omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ferrouranium. Ferrouranium, also called ferro-uranium, is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and uranium, after World War II usually depleted uranium.

Composition and properties
The alloy contains about 35–50% uranium and 1.5–4.0% carbon. At least two intermetallic compounds of iron and uranium were identified: U6Fe and UFe2. Small amounts of uranium can drastically lower the melting point of iron and vice versa.  reportedly melts at 1230 °C,  at 805 °C; a mixture of these two can have melting point as low as 725 °C, a mixture of iron and  can have melting point of 1055 °C. As ferrouranium readily dissolves in mineral acids, its chemical analysis is not problematic.

Use
The first uses of ferrouranium date back to 1897, when the French government attempted to use it for guns. Ferrouranium is used as a deoxidizer (more powerful than ferrovanadium), for denitrogenizing steel, for forming carbides, and as an alloying element. In ferrous alloys, uranium increases the elastic limit and the tensile strength. In high speed steels, it has been used to increase toughness and strength in amounts between 0.05 and 5%. Uranium-alloyed steels can be used at very low temperatures; nickel-uranium alloys are resistant to even very aggressive chemicals, including aqua regia.

Economics
The alloys did not prove to be commercially successful in the long run. However, during World War I and afterwards, uranium-doped steels were used for tools; large amounts of ferrouranium were produced between 1914 and 1916.

References

Ferroalloys
Deoxidizers
Uranium compounds
Iron compounds
Independent reviewer. An independent reviewer is an individual who does not have direct professional responsibility for the design stage under review, assuring an independent and objective review. Within the context of formal design reviews, the practical solution is simply to ensure a fresh perspective, based on the principle that those who are too close to the design may overlook design errors. Thus, reviewers should not have been significantly involved in the activities under review.

US Food and Drug Administration
The US Food and Drug Administration requires that developers of medical device follow a system of design controls.  A key part of this system is design review, defined in 21CFR820.3 section (h) as "a documented, comprehensive, systematic examination of the design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems."

In section (e), it is stated that an independent reviewer is required for any design review.  An independent reviewer is an individual who does not have direct professional responsibility for the design stage under review, assuring an independent and objective review. Within the context of formal design reviews, the practical solution is simply to ensure a fresh perspective, based on the principle that those who are too close to the design may overlook design errors. Thus, reviewers should not have been significantly involved in the activities under review.

UK Anti-terrorism law
The purpose of an independent reviewer in anti-terrorism legislation is much the same as in any design process; to ensure that those working on the project have not blinded themselves to its faults, however, the independent reviewer also ensures that the legislation does not fall foul of anti-discrimination legislation and cause conflict in the law.

References

Food and Drug Administration
Steam stripping. Steam stripping is a process used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to remove volatile contaminants, such as hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from wastewater. It typically consists of passing a stream of superheated steam through the wastewater. 

This method is effective when the volatile compounds have lower boiling points than water or have limited solubility in water.

References

Petroleum engineering
Petrochemical industry
Industrial emissions control
Physical test. A physical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often this is part of an experiment.

Physical testing is common in physics, engineering, and quality assurance.

Purposes
Physical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as:
 if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met
 Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept
 Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent
 Provide standard data for other scientific, engineering, and quality assurance functions
 Validate suitability for end-use
 Provide a basis for  Technical communication
 Provide a technical means of comparison of several options
 Provide evidence in legal proceedings

Performance testing
Some physical testing is performance testing which covers a wide range of engineering or functional evaluations where a material, product, or system is not specified by detailed material or component specifications. Rather, emphasis is on the final measurable performance characteristics. Testing can be a qualitative or quantitative procedure.
Many acceptance testing protocols employ performance testing e.g. In the stress testing of a new design of chair.

Examples of performance testing
 Structural testing: building and Construction Performance Testing
 Fire protection (ASTM D176)
 Packaging Performance (hazardous materials, dangerous goods, ASTM D4169) 
 Performance Index for Tires (ASTM F538)
 Performance Test Code on Compressors and Exhausters (ASME PTC 10 - 1997)
 Personal protective equipment performance
 Several Defense Standards
 Wear of Textiles (ASTM D123)

Gallery

See also
 Environmental chamber
 Test method
Independent test organization
Measurement uncertainty

References

 Pyzdek, T, "Quality Engineering Handbook", 2003,  
 Godfrey, A. B., "Juran's Quality Handbook", 1999, 

Metrology
Measurement
Quality control
Tests
Product testing
Bridge Squeezes Complete. Bridge Squeezes Complete is a book on contract bridge written by Ann Arbor, Michigan-based mathematics professor Clyde E. Love, originally published in 1959. Written in a "dry, mathematical way", it is still considered one of the most important bridge books ever written and the squeeze vocabulary Love invented remains the basis for all discussions of squeezes.

Reprints of the original text have been published in 1961 by Mayflower (London), in 1968 by Dover (New York) and in 1969 by Constable (London). A revised edition, edited by Linda Lee and Julian Pottage, was published by Master Point Press in 2010.

An interactive software presentation of the original text was developed by Lorne Russell in 2006 and translated into French by Theo VanDommelen in 2008.

See also
 Squeeze play bibliography

References

Contract bridge books
1959 non-fiction books
Electrode boiler. An electrode boiler (jet type) is a type of boiler that uses electricity flowing through streams of water to create steam. The conductive and resistive properties of water are employed to carry electric current.

Technical principle 

The most common type of electrode boiler pumps water from the lower part of the vessel to an internal header that has nozzles that allow the water to flow to electrodes. Generally the working pressure is maintained at 10 bar. If more pressure is needed (more steam) the controls speed up the pump to increase flow through additional nozzles. As the needed pressure is reached the pump controls the flow of water to obtain the desired steam output (in unit mass per unit time) at the desired pressure. On larger systems the pump can be controlled by a variable frequency drive so energy is not wasted. This control system can also control de-aerator pumps and controls.

The electrodes are connected to a medium-voltage (1–35 kV) AC source. Electrode boilers can work on both single-phase and three-phase supplies. If DC voltage is used, electrolysis of water occurs, decomposing water into its elements H2 at the cathode (negative electrode) and O2 at the anode (positive electrode). The electrode boiler is 99.9% efficient with almost all the energy consumed producing steam. Losses are radiant heat from the vessel only.

The conductivity of the water and the voltage applied determine how much steam is generated in each stream of water.

Advantages

 All electrical energy is converted to heat.
 An electrode boiler has a very quick response time.
 As it doesn't directly generate pollution, no pollution control system is needed.
 As compared to other boilers, electrode boilers experience little thermal stress.
 Electric boilers have few components making it easier to control and maintain.
 Dropping water levels inhibits current flow and allows the boiler to self-regulate.

Drawbacks
 Due to the water serving as a conductor, the water becomes live at a significant portion of the input voltage. This creates a serious shock hazard when used, for example, to heat water for a bath or for tea making.
 The conductivity of water increases with temperature, also with increasing salt content, both of which may be expected to reach a peak in summer, so heating effect is greatest when it's needed least.

Safety measures
When evaporated into steam, deionized or distilled water leaves little or no ions in the boiler respectively. Thus, scale formation is reduced.

References

Boilers
Heather Lechtman. Heather Lechtman is an American materials scientist and archaeologist, and Director at the Center for Materials Research in Archaeology and Ethnology (CMRAE) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She specializes in prehistoric technology of the Andean area of South America, and in particular metallurgy.

Career
Lechtman graduated from Vassar College with an AB in Physics, and went on to work at the Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research (1956-1960), the American Institute of Physics (1960-1962), and Brookhaven National Laboratory (1963-1964).  In 1966 she received an MA in Fine Arts and Archaeology at New York University. She then became a research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967, and a professor in Materials Science and Engineering there in 1974. Her research has demonstrated the development and spread of metallurgical technologies in the Andean region, and in particular the use of bronze alloys such as arsenic bronze.

Awards
 1984 MacArthur Fellows Program
 Dumbarton Oaks Fellow

Works
"The Inka, and Andean Metallurgical Tradition." In Variations in the Expression of Inka Power, R. Matos, R. Burger, C. Morris, eds., 2007, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 323–365.
Esferas de Interacción Prehistóricas y Fronteras Nacionales Modernas: Los Andes Sur Centrales, H. Lechtman, ed., 2006, Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
"La metalurgia del bronce en los Andes Sur Centrales: Tiwanaku y San Pedro de Atacama," with Andrew Macfarlane, Estudios Atacameños, 2005, 30: 7–27.
"Arsenic Bronze at Pikillacta." In Pikillacta: The Wari Occupation of Cuzco. G. McEwan, ed., 2005, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, pp. 131–146.
"Tiwanaku Period (Middle Horizon) Bronze Metallurgy in the Lake Titicaca Basin." In Tiwanaku and its Hinterland, Vol 2, A. Kolata, ed., 2003, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 404–434.

Quotes
How objects were made, what they were made of and how they were used, we see people making decisions at various stages, and the choices involve engineering as well as culture.

If people use materials in different ways in different societies, that tells you something about those people.

See also
Axe-monies

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Vassar College alumni
New York University alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project. The Antarctic Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Project is an Antarctic research program at the Space Science and Engineering Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison that is funded by the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (NSF). The AWS project was started in 1980 by UW-Madison atmospheric sciences Professor Charles R. Stearns.

Currently, the UW-Madison AWS project operates and maintains 57 automated weather stations in Antarctica, more than half of all stations currently known to be operating on the continent.

Automated weather stations have multiple different sensors that measure temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and pressure.

Origins
In 1978, Professor Alan Peterson at the Radio Sciences Lab at Stanford University developed the original Antarctic automated weather station. Key operational aspects to the original AWS were low voltage circuitry and the ARGOS satellite communications system.

The ARGOS satellite communication system transmits observational data from every AWS to polar-orbiting weather satellites and then to mid-latitude receiving stations for analysis and archiving.

Research

Data from the UW-Madison Antarctic AWS program has been used for many research studies including, but not limited to: boundary layer meteorology studies near the South Pole, Katabatic wind studies at Reeves Glacier and the Adelie Coast, Long Term Ecological Research along the Antarctic Peninsula, and Barrier wind flow studies along the Transantarctic Mountains and the Antarctic Peninsula.  Additional studies include flight forecasting and long-term climatology studies at Dome C in East Antarctica and historic Byrd Station in West Antarctica.

Although the primary purpose of the AWS station project was intended to collect data on current meteorological conditions, the archive of data, beginning in 1980, has allowed for some recent climatological usage of the data.

UW-Madison's AWS network has also been in supporting roles for other domestic and international research institutions for glaciological studies, tabular icebergs, and operational weather forecasting.

See also
 Antarctic Meteorological Research Center
 Climate of Antarctica
 United States Antarctic Program
 Automatic weather station

References

External links
 The Antarctic Meteorological Research Center and The Automatic Weather Stations Project
 The Space Science and Engineering Center

University of Wisconsin–Madison
Science and technology in Antarctica
United States and the Antarctic
1980 establishments in Wisconsin
1980 establishments in Antarctica
Yokosuka K1Y. The Yokosuka K1Y, also known as the Navy Type 13 Trainer, was a Japanese single-engined biplane trainer of the 1920s. Designed by the Japanese Navy Arsenal at Yokosuka, over 100 were built by several manufacturers and was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy well into the 1930s.

Design and development
In 1924, the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal was tasked with designing a replacement for the Imperial Japanese Navy's Yokosuka I-go Ko-gata and Avro 504 floatplane trainers. The resultant design was a single-engined two-bay biplane of fabric-covered wooden construction. It was powered by a Gasuden-built  Benz six-cylinder water cooled inline engine and could be fitted with either a conventional landing gear or floats. It first flew in 1925 and was accepted into service as the Navy Type 13 Trainer, with the short system designation E1Y.

Operational history
After acceptance in October 1925, about forty were built by Nakajima, with forty-eight more built by Kawanishi from 1928-32, and ten by Watanabe in 1933–34, which, together with six aircraft built by Yokosuka, gave a total of about 104. The type remained the standard floatplane trainer of the Imperial Japanese Navy until it was replaced by the Yokosuka K4Y from 1933, although a few remained in use until the early years of the Second World War.

Variants
K1Y1
Version with conventional wheeled undercarriage. Full designation Navy Type 13 Land Based Trainer.
K1Y2
Version with float undercarriage. Full designation Navy Type 13 Seaplane Trainer.

Operators

Imperial Japanese Navy

Specifications (K1Y2 seaplane)

Notes

References

 Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

Biplanes
1920s Japanese military trainer aircraft
K1Y
Aircraft first flown in 1925
No. 526 Squadron RAF. No. 526 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was a British Second World War calibration and communications squadron.

History
No. 526 Squadron was formed on 15 June 1943 at RAF Longman, Inverness, Scotland from the calibration flights of Nos. 70, 71 and 72 Wing RAF to carry out calibration duties in northern Scotland. It had a mixture of mainly twin-engined aircraft, including the Bristol Blenheim and Airspeed Oxford. The squadron also operated the de Havilland Dominie and de Havilland Hornet Moth, which apart from calibration were also used for communications duties. The squadron was disbanded on 1 May 1945 when it was merged into 527 Squadron.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Squadron history on MOD site
 Squadron histories for nos 52–540 squadron at RafWeb's Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation

No. 526
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Lightpainting. Lightpainting is an art form developed by artist Stephen Knapp and introduced in 2002. Lightpainting uses white light projected in space through specially coated glass that breaks the light into bands of color, producing optically complex virtual 3D images that sit at the intersection of painting and sculpture.

Lightpaintings can take the form of moveable wall-mounted panels but the most spectacular effects are achieved in large-scale architectural installations. Layers of metallic coating are applied to glass pieces to refract and reflect colors, which becomes the palette to be used as pure chroma or mixed into a wide spectrum of colors. Glass is cut into various sizes and shapes that determine planes of color and other elements that can be used much as in traditional painting or sculpture.

Lightpainting (one word) is not to be confused with light painting (two words), the latter of which is a photographic process recording traces of light on film or digital media to create images that must be reproduced in printed or transparency form.

References

External links
 Lightpaintings website

Visual arts genres
SIAI S.51. The SIAI S.51, Savoia Marchetti S.51 or Savoia S.51 was an Italian racing flying boat built by SIAI for the 1922 Schneider Trophy race.

Design and development
The S.51 was a single-seat sesquiplane flying boat. It was powered by a single  Hispano-Suiza 8F V8 engine, mounted on two N struts above the hull and below the upper wing, which drove a two-bladed propeller in a pusher configuration. The inclined interplane struts were mounted in a V configuration. The lower wings had small stabilizing floats mounted on inclined struts so that they hung below and outboard of the outer tips of the lower wing.

SIAI later based the design of the hull of its S.58 flying boat fighter of 1924 on that of the S.51s hull.

Operational history
Italy entered the S.51 in the 1922 Schneider Trophy race along with two Macchi M.17 flying boats in competition with a British Supermarine Sea Lion II flying boat. The race was held at Naples on 12 August.

The S.51 capsized in an accident during the seaworthiness trials before the race. Righted by its crew, it completed the race, piloted by Alessandro Passaleva but could only take second place, with the Sea Lion a comfortable 2 min 22 s ahead. The course required 13 laps, a total distance of , over which the S.51 averaged .

On 28 December 1922 the S.51, flown again by Passaleva, set a world speed record for seaplanes of .

Operators

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
Schneider Trophy 6th Edition August 1922
Society of Air Racing Historians: Schneider Cup Races
ipmsairrace.org
Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .
Vašiček, Radko. "When Seaplanes Ruled the Sky." Aviation History, September 2002

External links 

Artwork of Savoia S.51 by Hideaki Ozawa

S.51
Flying boats
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1920s Italian sport aircraft
Schneider Trophy
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Special core analysis. In the petroleum industry, special core analysis, often abbreviated SCAL or SPCAN, is a laboratory procedure for conducting flow experiments on core plugs taken from a petroleum reservoir. Special core analysis is distinguished from "routine (RCAL) or conventional (CCAL) core analysis" by adding more experiments, in particular including measurements of two-phase flow properties, determining relative permeability, capillary pressure, wettability, and electrical properties. Due to the time-consuming and costly character of SCAL measurements, routine core analysis (RCAL) data should be inspected thoroughly to select a representative subset of samples for SCAL.

See also 

 Core sample
 Petrophysics
 Porosity

References

Porous media
Petroleum production
Edmund Rumpler. Edmund Elias Rumpler (4 January 1872 – 7 September 1940) was an Austrian automobile and aircraft designer.

Born in Vienna, then Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Austria), he worked mainly in Germany. An automotive engineer by training, he collaborated with Hans Ledwinka on the first Tatra car (at that time called Nesselsdorfer-Wagenbau), the Präsident, in 1897.

By age 30, in 1902, he had quit Daimler to become technical director of Adler. He designed the first German engine to have engine and gearbox as a unit at Adler. The next year, he patented a swing axle rear suspension system (an idea later adopted by Ferdinand Porsche for the KdF Wagen and Porsche 356, as well as by Chevrolet for the Corvair).

The Wright brothers turned Rumpler's attention to aviation. He quit Adler in 1907, and in 1910, copying countryman Igo Etrich's Taube, Rumpler became the first ever aircraft manufacturer in Germany. In 1911, he took on Melli Beese as a student pilot and used her flying appearances in competitions as promotion for his aeroplanes.

Rumpler continued to be interested in automobiles, and after the First World War, he applied aircraft streamlining to a car, building the Tropfenwagen (German, "drop car") in Berlin. A production model proved a sensation at the 1921 Berlin Auto Show. Rumpler's efforts produced a car with an astoundingly low Cw of only 0.28 (when tested in 1979); the Fiat Balilla of the period, by contrast, was 0.60.

The Rumpler design inspired the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen (which used the virtually-unchanged Rumpler chassis) and Auto Union (also built in part by Rumpler engineers) Grand Prix racers.

Rumpler's Tropfenwagen was not a commercial success, and only 100 Tropfenwagen were built, just two of which survive. Rumpler returned to aircraft.

Because Rumpler was Jewish, he was imprisoned after Adolf Hitler took power in 1933, and his career was ruined, even though he was soon released. He died in Züsow Germany in 1940, and the Nazis destroyed his records.

See also
 Notable owners of Tatra 77; Rumpler was one of them.

Notes

Sources
 Lyons, Pete. "10 Best Ahead-of-Their-Time Machines". Car and Driver, 1/88, pp. 73–4.
 Setright, L. J. K. "Aerodynamics: Finding the Right Shape for the Car Body", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Vol. 1, p. 38.
 Wise, David Burgess. "Rumpler: One Aeroplane which Never Flew", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Vol. 17, p. 1964.

Austrian automotive pioneers
Austrian inventors
1872 births
1940 deaths
Austrian Jews
Engineers from Vienna
Engineers from Austria-Hungary