omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rolls-Royce Medway. The Rolls-Royce RB.141 Medway was a large low-bypass turbofan engine designed, manufactured and tested in prototype form by Rolls-Royce in the early-1960s. The project was cancelled due to changes in market requirements that also led to the development and production of the smaller but similar Rolls-Royce Spey, and the cancellation of the Armstrong Whitworth AW.681 military transport aircraft project.

Design and development
Designed by a team led by Alan Arnold Griffith, the RB.141 was originally designed to meet a new propulsion requirement for the de Havilland DH.121 airliner project which later became the Hawker Siddeley Trident. The engine was later named after the River Medway in line with Rolls-Royce company tradition for jet engines. The DH.121 itself was being designed to a requirement and specification from British European Airways issued in February 1958, and when this requirement was altered to that of a smaller aircraft, the Medway in its initial form was no longer needed.

As a considerable amount of company funds had already been spent on development, the project was continued to rework the design for another future aircraft project, the Armstrong Whitworth AW.681 VTOL military transport aircraft. The rear section of the engine was modified to incorporate an internal thrust deflector to duct exhaust gases through swivelling nozzles; an idea similar to that used on the contemporary Bristol Siddeley Pegasus. Cancellation of the AW.681 project however also brought to an end further development work on the Medway with attention turning to the smaller, but very closely related, Spey turbofan, the Spey being basically a scaled-down Medway incorporating more recent technical developments.

Another possible application for the Medway was the Saab 37 Viggen, but a lack of British government funding was stated as the reason for the cancellation of this order.

By December 1963 the Medway had successfully completed over 1,700 hours of bench running.

Variants
RB.140
  thrust, early development engine
RB.141 Medway
Variant for DH.121 airliner use 
RB.142 Medway
Vectored thrust development for the AW.681.
RB.174 Medway
Advanced civil development
RB.177 Medway
Advanced military development of ~15,000 lb st dry, proposed for the Saab 37 Viggen

Projected applications

Armstrong Whitworth AW.681
Bristol Type 200
de Havilland DH.121
Saab 37 Viggen
Sud Aviation Super Caravelle
Vickers VC10

Specifications (RB.141-3 Medway)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.

External links
 Thrust SSC - Medway/Spey development

Low-bypass turbofan engines
Medway
1950s turbofan engines
Azur (satellite). Azur (also called GRS-A) was West Germany's first scientific satellite. Launched on 8 November 1969 it studied the Van Allen belts, solar particles, and aurorae.

The construction of the satellite was carried out by Ludwig Bölkow, one of the aeronautical pioneers of Germany, and with the participation of other German companies.

References

External links
 Encyclopedia of Science - Azur

Satellites of Germany
Science and technology in West Germany
First artificial satellites of a country
Spacecraft launched in 1969
Undercut (manufacturing). In manufacturing, an undercut is a special type of recessed surface that is inaccessible using a straight tool. In turning, it refers to a recess in a diameter generally on the inside diameter of the part. In milling, it refers to a feature which is not visible when the part is viewed from the spindle. In molding, it refers to a feature that cannot be molded using only a single pull mold. In printed circuit board construction, it refers to the portion of the copper that is etched away under the photoresist.

Turning

On turned parts an undercut is also known as a neck or "relief groove". They are often used at the end of the threaded portion of a shaft or screw to provide clearance for the cutting tool.

Molding

Undercut - Any indentation or protrusion in a shape that will prevent its withdrawal from a one-piece mold.

Milling

In milling the spindle is where a cutting tool is mounted.  In some situations material must be cut from a direction where the feature can not be seen from the perspective of the spindle and requires special tooling to reach behind the visible material. 

The corners may be undercut to remove the radius that is usually left by the milling cutter this is commonly referred to as a relief.

Etching

Undercuts from etching (microfabrication) are a side effect, not an intentional feature.

Gears

References

Bibliography
. 

Mechanical engineering
Metalworking terminology
Plastics industry
Skin pen. A skin pen (also surgical pen, surgical marking pen, surgical marker pen, surgical marker, or skin marker pen) is type of pen applied to skin to create an image. These kinds of pens are frequently used by surgeons before proceeding with surgery for either medical purposes or cosmetic surgery. They are also often used in tattoo parlours before applying the actual permanent ink.

While long-lasting, this ink is temporary, as it has a specific substance that removes it within 3–4 days.

The sterile surgical pen was invented by Fery Manteghi in the early 1970s whilst he was working at University College Hospital. Research was carried out with scientists at Atomic Energy Laboratories at Wantage.

Research was organised by University College Hospital. Arrangements were made for Mr Manteghi, Mr French (Chief Pharmacist) and Miss Haynes (Deputy Superintendent) to attend Wantage Atomic Energy Laboratories. This was to discuss with the scientists at Wantage the feasibility of sterilising surgical pens using radiation. Trials were successful and safety tests carried out by the UCH pharmaceutical department were also successful.

The pens were first used in the main operating theatres at UCH but are now used worldwide. They are an essential tool for surgeons of reconstructive surgery.

See also 

 Eyebrow pencil

References 

Pens
AJ alloys. AJ alloys (AJ52 and AJ62) are die castable alloys of magnesium that have good creep resistance at high temperature. They contain magnesium, aluminium, and strontium.

In the names the 'J' refers to Strontium.

 Alloy   Mg     Al%  Sr%  Mn% 
 AJ62  Balance  6    2    0.34   
 AJ52  Balance  5    2    0.4    

AJ52 has higher creep resistance, and AJ62 has better castability.  Both are used in the BMW magnesium–aluminium composite engine block.

References

Alloys
Klostermølle. Klostermølle was originally a watermill, serving the now demolished Voer Abbey once situated nearby. The mill is located at the western end of lake Mossø.

In 1872, the monks' old mill — operated as a grain mill since the time of the Protestant Reformation — was converted to a sawmill. The wood waste also served as feedstock for a cardboard factory, driven by water power. The finished cardboard was shipped by steamboat across the lake to the railway station in Alken. Production continued until 1974, when some of the buildings were destroyed by fire; the long lumber drying shed was spared. The Danish Forest and Nature Agency has purchased the site as part of a program of nature conservation of the area surrounding Mossø and Vissing Abbey. Today, it is both a nature center and the headquarters for the Danish youth organization Nature and Youth (Natur & Ungdom).

Notes

External links
 Natur og Ungdom - official site

Watermills in Denmark
Nature centers in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Skanderborg Municipality
Clear (company). Clear is a UK-based carbon offsetting company, founded in 2007 by Dr Bruce Elliott, Neil Chapman and Ben Hedley.

UK Government's Quality Assurance Scheme
Clear were the first carbon offset company in the world to qualify for the UK Government's Quality Assurance Scheme for Carbon Offsetting. They differentiate themselves by only offsetting using Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) which have been issued every time the United Nations prevents one tonne of Carbon dioxide equivalent being emitted through carbon projects registered with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Research
Clear has a research arm which has produced a variety of reports on subjects such as the carbon footprint of the UK's speed hump population, and the carbon footprint of a Segway PT and a Formula One car.

Press
There has been some press coverage of Clear, primarily for their unusual products such as Skydiving product and Commuting product and releasing their carbon footprinting intellectual property online in the form of a free carbon audit tool

See also 
 Mitigation of global warming
 Business action on climate change
 Emissions trading

References

External links 
 Clear, the carbon offset company home page
 Clear's industry blog
 Clear's carbon research blog
 Carbon Catalog comparing offsetters
 Companies sign up to carbon offset quality mark

British companies established in 2007
EnergySmart Home Scale. The EnergySmart Home Scale (E-Scale) is a standard applied to homes in the USA that meet the Builders Challenge program requirements. The E-Scale visually shows the energy performance of the labeled home. Homes need to score a 70 or less on the E-Scale to qualify for the Builders Challenge.

The E-Scale is based on the 2004 International Energy Conservation Code, with a 100 equating to a code built home. A home that scores a 70 on the E-Scale is 30% more energy efficient than a code built home. The E-Scale allows for an easy comparison between homes, very similar to a MPG sticker for a car but for a home. Homes meeting the Challenge will receive an E-Scale with a Sunburst displaying the E-Scale rating of the home, enabling home buyers to easily compare the energy performance of homes.

The E-Scale ends at zero, which equates to the Builders Challenge goal to provide a "net zero energy home (NZEH) anywhere in the United States - a grid-connected home that, over the course of a year, produces as much energy as it uses" 

The Builders Challenge program and E-Scale requirements are based on years of research results from the United States Department of Energy's Building America program. Building America research "is expected to achieve cost-neutral Net-Zero Energy Homes by 2020. "Cost-neutral" means that the added first costs of system enhancements (when amortized over a 30-year period) are equal to the monthly energy cost savings that result from these enhancements. While the Building America program develops and field-tests the technologies needed to cost-effectively move to higher levels of efficiency, the Builders Challenge will promote the implementation of proven strategies that builders can implement in any climate region."

References

See also
 Energy law#United States

Energy conservation in the United States
Le Kouif Airfield. Le Kouif Airfield was a World War II military airfield in Algeria, located near the town of El Kouif, in Annaba province, approximately 180 km southeast of Constantine.  During World War II it was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 81st Fighter Group during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps in February and March 1943.

History
It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway, parking and dispersal areas. It was not designed for heavy aircraft or for long term use.  The prevailing temperatures in the area are some of the hottest in the world, making steel planking unsuitable for airfield use.

After World War II, flights from Le Kouif connected travelers to Tébessa and Annaba. In 1957, a new landing strip was inaugurated. The airfield was heavily used by the Compagnie des Phosphates de Constantine.

Once the 81st moved east into Tunisia, the airfield was dismantled by Army engineers.  Today, the remains of its runway can be seen in aerial photography, but otherwise, nothing remains of the facility.

Further reading
 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .

References

External links

 USAFHRA search for Le Kouif Airfield

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Algeria
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in Algeria
Shiva Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bilaspur. Shiva Institute of Engineering and Technology, or SIET Bilaspur, is a private coeducational college of engineering located in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India.

History
Shiva group was started in the year 2007, commencing with Shiva College of Education under the aegis of Shiva Educational Society at Ghumarwin Distt. Bilaspur (HP). This was the first College of Education in Distt. Bilaspur (NAAC accredited) with an intake of 200 seats. In 2010, Shiva college of Education has also got permission to run IGNOU study centre for B.Ed. course having 100 seats.

In 2009, the group has started an Engineering College named Shiva Institute of Engineering & Technology at Chandpur, Bilaspur (HP), offering under graduate program in five disciplines viz. Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Computer Science & Engineering leading to B.Tech. degree. In 2013, Group has started a Polytechnic named Shiva Polytechnic offering Diploma courses viz. Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.

Campus
The campus is located at Luhnoo Kanatain, P.O. Chandpur, Teh. Sadar District, Bilapur (H.P.)

Admission
Admission to Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree is done on the basis of the score in All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) through a state level counselling conducted by the Directorate of Technical Education, Himachal Pradesh.

University affiliation
The institute is affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.
This Institute is affiliated to AICTE and Himachal Pradesh Technical University, Hamirpur.

Academic departments
 Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Degree programs
The institute awards Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in the following disciplines:

Civil Engineering 
Computer Science and Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Chemical engineering

References

External links
 Official website

Engineering colleges in Himachal Pradesh
Education in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh
Trevor Whittaker. Trevor Whittaker FREng is Professor of coastal engineering at Queen's University, Belfast having been awarded a personal chair in 1993. He was elected a Fellow of The Royal Academy of Engineering in 2002. He is specialist adviser to the board of Aquamarine Power, a company formed to commercially develop the Oyster wave energy converter.

In the 1990s, Professor Whittaker managed the team which designed, constructed  and operated Britain's first wave power station, located on the Isle of Islay. Prior to decommissioning in 1998, the 75 kW plant was one of only four wave power stations in the world supplying electricity to a national distribution grid. The significance of this work was recognised when the team was presented with The ESSO Energy award in 1994 by The Royal Society. This work led to the construction of the 500 kW Islay LIMPET plant which was commissioned in 2001 and is now being commercially developed.

Professor Whittaker has been a pioneer of wave power engineering since the early 1970s, when he first worked with Professor Allan Wells on the design and delivery of the first Wells Turbine.

References

Living people
20th-century Irish engineers
21st-century Irish engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Swedish Board for Computing Machinery. The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (, MMN) was a Swedish government agency which built Sweden's first computers: BARK and BESK.

A governmental study into the need for computing machinery in Sweden had been conducted in 1947 by initiative of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Naval Procurement Agency. The study recommended the immediate purchase of computing machinery from the United States and a budget of 2 million SEK was allocated for the purpose.

The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery was established on November 26, 1948, to handle the purchase.  The Academy of Engineering Sciences had initiated some activities already in 1947 by sending five young engineers and scientists to research groups in the United States to study the ongoing activities. Two were sent to John von Neumann at Princeton, two to Howard H. Aiken at Harvard, and one to IBM.

When it turned out that it would not be possible for Sweden to get export licences for US-built computers, the activities of MMN quickly changed into constructing rather than importing computing machinery. The relay-based BARK, operational in 1950, was built as an interim measure. This was followed by the vacuum tube-based BESK, operational in 1954, which for a short time was the fastest computer in the world.

In 1963, MMN was closed down. At that time, the Swedish government felt that there was no need for further computer development by a government agency, as computers were now an industrial product. MMN had never received funds to launch developments of a new generation of transistor-based computers, so when they were closed down, they were no longer in the forefront of computer development. Some years before, FACIT had recruited many key employees from MMN to its new division for electronic computers. FACIT EDB that were completed in 1957 was essentially a transistor-based version of BESK.

References 

Defunct government agencies of Sweden
Science and technology in Sweden
History of computing hardware
1948 establishments in Sweden
1963 disestablishments in Sweden
Information technology in Sweden
Indian Institute of Metals. Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) was formed in Kolkata in 1946 under the leadership of Dr. Dara P. Antia, who was then Chief Metallurgist of Indian Aluminum Co. The IIM is over 60 years old premier professional Metallurgical Institute set up to promote and advance the study and practice of the Science and the art of making and treating of metals and alloys and to promote just an honourable practice in Metallurgical profession. The space for its office at Calcutta was provided by Tata Steel. The Institute was inaugurated on 29 December 1947 at the Royal Asiatic Society Hall, Calcutta

The institute has chapters in almost all important towns and cities of India.  
                                                                      
This institute is popular for providing distance courses for those who want to pursue Btech in metallurgy by distance mode. Normally Exams are taken in twice per year (End of June and December).

External links 
 Home page of the institute
 <http://www.iim-kolkata.com><http://www.iim-kolkata.com/>

1946 establishments in India
Scientific societies based in India
Professional associations based in India
Metallurgical industry in India
Research institutes established in 1946
Orleansville Airfield. Orleansville Airfield was a World War II military airfield in Algeria, near Chlef, approximately 170 km southwest of Algiers.  It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway, parking and dispersal areas, not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use.  The prevailing temperatures in the area are some of the hottest in the world, making steel planking unsuitable for airfield use.

The airfield was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 52d Fighter Group during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps.  It operated from the field between 2–20 January 1943.

After the 52d moved out the airfield was dismantled. Today, there are no remaining traces of the airfield as the area around the town of Chlef has grown substantially since the war. The urban development has obliterated any trace of the airfield. It is unknown precisely where the airfield was located due to the changed landscape over the past 60 years.

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .
 
 USAFHRA search for Orleansville Airfield

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Algeria
World War II airfields in Algeria
Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII. The Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII was a bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany from 1916.

Design and development
Having built the Steffen R series, Siemens-Schuckert planned to produce a six-engined Riesenflugzeug (giant aeroplane) for the Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (Imperial German Flying Corps). In common with many of the other contemporary R projects, the R.VIII had all six engines inside the fuselage, where they were tended by mechanics, driving two tractor and two pusher propellers mounted between the mainplanes, via leather cone clutches combining gearboxes, shafts and bevel gearboxes. Two aircraft were built but only the first, R23/16, was completed. 

Ground trials began in 1919, after the armistice but were interrupted by a gearbox failure which resulted in a propeller breaking up and causing extensive damage. The second airframe, R24/16, was never completed and the first was not repaired after the ground running accident due to the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. At the time of its completion the Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII was the largest aeroplane in the world; (the Mannesman-Poll triplane was to have been much larger but was not completed before the Versailles Treaty came into force).

Specifications (Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Haddow, G. W. & Grosz, Peter M. The German Giants, The Story of the R-planes 1914–1919. London. Putnam. 1963.
 Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen. German Aircraft of the First World War. London, Putnam. 
 Sollinger, Guenther, "Villehad Forssman: Constructing German Bombers 1914–1918. Moscow, Rusavia, 2009.

1910s German bomber aircraft
R.VIII
Six-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Heino Finkelmann. Heino Finkelmann  (born 1945, Gronau) is a retired German chemist in the area of liquid-crystalline elastomers.

Biography
After earning an engineering degree, Finkelmann graduated 1972 as chemist (Diplom) from Technische Universität Berlin. 1975 he earned his PhD at the Paderborn University under the supervision of Horst Stegemeyer in Physical Chemistry.

After three years of Postdoc under the guidance of Helmut Ringsdorf at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Finkelmann habilitated from 1978 to 1984 at the Clausthal University of Technology with the group of Günther Rehage in Physical Chemistry.

From 1984 to 2010  Finkelmann was appointed Full Professor and Director of the Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg.

One of his famous works is the concept of the side chain nematic elastomers.

Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
 1984: Carl Duisberg Memorial Prize from the Society of German Chemists
 2000: Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize
 2003: Agilent Technologies Europhysics Prize of the European Physical Society
 2004: Doctor Honoris Causa by the University of Toulouse
 2006: George William Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society

References

1945 births
Living people
20th-century German chemists
German organic chemists
Polymer scientists and engineers
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Scientists from Lower Saxony
People from Hildesheim (district)
21st-century German chemists
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Clausthal University of Technology