omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rim Rock Wind Farm. Rim Rock Wind Farm is located near Cut Bank, Montana. Owned by NaturEner, this $370 million, 189 megawatt (MW) wind farm has been operational since 2012, and is Montana's largest wind-producing facility to be built in a single phase.

Details 

The project was originally developed by Great Plains Wind & Energy LLC, and purchased in 2006 by the Spanish company NaturEner.  NaturEner subsequently partnered with Morgan Stanley to finance the facility.  Construction began in October 2011, and operation began in December 2012. There are 126 Acciona AW77 wind turbines, rated to operate at 1.5 MW each.  This is NaturEner's third project in the United States, and nearly doubled the company's electricity production in the country when completed. The energy harnessed is used to power approximately 60,000 homes in Toole and Glacier counties in Montana, as well as in California.

In December 2013, San Diego Gas & Electric filed a lawsuit against NaturEner, claiming that NaturEner hid the possibility that nearby eagles would be harmed by the wind farm.  NaturEner in turn filed a lawsuit against the state utility, claiming that the utility wanted out of the contract. Justices of the Montana Supreme Court ruled that the contractual issue would have to be resolved in Californian courts (and not Montana courts). No further announcements on the case have been made.

Electricity production 

(*) partial year of operation

See also

Wind power in Montana
Glacier Wind Farm
List of wind farms in the United States

References

External links
VIDEO: Rim Rock Wind Farm

Energy infrastructure completed in 2012
Wind farms in Montana
Buildings and structures in Glacier County, Montana
Buildings and structures in Toole County, Montana
Direct cool. Direct cool is one of the two major types of techniques used in domestic refrigerators, the other being the "frost-free" type. Direct-cool refrigerators produce the cooling effect by a natural convection process from cooled surfaces in the insulated compartment that is being cooled. Water vapor that contacts the cooled surface freezes. Therefore, unlike frost-free units, direct-cool units require manual defrosting of the interior. Direct cool is less expensive in production and in operation, as it consumes less energy when compared to frost free refrigerators

References

Refrigerants

2. Direct Cool Vs Frost Free Refrigerators – Know the Differences
Software supply chain. A software supply chain is the components, libraries, tools, and processes used to develop, build, and publish a software artifact.

A software bill of materials (SBOM) declares the inventory of components used to build a software artifact, including any open source and proprietary software components. It is the software analogue to the traditional manufacturing BOM, which is used as part of supply chain management.

Usage
An SBOM allows builders to make sure open-source and third-party software components are up to date and respond quickly to new vulnerabilities. Buyers and other stakeholders can use an SBOM to perform vulnerability or license analysis, which can be used to evaluate and manage risk in a product.

While many companies use a spreadsheet for general BOM management, there are additional risks and issues in an SBOM written to a spreadsheet. It is best practice for SBOMs to be collectively stored in a repository that can be part of other automation systems and easily queried by other applications.

Legislation
The Cyber Supply Chain Management and Transparency Act of 2014 was a failed piece of US legislation that proposed to require government agencies to obtain SBOMs for any new products they purchase and to obtain SBOMs for "any software, firmware, or product in use by the United States Government". The act spurred later legislation such as "Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2017."

The US Executive Order on Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity of May 12, 2021 ordered NIST and NTIA to lay down guidelines for software supply chain management, including for SBOMs. The NTIA outlines three broad categories of minimum elements of SBOMs: data fields (baseline information about each software component), automation support (the ability to generate SBOMs in machine- and human-readable formats), and practices and processes (how and when organizations should generate SBOMs). The "automation support" requirement specifies the need for "automatic generation," which is possible with the use of Software Composition Analysis (SCA) solutions.

See also
 Reproducible builds
 Software Package Data Exchange
 Software toolchain
 Supply chain attack
 Manifest file
 Dependency hell

References

Supply chain management
Software project management
Software development process
Pierre Djibril Coulibaly. Pierre Djibril Coulibaly (born June 1957, Korhogo, Ivory Coast) is an Ivorian software engineer. He is managing director of Computer NEXAT, which he created in 2003 after twenty years at SIR and as a head of IT in education.

Career 

Coulibaly was a founding member and vice president of the Federation of Inventors of the Ivory Coast (FEDINCI). Coulibaly introduced, in 2010, an application to Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (Organisation of African Intellectual Property) to obtain a patent for the universal computer management software design process (patent 15165 of 30 March 2010). The work of Coulibaly on universal management software facilitates accessibility of management software for business areas hitherto neglected by application developers.

Awards

Coulibaly won the Start Award for Quality in Geneva, Switzerland; and the Knight of the National Order of Côte d'Ivoire for best tertiary sector innovation in Cotonou, Benin in 2013 at the Carrefour international innovation convention.

Coulibaly was honored as one of the 100 personalities that have marked Africa in 2014, by the FinancialAfrik.

References

1957 births
Living people
Software engineers
People from Korhogo
Ivorian engineers
ScreenOS. ScreenOS is a real-time embedded operating system for the NetScreen range of hardware firewall devices from Juniper Networks.

Features 
Beside transport level security ScreenOS also integrates these flow management applications:

 IP gateway VPN management – ICSA-certified IPSec
 IP packet inspection (low level) for protection against  TCP/IP attacks
 Virtualization for network segmentation

Possible NSA backdoor and 2015 "Unauthorized Code" incident 
In December 2015, Juniper Networks announced that it had found unauthorized code in ScreenOS that had been there since August 2012. The two backdoors it created would allow sophisticated hackers to control the firewall of un-patched Juniper Netscreen products and decrypt network traffic. At least one of the backdoors appeared likely to have been the effort of a governmental interest. There was speculation in the security field about whether it was the NSA. Many in the security industry praised Juniper for being transparent about the breach. WIRED speculated that the lack of details that were disclosed and the intentional use of a random number generator with known security flaws could suggest that it was planted intentionally.

NSA and GCHQ 
A 2011 leaked  NSA document says that GCHQ had current exploit capability against the following ScreenOS devices: NS5gt, N25, NS50, NS500, NS204, NS208, NS5200, NS5000, SSG5, SSG20, SSG140, ISG 1000, ISG 2000. The exploit capabilities seem consistent with the program codenamed FEEDTROUGH.

Versions

References

External links 
 ScreenOS Software Documentation

Embedded operating systems
Real-time operating systems
Network operating systems
Juniper Networks
Computer networking
Chillington Iron Company Tramway. The Chillington Iron Works opened in 1822. Foster, Rastrick and Company in Stourbridge played a role in equipping the works. An extensive  gauge tramway connected the ironworks with the Birmingham canal at Chillington Wharf, but had disappeared by the turn of the century. Steam locomotives from John Smith Village Foundry at Coven, were purchased for use on the line.

References

Rail transport in Wolverhampton
Industrial railways in England
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
High value resistors (electronics). High value resistors (HVR) are electronic components used for special applications, such as in bio-medical systems, measurement equipment and some condenser microphones. While discrete resistors in the range of few tens of megohm are very common, making giga-ohm range resistors is more complicated. Discrete resistors are available up to several tera-ohms, but are expensive because of limited demand. Sometimes, a combination of active and passive electronic devices is used to achieve such a high resistance.

References

Electrical components
Resistive components
ATEC v.o.s.. ATEC v.o.s. is a Czech aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1992 and based in Libice nad Cidlinou. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction as well as ready-to-fly aircraft for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight and the American light-sport aircraft categories.

Petr Volejník is the company owner, general and production manager, designer and test pilot.

The company was formed in 1992 as a manufacturer of aircraft parts under sub-contract. The first aircraft built was the composite fuselage wood and fabric-wing Zephyr in 1996. The design was developed into the smaller, single-seat ATEC 212 Solo made entirely from carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer. The ATEC 321 Faeta was introduced in 2003 and improves on the Zephyr in that it is also made from carbon fibre.

The Faeta has been accepted by the US Federal Aviation Administration as a light-sport aircraft.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
1992 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Manufacturing companies established in 1992
Certified penetration testing engineer. Certified Penetration Testing Engineer (C)PTE) is an internationally recognized cyber security certification administered by the United States–based information security company Mile2. The accreditation maps to the Committee on National Security Systems' 4013 education certification. The C)PTE certification is considered one of five core cyber security certifications.

Accreditations

Obtaining the C)PTE certification requires proven proficiency and knowledge of five key information security elements, penetration testing, data collection, scanning, enumeration, exploitation and reporting.

The CPTE certification is one of some information assurance accreditations recognized by the U.S. National Security Agency. The certification has also been approved by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's National Initiative for Cybersecurity Studies and Careers (NICSS) and the U.S.-based National Security Systems Committee.

Examination

The online exam for C)PTE accreditation lasts two hours and consists of 100 multiple choice questions.

References

External links
Mile2 C)PTE website page

Computer security qualifications
Data security
Information technology qualifications
Eniram. Eniram Oy, founded in 2005, is a Finnish clean-tech software engineering company which specializes in marine energy management products and services for ship-owners and operators of commercial vessels, ranging from cruise ships, bulk carriers, container ships, LNG carriers and tankers.

The company’s onboard and on-shore energy management systems provide ship-owners and operators with insight for cutting harmful emissions, increasing fuel efficiency, driving operational change and optimizing overall ship and fleet performance. 
Headquartered in Helsinki, Finland, Eniram employs software designers, naval architects and ship captains.

On 1 July 2016, Eniram was bought by the Finnish engine and maritime company Wärtsilä.

History

2005: Eniram Oy is established in Helsinki; first employees come on board.
2007: trim optimization trials with Royal Caribbean International, Norwegian Cruise Line and Carnival Cruise Lines, three of the world’s largest cruise ship companies
2008: first trim optimization deal; first container ship customer; Eniram US offices open.
2009: first tanker ship customer (trim optimization).
2010: first fleet performance offering; UK office opens.
2011: Singapore office is established, Eniram #1 on the Deloitte Fast 50 Awards list. 
2012: first speed and engine optimization customers.
2013: German offices open, expansion to Japan and Middle East
2014: Eniram named European Cleantech Company of the Decade
2016: Eniram bought by Wärtsilä.

Awards

Slush names Eniram in Top 50 companies list.
The 2014 Global Cleantech 100 Companies
Startup100 ranks Finnish startups monthly based on online marketing activities and performance. Eniram is listed in the Top 100 for October 2014
Winner of the 2014 Fathom Shipping Energy Efficiency Award
Avaus: Eniram #9 on the “Smartest Companies in Finland” list

See also

Fuel efficiency
Energy engineering

References

External links
Sulfur Regulations Spur Fuel-saving Technologies, Marine Link, Nov. 13, 2014
Interview: Attaining World Business Intelligence, World Maritime News, Oct. 7, 2014
Information Technology and Marine Software, Pacific Maritime Magazine, September, 2014
Finnish invention slashes ship emissions, Yle Uutiset, July 30, 2014
Operating in heavy fouling areas could cost cruise vessels $500,000 per year, Ship Technology, Oct. 5, 2012
Hamburg Süd to Equip More Vessels with DTA Technology, Ship Technology, Apr 26, 2011
 Eniram's website.

Engineering companies of Finland
Marine energy
Baipaza Dam. The Baipaza Dam (; ) is a concrete face rock-fill dam on the Vakhsh River about  southeast of Yovon in Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. A purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 600 MW power station.  The first three 150 MW Francis turbine-generators were commissioned in 1985, the fourth in 1986. Its reservoir also holds water for the irrigation of some  in the Yovon and Obikiik Valleys to the west. This is accomplished by a  tunnel which runs from the right back of the reservoir and through a mountain to the valley.

References

Dams in Tajikistan
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Dams completed in 1985
Dams on the Vakhsh River
Energy infrastructure completed in 1986
Hydroelectric power stations in Tajikistan
Khatlon Region
Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union
Philip Newcomb. Philip H. Newcomb (born 1950s) is an American software engineer and CEO of The Software Revolution, Inc., known for his work in the field of formal methods of software engineering.

Biography 
Newcomb started his studies at Indiana University in 1972, and obtained his BSc in Cognitive Psychology in 1976. In 1977 he did graduate work in computer science at the University of Washington and at Carnegie Mellon University. In 1984 he continued his studies at Ball State University, where he obtained his MA in Computer Science in 1988. 

In 1983 Newcomb started as researcher at the Boeing Artificial Intelligence Center in Seattle, working in the field of formal methods for software engineering and artificial intelligence. He became senior principal scientist, and in 1989 director of the Software Reverse, Reengineering and Reuse Program. In 1995 he founded his own company, The Software Revolution, Inc., to deliver solutions for software modernization.

In 2012 he was awarded the Stevens Award in recognition of his outstanding contributions to software and systems development.

Selected publications 
 Ulrich, William M., and Philip Newcomb. Information Systems Transformation: Architecture-Driven Modernization Case Studies. Morgan Kaufmann, 2010.

Articles, a selection:
 Newcomb, Philip, and Lawrence Markosian. "Automating the modularization of large COBOL programs: application of an enabling technology for reengineering." Reverse Engineering, 1993., Proceedings of Working Conference on. IEEE, 1993.
 Markosian, L., Newcomb, P., Brand, R., Burson, S., & Kitzmiller, T. (1994). "Using an enabling technology to reengineer legacy systems." Communications of the ACM, 37(5), 58-70.
 Newcomb, Philip, and Gordon Kotik. "Reengineering procedural into object-oriented systems." 2013 20th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE). IEEE Computer Society, 1995.
 Newcomb, Philip. "Architecture-driven modernization (ADM)." 2013 20th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE). IEEE Computer Society, 2005.

References

External links 
 Philip H. Newcomb at tsri.com

1950s births
Living people
American computer scientists
Information systems researchers
Indiana State University alumni
University of Washington alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Ball State University alumni
Phil Muntz. Eric Phillip Muntz (May 18, 1934 – August 1, 2017) was a prominent American scientist  and a former Canadian football player who played for the Calgary Stampeders in 1956 and Toronto Argonauts from 1957 to 1960.  He previously played at the University of Toronto
where he received a B.S. degree in Aeronautical Engineering in 1956 and a PhD in 1961 specializing in Aerophysics. 

From 1969, Muntz was a professor at University of Southern California who made important contributions to the development of electron beam fluorescence technique as well as its applications for high-speed flow measurements. He was an inventor on over 25 patents. 

In 1993, Muntz was elected a member of US National Academy of Engineering with the citation "For technical and academic leadership in rarified-gas dynamics and non-equilibrium flow phenomena".

In late 1990s and early 2000s, Muntz introduced and developed the concept of Knudsen compressor, a multi-stage vacuum pump with no moving parts or fluids. He died on August 1, 2017.

References

1934 births
2017 deaths
Aerospace engineers
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football running backs
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Toronto Varsity Blues football players
Toronto Argonauts players
University of Southern California faculty
Escaldes Hydroelectric Power Station. Escaldes Hydroelectric Power Station is located in Engolasters of the Encamp parish in Andorra. Its namesake, Les Escaldes, is located just to the south in Escaldes-Engordany parish. It uses water from Lake Engolasters, located  above sea level in order to generate hydroelectricity. A  long penstock deliver water from the  long Engolasters Dam to the power station which contains two 14 MW and one 17 MW Pelton turbine-generators. The difference in elevation between the lake and power station is about .

In 1929 the General Council of Andorra granted Forces Andorranes Societat Anonima (FASA), a Spanish and French-owned company, the ability to develop the country for hydroelectric power. In return, FASA would construct roads various highways connecting to Andorra in return for exporting the energy. Construction of the power station and Engolasters Dam began in 1930 and the power station with two 14 MW generators was commissioned in August 1934. Beginning in 2007, a third Pelton turbine-generator was added to the station. At 17 MW, it was commissioned in 2008.

References

External links

Dams completed in 1934
Masonry dams
Hydroelectric power stations in Andorra
Energy infrastructure completed in 1934
1934 establishments in Andorra
Impedance analyzer. An impedance analyzer is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure complex electrical impedance as a function of test frequency.

Impedance is an important parameter used to characterize electronic components, electronic circuits, and the materials used to make components. Impedance analysis can also be used to characterize materials exhibiting dielectric behavior such as biological tissue, foodstuffs or geological samples.

Impedance analyzers come in three distinct hardware implementations, and together these three implementations can probe from ultra low frequency to ultra high frequency and can measure impedances from μΩ to TΩ.

Operation
Impedance analyzers are a class of instruments which measure complex electrical impedance as a function of frequency. This involves the phase sensitive measurement of current and voltage applied to a device under test while the measurement frequency is varied over the course of the measurement. Key specifications of an impedance analyzer are the frequency range, impedance range, absolute impedance accuracy and phase angle accuracy. Further specifications include the ability to apply voltage bias and current bias while measuring, and the measurement speed.

Impedance analyzers typically offer highly accurate impedance measurements, e.g. with a basic accuracy of up to 0.05%, and a frequency measurement range from μHz to GHz. Impedance values can range over many decades from μΩ to TΩ, whereas the phase angle accuracy is in the range of 10 millidegree. Measured impedance values include absolute impedance, the real and imaginary part of the measured impedance and the phase between the voltage and current. Model-derived impedance parameters such as conductance, inductance and capacitance are calculated based on a replacement circuit model and subsequently displayed.

LCR meters also provide impedance measurement functionality, typically with similar accuracy but lower frequency range. The measurement frequency of LCR meters is generally fixed rather than swept, and cannot be displayed graphically.

A fourth implementation, the vector network analyzer (VNA), can be considered a distinct instrument. In contrast to impedance analyzers, VNAs also measure impedance but usually at much higher frequencies and with much lower accuracy compared to impedance analyzers.

Reactance chart 
Most impedance analyzers come with a reactance chart which shows the reactance values for capacitive reactance XC and inductive reactance XL for a given frequency. The accuracy of the instrument is transposed on the chart to allow the user to quickly see what accuracy they can expect for a given frequency and reactance.

See also
Electrical impedance
LCR meter
VNA

Notes 

Electrical circuits
Electronic test equipment
Radio electronics
Impedance measurements