omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Peitz 101. The Peitz 101, aka Peitz Avionette, was a French amateur-built, all-metal light aircraft, first flown during the winter of 1931–32.

Design

The Peitz 101 was entirely the work of M. Peitz of Rosny-sous-Bois.  Without external funding or assistance, he began its construction in 1929. Structurally, it was an all-metal aircraft and was mostly metal-skinned, with the exception of its wings and rear fuselage which were fabric covered.

The Peitz 101 had a three-part parasol wing of rectangular plan out to slightly blunted tips and with an aspect ratio of 8.  There was no dihedral.  Ailerons filled about half the trailing edges.  The wings were built around two parallel duralumin spars and had a short-span central section braced to the upper fuselage longerons with a pair of parallel, vertical cabane struts to the spars, reinforced by rearward-sloping struts from the upper longeron to the forward spar. The outer wings were braced with parallel struts from the lower fuselage to the spars at about mid-span.

The fuselage of the Peitz 101 was constructed from dural tubes, with four longerons defining its rectangular section. It was skinned with  dural sheet over the forward section and with fabric aft. In an early diagram its  six-cylinder Anzani radial engine was shrouded within a Townend ring, though in a photograph the ring was not fitted. The  passenger's open cockpit was at the centre of gravity, between the two longerons, with the pilot in a similar cockpit close behind; both  were fitted with dual control. The rear fixed surfaces were triangular, with the tailplane mounted near the top of the fuselage. It carried elevators which were rectangular apart from a cut-out for rudder movement.  The rudder, unlike the elevators, was balanced.

The Peitz had a tail skid undercarriage with each wheel on a steel stub axle, hinged on a V-strut from the lower fuselage and with a short vertical elastic shock absorber leg to the forward wing strut  This junction was  strengthened by extra struts to the forward fuselage and to the top of the forward, vertical cabane strut and by another long strut outwards to the top of the rear wing spar.

Development

With limited resources and manpower, the construction of the Peitz 101 was slow. In October 1931 it was moved to Orly. The date of its first flight is not known, but test flying, with Brabant as pilot, began in the next few months. It appeared, with Service Technique de l'Aéronautique approval, in public at Orly in the Pentecost aviation festival in May 1932.  The following March it was awaiting tests for its certificat de navagbilité at Villacoublay.

Specifications

References

Parasol-wing aircraft
1930s French sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Soundaktor. Soundaktor is a vehicle audio system used to simulate engine noise in the cabin of some Volkswagen automobiles. It consists of a speaker mounted on the firewall between the engine and the cabin, which adds noise to the cabin in order to replicate the driving experience of older vehicles that had lower levels of sound insulation. This system was introduced in 2011 on VW's Golf/GTI, and has also been used on the Jetta/GLI, and Beetle Turbo. The same technology has also been used in other cars from Volkswagen Group, including the Audi S3 and Škoda Octavia vRS.

The sound generated by this device has been described as "a sort of buzzy, fizzy noise".
It has been reported to play a digital recording of engine noise, but Volkswagen claims that these reports are false, and that it reproduces the actual engine noise of the car. Some diesel cars produced by the Volkswagen Group also have an "exhaust soundaktor". This system uses additional speakers in the exhaust system of the car to generate "a low-pitched, roaring sound" intended to make the car sound less like a diesel and more like a conventional gasoline engine.

Other vehicle manufacturers have also used artificial engine noise systems, implemented in other ways. Some models of the BMW M5 add noise to the car's audio system, for instance, and the 2015 Ford Mustang also added a system for sending the car's engine noise through its speakers. Multiple manufacturers have shaped the engine compartment or installed resonant pipes within it in order to direct greater amounts of actual engine noise to the cabin, a system also used by VW before switching to Soundaktor.

See also
 Noise pollution

References

Volkswagen Group
Automotive technologies
Lam Yi Young. Lam Yi Young  (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).

Education 
Lam studied at Victoria Junior College as part of the cohort of 1989.

He then studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.

Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.

Career

Civil Service 
Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.

MPA 

Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.

During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.

Lam held his keynote address Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.

SBF 
On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.

Other 
Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.

Honours
 :
  Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) - PPA(P) (Public Administration Medal (Silver)) (2015)
  Pingat Bakti Setia - PBS (Long Service Medal) (2019)

References

Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam
Singaporean chief executives
Singaporean people of Hakka descent
Singapore Business Federation
Victoria School, Singapore alumni
Victoria Junior College alumni
1972 births
University College of Engineering, Panruti. University College of Engineering, Panruti is a college located in Panruti, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 2008 and is affiliated to Anna University. This college, during its inception was under the administrative control of Anna University Tiruchirappalli. Dr.V.Ramachandran was the Founder Vice Chancellor of this university and he spearheaded the process of starting 6 new engineering colleges each at Ariyalur, Pattukottai, Thirukkuvalai,  Panruti, Dindigul and Ramanathapuram. R.Sivaraman was the First Special Officer of this institution and V.Kumarasamy was the then Dean. All the initial infrastructures were created and subsequently the college was moved to Panikankuppam abutting Panruti. The college offers B.E. courses in various fields. As the Government of Tamil Nadu has adopted the online counselling for the Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions (TNEA) from the year 2018 onwards for all 540 affiliated colleges, this institution acts as the TNEA facilitating centre for the Cuddalore District.

This institution also has close ties with the Neyveli Lignite Corporation by offering various BTech Part Time Programmes to its employees.

References

External links
 Institute official information

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges established in 2008
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Education in Cuddalore district
Enessere. ENESSERE is an Italian company, founded in 2009, with headquarters in Brendola and a manufacturer of small vertical wind turbines. Its foundation and the development of the Hercules wind turbine is a response to the Environmental impact of wind power, namely to the aesthetic concerns. Hercules was launched in 2015 as a piece of Design with wooden wings and applying the Golden Ratio. ENESSERE is one of the 100 energy stories that Italy provided to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in December 2015.

References

External links
Official website

Wind turbine manufacturers
Small wind turbines
Wind power in Italy
Italian brands
Annealed pyrolytic graphite. Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG), also known as Thermally Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (TPG), is a form of synthetic graphite that offers excellent in-plane thermal conductivity.  As with pyrolytic carbon or pyrolytic graphite (PG), APG is also low in mass, is electrically conductive, and offers diamagnetic properties that allow it to levitate in magnetic fields.

Physical Properties 
APG is an anisotropic material with extremely high in-plane thermal conductivity (1,700 W/m-K at room temperature ) and low through-thickness conductivity.  Its laminate structure remains stable across a wide temperature range allowing it to be used in a variety of heat transfer applications.  APG's conductivity generally increases as the temperature decreases, peaking at 2,800 W/m-K at approximately 150 K.  Unlike pyrolytic graphite, the x-y planar conductivity is consistent across each basal plane, thus the conductivity in the center planes is consistent with the outer planes. The in-plane covalently bonded carbon atoms in a hexagonal geometry account for APG's high in-plane thermal conductivity and its high in-plane stiffness.  Through its thickness, these hexagonal planes are weakly bonded (van der Waals bonds) resulting in a material with poor through-thickness thermal conductivity, stiffness, and strength.

Synthesis 
APG is produced in a process similar method to Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), where hydrocarbon gas is heated until it breaks down into carbon.  Pyrolytic graphite (PG) is then grown on plates using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process.  The PG is then annealed at high temperature to form the more planar and more uniform carbon structure of APG, described above. The primary difference between the HOPG and APG synthesis methods is that the APG annealing process does not require the use of induced stresses, resulting in a more affordable and practical bulk material for production use.

Applications 
APG is primarily used as a heat spreader for the thermal management of high-end electronics. Due to its poor mechanical properties APG is typically encapsulated within in structural metallic materials.  Aluminum is the most commonly chosen encapsulant for its strength, low mass, cost, manufacturability, and thermal conductivity. Since APG's conductivity is much lower through its thickness, thermal vias are sometimes inserted into the assembly to transfer heat into the graphite, as shown in Figure 1.  These vias are typically composed of aluminum or copper. Thin, flexible sheets of APG can be encapsulated in thin flexible materials, such as polymers, aluminum foil, or copper foil to create what is known as a Thermal Strap.

Aerospace: Aluminum-APG plates are most commonly used as heat spreader plates to transfer heat away from high power density electronics in aircraft and spacecraft.

Scientific Cameras: Cu-APG plates are used to cool and isothermalize CCD detectors at cryogenic temperatures.

References

Heat transfer
Allotropes of carbon
Heat conduction
Spacecraft components
Computer hardware cooling
Moyes Malibu. The Moyes Malibu is an Australian high-wing, single-place, hang glider designed and produced by Moyes Delta Gliders of Kurnell, New South Wales. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Malibu was designed as a beginner and intermediate hang glider, but is often used as a dune soaring machine, due to its low stall speed and maneuverability. It is made from aluminum tubing, with its single-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth.

The Malibu2 version replaced the original Malibu in production. It incorporates many improvements to the original design, including a reinforced trailing edge, an improved sail cut to improve stall, roll, pitch, long with its performance characteristics and a ball bearing-mounted wing tip to enhance the flexing of the tip.

Variants
Malibu 190
Original model built in the mid-2000s. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 118°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.7:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is .
Malibu2 166
Improved model in production in 2016. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 120.5°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.5:1. Empty weight is . Pilot hook-in weight range is .
Malibu2 188
Improved model in production in 2016. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 120.5°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 5.8:1. Empty weight is . Pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Malibu2 188)

References

External links

Malibu
Hang gliders
Ernst Brandi. Ernst Brandi (13 July 1875 – 22 October 1937) was a German mining engineer, industrial manager and chairman of the Ruhrbergbau. He participated in the Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933 between Hitler and 20 to 25 industrialists aimed at financing the election campaign of the Nazi Party.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 

1875 births
1937 deaths
Scientists from Osnabrück
German mining businesspeople
German People's Party politicians
TCDD E68000. TCDD E68000 (stylised as E 68 000 on painted registration numbers) is a series of electric locomotives used by the Turkish State Railways. The locomotives have a power output of 5,000 kW and are capable of 140 km/h (87 mph) speed.

History
The first 8 locomotives were built by Hyundai Rotem in South Korea and the later 72 by TÜLOMSAŞ in Eskişehir, Turkey.

The order has a total cost of $330 million, with 220 million being provided by Islamic Development Bank. These locomotives have a quite simple and unusual livery for TCDD with two flashy yellow stripes on a gray background. The livery of the E68009 is also a bit different from the rest of the series with a big TCDD's corporate logo standing alone on each side. Revised locos have yellow TCDD lettering replaced by blue TCDD Taşımacılık lettering.

Accidents and incidents
Locomotive 68 041 was involved in the Ankara train collision on 13 December 2018.

Notes

References

External links

 Trains of Turkey on E68000

Bo-Bo locomotives
Electric locomotives of Turkey
25 kV AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Turkey
Railway locomotives introduced in 2013
Chih-Jen Lin. Chih-Jen Lin () is Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at National Taiwan University, and a leading researcher in machine learning, optimization, and data mining. He is best known for the open-source library LIBSVM, an implementation of support vector machines.

Biography
Chih-Jen Lin received his B.S. (1993) in mathematics at National Taiwan University, and M.S.E. (1996) and Ph.D. (1998) in computer science at the University of Michigan.

Awards and honors
 ACM Fellow (2015)
 For contributions to the theory and practice of machine learning and data mining.
 AAAI Fellow (2014)
 For significant contributions to the field of machine learning, and the development of a widely used SVM software.
 IEEE Fellow (2011)
 For contributions to support vector machine algorithms and software.

Selected works

Software
 LIBSVM implements the sequential minimal optimization algorithm for kernelized support vector machines. LIBSVM Homepage

Articles

References

External links
 Chih-Jen Lin Google Scholar, h-index is 63.

Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Taiwanese computer scientists
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Scientists from Taipei
National Taiwan University alumni
2015 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the IEEE
Machine learning researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rayleigh fractionation. Rayleigh fractionation describes the evolution of a system with multiple phases in which one phase is continuously removed from the system through fractional distillation. It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between reservoirs in an equilibrium process. Rayleigh fractionation holds particular importance in hydrology and meteorology as a model for the isotopic differentiation of meteoric water due to condensation.

The Rayleigh equation 

The original Rayleigh equation was derived by Lord Rayleigh for the case of fractional distillation of mixed liquids. 

This is an exponential relation that describes the partitioning of isotopes between two reservoirs as one reservoir decreases in size. The equations can be used to describe an isotope fractionation process if: (1) material is continuously removed from a mixed system containing molecules of two or more isotopic species (e.g., water with 18O and 16O, or sulfate with 34S and 32S), (2) the fractionation accompanying the removal process at any instance is described by the fractionation factor a, and (3) a does not change during the process. Under these conditions, the evolution of the isotopic composition in the residual (reactant) material is described by:

where R = ratio of the isotopes (e.g., 18O/16O) in the reactant, R0 = initial ratio, X = the concentration or amount of the more abundant (lighter) isotope (e.g.,16O), and X0 = initial concentration. Because the concentration of X >> Xh (heavier isotope concentration), X is approximately equal to the amount of original material in the phase. Hence, if  = fraction of material remaining, then:

For large changes in concentration, such as they occur during e.g. distillation of heavy water, these formulae need to be integrated over the distillation trajectory. For small changes such as occur during transport of water vapour through the atmosphere, the differentiated equation will usually be sufficient.

See also
 Isotope analysis

References 

Chemistry
Hydrology
Atmospheric_chemistry
Jukka Juusti. Jukka Matti Juusti (born 16 May 1955) is a Finnish Engineer Major General (special officer), retired, and he holds a Master of Science degree in technology. When appointed as Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence as of 1 January 2016, he followed Arto Räty in this post. Prior to the appointment, he acted as the Director of the Resource Policy Department in 2012–2015.

Juusti was born in Oulu. He took his matriculation examination at the upper secondary school of Riihimäki in 1974 and went on to study at Helsinki University of Technology where, in 1979, he completed his master's degree in the department of electrical engineering. He also completed the master's degree in Defence Administration in Great Britain in 1989. Jukka Juusti has a long career in the defence administration and he has also held various international positions. His career in the defence administration includes the positions as Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics and Armaments (2011-2012); Chief Engineer of the Finnish Defence Forces (2006); and Chief of Armaments of the Finnish Defence Forces. He has also worked as a defence adviser at the Mission of Finland to Nato in Brussels from 1999 to 2003 and as Armaments Director in the European Defence Agency from 2008 to 2010.

There was a political debate on the proposal to appoint Juusti as Permanent Secretary; this also raised a lot of public discussion as the National Coalition Party and a number of experts wished that Arto Räty would continue in the position. The then Minister of Finance Alexander Stubb (National Coalition Party) requested referral of the matter. According to expert public servants, both generals were equally qualified for the task. The Government made a decision in line with the proposal of Minister of Defence Jussi Niinistö (True Finns) and Juusti was appointed. According to Niinistö, Juusti combines military and civilian competences, technical expertise and financial skills.

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Oulu
Finnish major generals
Moyes Max. The Moyes Max is an Australian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Moyes Delta Gliders of Botany, New South Wales in the mid-2000s. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Max was developed as an intermediate-level hang glider, incorporating a variable geometry system.

The Max is made from aluminum tubing, with the 70% double-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Available in only one size, the Max 157, its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 125°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 6.6:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Max 157)

References

External links

Max
Hang gliders
Moyes Litesport. The Moyes Litesport is an Australian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed by Gerolf Heinrichs and is produced by Moyes Delta Gliders of Kurnell, New South Wales. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
Designed as a sport and competition glider with a kingpost, the Litesport is based upon the highly successful kingpostless Moyes Litespeed line. It is made from 7075 aluminum tubing, with the double-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth and incorporates a variable geometry system.

Variants
Litesport 3
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127-129°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 6.8:1. The empty weight is  and the pilot hook-in weight range is .
Litesport 4
Medium-sized model for mid-weight pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127-129°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 6.7:1. The empty weight is  and the pilot hook-in weight range is .
Litesport 5
Large sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 127-129°, wing area is  and the aspect ratio is 6.7:1. The empty weight is  and the pilot hook-in weight range is .

Specifications (Litesport 4)

References

External links

Litesport
Hang gliders