omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mark XIII. Mark XIII or Mark 13 often refers to the 13th version of a product, frequently military hardware. "Mark", meaning "model" or "variant", can be abbreviated "Mk." 

Mark XIII or Mark 13 may refer to:

Science
 Kallikrein 13 or mK13, a protein

Military and weaponry
Mark 13 torpedo, US Navy's most common air-dropped torpedo in World War II
Mk XIII railway gun, a variant of the British BL 9.2-inch railway gun
Supermarine Spitfire PR Mk XIII, lightly armed low-altitude Rolls-Royce Merlin-powered reconnaissance aircraft, first tested March 1943
Vickers Wellington GR Mk XIII, 1944 Coastal Command medium bomber with ordinary nose turret, mast radar and no waist guns
De Havilland Mosquito NF Mk XIII, a night fighter variant of the De Havilland Mosquito that replaced nose guns with radar
Mark 13 nuclear bomb (1951–1954), an American experimental weapon that never entered service
Centurion Mk 13 (1959–1962), a British main battle tank fitted with infrared equipment and a ranging gun
Mk 13 missile launcher, a single-arm guided missile launching system
Mk 13 Mod 0 or EGLM (2004), a 40 mm grenade launcher
MK 13 rifle, a US Military sniper rifle
MK13-class missile boat, a vessel of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy

Technology
Cooper Mk XIII (1959), a Cooper 500 cc rear-engined racing car

Other uses
Mark 13 and Mark XIII, the thirteenth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
M.A.R.K. 13, the fictional killer robot in the 1990 film Hardware
Explore Scientific. Explore Scientific is a company founded by former Meade Instruments Vice President of Brand Community Scott W. Roberts in 2008. Headquartered in Springdale, Arkansas, the company designs and manufactures telescopes, spotting scopes, binoculars, microscopes and other scientific devices. Products are manufactured in China by JOC and imported. For Europe the Explore Scientific GmbH is responsible for the distribution of these products.

History
During the July 2008 annual Astronomical League Conference Awards banquet in Des Moines, Iowa, the launch of the company was announced by Scott Roberts. In 2009 Explore Scientific became the exclusive distributor of Bresser products in the United States and throughout the Americas. In 2010 Jinghua Optical Electronics Company (JOC) became a partner with Roberts, in 2014 all shares and assets of Explore Scientific LLC were acquired by JourneyNorth Inc. based in the USA.

Products

Some of the products produced or distributed by Explore Scientific include:
 Telescopes: Apochromatic and Achromatic Refractors, Dobsonians, and Maksutov-Newtonian
 Eyepieces
 Filters
 Spotting scopes
 Binoculars
 Digital, Biological, and Stereo viewing microscopes
 Telescopic sights
 Laser Rangefinders

Recognition

On February 28, 2018 the Arkansas Better Business Bureau recognized Explore Scientific LLC as a winner of the 2018 BBB Torch Awards for Ethics. The Torch Awards were designed to honor companies that demonstrate high standards of business practices designed to create trust among employees, customers and their communities.

References

External links
 Explore Scientific website

Companies based in Arkansas
Telescope manufacturers
Manufacturing companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Optics manufacturing companies
Etrich Flugzeugwerke. Etrich Flugzeugwerke (EFW) was a short-lived aircraft manufacturer founded by Igo Etrich.

The company became part of Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke in 1914, which then, in turn, became part of Hansa-Brandenburg.

Some of the planes were manufactured in Trautenau (today Trutnov, Czech Republic) and others in Liebau (today Lubawka, Poland).

Aircraft produced
 Etrich Taube 1910
 Etrich VII 1911
 Luft-Limousine 1912
 Sport-Taube 1929

See also
Volksflugzeug

Footnotes

References
  
 
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Austria
Automated aerial refueling. Automated aerial refueling (AAR) refers to methods for autonomous refueling of manned and unmanned aircraft.

History
An Air Force Research Laboratory program was started in 2004 at the AFRL Air Vehicles Directorate. The initial program was the evaluation of technologies that could be used for AAR. The key new concept is the use of precision GPS. The AAR program has since held several flight tests. The important factors were the software and communication systems that kept the aircraft at the proper altitude and speed.

In 2007, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), with the help of NASA, demonstrated automatic refuelling from a conventional tanker by a high-performance aircraft. A pilot was on board to supervise, so the demonstration was not entirely automated. It served as the basis for DARPA's Autonomous High-Altitude Refueling (AHR) program which, in 2012, demonstrated the potential for fully autonomous aerial refueling of unmanned high-altitude long-endurance aircraft. The final test involved two modified Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft flying in close formation less than 100 feet from a tanker, close enough for refueling to take place, at 44,800 feet altitude.

Automated flight control
Appropriate flight control systems (FCS) include sensors to detect the position of the tanker and its refueling drogue along with rules to control the client aircraft. Several different techniques have been proposed for controlling the refueling process. One proposal involves the use of LED beacons on the drogue and an optical sensor on the tanker to determine the drogue's position and attitude. A second involves treating the drogue's position as fixed, ignoring turbulence with the help of a low-pass filter in the control system.

References

United States Air Force
Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille. The Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille - IMMCL Chevreul ( Institute for molecules and condensed matter in Lille) is a physics and chemistry research institute. It is a member of the University of Lille.

Background history 

Academic researches in chemistry in Lille started in the early days of the 19th century, with Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann's innovations on sulfuric acid production and researches on using platinum catalysis for industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia (from 1823 to 1833).
The faculty of sciences of Lille was however formally established in 1854 only, with a chemist as its first dean (Louis Pasteur). Hence, academic and applied researches in chemistry, catalysis, and later molecular physics, were boosted from the 19th century onwards and further developed in the 20th and 21st centuries, both in fundamental research and applied research thanks to industry applications.
(Source: History of chemistry education and research in Lille university)

Locations 

 Cité Scientifique: IMMCL main site is located in University of Lille Science campus. The institute researchers and the different experimentation labs are hosted in several buildings on the campus, including
 own IMMCL buildings
 École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille
 École centrale de Lille (catalysis labs and chemical engineering labs).
 Other campus : Facilities for researchers experimentations are also available in the following remote sites
 Catalysis labs at campus Artois
 Condensed matter thermo-physics labs (LTPMC) at campus Littoral
 INSERM unit 761 – Biostructures and Drug Discovery.

Research labs 

IMMCL research laboratories are accredited as French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) laboratories.

The different laboratories of the institute include :
 Laboratory for structure and properties of solid state (LSPES), UMR CNRS 8008
 Laboratory for organic chemistry and macro-molecular chemistry (LCOM), UMR CNRS 8009
 Laboratory of catalysis of Lille (LCL)- UMR CNRS 8010 and Unit for catalysis and solid chemistry (UCCS) - UMR CNRS 8181
 Laboratory of crystal chemistry and physico-chemistry of solids (LCPS), UMR CNRS 8012
 Laboratory for dynamics and structural properties of molecular matters LDSMM, UMR CNRS 8024
 Laboratory for metallurgy and material science, UMR CNRS 8517.

Research area and doctoral college 

IMMCL research roadmap include the following area: 
 Polymers and organic functional materials
 Material oxides and catalysis
 Complex molecular liquids
 Organic and bio-organic synthesis
 Metallurgy and materials for energy
 Coerced and forced materials .

They are integrated into the European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France and especially as part of its  doctoral school science of materials, radiations and environment (SMRE) supported along with other research laboratories from the COMUE Lille Nord de France.

References and links 

Chemical industry in France
Chemical research institutes
Materials science institutes
Organizations established in 1854
University of Lille Nord de France
1854 establishments in France
Frank L. Douglas. Frank Lennox Douglas (born April 30, 1943) is a Guyanese-American biomedical researcher and business executive.

Education and career
Douglas was born April 30, 1943, in Georgetown, Guyana.  He graduated with a BS in Engineering from Lehigh University in 1966. He went on to a PhD in Physical Chemistry from Cornell University, which he received at the beginning of 1973, with a thesis on chlorophyll-a.  After a brief stint working at Xerox, Douglas moved to New York City to pursue a medical degree from the Cornell University Medical School. After finishing the MD, Douglas completed an internship and residency in internal medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, and a fellowship in neuroendocrinology at the National Institutes of Health.

Following his fellowship, Douglas took a position as an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, in which role he remained for 5 years.  At this time, he also began work at the pharmaceutical company Ciba-Geigy.  In 1992, he moved as an executive vice president to Marion Merrell Dow, where he remained as it was acquired and changed names to Hoechst Marion Roussel, and later to Aventis.

In 2005, Douglas left Aventis and took a position as a professor of the practice at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was involved in founding the Center for Biomedical Innovation.  After 2 years at MIT, he resigned over concerns about institutional racism, particularly regarding the tenure-denial of James Sherley.

In 2009, Douglas moved to Akron, Ohio, to serve as president and CEO of the Austen BioInnovation Institute.  He left the institute at the beginning of 2015.

Douglas published an autobiography in 2018, titled Defining Moments of a Free Man from a Black Stream.

Books

Honors and awards
Geoffrey Beene Foundation and GQ Magazine Rock Star of Science, 2010
Black History Makers Award, 2007
 (Medal of the Faculty of Medicine), Goethe University Frankfurt, 2004

References

External links
 

1943 births
Living people
People from Georgetown, Guyana
Lehigh University alumni
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Chicago faculty
MIT School of Engineering faculty
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
American chief executives
Grok (web framework). Grok is an open-source web framework based on Zope Toolkit (ZTK) technology. The project was started in 2006 by a number of Zope developers. Its core technologies (Martian, grokcore.component) are also used in other Zope-based projects.

The primary motive behind Grok is to make the Zope Toolkit technology more accessible and easier to use for newcomers and, at the same time, speed up application development, in accordance with the agile programming paradigm.
To achieve this, Grok uses convention-over-configuration instead of using an explicit XML based configuration language (ZCML) as Zope Toolkit and BlueBream do. Grok uses Python code for component configuration, and has many implicit defaults and conventions. Grok is similar in feel to other Python Web frameworks such as TurboGears, Pylons and Django.

References

External links
 

Python (programming language) software
Python (programming language) web frameworks
Antiferroelectricity. In electromagnetics and materials science, atiferroelectricity is a physical property of certain materials. It is closely related to ferroelectricity; the relation between antiferroelectricity and ferroelectricity is analogous to the relation between antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism.

An antiferroelectric material consists of an ordered (crystalline) array of electric dipoles (from the ions and electrons in the material), but with adjacent dipoles oriented in opposite (antiparallel) directions (the dipoles of each orientation form interpenetrating sublattices, loosely analogous to a checkerboard pattern). This can be contrasted with a ferroelectric, in which the dipoles all point in the same direction.

In an antiferroelectric, unlike a ferroelectric, the total, macroscopic spontaneous polarization is zero, since the adjacent dipoles cancel each other out.

Antiferroelectricity is a property of a material, and it can appear or disappear (more generally, strengthen or weaken) depending on temperature, pressure, external electric field, growth method, and other parameters. In particular, at a high enough temperature, antiferroelectricity disappears; this temperature is known as the Néel point or Curie point.

References

Electrical phenomena
Phases of matter
USS Elba. USS Elba (AG-132/AKL-3) was a Camano-class cargo ship constructed for the U.S. Army as USA FS-267 shortly before the end of  World War II and later acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1947. She was configured as a transport and cargo ship and was assigned to serve the World War II Trust Territories in the Pacific Ocean.

Built on Long Island, New York
Elba (AG-132) was built in 1944 by Wheeler Shipbuilding Corp., Whitestone, Long Island, New York, for the Army as FS-267; acquired by the Navy at Guam 14 March 1947; renamed and commissioned 3 July 1947. She was reclassified AKL-3, 31 March 1949.

Serving the Pacific Trust Territories
From her base at Guam, Elba, during her brief service, steadily carried passengers, mail, cargo and Government officials among the Caroline Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the Palau Islands.

She operated under Commander, Service Division 51. With time out for two brief overhauls at Pearl Harbor, Elba faithfully served the administration of the Pacific Trust Territory in the Marianas, Carolines and Marshalls, even for a time after decommissioning 27 July 1951 at Guam.

Transferred to Department of the Interior 
She was transferred 29 January 1952 to the U.S. Department of the Interior. She was struck from the Navy List at an unknown date. She was sold in 1957 for commercial service and wrecked 6 August 1962.

References
 
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - FS-267 - AG-132 / AKL-3 Elba

Ships of the United States Army
Design 381 coastal freighters
Ships built in Queens, New York
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Camano-class cargo ships
United States Department of the Interior
Institut d'électronique de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie. The Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology or IEMN (Institut d'électronique de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie in French) is a research institute of University of Lille, CNRS and École Centrale de Lille (UMR CNRS 8520).

IEMN research activities 
The main research focus is in six major scientific areas :
 Materials and Nanostructures Physics, 
 Microtechnologies - Microsystems, 
 Micro and optoelectronics, 
 Communication circuits and systems, 
 Acoustics, 
 Instrumentation. 

With 200 permanent researchers and 100 doctoral students for a total staff of more than 500, IEMN focuses on the following research area: physics of matter, nanostructures, microsystems and microtechnologies, microwave components and microelectronic circuits, RF and microwave circuits, digital communications, optoelectronics and photonic circuits, acoustic and ultrasonic sensors, microwave instrumentation.

IEMN labs sites 

 IEMN central laboratory : The 12,000 m² premises of IEMN central laboratory are located in University of Lille Science campus at Villeneuve d'Ascq. The site is 200 metres far from the Ecole Centrale de Lille and near metro access Quatre Cantons. IEMN premises include 2,000 m² of cleanroom. 
 IEMN - Antenne USTL : This IEMN site is also located in University of Lille Science campus at Villeneuve d'Ascq and near metro access Cité scientifique. 
 IEMN - Antenne OAE : This IEMN site is located in Campus Valenciennes
 IEMN - Antenne ISEN : This IEMN site is located at Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN) in Lille historical centre.

See also 
 Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille

References

External links 
 IEMN web site

University of Lille Nord de France
Nanotechnology institutions
Materials science institutes
Physics education in France
Physics research institutes
Thomas O. Perry. Thomas Osborne Perry (1847–1927) was an American mechanical engineer, designer, and the original innovator of the all-metal windmill.  Perry made significant contributions to the field of wind powered turbines and was an early pioneer of modern wind power technology.

History 

Thomas Osborne Perry was born in Franklin, Michigan on February 28, 1847.
In 1882 and 1883, while working for the U.S. Wind Engine and Pump Company, Perry conducted a series of over five thousand experiments on windmill rotors and rotor blades.  His experiments resulted in a windmill design that was 87% more efficient than other windmills manufactured at that time.  Perry's main improvements were the use of concave windmill blades made from steel, rather than flat wooden blades. In order to conduct his experiments, Perry had designed and built an enclosed wind tunnel, a research tool that was not in common use at this time.

In 1888, Thomas Perry and LaVerne Noyes started the Aermotor Windmill Company and began manufacturing Aermotor windmills.  The Aermotor was used for pumping water for livestock and became indispensable to midwestern farmers and ranchers in the 19th and early 20th centuries.  Selling only 45 windmills in its first year, Aermotor sales increased rapidly and by the turn of the century had sold hundreds of thousands of windmills.

Perry also made many other refinements to windmill designs and published several windmill design patents pertaining to maintainability and efficiency.

Perry died on January 25, 1927, in Oak Park, Illinois, and was interred in Tecumseh, Michigan.

References

External links 

1847 births
1927 deaths
Aerodynamicists
American mechanical engineers
People from Franklin, Michigan
USS Jekyl. USS Jekyl (AG-135/AKL-6) was a Camano-class cargo ship constructed for the U.S. Army as USA FS-282 shortly before the end of  World War II and later acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1947. She was configured as a transport and cargo ship and was assigned post-war to support various island outposts in the Pacific Ocean.

Built on Long Island, New York
Jekyl (AG-135) was built in 1944 by Wheeler Shipbuilding Corp., Long Island, New York, for the U.S. Army and served as USAT FS-282 until being transferred to the Navy at Guam 22 February 1947. She was converted to Navy use and commissioned at Guam 2 May 1947.

Post-war Pacific Ocean support
One of a group of small Army cargo ships transferred to the Navy for use among the Pacific Ocean islands, Jekyl carried ammunition, food, and supplies to various island bases and outposts.

She operated mainly from Kwajalein Atoll, and steamed through the Mariana Islands and the Caroline Islands to Pearl Harbor in support of occupation forces. The ship also transported officials of the civil governments and helped carry native products as America began to restore normal life to the ravaged Pacific.

On 31 March 1949 she was reclassified AKL-6.

Post-war decommissioning
The ship was relieved of her duties in December 1949 and arrived Pearl Harbor on the 15th. From there she steamed to Seattle, Washington, where she decommissioned 12 April 1950, and was placed in reserve at Astoria, Oregon.  Jekyl was sold 18 May 1960.

She remained extant for the next several decades carrying various names, including Sea Princess II, Nilo, Betty K IV, and Hope I. As Hope I, she was last spotted as a wreck in Puerto Rosales, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.

References

 
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - FS-282 - AG-135 / AKL-6 Jekyl

Ships of the United States Army
Design 381 coastal freighters
Ships built in Queens, New York
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Camano-class cargo ships
SVI-838. The SVI-838, also known as X'press 16, is the last microcomputer produced by Spectravideo (at Hong Kong). Although it was a PC clone, it had the standard sound and video coprocessors of the MSX2, making it a hybrid system. The sales were unimpressive and it is now considered a collectible.

With a SVI-811 adapter, the machine could run MSX1 programs in cartridge.

Technical specifications 
The SVI-838 had the following technical specifications:

 CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
 RAM: 256 to 640 KB
 VRAM: 128 KB (V9938); 16 KB (CGA)
 ROM: 16 KB (BIOS)
 Keyboard: mechanic, PC standard 83 keys
 Display: CGA and Yamaha V9938 for MSX2 graphics
 Sound: General Instrument AY-3-8910 (PSG)
 Ports: two joystick ports, TV out, video monitor out, parallel port, serial port, sound out (RCA), cartridge slot, SV expansion slot, one ISA slot.
 Storage: single 5" disk drive  (360 KB); two disk drives; one disc drive and a 20 MB HD

Peripherals 
Main itens:
 SVI-109P: Quickshot IX, joyball (IBM compatible)
 SVI-811: MSX1 Game Adapter (an adapter with a Zilog Z80A UCP and MSX standard joystick ports)
 SVI-812: Multifunction card (384 KiB RAM, RS-232C, RTC)
 SVI-813: cooler
 SVI-814P: PAL RF Adapter (to colour TVs or RGB monitor)
 SVI-815: Monitor Cable (D15 to 21 pins adapter, to RGB monitor)
 SVI-816: Monitor Cable (D15 to 8 pins adapter, to digital/analog RGB monitor).

References

External links 
-SVI-838 X'Press at Museo de los 16 Bits
 

IBM PC compatibles
MSX2 microcomputer
Rotary mower. A rotary mower is a unit of powered machinery that uses a rotating blade or blades to cut vegetation.

Use
An American rotary lawnmower mechanic (b. 1927) when queried as to the first rotary mower he knew of - produced a picture of a machine mass produced around 1939 which originally used a Ford Model A or B electric starter motor turned vertically with a steel disc attached to the output shaft having common sickle bar trapezoidal blades riveted upon it. Power originally came from a 6v lead acid battery likewise sourced from a Ford automobile. The machine was pictured in a color photograph dating from about 1964 and had been fitted with a Maytag 2-cycle gasoline engine having its float carburetor on an adapter block turned to permit operation with the crankshaft protruding downward for "vertical crankshaft" operation as is common now. It had only two steel spoked wheels on a single axle and an adjustable tail skid that caused a limited range of cutting heights to be available.
In agriculture, a rotary mower is a piece of machinery that is often pulled behind a tractor and powered by the power take-off; it uses thick blades of sharpened metal to cut thick grass, heavy bushes, weeds and even small trees. Due to the high torque and power associated with the implement, shields made of hanging heavy chain or thick vinyl or rubber are often provided around the discharge chute to control flying debris. French agricultural machinery manufacturer Rousseau SA claims to have invented the mechanical rotary mower in 1962.

In horticulture, a rotary mower is usually an integral machine that is either pushed by hand or driven by a riding operator, and used to cut amenity and sports turf. The first successful example was developed in Australia in 1952 by the Victa company.

See also
Brush hog
Flail mower

References

Agricultural machinery