omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Raven Explorer II. The Raven Explorer II is an American autogyro designed by Raven Rotorcraft of Boulder Colorado and later El Prado, New Mexico, introduced in the 1990s. No longer in production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Introduced in the mid-1990s the Explorer II design is now out of production as the company is developing into the Raven Rotor-Plane for the light-sport aircraft category.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in side-by-side configuration open cockpit without a windshield and conventional landing gear. The acceptable power range was  and the standard engine used is a three cylinder in-line, liquid-cooled, four-stroke,  Geo Metro automotive conversion powerplant in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel and bolted-together aluminum tubing. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of . The aircraft's specifications include a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot, passengers and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.

Operational history
In April 2015 no examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and it is not clear if any were produced at all.

Specifications (Explorer II)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

External links

Explorer II
1990s United States sport aircraft
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor autogyros
Raven Rotorcraft. Raven Rotorcraft (also called Raven Redrives and Raven Rotorcraft & Redrives, Inc.) is an American aircraft manufacturer based in El Prado, New Mexico and formerly of Boulder Colorado. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros in the form of kits for amateur construction and reduction drives for three and four cylinder Geo Metro and Honda automotive engines for aircraft use.

The company produced a very simple single-seat autogyro design in the 1990s, the Raven Explorer I for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules. This was followed by the Raven Explorer II two-seater for the US Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft category. By the 2010s these were both out of production. The company is engaged in developing a new winged autogyro, designated the Raven Rotor-Plane, for the cargo, search and rescue and aerial survey roles.

The company also produces complete aircraft engines for installation in homebuilt aircraft, such as the Raven 1000 UL, 1300 SVS Turbo and 1600 SV.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Autogyros
Model for Prediction Across Scales. The Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) is an Earth system modeling software that integrates atmospheric, oceanographic, and cryospheric modeling across scales from regional to planetary. It includes climate and weather modeling and simulations that were used initially by researchers in 2013. The atmospheric models were created by the Earth System Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the oceanographic models were created by the Climate, Ocean, and Sea Ice Modeling Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The software has been used to model real-time weather as well as seasonal forecasting of convection, tornadoes and tropical cyclones. The atmospheric modeling component of the software can be used with other atmospheric modeling software including the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, the Global Forecast System, and the Community Earth System Model.

See also 
 Tropical cyclone forecast model
 Wind wave model
 Global circulation model

References 

Notes

External links 
 MPAS homepage
 2015 NCAR Program Operating Plan: The Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS)
 One Image That Shows Future of Climate Models

Physics software
Numerical climate and weather models
Physical oceanography
John J. Montgomery Award. The John J. Montgomery Award was created by the National Society of Aerospace Professionals (NSAP) and the San Diego Aerospace Museum in 1962 for aerospace achievement in the United States. It was awarded from 1962 to at least 1964.

John J. Montgomery

The award bears the name of John Joseph Montgomery as the first American to fly in a heavier-than-air flying machine in 1884 near San Diego, California. Montgomery later designed gliders in 1903-1905 that were used for the first high-altitude flights by man in public exhibitions at Santa Clara, California and other locations. He died in 1911 experimenting with a new glider design near San Jose, California. Montgomery was also one of the first Americans to investigate the science of aerodynamics using principles of physics.

Recipients

1962
The NASA X-15 Program. Seven X-15 pilots and Paul F. Bikle, the then Director of NASA Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, were awarded the first John J. Montgomery Award for aerospace achievement. The pilots were: Scott Crossfield, Maj. Robert M. White, Neil A. Armstrong, John B. McKay, Joseph A. Walker, Cdr. Forrest S. Petersen, and Maj. Robert A. Rushworth.

1963
Project Mercury. 26 people associated with Project Mercury including astronauts M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. Grissom, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Donald K. Slayton, and Walter M. Schirra, Jr.; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; Dr. Walter C. Williams, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator; Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Project Mercury Manager; Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Project Mercury Flight Operations Director; Maxime A. Faget, Assistant Director of Engineering and Development; Dr. Charles A. Berry, Medical Operations Chief; Lt. Col. John A. Powers (USAF) (nickname "Shorty"), Mercury Public Affairs Officer; and John Finley Yardley, Mercury Launch Operations Manager.

1964
The Polaris Program was selected from 13 candidate programs. Awardees included Charles Stark Draper, Derald Stuart, and Dr. George F. Mechlin.

See also

 List of aviation awards

References

External links
Photos of 1962 recipients with Montgomery Awards
Photo of Virgil Grissom's Montgomery Award from 1963
Spearman, Arthur Dunning John J. Montgomery: Father of Basic Flying. Santa Clara University 1967 and 2nd ed. 1977.
Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B. Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. University of Oklahoma Press 2012.

Aviation awards
Source 2. Source 2 is a video game engine developed by Valve. The engine was announced in 2015 as the successor to the original Source engine, with the first game to use it, Dota 2, being ported from Source that same year. Other Valve games such as Artifact, Dota Underlords, Half-Life: Alyx, Counter-Strike 2, and Deadlock have been produced with the engine.

History 
Plans for a successor to the original Source engine began following the release of Half-Life 2: Episode Two in 2007. The first engine tech demo was created in 2010 by remaking a map from Left 4 Dead 2. Images of this were leaked onto the internet in early 2014. At the 2014 Game Developers Conference, Valve employee Sergiy Migdalskiy showed off a Source 2 physics debugging tool being used in Left 4 Dead 2. Source 2 was first made available via Steam Workshop tools for Dota 2 in 2014 prior to it being officially announced at the 2015 Game Developers Conference. There, Valve stated their intent for it was to allow for content to be created more efficiently. Valve also stated that it would support the Vulkan graphics API and use a new in-house physics engine called Rubikon, which would replace the need for the third-party Havok tools. 

Gabe Newell, president and founder of Valve, said that the company were prioritizing the development of their own games before they would release the engine and its software development kit to the public. This was to ensure the highest quality for developers; he added that they were intending to make the engine free to use for game developers as long as the game is published on their Steam service.

In June 2015, Valve announced that the entirety of Dota 2 would be ported over to Source 2 in an update called Dota 2 Reborn. Reborn was first released to the public as an opt-in beta update that same month before officially replacing the original client in September 2015, making it the first game to use the engine. Source 2 has also been used for Valve's Artifact and Dota Underlords, with the engine later being supported on Android and iOS for the latter. The engine also supports the creation of games in virtual reality, being used in SteamVR Home, the Robot Repair tech demo within The Lab, and Half-Life: Alyx. Source 2 tools made specifically for creating content for Half-Life: Alyx were released in May 2020.

Games

References 

3D graphics software
C++ software
Game engines for Linux
Game engines that support Vulkan (API)
IOS video game engines
Proprietary software
Source (game engine)
Valve Corporation
Video game engines
Materials oscilloscope. A materials oscilloscope is a time-resolved synchrotron high-energy X-ray technique to study rapid phase composition and microstructural related changes in a polycrystalline sample. Such device has been developed for in-situ studies of specimens undergoing physical thermo-mechanical simulation.

Principle

Two-dimensional diffraction images of a fine synchrotron beam interacting with the specimen are recorded in time frames, such that reflections stemming from individual crystallites of the polycrystalline material can be distinguished. Data treatment is undertaken in a way that diffraction rings are straightened and presented line by line streaked in time. The traces, so-called timelines in azimuthal-angle/time plots resemble to traces of an oscilloscope, giving insight on the processes happening in the material, while undergoing plastic deformation, or heating, or both, These timelines allow to distinguish grain growth or refinement, subgrain formation, slip deformation systems, crystallographic twinning, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization, simultaneously in multiple phases.

History
The development has been undertaken from a project on modern diffraction methods for the investigation of thermo-mechanical processeses, and started with cold deformation of a copper specimen at the ESRF in 2007, followed by hot deformation of zirconium alloy at APS in 2008. Soon afterwards, a series of other materials has been tested and experience with the timeline traces gained. While ESRF and APS played the major role in experimental facilities, the Japanese high-energy synchrotron in the round, SPring-8 followed in 2013 by performing feasibility studies of this kind.  Meanwhile, the new PETRA III synchrotron at DESY built a dedicated beamline for this purpose, opening the Materials Oscilloscope investigations to a larger public. The name materials oscilloscope was introduced in 2013 and used onward upon conferences such as MRS and TMS.

Implementation
Besides setups in multi-purpose facilities, the first dedicated end-station has been built at the PETRA-III storage ring, where this technique is routinely applied.

References

Materials science
Metallurgy
Materials testing
Metal forming
Diffraction
Synchrotron-related techniques
Synchrotron radiation
X-rays
Engineering thermodynamics
Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics
Phases of matter
 
Deformation (mechanics)
Rome Locomotive Works. The New York Locomotive Works, sometimes known as the Rome Locomotive Works, was a nineteenth century builder of steam locomotive engines located at Rome, New York.  The company was active under various ownerships in building steam locomotives from 1882 until 1911. The New York Locomotive Works should not be confused with the earlier Breese, Kneeland, and Company which traded under the same name in the 1850s. The company was organized in 1881 with T. G Noch, a prominent local businessman as president.  J. A. Durgan, a well known designer of steam locomotives was appointed superintendent, a position he had previously held at the Rhode Island Locomotive Works.  The company was an instant success, as railroads were expanding a feverish pace.  NYLW offered a robust, no frills locomotive and  was well connected with banking interests that allowed sales along the "Car Trust Plan" with payments out to ten years.

Reorganizations
Business collapsed suddenly after the death of President Noch in 1890 and the financial panic of the early 1890s dried up new orders. The company shut down in June 1891 and was reorganized as the Rome Locomotive and Machine Company.  The new company announced its focus would be rebuilding steam machinery and general shop work.  Some compressed air locomotives were constructed by the new company but only two new steam locomotives were built after the reorganization, the last in 1911. RL&MC merged into the Rome Manufacturing Company in 1916.  Rome Manufacturing built trolley cars, French designed automobiles and a line of heavy construction equipment including road graders and continued rebuilding steam locomotives into the 1920s.

Production
Rome built 695 steam locomotives in a decade, a significant number in a highly competitive field, the seventeenth largest total among 19th century North American locomotive builders. Three NYLW locomotives survive.  Northern Pacific 4-4-0 684 was built in 1884 and is preserved at Fargo, ND.

References

 
 

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
American companies established in 1881
1881 establishments in New York (state)
Manufacturing companies established in 1881
Rotorwing-Aero 3D-RV. The Rotorwing-Aero 3D-RV is an American autogyro that was designed by Monte Hoskins and produced by  Rotorwing-Aero of Salt Lake City, Utah, introduced in 1989. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The 3D-RV was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of  when equipped with a Rotax 503 or Rotax 582 engine. With heavier engines it can be registered in the US Experimental - Amateur-built category.

The 3D-RV features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear with hydraulic disk brakes, plus a tail caster. The acceptable power range is  and the standard engines used are twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, single-ignition  Rotax 503 engine and the twin cylinder, liquid-cooled, two-stroke, single-ignition  Rotax 582 engine, mounted in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing and welded 4130 steel tubing. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of  and may use either manufactured metal blades or homemade Gyrotor wooden blades. The prototype was originally flown with wooden blades of  each, with a  hub bar, for a diameter of . In this configuration the aircraft flew acceptably, but did not climb well on hot days at higher density altitudes. The minimum control speed is 

The initial propeller used was a  two bladed ground adjustable unit, but the plans specify a three-bladed ground adjustable design of  diameter.

The prototype used a conventional low landing gear design, but this was later developed into a high landing gear to set the vertical center of gravity to the prob hub height to prevent longitudinal stability issues and bunt "push-over" accidents. The final design features a tall aluminium rudder.

The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off roll with a  engine is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied plans as 400 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that 35 sets of plans had been sold and three aircraft were completed and flying.

One builder reported an eight-month completion time.

Specifications (3D-RV)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

External links
Photo of a Rotorwing-Aero 3D-RV in flight

3D-RV
1980s United States sport aircraft
1980s United States ultralight aircraft
1980s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Aircraft first flown in 1989
Rotorwing-Aero. Rotorwing-Aero was an American aircraft design firm founded in the 1980s by Monte Hoskins and based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The company specialized in the design of autogyros in the form of plans for amateur construction for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules.

Hoskins designed the Rotorwing-Aero 3D-RV, first flying it in 1989. The design underwent improvements over time, particularly in incorporating a raised landing gear to eliminate longitudinal stability issues and a three-bladed propeller.

The plans were still available in 1998. At that time Hoskins reported that 35 sets of plans had been delivered, with three aircraft fully completed.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Autogyros
Dharma Agrawal. Dharma P. Agrawal was a communications scientist who specialised in wireless sensor networks. Since 1998 he has been the Ohio Board of Regents Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems at the University of Cincinnati. He has published work on wireless sensor networks and ad-hoc computing, and was one of the editors of the Encyclopedia on Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing in 2009.

Affiliations and awards
Agrawal was a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for contributions to parallel system architecture, interconnection networks and computer arithmetic, the Association for Computing Machinery, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the World Innovation Foundation.

Agrawal received the Third Millennium Medal of the IEEE Computer Society in 2000, and the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the same society in 2008. He was a Fulbright Senior Specialist (2002–2007), and was on the ISI Highly Cited Researcher list in 2001. He received the Hind Rattan of the NRI Welfare Society of India in 2011. In 2013 he was named a charter fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.

References

University of Cincinnati faculty
Living people
Fellows of the IEEE
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Institute of Technology, Raipur alumni
Combining rules. In computational chemistry and molecular dynamics, the combination rules or combining rules are equations that provide the interaction energy between two dissimilar non-bonded atoms, usually for the part of the potential representing the van der Waals interaction. In the simulation of mixtures, the choice of combining rules can sometimes affect the outcome of the simulation.

Combining rules for the Lennard-Jones potential
The Lennard-Jones Potential is a mathematically simple model for the interaction between a pair of atoms or molecules. One of the most common forms is

where ε is the depth of the potential well, σ is the finite distance at which the inter-particle potential is zero, r is the distance between the particles. The potential reaches a minimum, of depth ε, when r = 21/6σ ≈ 1.122σ.

Lorentz-Berthelot rules
The Lorentz rule was proposed by H. A. Lorentz in 1881:

The Lorentz rule is only analytically correct for hard sphere systems. Intuitively, since  loosely reflect the radii of particle i and j respectively, their averages can be said to be the effective radii between the two particles at which point repulsive interactions become severe.

The Berthelot rule (Daniel Berthelot, 1898) is given by:

.

Physically, this arises from the fact that  is related to the induced dipole interactions between two particles. Given two particles with instantaneous dipole  respectively, their interactions correspond to the products of . An arithmetic average of  and  will not however, result in the average of the two dipole products, but the average of their logarithms would be. 

These rules are the most widely used and are the default in many molecular simulation packages, but are not without failings.

Waldman-Hagler rules
The Waldman-Hagler rules are given by:

and

Fender-Halsey
The Fender-Halsey combining rule is given by

Kong rules
The Kong rules for the Lennard-Jones potential are given by:

Others
Many others have been proposed, including those of Tang and Toennies 
Pena, Hudson and McCoubrey and Sikora (1970).

Combining rules for other potentials

Good-Hope rule
The Good-Hope rule for Mie–Lennard‐Jones or Buckingham potentials is given by:

Hogervorst rules
The Hogervorst rules for the Exp-6 potential are:

and

Kong-Chakrabarty  rules
The Kong-Chakrabarty rules for the Exp-6 potential are:

and

Other rules for that have been proposed for the Exp-6 potential are the Mason-Rice rules and the Srivastava and Srivastava rules (1956).

Equations of state
Industrial equations of state have similar mixing and combining rules.  These include the van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules

and the van der Waals combining rule, which introduces a binary interaction parameter ,

.

There is also the Huron-Vidal mixing rule, and the more complex Wong-Sandler mixing rule, which equates excess Helmholtz free energy at infinite pressure between an equation of state and an activity coefficient model (and thus with liquid excess Gibbs free energy).

References

Intermolecular forces
Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Potentials
Molecular dynamics
Molecular modelling
Ford Dorset/Dover engine. The Ford Dorset and Dover engines are a series of inline Ford diesel engines used in vehicles including the Ford Cargo truck between 1981 and 1993. They have continued in production since, for marine and industrial applications. Lehman Brothers of New Jersey are the most famous of the various companies that have marinized the Dorset/Dover engines.

It was available as a  four-cylinder engine, but the engine was also available as a  or  six-cylinder engine. The Dover 5.9 is referred to as a 6.0 sometimes, even by Ford themselves who referred to the turbocharged 5.9 as the 360TC, compared to the naturally aspirated "359" - while they do share dimensions, the Dover 360TC was built to closer clearances, which may have led to minute differences in displacement. As for the four-cylinder engines, the Dover and Dorset variations share a displacement. They can be distinguished by the Dover's higher specifications, with an aluminium rather than a pressed steel manifold, straight-cut gears, and larger ports in the head. The engine code is also different, 2711 for the Dorset and 2722E for the Dover.

The Dorset engine was built in Ford Dagenham in Essex, UK.

References

Dorset
Diesel engines by model