omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Standard Cycle. British Standard Cycle (BSC or BSCy or CEI) is a British Imperial screw thread standard. Unlike other major British imperial thread standards (British Standard Whitworth and British Standard Fine) the thread runs at a 60 degrees rather than a 55 degrees angle.  All sizes  inch and larger use 26 threads per inch (tpi), making them similar to 1 mm ISO threads, which are 25.4 per inch and also run at a 60 degrees angle.  It was originally used with both bicycles and motorcycles. However it is now believed to be obsolete in motorcycle manufacture. In the bicycle industry it is still found on virtually all bottom bracket threads and the wheel axles of low-end models manufactured in China, which are derived from pre-WWII British roadsters.

BS 811: 1950 provides specifications for British standard cycle threads. 

Cycle thread in  and  inch sizes also come in 20 tpi and 24 tpi options.

1/4" diameter cycle thread nuts and bolts have the same 26tpi as 1/4" BSF, which means that they will fit each other in this diameter only.  

Traditionally the parts it would be found on are:
 Front axle and seat pin clamp bolt  diameter, 24 or 26 tpi threading
 Rear axle  diameter, 26 tpi
 GB Stems using  diameter, 26 tpi for the handlebar clamp

Note that M8 × 1.00 metric threaded parts can interchange with  diameter × 26 tpi parts with a "Class B fit", meaning you should not go back and forth between threadings.

British Bicycle standards for other parts which are not strictly BSC but come in similar fine threads include:

 Bottom Bracket cups diameter with a 24 tpi ISO standard or a 26 tpi Raleigh (now obsolete) standard

History
The thread was defined to meet a requirement for a thread form for bicycles and motorcycles, originally specified by the Cycle Engineering Institute. Before being adopted as a British Standard it was known as the CEI thread.

 See also 
 Raleigh Bicycle Company

References

Thread standards
Screws
British Standards
Blohm & Voss BV 143. The Blohm & Voss BV 143 was an early prototype rocket-assisted glide bomb developed by the German Luftwaffe during World War II.

Design
Blohm & Voss designers began to consider airborne missiles late in 1938, even before the outbreak of war. First of these to be developed was the Bv 143, a glide bomb with rocket booster. Trials began in 1939.

By 1941, Allied merchant ships were slow and easy targets for German coastal bombers, but were proving increasingly well-equipped with anti-aircraft artillery, making short-range attacks prohibitively costly. Interest was raised in the development of a stand off weapon to engage unarmored merchant ships from beyond the range of the Bofors 40 mm gun. The BV 143 was one of several stand off bomb and missile designs researched by the Blohm & Voss Naval Engineering Works for this anti-shipping role.

The Bv 143 was designed to be air-dropped from beyond the range of antiaircraft guns, glide towards the target, engage its solid rocket motor below the line of fire of guns, and commence a short (30 second, maximum) high speed dash to the target, striking  above the waterline. The first design, with straight wings and cross-like tail, featured a 2-meter instrumented "feeler probe" suspended from the body, designed to start the rocket on contacting the sea surface. A pitch-only autopilot then maintained the bomb at the 2 m probe length until striking the target. The first working prototypes of this design were completed in February 1941. Tests during 1943 showed the probe-based design to be unworkable and after additional design time it was replaced with a radio altimeter, which although being less fragile also ultimately proved unsatisfactory.

The bomb proved consistently unable to reliably maintain altitude stability with either design, with rocket misfires and failures also proving troublesome. After building and testing 157 examples, the project was eventually abandoned in favor of the Henschel Hs 293.

Ship-to-ship variant
BV 143 B (Schiff-Schiff-Lenkflugkörper) was a late ship-to-ship variant of the BV 143 package. It was designed to launch the missile with an aircraft catapult. Only one test was ever conducted before the program was abandoned.

See also
 Blohm & Voss BV 246 Hagelkorn
 Blohm & Voss BV 950
Henschel Hs 293
Glide bomb
Anti-shipping missile
Stand-off missile

References

World War II guided missiles of Germany
Guided bombs
Anti-ship missiles of Germany
BV 143
IRIS (jamming device). IRIS is a family of ECM equipment developed by Estonian Defence Forces for purposes of interfering with remotely controlled explosive devices.  In June 2009, the technology, manufactured by E-Arsenal, was sold to Latvian Army in unpublished numbers, unpublished configuration, unpublished delivery time at unpublished price.

Family members 
There are three members in the IRIS family:
 IRIS-T/V is a high-powered vehicle-mounted ECM device;
 IRIS-T/MO is a low-power device carriable by patrolling infantry;
 IRIS-I/IMP is a device for measuring the jamming intensity at particular locations.

References 

Electronic countermeasures
Electronic warfare equipment
Travis Wetland. Travis Wetland is a wetland in the suburb of Burwood in Christchurch, New Zealand. An ecological restoration programme is being undertaken to restore the wetland. It covers 116 ha of land formerly drained and used as a dairy farm. In 2009 it won the "Urban Sustainability" category in the Green Ribbon Awards awarded by the Minister for the Environment.

The Māori name for North New Brighton and the Travis Wetlands is Ōruapaeroa, pre-European occupation it was rich with eels and bird life, and was considered as an important food-gathering place by the local iwi, Ngāi Tahu, the Māori communal houses were burnt down  in November 1882 when an early European settler acquired the land.

In May 2010 the rare and endangered Canterbury mudfish were released into the wetland in the hope that they would become established.

See also
 Wetlands of New Zealand
 Environment of New Zealand

References

External links
 Travis Wetland website
 Travis Wetland, Christchurch City Council
 Travis Wetland fact-sheet, Christchurch City Council

Geography of Christchurch
Tourist attractions in Christchurch
Protected areas of the Canterbury Region
Wetlands of the Canterbury Region
Alexander Selligue. Alexander François Selligue (1784-1845) was a French engineer. His name was in fact Alexandre François Gilles, but he used 
Selligue as an anagram of Gilles.

In 1832, he together with David Blum patented an application of shale oil for direct illumination. In 1838, he patented "the employment of mineral oils for lighting". His process of distilling bituminous shales (oil shale) was first described in the Journal des Connaissances Usuelles in 1834.  This process for the oil shale retorting was first used in Autun, France, in 1838.  This is considered the start of the modern oil shale industry.

References

1784 births
1845 deaths
19th-century French people
French engineers
Oil shale in France
Oil shale technology inventors
Browser user interface. A browser user interface (or BUI) is a method of interacting with an application, typically hosted on a remote device, via controls presented within a web browser. This is an alternative to providing controls via a separate application with a dedicated graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI).

BUIs have become common for devices that have their own embedded microprocessor and network interface, such as a printer or network router.

Since it is now expected that most owners or managers of such devices have access to a computer with a web browser, it is more convenient for both the device manufacturer and the device owner to use a BUI rather than shipping a separate GUI application, which would require installation and updates on one or more computers. A web browser provides a much richer interface environment than a command-line interface.

References

User interfaces
David Leonard (record producer). David Leonard is an American record producer and audio engineer.

Production discography
 1981: Chaka Khan – What Cha' Gonna Do for Me – co-engineer
 1981: Go-Go's – Beauty and the Beat – mixing assistant
 1982: Toto – Toto IV – co-engineer
 1983: Go-Go's – Vacation – studio assistant
 1985: Fishbone – Fishbone – co-engineer, mixer
 1986: Fishbone – In Your Face – co-mixer
 1986: Eddie Money – Can't Hold Back – co-engineer
 1986: Various Artists – Quicksilver – engineer
 1987: Sheena Easton – No Sound But a Heart – co-producer
 1988: Michelle Shocked – Short Sharp Shocked – mixer
 1988: Parthenon Huxley – Sunny Nights – mixer
 1989: Belinda Carlisle – Runaway Horses – co-engineer
 1989: The Outfield – Voices of Babylon – co-producer
 1991: Susanna Hoffs – When You're a Boy – co-engineer, co-mixer
 1992: The Men – The Men – producer and engineer
 1992: Soul Asylum – Grave Dancers Union – co-mixer
 1992: Sophie B. Hawkins – Tongues and Tails – co-mixer
 1992: The Neville Brothers – Family Groove – producer, mixer, recorder
 1993: Dwight Yoakam-This Time-mix engineer
 1993: John Mellencamp – Human Wheels – co-producer
 1994: Alison Moyet – Essex – co-mixer
 1995: October Project – Falling Farther In – engineer
 1997: Indigo Girls – Shaming of the Sun – co-producer
 1998: Ace of Base – Cruel Summer – co-mixer
 1998: Barenaked Ladies – Stunt – co-producer, co-engineer, co-mixer
 1999: Moist – Mercedes 5 and Dime – producer
 2000: Earthsuit – Kaleidoscope Superior – producer
 2000: Hootie and the Blowfish – Scattered, Smothered and Covered – co-mixer
 2000: Geddy Lee – My Favourite Headache – co-producer
 2000: Tara MacLean – Live from Austin – producer, mixer
 2001: Paul McCartney – Driving Rain – co-mixer
 2001: Rustic Overtones – ¡Viva Nueva! – co-producer, co-engineer, co-mixer
 2004: Juliana Hatfield – In Exile Deo – co-producer
 2004: k.d. lang – Hymns of the 49th Parallel – engineer, mixer
 2004: Rush – Feedback – producer
 2005: Audio Adrenaline – Until My Heart Caves In – producer
 2006: Shaye – Lake of Fire – co-mixer
 2008: k.d. lang – Watershed – co-engineer, mixer
 2010: David Leonard – The Quickening – songwriter, artist
2023: John Mellencamp – Orpheus Descending – engineering, mixing

Awards
 1983 – Co-engineer of Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical – for Toto IV.
 2006 – Producer of Best Rock Gospel Album – for Until My Heart Caves In.

References

External links

American record producers
American audio engineers
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Auster J/1B Aiglet. The Auster J/1B Aiglet is a British light civil utility aircraft developed in the 1950s.

Development

The Auster J/1 Autocrat of 1946 had achieved considerable sales success but orders died away in the late 1940s. Few sales were achieved in the important Australian market as the Autocrat's 100 h.p. engine was not powerful enough for the harsher summer conditions experienced there.

In 1950, Auster Aircraft utilised an uncompleted Autocrat airframe and wing structure and incorporated a larger fin and rudder to compensate for the installation of a 130 h.p. de Havilland Gipsy Major engine which had been modified by the fitment of double scavenge pumps to match the cooling system.

The prototype first flew in 1950 and was followed by several other conversions of Autocrat airframes, but construction soon switched to the use of new airframes. Most sales were made in Australia and New Zealand. The majority of aircraft were exported engineless to Kingsford Smith Aviation Services in Sydney where they were completed and tested before delivery.

Operational history
  
The Aiglet was particularly suited to use by agricultural spraying and dusting contractors. The spray bars were installed using supports on the Aiglet's fuselage undersurfaces and the wing struts. Most sales were to Australia and New Zealand but seven were supplied to Aerial Spraying Contractors Ltd of Boston, Lincolnshire. These were flown out to Sudan in autumn 1950 and within a month had rid  of farmland of locusts and other insect pests.

The agricultural task required operation at very low heights in conditions of extreme heat and inevitably resulted in the loss of many Aiglets in accidents. After withdrawal from crop-spraying use during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the survivors were purchased by aerial photo contractors, aero clubs and private owners. Many of these aircraft were fitted with an extra fuel tank beneath the fuselage, as shown in the adjacent photograph. 

In 2009, several Aiglets remain in airworthy condition in Australia and New Zealand and three were active in the United Kingdom.

Specifications (J/1B)

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Auster aircraft
1950s British agricultural aircraft
1950s British civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
Dwight Henry Bennett. Dwight Henry Bennett (November 19, 1917 – July 10, 2002) was an aeronautical engineer and one of the early developers of the control configured vehicle (CCV) concept. He won the Wright Brothers Medal in 1972 with R. P. Johannes  for the paper Combat Capabilities and Versatility Through CCV, discussing its applications.

Biography
He was born on November 19, 1917, in Oklahoma City. Bennett graduated with a BS in Mechanical engineering (ME) from Caltech in 1940, married the former Katherine Mason, and had 3 children. He joined the San Diego Division of Convair, where he worked on the Sea Dart, F-102, F-104 amongst others, for 23 years ultimately rising to Vice President and Assistant to the General Manager. He had flown Mach 2 by 1959. He was Vice President of Aero Commander Aircraft from 1963 through 1964 before moving on to McDonnell Aircraft where he worked on the  Breguet 941/McDonnell 188 S.T.O.L. Transport, F-4 Phantom, ending with the F/A-18 Hornet at Northrup, as a director of program engineering. Bennett was also an active flight instructor in all ratings for forty years. He died on July 10, 2002, at the age of 84, in San Diego, California.

Awards

Wright Brothers Medal, 1972

References 

American aerospace engineers
1917 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Dustbot. Dustbot was a prototype robot that collected garbage from homes and streets. It could be summoned by phone call or SMS, and used GPS to automatically make its way to the customer, collect the rubbish, and take it to a dustbin. In addition, the Dustbots carried environmental sensors to monitor the pollution levels over, for example, a pedestrian area. Prototypes were tested in Italy, in Sweden, in Korea and Japan. Launch was planned in 2009, but the last reference in its webpage dates from 2011. The Dustbot project was funded by the European Commission and it never launched as a commercial product.

Technical

Dustbot uses different localisation and uses GPS navigation combined with pre-loaded maps. It uses a gyroscope to keep it upright, and has ultrasonic, infrared and laser sensors to avoid collisions with static and dynamic obstacles.

It is able to monitor pollution through a number of air quality sensors,
 and can warn if the levels are too high. This is especially important in the case of gases that humans cannot sense or when long-term exposure to slightly increased concentrations needs to be verified.
The distribution of gases is modelled using statistical methods.

Two DustCart robots were deployed in the village of Peccioli, Tuscany, from June 15, 2010, to August 7, 2010, providing "door to door separate waste collection on demand". The system was found to be easy to use, providing satisfactory service and increasing recycling. Its main weaknesses were "slow service/traffic problems (and) low bin capacity", and also the existence of "barriers to entry", according to a report by Nicola Canelli presented during ICT 2010 Conference Session, held in Bruxelles, September 27, 2010. As of November 10, 2017, the project seems to have been ended; still, the Dustbot homepage is online to this day, the last "news" update being apparently done in 2011. There is also a reference to the project in a presentation by Paolo Dario at the International Workshop on Autonomics and Legal Implications (Berlin, November 2, 2012).

See also

 Comparison of domestic robots
 Domestic robot
 List of home automation topics
 List of vacuum cleaners
 Robotic mapping
 Robotics suite

References

External links
 Dustbot Homepage 
 A picture of Dustbot
 A video of the Dustbot
 The Robot DustCart (March 2011)

Home appliance brands
2009 robots
Robotic vacuum cleaners
Duratex. Duratex, or Dexco, is a  publicly listed private Brazilian company, factory of fiberboards the main product, with shares traded at the B3 since 1951. The company previously only called Duratex is the result of the merger Duratex with Satipel Industrial, a company founded in 1971. It is controlled by the Itaúsa Group and Ligna Group. The company is the eighth largest producer of wood panels in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. Duratex operates in Brazil and Colombia.

Manufacturing wood products, sanitary vitreous chinaware and metal fittings aimed at the furniture industry and the civil construction sectors, Duratex S.A has ten industrial plants, located in the States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul.

It is Brazilian market leader in the segment of reconstituted wooden boards – hardboards, particle boards, medium, high and super-density fiberboards (MDF/HDF/SDF), as well as laminated floorboards marketed under the Durafloor brand. It is Brazilian market leader in the segment of sanitary metal fittings, under the Deca and Hydra brands (the latter for flush valves), and has a significant market share in the sanitary vitreous chinaware segment, marketed under the Deca brand.

Duratex S.A is present in Argentina, the United States and Europe through the Deca Piazza, Duratex North America and Duratex Europe respectively.

It has about 209 thousand hectares of forests of planted forests.

References

Manufacturing companies based in São Paulo
Itaúsa
Manufacturing companies established in 1951
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)
Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Brazil
Companies in the Índice Bovespa
1951 establishments in Brazil
Daniel Halladay. Daniel Halladay (November 24, 1826 in Marlboro, Vermont – March 1, 1916 in Santa Ana, California) was an American engineer, inventor and businessman, best known for his innovative 1854 self-regulating farm wind pump at Ellington, Connecticut.

His invention of the windmill was a crucial key to the old steam trains as back then, they were mainly powered by water, so the water pumping mechanism (the windmill) helped the advance of trains.

Versions of this windmill became an iconic part of the rural landscape in the United States, Argentina, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa - mostly because of the role they play in a natural source of electricity.

The historic Windmill at Ruprechtov based on Halladay's invention can be found in Ruprechtov in the Vyškov District of the Czech Republic.

References

1826 births
1916 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from Vermont
Wind power in Connecticut
People from Marlboro, Vermont
Wind power in the United States
19th-century American businesspeople
Benzenesulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H6O3S. It is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid. It forms white deliquescent sheet crystals or a white waxy solid that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. It is often stored in the form of alkali metal salts. Its aqueous solution is strongly acidic.

Preparation
Benzenesulfonic acid is prepared from the sulfonation of benzene using concentrated sulfuric acid:

This conversion illustrates aromatic sulfonation, which has been called "one of the most important reactions in industrial organic chemistry".

Reactions
Benzenesulfonic acid exhibits the reactions typical of other aromatic sulfonic acids, forming sulfonamides, sulfonyl chloride, and esters. The sulfonation is reversed above 220 °C.  Dehydration with phosphorus pentoxide gives benzenesulfonic acid anhydride ((C6H5SO2)2O).  Conversion to the corresponding benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) is effected with phosphorus pentachloride.

It is a strong acid, being almost fully dissociated in water.

Benzenesulfonic acid and related compounds undergo desulfonation when heated in water near 200 °C.  The temperature of desulfonation correlates with the ease of the sulfonation: 
C6H5SO3H  +  H2O   →  C6H5OH  +  H2SO4

For that reason, sulfonic acids are usually used as a protecting group, or as a meta director in electrophilic aromatic substitution.

The alkali metal salt of benzenesulfonic acid was once used in the industrial production of phenol.  The process, sometimes called alkaline fusion, initially affords the phenoxide salt:

C6H5SO3Na  + 2 NaOH  →  C6H5ONa  +  Na2SO3
C6H5ONa  +  HCl  →  C6H5OH  +  NaCl
The process has been largely displaced by the Hock process, which generates less waste.

Uses
Salts of benzenesulfonic acid such as sodium benzenesulfonate (Ludigol) and monoethanolamine benzenesulfonate are used as surfactants in laundry detergent.

A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are prepared as benzenesulfonate salts and are known as besilates (INN) or besylates (USAN).

References

Benzenesulfonates
 
Phenyl compounds
Junkers Ju 268. The Junkers Ju 268 was the un-manned bomber component of the Mistel V parasite bomber project designed in Germany during 1944.

Development 
The Mistel V was a composite bomber comprising a Heinkel He 162A-2 piloted component and a specially developed Arado E377 glider bomb. Due to shortages at the Arado design offices, several other composites were studied as replacements for the Arado E377, and in late 1944 Junkers proposed the Ju268 as an alternate bomber component for the Mistel V, with a Messerschmitt Me 262 studied as an alternative piloted component.

The Ju 268 was simply designed with wooden structure and a nose equipped with a so-called "Voreilzunder", which already was used on some Ju 88 aircraft a re-usable jettisonable undercarriage dolly, and BMW 003 or Jumo 004 turbojet engines with BMW 028 booster rocket engines.

A bomb payload of 10 tons could be loaded and a speed of 800 km/h was projected, for kamikaze missions a manned version of the Ju 268 was under study with a glazed cockpit section in the front of the aircraft. The Ju 268 was not built.

See also

External links 
WebCite Junkers Ju 268

Ju 268
Parasite aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary rocket engines
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Putilov Stal-2. The Stal-2 was a Russian mid-range passenger aircraft.

Development and design
The Stal-2 was designed by the OOS (Otdel Opytnogo Samolyetostroeniya – section for experimental aircraft construction), the part of the NII GVF (Nauchno-issledovatel'sky Institut Grazdahnskovo Vozdushnogo Flota – civil air fleet scientific research institute), and built at Tushino GAZ-81 (Gosudarstvenny Aviatsionnyy Zavod – Tushino state aviation factory). It was a high-wing braced monoplane with an enclosed cockpit and passenger cabin, constructed of Enerzh-6 stainless steel. Trial flights began in 1931, but due to the experimental technology being used in its design and construction, production did not begin until 1934. 111 were produced before being replaced in 1935 on the production line by the Stal-3.
The prototype was powered by an imported Wright J-6, early production aircraft used Bessonov M-26 engines with the bulk of production using Nazarov MG-31 engines.In 1934 the plane was shown at the 14th Paris Air Show.

Variants
 Stal-2 bis – A single Stal-2 bis was built with frise ailerons.

Operators

Aeroflot

Specifications

See also

References

 History of aircraft construction in the USSR, V.B.Shavrov; 
 Gunston, Bill. "The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995". London, Osprey. 1995.

External links
 http://ram-home.com/ram-old/stal-2.html

1930s Soviet airliners
Stal-2
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft