omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying. Plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) thermal spraying is a thermal spraying process that deposits a coating on the internal surface of a cylindrical surface, or external surface of any geometry. It is predominantly known for its use in coating the cylinder bores of an internal combustion engine, enabling the construction of aluminium engine blocks without cast iron cylinder sleeves.

The inventors of PTWA received the 2009 IPO National Inventor of the Year award. This technology was initially patented and developed by Flame-Spray Industries, and subsequently improved upon by Flame-Spray and Ford.

Process 
A single conductive wire is used as feedstock for the system. A supersonic plasma jet—formed by a transferred arc between a non-consumable cathode and the wire—melts and atomizes the wire. A stream of air transports the atomized metal onto the substrate. The particles flatten upon striking the surface of the substrate due to their high kinetic energy. The particles rapidly solidify upon contact and can assume both crystalline and amorphous phases. There is also the possibility of producing multi-layer coatings via stacked layers of particles, increasing wear resistance. All conductive wires up to and including  can be used as feedstock material, including "cored" wires. Refractory metals, as well as low melt materials, are easily deposited.

Applications 
PTWA can be used to apply a coating to wear surfaces of engine or transmission components, serving as a plain bearing. For the cylinder bores of hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloy blocks, PTWA's main advantages over cast iron liners are reduced weight and cost. The thinner bore surface also allows for more compact bore spacing, and can potentially provide better heat transfer.   

Automotive engines that use PTWA include Nissan VR38DETT, and Ford Coyote. Caterpillar and Ford also use PTWA to remanufacture engines.

References

External links 
PTWA internal coating system
http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/manuf/7624

Metallurgical processes
Coatings
spraying
Pasped Skylark. 

The Pasped W-1 Skylark is a 1930s American two-seat single-engined cabin monoplane designed and built by the Pasped Aircraft Company of Glendale, California.

Design and development
The Skylark is a braced low-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. It is powered by a  Warner Scarab radial engine. The enclosed cockpit has side-by-side seating for two. It has a welded steel fuselage and wooden wings. With other two-seat aircraft of the era having a better performance on smaller engines the Skylark did not enter production. The sole example was currently airworthy in February 2010 with an owner in Versailles, Missouri.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Titanium white. Titanium white, also Pigment White 6 or CI 77891 is a family of white pigments composed primarily of titanium dioxide. It is the most widely used white pigment in contemporary artistic applications because of its affordability, low toxicity, and high hiding power. Though the term titanium white most often refers to pigments containing titanium dioxide, it can also describe any white pigment that contains a titanium compound (e.g. zinc titanate, barium titanate, potassium titanate, titanium lithopone, titanium silicate).

History 
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a bright white substance first named and created in a laboratory in the mid-19th century. It was initially used as a pigment in the ceramic arts for yellow glazes later in the century, and by the 1890s artists started to use white mixtures containing the compound.

The pigment was further developed for industrial use in the 1910s by the Titanium Pigment Company in the United States and the Titan Company in Norway, each working independently. The two manufactures cross-licensed their patents in 1920. By the late 1920s, titanium and zinc white had unseated lead white as the dominant product in the market for white pigment. Most art supply companies now explicitly advise that titanium white should be used instead of lead white for safety reasons.

Visual characteristics 
Titianium white provides greater hiding power and tinting strength than any other white pigment. Titanium white was initially more expensive to produce than lead white, but its superior hiding power soon made it a more economical choice because smaller quantities were required to achieve the same degree of opacity.

Notable occurrences 
Titanium white featured regularly in the palette of Arthur Dove, who was among its earliest adopters in the 1920s. It has also been identified in the work of Thomas Hart Benton, Diego Rivera, Pablo Picasso, and Jackson Pollock.

References 

Inorganic pigments
Pigments
Shades of white
IPoDWDM. IP over DWDM (IPoDWDM) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to integrate IP routers and network switches in the OTN (Optical Transport Network).
A true IPoDWDM solution is implemented only when the IP Routers and Switches support ITU-T G.709. In this way IP devices can monitor the optical path and implement the transport functionality as FEC (Forward Error Correction) specified by ITU-T G.709/Y.1331 or Super FEC functionality defined in ITU-T G.975.1.

Benefits 
This approach saves network components including shelves, processors, interfaces cards and hence it permits to reduce the power consumption, OPEX (Operational expenditure) and CAPEX (capital expenditure).
This approach brings also a simplification of the network, eliminating the SDH/SONET intermediate layer.

Multivendors
A DWDM network can be implemented using different vendor technology from the IP devices as long as they support alien wavelength transmission specified by ITU-T G.698.2.

References

External links 
 (ITU-T | Kaleidoscope event 2009 | conference)

Telecommunications engineering
Network architecture
Telecommunications infrastructure
Fiber-optic communications
S-PULSE. S-PULSE is the acronym of Shrink-Path of Ultra-Low Power Superconducting Electronics. S-PULSE  is a support action of the European Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) that stimulates joint efforts of European academic and industrial groups in the field of superconducting technologies. The general goal is to prepare Superconductor Electronics (SE) technologies for the technology generation beyond the CMOS scaling limits (called often “beyond CMOS”). S-PULSE supports the Superconducting Electronics  community to strengthen the vital link between research and development and industry. It also strengthens the exchange of knowledge and ideas and take charge of education.

The challenge in SE is to achieve superconducting electronic circuit performance beyond the possibilities of semiconductor circuit technologies, and to make SE technologies ready to benefit to other technologies in the world markets. This support action, developed in the 2008-2010 period, is focused to prepare a Technology Roadmap and a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) to enable the transition from the present scientific oriented network for SE towards an industrially guided European Technology Platform (ETP).

References

External links
  S-PULSE
  FLUXONICS
  FLUXONICS Foundry
 RSFQ

Superconductivity
Open Verification Methodology. The Open Verification Methodology (OVM) is a documented methodology with a supporting building-block library for the verification of semiconductor chip designs. The initial version, OVM 1.0, was released in January, 2008, and regular updates have expanded its functionality. The latest version is OVM 2.1.2, released in January, 2011.

The reuse concepts within the OVM were derived mainly from the Universal Reuse Methodology (URM) which was, to a large part, based on the e Reuse Methodology (ERM) for the e Verification Language developed by Verisity Design in 2001.  The OVM also brings in concepts from the Advanced Verification Methodology (AVM).  The UVM class library brings much automation to the SystemVerilog language such as sequences and data automation features (packing, copy, compare, etc.).  The UVM also has recommendations for code packaging and naming conventions.

References

External links
 EDA Playground - run OVM simulations from a web browser (free online IDE)
OVM Relationship to the UVM

Electronic design automation
Reliability block diagram. A reliability block diagram (RBD) is a diagrammatic method for showing how component reliability contributes to the success or failure of a redundant system. RBD is also known as a dependence diagram (DD).

An RBD is drawn as a series of blocks connected in parallel or series configuration. Parallel blocks indicate redundant subsystems or components that contribute to a lower failure rate. Each block represents a component of the system with a failure rate. RBDs will indicate the type of redundancy in the parallel path. For example, a group of parallel blocks could require two out of three components to succeed for the system to succeed. By contrast, any failure along a series path causes the entire series path to fail.

An RBD may be drawn using switches in place of blocks, where a closed switch represents a working component and an open switch represents a failed component. If a path may be found through the network of switches from beginning to end, the system still works.

An RBD may be converted to a success tree or a fault tree depending on how the RBD is defined. A success tree may then be converted to a fault tree or vice versa by applying de Morgan's theorem.

To evaluate an RBD, closed form solutions are available when blocks or components have statistical independence.

When statistical independence is not satisfied, specific formalisms and solution tools such as dynamic RBD have to be considered.

Calculating an RBD 
The first thing one must determine when calculating an RBD is whether to use probability or rate. Failure rates are often used in RBDs to determine system failure rates. Use probabilities or rates in an RBD but not both.

Series probabilities are calculated by multiplying the reliability (a probability) of the series components:

 

Parallel probabilities are calculated by multiplying the unreliability (Q) of the series components where Q = 1 – R if only one unit needs to function for system success:

 

For constant failure rates, series rates are calculated by superimposing the Poisson point processes of the series components:

 

Parallel rates can be evaluated using a number of formulas including this formula for all units active with equal component failure rates. n − q out of n redundant units are required for success. μ >> λ

 

If the components in a parallel system have n different failure rates a more general formula can be used as follows. For the repairable model Q = λ/μ as long as .

See also
 ARP4761
 Block diagram
 Reliability engineering
 System safety
 Fault tree analysis

References

External links
 http://www.reliabilityeducation.com/rbd.pdf (commercial website)
 Institut pour la Maîtrise des Risques, method sheets, english version

Reliability engineering
Engineering statistics
PALLAS. PALLAS stands for Parallel Applications, Libraries, Languages, Algorithms, and Systems. It is a research group in The Parallel Computing Laboratory of the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at University of California, Berkeley, led by Professor Kurt Keutzer. The group believes that the productive development of applications for an emerging generation of highly parallel microprocessors is the preeminent programming challenge of our time. Its goal is to enable the productive development of efficient parallel applications by domain experts, not just parallel programming experts.

The group conducts its research with the hypothesis that the key to the design of parallel programs is software architecture, and the key to their efficient implementation is frameworks. In its approach, the basis of both the software architecture and the corresponding frameworks is design patterns and a pattern language. Borrowed from civil architecture, the term design pattern means solutions to recurring design problems that domain experts learn. A pattern language is an organized way of navigating through a collection of design patterns to produce a design.

The computational elements of Our Pattern Language(OPL) are built up from a series of computational patterns drawn largely from thirteen motifs . These are considered as the fundamental software building blocks that are then composed using the structural patterns of OPL drawn from common software architectural styles, such as pipe‐and‐filter. A software architecture is then the hierarchical composition of computational and structural patterns, which is subsequently refine using lower‐level design patterns.

References

 PALLAS, the PALLAS website.
 Our Pattern Language, a set of patterns for parallel programming.
 Berkeley discusses progress in parallel programming, an EETimes article, 02/11/2010.
 Creating a Pattern Language for Parallel Programming: the evolving view from Berkeley, a report from the Intel Software Network, 12/08/2008.

University of California, Berkeley
Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
Parallel computing
Software design patterns
Telephone VoIP adapter. A telephone VoIP adapter (TVA), also called digital telephone adapter, is a device that interfaces digital private branch exchange (PBX) telephone sets to a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) network, using, for example, the Session Initiation Protocol.

An analog telephone adapter (ATA) converts an analog telephone port (Foreign exchange station, FXS) to a VoIP network.

A Centrex TVA interfaces centrex telephones and analog-based Centrex telephones.

Some telecom manufacturers have produced hybrid exchanges with TVA-like elements that support IP telephones and also have units or cards that allow connection of digital telephones.

Whether a standalone TVA or a hybrid PBX is deployed, the intention is to preserve investment in an installed base of telephones, and eliminate the need to install Ethernet network infrastructure.

References

Voice over IP
VoIP hardware
Hsianghualite. Hsianghualite is a tectosilicate (framework silicate) of lithium, calcium and beryllium, with fluorine, a member of the zeolite group. It was discovered in 1958 and named for the type locality, Hsiang Hua, 香花, meaning fragrant flower.

Structure
Structure is analogous to that of analcime with Be and Si in tetrahedral co-ordination forming a three-dimensional framework.
Its space group is I213 (Previously reported as I4132). Unit cell parameters are a = 12.879 or 12.897, and Z = 8.

Environment
It occurs within phlogopite veins in the light-coloured band of green and white banded metamorphosed Devonian limestone which has been intruded by beryllium-bearing granite. Associated mineral include fluorite, liberite, chrysoberyl, taaffeite and nigerite.

Localities
Hsianghualite has been found only at the type locality, the Xianghualing Mine in Linwu County, Hunan Province, China.

References

External links
Mindat
Webmineral data

Tectosilicates
Zeolites
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 199
Minerals described in 1958
Departure control system. A departure control system (DCS) automates processing an airline's airport management operation, which includes managing the information required for airport check-in, printing boarding cards, baggage acceptance, boarding, load control and aircraft checks.   

Today, DCS mostly (98%) manage e-tickets using interfaces from a number of devices, including check-in kiosks, online check-in, mobile boarding cards, and baggage handling. DCS are able to identify, capture and update reservations from an airline's computer reservation system for passengers stored in a so-called passenger name record (PNR). A DCS is used to update reservations, typically as checked-in, boarded, flown or another status. 

Additionally and increasingly, a DCS for some city-pair sectors may also interface with immigration control (such as Advance Passenger Information System) for visa, immigration and passenger no-fly watchlists.

Historically, systems developed in North America have incorporated DCS functions as part of the reservations systems with check-in being initiated directly from the PNR. Load control (weight and balance) is then provided by a standalone application. Systems developed by airlines outside North America have traditionally had a separate database for DCS, requiring passenger data to be transferred from the PNR into DCS records. These systems have an integrated weight and balance capability. 

"New generation" DCSs are being developed and deployed by vendors such as Amadeus and SITA as part of the overall re-engineering of airline Passenger Services Systems. These new systems typically use a common database and a services oriented architecture that allows reservations, check-in and other services to maintain a consistent view of passenger information. 

Larger international airports will have a range of DCS or a single DCS which each particular airline carrier can integrate with for streamlined operations.

See also 
List of DCS vendors

References 

Airport infrastructure
Conceptual dependency theory. Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems.

Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence. This model was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner.

Schank developed the model to represent knowledge for natural language input into computers. Partly influenced by the work of Sydney Lamb, his goal was to make the meaning independent of the words used in the input, i.e. two sentences identical in meaning would have a single representation. The system was also intended to draw logical inferences.

The model uses the following basic representational tokens:
 real world objects, each with some attributes. 
 real world actions, each with attributes
 times 
 locations

A set of conceptual transitions then act on this representation, e.g. an ATRANS is used to represent a transfer such as "give" or "take" while a PTRANS is used to act on locations such as "move" or "go". An MTRANS represents mental acts such as "tell", etc.

A sentence such as "John gave a book to Mary" is then represented as the action of an ATRANS on two real world objects, John and Mary.

See also
 Augmented transition network
 Conceptual space
 Scripts (artificial intelligence)

References

External links
 Lytinen, S.L. (1992) "Conceptual Dependency and its Descendants" Computers, Mathematics, and Applications 23(2-5):51-73 

Natural language parsing
History of artificial intelligence
Semantic relations
2si. 2si was an American engine manufacturer located in Beaufort, South Carolina. The company was a wholly owned subsidiary of the AMW Cuyuna Engine Company, formerly known as the Cuyuna Development Company.

The company acquired a line of two-stroke engines that were originally designed and produced by JLO of Germany and marketed them under the Cuyuna brand name for snowmobile and later ultralight aircraft use. Later Cuyuna formed a subsidiary Two Stroke International, commonly known as 2si, to  produce and market the engine line. Cuyuna ended selling engines for aircraft use, but instead switched to marketing them only for industrial, marine, auto racing, kart and all-terrain vehicle applications.

The company seems to have gone out of business in 2014.

Engines 
215 - aircraft, multifuel, industrial engine
230 - aircraft, multifuel, industrial engine
340 - aircraft engine
430 - aircraft and snowmobile engine
460 - aircraft, multifuel, marine, industrial and sport vehicle engine
500 - sport vehicle engine
540 - aircraft and sport vehicle engine
690 - aircraft, marine, industrial engine
808 - aircraft engine

See also

References

External links
Company website archives on Archive.org

Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Brain stimulation. Brain stimulation may refer to:

Brain Stimulation, a medical journal published by Elsevier
Brain stimulation reward, a process of directly stimulating reward centers in the brain
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
Deep brain  stimulation, a surgical treatment that stimulates parts of the brain with electrical impulses
Electrical brain stimulation, direct or indirect stimulation of the brain with electricity for therapeutic or research purposes
Low field magnetic stimulation
RNS System, a deep brain stimulation  treatment for epilepsy patients
Transcranial alternating current stimulation, delivering an oscillatory current over the occipital cortex 
Transcranial direct current stimulation, the direct application of weak dc electrical currents to neurons
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, the stimulation of the brain by inducing magnetic fields
Vagus nerve stimulation, a medical treatment that involves electrical stimulation of the vagus, or tenth cranial nerve
Wirehead, an electronic brain implant to stimulate the pleasure centers of the brain
United States Air Force Missile Combat Competition. The United States Air Force's Missile Combat Competition is a military competition that recognizes the intercontinental ballistic missile combat crews in the force.

History

Curtain raiser
The first missile combat competition, named CURTAIN RAISER, ran from 3–7 April 1967.

United States' Strategic Air Command began the event to allow differing intercontinental ballistic missile units to compete for the title of "Best ICBM Wing".

Olympic arena
While the second competition in 1968 was canceled, due to SAC commitments in Southeast Asia, the third competition was held on 19–23 May 1969.  The competition was also redesignated OLYMPIC ARENA.

Guardian Challenge

After the demise of the Cold War, the event was renamed Guardian Challenge and began to include space operations units, as well as ICBM organizations.

Global Strike Challenge
After the transfer of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) from Air Force Space Command to Air Force Global Strike Command on 1 December 2009, Missile Combat Competition has been rolled up under a competition which will be known as Global Strike Challenge.  Global Strike Challenge is Air Force Global Strike Command's competition for Air Force ICBM and Bomber Forces.  The first Global Strike Challenge took place at Barksdale AFB LA in November 2010.

Blanchard Trophy

See also
Guardian Challenge
LGM-30 Minuteman
LGM-25C Titan II

References

United States Air Force