omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William R. Pulleyblank. William R. Pulleyblank is a Canadian and American operations researcher. He is a professor of operations research at the United States Military Academy (West Point), where he also holds the Class of 1950 Chair of Advanced Technology.

Education and career
Pulleyblank obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo in 1973; his thesis, supervised by Jack Edmonds, concerned perfect matching theory from the point of view of polyhedral combinatorics. He worked at IBM beginning in the late 1960s and then returned to academia in 1974, as a professor at the University of Calgary, before moving back to Waterloo in 1982. At Waterloo, he held the CP/NSERC Chair of Optimization and Computer Applications. In 1990 he began a second stint at IBM, where his work included leading the Blue Gene project. He was promoted to vice president in 2004, and retired from IBM in 2010, at which time he joined the West Point faculty.

Awards and honors
In 1998 he was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. The College of Saint Rose, in Albany, New York, and McMaster University, in Ontario, Canada, have both given Pulleyblank honorary degrees. He is also a recipient of the Alberta Centennial Medal, a fellow of INFORMS, and (since 2010) a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American operations researchers
University of Waterloo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calgary
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
United States Military Academy faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Eklutna Power Plant. The Eklutna Power Plant, also referred to as Old Eklutna Power Plant, is a historic hydroelectric power plant on the Eklutna River in Anchorage, Alaska.  Located about  downstream of the more modern new Eklutna Power Plant, it was built in 1928–29 to provide electrical power to the growing city, and served as its primary power source until 1956. The facilities include two dams, a tunnel and penstock, and a powerhouse. The main dam, Eklutna Dam, located at the northwestern end of Eklutna Lake, was built in 1941 to replace a series of temporary structures built after an earthen dam failed before the plant began operation. The diversion dam, a concrete arch dam, is located  downstream from the lake, and provides facilities for diverting water into the tunnel.  The tunnel is  long, and is terminated in a penstock, a structure designed to raise the water pressure.  The powerhouse is a concrete-and-steel structure completed in 1929. The diversion dam removal was completed in 2018 to allow for the passage of salmon.

The power plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Anchorage, Alaska

References

External links
 

1929 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures completed in 1929
Hydroelectric power plants in Alaska
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Anchorage, Alaska
Richard Varvill. Richard Antony Varvill (born 23 September 1961) is a British engineer, famous as the former Chief Designer (Technical Director) at Reaction Engines Limited.

Early life
He was born in Hammersmith in west London. He is the son of Mark Varvill, a naval architect, and Elizabeth Agar, and has a younger sister. His great-great-great-great grandfather on his mother's side is Hucks Gibbs, 1st Baron Aldenham.

He was educated at Belmont Preparatory School at Holmbury St Mary in the Surrey Hills AONB, then Bryanston School in Dorset. He read Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bristol, where he did an undergraduate apprenticeship at Rolls-Royce. Reaction Engines offered an annual prize at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Bristol.

Career

Rolls-Royce
He started his career with Rolls-Royce Military Engine Division, in the Advanced Projects division. He worked on preliminary ideas for what could have become the RB545 air-breathing rocket engine for HOTOL.

Reaction Engines
He co-founded Reaction Engines in 1989.

At Reaction Engines, he was working on the successor to the RB545, SABRE (rocket engine). On 22 May 2014 he appeared in an edition of Horizon, called The £10 Million Challenge.

Personal life
He first married Julie O'Brien in December 1998. They have a son (born March 1999). He later married Marianne Suhr, having two sons. He lives in the Vale of White Horse in Oxfordshire.

References

External links
 
 2009 interview
 The Three Rocketeers on BBC Four in September 2012
 C-Fly

1961 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
British mechanical engineers
People educated at Bryanston School
People from Hammersmith
People from Vale of White Horse (district)
Rocket scientists
Rolls-Royce people
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Living people
M425 and 426 tractor truck. The M425 and M426 tractor trucks (G671) were 5 ton (4,536kg) load rated 4x2 semi-tractors that were used from 1944 on by the US Army. They are famous for the use on the Red Ball Express from Normandy to the front, but were also used in the China Burma India Theater. After the war they were used in Europe, including during the Berlin Crisis, and in the Korean War.

History 
Designed and first  manufactured by International Harvester, later Kenworth and Marmon-Herrington also built them. The official model number was 542, to which are added a prefix letter designating the manufacturer of the engine (thus 'H' from Harvester) and a suffix number relating to the tire size. The M426 was a heavier duty evolution of the M425. All model H-542-9 M425s were built by International, H542-11 M426s were built by all three companies. 1,200 M425s were upgraded to M426 standards.

Engine and driveline 

The engine in these vehicles was an International Red Diamond 450D, a  overhead valve inline 6 cylinder gasoline engine developing  at 2700 rpm.

The clutch was made by W.C. Lips, Model Z-32-S, and the transmission was an IHC Model F-54-D. This transmission had 5 forward and one reverse speed. The first speed was very low, fifth speed was direct.

Chassis 

All models had a ladder frame with two axles on semi elliptical leaf springs. A set back front axle allowed a wheelbase of only , allowing a very short turn radius.

The M425 and M426 were general service load carriers, designed to haul load over roads, so they didn't need to be 4 x 4. The front axle was an I-beam, the rear was a double reduction full floating type. International used their own front and rear axles, Kenworth and Marmon-Herrington used Timkens.

Brakes were full air with drum brakes on all wheels. Trailer brakes could be used independently of the tractor. A disk type hand brake was mounted on the propeller shaft.

M425s had 9.00x20 size tires, while M426s had larger 11.00x20s with stronger springs and a slightly longer  wheelbase. All had dual rear tires. Except for the difference in the size of the tires, and some minor details, all types are mechanically identical.

All models were a cab over engine design with a military style open cab.

Trailers 
The M425 towed a 7-ton (6,350kg) load rated trailer  long, the M426 a 10-ton (9,072kg) trailer  long. Both had a single axle with dual rear tires, and a stake-and-platform body.

Gallery

References 

International Harvester vehicles
Kenworth vehicles
Military trucks of the United States
Vehicles introduced in 1944
Marmon-Herrington vehicles
Widom line. In the context of the pressure-temperature phase diagram of a substance and of the supercritical fluid state in particular, the Widom line is a line emanating from the critical point which in a way extends the liquid-vapor coexistence curve above the critical point.
It corresponds to the maxima or minima of certain physical properties of the supercritical fluid, such as the speed of sound, isothermal compressibility, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities. A common criterion for locating the Widom line is indeed the maximum in the isobaric heat capacity. 

More generally, the Widom line is defined as the line in the pressure-temperature phase diagram of a fluid substance along which the correlation length has its maximum. It always emanates from a critical point. It has been investigated for various systems, including for example in the context of the hypothesized liquid–liquid critical point (or second critical point) of water.

Similar boundary lines include the Fisher-Widom line and the Frenkel line, which also describe transitions between distinct fluid behaviors.

Overview

Named after theoretical physicist Benjamin Widom, the Widom line is a crucial concept in fluid thermodynamics and critical phenomena.

The Widom line has been suggested to separate liquid-like behaviour and gas-like behaviour in supercritical fluids, where the traditional distinction between liquid and gas no longer exists. Specifically, on the low-pressure side of the line, the fluid exhibits a gas-like behavior, while on the high-pressure side, it behaves more like a liquid. This separation is not a sharp phase change but a continuous crossover in some of the properties of the fluid. It has been observed in laboratory experiments, for example on fluid methane.
The concept of Widom line provides a useful framework for characterizing and predicting the properties of fluids, which are important for scientific research as well as various industrial processes. Such a concept is indeed relevant to the physical properties of any single-component fluid at sufficiently high pressures and temperatures, and its study is an active research area.

See also
Supercritical liquid–gas boundaries
Phase diagram

References

Statistical mechanics
Hermle AG. Maschinenfabrik Berthold Hermle AG is a publicly traded German company with headquarters in Gosheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of the leading manufacturers of milling machines. There are over 20,000 Hermle-manufactured machines in use worldwide. The chief users are suppliers of medical technology, the optical industry, aviation, and the automotive industry and racing.

Most development and manufacturing is located in Gosheim. The universal milling machines and machining centers from Hermle are used to produce tools, molds, and production parts.

History
In 1938 Berthold Hermle founded Berthold Hermle Gosheim - Schraubenfabrik and Fassondreherei. In 1957 the company began production of milling machines. Hermle went public in 1990 and changed its name to Maschinenfabrik Berthold Hermle AG—previously, it was primarily known by its initials of BHG (for Berthold Hermle Gosheim).

External links
 Berthold Hermle AG - official website

References 

Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Flight Team. Flight Team UG & Company KG (usually just Flight Team) is a German aircraft distributor based in Ippesheim, in the district of Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria.

The company was the sole distributor for two trike carriages, the Spider and its competition development version, the Twister, which were designed and built by Pipistrel in Slovenia, although they were sometimes called the Flight Team Spider and Flight Team Twister. These were equipped with a range of wings, mostly provided by Air Creation of France, for which Flight Team was once the German distributor. The Spider was introduced in 1992, but both the Spider and Twister were out of production by 2013 and no longer listed on the company website.

The Spider and Twister carriages were noted for their TIG-welded steel construction with fibreglass mainwheel suspension.

The company is a distributor for Pipistrel aircraft and Galaxy Holdings sro ballistic parachutes.

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Ultralight trikes
Homebuilt aircraft
Drachen Studio Kecur. Drachen Studio Kecur () is a German aircraft manufacturer based in Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight trikes and wings for them.

Background

The company is known for its Drachen Studio Kecur Royal 912 trike design that is produced in Slovenia under sub-contract and for its in-house wing design, the EOS 15, that uses spoiler control for roll.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Ultralight trikes
Drachen. Drachen may refer to:

"Drachen", song by Einstürzende Neubauten  from Strategies Against Architecture III 2001
"Drachen", song by Sarah Connor  from Herz Kraft Werke
Drachen Studio Kecur, a German ultralight aircraft manufacturer based in Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia.
 Drachen, a type of German Kite balloon used in WW1 for artillery observation.
Barry Railway Class A. Barry Railway Class A were the first steam tank engines to be built for the Barry Railway in South Wales and had an  wheel arrangement.  They were designed by John Wolfe Barry and built by Sharp Stewart.

Traffic duties 
The locomotive was primarily intended for heavy shunting duties at Barry Docks and Nos. 1-4 were delivered to Barry for that purpose. One locomotive, No. 5 was the first to be delivered to Treforest Junction where it hauled the Engineer's Saloon at the northern end of the line; the through line to the docks not yet being completed. To perform this duty, No. 5 was fitted with a vacuum injector and train pipes. Because of this, No. 5 was used to pull the first passenger train between Barry Docks and Cogan when the line opened on 20 December 1888. The following year the Class C locomotives arrived and were specifically designed for passenger traffic, at which point the vacuum brake fittings were removed and No. 5 was sent to work with the other 4 locomotives of the class in the docks.

Withdrawal 

All five locomotives passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922.  No. 1 (GWR 699) was withdrawn in April 1931 and sold to Coltness Iron Co Ltd in June 1932; it was cut up on site in March 1962.  No. 2 (GWR 700) was withdrawn in October 1926 and sold to Guest, Keen Nettlefolds at Dowlais Steelworks in October 1927; it was scrapped in August 1950.  No. 4 (GWR 703) was withdrawn in May 1932 and sold to Ocean Coal Co Ltd at Lady Windsor Colliery in Ynysybwl; it was scrapped in 1956.  No. 3 (GWR 702) was withdrawn in April 1931 and placed on the sales list though never sold.  No. 5 (GWR 706) was withdrawn in November 1930 but not offered for sale.  None has been preserved.

Numbering

References 

A
0-6-0T locomotives
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1888
Scrapped locomotives
Shunting locomotives
Setra Systems. Setra Systems, Inc. is an American electronics company that manufactures electronic instruments that measure pressure, acceleration, and weight. The company's products are used chiefly in industrial manufacturing  Setra Systems Inc. was a fully owned subsidiary of Fortive.

History
Founded in 1967, Setra Systems, Inc. is a USA-based designer and manufacturer of pressure, humidity and current sensing products for the HVAC industry. In 2001, Setra was acquired by Danaher Corporation. Setra Technology Park is located in Boxborough, MA.[2] Setra's range of products also cater to agricultural, medical, and semi-conductor industries apart from the existing OEM, barometric, HVAC/R, environmental, test and measurement, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Management
The company was founded by  Y. T. Li and  S. Y. Lee, former professors of engineering at MIT, who co-developed the variable capacitance transduction principle, the force sensing technology which is the basis of Setra's products.

Products
Setra's range of products include differential pressure transmitters, low differential pressure transducer, wet-to-wet differential pressure transducer, gauge pressure transmitters, current switches and sensors, humidity sensors and vacuum sensors. The engineering and research efforts of Setra have been put into the development of transmitters and transducers designed using the variable capacitive transduction principle. Setra has applications in various industries such as OEM, barometric, HVAC/R, environmental, test and measurement, food and pharmaceutical industries and has now ventured into building automation, agricultural, medical and semi-conductor industries.

References

External links
 Setra Systems Official Website

Sensors
1967 establishments in the United States
Electronics companies established in 1967
Electronics companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Microframework. A microframework is a term used to refer to minimalistic web application frameworks. It is contrasted with full-stack frameworks.

It lacks most of the functionality which is common to expect in a full-fledged web application framework, such as:
 Accounts, authentication, authorization, roles
 Database abstraction via an object-relational mapping
 Input validation and input sanitation
 Web template engine

Typically, a microframework facilitates receiving an HTTP request, routing the HTTP request to the appropriate function and returning an HTTP response. Microframeworks are often specifically designed for building the APIs for another service or application.  For example, Lumen microframework is designed for microservices development and API development.

Pseudocode example 

require "foo.php";

foo::get("/hello/{name}", function($name) {
    return "Hello $name!";
});

Microframeworks 

 Bottle for Python
 Camping for Ruby
 Express.js for Node.js
 Falcon for Python
 Fastify for Node.js
 Flask for Python
 Scalatra for Scala
 Lumen for PHP
 Slim for PHP
 Silex for PHP
 Sinatra for Ruby
 Spark for Java
 Jooby for Java
 Javalin for Java
 Jodd for Java
 Helidon for Java
 Pippo for Java
 Rapidoid for Java
 Armeria for Java
 Akka HTTP for Java
 Ratpack for Java
 Ktor for Kotlin
 Toolatra for Tcl

References
Ecological impact of explosives. Ecological impacts of explosives are the effects that both unexploded explosives and post-explosion by-products have on the environment.  Explosive derived contaminants may have adverse effects on the environmental as well as human health.

In addition to their military use in warfare, explosives are also used in construction and demolition. Of greatest concern to the environment are secondary explosives, such as TNT, RDX, and HMX because they are produced and used in the greatest quantities.

Explosives and their residual post explosion products can partition between multiple environmental compartments including aquatic, soil, atmosphere, and the biosphere.

Magnitude of exposure 

Explosives have important applications in the military and in both mining and construction work. In fact, the manufacture of explosives comprises a large amount of the chemical industry.  In the course of their production, handling, loading, and disposal, explosives are released into the environment. It is there that they are dispersed by mechanical processes or dissolved or volatilized and partially converted to secondary products. Over the past 150 years, millions of tons of explosives have been produced for military applications and other activities that have led to the accidental contamination of energetic materials in the soil and groundwater.  Exact numbers cannot be obtained and estimations are generally conservative, because people make their own bombs, which is not a small activity in regions dealing with armed conflict. The United States Army had estimated that over 1.2 million tons of soils have been contaminated with explosives on their training grounds alone. In the year 2004, it was estimated that 2,520,000 metric tons of explosive agents were sold for consumption in the United States alone.  Figure 1 shows the world consumption of explosives in 2008.

Generally, explosives are dispersed mainly when used in combat. Most explosives are used as warfare agents by militaries globally. However, modern uses for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are associated with construction and demolition, rather than combat. Because of its use in construction and demolition, it has become perhaps the most widespread explosive, and thus its toxicity is the most characterized and reported. The concentration of TNT in contaminated soil can reach 50 g kg−1 of soil, where the highest concentrations can be found on or near the surface. In the last decade, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has declared TNT a pollutant whose removal is priority.  The USEPA maintains that TNT levels in soil should not exceed 17.2 gram per kilogram of soil and 0.01 milligrams per liter of water.

Degradation 

Explosives and their post-explosion by-products may be degraded by abiotic processes that include hydrolysis, oxidation, or photolysis. Explosives may also be broken down through metabolism by microorganisms.

See also 
Environmental impact of war 
Formerly Used Defense Sites
Biodegradation
Advanced oxidation process

References

Explosives
Pollutants
Explosive chemicals
SubOS. In computing, a SubOS may mean several related concepts:
A process-specific protection mechanism allowing potentially dangerous applications to run in a restricted environment. It worked by setting a sub-user id which was user id of the owner of the file rather than the person running the file.
A substitute-operating system, which simulated a full operating system. These were mainly developed by the GameMaker community.
An interface (graphical or terminal based) that provides additional functions or command for a specific audience target.
It can also make processes easier and add details to the main operating system.

See also
Virtual machine
Sandbox (computer security)

References

Computing terminology
Operating system security
Virtualization software