omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Liquid packaging board. Liquid packaging board is a multi-ply paperboard with high stiffness, strong wet sizing and a high barrier coating, e.g. plastic. Only virgin paper fibers are used. The barrier coating must hold the liquid and prevent migration of air and flavors through the paperboard.

Manufacture 

A liquid packaging board might be up to five plies and is formed on a multi-ply paper machine with online coating. The most common is to use three plies with a basis weight of about 300 g/m2. The base or middle ply is normally made of pulp from bleached or unbleached chemical pulp, chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) or broke (waste paper from a paper machine). CTMP gives more bulk and stiffness. The top ply (inside) is made of bleached chemical pulp. The barrier coating depends on the application and might be applied on both sides. When induction welding is employed an aluminum foil layer is used for barrier protection and for heating. The back side of the board is the printing side and might have an extra ply made from chemical pulp of quality that is suitable for the printing applications. Liquid packages are normally heat sealed.

Cartons filled with short-shelf-life dairy products use board that are barrier coated on both sides with one layer of low density polyethylene. For long-shelf-life products it is common to use aluminium foil as barrier coating together with polyethylene. Commonly the plastic coating on the top side is 12 - 20 g/m2 and on the reverse side 15 - 60 g/m2.

Sanitary and aseptic processing of food contact products are critical.

Uses 

Liquid Packaging Board (LPB) is traditionally associated with beverage packaging, including for milk, juiceboxes and other dairy products, but its applications extend beyond just liquids, encompassing a broad range of uses due to its strength, barrier properties, and versatility. 

Liquid packaging board is used for two package types: brick and gable top cartons.

See also 

 Plastic-coated paper
 Tetra Brik

References 

Paperboard
Packaging materials
Elvan. Elvan is a name used in Cornwall and Devon for the native varieties of quartz-porphyry. They are dispersed irregularly in the Devonian series of rocks and some of them make very fine building stones (e.g. Pentewan stone, Polyphant stone and Catacleuse stone). Greenstone is another name for this stone and it is often used for parts of buildings such as doorways so they can be finely carved. Most of the elvan quarries are now disused. Others are quarried in bulk for aggregates commonly used for road-building.

More precisely there are two types of rock in this category: one is "white elvan" and the other is "blue elvan".  "White elvans" are a group of fine-grained, acid igneous rocks, while "blue elvans" or "greenstones" are various unusual basic igneous rocks. "White elvan" comes from various different locations and is often known as Pentewan stone (or by other names based on the location). Some older descriptions of building stones have called "white elvans" limestone, e.g. in studies of Lemon Street, Truro.

Archaeology
Approximately 400 prehistoric stone axes, known as Group 1 axes and made from greenstone, have been found all over Britain, which from petrological analysis appear to come from west Cornwall. Although the quarry has not been identified, it has been suggested that the Gear (), a rock now submerged half a mile from the shore at Penzance, may be the site. A significant amount of trade is indicated as many have been found elsewhere in Britain.

References

Further reading

 The Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford; p. 159 "quarry of Catacleuse"

Geology of Cornwall
Geology of Devon
Igneous rocks
FortSP. FortSP is a software package for solving stochastic programming (SP) problems. It solves scenario-based SP problems with recourse as well as problems with chance constraints and integrated chance constraints. FortSP is available as a standalone executable that accepts input in SMPS format and as a library with an interface in the C programming language.

The solution algorithms provided by FortSP include Benders' decomposition and a variant of level decomposition for two-stage problems, nested Benders' decomposition for multistage problems and reformulation of the problem as a deterministic equivalent. There is also an implementation of a cutting-plane algorithm for integrated chance constraints.

FortSP supports external linear programming solvers such as CPLEX and FortMP through their library interfaces or nl files. These solvers are used to optimize the deterministic equivalent problem and also the subproblems in the decomposition methods.

References

External links
 OptiRisk Systems home page
 FortSP home page

Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software
Stickies (papermaking). When recycling post-consumer paper, stickies are tacky substances contained in the paper pulp and process water systems of paper machines. Stickies have the potential to contaminate the components either within or around the equipment necessary in the Stages of Manufacturing that a Paper Mill follows in its Developed Process, but would have otherwise excluded it in its routine cleaning and maintenance procedures. Contaminations of paper that are classified as tacky are also called stickies. The main sources for stickies are recycled paper, waxes, and soft adhesives.

Composition
Stickies are an indefinite mixture of organic compounds, with the main part being different esters. The components might stem from:
Printing inks
Coating binders (synthetic latex)
Waxes
Hot melt adhesive and unsupported pressure-sensitive adhesives
Plastics
Wet strength resins
Pitch
Papermaking additives

Properties
Stickies that pass through a slotted plate screen of 0.10 - 0.15 mm are called micro stickies. Micro stickies can be finely dispersed (100 μm - 100 nm), colloidal (100 - 10 nm) or molecularly dissolved (< 10 nm). Macro stickies are those which are retained as screening residue. The reason for this classification is that macro stickies are easy to remove from the deinked pulp during the deinking process by means of filtration. Micro stickies are transported with the pulp to the paper machine and might agglomerate and cause problematic deposits there.

Stickies often have thermoplastic properties.

Chemical-physical alterations like pH, temperature and charge changes might cause colloidal destabilization and agglomeration of micro stickies.

Stickies control
Several control methods are used:
Alteration of the physical properties, like using recycling-friendly paper coatings
Avoidance of troublesome components that cause stickies
Removal by more effective deinking processes, like improved screening, cleaning, washing and flotation
Passivation with process additives like fixation agents
Prevention by washing wires or protecting equipment parts with chemicals.
Measuring stickies using TAPPI method T274 and T277

References

Papermaking
Paper recycling
Peroxyoxalate. Peroxyoxalates are esters initially formed by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with oxalate diesters or oxalyl chloride, with or without base, although the reaction is faster with base:

Peroxyoxalates are intermediates that will rapidly transform into 1,2-dioxetanedione, another high-energy intermediate. The likely mechanism of 1,2-dioxetanedione formation from peroxyoxalate in base is illustrated below:

1,2-Dioxetanedione will rapidly decompose into carbon dioxide (CO2). If there is no fluorescer present, only heat will be released. However, in the presence of a fluorescer, light can be generated (chemiluminescence). 

Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (CL) was first reported by Rauhut in 1967 in the reaction of diphenyl oxalate. The emission is generated by the reaction of an oxalate ester with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a suitably fluorescent energy acceptor. This reaction is used in glow sticks.

The three most widely used oxalates are bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO), Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate (CPPO) and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate (DNPO). Other aryl oxalates have been synthesized and evaluated with respect to their possible analytical applications. Divanillyl oxalate, a more eco-friendly or "green" oxalate for chemiluminescence, decomposes into the nontoxic, biodegradable compound vanillin and works in nontoxic, biodegradable triacetin. Peroxyoxalate CL is an example of indirect or sensitized chemiluminescence in which the energy from an excited intermediate is transferred to a suitable fluorescent molecule, which relaxes to the ground state by emitting a photon.  Rauhut and co-workers have reported that the intermediate responsible for providing the energy of excitation is 1,2-dioxetanedione. The peroxyoxalate reaction is able to excite many different compounds, having emissions spanning the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum, and the reaction can supply up to 440 kJ mol-1, corresponding to excitation at 272 nm. It has been found, however, that the chemiluminescence intensity corrected for quantum yield decreases as the singlet excitation energy of the fluorescent molecule increases. There is also a linear relationship between the corrected chemiluminescence intensity and the oxidation potential of the molecule. This suggests the possibility of an electron transfer step in the mechanism, as demonstrated in several other chemiluminescence systems. It has been postulated that a transient charge transfer complex is formed between the intermediate 1,2-dioxetanedione and the fluorescer, and a modified mechanism was proposed involving the transfer of an electron from the fluorescer to the reactive intermediate. The emission of light is thought to result from the annihilation of the fluorescer radical cation with the carbon dioxide radical anion formed when the 1,2-dioxetanedione decomposes. This process is called chemically induced electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL).

Chemiluminescent reactions are widely used in analytical chemistry.

References

External links

Luminescence
Carboxylate esters
Siftable. Siftables are small computers that display graphics on their top surface and sense one another and how they are being moved. Siftables were developed as a platform for hands-on interactions with digital information and media and were the prototype for Sifteo cubes.

Siftables were created by David Merrill and Jeevan Kalanithi when they were graduate students at the MIT Media Lab. Merrill and Kalanithi are friends from their undergraduate years at Stanford, where they both majored in symbolic systems, Merrill focusing on human-computer interaction and Kalanithi on artificial intelligence and neuroscience.
  
Merrill and Kalanithi were surrounded by colleagues at the Media Lab who were working on wireless sensor networks (e.g. the Tribble project,) and tangible user interfaces (e.g. Topobo ). Merrill and Kalanithi wanted to create a general-purpose tangible user interface that leveraged the technologies of wireless sensor networks. From this idea came the idea of interactive tiles that would enable people to interact with collections of virtual objects—digital pictures, document files, etc.—in the same way that people interact with collections of small physical objects like LEGO —another common sight at the Media Lab.

The initial applications envisioned for Siftables were organizing personal media (digital photos, songs, videos) and facilitating business processes, such as coordinating people, distributing tasks, and creating Gantt charts.

Merrill was invited to present Siftables at the 2009 TED Conference, held in Long Beach / Palm Springs February 3–7, 2009. During his talk, he demonstrated several applications on Siftables: portraits that reacted to being placed next to one another, mixing colors from "paint buckets" on adjacent cubes, building the Fibonacci sequence with an arithmetic application, creating words by arranging individual letters, an interactive graphical narrative for children, and constructing a music sequence. The video of Merrill's TED talk quickly went viral once online, attracting over 1 million views. With this indication of widespread interest in the concept of Siftables, Merrill and Kalanithi decided to focus on developing Siftables into a retail product.

The transformation of Siftables into Sifteo cubes (the retail product sold by Sifteo, Inc.) required a complete re-implementation of code and hardware. While the underlying capabilities—the ability to sense tilting, shaking, rotation, and neighboring—of Siftables and Sifteo cubes are the same, the technology behind them is significantly different.

See also
 Tangible User Interface
 Distributed sensor network
 Game console
 Perceptual learning

External links
 D. Merrill, J. Kalanithi and P. Maes. Siftables: Towards Sensor Network User Interfaces
 TED Talks: David Merrill demos Siftables, the smart blocks at TED in 2009
 MIT Media Labcast #20: Siftables
 'Next gen UI: Learning tools and toys for the digital age.' Smart Planet, October 7, 2009. 
 The Science Channel Videos: PopSci's Future Of: Siftables October 27, 2009.

References

Classes of computers
User interfaces
Hydromill trench cutter. The hydromill trench cutter is a specialized type of construction equipment designed to dig the narrow but deep trenches used in the casting of slurry walls. Typically, it is a cutter attachment mounted on a crawler crane base machine, with different types of hose handling systems. The machine excavates by cutting the soil using two cutting wheels, while a powerful pump extracts the loose material mixed with some of the slurry, typically bentonite.

Machine components

The hydromill, also known as hydraulic cutter, basically consists of:
 Base machine, usually a crawler crane, of adequate capacity
 Hose handling system, for both hydraulic and slurry hoses; these systems can use either a hose drum or a hose tension design
 Hydraulic cutter, which typically consists of two cutter wheels powered by a hydraulic motor, a slurry pump, and flaps to control its direction in case of deviation from the intended path.

Usually, there are two sets of hoses, one for hydraulic oil, and another for extraction of slurry and entrained spoil from the diaphragm wall excavation.

Cutter wheels 
Hydraulic cutter assemblies have a standard length of , with various widths, varying from  up to . Cutting wheel teeth depend mainly on the type of soil intended to be excavated.

Gallery

External links 
 Hydromill trench cutter
 Bauer Trench Cutter System 

Industrial equipment
Excavations
Peter Thejll. Peter Andreas Thejll (born 1956) is a Danish astrophysicist and climate researcher. His research in solar variation helped provide  evidence of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's climate in the late 20th century. In particular, his study with Knud Lassen on Northern Hemisphere land air temperature showed that the rise of 0.4 degrees Celsius since 1980 could not be accounted for by the solar cycle, solely. Climatologists have pointed to this finding as a " piece of evidence for greenhouse warming".

Thejll received his undergraduate education at the University of Copenhagen. He received an M.S. in physics and a Ph.D. in astrophysics from the University of Delaware.

Thejll was a Carlsberg Fellow at the Niels Bohr Institute and worked at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics. Thejll currently is a senior scientist at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen. He is currently involved in the creation of a global automatic system to observe the Earth's reflectivity – albedo – using observations of the earthshine on the Moon. Such data can be used for climate change studies and calibration of satellite data as the measurements deliver independent data on the albedo. A telescope is now installed on Hawaii at the Mauna Loa Observatory. The Swedish research agency VINNOVA is funding this project.

References

He has two children.

External links
 The Sun-Climate Resource Page
 Publications by Peter Thejll

20th-century Danish physicists
University of Copenhagen alumni
University of Delaware alumni
1956 births
Living people
21st-century Danish physicists
Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming. PPoPP, the ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming, is an academic conference in the field of parallel programming. PPoPP is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery special interest group SIGPLAN.

History 

The conference was first organised in 1988 in New Haven, Connecticut, United States; the first conference was called ACM/SIGPLAN Conference on Parallel Programming: Experience with Applications, Languages and Systems (PPEALS). The name changed to the present one when the conference was organised for the second time in 1990.

The conference has been organised biennially in 1991–2005 and annually in 2006–2009. PPoPP was part of the Federated Computing Research Conference (FCRC) in 1993, 1999, and 2003.

Artifact Evaluation 

Since 2015 PPoPP features artifact evaluation to validate experiments from accepted papers and improve reproducibility of computer systems research

See also 

 List of distributed computing conferences.
 List of computer science conferences.

References

External links 
 
 PPoPP'18 Artifact Evaluation web site.
 PPEALS 1988 proceedings in ACM Digital Library.
 PPoPP 1990– proceedings in ACM Digital Library.
 PPoPP proceedings information in DBLP.

Computer science conferences
Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Bengal College of Engineering & Technology. Bengal College of Engineering and Technology, Durgapur or BCET is a self-financing college located in West Bengal, India providing under-graduate as well as post-graduate courses in engineering and technology disciplines. It was established by SKS Educational and Social Trust in 2001. The college is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology and all the programmes are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.

It is located at Bidhan Nagar, a locality in Durgapur, West Bengal.

Academics 
The institute offers seven undergraduate courses:

B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 120]
B.Tech. in Electrical and electronic engineering (EEE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering (EE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering (ME)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 180]
B.Tech. in Civil Engineering (CE)- 4 years [Approved intake - 60]
B.Tech. in Information Technology (IT)- 4 years [Approved intake - 180]

The following Postgraduate Degree Programs are offered:

Master in Business Administration- 2 years [Approved intake - 60]
Master in Computer Application- 3 years [Approved intake - 60]

See also

References

External links
Bengal College of Engineering & Technology

Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology
Private engineering colleges in India
Engineering colleges in West Bengal
Universities and colleges in Paschim Bardhaman district
Education in Durgapur, West Bengal
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in West Bengal
Marion O. McKinney Jr.. Marion O'Dell McKinney Jr. (July 24, 1921 – August 3, 1999) was a scientist at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, who researched a wide variety of aerospace topics, including personal aircraft, dynamics, and aircraft configurations. Like many of his contemporaries, he conducted secret war-related research during World War II, the results of which were later declassified.

Biography
He was born on July 24, 1921, in Chattanooga, Tennessee to Marion O'Dell McKinney Sr. and Louise Blackwell. He graduated from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1942 with a degree in aeronautical engineering. In 1944 he married Betty Garner.

He was awarded the Wright Brothers Medal in 1964 for work on the aerodynamics of V/STOL aircraft.

He was the assistant chief of the Subsonic-Transonic Division of NASA. He retired from NASA in 1980.

He died on August 3, 1999, at Hampton General Hospital in Hampton Roads, Virginia.

See also
Research Papers from the NASA Technical Reports Server

References

External links
 

American aerospace engineers
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
1999 deaths
1921 births
20th-century American engineers
Georgia Tech alumni
Jai Krishna. Jai Krishna was an eminent civil engineer from India with specialisation in earthquake engineering. He served University of Roorkee  for many years and rose to become its Vice Chancellor.

Early life 
Jai Krishna was born on 27 January 1912  at Muzaffarnagar, in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. He got Bachelor in Science degree from Agra college and then studied engineering at Thomason College of Civil Engineering (now Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee ) passing with honours in 1935. As a student Jai Krishna won awards like Thomason Prize, Cautley Gold Medal and Calcott Reilly Memorial Gold Medal. He received  his Doctoral Degree in Civil Engineering from University of London.

Jai Krishna joined Thomason College of Civil Engineering in 1939 as Lecturer and became Professor and the Vice Chancellor in 1969.

Contribution 
Starting of a teaching and research program in Earthquake Engineering at University of Roorkee in 1945
Introducing courses on Soil Mechanics in 1948 and on Structural Dynamics in 1945
Formulation of Indian Standards for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures that was brought out by the Indian Standards Institution (now Bureau of Indian Standards).
Developed earthquake resistant design of a large number of major and important engineering projects in India.
Initiated work on design, fabrication and installation of structural response recorders and accelerographs in India to collect data.
Set up the School of Research and Training in Earthquake Engineering, at University of Roorkee.

Awards 
Bhatnagar Award of CSIR 1966,
National Design Award (1956) of the Institution of Engineers (India),
Moudgil Award of Indian Standards Institution (1945),
International Award of Japan Society of Disaster Prevention (1958) and
award for lifetime contributions in Earthquake Engineering by Indian National Academy of Engineering (1955)
Padma Bhushan in 1972
Jai Krishna was awarded Honorary Degrees of Doctorate by Agra University and the University of Roorkee.

Professional fellowships 
He was a Fellow of many professional bodies and academies including:
Indian National Science Academy,
Indian National Academy of Engineering,
Institution of Engineers (India),
National Academy of Engineering,
Third World Academy of Sciences and
International Association of Earthquake Engineering — President during the period 1977-1980.
Indian National Academy of Engineering- its founder President.

He died on 27 August 1999 in Roorkee.

References 

1912 births
1999 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Indian civil engineers
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
People from Muzaffarnagar
Indian ethnologists
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Engineers from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian engineers
Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering
Telecom network protocol analyzer. A telecom network protocol analyzer is a protocol analyzer used to analyze switching and telecommunications signaling protocols between different nodes in PSTN or Mobile telephone networks, such as 2G or 3G GSM networks, CDMA networks, WiMAX and so on. 

In a mobile telecommunication network it can analyze the traffic between MSC and BSC, BSC and BTS, MSC and HLR, MSC and VLR, VLR and HLR, and so on.

Protocol analyzers are mainly used for performance measurement and troubleshooting. These devices connect to the network to calculate key performance indicators to monitor the network and speed-up troubleshooting activities.

External links 

 GL Communications GSM Protocol Analyzer Overview
 Tektronix Protocol Analyzer Overview
 Utel Systems - Network Monitoring

Mobile telecommunications
Network analyzers
Network performance