omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Miles Hobby. The Miles M.13 Hobby was a small low-winged monoplane built for racing and research in the United Kingdom just before World War II.  A single engined single seater, it ended its days in the wind tunnel at the R.A.E.

Design and development
The Hobby, named like many other aircraft designed by F. G. Miles after a bird of prey, was a small low winged cantilever monoplane powered by an inverted, inline 145 hp (108 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major 2  engine driving a two-blade variable-pitch propeller.  It was intended both as a racer and as an aerodynamic research aircraft.  It was a wooden aircraft with spruce frames for both fuselage and flying surfaces with a birch plywood skin and a final cover of doped fabric.  It was unusual, particularly for a monoplane, in having a span less than its length. The rudder alone was horn balanced.  The pilot's cockpit, placed at the wing trailing edge was enclosed and neatly glazed for its day with a single piece Perspex windscreen and separate cover.  The Hobby was fitted with flaps and a retractable undercarriage, both hydraulically operated.  The main undercarriage legs were mounted almost at mid-span, giving the Hobby a wide track, and when retracted the wheels were completely enclosed by a combination of fairings on the undercarriage legs and separate fairing which filled in the remaining semicircular gap.  It had a tailskid at the rear.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) documents show it to have been registered (as G-AFAW) on 26 April 1937, but it seems it not to have flown until early September, piloted by F.G Miles at Woodley Aerodrome.  That was only a few days before the 1937 Kings Cup air race for which it had been entered.  Unfortunately, troubles with the novel undercarriage retraction mechanism prevented its completion in time to fly in the eliminating races, held on 10 September.  It was able to give a demonstration at Hatfield the following day, when the Kings Cup final was held.  Despite this disappointment, the Hobby was used for experimental flying by Miles until the following Spring.  It was deregistered in April 1938 but then sold to the RAE for wind tunnel testing, the small span enabling it to fit inside. It was then possible to compare measurements made in the tunnel with those from free flight conditions.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British sport aircraft
Hobby
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Chinese cruiser Ping Hai. Ping Hai () was a light cruiser in the Chinese fleet before World War II and the second ship of the . The ship was laid down in China to the specifications supplied by the Japanese, and Japanese advisors were hired to oversee the construction. Compared to its sister ship Ning Hai, it had a lower-output powerplant and lacked seaplane facilities. Its anti-aircraft armament was also different from that of its sister.

The progress of its construction was affected by the Mukden Incident (18 September 1931) and the January 28 Incident (28 January – 3 March 1932). Disruption of parts supply and non-cooperation of Japanese advisors delayed its launch date from the originally planned 10 October 1933 to 28 September 1935. Blocked delivery of originally-specified anti-aircraft weapons meant that equivalent replacements of those weapons had to be bought via Germany.  When it was completed in 1936, official outbreak of war was barely a year away.

Service record 
Ping Hai served as the flagship of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN) since April 1937.

As one of the most powerful surface combatants within the ROCN, Ping Hai was subjected to aerial attacks by the Imperial Japanese Navy since the Battle of Shanghai, but she was not until 23 September, during the Japanese assault on the Kiangyin Fortress (which guarded the segment of Yangtze River near Nanking), for Ping Hai to finally succumb with her sister ship to airstrikes launched from both the aircraft carrier  and airfields around occupied Shanghai.

She was then re-floated by the Japanese in 1938 as sunken ships would not be as badly corroded by river water as they would be by sea water. Originally the ship was to be transferred to the Collaborationist navy under Wang Jing-Wei, but the Japanese elected to seize her instead and had Ping Hai towed to Sasebo, outfitted first as a barracks hulk  and ultimately as the escort ship Yasoshima on 10 June 1944. She was re-rated first as a coastal defense ship and then as an escort vessel. The ship lost all cruiser armaments but received radar sets as well as standard Japanese dual-purpose and anti-aircraft weapons.

Yasoshima was deployed for combat operations on 25 September 1944, participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf and escorting troop convoys. Aircraft from the carriers  and  caught her escorting two merchantmen west of Luzon and sank all three on 25 November 1944.

References

Bibliography

External links 

 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/exchina-cl.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100510015014/http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/3821/2004/08/26/151@280506.htm
 http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/japan/japsh-xz/yasoshma.htm

Ning Hai-class cruisers
Ships built in China
1931 ships
Second Sino-Japanese War cruisers of China
Cruisers sunk by aircraft
World War II cruisers of Japan
Captured ships
Maritime incidents in November 1944
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Ships sunk by US aircraft
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Naval ships of the Republic of China captured by Japan during World War II
Wankel. Wankel may refer to:

 Wankel engine, a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design instead of reciprocating pistons
 Wankel AG, a German company that produces Wankel engines for ultralight aircraft and racing cars

People
 Charlotte Wankel (1888–1969), Norwegian painter
 Felix Wankel (1902–1988), German engineer; inventor of the Wankel engine
 Georg Reinholdt Wankel (1843–1907), Norwegian politician
 Heinrich Wankel (1821–1897), Czech palaeontologist

See also
 Wenkel, a surname

German-language surnames
Pantograph (lighting suspension). A pantograph is a commonly used overhead suspension system for lamps and audio and video monitors in television studios. It is also used on a smaller scale in many photography studios. Using either motor driven cables or a spring system, the pantograph can be balanced so that a light touch can readjust the height of the load (usually a lamp). The system usually works through a series of connected diagonals that can be compressed or extended to adjust the height of the rig.

External links 
 Doughty Pantographs
 IFF manual pole operated pantograph
 IFF manual operated friction pantographs
 IFF motorized pantograph
 Bowens Website Goto to "Accessories", then "Overhead/Pantograph" section (website doesn't allow direct links)

Stage lighting
Polymer Bulletin. Polymer Bulletin is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, covering polymer science, including chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, and material science.

Impact factor 
Polymer Bulletin had a 2020 impact factor of 2.870.

Editors 
The Editors of the journal are Jochen Gutmann, Noriyoshi Matsumi, and Daewon Sohn. Klaus Müllen is the Honorary Editor of the journal. Associate Editors are Günther Auernhammer, Patrick Burch, Youssef Habibi and Gilberto Siqueira.

External links

References 

Chemistry journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1978
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Spark plug wires. Spark plug wires (also called high tension leads) are electrical cables used by older internal combustion engines to transmit high-voltage electricity from the distributor to the spark plugs . Tension in this instance is a synonym for voltage. High tension may also be referred to as HT.

Many modern engines use coil-on-plug ignition, a design that does not use spark plug wires.

Design 

Spark plug wires have an outer insulation several times thicker than the conductor, made of a very flexible and heat-resistant material such as silicone or EPDM rubber. The thick insulation prevents arcing from the cable to an earthed engine component.  A rubber "boot" covers each terminal. Dielectric grease can be used to improve insulation; a small amount can be applied in the inside of the rubber boot at each end of each wire to help seal out moisture.  Printing on spark plug wires may include a brand name, insulation thickness (in millimeters), insulation material type, cylinder number, and conductor type (suppressor or solid wire).  

The wire from each spark plug is just long enough to reach the distributor, without excess. Each lead contains only one wire, as the current does not return through the same lead, but through the earthed/grounded engine which is connected to the opposite battery terminal (negative terminal on modern engines). Each end of a spark plug wire has a metal terminal that clips onto the spark plug and distributor, coil, or magneto. There are dedicated spark plug wire pliers, tools designed for removing the terminal from a spark plug without damaging it. 

To reduce radio frequency interference (RFI) produced by the spark being radiated by the wires, which may cause malfunction of sensitive electronic systems in modern vehicles or interfere with the car radio, various means in the spark plug and associated lead have been used over time to reduce the nuisance:
 Copper conductors (no suppression)
 Resistor in spark plug with copper conductor
 Compressed carbon powder as conductor in the lead to act as a resistor
 Stainless steel wire wound as a coil in the lead with a resistance of about 1300 ohms/meter since 1980s. This acts as an inductor and a resistor

Coil wire 
Older ignition systems with a separate ignition coil use a coil wire between the ignition coil and the distributor. A coil wire is of the same construction as a spark plug wire, but generally shorter and with different terminals. Some distributors have an ignition coil built inside them, eliminating the need for a separate coil wire, such as the High Energy Ignition (HEI) system used by General Motors in the 1970s and 1980s.

Some engines instead used multiple ignition coils (one for each pair of cylinders) built into a coil pack, eliminating the need for a distributor and coil wire.

Alternatives 
Many modern car engines use coil-on-plug ignition, which eliminates the need for spark plug wires.

Diesel engines do not use spark plugs, and therefore do not use spark plug wires either.

See also
Power cable

References 

Auto parts
Ignition systems
Electric power distribution
Engine components
Trojan armoured engineer vehicle. The Trojan armoured engineer vehicle (AEV) is a combat engineering vehicle of the British Army. It is used to breach minefields and for many other tasks. It is currently in use with the Royal Engineers.

Design
The Trojan armoured engineer vehicle is based on a Challenger 2 tank chassis, but lacks the main armament. In place of the turret, it has a large hydraulic excavator arm, which can be used to excavate areas, move obstacles, and deposit the fascine that the Trojan carries at its rear. The Trojan is usually also fitted with a plough on the front, which enables it to clear mines, either detonating them on contact, or pushing them out of the way to clear a safe channel for following vehicles.

For self-defence only, it carries a 7.62mm machine gun.

For rapid mine-clearing purposes, the Trojan can also tow a trailer carrying the Python, a rocket-propelled hose similar to the Giant Viper. This allows for a much quicker way of clearing a path for ground forces. The hose, packed with explosive, is launched across a minefield, and detonates after it hits the ground, clearing a 7-metre wide path for 230 metres.

History
The vehicles were built at BAE Systems Land Systems plant in Newcastle upon Tyne. The contract was awarded in 2001 to Vickers Defence Systems, who were bought by BAE Systems in 2004. The project was known as the Future Engineer Tank. 33 have been built.

It was first used on exercise in May 2007 with the 1st Battalion (Mechanised) of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment.

A number of Trojans are permanently based in Canada at British Army Training Unit Suffield in order to allow the Royal Engineers to support Armoured Battle Groups on major exercises.

Trojans were first deployed operationally by the British Army to Afghanistan in 2009 engaging in their first advance under contact in 2010. During Operation Moshtarak 28 Engineer Regiment operated the Trojan attempting to use its traditional mine clearance equipment in the Counter-IED role in support of a major British Army advance.

Its companion vehicle, developed at the same time, is another variant of the Challenger 2, the Titan  armoured bridge layer, of which 33 have also been built.

See also
 M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle - similar US engineering vehicle
 Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers - a type of vehicle largely replaced by the new Trojan AEV
 Combat engineer vehicle

References

External links

 Royal Engineers

Military engineering vehicles of the United Kingdom
Mine warfare countermeasures
BAE Systems land vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 2007
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s
Instrument. Instrument may refer to:

Science and technology
 Flight instruments, the devices used to measure the speed, altitude, and pertinent flight angles of various kinds of aircraft
 Laboratory equipment, the measuring tools used in a scientific laboratory, often electronic in nature
 Mathematical instrument, devices used in geometric construction or measurements in astronomy, surveying and navigation
 Measuring instrument, a device used to measure or compare physical properties
 Medical instrument, a device used to diagnose or treat diseases
 Optical instrument, relies on the properties of light
 Quantum instrument, a mathematical object in quantum theory combining the concepts of measurement and quantum operation
 Scientific instrument, a device used to collect scientific data
 Surgical instrument
 Vehicle instrument, a device measuring parameters of a vehicle, such as its speed or position
 Weather instrument, a device used to record aspects of the weather

Music
 Musical instrument, a device designed to produce musical sounds
 Experimental musical instrument 
 Percussion instrument, which is struck
 String instrument, uses vibrating strings
 Transposing instrument, allows music to be played in a different key
 Wind instrument, which is blown
 Brass instrument, a sub type of wind instruments
 Woodwind instrument, another sub type
 Instrument (album), by To Rococo Rot, 2014
 Instrument Soundtrack, 1999 album by American band Fugazi
 Instrument 1, a MIDI controller designed by Artiphon

Other uses
 Instrument (film), a documentary of the band Fugazi, directed by Jem Cohen
 Instruments (application), a performance visualizer
 Instrumental variable, a method used in statistics
 Financial instrument, a formal documentation of a financial transaction
 Legal instrument, a formal documentation of a status or transaction
 Negotiable instrument, a type of contract
 Statutory instrument, a form of legislation
 Instrumental case, in linguistics, a grammatical case expressing the instrument by which an action is performed

See also
 
 Instrumental (disambiguation)
 Instrumentation (disambiguation)
Natan Bernot. Natan Bernot (11 April 1931 –  22 August 2018) was a Slovenian mechanical engineer, energy engineering and energy development specialist and a former Yugoslav slalom canoeist from Slovenia who competed from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s. With his brother Dare, he won a silver medal in the C-2 event at the 1963 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Spittal.

In his professional work Natan Bernot favoured a complex approach to the world's energy issues. A new area of study, the energiology should address the complex links between energy development, technology and social issues, especially labour and education. Energiology is expected to provide new insight and guidance for policies in the relevant areas.

References

ICF Olympic Games + World Championships, The Medal Winners, p. 41. retrieved 2014-02-13

1931 births
2018 deaths
Yugoslav male canoeists
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
Canoeists from Ljubljana
William Ripper. William Ripper, CH (1853–1937) was a British educationalist. He was principal of Sheffield Technical School when it merged with other institutions to create the University of Sheffield, and he was acting vice-chancellor of the university from 1917 to 1919.

He started as a dockyard apprentice, was later a science teacher in the Central Higher School of Sheffield, publishing a book on chemistry.  However, his main technical work was as a mechanical engineer.  He published two notable books on steam and steam engines which went through several editions. Steam was later, in 1909, expanded to cover the recently developed steam turbines and internal combustion engines, being then re-titled as Heat Engines

He was therefore appointed to teach mechanical engineering at Sheffield Technical School, becoming professor in 1889 and then principal. The Technical School became the Department of Applied Science in the new University in 1905, with Ripper as head. During the First World War the then Vice-Chancellor Herbert Fisher was called away to a government post, and Ripper took on the role until 1919. He managed this in addition to his position of professor of mechanical engineering, and also coordinator of the university war effort, which included extensive training for industry and allocation of work to local firms for efficient production, as well as research and direct technical support.

Ripper was also instrumental in setting up local ‘trades technical societies’ to promote good technical practice and worker education, sometimes using the university’s laboratories.

Ripper retired from the university in 1923 and died in 1937.

Published works

 with Alfred Kersey

References

External links

1853 births
1937 deaths
Academics of the University of Sheffield
British mechanical engineers
Vice-chancellors of the University of Sheffield
Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation). A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an energy source.

Perpetual Motion Machine may also refer to:
 Perpetual Motion Machine (album), a 1993 album by 13 Engines
 "Perpetual Motion Machine", a song by Klaatu from the album Sir Army Suit
 "Perpetual Motion Machine", a song by Modest Mouse from the album No One's First, and You're Next
Charles Speziale. Charles Gregory Speziale (June 16, 1948 – April 30, 1999) was an American scientist who had worked in NASA Langley Research Center and a former Professor in Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering,
Boston University, Massachusetts, US.

Biography

Early life
Speziale was born on June 16, 1948, in Newark, New Jersey. His father was Peter Speziale. Charles Speziale was the only child in the family.

Speziale attended the Newark College of Engineering (now known as New Jersey Institute of Technology), where he earned a bachelor's degree in civil
engineering and applied mathematics in 1970, and a master's degree in engineering mechanics in 1972. He spent the
following year at Rutgers University, New Jersey, to study mechanical engineering and continued Ph.D. study in
Princeton University. In 1977, he received a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in New Jersey.

Research and teaching
Speziale had contributed to fluid mechanics. He had published many articles in turbulence, non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, heat transfer and combustion modelling, and kinetic theory of gases. He had been a scientist in ICASE, NASA Langley Research Center.

Speziale had been a faculty member at Stevens Institute of Technology.

During the years 1993–1999, Speziale taught turbulence and engineering courses in the College of Engineering at Boston University.  He had taught graduate courses in turbulence and focused his research on turbulence modeling. His latest work had been published on the turbulence modelling of computing non-equilibrium turbulent flows in complex flows.

Speziale had been an APS fellow in 1997, cited "For the rational analysis and modeling of turbulent flows that has enhanced our ability to compute complex flows of scientific importance". Speziale had been memorialized by many researchers for his original work in his fields, especially in turbulence.

References 

1948 births
1999 deaths
American fluid dynamicists
Computational fluid dynamicists
Boston University faculty
Princeton University alumni
New Jersey Institute of Technology alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Brown Safe Manufacturing. Brown Safe Manufacturing, Inc. is a family-owned security company that primarily manufacturers high-security custom and luxury safes and vaults, headquartered in Vista, California.

History
Founded in 1980 by Fredrick Brown, Brown Safe Manufacturing Inc. was created with the intention to manufacture the world's most-secure safes.

Inspired by the engineering projects of his father and grandfather, Fredrick Brown set out to pursue his own work in the area of mechanical design. Brown graduated in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from San Diego State University. Soon Frederick Brown's mechanical understanding and fascination with complex devices led him into the world of safe design.

Demand for Brown Safes remained fairly level throughout the 1990s as there were numerous local manufacturers and competition was strong. Soon an influx of highly affordable and less-well-built safes imported primarily from China rapidly put most American safe builders out of business. The few safe builders that survived did so primarily by employing the same strategy that nearly took them down. They built low-grade safes that could compete directly with the imports based on manufacturing costs. Many builders abandoned their role as manufacturers and became resellers of imported safes.

Safe sales dwindled and the family business struggled for years, relying primarily on military contracts and a dedicated employee base to weather those turbulent times.

The start of the 21st century and the rise of the internet brought tremendous opportunity for renewed growth to Brown Safe. It provided the perfect means to market high-end safes to a much larger market. With the help of an internet-savvy daughter and a now-highly-technical-minded son, Brown Safe launched its first website early in 2000.

Today, Brown Safe's facilities occupy over , employing a workforce of over sixty people, along with contracting out to numerous external agencies. Demand for Brown Safes continues at a steady pace.

References
 The Company 
 Davis, Christine (September 2007). "In the World of Home Safes, Quality Counts". North County Times.  Available at .
 Merrick, Amy (February 2001). "Bank Branches May Close Down, But Vaults Are Safe". The Wall Street Journal. 
 Freeman, Mike (February 2001). "Bank-Vault Work a Safe Bet". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 
 "Leading Safe Manufacturer Issues Distressing Crime Wave Warning". Reuters.  .
 Safe Buying Guide

External links
 Official Website 

1980 establishments in California
American companies established in 1980
Companies based in San Diego County, California
Family-owned companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in California
Manufacturing companies established in 1980
Privately held companies based in California
Security technology
Vista, California