omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HCS Pluto (1822). The H[onourable] C[ompany's] S[hip] Pluto was built in 1822 for the British East India Company (EIC) as a steam dredge for Calcutta. The EIC converted her into a floating battery and she served during the first Anglo-Burmese war (1824 to 1826). At the end of the war, the EIC sold her and, her engine having been removed, she became a coal depot. A gale destroyed her in May 1830.

Origins
William Brunton, of the Eagle Foundry at Birmingham, had built a steam engine and boiler designed for a river boat. J&W. Gledstone purchased the engine and Major Davidson of the Bengal Engineers brought the engine to Calcutta around 1817 or 1818. The engine then sat in a warehouse until 1822.

In 1822 the Bengal Government had Kyd & Co., of Kidderpore, built a dredge named Pluto. She was flat-bottomed and had a square front and stern, with steam-driven bucket-chain dredges on each side. When war with Burma broke out in 1824, the EIC had the dredges removed and paddles installed for propulsion. It also had a false bow installed and armed Pluto with six cannon.
 
Under the command of Lieutenant T.C.Minchall (RN), Pluto served in the EIC squadron under the command of Commodore John Hayes. From early 1825 she towed boats, provided some fire support with her carronades, and on occasion her European crew joined landing parties.

After the war the British East India Company sold Pluto and she became a coal hulk (minus her engines) for Alexander & Co. She sank in a gale in May 1830.

Alternate account of Plutos origin
Some accounts state that Pluto was the Van der Capellen, built at Batavia in 1810 or 1811 soon after the British  invasion of Java, by British merchants. In this account, the government chartered her for two years at a rate of 10,000 dollars a month for general service and the transport of troops. Later, she came into the hands of Major Schlach. Other accounts state that the first steam vessel in Java was the paddle-steamer Van der Capellen, named for Godert van der Capellen, one of the triumvirate commissioners-general of the Dutch East Indies (1816–1819), and then the commissioner–general (1819–1826). She was launched at Kerr's Yard, Surabaya on 23 November 1825 for British merchants. This vessel became the first steam vessel to visit Singapore when she anchored there on 17 April 1827.

Citations

References
  
 
 
 

1822 ships
British ships built in India
Ships of the British East India Company
Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry. Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS () is a research institute in Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1944.

History
Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry is one of the oldest scientific institutes in Siberia. It was founded in 1944 as the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute. Five years later, thanks to the institute, a ceramic pipe plant was launched in Dorogino. Later, the institute became part of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1964, the scientific organization was renamed the Institute of Physicochemical Principles of Mineral Raw Materials Processing, and in 1980, it was renamed the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mineral Raw Materials Processing. In 1997, the institute was renamed the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry.

Locations
The institute is located in Tsentralny District (Frunze Street 13) and Akademgorodok.

Branches
 Kemerovo Division of Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS

External links
 Институт химии твердого тела и механохимии СО РАН. ГПНТБ СО РАН.
 Механохимия нас связала: ИХТТМ отмечает 75-й день рождения. Наука в Сибири.
 Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS. The SB RAS Portal.

Research institutes in Novosibirsk
Solid-state chemistry
Research institutes established in 1944
1944 establishments in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
JS Futami. JS Futami (AGS-5102) was a Futami-class oceanographic research ship for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Construction and career 
Futami was laid down on 20 January 1978 and launched on 9 August 1978 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Shimonoseki Shipyard. She was commissioned on 27 February 1979 and was incorporated into the Marine Service Corps and deployed in Yokosuka.

On 17 March 1980, the Marine Service Corps was reorganized into the Oceanographic Command.

She was decommissioned on 17 March 2010. During her service, her total voyage reached 579,780 nautical miles, about 28 weeks on Earth, and total voyage time of 74,809 hours.

Citations

References 
 Takao Ishibashi "All Maritime Self-Defense Force Ships 1952-2002" (Namiki Shobo, 2002).
 "World Ships Special Edition 66th Collection Maritime Self-Defense Force All Ship History" (Gaijinsha, 2004)

1978 ships
Futami-class oceanographic research ships
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Shahed 149 Gaza. The Shahed 149 Gaza () or (), is an Iranian unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) operated by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard. It was unveiled on 21 May 2021 and named after the Gaza Strip in honor of the Palestinians' struggle against Israel amid the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. It was delivered to the IRGC Aerospace Force in 2022.

The Gaza drone is a high-altitude long-endurance UAV similar in size, shape and role to the American MQ-9 Reaper. It is a larger, heavier, and more capable aircraft than the earlier Shahed 129 which was similar to the MQ-1 Predator. It has a flight duration of 24 hours, a maximum operating radius of 2,500km (1,562 miles), 21m wingspan, 340 km/h maximum speed and is capable of carrying 13 bombs and 500 kg of electronic equipment. It is the first Iranian UAV powered by a turboprop engine.

History 
On February 23, 2020, a defense reporter for Tasnim News posted on Twitter that Iran was developing a drone called "Shahed 149". This is the first mention of the drone.

The drone was unveiled in May 2021.

The drone passed its flight tests in April 2022 and was accepted for service the same month.

Specifications

See also

References 

Shahed 149 Gaza
149
Post–Cold War military equipment of Iran
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Iran
Unmanned military aircraft of Iran
Aircraft manufactured in Iran
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Military equipment of Iran
Iranian military aircraft
Fritz Roegge. Frederick John "Fritz" Roegge (born August 12, 1958) is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who served as the 16th President of the National Defense University from September 25, 2017, to February 3, 2021. He previously served as Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. Roegge was raised in Edina, Minnesota, graduated from the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota with a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in December 1980 and was commissioned through the NROTC program. He later earned an M.S. degree in engineering management from The Catholic University of America and an M.A. degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College.

Personal
Roegge is the son of John Alex Roegge and Marilyn May (Panning) Roegge. His parents were married on September 15, 1957, in Carver County, Minnesota.

Roegge married Julie Anne Labeau on April 28, 1984, in Hennepin County, Minnesota.

References

1958 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Edina, Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States submarine commanders
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Navy vice admirals
Presidents of the National Defense University
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Military personnel from Minnesota
Hughes 22. The Hughes 22 is a Canadian trailerable sailboat that was designed by Howard Hughes, the co-founder of Hughes Boat Works, as a cruiser and first built in 1971.

The design was also sold as the North Star 22 and the Hullmaster 22.

Production
The design was initially built by Hughes Boat Works in Canada. When the company was sold to US Steel and the name changed to North Star Yachts, the boat was renamed as the North Star 22. It was later built by Hullmaster Boats, also in Canada, as the Hullmaster 22. It may have also been produced under other names, before production ended.

Design
The Hughes 22 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wooden trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a  tiller and a fixed stub keel with a cast itron centreboard. It displaces  and carries  of iron ballast.

A version  of the North Star 22 was also built with a fin keel and a spade-type rudder.

The boat has a draft of  with the centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, or ground transportation on a trailer.

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for five people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a straight settee in the main cabin and a drop down dinntte table that coverts to a double berth on the starboard side of the main cabin. The galley is located on the port sideand stows under the cockpit seat. The head is located in the bow cabin on the starboard side under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is .

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 282 and a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "best features: Built for entry-level sailors at a price low enough to attract them, the Hughes 22 has little else to recommend it. Worst features: Of the three comp[etitor]s listed together here [the Seaward 22 and Columbia 22], the Hughes 22 is to our taste the least salty looking, with her mismatched portlights and featureless, slab-sided hull. She lacks a forward hatch, carries a cast iron keel rather than a molded lead one, and her accommodations plan shows a portside berth only 18 inches wide (versus the accepted industry absolute minimum of 21 inches), In addition, her offset cabin sole is inappropriate for a boat this small."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links
Video tour of a Hughes 22

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Howard Hughes
Sailboat types built by Hughes Boat Works
Sailboat types built by North Star Yachts
Sailboat types built by Hullmaster Boats
Virgin Galactic Unity 21. Virgin Galactic Unity 21 was a sub-orbital spaceflight of the SpaceShipTwo-class VSS Unity which took place on 22 May 2021, piloted by David Mackay and co-piloted by Frederick Sturckow. It was the first human spaceflight from the state of New Mexico. It was operated by Virgin Galactic, a private company led by Richard Branson which intends to conduct space tourism flights in the future. Unity 21 was the first human spaceflight to be launched from Spaceport America.

Reaching an apogee of , the flight satisfied the United States definition of spaceflight (), but fell short of the Kármán line (), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale definition.

Crew 

Flights are currently only by U.S Convention.

Flight 

On 22 May 2021, Unity's mother ship VMS Eve carried it into flight in a parasite configuration. At 15:26 UTC, Unity was drop launched. Pilots MacKay and Sturckow flew Unity at a maximum speed of Mach 3 to a maximum altitude of over . This altitude surpassed the 50-mile limit used in the United States to denote the limit of space, but fell short of the Kármán line. Both craft landed safely afterwards.

References 

2021 in spaceflight
SpaceShipTwo
Test spaceflights
Private space missions
Aviation history of the United States
Suborbital human spaceflights
2021 in New Mexico
2021 in aviation
May 2021 in the United States
Aerbul HB-1 Club. The Aerobul HB-1 Club was a Club Class training sailplane built in Argentina in 1988.

Design and development

In March 1982 the HB-1 was the winner of a design contest arranged by the National Airworthiness Directorate (D.S.A.) for a training glider. As winner, the HB-1 was given state financial support for its development and promised a subsidy for its production. However, the contract signed the following year with the D.S.A. limited funding to two prototypes and their development.

It was a Club Class sailplane built entirely from fibreglass. Its  span shoulder wings had rectangular plan inboard panels, with central Schempp-Hirth spoilers. Beyond 40% of the span of the outer panels were trapezoidal, with slightly different sections and with ailerons filling their trailing edges. Each wing contained a water tank holding  of ballast.

Its smoothly rounded fuselage was deepest ahead of the wings. The single seat cockpit had a long, single-piece canopy which continued the upper forward fuselage profile back almost to the wing leading edge. The fuselage tapered aft to a rather angular tail, where a tapered fin had a markedly trapezoidal profile and was large. In contrast, the rudder was almost rectangular and quite narrow, as were the horizontal surfaces. Its tailplane was mounted above the fuselage on the fin, about one third the way up.

The HB-1 landed on a retractable monowheel, fitted with a brake and mounted ahead of the wings, and a small tailwheel. The fuselage underside was strengthened to withstand a wheel-up landing.

Operational history

The first prototype was first flown on 20 January 1989. A series of brief, familiarization flights followed before the start of the test programme proper on 24 February. Though most of these flights explored the handling and performance envelope, a less conventional test of the landing gear included a landing in a ploughed field. 

The second prototype, which had a fixed landing wheel, was not completed until 24 January 1991. After its tests were satisfactorily completed, both examples served the Club de Planeadores y Aeromodelismo Esperanza at Santa-Fe, which encouraged their novice competition pilots to take the HB-1s to various national and international contests to build experience.

Specifications

References

1980s Argentine sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1989
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Katherine Mirica. Katherine A. Mirica is an American chemist who is an associate professor at Dartmouth College. Her research considers materials chemistry, with a particular focus on environmental science and microelectronics.

Early life and education 
Mirica was born in Eastern Ukraine. She moved to Rhode Island whilst at high school. Mirica was an undergraduate at Boston College, where she majored in chemistry and worked alongside Prof. Lawrence T. Scott. She was awarded the Matthew Copithorne Scholarship and the Scholar of the College Award. After graduating with her B.S. in chemistry in 2004, Mirica moved to Harvard University for her graduate studies, where she worked with Prof. George M. Whitesides to investigate three-dimensional self-assembly using magnetic levitation. Together they worked on paper-based diagnostics and protein biophysics. After earning her doctorate, Mirica joined the laboratory of Timothy M. Swager at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an National Institutes of Health Research Fellow. Her work at MIT considered solvent-free portable electronic carbon-based chemical sensors.

Research and career 
Mirica was appointed to the faculty at Dartmouth College in 2015. She studies self-assembly and multifunctional framework materials. Amongst the materials developed by Mirica, two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks hold promise for electroanalysis.

Awards and honors 

 2018 Thieme Chemistry Journals Award
 2018 Sloan Research Fellowship
 2019 Cottrell Scholar Award
 2020 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award
 2020 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
 2020 NIH Maximizing Investigators' Research Award
 2021 Karen E. Wetterhahn Memorial Award for Distinguished Creative or Scholarly Achievement
 2022 Wetterhahn Science Symposium Keynote Speaker

Selected publications

References 

Dartmouth College faculty
Harvard University alumni
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
American chemists
American people of Ukrainian descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women chemists
21st-century American women
Balkancar. Balkancar is a Bulgarian company for research and manufacturing of electrical vehicles for the production industry.

History 
The first electrical driven forklift in Bulgaria was produced in 1951 in the tram and trolleybus factory "September 6" in Sofia. The production of forklifts in Bulgaria is one of the sectors of the mechanical engineering which contains significant world achievements. With the development of the first experimental series of lifting and transport machines in 1952, production grew and improved. At the end of the 1970s, Bulgaria led the world in the number of forklifts it produced.

As well as the main assembly factories, the Balkancar association in the 1980s also included enterprises for the production of intermediate products used in the creation of electric and forklift trucks. At the end of the 1980's, it had 39 divisions - 31 in the country and 8 abroad. Its factories also produce buses, cars, and bicycles.

In Bulgaria, the traditions in the production and supply of high quality and affordable lifting and transport equipment under the brand "Balkancar" continue to be produced, albeit on a much smaller scale than in the past. Different types of industrial vehicles are produced: electric trucks, forklifts, platform trucks, tugs, and hoists.

References

External links 
 

Forklift truck manufacturers
Bulgarian companies established in 1951
Manufacturing companies of Bulgaria
Bulgarian brands
Defensive zone. A defensive zone is a previously prepared area of terrain allocated for defense to a military formation, where its forces and means are located, a fire system is organized, engineering barriers and fortifications are erected.

The defensive zone from the front is limited by the front line, from the flanks – by demarcation lines with neighboring units, and from the rear – by the depth of the battle formation or operational formation of the troops involved. The spatial dimensions of the defense zone are determined by the combat capabilities of the military formation protecting it.

As a rule, when conducting positional defense, the defense zone is set up in order to consolidate on important lines and repel offensive actions of the enemy. When using tactics of maneuverable defense, it serves to defeat the enemy by arranging fire bags and consistently holding a number of lines echeloned in depth.

References

Sources

External links

Military terminology
Mavlyanovite. Mavlyanovite is a manganese-silicon mineral with formula Mn5Si3. It was named after Gani Mavlyanov, an Uzbek geologist who lived from 1910 to 1988.

Transition metal silicides represent a rich variety of intermetallic compounds with specific crystal and electronic structures owing to the strong interaction between metals and silicon. Recently, transition metal silicides have gained considerable attention from the scientific community because of their unique physicochemical properties such as high thermal stability, excellent electronic conductivity, low electrical resistivity, high strength, good thermodynamic stability, good oxidation, and corrosion resistance. With these favorable properties, transition metal silicides are potential candidates for various nanotechnological applications such as electronics, spintronics, thermoelectrics, and solar energy harvesting.
Among all transition metal silicides, manganese silicides have been investigated extensively because of their complex structural diversity and fascinating physical properties. Manganese silicides possess seven thermodynamically stable phases, namely: MnSi1.7 (tetragonal), MnSi (cubic), Mn5Si3 (hexagonal), Mn5Si2 (tetragonal), Mn3Si (cubic), Mn4Si (rhombohedral), and Mn6Si (rhombohedral). Each of these phases results in different magnetic and thermoelectric properties either in microscopic or microscopic scales. For instance, MnSi is an excellent magnetic contact material for magnetic applications and spintronics such as spin field-effect transistors owing to its simple cubic crystal structure without space inversion symmetry. Among the manganese silicide materials, MnSi1.7, which is a higher manganese silicide, has attracted most interest in the researches for its excellent thermoelectric properties such as low thermal conductivity (2–4 W/m.K), high Seebeck coefficient (>200 mV/K at ~700 K) and estimable figure of merit (up to 0.7–0.8). Mn5Si3 is one of the promising materials for spintronic applications because of its hexagonal structure, and has the potential to create high magnetocrystalline anisotropy with novel spin-electronic properties. In addition, Mn5Si3 has a high melting point of 2800 K, indicating that it is a favorable candidate for high-temperature structural applications.

References

Transition metal silicides
N. K. Anand. Nagamangala Krishnamurthy Anand (born 1956) is a Texas A&M Regents Professor and the holder of  James J. Cain '51 Professor III in the College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, at Texas A&M University. He served as the interim dean of the College of Engineering after his appointment on September 1, 2011. His term as interim Dean ended on January 10, 2012, upon the succession of M. Katherine Banks. He was the Executive Associate Dean for the College of Engineering at Texas A&M, from 2009 to 2022, and the Associate Director of Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, from 2007 to 2022. In February 2022, Professor Anand was appointed as the Vice President for Faculty Affairs at Texas A&M University.

Research Work
N. K. Anand's research focuses on the development and application of computational techniques to study fluid flow and heat transfer. Anand has published more than 100 technical articles, 83 of which are in refereed journals. In recognition of his overall technical contributions, Anand was named a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and has served as an associate technical editor of the association's Journal of Heat Transfer. He currently serves as the co-editor of the Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. In addition, he is a member of the editorial board for Numerical Heat Transfer and is currently chair of the association's K-20 Committee on Computational Heat Transfer. Dr. Anand is also the co-author of the graduate level textbook titled "Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods for Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics".

Education
 Ph.D. - Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 1983
 M.S. - Mechanical Engineering, Kansas State University 1979
 B.E. - Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore University, India 1978

Awards
 2020 ASME James Harry Potter Gold Medal.
 The Association of Former Students Texas A&M University, University Level Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award for Administration, 2018
 Regents Professor, Texas A&M University System, November 2014
 Inducted to Kansas State University Engineering Hall of Fame, Manhattan, Kansas, March 2011
 Outstanding Graduate Teaching Award, March 2009, The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
 Distinguished Alumni presented by the B. M. S. American Alumni Association, B. M. S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India, December 2008
 James and Ada Forsyth Professorship, 2007
 Charles W. Crawford Service Award, 2006
 The Association of Former Students Texas A&M University Faculty Distinguished Achievement in Teaching Award, 2001

References

External links 
 

Living people
American people of Telugu descent
American people of Indian descent
Kansas State University alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
1956 births
Indian emigrants to the United States