omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Super Rotor Andorinha. 

The Super Rotor AC.4 Andorinha ("Swallow") was a sport autogyro first produced in Brazil in the 1960s. The prototype was built by Altair Coelho and flown in 1960 as the AC.1, a typically minimalist autogyro design consisting of an open framework supporting the pilot's seat, rotor mast, engine mounting and tail fin. Power was supplied by a converted Volkswagen engine driving a pusher propeller. Francisco Mattis purchased the prototype and manufacturing rights and founded Super Rotor (now Montalva) of São Paulo to produce the aircraft. Refinements for serial production as the AC.4 included an extra reinforcing strut for the rotor mast and a larger tail fin. According to Altair Coelho, the AC.4 first flew in 1964, and gained type approval and certification in 1972. 314 were built.

Super Rotor went on to produce a two-seat version with dual controls as the M.1 Montalva, a turbo-charged two-seater as the M.2 Trovão Azul ("Blue Thunder"), and an agricultural version with spray bars as the Agricóptero.

Variants
 AC.1 - single-seat prototype with Volkswagen engine
 AC.4 Andorhina - single-seat production machine with Volkswagen engine. According to Altair Coelho, 314 were built.
 M.1 Montalva - two-seat trainer version of AC.4 with Volkswagen engine
 M.2 Trovão Azul - two-seat high-performance version with turbocharged Santana engine
 Agricóptero - agricultural version

Specifications (AC.4)

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

AC-1
1960s Brazilian sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Alysia. Alysia is a luxury charter Motor yacht owned by Greek businessman Andreas Liveras. She was constructed in steel during 2006 by the Neorion ship-yard for a cost of about 116 million EUR. This made her Forbes magazine's most expensive yacht in the world for 2006.

Statistics 
Alysia is  long,  in the beam and has a draft of .  The ship has a gross tonnage of . She can accommodate up to 36 guests and 36 crew. The main engines are twin Caterpillar 3606s, with maximum output of  each.  She has a maximum speed of  and a cruising speed of . Her auxiliary diesel generators are three 500 kW Caterpillar 3412s and one Caterpillar 3406. Her propulsion system drives two variable pitch KaMeWa propellers. Her water capacity is  and her fuel capacity is  which provides a range of .
It was on sale for 85M euro.

Renovated and renamed Moonlight II in 2012, and offered for weekly rentals of 500,000 euro.

Accommodation 
Alysia has a large jacuzzi, two outside bars, water jets, diving equipment, fishing equipment and a 
small speed boat used for dives away from the yacht. The staterooms include a small cinema, large conference room and small restaurant.

Moonlight II
The yacht was renamed Moonlight II in 2010 by her new owner, sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

References

External links
Photo
Alysia, Viliyana Filipova

2006 ships
Motor yachts
COSMOSPACE. COSMOSPACE (COSMO Surface-Pair Activity Coefficient Equation) is an activity coefficient model in which the activity coefficient of the components in a
liquid chemical mixture can be related through their molar fraction.  It was initially developed as an implicit solution to COSMO-RS.

UNIQUAC is a first order approximation for the interactions in a fluid. This means that the local concentrations around the different types of molecules in a fluid mixture are taken independently from each other. This leads to an inconsistency, which gives systematic errors for strong interacting molecules. This inconsistency is solved in the COSMOSPACE model. This is achieved by applying a self-consistent partition sum description of the ensemble of molecule surfaces. Therefore, the COSMOSPACE model outperforms Uniquac in the description of vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid phase equilibria.

See also 
  UNIQUAC
  UNIQUAC
  COSMOSPACE
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical thermodynamics
Fugacity

References 

Thermodynamic models
Middelgrunden wind farm. The Middelgrunden wind farm stands on the shoal Middelgrunden, between shipping lanes in the Øresund, 3.5 km outside Copenhagen, Denmark. When it was built in 2000, it was the world's largest offshore farm, with 20 turbines (2 MW Bonus each) and a capacity of 40 MW. The farm delivers about 4% of the power for Copenhagen.

In 1996, the project was initiated by the Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO) after Middelgrunden had been listed as a potential site in the Danish Action Plan for Offshore Wind. Together with the CEEO a group of local people formed the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative and established a cooperation with Copenhagen Energy, the local electric utility. The proposed location was initially opposed by the Danish Society for Nature Conservation, but this decision was later changed.

Concrete gravity base foundations were chosen as the cheapest option.

This project is an example for community wind energy. It is 50% owned by the 10,000 investors in the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company. It is clearly visible from the capital of Denmark.

Gallery

See also
 List of offshore wind farms in Denmark
 List of offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea

References

External links
 Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative (English page)
 Middelgrunden at 4C
 LORC Knowledge - Datasheet for Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm
 Middelgrunden at PowerTechnology
 TV documentary, in Danish

Offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea
Wind farms in Denmark
Energy infrastructure completed in 2000
2000 establishments in Denmark
Albert L. Hopkins. 
Albert L. Hopkins Jr. (1931 - 2016) was an American computer designer. He worked at the US MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now known as the Draper Lab) during the development of the Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control System, or the GN&C.  The system was designed in two forms, one for the command module and one for the lunar module. The CM version included an optical system with an integrated scanning telescope and sextant for erecting and correcting the inertial platform. Albert Hopkins received a Ph.D. from Harvard University under Howard Aiken, he then joined the MIT Instrumentation Lab where he was Assistant Director; together with Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith he was a member of the group that designed the computer, designated AGC for Apollo Guidance Computer, identical in the CM and LM.

The AGC was a 15-bit plus parity machine with a 1 MHz clock.  It was about one cubic foot in volume and weighed about 80 pounds. It used integrated circuit NOR gates, two to a package, but integrated RAM and ROM devices had not been developed yet. It had 2,000 words of magnetic ferrite core read-write memory and maybe 24 thousand words of read-only memory in the form of magnetic core ropes. These cores used metal tape magnetic cores. With such limited computing resources, the software had to be extremely tightly written in assembly code. These computers were designed with extremely long mean times to failure. Fifty were built by Raytheon, and none failed during several years of life. The human interface was a keyboard with ten digit keys and a few auxiliary keys for such things as "+" and "–" and "enter", and a display with three numbers of 5 decimal/octal digits, a two-digit program number, and a two-digit verb and a two-digit noun. The astronauts used it for all phases of command.

After leaving Draper Labs, Albert Hopkins, with his wife Lynne Zaccaria, opened a pottery and antiques shop in South Danbury, New Hampshire. Laterly they lived in Florida.  
He died on May 17, 2016. http://www.chadwickfuneralservice.com/fh/obituaries/obituary.cfm?o_id=3724138&fh_id=12966

See also
Charles Stark Draper
Apollo program

References

Bibliography
The Apollo Guidance Computer (1963)
A Multiprocessing Structure (1967)

External links
Some Aspects of the Logical Design of a Control Computer: A Case Study (1971)
Ramon Alonso interview (2001)
Herb Thaler interview (2001)
Visual intro of Apollo Guidance Computer
We hack the Moon: Albert Hopkins, Apollo Guidance Computer Designer

American computer scientists
Harvard University alumni
People from Merrimack County, New Hampshire
1931 births
2016 deaths
Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks. Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks () is a steel plant in Poland. It is owned by ArcelorMittal Poland S.A. Oddział Kraków, a division of ArcelorMittal.

History
The plant, then named Vladimir Lenin Steelworks, opened on July 22, 1954 in Nowa Huta, a communist utopian district built in 1949 near Kraków in the area formerly occupied by the village of Mogiła and surrounding farmland.

In the 1970s, the plant employed around 40,000 people and produced almost 7 million tons of steel annually.

In the 1980s, it was one of the most important centers of Solidarity and was the site of a strike action in 1988.

In 1990, after the end of Communism in Poland, the factory was renamed after Tadeusz Sendzimir. 

In January 2005, the plant was acquired by Mittal Steel Company, which merged into ArcelorMittal.

In 2020, the blast furnace was permanently shut down.

References

External links
 

1954 establishments in Poland
Buildings and structures in Kraków
Companies based in Kraków
Industrial buildings completed in 1954
Iron and steel mills in Poland
Manufacturing companies established in 1954
SOCATA Horizon. The GY-80 Horizon is a French four-seat touring monoplane of the 1960s designed by  and built under licence, first by Sud Aviation, and later by that company's SOCATA subsidiary.

Design and development

This aircraft was designed by the French designer  during the 1950s. In 1960, Sud Aviation acquired from Gardan a licence to build the design. The prototype first flew on 21 July 1960 and the aircraft was initially produced by Sud Aviation at Nantes and Rochefort. Sud Aviation later acquired the bankrupt Morane-Saulnier aircraft company, and in 1966, formed the subsidiary SOCATA to continue production of the Morane-Saulnier Rallye; however, Sud Aviation soon transferred production of its other general aviation aircraft to SOCATA as well. Sud-Aviation and its SOCATA subsidiary manufactured 273 units by the end of 1974, when production was terminated.

The all-metal design has a low-mounted cantilever wing with four mechanically operated Fowler-type trailing-edge flaps and two Frise-type ailerons. The tricycle landing gear partially retracts, with all wheels retracting rearwards. A little more than half of each wheel remains exposed in the retracted position, as can be seen in this airborne picture. The first prototype used a  Avco Lycoming O-320 flat air-cooled engine driving a fixed-pitch metal propeller, with production aircraft using this engine or a  version of the O-320, and had an option to use a constant speed propeller. By 1966, a  Lycoming O-360 engine was available., and the 150 hp option was removed by 1967.

Most Horizons were bought by French pilot owners, but examples were exported to several countries including Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and numbers remain in service in 2014.

An improved variant was developed originally as the Super Horizon 200 and later went into production as the ST 10 Diplomate.

Operators

Royal Cambodian Air Force

Khmer Air Force - Former operator.

Specifications (GY-80-180 - constant speed propeller)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1960s French civil utility aircraft
Horizon
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Scanning thermal microscopy. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that maps the local temperature and thermal conductivity of an interface. The probe in a scanning thermal microscope is sensitive to local temperatures – providing a nano-scale thermometer. Thermal measurements at the nanometer scale are of both scientific and industrial interest.  The technique was invented by Clayton C. Williams and H. Kumar Wickramasinghe in 1986.

Applications
SThM allows thermal measurements at the nano-scale. These measurements can include: temperature, thermal properties of materials, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, glass transition temperature, latent heat,  enthalpy, etc. The applications include:
Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) lithography research and cellular diagnostics in biochemistry.
Detecting such parameters as phase changes in polymer blends.
Joule heating
Measuring material variations in semiconductor devices
Subsurface imaging
Near-field photo thermal micro-spectroscopy 
Data storage
Calorimetry applications
Hot-spots in integrated circuits 
Low temperature scanning thermal microscopy 
Magnetic spectroscopy in combination with the ferromagnetic resonance realized in the SThM-FMR technique 
Other applications

Technique
SThM requires the use of specialized probes. There are two types of thermal probes: Thermocouple probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thermocouple junction at the probe tip and resistive or bolometer probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thin-film resistor at probe tip. These probes are generally made from thin dielectric films on a silicon substrate and use a metal or semiconductor film bolometer to sense the tip temperature. Other approaches, using more involved micro machining methods, have also been reported. In a bolometer probe the resistor is used as a local heater and the fractional change in probe resistance is used to detect the temperature and/or the thermal conductance of the sample. When the tip is placed in contact with the sample, heat flows from the tip to sample. As the probe is scanned, the amount of heat flow changes. By monitoring the heat flow, one can create a thermal map of the sample, revealing spatial variations in thermal conductivity in a sample. Through a calibration process, the SThM can reveal the quantitative values of thermal conductivity.  Alternately the sample may be actively heated, for example a powered circuit, to visualize the distribution of temperatures on the sample.

Tip-sample heat transfer can include 
 Solid-solid conduction. Probe tip to sample. This is the transfer mechanism which yields the thermal scan.
 Liquid-liquid conduction. When scanning in non-zero humidity, a liquid meniscus forms between the tip and sample. Conduction can occur through this liquid drop.
 Gas conduction. Heat can be transferred through the edges of the probe tip to the sample.

References

External links

SThM tutorial
SThM-FMR technique 
SThM designs

Scanning probe microscopy
SPCA 80. The SPCA 80 was a French transport monoplane designed by Société Provençale de Constructions Aéronautiques (SPCA) to meet a French government requirement for a single-engined colonial transport, specifically for police duties.

Design
The SPCA 80 was a single-engined high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear. It had a cockpit for a crew of two and a cabin for four passengers. It was powered by a nose-mounted Gnome-Rhône 7Kb radial engine. Only a single example was built, registration F-AKFH.

The SPCA 80 was followed by a single example of a version powered by a Lorraine 9Na engine, designated the SPCA 81, which first flew on 25 April the same year. The SPCA 81 was later fitted with a Renault 9Ca engine, at which point it was designated the SPCA 82.

Variants
 SPCA 80 — initial version with Gnome-Rhône 7Kb engine (1 built)
 SPCA 81 — version with Lorraine 9Na engine (1 built)
 SPCA 82 — version with Renault 9Ca engine (1 converted from SPCA 81)

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 

1930s French civil utility aircraft
SPCA aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Antonov An-180. The Antonov An-180 was a Ukrainian design for a twin-aisle medium-range propfan airliner. Although the design was completed by the Antonov Design Bureau in 1994, the type was not built.

Development
The An-180 was designed as a replacement for the aging Tupolev Tu-134 and Yakovlev Yak-42 airliners. Antonov was discussing this aircraft in Soviet aviation publications as early as October 1990, describing the An-180 as a 164-180 passenger plane with a range of  and a per-passenger fuel consumption of . The proposed aircraft was introduced to the world at the 1991 Paris Air Show. As of September 1991, the An-180 had a T-tail design with the propfan engines attached to the aft fuselage, but Antonov later modified the design so that the engines were attached to the ends of the horizontal stabilizer in a conventional tail configuration. In 1992, Ukraine and China were studying whether to jointly develop the aircraft.

In April 1994, a prototype of the aircraft was tested at the Russian Central Aviation Institute's transonic wind tunnel, with follow-up tests in July to finalize the design, but financial problems delayed the completion of the study as of November 1994. By February 1995, joint manufacturing was expected to begin at the aircraft factories in Kharkiv, Ukraine and the Production Corporation Polyot plant in Omsk, Russia. Because of extreme funding shortfalls from the Ukraine government, however, the development of the An-180 was fully suspended by August 1995. In 1999, D-27 engines created by the Progress Design Bureau were still expected to be built for the An-180, according to the CEO of Motor Sich, the Ukrainian manufacturer of the D-27. Subsequent attempts to obtain commercial investment failed, though, and by 2004, the An-180 was no longer an Antonov project.

As of 2003, the fuselage of an uncompleted An-180 aircraft remained in storage in a building used for assembly of Antonov's experimental models.

Design
The An-180 was a conventionally designed low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit. The unusual feature was the mounting of an Ivchenko Progress D-27 propfan mounted at the end of each tailplane. Each propfan was to have a coaxial contra-rotating tractor propeller, and the An-180 was also designed with a retractable landing gear with twin nosewheels, and tandem pairs of mainwheels.

It was planned to have a number of variants with seating starting at 150–156 passengers, to a larger variant for 200 passengers, and it was also planned to build a combination passenger/freight and an all-freight variant. The cabin is configured to use two aisles, with a seating row containing two seats each between an aisle and the adjacent windows/cabin walls, and two seats between the two aisles. The undercarriage can store seven LD3-46 unit load devices.

Specifications

See also

 Antonov An-70
 Boeing 7J7
 MPC-75
 McDonnell Douglas MD-94X
 Tupolev Tu-334
 Yakovlev Yak-46

References

Notes

External links
 
 

An-180
Propfan-powered aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Teledyne Ryan 410. 

The Teledyne Ryan Model 410 was a surveillance UAV designed in the United States in the late 1980s. In configuration, it was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with twin tails carried on booms and linked by a common horizontal stabilizer. The engine was mounted pusher-fashion at the rear of the fuselage, between the booms. The nosewheel of the tricycle undercarriage was retractable. Construction throughout was of composite materials.

In 1993, the Model 410 was submitted to the UAV Joint Projects Office in response to an RFP for a Tier II system. In January 1994, the contract was awarded to General Atomics for what would eventually become the RQ-1 Predator.

Specifications

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 

1980s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Ryan aircraft
DBAG Class 641. The DBAG Class 641 (VT641) is a class of German railway vehicle operated by Deutsche Bahn. They are diesel railcars belonging to the Alstom Coradia A TER family. Their development started as a joint project between Deutsche Bahn and SNCF, on the one hand, and the railway vehicle manufacturers De Dietrich Ferroviaire and Linke-Hofmann-Busch on the other, both being subsidiaries of Alstom.

Forty units of this class were delivered to Deutsche Bahn, of which four have been retired due to accidents.

The railcars are fitted with centre buffer couplings. The arrangement of the two engines in front of the bogies, the bulging appearance of the coach body and the large, one-piece, swinging doors give the vehicle its characteristic appearance, which has earned it the nickname Walfisch (Whale).

They are deployed in Baden-Württemberg at Hochrhein – between Basel Badischer Bahnhof and Lauchringen – and in Thuringia at Erfurt, on lines including the Schwarzatalbahn between Rottenbach and Katzhütte, on the Pfefferminzbahn between Sömmerda and Großheringen, the Friedrichroda railway between Friedrichroda and Fröttstädt, on the line from Saalfeld to Blankenstein and the Gotha–Gräfenroda railway.

Other vehicles of the Alstom Coradia A TER family were delivered from Reichshoffen to the French SNCF and the Luxembourg CFL. These vehicles are classified by the SNCF as ATER 73500. For cross-border traffic between Germany and France a further 19 were procured as ATER 73900, of which two (73914 and 73915) were paid for by Saarland and painted traffic red.

See also
 List of Deutsche Bahn AG locomotives and railbuses
 SNCF Class X 73500
 SNCF Class X 73900
 Alstom Coradia LINT

References

External links
 

Alstom Coradia
641
Train-related introductions in 1999
Practavia Sprite. The Practavia Sprite is a British two-seat homebuilt training or touring monoplane designed for amateur construction. It was the winning entry in a competition sponsored by Pilot magazine in 1968. The design had been begun as a magazine-sponsored project by Peter Garrison, who worked for Pilot at the time; when the project did not move forward rapidly enough to suit him, he returned to the United States, where he modified his design into what would become his first Melmoth.

Development
The prototype Sprite, named the Pilot Sprite, was designed by a team at Loughborough University and had little in common with Garrison's design, though both were all-metal side-by-side low-wing cantilever monoplanes with tricycle landing gear. The Sprite was powered by a Rolls-Royce Continental O-240-A piston engine. Plans for amateur building were marketed by Practavia Ltd as the Practavia Sprite.

Specifications

References

 
 
 

1970s British civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Loughborough University
Garrison aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971
Dymaxion deployment unit. A Dymaxion deployment unit (DDU) or Dymaxion House, is a structure designed in 1940 by Buckminster Fuller consisting of a 20-foot circular hut constructed of corrugated steel looking much like a yurt or the top of a metal silo.  The interior was insulated and finished with wallboard, portholes and a door. The dome-like ceiling has a hole in the top and a cap for ventilation.

History
The Army Signal Corps commissioned Fuller in 1942 to develop 200 units as quickly as possible.  The units were manufactured by the Butler Manufacturing company and were deployed all around the world prior to the US entry into World War II. The cost of each unit at the time was $1,250. The wartime shortage of steel resulted in the cancellation of further production.

The Infoage Science/History Learning Center (the NJ science center at Camp Evans) has 11 surviving DDUs as seen in current satellite photos. Historical aerial photos show at least 14 between the two large H-shaped buildings for a total of over 24 units at the base from 1947 to 1970. Many of the cement pads remain after the DDU was removed. They were used for storage of hazardous materials and for small shops.

See also 
 Nissen hut
 B hut
 Dymaxion deployment unit
 Iris hut
 Quonset hut
 Romney hut
 Rubb hall
 Patera Building

References

Further reading
 "Dymaxion Deployment Units at Camp Evans in Wall, New Jersey USA"

Military equipment of World War II
Iron and steel buildings
Buckminster Fuller