omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Subcoal. Subcoal is a fractional substitute for coal or lignite which uses processed paper and plastic waste. The fuel pellets can be used as a secondary energy source in industrial furnaces, such as lime kilns and cement kilns, coal-fired power stations and blast furnaces. Subcoal has a caloric value comparable with lignite. The technology was developed by the Dutch chemical company DSM. A study by CE Delft stated that for the paper-plastic fraction of household waste, the Subcoal route has a better climate and overall environmental score compared to incineration in a waste incineration plant.

Production 
The technology consists of different treatment stages, depending on the input waste streams. The waste streams are typically purified, with recyclables being collected and sorted out of them. The waste is dried if necessary. The material is shredded to the required size and turned into pellets, with a diameter of approximately 8 mm. Terms of calorific value, ash content, chlorine contact and moisture content are important to rate the quality of the pellets. The calorific value is comparable with (and sometimes higher than) a few types of coal. The percentage of biomass is more than 50%. Because it is in pellets, Subcoal shows hydrophobic behavior and does not dissolve when the moisture content is increased, which is important when considering external storage. Subcoal is mostly dosed as a ground (pulverized) fuel. It is commercially used via various grinding media (direct firing); via a hammer mill (12 tons per hour), air-rotor mill (6 tons per hour) and via a bowl mill (4 tons per hour). Cement manufacturers, lime producers and energy providers spray the Subcoal powder with coal powder into their kilns.

Currently, there are two Subcoal producing facilities in the Netherlands, which have a combined output capacity of 80 to 90 thousand tons per year. One is implemented at a cardboard mill in the southern part of the Netherlands, with an annual output of about 15 thousand tons. The other is a standalone production facility located in the northern part of the Netherlands, with an annual output of about 70 thousand tons per year.

Content statistics

See also 
 Waste-to-energy
 Refuse-derived fuel
 DSM

References 

Alternative fuels
Indeni (company). Indeni was a software development company which developed Network automation and cloud security software. They offered scripts to validate firewall, DNS/DHCP server and load balancer configurations and performance to help reduce and/or avoid network downtime. The company was backed by Sequoia Capital and others investors. It was acquired by BlueCat Networks in July of 2023.

Overview
The company provides a way, using crowd-sourcing and an open development process, to collect data on device behavior in enormous amounts. Their technology supports many products including BlueCat Networks Integrity BDDS and BAMs, Check Point firewalls, F5 BIG-IP, Fortinet, Fireeye, Gigamon, Juniper, Palo Alto Networks, Radware and other devices. The software that they provide identifies issues that are not caught with SNMP monitoring.

History
Indeni was founded in 2009 by Yoni Leitersdorf. It was created by a team of networking, cyber security experts and software technicians. They were supported by venture capital funds including Sequoia Capital.

References

Software companies of Israel
Network management
Israeli brands
Kurt Petersen (inventor). Kurt E. Petersen (born February 13, 1948) is an American inventor and entrepreneur. He is known primarily for his work on  microelectromechanical systems. Petersen was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering in 2001.

Biography
Petersen received his BS degree cum laude in Electrical Engineering from The University of California at Berkeley in 1970.  In 1975, he received a PhD degree in EE from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He established a micromachining research group at IBM from 1975 to 1982, during which he wrote the review paper “Silicon as a Mechanical Material,” published in the IEEE Proceedings (May 1982).  This paper is a highly referenced work in the field of micromachining and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS);  it is considered to have helped establish MEMS as its own branch of technology. As of September 2017, Google Scholar reported 3,795 citations.

Career
Since 1982, Dr. Petersen has co-founded six successful companies in MEMS technology, including Transensory Devices Inc. in 1982 and NovaSensor, a company which develops low-cost micromachined blood pressure sensors using bulk silicon micromachining technology, in 1985. In 1996, he co-founded Cepheid, a company which uses microfluidic technology for rapid PCR detection. Dr. Petersen also co-founded SiTime in 2004 and Profusa in 2008. In 2009, he co-founded Verreon and joined as Chief Technology Officer, helping to coordinate the company’s sale to Qualcomm in 2010.

In 2011, Petersen joined the  Band of Angels in Silicon Valley, an angel investment group which mentors and invests in early stage, high-tech, start-up companies.  He served as co-chair for the Band of Angel’s hardware subgroup. He joined the Board of Directors for Innovative Micro Technology (IMT) in 2013.  

Dr. Petersen has published over 100 papers and has been granted over 35 patents over the course of his career. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Honours
In 2001, he was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering for "contributions to the research and commercialization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)," and he received the Fellowship of the IEEE in recognition of his contributions “for pioneering contributions and successful commercialization of micromechanical systems”. That same year, he was awarded the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal.

In 2002, Red Herring ranked him as a Top Ten Innovator. In 2019, Petersen received the IEEE Medal of Honor.

References

American businesspeople
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
1948 births
Living people
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
John England (engineer). John England MICE (1822 – 14 September 1877) was a British civil engineer prominent in the history of the Colony of South Australia.

History
John England junior, as he was generally known, was the second son of John England, a prominent solicitor of Hull, Yorkshire. He was educated at the local High School and was articled to the eminent engineer (later Sir) William Fairbairn. On gaining his degree, he was put in charge of design and construction of engines for the HMSS Megara and her sister ship. When Fairbairn was commissioned by Brunel to design girders for the Menai Bridge, England and a Mr. Murray were charged with investigating various tubular forms and constricting a one-fourth scale model of the bridge to test its breaking strain. His work drew the attention of Charles Vignoles, who then employed England to supervise construction of the suspension bridge over the Dnieper at Kiev, a job which took five years, from 1842 to 1847. In recognition of his work he was offered the post of Captain in the Imperial Engineer Corps, but his health had suffered from the cold climate, and he decided to move to South Australia.

He arrived in Adelaide in 1851, and after a brief sojourn in Melbourne, he set up a contracting business in Adelaide, and after constructing a number of wooden bridges, submitted a design for a tubular steel bridge over the Torrens, together with a plan for extending King William Street (as King William Road) to North Adelaide. He and William Robson Coulthard erected the Glenelg jetty, the first screw-pile structure in Australia. He was appointed City Surveyor, but resigned that position to take over the Adelaide Waterworks on the retirement of George Ernest Hamilton in 1858 and the amalgamation of that position with that of Resident Engineer of South Australian Railways. He supervised construction of the Thorndon Park reservoir and its reticulation. He was instrumental in the erection of the Port Adelaide lighthouse and upgrading the Troubridge lighthouse.

He left the Public Service in 1867 after a Select Committee found he had authorized over-payment to the Thorndon Park contractor, and joined the firm of Wallace and Morel, who were laying the railway north from Port Augusta. This project was abandoned, and England left for Japan, where he had been appointed Chief Engineer of the Japanese Imperial Railways. He died in Tokyo.

References 

1822 births
1877 deaths
British bridge engineers
Australian civil engineers
Family of Scatterable Mines. Family of Scatterable Mines (FASCAM) is an umbrella term for a range of systems of the armed forces of the United States, which allows a maneuver commander to rapidly place mines as a situational obstacle; as a reserve obstacle emplacement capability; and to directly attack enemy formations through disrupt, fix, turn, and block. Modern fusing, sensing, and anti-disturbance devices allow scatterable mines to defeat enemy attempts to reduce and/or clear the minefield. FASCAM mines are delivered through artillery,  rocket launchers, indirect crew served weapons, special mine sowing vehicles, helicopters and aircraft.  FASCAM mines utilize a random or pre-programmed self-destruct period, countermeasure hardening and anti-disturbance features. All FASCAM mines have an active life cycle and self-destruct (SD) time after their active life has expired. The duration of the active life varies from 4 hours to 15 days depending on the system.

Systems that are part of the FASCAM range include:
 Remote Anti-Armor Mine System (RAAMS) (a 155 mm howitzer shell)
 Area Denial Artillery Munition (ADAM) (a 155 mm howitzer shell)
 GATOR mine system (air dropped)
 Volcano mine system (various vehicles)
 GEMSS mine system (various vehicles)
 Modular Pack Mine System (MOPMS) (a manually emplaced mine dispenser consisting of 17 AT and 4 AP mines released on command from a remote control system)

References

Land mines of the United States
Type 52. Type 52 may refer to:
 Bugatti Type 52, motor vehicle produced by the auto-maker Bugatti
 Bristol Type 52 Bullfinch, an experimental British military aircraft first flown in 1922
 Type 052 destroyer, a destroyer class of the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Type 052B destroyer, a destroyer class of the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Type 052C destroyer, a destroyer class of the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Type 052D destroyer, a destroyer class of the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Type 52, 75 mm caliber recoilless rifle
Jaimovich–Rebelo preferences. Jaimovich-Rebelo preferences refer to a utility function that allows to parameterize the strength of short-run wealth effects on the labor supply, originally developed by Nir Jaimovich and Sergio Rebelo in their 2009 article Can News about the Future Drive the Business Cycle?

Let  denote consumption and let  denote hours worked at period . The instantaneous utility has the form

where

It is assumed that , , and .

The agents in the model economy maximize their lifetime utility, , defined over sequences of consumption and hours worked,

where  denotes the expectation conditional on the information available at time zero, and the agents internalize the dynamics of  in their maximization problem.

Relationship to other common macroeconomic preference types 
Jaimovich-Rebelo preferences nest the KPR preferences and the GHH preferences.

KPR preferences 

When , the scaling variable  reduces to

and the instantaneous utility simplifies to

corresponding to the KPR preferences.

GHH preferences and balanced growth path 

When , and if the economy does not present exogenous growth, then the scaling variable  reduces to a constant

and the instantaneous utility simplifies to

corresponding to the original GHH preferences, in which the wealth effect on the labor supply is completely shut off.

Note however that the original GHH preferences are not compatible with a balanced growth path, while the Jaimovich-Rebelo preferences are compatible with a balanced growth path  for .
To reconcile these facts, first note that the Jaimovich-Rebelo preferences are compatible with a balanced growth path for  because the scaling variable, , grows at the same rate as the labor augmenting technology.

Let  denote the level of labor augmenting technology. Then, in a balanced growth path, consumption  and the scaling variable  grow at the same rate as . When , the stationary variable  satisfies the relation

which implies that

for some constant .

Then, the instantaneous utility simplifies to

consistent with the shortcut of introducing a scaling factor containing the level of labor augmenting technology before the hours worked term.

References

Business cycle theories
Llurimagua Project. Llurimagua Project is a copper and molybdenum mining project in Imbabura Province, Ecuador. It is named after Llurimagua, which is a community in the area.
Ecuadorean state mining company ENAMI and Chilean state-owned counterpart Corporacion Nacional del Cobre, or Codelco started advanced exploration in 2015 in the area's primary cloud forest after hundreds of police had to intervene to secure the area.

It is in Intag in the Cordillera de Toisán and includes 4,839 hectares.
Sampling in the area was done already. 
In China, there is interest in cooperation.

References 

Mining in Ecuador
Imbabura Province
NPO Molniya Molniya-1. The Molniya-1 is a six-seater utility aircraft designed and built in Russia during the 1990s.

Design and development
The Molniya-1 six-seat aircraft is a three surface design with a forward balanced canard surface and a square section fuselage with a Vedeneyev M14P nine cylinder radial engine in the rear. Twin booms carry fins with balanced and trim tabbed rudders and a high set tailplane, similarly tabbed and balanced.

It was intended to cover a wide range of tasks including touring, cargo/mail carrying, business flights, aerial photography, patrol and air ambulance services. The three-surface configuration was intended to provide improved safety and fuel efficiency over conventional types, with the rear-mounted engine lowering cabin noise and vibration. It flew for the first time on 18 December 1992.

A Westernised version with a  Continental TSIO-550-B flat six engine and another, the Moliniya-3 with an Allison 250 turboprop, were proposed.  More broadly, the company were considering a number of larger types based on the three surface configuration.

Operational history
In 1993 the design received a gold medal at the Eureka-93 World Inventors, Scientific Research and Know-How Salon in Brussels. It was demonstrated at the Le Bourget aero show in 1995. Only two Moliniyas had been built by about 2000.

Specifications (Molniya-1)

References

Three-surface aircraft
Adventure SA. Adventure SA  (doing business as Adventure Paramotors) is a French aircraft manufacturer based in Méré, Yonne. The company was founded by Guy Léon-Dufour; Andrea Testoni is the current president and general manager. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paramotors.

The company was founded in 1990 in Paris, France and was one of the earliest manufacturers of paramotors. Their products have been widely sold and achieved a good safety record.

Bertrand et al said of the company in 2003:

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of France
Paramotors
Companies based in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
French companies established in 1990
George Ernest Hamilton. George Ernest Hamilton CE (ca.1800 – 8 October 1872) was a British civil engineer who played a leading role in development of the Colony of South Australia.

History
He was involved in various water supply schemes in England between 1826 and 1840: Shrewsbury, Chesterfield and Wolverhampton, and a slipway for the Port of Caernarvon.

He arrived in South Australia in 1850 and was appointed as a member of the first Adelaide City Council, then in 1853 the first Town of Kensington and Norwood council. He was an early advocate of steam navigation of the River Murray. He put forward a plan for a reservoir on the Torrens Gorge and was appointed Superintendent of the Mechanical Department of the SA Assay office under B. H. Babbage, then Assistant Engineer for the Port Adelaide railway in 1853 and Inspector General of Roads in 1854 and Inspector of Main Roads in 1855.

He was Chief Engineer for the Waterworks Department 1857–1858, and responsible for the Torrens Gorge weir near Campbelltown which failed in July 1858, its first year of operation. Hamilton was called as a witness in 1859 when it was discovered that the contractors Frost & Watson had skimped on materials for the dam wall, but came in for a share of the blame and resigned, to be replaced by John England. The partnership of (Thomas) Frost and (Edward) Watson was dissolved in 1860.

He was involved  in designing the smelters at Port Adelaide and Wallaroo in 1860. He was appointed engineer for construction of the Strathalbyn and Victor Harbor tramway in 1866 and Resident Engineer for the Strathalbyn to Middleton tramway in 1867. He was appointed JP in 1862.

He and his son, architect Edward Angus Hamilton, were involved in constructing the Kadina to Wallaroo railway, completed in 1866. Their partnership was dissolved in 1866 when George was appointed to the Strathalbyn and Middleton Railway and E. A. Hamilton to the firm of Wright & Woods, (then in 1868  second-in-charge of the Colonial Architect's Department, MLA for Kadina 1870–1871 and later moved to South America).

He was a member of a consortium that was formed in 1870 to lay a railway between Port Adelaide and Holdfast Bay.

He returned to Britain and died at  Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, aged 73

Personal
Hamilton was married to Eliza, who died on 12 December 1858 aged 58 at their home "The Lodge", Kensington.

References 

1800s births
1872 deaths
Australian civil engineers
Colony of South Australia people
Maria Orłowska. Maria Elżbieta Orłowska  (born 1951 in Warsaw) is a Polish computer scientist, academic and bureaucrat.  She specializes in database systems, integration and performance problems of large systems. She is the author of numerous scientific publications in the international specialized press. She is the author or co-author of patents, including solutions for secure transactions in the economic process. She was Secretary of State to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for over six years.

Education and academic career
She graduated in 1974 from the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw.  In 1981 she obtained a doctorate at the University of Warsaw. In 2003, she received a DSc from the University of Queensland. Habilitation in 2004 at the Institute of Computer Science. On February 11, 2009, she received the title of professor of technical sciences.

From 1988 to 2007 she worked in computer science at the University of Queensland, where she was promoted to professor in the Faculty of Science in 1990. In 1995 she was appointed director of the Distributed Systems Technology Centre (National Centre for Research in the Field of Distributed Systems). In 2003, she was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. In 2007 she returned to Poland, where she was appointed professor at the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology in Warsaw.
She accepted a Doctor Honoris Cousa from the University of Queensland in July 2013.

She has supervised more than 32 PhD students. One of whom, is computer scientist Shazia Sadiq.

Career in government
On January 1, 2008, she was appointed Secretary of State to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. On February 1, 2012, she resigned this post, and was subsequently appointed Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance 
. 
She held this position briefly before being reappointed as the Secretary of State to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on May 28, 2012. She resigned from the position on December 4, 2013.

References

1951 births
Living people
Polish computer scientists
Polish women computer scientists
University of Warsaw alumni
University of Queensland alumni
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Scientists from Warsaw
Australian women scientists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Polish women academics
Cyber geography. Cyber geography is mapping the physical network of broadband cables.

Background 
While servers, routers, cables, and other physical equipment and infrastructure that enable the Internet can be located, the location of each of these hardware modules does not convey the nature of cyberspace. Cyber geography addresses the degree of complexity of this infrastructure. One of the earliest endeavors that investigated the "spatiality" of cyberspace was the research conducted by Martin Dodge at the University of Manchester between 1997 and 2004. Dodge identified "electronic places" that exist behind the computer screen as part of such geography. "Space" in this case is said to be produced or reproduced through social relations and that it is both geographic and cyber as well as a relational concept.

See also
 Broadband universal service
 Mobile broadband
 Ultra-wideband
 Wireless broadband

References

Digital technology
Broadband
Economic geography
Graphics Magician. The Graphics Magician, subtitled Picture Painter, is a utility for drawing bitmapped images and playing them back from user-developed programs. It was written for the Apple II by Penguin Software founder Mark Pelczarski and Jon Niedfeldt, and published by Penguin Software in 1982. It was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. The routines for playing back graphics and animation were written by David Lubar and Chris Jochumson. Graphics Magician doesn't store images in their final form, but records the commands used to create them using a "tiny vector graphics-like language." The software plays them back to re-create the image. Images can be layered based on when each shape is drawn.

The Graphics Magician was used to generate images for some commercial graphic adventures of the 8-bit computer era, including Dragon's Keep from Sierra On-Line, Crypt of Medea from Sir-Tech, and Penguin's own The Quest. The playback routines were free to use in commercial products, but required a license from Penguin Software. The Dragon's Keep manual specifically gives credit to Graphics Magician and the authors of the graphics functions.

History
Pelczarski worked as a high school and college professor in computer science. When he got the Apple II, he decided to see what could be done with the new color display. At first, his small skills were swapped for computer supplies at various shops. In 1979 he started selling a precursor to The Graphics Magician called Magic Paintbrush. This was followed by The Complete Graphics System, The Complete Graphics System II, and finally The Graphics Magician.

Reception
BYTE in 1982 said that Graphics Magician would appeal to both new and experienced Apple users, and favorably noted the lack of copy protection,

References

1982 software
Graphics software
Apple II software
Atari 8-bit computer software
Commodore 64 software