credits, WEAP Website, accessed August 14, 2020.
 Matchett, E., et al., "A Framework for Modeling Anthropogenic Impacts on Waterbird Habitats: Addressing future uncertainty in conservation planning," USGS Report, pp. 1–40, , February 2015.
Sánchez-Torres Esqueda, G., et al., "Vulnerability of water resources to climate change scenarios. Impacts on the irrigation districts in the Guayalejo-Tamesí river basin, Tamaulipas, México," Atmósfera, 24 (2011), pp. 141–155, January 2011.
Purkey, D., et al., "Robust analysis of future climate change impacts on water for agriculture and other sectors: a case study in the Sacramento Valley," Climatic Change, (87) 2008, pp 109–122, , March 2008.
Purkey, D., et al., "Integrating a Climate Change Assessment Tool into Stakeholder-Driven Water Management Decision-Making Processes in California," Water Resources Management, 21 (2007), pp. 315–329, , January 2007.
Vogel, R., et al., "Relations Among Storage, Yield and Instream Flow," Water Resources Research, 43 (2007), W05403, , May 2007.
Yates, D., et al., "WEAP21: A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model, Parts 1: Model Characteristics", Water International, 30(487-500), , December 2005.
Lévite, H., Sally, H., Cour, J., "Water demand management scenarios in a water-stressed basin in South Africa: application of the WEAP model," Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28 (2003) pp. 779–786, , 2003.

External links

Stockholm Environment Institute-U.S. Center
Main SEI website
Tufts University

Integrated hydrologic modelling
Hydrology
Hydrology models
Environmental engineering
Physical geography
Scientific simulation software
Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh. The Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (APTRANSCO) is the electric power transmission company of Andhra Pradesh state in India.

History 
The government of Andhra Pradesh enacted the AP Electricity Reforms Act in 1998. As a result, in early 1999 the existing company, APSEB, was unbundled into Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited (APGENCO) and Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited (APTRANSCO). APTRANSCO was further unbundled into  "Transmission Corporation" and four "Distribution Companies" (DISCOMS).

Current role 
From February 1999 to June 2005 APTRANSCO was the single buyer of electrical power in the state, purchasing power from generators and selling it to DISCOMs in accordance with the terms and conditions of the individual power purchase agreements (PPAs) at bulk supply tariff rates. Subsequently, in accordance with the Third Transfer Scheme notified by GoAP, APTRANSCO has ceased power trading but has retained control of power transmission system operations.

Performance
APTRANSCO and DISCOMs owned and operated transmission lines from 400 kV to 11 kV are 231,127 circuit kilometres excluding the HT lines owned and operated by Power Grid Corporation of India in the state. The spread of high voltage transmission lines (≥ 11 kV) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 1.93 km2 (i.e. on average, at least one HT line within 0.7 km vicinity) in 160,205 km2 total area of the state. DISCOMs owned and operated LT lines (below 11 kV) are 292,158 circuit kilometres. Therefore, there are at least one HT or LT line availability on average within the vicinity of 306 meters in the entire state. However, to 31 July 2015, the maximum peak load met was only 6847 MW, and the annual energy supplied was 48,323 million kWh during the year 2014-15. The huge installed capacity of the transmission network and the substations is being underutilised with a low demand factor.

See also
 Transmission system performance parameters
 Power sector of Andhra Pradesh
 Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited
 Availability-based tariff
 HVDC Sileru–Barsoor

References 

Electric power transmission system operators in India
State agencies of Andhra Pradesh
State electricity agencies of India
Energy companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Government agencies established in 1999
Companies based in Vijayawada
Biorheology. Biorheology is the study of flow properties (rheology) of biological fluids. The term was first proposed by Alfred L. Copley, a German-American medical scientist, at the first International Congress on Rheology in 1948.

Objectives and study domains 
Biorheological research aims to determine and characterize the dynamics of physiological processes at all levels of biological organization, and the inter-relationships between rheological properties of various biological systems. Biorheological studies can include both animal and plant systems, and can be in broad contexts like the rheology of macromolecules and macromolecular arrays, or in narrower contexts like the rheology in cells, tissues or organs.

Practical use 
The biorheological approach applies in particular to molecular studies where changes of physical properties and conformation are investigated without reference to how the process actually takes place. Biorheological analyses include study of pathological processes through clinical research in the related fields of hemodynamics and hemorheology, and may have clinical implications in aiding the treatment of specific diseases.

See also 
 Alfred L. Copley, a German-American medical scientist who first proposed the term "biorheology".
 Hemorheology, the study of flow properties of blood and its elements.
 Biorheology (journal), a scientific journal in the field of biorheology

External links 
 International Society of Biorheology
 Bulgarian Society of Biorheology 
 

Fluid dynamics
LB&SCR C class. The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) C class was a type of 0-6-0 freight steam locomotive designed by William Stroudley.

Background
Four 0-6-0 locomotives were on order from Brighton railway works at the time that William Stroudley took over from John Chester Craven as Locomotive Superintendent in 1870. He cancelled this order and replaced it with another for two locomotives of his own design, Nos. 83 and 84 which appeared in December 1871. Eighteen further locomotives were constructed between March 1873 and November 1874, Nos. 77-82 by Brighton works and the remainder by Messrs. Kitson and Company

Use
The class were powerful locomotives for their time and the design was "an archetype for heavy goods engines in Scotland as well as Southern England," but in other respects were Stroudley's least successful design, suffering from poor steaming. Within a decade of their introduction the class was being replaced by his C1 class 0-6-0 design of 1882–87 on the heaviest trains. Nevertheless, they proved to be reliable locomotives and survived for nearly thirty years on secondary freight duties. Members of the class were withdrawn between 1901 and 1904.

Locomotive summary

References

Sources
 
 

C
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1871
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
Sbrk. and  are basic memory management system calls used in Unix and Unix-like operating systems to control the amount of memory allocated to the heap segment of the process. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as . In the original Unix system,  and  were the only ways in which applications could acquire additional heap space; later versions allowed this to also be done using the  call.

Description
The brk and sbrk calls dynamically change the amount of space allocated for the heap segment of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the program break of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The available space is initialized to a value of zero, unless the break is lowered and then increased, as it may reuse the same pages in some unspecified way. The break value can be automatically rounded up to a size appropriate for the memory management architecture.

 and  were considered legacy even by 1997 standards (Single UNIX Specification v2 or POSIX.1-1998). They were removed in POSIX.1-2001.

Function signatures and behavior
#include <unistd.h>

int brk(void* end_data_segment);
void *sbrk(intptr_t increment);
 is used to adjust the  program break value by adding a possibly negative size, while  is used to set the break value to the value of a pointer. Set  parameter to zero to fetch the current value of the program break.

Upon successful completion, the  subroutine returns a value of 0, and the  subroutine returns the prior value of the program break (if the available space is increased then this prior value also points to the start of the new area). If either subroutine is unsuccessful, a value of  is returned and the  global variable is set to indicate the error.

Not every Unix-like system entertains the concept of having the user control the data segment.  The Mac OS X implementation of  is an emulation and has a maximum allocation of 4 megabytes.  On first call an area exactly this large is allocated to hold the simulated segment.  When this limit is reached, −1 is returned and the  is set to .  always errors.

Error codes
The error  is set and the allocated space remains unchanged if one or more of the following are true:
 The requested change allocates more space than is allowed by a system-imposed maximum.
 The requested change sets the break value to a value greater than or equal to the start address of any attached shared memory segment.

See also 

 Exec (computing)

References

Memory management
Operating system APIs
A125. A125, A.125 or A-125 may refer to:
 A125 road (Great Britain), a road connecting Romford and Rainham
 Aero A.125, a version of the 1920s Czechoslovakian Aero A.25 military trainer aircraft powered by the less powerful 134 kW (180 hp) Breitfeld & Danek Perun I engine
 Austin A125 Sheerline, a 1947 British luxury car 
 HMAS Toowoomba (J157/B251/A125), a 1941 Royal Australian Navy Bathurst class corvette
LB&SCR H1 class. The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) H1 class was a class of 4-4-2 steam locomotives for express passenger work.  They were designed by D. E. Marsh and were built by Messrs Kitson and Company in 1905 and 1906.

History
Prior to taking up office as the Locomotive Superintendent of the LB&SCR in 1905, Marsh had worked for the Great Northern Railway at Doncaster Works. There he had been involved in the design of the Klondyke class designed by Henry Ivatt in 1897. There was an urgent need for new large express passenger locomotives for the LB&SCR, and so he obtained a set of drawings of the large-boilered GNR Atlantics of the C1 class from Doncaster, and made only detailed amendments before ordering five of them from the manufacturer. He did however increase the boiler pressure from  and altered the cylinder dimensions.

Performance
The class soon proved to be successful working the London to Brighton express trains including the heavily loaded Pullman services the "Brighton Limited", and The Southern Belle, which the LB&SCR described as "the most luxurious train in the World".

Superheating
In May 1920, L. B. Billinton wished to install the Schmidt superheater to improve the efficiency of the class, but was refused permission to do so by the Brighton Locomotive Committee. This modification was however carried out by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway during 1925–1926 after the Grouping of 1923.

Re-allocation

During 1925 and 1926 the H1 class were gradually replaced on the London-Brighton express trains by the "King Arthur" and "River" classes, but there was still plenty of work for them on other express services, including the boat trains connecting with the Newhaven-Dieppe ferry service.

Withdrawal
Following the cessation of the cross-channel ferries after 1940, as a result of the Second World War the class were left with little work to do and several were put into store or else moved to miscellaneous duties in southern England, and the first members of the class were withdrawn in 1944.

In July 1947, No. 2039 was experimentally rebuilt with sleeve valves by Oliver Bulleid as a mobile test bed in preparation for his Leader class locomotives. It was never returned to its original state and in common with the remainder of the class had been withdrawn by 1951. All members of the class were scrapped.

Locomotive summary

No. 39 was named La France in connection with the visit to Portsmouth of Raymond Poincaré, the President of France; the locomotive was often used for royal trains and other important special trains, and had been selected to haul the train conveying Poincaré. The whole class was named (and no. 39 renamed) during 1925–26 because the Southern Railway's publicity department had decided that express passenger locomotives should be named in order to improve the railway's image. For this class, the names selected were of coastal landmarks in southern England.

References

External links 

 Rail UK database, H1

4-4-2 locomotives
H1
Railway locomotives introduced in 1905
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Nudi (software). Nudi is a computer program to type in Kannada script.

The Karnataka government had funded the development of Nudi vide G.O ITD 234 A da vi 2001 Bangalore, dated 27.12.2001. It was published by Kannada Ganaka Parishat, a non-profit organization. Up to version 5.0, it was developed based on the Monolingual font-encoding standard prescribed by the Government of Karnataka. From Nudi 6.0, it has been based on Unicode. Nudi 6.1 was developed using AutoHotKey scripting.

Nudi supports most Windows-based desktop applications.

References

Typography software
Science and technology in Karnataka