omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Institute of Physics and Power Engineering. Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (full name: I.I. Leypunsky Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, ; IPPE) is a research and development institute in the field of nuclear technology located in Obninsk, Russia. It is a subsidiary of Rosatom.

History
IPPE was established in May 1946 to develop nuclear power technology; it was preceded by First Research Institute Laboratory "V", established 1945, which developed into IPPE. The purpose of the Institute was the development of nuclear reactors and to solve scientific and engineering tasks in the field of nuclear power. The staff of the Institute had built the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, AM-1 ("Атом Мирный", Russian for Atom Mirny, or "peaceful atom"), was commissioned at IPPE on 27 June 1954.

Developments
During its existence the Institute has developed more than 120 different projects, including:

 the fast reactors BR-1, BR-2, BR-5, BR-10;
 the reactor BOR-60 in RIAR (Dimitrovgrad);
 the reactor BN-350 reactor for a nuclear power plant in Aktau (Kazakhstan);
 the reactor BN-600 reactor and BN-800 reactor for Beloyarsk NPP;
 the reactor SVBR-100 reactor ;
 space Beech nuclear reactor and TOPAZ nuclear reactor;
 naval lead-bismuth liquid metal reactors: VT-1 reactor, BM-40A reactor, OK-550 reactorl
 mobile nuclear power plant - TES-3 (ТЭС-3)

International Collaboration 
The Institute collaborates with the leading scientific and research organizations of Russia, CIS and foreign countries. Among the most international projects can be named:

 involves on a large-scale project: FAIR | FAIR-Russia .
 the cooperation with France concerning the creation of fast reactors;
 joint research with the USA, France, Germany, and Japan concerning reusing ex-nuclear materials of the reactor BH-600;
 joint project development of the fast reactor CEFR with China;
 joint project development of the fast reactor KALIMER with South Korea;
 interested in FBNR project;

References

External links

 

Nuclear research institutes in Russia
Nuclear technology companies of Russia
Rosatom
Research and development in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Companies based in Kaluga Oblast
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Obninsk
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Kaluga Oblast
Austin L. Wahrhaftig. Austin Levy Wahrhaftig (May 5, 1917 – November 11, 1997) was an American chemist and mass spectrometrist known for his development of the quasi-equilibrium theory of fragmentation of molecular ions. The Wahrhaftig diagram that illustrates the relationship between internal energy and unimolecular ion decomposition is named after him.

Early life and education
Wahrhaftig was born in Sacramento, California, where he attended grade school, high school, and two years at Sacramento Junior College. He attended the University of California, Berkeley where he did undergraduate research with Joel Hildebrand and received an A.B. in chemistry in 1938.

He went to graduate school at  the California Institute of Technology where he worked under Richard M. Badger and Verner Schomaker . He received his Ph.D. in 1941. He was a research fellow at Caltech from 1941 to 1945.

He then worked at the Wright Air Development Center in Pasadena, California, and as a University Fellow at the Ohio State University with Herrick L. Johnston.

Academic career
Wahrhaftig joined the faculty at the Chemistry Department at the University of Utah in 1947 where he rose through the ranks and spent the rest of his career. He retired to become an emeritus professor in 1987.

References

Further reading

1917 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Mass spectrometrists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology fellows
University of Utah faculty
Amax. Amax or AMAX may refer to:

AMAX, an American radio broadcasting certification program
Amax Engineering, a defunct Australian aircraft manufacturer based in Donvale, Victoria
American Metal Company, which became AMAX in 1957
Photosynthetic capacity (Amax)
Amax Esporte Clube, Brazilian football club

See also

 
 
 
 Alpha max (disambiguation), sometimes written "α max"
 AMEX (disambiguation)
 Max (disambiguation)
Arnhem post mill (1946). A hollow post mill at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland, Netherlands was originally built at Gouda, South Holland, Netherlands. It was dismantled in 1946 and re-erected at the museum. The mill has been restored to working order.

History
The mill was originally built to drain the Oude en Nieuwe Goudse Polder at Gouda, South Holland. It was dismantled in 1946 and re-erected at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland. The mill was restored to working order in 2009.

Description

The mill is what the Dutch describe as a Weidemolen (). It is a small hollow post mill on a roundhouse. The mill is winded by tail vane. The buck and roundhouse are covered in boards. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a wooden windshaft. The windshaft carries the brake wheel which has 32 cogs. This drives the wallower (9 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft a centrifugal pump is driven.

Public access
The mill can be viewed externally during museum opening hours.

See also
Windmills in Arnhem
De Hoop
De Kroon

Windmills in the Netherlands Open Air Museum
Boktjasjker
Het Fortuyn
Huizermolen
Mijn Genoegen
Spinnenkop
Arnhem post mill (1989)
Arnhem smock mill (1960)

References

External links

Openluchtmuseum webpage about the mill 

Windmills in Gelderland
Windmills completed in 1946
Post mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Agricultural buildings in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Arnhem
Engineering Square (industrial park). Engineering Square (IDG), or "e2, is an Egyptian industrial park, owned and managed by Industrial Development Group (IDG).
 The park is designed and built on a total area of 3.1 million square meter, located in 6 October City, Giza, Egypt.

The e2 Industrial Park was founded in February 2008 with the goal of accommodating prominent multinational and local companies in Egypt. An environmental impact assessment was carried out in 2011.

Industry fields 

Industries represented include Engineering, Auto spare parts, Garments, Foods, Cosmetics, and Plastic films.

 YTD assigned factories:106
 YTD factories operating:40
 YTD factories under construction:27

Among the investors 

 Aramex
 Bostik Egypt
 Chloride Egypt 
 Döhler Egypt
 Egypt Foods Group
 Elif Global Packing
 Flex P Films Egypt
 Naffco
 Nuqal Group
 Pegas Nonwovens Egypt LLC

References

External links
 Engineering Square

Industrial parks
Industry in Egypt
Arnhem post mill (1989). A hollow post mill at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland, Netherlands was originally built at Wormer, North Holland, Netherlands. During World War I, it was moved to Langweer, Friesland. It was dismantled in 1960 and re-erected at the museum in 1989. The mill has been restored to working order.

History
The mill was originally built at Wormer, North Holland, Netherlands. During World War I, it was moved to Langweer, Friesland. It was dismantled in 1960 and re-erected at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland in 1989. The mill was severely damaged in a snowstorm in 2000. It was restored in 2003.

Description

The mill is what the Dutch describe as a Weidemolen (). It is a small hollow post mill on a roundhouse. The mill is winded by tail vane. The buck and roundhouse are covered in boards. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a wooden windshaft. The windshaft carries the brake wheel which has 21 cogs. This drives the wallower (9 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft a centrifugal pump is driven.

Public access
The mill can be viewed externally during museum opening hours.

See also
Windmills in Arnhem
De Hoop
De Kroon

Windmills in the Netherlands Open Air Museum
Boktjasjker
Het Fortuyn
Huizermolen
Mijn Genoegen
Spinnenkop
Arnhem post mill (1946)
Arnhem smock mill (1960)

References

External links
Openluchtmuseum webpage about the mill 

Windmills in Gelderland
Windmills completed in 1989
Post mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Agricultural buildings in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Arnhem
Toxic Garden. Toxic Garden (formerly known as Limit) is a steel roller coaster located at Heide Park, Germany. It opened in 1999 and is a standard 689m layout Suspended Looping Coaster manufactured by Vekoma. In March 2023, Heide Park announced that Limit would be renamed to Toxic Garden, with new thematic elements and a partial replacement of the ride's track.

Ride experience

The ride starts with a 109.3ft to the top of the lift hill. Next the ride drops 91ft down a banked drop reaching speeds of 49.7 m.p.h. The train then immediately navigates a rollover (2 Half loops connected by two half heartline rolls). Once the train exits the rollover it then navigates a banked turn, sidewinder, helix and transitions into a double in-line twist. The train then performs a few turns and into the brake run.

Colour scheme
Toxic Garden is painted with white track and olive green supports; a similar – if not the same – colour scheme as the nearby Big Loop, Bobbahn bobsled coaster, and Flug der Dämonen. People often think that Toxic Garden and Big Loop are one long roller coaster due to their colour schemes, similar Vekoma make, and the similar locations.

References

External links
 Official Limit page on the Heide Park web-site.
 Suspended Looping Coaster Information on Vekoma website

Heide Park
Vekoma
Roller coasters introduced in 1999
Air Defence College. Air Defence College is premier training institute of Indian Air Force and is located at Air Force Station, Memaura. The college is the country's only centre imparting advance training to fighter controllers of the Air Force.

Establishment and initial years 
It was established in 1958 at Jodhpur as the Control & Reporting (C & R) School. The college trains fighter controllers of the Indian Air Force. It moved to Memaura in 1972. Control & Reporting (C & R) School was upgraded on March 15, 1980, and rechristened as the Air Defence College.

See also
 Indian National Defence University
 Military Academies in India
 Sainik school

References 

Indian Air Force
Military education and training in India
1958 establishments in Rajasthan
Educational institutions established in 1958
MiG Operational Flying Training Unit. The MiG Operational Flying Training Unit or MOFTU is a unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed on 15 December 1986 at Tezpur to impart Stage 3 training on the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighter aircraft.

The primary role of the unit is to provide operational flying training to pilots inducted into the fighter stream. MOFTU is the largest fighter-flying establishment in the Indian Air Force and consists of two squadrons, namely Alpha and Bravo.

References 

Indian Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1986
1986 establishments in Assam
Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride. Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) is an organic dye molecule and an organic semiconductor. It is used as a precursor to a class of molecules known as Rylene dyes, which are useful as pigments and dyes. It is a dark red solid with low solubility in aromatic solvents.  The compound has attracted much interest as an organic semiconductor.

Structure 
PTCDA consists of a perylene core to which two anhydride groups have been attached, one at either side. It occurs in two crystalline forms, α and β. Both have the P21/c monoclinic symmetry and a density of ca. 1.7 g/cm3, which is relatively high for organic compounds. Their lattice parameters are:

Self-assembly and films

Use

The main industrial use of PTCDA is as a precursor to Rylene dyes.

References 

Perylene dyes
Vat dyes
Organic semiconductors
TKS (company). TKS (Tecalemit-Kilfrost-Sheepbridge Stokes) was a British aerospace manufacturer formed in 1942 to develop an ice protection system that could be compatible with armoured leading edges on military aircraft.

The TKS company was a collaboration between Tecalemit Ltd, which was a company specialising in aircraft oil systems, filters, etc, Kilfrost Ltd, which specialised in anti-icing pastes for aircraft, and Sheepbridge Stokes Ltd, who specialised in iron castings, particularly such items as fuel and oil pump rotors.

The TKS system utilised a de-icing fluid that was made to seep through a porous strip along the wing and tail surface leading edges where it would then be spread out by the airflow, an early example of the TKS system's use being on the Avro Shackleton maritime patrol aircraft. Other aircraft so-equipped were the Vickers Viking, Handley Page Hermes, Handley Page Hastings, Avro Tudor, and de Havilland Dove.

References

External links
 "De-icing for To-Day" a 1946 Flight article on the TKS system

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
1942 establishments in England
British companies established in 1942
Companies based in Northumberland
Manufacturing companies established in 1942
Science and technology in Northumberland
BioDigital. BioDigital is a New York-based biomedical visualization company that is often referred to as being "Google Earth for the Human Body". BioDigital offers an interactive, 3D software platform that enables individuals and businesses to explore and visualize health information. Their flagship product, the BioDigital Human, is a "searchable, customizable map of the human body".

The BioDigital Human Platform has over a million users, including doctors, medical students, and yoga instructors. New York University School of Medicine has used the software to teach medical students about anatomy.

The company also offers a set of API's that allow developers to use the company's imaging technology.

History

The company started as a consulting business in 2002, founded on the premise that 3D technology could be leveraged to make medical topics more comprehensible, accessible, and compelling. In 2011, the company expanded their technology to reach the greater public, compiling all visualizations into a proprietary web-based virtual model of the human body, the BioDigital Human. The BioDigital Human was one of the early systems to leverage WebGL, which allows any supported browser to render 3D models in webpages without plugins.

In 2013, the company received a series of funding led by FirstMark Capital, New York University’s NYU Innovation Fund, a group of angel investors.

Awards and recognition

The BioDigital Human was featured at TEDMED 2012.

In 2013, BioDigital was named the winner of SXSW's Classic Interactive Award.

The company also received an ON for Learning Award from Common Sense Media in March 2014.

BioDigital was honored as a Best Health Digital Resource by the Health Information Resource Center's Web Health Awards in June 2014.

In 2015, BioDigital Human received a Webby Award in the category of Best Health Website.

In 2015, BioDigital was a Silver Finalist for the Edison Awards in the field of Research & Education.

Partnerships

BioDigital has partnered with the international charity Smile Train for the creation of a cleft lip and palate simulator. The simulator is an interactive teaching tool designed to train surgeons in developing countries on cleft lip and palate surgical repair. BioDigital and Smile Train received an award for Outstanding Achievement in Modeling & Simulation by the National Training Simulation Association in December 2013. The companies were selected to showcase the technology at the 2014 TEDMED Conference in Washington DC.

References

3D computer graphics
Companies based in New York City
Anatomy websites
South Australian Railways R class. The South Australian Railways R class engine, later upgraded to Rx Class engine is a class of 4-6-0 steam engines operated by the South Australian Railways.

History
In 1886, Dübs and Company of Glasgow delivered the first six R class of engine. A further 24 engines had been built by James Martin & Co by November 1895. From 1899, all engines were rebuilt with higher powered Belpaire boilers and reclassified as Rx class engines. A further 54 locomotives were built as Rx class by the Islington Railway Workshops, North British Locomotive Company and Walkers Limited with all engines in service by May 1916.

The R class engines were the predominant locomotive used on broad gauge main line services in South Australia from their introduction. After the introduction of the large Webb engines they were relegated to secondary lines and services such as shunting and hauling goods trains and passenger trains. A large group of Rx class locomotives, mainly early builds, were withdrawn from service in 1934, however the remainder continued to serve into the mid 1960s.

Survivors
Several Rx class locomotives, including one original R class engine (Rx93), survive to this day in various states of preservation.
Rx5: plinthed at Kapunda
Rx55: preserved at Loxton
Rx93: preserved at National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide
Rx160: preserved at Murray Bridge
Rx191: plinthed at Victor Harbor
Rx201: plinthed at Tailem Bend
Rx207: preserved at SteamRanger, operational
Rx217: plinthed at Nuriootpa, South Australia
Rx224: preserved at SteamRanger, operational
Rx231: plinthed at Kadina

References

External links

Dübs locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1886
R
Walkers Limited locomotives
4-6-0 locomotives
Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
MetOp-SG. MetOp-SG (Meteorological Operational Satellite - Second Generation) is a series of six meteorological satellites developed by European Space Agency and EUMETSAT to be launched from 2025 to 2039.

Development 
In May 2014 during ILA Berlin Air Show, in a presence of chancellor Angela Merkel, ESA, EUMETSAT and Airbus Defence and Space signed the first documents for the development of second generation of the MetOp satellites.  On 16 October 2014 contract was signed with Airbus Defence and Space for a construction of the satellites, worth  in total for six spacecraft (on average  each).

In December 2014 additional contracts were signed for Ice Cloud Imagers to be used on B-series satellites and three microwave sounder instruments.

MetOp-SG satellites will be built in two series: A, carrying visible, infrared, and microwave imagers and sounders; and B, carrying microwave imagers and radars. The first A-series satellite will be launched in early 2025, while the first B-series satellite will be launched in late 2025.

MetOp-SG satellites are a follow on from the three MetOp satellites and there are plans to perform a short tandem mission between the Metop-SG-A1 and Metop-C satellites to cross calibration old and new instruments. A later tandem mission may also be possible between Metop-SG-A1 and FORUM satellites in the future.

References

External links 
 MetOp-SG - Meteorological data across the entire globe video presentation

Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
Weather satellites
2020s in spaceflight
Proposed satellites
Satellite series
Everett Ellin. Everett Bernard Ellin (1928–2011) was an American museum official, art dealer, engineer, lawyer, and talent agent.  As the first executive director of the Museum Computer Network, he played a key role in museums' adoption of computer technology to catalog their holdings.

Ellin was born on October 3, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois.  He studied at the University of Michigan, from which he received a bachelor's degree in engineering, and at Harvard Law School, from which he received a law degree in 1952.  He served in the Air Force during the Korean War, with duties that included drafting regulations regarding technological obsolescence.  After leaving the Air Force, he worked for a time as a lawyer, serving as a law clerk with the California Supreme Court and as in-house counsel at Columbia Pictures.   He also worked as an assistant to a William Morris Agency executive.

Urged by his then-girlfriend, painter Joan Jacobs, Ellin opened the Everett Ellin Gallery in 1957 on Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles. He showed work by Jacobs and other California artists. In 1958, he closed the gallery and moved to New York, where he worked for blue-chip art and antiques gallery French and Company—it had recently started a contemporary art program, which was helmed by art critic Clement Greenberg. Ellin returned to Los Angeles and reopened his gallery on Sunset Boulevard in 1960, where it remained until 1963. The gallery hosted an exhibition of work by Niki de Saint-Phalle and Jean Tinguely in March 1962, along with the first American Action de Tir by Saint-Phalle in an alley off the Sunset Strip.

Ellin died of pneumonia on September 16, 2011.

References

External links
 Finding aid for Everett Ellin papers, 1928-2013, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 2015.M.22. The papers document Ellin's professional life, including his work with the Everett Ellin Gallery, French & Company, and the Museum Computer Network. A small quantity of personal papers is also present.

1928 births
2011 deaths
Lawyers from Chicago
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Museum administrators
20th-century American lawyers
American art dealers
American engineers
American talent agents
Deaths from pneumonia in the United States
Anna Kikina. Anna Yuryevna Kikina (; born 27 August 1984) is a Russian engineer and cosmonaut, selected in 2012. She is the only female cosmonaut currently in active service at Roscosmos. She made her first flight to space in 2023 to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard SpaceX Crew-5, the first Roscosmos cosmonaut to fly aboard a U.S. spacecraft since 2002. During her time on the ISS, Kikina served as a flight engineer during the long-duration Expedition 68 mission.

SpaceX Crew-5 
In December 2021, Roscosmos Director General Dmitry Rogozin announced she would fly on an "American commercial spacecraft" in September 2022, while a NASA astronaut would take her seat on Soyuz making her the first Russian cosmonaut to fly a Crew Dragon and the first Roscosmos cosmonaut to fly aboard a U.S. spacecraft since 2002. In October 2022, the commercial flight launched as the SpaceX Crew-5 Crew Dragon.

On 11 March 2023, the SpaceX Crew-5 returned to Earth after 157 days. The flight lasted about 19 hours, and their capsule landed in the Gulf of Mexico.

Education 
Kikina graduated with honors from the Novosibirsk State Academy of Water Transportation Engineering. She also earned her degree in economics and management.

Personal life 
Kikina was born in Novosibirsk. She worked as a tour guide in Altai region, as well as a swimming and paratrooper instructor. She also worked as radio host for Radio Siberia.

In spring 2021, toy manufacturer Mattel released a Barbie astronaut doll in Kikina’s image.

Kikina is married to Alexander Serdyuk, a physical training instructor at the Cosmonaut Training Center.

References 

1984 births
Living people
Crew members of the International Space Station
Russian cosmonauts
Women astronauts
People from Novosibirsk
Siberian State University of Water Transport alumni
21st-century Russian women
SpaceX astronauts