omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GivePower. GivePower is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that develops clean water and energy systems in communities across the world. GivePower has installed 2,650 solar power installations in villages across 17 different countries and in underdeveloped areas of the United States.

History
GivePower was co-founded in 2013 in California by Hayes Barnard and Lyndon Rive as the non-profit branch of SolarCity, which was created in 2006 by Elon Musk. After SolarCity merged with Tesla in 2016, GivePower was spun off into an independent organization just before the merger was completed. The president of GivePower is Hayes Barnard.

In 2014, the organization's first focus was to provide one school with solar-powered lighting for every megawatt of solar system installed by SolarCity that year.

In 2021, GivePower was listed as a finalist in Fast Company's 2021 World Changing Ideas Awards.

Projects
In 2016, GivePower began developing solar powered desalination technology that could be exported to developing regions. The desalination systems are contained within 20-foot shipping containers and can desalinate up to 75,000 gallons of seawater and/or brackish water into potable water per day.

In 2018, GivePower installed its first desalination plant in Kiunga, Kenya, which is also solar powered. The project cost $500,000 and took one month to construct. As of 2019, the Kiunga plant could produce enough drinking water for up to 50,000 people per day and requires minimal maintenance.

As of 2018, GivePower had installed 2650 solar power installations in villages through seventeen different countries for institutions like primary schools and medical clinics. They have also developed solar installations in underdeveloped areas of the United States, including the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Once installations are completed, GivePower transfers the maintenance and running of them to local communities.

In 2019, GivePower built a 300 kilowatt solar farm on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation which became the largest solar installation in North Dakota. The project was a partnership between Empowered by Light and GivePower, and the total cost was $470,000. The maintenance of the solar farm also created jobs for the Sioux Nation Tribe. The same year, the organization partnered with World Hope International to build a solar-powered desalination center in Haiti. The water plant was fully operational and self-sufficient by 2020.

References

2013 establishments in California
Solar power
Charities based in California
Elon Musk
Angus V. McIver. Angus V. McIver (April 29, 1892 – July 24, 1974) was an American architect who designed many buildings in the state of Montana.

Early life
McIver was born on April 29, 1892, in Great Falls, Montana. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1915.

Career
McIver became an architect in Great Falls, Montana, in 1915, when he co-founded the firm of McIver, Cohagen and Marshall with Chandler C. Cohagen and Walter V. Marshall. He served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919. From 1919 to 1936, he was a partner in McIver & Cohagen. He was a partner in McIver, Hess & Haugsjaa from 1950 to 1959, and in McIver & Hess until 1969. Over the course of his career, McIver designed many churches, hospitals and schools, as well as the courthouses of Toole County, Glacier County and Pondera County. Among his major works is the Montana Veterans and Pioneers Memorial Building in Helena, built from 1950 to 1953 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Cohagen was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Personal life and death
McIver was married twice. He was married to Loneta E. Kuhn in 1915 until her death in 1959. He married Valborg Ryan in 1966. He had a daughter. He was a Freemason.

McIver died at 82 on July 24, 1974, in Great Falls.

Architectural works
 First Presbyterian Church (former), 1180 Cedar St, Forsyth, Montana (1920, NRHP 1990)
 Garfield School, 3212 First Ave S, Billings, Montana (1920, NRHP 2013)
 Rosebud County Deaconess Hospital (former). 281 N Seventeenth Ave, Forsyth, Montana (1920–1921, NRHP 1979)
 Hardin Primary School, 314 3rd St, Hardin, Montana (1921)
 Montana Odd Fellows Home (former), 2245 Head Ln, Helena, Montana (1927-1928)
 United States Post Office and Courthouse additions, 2602 First Ave N, Billings, Montana (1932, NRHP 1986)
 Toole County Courthouse, 226 1st St S, Shelby, Montana (1933–1934)
 Pondera County Courthouse, 20 Fourth Ave SW, Conrad, Montana (1937–1938)
 Glacier County Courthouse, 512 E Main St, Cut Bank, Montana (1938–1939, NRHP 2013)
 Montana Veterans and Pioneers Memorial Building, 225 N Roberts St, Helena, Montana (1950–1953, NRHP 2004)

Gallery

Notes

References

1892 births
1974 deaths
People from Great Falls, Montana
University of Michigan alumni
Architects from Montana
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American architects
Roger Nicolet. Roger Nicolet (18 December 1931 – 18 January 2020) was a Belgian engineer. He oversaw several major building projects, including Place Bonaventure, Le Village Olympique, Place Montreal Trust, Royal Bank Plaza, the CN Tower, King Abdulaziz University, the Louvre Pyramid, and the Tehran International Tower. He was an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Belgian engineers
21st-century Belgian engineers
Belgian civil engineers
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Vyommitra. Vyommitra (Sanskrit:  "space",  "friend") is a humanoid robot with appearance of a woman designed for space travel. It was designed at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to function aboard the spacecraft Gaganyaan, a crewed orbital spacecraft. Vyommitra was first unveiled on 22 January 2020 at the Human Spaceflight and Exploration Symposium in Bengaluru.

Built mostly out of an aluminium alloy to withstand high pressure and Vibrations, It will accompany Indian astronauts on space missions and be a part of uncrewed experimental Gaganyaan missions before the crewed flights. It is presumed that it will take its first flight on the Gaganyaan G-2 unmanned mission in 2025.

Objectives and abilities 
The robot is part of the ISRO's aim to substitute animals with humanoid robots on experimental missions, with the goal of better understanding the effects of prolonged exposure to radiation and microgravity environments on the human body during space travel. 

Vyommitra can mimic human activity, recognise various humans, and respond to their queries in both Hindi and English. The robot is expected to be aboard uncrewed Gaganyaan missions to conduct experiments in microgravity environments and monitor module parameters. In crewed missions, it will also support astronauts by simulating human functions. It can handle environment control and life support systems, perform switch panel operations, and give environmental air pressure change warnings.

The prototype models of Vyommitra have finished trials, and the engineering models are undergoing trials. The Vyommitra flight model to be used in the Gaganyaan missions is also being built by the ISRO.

Union Minister of State, Jitendra Singh, said in early February 2024 that the uncrewed Vyommitra mission is scheduled for the third quarter of 2024, while the crewed mission is scheduled for launch in 2025.

See also 
 Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
 Gaganyaan
 Fedor
 Kirobo
 Robonaut

References 

Indian Space Research Organisation
Humanoid space robots
2020 robots
Kotshila Junction railway station. Kotshila Junction railway station is a railway station of Adra railway division of the South Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It serve the nearby area of Kotshila town in the Purulia district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

History
The -wide narrow-gauge Purulia–Ranchi line was opened by Bengal Nagpur Railway in 1907.

The construction of the -long broad-gauge Chandrapura–Muri–Ranchi–Hatia line was started in 1957 and was completed in 1961. The construction of this line included the conversion of the narrow-gauge Kotshila–Ranchi line to broad gauge.

The narrow gauge Purulia–Kotshila sector was converted to broad gauge in 1992.

Electrification
The Purulia–Kotshila  sector was electrified in 1998–99.

Facilities 
The major facilities available at Kotshila Junction station are waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, drinking water, reservation counter and vehicle parking. The station also has toilets.

Platforms
There are 3 platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are connected by foot overbridge.

Station layout

References

Railway stations in India opened in 1907
Railway stations in Purulia district
Adra railway division
Chen Junwu. Chen Junwu (; March 17, 1927 – May 1, 2024) was a Chinese engineer and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

Biography
Chen was born in Beijing, on March 17, 1927, while his ancestral home in Changle, Fujian. His father , a graduate from Waseda University, was a politician in late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China. He is the younger brother of Chen Shunyao ( the wife of Song Ping ) and brother in law of Song Ping. He attended Chongde Middle School (now Beijing No.31 High School). In 1944 he was accepted to Peking University, majoring in the Department of Applied Chemistry, where he graduated in 1948.  

In December 1949 he became a technician at the Artificial Oil Factory of Fushun Mining Bureau (later renamed as the 3rd Petroleum Factory). He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in April 1956. That same year he was transferred to the Fushun Design Institute of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. Three years later, he was appointed an architect at Datong Coal Refinery Plant. In 1969, he moved with Fushun Design Institute to Zhangwu Township of Yiyang County in central China's Henan province. In 1982 he joined Sinopec. In 1985, Luoyang Refinery Design and Research Institute was renamed Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Company, and he transitioned from being the institute's dean to serving as its manager. In 1992, he was selected as a representative of the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. On 7 October 2019, he was granted the title "Role Model of the Times" by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

In 2018, Chen Junwu's biography was published, written by Zhang Wenxin (), a well known Luoyang-based author. While he's absent to attend the funeral of his elder sister Chen Shunyao on August 3. 2019.

Chen died in Luoyang, Henan, on 1 May 2024, at the age of 97.

Family 
Chen married Wu Ningfang () and the couple had two daughters, Chen Ling () and Chen Xin ().

Honours and awards
 1985 National Labor Medal
 1985 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for the 500000 tons/year coaxial catalytic cracking unit at Lanzhou Refinery.
 1987 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for catalytic cracking engineering technology.
 1991 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 2014 State Technological Invention Award (First Class) for methanol to low carbon olefins (DMTO) technology.
 2019 "Role Model of the Times" ()

References

1927 births
2024 deaths
Chemists from Beijing
Engineers from Beijing
National University of Peking alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Delegates to the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
Waseda University alumni
Sommerfeld effect. In mechanics, Sommerfeld effect is a phenomenon arising from feedback in the energy exchange between vibrating systems: for example, when for the rocking table, under given conditions, energy transmitted to the motor resulted not in higher revolutions but in stronger vibrations of the table. It is named after Arnold Sommerfeld.
In 1902, A. Sommerfeld analyzed the vibrations caused by a motor driving an unbalanced weight and wrote that "This experiment corresponds roughly to the case in which a factory owner has a machine set on a poor foundation running at 30 horsepower. He achieves an effective level of just 1/3, however, because only 10 horsepower are doing useful work, while 20 horsepower are transferred to the foundational masonry".
First mathematical descriptions of Sommerfeld effect were suggested by I. Blekhman and V. Konenko.

Hidden attractors in Sommerfeld effect
In the theory of hidden oscillations, Sommerfeld effect is explained by the multistability and presence in the phase space of dynamical model without stationary states of two coexisting hidden attractors, one of which attracts trajectories from vicinity of zero initial data (which correspond to the typical start up of the motor), and the other attractor corresponds to the desired mode of operation with a higher frequency of rotation. Depending on the model under consideration, coexisting hidden attractors in the model may be either periodic or chaotic; such dynamical models with Sommerfeld effect are the earliest known mechanical example of a system without equilibria and with hidden attractors. For example, the Sommerfeld effect with hidden attractors can be observed in dynamic models of drilling rigs, 
where the electric motor may excite torsional vibrations of the drill.

References

Dynamical systems
Physical phenomena
Hidden oscillation
Penis clamp. Penis clamp is an external penis compression device that treats male urinary incontinence. Incontinence clamps for men are applied to compress the urethra to compensate for the malfunctioning of the natural urinary sphincter, preventing leakage from the bladder with minimal restriction of blood flow.

Description 
These devices are crafted to block or compress the urethra, thus preventing urine leakage. They are applied externally and are typically user-friendly and comfortable to use. Compression devices may vary in shape and size, but they are generally made of flexible and soft materials that adapt to the anatomical contour. Some models come with adjustable settings to customize the level of compression according to individual needs. There were models of urethra clamping devices that date back from the 1920s. They are most commonly made from stainless steel and plastic on the outer surface and silicone or rubber on the inner surface. They are usually applied as a cost-effective solution to urinary incontinence.

Types of devices 

Cunningham Penile Clamp: This type of clamp is placed around the penis. It helps to stop urine leakage by compressing the urethra, the tube through which urine exits. This is achieved by controlled squeezing, preventing urine from escaping.

Flexible Uriclak Device: Another type of clamp that is also placed on the penis. It functions similarly to the Cunningham penile clamp by compressing the urethra, but in this case, it does not have closures. It is flexible and comfortably adapts to halt urine flow.

Advantages and benefits 

Non-invasive: These devices do not require surgery or invasive procedures, making them an attractive option for individuals looking to avoid surgical interventions.

Customization: Penile clamps allow for personalized adjustments to cater to individual needs and preferences.

Independence and Freedom: By offering greater control over urinary incontinence, incontinence devices help individuals maintain an active lifestyle and engage in various activities without worries.

Effectiveness: Many users have experienced a significant reduction in urine leaks and an improvement in their quality of life after using penile devices.

Risks 

Usually, these devices are safe and effective. However, none of the penile compression devices cause sustained irritation or impaired blood flow, and generally, patients yield good recovery around 40 minutes after the removal of the devices. It is recommended to de-clamp these devices at a regular interval of four hours.
In the instruction manuals, manufacturers allow continuous use of penis clamps and recommend repositioning them every 2-3 hours (each time after urination). 

Customers should not buy this type of health products on non-specialized websites. Patients may incur serious risks. Urinary clamps imported directly from Asia may not have passed the necessary medical checks.

See also 
 Urinary incontinence management
 Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS)
 Urinary catheterization
 Intermittent catheterisation

References 

Urology
Urological conditions
Medical devices
Urologic procedures
Richard Milton Bloch. Richard Milton Bloch (June 18, 1921 – May 22, 2000) was a pioneering American computer programmer. Bloch, Grace Hopper, and Robert Campbell were the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I, an electromechanical computer which, when it began operation in 1944, was the first American programmable computer.

Early life
Bloch was born in Rochester, New York, on June 18, 1921, and grew up there, being graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School. He then attended Harvard University on a scholarship, majoring in mathematics, being graduated in 1943. He then immediately joined the Navy, as World War II was in progress, and was assigned to the Naval Research Institute. There, he was recruited by Howard Aiken to work on the Mark I project, moving to Harvard in March 1944.

Mark I work

The Harvard Mark I became operational in 1944, and was used for war work, including computation of ballistic tables, Bessel tables for electronics and other applications, and calculations used by the Manhattan Project for development of the atomic bomb.

Compilers and even assemblers had not yet been invented, so all programming was done in machine code punched into paper tape. Grace Hopper called Bloch the Mozart of the computer due to his ability to write a program in ink and have it run the first time. Robert Campbell called Bloch the primary force in getting the Mark I into productive operation.

Bloch and Campbell kept notebooks in which they wrote out pieces of code that had been checked out and were known to be correct. For instance, one of Bloch's routines computed sines for positive angles less than π/4 to 10 digits. Grace Hopper just copied Bloch's routine into her own program when needed, rather than using the (slow) sine unit built into the machine. This was an early step toward the creation of subroutines. Later, these subroutines were stored on separate paper tape rolls, although branching to one of these separate paper tapes and returning to the main program was done manually by human operators.

Later career
Bloch left Harvard in 1947. He then worked for Raytheon on development of the RAYDAC, then became general manager of Raytheon's computer division, and later vice president for technical operations at Honeywell, vice president for corporate development at the Auerbach Corporation, vice president of the advanced systems division of General Electric, and chairman and chief executive of the Artificial Intelligence Corporation and the Meiko Scientific Corporation.

Bloch died of cancer on May 22, 2000.

References

American computer programmers
American technology chief executives
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Harvard College alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
1921 births
2000 deaths
People from Rochester, New York
JAMstack. JAMstack (also stylized as Jamstack) is a web development architecture pattern and solution stack. The acronym "JAM" stands for JavaScript, API and Markup (generated by a static site generator) and was coined by Matt Biilmann in 2015. The idea of combining the use of JavaScript, APIs and markup has existed since the beginnings of HTML5.

In JAMstack websites, the application logic typically resides on the client side (for example, an embedded e-commerce checkout service that interacts with pre-rendered static content), without being tightly coupled to a backend server. JAMstack sites are usually served with a Git-based or headless CMS.

See also 
Named "stacks"

 LAMP (software bundle)
 MEAN (solution stack)
 LYME (software bundle)

References

External links 
 

Web design
JavaScript software
Tert-Butylbenzene. tert-Butylbenzene is an organic compound classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Its structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with a tert-butyl group. It is a flammable colorless liquid which is nearly insoluble in water but miscible with organic solvents.

Production 
tert-Butylbenzene can be produced by the treatment of benzene with isobutene or by the reaction of benzene with tert-butyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, the latter is depicted below:

References 

Alkylbenzenes
C4-Benzenes
Duck Creek Energy. Duck Creek Energy and Nature's Own Source are deicer and oil industry companies in Brecksville, Ohio owned by David Mansberry.

AquaSalina

Nature's Own Source produces AquaSalina, a salt deicer made from produced water (or brine) at Duck Creek's vertical oil and gas wells. The company has called this wastewater "ancient seawater". It is then filtered in Cleveland, Ohio and Mogadore, Ohio.

Fracking water lawsuit
Duck Creek Energy won a defamation lawsuit in 2013 against two individuals who said AquaSalina was "frac waste" or "fracking water". AquaSalina's source is vertical oil and gas wells, not fracking wells. They were allowed to continue describing it as "toxic". The ruling made a distinction stating AquaSalina "is" versus "contains" fracking water.

References

External links
 
 

Oil companies of the United States
Energy in Ohio
Companies based in Cleveland
Heaton process. The Heaton process is one of the 18th century processes for refining pig iron without the use of charcoal.

Using nitrates for decarburizaton, this method was also used earlier in ancient China  for the refining of iron and production of steel.

Inventors
John Heaton developed this process using nitrates to oxidize the 2-5% carbon in cast iron and convert it to steel.

Process
In 1869, when John Heaton published 'Heaton's Process for the Treatment of Cast Iron and the Manufacture of Steel', cast iron was a readily available material, but converting it to steel was a slow, expensive, laborious process. At the time, there was an already-known laboratory-scale process of adding "nitre" to cast iron in order to produce oxygen and burn off the carbon, producing steel. John Heaton formalized a process (specifying sodium nitrate instead of potassium) and designed equipment which made the comingling of the nitrate and the liquid cast iron reliable and repeatable, something that had until then been impractical. Combined, these improvements became the Heaton process. Another English metallurgist, Henry Bessemer had just created the Bessemer process of blowing air or pure oxygen through liquid cast iron to burn off the carbon.

Heaton conducted a long and protracted legal battle with Henry Bessemer who believed that the Heaton Process was included in the Bessemer process through some early patent applications. Eventually the courts found in favor it Heaton, but it was Bessemer's process that won out in the end.

Adoption
As of 1869 it was not clear, if it was "sufficiently economical" to justify the conversion of existing plants
It was soon eclipsed by the Bessemer process.

See also
 Bessemer process
 Puddling
 Potting and stamping

References

Steelmaking