omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Incudomalleolar joint. The incudomalleolar joint (more correctly called incudomallear joint) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small synovial joint between the malleus (hammer) and the incus (anvil). The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear, which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited. All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit, at least at low frequencies.

When the eardrum is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the outer ear, it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum. The head of the malleus (caput mallei) moves with it and transfers energy/movement to the corpus of the incus (corpus incudis), which is located directly behind. The sound vibrations are then transferred to the stapes (stirrup) through the incudostapedial joint.

See also

References
 

Joints of the head and neck
Ear
Joints
Human head and neck
Engine Company 31. Engine Company 31, also known as the Forest Hills Firehouse, is a fire station and an historic structure located in the Wakefield neighborhood in Washington, D.C.  It was listed on both the DC Inventory of Historic Sites and on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.  The brick building was designed by Albert L. Harris and built in 1931.

References

Fire stations completed in 1931
Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Frank Abbott (politician). Frank Abbott (1828–1893) was an American politician from Orange County, New York. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, New York State Senate, and was the Mayor of Port Jervis, New York

Life
Abbott was born on February 9, 1828, in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended the common schools, and became a machinist and railroad engineer. During the American Civil War he was connected with the operations of the Union Army railroad transportation. Later he was Master Mechanic of the Erie Railroad shops at Port Jervis, New York. He was the first Secretary and Treasurer of the Locomotive Engineers' Mutual Life Insurance Association, established in 1868.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Orange Co., 2nd D.) in 1872, elected as a Republican; and in 1873, elected as a Liberal Republican with Democratic endorsement.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (8th D.) in 1874. His election was contested by Republican Edward M. Madden, and Abbott's seat was vacated on February 4.

He was Mayor of Port Jervis, New York from 1874 to 1876. He died on April 20, 1893, in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

References

Sources
 Locomotive Engineers Journal (1869; pg. 32)
 Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York by William H. McElroy & Alexander McBride (1873, pg. 134f) [e-book]
 The Ice Georges in NYT on March 3, 1875
 The Damage To The Erie Company's Proprerty in NYT on March 18, 1875
 The Spring Elections in NYT on April 7, 1875

1828 births
1893 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
New York (state) Liberal Republicans
People from Port Jervis, New York
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Mayors of places in New York (state)
Machinists
American locomotive engineers
19th-century members of the New York State Legislature
Robert Otzen. Robert Friedrich Ehlert Otzen (9 May 1872 in Giesensdorf - 3 October 1934 in Hanover) was a German infrastructure engineer. 

He is considered the inventor of the word Autobahn when he was head of the Stufa car lobby group (Bahn being the German word for railway), the equivalent of motorway (British English) or freeway (US English).. When a single high speed roadway was built on the Hamburg-Frankfurt-Basel route, Otzen felt that only an entire network of such roads would attract the political support needed for such a project to be built.

References

This article has been translated in part from the German Wikipedia equivalent.

Engineers from Schleswig-Holstein
1872 births
1934 deaths
People from Herzogtum Lauenburg
Nickel selenide. Nickel selenide is the inorganic compound  with the formula NiSe.  As for many metal chalcogenides, the phase diagram for nickel(II) selenide is complicated.  Two other selenides of nickel are known, NiSe2 with a pyrite structure, and Ni2Se3. Additionally, NiSe is usually nonstoichiometric and is often described with the formula Ni1−xSe, with 0 < x < 0.15.  This material is a semi-conducting solid, and can be obtained as in the form of a black fine powder, or silver if obtained in the form of larger crystals.  Nickel(II) selenide is insoluble in all solvents, but can be degraded by strongly oxidizing acids.

Synthesis and structure
Typically, NiSe is prepared by high temperature reaction of the elements.  Such reactions typically afford mixed phase products.  Milder methods have also been described using more specialised techniques such as reactions of the elements in liquid ammonia in a pressure vessel.

Like many related materials, nickel(II) selenide adopts the nickel arsenide motif.  In this structure, nickel is octahedral and the selenides are in trigonal prismatic sites.

References 

Nickel compounds
Selenides
Nickel arsenide structure type
Manganese(II) phosphate. Manganese(II) phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula .  It has industrial importance as a constituent of manganese based phosphate conversion coatings.

Formation
Manganese phosphates often combine with iron phosphates through paragenesis.  In the process of paragenesis, each mineral affects the manner in which the other is crystallized. The minerals combine in isomorphic series, meaning that they crystallize in similar forms, producing a sequence of solids. Some examples of “isomorphic series” formed by Mn and Fe include heterosite , purpurite , and triplite .

Processing
The immersion method is used for the processing of manganese phosphate coatings. The steps of immersion include degreasing/cleaning, water rinses, pickling in mineral acid, activation, manganese phosphating, an optional final drying, and lubrication using oils or emulsion. The first step of this method is to degrease and clean, typically with strong alkaline cleaners. Pickling in mineral acid is a useful process described by the removal of oxide, resulting in a clean surface. The water pre-rinse activation allows the cleaning and pickling to take place while avoiding the formation of coarse-crystalline phosphate. Manganese phosphating is performed, typically in a bath of dilute phosphoric acid that is at approximately  for about 5–20 minutes (the time varies with the state of the surface being coated). The elements that were coated are then allowed to dry, possibly in an oven. The final step of manganese phosphate coating is to lubricate the materials with oil by immersing them in the oil bath and then letting them drain. This results in different thicknesses of oil when different concentrations and types of oil are used.

Manganese phosphate can also be used for coatings (which are processed as described above). These coatings are useful for protection against corrosion and wear over time, due to their toughness. Manganese phosphate coating can often be found in the oil and gas industry, firearms and ordnance, aerospace, gears and bearings, and in marine equipment. They are also common in engines, screws, nuts and bolts, and washers.

References

Manganese(II) compounds
Phosphates
Nickel sulfide. Nickel sulfide  is any inorganic compound with the formula NixSy.  These compounds range in color from bronze (Ni3S2) to black (NiS2).  The nickel sulfide with simplest stoichiometry is NiS, also known as the mineral millerite.  From the economic perspective, Ni9S8, the mineral pentlandite, is the chief source of mined nickel.  Other minerals include heazlewoodite (Ni3S2) and polydymite (Ni3S4), and the mineral Vaesite (NiS2). Some nickel sulfides are used commercially as catalysts.

Structure
Like many related materials, nickel sulfide adopts the nickel arsenide motif.  In this structure, nickel is octahedral and the sulfide centers are in trigonal prismatic sites.

NiS has two polymorphs. The α-phase has a hexagonal unit cell, while the β-phase has a rhombohedral cell. The α-phase is stable at temperatures above , and converts into the β-phase at lower temperatures. That phase transition causes an increase in volume by 2–4%.

Synthesis and reactions
The precipitation of solid black nickel sulfide is a mainstay of traditional qualitative inorganic analysis schemes, which begins with the separation of metals on the basis of the solubility of their sulfides.  Such reactions are written:

Ni2+  + H2S   →   NiS  +  2 H+

Many other more controlled methods have been developed, including solid state metathesis reactions (from NiCl2 and Na2S) and high temperature reactions of the elements.

The most commonly practiced reaction of nickel sulfides involves conversion to nickel oxides.  This conversion involves heating the sulfide ores in air:

Occurrence

Natural
The mineral millerite is also a nickel sulfide with the molecular formula NiS, although its structure differs from synthetic stoichiometric NiS due to the conditions under which it forms. It occurs naturally in low temperature hydrothermal systems, in cavities of carbonate rocks, and as a byproduct of other nickel minerals.

In nature, nickel sulfides commonly occur as solid solutions with iron sulfides in minerals such as  pentlandite and pyrrhotite.  These minerals have the formula Fe9−xNixS8 and Fe7−xNixS6, respectively.  In some cases they are high in nickel (larger values of x).

In glass manufacturing
Float glass contains a small amount of nickel sulfide, formed from the sulfur in the fining agent  and the nickel contained in metallic alloy contaminants.

Nickel sulfide inclusions are a problem for tempered glass applications. After the tempering process, nickel sulfide inclusions are in the metastable alpha phase. The inclusions eventually convert to the beta phase (stable at low temperature), increasing in volume and causing cracks in the glass. In the middle of tempered glass, the material is under tension, which causes the cracks to propagate and leads to spontaneous glass fracture. That spontaneous fracture occurs years or decades after glass manufacturing.

References

Nickel compounds
Sulfides
Nickel arsenide structure type
Giovanni Agusta. Count Giovanni Agusta (Parma, 1879 – Parma, 1927) was an italian entrepreneur, aircraft pioneer and inventor of the parachute. He formed the Agusta company in 1923 which became part of AgustaWestland in 2000. He died in 1927. His son, Count Domenico Agusta, followed in the family business, Agusta. The MV Agusta motorcycle manufacturer began as an offshoot of the Agusta aviation company at the end of the Second World War as a means to save the jobs of employees of the Agusta firm.

In 1907, Agusta designed and built a biplane called the Ag1, and in 1912 he volunteered for the Italian-Turkish War in Libya; in 1913 he was hired by Caproni as an inspector in charge of delivering bombers to the front.

References

Italian engineers
1879 births
1927 deaths
MV Agusta
Agusta
People of Sicilian descent
Servo (software). Servo is an experimental browser engine designed to take advantage of the memory safety properties and concurrency features of the Rust programming language. It seeks to create a highly parallel environment, in which rendering, layout, HTML parsing, image decoding, and other engine components are handled by fine-grained, isolated tasks. It also makes use of GPU acceleration to render web pages quickly and smoothly.

Servo has always been a research project. It began at the Mozilla Corporation in 2012, and its employees did the bulk of the work until 2020. This included the Quantum project, when portions of Servo were incorporated into the Gecko engine of Firefox.

After Mozilla laid off all Servo developers in 2020, governance of the project was transferred to Linux Foundation Europe. Development work officially continues at the same GitHub repository with the project itself entirely volunteer driven.

History 
Development of Servo began at the Mozilla Corporation in 2012. The project was named after Tom Servo, a robot from the television show Mystery Science Theater 3000.

In 2013, Mozilla announced that Samsung was collaborating on the project. Samsung's main contribution was porting Servo to Android and ARM processors. A Samsung developer also attempted to re-implement the Chromium Embedded Framework API in Servo, but it never reached fruition and the code was eventually removed.

The Acid2 test was passed in 2014, and Servo could render some websites faster than the Gecko engine of Firefox. By 2016, the engine had been further optimized. The same year, Mozilla began the Quantum project, which incorporated stable portions of Servo into Gecko.

Servo was the engine of two augmented reality browsers. The first was for a Magic Leap headset in 2018. Then the Firefox Reality browser was released in 2020.

In August 2020, Mozilla laid off many employees, including the Servo team, to "adapt its finances to a post-COVID-19 world and re-focus the organization on new commercial services". Governance of the Servo project was thus transferred to Linux Foundation Europe.

In October 2021, Eclipse Foundation launched Oniro OS vendor neutral open-source distributed operating system in Europe for Internet of things and embedded devices with various partners such as Huawei and Linaro among others, based on OpenAtom Foundation's OpenHarmony for software development with Servo web engine as part of the open source project built on Rust language.

In January 2023, the Servo project announced that new external funding had enabled a team of developers to reactivate the project. The initial roadmap focused on selecting one of the two existing layout engines for further development, followed by working towards basic CSS2 conformance. In February 2024, at FOSDEM 2024, the Servo Project team outlined their plans for a 'reboot' of Servo.

References

External links

 
 2016 podcast about Servo

Free software programmed in Rust
Layout engines
Linux Foundation projects
Mozilla
Mainguard Packaging Ltd v Hilton Haulage Ltd. Mainguard Packaging Ltd v Hilton Haulage Ltd is a leading case in New Zealand regarding claims for damages for negligence as well as foreseeability of loss.

Background 
While reversing a truck at Mainguard's factory, one of Hilton Haulage's drivers, through negligence, backed into a power pole, breaking some of the attached power wires, causing a fire at the factory. Although the fire caused some damage to the factory, the factory was still able to function, except for the fact that hitting the pole caused a power cut.
The fire would not normally have occurred under such circumstances, however due to the exceptionally high earth resistance of that neighbourhood, caused the fire.
The factory owners claimed damages for the fire, as well as damages for loss of production(economic loss) due to the related power cut.

Held 
As the fire was not foreseeable, there was no liability. However, as the loss of production was due to the power cut, and the driver was negligent, an award for damages for economic loss was made.

References

High Court of New Zealand cases
1990 in New Zealand law
1990 in case law
New Zealand tort case law
Société Provençale de Constructions Aéronautiques. The Société Provençale de Constructions Aéronautiques (SPCA) was a French aircraft manufacturing company, with its head office in Paris and its workshop in La Ciotat near Marseille.

History
Founded by Georges Philippar in 1925, SPCA began as a subsidiary venture of SPCN (Société Provençale de Constructions Navales) shipbuilding company. Initially this aircraft builder was known particularly for its seaplanes.

None of the aircraft made by SPCA was built in large numbers. Part of them never even made it past the prototype stage, such as the 1928 SPCA 10, often known as the SPCA Paulhan-Pillard after its designers Louis Paulhan and engineer Pillard.

In the early 1930s SPCA built the SPCA Hermès 60T, a twin-engined flying boat, the small, single-engined SPCA 80 avion "de police coloniale" and the three-engined SPCA 90, an airliner and ambulance aircraft.

In 1936 SPCA was nationalized and merged in 1937 with Lioré et Olivier, Potez, CAMS and Romano in order to form the Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du Sud-Est (SNCASE).

List of aircraft 
 SPCA Météore 63 The first SPCA aircraft
 SPCA 10
 SPCA 20
 SPCA 30
 SPCA 40T
 SPCA Hermès 60T
 SPCA 80
 SPCA 90
 SPCA 218

References

External links

 Airwar - SPCA 30
Airspot (in Russian)
Bombardement Reconnaissance - unités à identifier

 
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of France
Nickel & Foucard NF-2 Asterix. 

The Nickel & Foucard NF-2 Asterix is a French two-seat monoplane built by Rudy Nickel and Joseph Foucard. Designed for amateur construction from plans, the prototype Asterix first flew in 1987.

Design and development
The Astrix is a wood and fabric, tandem two-seat, high-wing monoplane with a pivoting wing, it is powered by  Citroen Visa converted motorcar engine, similar powered engines like the Rotax 582 have also been used.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1990s French civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Harry Suhl. Harry Suhl (October 18, 1922 — March 3, 2020) was a German-American physicist who specialized in statistical mechanics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and solid-state physics, and in particular superconductivity. Various phenomena in his field of work have been named after him, such as the Suhl instability, Suhl–Nakamura interaction and Abrikosov–Suhl resonance. He died in March 2020 at the age of 97.

Early life and career 
Suhl was born in Leipzig, Germany, on October 18, 1922. He received a B.Sc. degree from the University of Wales in 1943, and a Ph.D. degree in theoretical physics from Oriel College of the University of Oxford, in 1948.

In 1948, he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey. In 1960, he was appointed professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and was promoted to professor emeritus in 1991. He was chairman of the Physics Department of UCSD from 1965 to 1968 and again from 1972 to 1975, and was director of the university's Institute for Pure and Applied Physical Sciences from 1980 to 1991.

Suhl served on the board of editors for Physical Review ('55-'76) and Solid State Communications ('61-'90), and was coeditor of several standard treatises: Magnetism, a Treatise on Modern Theory and Materials (with G.T. Rado, Academic Press, New York, 5 volumes, '63-'72), Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals (with M.B. Maple, Academic Press, New York, 1980) and Many Body Phenomena at Surfaces (with D.C. Langreth, Academic Press, New York, 1984).

Scientific contributions 
Several phenomena Suhl discovered or explained have been named after him. His explanation of nonlinear effects in ferromagnetic resonance in known as the Suhl instability, and one of the major sources of broadening of nuclear magnetic resonance lines in magnetically ordered media is known as the Suhl–Nakamura interaction. A particular divergence in the calculated properties of dilute magnetic alloys is known as the Abrikosov–Suhl resonance.

Honors and awards
Suhl was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1968. He was later inducted as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1976.

Selected publications

References

Sources 
 

2020 deaths
1922 births
21st-century American physicists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Wales
German emigrants to the United States
Immigrants to the United Kingdom
Immigrants to the United States
University of California, San Diego faculty
German expatriates in the United Kingdom
Sodium tetrasulfide. Sodium tetrasulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S4.  It is a yellow-orange solid that dissolves via hydrolysis in water.  It is a precursor to some specialty polymers and intermediates in prototypes of the sodium-sulfur battery.

Synthesis and structure
It is produced through the reaction between elemental sulfur and sodium hydrosulfide in alcoholic solution:
2NaSH + 4 S   →   Na2S4  +  H2S

The polysulfide anions adopt zig-zag chains of sulfur atoms.  The S-S distances are about 2.05 Å and the S-S-S-S dihedral angles are around 90°.

Reactions and applications
Upon treatment with acid, it is converted to hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur.  Treatment with alkylating agents gives organic polysulfides.  In one commercial application, it is used to produce the cross-linking agent bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide:
Na2S4  +  2 ClC3H6Si(OEt)3  →   S4[C3H6Si(OEt)3]2  +  2 NaCl

Sometimes as a mixture with other polysulfides, sodium tetrasulfide is used to produce the polymer called thiokol. The reaction involves alkylation with ethylene chloride:
Na2S4  +  C2H4Cl2   →   1/n (C2H4)Sx]n  +  2 NaCl
These materials, which have the approximate formula (C2H4)Sx]n (x ~ 4), are highly resistant to degradation by solvents and acids.

References

Polysulfides
Sodium compounds
Bromine azide. Bromine azide is an explosive inorganic compound with the formula . It has been described as a crystal or a red liquid at room temperature. It is highly sensitive to small variations in temperature and pressure, with explosions occurring at Δp (pressure change) ≥ 0.05 Torr upon crystallization, thus extreme caution must be observed when working with this chemical.

Preparation
Bromine azide may be prepared by the reaction of sodium azide with . This reaction forms bromine azide and sodium bromide:

Structure 
The high sensitivity of bromine azide has led to difficulty in discerning its crystal structure. Despite this, a crystal structure of bromine azide has been obtained using a miniature zone-melting procedure with focused infrared laser radiation. In contrast to , which forms an endless chain-like structure upon crystallization,  forms a helical structure. Each molecule adopts a trans-bent structure, which is also found in the gas phase.

Reactions
Bromium azide adds to alkenes both through ionic and free-radical addition, each giving an opposite orientation in the products. The ionic addition occurs stereospecifically in trans.
Reactions involving bromine azide are difficult to work with. The molecule is very reactive and is known to explode easily. This makes it a key reagent in explosives. 
Photochemistry experiments with bromine azide have found that UV photolysis of a small sample of bromine azide resulted in dissociation of the entire sample, making it unstable. Similar samples with azide molecules did not show such an effect. This shows bromine azide's unstable tendencies in that even in the presence of sunlight, bromine azide will be a reactive molecule.

Safety
Great care must be taken when handling bromine azide as it is potentially toxic and is able to explode under various conditions. Concentrated solutions in organic solvents may also explode. The liquid explodes on contact with arsenic, sodium, silver foil, or phosphorus. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of bromine and explodes. The amount of compound used during experimentation should be limited to 2 mmol. It also poses a potential moderate fire hazard in the form of vapor by chemical reaction. It is also a powerful oxidant.

It has been banned from transport in the United States by the US Department of Transportation.

References

Bromine(I) compounds
Azido compounds
Explosive chemicals
Pseudohalogens