omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
American Propeller Manufacturing Company. American Propeller and Manufacturing Company, in Baltimore manufactured 75 percent of all propellers used by America in World War I.

History
APMC was founded by a patent lawyer and engineering consultant Spencer Heath. His clients included Simon Lake, inventor of the even-keel-submerging submarine, and Emile Berliner, inventor of the flat-disk phonograph record. Heath helped Berliner design and build the first rotary engine blades used in helicopters while working in Washington as general manager of the Gyro Motor Company.  Heath developed and first mass-produced airplane propellers at APMC. In 1922 he founded Paragon Engineers inc, and demonstrated the first engine-powered and controlled, variable and reversible pitch propeller.

AMPC was initially founded in Washington D.C to build low-production experimental and custom propellers under the name Paragon. In 1912 the company moved to Baltimore, Maryland. Initial propellers were built with Mahogany wood, followed by Oak with sprucewood cores, and by 1915 APMC converted to solid oak construction. With the onset of World War I, AMPC became the largest manufacturer of wooden aircraft propellers in America by 1918. Four manufacturing plants operated in Baltimore to meet World War I production contracts . The 95,000 sq foot plant number four was constructed in 1918 specifically for propeller production with a capacity of 300-500 propellers per day. An additional 90 propellers a day were produced at the other three plants. The plants used 158,000 sqft of dry kilns to process wood and custom duplicating machines that reduce the number of lathes required for the construction process. Over 25,000 propellers were produced in World War I with 8000 delivered to the Royal Flying Corps Canada.

In 1937, the company took a case to the United States Supreme court. The company stated it was owed income from contracts ending in 1918, the government counterclaimed several years later that it was overcharged. The difference between the amounts was roughly $12,000 in favor of APMC. While each side litigated who owed each other for over a decade, both sides charged interest, changing the amount to be payment to a penalty of over $36,000. The court ruled in favor of APMC, stating the counter claim failed to provide adequate evidence initially, so accrued interest could not be charged

On display 
An example of a Paragon propeller is on display at the EAA Airventure Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

See also
List of aircraft propeller manufacturers

References

External links
 Basic Propeller Construction - Materials

Aviation in Washington, D.C.
Aviation in Maryland
Aircraft propeller manufacturers
Bendix Corporation
Steering linkage. A steering linkage is the part of an automotive steering system that connects to the front wheels.

The steering linkage which connects the steering gearbox to the front wheels consists of a number of rods. These rods are connected with a socket arrangement similar to a ball joint, called a tie rod end, allowing the linkage to move back and forth freely so that the steering effort will not interfere with the vehicles up-and-down motion as the wheel moves over roads. The steering gears are attached to a rear rod which moves when the steering wheel is turned. The rear rod is supported at one end.

Technology
Most modern cars have a fully mechanical steering linkage system, but a recent innovation is the steer by wire system.

Example Simulations

See also
 Bump steer
 Parallelogram steering linkage

References

External links
 Movement of a steering linkage video clip

Automotive steering technologies
Linkages (mechanical)
Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt. Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt M.I.C.E. (25 January 1839 – 14 September 1907) was a British civil engineer, author of several treatises on river and harbour engineering.

Biography
Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt was the son of Admiral Frederick Edward Vernon-Harcourt (1790–1883), a descendant of the Barons Vernon, and his wife, Marcia Delap née Tollemache (1802–1868). His elder brother was the chemist Augustus George Vernon Harcourt.

He was educated at Windlesham House School, Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1861 with a first-class degree in mathematics and natural sciences. He received his training in engineering as a pupil of Sir John Hawkshaw.

In 1870 he married Alice Brandreth, daughter of Lt. Col. Henry Rowland Brandreth FRS, by whom he had four children of which three survived him. His daughter, Evelyn Alice, married the writer Arthur Clutton-Brock in 1903.

He died in 1907 at Swanage.

Work

He specialised in canal and harbour engineering. He was a pioneer in the use of scale models to predict the impact of man made structures in tidal waters, and was an active contributor to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and the author of several books on civil engineering.

His career included acting as resident engineer for an extension to the West India Docks, London under John Hawkshaw, during the 1860s; superintendent of works at Braye Harbour, and construction of a pier at Rosslare. After 1874 he acted as a consultant engineer, and in 1882 was appointed professor of civil engineering at University College London. On his resignation in 1905 he was elected emeritus professor.

Publications

References

Sources

1839 births
1907 deaths
English canal engineers
Leveson
People educated at Windlesham House School
People educated at Harrow School
19th-century English engineers
7 1/4 in gauge railway. A -inch gauge railway is a miniature railway that uses the gauge of . It is mainly used in clubs, amusement parks and as a backyard railway.

Locomotives include steam, electric and diesel types. Most are built to an individual design but some are built from kits.

 Gauge railways are owned by clubs or can be privately owned.

See also
 Live steam
 List of ridable miniature railways

References
 7 1/4 Gauge Society website
 Millerbeck Light Railway

 
Miniature railways by size
Lorraine 12E Courlis. The Lorraine 12E Courlis was a W-12 (broad arrow) aero engine produced by the French company Lorraine-Dietrich during the 1920s and 1930s.

Variants
12E
12Eb
12Ebr
12Ed
12Edr
12Ee
12Ew The standard Eb fitted with a supplementary supercharger.
Elizalde A The 12E built under licence in Spain by Elizalde S.A.

12E Made under licence by the Polish Skoda Works (PZS)

Applications

Aircraft

Other applications
 Argentine Nahuel tank

Specifications (12Ed)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 

12E
1920s aircraft piston engines
W engines
German submarine U-433. German submarine U-433 was a Type VIIC U-boat      built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 4 January 1940 by Schichau-Werke, Danzig  as yard number 1474, launched on 15 March 1941 and commissioned on 24 May 1941 under Oberleutnant zur See Hans Ey.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-433 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-433 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 3rd U-boat Flotilla on 24 May 1941, and continuing with active service on 1 August 1941 as part of the 3rd Flotilla for the remainder of her service.

In two patrols she damaged one merchant ship, for a total of .

Wolfpacks
U-433 took part in two wolfpacks, namely:
 Markgraf (28 August – 16 September 1941)
 Arnauld (8 – 16 November 1941)

Fate
U-433 was sunk on 16 November 1941 in the Mediterranean E of Gibraltar, in position , by depth charges and gunfire from Royal Navy corvette . There were 6 dead and 38 survivors.

Summary of raiding history

See also
 Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1941
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Danzig
Maritime incidents in November 1941
Ships built by Schichau
German submarine U-431. German submarine U-431 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 4 January 1940 by Schichau-Werke in Danzig as yard number 1472, launched on 2 February 1941 and commissioned on 5 April 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Dommes (Knight's Cross).

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-431 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-431 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's service began on 5 April 1941 for training as part of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla. Afterwards she transferred to the 29th flotilla operating in the Mediterranean on 1 January 1942. In 16 patrols she sank or damaged 11 ships in total.

Wolfpacks
She took part in one wolfpack, namely:
Brandenburg (15 September – 1 October 1941)

Fate
She was sunk on 21 October 1943 in the Mediterranean off Algiers at position  by depth charges dropped from a RAF Wellington bomber of 179 Squadron, operating out of Gibraltar. All hands were lost.

Summary of raiding history

See also
Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)
List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Submarines lost with all hands
German Type VIIC submarines
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1943
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Ships built in Danzig
Maritime incidents in October 1943
Ships built by Schichau
German submarine U-372. German submarine U-372 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 17 November 1939 by Kriegsmarinewerft Kiel as construction number 3, launched on 8 March 1941 and commissioned on 19 April 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Heinz-Joachim Neumann.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-372 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-372 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 1st U-boat Flotilla on 19 April 1941, followed by active service on 1 July 1941 as part of the 1st Flotilla until 13 December 1941, when she joined 29th U-boat Flotilla for operations in the Mediterranean.

In 6 patrols she sank 3 merchant ships, for a total of , and HMS Medway, a , valuable submarine depot ship.

Fate
U-372 was sunk on 4 August 1942 in the Mediterranean, SW of Haifa, in position , by depth charges from Royal Navy destroyers , , ,  and an RAF Wellington bomber piloted by F/O Gordon L. MacIntyre DFC. All hands survived.

Wolfpacks
U-372 took part in three wolfpacks, namely:
 Brandenburg (15 September – 1 October 1941)
 Störtebecker (16 – 19 November 1941)
 Steuben (19 November – 2 December 1941)

Summary of raiding history

See also
 Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1942
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Kiel
Maritime incidents in August 1942
German submarine U-375. German submarine U-375 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 14 March 1940 by Howaldtswerke in Kiel as yard number 6, launched on 7 June 1941 and commissioned on 19 July 1941 under Kapitänleutnant  Jürgen Koenenkamp.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-375 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-375 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's service began on 19 July 1941 with training as part of the 5th U-boat Flotilla. She was transferred to the 3rd Flotilla on 1 November 1941 for active service, followed by a transfer to 29th Flotilla on 1 January 1942 in the Mediterranean.

In 10 patrols she sank 8 merchant ships, for a total of , plus 1 warship damaged and another merchant ship written off as a total loss.

Fate
U-375 has been missing since 25 July 1943 in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. All hands were lost.

Previously recorded fate
U-375 was thought to have been sunk after being depth charged by USN submarine chaser PC-624 on 30 July 1943 at position  in the Mediterranean NW of Malta. All hands were lost. This attack was actually against Italian submarine Velella, inflicting no damage.

Summary of raiding history

See also
 Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
Submarines lost with all hands
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1943
Missing U-boats of World War II
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Ships built in Kiel
Maritime incidents in July 1943
German submarine U-561. German submarine U-561 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 28 February 1940 by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg as yard number 537, launched on 23 January 1941 and commissioned on 13 March 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Robert Bartels (German Cross in Gold).

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-561 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-561 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's service began on 13 March 1941 with training as part of the 1st U-boat Flotilla. During late July 1941, U-561, along with 9 other German and Italian submarines, attacked convoy OG 69 en route from Liverpool to Gibraltar. U-561 torpedoed and sank the 1,884 GRT British freighter Wrotham.

In November 1941, while travelling across the Atlantic ocean, she sunk two boats from convoy SC 53, the Meridian and the Cruisader.

She was transferred to the 23rd flotilla on 1 February 1942. In 15 patrols she sank five ships for a total of , plus one ship damaged and a second a total loss.

She was sunk by torpedoes fired from Royal Navy's HMS MTB-81 on 12 July 1943 at position  in the Straits of Messina.

Wolfpacks
She took part in two wolfpacks, namely:
Bosemüller (28 August – 2 September 1941)
Seewolf (2 – 15 September 1941)

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

Submarines lost with all hands
German Type VIIC submarines
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1943
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in July 1943
German submarine U-447. German submarine U-447 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 1 July 1941 by Schichau-Werke, Danzig as yard number 1507, launched on 30 April 1942 and commissioned on 11 July 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich-Wilhelm Bothe.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-447 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-447 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 8th U-boat Flotilla on 11 July 1942, followed by active service on 1 March 1943 as part of the 9th Flotilla for the remainder of her service. In 2 patrols she sank no ships.

Wolfpacks
U-447 took part in three wolfpacks, namely:
 Neuland (4 – 6 March 1943)
 Ostmark (6 – 11 March 1943)
 Drossel (29 April – 7 May 1943)

Fate
U-447 was sunk on 7 May 1943 in the North Atlantic in position , by depth charges from 2 RAF Hudson bombers from 233 Squadron. All crew members died.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1942 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1942
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats sunk in 1943
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Danzig
Maritime incidents in May 1943
Ships built by Schichau
German submarine U-586. German submarine U-586 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 1 October 1940 by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg as yard number 562, launched on 10 July 1941 and commissioned on 4 September 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Dietrich von der Esch.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-586 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-586 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's service began on 4 September 1941 with training as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla. She was transferred to the 11th U-boat Flotilla on 1 July 1942 and then to the 13th U-boat Flotilla on 1 June 1943. She returned to the 6th U-boat Flotilla a short while later on 1 October 1943, and then to her final assignment with 29th U-boat Flotilla in the Mediterranean.

In 13 patrols she sank two merchant ships for a total of , plus one merchant ship damaged.

Wolfpacks
She took part in ten wolfpacks, namely:
Robbe (15 – 24 January 1942)
Greif (14 – 29 May 1942)
Nebelkönig (27 July – 14 August 1942)
Boreas (19 – 26 November 1942)
Taifun (2 – 4 April 1943)
Jahn (31 October – 2 November 1943)
Tirpitz 3 (2 – 8 November 1943)
Eisenhart 5 (9 – 15 November 1943)
Schill 2 (17 – 22 November 1943)
Weddigen (22 – 25 November 1943)

Fate
She was sunk whilst alongside at Missiessy East Quay, Toulon, France, by a USAAF air raid by B-24 Liberator bombers of 15th Air Force on 5 July 1944.

Summary of raiding history

See also
 Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1941 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by US aircraft
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in July 1944