omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peter Bradshaw (aeronautical engineer). Peter Bradshaw FRS (26 December 1935 – 27 July 2024) was an aeronautical engineer specialising in fluid mechanics.

He was educated at Torquay Grammar School and Cambridge University, where he was awarded a B.A. in Aeronautical Engineering in 1957.

Career
He worked at the National Physical Laboratory in the Aerodynamics Division until 1969. Following this he was Professor of Experimental Aerodynamics at the Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College, London University until 1988.

He was then appointed to the Thomas V. Jones Chair of Engineering at Stanford University, retiring as Emeritus Professor in 1995.

He is the author or co-author of a number of textbooks on fluid dynamics. Bradshaw died on 27 July 2024, at the age of 88.

Works
 Experimental Fluid Mechanics, (Pergamon, Oxford 1964, 1970)
 An Introduction to Turbulence and Its Measurement, (Pergamon, Oxford 1971, 1975)
 Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layers, (with T. Cebeci; Hemisphere, New York 1977)
 Engineering Calculation Methods for Turbulent Flows, (with T. Cebeci and J.H. Whitelaw; Academic Press, London 1981, 1985)
 Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat Transfer, (with T. Cebeci;Springer, New York 1984, 1988)

Honours and awards
 1971 Bronze Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society
 1981 Fellow of the Royal Society
 1990 Hon. D.Sc., Exeter University
 1994 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Fluid Dynamics Award

References

1935 births
People educated at Torquay Boys' Grammar School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Academics of Imperial College London
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fluid dynamicists
2024 deaths
Aviation Security in Airport Development. Aviation Security in Airport Development (ASIAD) is an anti-terrorism program implemented by the Department for Transport in the United Kingdom to incorporate design elements into airports that will impart resistance to bomb blasts. Components such as heat-strengthened laminated glass are used for windows, security barriers, and terminal facades.

Designs employed
 Bespoke structural bonding of frame to glass.
 Increasing the strength of components for track and door running systems
 Maintaining flexibility and ductility of door frame components
 Restriction of projectile components when high forces of an explosive event occur
 Increasing robustness of drive motors, running gears, and operating systems
 Incorporating combinations of multi-laminated glass at varying thicknesses and with anti-shard glass properties
 Built-in sensors to identify forced opening, etc
 Blast-resistant anti-jump runner systems
 Toughened sensor controls
 Post-blast retained structural barriers to stop physical attacks, unauthorized or forced entrees, or escapes

References

Aviation security
Airport infrastructure
SPEDAS. SPEDAS (Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System) is an open-source data analysis tool intended for space physics users. It was developed using Interactive Data Language (IDL). Since its creation, the tool has also been ported to Python in the form of a program referred to as pySPEDAS.

Overview 
SPEDAS is free software that can download and manipulate data from scientific space missions. It contains both a GUI (graphical user interface) and a command line mode for advanced users. It offers various tools for performing calculations and transformations of the data and for visualizing the results. Software modules can be developed for SPEDAS, extending its capabilities. It also includes a tool for downloading data from NASA servers using CDAWeb.

SPEDAS evolved from software developed for the THEMIS mission, which was called TDAS (THEMIS Data Analysis Software). In turn, TDAS used IDL code developed previously for earlier missions going back to the 1990s.

SPEDAS was developed by scientists and programmers of the University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles's IGPP and other contributors.

Deployment 
Three different types of SPEDAS deployment are available:

 Source code. The full IDL code for SPEDAS is available as a zip file download. To use this, users must install and license IDL from Exelis.
 Save file. IDL save files can run in a free but restricted version of IDL, called IDL Virtual Machine (VM). Users have to download IDL VM from Exelis, install it and register with Exelis before they can use the SPEDAS save file.
 Executable file. This distribution contains executable files for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. In this case, users do not have to separately install and download anything else.

Plugins 
One of the main goals of SPEDAS is to accommodate the needs of different NASA missions. Towards this goal, its architecture is modular. Users can develop plugins for loading data, for configuration and for specialized calculations or operations on the data.

As of version 3.1, SPEDAS includes plugins for loading data from the following missions or data sets: 
 THEMIS
 MMS
 GOES
 WIND
 ACE
 IUGONET
 ERG
 OMNI 
 Geomagnetic/Solar indices

Plugins for specialized calculations are: 
 Generation of GOES overview plots
 Generation of THEMIS overview plots
 THEMIS particle distribution slices

References

External links 
 SPEDAS wiki page
 SPEDAS blog page
 NASA software
 UC Berkeley, Space Sciences Lab

Cross-platform free software
Space science
Space physics
NASA
5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone. 5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone is a furanone derived from oxidation of furfural using singlet oxygen. This oxidation is carried out generally in methanol or ethanol with a sensitizer like methylene blue or Rose bengal. The mechanism of this reaction is depicted as below.

Uses
5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone is a potent pesticide and a four carbon building block for various heterocycles.

Chemical properties
5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone exists in chemical equilibrium with its isomer, cis-β-formylacrylic acid, in ring-chain tautomerism:

Under some conditions the compound will isomerize into succinic anhydride. Upon heating in strongly basic solution (pH > 9) this isomer will hydrate to succinic acid.

See also
 Butenolide
 Tetronic acid

References

Furanones
Secondary alcohols
Pesticides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Environmental issues in Kolkata. Environmental issues in Kolkata refers to the air pollution, water pollution, garbage problems, and other problems of the natural environment prevalent in the city of Kolkata,  the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It severely affects Kolkata's biophysical environment as well as human health.

Air pollution
According to data released in 2009 by the Scientific and Environmental Research Institute, atmospheric suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Kolkata was 511. This made Kolkata the most polluted metropolitan city in India, followed respectively by Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai. In a 6-years long study completed in 2007, the Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) found that 70% of residents of Kolkata suffer from respiratory diseases, like lung cancer, dyspnea and asthma, caused by air pollution. According to the CNCI study, 18.4 cases of lung cancer per 100,000 people were reported from Kolkata.

According to data collected in 2010 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Kolkata, along with Delhi, is among the worst affected Indian cities when it comes to air pollution. Between 2009 and 2011, the highest number of lung cancer cases in India were reported from Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai. According to a report prepared by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), among the number of cancer cases reported between 2009 and 2011, the most frequent cases were of lung cancer with a share of 12%. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Kolkata has been nicknamed the "lung cancer capital of India". In the World Health Organization's (WHO) ranking of cities by air pollution, Kolkata ranks 25th among a total of 1100 cities.

Air pollution is high in Kolkata despite the city's relatively low rates of car ownership, compared to other large Indian cities, and its strong public transport. It may be possible to reduce Kolkata's energy emissions through measures that also save money, such as parking demand management and improved vehicle efficiency standards.

Water Pollution
A 2003 report released by the Federation of Consumer Associations (FCA) found that much of the drinking water in Kolkata was polluted with human waste. According to this report, 87% of reservoirs supplying water to residential buildings were contaminated with human excrement. There were significant traces of faecal matter in 63% of faucets, and 20% of the water samples collected from various city hospitals were also found to be contaminated. The study reported that approximately one-fifth of the deep water wells and hand pumps operated by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation were polluted with human waste. The former director of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health blamed the ongoing water pollution on a leaky sewer system and water pressure abnormalities.

Subsidence
Subsidence is an increasing problem in Kolkata due to "demand of groundwater for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes [which] has increased due to rapid urbanization, according to a 2022 paper submitted to the Indian Academy of the Sciences.

See also
Environmental issues in India

References

Kolkata
Kolkata
Kolkata
Government Engineering College, Karwar. Government Engineering College Karwar is an Engineering college in Majali, Karwar, Uttara Kannada district of  Karnataka, India. Situated 6 mile away from Karwar. The college is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. It is also approved by All India Council for Technical Education AICTE, New Delhi.

About 
Established in 2009. The  aim of the college is to provide good technical education to rural area students.

The institution provides computer-based learning programs to meet the current needs of industry and business.

Courses 
Following are the courses in the college:
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Science & Engg.
 Electronics & Comm. Engg.
 Mechanical Engineering

References 

Engineering colleges in Karnataka
Karwar
Universities and colleges in Uttara Kannada district
Device Master Record. A Device Master Record (DMR) is a compilation of all the instructions, drawings and other records that must be used to produce a product. The term is used in Quality Management Systems that cover product design and production.

Contents
The physical appearance of the DMR can be a binder with documents, a document that can refer to other documents, or the same concepts in a computer as documents in a database. Labels, Instructions for Use, drawings, Certificates of Conformity, and other documents might form part of a DMR. The following contents are listed in the relevant chapter of the CFR as part of the Device Master Record:
(a) Device specifications including appropriate drawings, composition, formulation, component specifications, and software specifications; 

(b) Production process specifications including the appropriate equipment specifications, production methods, production procedures, and production environment specifications; 

(c) Quality assurance procedures and specifications including acceptance criteria and the quality assurance equipment to be used; 

(d) Packaging and labeling specifications, including methods and processes used; and 

(e) Installation, maintenance, and servicing procedures and methods.

Related documentation
One of the purposes of the Device Master Record is to separate the production process from the design process, that is covered in the Design Dossier or Design History File (DHF). After a product design department has updated their design documents, the design has to be transferred to a production scenario. For instance, if the product incorporates software, the software must be compiled and tested before it is given to the production department. Similarly, if a piece of plastic is used in the product, a plastic mould must be created before production can start. Once everything is ready for switching to making the new design, the device master record is updated.

All products that are produced according to such quality management systems can refer to a specific DMR that was used to produce it. The DMR will specify exactly what plastic moulds to use, what software builds to install etc.  The production history is part of the Device History Record (DHR).

If an error is found in a product, the manufacturer may identify this problem to specific versions of the DMR, possibly using a CAPA, and may then choose to issue notices to customers for products, that have been built according to these versions of the DMR, or make a product recall.

See also
 Device History Record (DHR)
 Design History File (DHF)
 The sub-clause 4.2.3 of ISO 13485:2016 requires a manufacturer of medical device to establish a Technical file, similar to a device master record.
 The EU medical device regulation requires a manufacturer of a medical device to maintain a Technical documentation.

References

 CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Sec. 820.181 Device master record

Quality management
Regulation of medical devices
Leica Digilux 2. The Digilux 2 is a digital camera model sold by Leica Camera, with the body manufactured in Japan by Matsushita, which sold a variant as the Panasonic Lumix DMC-LC1. Its image sensor is a CCD with 5.24 million total pixels. It has a color, transreflective thin-film transistor liquid crystal display with 211,000 pixels, in addition to an electronic viewfinder. It has a near-focus range of 30 centimeters. The camera has a built-in flash. This flash, first of its kind, has the ability to be pointed up, as well as the standard method of pointing straight ahead, in order to "bounce" the light off a ceiling. The camera weighs 630 grams (without a battery). Its dimensions are 135 millimeters in width, 82 millimeters in height, and 103 millimeters in depth. The camera is fitted with a Leica Vario Summicron lens of f/2 with a zoom function of 28mm - 90mm in 35mm format.

The main selling point of the Digilux 2 is that it functions in a manner reminiscent of a rangefinder camera; the Leica lens features manual zoom, aperture and focus rings and the shutter speed can be manually adjusted via a dial on the camera. Many users cite the excellent Leica DC Vario-Summicron lens as their reason to purchase.

See also

 Leica Digilux 1
 Leica Digilux 3
 List of digital cameras with CCD sensors

References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/leica/compacts/leica_digilux2/specifications

External links
 Leica Digilux 2 review by Danish photographer Thorsten Overgaard
 John Thawley Discusses Leica Digilux 2
 John Thawley Compares Leica Digilux 2 and Panasonic DMC LC1
 Leica Camera Workshop Asia

Digilux 2
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor
Bob Markell. Robert Joseph Markell (April 12, 1924 - January 25, 2020) was an artist, engineer, and award-winning television producer and art director of television series, movies and mini-series.

Early life and education 

Robert Markell was born in Boston, Massachusetts on April 12, 1924. He earned a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1944 and an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts in 1965 from Northeastern University. After college, Markell worked for the Grumman Aircraft Company in 1944-1946 as a civil engineer and architect in Boston until 1948. In 1948, he became a student at the Art Students League in New York City.

Film career 

Markell began his film career as a scenic designer at CBS-TV, where he worked from 1949 to 1959. During that time, he also had the opportunities to take on art director roles, one of which landed him an Emmy. From 1959 to 1960, he was the associate producer for Playhouse 90. He moved on to produce the classic TV courtroom drama The Defenders during the years 1961–65, winning two Emmy awards. Between 1967 and 1969, he produced the popular television show NYPD, starring Jack Warden, Robert Hooks and Frank Converse. NYPD featured one of the earliest performances by Al Pacino, who guest starred as a bigoted southerner. In 1973, he became the executive producer of dramatic programs for CBS-TV. Markell received Emmy awards in 1954, 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1976, and the Screen Producers Guild Award in 1962 and 1963.

"We were free to do anything we wanted, to say anything we wanted. And we weren't afraid of being fired or anything like that. We kind of knew our limits so we weren't that extravagant. The Golden Age of Television was an age where everybody was learning. There were no experts, so there was nobody to tell us what to do." -Bob Markell

Executive producer roles

Nicky's World (1974)
Dain Curse (1978)
Bicentennial Minutes (1974-1976)
Word (1979)
You Can't Go Home Again (1979)
If Tomorrow Comes (1986)
At Mother's Request (1987)

Producer roles
Playhouse 90 (1959-1960)
NYPD (1967-1969)
Dr. Cook's Garden (1971)
Tattered Web (1972)
Murder Once Removed (1972)
Settle the Score (1990)

Art director roles

You Are There (1954)
12 Angry Men (1957)

Later life 

After retiring from his film career, Markell spent his time painting and printmaking. He experimented in etching, monoprints, oil and acrylic paintings, and was known for his studies of the nude figure on the East End of the Island. His work has been on display in numerous exhibits, galleries, and the Brooklyn Museum.

References

External links 

 Stony Brook University Special Collections, Robert J. Markell

1924 births
2020 deaths
Artists from Boston
Television producers from Massachusetts
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Northeastern University alumni
Silicon tombac. Silicon tombac () is an alloy made of copper (80%), zinc (16%) and silicon (4%).

General properties
The silicon content leads to a strengthening of the metal matrix. The appearance is similar to ordinary brass. Silicon tombac has good friction bearing characteristics and is corrosion resistant but is not resistant to ammonia atmosphere. The strength properties are largely retained at application temperatures up to 200 °C.
It is a special alloy in terms of the combination of casting process and casting temperature. In most cases, parts made of silicon tombac, are produced through the high pressure die casting process, which is normally specialized on metals with relatively low melting temperatures. But in this case the temperature melting range of silicon tombac is in the area of 950 to 1000 °C, which is relatively high for casting into permanent moulds. The advantage is the productivity of this highly automated casting process. The disadvantage is the temperature stress of the surface of the permanent mould, so that the lifetime of these moulds is limited.

Comparison to investment cast steel parts
High pressure die cast silicon tombac is often used as an alternative for investment cast steel parts, because the mechanical strength is comparable (500 MPa),  but the production process is more efficient. There can be found a break-even-point when comparing both processes, whereas the advantages of high pressure die casting regularly predominate at high unit numbers (for instance greater than 5000 units) to produce. This alloy has outstanding casting properties and good strength properties, which is required for the die casting process. It is often chosen for small to medium size parts in terms of casting metal volume. For large parts often investment casting of steels is applied because of the lower material cost.

Metallurgical aspects
The silicon content limits the solubility of zinc in copper in the α-phase. In the given alloy the maximum amount of silicon at a very high zinc content is added. The consequence is that the α-phase crystallized silicon supersaturated when it comes to high cooling rates of the alloy. As a result the α-solid solution does not disintegrate, which leads to the described high mechanical properties.

References

E. Paul DeGarmo, J. T. Black, Ronald A. Kohser: DeGarmo's Materials and Processes in Manufacturing. 10 Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, 2007,  (section: copper-zinc alloys).

Copper alloys
Silicon alloys
Zinc alloys
Raptor (programming language). RAPTOR,  the Rapid Algorithmic Prototyping Tool for Ordered
Reasoning, is a graphical authoring tool created by Martin C. Carlisle, Terry Wilson, Jeff Humphries and Jason Moore. Thosted and maintained by former US Air Force Academy and current Texas A&M University professor Martin Carlisle.

RAPTOR allows users to write and execute programs using flowcharts. The simple language and graphical components of RAPTOR are designed to teach the major ideas of computer programming to students. It is typically used in academics to teach introductory programming concepts as well.

See also 

Other educational programming languages include:

 Alice (software)
 Flowgorithm
 LARP
 Visual Logic
 Scratch

References

External links 

 

Visual programming languages
Educational programming languages
Free educational software
Pedagogic integrated development environments
Energy in Liberia. Formal electricity services are solely provided by the state-owned Liberia Electricity Corporation, which operates a small grid almost exclusively in the Greater Monrovia District. The vast majority of electric energy services is provided by small privately owned generators. At $0.54 per kWh, the electricity tariff in Liberia is among the highest in the world. Total installed capacity in 2013 was 20 MW, a sharp decline from a peak of 191 MW in 1989.

Electricity access in Liberia’s urban areas is 34% and in rural areas it is almost 0%. Around 21% of total electricity production came from renewable energy sources in 2010. Liberia has the potential to further develop its wind, solar, and hydroelectric energy resources. The country aims to generate 75% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.

Completion of the repair and expansion of the Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant, with a maximum capacity of 80 MW, is scheduled to be completed by 2018, while construction of three new heavy fuel oil power plants is expected to boost electrical capacity by 38 MW. In 2013, Liberia began importing power from neighboring Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea through the West African Power Pool.

See also 
 List of power stations in Liberia

References 

 
Energy in Africa
Standish Group. The Standish Group International, Inc. or Standish Group is an independent international IT research advisory firm founded in 1985, known from their reports about information systems implementation projects in the public and private sector.  The firm focuses on mission-critical software applications, especially focussing on failures and possible improvements in IT projects. The Standish Group has reported on subjects such as software: commercial, free, and open source; project management such as critical chain project management;  projects such as Confirm Project, etc.

Authors  

 Jim Crear
 Lee Gesmer
 Jim Johnson
 Jennifer Lynch
 Hans Mulder
 Theo Mulder
 Lou Vianna

References

External links 
 Standish Group website

Information technology companies of the United States
American companies established in 1985
Technology companies established in 1985