omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Koenigsegg TFG. The Koenigsegg TFG is an inline-3 engine. The TFG stands for "Tiny Friendly Giant." It is a Freevalve (camless piston engine), thus it does not have a camshaft. Instead it uses electro-hydraulic-pneumatic actuators that allow it to open each valve (both intake and exhaust) independently to maximise performance and minimise fuel consumption depending on driving conditions. The actuators also have the ability to switch the engine between 2- and 4-stroke cycles by controlling the number of power strokes in relation to the number of idle strokes. The patent for this system was bought by Koenigsegg's sister company Cargine Engineering in 2002. The variable displacement system allows fuel economy to be 15%-20% higher than a variable camshaft engine. Cold start emissions are also drastically reduced by 60% over a variable camshaft engine. The engine is equipped with the same turbo for each set of exhaust valves developed by van der lee Turbo Systems, So this is a switchable parallel system where at low exhaust mass flow the boost is created by one turbo and the second turbo being switched by at higher mass flow amounts, thus improving transient response. Without the turbos, Koenigsegg claims the engine is only capable of . The engine can operate on the Otto cycle, Miller cycle, or the Atkinson cycle. Further advantages of the camless engine is that a throttle body is no longer required because of the precision of the valve timing. According to Koenigsegg CEO Christian von Koenigsegg, when running on Gen 2.0 ethanol, the TFG becomes "at least as CO2-neutral as an EV running on renewable electric sources such as solar or wind." The TFG follows previous Koenigsegg engines in its ability to run on all major fuels, from E100 to standard gas.

References 

Straight-three engines
Koenigsegg vehicles
4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride. 4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel's salt) is an organosulfur compound. It is the chloride salt of the 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium cation. It is a green solid that is poorly soluble in organic solvents.

Synthesis
The compound is obtained by the reaction of acetonitrile with sulfur monochloride.  The initial phases of this reaction entail chlorination of the acetonitrile.  The resulting dichloroacetonitrile undergoes cycloaddition with sulfur monochloride:

The cation is highly electrophilic. It hydrolyzes readily.  Protic nucleophiles displace one chloride:

The compound was discovered by Appel et al.

References

Sulfur heterocycles
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring
Chlorides
Organochlorides
Sulfur–nitrogen compounds
Mark Eshbaugh. Mark Eshbaugh (born 1974) is an American artist, author, educator, and musician. He has specialized in alternative photography processes such as platinum/palladium and chrysotype printing, and gum bichromate, cyanotype and Mordançage processing. He holds a BFA degree from the University of Massachusetts Lowell and an MFA degree from the Savannah College of Art and Design.

Eshbaugh has contributed formulas to the chrysotype process that allows for various color and contrast controls. His contributions to the mordançage process include research into how different developing agents and their dilutions will result in different tonalities in the various emulsions of silver gelatin printing papers.

Publications
His artwork has been included in textbooks including both editions of The Elements of Photography by Angela Faris-Belt,
Photographic Possibilities, 3rd edition by Robert Hirsch Leanne McPhee, Chrysotype: A Contemporary Guide to Photographic Printing in Gold, 1st Edition,. Christina Z. Anderson's The Experimental Darkroom: Contemporary Uses of Traditional Black & White Photographic Materials, 1st Edition,. and Donald Nelson's Kallitype, Vandyke Brown, and Argyrotype: A Step-by-Step Manual of Iron-Silver Processes Highlighting Contemporary Artists, 1st Edition.

Notable exhibitions and awards

Eshbaugh's artworks were included in the Reus Institut Municipal d’Accio Cultural Biennals Internacionals de Fotografia Medalla Gaudi in 2001 and 2003. This bi-annual exhibition features fine art photographers from around the world working in alternative photographic processes (such as platinum Printing, gum bichromate, etc.). At each biennial, they award the Medalla Gaudi award to a few artists and purchase their work for the Institut Municipal d’Accio Cultural's permanent collection.  Eshbaugh was awarded the Medalla Gaudi and his work added to the permanent collection in 2003.

Eshbaugh's artwork was included in the 2002-03 traveling exhibition "The American River." Eshbaugh was named the 2013 Distinguished Alumni from the University of Massachusetts Lowell by the Independent University Alumni Association at Lowell. His work was also featured in the Danforth Art Museum's 2015 New England Photo Biennial.

Personal life

Mark has taught for colleges and universities including Bridgewater State University, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Montserrat College of Art, University of New Hampshire, Plymouth State University, Anna Maria College, and Saint Anselm College.

References

External links
 Personal website: Mark Eshbaugh

1974 births
Living people
American contemporary artists
American landscape photographers
21st-century American writers
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni
Savannah College of Art and Design alumni
Anna Maria College faculty
Montserrat College of Art faculty
Norwegian Engineers' and Managers' Association. The Norwegian Engineers' and Managers' Association (, FLT) is a trade union representing supervisors and technicians in the private sector in Norway.

The union was founded in 1951, as the Norwegian Association of Supervisors and Technical Officials.  It affiliated with the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.  By 2019, it had 21,266 members.

References

External links

Trade unions established in 1951
Trade unions in Norway
Chloroacetonitrile. Chloroacetonitrile is the organic compound with the formula ClCH2CN.  A colorless liquid, it is derived from acetonitrile (CH3CN) by replacement of one H with Cl.  In practice, it is produced by dehydration of chloroacetamide.  The compound is an alkylating agent, and as such is handled cautiously.

Chloroacetonitrile is also generated in situ by the reaction of acetonitrile with sulfur monochloride.  A second chlorination gives dichloroacetonitrile, which undergoes cycloaddition with sulfur monochloride to give 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride:
Cl2CHCN  +  S2Cl2  →  [S2NC2Cl2]Cl  +  HCl

See also
halogenation

References

Nitriles
Warpspace. Warpspace is a private Japanese company developing an inter-satellite communication system based on laser communication. Warpspace is developing a medium Earth orbit satellite, WarpHub InterSat, which will communicate with other satellites in low Earth orbit using optical communication, then pass on the received data to ground stations.

History
Warpspace was founded in 2016 as a spin-off company of Tsukuba University. In 2017, the company tested a mobile ground control station, receiving data from Tsukuba University's ITF-2 CubeSat in low Earth orbit. In July 2018, Warpspace announced a 'space bridal service' in which wedding plaques were to be sent to space, by placing them on a satellite and releasing it from the International Space Station (ISS). According to media reports, astronauts staying on the ISS were to take photographs of the satellite during its deployment. The company signed a contract to deploy a satellite from the ISS's Kibo Module on 24 August 2018.

In February 2020, Warpspace's first satellite, WARP-01 was unveiled during an event in Tsukuba city. WARP-01 was launched and carried to space on board Cygnus NG-15, and was deployed from the ISS on 14 March 2021.

Warpspace's second satellite, WARP-02 will be the first to become part of the WarpHub InterSat satellite constellation. As of June 2023, WARP-02 is planned to be launched in 2025.

In 2023, Warpspace was included in the Japanese government's small business innovation research (SBIR) program.

WarpHub InterSat
WarpHub InterSat is a satellite constellation for inter-satellite data relay planned by Warpspace. Each satellite will have an optical communication terminal. As of 2022, Warpspace plans to launch three satellites for WarpHub InterSat.

Warpspace contracted ReOrbit to manufacture the satellite bus, and each of the satellites will be equipped with a Mynaric CONDOR Mk 3 terminal. The terminals follow the Space Development Agency's Transport Layer Tranche 1 standard.

The first WarpHub InterSat satellite is nicknamed LEIHO, which means sacred mountain in Japanese, in reference to Mount Tsukuba which is regarded as sacred in Shinto. LEIHO is planned to be launched in 2025.

See also
 Private spaceflight

References

External links
 
 Warpspace

Private spaceflight companies
Communications satellite operators
Spacecraft manufacturers
Institution of Engineers metro station. Institution of Engineers, also known as Institute of Engineers, is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the Aqua Line of Nagpur Metro in Nagpur, India. It was opened on 28 January 2020.

Station layout

See also
 Nagpur
 Maharashtra
 List of Nagpur Metro stations
 Rapid transit in India

References

Nagpur Metro stations
Railway stations in India opened in 2020
Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research. The Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research or S.P.N.D. (, transliterated Sazman-e Pazhouheshhaye Novin-e Defa’i and abbreviated سازمان سپند) is a research and development agency of the Iran's Ministry of Defence responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. According to Iranian medias, it is the Iranian counterpart of the American DARPA. The organization was reportedly established and led by Mohsen Fakhrizadeh until his assassination outside Tehran on November 26, 2020.

According to the Israeli officials, later backed up by American intelligence officials, it was tasked with the research and development of nuclear weapons, and took over some of the activities of the AMAD Project. It has been sanctioned by the United States Department of State and United States Department of the Treasury. According to the US, it was established in 2011.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the organization developed Iran's first COVID-19 testing kits and also FAKHRAVAC, a COVID-19 vaccine.

References 

Organisations based in Iran
Government-owned companies of Iran
Government agencies of Iran
Scientific organisations based in Iran
Canada–United States international border vista. The Canada–United States international border vista (colloquially known as The Slash) is a man-made track of deforestation that demarcates portions of the border between the two nations.

Description
This border vista is a  man-made cut-through of forestland maintained along areas of the border with dense forestation. There are many different sections of the vista, and the total length can vary depending on cycles of maintenance and upkeep, but an approximate length of  has been reported by the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

From a bird's eye perspective, the vista appears as a "line" running through the wilderness, and can be clearly seen on satellite imagery. 

From the ground, one would observe that the vista follows a series of man-made survey monuments that mark the border along the northern 49th parallel, the Alaska/Canada border, and the non-linear eastern border. Because of inaccurate measurements by the official surveyors in the 19th century, the border and thus the vista strays from the intended location by hundreds of feet in some places. It is the actual location of the monuments, however, and not their intended location that defines the border by treaty. It is illegal to cross the vista without official permission.

History
The vista was the result of a larger border maintenance plan officially agreed upon by the two nations in treaties signed in 1908 and 1925 (the vista had existed, unofficially, since the 1800s). The International Boundary Commission (IBC) was created by the treaties, with members from both nations, and mandated to clearly demarcate the international border. In more populous, less forested areas, this was accomplished largely with signs, monuments, physical barriers, and service roads; but the mountainous terrain and wilderness conditions in certain areas made that approach impractical, thus the 20-foot-wide track of deforestation was adopted as a solution.

Maintenance
Each country is responsible for funding the maintenance of  on either side of the center-line. The IBC reports a $1.4 million annual budget (total amount for all border maintenance, including vista clearing). The American half of this equates to about one half cent per tax payer each year. Every six years the vista undergoes an extensive cut-back of any encroaching wilderness.

Enforcement
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency (CBP) is tasked with monitoring all border activity. This can be challenging in the remote areas of the vista, so DHS and the CBP's divisions of border patrol cooperated to install third-party technology in the form of solar-powered, motion-detecting surveillance equipment, known as the Slash CameraPole system. The equipment is generally placed along areas of the vista that are within hiking distances of major highways.

References

Canada–United States border
Forest management
List of bridges with buildings. There are very few bridges with buildings in the world. This list attempts to identify all the existing ones and notable former ones featuring significant closed commercial, residential, governmental, or religious worship structures.  There exist numerous proposals for inhabited bridges, including 73 designs submitted in the Royal Institute of British Architects' competition at the 800th anniversary of London Bridge, but the table here presents only bridges actually built.  Various blogs and magazines itemize a small number of them.
Many bridges include pavilions or other shelters serving pedestrians crossing the bridge, without providing commercial, residential, governmental, or religious worship space; these are not included.

Some "covered" or "roofed" bridges, such as Pont de Rohan, in Landerneau, and the Pont des Marchands, in Narbonne, both in France, have residential buildings; these two are among at least 45 inhabited bridges in Europe. Other covered bridges in Germany, the United States, and elsewhere might be seen as "buildings" in that their roof protects an enclosed area, but the purpose of the covering is to preserve the structure and the enclosed space is primarily for traffic to pass through. The term "covered bridges" is also used for structures in China such as Chengyang Bridge (1912) and Xijin Bridge (rebuilt 1718) which have large enclosed spaces, but for these it appears that space is not provided for commercial or residential use.

The term "covered bridge" is sometimes used broadly to describe any "bridge-like structure" that is covered by a roof. However, bridge-like structures such as Heilig-Geist-Spital, a hospital built out over two arched spans into the Pegnitz river in Nuremberg, but which did not ever provide a complete crossing to the other side, are not included, nor are certain other bridge-like structures that provide complete spans but are not open to the public for crossing.

Bridges having buildings (with significant commercial, residential, governmental, or religious worship space) include:

Australia

Bulgaria

Canada

China

Czech Republic

England

France

"Between 12th and 16th century many bridges were built with houses on them. They were solution for limited accommodation in walled cities and only France had as many as 35."

Ponts Couverts, Strasbourg, a covered bridge in Strasbourg, has four massive towers that are buildings, but these are on islands not the bridge itself. (See :File:Panorama de Strasbourg - 2014-02-02- P1760351 - P1760357.jpg)

Germany

Italy

Spain

Switzerland

Turkey

United States

Vietnam

Wales

See also 
Bridge castle
List of lists of covered bridges in North America

References

With Buildings
Electric Loco Shed, Bokaro Steel City. Electric Loco Shed, Bokaro Steel City is a motive power depot performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for electric locomotives of the Indian Railways, located at Bokaro Steel City of the South Eastern Railway zone in Jharkhand, India.

Operations
Being one of the four electric engine sheds in South Eastern Railway, various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried out here. It has the sanctioned capacity of 100 engine units. Beyond the operating capacity, this shed houses a total of 110 engine units, including 66 WAG-7 and 44 WAG-9. Like all locomotive sheds, BKSC does regular maintenance, overhaul and repair including painting and washing of locomotives.

Locomotives

References

Bokaro Steel City
Transport in Bokaro
2011 establishments in Jharkhand
Rail transport in Jharkhand
Iringa–Sumbawanga High Voltage Power Line. The Iringa–Sumbawanga High Voltage Power Line, also Iringa–Mbeya–Tunduma–Sumbawanga High Voltage Power Line, is a high voltage electricity power line, under development in Tanzania. The 400 kiloVolts power line will connect the high voltage substation at Iringa, to another high voltage substation at Sumbawanga.

Location 
The power line starts in the city of Iringa, in Iringa Region, about  south of Dodoma, Tanzania's capital city. The power line runs in a southwesterly direction for approximately  to the city of Mbeya, in Mbeya Region.

At Mbeya, the power line continues southwestwards to the town of Tunduma, in Songwe Region, at the international border with Zambia, a distance of about . From Tunduma the line travels in a north-westerly direction for about  to end in the city of Sumbawanga in Rukwa Region. The power line, which does not follow the road all the time, is quoted to have a total length of approximately .

Overview 
The Iringa–Sumbawanga High Voltage Power Line serves two main purposes. The first is to create a high voltage backbone in the central and southern regions of Tanzania, stabilize the electricity grid and promote development in those communities.
The second major purpose is to allow exchange of grid electricity between Tanzania and Zambia, and ultimately between the Eastern Africa Power Pool to which Tanzania belongs and the Southern African Power Pool to which Tanzania ad Zambia belong.

Construction
In June 2018, the World Bank Group committed to lend the Government of Tanzania, US$455 million, towards the execution of this infrastructure project. As part of this project, the electricity substation at Iringa will be updated from 220kV to 400kV, and new substations will be erected at Kisada, Mbeya, Tunduma and Sumbawanga. Work will also include a  double-circuit line from Tunduma to the Zambian border, which will be energized at 330kV. As of February 2020, the project was at tendering stage.

See also 
 Energy in Tanzania
 Isinya–Singida High Voltage Power Line

References

External links 
 Website of Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited
 Tanzania’s power initiative receives major boost from the World Bank As of 27 June 2018.

High-voltage transmission lines in Tanzania
Energy in Tanzania
Energy infrastructure in Africa
Proposed electric power transmission systems
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Tanzania
Midland Counties Trades Federation. The Midland Counties Trades Federation was a trade union federation bringing together unions involved in engineering in the West Midlands of England.

History
Richard Juggins was the general secretary of the National Amalgamated Association of Nut and Bolt Makers, the only full-time trade union official in the engineering industry in the West Midlands.  As a result, he was often asked to represent the local engineering unions as a whole, and he decided that they should form a loose federation to organise this co-operation.

In March 1886, Juggins organised meetings in Smethwick and Darlaston to promote his idea, and delegates unanimously approved it.  As a result, it was established on 12 May 1886, sharing headquarters in Darlaston with the Nut and Bolt Makers.  The other founding unions were the Dudley Anvil Makers, and the Walsall Chain Makers.  By the end of the year, its affiliates represented 1,000 members, but five years later, this had grown to 14,000 members in 66 unions.

The federation supported a strike by the chain makers over the winter of 1886 and 1887, and although its aims were not achieved, affiliates believed that the support of the federation had aided recruitment and would result in longer-term benefits.  The union also achieved wage increases for several local industries, and from 1889, wage boards were created in many of them.  Membership of the federation slumped to only 4,000 in 1894, but then grew again to a peak of 19,500 in 1900, at which time, it had 45 affiliates.

The federation considered sponsoring Juggins as a Liberal-Labour candidate for Dudley at the 1892 UK general election, but affiliates were divided on the merits of the idea, so he did not go forward.  In later years, it engaged more closely with Parliamentarians, and leaders including general secretary John Taylor, president William Millerchip, and chain makers' leader Tom Sitch, all became prominent local councillors, but without formal backing from the federation.  It attended the founding conference of the Labour Representation Committee, and in 1903, Taylor was asked to stand for the new party, but again, he was unable to secure the federation's backing and so declined.

In the 20th-century, membership of the federation fell away, as employment in the relevant industries dropped, and many affiliates merged into large unions.  In addition, the federation did not cover the increasingly prevalent machine workers, who were seen as unskilled, and instead joined general unions, nor did it attempt to organise women, who were represented by the National Federation of Women Workers.  While membership rose around World War I, it then declined again.  The federation was finally dissolved in about 1941.

General Secretaries
1886: Richard Juggins
1901: John Taylor

References

Engineering trade unions
Trade unions established in 1886
Trade unions disestablished in 1941
Trade unions based in the West Midlands (county)
Linha Universidade. Linha Universidade or LinhaUni is the company responsible for the construction and operation of São Paulo Metro Line 6-Orange for 24 years (2020–2044), through a public-private partnership concession, in partnership with the Government of the State of São Paulo. Its main associate is Spanish group Acciona.

Line 6, in its first phase, will have  of extension, and will connect stations Brasilândia and São Joaquim, being completely underground.

LinhaUni rolling stock
Line 6 will have a rolling stock of 22 trains, with 6 cars each, to be made by Alstom.

See also
 Line 6 (São Paulo Metro)
 Acciona

References

External links
 

Companies based in São Paulo (state)
São Paulo Metro
Railway companies of Brazil
Railway companies established in 2019
Brazilian companies established in 2019
4-Fluorobutanol. 4-Fluorobutanol is a chemical compound, a flammable colorless liquid which is a fluorinated alcohol.  Like 2-fluoroethanol, it is highly toxic due to its ready metabolism to fluoroacetate.

See also
 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
 2-Fluoroethanol
 Methyl fluoroacetate
 Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate

References

Primary alcohols
Organofluorides