omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Translational drift. Translational drift  also known as melty brain or tornado drive is a form of locomotion, notably found in certain combat robots.

Principle
The principle is applied to spinning robots, where the driving wheels are normally on for the whole revolution, resulting in an increased rotational energy, which is stored for destructive effect, but, given perfect symmetry, no net translational acceleration.

The drive works by modulating the power to the wheel or wheels that spin the robot. The net application of force in one direction results in acceleration in the plane – it can't really be characterised as "forward", "backward" and so forth, as the whole robot is spinning. However, in a standard configuration an accelerometer is used to determine the speed of rotation, and a light emitting diode is turned on once per revolution, to give a nominal forward direction indicator to the operator. The internal controls implement the commands received from the remote control to modulate the drive to the wheels, typically by turning it off for part of a revolution to move in a specific direction.

The benefits of using translational drift include less weight needing to be allocated to a weapon due to it being part of the drive system. Disadvantages include the complexity of design, cost, and reliance on the drive system.

History
In the past, a robot would be classified as a "Sit-and-spin" robot, and would depend on the opponent to engage it to cause damage. As this was deemed less aggressive (which is a common judging criteria) than what could be done by robots armed with a spinning shell mounted on top of their drive, it waned in popularity in most competitions.

The first robot to attempt to use this technology was Blade Runner, a middleweight robot built by Ilya Polyakov for the first five seasons of Comedy Central's Battlebots. Unfortunately, the technology never worked as planned. A lightweight two-wheel drive hammer robot, Herr Gepoünden, implemented the design in their final season of Battlebots. The first symmetrical robot, with a similar in design to a contemporary full-body spinner, to use this technology successfully was CycloneBot, which competed at Steel Conflict 4. The most successful heavyweight competitor, Nuts, relied entirely on translational drift for its weaponry en route to its 3rd place finish in the 10th series of Robot Wars.

Open Melt
Open Melt is an open source implementation of melty brain, the code being licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike licence.

Rules across competitions
Different rules exist for each competition, some of which allow robots that use translational drift to compete. In Battlebots, the use of translational drift does not count towards the active weapon requirement for the primary weapon, as translational drive relies on the entire robot's movement. Conversely, in Robot Wars, there is no such prohibition against using translational drift as a primary, active weapon.

References

External links
 Instructables - building a melty bot

Robotics engineering
Airtime Discovery. The Airtime Discovery is an Australian paramotor that was designed and produced by Airtime Products of Airlie Beach, Queensland for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Discovery was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as Australian and European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place accommodation and a single engine in pusher configuration. The fuel tank capacity is . The aircraft is built from a combination of aluminium including an aluminium chassis that can be broken down into four parts for transport.

The Discovery originally used the Radne Raket 120 engine, but this was replaced by larger engines, due to insufficient power output.

As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Variants
Discovery C100
Model with a  Cors'Air M21Y engine with a 2.6:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed composite, fixed-pitch propeller.
Discovery C122
Model with a  Cors'Air M21Y engine with a 2.6:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed composite, fixed-pitch propeller.
Discovery T125
 Per Il Volo Top 80 engine with a 3:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed composite, fixed-pitch propeller.

Specifications (Discovery C100)

See also
Airtime Explorer

References

Discovery
2000s Australian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
DIY Kindle Scanner. The DIY Kindle Scanner, or Do It Yourself Kindle Scanner, is a robotic device made from Lego Mindstorms which was designed and built by Peter Purgathofer from 2012 to 2013.  The robot interfaces with Purgathofer's personal computer and a Kindle to make a copy of the Kindle e-book.  This robot in effect bypasses the digital rights management system set in place to protect Kindle e-books.

Background 
Peter Purgathofer is an associate professor at the Vienna University of Technology in Austria.

When he released a video on Vimeo documenting the operation of the device, Purgathofer wrote that the project was meant to be an artistic reflection connecting the ideas of “book scanning, copyright, and digital rights management.” 

In a reply to an email, Purgathofer stated that the project was not meant to be a negative reaction against Kindle e-books, but rather a way to use both Lego Mindstorms and the Kindle in a way that neither was usually intended to be used.

Operation

The robot is first set up so that it can operate the computer as well as hold the Kindle.  The image capture software must already be running on the computer and the Kindle must be open to the first page of the book to be scanned into the computer.  The robot then runs through a loop where it hits the spacebar to activate the camera on the computer and then uses finger-like robotic appendages to turn to the next page on the Kindle.  This loop is then repeated until all pages have been scanned into the computer.  Optical character recognition (OCR) software is then used to convert the scanned images into a duplicate of the original Kindle e-book in a plain text file.

Reaction
Several critics have recognized that more direct means of bypassing digital rights management are available. In this context, the DIY Kindle Scanner has been labeled as a type of Rube Goldberg machine.

Additionally, Cory Doctorow made the claim that the project was in fact a legal means of bypassing digital rights management. This claim has been supported with the argument that the DIY Kindle Scanner simply exploits the analog hole which is applicable to all digital rights management systems.

In light of the question of the legality of this project, Purgathofer has scanned only one e-book with this method and he explains that he has not shared the copy with anyone because he is worried that "It would get me in deep trouble."

Furthermore, Purgathofer states that this project should not be associated with his academic work. In explanation, he said, "It’s a private project."

References

General References
"DIY Kindle Scanner", Post-Digital Publishing Archive. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Hoffelder, Nate. "Kindle Plus Legos Plus Mac Equals DIY Scanner (video)", The Digital Reader. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Love, Dylan. "This Lego Robot Can Outwit Amazon's Kindle And Make Copies Of Your E-Books", Business Insider.  Retrieved October 6, 2015.

Digital rights management
Copyright law
Lego Mindstorms
Airtime Products. Airtime Products was an Australian aircraft manufacturer based in Airlie Beach, Queensland. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of paramotors and powered hang gliders in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as the European and Australian microlight categories.

The company was active in the mid-2000s but by 2015 had gone out of business.

The company produced a range of paramotors, including the Discovery series. These were originally powered by the Radne Raket 120, but were under-powered and that powerplant was replaced by the Cors'Air M21Y and Per Il Volo Top 80 instead. The company's paramotor designs were noted for their four-part chassis that can split apart for transport.

The Airtime Explorer  powered hang glider uses the two-stroke, single cylinder Radne Raket 120 of , and fitted with a 3.5:1 ratio reduction drive quite successfully.

Aircraft

References

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Ultralight aircraft
Powered hang gliders
Powered parachutes
Paramotors
Robin Watson. Robin Watson  (born February 1967) is a British businessman from Campbeltown, Scotland. He is the former chief executive (CEO) of Wood Plc, a Scottish multinational engineering and consultancy company focused on energy and materials headquartered in Aberdeen, Scotland. In October 2017, Watson became the CEO of Wood plc, which resulted from the acquisition of Amec Foster Wheeler by the Wood Group.

In October 2015, it was announced that Watson, who has worked for Wood Group since 2010, would take over as CEO in January 2016, succeeding Bob Keiller who had decided to retire.

In April 2022, it was announced that Watson would be retiring and would be succeeded by Ken Gilmartin as the new CEO, effective July 2022

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to international trade.

Watson is married with three children.

References

1967 births
Living people
People from Campbeltown
Scottish mechanical engineers
Scottish chief executives
British corporate directors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
21st-century Scottish businesspeople
State University of Santa Cruz. The State University of Santa Cruz (, UESC) is a public institution of higher education in Brazil, based in the city of Ilhéus, Bahia. Until the 1990s, it was the only university in the city.
As of 2020, the university offers 33 undergraduate courses and several graduate programs.

Courses

Humanities
 Administration
 Accounting
 Communications
 Economics
 Law
 Education
 Geography
 History
 Sociology
 Philosophy
 Psychology

Technology and Science 
 Computer Science
 Civil Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Production Engineering
 Mathematics
 Chemistry
 Physics

Natural Sciences and Health 
 Agronomy
 Biomedical Sciences
 Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Nursing 
 Biological Sciences
 Physical Education
 Medicine
 Veterinary Medicine

Letters and Arts 
 English Literature
 Letters Vernacular
 Foreign Languages Applied to International Negotiations

See also 
 List of state universities in Brazil

References

External links
University's website

Educational institutions established in 1991
Universities and colleges in Bahia
1991 establishments in Brazil
State universities in Brazil
Tsentrolit. Tsentrolit is one of the largest foundries in the Republic of Belarus.

It was decided by the Order of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus and the Council of Ministers of BSSR to build a specialized plant under the project, developed by the Kiev institute "Hyprokhimmash", for production of iron casting for machine tools and mechanical engineering. The construction started in 1963, and in 1965 the first products were manufactured in the premises of the commissioned mechanical repair shop – non-standard equipment for the further development of the own production. The first melting was carried out on 24 October 1968. At that time, Tsentrolit belonged to the system of Minstankoprom (Ministry of machine tools industry) of the USSR, which included nine more Tsentrolit plants in various corners of the Soviet Union.

At present, many of the Tsentrolit plants either have ceased to exist or have been operating as foundry shops or small works due to difficult financial situation. Gomel Tsentrolit has managed to save its production infrastructure.

Current situation 

Since December 23, 2010, Gomel Tsentrolit is officially registered as the Public joint stock company "Gomel Foundry Plant Tsentrolit (OAO GLZ Tsentrolit). In 2012, OAO GLZ Tsentrolit joined Belstankoinstrumentholding together with 15 other large Belarusian industrial enterprises.

References 
 ОАО "MZOR" – management company of "BELSTANKOINSTRUMENT" HOLDING
 Companies and organization of Gomel
 Industrial enterprises of Sovietsky district of Gomel
 Economic news of Gomel region
 Gomel "TSENTROLIT" manufactured cast iron constructions for new stations of  Moscow metro
 Gomel "TSENTROLIT"  delivers its products to pre-Olympic Sochi
 Best business executives named

External links 
 Gomel enterprises
 of the Republic of Belarus

Foundries
Metal companies of Belarus
Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory. The Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory is one of the biggest fertiliser factories in Bangladesh. It is situated at NGFF, Fenchuganj Upazila in Sylhet. The project was inaugurated by Bangladeshi Ex. prime minister Sheikh Hasina.

History 
Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC), the largest corporation in industrial sector in the country was established in 1976 vide second amendment of P.0.27 upon merger of Bangladesh Paper and Board Corporation, Bangladesh Fetter, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Corporation and Bangladesh Tanneries Corporation. As present thirteen enterprises of BCIC are in operation out of which six are urea fertiliser factories. The total installed capacities of the above six urea fatter factories are 2.30 million Mt per annum. Due to ageing the production capacities of six urea fatter factories have been already decreased. Presently the demand of urea fester in the misty is about 3 million MT per annum. This demand is increasing day by day. To meet the growing demand of urea fertiliser, steps have been taken by the Govt. of Bangladesh (GOB) to set up a modern technology based, energy efficient and environment friendly granular urea fertiliser factory named Shahjalal Fertilizer Project (SFP) with an annual capacity of  MT at Fenchuganj.

It was hoped, the factory will be run as Commercial Operation from January 2016. After completion of construction of SFP, import of about  MT. of urea fertiliser will be decreased in a year, as a result, an equivalent amount foreign currency will be saved. Besides, food security will be ensured as a result of application of urea fertiliser produced in the factory and the produced fertiliser will play a supportive role in food production.

References

Government-owned companies of Bangladesh
2011 establishments in Bangladesh
Fertiliser companies of Bangladesh
Fenchuganj Upazila
Economy of Sylhet Division
Arey (company). Arey (Russian: "АРЭЙ") is a Russian security and surveillance equipment supplier  based in Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai. At one time was an aircraft manufacturer. In the mid-2000s the company specialized in the design and manufacture of paramotors in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft for the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and the European microlight category, as well as aircraft engines.

After ceasing production of aircraft, the company carried on as a supplier of security and surveillance equipment. The company seems to have been founded about 2002, but by 2015 the company website was non-functional and so it is not clear if the company is still in business or not.

The company designed and produced its own paramotor engine, the  Arey A-170 and then designed a paramotor to use the engine, the Arey Tatush T120M. The company also sold the Tatush with the Hirth F33 and Solo 210 engines as options.

A powered parachute design, the Arey Telezhka, was also developed in the form of a lightweight wheel set to be combined with the Tatush.

Aircraft

References

External links

Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Ultralight aircraft
Paramotors
Companies based in Krasnoyarsk
Untitled (Hardy). Untitled is an outdoor 1952 fountain and sculpture by Tom Hardy, installed at the Park Blocks in Eugene, Oregon, United States.

Description and history

Tom Hardy's untitled fountain (1952) is installed at the northeast corner of Eugene's Park Blocks, near the intersection of 8th Avenue and Oak Street. The fountain's bronze sculpture depicts a school of fish, possibly salmon, jumping in and out of the water and measures approximately  x ,  x . Surrounding the sculpture are five water jets. The fountain's base is made of concrete and embedded stones, and measures approximately  x  x .

The work was surveyed and deemed "well maintained" by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in August 1993. It was administered the Cultural Services Division of the City of Eugene's Library, Recreation and Cultural Services Department at that time.

See also

 1952 in art
 Hatfield Fountain (1989) by Tom Hardy, Lawrence Halprin, and Scott Stickney (Salem, Oregon)
 Running Horses (1986) by Tom Hardy (Portland, Oregon)

References

1952 establishments in Oregon
1952 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Oregon
Concrete sculptures in Oregon
Sculptures of fish in the United States
Fountains in Oregon
Outdoor sculptures in Eugene, Oregon
Stone sculptures in Oregon
Animal sculptures in Oregon
Paper and Watermark Museum. The Paper and Watermark Museum is a museum of Fabriano, Italy. Based on the paper-making tradition of Fabriano, which is documented since the 12th Century, the museum focusses on handmade paper and watermark techniques in Medieval Italy.

Description
The Fabrianese papermakers probably learned the techniques from the Arabs, and were able to sufficiently refine and perfect the process for their paper to successfully compete with parchment.  

The Fabrianese papermakers also developed different types of multiple hammer mills used to grind the rag cloth, and a method of sizing paper by means of animal glue.

The introduction of watermarks in Fabriano was related to applying metal wires on a cover laid against the mould used for forming the paper.

In addition to the permanent collections, which present the development of the paper manufacturing industry, the museum gives practical demonstrations, as well as educational courses and workshops (how to make paper using ancient manufacturing techniques, understanding the chemical peculiarities of lithographic printing, inking and printing with an original press, etc.).

See also
 Cartiere Miliani Fabriano
 Archivio storico delle Cartiere Miliani Fabriano

References

External links
Museo della carta - Official Website

Museums in Marche
Fabriano
Industry museums in Italy
Papermaking museums
Giorgina Madìa. Giorgina Madìa (born 27 December 1904 in Naples, Italy) was an Italian physicist and electrical engineer, specializing in electrical communications, and a member of the Italian resistance during World War II.

Biography 
Her parents were Ernesto and Olga Ferrari.

She worked at the National Research Council and later as a professor at the Università degli studi di Napoli. She was also a professor of physics at nautical institutes and in charge of electrical engineering in the University of Bari. Her principal area of expertise was in electromagnetism and communications. electric.

She was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1928 at Bologna, Italy, and gave a talk titled I trasformatori telefonici.

During World War II, she worked in a telephone office in Milan, where she joined the Italian resistance movement. She built and operated a radio station that sent intelligence on German troop movements to other parts of the resistance in southern Italy.

Selected publications 

 Madia, Giorgina. "Le forze elettromotrici nella teoria dinamica dell’elettromagnetismo." Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942) 4.1 (1927): 289-295.
 Madia, Giorgina. "La Teoria Dinamica Dell’elettroma-Gnetismo Nei Riguardi delle Forze Ponderomotrici." Il Nuovo Cimento (1924-1942) 5.1 (1928): 108-113.
 Madia, Giorgina. "I trasformatori telefonici." Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici: Bologna from 3 to 10 September 1928. 1929.
 Madia, Giorgina. "Le Zworykine system." Interciné, VIIe année, n ° 2, February 1935, p. 99-101.
 Madia, Giorgina. "Applicazione Della Teoria Di Cauer Ai Filtri a Scala Campbell-Zobel." (1940). Print.
 Madia, Giorgina. Elettronica. Udine: Del Bianco, 1963. Print. The Italian textbook Elettronica.
 Madia, Giorgina. Fondamenti Fisico Matematici Della Teoria Dei Semiconduttori. Roma: Dets, 1967. Print.

References

External sources 

 Beltrami, Giuliana, and Alloisio, Mirella. Volontarie della libertà: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945. Italy, Mazzota, 1981. (Volunteers of freedom  September 8, 1943 - April 25, 1945)

1904 births
20th-century Italian physicists
20th-century Italian women scientists
Italian women physicists
Italian electrical engineers
Italian women engineers
Italian resistance movement members
Engineers from Naples
Academic staff of the University of Naples Federico II
1942 deaths
Female resistance members of World War II
Abradable powder coatings. Abradable Powder Coatings (APC), also known as Additive/Abradable Powder Coatings (AAPCs), are a class of abradable materials that are applied using standard powder coating technology.  They are used for clearance control, sealing and lubrication over a wide range of temperatures in oiled and dry devices.  Application of the coatings is inexpensive and environmentally friendly.

Abradable coatings are made up of materials that will abrade, or wear off, when they rub against a mating surface.  The coating acts as a sacrificial layer when it comes in contact with another surface so that the base material underneath is protected and remains unharmed.

Abradable Powder Coatings safely reduce operating clearances and friction to improve the efficiency of compressors, pumps, engines, blowers, etc.  A Tier 1 automotive supplier reports increased volumetric efficiencies and enhanced sealing on supercharger rotor sets through the use of a patented abradable powder coating.

Abradable Powder Coating provides engine benefits such as higher efficiency, reduced noise and greater durability when applied on pistons.  The coating can be applied thick so that during the initial operation the coated component wears in until its ideal geometry is reached under temperature and load.  Normally there is no change to the base metal component dimensions and the parts require no post-machining before assembly.

Abradable Powder Coatings (APC's) on piston skirts and lands are advancing performance and life of cylinder kits in three principal ways:

  APC coatings lap in to permanently improve piston-to-bore fit, reducing unwanted motion and creating a thin, resilient oil film for lower friction with less wear.  
 Better piston fit in each bore keeps rings square to the cylinder and settled for improved sealing, heat transfer and oil management. 
 All across the skirts (not just at the gage point) APC safely removes Integrated Skirt Clearance (ISC) volume between piston skirt and bore surface to limit destructive motion and accelerations between cylinder kit components.

These coatings can dramatically improve efficiency in oil pumps if, for example, less expensive components such as cast pump housings are used with reasonably loose tolerances. An abradable coating can be a highly cost-effective method of improving the tolerances and efficiency of the impeller-housing combination without resorting to much more costly machining of the original components. As an incidental benefit, if an abradable coating has allowed an efficiency increase in a pump, it may be possible to downsize the pump to be used while still delivering the necessary flow/pressure and so save weight or packaging space.

References

Engine technology
Powders