omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SY control cable. An SY control cable is a flexible instrumentation electrical cable designed for measuring, control or regulation in the field of process automation. It is a flexible multicore cable, with (class 5) copper conductors and a galvanised steel wire braid (GSWB) for mechanical protection. The cable is typically manufactured with PVC insulation, bedding and a transparent PVC sheath.  The transparent sheath means signs of deterioration, damage or corrosion can be detected with ease.

SY has a voltage rating of 300/500V.

SY cable should not be used on voltages above ELV in the UK as the braid does not meet BS 7671 for current carrying capacity under fault conditions.
Only cables mentioned in BS 7671 should be used unless the designer can show that the cable used meets the same standards. Although the combined cross sectional area of the braid may meet the adiabatic equation requirements for earthing, the nature of the braid being made of very fine strands coupled with the comparatively large gaps, when compared to SWA cable, means that under short circuit conditions the fine strands can melt and so the braid will no longer be in contact with a penetrating object such as a screw or nail

Some SY cables on the market are of poor standard, with cases of GSWB coverage being less than 20%. With no standard set, poor quality cables are available on the market at low procurement costs - but this cable's life will be substantially lower. A GSWB coverage of above 55% attains to acceptable standard SY.

Uses
SY control cables are not suitable for fixed wiring applications in the UK requiring compliance with the requirements set out in BS 7671.
SY cable should not be used in areas exposed to ultraviolet light as it damages the outer sheath leading to cracking and then rusting of the braid as water penetrates the damaged sheath.

Origin of the name SY
In CENELEC code – the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization – the S in SY stands for steel wire braid, and the Y for PVC. SY Control Cable can be referred to more generally as Instrumentation Cable, Flexible or Braided Control Cable and Control Flex.

CY and YY control cables
There are three different types of Control Cable in the area of process automation: CY, YY and SY Cable. With its GSWB braid SY is suited to installations with medium to high mechanical stress. YY and CY Control Cable are very similar in construction, but without the mechanical protection provided by the steel wire. YY is a versatile cable that works well in environments with only light mechanical stress and CY Cable has a tinned copper wire braid and polyester binder tape, which provide protection against external electromagnetic influences.

See also

 Electrical cable

References

Industrial automation
Signal cables
Apperson Six Sport Sedan. The Apperson Six Sport Sedan was a car manufactured by the Apperson Company of Kokomo, Indiana.

Apperson Six Sport Sedan specifications (1926 data) 
 Color – Imperial blue, maroon, and gray-green
 Seating Capacity – Five
 Wheelbase – 120 inches
 Wheels - Disc
 Tires - 32” x 5.77” balloon
 Service Brakes – Mechanical four wheel brakes
 Engine  - Six cylinder, vertical, cast en bloc, 3-3/16 x 4-1/4 inches; head removable; valves in head; H.P. 24.4 N.A.C.C. rating
 Lubrication – Force feed
 Crankshaft - Four bearing
 Radiator – Tubular
 Cooling – Thermo-syphon
 Ignition system – Storage Battery
 Starting System – Two Unit
 Voltage – Six to eight
 Wiring System – Single
 Gasoline System – Vacuum
 Clutch – Disc
 Transmission – Selective sliding
 Gear Changes – 3 forward, 1 reverse, mechanically operated
 Drive – Spiral bevel
 Rear Springs – Three-quarter elliptic
 Rear Axle – Semi-floating
 Steering Gear – Worm and gear

Standard equipment
New car price included the following items:
 tools
 jack
 front bumper
 windshield cleaner
 rearview mirror
 speedometer
 ammeter
 dash fuel gauge
 rim
 foot rest
 armrests 
 heater
 snubbers
 ventilators on all doors
 screened cowl ventilator
 sun visor
 Sport Phaetons have permanent top and windshield wings
 All sizes equipped with preselecting mechanical gear shift

Optional equipment
The following was available at an extra cost:
 none

Prices
New car prices were F.O.B. factory, plus Tax:
 Five passenger Phaeton - $1650
 Five passenger Sport Phaeton - $1750
 Five passenger Sport Sedan - $2250
 Five passenger Brougham - $2150
 Four passenger Coupé - $2250

References
Source: 

Cars of the United States
Vintage vehicles
Essex Coach. The Essex Coach was manufactured by the Essex Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan.

Essex Coach specifications (1926 data) 
 Color – Body and wheels, blue; running gear, black
 Seating Capacity – Four or five
 Wheelbase – 110½ inches
 Wheels - Wood
 Tires - 30” × 4.95” balloon
 Service Brakes - contracting on rear
 Emergency Brakes - expanding on rear
 Engine  - Six cylinder, vertical, cast en bloc, 2-11/16 × 4¼ inches; head removable; valves in side; H.P. 17.32 N.A.C.C. rating
 Lubrication – Splash, with circulating pump
 Crankshaft - Three bearing
 Radiator – Cellular
 Cooling – Thermo-syphon
 Ignition – Storage Battery
 Starting System – Two Unit
 Voltage – Six
 Wiring System – Single
 Gasoline System – Vacuum
 Clutch – Multiple disc in oil
 Transmission – Selective sliding
 Gear Changes – 3 forward, 1 reverse
 Drive – Spiral bevel
 Rear Springs – Semi-elliptic
 Rear Axle – Semi-floating
 Steering Gear – Worm and full worm wheel

Standard equipment
New car price included the following items:
 tools
 jack
 speedometer
 ammeter
 electric horn
 transmission theft lock
 demountable rims
 spare tire carrier
 sun visor
 cowl ventilator
 headlight dimmer

Optional equipment
The following was available at an extra cost:
 none

Prices
New car prices were F.O.B. factory, plus Tax:
 Touring - $850
 Coach - $850

See also
 Essex (automobile)

References
Source: 

Cars of the United States
Staged reforming. Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes.

In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis.

First stage
Organic material is decomposed into gas and coal at approximately 600°C.

Second stage
Gas produced by the first stage is reformed with water vapor and heat energy from the cokes into a dust and residue-free fuel gas. 

Second stage process steps:

 Heating in the pre-heater at 1050°C. 
 Cooldown in the reformer by chemical reaction at 750°C
 Further cooling to 550°C by heating the cold cokes by using cold mix
 Re-heating to 1050°C

See also
Plasma arc waste disposal
Thermochemical conversion

References

External links
 Blauer Turm

Biogas technology
Chemical processes
Hydrogen production
Z Corporation. Z Corporation (commonly abbreviated Z Corp.) is a company that makes 3D printing and scanning technologies. It was founded in December 1994 by Marina Hatsopoulos, Walter Bornhorst, James Bredt and Tim Anderson, based on a technology developed at MIT under the direction of Professor Ely Sachs. The Company was sold to Contex Holding in August 2005, and was ultimately acquired by 3D Systems on January 3, 2012.

History and background 
In 1993, ZPrinting was developed in Building 20 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a new 3D printing technology. ZPrinting relates to the z axis, and adds depth to the other 2 axes x and y, as does 3D printing. In many other rapid prototyping processes, the part to be printed is built up from many thin cross sections of the 3D model. In ZPrinters, a printing head which is similar to inkjet moves across a bed of powder, selectively depositing a liquid binding material in the shape of the section. The operator is required to spread a fresh layer of powder across the top of the model, and repeat the process. When the model is complete, unbound powder is automatically removed. Parts can be built on a ZPrinter at a rate of approximately 1 vertical inch per hour.

In 1997 Z Corp released what at the time was the fastest available 3-D printer, becoming an early leader in the industry.

In January 2012 Z Corp was acquired by 3D Systems for $137 million USD.

Color printing
Zprinters can print components in full color, using inkjet technology from the 2 dimensional printing industry.  The color science has been adapted for use in 3 dimensions.  The color spectrum of the most capable machines is full cmyk, or up to 6 million colors.  Due to the wide range of color choices, the machines are capable of printing gradient color patterns, signifying how the machines differ from other "color" 3D printing systems. Color can be used to simulate the appearance of other materials (as in architectural models or product prototypes ), to highlight surface structures or add annotations to models (as in models used to plan surgeries), or to display the results of structural analyses (such as finite element analysis) directly on the model surface.

Zprinters originally gained recognition through applications in the medical and architectural industry.  Recently, they have gained popularity for creating 3D printed models of people from color 3D-scans, avatars from video games (Space Engineers, World of Warcraft, Assassin's Creed), and artistic and realistic sculptures.

As of 2016, 3D Systems rebranded the Z Corp's 3D printing technology as Color Jet. Quickparts.com, the service bureau owned by 3D Systems, offers service from this printing technology.

Printer modifications 
In 2018, Scott Ziv modified a Z Corp Z402 (the first commercially available machine to use binder jetting) to use selective laser sintering to create 3D objects by fusing glitter.

See also
 3D printing
 3D scanning

References

External links
 Official website

Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Computer printer companies
3D imaging
Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer. Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer is a book written by Edward Yourdon in 1996. It is the sequel to Decline and Fall of the American Programmer.

Synopsis 
In the original, written at the beginning of the 1990s, Yourdon warned American programmers that their business was not sustainable against foreign competition.  By the middle of the decade Microsoft had released Windows 95, which marked a groundbreaking new direction for the operating system, the internet was beginning to rise as a serious consumer marketplace, and the Java software platform had made its first public release. Due to such large changes in the state of the software industry, Yourdon reversed some of his original predictions.

References 

1996 non-fiction books
Software development books
Software quality
Software industry
Science and technology in the United States
Prentice Hall books
Boeing/United Airlines Terminal Building, Hangar and Fountain. The Boeing United Airlines Terminal, Hangar and Fountain in Cheyenne, Wyoming were built for Boeing Air Transport between 1929 and 1934. The Louis Sullivan-influenced designs form a consistent theme in a time when Cheyenne Municipal Airport was a major air transport facility. The 1930 hangar was designed by Cheyenne architect Frederic Porter, Sr. The 1934 Art Deco fountain was designed as a memorial to early aviation history.

The hangar was designed by Fredric Porter, Sr.

References

External links
Boeing United Airlines Terminal Building, Hangar and Fountain at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
Historic American Engineering Record documentation, filed under 200 East Eighth Avenue, Cheyenne, Laramie County, WY:

Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Art Deco architecture in Wyoming
Air transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic American Engineering Record in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Cheyenne, Wyoming
Aircraft hangars on the National Register of Historic Places
1929 establishments in Wyoming
Airport terminals
Fountains on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation in Cheyenne, Wyoming
United Airlines
Stearman M-2 Speedmail. The Stearman M-2 Speedmail (nicknamed the Bull Stearman) was a mail-carrier aircraft produced by the Stearman Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas. It first flew in January 1929. The Speedmail was a single-seat biplane, with two large cargo compartments in place of a front cockpit. The fuselage and tail unit were constructed from welded chrome-moly steel tube faired with wooden formers and fabric covered aft of the pilot's cockpit, and detachable aluminium alloy panels covered the fuselage forward of the cockpit. The wings were constructed from spruce spars and plywood built-up ribs, all fabric covered. It differed from previous Stearman aircraft by having a tailwheel instead of a tailskid due to its size and weight.

Design and development

Lloyd Stearman and Mac Short, (Stearman's V.P. engineering), designed the Speedmail to the requirements of Varney Air Lines, which needed a new mail carrier with greater capacity to fly the Air Mail contracts they acquired from the U.S. Postal service while still being able to land on short, unimproved airstrips. This was achieved by using a new type of airfoil section, the Goettingen 398, allowing high lift at low speeds without affect the cruising speed. The result was a sturdy aircraft with a large cargo capacity.  

To enable Interstate Air Lines to fly passengers on its Air Mail routes from Atlanta, Stearman enlarged the M-2, into the LT-1(Light Transport).The three aircraft produced for Interstate Air Lines could carry four passengers plus mail.

A further development was the CAB-1, "Stearman Coach", which was designed with an enclosed cabin for use as a business aircraft. However, only one was built.

Operational history
Varney Air Lines' pilots found the M-2 difficult to handle and the Wright Cyclone engine was plagued with frequent maintenance issues. The sole surviving Stearman M-2 Speedmail is on display in the collection of the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, U.S.A.

Variants

M-2 Speedmail Single-engine mail transport aircraft, powered by a 525 hp (391-kW) Wright Cyclone radial engine, able to carry up to 1,000 lb (454 kg) of mail.
Stearman LT-1 Slightly larger 5-seat passenger and mail carrier, powered by a Pratt & Whitney Hornet radial piston engine.
CAB-1 Coach Similar to the M-2 with enclosed cockpit filling gap between the fuselage and wing and powered with a 300 hp Wright J-6-9.

Operators

Varney Air Lines

Specifications (M-2 Speedmail)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 Lopez, Alan (2012). Bull Stearman: The Story of the Stearman M-2 Speedmail. Princeton: Mountain Press
 
 

1920s United States mailplanes
M-2
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
X-Video Bitstream Acceleration. X-Video Bitstream Acceleration (XvBA), designed by AMD Graphics for its Radeon GPU and APU, is an arbitrary extension of the X video extension (Xv) for the X Window System on Linux operating-systems. XvBA API allows video programs to offload portions of the video decoding process to the GPU video-hardware. Currently, the portions designed to be offloaded by XvBA onto the GPU are currently motion compensation (MC) and inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT), and variable-length decoding (VLD) for MPEG-2, MPEG-4 ASP (MPEG-4 Part 2, including Xvid, and older DivX and Nero Digital), MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), WMV3, and VC-1 encoded video.

XvBA is a direct competitor to NVIDIA's Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix (VDPAU) and Intel's Video Acceleration API (VA API).

In November 2009 an XvBA backend for Video Acceleration API (VA API) was released, which means any software that supports VA API will also support XvBA.

On 24 February 2011, an official XvBA SDK (Software Development Kit) was publicly released alongside a suite of open source tools by AMD.

Device drivers 
Each hardware video GPU capable of XvBA video acceleration requires a X11 software device driver to enable these features. Currently only AMD's ATI Radeon graphics cards hardware that have support for Unified Video Decoder version 2.0 or later (primarily the Radeon HD 4000 series or later) are supported by the proprietary ATI Catalyst device driver.

Software supporting XvBA natively 
 XBMC Media Center
 OpenELEC
 MPlayer can be compiled to support XvBA

See also 
 Video Acceleration API (VA API) - is an open source software library with XvBA backend support
 UVD (Unified Video Decoder) - is the video decoding unit from ATI Technologies to support hardware (GPU) decode
 Nvidia PureVideo - the bit-stream technology from NVIDIA used in their graphics chips to accelerate video decoding on hardware GPU.
 VDPAU (Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix) - competing API by NVIDIA
 DirectX Video Acceleration (DxVA) API - Microsoft Windows's accelerated video decoding API
 OpenMAX IL (Open Media Acceleration Integration Layer) - a royalty-free cross-platform media abstraction API from the Khronos Group
 X-Video Motion Compensation (XvMC)
 Distributed Codec Engine () is a Texas Instruments API for the video codec esystem'sn OMAP based embedded systems

References

External links 
 AMD's open source page, containing a link to their XvBA SDK and Tools
 XvBA Tools open source library, tools, and example code for accessing XvBA

Application programming interfaces
Video acceleration APIs available on Linux
Video acceleration
X Window extensions
Application layer protocols
Bach Air Yacht. The Bach Air Yacht was a trimotor airliner produced in the United States in the 1920s.  Typical of its day, it was a high-wing braced monoplane, with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. Unusual for airliners of the late 1920s (due to legislation that forbade carrying passengers in wooden aircraft), the Air Yachts were constructed almost entirely of wood with steel fittings, undercarriage, and struts.  Different models were powered by varying combinations of Wright, Ryan-Siemens, Kinner, Comet, and Pratt & Whitney engines, a large engine in the nose of the aircraft, and two smaller "helpers" under the wings in nacelles supported by struts. As with so many aircraft companies of the late 1920s, the Bach Aircraft Company succumbed to the Great Depression, thus further development of the Air Yacht was abandoned after the 3-CT-9.

On 26 July 1929, a 3-CT-9 model piloted by Waldo Waterman set a new altitude record, lifting a 1,000 kg payload to 20,820 ft (6,347 m).

Variants
3-CT-2
Variant with one Wright J-5 and two Ryan-Siemens 9 engines.
3-CT-3
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Ryan-Siemens 9 engines, one built.
3-CT-4
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Ryan-Siemens 9 engines, two built.
3-CT-5
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Comet 100hp engines, one built.
3-CT-6
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Hornet and two Comet 100hp engines, five built.
3-CT-8
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Hornet and two Wright J-6 engines, four or five built.
3-CT-9
Variant with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Wright J-6 engines, three built.
3-CT-9K
Variant of the 3-CT-9 with one Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Kinner C-5 engines, ten built. 
3-CT-9S
Deluxe variant of the 3-CT-9 with engine cowls, wheel spats, and custom interior, one built.
3-CTS
Variant with one 3-CT-8 modified with a Pratt & Whitney Wasp and two Wright J-5 engines, one built.
T-11P
Three aircraft, being single-engined conversions (formerly NC219H, NC53M, and 34998 built from spare parts)
Note
As it was common practice to upgrade airframes as improvements became available, some 'N' numbers and/or serial numbered airframes were redesignated as different or new models. Total number of Bach Air Yachts built verified by Air Commerce Bureau and FAA records is 21.

Specifications (3-CT-6)

See also

References

External links
The Bach Air Yacht, Flight, 9 August 1928

 
1920s United States airliners
Trimotors
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Chandler Metropolitan Sedan. The Chandler Metropolitan Sedan was manufactured by the Chandler Motor Car Company of Cleveland, Ohio.

Chandler Metropolitan Sedan specifications (1926 data) 

 Color – Two-tone brown or Sagebrush green
 Seating Capacity – Five
 Wheelbase – 123 inches
 Wheels - Wood
 Tires - 33” × 6” balloon
 Service Brakes - contracting on rear wheels
 Emergency Brakes – contracting on transmission
 Engine  - Six-cylinder, vertical, cast en bloc,  × 5 inches; head removable; valves in side; H.P. 29.4 N.A.C.C. rating
 Lubrication – Force feed
 Crankshaft - Four bearing
 Radiator – Cellular
 Cooling – Water pump
 Ignition –Storage battery
 Starting System – Two Unit
 Voltage – Six to eight
 Wiring System – Single
 Gasoline System – Vacuum
 Clutch – Dry disc
 Transmission – Constant mesh
 Gear Changes – 3 forward, 1 reverse
 Drive – Spiral bevel
 Rear Springs – Semi-elliptic
 Rear Axle – Three-quarter floating
 Steering Gear – Worm and gear

Standard equipment
New car price included the following items:
 tools
 jack
 speedometer
 ammeter
 motometer
 electric horn
 transmission theft lock
 automatic windshield cleaner
 demountable rims
 spare tire carrier
 cowl ventilator
 headlight dimmer
 closed cars have dome light, sun visor, and rear-view mirror.

Optional equipment
The following was available at an extra cost:
 Front Brakes

Prices
New car prices were available upon application on the following models:
 Two Passenger Roadster
 Four Passenger Royal Dispatch
 Five Passenger Touring
 Seven Passenger Touring
 Five Passenger Coach Imperial
 Five Passenger Chummy Sedan
 Five Passenger, Four-door Sedan
 Five Passenger Metropolitan Sedan
 Seven Passenger Sedan
 Seven Passenger Limousine

See also
 Chandler Motor Car

References
Source: 

Cars of the United States
Eugen Langen. Carl Eugen Langen (9 October 1833 in Cologne – 2 October 1895 in Elsdorf) was a German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor, involved in the development of the petrol engine and the Wuppertal Suspension Railway. In 1857 he worked in his father's sugar factory, JJ Langen & Söhne, and after extensive technical training at the Polytechnic institute in Karlsruhe, patented a method for producing sugar cubes. In 1870 he co-founded Pfeifer & Langen, still in operation today. He sold this method in 1872 to Sir Henry Tate of England, founder of the Tate Gallery in London.

Otto and Langen
In 1864, Langen met Nicolaus August Otto who was working to improve the gas engine invented by Belgian Etienne Lenoir. The technically–trained Langen recognized the potential of Otto's development, and one month after the meeting, founded the first engine factory in the world, NA Otto & Cie. At the 1867 Paris World Exhibition, their improved engine received the Grand Prize.

Deutz
After this first factory went bankrupt, Langen founded a new company for the construction of gas engines, Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz, which later became the group Kloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD).  This became the current Deutz AG. Langen invented and applied new methods of production in the KHD factory.

Railway equipment
In the field of rail transport equipment, Langen was co-owner and engineer of the Cologne Waggonfabrik van der Zypen & Charlier. He started the suspension railway system in Wuppertal in 1894.

See also
 German inventors and discoverers

References

1833 births
1895 deaths
19th-century German inventors
German industrialists
19th-century German businesspeople
People associated with the internal combustion engine
Wuppertal Schwebebahn
Businesspeople from Cologne