omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kamal Al-Shair. Kamal Al-Shair (19 May 193022 August 2008) was a Jordanian politician and engineer. He was born in As-Salt west of Amman the capital of Jordan. He established the Dar Al-Handasah company in Beirut in 1956 and it is one of the largest Arab engineering consultancy firms. It has over 45 offices in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and North America.

Career
In university, Al-Shair received a Magister and a Doctorate degree in engineering from both the University of Michigan and Yale University in the United States. He became a professor in the American University of Beirut in the year 1956 and continued until 1958. During 1956 he established Dar Al-Handasah with three of his students. He became the Vice President of the Jordanian Building Committee year 1962; as well as the head of the board for the Jordan Phosphate Mines in 1967. In 1989 he became a part of the Jordanian Parliament as well for two terms. Al-Shair also headed "The Palestinian Company For Growth and Development" before his death in 2008. 
 His company also headed the building of the Abdoun Bridge also known as the Kamal Al-Shair bridge.

Political life
Al-Shair accepted to the invitation of former Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Tal to be Vice-President of the Jordanian Development Council, six years after the founding of Dar Al-Handasah in Beirut. The prime minister was the formal head of the council, but the actual work was entrusted to Kamal his deputy. Al-Shair says in his book "From Home to the World: My Biography and Profession”, that the position was suitable for him, as he did not want to assume a ministerial position so as not to involve himself in political debates. Despite that he had the rank of minister. In his aforementioned book, he blames the Palestinian organizations for the events of Black September and for the Lebanese Civil War, and even holds them responsible for the 1982 Lebanon War. Also stating that, they were responsible for not accepting the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. He seems to be in a constant position of criticism of the Palestinian national movement, including the choice of the armed action approach. It is lamented that this movement did not adopt the non-violent method adopted by Mahatma Gandhi in confronting the British Raj.

Shair was an Arab nationalist, as well as being a supporter of Western liberalism. He was critical of Gamal Abdel Nasser's regime, accusing him of causing the outbreak of the Six-Day War. He distanced himself from joining any political party.

Awards

 The Jordanian Order of Merit, First Class.
 Cedar Medal, Officer Rank, from the Lebanese Republic.

References

1930 births
2008 deaths
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Shair
Carbon neutrality in the United States. Carbon neutrality in the United States refers to reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to the point where carbon emissions are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the European Union, and countries worldwide, the United States has implemented carbon neutrality measures and law reform at both federal and state levels: 
the Presidency has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% to 52% compared to 2005 levels by 2030, a carbon free power sector by 2035, and for the entire economy to be net zero by 2050. 
by April 2023, 22 states, plus Washington DC and Puerto Rico had set legislative or executive targets for clean power production. 
all cars or light vehicles will have zero emissions (i.e. no internal combustion engine with gas or diesel) by 2035 in light duty vehicles, and no longer be bought by federal government by 2027.
the California Air Resources Board voted in 2022 to draft new rules banning gas furnaces and water heaters, and requiring zero emission appliances in 2030. By 2022, four states have gas bans in new buildings.

List of state clean electricity laws
The following is a list of measures to move to clean electricity in 22 states, plus Washington DC and Puerto Rico, dates, and the details of their laws.

Phase out of fossil fuel transport

California in 2020 set a 2035 target for all passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks to cease emissions. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York State, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Vermont also have laws for 2035.

Maine, Oregon, Washington have laws for 2030.

Phase out of gas boiler
California has proposed a ban on gas furnaces and heating or water systems and appliances.

See also
Fossil fuel phase-out
Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Phase-out of gas boilers
Plastic bans
Montreal Protocol

Notes

External links
Clean Energy States Alliance, Table of clean electricity goals

Low-carbon economy
Technological phase-outs
Plastic bans. Plastic bans are laws that prohibit the use of polymers manufactured from petroleum or other fossil fuels, given the pollution and threat to biodiversity that they cause. A growing number of countries have instituted plastic bag bans, and a ban on single-use plastic (such as throw-away forks or plates), and are looking to spread bans to all plastic packaging, plastic clothing (such as polyester and acrylic fiber, or any other form of unnecessary plastic that could be replaced with an easily biodegradeable, non-fossil-fuel or non-polluting alternative. Plastics biodegrade over a long period of time, and may not biodegrade fully (so that they are absorbed into the ecosystemic) leaving traces of microplastics, ranging from 450 years for a PET plastic bottle (type 1) to thousands "never" for polypropylene-based products, including food containers (type 5).

Plastic bag bans

Single-use plastic bans 
The European Union Plastic Products Directive 2019 banned single-use plastic plates, cutlery, straws, balloon sticks and cotton buds; cups, food and beverage containers made of expanded polystyrene, and all products made of oxo-degradable plastic, and to fishing gear containing plastic. The fuller list of plastics banned are listed in the Annex to the Directive.

From October 2023, the UK government has banned "single-use plastics" in England, which are defined to include a range of products, but does not include "shelf-ready pre-packaged food items" found in most supermarkets.

China has a phased-in program of plastic bans from 2020 to 2025 on products from bags, to straws, to cutlery, to certain packaging, to items in hotels.

, 12 states in the United States (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington) have banned single-use plastic bags. 

In Nigeria, reports shows that over 60 million plastic sachets are used and disposed daily, and only about 12% is recycled. The potential hazards from these reports has prompted the ban of single use plastics in Nigeria from 2025.

Plastic packaging and clothing bans
There have been broader calls for bans on use of plastics in all packaging, particularly in supermarkets and products, and in clothing.

See also
Bioplastic
Cutlery
Phase-out of fossil fuels
Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Phase-out of gas boilers
Montreal Protocol

Notes

Low-carbon economy
Technological phase-outs
Plastics and the environment
Fossil fuel phase-out
Phase-out of fossil fuel boilers. The phase-out of fossil fuel boilers is a set of policies to remove the use of fossil gas (or "natural gas") and other fossil fuels from the heating of buildings and use in appliances. Typically gas is used to heat water, for showering, or central heating. In many countries, gas heating is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and climate damage, leading a growing number of countries to introduce bans. Air source heat pumps are the main alternative.

The International Energy Agency has said that new gas boilers (or gas furnaces) should be banned no later than 2025. Many installations and appliances have a life-span of 25 years, leading for calls that the bans must take place immediately, or at latest by 2025, because otherwise targets of net zero by 2050 cannot or are unlikely to be reached. However fossil fuels lobbyists are resisting phase-out.

List of gas boiler bans
The following table lists different ban types in new or existing buildings.

See also
Fossil fuel phase-out
Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Plastic bans
Montreal Protocol

Notes

Low-carbon economy
Fossil fuel phase-out
Praseodymium acetylacetonate. Praseodymium acetylacetonate is a coordination complex with the formula . This purported anhydrous acetylacetonate complex is widely discussed but only the dihydrate   has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.
 

Upon heating under vacuum, other dihydrated lanthanide trisacetylacetonates convert to oxo-clusters . This result suggests that anhydrous Pr(O2C5H7)3 may not exist.

Instability constants (logYn) are 2.89, 4.17 and 5.29 (corresponding to n=1, 2, 3) have been determined for related materials. It can be prepared by the reaction of trialkoxypraseodymium and acetylacetone. When praseodymium chloride reacts with sodium acetylacetonate or lithium acetylacetonate in the solid phase, praseodymium acetylacetonate can also be obtained, but NaPr(acac)4 or LiPr(acac)4 will also be generated. It can form the green complex Pr(acac)3(phen) with o-phenanthroline.

References 

Praseodymium(III) compounds
Acetylacetonate complexes
Guiling (Grace) Wang. Guiling (Grace) Wang is a computer scientist whose research concerns mobile wireless sensor networks, especially vehicular ad hoc networks, and their applications in intelligent transportation systems. She currently teaches at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) where she is a distinguished professor of computer science and associate dean for research at its Ying Wu College of Computing and the founding director of the university's Center for AI Research.

Education and career
Wang is a graduate of Nankai University. She completed a PhD at Pennsylvania State University in 2006, and joined the New Jersey Institute of Technology in the same year.

Recognition
Wang was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2022, "for contributions to distributed algorithm design for sensor networks and vehicular networks". In doing so, she became the first female IEEE Fellow at NJIT. She is also a Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Chinese computer scientists
Chinese women computer scientists
Nankai University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
New Jersey Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
North Umpqua Hydroelectric Project. The North Umpqua Hydroelectric Project is a series of hydroelectric power generation facilities along the North Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The project is owned and operated by PacifiCorp.

History 
The project was constructed by PacifiCorp between 1947 and 1956. The original federal license to operate the project was issued in 1947 for a period of 50 years, expiring in 1997. A settlement agreement to renew the license was approved in 2001 after prolonged negotiations between PacifiCorp and numerous state and federal agencies.

Description 
The project consists of eight dams, three reservoirs, and miles of flumes, canals, penstocks and tunnels.

Conservationists have criticized the hydroelectric facilities for their impact on the ecology of the North Umpqua River watershed. Particular focus has been placed on the Soda Springs Dam, which restricts salmon and steelhead from swimming to spawning grounds upstream. A fish ladder allowing them upstream passage was completed in 2012 at a cost of $60 million.

References 

Buildings and structures in Douglas County, Oregon
Hydroelectric power plants in Oregon
PacifiCorp
Energy infrastructure completed in 1956
1956 establishments in Oregon
1-Methylcyclohexene. 1-Methylcyclohexene an organic compound consisting of cyclohexene with a methyl group substituent attached to the alkene group. Two other structural isomers are known: 3-methylcyclohexene and 4-methylcyclohexene. All are colorless volatile liquids.  They are specialized reagents. Methylcyclohexenes are a cyclic olefins.

Synthesis and reactions
Methylcyclohexenes are formed by the partial hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane over ruthenium catalyst.

Ozonolysis of 1-methylcyclohexene results in ring-opening.

Stereochemical probe
1-Methylcyclohexene is used as a probe of the stereochemistry of reactions involving alkenes because it is prochiral and the two sp2-carbon atoms differ.

The regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of hydrosilylation of 1-methylcyclohexene with chloro(methyl)silanes depends on the number of chlorine atoms in the hydrosilylating agent. Using chlorodimethylsilane produces a mixture of seven different products including cis- and trans-isomers of 2-, 3-, 4-chlorodimethyl(methylcyclohexyl)silanes and chlorodimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl)silane. The poor selectivity is due to the migration of the double bond in the cyclohexene ring. Reaction with dichloromethylsilane is more regioselective and stereoselective, only giving three of the seven products obtained from monochlorodimethylsilane. With trichloromethylsilane, trichlorocyclohexylmethylsilane is the only possible product and is obtained at 60 percent yield. All these products can be further reacted with Grignard reagents such as ethynylmagnesium bromide to synthesize ethynyl derivatives.

Oxidation of 1-methylcyclohexene catalyzed by cytochrome P450 yields a 2:1 mixture of hydroxylation to epoxidation products.

The stereochemistry of hydroformylation has been examined using 1-methylcyclohexene.  The main product has the formyl group on the less substituted alkene-carbon, trans with respect to the methyl substituent.

References

Cyclohexenes
Ash Creek State Wildlife Area. The Ash Creek State Wildlife Area is a protected region managed by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) in the heart of Big Valley. Spanning approximately 14,500 acres, it comprises various natural habitats and serves as a vital sanctuary for diverse plant and animal species.

Overview 
Previously known as Ash Creek Wildlife Refuge, the area was renamed to Ash Creek State Wildlife Area after the California Department of Fish and Game licensed waterfowl hunting within its boundaries. It is one of the most remote, least improved, and pristine wildlife areas managed by the CDFW.

Habitat 
The Ash Creek State Wildlife Area primarily consists of freshwater wetlands, which are formed by the seasonal flow of six streams, including Ash Creek. The region contains 3,000 acres of natural wetlands, vernal pools, and upland sagebrush. The wildlife area boasts the largest acreage of vernal pools in the watershed, providing a unique habitat for various plant and invertebrate species.

Flora and fauna 
Various mammal and bird species inhabit the Ash Creek State Wildlife Area. Mammals include pronghorn antelope, beaver, and bobcat. Bird species range from waterfowl, sandhill cranes, falcons, sage grouse, short-eared owls, to bald eagles.

Recreational activities 
The Ash Creek State Wildlife Area is popular among hunters, who travel from across California and neighboring states to hunt waterfowl during fall and winter. Other recreational activities available include fishing and bird watching. Ash Creek offers opportunities for catching local trout, and bird watching during fall and spring migration.

Historic sites 
Two historic barns, remnants of a time when the area was a working ranch, can be accessed via a county road from the east.

Access and routes 
Visitors can travel to via paved roads around the Ash Creek State Wildlife Area, beginning at the mill north of Bieber, California. The route offers views of the wetlands and a chance to explore the historic barns. Visitors can also find refreshments and a picnic spot at Adin Supply, a market located on the bank of Ash Creek in the town of Adin.

References 

Wildlife
California Department of Fish and Wildlife areas
Nature reserves in California
Hartman Ikarus. 

The Ikarus was a human-powered ornithopter, designed by the sculptor and designer Emiel Hartman in the late 1950s.

Development
The ornithopter was a high-wing monoplane, with the pilot seated in a recumbent position. Its construction followed conventional glider practice of the time. The fuselage had a bulkhead construction, covered in thin plywood. The wings featured a torsion-box spar and leading edge arrangement, and were also made from thin plywood. A series of 30 'feathers', covered in madapollam cotton were attached aft of the spar, and were able to individually bend and twist as the wings were flapped. The wings could be flapped through an arc of 30° dihedral to 10° anhedral, via a parallelogram structure which the pilot could operate using leg and arm power, with a rowing-like action. Bungee cords were integrated into the drive mechanism, to absorb and release energy as needed. It was expected that the wings would flap at 30 beats per minute. The craft featured a conventional empennage, with the pilot being able to control the elevator and rudder. There was no provision for lateral control. There was a tricycle undercarriage, with a steerable nosewheel.

Design of the ornithopter began in February 1958, with Hartman seeking advice from a number of aviation organisations and consultants. Construction commenced in August, with the work being undertaken by the glider constructor Don Campbell of Hungerford, Berkshire. The craft was completed by August 1959, with initial taxi trials being undertaken in September. In mid-October, the Ikarus was delivered to Cranfield Airport for further tests.

Testing
Flight testing commenced on Sunday, 1 November 1959, with Hartman acting as pilot. Non-flapping flights were made, towed behind an automobile.  During a subsequent towed flight, conducted on Wednesday, 4 November, at an altitude of , Hartman experienced control difficulties due to a  crosswind, landed heavily and incurred a ground loop, which damaged the port wing.

In 1964, it was reported that the Ikarus was still in storage at the College of Aeronautics, at Cranfield, with no further flight attempts having been made. The project (including design, drawing, and construction) was said to have involved 4,624 hours worth of work, and to have cost £2,450.

Patents

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

1950s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Human-powered aircraft
Ornithopters
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Alena Šolcová. Alena Šolcová (born 26 March 1950) is a Czech mathematician and science historian. She is the founder of the Kepler Museum, an astronomy museum in Prague.

Life and work 
Between 1968 and 1973, Šolcová studied mathematics at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics and Philosophy at Charles University. Between 2002 and 2005, she completed her doctoral studies in mathematics in Civil Engineering with the doctoral thesis titled Fermat's Ideas Revived in Mathematics Applied in Engineering, and in 2009 she completed her habilitation at the Czech Technical University in Prague, and was appointed associate professor in the field of applied mathematics.

Šolcová works at the Faculty of Information Technologies of the Czech Technical University in Prague, where she teaches mathematical logic and the history of mathematics and computer science. She also deals with logic, number theory, some numerical methods and the history of mathematics, computer science and astronomy. Since 1992, she has led the SEDMA seminar (Seminar for the History of Mathematics, Informatics and Astronomy) and the working group for the history of exact sciences HEXA. She was the initiator and founder of an astronomy museum, the Kepler Museum in Prague (after its establishment, the museum was managed by the Czech Astronomical Society, in operation from 2009 to 2017).

She initiated the establishment of commemorative plaques to Albert Einstein on Prague's Old Town Square and another to Austrian mathematician Johann Radon in Děčín, Czech Republic.

Šolcová is an honorary member of the Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists and has served as its chairman beginning in 2018. She is also a member of the editorial board of the Czechoslovak Journal for Physics. She remains an active member of the Czech Mathematical Society and the Czech Society for Cybernetics and Informatics, which provides expertise concerning issues in logic, probability and reasoning.

Honors 
 The magic of numbers - From great discoveries to applications, Academia Praha, 2009, 2011, 2018 with co-authors Michal Křížek and Lawrence Somer, was awarded the Hlávká prize for scientific literature in 2010 (First prize).
 In 1998, the International Astronomical Union named planet No. 58682 Alenašolcová in her honor.

Selected publications 
 Šolcová, Alena, and Michał Křižek. "Fermat And Mersenne Numbers In Pepin's Test1." Demonstratio Mathematica 39, no. 4 (2006): 737–742.
 Křížek, Michal, Alena Šolcová, and Lawrence Somer. "Construction of Šindel sequences." Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 48, no. 3 (2007): 373–388.
 Solcova, Alena, and Michal Krizek. "Vladimír Vand (1911–1968): Pioneer of Computational Methods in Crystallography." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 33, no. 4 (2011): 38–44.
 Křížek, Michal, Lawrence Somer, and Alena Šolcová. From great discoveries in number theory to applications. Cham: Springer, 2021.

References

External links 

1950 births
Living people
Czech mathematicians
20th-century Czech mathematicians
20th-century women mathematicians
Charles University alumni
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
Czech Technical University in Prague
AiSCOUT. aiScout is a football scouting platform which is part of the ai.io suite of fully automated intelligent data solutions.

The platform gives aspiring athletes the opportunity to have their talent analysed, develop their game and get scouted by the world’s best sporting organisations.

There are 300 million players across the world — and aiScout is designed to give each of them an equal opportunity to be discovered. The technology, powered by advanced artificial intelligence, is capable of capturing and analysing vast amounts of data through a mobile phone. Analysing over 51 datapoints, aiScout puts elite-level analysis into the hands of amateur athletes.

aiScout is also a fully automated system designed to help elite sporting organisations to identify, analyse and engage talent faster than ever before. Intertwining cutting-edge artificial intelligence with elite-level data capture — all from a mobile phone or desktop — aiScout offers clubs and organisations unprecedented access to the world’s best amateur players.

History
After his son, Reef, was let go by Tottenham Hotspur aged 16, founder Darren Peries was approached by several scouts, each requesting data and videos of his son before coming out to watch him.

Darren was amazed to find that there was no technology for amateur players to produce reliable, benchmarked data to assist clubs and scouts in finding and developing players. That’s when aiScout was born.

aiScout partnered with English Premier League side Chelsea to undertake Research & Development. 

aiScout has partnered with the Sri Lanka Football Association. 

In 2021, aiScout partnered with another Premier League club, Burnley FC.

Besides clubs in England, aiScout has been used by clubs in India.   

In 2023, aiScout announced a ground-breaking partnership with Major League Soccer (MLS) in the USA. Free and Accessible Artificial Intelligence-Based Platform Will Give All Soccer Players an Opportunity to be Analyzed, Scored, Rated and Seen by Scouts from MLS, MLS NEXT Pro and MLS NEXT.

References

Sports apps