omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Constructional Engineering Union. The Constructional Engineering Union (CEU) was a trade union representing steel erectors and other workers involved in steel construction in the United Kingdom.

History
The union was founded in 1924 as a section of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC).  It left the ISTC and became an independent union in 1930.  In 1971, the union merged with the Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers to form the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, becoming the largely autonomous construction section of the new union.

Election results
The union sponsored a successful Labour Party candidate in several Parliamentary elections.

General Secretaries
1924: George House
1939: Jack Stanley
1957: Ernie Patterson
1968: Eddie Marsden

References

External links
Catalogue of the CEU archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Trade unions established in 1924
Trade unions disestablished in 1971
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Building and construction trade unions
1930 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions based in London
Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Fellowship of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (FIMechE)  is an award and fellowship granted to individuals that the Institution of Mechanical Engineers  judges to be a "professional engineer working in a senior role with significant autonomy and responsibility." It is the highest level of membership and demonstrates experience, commitment and contribution to engineering.

Fellowship
Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FIMechE.  examples of fellows include Colin P. Smith, Barry Thornton, William Pillar, Laurence Williams and Michael Alcock.  See the :Category:Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for more examples.

References

Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Academic awards
 
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
KB SAT SR-10. The KB SAT SR-10 is a prototype Russian single-engine jet trainer aircraft, fitted with forward-swept wings. It first flew in 2015 and is being offered to the Russian Air Force and for export.

Design and development

The Russian design bureau KB SAT (Sovremyenne Aviatsyonne Tekhnologii – Modern Aircraft Technologies) began work on a single-engine jet trainer and sport aircraft, the SR-10, in 2007, displaying a mockup at the MAKS airshow at Zhukovsky in  August 2009. The SR-10 is a mid-wing monoplane of all-composite construction, with a wing swept forward at an angle of 10 degrees. The crew of two sit in a tandem cockpit. It is powered by a single turbofan, with an Ivchenko AI-25V AI25TSR (modification of AI25TL) fitted in the prototype, but more modern Russian engines, such as the NPO Saturn AL-55 were proposed for production aircraft.

The SR-10 was offered to meet a 2014 requirement for a basic trainer for the Russian Air force, but was rejected in favour of the Yakovlev Yak-152, a piston-engined trainer. Despite this setback, KB SAT continued to develop the SR-10, proposing it as an intermediate trainer between the Yak-152 and the Yak-130 advanced jet trainer and for export. The first prototype SR-10 made its maiden flight on 25 December 2015.

In July 2017, KB SAT announced that it had developed an unmanned variant of the aircraft named the AR-10 Argument.

In September 2018, according to media reports, the Russian government failed to allocate funds to start production of SR-10 for the Russian Air Force and as a result KB SAT suspended all work on the project.

On September 19, 2020, SR-10 took part in the "Russian Aviation Race", held at the Oreshkovo airfield (Kaluga oblast)

Specifications (SR-10)

See also

References

External links

 "New Russian forward-swept wing jet trainer has made its first flight. And here’s the video". The Aviationist. 2 January 2016.
 KB-SAT official site (in Russian)

2010s Russian military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2015
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
SR010
Single-engined jet aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Mesoscale manufacturing. Mesoscale manufacturing is the process of creating components and products in a range of approximately from 0.1mm to 5mm with high accuracy and precision using a wide variety of engineering materials. Mesomanufacturing processes are filling the gap between macro- and micromanufacturing processes and overlaps both of them (see picture). Other manufacturing technologies are nanoscale (< 100 nm), microscale (100 nm to 100 μm) and macroscale manufacturing (> 0.5 mm).

Applications

Application of mesomanufacturing include electronics, biotechnology, optics, medicine, avionics, communications, and other areas. Specific applications include mechanical watches, and extremely small motors and bearings; lenses for cameras and other micro parts for mobile telephones; micro-batteries, mesoscale fuel cells, microscale pumps, valves, and mixing devices for microchemical reactors; biomedical implants, microholes for fiber optics; medical devices such as stents and valves; mini nozzles for high-temperature jets; mesoscale molds; desktop- or micro-factories, and many others.

Processes

Manufacturing in the mesoscale can be accomplished by scaling down macroscale manufacturing processes or scaling up nanomanufacturing processes. Macroscale techniques like mill and lathe machining have been successful used to create features in the range of 25 μm. Meso Machine tools (mMTs), for example a miniaturized milling machine, is an expansion of using traditional macroscale techniques to manufacture mesoscale products. With the limitation of self-excited vibration of machine tools and fatigue, microassembly and micro- and mesoscale milling are created to improve the maximum stiffness and dynamic operation of the milling process, which improves the overall performance of manufacturing. The development of mMTs has revealed many challenges that are specific to machining at the small scales. These challenges stem from the large influence of grain size at small scales and the necessity of extremely small tolerances for both the machine tools and the measuring tools.

Laser machining is a traditional technique that uses nanosecond pulses of ultraviolet light to create mesoscale features like holes, fillets, etc.  The removal of material during laser machining is proportional to exposure time and therefore this process can be used to create three dimensional features.

A less traditional technique is to use focused ion beam sputtering (FIB) to remove material. This process involves focusing a beam of ions, for example gallium, to the work piece, causing material to be removed. FIB sputtering has a relatively low rate of material removal and therefore has limited application.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is another subtractive manufacturing process used in the mesoscale. This process requires that electricity be transferred between the tool electrode and the work piece and therefore it can only be used to manufacture materials that conduct electricity. One advantage of EDM is that it can be used on hard materials that do not work well in traditional machining processes, such as titanium.

References

Industrial processes
Xplorer Xflyer. The Xplorer Xflyer is a South African paramotor that was designed by Keith Pickersgill and produced by Xplorer UltraFlight of Cape Town for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Xflyer was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place accommodation and a single  Solo 210 engine in pusher configuration with a 2.5:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed wooden propeller. The cage assembly breaks down into four parts for ground transport and storage. The fuel tank capacity is . The aircraft is built from annealed aluminium.

Take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Specifications (Xflyer)

See also
Xplorer XS, another paramotor design from the same manufacturer

References

Xflyer
2000s South African ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Xplorer XS. The Xplorer XS is a South African paramotor that was designed by Keith Pickersgill and produced by Xplorer UltraFlight of Cape Town for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The XS was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place accommodation and a single  Solo 210 engine in pusher configuration with a 2.5:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter two-bladed wooden propeller. The cage assembly breaks down into four parts for ground transport and storage. The fuel tank capacity is . The aircraft is built from annealed aluminium.

As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Specifications (XS)

See also
Xplorer Xflyer, another paramotor design from the same manufacturer

References

XS
2000s South African ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
AC 20-115. The Advisory Circular AC 20-115( ), Airborne Software Development Assurance Using EUROCAE  and RTCA  (previously Airborne Software Assurance), recognizes the RTCA published standard DO-178 as defining a suitable means for demonstrating compliance for the use of software within aircraft systems. The present revision D of the circular identifies ED-12/DO-178 Revision C as the active revision of that standard and particularly acknowledges the synchronization of ED-12 and DO-178 at that revision.

This Advisory Circular calls attention to ED-12C/DO-178C as "an acceptable means, but not the only means," to secure FAA approval of software. The earliest revisions of the Advisory Circular were brief, serving little more than to call attention to active DO-178 revisions. The Advisory Circular revisions C and D are considerably longer, giving guidance in modifying and re-using software previously approved using DO-178, DO-178A, or DO-178B (preceding revisions of the DO-178 standard). Additionally, the expanded AC now provides guidance for Field Loadable Software and User Modifiable Software within aircraft software. Transition of legacy tool qualification from DO-178B to DO-330 is also discussed, with comparison of ED-12B/DO-178B Tool Qualification Type with ED-12C/ED-215 DO-178C/DO-330 Tool Qualification Level.

Revision History

References

External links  
 AC 20-115D, Airborne Software Assurance

Avionics
Safety
Software requirements
RTCA standards
Computer standards
Advanced Systems and Development Directorate. The Advanced Systems and Development Directorate (SMC/AD) is a directorate of the United States Space Force's Space and Missile Systems Center, located at Kirtland Air Force Base. It has operating divisions at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Hill Air Force Base, and Johnson Space Center.

Structure
Ground Systems and Operations Division (ADG)
Space Demonstration Division (ADS)
Strategic Concepts Division (ADX)
Capability Integration and Transition Division (ADY)

History
In June 1992 the Space and Missile Systems Center created the Space Experimentation Program Office, consolidating the Rocket Systems Launch Program (RSLP), Department of Defense Space Test Program (STP), the Research and Development Space and Missile Operations program (RDSMO), and test and evolution functions at Vandenberg Air Force Base into the new organization. In June 1993 the research, development, test and evaluation functions of the Space Test Program, located at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Research and Development Space and Missile Operations program, located at Onizuka Air Force Station, and the Rocket Systems Launch Program, located in San Bernardino, California, were moved to Kirtland Air Force Base.

In July 1995 the Space Experimentation Program Office was renamed the Space and Missile Test and Evaluation Directorate.

On 29 June 2001, the Space Experimentation Program Office became Space and Missile Systems Center Detachment 12, in preparation for the 1 October 2001 transfer of the Space and Missile Systems Center from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command.

On 1 August 2006 the Space Development and Test Wing was activated, replacing SMC Directorate 12. On 10 November 2010 the Space Development and Test Wing was redesignated again, becoming the Space Development and Test Directorate (SMC/SD), part of the Space and Missile System Center's transition from a wing-structure to a directorate-structure.

On 9 October 2014 the Development Planning Directorate (SMC/XR) and Space Development and Test Directorate were deactivated, and activated the Advanced Systems and Development Directorate (SMC/AD).

List of directors 
Col Troy A.J. Brashear, January 9, 2015–August 17, 2015
Col John S.R. Anttonen, August 17, 2015–July 13, 2018
Col Timothy Sejba, July 13, 2018–July 2020

References

Units and formations of the United States Space Force
Toroidion. Toroidion was a Finnish start-up company domiciled in Pohja, Raseborg. On March 3, 2022, the company filed for bankruptcy.

1MW Concept

In 2015, Toroidion introduced a concept car: the electric supercar 1MW Concept. Toroidion Ltd claimed to have solved core problems that have prevented making electric cars practical, but evidence of this claim has not emerged. A utility model details a central stator divided in multiple sections, each of which is fed three-phase current with a separate frequency converter. This enables a lower voltage at higher power. More elements can be added to the engine in axial direction, so that an engine can have 20 or more frequency converters. Toroidion has claimed that the lower operating voltage makes an electric car safer.  Racing driver Mika Salo joined Toroidion's R&D team in 2016. Toroidion was aiming in 2016 at participation in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race within a few years.

The 1MW produces . Each wheel is powered by its own motor. The front wheels each have  motors and the rear wheels each have  motors. The car was claimed to be capable of accelerating from 0 to  in 11 seconds. but this was never formally tested.

Production
On January 8, 2019, it was reported that production of Toroidion was starting, cars are to be made upon order and that maximum production capacity is 75. The model was named as the EUSSTA M1. The car is priced at .

Bankruptcy
Toroidion filed for bankruptcy on March 3, 2022. According to the company management, they ran out of money. The company never showed a finished vehicle or sold one.

References

External links
 
 BBC.com: From Finland, the 1,341-horsepower electric supercar
 CNN Money
 Finska Muskler 2016 Toroidion 1MW Concept

Electric concept cars
Organisations based in Raseborg
Frost damage (construction). Frost damage is caused by moisture freezing in the construction. Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material.

When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes an increase in the internal pressure. If this pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the material, then micro-cracks occur. Visible frost damage develops after an accumulation of micro-cracks as a result of several freeze-thaw cycles.

Frost damage can be prevented by the use of frost-proof materials, i.e., a material which has sufficient closed pores, by which the volume increase caused by the freezing of water in capillary pores can be absorbed by the ice-free closed pores.

Concrete

Frost damage of early-age concrete is particularly harmful for the concrete mechanical resistance because the ice volume expansion causes micro-cracks in the concrete structures, and as a consequence it lowers the compressive strength of concrete. Therefore, when concreting at cold temperature cannot be avoided, it is essential to have a minimum curing time at a temperature sufficiently above the freezing point of the concrete pore water, so that the early strength of concrete is high enough to resist the inner tensile stress caused by water freezing.

See also
 Frost weathering
 Ice thermal expansion

Sources
References

Bibliography
 Goesten A.J.P.M. (2016). Hygrothermal simulation model: Damage as a result of insulating historical buildings. Eindhoven University of Technology.
 ter Bekke T. (2001). Vochttransport in monumentaal metselwerk. Eindhoven University of Technology.

This article is a translation of the corresponding article on the Dutch Wikipedia.

Construction
Concrete
Water ice
Weathering
Sichuan Road and Bridge Group. Sichuan Road and Bridge Group (abbreviated as SRBG) is a Chinese engineering company which builds civil works in domestic and international projects. Through a subsidiary, Sichuan Road & Bridge Mining Investment Development Corp. Ltd., it is also involved in gold mining.

International projects
Most of the company's business is in China but it also carries out work in Eritrea, Norway, Tanzania, Cambodia, and the United Arab Emirates.

The company has had an especially long standing relationship with Eritrea with both Chinese and Eritrea officials calling the company a positive force in bilateral relations.  In Eritrea it has built several major civil works including roads and hospitals and employed 3,000 local employees.

 Awarded in 2013 a €93 million contract to build the steelwork for the 1553 meter long Hålogaland Bridge in Norway to be completed in 2017. It was completed in December 2018 after a delay.
 6 projects in Eritrea starting from 1996 including the Massawa Municipal Road Works (1996); Asmara Municipal Road Works (2004); Massawa Seawall Road Rehabilitation Project (2005); Asmara Optical Hospital Improvement Project (2011); Eritrean Technology College Improvement & Extension Project (2012); and Eritrean Agriculture College Improvement & Extension Project (2012). Work had been disrupted by the outbreak of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War but the company continued involvement in the country.

Mining
The company is also involved in gold mining in Eritrea. Through its subsidiary, Sichuan Road & Bridge Mining Investment Development Corp. Ltd., purchased a 60% stake in gold mining asset from the Australian mining company Sunridge Gold for $US65 million in November 2015.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Companies based in Sichuan
The Data Incubator. The Data Incubator is a data science education company.  It offers corporate data science training and placement services.  It is best known for an 8-week educational fellowship preparing students with Master's degrees and PhDs for careers in big data and data science.

Founding 

The Data Incubator was founded in 2014 in New York City by Tianhui Michael Li, a former data scientist at local-mobile-social startup Foursquare and Andreessen Horowitz. The company was incubated by Cornell Tech.

The company is best known for an 8-week educational fellowship preparing students with Masters and PhD degrees for careers in big data and data science.  The fellowship's expenses are paid for by hiring companies and it remains free for admitted fellows. The program is no longer free, the Data Science program costs 10k for Online and 18K for in-person program. The program has four campuses: New York City, Washington DC, San Francisco, and Online. The program also offers corporate training to Fortune 500 clients.

According to Venture Beat, the program had over 1000 applicants from over 80 universities in its first round and accepted just under 3% of all applicants. The program was selected by Business Insider as one of 15 competitive programs in the world with more competitive admissions than Harvard.

Growth 

In 2015, the program launched in Washington, DC and San Francisco. In December 2015, the program established their first international campus in collaboration with The Center of Applied Data Science in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with support from the national government.

In 2015 The Data Incubator was ranked second by Data Economy for data science incubators.

In April 2016, the program was launched in the United Kingdom with government support through The Data Lab.

In March, 2018, the company announced a partnership with SAP Fieldglass's Digital Network.  The partnership provides Fieldglass's Digital Network with highly sought-after data science talent.

Data Science in 30 Minutes Online Lecture Series 
The company hosts an ongoing online lecture series entitled "Data Science in 30 Minutes" featuring leading figures in data science and big data.  Participants include:
 scikit-learn core contributor and NYU researcher Andreas Mueller
 SIGKDD and KDD founder Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro
 Stanford Professor and Databricks founder Matei Zaharia.
 New York Times Pulitzer-nominated journalist Alan Schwarz
 Booz Allen Hamilton Principal Data Scientist Kirk Borne

References

External links
Data Science Fellowship Program
Data Science Foundations Program

Computer science education
Coding schools
Universities and colleges in Manhattan
Organizations based in New York City
Companies based in New York City
American companies established in 2014
Organizations based in San Francisco
Education companies of the United States
Training companies of the United States
International educational organizations
Companies based in Washington, D.C.