omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Digermane. Digermane is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . One of the few hydrides of germanium, it is a colourless liquid. Its molecular geometry is similar to ethane.

Synthesis 
Digermane was first synthesized and examined in 1924 by Dennis, Corey, and Moore. Their method involves the hydrolysis of magnesium germanide using hydrochloric acid. Many of the properties of digermane and trigermane  were determined in the following decade using electron diffraction studies. Further considerations of the compound involved examinations of various reactions such as pyrolysis and oxidation.

Digermane is produced together with germane by the reduction of germanium dioxide with sodium borohydride. Although the major product is germane, a quantifiable amount of digermane is produced in addition to traces of trigermane. It also arises by the hydrolysis of magnesium-germanium alloys.

Reactions 
The reactions of digermane exhibit some differences between analogous compounds of the Group 14 elements carbon and silicon. However, there are still some similarities seen, especially in regard to pyrolysis reactions.

The oxidation of digermane takes place at lower temperatures than monogermane. The product of the reaction, germanium oxide, has been shown to act in turn as a catalyst of the reaction. This exemplifies a fundamental difference between germanium and the other Group 14 elements carbon and silicon (carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide do not exhibit the same catalytic properties).

In liquid ammonia, digermane undergoes disproportionation. Ammonia acts as a weakly basic catalyst. Products of the reaction are hydrogen, germane, and a solid polymeric germanium hydride.

Pyrolysis of digermane is proposed to follow multiple steps:

This pyrolysis has been found to be more endothermic than the pyrolysis of disilane. This difference is attributed to the greater strength of the Ge-H bond vs the Si-H bond. As seen in the last reaction of the mechanism above, pyrolysis of digermane may induce polymerization of the  group, where  acts as a chain propagator and molecular hydrogen gas is released. The dehydrogenation of digermane on gold leads to the formation of germanium nanowires.

Digermane is a precursor to , where E is either sulfur or selenium. These trifluoromethylthio () and trifluoromethylseleno () derivatives possess a markedly higher thermal stability than digermane itself.

Applications 
Digermane has a limited number of applications; germane itself is the preferred volatile germanium hydride. Generally, digermane is primarily used a precursor to germanium for use in various applications. Digermane can be used to deposit Ge-containing semiconductors via chemical vapor deposition.

References

Germanium compounds
Metal hydrides
Substances discovered in the 1920s
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds
Samsung India Software Centre. Samsung R&D Institute India - Noida (SRI-Noida) is Samsung Electronics’ R&D center with software development ownership of Samsung mobile phones. The R&D center works on mobile software development for Samsung Electronics.

In addition to all mobiles made by Samsung, SRI-Noida specializes in models in the mid-tier segment, particularly ones based on Android Go platform. SRI-Noida also works on Samsung M Series , J Series and A Series.  

In 2019, the center won mBillionth  award for Samsung Global Goals for its contribution towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

SRI-Noida started in 2007 in sector 59 Noida, with regional adaptation followed by multimedia verification. SRI-Noida is engaged in the development and verification of software for all range of mobile phones. The center has grown over the decade and now has more than 2300 employees.

Research & Innovation 
Apart from Software Development & Verification, SRI-Noida also works on research in the areas of advanced technologies such as AI, IoT & 5G. SRI-Noida has filed around 300 patents  in India & Globally. SRI-N collaborates with academic institutes  like IITs for research & innovation in domains of AI, Mobile Security, Healthcare, and Audio Processing. The center also has academic tie-up with BITS Pilani for its corporate M.Tech program.

SRI-Noida campus 
The campus is situated in Logix Cyber Park in sector 62 Noida. The campus has onsite amenities such as cafeteria, gym, library, recreation room, healthcare center, etc. The campus is 1.5 km from sector 62 metro station Noida which is on the blue line of Delhi Metro.

References 

2002 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
India Software Centre
Companies based in Noida
Companies established in 2002
Software companies of India
Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Iodosilane. Iodosilane is a chemical compound of silicon, hydrogen, and iodine. It is a colorless monoclinic crystal of space group P21/c at −157 °C.

Preparation
Iodosilane is the first product of the reaction between monosilane and iodine, the other products being di-, tri- and finally tetraiodosilane (silicon tetraiodide).

It can also be produced by the reaction of phenylsilane or chlorophenylsilane with hydrogen iodide.

Properties 
At low temperatures, iodosilant quickly reacts with [Co(CO)4]− to form SiH3Co(CO)4.

Further reading

References

Silanes
Iodides
Nonmetal halides
Pentachloroethane. Pentachloroethane is a  chemical compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon with the chemical formula . It is a colourless non-flammable liquid that is used as a solvent for oil and grease, in metal cleaning, and in the separation of coal from impurities.

Production and uses
Victor Regnault obtained Pentachloroethane from chlorination of various chlorinated ethanes in 1839. 

Pentachloroethane can be obtained by chlorination of trichloroethylene and ethylene-catalysed chlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane. Pentachloroethane can also be obtained by the reaction of acetylene and chlorine, catalysed by aluminium chloride and antimony trichloride. It can be made as a byproduct of tetrachloroethylene production.

Pentachloroethane has limited uses as a solvent for oils and grease (especially in metal cleaning), in soil sterilisation, to remove impurities in coal and as a desiccant agent for wood. It was formerly used as a dry-cleaning solvent for a short time. It is rarely used since there are safer and more economical alternatives such as tetrachloroethylene. 

It can be used as a precursor to tetrachloroethylene. Activated carbon-catalysed reaction of pentachloroethane and calcium chloride gives tetrachloroethylene by dehydrochlorination.

Safety
Although it is not flammable, pentachloroethane can oxidise to give phosgene and trichloroacetyl chloride in presence of oxygen at high temperatures. Pentachloroethane is not biodegradable and it can be toxic to aquatic life. It is toxic for humans.

References

External links
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Chloroalkanes
Halogenated solvents
Substances discovered in the 19th century
Hexachloropropene. Hexachloropropene is a compound of chlorine and carbon with the linear formula CCl3CCl=CCl2. It is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It is toxic for humans. 

Hexachloropropene can be produced by the dehydrochlorination reaction of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloropropane by potassium hydroxide in methanol solution. 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane is produced by the reaction of chloroform and tetrachloroethylene: 

Hexachloropropene can be used to produce other compounds such as uranium tetrachloride, anhydrous niobium pentachloride and tungsten hexachloride.

References

Chloroalkenes
Perchlorocarbons
EU Cities Adapt. EU Cities Adapt or Adaptation Strategies for European Cities is a project commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action DG CLIMA. The aim of the project is to provide capacity building and assistance for cities across Europe in developing and implementing a climate change adaptation strategy by raising awareness throughout Europe on the importance of preparing for climate change in cities, exchanging knowledge and good practices, and developing tools and guidance for cities on adaptation. It ultimately aims to mainstream urban climate adaptation throughout Europe.

The EU Cities Adapt project is the beginning of DG CLIMA's engagement and support for European cities on urban climate adaptation. It will provide input into the EU strategy on adaptation to climate change that the Commission is currently developing. Twenty-one cities will be immediately involved in the project as pilots to set an example for other cities.

EU Cities Adapt was launched together with the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT) on 23 March 2012 at the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen.

The project team
The project has been placed with a consortium led by AEA Technology and ICLEI Europe. It also includes the University of Manchester, Adelphi, Arcadis and Alexander Ballard Ltd.

The project is backed by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.

References

Climate change in Europe
Vista All Terrain Pattern. Vista All Terrain Pattern is a commercially available camouflage pattern designed to be very similar to the military Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) currently issued to the British Armed Forces and a small number of other nations.

Development
Licensing restrictions on the MTP have meant that it is only available commercially on military products released as surplus.  Non-military manufacturers have largely responded by using U.S. Crye Precision Multicam fabrics for their products, but this has increased cost in the UK due to import duties. Against this background UK manufacturer Coating Applications Group (CAG), an official MTP fabric manufacturer, created Vista ATP, which closely resembles MTP.

Materials
Initially available in only two variants, Vista ATP was extended to the following materials:

300, 500 and 1000 Denier texturised Nylon
Polycotton ripstop
19 mm – 25 mm Infrared-resistant webbing
Cotton gabardine clothing fabric

See also
List of camouflage patterns
Personal load carrying equipment

References

Military uniforms
Camouflage patterns
British military uniforms
Rover chair. The Rover chair is the first piece of furniture designed by industrial designer Ron Arad. It was made in 1981 as a fusion of two readymades and launched Arad's career. The chair is a postmodernist design, combining a car seat with a structural tubing frame.

History 

Arad had left his employment with a firm of architects, and obtained the parts to make the chair from a scrapyard in Chalk Farm, London. The readymade chair was the first piece of furniture he produced.

The red leather seat is from a Rover P6 and is housed in a black painted curved steel frame made from a Kee Klamp milking stall. Later exhibited pieces had epoxy lacquered frames. The frame provides both feet and arm rests.

The Rover P6 is sometimes known as the 2000. Some reports of the chair refer to it being made using seats from the 200, P5 or 90.

Furniture maker Joe Hall visited Arad's Covent Garden shop in the  and then collaborated with him to make further chairs. Hall scoured the country's scrapyards for P6 seats, which cost £515 each and were in excellent condition.

The chairs sold for £99 each in 1981, about three times the production cost. Original chairs made by Arad's One Off company have been auctioned by Christie's, Bonhams, Bonhams & Butterfield and Göteborgs Auktionsverk. Hundreds have been produced since 1981, fetching thousands of pounds at auctions at the turn of the century. The success of the chair, which has become an icon, launched Arad's career.

The chairs were produced by One Off until 1989, and in 2008 were being produced by Vitra in two models. A two-seater version was auctioned in 2011.

Reception 

Fashion designer Jean Paul Gaultier bought six chairs in 1981. They also attracted the attention of furniture manufacturer Vitra. The chair is recognised as a postmodernist design.

A presenter of BBC Television's Top Gear sat on such a chair from 1988. The chair also featured in a television advertisement for an unrelated product. Arad's own children were breast-fed on the chair.

Exhibitions 

The chair has formed part of various exhibitions, including those at London's Design Museum, Barbican Art Gallery, Timothy Taylor Gallery, Paris's Centre Pompidou and New York's Museum of Modern Art.

References 

Chairs
Postmodern art
Individual chairs
Krzysztof Wilmanski. Krzysztof Wilmanski (March 1, 1940 – August 26, 2012) was a Polish-German scientist working in the fields of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics.

Main research fields 
 axiomatic and kinetic foundations of continuum thermodynamics,
 mixture theory,
 phase transformations in solids,
 non-newtonian fluids,
 acoustic waves in continua,
 crystal plasticity and the evolution of textures,
 thermodynamics of porous materials.

Visiting posts 
 postgraduate at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (USA, 1969–70)
 visiting professor at the University of Baghdad (Iraq, 1972–74)
 von Humboldt stipend (Germany, 1979)
 fellow at Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (Germany, 1984-1985)
 visiting professor at the University of Paderborn (Germany, 1986–87)
 research fellow at the Hamburg University of Technology (Germany, 1987–90)
 the Technische Universität Berlin (Germany, 1991–92)
 the University of Essen (Germany, 1992-1996)
 head of the Research Group Continuum Mechanics in the Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics in Berlin (Germany, 1996-2005)
 professor of Mechanics at the University of Zielona Góra (Poland, 2005-2010)
 member of the faculty of the ROSE School, Centre for Post-Graduate Training and Research in Pavia, Italy

Main original contributions to research 
 axiomatic foundations of continuum thermodynamics
 thermodynamics of Maxwellian heat conducting fluids
 thermodynamics of poroelastic materials under large deformations
 modelling of porous materials with the balance equation of porosity
(publication list)

Selected books 
 Wilmanski, K.: Thermomechanics of Continua, Springer, Berlin, N.Y., 1998, .
 Wilmanski, K.: Continuum Thermodynamics, Part I: Foundations, World Scientific, Singapore, 2008, .
 Albers, B. (ed.): Continuous Media with Microstructure. Collection in Honor of Krzysztof Wilmanski, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010, .

References 

1940 births
20th-century Polish physicists
20th-century German physicists
2012 deaths
Mathurin-François Boucher. Mathurin François Boucher (Nantes, 22 November 1778 – Marseille, 31 March 1851) was a French naval engineer. He is notable for his adaptation of the technique of ship camel to large 74-guns, and for designing the Surveillante class of 60-gun frigates.

Career 
Born to the family of a carpenter, Boucher entered the École Polytechnique in 1794, aged only 16. Graduating three years later, he briefly joined the Geography corps, but soon transferred to Naval engineering. He took part in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria as a trainee engineer.

Returned to France in 1801, he served in various harbours and was sent to Holland to study the ship camel buoyancy system, which allows to temporarily reduce the draft of a ship. On 20 February 1812, he successfully applied it on the 74-gun ship Rivoli, built in Venice to a draft exceeding that allowed by the pass of Malamocco. 

In the early 1820s, Boucher designed the Surveillante class of 60-gun frigates. He was sent to Lorient to oversee the construction of the lead ship, Surveillante. Surveillante was kept at sea from 1825 to 1830 with such performances that France started building further frigates and ships of the line after her design. 

In 1829, he rejected a memorandum by Vice-Admiral Missiessy proposing a new organisation of the fleet. In 1831, he launched into an archival endeavour of cataloguing the various naval libraries of France.

Notes

Citations

References
 Yves Laissus, L'Égypte, une aventure savante 1798-1801, Paris, Fayard, 1998, p. 305.
 
 Edouard de Villiers du Terrage, Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition d'Égypte, mis en ordre et publiés par le baron Marc de Villiers du Terrage, Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit, 1899, et L'expédition d'Égypte 1798-1801, Journal et souvenirs d'un jeune savant, Paris, Cosmopole, 2001 et 2003, p. 353.

1778 births
1851 deaths
French marine engineers
Robert Bruce Findler. Robert Bruce Findler, colloquially known as "Robby", is an American computer scientist, currently, a professor of computer science at Northwestern University. He is also a member of the PLT group and, as such, responsible for the creation and maintenance of DrRacket. In addition to DrRacket, Findler has contributed numerous components to Racket and supervises its Web-based software library, called PLaneT. Findler is also a leading team member of the ProgramByDesign project.

Findler received his PhD at Rice University under the direction of Matthias Felleisen. His dissertation was on the linguistics of software contracts, popularly known as design by contract. His work on software contracts provides a more careful accounting of blame, thereby helping programmers quickly home in on the faulty part of a software system.

In addition to DrRacket and software contracts, Findler focuses on the design and implementation of a workbench for semantics engineers. This workbench, called Redex, is a tool for specifying and executing the reduction semantics of a programming language. It is used by programming language researchers in the US and Europe. Most recently, SUN's Fortress research team used Redex to specify and explore key parts of their language.

Findler served as the semantics editor of the Revised^6 Report on the Scheme programming language. He and his PhD student Jacob Matthews developed a Redex model of the core semantics, which is included as an appendix of the report.  The appendix plays the same role as Standard ML's formal specification (Milner, Tofte, Harper, MacQueen) but is executable and thus can visualize individual examples.

Awards

In 2018, he and others were awarded the SIGPLAN Programming Languages Software Award for their work on Racket

In 2012, he and Matthias Felleisen were awarded the Most Influential ICFP Paper Award for their work on contracts

References

External links
Home page at the Northwestern University
Google scholar profile

Programming language researchers
Living people
Rice University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. It has chemical formula CHCl. The structure has a propane skeleton, but four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine atoms.

Preparation
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane can be produced by addition of hydrogen chloride to 1,1,1-trichloropropene.
CCl3CH=CH2 + HCl → CCl3CHClCH3

References

Chloroalkanes
Parala Maharaja Engineering College. Parala Maharaja Engineering College (PMEC), Brahmapur, Odisha is a government engineering college in Southern Odisha, India. Established in 2009, the college was inaugurated by Naveen Patnaik, the then chief minister of Odisha. This college is named after the King Krushna Chandra Gajapati who is regarded as the architect of an Independent united Odisha State. The Parala Maharaja engineering College was approved by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) New Delhi, Govt. of India and was affiliated to Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Government of Odisha but now, it is an autonomous college from 21 January 2021. This college is also accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) New Delhi, Govt. of India.

Academic structure 
The college provides four-year Bachelor of Technology degrees in nine disciplines of engineering:  civil, computer science, automobile, production, chemical, metallurgy and material, electronics and telecommunication, mechanical, and electrical engineering.

A three-year B.Tech degree for student who has completed their Diploma. All courses are full-time.

Each academic year consists of two semesters and a summer term. The education is organized around a credit system, which ensures continuous evaluation of a student's performance and provides flexibility to choose courses to suit the student's ability or convenience. Each course is assigned credits depending upon the class hours.

The college also provides M.Tech degrees in five disciplines: Mechanical engineering, Power system engineering, Structural engineering, Production engineering and Thermal engineering, since 2015.

Admission
The admission to B.Tech courses is done through OJEE and JEE conducted each year. Lateral entry admissions after diploma is made through OJEE conducted each year by the Government of Odisha.

The admission to M.Tech courses is done through GATE entrance exam.

The students are placed in IOCL, BPCL, ONGC, NTPC, HPCL, BARC and state-level engineering services (AEE) of Odisha.

Examination
Registration is required at the beginning of each semester. Students appear for examination for registered courses only. Students are eligible to appear for examinations provided they attend a minimum of 75 percent of their theory, practical and sessional classes scheduled during the semester.

Departments 
 Automobile Engineering (60)
 Civil Engineering (120)
 Chemical Engineering (60)
 Computer Science and Engineering (60)
 Electrical Engineering (120)
 Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (60)
 Mechanical Engineering (120)
 Production Engineering (30)
Material and Metallurgy Engineering (30)
 Science and Humanities (Physics, Chemistry, Maths, English, Economics & Management)

References

External links 

 Official website
 BPUT website
 http://www.bputstudents.com/bput/Rank/index.php

Engineering colleges in Odisha
Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology
Education in Berhampur
Educational institutions established in 2009
2009 establishments in Orissa
Isobutyl chloride. Isobutyl chloride (1-chloro-2-methylpropane) is an organochlorine compound. It is a chlorinated derivative of isobutane.

Synthesis 
Isobutyl chloride can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting isobutanol with hydrochloric acid, catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid:

References

Chloroalkanes
Isobutyl compounds