omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
C-34 Mosquito Impoundment Project. The C-34 Mosquito Impoundment Project was a collaboration in the Thousand Islands during the 1970s between Brevard County Mosquito Control, The Florida Medical Entomological Laboratory, and NASA. This project was conducted to test the ability of remote sensing to detect flooding stress in mangroves during flooding for mosquito control.

Mosquito control in the Cocoa Beach area was initially provided by application of various pesticides, including DDT. Cocoa Beach was the site of initial field tests for DDT, and one of the first locations where resistance was noted. This led to use of source reduction in addition to pesticides.

Source reduction is a mechanical modification of habitat to decrease mosquito production. The saltmarsh mosquito will not lay its eggs in standing water, preferring seasonally-flooded sand or mud instead. The concept behind source reduction is to convert seasonally-flooded marsh to either upland or submerged land.

Source reduction began to be used in the late 1950s in Cocoa Beach. In this beginning phase small ditches were dug through the islands to allow water movement and fish access to inner areas of the succulent marsh. This approach had limited success. During the late 1960s Brevard County Mosquito Control began dredging the Thousand Islands south of Minutemen Causeway to eliminate ephemeral ponds necessary for saltmarsh mosquito breeding. This destruction of wetlands set the stage for an approach that would retain wetlands but still reduce the production of saltmarsh mosquitoes. This approach is known as impoundment, in which an area of salt marsh is surrounded by a dike with a means to flood and empty the marsh, generally by pump.

Construction 

Construction plans called for completion of a perimeter dike around the subject section of islands, with the dike carried inside of a shell midden to avoid flooding tropical vegetation found there. A pump house allowed flooding of the impoundment during the summer rainy season when mosquito breeding is most intense. Flapper valve gates at the north and south ends of the impoundment were installed to allow closure during flooding and opening during the dry season to allow water exchange with the lagoon.

A test cell was constructed so as to be flooded separately from the main impoundment. This area was to be flooded sufficiently to inundate black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) pneumatophores, in hopes that stress could be detected by false infrared aerial photography. Several flights were flown but stress could not be detected by remote sensing before it was evident on the ground. This is thought to have been due to the propensity for black mangroves to drop their leaves all at once rather than slowly enough for color changes to be picked up in the photographs.

Active management of the impoundment ended in the early 1980s.

Notes
This area is also known as Gumbo Limbo Island and "The Ring" by locals.

References

External links 
 Thousand Islands Organization

Cocoa Beach, Florida
Insect control
Pest control campaigns
Flies and humans
1970s in Florida
Bernal chart. A Bernal chart (bər′nal ′chärt) in crystallography, is a chart used for indexing X-ray diffraction photographs from single crystals. From such a chart may be read the axial and radial cylindrical coordinates of that point in reciprocal space which corresponds to any particular X-ray reflection.

When a single crystal is examined in an X-ray diffractometer such that the diffraction intensity is measured cylindrically around the crystal, it is convenient to use cylindrical coordinates to define the reciprocal lattice vectors and their terminal points. Different order reflections will be coaxial with the axis of rotation. These reflections are recorded as spots which lie on parallel lines known as layer lines. A reciprocal lattice vector can be represented by two mutually perpendicular vectors  (along the rotation axis) and  in the horizontal plane (the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis) containing the X-ray beam. The third parameter specifying the reciprocal lattice vector is the angle  formed by the X-ray beam and the plane containing  and .

The vertical coordinate  has a special significance, since all the reciprocal lattice points which have a constant  value lie in the plane normal to the rotation axis. Such a plane corresponds to the oscillation line on the oscillation(rotation) photograph. Thus a layer line is characterized by a particular value . The zeroth layer line has  (i.e., the equatorial layer line), the first layer line has  and the second layer line has , and so on. Alternatively the reciprocal lattice points lie a long a cylinder with a constant  value whose axis is coincident with the rotation axis. If the crystal is mounted on the c-axis then the layer lines are related to the repeat distance along this axis. If H is the layer separation distance and R is the radius of the detector then

where  is the layer line angle.

Contours of constant  and  are important in the interpretation of oscillation (rotation) measurements. A chart exhibiting such curves as they would appear on an X-ray photograph was first prepared by Bernal and is called a Bernal chart. The scale used in a given chart depends on the distance the detector is from the crystal. Historically, Bernal charts were provided in the form of transparencies so that they could be superimposed over X-ray photographic film which allowed the  and  coordinates to be read directly from the film.

See also
 Greninger chart
 John Desmond Bernal

References

X-ray crystallography
Royal Engineers of Albania. The Royal Albanian Engineers () was part of the Royal Albanian Army from 1928 to 1939.

Structure
Engineers ("rmët e Xhenios) 
Of four planned companies "ZM" (sappers-miners), three were active in 1939: 
HQ
9 Engineer platoons 
A bridging section or column also existed at army level (seksion urahedhës)

As in the Italian army the engineers included signal and transport troops.
One combined Wire, Radio and Telephone Company (kompani glihdjës radio e telephone) served the needs of the entire army: 
CO (1 riding horse) 
HQ 1 truck/driver 
Section RT 
1 car 
3 horses 
6 radio stations R-3 (mule transport) [R-3: a morse set of 35 km range, 2000–2500 kHz (stations attached to military zone)] 
2 radio stations R-5 (truck-borne) [R-5: 150 km voice/350 km morse, 158–476 kHz (at army level)] 
Section Wire/Telephone 
Section Photo-Electric (12 mules)

Motor transport centered on the automobile unit (autoreparti) at Tirana (Maj. Halil Plaves). This consisted of the following:
HQ 
Material Depot 
Benzine Depot 
automotive workshop 
and presumably, a driving school (600 trained drivers were available to the army).

A separate Ambulance Section existed, but it is unclear if this was attached to the Medical Troops or to the Automobile Unit. 
  
Motor transport was attached to the various command HQs and the HQs of engineer and artillery units, otherwise about 250 trucks were in pool for major lifts; the vehicle inventory as of 1936 comprised 200 cars and light trucks, 300 2-ton – 3-ton trucks and 20 buses. Types in service included Fiat 15ter, Fiat 521/521C, Fiat 525, Lancia I2 M, and a number of Romanian-built Ford cars and light trucks. 
  
There was no cavalry arm; the transportation troops controlled the Armored Car and Tank Squadron (Skuadriljë e Automjesh dhë Tankesh) at Tirana. In 1939 this had 2 Fiat 3000 (machine gun version) tanks, 6 Lancia IZ and 2 Fiat armored cars and 6 Ansaldo CV3/33 tankettes (1938). It is unknown how many were still running in 1939. 
  
No motorized infantry existed as such; the armored squadron and motorized field battery may be the "two motorized units" reported.  But note that Albania was in a position to provide motorized lift for some foot infantry units, within the limits of the road system. (There were about 2200 km of government-maintained roads suitable for motor vehicles, and another 400 km maintained by various communes.) 
  
A so-called "support company" TOE existed; it is unclear if this was a permanent formation or was created ad hoc to support units in the field. 
CO HQ 
1 car 
1 riding horse (CO) 
Transport Unit 
24 horses (6-12 wagons?) 
Mule HQ
mule pack trains 
Logistic HQ
1 truck 
mules/wagons?

References

Royal Albanian Army
Hisham Sharaf. Hisham Sharaf Abdullah (born 1956) is a Yemeni civil engineer and politician who has served in several cabinet posts. He is currently Yemen's minister of foreign  affairs, and formerly the minister of higher education and scientific research.

Early life and education
Abdullah was born in Taiz in 1956. He holds a civil engineering degree, which he received from Pennsylvania State University in 1983. He obtained a master's degree in project administration with a minor in computer science from the Catholic University of America in 1988.

Career
Sharaf served as deputy minister for international planning and co-operation until early 2011. In January 2011, he was named the minister of industry and trade, replacing Yahya Al Mutawakil in the post. On 7 December 2011, Sharaf was appointed minister of oil and natural mineral resources in the unity government led by Prime Minister Muhammad Salim Basindwah. Saadeddin bin Taleb succeeded him as minister of industry and trade. On 11 September 2012, Sharaf was appointed minister of higher education and scientific research in a cabinet reshuffle, succeeding Yahia Al Shoaibi. His deputy Ahmed Abdullah Daress replaced Sharaf as oil minister.

Personal life
Sharaf is married and has three children.

See also
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

References

External links

 

1956 births
Catholic University of America alumni
Living people
Penn State College of Engineering alumni
People from Taiz
Oil and mineral ministers of Yemen
Industry and trade ministers of Yemen
Higher education ministers of Yemen
21st-century Yemeni politicians
Critical plane analysis. Critical plane analysis refers to the analysis of stresses or strains as they are experienced by a particular plane in a material, as well as the identification of which plane is likely to experience the most extreme damage. Critical plane analysis is widely used in engineering to account for the effects of cyclic, multiaxial load histories on the  fatigue life of materials and structures. When a structure is under cyclic multiaxial loading, it is necessary to use multiaxial fatigue criteria that account for the multiaxial loading. If the cyclic multiaxial loading is nonproportional it is mandatory to use a proper multiaxial fatigue criteria. The multiaxial criteria based on the Critical Plane Method are the most effective criteria.

For the plane stress case, the orientation of the plane may be specified by an angle in the plane, and the stresses and strains acting on this plane may be computed via Mohr's circle.  For the general 3D case, the orientation may be specified via a unit normal vector of the plane, and the associated stresses strains may be computed via a tensor coordinate transformation law. 

The chief advantage of critical plane analysis over earlier approaches like Sines rule, or like correlation against maximum principal stress or strain energy density, is the ability to account for damage on specific material planes.  This means that cases involving multiple out-of-phase load inputs, or crack closure can be treated with high accuracy.  Additionally, critical plane analysis offers the flexibility to adapt to a wide range of materials.  Critical plane models for both metals and polymers are widely used.

History 

Modern procedures for critical plane analysis trace back to research published in 1973 in which M. W. Brown and K. J. Miller observed that fatigue life under multiaxial conditions is governed by the experience of the plane receiving the most damage, and that both tension and shear loads on the critical plane must be considered.

References

External links 
 Book on Multiaxial Fatigue  (by Darrell Socie and Gary Marquis)
 Class notes on Multiaxial Fatigue  (by Ali Fatemi)
 Multiaxial Fatigue Theory  (by MSC.Fatigue' Help)
 Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   nCode DesignLife    (by HBM)
 Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   fe-safe    (by Dassault Systemes SIMULIA)
 Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   FEMFAT    (by Magna Powertrain)
    Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   MSC.Fatigue    (by MSC Software)
     Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   LMS Virtual.Lab Durability     (by LMS)
 Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   NX Durability    (by Siemens)
   Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   winLIFE    (by Steinbeis-Transferzentrum)
   Metal FE-Based Fatigue Analysis software:   fatiga    (by Fatec Engineering) 
   Rubber Fatigue Analysis software:   Endurica    (by Endurica LLC)

Materials degradation
Fracture mechanics
Mechanical failure modes
Solid mechanics
Mechanical failure
Hagen–Rubens relation. In optics, the Hagen–Rubens relation (or Hagen–Rubens formula) is a relation between the coefficient of reflection and the conductivity for materials that are good conductors. The relation states that for solids where the contribution of the dielectric constant to the index of refraction is negligible, the reflection coefficient can be written as (in SI Units): 

where  is the frequency of observation,  is the conductivity, and  is the vacuum permittivity. For metals, this relation holds for frequencies (much) smaller than the Drude relaxation rate, and in this case the otherwise frequency-dependent conductivity  can be assumed frequency-independent and equal to the dc conductivity.

The relation is named after German physicists Ernst Bessel Hagen and Heinrich Rubens who discovered it in 1903.

References

Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Infrared spectroscopy
Electric and magnetic fields in matter
Hatch Solar Energy Center. The Hatch Solar Energy Center is a 5.88 MWp (5.0 MWAC) photovoltaic power station.
It was built by Blattner Energy using 84 dual-axis trackers and Amonix 7700 concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) panels, each of which contains 7,560 Fresnel lenses to concentrate sunlight 500 times onto multijunction photovoltaic cells. It was the largest CPV facility in North America when it was completed in 2011.  
The facility was subsequently repowered with SunPower panels that use high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon cells without concentration.
The output is being sold to El Paso Electric, under a 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA).
 
Annual electricity production is expected to be about 11,000 MW·h/year.

Electricity production

See also

 Alamosa Solar Generating Project
 List of photovoltaic power stations
 Renewable energy in the United States
 Solar power in New Mexico
 Solar power in the United States

External links
 Photo gallery

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 2011
Solar power stations in New Mexico
Photovoltaic power stations in the United States
NextEra Energy
Jakab Industries. Jakab Industries was an Australian coachbuilder in Tamworth, New South Wales.

History
Jakab Industries built its first bus body in July 1973, a Ford R226. It mainly made bodies for buses for the defence forces, but also built some for commercial operators, before withdrawing from the market in late 1995. It also built bodies for ambulances and postal vans. In the 1990s it also overhauled Mercedes-Benz and Scania buses for the State Transit Authority.

Following the collapse of Clifford Corporation in 1998, Volvo arranged for Jakab to take over the Ansair plant in Tamworth and complete the work of providing Orana-style bodies for 60 State Transit Authority Volvo B10BLE buses. The subsidiary company set up to do the work was named Phoenix Bus.

Jakab Industries was placed in administration in 2002.

References

Bus manufacturers of Australia
Australian companies established in 1973
Australian companies disestablished in 2002
Australian Autobus. Australian Autobus was an Australian bus manufacturer based in Slacks Creek, Brisbane.

History
Australian Autobus was founded by Kevin Johnson and Athol McKinnon. It built in excess of 300 bus and coach bodies on both its own chassis as well as those of other manufacturers.

Australian Autobus ceased trading in 2006.

References

Gallery

External links 
Bus Australia gallery

Bus manufacturers of Australia
Australian companies disestablished in 2006
Australian companies established in 1993
Yongsan Dreamhub. Yongsan Dreamhub (also known as the Yongsan International Business District) is a 28 – 31 trillion-won ($22.6 – $27 billion) project that was planned to be built on the banks of the Han River near Yongsan Station at the  area of the Yongsan District, central Seoul, South Korea. It was cancelled in April 2013 but has recently seen approval and plans finalised by the Seoul Metropolitan government in February 2024 with construction slated to begin in the second half of 2025. The district is scheduled to be built by 2030.

Background
The Yongsan District is a relatively large area of the megalopolis of Seoul that is seen as not significantly developed. It is a site of the American Yongsan Garrison which covers 16% of the district. The development proposal aimed to turn it into a modern sprawl of offices, malls, hotels and apartments, hoping to create a new signature district of Korea.

History
The project's main developers included the South Korean public transport company, Korail, which owns some underused land in Yongsan. In total, about 29 corporations, backed up the South Korean government, were involved in the project.

Some of the plans for the development included that for a skyscraper that would be the tallest in Korea, and one of the tallest in the world (for example a 2009 design planned for a  tall building known as Dream Tower, which would be the second highest in the world;  another for a slightly lower if still the tallest in Korea and second tallest in the world, the Yongsan Landmark Tower, was described as  in one report but only as about 500m in a different one). Another of the designs for twin tower skyscraper known as The Cloud unveiled and quickly scrapped in 2011 caused a controversy over a similarity to "the World Trade Center buildings exploding as they were hit by planes on 9/11".

The project was first proposed in 2006, and was described as Korea's largest and most ambitious property development project. Financing difficulties delayed it following the Financial crisis of 2007–2008. The Korean real estate market also did not seem appealing to the investors. In subsequent years, a growing number of companies, such as Samsung, have pulled out of the project. The project has been finally cancelled in April 2013. It is possible the venture will result in a number of bankruptcies. There are also speculations about a possible class-action lawsuit by the residents against the developers and the government.

The project was cancelled in April 2013 but has recently seen approval and plans finalised by the Seoul Metropolitan government in February 2024 with construction slated to begin in the second half of 2025. The district is scheduled to be built by 2030.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Seoul

References

External links
 'The logic of this story is the logic of a Dream Hub... or a nightmare'

Yongsan District
Cancelled projects in South Korea
Adaptive fluid-infused porous film. Adaptive fluid-infused porous films change states when stretched, allowing for dynamic control over transparency and wettability. They were developed by researchers at Harvard University. The same team previously invented Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) which served as the base technology to control wettability in Adaptive fluid-infused porous film.

Description 

The material is a thin elastic film that contains nano-sized pores. When in a normal relaxed state, if droplets of liquid are applied to the film, they will roll freely along the smooth surface. However, when the film is stretched, any droplets of liquid that are applied to the film will be held in place on the film. If the tension on the film is later released, the film will return to its normal relaxed state, and the droplet will again move along the smooth surface. The film also becomes more transparent when stretched, allowing the material to be dynamically controlled with regards to both the wettability and transparency of the material.

References 

Synthetic materials
Hsu Chun-yat. Hsu Chun-yat or Jack Hsu () is a Taiwanese politician. He was the Minister of the Public Construction Commission from July 2014 until May 2016.

Education
Hsu obtained his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from National Cheng Kung University and master's degree in transportation engineering from Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand.

Political career
Prior to his appointment as deputy minister of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Hsu was the Director-General of the Railway Reconstruction Bureau of the MOTC on 21 July 2008 until August 2012.

ROC Transportation and Communications Deputy Ministry

Taoyuan International Airport MRT delay

In May 2013, due to the continuing delay of Taoyuan International Airport MRT completion and the resignation of Chu Shu, former Bureau of High Speed Rail director-general, Hsu was assigned to oversee the operation of the bureau.

See also
 Transportation in Taiwan

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Asian Institute of Technology alumni
National Cheng Kung University alumni
Ministers of transportation and communications of Taiwan

Political office-holders in the Republic of China on Taiwan
WAGR Pm and Pmr classes. The WAGR Pm and Pmr classes were two classes of 4-6-2 tender engine steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) between 1950 and the early 1970s.

History
With the WAGR suffering from a shortage of locomotives and having a backlog of repairs deferred from World War II, authorisation was granted for the construction of 35 4-6-2 locomotives. Initially it was planned that Midland Railway Workshops build 10 with the balance built externally. However capacity constraints at Midland saw the order for the full 35 placed with the North British Locomotive Company, Glasgow.

Nineteen were built as the Pm class with plain bearings on the coupled axles and roller bearings on the carrying axles. The other sixteen were built as the Pmr class with roller bearings on all axles. One Pm was later converted to a Pmr at Midland Railway Workshops.

All entered service in 1950. Although intended to operate passenger services, their independently sprung driving wheels gave a rough ride meaning they could not maintain schedules, hence they were quickly relegated to fast freight trains on the Eastern Goldfields and Great Southern lines and associated branches. Later they were concentrated on the Great Southern and South Western lines. All were withdrawn between 1970 and 1972.

Classes list

The numbers and periods in service of each member of the Pm and Pmr classes were as follows:

See also

Rail transport in Western Australia
List of Western Australian locomotive classes

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Pm WAGR and Pmr classes
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Australia
4-6-2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
GAPA Launch Site and Blockhouse. The GAPA Launch Site and Blockhouse near Knolls in Tooele County, Utah dates from 1946.  It is a work of the Boeing Airplane Co. Facilities Dept.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  The listing included one contributing structure and one contributing site.

It is significant as the first launch site for the Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft (GAPA) program of the U.S. Air Force, which was a supersonic guided missile system that preceded the Bomarc air defense missile.

According to its NRHP nomination, the site was "the birthplace of the United States Air Force supersonic missile flight test program."

References 

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Military installations established in 1946
National Register of Historic Places in Tooele County, Utah
1948 establishments in Utah