2024 Serbian environmental protests. In July 2024, a series of environmental protests began in Serbia against the Jadar mine, a European Union–backed and Serbian government-approved lithium mining project. The project was proposed by Anglo-Australian Rio Tinto to develop Europe's largest lithium mine in the West Serbian region of Jadar, causing significant backlash due to its potential environmental damage and exploitation of the local population for economic and geopolitical gain.

Background 
Lithium is a critical element needed for the production of batteries used in electric vehicles and mobile devices, and had significantly increased demand in the 2020s due to the global shift towards renewable energy and electric transportation, especially for the automotive industry. The European Union and the United States have designated lithium as a "strategically important resource".

Serbia is home to one of Europe's largest lithium reserves, located in the Jadar valley region of western Serbia with a population of about 18,000 people. The region contains wide stretches of diverse forest ecosystems, agricultural land, and water resources from the Jadar river. Many farmers live and work in the valley due to its fertile soil, with several families living in the region for generations. Multinational mining company Rio Tinto probed the region for several years and desired to launch efforts to excavate its large lithium supply to meet global demand for lithium.

Serbia's candidacy to join the European Union has been complicated due to its difficulties toward meeting its environmental standards, with Serbia being deemed one of Europe's most polluted nations.

Prelude 

In 2021 to 2022, widespread environmental protests across Serbia, which included blocking several high-traffic roads and bridges in Belgrade and other regions, led to the suspension of Rio Tinto's lithium mining project in the region. The Serbian Prime Minister at the time, Ana Brnabić, stated that "everything is finished" and that the project was "over". However, in early July 2024, Serbia's constitutional court overruled the prior cancellation of the US$2.4 billion mining project. The court claimed that the initial ruling was "not in accordance with the Constitution or the law" and reinstated the company's licence to mine in the region.

On 19 July 2024, following EU pressure, President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz, and European Union energy chief Maroš Šefčovič met and signed an agreement regarding the European Union's access to "critical raw materials" mined in Serbia, representing a further step towards facilitating the Jadar mining project. The deal represented an effort by Europe to lower its dependency on China for essential minerals such as lithium, as well as aligning Serbia more closely with the EU instead of with Russia and China, especially in the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and China's diplomatic and economic partnership with Russia. Vučić claimed that the mine would "not endanger anyone or anything", and planned to grant locals "new jobs and better salaries".

Protests 
The reinstatement of Rio Tinto's mining licence triggered a new wave of indignation and protests across Serbia. Many environmentalists argued that the excavation would cause irreversible environmental damage to the agriculturally fertile Jadar valley, while offering limited benefits to Serbian citizens, especially locals in the region. Many emphasised the importance of preserving Serbia's natural resources and ecosystems over short-term economic gains, with Biljana Stepanovic, a representative of the Proglas rights organisation, stating that "we cannot live without clean air and water, but we can live without lithium batteries and electric cars". Locals and business owners feared that the project would pose an existential threat to local communities in the region.

One of the environmentalist groups called "Ne damo Jadar" (English: We won't give up Jadar) strictly opposed the plans and began to set up local protests starting in June 2024. Group representative and local farmer Zlatko Kokanovic stated:

The group feared that the resulting landfills and pollution would devastate the ecosystem, poison the river's water supply, destroy agricultural farmland, and introduce toxic particles into the air, causing significant increases in disease and cancer rates.

He also condemned Germany's role in pushing the project forward at the expense of Serbian farmers and locals, retorting:

Political opposition 
Opposition MP and environmentalist Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta called the approved mining plan "an epic crime against people and nature". He referred to German Chancellor Olaf Scholz as a "little American puppet" who was content with displacing the citizens living in Gornje Nedeljice that "feed Serbia". He further stated:

He warned the government that if they did not outlaw the mining operations and future exploitation of raw materials, that the locals would start "a rebellion".

Rallies 
On 29 July 2024, thousands of protesters gathered in the city of Šabac, located approximately 50 kilometres northeast of the proposed mine site. Protesters in Šabac marched through the town, with many waving Serbian flags.

Demonstrations simultaneously occurred in the central Serbian towns of Barajevo, Kraljevo, Ljig, and Aranđelovac. In Kraljevo, activist Nebojsa Kovandzic rallied protesters around the claim that the Serbian government was prioritising its interests towards economic and diplomatic opportunities over those of the citizens. Many environmental groups threatened to escalate future protests, announcing plans to block major railroads and junctions in August 2024 as a form of civil disobedience.

Response 
German Chancellor Olaf Scholz attempted to assure protesters by suggesting that the project would only proceed if it complied with EU environmental standards, which was generally met with scepticism from protesters and environmental groups.

In response to escalating protests, Serbian President Vučić announced that the government would set up a referendum on the project by the end of 2025. Vučić also stated that no operations would begin before 2028, and would make sure to follow environmental guidelines stringently before construction started.

References

2024 in Serbia
2024 protests
July 2024 in Serbia
Environmental protests
Environmentalism in Europe
Political history of Serbia
Protests in Serbia
2024 in the European Union
21st-century protests