omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Wang Buxuan. Wang Buxuan (5 February 1922 – 31 August 2019), also known as Bu-Xuan Wang and Pu-Hsuan Wang, was a Chinese thermal physicist and engineer, considered a pioneer in the field of engineering thermodynamics in China. He established the engineering thermodynamics program at Tsinghua University in 1957 and the China Solar Power Society in 1979. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

Early life and education 
Wang was born 5 February 1922 in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Republic of China. He earned a B.S. from the National Southwestern Associated University in 1943 and an M.S. in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in the United States in 1949.

Career 
When the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Wang gave up his doctoral studies and returned to China. He taught at Peking University before moving to Tsinghua University, where he established the engineering thermodynamics program in 1957. Answering a national need, Wang spent 1963 to 1966 researching the synthesis of ammonia at a major chemical plant in Sichuan province. By redesigning a compact heat exchange system to enhance heat transfer and improve catalystic reaction, he doubled the daily production of the plant. It was listed by the Chinese government as one of the country's 100 important achievements in 1966. In 1979, Wang founded the China Solar Power Society, and was its chairman until 1987.

Wang's research interests were heat transfer, including biomedical heat transfer and heat transfer through porous media, thermal properties of matter, and solar energy. From 1981 to 1987, he conducted basic research on the "film boiling of subcooled liquid flowing with higher velocity along a solid surface" and  the "evaporation of liquid drops on solid surface", which won the State Natural Science Award in 1989. He published more than 400 research papers with more than 2000 SCI citations, and ten monographs or textbooks.

Wang was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. He was conferred the Research Scholarship Award of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 1985, the Energy for Mankind Prize of the Global Energy Society in 1986, the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize for Technological Sciences in 1998, and the Lifetime Achievement Award by the China Solar Thermal Alliance in 2018.

Personal life and death 
Wang's eldest son, Wang Ruji (王如骥), is a chemist who served as vice chair of the chemistry department of Tsinghua University.

Wang died on 31 August 2019 in Beijing, aged 97.

References

External links 
Wang Buxuan at the National Museum for Modern Chinese Scientists

1922 births
2019 deaths
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Chinese mechanical engineers
Educators from Wuxi
Engineers from Jiangsu
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
National Southwestern Associated University alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Wuxi
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Nanomantini. Nanomantini is a tribe of Asian mantises in the new (2019) family Nanomantidae. There are about 6 genera and 10 described species in Nanomantini.

Genera
These genera belong to the tribe Nanomantini:
 Nanomantis Saussure, 1871
 Parananomantis Mukherjee, 1995 (monotypic)
 Sceptuchus Hebard, 1920

References

Further reading

 
 
 

Nanomantidae
Mantodea tribes
Olgica Milenkovic. Olgica Milenkovic is a coding theorist from the former Yugoslavia, known for her work in compressed sensing, low-density parity-check codes, and DNA digital data storage. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Education and career
Milenkovic graduated from the University of Niš in 1996, with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. She wrote a bachelor's thesis on Channel Capacity of a New Class of Modulation Codes, supervised by Bane Vasic. She moved to the University of Michigan for her graduate studies, continuing to work with Vasic there on a 2001 master's thesis, Multidimensional Modulation Codes for Magnetic and Optical Recording. She completed her Ph.D. at Michigan in 2002, with a dissertation Combinatorial Problems in Analysis of Algorithms and Coding Theory supervised by Kevin Compton. 

After her completing her doctorate, Milenkovic joined the department of electrical and computer engineering  at the University of Colorado Boulder. She moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2007, and was promoted to full professor there in 2015. 

In 2019, she served as Guest Editor in chief of a special project dedicated to interdisplinary work of V.I Levenshtein.

Contributions
Milenkovic's research includes using DNA to store and retrieve content such as Wikipedia articles and the Gettysburg Address.

Awards 

 NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award 
 The DARPA Young Faculty Award 
 The Dean's Excellence in Research Award

Recognition 
Milenkovic was a distinguished lecturer for the IEEE Information Theory Society in 2015. In 2018 she was elected as a Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to genomic data compression".

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Niš alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Serbian women engineers
21st-century women engineers
21st-century Serbian engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
Edscottite. Edscottite is an iron carbide mineral, with the formula Fe5C2. It was previously known to occur during iron smelting, but in 2019 was identified as occurring in nature, but not naturally occurring on earth, when it was discovered in a meteorite.

The source, the Wedderburn meteorite, was found in 1951 just outside Wedderburn in Australia, and is held in the Museums Victoria collection.

During a re-investigation of a section of the meteorite housed at the University of California, Los Angeles, Chi Ma and Alan Rubin verified the presence of a new mineral. They named it edscottite in honor of Edward (Ed) R. D. Scott of the University of Hawaii, USA, a pioneering cosmochemist.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics
 Cohenite

References

Further reading

List of Scott's work compiled by ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2132315612_Edward_R_D_Scott

 Edward R. D. Scott (1947–2021): A tribute to an exceptional scientist and wonderful man, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.13777

Iron minerals
Carbide minerals
Meteorite minerals
Sam Zeloof. Sam Zeloof (born ) is an American electrical engineer and entrepreneur. He is most well known for DIY microchip fabrication, having lithographically microfabricated various chips in his garage as early as the age of 17. Zeloof is currently CEO of his company  which builds tools for small semiconductor fabs.

Education
Zeloof attended Hunterdon Central Regional High School. He then went to Carnegie Mellon University where he studied electrical engineering between 2018–2022.

Career
Through autodidacticism and help from his father, Zeloof, at the age of 17, constructed a home microchip fabrication facility in his parents' garage. In 2018, he produced the first homebrew lithographically fabricated microchip, the Zeloof Z1, a PMOS dual differential amplifier chip. In 2021, he achieved a transistor count of 100 with the creation of the Zeloof Z2, a transistor array. 

His work takes partial inspiration from Jeri Ellsworth's "Cooking with Jeri" which demonstrates a homebrew transistor and logic gate fabrication process. His photolithography process is currently able to create details as small as 300 nanometers.

In 2022, Zeloof along with Jim Keller started , a startup to manufacture small batches of affordable microchips quickly.

Zeloof also has a considerable online presence with a Youtube channel focusing on microchip and semiconductor manufacturing.

References

External links
 
 
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electronics engineers
American inventors
Hunterdon Central Regional High School alumni
List of rubies by size. Rubies of various sizes have been found throughout the world. This is a list of rubies by size.

Gemstone

A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
 
Some gemstones that are popularly or historically called rubies, such as the Black Prince's Ruby in the British Imperial State Crown, are actually spinels. These were once known as "Balas rubies".

The quality of a ruby is determined by its color, cut, and clarity, which, along with carat weight, affect its value. The brightest and most valuable shade of red called blood-red or pigeon blood, commands a large premium over other rubies of similar quality. After color follows clarity: similar to diamonds, a clear stone will command a premium, but a ruby without any needle-like rutile inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated. Ruby is the traditional birthstone for July and is usually pinker than garnet, although some rhodolite garnets have a similar pinkish hue to most rubies. The world's most valuable ruby is the Sunrise Ruby.

Notable rubies

See also
 List of individual gemstones

Bibliography 
Notes

References 

 
 - Total pages: 627 

 
 - Total pages: 324 
 

Rubies
Rubies
Birgit Vogel-Heuser. Birgit Vogel-Heuser (born 1961) is a German computer scientist and professor at The Technical University of Munich (TUM). She has been cited over 12,000 times. Vogel-Heuser's research focuses on systems and software engineering, and modeling of distributed embedded systems. 

She received her engineering degree in 1987 and her doctorate in mechanical engineering in 1990 from the RWTH Aachen University. She was appointed to the Chair of Automation and Information Systems at TUM in 2009.

Selected research
Hehenberger, Peter, et al. "Design, modelling, simulation and integration of cyber physical systems: Methods and applications." Computers in Industry 82 (2016): 273-289.
Vogel-Heuser, Birgit, and Dieter Hess. "Guest editorial Industry 4.0–prerequisites and visions." IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 13.2 (2016): 411-413.
Vogel-Heuser, Birgit, et al. "Evolution of software in automated production systems: Challenges and research directions." Journal of Systems and Software 110 (2015): 54-84.
Vogel-Heuser, Birgit, Daniel Witsch, and Uwe Katzke. "Automatic code generation from a UML model to IEC 61131-3 and system configuration tools." 2005 International Conference on Control and Automation. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2005.

References

1961 births
Living people
German computer scientists
German women computer scientists
RWTH Aachen University alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Shipyards in Macau. Shipyards in Macau was once part of a shipbuilding industry that existed before disappearing after 2006.

History

Shipbuilding had existed in Macau for centuries but large scale beginning in the 1850s, peaked in the 1950s with 30 facilities and lasted until the 1980s before disappearing in 2006.

The industry which focused in building fishing vessels (namely wooden junks) used in Hong Kong and China was challenged by cheaper metal boats from China.

Coloane

The village of Lai Chi Vun Village was once home to at least 17 shipbuilders and now vacant. Veng Lok Shipyard was once located in Lai Chi Vun. Most other shipyards are abandoned and crumbling buildings facing demolition since 2016.

Model Shipbuilder

Today the only shipbuilding exists in Lai Chi Vun Village where Macao Association of Shipyard Workers builds model junks.

References

Shipbuilding companies of China
Water transport in Macau
Economic history of Macau
Cermak Road Bridge Historic District. The Cermak Road Bridge Historic District is a national historic district in the Lower West Side neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The district includes the Cermak Road Bridge, which carries Cermak Road across the Chicago River, and four buildings clustered around the bridge. The bridge opened in 1906 and is a rare surviving example of a Scherzer rolling lift bridge in Chicago. The four buildings, all originally factories or warehouses, represent the growth of industry along the river in the early twentieth century. Sites along the river provided access not only to transportation on the river itself but also to the many railroads in the area.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 2012.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Historic districts in Chicago
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Jianjun Shi. Jianjun "Jan" Shi () is a Chinese-born American engineer and the Carolyn J. Stewart Chair and Professor in the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering. He also works at the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for the "development of data fusion-based quality methods and their implementation in multistage manufacturing systems".

Biography
Shi was born in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. He received his B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Beijing Institute of Technology in 1984 and 1987, and his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1992 under the supervision of Shien-Ming (Sam) Wu. Prior to joining Georgia Institute of Technology in 2008, he was the G. Lawton and Louise G. Johnson Professor of Engineering at the University of Michigan.

Research and education
Dr. Shi is a pioneer in the development and application of data fusion for quality improvements. His methodologies integrate system informatics, advanced statistics, and control theory for the design and operational improvements of manufacturing and service systems by fusing engineering systems models with data science methods. Shi has advised 38 Ph.D. graduates, 26 of whom have joined an academic industrial engineering department as a faculty member.  Among them, seven received National Science Foundation Career Awards and one received the National Science PECASE Award.

Shi has published one book “Stream of Variation Modeling and Analysis for Multistage Manufacturing Processes”,  and more than 180 papers. Shi has served as the Editor-in-Chief of the IISE Transactions (2017-2020), the flagship journal of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers.

Awards and honors
 George Box Medal (2022) 
 Fellow of Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) (2021) 
 S.M. Wu Research Implementation Award (2021) 
 ASQ Walter Shewhart Medal from the American Society for Quality (2021)  
 ASQ Brumbaugh Award from the American Society for Quality (2019) 
 Member of National Academy of Engineering (NAE) (2018)  
 The Horace Pops Medal Award (2018)  
 IISE David F. Baker Distinguished Research Award (2016)  
 Academician of the International Academy for Quality  
 IISE Albert G. Holzman Distinguished Educator Award (2011)  
 Fellow of Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) (2008)
 Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) (2007)
 Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (2007) 
 Monroe-Brown Foundation Research Excellence Award (2007)  
 National Science Foundation Career Award (1996)

References

1963 births
Living people
Georgia Tech faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Engineers from Hebei
People from Shijiazhuang
Beijing Institute of Technology alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Chinese emigrants to the United States
American industrial engineers
University Laboratory for Small Satellites and Space Engineering Systems. The University Laboratory for Small Satellites and Space Engineering Systems (abbreviated and stylized as ULyS3ES) is a space research complex of two buildings.

History
ULyS3ES was joint project of the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Department of Science and Technology Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI). The project costing about  was funded through DOST Grants-in-Aid in 2016. At that time, the facility was meant to augment the PHL-Microsat program which was later succeeded by the Space Technology and Applications Mastery, Innovation and Advancement (STAMINA4Space) Program as well as to encourage people to take up a career in space technology. It opened on August 31, 2019.

Facilities
ULyS3ES consists of two buildings designated as ULyS3ES-1 and ULyS3ES-2which hosts equipment and facilities that would allow the designing and development of small satellites and the testing and implementation of satellite bus and payload systems. It hosts a full anechoic chamber (FAC) to aid in measuring antenna radiation patterns and hasten the development of satellite communication systems. It also has a separate temperature and humidity test chamber.

References

2019 establishments in the Philippines
Space program of the Philippines
Research institutes in Metro Manila
University and college laboratories in the Philippines
Phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid. Phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (ε- or 6-(phthalimido)peroxyhexanoic acid, abbreviated as PAP) is a synthetic organic peroxy acid derived from caprolactam and phthalic anhydride. The compound is mainly used as a preformed bleaching agent, alternatively to or together with hydrogen peroxide, in moderate laundry conditions of pH and temperature. It is also used as a tooth whitening agent. PAP is a white odorless crystalline powder at room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water and a strong oxidizer.

References 

Organic peroxy acids
Phthalimides
Leslie Hogben. Leslie Hogben is an American mathematician specializing in graph theory and linear algebra, and known for her mentorship of graduate students in mathematics. She is a professor emerita of mathematics at Iowa State University, where she held the Dio Lewis Holl Chair in Applied Mathematics 2012-2020; she was also professor (by courtesy) of electrical and computer engineering at Iowa State, associate dean for graduate studies and faculty development of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Iowa State (2019-2024), and associate director for diversity at the American Institute of Mathematics.

Education and career
Hogben graduated summa cum laude in 1974 from Swarthmore College, and completed her Ph.D. in 1978 at Yale University. Her dissertation, Radical Classes of Jordan Algebras, concerned ring theory and was supervised by Nathan Jacobson.

She joined Iowa State University as a tenure-track instructor in 1978. There, she was tenured in 1983, promoted to full professor in 2006, and given the Dio Lewis Holl Chair in 2012, and retired in 2024. She added her courtesy appointment in electrical and computer engineering in 2013. She was named associate dean in 2019.

Hogben became associate director for diversity at the American Institute of Mathematics in 2007.

Books
Hogben is the editor of the Handbook of Linear Algebra (CRC Press, 2007; 2nd ed., 2014) and edited several other books.  She is the author (with Jephian Lin and Bryan Shader) of Inverse Problems and Zero Forcing for Graphs (AMS, 2022) and the author of the textbook Elementary Linear Algebra (West Publishing, 1987).

Recognition
The Association for Women in Mathematics has included her in the 2020 class of AWM Fellows for "being an endless champion for women in mathematics for nearly 40 years; for her outstanding record of involvement in programs to promote equal treatment and equal opportunities for women and minorities in mathematics". In 2020, she was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in the Section on Mathematics. She  was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the 2024 class of fellows.

Personal life
Hogben is the daughter of C. A. M. Hogben, a physiologist at George Washington University and later the University of Iowa. She is the granddaughter of British zoologist and medical statistician Lancelot Hogben and of his wife, demographer Enid Charles. She married mathematician Mark Hunacek, who became a teaching professor at Iowa State after many years as an assistant attorney general for the State of Iowa.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Graph theorists
Swarthmore College alumni
Yale University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
20th-century American women mathematicians
21st-century American women mathematicians
Cascade refrigeration. A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers.

In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. The evaporation-condensation temperatures of each cycle are sequentially lower with some overlap to cover the total temperature drop desired, with refrigerants selected to work efficiently in the temperature range they cover. The low temperature system removes heat from the space to be cooled using an evaporator, and transfers it to a heat exchanger that is cooled by the evaporation of the refrigerant of the high temperature system. Alternatively, a liquid-to-liquid or similar heat exchanger may be used instead. The high-temperature system transfers heat to a conventional condenser that carries the entire heat output of the system and may be passive, fan, or water-cooled.

Cascade cycles may be separated by either being sealed in separated loops or in what is referred to as an "auto-cascade", where the gases are compressed as a mixture but separated as one refrigerant condenses into a liquid while the other continues as a gas through the rest of the cycle. Although an auto-cascade introduces several constraints on the design and operating conditions of the system that may reduce the efficiency, it is often used in small systems due to only requiring a single compressor or in cryogenic systems as it reduces the need for high-efficiency heat exchangers to prevent the compressors leaking heat into the cryogenic cycles. Both types can be used in the same system, generally with the separate cycles being the first stage(s) and the auto-cascade being the last stage.

Peltier coolers may also be cascaded into a multi-stage system to achieve lower temperatures. Here, the hot side of the first Peltier cooler is cooled by the cold side of the second Peltier cooler, which is larger in size, whose hot side is in turn cooled by the cold side of an even larger Peltier cooler, and so on. Efficiency drops very rapidly as more stages are added but for very small heat loads down to near-cryogenic temperatures this can often be an effective solution due to being compact and low cost, such as in mid-range thermographic cameras. A two stage Peltier cooler can achieve around -30°C, -75°C with three stages, -85°C with four stages, -100°C with six stages, and -123°C with seven stages. Refrigeration power and efficiency are low but Peltier coolers can be small, for small cooling loads resulting in overall low power consumption for a Peltier cooler with three stages.
 For a Peltier cooler with seven stages, power consumption can be 65 W with a cooling capacity of 80 mW.

Refrenece

Cooling technology
 
Preservation methods
Thermodynamic cycles
Thermodynamic processes
Thermodynamic systems
Cycle