omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Army Anti-Aircraft Badge. The Army Anti-Aircraft Badge or Army Flak Badge () was a German military decoration awarded to German Army personnel for service in an anti-aircraft battery during World War II. Designed by Wilhelm Ernst Peekhaus, it was of single piece construction. The pin back and clasp badge was grey metal in color. The badge was made in one grade; it had the national eagle at the top and an oak leaf wreath around the outside rim. In the middle was an 88 mm flak gun with the barrel facing upwards to the "viewer's" right.

Criteria 
Criteria for the award came from a recommendation by commanders of the rank of General der Artillerie or above. It was awarded after the accumulation of 16 points or could also be awarded outside of the points system for an act of merit or bravery in the performance of anti-aircraft duties. If the candidates' battery brought down an enemy aircraft then the crew members were awarded four points. If two batteries were involved then each battery received two points. Both officers and crews were eligible for the badge. The commanding officer for an anti-aircraft unit was eligible for the badge once half of his men also qualified for the badge. Unlike the similar German Air Force Anti-Aircraft Flak Battle Badge (Flak-Kampfabzeichen der Luftwaffe), points were only awarded for the downing of aircraft and not ground targets. The award was also available to searchlight crews and sound-locator crews. German Army searchlight crews and sound-locator crews which assisted in the action by detection of aircraft could be awarded one point each.

Notes

References 

Military awards and decorations of Nazi Germany
Awards established in 1941
Anti-aircraft warfare
Military awards and decorations of World War II
1941 establishments in Germany
Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (Honduras). Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics (, DGAC), is the civil aviation authority of Honduras. The headquarters is in Tegucigalpa.

Accident investigations
The agency investigates aircraft accidents and incidents in Honduras. The agency investigated the crash of Central American Airways Flight 731.

Honduran authorities delegated the investigation of the TACA Flight 390 accident at Toncontín International Airport in 2008 to the Salvadoran Civil Aviation Authority in accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

References

External links

 Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil 

Government of Honduras
Honduras
Aviation organizations based in Honduras
Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents
Cobalt(II) phosphate. Cobalt phosphate is the inorganic compound with the formula Co3(PO4)2.  It is a commercial inorganic pigment known as cobalt violet.  Thin films of this material are water oxidation catalysts.

Preparation and structure
The tetrahydrate Co3(PO4)2•4H2O precipitates as a solid upon mixing aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) and phosphate salts. Upon heating, the tetrahydrate converts to the anhydrous material.  According to X-ray crystallography, the anhydrous Co3(PO4)2 consists of discrete phosphate () anions that link  centres.  The cobalt ions occupy both octahedral (six-coordinate) and pentacoordinate sites in a 1:2 ratio.

See also
 List of inorganic pigments

References

Phosphates
Cobalt(II) compounds
Inorganic pigments
RX (rocket family). The RX rocket family (Roket Eksperimental, ) is a series of solid-fuel rockets developed by the Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN).

They are simply named by their diameter in millimeters; for example, the RX-250 has a diameter of . The propellant used is HTPB-based composite propellant.

Individual boosters 
This family is composed of:

Note: Characteristics in italics are design values, they have not been measured yet.

RX-250 was launched eight times from 1987 to 2007. RX-320 was launched twice in 2008 and once again in 2014.
RX-420 flew just once in 2009; it is superseded by RX-450 which was launched on 13 May 2015.

, the next booster version RX-550 is under construction; the larger ones are only on the drawing board.

In 2017 successful launches of RX 450 and RX 1220 were carried out from the Space and Atmospheric Observation & Technology Testing Center at Garut, West Java. The RX 1220 is a based on the R-HAN122 B.

Two RX-1220 rockets were launched at the Karang Papak Air Force Base on December 23, 2018.

Multi-stage rockets 
Once the solid boosters are fully qualified, LAPAN plans to assemble several of them into multi-stage rockets called Roket Pengorbit Satelit or RPS. Four staging configurations have been retained so far:
 RPS-01 Variant 1 (ex-RPS-420)
 First stage: 3 x RX-420
 Second stage: 1 x RX-420
 Third stage: 1 x RX-420 (shorter)
 Fourth stage: 1 x RX-320
 Total height: 
 RPS-01 Variant 2b
 First stage: 1 x RX-550 + 2 x RX-420
 Second stage: 1 x RX-550
 Third stage: 1 x RX-320
 Total height: 
 RPS-01 Variant 3a
 First stage: 1 x RX-450
 Second stage: 1 x RX-450
 Total height: 
 RPS-01 Variant 3b
 First stage: 1 x RX-450 + 2 x RX-320
 Second stage: 1 x RX-450
 Third stage: 1 x RX-320
 Total height: 

Earlier plans for the Pengorbitan-1 and -2 orbital launch vehicles (RPS-420s) were based on the RX-420 engine which was superseded by the RX-450. , integration work is proceeding on variants 3a and 3b, whose engines have all been successfully flight-qualified.

Since 2019, LAPAN's rocket division PUSTEKROKET has collaborated with AASPT and CGWIC of China in designing newer multiple stage sounding rockets. The new rockets will be called RX-452 which combined  of first stage, and  of second stage. The design is based on TK-32 sounding rocket as well as RX-450. It is expected the newer design to be able to reach above , simulation showed the rocket is able to reach .

 RX-452
 First stage: 1 x RX-400 
 Second stage: 1 x RX-450
 Total height:

References

Space launch vehicles of Indonesia
Polymacon. Polymacon is a non-proprietary (i.e., generic) term for a hydrophilic polymer of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (62%) and water (38%).  It is used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses, and is considered a low-hydration hydrogel of nonionic polymer.

References

Organic polymers
Common rail (electricity). In electrical engineering, a common rail (shortened to COM) is a shared path between different electrical routes in an electrical circuit. For example, a device or circuit board might have a power rail or a ground rail, which components are attached to, so all the electrical charge flowing through different components is drawn from/collected into a single conductor line. The ATX standard for PC power supplies defines a set of common rails as to ground the power, these rails are designated as COM and all have black wires.

References 

Electrical engineering
Electricity
Osmotic blistering. Osmotic blistering is a chemical phenomenon where two substances attempt to reach equilibrium through a semi-permeable membrane. The phenomenon appears as a bubble or "blister" in the coating.

Overview
Water will flow from one solution to another, trying to create equilibrium between both solutions.  Usually, the two solutions are concrete and the coating application on top of the concrete.  Concrete is very porous, so water beneath the concrete, will force itself through the concrete, typically through vapor transmission.  The water will then try to break through the semi-permeable membrane (either the surface of the concrete or the primer). Most epoxies or urethanes or polymer applications are not permeable so the water will stop at the polymer coating.  However, the pressure from the water does not stop, forcing the water to collect directly in between the concrete and the layer of epoxy/urethane.  This collection creates the notorious “osmotic blister” that is commonly feared by coating specialists.

For steel substrates: 
The presence of soluble salts (particularly sulfates and chlorides) at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems including fluorocoatings. The salts come from atmospheric pollution and contamination during blasting or other substrate preparation processes. These salts promote osmotic blistering of the coating and underfilm metallic corrosion. As a result, loss of adhesion, cathodic disbondment, and scribe creep can be observed.

A coating behaves as a semi-impermeable membrane; allowing moisture to pass through but not salts4,5. When a paint coating is applied on a metallic surface contaminated with soluble salts, an osmotic blistering process takes place (Figure 8.10). Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules (water) through a semipermeable membrane (coating film) into a region of higher solute concentration (the salt contaminated substrate). The process drives to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides, but because salt cannot pass through the membrane (coating) it can never equalize. Water continues to permeate into the region. As the soluble substance dissolves under the paint layer, the pressure caused by the increase in volume can exert a greater force than the paint adhesion and cohesion forces, giving rise to the formation of a blister; the process called osmotic blistering. The blisters are first filled with water and later with corrosion products from the corrosion of the metallic substrate.

See also
 Osmosis

References

Concrete
Membrane technology
Thatcher CX5. The Thatcher CX5 is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Dave Thatcher.

Development
The CX5 is a two place, all metal, low-wing, tricycle gear-equipped aircraft. The prototype aircraft is outfitted with a Revmaster R-2300. The wings have upturned outer sections for dihedral.

Specifications (CX5)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Spike S-512. The Spike S-512 is a projected supersonic business jet, designed by Spike Aerospace, an American aerospace manufacturer firm based in Boston, Massachusetts.

Design
It would allow long flights for business and private travelers, such as from New York City to London, to take only three to four hours instead of six to seven.
The aircraft will not have windows for the passengers. Instead, it will be equipped with cameras sending external views to thin, curved displays lining the interior walls of the fuselage.

Development
In early 2014, the company planned to promote the project with an exhibit at the 2014 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow.
Spike then expected to launch the plane by December 2018.
In January 2017, a subsonic scale prototype was planned to fly in summer 2017 to demonstrate low-speed aerodynamic flight characteristics, before a series of larger prototypes and a supersonic demonstrator by the end of 2018, Spike intended to certify the S-512 by 2023.
By Spring 2018, Spike studied a 40- to 50-seat variant for the 13 million passengers interested in supersonic transport projected by 2025.
In September 2018, Spike intended to fly the S-512 by early 2021 and start deliveries in 2023. In June 2021, Spike was reported to still be developing an 18-seat version.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

Proposed aircraft of the United States
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Supersonic business jets
Peter Riegel. Peter Riegel (January 30, 1935 – May 28, 2018) was an American research engineer who developed a mathematical formula for predicting race times for runners and other athletes given a certain performance at another distance. The formula has been widely adopted on account of its simplicity and predictive accuracy.

Life and career
Riegel gained a BS in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1959 and his masters from Villanova University in 1966.

Riegel was a research engineer at Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, researching the development of deep-sea diving equipment as well as air flow in coal mines. He published numerous  articles on waste-water treatment, underwater life support, motorcycle mechanics and distance running.

Riegel founded and edited Measurement News, the newsletter of the Road Running Technical Council of USA Track & Field. He helped in the creation of the RRTC when USATF was first being organized, and served as its chairman until 2002. He headed the US team to design and measure the marathon courses for the 1984 and 1996 U.S. Olympics, as well as the U.S. Men's Olympic Marathon Trials race held in Columbus in 1992. He was also a founding member of the Association of Road Racing Statisticians.

Riegel held a patent for an automatic trip fill nozzle and another for an exhaust regulator valve for push-pull diving system.

Riegel died in Columbus on May 28, 2018, at the age of 83.

Race time prediction
In a 1977 article for Runner's World Magazine, Riegel proposed a simple formula for comparing relative performances at different distances.  The formula is most commonly quoted as:where:

  is the time achieved for 
  is the time predicted for 
  is the distance over which the initial time is achieved
  is the distance for which the time is to be predicted

Riegel expanded on his thesis in a 1981 article for American Scientist, stating that the formula  concerns activities in the "endurance range", namely lasting between 3.5 and 230 minutes. The analysis deals with running, swimming and walking.

The simplicity of the formula and its predictive accuracy has resulted in it being adopted widely by websites such as Runner's World.  Some sites have modified it, stating that the value of 1.06 given for the exponent b in the formula results in seemingly unachievable predictions for longer distances.

Publications

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Villanova University alumni
Place of birth missing
People from Columbus, Ohio
Engineers from Ohio
Henderson Little Bear. The Henderson Little Bear is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Henderson Aero Specialities of Felton, Delaware, introduced in 1993. The aircraft is a replica of the Piper J-3 Cub (a little bear is a "cub"). When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Little Bear features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit accessed via doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel with all surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing employs a USA 35B airfoil, has a wing area of  and is supported by "V" struts and jury struts. The cabin width is . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engine used is the  Continental A65.

The Little Bear has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot, passenger and baggage is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 400 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that five kits had been sold and two aircraft were completed and flying.

In December 2013 one example was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Little Bear)

References

Little Bear
1990s United States sport aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
International Structural Engineering and Construction Society. The International Structural Engineering and Construction Society (ISEC) is a non-profit professional body founded in 2001 to represent members of the civil engineering, structural engineering, and construction engineering profession worldwide. Based in Fargo, North Dakota, it offers educational conferences, seminars, and literature through an international network of advisors and regional representatives.

Mission
"The mission of ISEC Conferences is to enhance communication and understanding between structural, system, and construction engineers, for successful design and construction of engineering projects. Interdisciplinary integration and international cooperation are encouraged. ISEC conferences promote innovative and integrative approaches in life cycle systems thinking in civil and building engineering that include constructability, specifications, design, bidding, and construction. It is the purpose of ISEC to provide an international forum for the discussion of topics important to developing new knowledge in construction and structural engineering. The aim of ISEC is to conduct such conferences at an international level.".

Conferences and education
ISEC hosts biennial international conferences and regional conferences.  The international Conferences are held in all odd number years, while the regional conferences (ASEA SEC and EURO MED SEC) are held in even number years.

The upcoming conferences are scheduled to be held for LATAM SEC 2024 in Quito, Ecuador and for EURO MED SEC 5 in Vilnius, Lithuania

ISEC Press
In 2014, ISEC Society launched ISEC Press as a publishing subsidiary.  The title is now known as "Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction," carrying an ISSN number of 2644-108X.

The articles go through a rigorous peer-review process.  Abstracts are reviewed double-blind, whereas the manuscripts are reviewed single-blind.  All articles go through similarity checks and an extensive copyediting process.

Publications
To date, ISEC has published its proceedings from international and regional conferences, containing more than 3,500 peer-reviewed papers from about 60 countries.  These are accessible in the ISEC Proceedings Archive.

Sponsors, co-sponsors, promoters, and endorsers
ISEC Society conferences have been supported by a large number of professional organizations.

Registrations, indexing, archiving
All titles of the Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction carry a DOI number, are registered with Crossref as journal articles, indexed in Scopus, and archived in ClockSS.

References

External links

American engineering organizations
Civil engineering professional associations
Engineering societies
Organizations based in Honolulu
Organizations established in 2001
Structural engineering
Ju-Chin Chu. Ju-Chin Chu (; December 14, 1919 – November 15, 2000) was a Chinese-American chemical engineer. He was the father of Steven Chu.

Life and career 
Chu was born in Liuhe, Taicang, Suzhou. He attended Suzhou High School, Tsinghua University and National Southwestern Associated University in China before he went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology for Ph.D. education in 1946. After graduating from MIT, he taught at Washington University in St. Louis from 1946 to 1949, at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute from 1949 to 1966, and at Virginia Tech from 1967 to 1972. He became an Academia Sinica member in 1964.

Personal life
Ju-Chin Chu's wife Ching-Chen Li also studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, majoring in economics. His second born son Steven Chu is a Nobel laureate in physics and the twelfth United States Secretary of Energy in the Obama administration. His eldest son Gilbert Chu is a professor of biochemistry and medicine at Stanford University, while the youngest Morgan Chu, is a patent lawyer who is a partner and the former Co-Managing Partner at the law firm Irell & Manella LLP.

References

1919 births
2000 deaths
American chemical engineers
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Engineers from Jiangsu
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Members of Academia Sinica
National Southwestern Associated University alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Scientists from Suzhou
Tsinghua University alumni
Virginia Tech faculty
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American engineers
Yunker Aircraft Company. Yunker Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer of the late 1920s

George C. Yunker, was head of a tractor agency in Dodge City, Kansas. He founded the Yunker Aircraft company in Wichita, hiring W.E. Laird as production manager. The company contracted Knoll Aircraft Company to produce some models. The company went into receivership to C.V. Snyder in 1930 with $230 owed in labor.

Aircraft

References

Aviation in Kansas
Jeni Tennison. Jenifer Fays Alys Tennison  (born 1972) is a British software engineer and consultant who co-chairs the data governance working group within the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI). She also serves on the board of directors of Creative Commons, the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data (GPSDD) and the information law and policy centre of the School of Advanced Study (SAS) at the University of London. She was previously Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Open Data Institute (ODI).

Education
Tennison was born in Cambridge, England and educated at the University of Nottingham gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology in 1994 and a PhD in collaborative ontology development in 1999, supervised by Nigel Shadbolt.

Career 
Tennison has been the technical architect and lead developer for legislation.gov.uk and previously worked on the linked data aspects of data.gov.uk. Previously, she was self-employed as a consultant.

Tennison has authored or co-authored papers on XSLT, XML, structured data and knowledge bases. She has authored books including Beginning XSLT, Beginning XSLT 2.0,  XSLT and XPath on the Edge and Professional XML Schemas. Tennison was an invited expert on the XSL and XML processing working groups at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and was appointed to the W3C's Technical Architecture Group (TAG) in 2011. She has previously worked for the Open Knowledge Foundation and Epistemics Ltd.

Tennison is the co-creator of the open data board game Datopolis.

Tennison founded Connected by Data (incorporated in February 2022) and leads a team with the mission of "we want communities to have a powerful say in decisions about data so that it is used to create a just, equitable and sustainable world".

Awards and honours
Tennison was appointed Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to Technology and Open Data.

References 

Semantic Web people
XML Guild
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
1972 births
Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. The  is the civil aviation authority of Japan and a division of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). Its head office is in the MLIT building in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is the Japanese equivalent of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.

Aircraft

The JCAB operates or has operated the following aircraft:

Jet

 Bombardier Global Express
 Cessna Citation CJ4 (525C model) - five in service for calibration duties as of June 2022.
 Cessna Citation Longitude - one, equipped for calibration of ground-based navigation and landing systems, received in June 2022, to replace the Dash 8.
 Gulfstream IV

Turboprop

 de Havilland Canada DHC-8-300 Dash 8
 NAMC YS-11
 Saab 2000

Helicopter

 Bell 412EP

See also

 Japan Transport Safety Board (current accident investigation agency)
 Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission (predecessor air and rail accident investigation agency)
 Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission (predecessor air accident investigation agency)

References

External links
 Civil Aviation Bureau
 Civil Aviation Bureau 
 Flight Information Region In Japan
 "Working Arrangement between The Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan (CAB) and The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)." (Archive)

Japan
Government agencies of Japan
Civil aviation in Japan
Transport organizations based in Japan