omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1992 Colombian energy crisis. The 1992 Colombian energy crisis was a crisis of the Colombian energy sector during the presidency of César Gaviria, from May 2, 1992, to February 7, 1993, caused by El Niño. El Niño caused droughts across much of the country, which lowered reservoir levels at many of its principal hydroelectric dams and a further crisis within the state public services company, Interconexión Eléctrica, S.A. (ISA).

Causes
El Niño occurs when warm waters originating off the coast of Australia reach South American shores. This causes significant variation in marine climates and droughts and floods. The 1992 El Niño, which produced droughts in Colombia, coincided with infrastructure problems within the nation's hydroelectric power facilities.

Rationing
The government under president César Gaviria opted to take action, introducing a rationing program. On March 2, 1992, the government announced scheduled power cuts, of up to nine hours in cities such as Bogotá and up to 18 hours on the islands of San Andrés y Providencia. Public awareness campaigns were launched under the name "Cierre la llave" ("Turn Off the Tap"), hoping to measure how much water was being wasted. In the city of Cali, a decree was passed setting six days in prison as a penalty for heavy water users.

"Hora Gaviria"
As a further measure, Gaviria changed Colombia's time zone from UTC-5 to UTC-4, which was then the time zone of neighboring Venezuela, beginning on Saturday, May 2, 1992, at 1:00 am. The measure came to be known as "Hora Gaviria" ("Gaviria Time"). Of Colombia's 1,024 municipalities, 1,000 declined to change time zones and took months to come into effect. The time zone change was ended on February 7, 1993.

Impacts
One of two most popular telenovelas of 1992 in Colombia, En cuerpo ajeno, was moved from 8pm to 10pm on Cadena Uno, then a highly unusual timeslot for flagship novelas on Colombian television, so that more viewers could see it when they were not impacted by energy rationing (the blackouts in Bogotá ended at 9 pm). The other popular telenovela, Sangre de Lobos, was already being broadcast at 10pm on Canal A. Caracol Radio created a program, La Luciérnaga ("The Firefly"), for the early evening hours when power cuts were in effect in many areas; as of 2015, the program remains on the air.

References

Energy crises
Energy in Colombia
Economy of Colombia
1992 in Colombia
1992 in the environment
Economic history of Colombia
Andrew J. Ouderkirk. Andrew J. Ouderkirk is a widely recognized senior scientist at 3M, an American multinational conglomerate. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for the development and commercialization of multilayer polymer films with unique optical properties. He is prolific inventor listed on 308 U.S. patents as of September 29, 2020 and a principal developer of a class of highly efficient polymer-based mirrors
Dr. Ouderkirk currently works for Oculus Research.

See also
 3M
 List of prolific inventors
 Materials Science
 Oculus VR

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Shumerlya Special Vehicles Plant. The Shumerlya Special Vehicles Plant (, abbreviated ShSZA) is a monotown enterprise within the Russian military-industrial complex, a major developer and manufacturer of special purpose equipment in Russia. One of the largest Russian exporters of special purpose machinery.

The company is located in Shumerlya (Chuvashia).

History 
The Shumerlya Special Vehicles Plant is one of the oldest enterprises in Russia.

The factory was founded in 1929, on the basis of the partnership "Worker", which was specialized in logging, and processing of wood. The plant became the first industrial enterprise of Shumerlya. The first products of the plant were lumber and wooden parts of agricultural machinery.

In 1943 the company was transformed into the factory "Kombayndetal", which a few years later started the engineering production and manufacturing of mobile workshops for tractor brigades.

In 1967 the factory opened a Construction Bureau specialized in the repair of workshops and vans. More than 300 different types of mobile repair and other specialized vehicles were developed by the Bureau.

In 1968 the company became the supplier of vehicle-based special purpose equipment, and was renamed "Plant of Specialized Vehicles".

In 1993 ShSZA joined the corporation "Proekt-technika".

In 2007, the plant began the production of field mobile hospitals for the Russian Special Forces.

In 2009, the company created a workshop for the production of electrical transformers. Later the production was allocated to a separate company – OOO (LLC) "Proektelektrotechnika". A total amount of 553 million roubles was invested in the company.

Production 

ShZSA specializes in production of mobile maintenance facilities for repair and evacuation, habitable modules of constant and variable volume, systems of mobile equipment and power complexes, and transformers.

The company is one of the main suppliers of special equipment for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (in 2010, the amount of the contracts had a total value of 333 million roubles). The company also supplies equipment for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation within the framework of the state armaments program.

The ShZSA plant is an experimental base for the creation of new specialized mobile machinery. Since 1992, the factory has tested and put into production 60 types of specialized machinery.

Management 
The company is a part of the Corporation "Proekt-technika". The managing director of the company is Leon Podobed

Finance
In 2012, the turnover of the company amounted to 2.20 billion RUB. (In 2011 – 1.53 billion RUB). The net profit for the year 2012 amounted to 185.8 million RUB.

References

External links 
 Official site 

Defence companies of Russia
Companies based in Chuvashia
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
1929 establishments in the Soviet Union
Proekt-technika. Corporation "Proekt-technika" () is one of Russia's largest machine-manufacturing companies, and a part of the Russian military-industrial complex.

History
Corporation "Proekt-technika" was established in 1988. The “Radon” production cooperative was also founded this year.

In 1990, "Buran" program members founded the "Proekt-technika" Design Bureau.

In 1993, Shumerlya Special Vehicles Plant merged with the corporation.

In 2009, the "Proektelektrotechnika" enterprise was established to produce dry-type three-phase electrical transformers. The Corporation starts to supply mobile field hospitals for export.

In 2011, the "Oreltekmash" enterprise became a part of the Corporation "Proekt-technika".

Production
Corporation "Proekt-technika" develops, manufactures and provides aftersale maintenance of mobile special and multipurpose equipment. The company is the largest supplier of mobile equipment for the security agencies of the Russian Federation. The company’s products are listed in the State Armament Program of the Russian Federation and are exported to 21 countries.

The company produces three levels of equipment which differ from each other by the percentage of foreign components and materials in the equipment (at the request of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to use foreign materials in some samples of special equipment). More than 1000 units of equipment are produced annually.

Structure and management
Corporation "Proekt-technika" includes mobile equipment production plants (Shumerlya Special Vehicles Plant, Oreltekmash), transformers production plant (Proektelektrotechnika), engineering, and service centers.

According to the 2013 data, about 2500 employees are working at the company’s enterprises.

Shavasp Kalashyan is the Chairman of the Board of the company.

Finances
The primary customer of Corporation "Proekt-technika" is the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. In 2008 the Main Automotive-Armored Tank Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation signed a three-year contract with the company worth four billion rubles for the supply of maintenance shops.

In 2012–2013, the turnover of the two largest enterprises of Corporation "Proekt-technika" (ShZSA and Oreltekmash) totaled up to 2.20 billion and 700 million rubles respectively.

References

Defence companies of Russia
Water associated fraction. The water associated fraction (WAF), sometimes termed the water-soluble fraction (W.S.F.), is the solution of low molecular mass hydrocarbons naturally released from petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in contact with water. Although generally regarded as hydrophobic, many petroleum hydrocarbons are soluble in water to a limited extent. This combination often also contains less soluble, higher molecular mass components, and more soluble products of chemical and biological degradation.

Toxicity
Low molecular mass compounds account for much of the toxic nature of hydrocarbon spills. In particular, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and the xylenes (BTEX) are of great environmental interest due to their availability to organisms. This availability, also influenced by volatility and reactivity, impacts on biodegradation and bioremediation in water and soil environments, with even dissolved components within pore water considered bioavailable.

Concentration
The WAF is found in greatest concentration in close proximity to the bulk phase of hydrocarbons, the progress of which is often limited by physical containment measures such as booms. The dissolved components of petroleum mixtures such as crude oil can become subject to the transport mechanisms of the bulk aqueous phase. Source identification of these can therefore become problematic without the visual indications usually expected with petroleum hydrocarbon spills. However, after relatively short periods of exposure, the chemical profile of the original oils is still largely intact, allowing chemical analysis to provide identification and discriminate between different petroleum sources.

Dissolution
In freshwater aquatic environments, dissolution is the greatest physical weathering process after evaporation. Under the same conditions, the rate of dissolution is between 0.01% and 1% of the rate of evaporation for alkanes and aromatic compounds. Once dissolved, these components are more available to organisms and therefore susceptible to biodegradation processes and experience increased rates of photochemical and chemical degradation. These components represent some of the most toxic oil ingredients because of their increased bioavailability, with reduction in toxicity occurring on emulsification or absorption to colloids which restrict availability to organisms.

References

Petroleum
Solutions
Oil spills
Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
Hubert Aaronson. Hubert Aaronson (July 10, 1924 – December 13, 2005) was an R.F. Mehl University Professor at Carnegie Mellon University.

Biography
Hubert I. Aaronson was born on July 10, 1924, in New York City. In 1936, Aaronson moved to New Jersey and graduated high school. He graduated Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) which is currently known as Carnegie Mellon University, majoring in engineering.

Aaronson went to the U.S. Army Air Corps and went on to fly many B-17 missions during World War II.

Career
Aaronson received a B.S. in 1948, M.S. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1954 at the Carnegie Institute of Technology for metallurgical engineering. In 1970, he served many TMS and ASM committees as a member and a chair such as the Phase Transformations Committee. Aaronson received an honorary membership of the Japan Institute of Metals in 1996, and was then elected for the National Academy of Engineering in 1997.

Aaronson continued working as a R.F. Mehl Professor Emeritus at the Carnegie Mellon University before his death on December 13, 2005, after a lengthy illness.

Awards
Aaronson received honors and awards such as the TMS C. H. Mathewson Gold Medal, TMS Educator Award, TMS Institute of Metals Lecture, R. F. Mehl Medal, and TMS Fellow.

Works
Aaronson has published more than 300 scientific papers for teaching and supporting his young colleagues, and has organized conferences that influenced with the field. His well-known major contributions are about diffusional nucleation and growth, and the mechanisms of phase transformations.

References

External links 
Hubert I. Aaronson, Masato Enomoto, Jong K. Lee Mechanisms of Diffusional Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys

1924 births
2005 deaths
American materials scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Etrich Sport-Taube. The Etrich Sport-Taube was a one-off, single engine, one seat monoplane, built in Czechoslovakia in 1929.

Design and development
The Sport-Taube was a plane built and designed by Igo Etrich, the famous builder of the Etrich Taube. It was originally intended as a Volksflugzeug, a low-cost airplane. However, it faced difficulties regarding production in series and the project was given up.

After World War I, Etrich moved to Trautenau, now Trutnov, in the newly founded Czechoslovakia. He built the Sport-Taube, a closed-cockpit monoplane, in the same factory where he built textile machinery. The original plane is now displayed suspended from the roof at the National Technical Museum in Prague, Czech Republic.

The Sport-Taube was powered by a  engine.

Operational history
Although the Sport-Taube was intended to be commercialized as a private aircraft, with its  engine it was deemed to be faster than the planes of the Czechoslovak Air Force at that time. Thus the Czech authorities made difficulties to the Etrich company to obtain the permits that were necessary for mass production of the plane, claiming that the plane could be used for smuggling. Disappointed, Igo Etrich abandoned his aeronautical projects and dedicated himself fully to the production of textile machinery.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

British Industria History - Igo Etrich

1920s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Ethyl methyl cellulose. Ethyl methyl cellulose is a thickener, vegetable gum, foaming agent and emulsifier.  Its E number is E465.
 
Chemically, it is a derivative of cellulose with ethyl and methyl groups attached by ether linkages.  It can be prepared by treatment of cellulose with dimethyl sulfate and ethyl chloride in the presence of an alkali.

See also
 Ethyl cellulose
 Methyl cellulose

References

Cellulose
Food additives
Cellulose ethers
Discrimination (information). Discrimination in the original and broadest sense is the act of distinguishing one thing from another.

Business and engineering
 Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products.
 Markovian discrimination is a method used in spam filters to model the statistical behaviors of spam and nonspam.
 Net bias (also called data discrimination) is the differentiation of price or quality of Internet data transmission.
 Price discrimination, or price differentiation, is a pricing strategy where identical or similar goods or services are sold at different prices by the same provider to different customers.
 Selectivity (circuit breakers) (also known as circuit breaker discrimination) is the coordination of overcurrent protection devices so that a fault in the installation is cleared by the protection device located immediately upstream of the fault.
 Term discrimination is a way to rank keywords in how useful they are for information retrieval.
 Word sense discrimination is the automatic identification of the senses of a word.

Biology and psychology
 Discrimination learning is a topic in the psychology of learning studying the process by which animals or people learn to make different responses to different stimuli.
 Host discrimination is the ability of some parasitoids to distinguish a host with parasites from an unparasitized host.
 Kin discrimination is an organism's ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin.
 Self-discrimination in plants is the ability of plants to avoid twining tendrils around themselves.
 Tactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information received through the sense of touch.
 The texture discrimination task is a common task used in visual perception learning.
 Two-point discrimination is the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are distinct.
 Utrocular discrimination is the ability to tell which of two eyes has been stimulated by light.

Other uses
 Carbon isotope discrimination is the property of certain molecules to preferentially bind specific isotopes of carbon.
 Discrimination information is a term in information theory and statistics.

See also

 Discriminant (disambiguation), a term in mathematics.
Acousto-electric effect. Acousto-electric effect is a nonlinear phenomenon of generation of electric current in a piezo-electric semiconductor by a propagating acoustic wave. The generated electric current is proportional to the intensity of the acoustic wave and to the value of its electron-induced attenuation. The effect was theoretically predicted in 1953 by Parmenter. Its first experimental observation was reported in 1957 by Weinreich and White.

Valley acoustoelectric effect
There are two varieties of the original acousto-electric effect called the valley acoustoelectric effect and valley acoustoelectric Hall effect theoretically predicted in 2019 by Kalameitsev, Kovalev, and Savenko. These effects also represent nonlinear phenomena of generation of electric current in two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers or graphene, located on a piezoelectric substrate by a propagating acoustic wave. The generated electric currents are proportional to the intensity of the acoustic wave and their directions are perpendicular to the acoustic wave vector.

See also 
 Physical acoustics
 Semiconductors
 Piezoelectricity
 Elastic waves

References 

Acoustics
Waves
Semiconductors
Lingan S. Randolph. Lingan Strother Randolph (May 13, 1859 – March 7, 1922) was an American mechanical and consulting engineer, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1893 to 1918 at Virginia Tech.

Life and work 
Born in Martinsburg, Virginia to James Lingan and Emily Strother, he attended the Shenandoah Valley Academy from 1873 to 1876. After a year at the Virginia Military Institute, he moved to the Stevens Institute of Technology, where he graduated in mechanical engineer in 1883.

Randolph started his career working for various railroads as test engineer and made it superintendent of motive power of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1893 he was appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1893 at Virginia Tech, where he retired in 1918. From 1902 to 1913 he had also been Head of the department of Mechanical Engineering, and from 1913 to 1918 Dean of the Department of Engineering. Randolph was Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers since his election on May 2, 1888.

In the 1895 article "The Economic Element in Technical Education," Randolph advocated "the discussion of the commercial side of engineering problems, and the undesirability of making computations to an unnecessary degree of precision."

At Virginia Tech there is the Randolph Hall named after him and there is a L.S. Randolph chair for mechanical engineer.

Selected publications 
 Randolph, L. S. "Cost of Lubricating Car Journals." Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Vol XI., (1894). p. 126
 Randolph, L. S. "Discussion of" Painting of Iron Structures Exposed to Weather"." Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 33.1 (1895).
 Randolph, L. S. "Requirements for Degrees in Engineering Courses." in Engineering Education, 1901, p. 159-179
 Randolph, L. S. "The economic element in technical education." SPEE Proceedings 3 (1895): 181-188.
 L.S. Randolph. "Virginia Anthracite Coal Fields." Mining Magazine. Vol. 10, 1904, p. 428
 L.S. Randolph. "The Possibilities of Engineering Education," in: The Stevens Indicator, Vol. 23. Jan. 1906. p. 1-5.

References

External links 
 A Guide to the Lingan S. Randolph Papers
 Randolph Hall at Virginia Techn

1859 births
1922 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Virginia Tech faculty
People from Martinsburg, West Virginia
Engineers from West Virginia
List of ships built by Hall, Russell & Company (601–700). List of ships built by Aberdeen shipbuilders Hall, Russell & Company, from yard number 601 to 700.

The ships built in the sequence 601 to 700 cover the period 1917 to 1929. The majority of vessels built during this period were armed trawlers for the Admiralty, fishing vessels for British owners, and a number of cargo vessels, such as those built for the North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Steam Navigation Company.

Notes
 Where available, vessel measurements taken from Lloyd's Register, giving registered length, beam and draft. Hall, Russell and Company's own measurements typically are length overall, beam and moulded depth.
 Yard Numbers 602-605 unused
 Yard Numbers 638-641 likely allocated to the cancelled order for four additional Kil-class sloops. Two built (636 and 637), third vessel, HMS Kilcavan was named but cancelled and three other vessels were cancelled before being named.
 Yard Numbers 658-672 likely allocated to additional trawlers for Admiralty, cancelled at the end of World War I
 Yard Number 681 unused

References

Bibliography

Ships built in Scotland
Robert B. Harris. Robert B. Harris (born 1922- died 2014) was an American multihull sailboat designer.

Career
He first became interested in multihulls after seeing a 40-foot catamaran in Hawaii, built by Alfred Kumalai and Rudy Choy.

Designs
Please note that this list is partial.

Monohulls
Vancouver 25
Vancouver 42
Vancouver 36 (Harris) (1977)

Catamarans
Naramatac (1948)
Sunburner (1972)

Trimarans
Eclipse

Books
Harris published three books.
 1960: Modern Sailing Catamarans
 1970: Racing and Cruising Trimarans
 2008: Tracks on the Water: My Life in Yacht Design

References

 Verona Leslie Vancouver 25 "Rainbow"

Robert B. Harris
Factory-kitchen. A Factory-kitchen or kitchen factory () was a large mechanized enterprise of food service in the Soviet Union, originated in the 1920–1930s. Its main purpose was centralized preparation of food (both prefabrication and full processing) supplied for communal dining rooms or for personal purchase. Factory-kitchens were characteristic of their unique architecture. Sometimes the term is inadequately translated as communal kitchen, the latter being a kitchen in a Soviet communal apartment.

The idea of centralized food preparation was part of the emancipation of  women from the household work in the early Soviet Union, and to better tap into women's workforce. Along with the house-communes, factory-kitchens were to get rid of "the yoke of the household economy". Slogans of the day were "Away with Pots and Pans!" and "The Saucepan is an Enemy of the Party Cell".

Various Soviet writers described how "a single person can prepare from fifty to hundred dinners a day". A children's book A Cook for a Whole City described in detail how efficiently a kitchen-factory works.

References

Architecture in the Soviet Union
Women's rights in Russia
Food industry