omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pressure-driven flow. Pressure-driven flow is a method to displace liquids in a capillary or microfluidic channel with pressure. The pressure is typically generated pneumatically by compressed air or other gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc) or by electrical and magnetical fields or gravitation.

Physical fundamentals
It is known from thermodynamics that conjugated quantities scale in a different manner. Two classes can be distinguished: intensive quantities as temperature T, pressure P and amount of substance N or extensive quantities as entropy S, volume V and chemical potential μ. Extensive quantities scale with system size, whereas the intensive quantities do not. The quantity pressure, for example, is defined as the (differential) quotient of two extensive variables: p=dE/dV (energy E and volume V) and therefore scale independent as the same scaling factors appearing in the nominator as well as the denominator cancel. In microsystems the problem rises that the extremely small volumes are difficult to be controlled. The reason is the predominance of surface effects as surface charges, van-der-Waals forces and entropic effects (e.g. dewetting due to rough surfaces: the restriction in degrees of freedom of molecules penetrating such a surface is entropically more expensive than staying in bulk). Furthermore, the microsystem has to be controlled from a macroscopic human scale.

References

Fluid dynamics
Self-Protect High-Energy Laser Demonstrator. The Self-Protect High-Energy Laser Demonstrator (SHiELD) was a directed-energy weapons development program. The objective was to demonstrate the ability of a laser system mounted on aircraft by developing and integrating a moderate power laser in a fighter-compatible pod. In 2016 it was reported that United States Air Force was considering getting a defensive laser weapon for fifth and sixth generation fighter jets by 2021. The SHiELD program was concluded in May 2024.

References

Military lasers
Sabih al-Masri. Sabih Taher Darwish al-Masri is a Jordanian-Palestinian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Arab Supply and Trading Company (Astra Group).  He is also the chairman of Zara Investment Holding, Astra Industries, Paltel Corporation and Arab Bank, and a founder of the Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE).

He is the cousin of Munib al-Masri.

Al-Masri has a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Texas.

Al-Masri co-founded Zara Investment Holding in 1994.

References

Chemical engineers
Living people
People from Nablus
People from Ramallah
Year of birth missing (living people)
Palestinian engineers
Palestinian billionaires
21st-century Palestinian businesspeople
Fred A. Smith (trade unionist). Frederick Arthur Smith  (23 February 1887 – 23 January 1943) was a British trade unionist.

Born in Poplar in the East End of London, Smith completed an apprenticeship as an engineer and joined the London United Metal Turners Society.  In 1917, he was elected as general secretary of the union, but in 1920 took it into a merger with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which formed the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU). He became the AEU's first assistant general secretary, then in 1933 was elected as its general secretary.  Smith was also prominent in the Trades Union Congress, and served as chair of its Standing Orders Committee for many years.

Smith was taken ill late in 1942 and had his leg amputated in hospital. While there, he heard that he had been made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1943 New Year Honours. By late January, he was ready to return home, but died suddenly while waiting for a lift.

References

1887 births
1943 deaths
People from Poplar, London
General secretaries of the Amalgamated Engineering Union
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Benjamin Gardner. Benjamin Gardner (24 October 1896 – 6 April 1956) was a British trade unionist.

Born in Salford, Gardner worked making scientific instruments and became active in the Scientific Instrument Makers' Trade Society.  He served with the Royal Flying Corps during World War I, then worked at Vickers, where he became shop steward for the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), and was also active on the Manchester and Salford Trades Council.

In 1934, Gardner was elected as assistant general secretary of the AEU, then in 1943 he became general secretary.  In this role, he was a close ally of Jack Tanner and used his influence to oppose the left-wing of the union movement.  He was also active in the Trades Union Congress, chairing the General Purposes Committee from 1948.  He died suddenly in 1956.

References

1896 births
1956 deaths
General secretaries of the Amalgamated Engineering Union
People from Salford
Royal Flying Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Salford
Albert Smethurst. Albert Harry Smethurst (19 August 1868 – 11 November 1935) was a British trade unionist. Born in Oldham, Smethurst completed an apprenticeship as an engineer and became active in the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), soon becoming its Oldham district secretary.  He was also elected as secretary of the Oldham Trades Council. In 1913, Smethurst was elected as assistant general secretary of the ASE.  In 1920, the ASE merged with several other unions to become the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), and he became its general secretary in 1921, serving until his retirement in 1933.

References

1868 births
1935 deaths
General secretaries of the Amalgamated Engineering Union
Trade unionists from Oldham
Weighing paper. Weighing paper is often used when weighing solid, powdery substances on an analytical balance.  By preventing the substance from making contact with unwanted materials, the precision of the measurement may be increased.

Production 

Weighing paper is usually made through a process called calendering. First, a chemically manufactured paper pulp fiber is broken down and squeezed into the mold where it will dry into the sheet. Then, this sheet will be rolled down by hot roller. As a result, the pulp fiber will be flat and in the same direction. To make the paper very smooth and moist-resistant, it goes through the process repetitively, called super-calendering.

Uses
Weighing paper can be folded into different shape depending on its uses.

Origami pouch: Origami pouch is a pocket-like shaped weighing paper that can be usually used for handling powdery, slippery samples.
 Weighing boat:  Weighing boat is a box-like folded weighing paper that can be usually used for handling solid, gunky samples.

Types 

 Low-nitrogen weighing paper: Low-nitrogen weighing paper is the most common type of weighing paper that is used for analytical balances in the labs. The smooth texture prevents gunking up and absorption of samples on the paper.
 Sulfur-free weighing paper: Sulfur-free weighing paper is usually used for weighing food materials. It is made up bleached glassine pulp and paper. As a result, it prevents the reaction of sample with other organic solvents such as alcohol, or acetone.

Sizes 

The weighing paper is provided in different sizes : 6in by 6in, 4in by 4in, and 3in by 3in.

See also 
 Glassine

References

Laboratory equipment
Baxter Academy for Technology and Science. Baxter Academy for Technology and Science is a public charter school serving grades 9–12 located in Portland, Maine. Established in 2013, it is Maine's third charter school. The school is in an urban setting and specializes in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) curriculum. Its first senior class graduated in June 2016.

Baxter Academy is a college-preparatory high school, promoting student ownership of learning through curriculum focused specifically on science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Baxter Academy students study complex, real-world problems, using and building technological tools in a collaborative environment with scientists, engineers and other professionals.

Baxter Academy's student and faculty bodies travel from nearly 60 towns across Southern, Central, and Western Maine to access school each day. A local bus company runs five express school bus routes to serve students with longer commutes. The Greater Portland Metro Bus system is another common way for Baxter students to access both the school itself and Downtown Portland as a whole.

The school also showcases its uniqueness by allowing more individual freedom and self guidance to help students prepare for the real world. One major way this is achieved is by allowing students to go off campus during lunch and become participating members of Portland's economy by shopping and dining during this time. The school also has a unique program known as "Flex Friday", where students or groups of students can organize a long-term project (1–4 years) that relates to their interests and goals while also containing educational value. The Projects are worked on every Friday, all day, when school is in session. Popular projects include software development, robotics, and internships.

On March 13, 2020, the school closed its doors amid COVID-19 concerns and increased logistical tension, and switched to a remote learning model. This model was followed throughout the entirety of the 2020–2021 school year, even as many other schools in the area began to reopen and new administrators were appointed. On August 1, 2021, an E-mail was sent to students and staff confirming that the school would return to in-person instruction by September 2021, but with additional COVID-19 Prevention methods in order to ensure  campus safety. Fully in-person graduation ceremonies took place for the classes of 2022 and 2023.

References

External links
 

High schools in Portland, Maine
Educational institutions established in 2013
2013 establishments in Maine
Charter schools in Maine
Charter high schools in the United States
Nikhil Bhogal. Nikhil Bhogal is an entrepreneur, engineer, inventor and the co-founder and CTO of June, maker of the June Intelligent Oven. Previously, he was an engineer at Apple and Path, designing the camera software used on the first five generations of the iPhone.

Bhogal is listed as an inventor on many of Apple's camera software patents; these inventions include the iPhone and iPad's tap-to-focus, continuous image capture, the lock screen camera, and panoramic photography.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American inventors
American chief technology officers
21st-century American engineers
Archelis. Archelis ( , from  , "walkable chair" in Japanese) is a wearable chair designed and manufactured by Yokohama-based mold factory, Nitto in association with Japan Polymer Technology, Chiba University's Center for Frontier Medical Engineering and Hiroaki Nishimura Design. The purpose of the chair is to aid industry workers and medical surgeons who had to work for long hours standing. As of February 2016, it is specially designed for medical surgeons, allowing them to sit during physically demanding surgical operations which reduces fatigue in surgeons.

History 
Patents for similar wearable devices dates back to more than four decades which has since been expired. The original patent for the invention was first made by Darcy Robert Bonner in 1977 which was later granted as D249,987 in October 1978. In 2015, Swiss engineers came up with a similar product called Noonee which is a hydraulic-powered exoskeleton made of a titanium frame. Noonee was tested on workers of German car manufacturing company, Audi.

Function 
The device while worn, makes the angle of ankle and knee stable to enable a standing orientation such that the knees moderately bent but without applying any effort on the legs and without exerting pressure on the joints. The body coercion gets shared out to the shin and thigh, minimizing the muscle fatigue.

The device can be locked into unassociated positions for each limb to permit the user to stand in a comfortable way. The designers believe that the device is perfect for medical surgeons who need to stand for long hours during operations.

Structure 
The system involves no cell or power, made of carbon segments and materialized with hook and loop closures. It was noted by the company that the device is comfortable to use for long hours as the carbon parts are flexible.

Public 
The wearable chair is under active development as of February 2016 and is currently not available for the public to purchase.

In seasons 5 and 6 of Silicon Valley, recurring character Gabe is always showing wearing an Archelis.

References 

Chairs
Individual models of furniture
Stoating. Stoating, sometimes written stoting or stotting, is a type of stitching made to join two pieces of woven material, with raw edges placed together, such that the resulting stitches are not visible from the right side of the cloth. Stoating is accomplished by passing the needle only halfway through the pieces of material to be stoated, using a very fine needle and thread, such as silk, or even hair. Stitches would be drawn from side to side across the opening to be sewn closed, in a pattern resembling a zig-zag or the rungs of a ladder. Stoating may be used on heavier fabrics, such as felt and some types of tweed, or fabrics that will not fray easily. Stoating would also be used in place of seaming on heavy furs. When completed, the join should lie flat and not be visible from the right side of the fabric.

References

Sewing stitches
Generalised beam theory. In structural engineering and mechanical engineering, generalised beam theory (GBT) is a one-dimensional theory used to mathematically model how beams bend and twist under various loads. It is a generalization of classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory that approximates a beam as an assembly of thin-walled plates that are constrained to deform as a linear combination of specified deformation modes.

History

Its origin is due to Richard Schardt (1966). Since then many other authors have extended the initial (first-order elastic) GBT formulations developed by Schardt and his co-workers. Many extensions and applications of GBT have been developed by Camotim (Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal) and collaborators, since the beginning of the 21st century.

Description 
The theory can be applied without restrictions to any prismatic thin-walled structural member exhibiting straight or curved axial axis (any loading, any cross-section geometry, any boundary conditions).  GBT is in some ways analogous to the finite strip method and can be a more computationally efficient method than modeling a beam with a full 2D or 3D finite element method to predict the member structural behavior.

GBT has been widely recognized as an efficient approach to analyzing thin-walled members and structural systems. The efficiency arises mostly from its modal nature – the displacement field is expressed as a linear combination of cross-section deformation modes whose amplitudes vary continuously along the member length (x axis)  - see Figures 2-3. Due to GBT assumptions inherent to a thin-walled member, only 3 non-null stress components are considered in the formulations (see Fig. 1).

Membrane displacement field (i.e., in the cross-section mid-surface):

 

The GBT modal nature makes it possible to (i) acquire in-depth knowledge on the mechanics of the thin-walled member behaviour and (ii) judiciously exclude, from subsequent similar GBT analyses, those deformation modes found to play no (or negligible) role in the particular behaviour under scrutiny. Eliminating modes that play no role reduces the number of degrees of freedom involved in a GBT analysis and increases its computational efficiency. GBT has proven useful in the understanding of the structural behaviour under analysis as well as in its computational efficiency.

References

Beam theory
Civil engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical engineering
Aerospace engineering
Burt Freeman. Burton E Freeman (July 3, 1924 – October 4, 2016) was an American physicist and explosive engineer who researched the calculated expedition timetables for the American Project Orion nuclear propulsion spacecraft in the 1950s and 60s. He calculated timetables for round trips to Mars and Venus.

Burt had commented that "In retrospect" Orion "was a really crazy idea". "A great deal of force of personality and intellect drove this project". Burt lived in San Diego until moving to Kihei, HI in 2015, where he lived until his death on October 4, 2016.

References

External links
 http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2011/jul/17/project-orion-road-not-taken-space/
 http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/sd-me-burton-freeman-20161122-story.html

2016 deaths
1924 births
Scientists from Pasadena, California
American physicists
Engineers from California
Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers. The Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) (), was established in May 1946 by the Science and Technology Agency (now known as the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) of the Government of Japan "To cope with the rapid advancement of society". Kenichi Koyanagi and Ichiro Ishikawa were founders of the JUSE.

History

After the Second World War and the Occupation of Japan, the Government of Japan promoted the creation of industrial organisations. One of these organisations was the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE). JUSE brought leaders and experts from all of Japan’s major industries together to share the best practices. It was directed to "revitalise Japan’s economy and [eliminate] waste by improving quality". It was established in May 1946 by the Science and Technology Agency (now known as the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) of the Government of Japan.

Under the patronage of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, the JUSE invited W. Edwards Deming, an American engineer and statistician to lecture them on the use of statistical quality control. He arrived in June 1950 and he returned again on five occasions as consultant to Japanese industry. The following year the JUSE established the Deming Prize, which was originally awarded to individuals who had contributed to the theory and application of quality control and to corporations which had obtained outstanding results in the application of quality control.

Joseph M. Juran was also invited to give lectures to the JUSE in 1954 and 1960. His lectures centered on managing quality and in making quality a business strategy.

Current organisation

The objective of the JUSE is to

Promote systematic studies needed for the advancement of science and technology, whereupon to contribute to the development of culture and industry.

The organisation is run by a board of 10 directors. Membership of JUSE is restricted to corporations only. Many of its corporate members are in manufacturing, construction and service industries.

References

External links
Official website in English

Scientific organizations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Japan
Organizations based in Tokyo
Scientific organizations based in Japan
Science and technology in Japan
Shinjuku
Grimsel Tunnel. The Grimsel Tunnel () is a proposed  tunnel for power transmission and rail transport in Switzerland.  , it was planned to run under the Grimsel Pass and link the Zentralbahn at the north end with the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn at the south, and its construction is scheduled to begin in 2027.

The tunnel is proposed to carry a single-track metre gauge railway and railway electrification system.  The total length of the new Grimsel Line () route containing the tunnel would be .  It would link two groups of existing railway lines constructed to one-metre track gauge in Switzerland, forming a contiguous route of .
The power transmission cables would run at 380kV and replace Swissgrid's existing overhead power line, and allow the removal of the 121 electricity pylons that had been in place for sixty years.

The intended railway route would continue from the Brünig railway line at Meiringen railway station, via the Meiringen–Innertkirchen railway, to a stop at Innertkirchen, then via new stations at Guttannen and Handegg () to Oberwald railway station for continuation via the Furka Base Tunnel.  Travel time between Meiringen and Oberwald would be approximately 38 minutes—a reduction of three hours.

A company called  was founded by the promoters, with Peter Teuscher as its chair person.

In 2016, the estimated cost was 580-million Swiss Francs. The split cost of 290-million Swiss Francs each for railway and power transmission usage would less than the individual estimated costs of 490-million Swiss Francs for a power-only tunnel or 430-million Swiss Francs for a rail-only tunnel.
The tunnel route had first been proposed in 1860.

Route

References

External links

  (in German)
  (in German)

Proposed tunnels in Switzerland
Electric power transmission systems in Europe
Railway tunnels in Switzerland
Proposed energy infrastructure in Switzerland
Proposed transport infrastructure in Switzerland
Kortenbach & Rauh. Kortenbach & Rauh is a German steel manufacturer and umbrella manufacturer. The company is based in Solingen, Germany.

The business partners August Kortenbach and Carl Rauh founded their manufacturing plant in Solingen, then a part of Prussia. The company became one of the leading umbrella frame manufacturers in the country.

In 1982 the company took over the traditional company Knirps.

The company also produced the Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1, which was an unusual twin boom, pusher configuration motor glider, designed and built in Germany in the 1970s and intended as a training aircraft.

References

External links
 

Umbrella manufacturers
Companies based in Solingen
Manufacturing companies of Germany