omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HVDC BorWin1. HVDC BorWin1 is the first HVDC facility in the world to be built for importing power from an offshore wind park to shore, and the first to use voltage source converters (VSC) in Germany.  
It connects the offshore wind park BARD Offshore 1 and other offshore wind farms in Germany near Borkum to the European power grid. 
The facility was built by ABB and has a capacity of 400 MW at a bipolar voltage of ±150 kV. 
HVDC BorWin1, which leads from BorWin Alpha Offshore Platform to Diele substation, consists of a  of underground and  of submarine cable. 

Unlike the later (and more powerful) HVDC connections that have been built for transmitting wind power to shore in Germany, Borwin 1 uses cascaded two-level converter submodules, i.e.,  a modular multilevel converter (MMC) scheme with a large step size, in which each half-bridge submodule contains several IGBTs  connected in series for the required submodule voltage rating.  
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used to improve the level of harmonics but filtering is still needed. 
One converter is provided at each end of the link, in the symmetrical monopole configuration.

Borwin 1 is operated by the German Transmission System Operator TenneT (formerly Transpower Stromübertragungs GmbH). and construction and commissioning were completed in 2009, although the project has had many technical difficulties since that date.
In March 2014 a fire on the platform caused the scheme to be shut down for several months.

Sites

BorWin Alpha
 BorWin Alpha is the first HVDC converter station in the world to be installed on an offshore platform. It is located in the wind power farms of the German Bight in the North Sea.

BorWin Alpha converts the power generated in offshore wind park BARD 1 into direct current at a voltage of 150 kV for HVDC-transmission to Diele. Operating as static inverter valves, the station BorWin alpha uses not thyristors, but IGBT elements. 

BorWin alpha was built in a shipyard in Vlissingen, Netherlands with electrical equipment from ABB. The equipment was dragged with the SSCV Thialf to the place of assembly and installed at the end of May and the beginning of June 2009. The overall height of BorWin alpha is 84 metres, from which 62 metres come from the carrying construction, the so-called Jacket. The weight of the entire platform is 5000 tons. Of this 1800 tons come from the Jacket.

References

External links 

 Grid connection BorWin1 (transpower)
  BorWin 1 HVDC system, CIGRÉ Compendium of all HVDC Projects.
 Entry on structurae.net
 Entry on 4coffshore

Electric power transmission systems in Germany
Energy infrastructure completed in 2009
HVDC transmission lines
Electrical interconnectors in the North Sea
2009 establishments in Germany
Model 109. The Model 109, or Number 109, was a series of mainframe computers designed and built in the People's Republic of China, starting in 1964.

First Model 109, created in 1964, used vacuum tubes
The Model 109-B, China's first transistor computer was created in 1965.
The Model 109-C followed in 1967, and was used for 15 years.

Those were followed by the Number 111, their first integrated circuit computer, in 1971.

Notes 

Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1964
Computer-related introductions in 1965
Computer-related introductions in 1967
Science and technology in the People's Republic of China
Network covalent bonding. A network solid or covalent network solid (also called  atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material. In a network solid there are no individual molecules, and the entire crystal or amorphous solid may be considered a macromolecule. Formulas for network solids, like those for ionic compounds, are simple ratios of the component atoms represented by a formula unit.

Examples of network solids include diamond with a continuous network of carbon atoms and silicon dioxide or quartz with a continuous three-dimensional network of SiO2 units. Graphite and the mica group of silicate minerals structurally consist of continuous two-dimensional sheets covalently bonded within the layer, with other bond types holding the layers together. Disordered network solids are termed glasses. These are typically formed on rapid cooling of melts so that little time is left for atomic ordering to occur.

Properties 
 Hardness: Very hard, due to the strong covalent bonds throughout the lattice (deformation can be easier, however, in directions that do not require the breaking of any covalent bonds, as with flexing or sliding of sheets in graphite or mica).
 Melting point: High, since melting means breaking covalent bonds (rather than merely overcoming weaker intermolecular forces).
 Solid-phase electrical conductivity: Variable, depending on the nature of the bonding: network solids in which all electrons are used for sigma bonds (e.g. diamond, quartz) are poor conductors, as there are no delocalized electrons. However, network solids with delocalized pi bonds (e.g. graphite) or dopants can exhibit metal-like conductivity.
 Liquid-phase electrical conductivity: Low, as the macromolecule consists of neutral atoms, meaning that melting does not free up any new charge carriers (as it would for an ionic compound).
 Solubility: Generally insoluble in any solvent due to the difficulty of solvating such a large molecule.

Examples 
Boron nitride (BN)
Diamond (carbon, C)
Quartz (SiO2)
Rhenium diboride (ReB2)
Silicon carbide (moissanite, carborundum, SiC)
Silicon (Si)
Germanium (Ge)
Aluminium nitride (AlN)

See also 
 Molecular solid

References 

Chemical bonding
Charles Lee Powell. Charles Lee Powell (March 19, 1863 – July 22, 1959) was an American structural engineer and entrepreneur. He invented and patented new methods for building concrete structures underground, and is credited with building much of Los Angeles’ early infrastructure, including the Second and Third Street Tunnels, the Angels Flight funicular railway in the Bunker Hill district, and downtown sewerage systems. 
He was born in Virginia, and died at age 96 in Los Angeles, California.

He was also very well known as a philanthropist and set up many fellowships and research grants. Since the opening of the first Powell Laboratory in 1986, the Charles Lee Powell Foundation has donated over $96 million in grant monies, including over three decades of giving to UC San Diego's Jacob School of Engineering. The Foundation's focus is supporting groundbreaking engineering programs at USC, Caltech, Stanford, and UC San Diego. Its grants to USC School of Engineering have included funding the Charles Lee Powell Hall of Information Sciences and Systems Engineering, named Chairs in Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering, and the Charles Lee Powell Foundation Photonics Industrial Laboratory.

The University of Southern California has a Charles Lee Powell Hall designed by William Pereira in his honor.

References 

1863 births
1959 deaths
American structural engineers
List of Sigma Tau chapters. Sigma Tau was an engineering honor society. In 1974, it merged with Tau Beta Pi, the oldest engineering honor society and the second oldest collegiate honor society in the United States.  As part of the merger, Tau Beta Pi absorbed twelve Sigma Tau chapters into its existing chapters located on the same campuses. Tau Beta Pi re-chartered 22 Sigma Tau chapters at campuses where it did not exist.

In the following chapter list, inactive chapters and institutions are indicated in italics.

Notes

References 

Lists of chapters of former Association of College Honor Societies members by society
 Sigma Tau chapters
Feedforward (disambiguation). Feedforward is the provision of context of what one wants to communicate prior to that communication.

Feedforward may also refer to:
 Feedforward (behavioral and cognitive science), the concept of learning from the future and one's desired behavior
 Feed forward (control), a type of element or pathway within a control system
 Feedforward (management), giving a pre-feedback to a person or an organization from which you are expecting a feedback
 Feedforward neural network, a type of artificial neural network
Macromolecular Bioscience. Macromolecular Bioscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering polymer science. It publishes Reviews, Feature Articles, Communications, and Full Papers at the intersection of polymer and materials sciences with life science and medicine. The editorial office is in Weinheim, Germany. The editor-in-chief is Anne Pfisterer. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.979.

Abstracting and indexing
 BIOSIS Previews
 Biochemistry & Biophysics Citation Index
 Science Citation Index 
 Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
 Chemical Abstracts Service 
 Advanced Polymers Abstracts  
 BIOBASE
 Biotechnology & Bioengineering Abstracts 
 Compendex
 Embase 
 Scopus
 Ceramic Abstracts
 Civil Engineering Abstracts 
 Earthquake Engineering Abstracts 
 Engineered Materials Abstracts 
 International Aerospace Abstracts & Database 
 MEDLINE/PubMed 
 Polymer Library

References

External links

Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 2001
Biochemistry journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering polymer science. It publishes Reviews, Feature Articles, Communications, and Full Papers on design, modification, characterization, and processing of advanced polymeric materials. Published topics include materials research on engineering polymers, tailor-made functional polymer systems, and new polymer additives. The editor-in-chief is David Huesmann. 

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.367.

References

External links 
 

Chemistry journals
Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 2000
English-language journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
Monthly journals
E-Learning Developers' Community of Practice. e-Learning Developers' Community of Practice or ElCoP is practice developed following a decision of European air navigation service (ANS) training providers together with Eurocontrol, to create an e-learning developers community of practice in January 2009.

The aims of this community of practice are: to share knowledge and information on e-learning development matters between its members; to develop common deliverables; and to improve Eurocontrol deliverables, such as the best practice documentation for e-learning development and the digital learning asset sharing platform.

History
Historically, ElCoP is the successor to the e-Learning Developers’ Task Force (EDTF), which was created in 2006 to develop a network of European e-learning developers involved in ANS training.

This group had the tasks of developing best practices in e-learning development and a platform which would enable users to share digital learning assets.

Even though EDTF finished these tasks in 2008, its members believed that there was added value in keeping a community of practice alive which would enable participants to learn from each other, to share best practices and to develop common deliverables. They suggested ElCoP.

ElCoP started work in the first quarter of 2009.

Membership 
Training providers that confirmed their participation are:
 AustroControl  (Austria)
 Air Navigation Services of the Czech Republic (ANS CR) (Czech Republic)
 Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS) (Germany)
 École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC) (France)
 EUROCONTROL 
 Hungarocontrol (Hungary)
 NAV Portugal  (Portugal)
 Servicios y Estudios para la Navegación Aérea y la Seguridad Aeronáutica, S.A. (SENASA)  (Spain)
 Skyguide  (Switzerland)

Work by ELCoP / EDTF 
Best practices and guidelines for e-learning developers in air traffic management
Sea Patrol  an educational technology game

External links 
 Article at Eurocontrol Newsletter

Air traffic control in Europe
Educational technology academic and professional associations
Renault 70 hp. The Renault 70 hp, (8Ab , 8C) was a French V-8 aero engine that first ran in 1910. The type powered many early military aircraft including the Farman MF.7 Longhorn and the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2. In addition to French production, these engines were also built in the United Kingdom and equipped the majority of British aircraft sent to France at the start of WW1.

Design and development
As with other Renault air cooled V-8s, the engine had an early form of reduction gearing where the propeller was fixed to the end of the camshaft and turned at half engine speed. This method of gearing allowed the engine and propeller to be run close to their optimum speeds without the additional weight penalty of a gearbox. Engines intended for pusher aircraft were fitted with a centrifugal blower which fed cooling air over the large finned cast iron cylinders.

Compared to contemporary air cooled rotary engines built by Gnome, the 70 hp Renault had a worse power to weight ratio but better fuel economy. Aircraft powered by the Renault 70 hp set distance and duration records in 1912.

The first military orders were placed in 1911 with 81 engines delivered to the French army for use in Farman observation aircraft. In 1912 Farman aircraft powered by the Renault 70 hp equipped two out of the five French squadrons.

In the UK the 70 hp air cooled V8 model was manufactured by Renault’s UK subsidiary and their licensees; Rolls Royce, Wolseley and Airco. Renault refused to sell licenses to German firms in the years before WW1.

Variants
Data from Wolseley Motors's 1917 instruction manual. Weights shown include flywheel, exhaust branches, cowl and propeller boss.

Type W.B - Version with internal lube oil pump. Dry weight: 

Type W.C - Version with external lube oil pump. Dry weight: 

Both the W.B and W.C variants were available for pusher (propeller at front) and tractor (propeller at back) aircraft. Engines fitted to tractor aircraft had a cowl scoop which directed part of the propellers air steam across the cylinders. Engines fitted to pusher aircraft were equipped with a back mounted (opposite end from prop) centrifugal blower. The blower added an extra  of weight and consumed .

Type W.X - 75 hp variant. Outwardly almost identical to the 70 hp models but with a larger 100mm cylinder bore and redesigned connecting rods. The connecting rods used the same side by side layout as the 70 hp model but had a two stud design and were interchangeable between left and right cylinder banks.  Available in tractor configuration only. Dry weight:

Applications
Airco DH.1
Armstrong Whitworth F.K.2
SS class airships
Blackburn Type E
Bristol B.R.7
Central Centaur IVA
Farman MF.7 Longhorn
Farman MF.11 Shorthorn
Flanders F.4
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2
Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.1
White & Thompson Bognor Bloater

Specifications (70 hp)

See also

References

External links

Photo "Flymotor Type 70 hk Renault" (side view), Norsk Luftfartsmuseum
Photo "Flymotor Type 70 hk Renault" (front view), Norsk Luftfartsmuseum

1910s aircraft piston engines
70
Microsoft Flight Simulator for Windows 95. Microsoft Flight Simulator for Windows 95, abbreviated commonly as FS95 or FSW95, is a flight simulator video game. It was released in late 1996 for Windows.

With the release of Windows 95, a new version (6.0) was developed for that platform. Although this was essentially just a port from the DOS version (FS5.1), it did feature a vastly improved frame-rate, better haze, and additional aircraft, including the Extra 300 aerobatic aircraft.

This was the first version released after the purchase of Bruce Artwick Organization (BAO) by Microsoft, and after having physically relocated BAO development staff to Microsoft's primary campus in Redmond, Washington. The BAO team was integrated with other non-BAO Microsoft staff, such as project management, testing, and artwork.

Additional scenery included major airports outside Europe and the US for the first time. The scenery packs for 5.0 are backwards compatible with this release.

Reception

John Nolan for Computer Gaming World gave the game 3½ stars out of 5 and said "Flight Simulator provides the best all-aspect civilian flying experience presently available. If you don't own an earlier version and you're interested in this type of aviation, the choice is a complete no-brainer – at least until Sierra's PRO PILOT arrives to provide some stiff competition later this year. If you already have a recent version of the program, the choice is more difficult. The improvements are incremental, and you'll have to decide if the new interface, aircraft and videos are worth the price of admission."

References

External links

1996 video games
Microsoft Flight Simulator
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
TCG Sultanhisar (1940). TCG Sultanhisar was a  built for the Turkish Navy during the Second World War. The design of her class was based on the British .

Description
Sultanhisar displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. Sultanhisar carried a maximum of  of fuel oil. The ship's complement was 145 officers and men.

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Sultanhisar had four single mounts for Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for  torpedoes.

Construction and career
Sultanhisar was one of four I-class destroyers ordered by Turkey in 1939, two of which were purchased by the Royal Navy while construction of the other two proceeded slowly. The ship was laid down at William Denny and Brothers in Dumbarton, Scotland on 21 March 1939. She was launched on 17 December 1940 and completed on 28 June 1941. The destroyer was transferred to Turkey in 1942, where she served until her decommissioning in 1960.

TCG Sultanhisar was the second ship of the Turkish Navy with the same name, following the Ottoman, and later Turkish,  torpedo boat .

Notes

References

External links
 

Ships built on the River Clyde
1940 ships
World War II destroyers of Turkey
Swiss Propulsion Laboratory. The Swiss Propulsion Laboratory (SPL) is a rocket laboratory that runs integrated programs focusing on research and development of space-technology and space tourism. It is located in Langenthal, Switzerland and was founded in 1998. The company develops, builds and runs rocket systems that transport small payloads into low Earth orbit (LEO). 

The company works and coordinates with external facilities and other organizations such as universities, graduate schools and Switzerland's precision industry. It is a partner of the White Label Space team, which is currently competing in the Google Lunar X PRIZE.

References

External links
 

Space technology research institutes
Langenthal
Organizations established in 1998
List of router firmware projects. List of software created and maintained by people other than the manufacturer of the product. The extent of support for (and testing on) particular hardware varies from project to project.

Embedded
Notable custom-firmware projects for wireless routers.
Many of these will run on various brands such as Linksys, Asus, Netgear, etc.

 OpenWrt – Customizable FOSS firmware written from scratch; features a combined SquashFS/JFFS2 file system and the package manager opkg with over 3000 available packages (Linux/GPL); now merged with LEDE.
 LEDE – A fork of the OpenWrt project that shared many of the same goals; merged back into OpenWrt as of v. 18.06 (2018).
 Commotion Wireless – FOSS mesh networking.
 DD-WRT – Based on OpenWrt kernel since v. 23 (Dec. 2005), paid and free versions available.
 Gargoyle – A free OpenWrt-based Linux distribution for a range of Broadcom and Atheros chipset based wireless routers.
 LibreCMC – An FSF-endorsed derivation of OpenWRT with the proprietary blobs removed
 Roofnet – A now defunct experimental 802.11 based mesh network project developed at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The technology developed by the Roofnet project formed the basis for the company Meraki, now owned by Cisco.
 DebWRT – A discontinued project that combines the Linux kernel from OpenWrt and the package management system from Debian (Linux/GPL).
 HyperWRT – Early power-boosting firmware project to stay close to the official WRT54G and WRT54GS firmware but add features such as transmit power, port triggers, scripts, telnet, etc.
 Tomato – The successor to HyperWRT, features advanced QoS as well as Ajax and SVG graphs.
Asuswrt
Asuswrt-Merlin

Other
Software distributions for routers with >5 GB Storage and >1 GB RAM

FreeBSD
 m0n0wall - m0n0wall is abandoned, but it was built on FreeBSD and boots off of flash storage or CD ROM media in under 12 megabytes.
 pfsense - a fork of m0n0wall.
 OPNsense - a fork of pfSense.

Linux
 Zeroshell – Routers and bridges with VPN, QoS, load balancing and other functions
 IPFire - Advanced firmware written from scratch with customizable firewall and optional packages in the form of add ons.
 TNSR - Router software from Netgate (originally based on CentOS Linux, however recent versions are based on Ubuntu Linux) that incorporates Vector Packet Processing, Data Plane Development Kit, FRRouting, and Clixon technologies.
 VyOS - Open source network operating system based on Debian Linux.

See also
 Comparison of router software projects
 Debian
 FreeBSD
 Kali Linux
 Linux kernel
 List of router and firewall distributions
 OpenBSD
 Outline of software
 Outline of free software
 NetBSD
 Tails

References

Further reading
 

Embedded Linux
Free software lists and comparisons
Free software projects
Free routing software
Firmware projects
Linux-based devices
Firmware projects
FreeBSD