omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
James Martin (engineer). Sir James Martin (11 September 1893 – 5 January 1981) was a British engineer who together with Captain Valentine Baker founded the Martin-Baker aircraft company which is now a leading producer of aircraft ejection seats.

Life
James Martin was born 11 September 1893 in the townland of Killinchy-in-the-Woods, known locally as Killinchy Woods (birthplace on what is now called Glasswater Road), Crossgar, County Down in Northern Ireland. He established his own engineering firm in 1929.

In 1934, he and Valentine Baker formed Martin-Baker; Captain Baker took the test pilot role. It was in a crash of their third design, the MB 3, that Baker was killed.

In 1964 Martin was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club.

In 2004, Martin was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Northern Bank
 
Martin's contribution to engineering was commemorated by the Northern Bank in its Inventor series of banknotes, which featured his portrait on the bank's £100 note. The note was discontinued in 2013 when the bank reissued its banknotes under the new Danske Bank brand.

Notes and references

External links 
 Sir James Martin at martin-baker.com

1893 births
1981 deaths
20th-century British inventors
British aerospace engineers
Irish inventors
Irish military engineers
English people of Irish descent
British people of Irish descent
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Engineers from County Down
Knights Bachelor
Post Office Engineering Union. The Post Office Engineering Union (POEU) was a trade union in the United Kingdom.  It represented engineering staff in the Post Office, mostly working in telecommunications.

History

The union was founded in 1915 when the Post Office Engineering and Stores Association and the Amalgamated Society of Telephone Employees merged, to form the Post Office Amalgamated Engineering and Stores Association.  In 1922, following the establishment of the Irish Free State, the union's Irish section split away to form the Irish Post Office Engineering Union.  In 1925, the Post Office Telegraph Mechanicians' Society joined the union.  However, by 1939, membership was only 39,000.

By 1983, the POEU was the twentieth largest union in the UK, with membership around 130,000.  In 1985, it merged with the Postal and Telecommunications Group of the Civil and Public Services Association, forming the National Communications Union.

Election results
The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in each Parliamentary election from 1966 onwards.

Leadership

General Secretaries
1915: Charles Howard Smith
1938: John Edwards
1947: Douglas Coward
1953: Charles Delacourt-Smith
1972: Bryan Stanley

Presidents
1915: E. W. Bennett
1921: H. A. Barclay
1924: E. W. Goodwin
1926: H. G. Hill
1933: C. T. Saunders
1934: E. W. Goodwin
1935: C. J. Connelly
1936: A. V. Games
1939: Ernie Power
1951: W. J. A. Hughes
1952: L. G. Fox
1955: W. J. Jones
1956: Stan Rosser
1970: John Scott-Garner

References

External links
Catalogue of the POEU archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the POESA archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

 
Trade unions established in 1915
Trade unions disestablished in 1985
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Postal trade unions
1915 establishments in the United Kingdom
John William Gerard de Brahm. John William Gerard de Brahm (1718  c. 1799) was a German cartographer, engineer and mystic.

Life
He was born in Koblenz, Germany, the eight child of a court musician employed by the Elector of Trier. He became "Captain Engineer" in the Imperial Army, but after his marriage (to Wilhelmina) emigrated to the British colony of Georgia. In the 1750s they baptized children at the "Independent Congregational Churches" in Stoney Creek and later Charleston, in present-day South Carolina.

In 1754 he was appointed by the British as surveyor general for Georgia Colony. In August 1756 he traveled to the Cherokee Overhill country on the banks of the Little Tennessee River as the engineer constructing Fort Loudoun. He is said to have been the most prolific mapmaker in the Southern Colonies in the late eighteenth century. He drew up the plans for the New Bermuda settlement in Florida.

Formerly an ally of European colonisation, his contact with American Indians led him to despise European imperialism as a sin which would ultimately bring destruction to the world. He believed that the American Indians had been corrupted by the immorality of traders and their attempts to civilise them. He was imprisoned in France by the American Revolutionary government, accused of being loyal to the British cause. His wide-ranging travels show that in 1778 he resided in Britain; making a brief visit to his German homeland. By 1784, Quaker records show him living in Philadelphia. There his writings on Cosmography were inspired by the ideas of an earlier German mystic, Jacob Boehme. He perceived the eighteenth century carving up of lands for personal glory as a tyranny of reason.  He died in Philadelphia.

Works
 Letter to the editor of The Gentleman's Magazine, (1771) -- Historian of cartography Louis de Vorsey wrote that this "probably represents the earliest published description of the Gulf Stream as a potentially valuable navigation routeway."  
 Atlantic Pilot, (1772) 
 Time an Apparition of Eternity and Voice of the Everlasting Gospel, (1791-2)
 Apocalyptic Gnomon Points out Eternity's Divisibility Rated with Time Pointed at by Gnomons Sidereal, (1795).

Legacy
De Brahm, derided by contemporaries, never managed to gain many followers to his religious thought.  His criticism of politics and the aggression of nation-states as well as his anti-imperialist position was not well received in the intellectual climate of the early American Republic. According to Plowden Weston, "I know nothing of De Brahm's life; but he lived within memory of persons now alive, much addicted to alchemy, and wearing a long beard."

References

German cartographers
American cartographers
German Quakers
Converts to Quakerism
German emigrants to the United States
Scientists from Koblenz
1718 births
1799 deaths
18th-century Quakers
People from colonial Georgia (British America)
18th-century German male writers
18th-century German writers
Douglas O2D. The Douglas XO2D-1 was a prototype American observation floatplane of the 1930s.  It was a single engined biplane intended to be launched by aircraft catapult from ships of the United States Navy, but only one was built, the production contract going to Curtiss for the SOC Seagull.

Development and design
In 1933, the United States Navy had a requirement to replace its Vought O3U Corsair as the standard aircraft catapult launched observation aircraft aboard US Navy ships, and in June of that year it placed an order for a single example of a design from Douglas Aircraft Company, the XO2D-1, together with aircraft from Curtiss (the XO3C-1) and Vought (the XO5U-1). Douglas's design was a single engined biplane with single-bay wings of sesquiplane configuration that folded for shipboard storage. It was of all-metal construction, and housed the crew of two in tandem under an enclosed canopy.  It was powered by a Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial engine, and to allow easy operation from land, was fitted with a tailwheel undercarriage whose twin mainwheels retracted into the single main float.

It was first flown in March 1934, being tested at Anacostia and Naval Air Station Norfolk. It was rejected in favour of the Curtiss design, which was ordered into production as the SOC Seagull in March 1935.  After further testing it was withdrawn from use on 13 September 1935.

Specifications (XO2D-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. .

1930s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
O2D
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
CrystalGraphics. CrystalGraphics is the developer of the PowerPoint sharing website PowerShow.com, as well as templates and plug-ins for PowerPoint and Office products. Some of CrystalGraphics' products include PowerPoint templates, 2D and 3D special-effects, video backgrounds, charting, animations and other add-ons. The company was founded by Dennis Ricks in 1986 and is based in Santa Clara, California. The company was the first company to introduce 3D transitions for PowerPoint.

TOPAS 
AT&T/Crystal TOPAS was a pioneering 3D computer graphics software package for x86-based personal computers. It was a fully integrated 3D modeling, rendering, and animation package. It included texture mapping tools and tools to easily integrate 3D artwork with photographic backgrounds and digital images.

References

External links 

Presentation
1986 establishments in California
American companies established in 1986
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Charles Liddell. Charles Liddell (c. 1813 – 10 August 1894), was an English railway engineer.

Born in County Durham, he was the son of Henry George Liddell, who was later Rector of Easington.  His older brother was Henry Liddell. A student and educated by George Stephenson, he became involved in a number of Stephenson's projects, including the Grand Junction Railway and London and Birmingham Railway.

He subsequently went into partnership with L.D.B. Gordon, becoming Chief Engineer of the Newport, Abergavenny & Hereford Railway, where he drew the specifications for both the wrought iron Crumlin Viaduct and the stone Hengoed Viaduct. After surveying the route for the Bedford and Cambridge Railway, he was Chief Engineer for the London extensions for both the Midland Railway, and Great Central Main Line.

In 1838, whilst studying at the Freiburg School of Mines, Germany, L.D.B. Gordon visited the mines at Clausthal, and met Wilhelm Albert. Impressed by what he saw, he wrote to his friend Robert Stirling Newall, urging him to "Invent a machine for making wire ropes." On receipt of Gordon's letter, Newall designed a wire rope machine. On Gordon's return to the UK in 1839, he formed a partnership with Newall and Liddell, registering R.S. Newall and Company in Dundee. On 17 August 1840, Newall took out a patent for "certain improvements in wire rope and the machinery for making such rope," and R.S. Newall and Company commenced making wire ropes for "Mining, Railway, Ships' Rigging, and other purposes".

Liddell died in London on 10 August 1894.

References

1810s births
1894 deaths
19th-century English businesspeople
19th-century English engineers
People from County Durham
English civil engineers
British railway pioneers
Charles
British railway civil engineers
Biological indicator evaluation resistometer. A Biological Indicator Evaluation Resistometer (BIER) vessel is a piece of equipment used to determine the time taken to reduce survival of a given organism by 90% (also known as a log 1 reduction). The name derives from how the equipment is used.

A BIER vessel evaluates the resistance of biological indicators to moist heat (steam) sterilization. For example, if a 90% reduction is determined to be 5 minutes for the microorganism being evaluated, then a D-value of 5 is assigned. D values are specific to starting bioload, substrate (the material the spores are on), and microbe species.

BIER vessels typically cost in excess of $100,000, and thus tend to be located where biological indicators are manufactured.

References

Microbiology
Antiseptics
Pyrethrin I. Pyrethrin I is one of the two pyrethrins, natural organic compounds with potent insecticidal activity. It is an ester of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid with (S)-(Z)-pyrethrolone.

Total synthesis
The synthesis of pyrethrin I involves the esterification of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid with (S)-(Z)-pyrethrolone. One synthetic method for each of these is shown in the images below. Sobti and Dev of the Malti-Chem Research Centre in Nadesari, vadodara, India published this method for chrysanthemic acid in 1974. The starting material for the synthesis uses commercially available (+)-3α, 4α-epoxycarane (1). A lactone is eventually formed and the ring is opened by the use of a Grignard reagent to give (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid.  The preparation of (S)-pyrethrolone is essentially a 2 step synthesis. The starting material (S)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propynyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one (7) is also commercially available as the alcohol moiety of ETOC. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), copper(I) iodide, triethylamine, and vinyl bromide are added to (7) to add two more carbons and form (8). The final step is the addition of an activated zinc compound to reduce the triple carbon bond to form the cis product, (S)-pyrethrolone (9).  Although no journal articles specify the combining of the alcohol and acid moieties of pyrethrin I, they could be combined through an esterification process to form the wanted product.

Synthesis of the acid moiety

Synthesis of the alcohol moiety

References

Allethrins
Total synthesis
Multi Purpose Tower. The Multi-Purpose Tower is a skyscraper located along Jalan Munshi Abdullah in the midtown of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The tower is headquarters to Multi-Purpose Holdings Berhad, MPI Generali Insurans Berhad, Alliance Bank, and Bandar Raya Developments Berhad.

History 
Menara Multi-Purpose was developed by Bandar Raya Developments Berhad (BRDB) and was completed in 1994. Menara Multi Purpose was designed by John Portman & Associates and Jurubena Bertiga International. It was initially envisaged to be part of a greater Capital Square commercial development. However, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis stalled other components of the project, leaving the Menara Multi Purpose building the only completed structure then, surrounded by several partially completed and abandoned structures (including a second office tower). However, now Capital Square, or CapSquare as it has known, is a fully integrated neighbourhood with a second office tower, retail centre, a luxury residential tower and a second luxury residential tower recently launched.

Menara Multi-Purpose was headquarters to its developers, BRDB, who have now moved to a new headquarters, Menara BRDB, in their homeground of Bangsar.

In December 2016 the building was purchased by the Kumpulan Wang Persaraan (Diperbadankan) (KWAP), the second largest pension fund in Malaysia. With the sale price of RM474.3 million (US$107.25 million), this was the largest office building sale in the country in 2016.

Access

Bus 
The tower is located along Jalan Munshi Abdullah, which is home to a major bus hub. Examples of bus lines starting here are 300 (to Ampang Jaya), 200 (to Gombak) and 100 (to Kuala Selangor).

Rail 
Menara Multi Purpose is within walking distance to Bandaraya, Masjid Jamek and Dang Wangi metro stations, as well as Bank Negara Komuter station.

See also 
List of tallest buildings in Kuala Lumpur

References

External links 
 Multi Purpose Holdings website

Office buildings completed in 1994
1994 establishments in Malaysia
2016 mergers and acquisitions
John C. Portman Jr. buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in Kuala Lumpur
SZD-7 Osa. The SZD-7 Osa  was a single-seat developmental glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland at Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny (Glider Experimental Works) in Bielsko-Biała in 1950. Only one example was built.

Development
The SZD-7 or IS-7 Osa (Wasp) was based on the IS-2 Mucha, with a laminar flow aerofoil section developed by Tadeusz Kostia. Little information on laminar flow aerofoils was available but Kostia was able to design the aerofoil for the SZD-7 Osa to achieve laminar flow to at least 18% chord. As well as the laminar flow wings, the Osa introduced the SZD plate-style airbrakes, which were installed aft of the mainspar. The first flight of the Osa took place at Bielsko airfield piloted by Adam Zientek on 16 August 1950. The prototype was registered as SP-1047.

Specifications (SZD-7 Osa)

See also

References

Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links

 SZD-7 (IS-7) Osa on piotrp.de

SZD-07
SZD aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
SZD-10 Czapla. The SZD-10 Czapla  (Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny - Glider Experimental Works) was a two-seat training glider aircraft that was designed and built in Poland from 1953.

Development 
The Czapla (Heron) was a tandem two-seat training glider, with a strut- supported, forward-swept, high-set wing and a welded steel tube fuselage with fabric covering. Design of the Czapla commenced in 1952 to the order of the Soldier's Friends' League paramilitary organization, to enable aeroclubs to train glider pilots in a two-seat trainee/instructor system. Main designers were Roman Zatwarnicki, Irena Kaniewska and Marian Gracz. The Czapla was designed to be launched by bungee, winch or aero-tow, and the prototype first flew on 23 November 1953, demonstrating the need for several improvements, which were introduced in the second prototype (flown on 26 March 1954) and the production model SZD-10bis Czapla. Production was carried out from 1955 at ZSLS (ZSLS - sport aviation equipment workshops) in Krosno, Wrocław, Bielsko and Poznań and the Military Repair workshop at Łódź, with Czapla being used for everyday club flying up to the early 1980s, and exported to Finland and Turkey.

Variants
SZD-10-2 Czapla – two prototypes
SZD-10bis Czapla – 19 production aircraft
SZD-10bis A Czapla – 136 production aircraft, first flew in June 1958

Specifications (SZD-10bis Czapla)

See also

References

Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mOxE3ZbVbE
http://www.airplane-pictures.net/type.php?p=2121
http://muzeumlotnictwa.pl/zbiory_sz.php?ido=90&w=a
http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/pszd10.htm
http://www.aeroklub.wroc.pl/node/114
http://www.aeroklub.wroc.pl/node/115
http://www.aeroklub.wroc.pl/node/38
http://www.aeroklub.wroc.pl/node/126
http://www.aeroklub.wroc.pl/node/124

1950s Polish sailplanes
SZD10
SZD aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Vanadiocarpholite. Vanadiocarpholite (Mn+2V+3AlSi2O6(OH)4) is straw yellow to brown silicate mineral. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is the vanadium rich variety of carpholite (Mn+2Al2Si2O6(OH)4).

Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 2005 for an occurrence in the Molinello Mine, Graveglia Valley, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. It occurs in chert in a manganese ore deposit as vein fillings in silicified wood.

Chemical composition
It consists of:

References 

Inosilicates
Aluminium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Vanadium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 68
Unified power flow controller. A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is an electrical device for providing fast-acting reactive power compensation on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. It uses a pair of three-phase controllable bridges to produce current that is injected into a transmission line using a series transformer. The controller can control active and reactive power flows in a transmission line.

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), as a representative of the third generation of FACTS devices, is by far the most comprehensive FACTS device, in power system steady-state it can implement power flow regulation, reasonably controlling line active power and reactive power, improving the transmission capacity of power system, and in power system transient state it can realize fast-acting reactive power compensation, dynamically supporting the voltage at the access point and improving system voltage stability, moreover, it can improve the damping of the system and power angle stability.

The UPFC uses solid state devices, which provide functional flexibility, generally not attainable by conventional thyristor controlled systems. The UPFC is a combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) coupled via a common DC voltage link.

The main advantage of the UPFC is to control the active and reactive power flows in the transmission line. If there are any disturbances or faults in the source side, the UPFC  will not work. The UPFC operates only under balanced sine wave source. The controllable parameters of the UPFC are reactance in the line, phase angle and voltage. The UPFC concept was described in 1995  by L. Gyugyi of Westinghouse. The UPFC allows a secondary but important function such as stability control to suppress power system oscillations improving the transient stability of power system.

Power flow controller for direct current 
A counterpart for unified power flow controller that can be used in direct current systems was proposed for use in high-voltage direct current grids and for low-voltage direct current microgrids.  It uses a high-frequency isolated DC-to-DC converter cascaded with a controllable full-bridge inverter that creates a small bipolar voltage in series with the line. The controller can control the power and compensate for accumulated voltage drop in a distribution line.

The main advantage of the solution is the ability to control the bulk power flow in the line while actively processing only a small fraction of the bulk power. The partial power processing leads to increased system efficiency and use of derated components. The use of derated components results in small and cost-efficient designs.

See also
 Synchronous condenser
 Static VAR compensator
 Static synchronous compensator

References

External links
 NR Electric PCS-8200 UFPC Solution

Electricity
KuMoHa 12. The  was a class of electric multiple unit (EMU) railroad cars formerly used by the Japanese National Railways (JNR). These are EMU power cars of  length with a driver's cab at each end, three passenger doors on each side, and lengthwise bench-type passenger seating. The cars themselves were built in the later 1920s and 1930s for JNR's predecessor, the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), but the class, originally named , was established on 1 June 1953 by a JNR revision of its rolling stock classification regulations. In June 1959, a new JNR classification revision assigned the code  to all cab-equipped power cars, giving the KuMoHa 12 class its present name.

When the MoHa 12 class was formed in 1953, it consisted of 13 cars of the old JGR dual-cab  class. Over time, additional cars were added by remodeling related old JGR classes, for an eventual total of 33 cars.

List of cars
The various KuMoHa 12 cars have the following origins:
 12000–12003 - Built in 1933 as dual-cab MoHa 34 cars.
 12010–12018 - Built in 1929-1930 as single-cab  cars, then remodeled in 1950–1951 with dual cabs as MoHa 34 cars.
 12019–12027 - Built in 1929-1931 as single-cab MoHa 31 cars and reclassified in 1953 as  series 200. Remodeled in 1958 as dual-cab MoHa 12 cars.
 12030–12032 - Built in 1939-1941 as single-cab  cars and reclassified in 1953 as MoHa 11 series 400. Remodeled in 1958 as dual-cab MoHa 12 cars.
 12040 - Built in 1926 as a single-cab  car and reclassified in 1953 as a MoHa 11 series 100. Remodeled in 1960 as a dual-cab KuMoHa 12 car.
 12041 -  Built in 1927 as a single-cab MoHa 30, remodeled in 1953 as a cabless , and remodeled again in 1964 as  tractor car 22112. Converted in 1987 to a KuMoHa 12 for special-event passenger service by JR Central on the Iida Line. This car has been exhibited at the SCMaglev and Railway Park since March 2011.
 12050–12055 - Built in 1929-1931 as single-cab MoHa 31 cars and reclassified in 1953 as MoHa 11 series 200. Remodeled in 1959 as dual-cab KuMoHa 12 cars. Later operated by JR East on the Tsurumi Line ( Branch Line). The last car was withdrawn in 1996.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Central Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1933
1933 in rail transport
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan