omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Williams Way, Gibraltar. Williams Way is a tunnel through the eastern part of the Rock of Gibraltar.

Description
It is one of two tunnels in Gibraltar named after Lt Col A R O Williams, of 178 Tunnelling Company, Royal Engineers. Arthur Robert Owen Williams (1905-1989) was known as "ARO". He had trained as a miner in South Africa and was in charge of tunnelling operation in Gibraltar during World War II. When he left the army he was also given an OBE. Williams also gave his name to Arow Street which is a tunnel entirely inside the rock.

The tunnel's entrance starts at Catalan Bay Road and exits at Sir Herbert Miles Road. It was built in 1942 to bypass a landslide which had been triggered by a large detonation of explosives during quarrying operations. The landslide completely blocked off the road to Catalan Bay Village. This tunnel also provides access to MacFarlane's Gallery and during 1944/1945 was used to provide an entrance to a fuel storage area known as Project 'C'.

On 1 October 2012 a fire occurred inside the tunnel in a disused control room which took two hours to extinguish.

References

Tunnels in Gibraltar
Lanitz Aviation. Lanitz Aviation is a German aircraft manufacturer based in Leipzig. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of aircraft fabric systems and in particular their Oratex material for model and ultralight aircraft. The company also has developed and produces three ultralight aircraft that were originally produced by British manufacturers Escapade Aircraft and The Light Aircraft Company.

The company at one time produced its own two-stroke aircraft engine, the  Lanitz 3W 342 iB2 TS.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany
Valiant-class harbor tug. The Valiant class is a class of US Navy yard tugboats (YT) that entered service in 2009. These tugs are designed to provide ship assist, barge and general towing, and escort services.

Design
Before committing to a new tug design, Navy Region Northwest upgraded two of the older s, Menominee (YT-807) and Washtucna (YTB-826), with improved power systems and z-drive propulsion units. Experience with these and two other YTBs with improved winch and power equipment lead to the decision to build new tugs.

The Valiant class was designed by Robert Allan Ltd. and derived from their Z-Tech 6000 commercial tugboat design. The prime contractor for the first four class members was Pacific Tugboat Services of Long Beach, California.  The builder was J.M. Martinac Shipbuilding Corp. of Tacoma, Washington.

Unlike previous classes of navy tugboats, the Valiant class employs z-drive propulsion units manufactured by Schottel. These SRP 1012 drive units can be turned through 360 degrees to provide thrust in any direction.  The z-drive propulsion and the unique hull shape allow this class of tug to have roughly the same bollard pull ratings ahead, , as astern, .  The z-drive propulsion units are powered by  Caterpillar Marine 3512C V12 diesel engines.

For towing, Valiant-class tugs are able to run stern-first using the JonRie InterTech hydraulic bow winch. This "tractor" mode of operation is accommodated with a stern profile that is higher than the bow profile.

An electric powered tug is being considered as a way for the Navy to reach its 2020 fossil fuel reduction goals.

Valiant-class tugs have an extendable, pivoting brow for use when personnel transfers are required. There are four state rooms, 2 singles for the chief engineer and the tug master, and two doubles for the other crew members. There is also a galley and mess area.  The deck house is well insulated to reduce vibration and sound levels in the accommodations areas. The pilot house is windowed all around.

Ships in the class

References 

Auxiliary ship classes of the United States Navy
Light Wing AC4. The Light Wing AC4 is a Swiss ultralight and light-sport aircraft, designed by Hans Gygax and produced by Light Wing AG of Stans. The aircraft was publicly introduced at the AERO Friedrichshafen show in 2013. It is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The AC4 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, with "V"-struts and jury struts, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from a combination of composites and aluminum sheet, with its tailboom made from a single large diameter aluminium tube and the wings and tail surfaces covered in aluminium. Its  span wing has an area of , is supported by V-struts and mounts flaps. The standard engine available is the  Rotax 912ULS or Rotax 912iS four-stroke powerplant.

The AC4 can accommodate one pilot and one passenger and was also designed for aero-towing gliders. It can also accommodate a stretcher for Medevac missions. It received European European Aviation Safety Agency type certification to the Certification Specification for Light Sport Aeroplanes (CS-LSA) on 6 August 2015.

Specifications (AC4 LSA)

References

External links

2000s Swiss ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Drosophila synthetica. Drosophila synthetica refers to a genetically engineered population of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. This population was created under laboratory conditions to ensure it is morphologically and genetically different enough from its wild type to be a separate species. D. synthetica has small white eyes, strongly veined wings, and is unable to hybridize with D. melanogaster. This population was created in 2012 by the Spanish geneticist Eduardo Moreno, working at the University of Bern.

Features 
D. synthetica is morphologically similar to D. melanogaster, but differs by having smaller eyes with no red pigments and more strongly veined wings.

Reproduction 
D. synthetica are fertile and able to produce viable offspring. Hybrids of D. synthetica and D. melanogaster die early in their pupal stage and are unable to develop into adults. As a direct result, the populations of D. synthetica and D. melanogaster are reproductively isolated.

References 

 Eduardo Moreno: Design and Construction of "Synthetic Species". In: PLoS One 7 (7), 2012. , e39054, S. 1–6. (Full Text)
 https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/1059968888 Paul Voosen. Biotech: I found it cool to try to build a species with my own hands. E&E Publishing.] Posted: August 16, 2012.

synthetica
DRDO Imperial Eagle. The Imperial Eagle is an Indian light-weight mini-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment, National Aerospace Laboratories and supported by private vendors. Its primary users will be the National Security Guard and the military services.

Design and development
The Imperial Eagle weighs 2.5 kg and can carry either a daylight camera or thermal night vision camera. It was designed to be carried in soldier’s backpack, be hand-launched and recoverable through a soft landing. It is completely autonomous and can be programmed with navigational way-points, which can be changed in-flight by the ground control. With a ground tracker system, it is capable of providing continuous imagery of the on-board camera irrespective of the attitude of the aircraft.

The major advantage of the vehicle is that it functions on autopilot. Its orientation can be controlled using a dedicated real-time operating system (RTOS). Further, the UAV can be tracked using Automatic Gain Control or GPS-based systems. Patrolling across the target area, the UAV will send images day and night. Zooming in over the enemy area, the UAV can carry a payload of about 250 g and has an accuracy of 1 degree.

According to DRDO spokesperson Ravi Kumar Gupta, the UAV had been tested for several years, and the program has been deemed successful after the flight tests in January 2012.

Collaboration with private industry
Many components of the UAV, like the autopilot, thermal camera, data links, trackers and the carbon composites air-frame were provided by the private industry in India.

Operators
The unique features of Imperial Eagle have already caught the attention of several premier institutions and paramilitary wings. National Security Guard (NSG), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), National Institute of Disaster Management and home department of several states have shown interest in procuring the vehicle. ADE’s senior officers have already made a detailed presentation to NSG officials.

Specifications

See also

DRDO Netra
NAL / ADE Golden Hawk
NAL / ADE Pushpak
NAL / ADE Black Kite

References

External links
External image of DRDO Imperial Eagle

Unmanned military aircraft of India
Rustom
Micro air vehicles
Cantilever magnetometry. Cantilever magnetometry is the use of a cantilever to measure the magnetic moment of magnetic particles. On the end of cantilever is attached a small piece of magnetic material, which interacts with external magnetic fields and exerts torque on the cantilever. These torques cause the cantilever to oscillate faster or slower, depending on the orientation of the particle's moment with respect to the external field, and the magnitude of the moment. The magnitude of the moment and magnetic anisotropy of the material can be deduced by measuring the cantilever's oscillation frequency versus external field. 

A useful, although limited analogy is that of a pendulum: on earth it oscillates with one frequency, while the same pendulum on, say, the moon, would oscillate with a slower frequency. This is because the mass on the end of the pendulum interacts with the external gravitational field, much as a magnetic moment interacts with an external magnetic field.

Cantilever equation of motion
As the cantilever oscillates back and forth it arches into hyperbolic curves with the salient feature that a tangent to the end of the cantilever always intersects one point along the middle axis. From this we define the effective length of the cantilever, , to be the distance from this point to the end of the cantilever (see image to the right). The Lagrangian for this system is then given by

where  is the effective cantilever mass,  is the volume of the particle,  is the cantilever-constant and  is the magnetic moment of the particle. To find the equation of motion we note that we have two variables,  and  so there are two corresponding Lagrangian equations which need to be solved as a system of equations, 

where we have defined .

We can plug Eq. 1 into our Lagrangian, which then becomes a function of  only. Then , and we have

or

where . The solution to this differential equation is  where  and  are coefficients determined by the initial conditions. The motion of a simple pendulum is similarly described by this differential equation and solution in the small angle approximation.

We can use the binomial expansion to rewrite , 

which is the form as seen in literature, for example equation 2 in the paper "Magnetic Dissipation and Fluctuations in Individual Nanomagnets Measured
by Ultrasensitive Cantilever Magnetometry".

References

Magnetometers
Methylphosphonyl dichloride. Methylphosphonyl dichloride (DC) or dichloro is an organophosphorus compound. It has commercial application in oligonucleotide synthesis, but is most notable as being a precursor to several chemical weapons agents. It is a white crystalline solid that melts slightly above room temperature.

Synthesis and reactions
Methylphosphonyl dichloride is produced by oxidation of methyldichlorophosphine, with sulfuryl chloride:
CH3PCl2  +  SO2Cl2  →   CH3P(O)Cl2  +  SOCl2

It can also be produced from a range of methylphosphonates (e.g. dimethyl methylphosphonate) via chlorination with thionyl chloride. Various amines catalyse this process.  
With hydrogen fluoride or sodium fluoride, it can be used to produce methylphosphonyl difluoride.  With alcohols, it converts to the dialkoxide:
CH3P(O)Cl2  +  2HOR →   CH3P(O)(OR)2  +  HCl

Safety
Methylphosphonyl dichloride is very toxic and reacts vigorously with water to release hydrochloric acid. It is also listed under Schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention as it is used in the production of organophosphorus nerve agents such as sarin and soman.

References

Nerve agent precursors
Organophosphorus compounds
Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom
Chlorides
Phosphine oxides
MagLev (software). MagLev is an alternative implementation of the Ruby programming language built on the GemStone/S virtual machine from GemTalk Systems. Much of Maglev was set out to be written in Ruby as much as possible, resulting in some collaboration with the Rubinius project. As of the first beta release, the project runs RubyGems 1.3.5 natively, with support for C and Smalltalk extensions. MagLev has a distinct VM architecture that allows it to share code and data between runtimes and execution cycles through a Ruby API.

Architecture 
Maglev runs inside an image like Smalltalk, offering transparent object persistence to Ruby objects and classes. Object persistence is based on ACID transactions that allow multiple running instances to see a shared object graph. Maglev uses a process-based concurrency model, mapping Ruby threads to Smalltalk Processes, which are scheduled in the VM as green threads. Using MagLev should yield performance increases when using Ruby, along with allowing Ruby processes over multiple machines to use the same objects at the same time.

Installation 
MagLev is installed with RVM, using the following code snippets, copied directly from the maglev GitHub project.

 rvm install maglev
 rvm use maglev

The status can be checked using

 $ maglev status

Ruby compatibility 
Maglev targets Ruby 1.8.7 and runs a significant number of RubySpec. It supports several C extensions including Nokogiri, JSON and bcrypt.

Gemstone/S resources

References

External links 

Free software programmed in Ruby
Co-pilot (disambiguation). Co-pilot refers to the first officer (civil  aviation), also known as the second pilot (sometimes referred to as the "co-pilot") of an aircraft.

Co-pilot or copilot may also refer to:
Co-pilot Glacier, a short, steep tributary glacier in Victoria Land, New Zealand
 Copilot Music and Sound, a New York-based music content and strategy company
"Co-Pilot" (song), song by Kristina Maria featuring Laza Morgan and Corneille
 GitHub Copilot, an artificial intelligence tool for code completion and automatic programming
Microsoft Copilot, a generative artificial intelligence chatbot
Newark Co-Pilots, earlier minor league baseball team based in Newark, New York 
Performance Co-Pilot, also known as PCP, an open source tool for monitoring computer networks
Lucky Logic. Lucky Logic is a programming tool for the Fischertechnik computing models.  It uses a graphical programming language.

The first version was released in 1991 for IBM PC (DOS), Atari ST and Amiga in the course of the modular computing professional.

External links 
 knobloch-gmbh.de - Download einer LLWin-Demoversion
 pro-sign.de - LLWin-Herstellerseite (kein Support)

Programming tools
Methylmercuric dicyanamide. Methylmercuric dicyanamide is a chemical compound used as a fungicide for crops such as cereals, cotton, flax, sorghum, and sugar beets. As of 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency listed it as an unregistered pesticide in the United States. Although named as a dicyanamide, the major organic structure is a 2-cyanoguanidino group.

References

Cyanamides
Mercury(II) compounds
Khalid S. Al-Ageel. Khalid bin Saad Al-Ageel, () was the Secretary General of the Higher Commission for Industrial Security in the Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia.

He involved in planning, designing and implementing all strategies, policies and processes related to industrial security for National Infrastructure Facilities in Saudi Arabia. An expert in the field of industrial security, his research interests include innovations in industrial security and process engineering.

By order of the former Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef, he facilitated the organization and also participated in national conferences and other regional events that support and promote industrial security. These have included the  International Conference and Exhibition for industrial security, in collaboration with IFSEC International, as well as participating regularly in events held regionally by ASIS International.

He also served as a board member of the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy.

Education
Ph.D. in Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, 1999.
M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering, University of Sheffield, 1995, specializing in the field of process safety and loss prevention.
B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering, King Saud University, 1990.

Publications
Experimental and Modelling Studies of Compartment Jet Fire Suppression Using Water Spray.
Mitigation of Compartment Jet Fire Using Water Spray.

References

Khalid
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Saudi Arabian engineers
LTD LO-120S. The LTD LO-120 is a German ultralight aircraft, produced by Logistik-Technik, of Baindt and based on the earlier LO 120 S produced by LO-Fluggerrätebau. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The LO-120 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a cantilever high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit with a small windshield, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span soaring wing has an area of  and can be quickly swapped for an alternate, reduced span microlight touring wing that increases cruising speed. The tail is an inverted V-tail mounted to twin booms. The standard engine is the  Rotax 447 two-stroke powerplant.

Cockpit access is via a sliding fairing.

Specifications (LO-120S)

References

2000s German ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Fleetwings PQ-12. The Fleetwings PQ-12 , company designation Fleetwings Model 36, was a 1940s American manned aerial-target designed and built by Fleetwings for the United States Army Air Corps.

Design and development
The PQ-12 was a single-engined monoplane with a  Lycoming O-435 piston engine. It had a fixed nose-wheel landing gear, twin vertical tails and an open-cockpit was provided for manned flight. Instead of the optional pilot a 500 lb (225 kg) bomb could be carried in the cockpit. The original prototype was cancelled but a modified variant was built followed by eight test aircraft, although an order for 40 production aircraft was placed it was subsequently cancelled.

Variants
XPQ-12
Prototype, not built.
XPQ-12A
Modified prototype, one-built.
YPQ-12A
Test and evaluation aircraft, eight-built.
PQ-12A
Production variant, 40 ordered but none were built.

Specifications (YPQ-12A)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

Target drones of the United States
PQ-12
1940s United States special-purpose aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Kuwait Water Towers. The Kuwait Water Towers are a prominent group of 31 water towers in Kuwait City, Kuwait that were completed in 1976.

Design and construction
In 1965, the government of Kuwait commissioned the Swedish engineering company of VBB (since 1997 Sweco) to develop and implement a plan for a modern water-supply system for Kuwait City. The company built five groups of water towers, 31 in total, designed by its chief architect Sune Lindström, called "the mushroom towers". They were built by VBB out of standard reinforced concrete. Each tower holds 3,000 cubic meters of water. The tower groups are distinguished by number, height, color and ornamentation and they serve as landmarks for their districts.

For a sixth site, the Amir of Kuwait, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed, wanted a more spectacular design. This last group, known as Kuwait Towers, consists of three towers, two of which also serve as water towers. Water from the desalination facility is pumped up to the tower.

These thirty-three towers have together a standard capacity of 102,000 cubic meters of water. "The Water Towers" (The Kuwait Tower and the Kuwait Water Towers) were awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1980 Cycle).

See also
Svampen
Mustankallio water tower, for an organic "crocus" like look by Finnish designers and engineers

Notes

Sources
 Kultermann, Udo, 1999. Contemporary architecture in the Arab states: Renaissance of a region. New York; London: McGraw-Hill. 
 Kultermann, Udo, 1981. Kuwait Tower. Malene Bjorn's work in Kuwait. MIMAR: Architecture in Development, 1981:2. p 40–41. Hasan-Uddin Khan, ed.   Singapore: Concept Media Ltd. ISSN 0129-8372 
 Water Towers, 1983. In: Renata Holod, editor; Darl Rasdorfer, associate editor. 1983. Architecture and Community: building in the Islamic world today: the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. p. 173-181. Millerton: Aperture; Oxford: Phaidon.     
 Arkitekturmuseets tidning. (Sweden) 2008. nr.9. p. 48-49 
  Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Retrieved 5 August 2012

External links

 Architecture of Kuwait
 
 Water Towers Drawings, courtesy of architect, (submitted to the Aga Khan Award for Architecture), 1980 PDF

1976 establishments in Kuwait
Towers completed in 1976
Buildings and structures in Kuwait City
Water towers in Kuwait
Tourist attractions in Kuwait
Centibots. Centirobots, or simply centibots, were robots created around 2003 and designed to coordinate in large numbers in order to achieve a single goal, an early example of swarm robotics. The $2.2 million project was sponsored by DARPA and had principal investigator SRI International along with other investigators University of Washington's Robotics and State Estimation Lab, Stanford University and ActivMedia Robotics. SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center was known for previous work in robotics, in particular Shakey the robot and related research.

There were a total of 100 robots, 80 of which were ActivMedia Robotics Amigobots and the remaining 20 were ActivMedia Pioneer 2 AT bots. The robots were used to map out an area or locate an object of interest.

References

External links
 SRI International: Centibots
 University of Washington: Centibots

2003 in robotics
Multi-robot systems
SRI International