omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aircraft performance. Aircraft performance refers to the ability of airplanes and helicopters to accomplish certain useful things. It is an important consideration when designing and testing aircraft, to ensure the aircraft can be operated in an efficient and economic manner. There are typically trade-offs involved, for example an aircraft optimised for cruise performance will not necessarily be optimised for the climb. Adaptive compliant wings and variable-sweep wings are technologies aimed at improving performance during the different stages of flight.

The subject of aircraft performance includes aircraft speed, ceiling, range and fuel efficiency, take-off distance required, and climb rate. It also includes aircraft controllability speeds.

Aircraft manufacturers will publish performance data in an aircraft flight manual, concerning the behaviour of the aircraft under various circumstances, such as different speeds, weights, and air temperatures, pressures, & densities. Performance data is information pertaining to takeoff, climb, range, endurance, descent, and landing.

Aircraft performance is affected by atmospheric conditions. Climb performance will be reduced in hot and high conditions, as well as in humid conditions. Higher temperatures and humidities, and lower pressures reduce air density.

See also

 Aircraft engine performance
 Jet engine performance
 Takeoff
 Landing
 Landing performance
 Ceiling (aeronautics)
 Flight envelope
 Hot and high
 Drag curve
 Wing loading
 V speeds

References

External links
 Eurocontrol performance database
 MIT lecture on aircraft performance
Protected Water Surfaces (Japan). are areas of water in Japan so designated, in accordance with Section 2 of the 1951 , by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in conjunction with the prefectural governor in an effort to protect and cultivate the aquatic animals and plants living on and below the surface.

As of August 2002, there were 55 designated , totalling some , and 65 , the latter comprising 59 riverine surfaces, with a total length of , and 6 lacustrine surfaces, with a protected area of . Representative of each type are areas of the Seto Inland and Ariake Seas, Ibi, Kinugawa, Nagara, and Tenryū Rivers, and Lakes Biwa and Kasumigaura, respectively.

In these areas, as well as no-take measures, with the harvesting of all or particular species prohibited, and breeding and propagation initiatives, activities including dredging and land reclamation are restricted and regulated.

See also
 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
 100 Fishing Village Heritage Sites (Japan)
 Wildlife of Japan: Fish
 Fishing in Japan

References

Protected areas of Japan
Fishing in Japan
Y.3173. Y.3173 is an ITU-T Recommendation building upon Y.3172 specifying a  framework for evaluation intelligence levels of future networks such as 5G (IMT-2020). This includes:

 Development trend of network intelligence
 Methods for evaluating network intelligence levels
 Architectural view for evaluating network intelligence levels

The standard addresses issue in Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) of IMT-2020 networks such as:

 diversified network deployment scenarios are
 diversified terminals, such as in Internet of things (IoT)
 manual decision-making mechanisms
 mechanisms analysing large amounts of network
 network connectivity among UEs

 decoupling of software from the hardware in networks

 transition towards a service-based intelligent network

Network intelligence is defined as:

 Level of application of automation capabilities including those enabled by the integration of artificial intelligence techniques in the network.

References

External links 

 ITU-T Recommendation Y.3173

ITU-T Y Series Recommendations
ITU-T recommendations
Japanese destroyer Uzuki (1906). ("Month of Deutzia") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Uzuki was launched at Kawasaki's shipyard in Kobe on 20 September 1906 and completed on 6 March 1907. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was decommissioned on 1 December 1924 and was then converted into a radio-controlled target ship in January 1929.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Japanese destroyer Hatsuharu (1906). ("Early Spring") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Hatsuharu was launched at the Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation's shipyard in Kobe on 12 May 1906 and completed on 1 March 1907. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition during the Russian Civil War. She was decommissioned on 1 December 1924. She was sunk as a target by planes from the aircraft carriers  and  on 13 August 1928.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Ships sunk as targets
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Shipwrecks of Japan
Japanese destroyer Shigure (1906). ("Rainy Season") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Shigure was launched at Kawasaki's shipyard in Kobe on 12 March 1906 and completed on 11 July. The ship saw service in World War I. She was decommissioned on 1 April 1924 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Japanese destroyer Harukaze (1905). ("Spring Wind") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun. When Harukaze was converted into a minesweeper in 1924, she was rearmed with a pair of  3rd Year Type guns taken from older ships on single mounts and the three-inch 8 cwt guns were removed.

Construction and career 
Harukaze was launched at Kawasaki's shipyard in Kobe on 25 December 1905 and completed on 14 May 1906. The ship saw service in World War I and was converted into a minesweeper on 1 December 1924. She was decommissioned on 1 April 1928 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1905 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Japanese destroyer Matsukaze (1906). ("Wind in the coastal pines") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Matsukaze was launched at Kawasaki's shipyard in Kobe on 23 December 1906 and completed on 16 February 1907. The ship saw service in World War I and participated in the Siberian Expedition. She was decommissioned on 1 April 1924 and subsequently broken up for scrap.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Human Footprint. The Human Footprint is an ecological footprint map of human influence on the terrestrial systems of the Earth. It was first published in a 2002 article by Eric W. Sanderson, Malanding Jaiteh, Marc A. Levy, Kent H. Redford, Antoinette V. Wannebo, and Gillian Woolmer. A map of human influence became possible with the advent of high-resolution satellite imagery in the 1990s.

Method
The map is made to a resolution of  and is an aggregate of eight factors: major roadways, navigable waterways, railways, crop lands, pasture lands, the built environment, light pollution, and human population density. In order to compare the effect of influence from different factors, the magnitude of influence for each factor was ranked on a scale of 0–10. These eight factors measure four types of data, which are cumulatively used as a measure of human influence: population density, land transformation, accessibility, and electrical power infrastructure. The first Human Footprint map was published in 2002 with data that had been collected in the early 1990s, approximately 1993. In 2016, an updated map was published using the same methodology, using data from 2009.

Due to incomplete satellite imagery, the original Human Footprint map did not include Antarctica nor some of the Small Island Developing States of the Pacific Ocean. Marine and freshwater systems are excluded, as different factors would be necessary to map human influence.

Change over time
The Human Footprint increased by 9% from 1993 to 2009, at least partly attributable to a human population increase of 23% and a global economy increase of 153% during the same period. Though population and economic growth far exceed the growth of the Human Footprint, the areas that saw increased human influence were those with the highest biodiversity.

See also
 Carbon footprint: the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, service, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent
 Last of the Wild: a complementary global map produced in the same 2002 study that shows the wildest remaining areas of each biome

References

Environmental indices
Maps
Environmental impact assessment
Wildlife Conservation Society
Japanese destroyer Yūnagi (1906). ("an evening calm") was one of 32  destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century.

Design and description
The Kamikaze-class destroyers were improved versions of the preceding . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ships had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The Kamikazes were powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft using steam produced by four Kampon water-tube boilers. The engines produced a total of  that gave the ships a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at a speed of . Their crew consisted of 70 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Kamikaze-class ships consisted of two 40-calibre quick-firing (QF)  12 cwt guns on single mounts; the forward gun was located on superstructure, but the aft gun was at the stern. Four 28-calibre QF three-inch 8 cwt guns on single mounts were positioned abreast the superstructure, two in each broadside. The ships were also armed with two single rotating mounts for  torpedoes between the superstructure and the stern gun.

Construction and career 
Yūnagi was launched at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal on 22 August 1906 and completed on 25 December. The ship was decommissioned on 1 April 1924 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Citations

Books

 

Kamikaze-class destroyers (1905)
1906 ships
World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built by Maizuru Naval Arsenal
Anderson's bridge. In electronics, Anderson's bridge is a bridge circuit used to measure the self-inductance of the coil. It enables  measurement of inductance by utilizing other circuit components like resistors and capacitors.

Anderson's bridge was invented by Alexander Anderson in 1891. He modified Maxwell's inductance capacitance bridge so that it gives very accurate measurement of self-inductance.

Balance conditions 
The balance conditions for Anderson's bridge or, equivalently the values of the self-inductance and resistance of the given coil can be found using basic circuit analysis techniques such as KCL, KVL and using phasors.
Consider the circuit diagram of Anderson's bridge in the given figure. Let L1 be the self-inductance and R1 be the electrical resistance of the coil under consideration. Since the voltmeter is ideally assumed to have nearly infinite impedance, the currents in branches ab and bc and those in the branches de and ec are taken to be equal. Applying Kirchhoff's current law at node d, it can be shown that-

                                   
Since the analysis is being made under the balanced condition of the bridge, it can be said that the voltage drop across the voltmeter is essentially zero. On applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to the appropriate loops(in the anti-clockwise direction), the following relations hold-
 

On solving these sets of equations, one can finally obtain the self-inductance and resistance of the coil as-

Advantages 
The Anderson's bridge can also be used the other way round- that is, it can be used to measure the capacitance of an unknown capacitor using an inductor coil whose self-inductance and electrical resistance have been pre-determined to a high degree of precision. An interesting point to note is the fact that the measured self-inductance of the coil does not change even on taking dielectric loss within the capacitor into account. Another advantage of using this modified bridge is that unlike the variable capacitor used in Maxwell bridge, it makes use of a fixed capacitor which is relatively quite cheaper.

Disadvantages 
One of the obvious difficulties associated with Anderson's bridge are the relatively complex balance equation calculations compared to the Maxwell bridge. The circuit connections and computations are similarly more cumbersome in comparison to the Maxwell bridge.

References

Measuring instruments
Bridge circuits
Analog circuits
Irish inventions
Impedance measurements
Avis Overhead Bridge. The Avis Overhead Bridge (Hinton Main Street Bridge) is located in Hinton, West Virginia. It was constructed in 1927-1930 in partnership with the City of Hinton and C&O Railroad to replace a previous at grade crossing. The construction company that built the bridge is unknown at this time, but the design of the bridge is similar to the patented Marsh Arch Rainbow Through Arch bridges.

The bridge was closed to vehicle traffic in 2003 after a new bridge was built nearby. In 2016, the bridge was added to a list for preservation by the Preservation Alliance of West Virginia. According to the preservation alliance, the West Virginia Department of Transportation is looking for a nonprofit that will take ownership of the bridge. The nonprofit would have to be able to repair or dismantle the bridge.

References 

Bridges in West Virginia
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Bridges completed in 1930
Hinton, West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Summers County, West Virginia
Zoia Duriagina. Zoia Antonivna Duriagina (; born 8 June 1950 in Lviv) is a Ukrainian scientist, materials engineer, doctor of sciences, professor, full member of the Academy of Sciences of Higher Education of Ukraine, a member of Shevchenko Scientific Society, and the head of the Department of Applied Materials Science and Materials Processing at the Institute of Engineering Mechanics and Transport, which is part of Lviv Polytechnic National University.

She has an entry in the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine.

Biography 
Zoia Duriagina was born on 8 June 1950 in the Lviv. After graduating from Lviv Secondary School № 6 in 1967, she entered the Lviv Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1972 with a degree in metallurgical engineering in the specialty "Physics of Metals." In the same year she entered graduate school at the Department of Physics of Metals and Materials Science. After successfully graduating from graduate school from 1975 to 2013, she worked at Lviv Polytechnic as a junior researcher at the research laboratory, assistant, senior lecturer, associate professor, professor (2006) of the Department of Engineering Materials Science and Applied Physics. Since 2012 — Head of the Department of Applied Materials Science and Materials Processing, National University "Lviv Polytechnic." Since 2015, Professor ZA Duryagina He also teaches at the Department of Engineering and Technical Sciences of the John Paul II Catholic University in Lublin (Poland).

In 1978, she defended her dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences—"The influence of the structure of stainless steels on corrosion resistance and the tendency to cracking in the conditions of sulfur smelting."

In 2005, she defended her dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences—"Regularities of creating barrier layers with a controlled structural-phase state to optimize the properties of structural materials of power equipment."

She has published 275 scientific papers in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, solid state physics and surface engineering, the lion's share of which are articles in professional journals, including 55 articles in journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science databases.

See also
Lviv Polytechnic National University
Shevchenko Scientific Society

References

Sources
 Б.С. Рильніков, С.Г. Швачко. Кафедра інженерного матеріалознавства та прикладної фізики: До 135-річчя заснування. — Львів: Видавництво Національного університету "Львівська політехніка", 2007. — 108 с. 
 Дурягіна Зоя Антонівна (вікі: Електронна енциклопедія «Львівської політехніки»)

External links

1950 births
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
20th-century Ukrainian women scientists
Engineers from Lviv
20th-century Ukrainian engineers
20th-century women engineers
21st-century Ukrainian engineers
21st-century women engineers
Living people
Ukrainian women engineers
21st-century Ukrainian women scientists
Women materials scientists and engineers