omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scotch-Brite. Scotch-Brite is a line of abrasive products produced by 3M. The product line includes scouring pads and tools for home uses such as dish washing and scrubbing, as well as various types of surfaces for industrial applications, such as discs, belts, and rotating brushes, with varying compositions and levels of hardness.

The structure of Scotch-Brite pads is created by a sparse unwoven polymer such as cellulose, nylon or spun polypropylene fiber. Products use several variations of hardening and abrasive materials, such as aluminum oxide (alumina), titanium dioxide and resins. Although the base polymers may be considered benignly soft, the composition with other materials greatly enhances their abrasive powers; to the extent that a heavy-duty Scotch-Brite pad (which contains both aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide) will scratch glass.

History
Scotch-Brite was introduced during the 1950s. Development continues into the 21st century with new products for various cleaning uses.

Scotch-Brite, and similar abrasives, have largely replaced the use of bronze wool, which had been used as a non-rusting alternative to steel wool, for use on materials such as oak that would be sensitive to rust.

References

External links
 
 Comparison of pad types

Cleaning products
3M brands
45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K). The 45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K) was a Soviet design adapted from the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K). This was a copy of a  German weapon designed by Rheinmetall that was sold to the Soviets before Hitler came to power in 1933 that had been enlarged to  to reuse a large stock of old 47mm ammunition. It was used by the Soviet Navy to equip almost all of their ships from 1934 as its primary light anti-aircraft gun until replaced by the fully automatic 37 mm 70-K gun from 1942 to 1943. It was used in World War II and during the Cold War as the Soviets exported their World War II-era ships to their friends and allies. However it was not very effective as its slow rate of fire and lack of a time fuze required a direct hit to damage targets.

Design
The 46-caliber21-K was a minimal adaptation of the 53-K anti-tank gun that was created by taking the latter's barrel and mounting it on a simple pedestal mount. Its semi-automatic breech automatically ejected the cartridge case and locked open, ready for the next round. This was less than ideal for an anti-aircraft weapon that relied on its rate of fire to inflict damage on aircraft because every round had to be hand-loaded. Fully automatic weapons of roughly this caliber like the 40 mm Bofors typically used 4-5 round clips of ammunition to produce rates of fire four times as high.

Early production guns had a built-up barrel, but later ones used a monobloc. There were problems with the breech mechanism early in the production run and a number of the first year's production run lacked the semi-automatic breech entirely.

Description
The 21-K, complete with its pedestal, weighed . It was manually operated and could elevate between -10° and +85° at a rate between 10 and 20 degrees per second. It could traverse a full 360° at a rate between 10 and 18 degrees per second, although this was practically limited by its actual location on ship. In the mid-1930s special powered turrets were developed for use on river monitors. The 40-K was a single gun turret that weighed  and the 41-K was a twin-gun turret that weighed . Both turrets could elevate between -5° and +85° at a rate of 8 degrees per second and could traverse a full 360° at a rate between 4.8 and 9.8 degrees per second.

Ammunition
The 21-K used the same ammunition as the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K). The biggest problem in its role as an anti-aircraft gun was that it wasn't provided with a time fuze that would detonate the shell at a specified distance from the gun. This meant that only a direct hit would damage its target.

See also

Notes

References

External links
 
 K-21 on navweaps.com

45 mm artillery
Naval anti-aircraft guns
World War II anti-aircraft guns
World War II artillery of the Soviet Union
Anti-aircraft guns of the Soviet Union
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Industrial shredder. An industrial shredder is a machine used to break down materials for various applications such as recycling, volume reduction, and product destruction. Industrial shredders come in many different sizes and design variations based on what particle size is needed for final shredded product.

The main categories of designs used today are as follows: low speed, high torque shear type shredders of single, dual, triple and quad shaft design, single shaft grinders of single or dual shaft design, granulators, knife hogs, raspers, maulers, flails, crackermills, and refining mills. Industrial shredder components include a rotor, counter blades, housing, motor, transmission system, power system and electrical control system.

Some examples of materials that are commonly shredded are: tires, metals, construction and demolition debris, wood, plastics, leathers, papers and garbage, such as commercial and mixed waste. The industrial shredder is commonly used to process materials into different sizes for separation or to reduce the cost of transport. Waste materials such as municipal solid waste, radioactive waste, medical waste, and hazardous waste are shredded in treatment and disposal systems.

Because the hardness of materials differs, the blades on shredders are also slightly different.

An industrial shredder is any shredder that can be used in an industrial application (rather than a consumer application). They can be equipped with different types of cutting systems: horizontal shaft design, vertical shaft design, single-shaft, two-shaft, three-shaft and four-shaft cutting systems. These shredders are slow speed or high speed, and are not restricted in being classified as an industrial shredder by their speed or horsepower. Small, low-cost portable shredders have been developed; these are often suitable for personal use as well as for small scale industry.

The largest scrap metal shredder in the world was designed with 10,000 hp by the Schnitzer steel group of Portland, Oregon in 1980. The  Lynxs at the Sims Metal Management plant at the mouth of the River Usk in Newport, Wales has access by road, rail and sea. It can process 450 cars per hour.

See also 
Ramial chipped wood

References

External links 

Industrial machinery
Colloid and Polymer Science. Colloid and Polymer Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes in the field of colloid and polymer science and its interdisciplinary interactions. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media. It was first published in 1906.

Impact factor 
Colloid and Polymer Science had a 2021 impact factor of 2.434.

Editors 
The editors in chief of the journal are C.M. Papadakis (TU Munich) and A. Schmidt (U Köln), and chief advisory editor is 
F. Kremer (University Leipzig).

External links

References 

Chemistry journals
Publications established in 1906
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. The Journal of Applied Electrochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, which focuses on the technological applications of electrochemistry.

Subjects covered are energy conversion, conservation, and storage, industrial synthesis, environmental remediation, electrochemical engineering, supercapacitors, fuel and solar cells, cell design, corrosion, hydrometallurgy, surface finishing, electroplating, electrodeposition, and other applications of electrochemical research.

The journal is affiliated with the International Society of Electrochemistry.

History 
The Journal of Applied Electrochemistry was established in 1971 under founding editor Douglas Inman to supplement existing journals that focused on research into fundamental electrochemical science.

The journal's current editor is Gerardine G. Botte.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Inspec, and Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.925.

References

External links 

 
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1971
Monthly journals
Electrochemistry journals
Imc FAMOS. FAMOS (short for fast analysis and monitoring of signals) is a graphical data analysis program 
for image analysis, evaluating and visually displaying measurement results. The program was introduced in 1987 by the German company imc Test & Measurement GmbH (integrated measurement & control) in Berlin for Windows 3.11. According to its manufacturer, FAMOS offers high speed display and processing of data sets of any size.

Import of a wide variety of data formats 
FAMOS can import data from different file formats, e.g. Excel-, Binary-, or ASCII-files. With a file assistant it is also possible to create different import filters. It is possible to present the data in different graphical ways. The information can be combined, labeled and processed. 
FAMOS is able to store data in a proprietary as well as in ASCII or Excel format.

Data analysis  
Imported data can be processed with a variety of mathematical operations, either manually or in automated procedures. FAMOS offers expansion modules for special operations such as electronic filters, for spectral analysis and for synchronized display of data and video sequences and for the ASAM-ODS data model. It is also possible to play data back audibly with the PC sound card.

Documentation 
By means of its "Report Generator", FAMOS enables creation of documentations / lab reports  consisting of a variety of dialog elements and plots as well as graphics with controls which can be automatically hidden when printing. The reports generated can be subject to post-processing using various input data, and there are templates for partially or fully automated composition of reports.

Literature (German language) 
 20 Jahre imc und ADDITIVE, sensor report 4/2008
 FAMOS 6.0 - Mehr als nur Signalanalyse, Physik Journal 6/2008
 Neue Software-Version für die Analyse von Messsignalen, ATZ 4/2008
 Signalanalyse für den Messtechniker, TECHNICA 23-24/2005
 Signalanalysesoftware mit neuen Funktionen, Maschinenmarkt 17/2008
 Wie ein Taschenrechner, MSR Magazin 11/2002
 FAMOS - Taschenrechner für die Meßtechnik, Addison-Wesley, 1997,

References

External links 
- FAMOS website
- FAMOS Script for Strain Rosette calculations

Science software
Physics software
Science software for Windows
1987 software
Data analysis software
Rolls-Royce/MAN Turbo RB.193. The Rolls-Royce/MAN Turbo RB.193 is a vectored thrust turbofan engine designed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce and MAN Turbo in the mid-1960s. The engine test flew in its sole application, the VFW VAK 191B VTOL fighter aircraft but production did not follow after cancellation of the associated aircraft project.

Design and development
The RB.193 was a joint development project by Rolls-Royce/MAN Turbo originally designed to meet a requirement for the VFW VAK 191B project, design work commenced after a contract from the Federal German Ministry of Defence was signed in December 1965. Bristol Siddeley (from 1966 part of Rolls-Royce) were sub-contracted to manufacture components for the engine.

The design was similar in concept and closely related to the earlier Bristol Siddeley Pegasus, employing the same layout of 'hot' and 'cold' pairs of rotating thrust nozzles, internal airflow was the same as the Spey. The engine first ran at Derby in December 1967 with flight testing of the VFW VAK 191B commencing in 1971 with the first free hovering flight taking place at Bremen on 10 September. The aircraft later successfully transitioned from hovering to forward flight at Manching in October 1972. By the end of the test programme in 1975 the RB.193 had accumulated 12 hours of flight time and 91 flights.

Applications
 VFW VAK 191B

Engines on display
A VFW VAK 191B aircraft fitted with an RB.193-12 is on display at the Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim, panels have been removed to allow viewing of the rotating nozzle and mechanisms.

Specifications (RB.193-12)

See also

References

External links

 RB.193/VFW VAK 191B at aiaa.org

High-bypass turbofan engines
RB193
1960s turbofan engines
Ras el Ma Airfield. Ras el Ma Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Morocco, located in the southeast suburbs of Ras Kebdana.   The airfield served as a support facility for the port, allowing Allied aircraft to be assembled and parepared for combat duty, then flown from the airstrip as replacements during the North African Campaign.

The United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force also used the airfield to re-equip the 27th Bombardment Group with the A-36 Apache close air support variant of the P-51 Mustang in April 1943.  Once the unit was successfully transitioned from its A-20 Havoc light bombers, it was reassigned back to combat duty at Korba, Tunisia.

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Morocco
World War II airfields in Morocco
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in Morocco
20th-century architecture in Morocco
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. The Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by  Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Akadémiai Kiadó. It was established in 1969 as the Journal of Thermal Analysis, obtaining its current title in 1998. The journal covers all aspects of calorimetry, thermal analysis, and experimental thermodynamics. The editor-in-chief is I.M. Szilágyi (Budapest University of Technology and Economics).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.755.

References

External links

Physical chemistry journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1969
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Akadémiai Kiadó academic journals
GM Stir-Lec I. The General Motors Stir-Lec I was a concept hybrid electric car based on the Opel Kadett body in 1969. The power plant consists of 14 lead-acid batteries in the front of the car which transfer energy to a rear-mounted 3 phase electric induction motor, in turn driving the rear wheels. The Stir-Lec I had a top speed of . While the car is running, the batteries are constantly recharged by a small Stirling engine in the rear. The engine was allegedly so quiet it was hard to determine if it was running or not, just by sound. Since the Stirling is an external combustion engine, the exhaust has virtually no odor and pollution levels can be made very low.

Another hybrid electric car GM experimented with in 1969 was the XP-883 which featured a similar, but reversed drive line to the Stir-Lec I (using front-wheel drive, with a front-mounted motor and engine, along with rear-mounted batteries).

The Stirling was successfully tested in an Opel Kadett and an AMC Sprint. The clean exhaust of this engine was due to its "continuous and controllable combustion process." It was reported that a fuel efficiency of better than 70 miles per gallon could be realized for a 3,500-pound car. Congressional testimony also asserted, in 1980:
..."if the engine is switched one for one for a 1980 internal combustion engine, a 30% improvement will be realized."

And in 1984:
"These engines met or exceeded the miles-per-gallon found with standard internal combustion engines and demonstrated environmental acceptability with a variety of fuels including gasoline, diesel, kerosene and alcohol." The Stirling "would propel a vehicle further on a given amount of fuel than any other engine."

• As of 1972, there were several hybrid electric cars developed by major car companies but never produced. 
GM built three experimental vehicles prior to 1972, the Electrovair, Electrovan, and Stir-Lec 1. The Electrovan was a converted GM van which utilized a "hydrogen oxygen fuel cell," and had a maximum range of 100 to 150 miles.
The 1968 GM "Stir-Lec" hybrid was a "converted 1968 Opel Kadett with a small 8-hp Stirling engine as its battery charging unit." Pollution was almost negligible, top speed 55 mph, range 150 to 200 miles.

References

External links
 A Stirling Electric Hybrid Car Agarwal, P., Mooney, R., and Toepel, R., "Stir-Lec I," SAE Technical Paper 690074, 1969

Stir-Lec I
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Electric concept cars
Jacob Kraus. Jacob Kraus  (14 October 1861, Groningen – 24 August 1951, The Hague) was a Dutch hydraulic engineer, professor at the University of Santiago, Chile, and at Delft University of Technology and government minister of water management between 1905 and 1908.

1861 births
1951 deaths
Dutch engineers
Ministers of transport and water management of the Netherlands
Liberal Union (Netherlands) politicians
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Santiago, Chile
People from Groningen (city)
Leen van der Waal. Leendert van der Waal (23 September 1928 – 10 September 2020) was a Dutch engineer and politician. He was a member of the Reformed Political Party (SGP) and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP).

Van der Waal was born in Ridderkerk, South Holland, and studied mechanical engineering at the Delft University of Technology. In 1984, he was elected to the European Parliament for the combined list of SGP, GPV en RPF, and served until 1997.

References 

1928 births
2020 deaths
People from Ridderkerk
Delft University of Technology alumni
Dutch mechanical engineers
MEPs for the Netherlands 1984–1989
MEPs for the Netherlands 1989–1994
MEPs for the Netherlands 1994–1999
Reformed Political Party MEPs
Degasser. A degasser is a device used in the upstream oil industry to remove dissolved and entrained gases from a liquid. In drilling it is used to remove gasses from drilling fluid which could otherwise form bubbles. In a produced water treatment plant it is part of the process to clean produced water prior to disposal.

Degasser
For a small amount of entrained gas in a drilling fluid, the degasser can play a major role of removing small bubbles that a liquid film has enveloped and entrapped. In order for it to be released and break out the air and gas such as methane, H2S and CO2 from the mud to the surface, the drilling fluid must pass through a degassing technique, and it can be accomplished by the equipment called a degasser, which is also a major part of mud systems.

Another function of a degasser in the oil industry is to remove dissolved gases from a produced water stream as part of the water clean up process prior to its disposal.

Types of Degasser

Vacuum Tank Degasser
Vacuum Type is the most common form of degasser. It can be horizontal, vertical or round vessel. A vacuum action is created to pull in the gas cut mud. When the liquid enters the tank it will flow and be distributed to a layer of internal baffle plates designed for the mud to flow in thin laminar film and is exposed to a vacuum that forces the gas to escape and break out of the mud. The vacuum pump moves the escaping gas from the vessel discharging it to the rig's flare or environmental control system.

Atmospheric Degasser
This type of degasser processes mud by accelerating fluid through a submerged pump impeller and impinging the fluid on a stationary baffles to maximize surface and thus enable escaping gas vent to atmosphere.

Produced water Degasser 
A produced water degasser can be either a horizontal or vertical vessel. It operates at a low pressure to maximise the amount of gas (eg methane, carbon dioxide) that is removed from the water stream. It can be located immediately downstream of the production separators prior to low pressure water treatment system such as dissolved gas flotation. In this case the degasser may also act as a surge drum to ensure a steady flow of water to the treatment plant. Alternatively, it can be located downstream of produced water hydrocyclones. In either case the degasser provides sufficient residence time to allow dissolved or entrained gases to be released from the produced water stream. From the degasser water is disposed of via a caisson into the sea, or for disposal elsewhere. The separated gas is routed from the degasser to a flare or vent system for safe disposal. The degasser can be provided with an oil collection device to remove accumulated oil from the surface of the produced water inside the degasser. A degasser may accumulate solids (sand) in its base, facilities to remove solids may be installed.

See also
Mud Gas Separator

Degassing

Notes

External links
 Quick calculator for estimating vertical degasser size  - Based on the minimum residence time required for the liquid phase so that entrained gas bubbles can escape.

Drilling technology
Gas-liquid separation
Trickle vent. A trickle vent is a very small opening in a window or other building envelope component to allow small amounts of ventilation in spaces intended to be naturally ventilated when major elements of the design—windows, doors, etc.—are otherwise closed. Trickle vents are used extensively in Europe and are integrated into window frames to provide minimum ventilation requirements for naturally-ventilated spaces.

Energy efficiency ratings 
The application of trickle vents in naturally-ventilated spaces can help contribute to IEQ Credit 2 under the LEED green building rating system.  LEED EA Credit 2 references CIBSE Applications Manual 10, which provides advice on the design of naturally-ventilated spaces, recommending the installation of trickle vents in naturally-ventilated spaces.  Within the UK, the application of trickle vents is required to meet the requirements of the Building Regulations; requirements are described in Guide F, Means of Ventilation.

Effect on indoor environment 
Trickle vents will help avoid problems associated with poor ventilation in naturally-ventilated spaces, including reduced risk of condensation, avoided over-ventilation (minimizing energy consumption), and improved comfort through draft avoidance.

Drawbacks 
The US Standard ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, only requires 4% of net floor area to be operable. This creates the potential for increased energy consumption where natural ventilation is provided by operable windows where supplemental air conditioning is provided, in addition to generally poor control over ventilation rates during hot summer or cold winter conditions.

References

Further reading 
Crafti, Stephen. The Ultimate Urban Makeover: Unique Architectural Renovations. Images Publishing, 2007. .

Ventilation
Passive ventilation
Indoor air pollution
C12H12N2O3. {{DISPLAYTITLE:C12H12N2O3}}
The molecular formula C12H12N2O3 (molar mass: 232.23 g/mol, exact mass: 232.0848 u) may refer to:

 Dazoxiben, an antithrombotic agent
 Nalidixic acid, the first of the synthetic quinolone antibiotics
 Phenobarbital, a barbiturate