omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Common Weakness Enumeration. The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) is a category system for hardware and software weaknesses and vulnerabilities. It is sustained by a community project with the goals of understanding flaws in software and hardware and creating automated tools that can be used to identify, fix, and prevent those flaws.  The project is sponsored by the office of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), which is operated by The MITRE Corporation, with support from US-CERT and the National Cyber Security Division of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Version 4.15 of the CWE standard was released in July 2024.

CWE has over 600 categories, including classes for buffer overflows, path/directory tree traversal errors, race conditions, cross-site scripting, hard-coded passwords, and insecure random numbers.

Examples 
 CWE category 121 is for stack-based buffer overflows.

CWE compatibility 
Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Compatibility program allows a service or a product to be reviewed and registered as officially "CWE-Compatible" and "CWE-Effective". The program assists organizations in selecting the right software tools and learning about possible weaknesses and their possible impact.

In order to obtain CWE Compatible status a product or a service must meet 4 out of 6 requirements, shown below:

There are 56 organizations as of September 2019 that develop and maintain products and services that achieved CWE Compatible status.

Research, critiques, and new developments 
Some researchers think that ambiguities in CWE can be avoided or reduced.

As of 4/16/2024, the CWE Compatibility Program has been discontinued.

See also 
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)
National Vulnerability Database

References

External links
 Certifying Applications for Known Security Weaknesses. The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Effort // 6 March 2007
 

Software anomalies
Computer standards
Computer network security
Classification systems
Zeppelin-Staaken R.XV. The Zeppelin-Staaken R.XV was an Imperial German bomber of World War I. An incremental improvement to the Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI, this was one of a series of large strategic bombers called Riesenflugzeuge, intended to be less vulnerable than dirigibles in use at the time.

Development
Almost identical to the R.XIV, the R.XV had a lighter airframe and more refined aerodynamics, in an effort to improve performance. Three aircraft were ordered, (R.46 to R.48), all three being completed by 1 September 1918.

As with most Zeppelin Riesenflugzeuge, the R.XV had two engine pods with four engines in a push-pull configuration, large enough for some inflight maintenance. Additional power was provided by a fifth engine mounted in the nose of the aircraft.

Operational history
At least two of the R.XVs built saw action on the Western Front, late in 1918.

Operators

Specifications (Zeppelin-Staaken R.XV)

Notes

References
A. K. Rohrbach, “Das 1000-PS Verkehrsflugzeug der Zeppelin-Werke, Staaken,” Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, vol. 12, no. 1 (15 January 1921);
E. Offermann, W. G. Noack, and A. R. Weyl, Riesenflugzeuge, in: Handbuch der Flugzeugkunde (Richard Carl Schmidt & Co., 1927).
The German Giants by G.W. Haddow and Peter M. Grosz.

Zeppelin-Staaken
1910s German bomber aircraft
Pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Odyssey BMX. Odyssey BMX is an American bicycle parts company based in Norwalk, California specializing in BMX. Founded in 1985, one of its first products was the Gyro detangler, which is still in production today. The term “Gyro” is a registered trademark owned by Odyssey. 
The product line currently includes almost all parts necessary to build a BMX bike except frames.

In 2005 the company won a design distinction award from ID magazine for the Elementary stem which gained a US patent and challenged the prevalent stem design of the time which used 6 bolts and replaced them with a single bolt controlling an internal expander. The Elementary stem was a collaboration with George French of G-Sport and in the course of this project Odyssey BMX absorbed G-Sport.

In 2009 Odyssey launched the Ratchet hub under the G-Sport brand.

In 2005 and 2009 The Odyssey Catalogue was featured in Print Magazine's Regional Design Annual.

Aaron Ross has a signature grip which has gained wider interest.
  
The company has many distributors across its American domestic market and a further 44 worldwide.

The Pro team as of 2010 includes Aaron Ross, Perris Benegas, Dennis Enarson, Tom Dugan, Boyd Hilder, Gary Young , Broc Raiford, Corey Walsh, Matt Nordstrom, Jacob Cable, Justin Spriet. The Race team includes Nic Long, Daleny Vaughn, Tanner Sebesta and Jim Bauer.

References

External links 
 

Bicycle parts
Norwalk, California
American companies established in 1985
Manufacturing companies established in 1985
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
Counter display unit. A counter display unit (CDU) is a retail display unit normally placed on a shop counter to encourage consumer impulse purchases.

Description
These types of display stands are principally fabricated from printed corrugated board, acrylic, sheet metal, steel wire, vacuum formed plastic and wood or indeed a combination of more than one of these materials.  Choice of material is often dictated by the length of time the display unit will be in store.  Printed corrugated board is more suited to short-term promotional CDUs due to its relatively low cost and durability of the material, whereas acrylic, metal, wood, etc. are more suitable for longer-term CDU's due to greater durability of those materials.

History
CDUs have been used in one form or another since at least the 18th century. Over the years, a variety of patents being granted for different designs.

See also
 Display case
 Display stand

References 

Merchandising
Retail store elements
Retail display
International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies. The International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) was a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Its role was to support, demonstrate and promote viable implementations of hydrogen energy technologies with the aims of enhancing future economic development, particularly in emerging countries. Founded through a Trust Fund Agreement signed between UNIDO and the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in 2003 in Vienna, ICHET started operation in 2004 and closed down in December 2012. For the rest of the 2010s hydrogen was hardly in Turkey’s energy policy.

See also

References

Sources
Independent Mid-Term Review of the UNIDO Project: Establishment and operation of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET), TF/INT/03/002 
United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Europe and NIS Programme in Action 2009 

International renewable energy organizations
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Hydrogen economy organizations
Culture in Istanbul
De Phenix, Marrum. De Phenix () is a smock mill in Marrum, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1917. The mill has been restored to working order and is used to train millers. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 15602.

History

The first mill on this site was built by millwright J T Kingma of Ternaard in 1845. It drained the Ferwerd polder. In August 1916, it was struck by lightning and burnt down. To replace it, the sawmill De Phenix was moved from Leeuwarden. At one time, the mill was fitted with Patent sails. Auxiliary power was originally by a portable engine, later replaced by a Petter Mc Larren diesel engine. On 4 May 1976, the mill was sold to Stichting De Fryske Mole (). New sails were fitted in 1977 and a new Archimedes' screw was fitted in 1983. Since 1977, the mill has been used as a training mill where millers can learn their craft. Further restoration work was carried out in 1997.

Description

De Phenix is what the Dutch describe as a Grondzeiler. It is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft. which was cast by Prins van Oranje, The Hague, South Holland in 1888.  The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 60 cogs. This drives the wallower (33 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the crown wheel, which has 39 cogs drives a gearwheel with 32 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw. The axle of the Archimedes' screw is  diameter. The screw is  diameter and  long. It is inclined at 17°. Each revolution of the screw lifts  of water.

Public access
De Phenix is open to the public by appointment.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1917
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Heritage Flight Museum. The Heritage Flight Museum is an aviation museum located at Skagit Regional Airport just west of Burlington, Washington.

History
The museum was founded by the family of Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders in 1996 and was originally located at Bellingham International Airport. The museum moved to Skagit Regional Airport in 2013.

The museum announced plans for an expansion in 2018. Ground was broken on 22 March 2021.

Collection

 Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan
 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
 Bell H-13 Sioux
 Bell UH-1B Iroquois
 Boeing-Stearman PT-13 Kaydet
 Canadian Car & Foundry Harvard IV – converted to resemble a Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero
 Cessna O-1 Bird Dog
 Cessna O-2 Skymaster
 de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
 Douglas A-1 Skyraider
 Fairchild PT-19
 Interstate Cadet
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PFM
 North American AT-6D Texan
 North American AT-6F Texan
 North American P-51D Mustang
 Northrop F-89J Scorpion
 Stinson L-13

See also
List of aerospace museums

References

External links
Official website

Aerospace museums in Washington (state)
Museums in Skagit County, Washington
Military and war museums in Washington (state)
William Anders
New Biotechnology. New Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the European Federation of Biotechnology. It is published bimonthly by Elsevier. The journal covers research, industrial, and commercial aspects of biotechnology, in areas such as: healthcare and pharmaceuticals; food and agriculture; biofuels; genetic engineering and molecular biology; genomics and synthetic biology; nanotechnology; environment and biodiversity; biocatalysis; bioremediation; and process engineering.

History 
The journal was established in 1984 as Gene Analysis Techniques (). It changed names in 1991 (Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering, ) and 1999 (Biomolecular Engineering, ), before obtaining its current title in 2007.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

External links 
 
 Gene Analysis Techniques
 Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering
 Biomolecular Engineering

Biotechnology journals
Bimonthly journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1984
English-language journals
Associated British Machine Tool Makers. Associated British Machine Tool Makers Ltd or ABMTM was a trade association of British machine tool builders, established on 14 February 1917. Working with an initial capital of £100,000, the founding firms were all manufacturers of high-quality machines. The offices were at 34 Victoria Street, London.

The idea behind the Association was to avoid duplication in manufacture and for each firm to specialise in producing a narrow range of machines, thereby averting unnecessary competition. A joint selling agency was established at 17 Grosvenor Gardens in London with trading companies in Italy, France and Belgium, the objective being an increase of sales of British machines in the colonies and other countries. There were also plans to work with existing outlets in countries such as China.

Essentially the Association was a central selling organisation, enabling its members to retain their identity and particular brand of production and administration.

The founder members were:
James Archdale Ltd (Birmingham) Light radial drills and certain sizes of milling machines
William Asquith Ltd (Halifax) Mainly heavy radial and vertical drills
James Butler & Co (Halifax) Light slotters, light planers and shapers
Churchill Machine Tool Co (Manchester) Grinding machines
Kendall & Gent (Manchester) Plano-mills
G. Richards & Co (Manchester) Boring mills
J.Parkinson & Son (Shipley) Universal milling machines
Smith & Coventry Ltd (Salford) Plain and universal millers, high speed planers, gear-cutting machines
John Lang & Sons Ltd (Johnstone) Lathes of light patterns
T. Shanks & Co (Johnstone) Heavy lathes, planers and slotters
H. W. Ward & Co (Birmingham) Capstan lathes

References

Machine manufacturers
Machine tool builders
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
1917 establishments in England
Technology companies established in 1917
British companies established in 1917
Manufacturing companies established in 1917
Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment. Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE) is a laboratory of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at Kanpur. It is responsible for the research and development of materials for the Indian military services, including various types of protective clothing and equipment.

History
The Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE) was formed by renaming the Inspectorate of General Stores in the Harness & Saddlery Factory in Cawnpore (present day Ordnance Equipment Factory, Kanpur) of the Ordnance Factory Board in 1929.

Projects and products
DMSRDE had played important role in development of high tech non-metallic materials for the Indian Armed Forces.

DMSRDE has developed Nuclear Shielding Pad, Boot Anti Mine, Blast Protection Suit, Bullet Proof Jackets, etc.

"The Defence Material and Stores Research Development Establishment in Kanpur has developed a new NBC suit that would be proved effective against any kind of dangerous weapons or chemicals and protect soldiers from any sort of attack", DMSRDE Director Arvind Kumar Saxena was quoted by media-persons. 40,000 pieces of NBC suits costing about ₹30,000 had been requested by the Indian army. "The further progress on the other two suits are going on," further quoted by media-persons.

DMSRDE developed a new medium sized light weight 9 Kg bulletproof vest for the Indian Army in 2021 that can protect from hard steel bullet core in counter insurgency operation. The conforms to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and validated by Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL).

In 2024, DMSRDE developed India's lightest bulletproof jacket.

References

External links

Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
Research institutes in Uttar Pradesh
Materials science institutes
Research and development in India
1929 establishments in India
Incoloy. Incoloy refers to a range of superalloys now produced by the Special Metals Corporation (SMC) group of companies and created with a trademark by the Inco company in 1952. Originally Inco protected these alloys by patent. In 2000, the SMC published a 61-page document entitled "High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion" highlighting Incoloy, as well as Monel and Inconel products, and their use in fluid environments such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, other acids as well as freshwater environments.

Incoloy products are mostly chromium-based and mostly nickel-based, and designed for corrosion resistance as well as strength at high temperatures.

Incoloy alloys belong to the category of super austenitic stainless steels. One
advantage is that Incoloy alloys do not have to be heat treated after welding to restore the corrosion resistance.

There are specific alloys for resistance to particular chemical attacks. For example, alloy 020 is designed to be resistant to sulfuric acid, and the DS Incoloy is to be used in heat-treating furnaces with reactive atmospheres and many heat cycles.

Incoloy 020 "exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in chemical environments that contain sulfuric acid, chlorides, phosphoric acid and nitric acid."

Incoloy 028 "is resistant to both acids and salts. The copper content makes it resistant to sulfuric acid."

Incoloy 330 "exhibits good strength at high temperatures and good resistance to oxidation and reduction environments."

Incoloy 800 "is capable of remaining stable and maintaining its austenitic structure even after long time exposures to high temperatures".

Incoloy 803 is designed for sulfur-rich environments.

Incoloy 825 is approved for use in heat exchanger tubes by ASTM B163, and approved for pressure vessel operating temperatures up to 525°C or up to 538°C. It "offers exceptional resistance to corrosion by sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid".

Incoloy 908 "has high tensile strength, fatigue crack growth resistance, good weldability, metallurgical stability and ductility, high fracture and impact toughness, [and] low coefficient of thermal expansion... [Its] resistance to oxygen embrittlement... allows hot fabrication without cracking."

Incoloy 907 "has high strength and low thermal expansion coefficient at temperatures up to 800°F."

Incoloy 945X is designed for chlorine-rich environments. Molybdenum adds crevice corrosion and pitting resistance to Incoloy 945.

Incoloy MA956 is made by a mechanical alloying rather than a bulk-melting process; it was studied for space reactor components in the JIMO project. It is difficult to weld and needs to be heated to 200C for forming processes. A special friction welding process has been developed for it.

Compositions (percentages)

See also 
 Inconel
 Monel
 Hastelloy

References 

Nickel alloys
Superalloys
Polonide. A polonide is a chemical compound of the radioactive element polonium with any element less electronegative than polonium.  Polonides are usually prepared by a direct reaction between the elements at temperatures of around 300–400 °C. They are amongst the most chemically stable compounds of polonium, and can be divided into two broad groups:
ionic polonides, which appear to contain the Po2− anion;
intermetallic polonides, in which the bonding is more complex.
Some polonides are intermediate between these two cases and others are non-stoichiometric compounds. Alloys containing polonium are also classed as polonides.  As polonium is immediately below tellurium in the periodic table, there are many chemical and structural similarities between polonides and tellurides.

Naturally occurring polonides
Lead polonide (PbPo) occurs naturally, as lead is produced in the alpha decay of polonium.

Ionic polonides
The polonides of the most electropositive metals show classic ionic structural types, and can be considered to contain the Po2− anion.

With smaller cations, the structural types suggest greater polarization of the polonide ion, or greater covalency in the bonding. Magnesium polonide is unusual as it is not isostructural with magnesium telluride: MgTe has a wurtzite structure, although a nickeline-type phase has also been reported.

The effective radius of the polonide ion (Po2−) can be calculated from the Shannon (1976) ionic radii of the cations: 216 pm for 4-coordination, 223 pm for 6-coordination, 225 pm for 8-coordination. The effect of the lanthanide contraction is clear, in that the 6-coordinate telluride ion (Te2−) has an ionic radius of 221 pm.

The lanthanides also form sesquipolonides of formula Ln2Po3, which can be considered to be ionic compounds.

Intermetallic polonides
The lanthanides form very stable polonides of formula LnPo with the halite (NaCl) structure. Many of them seem to involve trivalent lanthanides (though Sm, Eu, and Yb with more stable +2 oxidation states are exceptions), making them resemble electrides. They are isostructural to the lanthanide sulfides, selenides, and tellurides. These compounds are stable to at least 1600 °C (the melting point of thulium polonide, TmPo, is 2200 °C), in contrast to the ionic polonides (including the lanthanide sesquipolonides Ln2Po3), which decompose at around 600 °C. The thermal stability and non-volatility of these compounds (polonium metal boils at 962 °C) is important for their use in polonium-based heat sources.

Mercury and lead also form 1:1 polonides. Platinum forms a compound formulated as PtPo2, while nickel forms a continuous series of phases NiPox (x = 1–2). Gold also forms solid solutions with polonium over a wide range of compositions, while bismuth and polonium are completely miscible. No reaction is observed between polonium and aluminium, carbon, iron, molybdenum, tantalum or tungsten.

References

Polonides
Robert Durrer. Robert Durrer (1890–1978) was a Swiss engineer who invented the basic oxygen steelmaking process (the Linz-Donawitz process, named after the towns where the technology was commercialized) during his career in Nazi Germany. The process was successfully tested by Durrer in 1948. A team led by Dr Theodor Eduard Suess in Austria adapted the process and scaled it to industrial size, after which it was commercialized by VÖEST and ÖAMG.

Career
Durrer graduated from the Royal Technical University of Aachen in 1915. He stayed in Germany and in 1928 accepted the chair of the Professor of Metallurgy at the Technische Universität Berlin. From 1933 to 1939, during his time in Nazi Germany, Durrer supervised experiments on the new steel making technique. In 1943 Durrer returned from Nazi Germany to Switzerland and was appointed to the board of von Roll AG, the country's largest steelmaker. Durrer teamed up with Heinrich Heilbrugge and ran a series of experiments which established the commercial viability of basic oxygen metallurgy. In 1947 Durrer ordered a small experimental converter from the United States, and on 1 April 1948 Durrer and Heilbrugge produced their first oxygen-blown steel.

In the summer of 1948 von Roll AG and two Austrian state-owned companies, VÖEST and ÖAMG, agreed to commercialize the Durrer process. Their commercial converter furnaces were put into operation in November 1952 (VÖEST in Linz) and May 1953 (ÖAMG, Donawitz) and temporarily became the leading edge of the world's steelmaking, causing a surge in steel-related research. Unlike Europe, whose industrial capacity had been decimated by World War II, America had a large base of steelmaking capacity, and it was economic to retain, rather than replace, its capital stock. U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel nonetheless introduced oxygen steelmaking in 1964; by 1969, its tonnage surpassed that manufactured using the Bessemer process. Japan became an early adopter and by 1970 produced 80% of its steel in Linz-Donawitz furnaces.

Durrer was a professor at ETH Zurich from 1943 to 1961. He edited and co-authored the multi-volume  (Metallurgy of Iron, or the "Gmelin-Durrer").

Honors and awards
Durrer's contribution to practical steelmaking was marked by the AIME Benjamin F. Fairless Award in 1966. etc.

He was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal by the British Iron and Steel Institute in 1957 and the Rinman Medal by the Swedish iron and steel industry in 1959.

The annual Staudinger-Durrer Prize awarded by ETH Zurich commemorates Durrer along with Nobel Prize winner Hermann Staudinger.

Notes

References

 Smil, Vaclav (2006). Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Volume 2. Oxford University Press US. .
 Brock, James W.; Elzinga, Kenneth G. (1991). Antitrust, the market, and the state: the contributions of Walter Adams. M. E. Sharpe. .

Swiss metallurgists
1890 births
1978 deaths
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Bessemer Gold Medal