omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Civil War Earthworks at Tallahatchie Crossing. The Civil War Earthworks at Tallahatchie Crossing is a Civil War earthwork in Marshall County, Mississippi. The earthworks are located on federal land owned by the Army Corps of Engineers and consist of eight parapets used for Union cannons, as well as infantry trenches.

The earthwork was built along the north bank of the Little Tallahatchie River in late 1862 by Union forces to defend the Mississippi Central Railroad and their supplies in Holly Springs as they moved south towards Oxford and ultimately Vicksburg.

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Military installations established in 1862
National Register of Historic Places in Marshall County, Mississippi
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
BFW CL.I. The BFW CL.I was a prototype German escort fighter aircraft of World War I.

Design and development
The CL.I first flew April 1918, but was considered to be inferior in performance to the Hannover CL.V. Thus, improvements were made and the aircraft was returned to BFW, fitted with a lighter fuselage and redesignated CL.Ia. Results of tests performed on 14 September 1918 were declared unsatisfactory. BFW commenced a redesign of the CL.Ia to produce an entirely new aircraft, the CL.III, of which a single prototype was built but not flown due to the Armistice of November 1918. A further development of the BFW CL.III, the CL.IV, remained a paper project only.

The second CL.I prototype (known as Type 18 by BFW) was fitted with a  MAN Mana III six-cylinder in-line engine and designated CL.II, with test flights in July 1918.

Variants
 CL.I (company designation BFW type 17) the initial design; two built
 CL.Ia with lighter fuselage; one converted from a CL.I
 CL.II (company designation BFW type 18) one of the CL.Is fitted with a  MAN Mana III engine
 CL.III Re-design of the CL.Ia; one built.
 CL.IV further development not completed before the armistice.

Specifications (CL.Ia)

References

 William Green and Gordon Swanborough; The Complete Book of Fighters, Salamander, 1994. p. 62 .

CL.I
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Biplanes
1910s German attack aircraft
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Huff-Daland XHB-3. The Huff-Daland XHB-3 was a proposed heavy bomber envisaged by Huff-Daland in the late 1920s. The leadership of the United States Army Air Corps found the XHB-3 design too radical to be a real proposition, so the design remained a paper project only.

Specifications

See also

References

XHB-3
1920s United States bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Heinkel HD 14. The Heinkel HD 14 was a single-engine biplane torpedo aircraft developed by the German aviation company Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in the 1920s, and produced in a single prototype, under license, from Swedish by Svenska Aero in Stockholm.

Development 
The Heinkel HD 14 was ordered in 1924, and on September 13, 1925, began flight testing. It was called "Bellona", but given the poor performance, did not meet the needs of the Navy. The aircraft was thus returned to the manufacturer, and was never marked.

Specifications

References

HD 14
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Heinkel HD 16. The Heinkel HD 16 was a single-engine biplane torpedo aircraft developed by the German aviation company Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in the nineteen-twenties and produced under license by Svenska Aero in Stockholm, Sweden.

Development 
The Heinkel HD 16 was an improvised version of the company's earlier Heinkel HD 14. Two HD 16s were built and sold to the Swedish Navy and designated T 1. The T 1 was equipped with two 14-cylinder Armstrong Siddeley Leopard radial engines with 666 Horsepower. The plane carried a m / 17 type torpedo. This torpedo was built in Sweden, had a caliber of 45 cm and weighed about 800 kg. The aircraft was also armed with a 7.7 mm machine gun. On delivery, the pilot and the observer were placed side by side. The cockpit was subsequently modified in tandem to allow a better view for the observer.

Specifications

References

HD 16
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Heinkel HD 19. The Heinkel HD 19 W (or Svenska Aero J 4) was a biplane seaplane fighter developed by Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke .

Development 
The Heinkel HD 19 W was the only naval fighter to be delivered to the Svenska Flygvapnet. Formed in 1926, the Svenska Flygvapnet issued a requirement in 1927 for an aircraft to be used for the defense of coastal fortifications and ships of the Navy. The specification determined the engine (the Bristol Jupiter VI) and the configuration of the aircraft, which should have been a seaplane with boots. The aircraft was designated J 4 (the acronym J stands for the Swedish word "Jakt", fighter) and two aircraft were ordered by Heinkel in September 1927. 

Meanwhile, the Swedish branch of Heinkel, the Svenska Aero AB based in Lidingö (an island in the Stockholm archipelago), made an offer for the Swedish air force and in October 1928 an order was made for four additional aircraft (serial numbers 282-285). The first delivery took place in May 1929, the last one in the following September. 

The aircraft housed 2 people and was armed with two KSP M / 22 caliber 8 mm front fixed machine guns and another 8 mm KSP M / 22 caliber that can be tilted by the rear seat passenger. The first HD 19 carried out the tests at Warnemünde in July 1928 and entered service at Wing F 2 in Hagernäs a few months later. Given the limited performance the days for seaplanes were set, so the planes were actually used for the reconnaissance and fire management. In particular, the floats limited a lot of operation and performance even if the HD 19 was initially designed with an alternative landing gear that could mount wheels or skis depending on the case. In 1934 the three surviving J4s were transferred to Wing F 1 in Västerås and placed in reserve. The last J 4 (number 281) was withdrawn on August 31, 1937 after an operating life of 812 flight hours.

Specifications

References

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
HD 19
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Heinkel HE 9. The Heinkel HE 9 was a reconnaissance seaplane developed by the German aviation company Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke AG in the late 1920s.

The aircraft was equipped with 660 liters (492 kW) BMW VI . The planned crew consisted of three people. On 21 May 1929 the plane established numerous world record for seaplanes including a speed record of 231 kilometers per hour in one km of track with a load of 1000 kg. On 10 June HE 9 set a speed record for 1000 km of track with a load of 1000 kg.

Specifications

References

1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
HE 009
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
BFW N.I. The BFW N.I was a prototype night bomber aircraft developed in Germany during the First World War.

Development
In August 1917, Idflieg instructed BFW to develop a night bomber able to carry 500 kg of bombs. The resulting N.I was a two-seat triplane powered by one Mercedes D.IVa inline engine. The N.I first flew in the summer of 1918 but did not enter production.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

N.1
1910s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Blériot-SPAD S.31. 

The Bleriot-SPAD S.30 was a French racer aircraft built in the early 1920s.

Design
The S.31 was a biplane with a monocoque fuselage of wood and canvas construction, as well as floats. It was built to participate in the 1920 Schneider Cup.

Specifications

See also

References

SPAD aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Blériot-SPAD S.36. 

The Bleriot-SPAD S.36 was a French reconnaissance aircraft built in the early 1920s.

Design
The S.36 was a biplane with a monocoque fuselage of wood and canvas construction. Only one airframe was built, and flight tests ended due to the failure of the supercharger.

Specifications

See also

References

SPAD aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Blériot-SPAD S.37. The Bleriot-SPAD S.37 was a small French airliner developed soon after World War I.

Design
The S.37 was a sedan-style airliner where the passengers were placed in open cabin in front of the pilot.

Specifications

See also

References

Blériot aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s French airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Blériot-SPAD S.92. 

The Blériot-SPAD S.92 was a French one-seat, single-engine biplane flight training aircraft designed in the 1920s

Design
The S.92 was a biplane of wood and metal construction.

Operators
 
 Aéronautique Militaire

Specification

References

Blériot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Blériot-SPAD S.72. 

The Blériot-SPAD S.72 was a French one-seat, single-engine biplane flight training aircraft designed in the 1920s

Design
The S.72 was a biplane of wood and metal construction.

Specification

References

Blériot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Blériot-SPAD S.62. 

The Blériot-SPAD S.62 was a French one-seat, single-engine biplane flight training aircraft designed in the 1920s. It was presented at the Military Airplane School Contest of 1923.

Design
The S.62 was a biplane of wood and canvas construction.

Specification

References

Blériot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Blériot-SPAD S.64. 

The Blériot-SPAD S.64 was a French two-seat, single-engine biplane flight training aircraft designed in the 1920s.

Design
The S.64 was a biplane of wood and canvas construction.

Specification

References

Blériot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Rotary-engined aircraft
Blériot-SPAD S.71. The Blériot-SPAD S.71 was a French fighter aircraft developed in the early 1920s.

Design and development
The S.71 was a single-seat fighter plane of all-wood construction with jointed fabric.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

Fighter aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French fighter aircraft
S.71
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Blériot-SPAD S.38. The Blériot-SPAD S.38 was a French fighter aircraft developed in the early 1920s.

Design and development
The S.38 was a single-seat fighter plane of all-wood construction with canvas. The aircraft was intended to test a cable hook.

Specifications

See also

References

Fighter aircraft
Biplanes
1920s French fighter aircraft
S.38
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Rotary-engined aircraft
Blériot-SPAD S.40. 

The Bleriot-SPAD S.40 was a French observation aircraft built in the early 1920s.

Design
The S.40 was a biplane with a monocoque fuselage of wood and canvas construction.

Specifications

See also

References

SPAD aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Blériot-SPAD S.39. 

The Bleriot-SPAD S.39 was a French carrier-borne reconnaissance aircraft built in the early 1920s.

Design
The S.39 was a biplane with monocoque fuselage and wood and canvas wings. The undercarriage featured a hydroplane / flotation device.

Specifications

See also

References

SPAD aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Blériot-SPAD S.82. The Bleriot-SPAD S.82 was a French advertising aircraft built in the late 1920s.

Design
The S.82 was a biplane with a monocoque fuselage of wood and canvas construction. It was built to tow billboards in the air.

Specifications

References

SPAD aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Blériot-SPAD S.XXII. The SPAD S.XXII was a prototype fighter plane built by SPAD shortly World War I.

Design and development
The S.XXII was a two-seat biplane fighter of all-wood construction with a canvas coating and a monocoque fuselage. The upper and lower wings tended to sweep in opposite directions.

Specifications

References

Fighter aircraft
Biplanes
1910s French fighter aircraft
S.XXII
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Blériot-SPAD S.XXIV. The SPAD S.XXIV was a prototype fighter plane built by SPAD at the end of World War I.

Design and development
The S.XXIV was a single-seat biplane fighter of all-wood construction with a canvas coating and a monocoque fuselage.

Specifications (variant specified)

References

Fighter aircraft
Biplanes
1910s French fighter aircraft
S.XXIV
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Brochet MB.30. The Brochet MB.30 was a single-seat sports aircraft designed by Maurice Brochet in the mid-1930s.

The MB-30 surname was "little pike".

Design and development
The MB.30 was a parasol-wing monoplane of all-wooden construction.

It is derived from the MB-20, the noticeable change was the addition of a tractor engine.

Specifications

References

1930s French sport aircraft
Brochet aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Bloch MB.800. The Bloch MB.800 was a French low-wing monoplane three-seat trainer / mailplane developed by Société des Avions Marcel Bloch. It was of all-wood construction.

Variants
Data from: Dassault Aviation
MB 800 P3the first aircraft, a three-seat flying trainer to a P3 specification, powered by two  Bloch 6B-1 6-cylinder engines.
MB 800 T3the second aircraft, a three-seat crew trainer to a T3 specification, was under construction in 1939.
MB 800P 'Biarritz'the third aircraft, a mailplane, completed during WWII as the Sud-Ouest SO.80 / Sud-Ouest SO.800, powered by two  Béarn 6D engines.

Specifications

See also

References

MB.800
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
1940s French aircraft
Yan Luguang. Yan Luguang (; born 6 July 1935) is a Chinese electrical engineer. He is a research professor and former Director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and served as President of Ningbo University from 1999 to 2004. He is an academician of the CAS and The World Academy of Sciences, and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Together with physicist Chen Chunxian, he led the development and construction of China's first tokamak.

Biography 
Yan was born on 6 July 1935 in Beijing, with his ancestral home in Dongyang, Zhejiang. In 1954, he and his older brother Yan Wuguang (严武光) together went to study in the Soviet Union. He graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1959.

After returning to China, Yan joined the newly established Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In the early 1970s, Yan joined physicist Chen Chunxian to lead the development and construction of China's first tokamak, an electromagnetic device used in nuclear fusion. Their cooperation achieved success in 1973, with the creation of the tokamak CT-6. Yan also participated in the design of the next tokamak device, the Hefei CT-8.

From 1988 to 1999, Yan served as Director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering. He led research in superconductivity, maglev trains, renewable energy, and electric cars. He was elected an academician of the CAS in 1991.

On the recommendation of Lu Yongxiang, the president of the CAS, Yan was appointed President of Ningbo University in 1999. He served in the position until 2004.

Family
Yan is the youngest son of Yan Jici, a founder of modern physics in China, and his wife Zhang Zongying (张宗英). He has four older brothers, not counting three other siblings who died in infancy. The five Yan brothers all became academics, including Yan Youguang (严又光), the main designer of China's first digital computer, Yan Shuangguang (严双光), an aircraft designer, and Yan Wuguang, a professor at the CAS Institute of High Energy Physics. The Yan family has been called the "little academy of science".

Yan is married to Lü Xi'en (吕锡恩), a graduate of the University of Leningrad and an associate professor at the CAS Institute of Chemistry.

References 

1935 births
Living people
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Engineers from Beijing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Moscow Power Engineering Institute alumni
Academic staff of Ningbo University
Presidents of Ningbo University
TWAS fellows
Microlites. Microlites are minute crystals in an amorphous matrix.  In igneous petrology, the term microlitic is used to describe vitric (glassy, non-crystalline, amorphous) matrix containing microscopic crystals.  Microlitic rocks are a type of hypocrystalline rocks.  Unlike ordinary phenocrysts, which can be seen with little or no magnification, microlites are generally formed in rapidly cooled (quenched) basaltic lava, where cooling rates are too high to permit formation of larger crystals.

Microlites are sometimes referred to as “small quench crystals”.   They form more easily in basaltic lava eruptions, which have relatively low viscosity.  Low viscosity permits rapid nucleation and ion migration, necessary for crystal formation.  The high silica content of rhyolitic lavas gives them much higher viscosities.  Such lavas tend to form glass (obsidian) when they cool rapidly from a fully melted liquid state; though many obsidians also contain microlites.  Low viscosity mafic magmas must be quenched very rapidly from a high temperature to form glass that is free of any crystalline content.

Microlites have been found in volcanic ash collected from Hawaiian lava fountains, where rapid cooling favors their formation.  Sideromelane is a light brown basaltic glass, also formed in these eruptions, with and without microlites.

References 

Igneous petrology
Tephra
Caproni Ca.146. The Caproni Ca.146 was a high-wing reconnaissance aircraft built by Caproni in the mid-1930s.

Design
The Ca.146 was a derivative of the Ca.127, and was similar in being a high-wing monoplane. However, the Ca.146 was of all-wood construction and had no armament provisions. The Ca.146 prototype (registration MM.131) flew in 1935 and showed good flight characteristics, but won no orders from the Regia Aeronautica.

Specifications

References

Ca.146
Aircraft first flown in 1935
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Brake cleaner. Brake cleaner, often also called parts cleaner, is a mostly colorless cleaning agent, mainly used for cleaning the brake disks, the engine compartment and underfloor of motor vehicles. An important feature is that the brake cleaner leaves no residue after the solvents evaporate.

Composition 
Chlorinated brake cleaners (often sold as non-flammable) use organochlorides like tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane. Historically 1,1,1-Trichloroethane was used, sometimes together with Tetrachloroethylene. It was phased out because of its ozone-depleting nature.

Non-chlorinated brake cleaners use hydrocarbons as a main component; it will either be a low-boiling aliphatic compound or higher-boiling hydrocarbon mixture. Aromatics like benzene, toluene or xylene may also be used. The hydrocarbons used are sometimes made by hydrogenation from naphtha. The lipophilic liquids dissolve fat-soluble lubricants or oils. Some products also contain polar solvents such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone in order to dissolve non-lipophilic substances. Many formulations are incompatible with various materials, especially plastics.

Use 
The main application of brake cleaners is the degreasing and cleaning of metal parts or metallic surfaces. They are used for removing oils, fats, resins, tar and dust, mainly in motor vehicles.

About 10 million liters are consumed per year in Germany.

Danger 
Brake cleaners contain toxic compounds and should be used only in well-ventilated areas or outdoors. Some are highly flammable and harmful for the environment, which also has to be considered during storage. Skin exposure to the solvent mixture may cause irritation and defatting injury.

Brake cleaners decompose rubber and some types of plastics by removing binding components. The rubber appears unchanged at first; however, it will become brittle, and after a few weeks to months cracks and fractures appear.

Alternatives 
For frequent and industrial use, cleaning and degreasing may be replaced by supercritical carbon dioxide or dry Ice blasting, which is abrasive. This requires a setup to apply the carbon dioxide. While the harmful vapors are eliminated, the CO2 must be ventilated. Applying the carbon dioxide causes electrostatic discharge by the expanding gas. The dust and harmful brake dust is not bound in the liquid.

References 

Cleaning products
Vehicle braking technologies
Pages with unreviewed translations
Colombian Aerospace Museum. The Colombian Aerospace Museum is an aerospace museum located near Tocancipá, Cundinamarca.

History
Founded in 1968, the museum was originally located at Techo International Airport. In 1972 it was moved to the Military Transport Air Command at El Dorado International Airport. In 1999, the museum took over the newly refurbished Military Transport Air Command offices and opened to the public in April 2001. The museum moved again to a location across from Jaime Duque Park, where it opened in November 2017.

Collection

 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
 Bell UH-1B Iroquois
 Boeing 707
 Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
 Dassault Mirage 5COAM
 Douglas A-26 Invader
 Douglas C-54 Skymaster
 Gavilán G358
 Junkers Ju 52/3m
 Junkers W 34
 Lockheed C-60A Lodestar
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules
 Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star
 Lockheed T-33
 North American T-6 Texan
 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

External links

 Official website

Aerospace museums
Museums established in 1968
Science museums in Colombia
Jason Steffen. Jason Hyrum Steffen (born May 15, 1975) is an American astrophysicist and assistant professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). He is also a member of the science team for NASA's Kepler space telescope mission. He worked at Fermilab and Northwestern University for a decade before joining the UNLV faculty. He is known for his work on the discoveries of several exoplanets. He has also developed an alternative method for boarding passengers onto commercial aircraft, known as the Steffen Boarding Method. It has been found to be significantly faster than the "back-to-front" method used by most commercial airlines. He was inspired to begin research on the topic after waiting in an exceptionally long line to board a plane at an airport.

References

External links
Faculty page

Living people
1975 births
People from Fairfield, California
American astrophysicists
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
Weber State University alumni
University of Washington alumni
20th-century American physicists
NFW E.II. The NFW E.II was a fighter aircraft built in Germany during World War I.

Design
The E.II was an all-wood single seat monoplane powered by a Mercedes D.IIIa engine. One prototype was built and flown in 1917, but the type did not enter production.

Specifications (E.II)

See also

References

Further reading

E.II
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
NFW E.I. The NFW E.I was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Germany during World War I.

Design
The E.I was an all-wood single-seat monoplane powered by an Oberursel U.0 rotary engine. The wing had two spars between which the pilot's seat was located, but also a plywood trim. One prototype was built and flown in 1917, but the type did not enter production.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

E.I
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Rotary-engined aircraft