omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Loire Aviation. Loire Aviation was a French aircraft manufacturer in the inter-war period, specializing in seaplanes, and based in Saint-Nazaire, France.

History
Loire was founded in 1925 as a division of Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, a shipbuilding company based at St Nazaire. ACL were interested in diversifying into the new area of naval aviation, combining its knowledge of metal work and naval construction to produce seaplanes for the French mail service. The company started as a joint venture between ACL and Gourdou-Leseurre, contracting to build 257 GL 32’s under licence at a new factory at St Nazaire.
In 1928 they disassociated and in 1930 the company became Loire Aviation, working on own designs by designers Asselot, Jarrion, and Guegand Kerguistel.  
During this period Loire built some 232 units of the Loire 11 seaplane and aircraft for other companies, as well as a range of other aircraft under the Loire marque.

In 1933 the company united with Nieuport (by then known as Nieuport-Astra), though both companies maintained their own factories and test sites; Loire at St Nazaire and La Baule, Nieuport at Issy-les-Moulineaux and Villacoublay. This led to some complications; the two companies found themselves competing over a contract for a fighter for the French Air Force, later won by Morane Saulnier with the MS 406.
The two companies underwent a full merger in 1935 to form the Société Anonyme Loire-Nieuport(SALN), or Loire-Nieuport.
In 1936 Loire-Nieuport was nationalized and united with Breguet of Bouguenais, near Nantes, to form the Société Nationale des Constructions Aéronautiques de l'Ouest (SNCAO).

Aircraft
Loire 11 (1930) Three-seat, single engine general-purpose monoplane.
Loire 30 (1932) Three-engine night reconnaissance monoplane.
Loire 43 (1932) Single-engine fighter.
Loire 45 (1933) Single-engine monoplane fighter, developed from the Loire 43.
Loire 46 (1934) Single-engine monoplane fighter, developed from the Loire 43 and 45.
Loire 50 (1931) Single-engine liaison amphibian.
Loire 501 (1933) Single-engine liaison amphibian, developed from the Loire 50.
Loire 60 (1932) Three-engine long range reconnaissance flying boat.
Loire 70 (1933) Three-engine long range reconnaissance flying boat.
Loire 102 (1936) Three-engine parasol-wing monoplane flying boat, intended as a transatlantic mail carrier.
Loire 130 (1934) Single-engine catapult launched reconnaissance flying boat. 
Loire 210 (1935) Single-engine catapult launched floatplane fighter.
Loire 250 (1935) Single-engine monoplane fighter.
Loire-Nieuport 10 (1939) Twin-engine long range reconnaissance floatplane.
Loire-Nieuport 161 (1935) Single-engine monoplane fighter.
Loire-Nieuport LN.401 (1938) Single-engine dive bomber.

Saint-Nazaire
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France
French companies established in 1925
Journal of Catalysis. The Journal of Catalysis is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on all aspects of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. It is published by Elsevier and it was established in 1962 by Jan Hendrik de Boer and P. W. Selwood. The current editor-in-chief is Johannes A. Lercher (Technische Universität München). Other members of the editorial board include Bert Weckhuysen and Joachim Sauer. Former editors-in-chief have been F. S. Stone, W. K. Hall, G. L. Haller, W. N. Delgass, and E. Iglesia.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.047.

Role in copyright lawsuit

In the mid-1980s, photocopies of eight selections from the journal (four articles, two notes, and two letters to the editor) were at the center of American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., a key case in American copyright law. They were in the files of Donald Chickering, a chemical engineer working at Texaco's research center outside Beacon, New York, United States, made by the research center's internal library. Academic Press, the journal's then-publisher, the American Geophysical Union and several other publishers whose journals Texaco subscribed to, alleged that the company's bulk photocopying of articles they published, without paying them sufficient licensing royalties through the Copyright Clearance Center, was copyright infringement.

Texaco claimed as its primary defense fair use, citing an earlier case where similar photocopying of journal articles by two federal government research centers was held to be non-infringing. One aspect of that defense was transformative use, a relatively new concept at the time, derived from Harvard Law Review article two years earlier by Pierre Leval, a federal judge who was assigned to hear the case. Texaco argued, among other things, that the photocopies were transformative use since they enabled its scientists to take the articles into their labs where they might get damaged during experiments, something they would not do with the originals in the journal. Leval rejected that argument, and held that the company's photocopying was an infringement of the publisher's copyright. Texaco appealed to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed Leval in 1995; it was the first time an appellate court had considered the transformative use question.

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1962
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Class 88. Class 88 may refer to:
British Rail Class 88 (unbuilt), Originally a proposed electric variant of the Class 58
British Rail Class 88, Electro-diesel locomotive class
DRG Class 88, a class of German, 0-4-0T, goods train, tank locomotives operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising:
 Class 88.0: BBÖ 184
 Class 88.0: Mainz harbour railway Nos. 3 to 5
 Class 88.70: LBE T 1
 Class 88.71-72: Bavarian D IV
 Class 88.71II: BBÖ 189
 Class 88.72II: EWA IId
 Class 88.73: Palatine T 1
 Class 88.74: Württemberg T
 Class 88.75: Baden I b, Baden I e
 Class 88.76: Bremen harbour railway No. 4a
 Pacific National 88 class narrow gauge diesel locomotive.
Baden I b. The Baden Class I b  locomotives of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways were built for the pontoon bridges from Heidelberg to Speyer. Altogether three of these engines were on duty, of which two had been taken over from the Palatinate Railway in 1874. A third machine was procured directly from the Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe in 1893.

All three locomotives were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as DRG Class 88.75. Shortly thereafter they were retired, however, as locomotives of the Bavarian Class D VI took over pontoon bridge operations.

This class should not be confused with the earlier class with the same designation which is usually referred to as the Baden I b (old) to distinguish it.

References

See also
Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
List of Baden locomotives and railbuses

0-4-0T locomotives
01 b
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1874
B n2t locomotives
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe locomotives
Freight locomotives
LMS/BR Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway and British Railways Class 4 2-6-4T was a family of classes of steam locomotives.  A grand total of 800 engines were built to five separate designs by four different mechanical engineers, over a period of 29 years.  Each new design was a development of the previous one.  The LMS gave the whole family the power classification 4P, BR 4MT.  It is therefore worth considering them as a group as follows:

Withdrawal 

All engines were withdrawn from stock between 1959 and 1967, summarised as follows:

Technical comparison 

For technical purposes, it is worth splitting the Fairburn tanks into two subclasses; early (42050–42146) and late (42147–42699) as their weights differ slightly.

See also
NCC Class WT

References

4
2-6-4T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1927
Air data boom. An air data boom provides air pressure, temperature, and airflow direction data to data acquisition systems for the computation of air, ground, and water vehicle orientation, speed, altitude/depth, and related information. Air data booms can be used as primary sensors or as a "measurement standard" of which primary sensors and instruments are compared to.

Purpose and overview 
An air data boom is used to collect source data during the testing of air vehicles, ground vehicles, and water-borne vessels. The air data boom is mounted on the vehicle in a location that allows for relatively undisturbed air to be measured. To attain such undisturbed air, mounting is usually done on the nose, wing, or upper horizontal stabilizer of the vehicle.

Typical components 
Air data booms may measure one, some, or all of these capabilities:
 angle of attack (AoA, alpha)
 angle of sideslip (AoS, beta)
 static pressure (Ps)
 total pressure (Pt, pitot pressure)
 outside air temperature (OAT)
 total air temperature (TAT)

Specialized air data booms may also contain mission-specific sensors such as humidity sensors, ice detectors, accelerometers, strain gages, and the like.

Synonyms 
An air data boom may be referred to by a variety of names, including:
 flight test boom
 vehicle test boom
 nose boom
 wing boom
 YAPS head (for Yaw-And-Pitch Sensor head)

Manufacturers 
Most air data booms are either procured from niche manufacturers such as SpaceAge Control, Goodrich,, or created by vehicle manufacturers, R&D facilities, and test organizations.

See also 
 Index of aviation articles
 Flight test
 Flight test instrumentation
 Angle of attack
 Pitot-static system
 Pitot tube
 Total air temperature

References

Notes

External links 
 Airdata Measurement and Calibration
 Calibration of Air Data Systems and Flow Direction Sensors
 Wind-Tunnel Calibration of a Combined Pitot-Static Tube and Vane-Type Flow-Angularity Indicator at Mach Numbers of 1.61 and 2.01

Aircraft components
Sensors
Projected area. Projected area is the two 
dimensional area measurement of a three-dimensional object by projecting its shape on to an arbitrary plane. This is often used in mechanical engineering and architectural engineering related fields, especially for hardness testing, axial stress, wind pressures, and terminal velocity.

The geometrical definition of a projected area is: "the rectilinear parallel projection of a surface of any shape onto a plane". This translates into the equation:

where A is the original area, and  is the angle between the normal to the local plane and the line of sight to the surface A. For basic shapes the results are listed in the table below.

See also
Surface area

References

Engineering concepts
Cariphalte. Cariphalte is a brand of hot-pour rubberised bitumen sealant (bitumen technology) manufactured by Shell Bitumen, used for race track and expansion joints. It was released for commercial use in 1986 and has been used on Cleveland and Kent concrete roadways including Dartford Crossing, the A4, the A10, the M2, and the M20.

There are two brands of Cariphalte. Cariphalte DM, the first brand, is a "styrene block co-polymer, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)". Cariphalte DA, the second brand, is "used for friction course mixtures".

References

Further reading 
Read, John; David Whiteoak, Shell Bitumen (2003). The Shell Bitumen Handbook, Thomas Telford. pp. 70–72. .

Pavements
Shell plc
NRG Engineering. NRG Engineering is a Singapore consulting company specializing in the Oil and Gas Industry with worldwide operations. It was founded in 2005. In 2008, NRG Engineering moved its company headquarters to the  new "Fusionopolis" complex in Singapore, and has a representative office in France.

The company is privately owned. It underwent some changes in ownership in 2010 with the departure of two of the three initial co-founders of the company.

NRG Engineering works with oil companies, EPC Contractors and engineering MNCs at different stages of their project. In 2005, they signed the first contract with Cegelec on the Agbami platform operations training centre in Ogere.

From 2006, NRG Engineering developed considerably in Asia, notably because of their involvement in the first refinery ever built in Vietnam: the Dung Quat Refinery project, which is managed by a TECHNIP-JGC-TECNICAS REUNIDAS joint-venture. 2007 also witnessed an increase in their offshore operations, such as pipeline laying projects in Thailand and Indonesia with SAIPEM and CLOUGH, as well as drilling start-up operations in Brunei for TOTAL. 2008 saw the company taking a new turn by winning responsibilities in work in Kuwait and Nigeria. NRG was also awarded a PMC contract in the Shell Gumusut project with MMHE.

In 2014, NRG underwent a rebranding exercise to enhance its service focus to its project management, i.e. people management, safety management, training as well as software.

NRG Engineering used to organize an annual sailing event, the NRG Cup, to gather some players of the industry. The 2nd and last edition of the race was held in Thailand in July 2009.

References

External links

Engineering companies of Singapore
Analog signal to discrete time interval converter. An analog signal to discrete time interval converter (ASDTIC) is a specialized kind of an analog-to-digital converter, which converts the analog input signal (e.g. voltage or current) to time intervals between pulses.

This conversion is a type of Pulse-width modulation (PWM). The origin of the term ASDTIC lies with NASA around 1970.

ASDTIC were used in the control of DC-DC converters. For use in space-rated systems, reliable hybrid circuits were developed to implement the ASDTIC function.

Operation 
The DC-DC converters under study in this work had a similar form as a DC chopper or switching regulator. A bipolar transistor switches current flowing into an L-C network of an inductor and capacitor. To reduce , the transistor is always turned either fully off or fully on. Control of this transistor is derived from a control circuit that supplies a series of pulses. In the circuits studied here, the pulses are all of equal length. The overall ON time or mark/space ratio of the pulse train (and thus the output power delivered) is controlled by varying the interval between pulses. Closely spaced pulses increase output. This control signal is derived by use of an ASDTIC circuit.

The ASDTIC circuit used is based around an integrator and a threshold detector. The incoming signal is integrated over time and when it exceeds a threshold, a control pulse is generated by the ASDTIC. Within the converter control circuit outside the ASDTIC, a One-Shot Pulse Generator then generates a pulse of constant length to drive the switching transistor.

The ASDTIC approach was taken in an attempt to improve the regulation and stability of previous switching regulators with linear control systems. These used an error signal derived from the converter's DC output voltage and had a tendency to behave as underdamped second-order systems which were prone to oscillations in their output. The ASDTIC control system of Schoenfeld & Yu was an attempt to improve this dynamic performance. An additional AC component was measured, from the voltage across the output inductor, and this new AC loop signal was also supplied to the integrator within the ASDTIC. Such a second AC loop went beyond the claims of the original Schwartz ASDTIC patent Performance of the new control technique was good: converter stability was enhanced, and its dynamic performance characteristics greatly improved.

References 

Power supplies
Analog circuits
Gareth Jones (computer scientist). Gareth Jones is a computer scientist. Jones obtained a bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Bristol in 1989 and a PhD examining the Application of Linguistic Models in Continuous Speech Recognition in 1994 from the same institution. He has since worked at the University of Cambridge, at the University of Exeter, at the Toshiba Corporation Research and Development Centre in Kawasaki, Japan, at Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A. and at the National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. In 2003 he was appointed as a Senior Lecturer in the School of Computing at Dublin City University.

Jones has published extensively in the general field of  information retrieval, especially with regard to multi-medial and cross-linguistic information access, and is a member of several editorial boards.

External links
Gareth Jones' homepage

Living people
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Year of birth missing (living people)
British computer scientists
Lexington class. Lexington class could refer to two classes of ships of the U.S. Navy:

  - a class of six battlecruisers designed during World War I, they were being constructed when the Washington Naval Treaty forced the cancellation of the class. The two that were the most advanced in their construction became aircraft carriers, (see below) while the other four were scrapped.
  - the conversion of two of the battlecruisers to aircraft carriers. These ships,  and , served in the U.S. Navy until Lexington was sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Saratoga was used as a target ship for the Bikini atomic experiments (Operation Crossroads).
Blindpassasjer. Blindpassasjer (Norwegian: Stowaway, literally "blind passenger"; English title: Marco Polo) is a 3 episode Norwegian science fiction television series first aired in 1978. It aired 3 episodes. Directed by Stein Roger-Bull, the story was written by Jon Bing and Tor Åge Bringsværd for which they won the 1978 Riverton Prize.

The show follows the experiences of 5 crew members aboard the starship Marco Polo as they return to Earth from the distant planet Rossum. The crew are awoken from their hibernation deep sleep to find mysterious images on security footage of a mysterious ghostly stowaway. Subsequent investigations reveal that one of the crew has been replaced by a Biomat (a biological robot from Rossum), that has assumed their likeness.

Blindpassasjer is noteworthy for being the first science fiction series to air on Norwegian television.

References

External links

 Review at Nordic Fantasy

1970s science fiction television series
Norwegian television series
Iron Highway. The Iron Highway is a rail-based intermodal freight concept developed at New York Air Brake in the mid-1980s and tested by CSL Intermodal in the early 1990s. The Iron Highway system employs specially designed locomotives located at each end of a string of 60-meter articulated platforms that divide in the middle to form ramps for the loading and unloading of regular truck trailers. An objective of the concept is to serve standard trailers and containers that are not reinforced for lift-on/lift-off operations. The principal benefit is to extend the economy of intermodal traffic to distances as short as 200 km. One unpowered prototype was built, and was presumably tested on CSX, and it was moved to Australia afterwards. The fate of this prototype is unknown.

References

External links 
 
 

Rail transportation in the United States
HMS Archer (1911). HMS Archer was one of 20 Acheron-class destroyers built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She was one of the two Yarrow Specials with which the builder was given more freedom in an effort to increase speeds beyond the rest of the class. Completed in 1912 the ship served during the First World War and was sold in 1921.

Design and description
The Acheron class was a repeat of the preceding , although the Admiralty allowed three builders, including Yarrow, more freedom to modify the design of two of their ships apiece in hopes that they might be able to improve upon the speeds previously attained. The Yarrow Specials had an overall length of , a beam of , and a deep draught of . The ships displaced  at deep load and their crew numbered 70 officers and ratings.

Archer was powered by a single Brown-Curtis steam turbine that drove two propeller shafts using steam provided by three Yarrow boilers. The engines developed a total of  and were designed for a speed of . The ship reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The Acherons had a range of  at a cruising speed of .

The primary armament of the ships consisted of a pair of BL  Mk VIII guns in single, unprotected pivot mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. They were also armed with two single QF 12-pounder () guns, one on each broadside abreast the bridge. The destroyers were equipped with a pair of single rotating mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes amidships and carried two reload torpedoes.

Construction and career

Archer, the fourth ship of the name to serve in the Royal Navy, was ordered under the 1910–1911 Naval Programme from Yarrow & Company. She was laid down at the company's shipyard in Scotstoun on 1 September 1910, launched on 21 October 1911 and commissioned in March 1912.

From 1917 the Third Battle Squadron was deployed to the Mediterranean. Archer was present at the entry of the Allied fleet through the Dardanelles on 12 November 1918. She was sold to Thos. W. Ward for scrap on 9 May 1921.

Pennant numbers

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Acheron-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1911 ships
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
Spring Batch. Spring Batch is an open source framework for batch processing. It is a lightweight, comprehensive solution designed to enable the development of robust batch applications, which are often found in modern enterprise systems. Spring Batch builds upon the POJO-based development approach of the  Spring Framework.

Spring Batch provides reusable functions that are essential in processing large volumes of records, including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and resource management. It also provides more advanced technical services and features that will enable extremely high-volume and high performance batch jobs through optimization and partitioning techniques. Simple as well as complex, high-volume batch jobs can leverage the framework in a highly scalable manner to process significant volumes of information.

Spring Batch is part of the Spring Portfolio.

Spring Batch 1.0.0 was made available to the public in March 2008. Spring Batch 2.0.0 was released in April 2009.

Several books have been published on Spring Batch.

See also
Spring Framework
Diagrammatic representation

Citations

References 

Java (programming language) libraries
Software using the Apache license