omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kalina Hristova. Kalina A. Hristova is a Bulgarian–American engineer. She is a professor of materials science and engineering at Johns Hopkins University's Whiting School of Engineering.

Early life and education
Hristova received her Bachelor of Science degree and Master's degree in physics from  Sofia University in 1987 and 1988, respectively, before moving to the United States. She subsequently earned her PhD in mechanical engineering and materials science from Duke University in 1994 and worked as a post-doctoral associate and research scientist at the University of California, Irvine. During college, she became fascinated by the organization of the biological membrane.

Career
Upon completing her PhD, Hristova joined the faculty of the Whiting School of Engineering where she focused her research in membrane biophysics and biomolecular materials. In 2007, Hristova received the Biophysical Society’s Margaret Oakley Dayhoff Award for "her extraordinary and outstanding scientific achievements in biophysics research." As an associate professor of materials science and engineering, Hristova and her research team developed new tools and techniques that "allowed her to take pictures and make measurements that reveal how the rogue protein is behaving in the cell membrane."

In 2014, Hristova served as one of the guest editors for a special issue of Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. During the summer of 2016, Hristova and her research team developed a fluorescence-based technique that allowed membrane receptors to precisely measure receptor interactions in living cells. Later in October, she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for the development of quantitative methods to probe membrane protein interactions and to reveal the mechanism of activation of membrane receptors."

During the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, Hristova co-authored Ebola Virus Delta Peptide Is a Viroporin to describe an effort to slow the virus's spread. She began the study after suspecting that the delta peptides could weaken the protective membranes that surround cells in a patient’s gastrointestinal tract. Following this, she was elected a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering "for the development of quantitative methods revealing the mechanism of activation of membrane receptors implicated in human cancers." In 2019, Hristova received a funding award from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences for her project "Seeking the Biophysical Principles that Govern RTK Activation."

References

External links

Living people
Duke University alumni
Sofia University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bedřich Schnirch. Bedřich Schnirch, or Friedrich Franz Schnirch (7 June 1791, Pátek – 25 November 1868, Vienna) was a Czech engineer, builder, Imperial Councilor, and Chief Inspector for the State Railways; primarily known for designing chain bridges. His nephew, , was also a well known builder; and his grand-nephew was the sculptor, Bohuslav Schnirch.

Life and work
Schnirch attended primary school in Horn and Krems an der Donau. From 1819 to 1821, he continued his studies at the k.k. Polytechnic Institute (now the Vienna University of Technology), where he worked with ; who later oversaw the repair and rebuilding of several bridges in Vienna. 

In 1821, he entered the service of Count Franz Anton von Magnis (1786–1861), owner of an estate in Strážnice, where he would manage the reconstruction of historic buildings. His first assignment, however, involved building an access road to an extension of the Count's park; on the opposite side of a river. Schnirch proposed what was then a technical novelty: a chain bridge, none of which had yet been built in that part of Europe. From 1826, he began applying the same principles to the construction of fireproof hanging iron roofs.

After 1827, Schnirch was employed by the Civil Service. In 1842, he became Chief Engineer at the Vienna Railway Directorate. In 1848, he was one of the founders of the Austrian Association of Engineers, which became the  in 1864. He was awarded a patent for a type of suspension bridge in 1858. The following year, he became a Section Chief at the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Public Works. After 1861, he was Chief Inspector for railway structures; in which position he also helped plan a rail line from Olomouc to Prague. He retired in 1863, and was awarded a Knight's Cross in the Order of Franz Joseph.

Schnirch died at the age of seventy-seven, from what was called "Altersschwäche" (old-age weakness). In 1888, a street in Vienna's Landstraße district was named after him.

In the use of chain bridges, some design defects emerged in later years: the underestimation of the traffic load, and the insufficient consideration of lateral wind forces, which led to the demolition or reconstruction of numerous bridges, including some by Schnirch. Perhaps the most notable example was the "Bridge of Emperor Franz I", completed in 1841; becoming only the second permanent bridge over the Vltava, after the Charles Bridge from the 15th century. It was in service until 1898, when it was replaced with the current stone bridge; known since 1919 as the Legion Bridge, in honor of the Czechoslovak Legion.

References

External links

1791 births
1868 deaths
Czech engineers
Bridge architects
Czech civil engineers
People from Louny District
Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Lu Yuanjiu. Lu Yuanjiu (9 January 1920 – 6 June 2023) was a Chinese physicist. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography
Lu was born in Chu County, Anhui, on 9 January 1920. His father was a teacher. He attended the Anhui Provincial No. 8 Middle School and Jiangsu Provincial Nanjing High School, and in November 1937 was accepted to the National Central University. That same year, the Imperial Japanese Army occupied north China and he escaped to Chongqing, where his university had relocated. In 1945, he pursued advanced studies in the United States on government scholarships. He earned his doctor's degree at Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the direction of C. S. Dreber. After graduation, he became an associate research fellow at the institute. In January 1954, he joined a scientific laboratory at Ford Motor Company as an engineer.

Lu returned to China in 1956, and that same year became vice dean of the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1966, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, and during this period Lu was criticized, deprived of all his work, and forced to perform farm work at the May Seventh Cadre Schools. He moved to the 520th Research Institute of National Central University in January 1968, and was promoted to director of the 13th Research Institute in January 1978. In January 1984, he became a member of the Standing Committee of Science and Technology Committee of Ministry of Astronautics Industry.

Lu died on 6 June 2023, at the age of 103.

Honours and awards
 1980 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 1994 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
 1997 Science and Technology Achievement Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation
 2021 July 1 Medal

References

External links
Lu Yuanjiu on the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation

1920 births
2023 deaths
People from Chuzhou
Scientists from Anhui
National Central University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Wuhan University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Chinese men centenarians
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Martin Heeney. Martin James Heeney (born April 1973) is a professor of chemistry at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and professor of Organic Materials  at Imperial College London.

Heeney is a graduate of University of East Anglia, and received his PhD in organic materials chemistry from the same institution in 1999 under the supervision of Michael Cook.

He was awarded the Corday–Morgan Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013.

He has an h-index of 98 according to Google Scholar.

References 

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Academics of Imperial College London
Beishan Underground Research Laboratory. The Beishan Underground Research Laboratory (also shortened Beishan URL) is a deep geological repository for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, currently under construction in the Gobi Desert, in Gansu, China. The facility is expected to take 7 years to build, with a planned operating period of 50 years, and cost approximately 2.7 billion yuan (US$400 million). It will reach  below ground at its deepest point.

See also 
 Radioactive waste
 Deep geological repository
 Nuclear power in China

References 

Radioactive waste repositories
Nuclear power in China
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. The  Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (, CIGB) is a research institute in Havana, Cuba.

Founding 
In 1982, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) offered grant funding via a competitive application process to facilitate biotechnology development in the Third World. Cuba sought, but did not receive funding, which instead was awarded to a joint project proposed by India and Italy. Cuba nonetheless proceeded with the development of a biotechnology research institution using its own funds, CIGB.

Activity 
In 2006, CIGB developed the Heberprot-P, which is used to treat foot ulcers. Its use results in rapid wound healing and a 75% decrease in amputations among diabetics with foot ulcers. 

As of 2017, CIGB had 1,600 employees and sold 21 products internationally.

As of 2020, CIGB had two joint ventures with China.

It is responsible for creating the Abdala vaccine.

The Centre developed the COVID-19 vaccine Mambisa, which is in the final stages of clinical trials.

See also 
 BioCubaFarma
 Center of Molecular Immunology

References

External links 
 

Medical research institutes in Cuba
Research institutes established in 1985
COVID-19 vaccine producers
Trimellitic anhydride. Trimellitic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula HO2CC6H3(C2O3).  It is the cyclic anhydride of trimellitic acid. The compound is a colorless to white solid. It's primarily used in the production of various polymers, polyesters, agricultural chemicals and dyes. Several thousand tons of this compound are produced annually as a precursor to plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride.  It is produced by air-oxidation of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene.

References

Tricarboxylic acids
2021 Melamchi flood. In June 2021, the flood in Melamchi River caused damage in the Melamchi Bazar in Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal killing several locals and some foreigners

Cause
Based on the early research, the loose material on the upstream part of the Melamchi River activated due to the long monsoon rain.   Sindhupalchowk being one of the most affected districts in 2015 earthquake, it is suggested that the mountain relaxation activated the debris flow. The continuous rainfall triggered numerous landslides around Melamchi. Melamchi River was blocked by one of the landslides for few hours creating Landslide dam. This dam burst generating flash flood with mix of debris mixture with sand, boulders and wood fragments.

The local authority issued a warning after sensing the river damming and locals were instructed to move up to higher ground. The flood hit the Melamchi bazar at night after 8 or 9 pm.

Damage
The public infrastructures mainly roads networks, bridges, electricity transmission and structures were damaged by the flood. The preliminary study estimated loss of 260 households, displacing 600 people.

Three foreigners - two Chinese and one Indian died in the incident along with 18 Nepalese. Other two Indians and one Chinese were missing.

Response
Nepal Army, Armed Police Force, and Nepal Police jointly conducted search and rescue operation in the flood damaged zone. The rescue operation faced difficulties due to the thick layer of mud deposited by the flood.

Flood on July
On July 31, 2021, another flood was recorded that swept about 55 houses in Kiul, Chanaute and Galyamthum.

See also
Landslide dam
Landslide damming (Nepal)
Natural disasters in Nepal

References

Natural disasters in Nepal
Floods in Nepal
Landslides in Nepal
History of Bagmati Province
Landslides in 2021
2021 disasters in Nepal
Fred Turner (entrepreneur). Fred Turner is biotechnology entrepreneur and founder and CEO of Curative, Inc. He was featured in the Science Council list of top 100 practicing scientists in the UK in 2013 and was ranked #1 in the European Union Contest for Young Scientist in 2013. Turner was also featured on the 2017 Forbes 30 Under 30 in Science list.

Early life and education

As a 17-year old, Fred won the UK's Young Engineer of the Year Award for building a PCR device intended to find the gene responsible for his brother's red hair. He went to Oxford to study biochemistry but dropped out.

Career
Turner moved from the UK to San Francisco to found TL BioLabs, which made genetic tests for cow herds. TL was backed by the Thiel Foundation. The company pivoted and rebranded to Shield Bio, which had a focus on diagnostic testing for gonorrhea and sepsis. It was backed by a16z and Y-Combinator and the testing was made available to over 10,000 patients in medical centers.

Following Shield Bio's closing, Turner founded Curative to focus on improving outcomes for sepsis patients, but the company quickly turned focus to COVID-19 diagnostics in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

American company founders
American health care chief executives
People from Brighouse
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
WhiteFox Defense. WhiteFox Defense Technologies, Inc. is a US-based drone airspace security company that manages drones in sensitive airspace founded in 2012 in California.

Overview 
The company currently has three products that control unauthorized drones flying in a particular airspace.

According to Wall Street Journal, WhiteFox provided data that "drone incursions into the Los Angeles airport’s restricted airspace nearly tripled from 2019 to 2020, with a high of roughly 1,200 flights last June". FAA included WhiteFox in DHS trials.

In 2018, WhiteFox manufactured a radio-jamming product which permits authorized drones to fly while forces unauthorized drones out of restricted airspace. WhiteFox partnered with Gryphon Sensors, a company that provides drone detection and unmanned aircraft systems.

In April 2021, WhiteFox and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate joined a cooperative research and development agreement.

Awards 
WhiteFox received an award for 'Counter Drone Systems (Anti-Drones)' in 2021 by Airwards.

References 

American companies established in 2012
Companies based in California
2012 establishments in California
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers
Standard Television Interface Chip. The Standard Television Interface Chip or STIC is a video encoder chip produced by General Instrument as AY-3-8900/AY-3-8900-1 and used on the Mattel Intellivision.

The chip provides all the display functions on the machine, and works as an internal timer. Resolution is 167 × 105 pixels in NTSC and 168 × 104 pixels in PAL, over which movable objects (MOBs) can be placed. These are restricted to a visible area of 159 × 96 pixels.
Other objects, such as a 20 × 12 matrix of 8×8 background cards can be used to create scenery or provide game information.
The STIC also computes collision information between the objects and screen borders.
There are multiple display modes depending on how objects are handles, such as Color Stack, Colored Squares and Foreground/Background mode.

Characteristics

operates at 4 MHz or 3.579545 MHz (NTSC)
14-bit multiplexed data/address bus shared with CPU 
20×12 tiled playfield, tiles are 8×8 pixels for a resolution of 159×96 (right pixel not displayed)
16 color palette, two colors per tile
Foreground/Background mode; all 16 colors available for background and colors 1–8 available for foreground per tile; grom cards limited to the first 64
Color Stack mode; all 16 colors available for foreground per tile; background colour from a four colour rotating stack of any four colors, all 277 grom and gram cards available
Colored Squares mode allows each tile to have four different colored 4×4 blocks as in Snafu); first seven colors available for foreground blocks; background colour from the color stack
8 sprites (all visible on the same scanline). Hardware supports the following features per-sprite:
coordinate addressable off screen for smooth edge entries and exits
Size selection: 8×16 or 8 pixels wide by 8 half-pixels high
Stretching: horizontal (1× or 2×) and vertical (1×, 2×, 4× or 8×)
Mirroring: horizontal and vertical
Collision detection: sprite to sprite, sprite to background, and sprite to screen border
Priority: selects whether sprite appears in front of or behind background.
 fine horizontal and vertical pixel scrolling
 all STIC attributes and GRAM re-programmable at VBLANK, 60 times a second

Color Palette
A 16 color palette is available, divided into two sets.

Primary Color Set                              

Pastel Color Set        

Note: The displayed colors are approximate. Actual tones varied according to the analog television standard and quality of the CRT display.

See also
 Thomson EF9345
 Motorola 6845
 TMS9918
 MOS Technology VIC-II

References

External links
 Datasheet
 PAL version discussion
 Color palette discussion

Graphics chips
Texas Instruments hardware
Intellivision
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. The current state of quantum computing is referred to as the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000 qubits which are not advanced enough yet for fault-tolerance or large enough to achieve quantum advantage. These processors, which are sensitive to their environment (noisy) and prone to quantum decoherence, are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction. This intermediate-scale is defined by the quantum volume, which is based on the moderate number of qubits and gate fidelity. The term NISQ was coined by John Preskill in 2018.

According to Microsoft Azure Quantum's scheme, NISQ computation is considered level 1, the lowest of the quantum computing implementation levels.

In October 2023, the 1,000 qubit mark was passed for the first time by Atom Computing's 1,180 qubit quantum processor.  However, as of 2024, only two quantum processors have over 1,000 qubits, with sub-1,000 quantum processors still remaining the norm.

Algorithms 
NISQ algorithms are quantum algorithms designed for quantum processors in the NISQ era. Common examples are the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), which use NISQ devices but offload some calculations to classical processors. These algorithms have been successful in quantum chemistry and have potential applications in various fields including physics, materials science, data science, cryptography, biology, and finance. However, due to noise during circuit execution, they often require error mitigation techniques.
These methods constitute a way of reducing the effect of noise by running a set of circuits and applying post-processing to the measured data. In contrast to quantum error correction, where errors are continuously detected and corrected during the run of the circuit, error mitigation can only use the outcome of the noisy circuits.

Beyond-NISQ era 
The creation of a computer with tens of thousands of qubits and enough error correction would eventually end the NISQ era. These beyond-NISQ devices would be able to, for example, implement Shor's algorithm for very large numbers and break RSA encryption.

In April 2024, researchers at Microsoft announced a significant reduction in error rates that required only 4 logical qubits, suggesting that quantum computing at scale could be years away instead of decades.

See also 
 Quantum complexity theory
 Quantum noise
 List of companies involved in quantum computing or communication
 List of quantum processors
 Timeline of quantum computing and communication
 Quantum information

References

External links 
 John Preskill lecture on NISQ era

Computer architecture statements
History of computing hardware
Quantum computing
Quantum information science
Computational complexity theory
Lancer 28. The Lancer 28 is an American sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a trailerable daysailer and cruiser, which was first built in 1977.

Production
The design was built by Lancer Yachts in the United States from 1977 until 1985, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Lancer 28 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig or optional fractional rig, with a taller mast stepped further forward. The hull has a raked stem, an angled transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a wide, hollow, fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard shallow-draft keel.

The boat could be fitted with an inboard motor or a small, well-mounted outboard motor for docking and maneuvering. Inboard factory power options included an American Outboard Marine Corporation saildrive, a Japanese Yanmar, French Renault or British Petters Limited diesel engine or a gasoline engine of .

The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a straight settee in the main cabin, a drop-table, wide single berth and two aft cabins under the cockpit with single berths each. The galley is located on both sides of the cabin, just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove to port and a sink and icebox to starboard. The enclosed head is located just aft of the bow cabin on both sides. The maximum cabin headroom is , as the cabin sole drops into the hollow keel.

For sailing the design may be equipped with a jib or one of a series of genoas.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 258 for the masthead sloop version and 248 for the fractional rig.

Operational history
In a 2000 review Darrell Nicholson wrote, "in a lot of ways, the Lancer 28 is a good study in the compromises that are inherent in creating a relatively big boat that can be lugged around from place to place on a trailer. Sailing performance is one of those compromises. Small boats get stability either from wide beam or deep, heavy keels. The Lancer 28 has neither ... the Lancer 28 is tippy. Most owners in our survey consider the boat about average in stability, but in our experience, an "average" rating usually means a fairly tender boat ... You don't buy this boat for speed. It's a noncompetitive daysailer and weekend trailer cruiser. ... If you need a trailerable boat that can accommodate two adults and several children for relatively short-term cruising, the Lancer 28 makes sense. But don't expect to get six berths, "full headroom," shoal draft, and trailerability in a 28' boat without some fairly substantial compromises."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner
Sailboat types built by Lancer Yachts