omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional quartz phenolic. Three-dimensional quartz phenolic (3DQP) is a phenolic-based material composed of a quartz cloth material impregnated with a phenolic resin and hot-pressed. When cured, 3DQP can be machined in the same way as metals and is tough and fire-resistant. 3DQP is used for the manufacture of nuclear weapon re-entry vehicles (RV).

The quartz material 'hardens' the RV protecting the nuclear warhead against high-energy neutrons emitted by exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) bursts before re-entry.

3DQP was first used on the British Chevaline improved front end (IFE) for the Royal Navy's UGM-27 Polaris system that was in service from 1982 to 1996, when it was replaced by Trident D5.

Manufacture
A licence to manufacture 3DQP in the US was acquired from the British Government and production was undertaken by AVCO, one of the two suppliers of US RVs, the other being General Electric. First production examples of the Chevaline ReBs were manufactured by AVCO, now part of Textron. Subsequently, production was undertaken in the UK at the Royal Ordnance Factory Burghfield using quartz material purchased from France. Documents declassified in 2013 describe in some detail the process whereby a quartz two-dimensional cloth is hand woven from quartz threads with conventional wefts and warps within a stainless steel matrix before being impregnated under pressure with a phenolic resin. A third dimension was then woven through the cavities created by removal of the stainless steel matrix before these threads were impregnated with phenolic resin inside an autoclave pressurised at up to 2000 psi. The resulting material was then lathe-turned to the ReB profile, internally and externally.

The supply by AVCO of test samples of 3DQP to France without UK permission caused friction between the British Government and AVCO, and action in the US courts by the British government.

See also
 Chevaline
 Fiberglass
 Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
 UGM-27 Polaris
 
 Atmospheric reentry

Footnotes

References
 Various declassified files at the Public Record Office, Kew.
 Numerous authors and papers published as Proceedings of a Royal Aeronautical Society Symposium held Oct 2004. Published as .

External links
 Textron website 
 nuclear-weapons.info – a site dedicated to declassified UK nuclear weapons
 Dr Richard Moore: A Guide to British Nuclear History, originally published by the Mountbatten Centre for International Studies – University of Southampton.

Polaris (UK nuclear programme)
Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of the Cold War
Space technology
Aerospace engineering
Materials
1982 introductions
Kunze–Knorr brake. The Kunze-Knorr brake (Kunze-Knorr-Bremse or KK-Bremse) is an automatic compressed-air brake for goods, passenger and express trains. It was the first graduated brake for goods trains in Europe. When it was introduced after the First World War, goods train brakes switched from hand operation to compressed-air in various European countries. The Deutsche Reichsbahn alone put the cost of equipping German goods wagons with Kunze-Knorr brakes between 1918 and 1927 at 478.4 million Reichsmarks. The operating cost savings from faster goods services and having fewer brakemen was assessed by the Reichsbahn at almost 96.3 million Reichsmark annually.

Inventors
The Kunze-Knorr brake brought together the ideas of Prussian senior surveyor, Bruno Kunze (1854–1935), and preparatory work by the founder of Knorr-Bremse, Georg Knorr (1859–1911). It was the first, continuous, compressed-air brake that, even on long goods trains, enabled the brake force not only to be applied gradually, but also released again gradually. By combining a single-stage and a two-stage brake cylinder with a compound brake a significant increase in brake effort was achieved.

Brake versions
Three versions of the brake were developed: for goods trains (KKgbr), passenger trains (KKpbr) and express trains (KKsbr). The goods wagon variant offered the option of switching between empty and loaded braking. The passenger train version was given an accelerator valve (Beschleunigungsventil) as well as a control valve. The express train brake had, in addition, a brake pressure regulator in order to prevent the wheels locking when braking quickly.

Knorr-Bremse
The Kunze-Knorr brake was developed and manufactured by the firm of Knorr-Bremse AG in Berlin. It was also produced by their subsidiary company Süddeutsche Bremsen-AG at what is nowadays the head office of Knorr-Bremse AG in Munich. A total of about 550,000 Kunze-Knorr brake control valves were made, some under licence. In the 1930s they were superseded by the Hildebrand-Knorr brake (Hik brake). In many places, including the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany, they were still regularly in use until the 1960s.

Literature 
Wilhelm Hildebrand, Die Entwicklung der selbsttätigen Einkammer-Druckluftbremse bei den europäischen Vollbahnen. Berlin 1927.

Jan-Henrik Peters, Personalpolitik und Rationalisierungsbestrebungen der Deutschen Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft zwischen 1924 und 1929. Frankfurt am Main u.a. 1996.

Jan-Henrik Peters, Rationalisierungsbestrebungen der Deutschen Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft zwischen 1924 und 1929, in: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 41, 1996, 187–200.

Manfred Pohl, Sicherheit auf Schiene und Straße. Die Geschichte der Knorr-Bremse AG. (engl. Ausgabe: Safety First by Road and Rail. The History of Knorr-Bremse AG.) München 2005.

See also
 History of rail transport in Germany

External links
 http://www.knorr-bremse.com Website of the Knorr-Bremse company (German)
 http://www.bremsenbude.de Compressed-air brakes on railway vehicles (German)

Railway brakes
Rolling stock of Germany
Rail freight transport in Germany
Lansing Metal Center. The Lansing Metal Center was a General Motors foundry located in Lansing Township, Michigan, directly across Saginaw Street from the Lansing Craft Center. It was originally built as a jet engine manufacturing plant in 1952 and shuttered in 2006.

Upon its closing, the plant was  in size, and employed 1,200. General Motors began the demolition of the plant in February 2008 along with the Lansing Craft Center, when all operations were transferred to the nearby Lansing Delta Township facility.

References 

General Motors factories
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
Economy of Lansing, Michigan
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
1952 establishments in Michigan
2006 disestablishments in Michigan
Buildings and structures demolished in 2008
Industrial buildings completed in 1952
Code 11. Code 11 is a barcode symbology developed by Intermec in 1977, and it is used primarily in telecommunications. The symbol can encode any length string consisting of the digits 0–9 and the dash character (-).  A twelfth code represents the start/stop character, commonly printed as "*". One or two modulo-11 check digit(s) can be included.

It is a discrete, binary symbology where each digit consists of three bars and two spaces; a single narrow space separates consecutive symbols.  The width of a digit is not fixed; three digits (0, 9 and -) have one wide element, while the others have two wide elements.

The valid codes have one wide bar, and may have one additional wide element (bar or space).

The decode table has 15 entries because the symbols with two wide bars (1, 4 and 5) are listed twice.

Assuming narrow elements are one unit wide and wide elements are two units, the average digit is 7.8 units.  This is better than codes with a larger repertoire like Codabar (10 units) or Code 39 (11 units), but not quite as good as interleaved 2 of 5 (7 units).  The non-binary symbology Code 128 uses 5.5 units per digit (11 units per digit pair).

External links 
Code 11 Symbology Specification 

Barcodes
G. H. Patel College of Engineering and Technology. G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology (GCET) is a private engineering college in Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India. GCET is affiliated with the CVM Univered at number 53, at number 42 in 2014 and at number 28 in 2015 among the Top 100 Engineering Colleges of India by DataQuest. In 2006, GCET was named as one of the top 100 engineering schools in India by Outlook.

References

External links
 

Engineering colleges in Gujarat
Education in Anand district
Coleman Bridge (Windsor, Massachusetts). Coleman Bridge is a historic Ball-patent pipe pony truss bridge in Windsor, Massachusetts. It is the only known surviving in situ bridge of its type, one of about two dozen built in western New England. It is located on an abandoned stretch of Windsor Bush Road which crosses Phelps Brook in what is now a remote upland section of Windsor. The bridge was located near farms owned by the Coleman family, giving the bridge its name. The bridge type was invented by Charles H. Ball, an entrepreneur from nearby Peru who developed the idea of using pipes as structural elements of bridges over smaller bodies of water. Only three instances are known to exist, two of which were (as of 2000) disassembled and in storage.

The bridge was probably built in the 1890s, when Ball was at his height as a bridge builder, and did regular work for the Windsor highway department. The bridge elements were manufactured in Ball's small East Windsor shop. It was built on the site where there had previously been a wooden bridge, and spans . The top cords of the pony truss are pipes  in diameter, with doubled iron rods functioning as the truss's bottom chord. The bridge originally had wooden stringers, which were at some point replaced by iron ones. The wooden floor of the bridge is also a replacement. The bridge is accessible on foot, but is impacted by the construction of beaver dams nearby and underneath the structure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bridges completed in 1894
Bridges in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Truss bridges in the United States
Metal bridges in the United States
Dock Street Dam. The Dock Street Dam is a low-head dam that crosses the Susquehanna River between the Shipoke neighborhood of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the east shore and Lemoyne on the west shore. It is constructed of hollow, reinforced concrete buttress dam and was built to create recreational depth as a 3-mile lake, provide flood control, prevent mosquitos, and minimize odors. Turbulence downstream of the dam contrasts sharply with the usually placid, lake-like river above the dam. In spite of the dam the Susquehanna is often just a few feet deep at Harrisburg. Proposals have been made to raise the height of the dam in order to enhance the river's navigability and recreational potential, although the suggestion remains controversial. The present structure has been criticized as creating currents downstream that can draw small boats upstream into the dam, an effect that has been cited in at least seventeen drownings. Since 1935, there have been over 30 documented fatalities because of the dam. Solutions have been proposed, including the piling of stone or concrete debris south of the dam to disrupt the current, but have not been implemented.

Dock Street, which was between Hanna and Hemlock streets in the Shipoke neighborhood ran east from Front Street to Ninth Street, was eliminated when Interstate 83 and the John Harris Bridge were built.

See also
List of dams and reservoirs of the Susquehanna River
Shipoke

References

Buildings and structures in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Dams in Pennsylvania
Dams on the Susquehanna River
Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Dams completed in 1913
1913 establishments in Pennsylvania
Wayne School of Engineering. Wayne School of Engineering is a high school in Goldsboro, North Carolina, USA. The school currently serves grades 6–13. Wayne School of Engineering selects students through an application process which all rising freshmen and 6th graders in Wayne County are eligible for. The school opened August 8, 2007.

Curriculum 

Wayne School of Engineering's curriculum is based on collaboration, self-management, and relevance. Students are required to complete 15 hours of college credit and an internship. The 2007 school year started with A/B scheduling, but in 2008 has switched to 4×4 block scheduling.

Students may take online courses with NCVPS and Learn and Earn. As of the 2011–2012 school year, students can also take online or face-to-face classes at Wayne Community College or just online with Lenoir Community College.

References

Public high schools in North Carolina
Schools in Wayne County, North Carolina
Tilt fuze. A tilt fuze or fuse is a device usually used in the operation of car bombs and other such detonators, relying on the force of a jerk or similar movement for the triggering of the desired explosion.

The tilt fuze is typically a home-made mercury switch. It consists of a small tube no larger than a medical tablet bottle, made from plastic, glass or some other such material. At the bottom end of the tube, a certain volume of mercury is placed, while at the cap end are wired two live electrical contacts linked to a battery and bomb. This apparatus is then fixed lengthwise to the target vehicle; most usually, the tube is attached to the underside, below the driver or passenger's seat (depending on the desired target and the strength and quantity of the detonators) or within the mudguards.

The function of the fuze is such that when it is tilted or moved, the mercury – a liquid metal – will slide down the tube and close the electrical circuit wired to the bomb. Once the circuit is closed, the electric current will then be able to bridge the previously open gap and activate the bomb presumably concealed in another part of the vehicle. Such a tilting of the tilt fuze will likely occur over the regular bumps and jerks of the vehicle driving, ascension up the slope of a hill, or the depression of the brake or acceleration pedals, depending on the placement of the tube.

Due to the volatility in the conduction of the operation, bombers often take precautionary measures to prevent accidental tilting of the fuze while they are setting up. These often include a timer incorporated with the electric current; the bomber may set a certain time period before the contacts become live, therefore ensuring that the bomb cannot be activated until the bomber is well clear of the area.

Tilt fuzes sometimes meet use with the anti-handling devices incorporated into munitions such as the VS-50 mine. The Luftwaffe in World War II are known to have made use of variants of the tilt fuze in their bomb fuzes. Tilt fuzes have been used extensively by the Irish Republican Army and Irish National Liberation Army since 1979.

Notes

References 

Improvised explosive devices
Car bombs
Program (machine). A program is a set of instructions used to control the behavior of a machine. Examples of such programs include:

The sequence of cards used by a Jacquard loom to produce a given pattern within weaved cloth. Invented in 1801, it used holes in punched cards to represent sewing loom arm movements in order to generate decorative patterns automatically.
A computer program (software) is a list of instructions to be executed by a computer.
Barrels, punched cards and music rolls encoding music to be played by player pianos, fairground organs, barrel organs and music boxes.
The automatic flute player, which was invented in the 9th century by the Banū Mūsā brothers in Baghdad, is the first known example of a programmable machine. The work of the Banu Musa was influenced by their Hellenistic forebears, but it also makes significant improvements over Greek creation. The pinned-barrel mechanism, which allowed for programmable variations in the rhythm and melody of the music, was the key contribution given by the Banu Musa. In 1206, the Muslim inventor Al-Jazari (in the Artuqid Sultnate) described a drum machine which may have been an example of a programmable automaton.

The execution of a program is a series of actions following the instructions it contains. Each instruction produces effects that alter the state of the machine according to its predefined meaning.

While some machines are called programmable, for example a programmable thermostat or a musical synthesizer, they are in fact just devices which allow their users to select among a fixed set of a variety of options, rather than being controlled by programs written in a language (be it textual, visual or otherwise).

References

Computing terminology
Arab inventions
Iranian inventions
Turkish inventions
Iernut Power Station. The Iernut Power Station is a thermal power plant located in Iernut, Mureș County, Romania, having 2 generation groups, one of 100 MW and one group of 200, having a total electricity generation capacity of 300 MW.

In 2007, a contract was signed with Austrian company Verbund for the installation of a seventh electricity generation group of 400 MW at a total cost of US$375 million that will increase the installed capacity of the power plant to 1,200 MW.

The powerplant is set to be expanded with a new group of 430 MW.

In 2012 the power station was acquired by Romgaz in quantum of the accumulated debt of 150 million euro by the previous owner company, Electrocentrale București.

Operations

References

Natural gas-fired power stations in Romania
R25. R25 may refer to:

Automobiles 
 BMW R25, a German motorcycle
 Renault 25, a French executive car
 Renault R25, a Formula One car
 Yamaha YZF-R25, a Japanese motorcycle

Aviation 
 British Airship R25, a training airship
 Rubik R-25 Mokány, a Hungarian glider
 Tumansky R-25, a Soviet turbojet engine

Roads 
 R-25 regional road (Montenegro)
 R25 (South Africa)

Other uses 
 R25 (London), a proposed railway orbital in Greater London
 R25: Toxic if swallowed, a risk phrase
 R-25 Vulkan, a Yugoslav surface-to-air missile
 , a destroyer of the Royal Navy
 Remington Model R-25, a semi-automatic rifle
 , a submarine of the United States Navy
Nikos Paragios. Nikos Paragios (, born at 1972) is a distinguished professor of Applied mathematics at CentraleSupélec, the school of engineering of the Paris-Saclay_University and founder, president and chief executive officer of TheraPanacea, an information technology company targeting precision medicine in oncology, neurology and beyond through holistic treatment pathways optimization. 

Prior to that, he was senior fellow at the Institut Universitaire de France and affiliated scientific leader at Inria (2007-2017), served as the editor in chief of the Computer Vision and Image Understanding Journal (2012-2022) of Elsevier Publishing House, and has held permanent positions at Siemens Corporate Technology, École des ponts ParisTech as well as visiting positions at Rutgers University, Yale University and University of Houston. 
He holds a D.Sc. degree in electrical and computer engineering (2005) from Université Côte d'Azur, a PhD in electrical and computer engineering (2000) from Inria and the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and a MSc/BSc in computer science (1996/1994) from the University of Crete.

Work
 medical imaging, computer vision, artificial intelligence and machine learning

Awards
 European Research Council Fellow for his contributions to continuous and discrete inference in computer vision, 2011-2016
 IEEE Fellow for his contributions to continuous and discrete inference in computer vision, 2011
 Bodossaki Foundation Scientific Award in applied and engineering sciences, 2008 
 Francois Erbsmann Prize (with Ben Glocker), Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI), 2007
 TR35 MIT Technology Review Award, 2006
 ERCIM Cor Baayen Award  Award (honorable mention), 2000

Books
 "Geometric Level Set Methods in Imaging, Vision and Graphics" (with Stanley Osher) published in 2003 by Springer
 "Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision" (with Yunmei Chen and Olivier Faugeras) published in 2005 by Springer
 "Handbook of Biomedical Imaging: Methodologies and Clinical Research" (with James Duncan and Nicholas Ayache) published by Springer in 2015.

External links
Nikos Paragios Homepage
Google Scholar Profile

Living people
Greek computer scientists
Computer vision researchers
University of Crete alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Rhodes
A-class minehunter. The A class is a class of minehunter vessels in the Turkish Navy. In 1999, the German shipyards Lürssen and Abeking & Rasmussen were contracted to build six  ships for the Turkish Navy, a purchase worth US$630 million. While the first vessel was built in Germany, later ships were constructed by the Istanbul Naval Shipyard.

The Turkish Navy has become the second naval force in the world, after the German Navy, to use a non-magnetic steel hull in its minehunter vessels.

See also 
Lists of ships of the Turkish Navy

References

Mine warfare vessel classes
Frankenthal-class minehunters
Minehunters of the Turkish Navy
1,8-Diaminonaphthalene. 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula CH(NH).  It is one of several isomeric naphthalenediamines.  It is a colorless solid that darkens in air due to oxidation. It is a precursor to commercial pigments.

Synthesis and reactions

It is prepared by reduction of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene, which in turn is obtained as a mixture of isomers by nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene.

Upon treatment with phthalic anhydride derivatives, the diamine converts to phthaloperinones. The derivative from phthalic anhydride itself, Solvent Orange 60, is a useful orange pigment. It is a precursor to 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene. This compound used to produce perimidines by various aldehydes.

See also
 C10H10N2

References

Naphthylamines
Diamines
Adolf Klose. Adolf Klose (21 May 1844 – 2 September 1923) was the chief engineer of the Royal Württemberg State Railways in southern Germany from June 1885 to 1896.

Klose was born in Bernstadt auf dem Eigen, in Saxony. Before his taking up his post in Stuttgart he had been the technical inspector of the United Swiss Railways (Vereinigten Schweizerbahnen). After a period of depending on Prussian prototypes between 1865 and 1885, a new engineering direction followed under Klose's time in office. It was stamped by numerous home-grown ideas and discoveries. In particular he promoted the introduction of compound working for steam locomotives in Württemberg.

The patented Klose steering (Klose-Lenkwerk) carries his name. This was a multipartite and complex device for steam locomotives, which controlled the radial setting of leading and trailing wheelsets in order to improve curve running. Unfortunately, its costly maintenance and tendency to develop faults meant that his invention had no lasting success, something which was true of many other of his devices.

In 1906, Rudolf Diesel, Adolf Klose and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer Gebrüder Sulzer founded Gesellschaft für Thermolokomotiven, Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH for the manufacture of diesel-powered locomotives. The company produced one diesel-mechanical locomotive for the Prussian State Railways in 1912.

Adolf Klose died on 2 September 1923 in Munich, Bavaria.

Literature
 Mühl/Seidel: Die Württembergischen Staatseisenbahnen. Konrad Theiss Verlag Stuttgart und Aalen, 1970

References

External links
 People of the town of Bernstadt auf dem Eigen (German)

1844 births
1923 deaths
People from Görlitz (district)
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
19th-century German inventors
German railway mechanical engineers
Engineers from Saxony