omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Polymer-cased ammunition. Polymer-cased ammunition (PCA) is firearm ammunition (cartridge) with casings made from synthetic polymer instead of the typical metallic casing. PCA is considered a new alternative that potentially reduces production cost and weight for long guns and handguns.

Origin
The first references to the possible use of polymers in the manufacture of casings come from the early 1950s. One of the earliest is the patent filed by Jack W. Roske in 1950 and the idea was to use a metal cup joined with a polymer shell "that will be converted to gas during the firing phase to assist in propelling the projectile and thereby permit reduction in the use of the propelling powder charge".

Examples
 The majority of commonly found shotgun shell hulls are constructed of polymer with metal only found on the lower or rim portions of the shells.  
 The Steyr ACR was a notable user of polymer cased ammunition.
 The US Army ARDEC developed a 5.56mm Telescoped ammunition for its LSAT program.
 The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operation's TSWG program developed lightweight cartridges in multiple calibers for USSOCOM.
  Textron Systems: Textron CT System carbine, rifle, automatic rifle utilizing a Olin Winchester CT 5.56, 6.5, 6.8 and 7.62 mm polymer cased-telescoped cartridge
Desert Tech MDR rifle with PCP Ammunition 6.8mm polymer case-metal cartridge
  Knight's Armament Company LAMG machine gun with PCP Ammunition 6.8mm polymer case-metal cartridge and .277 True Velocity polymer ammunition
 True Velocity (earlier LoneStar Future Weapons, General Dynamics): RM-277R bullpup rifle and RM-277AR machine gun utilizing True Velocity .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
 KAC M110 SASS sniper rifle utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
 M240 machine gun utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
 M134 Minigun utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and  .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
 Lightweight Medium Machine Gun utilizing True Velocity .338 Norma Mag polymer cased cartridge

Manufacturers
 PCP Tactical offers a variety of calibers in 5.56mm NATO/.223 Rem, 7.62mm NATO/.308 Win, .260 Rem, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 6.8mm PCP and .50 BMG.
 PolyCase Ammunition offered a .380 Polymer Cased Round.
 True Velocity offers polymer ammunition in a variety of calibers including 5.56 NATO, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 6.8mm TVCM, .308 Win/7.62mm NATO, .338 Norma Mag and .50 BMG.

See also
 Caseless ammunition

References

External links
LSAT: The 9 Pound LMG
Modern Firearms - LSAT machine gun

Ammunition
Norman N. Li. Norman N. Li (; born December 25, 1932, in Shanghai), is a Chinese-American engineer and scientist famous for his inventions and development of liquid membrane technologies.

Biography
Li graduated from the National Taiwan University in 1954. Li went to continue his study in the United States, received M.Eng in Chemical Engineering from the Wayne State University in 1957 and PhD from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1963.  Dr. Li was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the New Jersey Institute of Technology

Li worked for Parke-Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In 1960, Li was a lecturer at NJIT. In 1963, Li was a Senior Scientist of ExxonMobil. Li was the director of the separation technology research institute of UOP, and the director of AlliedSignal science & technology division. Li was the President of the NL Chemical Technology, Inc. based in Illinois.

Awards and honors 
Li has been given numerous awards and prizes or his innovation and leadership in membrane and separation technologies, including,
 1988, the Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research,
 1988, the ACS Award of Separation Science and Technology,
 the Clarence G. Gerhold Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE),
 1995, the Ernest W. Thiel Award,
 2000, the AIC Chemical Engineering Practice Award,
 2000, the Perkin Medal from the Society of Chemical Industry,
 2001, the Lifetime Achievement Award from the World Congress of Chemical Engineering,
 2001, the Fujimura Award for Lifetime Achievement in International Technology Cooperation and Development
 2006, the Founders Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
 2013, the Stevens Honor Award from Stevens Institute of Technology 

In May 2008, Li was awarded an honorary doctorate by New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). The Dr. Norman N. Li Distinguished Lecture in Chemical Engineering at the Wayne State University College of Engineering is named after him.

Li was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering in 1990. Li is also an Academician of the Academia Sinica. Li was elected Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1998.

References

External links
 Norman N. Li's profile at AIChE

1932 births
Living people
American chemical engineers
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Shanghai
Taiwanese people from Shanghai
Fluctuation and Noise Letters. Fluctuation and Noise Letters (FNL) is a journal published by World Scientific since 2001. It is at present the only journal solely dedicated to interdisciplinary articles on fluctuations and noise in physical, biological, and technological systems, and encourages open public debate.

Some topics covered to date include: noise-enhanced phenomena including stochastic resonance; cardiovascular dynamics; quantum fluctuations; statistical physics; degradation and aging phenomena; traffic; the stock market; and climate.

The founder and first Editor-in-Chief of FNL was Laszlo B. Kish (Texas A&M University, USA) who was in charge in the period of 2001–2008. Since 2009, the Editor-in-Chief is Peter V. E. McClintock (Lancaster University, UK).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is indexed in:
 Mathematical Reviews
 INSPEC
 Science Citation Index Expanded
 Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
 CompuMath Citation Index
 ISI Alerting Services

External links
Fluctuation and Noise Letters on Scholar Google

Academic journals established in 2001
World Scientific academic journals
English-language journals
Physics journals
Functional Materials Letters. Functional Materials Letters is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal published by World Scientific with articles relating to the synthesis, behavior, characterization and application of functional materials. These are materials designed to respond to changes in their environments. Topics covered include ferroelectric, magneto-optical, sustainable energy and shape memory materials.

Established in 2008 as a quarterly journal, Funct. Mater. Lett. switched to bimonthly in 2013.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is indexed in Inspec. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.17.

References

External links

Materials science journals
World Scientific academic journals
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 2008
RNDIS. The Remote Network Driver Interface Specification (RNDIS) is a Microsoft proprietary protocol used mostly on top of USB. It provides a virtual Ethernet link to most versions of the Windows, Linux, and FreeBSD operating systems. Multiple revisions of a partial RNDIS specification are available from Microsoft, but Windows implementations have been observed to issue requests not included in that specification, and to have undocumented constraints.

The protocol is tightly coupled to Microsoft's programming interfaces and models, most notably the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS), which are  alien to operating systems other than Windows. This complicates implementing RNDIS on non-Microsoft operating systems, but Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD implement RNDIS natively.

The USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) defines at least three non-proprietary USB communications device class (USB CDC) protocols with comparable "virtual Ethernet" functionality; one of them (CDC-ECM) predates RNDIS and is widely used for interoperability with non-Microsoft operating systems, but does not work with Windows.

Most versions of Android include RNDIS USB functionality. For example, Samsung smartphones have the capability and use RNDIS over USB to operate as a virtual Ethernet card that will connect the host PC to the mobile or Wi-Fi network in use by the phone, effectively working as a mobile broadband modem or a wireless card, for mobile hotspot tethering.

Controversy

In 2022 it was suggested that support for RNDIS should be removed from Linux, claiming that is inherently and uncorrectably insecure in the presence of untrusted USB devices. Although the claims said that Android have removed RNDIS "for years", most if not all Android devices released before 2024, with the exception of Google Pixel 6 and newer, are still using RNDIS in order to keep the driver-free experience with older systems such as Windows 7.

See also
 Ethernet over USB
 Qualcomm MSM Interface - A Qualcomm proprietary alternative

References

External links
 Overview of Remote NDIS (RNDIS)

Microsoft application programming interfaces
Computer networking
Hegman gauge. A Hegman gauge, sometimes referred to as a grind gauge, grind gage, or grindometer, is an instrument which indicates the fineness of grind or the presence of coarse particles and agglomeration in a dispersion. It is commonly used to determine how finely ground the particles of pigment (or other solid) dispersed in a sample of paint (or other liquid) are. This is important because many types of solid materials must be ground into finer particles in order to be dispersed in liquids. The resulting properties of the dispersion vary based on the size of individual particles and the degree which they are dispersed.

The Hegman gauge usually consists of a stainless steel block with a series of very small parallel grooves machined into it.  The grooves decrease in depth from one end of the block to the other, according to a scale stamped next to them.  A typical Hegman gauge is 170mm by 65mm by 15mm, with a channel of grooves running lengthwise, 12.5mm across and narrowing uniformly in depth from 100 μm to zero and used to determine particle size.

Use with paint
A Hegman gauge is used by placing a sample of paint at the deep end of the gauge and drawing the paint down with a flat edge along the grooves.  Grind gages are sold with machined flat 'drawdown bars' specifically for this purpose. The paint fills the grooves, and the location where a regular, significant "pepperyness" in the appearance of the coating appears, marks the coarsest-ground dispersed particles. This is the point where oversized particles start to appear in high density and determines the rating for that material. The reading is taken from the scale marked next to the grooves, in dimensionless "Hegman units" (or National Standard units; NS) and/or mils or micrometres.  Hegman units are defined in terms of an inverted size scale as shown below:

A lesser-used scale, North (or PCU), is also occasionally employed in the paint industry. Like the Hegman scale, this is also inverted compared to the value in microns:

Determining the fineness of a paint's grind is important, because too coarse a grind may reduce the paint's color uniformity, gloss, and opacity.  The Hegman gauge is widely used for this purpose because it requires minimal skill and only a few seconds' work.

Other uses
Grind gauges are used in a variety of fields, including; food, pharmaceutical, plastic and many others. In all of these fields, grind gauges are utilized to produce, store, and apply dispersion products.

Sizes
Hegman gauges are commonly available in the following ranges: 0 to 100 micrometres, 0 to 50 micrometres, 0 to 25 micrometres, 0 to 15 micrometres, and 0 to 10 micrometres.

References

Bibliography

Paints
Dimensional instruments
Laboratory equipment
HVDC Tian–Guang. HVDC Tian–Guang is a bipolar 500 kV HVDC system used for transmitting power generated at Tianshengqiao Hydroelectric Plant to Guangzhou. HVDC Tian–Guan, which was built by Siemens and inaugurated in 2001 is capable of transmitting a maximum power of 1,800 MW.

The terminals are situated at Tianshengqiao Hydroelectric Plant 2 at  and at Beijiao at  near Guangzhou.
There is a parallel running AC powerline via Pingguo, Laibin, Wuzhou and Luodong, but the DC line helps damping oscillations and stabilizing the system.

References

External links 

 http://www.ptd.siemens.de/CIGRE_Workshop_0706.pdf

Energy infrastructure completed in 2001
Electric power infrastructure in China
HVDC transmission lines
2001 establishments in China
Comparison of system dynamics software. This is a comparison of various aspects of software offering system dynamics features:

Due to concerns over commercial postings on the system dynamics main topic, commercial hyperlinks are specifically NOT active on this list.

Table of system dynamics software

L.The graphing library mxGraph is licensed separately under a paid commercial license. However, it's important to note that its GitHub repository was archived by its owner in 2021 and is now in a read-only state.

See also

 List of computer simulation software

References

System dynamics
Systems theory
Peter Rasmus Krag. Peter Rasmus Krag (12 May 1825 – 16 April 1891) was a Norwegian engineer captain in the Norwegian Army, chief-of-roads and politician. He sat as a member of the Parliament of Norway for several terms. His two brothers, Hans Hagerup Krag and Ole Herman Johannes Krag were also engineers, as was their great uncle Rasmus Krag

Peter Rasmus Krag, formerly chief engineer in the roads department, died 16 April 1891 in Kristiana (modern day Oslo) after an illness of some duration.

Peter Rasmus Krag, born 12 May 1825, became a Norwegian army officer in 1844, took the exams for artillery and engineering in 1847 and was already a volunteer in the roads department in 1848.  He worked with this department almost continuously beside his military career until 1889, when ill health forced his retirement. His coughing forced the end of his military career in 1890 when he retired to live in Kristiana with an annual  pension of 2,500 kroner granted by  parliament.

Engineer Captain Krag was a man with many interests and a strong work ethic.  He worked to further many of the more important interests of society and was not just a military and road engineer but also a politician when he was elected and re-elected as a member of the Norwegian parliament.
The largest part of his efforts, and his best years, were in the service of the Roads Department where he was indefatigable in his energy, his initiative and his expertise. It was particularly in southern Norway – in the districts of Lister and Mandals – that roads and bridges were developed under his supervision – an approximate combined length of 300 kilometers.  The work and travel proved very strenuous, which contributed greatly to the illness which forced his retirement.

Amongst his greater achievements were roads in
Kongsberg
Laurvig to Porsgrund
Flekkefjord to Siredalen
Kristianssand to its hinterland
Bridgeworks in Lyngdal
Bridgeworks in the valley of Mandal
Krag recognised the necessity for good communications, not only of roads and bridges but also railways.  In parliament he supported and promoted over a number of years, the building of the Seterdal railway which earned him an official “Thankyou” from that district.

On his death, Krag was survived by his widow, Fredrikke Fyhn, and his seven children including the writers Vilhelm Krag. and his brother Thomas Peter Krag

References

Citations
Projekt Runeberg - Peter Rasmus Krag

Norwegian engineers
Norwegian military engineers
1825 births
1891 deaths
Members of the Storting 1880–1882
Members of the Storting 1877–1879
Members of the Storting 1865–1867
Members of the Storting 1862–1864
Members of the Storting 1859–1861
Bede BD-2. 

The Bede BD-2 was an American experimental powered sailplane designed by Jim Bede to attempt an unrefuelled round-the-world flight.

Development
The BD-2 was a modified Schweizer SGS 2-32 fitted with a specially modified Continental IO-360-C engine. The BD-2 could carry 565 US gallons (2138 litres) of fuel in wing and fuselage tanks, and the modified engine produced only 30 hp (22.4 kW) during the cruise part of the flight.

The BD-2 made its first flight from Wichita on March 12, 1967. Between November 7 and 10, 1969, the aircraft set a world closed-circuit flight distance record for piston-engined aircraft, in which it covered 8,973.38 miles (14,441.26 km) in 70 hours 15 minutes. The flight had to be stopped following a complete electrical failure, and no further record flights were attempted by Bede.

The BD-2 was modified by Javelin Aircraft of Wichita as the Phoenix, which was used by Jerry Mullens to set a new closed-circuit record for piston aircraft on December 5–8, 1981 of 10,070 mi (16207 km) in 73 h 2 min, which was also the longest non-refueled flight made by a solo pilot at the time.

Specifications (Phoenix)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

BD-002
1960s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Beecraft Queen Bee. 

The Beecraft Queen Bee was an American V-tailed four-seat cabin monoplane, designed and built by Bee Aviation Associates (Beecraft).

Development
The Queen Bee was an all-metal cantilever low-wing monoplane powered by a Lycoming O-320-A1A flat-four piston engine. It had a V-tail and an electrically retractable tricycle landing gear. The canopy shared a similar shape as the Ryan Navion. The wings were outfitted with fiberglass tip tanks. A 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A-1-A was planned as an optional engine.

Only a prototype was built and the aircraft did not enter production. The Queen Bee prototype was destroyed when the original San Diego Aerospace Museum burned down in 1978.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Queen Bee
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Beecraft Wee Bee. 

The Beecraft Wee Bee was an American ultralight monoplane designed and built by Beecraft. It was described as the world's smallest plane. Later the Starr Bumble Bee II would claim that title.

Development
The Wee Bee was designed by William "Bill" Chana, Kenneth Coward, Karl Montijo and Jim Wilder, who designed the engine. They described it as big enough to carry a man and small enough to be carried by a man.

It was an all-metal cantilever mid-wing monoplane powered by a Kiekhaefer O-45-35 flat-twin piston engine. It had a conventional tail and fixed tricycle landing gear. The unusual feature was that the aircraft lacked any internal room for a pilot who had to fly it lying prone atop the fuselage.

Only a prototype registration NX90840 was built, and the type did not enter production. The prototype was destroyed when the original San Diego Air and Space Museum burned down in 1978. After the fire, a replica was built and is now on display at the new San Diego Air & Space Museum in Balboa Park.

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 "Homemade Air Sled Weighs Less Than Pilot" , February 1949, Popular Science rare photos of the WeeBee—i.e. pages 137 to 139
"The Wee Bee: Saga of the World's Smallest Piloted Airplane", June 29, 2017

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Wee Bee
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Beriev MBR-7. The Beriev MBR-7 (sometimes Beriev MS-8) was a Soviet short-range reconnaissance/bomber flying boat developed by the Beriev design bureau at Taganrog. It was designed as a successor to the MBR-2 but did not go into production due to lack of engines.

Development
The MBR-7 (Morskoy Blizhnii Razvedchik - naval short-range reconnaissance) was a similar configuration to the earlier MBR-2 but was a more advanced design. A mainly wooden cantilever shoulder-wing monoplane flying-boat. The Klimov M-103 inline piston engine was mounted on struts above the wing driving a pusher propeller. The pilot in an enclosed cockpit in the nose had access to a fixed forward-firing machine gun, the observer/gunner sat underneath a glazed canopy. The observers canopy slid forward to access a pintle-mounted ShKAS machine-gun.

It had an excellent performance but due to the lack of supply of Klimov engines the decision was made to continue building the MBR-2 and the MBR-7 did not go into production.

Operators

Soviet Navy

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

MBR-7
Flying boats
1930s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Beriev MDR-5. The Beriev MDR-5 (Morskoi Dalnii Razvyeedchik - Long-range reconnaissance)(sometimes Beriev MS-5) was a Soviet long-range reconnaissance/bomber flying boat prototype developed by the Beriev design bureau at Taganrog. It did not enter production as the rival Chyetverikov MDR-6 was preferred.

Development
The MDR-5 (Morskoi Dalnyi Razvedchik - naval long-range reconnaissance) was an all-metal twin-engined high-wing cantilever monoplane flying-boat. Designed to be operated by a crew of five it was powered by two Tumansky M-87A radial engines.

Two prototypes were built, the first, a pure flying boat flying which was built in 1938, with the second an amphibian. 

Although MDR-5 was adequate, the rival Chyetverikov MDR-6 had already been ordered into production and the MDR-5 was not developed further and remained as prototypes.

Operators

Soviet Navy

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

MDR-5
Flying boats
1930s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Besson H-5. 

The Besson H-5 (or sometimes Besson MB-11) was a French transport quadruplane flying boat designed by the Marcel Besson company of Boulogne. The only H-5 was damaged and development was abandoned.

Development
The HB.5 (MB-10) originally started development as an open-sea reconnaissance/bombing flying-boat, but it was completed as a 20-seat passenger transport flying-boat. Described as grotesque it had two sets of staggered biplane wings with an unusual X-type bracing and a biplane tail with triple fins and rudders. Powered by four Salmson 9Z radial engines that were located in tandem pairs in line with the third mainplane.  The H-5 had a conventional fuselage on a three-ply mahogany boat hull, which had 24 watertight compartments.

The H-5 was tested from the St Raphael naval air station in 1922 and proved to be stable with little vibration. After a few test flights the H-5 was accidentally damaged and development was abandoned.

Specifications

See also

References

Flying boats
1920s French civil utility aircraft
Quadruplanes
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
H-5
Aircraft first flown in 1922