omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Phonomotor. The phonomotor or "vocal engine" was a device invented by Thomas Edison in 1878 to measure the mechanical force of sound.  It converted sound energy or sound power into rotary motion which could drive a machine such as a small saw or drill. It derived from his work on the telephone and phonograph.

Operation
Sound waves entering a mouthpiece and falling on a diaphragm were conveyed by a piece of rubber tubing and a spring to a pawl, which vibrated against a very fine-toothed ratchet wheel. The diaphragm and mouthpiece were similar to those used on the phonograph. Vibrations caused by the voice caused a shaft and flywheel to rotate. Steady pressure from breath produced no motion, but some voices could produce rapid motion. The speed of rotation depended on the pitch of the sound. It was able to operate a small drill or saw which could bore or cut wood. When a long sustained sound got the flywheel up to an appreciable speed, considerable force was required to stop it.

Impact
The Chicago Tribune in May 1878 predicted that it would be the basis for sound powered toys such as dolls which bow when spoken to, though none are known to have been marketed. Edison described it as a scientific toy. A U.S patent application was filed for the "Vocal Engine" in 1878, and a patent was granted on December 10 of that year. An 1884 Nature article on sound mills, similar devices to the phonomotor, reported that Edison's device, "literally accomplished the feat of talking a hole through a deal board." A restored  model of the phonomotor is in the Edison Menlo Park laboratory exhibit at the Greenfield Village Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, and was exhibited in operation for visitors in the 1930s.

References

External links
 T.A. Edison,  "Vocal Engine". US Patent 210,767, Patented December 10, 1878.

Thomas Edison
Audiovisual introductions in 1878
Sound measurements
19th-century inventions
American inventions
Class 19. Class 19 may refer to:

 Caledonian Railway 19 Class, 0-4-4T steam locomotives
 Belgian Railways Class 19, electric locomotives
 British Rail Class 19, an experimental locomotive
 DRG Class 19,  2-8-2 express train, tender locomotives of the Deutsche Reichsbahn:
 DRG Class 19.0
 DRB Class 19.1
 DRB Class 19.10
 GER Class T19
 KTM Class 19, diesel-electric shunting locomotives
 New South Wales Z19 class locomotive, 0-6-0 steam locomotives
 O 19-class submarine

See also

 No.19 class minesweeper
Ashot Ashkelon. Ashot Ashkelon Industries Ltd () is an Israeli manufacturer of build to print products such as: gears, transmissions and gearboxes to the Aerospace, Military, and Automotive industries. Headquartered in Ashkelon, it has 560 employees.

Ashot was a subsidiary of the Israel Military Industries Ltd. (IMI, also known as IMI Systems and later Elbit Systems Land) and is publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Following the purchase of IMI by Elbit Systems in 2018, it was controlled by Elbit Systems Land.

On June 30, 2022, FIMI Opportunity Funds acquired a majority stake in Ashot for $84 million.

History
Ashot Ashkelon was founded in 1951 as Kaiser-Ilin Industries by businessman Efraim Ilin. Initially as a factory for assembling Kaiser-Frazer cars and Mack Trucks under license; Kaiser-Ilin had two production sites, one in Haifa (which opened in 1951) where the vehicle assembly line was based and one in Ashkelon (which was opened in 1960), for manufacturing spare parts for automotive equipment, gears and metal-working machinery.  
      
During the 1960 the company got into financial difficulties and the vehicle assembly line was closed; the Ashkelon plant continue to operate at a loss. In 1967, it was acquired by Israel Military Industries and its name changed to Ashot Ashkelon Industries.

In 1990, Ashot signed a long term supply contract with Boeing to manufacture transmission systems used in the rudder mechanisms of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757 aircraft.

In 1992, the company had an initial public offering on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. The same year, the company signed a 20 years frame agreement with the Allison Engine Company, at the time  a division of General Motors, to manufacture parts for 20 different engine types. The agreement was estimated to represent a total potential income of $100–140 million.

In 2007, Ashot won a tender to manufacture the Drivetrain and hydro-mechanical suspension enabling cross-country mobility, for both the Merkava Mk. 4 tank and the Namer Armoured personnel carrier.

In 2011, Ashot acquired Illinois based Reliance Gear Corporation, a manufacturer of custom and precision gearing that was founded 1965, which today operates as a fully owned subsidiary of Ashot.

Products

Aerospace
 High Lift Systems 
 Landing Gear parts 
 Transmissions & Gears 
 Universal Joints 
 Jet Engine Shafts 
 Tungsten Weights

Defense
 Transmissions and Gears 
 Final Drives 
 Penetrators and Fragmentation Parts 
 Suspensions

Automotive
 Power take off units
 Automatic transmissions
 Transmission range shaft
 Clutch independent drives
 Mass transit gearboxes
 Drive axles
 Oil pumps

See also

Israel Military Industries

References

External links
 Official website

Manufacturing companies of Israel
Defense companies of Israel
Manufacturing companies established in 1951
1951 establishments in Israel
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
2022 mergers and acquisitions
Class 23. Class 23 may refer to:

 23-class airship
 Belgian Railways Class 23, electric locomotive
 British Rail Class 23 "Baby Deltic", diesel-electric locomotive built by English Electric with Napier Deltic engines
 G&SWR 23 Class, 0-4-2 steam locomotive
 GNR Class J23, 0-6-0T steam locomotive
 L&YR Class 23, 0-6-0 steam locomotive operated by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
 German express train, tender locomotives with a 2-6-2 wheel arrangement operated by the DRG, DB and DR:
 The DRG's pre-war, standard, steam locomotive (Einheitslokomotive): DRG Class 23
 The DB's post-war (Neubaulokomotive): DB Class 23
 The DR's post-war Neubaulokomotive in East Germany: DR Class 23.10
 R23X-class airship
 Soviet locomotive class OR23
 Südbahn Class 23 (old)

See also
 Type 23 (disambiguation)
Lotus Mark IX. The Lotus Mark IX (1955) was an aluminium-bodied sports racing car manufactured by Lotus Engineering Ltd. About thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were made. It was closely related to the Lotus model Mark VIII (1954), of which only about seven cars were made. These cars were largely based on the innovative space frame of the Lotus Mark VI (1952).  The highly aerodynamic bodies were designed by Frank Costin and constructed by Williams & Pritchard Limited.

During this early era, of 1954–1955, Lotus Engineering was still a fledgling company, and cars were delivered in different states of completion on special orders.  Similar to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was available in various configurations and different engines, including the 1500 cc MG, 1500 cc Connaught and 2-litre Bristol were fitted. However, the Mark IX designation is most often powered by the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine. Apparently, two models of Mark IX were offered – the "Club" and the "Le Mans", the latter of which had larger drum brakes fitted.

The chassis of the Mark IX was a new design, compared to that of the Mark VIII. Both were space frames of brazed steel tube. The new chassis was an advance over the Mark VIII in terms of the efficiency of its design and avoiding the VIII's need for diaphragm-stiffening panels. However, both chassis still used an oversized lower rail of  tube, a hang-over from the original design of the first Mark VI space frame. Compared to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was shortened somewhat to a wheelbase of , and the body itself was about  shorter than that of the Mark VIII. This was so that Colin Chapman could fit it on his transporter.

A total of about thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were produced in various forms, and these were successfully raced in both Europe and the US. The first two examples of the Mark IX were apparently delivered to the US with the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine to compete in the 1955 running of the 12 Hours of Sebring race and were beaten by a Porsche Spyder.  These cars were actually entered as Lotus Mark VIII models in the G class by Frank Miller of Larchmont, NY and by Bobby Burns and Norman J. Scott of Houston TX in, respectively, car numbers 78 and 79. The Lotus Works Team entered at least one Mark IX in the Le Mans 24 hour race in 1955, driven by Chapman, which may have been equipped with disc brakes. However, the car was disqualified apparently due to his reversing the car to re-enter the race track after going off course.

References

External links 

Mark 09
Xin Los Angeles. Xin Los Angeles (also known as XLA) is a container ship owned and operated by China Shipping Container Lines. She was the largest in the world at the time of her completion in 2006, but since been overtaken in size by several vessels, some with more than double her capacity. Xin Los Angeles has a capacity of 9,600 TEU and is one of a class of six. She is registered in Hong Kong.

Design 
Xin Los Angeles was launched in 2004 in the ship-yard of Samsung Heavy Industries and was completed in 2006. She has a deadweight tonnage of 107,200 metric tons, is 336.7 meters long and has a beam of 45.6 meters and a draft of 14.3 meters, when fully loaded. The design of the hull allows for decreased water resistance and the hull paint prevents the growth of duckweed and molluscs.

Engine 
Xin Los Angeles  main engines are MAN B&W 12K98MC-C Mk6. During sea trials the ship achieved a ballast service speed of 25.4 knots. At full power the engines provide 68,520 kW  and a cruising speed when fully loaded of 23.4 knots.

References

External links

Xin Los Angeles Position

Container ships
Merchant ships of Panama
2006 ships
Ships built by Samsung Heavy Industries
MKEK-1. The MKEK-1 Gözcü (Turkish - "Observer") was a projected aircraft that was to have provided the Turkish Army with a domestically designed and produced airborne observation post for artillery spotting and general liaison duties. It was the first aircraft design undertaken by MKEK following its acquisition of THK's manufacturing facilities in 1952.

However, the wide availability of the Piper Cub and Super Cub led to the Army's selection of that aircraft instead, and work on the MKEK-1 was abandoned.

Notes

References
 

1950s Turkish military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation aircraft
Jools Jameson. Julian "Jools" Jameson (born 1968) is the CEO of Greenhill EnviroTechnologies Inc., based in Nova Scotia, Canada, having previously worked in England as a computer game developer, designer and producer. He was born in Sunderland, England.

Greenhill EnviroTechnologies 
Julian currently runs Greenhill EnviroTechnologies, which designs and develops electronic control systems for green technologies. The company's current Okapi product line, of sophisticated control systems for solar collectors, is featured on the Kickstarter website.

Okapi Product Line 
 Okapi: a sophisticated control system for solar collector air heaters.
 Okapi 2: controller for two side-by-side solar collector air heaters (or one very large collector).
 Okapi 2.i: controller for two independent solar collectors.

Game development 
Jools' gaming career spanned some 20 years, starting in the early days of gaming "messing around" with machine code on the 6502-based Oric 1 and has programmed almost every home computer and console since.

The most prominent game of his career is Cannon Fodder, which he co-designed and programmed.  Cannon Fodder 2 followed and, later in his career,  he converted it onto the Game Boy platform (a project he initiated). This conversion included an FMV player, which he both designed and programmed, capable of streaming digital video and audio.  The Game Boy conversion received a BAFTA nomination for sound and high review scores, including 93% from Official Nintendo Magazine and 96% from Nintendo Power.

External links 
 Lemon Amiga games
 MSN: The decline of the British gaming industry
 Gamespot GameFaqs: WWF WrestleMania
 Gamespot WWF WrestleMania Tech Info
 Hall of Light: Seconds Out
 Very Special Cannon Fodder
 Answers: Croc of the Gobbos
 IGN: Cannon Fodder on Game Boy Color
 G-Police
 Tynesoft Boys Club
 Hall of Light: Frost Byte
 UVL Cannon Fodder
 Atari Legend: Seconds Out
 Classic Amiga: Frost Byte
 UVL Game List: 3D Ghost Chase
 Retro Game Reviews: Cannon Fodder

1968 births
Living people
British video game designers
Pencil Rocket. The  was developed by the Avionics and Supersonic Aerodynamics (AVSA) research group in the early days of the Japanese space program.  A prominent engineer on the project was Hideo Itokawa.  The rocket was first launched on 12 April 1955.  The dimensions were 23 cm in length by 1.8 cm in diameter, weighing 200 grams.

Development of the Pencil rocket system started in 1954 when Hideo Itokawa formed a center for rocket development at the University of Tokyo. In 1955, Itokawa's team, began conducting experimental launches of pencil-type rockets. The team launched 29 rockets over their course of these first experiments in space launch. Afterwards, the team expanded its focus to atmospheric observation with the larger Kappa 6 rocket.

Japan donated a full-scale replica of the Pencil test rocket to the U.S. National Air and Space Museum in 1974.

References

External links

Space program of Japan
Japanese inventions
Superplastic forming. Superplastic forming is an industrial process used for creating precise and complex components out of superplastic materials.

Process
The material is first heated up to promote superplasticity. For titanium alloys e.g. Ti 6Al 4V and some stainless steels this is around  and for aluminium alloys e.g. AA5083 it is between 450 and 520 °C. In this state the material becomes soft so processes that are usually used on plastics can be applied, such as: thermoforming, blow forming, and vacuum forming. Inert gas pressure is applied on the superplastic sheet forcing it into a female die.  A release agent, such as ZYP Coatings JK-41, is also commonly used on molds to facilitate release from the die.  This allows the process to have high precision.

Advantages and disadvantages
The major advantage of this process is that it can form large and complex workpieces in one operation. The finished product has excellent precision and a fine surface finish. It also does not suffer from springback or residual stresses. Products can also be made larger to eliminate assemblies or reduce weight, which is critical in aerospace applications. Lower strength required and less tooling costs.  McDonnell Douglas utilized SPF design and production technology into the F-15 in the 1980s, while in Europe an example of application can be found in some Eurofighter Typhoon assemblies (e.g. engine bays panels, foreplanes, slats).

The largest disadvantage of the process is its slow forming rate. Cycle times vary from two minutes to two hours, therefore it is usually used in low volume production applications. Another disadvantage is the non-uniformity of the produced part thickness. Several methods are used to improve the thickness uniformity of SPF parts. One is to apply a designed varying gas pressure profile instead of a constant pressure. Another approach is to tailor the contact friction between the die surface and the superplastic sheet.

See also
 Hot metal gas forming
 Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding

References

Metal forming
Metal heat treatments
Rob Miles. Rob Miles (born 23 July 1957) is a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional, and a former lecturer in programming C Sharp and other elements of software engineering at the University of Hull. 

Miles has given speeches worldwide on topics including C Sharp, Microsoft XNA, Windows Mobile development and embedded development using the .NET Micro Framework. He has written an XNA book, and he co-authored a book about the .NET Micro Framework with Donald Thompson.

Miles has also repeatedly been a member of the judging team of the yearly Microsoft Imagine Cup. In 2009, he was selected as a Captain of the software design competition.

Miles currently hosts a monthly Arduino Hardware Group as part of the Hull Digital Group at The Centre for Digital Innovation Beta.

Bibliography 
 Microsoft XNA Game Studio 2.0: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2008 
 Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.0: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009 
 Embedded Programming with the Microsoft .NET Micro Framework, Donald Thompson, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2007 
 More Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.0: Create Great Games: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009 
 Learn C# Now Toolkit, John Sharp, Rob Miles (Author). Microsoft Press, 2008 
 Introduction to Programming Through Game Development Using Microsoft XNA Game Studio, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009 
 Uml & Java for Software Development, Rob Miles. John Wiley & Sons, 2001

References

External links 
 robmiles.com - Personal blog

Living people
Academics of the University of Hull
British computer programmers
British computer scientists
British science writers
1957 births
TAC Stark. The TAC Stark is a four-wheel drive vehicle manufactured by Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense. This project came about through an initiative of Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Santa Catarina or FIESC (Federation of Industries of the State of Santa Catarina), on the grounds that Santa Catarina had many parts producers but no automakers.

Powerplant
The Stark Flex is powered by the FTP 2.3L 16V Turbo Diesel Intercooler, one of the two standard van engines installed by Fiat and Iveco, supplied by FPT - FIAT Powertrain Technologies, the largest manufacturer of propulsion systems in Latin America. Developed and manufactured in Italy, the engine is also produced in TAG's Brazilian plant in Sete Lagoas (MG) from 2009.

See also
 Troller

References

External links
 TAC Motors official page 
 TAC Stark Page  
 TAC Stark article at worldcarfans.com
 TAC Stark article at autoblog.com
 TAC Stark viseos on YouTube

Cars of Brazil
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Mini sport utility vehicles
FN FNAR. The FNAR is a semi-automatic designated marksman rifle first introduced to the shooting public in 2008. It is a product of the US-based subsidiary of Belgian company FN Herstal, the FN Manufacturing Co. Despite the name, the FNAR is not an "AR" type rifle. Rather, the FNAR rifle is based on the proven and quite popular Browning BAR hunting rifle (which is unrelated to the original Browning BAR M1918 rifle of World War II fame).

Overview

The FN FNAR is a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle. The short-stroke gas piston is located below the (internally chromed) barrel, within the stock. The barrel is locked using a rotary bolt with multiple lugs. The receiver is machined from aircraft-grade 7075 T6 aluminum alloy. The polymer stock has an adjustable buttstock and pistol grip. Ammunition is fed from a detachable box magazine, with a standard capacity of 20 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition, although 5 and 10 round magazines are available if required by local legislation. There are no iron sights installed by default; each FNAR rifle is fitted with a Picatinny rail on the top of the receiver, and three more short rails are installed at the front of the rifle stock.

The FNAR uses a two-stage non-adjustable trigger specified at between 3.25 and 5.5 pounds.

Variants
The standard FN FNAR has a light fluted barrel. The heavy barreled FN FNAR-H variant weighs about a pound more. Both are out-of-the-box guaranteed to be capable of Minute of Angle accuracy. A Winchester-branded version is called the Winchester SX-AR. The standard model retains the pistol grip and comes with a heavy profile 20" match grade chrome lined barrel. Rails are a reduced length top rail for optics mounting and one short bottom rail section for sling or bi-pod mounting. It is finished in a Cerakote type Mossy Oak camo pattern. The standard 10 round SX-AR detachable box magazines are interchangeable with the 20 round FNAR magazines.

References

External links
 
 

Video
 FNH USA FNAR Video
 FNH USA FNAR 16" Video

7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Short stroke piston firearms
FNAR
Sniper rifles of Belgium
ORCA/Modula-2. ORCA/Modula-2 is a Modula-2 compiler written in the Modula-2 programming language for the Apple IIGS computer.

It was developed by Peter Easdown during 1993–94 and published by The Byte Works. Whilst originally developed separately, when it was finally published, it was fully integrated with the development platform/environment called the Apple Programmers Workshop or ORCA/M.

The compiler was originally developed using a version of TopSpeed Modula-2 on an Intel 80286 based PC. The output of the compiler at this point was 65816 assembler source for assembly by ORCA/M on the Apple IIGS. Once the compiler was stable enough, the IBM PC was decommissioned, and all development was done on the Apple IIGS.

At publication, the compiler was shipped with comprehensive support for the Apple IIGS's operating system (GS/OS) and toolkit.

Unfortunately, due to the demise of the Apple IIGS, ORCA/Modula-2 never had much impact in the market.

The compiler development was continued however for a short while during 1995, after which it stalled.

The source code for the compiler can now be found on GitHub.

References

https://github.com/pkclsoft/ORCA-Modula-2

Apple II software
Udo Frese. Udo Frese is assistant professor at the University of Bremen and leads the group for real time computer vision. He is also affiliated with the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Bremen.

He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg where he studied different aspects of the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem. He developed two successful mapping system: TreeMap and Multi-Level Relaxation (MLR). Additionally, he is working in the field of safety algorithms for robots including areas such as collision avoidance.

Together with Cyrill Stachniss and Giorgio Grisetti he is a co-founder of the open source SLAM repository called OpenSLAM.org.

External links
 Udo Frese biography at University of Bremen

1972 births
German computer scientists
German roboticists
Living people
Simon Brattel. Simon Brattel is a British hardware and software designer.

He founded Design Design in 1976  as a company name to use on various hardware designs, mainly in the audio field.

When at Crystal Computing he was part of the team that produced the ZX Spectrum game Halls of the Things and the Z80 assembler Zeus. Much of the development was done using homebrew computers.

References

British electronics engineers
British computer programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
BCK. BCK is the abbreviation of:

 Bahria College Karachi college in Karachi, Pakistan
 BC Kosher, a kosher certification agency in Canada
 BCK algebra, in mathematics, BCK or BCI algebras are algebraic structures
 British Rail coach type code representing a Brake composite corridor coach
 Buckley railway station, a railway station in the UK
 Buckie, a town in Scotland
 Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga, former railway company in Congo
 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase, an enzyme
Banjë Hydro Power Plant. Banjë Hydro Power Plant is a large hydroelectricity plant on the river Devoll situated near the village of Banjë, Albania. It was built by Devoll Hydropower, an Albanian company owned by Norwegian power company Statkraft. The project consists of a large power plant with a nominal capacity of 70 MW and an average annual production of 242 GWh. The dam is 900 m long, 370 m wide and 80 m high. The reservoir was planned to have a surface area of 14 km2, and a storage capacity of about 400 million m3. It was completed in 2016.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Cërrik