omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ruby Group. The Ruby Group of two 600 ton Fourth Rate vessels were part of the 1651 Programme. They were the two larger vessels. Initially five vessels were specified, three of 410 tons at 6.10.0d per ton and two of 600 tons at £7.10.0d per ton. The size of these vessels grew from the 1647 predecessors with 600 tonners being much broader. The two 600-ton vessels would be completed as 42-gun Fourth Rates.

Design and specifications
The construction one  vessels was assigned to Portsmouth Dockyard with one vessel contracted to Peter Pett I of Ratcliffe. The dimensional data was so varied that it will be listed on the individual vessels along with their gun armament composition.

Ships of the 1651 Programme Group

Notes

Citations

References
 British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © Rif Winfield 2009, EPUB , Chapter 4, The Fourth Rates - 'Small Ships', Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603, Ruby Group
 Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt-Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © the estate of J.J. Colledge, Ben Warlow and Steve Bush 2020, EPUB 

Frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships of the Royal Navy
1650s ships
Nanophotonic scintillators. Nanophotonic scintillators are scintillating materials or structures which possess improved properties due to the manipulation of the scintillated visible light using nanophotonics.

The most common approach for using nanophotonics to improve the scintillated signal is to coat the thick bulk scintillator by a thin film (usually a 2D photonic crystal) that reduce the total internal reflected light and thus improve the amount of signal that is transmitted towards the photodetector. Thus, the coating improve the quantum yield of the scintillator, that is, the amount of visible photons that get extracted from the scintillator as a result of a single quanta of high-energy excitation. This approach can be beneficial for all scintillation applications (for example, medical imaging devices as PET-CT, airport security machines, and free-electron cameras). The best performance of this approach recently showed a 10-fold enhancement in the quantum yield in a micro-CT experiment.  

Another, more recent approach, attempts to utilize the control over the intrinsic scintillation process of spontaneous emission to improve scintillation. This approach is based on the Purcell effect to enhance the spontaneous emission by manipulating the local photonic density of states. That is, instead of having an isotropic emission of light due to a high-energy radiation that reaches the scintillator, the emission itself is directional towards the location of the detector through a reduction of the emission into directions which experience total internal reflection between the scintillator and its surrounding materials (usually air). Experimental signatures of such enhancements have been reported in a cathodoluminescence experiment. The fabrication of nanophotonic scintillators also can be easier and low-cost in solution-processable perovskite (structure) scintillators as they can be patterned through nanoimprinting lithography while some perovskite materials with high refractive index already demonstrated strong Purcell effect and spontaneous emission inhibition.

References 

photonics
DeepStack. DeepStack is an artificial intelligence computer program designed to play two-player poker, specifically heads up no-limit Texas hold 'em. It is the first computer program to outplay human professionals in this game.

Background

Poker is a key benchmark game in academic community and substantial amount of research was done to find optimal strategies against worst case adversaries.
While human professionals have been outplayed in large perfect information games, such as Chess, decades before, imperfect information games require much more complex recursive reasoning.
Prior popular approaches relied mainly on simplification of the game by using abstractions. However, abstractions in imperfect-information games often result in highly-exploitable strategies.
Instead, DeepStack uses several algorithmic innovations, such as the use of neural networks and continual resolving.
The program was developed by an international team from Charles University, Czech Technical University and University of Alberta.

Algorithm

At the core of the program is the use of neural networks for determining the value of specific card combinations. 
The networks are trained only on a small number of games states and are used to generalize to situations not seen during training.
The program uses search with the neural networks and continual resolving to ensure strategy found at each step is consistent with the strategy used in previous steps. 
The search procedure uses counterfactual regret minimization to iteratively update strategy in its lookahead tree, and the neural networks are used for leaf evaluation. The leaf evaluation avoids reasoning about the entire remainder of the game by substituting the computation beyond a certain depth with a fast approximate estimate.

2016 tournament with professional players

In a study completed December 2016, DeepStack defeated 11 professional poker players by playing 44,000 hands of poker. Over all games played, DeepStack won 49 big blinds/100 (always folding would only lose 75 bb/100), over four standard deviations from zero, making it the first computer program to beat professional poker players in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker.

Competing approaches

Concurrently with DeepStack, a competing approach from Carnegie Mellon University research group was published, called Libratus. On January 11 to 31, 2017, Libratus was pitted in a tournament against four top-class human poker players. The algorithm was also published in Science. Libratus does not use neural networks for leaf evaluation. Experts argue that using learning with neural networks (as done by DeepStack) is more general and it has been indeed used in subsequent works that generalize to other games with imperfect information

Reception by the poker community

Dara O'Kearney, an Irish poker professional who completed 456 hands, claimed that DeepStack played in a style similar to one used by some human players, based on game theory.

See also
Computer poker players
Cepheus (poker bot)
Libratus
Pluribus (poker bot)

References 

Poker tools
Rio Claro Araponga. The Rio Claro Araponga (Brazilian Portuguese name for the Neotropical bellbird), was a single-seat sailplane of high-wing.

Design and development
In 1983, a group of aviators from the Rio Claro aero club decided to hire Sílvio de Oliveira, an aeronautical engineer, to develop a high performance monoplace glider. Initially it was planned to build two copies, the resources were pooled among the members.  With classic lines and entirely built in native wood, with a plywood outer cover, it had conventional landing gear flaps formed by a fixed skid and a fixed roller, semi-embedded on the fuselage and fixed skid under the tail.

Specifications

See also
 List of Brazilian gliders

Notes

References

External links
Rio Claro Air Club website 

1980s Brazilian civil aircraft
1980s Brazilian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1985
High-wing aircraft
Pyrios. Pyrios is an advanced Liquid rocket booster concept proposed in 2012 by Dynetics for use on NASA's Space Launch System heavy-lift launch vehicle. Pyrios was intended to use the RP-1/LOX F-1B, a modernized version of the F-1A engine built by Aerojet Rocketdyne. Developed during the later stages of the Apollo program, the F-1A was test-fired but never flew. Several were created and stored by Rocketdyne. The company has also maintained an F-1/F-1A knowledge retention program for its engineers for the entire period the engine has been mothballed. Dynetics is now performing tests on engine components pulled from storage. Pyrios was intended to use the same attachment points as the five-segment SRBs

The name is derived from Greek mythology. Pyrois was a horse that pulled sun god Helios’ chariot.

References

Rocket stages
List of Electron first stages. An  Electron first-stage booster is a reusable rocket stage used on the Rocket Lab Electron launch vehicle. It is made of a carbon composite developed and manufactured by Rocket Lab. In 2019, Rocket Lab announced plans to recover and reuse the first stage of Electron despite previously dismissing the idea. Flight 16 was the first launch to test recovery procedures followed by Flight 20 which, despite a failed primary mission, still achieved a successful Splashdown recovery and Flight 22. On 5 April 2022, Rocket Lab announced that flight 26 would feature the first full recovery attempt with a helicopter catch. The flight launched on 2 May 2022 UTC from launch pad 1A in Mahīa. While the Sikorsky S-92 was able to intersect the booster mid-air, the booster was released at the pilot's discretion after an unexpectedly large increase in mass. The booster parachuted into the ocean where it was recovered by ship.

List of boosters

Inactive Electron/Curie

Active Electron/Curie

Electron/Photon 

The Photon kick-stage is an optional extra on the Electron launch vehicle allowing for heavier payload capacity or higher altitudes/interplanetary missions. The kick-stage was first used on Electron's 14th flight (Rocket Lab's return to launch after the "Pics Or It Didn't Happen" failure).

Electron/HASTE 

The HASTE launch vehicle is a sub-orbital testbed derived from the Electron launch vehicle. It has a third stage for suborbital deployment, and has an option of different fairings to use on the vehicle. HASTE is used for payloads that do not need an orbital capability, and it also services optional trajectories depending on the customer. Any HASTE launch will always have a first stage that is expended.

References

Rocket Lab
Electron
Jaime Tohá. Jaime Manuel Tohá González (born 9 August 1938) is a Chilean politician and engineer who served as minister of State in his country.

He has an honorary degree at the San Sebastián University.

References

External links
 Profile at BCN

1938 births
Living people
Chilean engineers
20th-century Chilean politicians
University of Chile alumni
Technical University of Madrid alumni
Socialist Party of Chile politicians
Broad Party of Socialist Left politicians
Deputies of the LV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Eisbock milk. Eisbock milk is a condensed milk drink. It is produced using low temperature filtration technology that physically purifies milk by removing part of its water content, the idea which is inspired by a type of strong beer from Germany.

History 
The process for hand-making fresh condensed milk was first attempted by Canadian barista Ben Put during the World Barista Championship in 2017. During the Chinese selection stage of the following year’s competition, barista Pang Hui attempted the same technique, eventually passing on the technique to fellow barista Pan Zhimin, who used it to compete in the world championship.

After the competition, hand-making condensed milk was used to prepare milk coffee at coffee shops around China. After discovering it in coffee and tea shops in 2018, a Chinese company named BeFood (Shanghai Biru Foods Co., Ltd.) developed ways to mass-produce this type of fresh condensed milk and started to call it Bingboke (冰博克, "Ice Bock") in Chinese. BeFood officially launched its Eisbock product line in 2019. In 2020, beverage companies Hey Tea and Lele Tea developed milk tea products using Bingboke.

Product details 
Eisbock milk is purified twice so the milk contains less water content and a higher concentration of milk protein and calcium. Since the size of particles in milk is different, the combination of filters can separate the particles including water, protein and so on.

Eisbock’s milk protein content can be as high as 6.2/100 ml with a calcium content as high as 210 mg/100 ml.

The taste can be described as sweet and mellow. It is thicker, sweeter, and creamier than regular fresh milk.

Eisbock milk is a common ingredient in “Dirty Coffee,” a coffee drink that consists of espresso layered on Eisbock milk. Dirty Coffee is achieved by carefully pouring hot and robust espresso onto chilled Eisbock milk. As the hot espresso intermingles with the pristine Eisbock milk, it gradually permeates through, resulting in an aesthetically captivating and slightly disheveled presentation, which accounts for its name. Served in a transparent glass, this visually appealing concoction allows the consumer to appreciate the artistic blend before savoring the creamy and indulgent flavors of the coffee.

See also 

 Baked milk
 Condensed milk
 Powdered milk
 Scalded milk

References 

Milk-based drinks
Alice Miller (pilot). Alice Miller () is an Israeli pilot who successfully sued the Israeli military for the right to enlist in the Israeli Air Force Flight Academy.

Biography 
Miller, a native of South Africa, migrated to Israel at the age of 6.

While attending high school in Tel Aviv, Miller began to complain about the Israeli Defense Force refusing women the ability to try out for combat roles despite the compulsory military service. By age 22, she was completing a degree in aerospace engineering from the Technion while on deferment from the army and had already received a civilian pilot's license from South Africa.

Miller applied to the Israeli Air Force Flight Academy in November of 1993 and proceeded to sue the government for discrimination when they rejected her. She sued the military for the right to take the qualification test, ultimately opening combat roles for women; among her arguments she cited female combatants in the Israeli war for independence, some of which who would later serve as pilots.

The ban on female pilots was taken to the Israeli Supreme Court in 1995 and deemed unconstitutional in 1996. After gaining the right to try out for the pilot's program, Miller, then an officer in the military, passed the entrance exam but was declared medically unfit for the program later that same year.

Miller was followed by the first female graduate, Sari Rahat, in 1998 and the program's first female fighter pilot, Roni Zuckerman, in 2001.

References 

South African Jews
Israeli women aviators
Israeli officers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Laguna 18. The Laguna 18 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by W. Shad Turner as a cruiser and daysailer, and first built in 1983.

The Laguna 18 is a development of the Windrose 5.5.

Production
The design was built by Laguna Yachts in the United States, between 1983 and 1987, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Laguna 18 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

An open cockpit version was also produced for daysailing.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard shoal draft keel, is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering and may be equipped with a series of jibs or genoas.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two aft quarter berths under the cockpit.

The boat has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by W. Shad Turner
Sailboat types built by Laguna Yachts
Teresa Pellegrino. Teresa Pellegrino (born January 26, 1975) is an Italian chemist who is Professor of Chemistry at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. Her research considers nanomaterials for biomedical applications. She was appointed Associate Editor of Nanoscale in 2022.

Early life and education 
Pellegrino was born in Grumo Appula. She was an undergraduate student at the University of Bari, where she completed her undergraduate and master's degrees. Pellegrino remained in Bari for her doctoral research, specialising in chemical synthesis. She worked under the supervision of Paul Alivisatos and Wolfgang Parak, and spent part of her studentship at the University of California, Berkeley. She was awarded a Marie Curie Fellowship and spent one year at the Center for NanoScience in Munich.

Research and career 
Pellegrino started her independent academic career at the National Nanotechnology Lab, which was part of the National Research Council Institute for the Physics of Matter. She studied the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals and explored how they could be used in cellular studies. The National Nanotechnology Laboratory became the Nanoscience Institute in 2010, and Pellgrino was appointed to a permanent position. She was made a permanent staff scientist at the National Nanotechnology Lab in 2014.

Pellegrino's research considers nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including drug delivery and hyperthermia. In 2022, she was appointed Associate Editor of Nanoscale. She was supported by the European Research Council to develop magnetic nanoparticles that accumulate near metastatic tumours. These nanoparticles can be used to treat cancer, either through hyperthermia therapy or targeted drug delivery.

Awards and honours 
 2009 Italian Chemical Society Primo Levi Award
 2012 Chemical Communications Emerging Investigator
 2022 European Research Council Consolidator Grant

Selected publications

References 

1975 births
Living people
People from Apulia
20th-century Italian chemists
University of Bari alumni
Italian women scientists
Barry French (scientist). (John) Barry French, born August 22, 1931, is a Canadian scientist and entrepreneur. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Toronto in 1961. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. French was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2007 and is co-founder of SCIEX, a mass spectrometer company now owned by Danaher Corporation.

Research 
French became full professor at the University of Toronto Institute of Aerospace Studies (UTIAS) in 1968, and served as associate director from 1974 to 1982. He was half-time dean of the University of Toronto School of Graduate Studies from 1982 to 1985. French's early research interests were in the field of molecular beams, rarefied gas dynamics and space simulation. He developed a hypersonic beam space simulator at UTIAS. In 1969 he was asked by NASA to collaborate with Alfred O. C. Nier at the University of Minnesota by making his apparatus available to test the Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrometer that Nier was developing for the Viking Mars mission planned for 1976. The ability of this apparatus to produce hypersonic Mach 15 beams, half the speed of the Mars entry, allowed the mass spectrometer to be tested and calibrated properly. His work on molecular beams and gaseous ion sources lead to his interest in atmospheric pressure ion sources coupled to mass spectrometry.    

Over his career French has received more than a dozen patents and authored over 60 scientific papers.

Apollo 13 
On April 16, 1970, French received a phone call from Grumman Aerospace Corp. requesting assistance with an issue that arose during the Apollo 13 emergency and its return to earth. A team of six UTIAS professors was assembled to quickly provide advice on how much air pressure to use to separate and push the lunar module (LM) away from the command module (CM) prior to re-entry, both properly separating the modules and avoiding damage to the CM hatch. In 2010, the group of six scientists was honoured by the University of Toronto with medals presented to the remaining members by the Canadian Air and Space Museum.

SCIEX 
French, together with scientists Neil Reid and Adele Buckley and businessman William Breukelman, founded SCIEX in 1974 to develop a mass spectrometer system based on atmospheric pressure ionisation and direct air sampling. The company was acquired by MDS Inc. in 1981 and eventually became part of Danaher Corporation.

External links

References 

Canadian scientists
Canadian engineers

1931 births
Living people
Canadian academics
University of Toronto alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Canadian company founders
Canadian technology company founders
Dennis Paul. Dennis Paul is an American engineer and politician. He serves as a Republican member for the 129th district of the Texas House of Representatives.

Paul was born in Houston. He attended San Jacinto College and the University of Houston, where he earned a bachelor's degree and a Master of Science in Engineering. Paul established his first business in 2002. He and his family takes part at the St. Bernadette Catholic Church.

References 

Living people
Engineers from Houston
Politicians from Houston
American engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Republican Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
San Jacinto College alumni
University of Houston alumni
21st-century members of the Texas Legislature
Bessho Tameike Dam. Bessho Tameike is an earthfill dam located in Akita Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 2.6 km2. The dam impounds about 3  ha of land when full and can store 212 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was and completed in 1957.

References

Dams in Akita Prefecture
1957 establishments in Japan
Kate Cole (engineer). Kate Cole  is an Australian engineer and occupational hygienist whose work has helped protect the health and safety of construction workers, particularly by controlling respirable crystalline silica or "silica dust".

Career 
Cole has a Bachelor of Science (Biotechnology) and Master of Environmental Engineering Management from the University of Technology, a Master of Science (Occupational Hygiene Practice) from the University of Wollongong. She is also a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.

Cole's work was heavily influenced by a Winston Churchill Fellowship in 2016, that investigated best practice approaches to preventing  illness and disease in tunnel construction workers in Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the USA.

Cole runs her own consultancy company Cole Health. She is also the 2022 President of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists.

She also advised on ventilation, respiratory protection, and health and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Awards 
Cole was named as one of the Top 100 Women of Influence by the Australian Financial Review in 2018 and is also one of Science & Technology Australia's Superstars of STEM for 2019–2020.

In 2022, she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her work protecting the health of workers on large-scale infrastructure projects and was included on the COVID-19 Honour Roll for her work during the pandemic.

Media 
Cole speaks about preventing silicosis and other silica-related diseases on the ABC radio national.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
University of Technology Sydney alumni
University of Wollongong alumni
21st-century Australian engineers