omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Computer Model Railroad Interface. C/MRI (Computer/Model Railroad Interface) is a set of electronic modules that allow a computer to monitor and control real world devices, including those used in conjunction with model railroads.

C/MRI was first introduced by Bruce Chubb in the February 1985 issue of the Model Railroader magazine.  It appeared again with a four-part series starting with the January 2004 issue titled “Signaling Made Easier.” This series is considered to provide a good and concise introduction to the C/MRI and its application to signaling. Additionally, The Sunset Valley Oregon System (Bruce's home model railroad layout) was featured in the February and March 2006 issues of Model Railroader and the 2006 issue of Model Railroad Planning as well as in the March 2007 issue of the NMRA's magazine, Scale Rails.

In addition to the above magazine articles, there are several books by Bruce Chubb on the subject:

 Build your own Universal Computer Interface (out of print, first edition)
 Paperback: 320 pages
 Publisher: Tab Books (February 1989)
 
  (pbk.)
 

 Build your own Universal Computer Interface (out of print, second edition)
 Paperback: 410 pages
 Publisher: McGraw-Hill (1997)
  (hc)
  (pbk.)
 The Railroader's C/MRI Applications Handbook (version 2.1, 1999)
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~250 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI
 The Railroader's C/MRI Applications Handbook (version 2.2, 2000)
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~250 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI

 The Computer/Model Railroad Interface (C/MRI) Users Manual (version 3.0, 2003)
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~250 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI
 The Computer/Model Railroad Interface (C/MRI) Users Manual (version 3.0, 2003)
 Appendices
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~75 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI
 The Railroader's C/MRI Applications Handbook (version 3.0, 2010)
 Volume 1-System Extensions
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~250 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI
 The Railroader's C/MRI Applications Handbook (version 3.0, 2010)
 Volume 2-Signaling Systems
 Spiral bound, 8.5x11 paper: ~250 pages
 Self-published by JLC Enterprises, Grand Rapids, MI

External links
JLC Enterprises website

Rail transport modelling
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering. Adhiyamaan College of Engineering (ACE) is an Autonomous Engineering college located  at Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India.

History

The college, started in 1987–88, is one of the educational institutions developed by Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institution Trust. It is the first engineering college to be started in the most backward Dharmapuri District of the State of Tamil Nadu. It was originally affiliated to University of Madras. When Periyar University was carved out from the University of Madras, the colleges affiliation was changed to it. When the government of Tamil Nadu brought all the engineering and technical institutions in the State under one technological university in 2001, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering was affiliated to Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore. It is now affiliated to Anna University, Chennai. This college is the first private college to introduce the five-year Bachelor of Architecture degree course in Tamil Nadu, in the Name School Of Architecture.

Location
The college is housed on the Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions campus, Dr. M.G.R Nagar, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India. The campus is spread over  abutting National Highway NH-7. The institution is  from Hosur K. Appavu Pillai Bus Stand and railway station. It is  from Bangalore. The nearest airport is Bengaluru International Airport.

Institution
The college is approved by the University Grants Commission as an autonomous institution and is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) as A grade. The college is certified with ISO 9001:2008. It is also  accredited by AICTE, NBA, New Delhi. The college has student chapters in ISTE, IE(I), IIPC, CSI and IET(UK).

Infrastructure

There are three hostels namely Pennar, Cauvery and Bhavani. The Pennar and Cauvery hostels are for the boys; Pennar is for the 1st year students and Cauvery for other seniors students. The Bhavani hostel is for the girls. The hostels have kitchen to provide wholesome food to the students. 
There are three canteen running inside the campus namely mgr canteen, main canteen, kamadhenu canteen. The college has library sections with books for all departments as well as technical and non-technical magazines. Computer labs, recreation rooms and sports facilities are also available. The college library is one of the biggest of its kind. It is one of the zonal leaders in sports.

Examination system
Each academic year is divided into two semesters. Each semester has three internal exams and one final exam (semester exam) for all theory subjects. For laboratory courses there is usually one internal exam followed by the final exam. Most of the exams are theoretical and have practical exams like most other engineering colleges in India.

References 

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Krishnagiri district
Educational institutions established in 1987
1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Edgar Choueiri. Edgar Y. Choueiri (born 1961 in Lebanon) is a Lebanese American plasma physicist and previously president of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences. He is best known for clarifying the role of plasma instabilities in spacecraft electric thrusters (see plasma propulsion), for conceiving and developing new spacecraft propulsion concepts and, more recently, for his work on 3D audio.

Career 
Choueiri is professor of applied physics and aerospace engineering at Princeton University. At Princeton, he also serves as director of the electric propulsion and plasma dynamics laboratory, director of Princeton's engineering physics program, and the principal investigator of Princeton University's 3D audio and applied acoustics lab (3D3A). He is Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and previously president of the Electric Rocket Propulsion Society.

In 2004, Choueiri was knighted (Medal of the Order of the Cedars, Rank of Knight) for his work in astronautics by the president of the Republic of Lebanon.

References

External links
 Online bio at Princeton University 
 Online bio at ASL 
 Homepage of Princeton University's Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory
 Homepage of Princeton University's 3D Audio and Applied Acoustics (3D3A) Laboratory
 Edgar Y. Choueiri (26 January 2009). "The Efficient Future of Deep-Space Travel—Electric Rockets". Scientific American
 Choueiri, Edgar Y. (2009). New dawn of electric rocket 

1961 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
American people of Lebanese descent
American plasma physicists
Lebanese academics
Princeton University faculty
Knights of the National Order of the Cedar
Lebanese physicists
Johann Rihosek. Johann Rihosek (5 June 1869 – 21 November 1956) was an Austrian engineer and locomotive designer. He was born in Maków Podhalański, in Austro-Hungarian Galicia (present-day Poland) on 5 June 1869. Rihosek attended the middle school at Olmütz and later studied mechanical engineering at the Vienna Technical University.

Career
In 1893 he took up his post as a design engineer with the Wiener Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf. From 1897 he worked in the Department for Locomotive and Coach Construction headed by Karl Gölsdorf within the Imperial Royal Railway Ministry. After Gölsdorf's death in 1916 Rihosek became his successor.

The First World War and its consequences placed heavy demands on Rihosek, because the lack of materials led to problems in the manufacture of vehicles. Following the dividing up of the locomotive fleet to the new states formed from the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian empire, replacements had to be procured. This resulted in the emergence of the following classes:

 ÖBB 156 (BBÖ 270)
 ÖBB 58 (BBÖ 81)
 ÖBB 95 (BBÖ 82)

In 1924 Rihosek left the ministry (now called the Ministry for Trade and Transport) and became an honorary lecturer for locomotive construction at the Vienna Technical University. In 1936 he became reader there and in 1944 received an honorary doctorate.

Picture gallery
Locomotives designed by Johann Rihosek

Innovations
Rihosek won special acclaim for his development of railway brakes, where he preferred the use of compressed air brakes. He carried out this work in conjunction with the firm of Gebrüder Hardy A.G., on whose board he sat until his death. In addition he invented the spark arrestor and the exhaust steam preheater.

Publications
He published numerous articles in the magazines Organ für Fortschritte des Eisenbahnwesens, Zeitschrift des österreichischen Ingenieur- und Architektenverein, Die Lokomotive and Eisenbahn.

Death
Rihosek died on 21 November 1956 in Vienna.

See also 
 List of railway pioneers

Sources 

 F. Scholz: Sektionschef Professor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. h.c. Johann Rihosek †, In: Eisenbahn 1956/12, Zeitschriften-Verlag Ployer & Co., pp. 197–199, ISSN 0013-2756 
 :de:Johann Rihosek

1869 births
1956 deaths
People from Maków Podhalański
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Austrian people of Polish descent
Austrian railway mechanical engineers
Austrian railway pioneers
Locomotive builders and designers
TU Wien alumni
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
John Muir (engineer). John Muir (1918–1977) was a structural engineer who worked for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), who "dropped out," 1960s-style, to become a writer and long-haired car mechanic with a garage in Taos, New Mexico, specializing in maintenance and repair of Volkswagens. He was a distant relative of the naturalist John Muir.

How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive
In 1969, Muir collaborated with the artist Peter Aschwanden to create the definitive manual for Volkswagen owners, titled How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive; A Manual of Step-By-Step Procedures for the Compleat Idiot. Entirely hand-lettered with intricate hand-drawn illustrations, Muir's self-published edition sold more than two million copies to become one of the most successful self-published books in history. Its wry subtitle was possibly inspired by the Compleat Angler (1653) by Izaak Walton, and certainly preceded (and perhaps inspired) the "for Dummies" books from IDG Publishing and the Complete Idiot's Guides from Dorling Kindersley.  The most recent edition, the 19th (2001), with updated material by Tosh Gregg and Aschwanden remains widely available.

Although first published at the end of the 1960s, the Volkswagen was an iconic 1960s vehicle, and in retrospect this book is iconic of hippies' funky do-it-yourself, make-do culture.

Muir's second book, published in 1973, The Velvet Monkeywrench, was an ambitious attempt to, as Muir put it, "lay out this structure, the bones of a completely new establishment," a proposal that included detailed plans for the replacement of the United States of America with the Republic of North America. The book remains available from Ocean Tree Books.

Death
Muir died in November 1977 of a brain tumor, just short of his 59th birthday. In 1999, John Muir Publications was sold to Avalon Travel Publishing, with publishing rights to How to Keep ... going to Avalon.

References

1918 births
1977 deaths
American engineers
American writers
Database virtualization. Database virtualization is the decoupling of the database layer, which lies between the storage and application layers within the application stack. Virtualization of the database layer enables a shift away from the physical, toward the logical or virtual.  

Virtualization enables compute and storage resources to be pooled and allocated on demand. This enables both the sharing of single server resources for multi-tenancy, as well as the pooling of server resources into a single logical database or cluster. In both cases, database virtualization provides increased flexibility, more granular and efficient allocation of pooled resources, and more scalable computing.

Virtual data partitioning 
The act of partitioning data stores as a database grows has been in use for several decades. There are two primary ways that data has been partitioned inside legacy data management systems:

 Shared-data databases: an architecture that assumes all database cluster nodes share a single partition. Inter-node communications are used to synchronize update activities performed by different nodes on the cluster. Shared-data data management systems are limited to single-digit node clusters.
 Shared-nothing databases: an architecture in which all data is segregated to internally managed partitions with clear, well-defined data location boundaries. Shared-nothing databases require manual partition management.

In virtual partitioning, logical data is abstracted from physical data by autonomously creating and managing large numbers of data partitions (100s to 1000s). Because they are autonomously maintained, the resources required to manage the partitions are minimal. This kind of massive partitioning results in:

 Partitions that are small, efficiently managed, and load-balanced.
 Systems that do not require re-partitioning events to define additional partitions, even when the hardware is changed.

“Shared-data” and “shared-nothing” architectures allow scalability through multiple data partitions and cross-partition querying and transaction processing without full partition scanning.

Horizontal data partitioning 
Partitioning database sources from consumers is a fundamental concept.  With greater numbers of database sources, inserting a horizontal data virtualization layer between the sources and consumers helps address this complexity. Rick van der Lans, the author of multiple books on SQL and relational databases, has defined data virtualization as "the process of offering data consumers a data access interface that hides the technical aspects of stored data, such as location, storage structure, API, access language, and storage technology."

Advantages 
 Added flexibility and agility for existing computing infrastructure.
 Enhanced database performance.
 Pooling and sharing computing resources, either splitting them (multi-tenancy) or combining them (clustering).
 Simplification of administration and management.
 Increased fault tolerance.

See also 
 Data virtualization

References 

Databases
Bridges of Keeseville. The Bridges of Keeseville consist of three historic bridges located in Keeseville, New York, spanning the Ausable River. These bridges include a stone arch bridge constructed in 1843, a wrought iron Pratt truss bridge (1878) and a twisted wire cable suspension footbridge built in 1888. These three bridges represent the evolution of 19th-century bridge design, and together were designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1987.

The 1878 iron truss bridge (also known as "Upper Bridge") sits on the Essex-Clinton county line, located south of the Keeseville village center. In 2008 it was closed, and is in need of repairs.

A fourth non-historic bridge can be found northeast of these bridges. This bridge carries US 9/NY 22 over the Ausable River just before NY 22 leaves the overlap with US 9 at the northern terminus of NY 9N.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York (state)
List of historic civil engineering landmarks

References

External links

Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Bridges
Road bridges in New York (state)
Keesvilles
Wrought iron bridges in the United States
Suspension bridges in New York (state)
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Bridges in Essex County, New York
Bridges in Clinton County, New York
Ausable River (New York)
Inter-network processors. Inter-network processors are special-purpose processors which aid in the interconnection of telecommunications networks. Most commonly used inter-network processors are switches, bridges, hubs, routers and gateways. 

Switches act as interfaces for communication between telecommunications circuits in a networked environment. In addition, most modern switches have integrated network managing capabilities and may operate on numerous layers of the OSI reference model. Switches usually come as managed or unmanaged. The managed switches commonly have no management interface and/or configuration options, while their counterparts offer interfaces for modification of switch operation.

A bridge can connect numerous local area networks for the purpose of collaboration and/or exchange of information. However, the local area networks must be using the same sets of communication rules or protocols for a bridge interconnection to be successful. In slight contrast, routers are considered intelligent communications processors, which do the same thing as bridges do, namely connect two or more networks, but they allow specification of different protocols to be required factors in the interconnection process rather than the entire protocol suite. Routers are generally optimized for Ethernet LAN interfaces and are likely not to contain any other types of physical interfaces.

Hubs are communications processors which allow for port-switching, similarly to switches. Both of these processors support automatic port-switching in order to provide shared resources access to the users of a particular networked environment. However, hubs do not manage traffic so every packet that enters any port is in output on every other port, resulting in packet collisions that interrupt the flow of traffic.

When networks do not use the same protocols for the purpose of communication, they can be connected via gateways, using protocol conversion processes. In addition, gateways require congruent or at least mutually acceptable administrative procedures between the interconnecting networks. The duties of a gateway are usually much more complex than those of switches or routers.

References
LAN Internetworking Devices: Bridges (1999). Data Communications Networking 
Devices. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.

LAN Internetworking Devices: Gateways (1999). Data Communications Networking 
Devices. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.

O’Brien J. A. & Marakas, G. M. (2008). Management Information Systems. 
New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Routers (2003). Ethernet Networks. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from 
Computers & Applied Sciences Complete database.

Telecommunications infrastructure
British Aircraft Company Drone. The B.A.C. Drone was a British ultralight single-seat aircraft of the 1930s.

Design
During the early 1930s, the British Aircraft Company of Maidstone, Kent built a series of gliders culminating in the B.A.C. VII tandem two-seater. In 1932 the firm fitted a 600 c.c. Douglas motorcycle engine above the high wing on a steel tube pylon. It flew as a single-seater, and was known as the B.A.C. Planette. On 13 May 1933, the talented 32-year old designer C.H. Lowe-Wylde was killed in a crash of the first Planette at West Malling. The firm was then taken over by Robert Kronfeld who modified the second Planette with a streamlined pylon, and renamed the design the Drone.
In 1937, B.A.C. also introduced a machine called the Flying Ground Trainer. This was a powered primary glider which could be assembled either with a stub wing or with a Drone wing. It would fly only with the latter and was fitted with extra wheels at the nose and wing tips in order to ameliorate the consequences of inexperienced piloting.

Production
Premises nearer London were acquired in 1935 at London Air Park, Hanworth, in Middlesex, and production of the single-seat aircraft commenced there. In 1936, the company was renamed Kronfeld Ltd, and 20 Drones were built during the year. Aircraft fitted with the 23 hp (17 kW) Douglas Sprite engine became known as the Kronfeld Super Drone. A version with a 30 hp (22 kW) water-cooled Carden-Ford converted car engine and folding wings was known as the Drone de Luxe. The firm closed down in 1937, after 33 Drones had been completed.

The Drone became popular with private owners. Col. the Master of Sempill startled the aviation world in April 1936, when he flew Drone G-ADPJ from Croydon Airport to Berlin in 11 hours flying time on 14 gallons of petrol. The return took him nine hours. Two Drones flew over 40,000 miles with C.W.A. Scott's air display team. During the Second World War, a camouflaged Drone de Luxe was unofficially flown by pilots of No. 609 Squadron on duck-shooting sorties using a 12-bore shot  gun and a ring-and-bead sight.

Survivors
Eight Drones survived the Second World War, and three of those flew again. Three Drones remained extant in 2006, including the sole surviving Kronfeld Drone de Luxe, G-AEKV, which last flew in 1984 and is now owned by Brooklands Museum in Surrey. and currently loaned to the Gliding Heritage Centre at Lasham, Hants.

Specifications (Super Drone)

See also

References

Sources

 

Drone
1930s British sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics. German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR; ) is a German aerospace society. It was founded in 1912 under the name of Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Flugtechnik (WGF). It is the second oldest technical and scientific society in aerospace in the world.

The DGLR published some of the Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt (ZFM) ("Journal of Aviation Engineering and Motorized-Airship Aeronautics") until 1933

History
In 1993 Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft, Otto-Lilienthal-Gesellschaft, Gesellschaft für Raketentechnik und Weltraumfahrt e.V. and Fachverband für Luftfahrt e.V. were combined to form Deutschen Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal - Oberth e.V.

Awards
The following awards are given out by DGLR for outstanding contributions:
 Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring
 Eugen-Sänger-Medaille
 Otto-Lilienthal-Medaille

See also
German Aerospace Center

References

Aerospace engineering organizations
Aviation in Germany
Organisations based in Bonn