omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
External support. In cardiac surgery and vascular surgery, external support (or external stent) is a type of scaffold made of metal or plastic material that is inserted over the outside of the vein graft in order to decrease the intermediate and late vein graft failure after bypass surgery (e.g. CABG).

An external support (external stent) should be differentiated from a stent. An external support is placed on the outside of the vessel whereas a stent is inserted into the lumen of a vessel.


Background
Veins are adapted to an environment of low pressure and low flow. In order to bypass the coronary obstruction and restore blood flow, veins are transferred and integrated into the arterial circulation, where they exposed to high pressure and flow. These new hemodynamic conditions cause intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis that cause intermediate and late vein graft failure. The idea of placing an external support on the vein graft was first suggested in 1963. The rational being that it will diminish the circumferential strain of the graft wall, therefore inhibiting intimal hyperplasia and later superimposed atherosclerosis, aiding with the adaptation of the vein toward the arterial environment.

Method
The external scaffold provides a mechanical support for the vein graft, absorbs the high arterial pressure, constrict the vein graft dilatation, reduces lumen irregularities and mitigates intimal hyperplasia formation. As shown both in human tissue cultures and experimental models. However, until recently there were a limited number of clinical studies that showed less positive results. It was hypothesized that graft patency rates were lower with external support, because of aggressive over constriction of the vein graft, unsuitable material of the devices and the use of fibrin glue that has shown to cause tissue damage, fibrosis and intimal hyperplasia. Lately, more promising results with second generation devices showed that external support can mitigate intimal hyperplasia development, improve vein graft lumen uniformity and improve the flow pattern inside the graft.
These benefits shown to remain for up to five years follow up.
In addition to improving the vein graft failure rates in bypass surgeries, other research studies showed that external support might allow the use of conduits that previously have been considered to be unsuitable for surgery.

To date the technique is practiced in several cardiac centers in Europe, Israel and South Africa. Further clinical studies are ongoing in Europe and the US on a larger number of patients.

References 

Biomedical engineering
Cardiac surgery
Implants (medicine)
Vascular surgery
HMS Osmanieh (1906). HMS Osmanieh was a passenger and cargo ship that entered service in 1906. In 1916, the ship was requisitioned as a troopship and supply ship for the British Royal Navy in the First World War. On 31 December 1917, Osmanieh struck a mine laid by the Imperial German Naval U-boat  and sank at Alexandria, Egypt with the loss of 209 lives.

The ship
The 4,041-ton steamship Osmanieh was built at the shipyard Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson in Wallsend. She was launched on 9 May 1906 and completed in August of that year. The -long and -wide ship had a maximum draught of  and was equipped with quadruple expansion steam engines, which acted on two propellers and had a maximum speed of  enabled. The engines were rated at 650 nominal horsepower.

Osmanieh was ordered for the British-Egyptian shipping company, Khedivial Mail Steamship & Graving Dock Co., Ltd., which had offices in London and Alexandria and the ship was designed as a combined passenger and cargo ship. The company was founded in 1898 to keep ships and ports in service for the Egyptian government. However, the ships sailed under the British flag and ran between Alexandria, Constantinople, Syria and other Mediterranean ports.

In September 1915 she was used to transport the 22nd Battalion from the Greek island of Lemnos to Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli Peninsula.

On 12 May 1916, Osmanieh was hired by the British Royal Navy as a Hired Transport (HT) for World War I military service and henceforth carried supplies and personnel. The ship was registered as Fleet Messenger No. 61 and received the Admiralty No. Y4.61. On 23 June 1917 the ship evaded two torpedoes when it was attacked by a German submarine.

Sinking

On 17 December 1917, Osmanieh carrying soldiers and medical personnel left Southampton and set a course for Alexandria with a stopover in the southern Italian port city of Taranto. Taranto was reached on 28 December and Alexandria on 31 December. Even before the harbour entrance, the steamer was struck amidships on the starboard side at the position  by a naval mine from a minefield left a few days earlier by the German submarine .

The ship sank in five to seven minutes, killing 209 people including eight nurses.

One of the survivors of the sinking of Osmanieh was Jack Cohen, then a member of the Royal Flying Corps. After the War he founded the British multinational retail chain Tesco.

Notes

References
 
 
 
  - Total pages: 258 
 
  - Total pages: 152 

1906 ships
Ships built on the River Tyne
Maritime incidents in 1917
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
World War I shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Thomas Bachem. Thomas Bachem (born November 14, 1985) is a German entrepreneur, software developer and investor. He is founder and chancellor of the CODE University of Applied Sciences in Berlin.

Career 

Bachem grew up in Cologne and taught himself computer programming at the age of 12 years. As a teenager, he ran an online portal for software development and developed websites for corporate customers.

Parallel to his studies at Cologne Business School, he developed the video-sharing website sevenload in 2005, which acquired more than €25 million in venture capital while he was still a student and was sold to Hubert Burda Media in 2010. Immediately thereafter he founded United Prototype, which developed the social game Fliplife and was acquired in 2012 by German-Turkish gaming company Kaisergames. In his spare time, Bachem developed Lebenslauf.com (engl. Resume.com), an online CV editor which he sold to publicly traded XING AG in 2014.

In 2016, Bachem founded the CODE University of Applied Sciences in Berlin in an effort to improve the education of software developers since existing computer science courses appeared outdated and too theoretical to him. The accredited private university was granted state recognition by the state of Berlin in July 2017 and commenced its English-language studies in October 2017. Bachem is the youngest university chancellor in Germany.

In addition to its own entrepreneurial activities Bachem supports young startup companies as an angel investor.

Voluntary Commitment 

In 2012, Bachem, together with other internet entrepreneurs, founded the German Startups Association as a political voice for startups in Germany. He serves as its Vice Chairman ever since.

Bachem also initiated the non-profit Code+Design Initiative and is a senator of the German Academy of Science and Engineering. He is a long-time member of the Entrepreneurs' Organization and for many years served as a regional board chair.

Awards 

Germany's leading business newspaper Handelsblatt named Bachem "Founder of the Year 2017". German magazine Capital honored him in the same year as "Young Elite - Top 40 under 40" in the Society and Science category. In December 2017, the magazine Business Punk named him one of "100 Rising Stars" in its "Watchlist 2018". In August 2019, he received the "Innovators Under 35" award of the German issue of MIT Technology Review and was named "Social Innovator of the Year".

Previously, Bachem was already named as a "famous German founder" in 2010 by business magazine WirtschaftsWoche and in 2014 as one of 25 "notorious founders - Germany's pioneers."

In 2019, the university he founded was awarded the "German Excellence Prize" as well as honored as an "Excellent Place" in the annual "Land of Ideas" competition.

References

External links 
 Thomas Bachem's Personal Website

1985 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Cologne
German computer programmers
German company founders
21st-century German businesspeople
Lucio Bianco. Lucio Bianco (born 16 December 1941) was an Italian engineer and President of the National Research Council from 1997 to 2003. He is the brother of Gerardo Bianco, the former Italian Minister of Education.

Biography 
Lucio Bianco was born on 16 December 1941 in Guardia Lombardi, Campania in Italy.

He graduated from the Sapienza University of Rome on 20 December 1966 with a degree in electrical engineering. He qualified as an engineer in 1967 and obtained a second degree in aerospace engineering from the same university. He then held a research position at the engineering laboratory of flight applied systems at the National Research Council.

From 1997 to 2003, he served a President of the National Research Council of Italy. He resigned from this position after a dispute with the Minister of Education, Letizia Moratti, and the commissioner of the board of the Council, a measure subsequently annulled by the regional administrative tribunal.

From 1990 to 1993, Bianco was an extraordinary professor of operations research at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. He was also the Director of the Department of Business Engineering at the same university from November 2004 to December 2010.

Since January 2005, he has been the national coordinator of the Inter-university Center for Operations Research, and since 2006, he has been the Director of the Masters in Network Systems Engineering at the University of Rome Tor Vergata.

Since 2007, he has been President of the Scientific Council of the NITEL Inter-university Consortium for Transport and Logistics.

References 

Living people
20th-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
Italian electrical engineers
Italian aerospace engineers
People from Guardia Lombardi
1941 births
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Academic staff of the University of Rome Tor Vergata
Precision 23. The Precision 23 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Jim Taylor.

Production
The boat was first built by Precision Boat Works in the United States in 1986 and remained in production until 2018. Over 500 examples were completed.

Design

The Precision 23 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with teak wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a transom-hung rudder and a fixed stub keel with a retractable centerboard that is raised and lowered by a Dacron line, plus a "kick-up" rudder. It displaces  and carries  of lead ballast. The cockpit is  long.

The boat is constructed using a hand-laid fiberglassing method and sleeps four adults. The galley includes a stainless steel sink, an alcohol-fired stove and a self-contained fresh water system, with a manual pump. A  Igloo Coolers ice chest with a teak wood step is also standard equipment.

The boat has a draft of  with the fiberglass centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for five people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, two straight settees in the main cabin and an aft quarter berth on the port side. The galley is located on the starboard side just behind the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove and a sink. The head is located under the bow cabin "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is .

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 228 and a hull speed of .

Operational history

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "In 1994, former Precision sales manager, the late Larry Norris, gave me his own description of the traditional, shoal-draft Precision 23 when I was writing a review of the boat for Practical Sailor. He said that 'the 23 has never been anything it wasn't originally intended to be: a trailerable sailboat of better than average cruising performance, but never a racing machine. It is too full forward and cut away aft to achieve really staggering downwind performance. But on the other hand, the boat will stay balanced in a blow with just a couple of fingers on the tiller.' Our tests at the time bore out his assertions. Best features: Attractive traditional design, solid construction, adequately stable and weatherly, open and airy cabin with better-than-average space ... good and caring customer service, and a well-satisfied and loyal owner group. Worst features: Nothing significant to report."

See also

List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Beneteau First 235
Bluenose one-design sloop
Hunter 23
O'Day 23
Paceship 23
Paceship PY 23
Rob Roy 23
Schock 23
Sonic 23
Starwind 223
Stone Horse
Watkins 23

References

External links

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Jim Taylor Yacht Designs
Sailboat types built by Precision Boat Works
Roseanne Diab. Roseanne Diab is a researcher, the Director of Gender in science, innovation, technology and engineering (SITE), a UNESCO's programme unit hosted by The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and former CEO of the Academy of Science of South Africa. She is Fellow of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and Emeritus Professor in the School of Environmental Sciences at the same university.

Career 
Diab has published over 86 peer-reviewed scholarly articles. She is recognised for her contribution in the field of atmospheric sciences, particularly climate change, air quality, dispersion modeling and tropospheric ozone variability. She is also a Fellow of the Society of South African Geographers and has been a member of various international bodies such as the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) and the International Ozone Commission (IOC).

External links

References

Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences
Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa
21st-century South African women scientists
Academic staff of the University of KwaZulu-Natal
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Wheeler incremental inductance rule. The incremental inductance rule, attributed to Harold Alden Wheeler by Gupta and others is a formula used to compute skin effect resistance and internal inductance in parallel transmission lines when the frequency is high enough that the skin effect is fully developed.  Wheeler's concept is that the internal inductance of a conductor is the difference between the computed external inductance and the external inductance computed with all the conductive surfaces receded by one half of the skin depth.  

 Linternal = Lexternal(conductors receded) − Lexternal(conductors not receded).

Skin effect resistance is assumed to be equal to the reactance of the internal inductance.

 Rskin = ωLinternal.

Gupta gives a general equation with partial derivatives replacing the difference of inductance.

where 
 is taken to mean the differential change in inductance as surface m is receded in the nm direction.
 is the surface resistivity of surface m.
 magnetic permeability of conductive material at surface m.
 skin depth of conductive material at surface m.
 unit normal vector at surface m.

Wadell and Gupta state that the thickness and corner radius of the conductors should be large with respect to the skin depth.  Garg further states that the thickness of the conductors must be at least four times the skin depth.  Garg states that the calculation is unchanged if the dielectric is taken to be air and that  where  is the characteristic impedance and  the velocity of propagation, i.e. the speed of light.  Paul, 2007,
 disputes the accuracy of  at very high frequency for rectangular conductors such as stripline and microstrip due to a non-uniform distribution of current on the conductor.  At very high frequency, the current crowds into the corners of the conductor.

Example

In the top figure, if 
 is the inductance and  is the characteristic impedance using the dimensions , and , 
and 
 is the inductance and  is the characteristic impedance using the dimensions , and  
then the internal inductance is
 where  is the velocity of propagation in the dielectric.
and the skin effect resistance is

Notes

References

Signal cables
Telecommunications engineering
Transmission lines
Distributed element circuits
Ivan Marusic. Ivan Marusic (born 1965) is an Australian engineer and physicist. He is known for his work on turbulence at high Reynolds number, using both theoretical and experimental approaches.

Marusic was born to Croatian parents in Široki Brijeg in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He emigrated to Australia when he was three years old along with his parents and older sister. He grew up in Melbourne.

He received his PhD in 1992 and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1987 from the University of Melbourne. From 1998 to 2002 he was a faculty member at the University of Minnesota, USA, where he was a recipient of an NSF Career Award, Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering and Taylor Career Development Award. He received an ARC Federation Fellowship in 2006, ARC Laureate Fellowship in 2012 and since 2014 is an elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. In 2010 Marusic was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was awarded a 2016 APS Stanley Corrsin Award for fluid dynamics research. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering in 2021 and of the Royal Society in 2024.

References

Living people
1965 births
Australian physicists
Australian engineers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fluid dynamicists
Project 200. Project 200 was an ambitious waterfront redevelopment initiative launched in 1968 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Named for its initial budget projection of $200 million, the project aimed to revitalize the area north of Cordova Street, stretching from Howe Street to Abbott Street. It was conceived as a modernist mixed-use complex, which at the time was believed to be the largest single development planned in Canada.

Location and Significance 
The proposed site for Project 200 was at the base of Granville Street on the harbour, representing some of Vancouver's most valuable real estate. Its proximity to the downtown core and its visibility from North Vancouver meant that any development in this location would be highly prominent and easily recognizable.

Project Design and Amenities 
The development was planned to include up to 14 office towers, 1,000 apartment units, a 40-storey hotel, 5,000 parking spaces, and comprehensive retail shopping areas featuring a new department store. Key amenities were to include elevated pedestrian plazas, offering expansive views of the waterfront and enhancing the area's accessibility and aesthetic appeal.

Transportation Integration 
Central to the project was the proposed waterfront freeway, a thoroughfare intended to link the city with the Trans-Canada Highway to the east and west, and with BC Highway 99/I-5 to the south. The design included direct access to underground parking garages from the freeway, allowing convenient access to the complex.

Implementation Challenges 
Despite its ambitious scope, only a small portion of Project 200 was realized. The project faced significant hurdles, including challenges in securing financing and opposition to the demolition of historic structures such as the CPR Station, now known as Waterfront Station, which was ultimately preserved.

Legacy 
Although most of Project 200 did not come to fruition, several components were completed, including:

 Granville Square: This office tower at 200 Granville Street was completed in 1973, and has since become a prominent feature of Vancouver's Financial District.
 CNCP Telecommunications Building: Located at 175 W Cordova, this building was originally part of a joint venture between the two major Canadian railway companies, and is now occupied by Allstream.
 Woodward’s Parking Garage: Known today as the Cordova Street Parkade, this structure was rebuilt in the early 2000s and has since been recognized as one of the "coolest parkades in the world."

The partial realization of Project 200 has had a lasting impact on the urban landscape of Vancouver, contributing significantly to the development trajectory of its waterfront areas.

See also
Highway revolt

References

Further reading

History of Vancouver
Anti-road protests
Cancelled highway projects in Canada
Grasshopper-class torpedo gunboat. The Grasshopper-class torpedo gunboat was a class of torpedo gunboat built for the Royal Navy in the late 19th century.  All three ships were scrapped before World War I.

Design
The Grasshopper class was designed by Nathaniel Barnaby in 1886 and were essentially repeats of the Rattlesnake of 1886.  They had a length between perpendiculars of , a beam of  and a displacement of .  They were engined with two sets of Maudslay, Sons & Field triple-expansion steam engines, two locomotive boilers, and twin screws.  This layout produced  with natural draught and  with forced draught, giving them a top speed of .  They carried 100 tons of coal, giving them a range of about  at  and were manned by 66 sailors and officers.

Armament
The class was each fitted with one 4 inch Gun and six 3-pounder guns.  Two  torpedo tubes and two additional 14-inch torpedo carriages. 4 reload torpedoes were carried.

Ships

See also
List of torpedo gunboats of the Royal Navy

References

Bibliography

 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Torpedo gunboat classes
 S
Maxwell-Briscoe Automobile Company Showroom. The Maxwell-Briscoe Automobile Company Showroom is a historic automobile showroom located at 1737 S. Michigan Avenue in Chicago's Motor Row District. The showroom was built in 1909 for the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company, which was founded in 1904 by Jonathan D. Maxwell and Benjamin Briscoe. William Ernest Walker, a Chicago architect who specialized in large-scale commercial buildings, designed the showroom. The four-story building is divided by brick piers; the ground floor features large plate-glass windows designed to showcase the company's automobiles, while the upper floors feature banks of double-hung and triple-hung windows between the piers. The building uses terra cotta extensively for decoration; a terra cotta stringcourse encircles the building above the first floor, terra cotta pediments and sills frame the window banks, and a terra cotta frieze runs below the roof line. Maxwell and Briscoe used the building as a showroom until 1915; it is one of the oldest surviving auto showrooms on Motor Row.

The showroom was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 2002.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Commercial buildings completed in 1909
Auto dealerships on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic district contributing properties in Illinois