omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CING (biomolecular NMR structure). In biomolecular structure, CING stands for the Common Interface for NMR structure Generation and is known for structure and NMR data validation.

NMR spectroscopy provides diverse data on the solution structure of biomolecules. CING combines many external programs and internalized algorithms to direct an author of a new structure or a biochemist interested in an existing structure to regions of the molecule that might be problematic in relation to the experimental data.

The source code is maintained open to the public at Google Code.  There is a secure web interface iCing available for new data.

Applications 
 9000+ validation reports for existing Protein Data Bank structures in NRG-CING.
 CING has been applied to automatic predictions in the CASD-NMR  experiment with results available at CASD-NMR.

Validated NMR data 
 Protein or Nucleic acid structure together called Biomolecular structure
 Chemical shift
 (Nuclear Overhauser effect) Distance restraint
 Dihedral angle restraint
 RDC or Residual dipolar coupling restraint
 NMR (cross-)peak

Software 

Following software is used internally or externally by CING:

 3DNA 
 Collaborative Computing Project for NMR
 CYANA (Software)
 DSSP (algorithm)
 MOLMOL 
 Matplotlib
 Nmrpipe
 PROCHECK/Aqua 
 POV-Ray
 ShiftX 
 TALOS+ 
 WHAT_CHECK  
 Wattos 
 XPLOR-NIH
 Yasara

Algorithms
 Saltbridge 
 Disulfide bridge 
 Outlier

Funding 
The NRG-CING project was supported by the European Community grants 213010 (eNMR) and 261572 (WeNMR).

References

External links
 CING - includes tutorials and blog.
 iCing - web interface to CING.
 software - Google code with issue tracker and Wiki.
 NRG-CING - validation results on all PDB NMR structures.
 CASD-NMR CING - validation results of recent CASD-NMR predicted structures.

Protein structure
VXS-1. Scientific Development Squadron 1 (VXS-1) is a United States Navy military support squadron that conducts numerous single-aircraft deployments around the world in support of a wide range of airborne research projects for the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, United States Navy, U.S. Government, and its contracting agencies.

Mission statement
"Scientific Development Squadron (VXS) 1 conducts airborne scientific experimentation and advanced technology development in worldwide operations supporting U.S. Navy and national science and technology (S&T) priorities and war fighting goals. Supporting broadly based, multidisciplinary programs across the full spectrum of scientific research and applied technologies, our focus is toward the maritime application of new and improved airborne data collection techniques, experimental equipment, and system demonstration. While directly supporting scientific programs across the globe, we ensure that our work environment provides for the learning, personal growth, and respect of all our men and women and their families."

History
Formerly known as Flight Support Detachment, VXS-1 was established 13 December 2004, as commissioned by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Notice 5450.

Fleet Operations

Manned by Navy officers, enlisted sailors and government and private civilian personnel, the squadron is responsible for the maintenance and security of three uniquely configured NP-3C Orion turboprop research aircraft, a Beechcraft RC-12M Guardrail aircraft, and numerous TigerShark Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In 2019 VXS-1 acquired a UV-18 Twin Otter aircraft, the military equivalent of the DeHavilland DHC-6 – a high-wing, unpressurized twin engine turbine powered aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear.

Located on board the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, VXS-1 is responsible for the training, qualifications, and proficiency of all assigned personnel, as well as the maintenance of the research aircraft, and detachment coordination.

Missions

2004 – The Detachment supported the Antarctic Sea Ice Campaign, flying missions in and around what was formerly known as the Palmer Peninsula on the Antarctic continent. The mission purpose was the evaluation of spatial variability to fully assess how accurately sea ice parameters can be derived based on a study of new ice emissivity, heat, and salinity fluxes over coastal waters and a determination of precise locations of ice edges.

2006 – VXS-1 flew the "Rampant Lion I" survey conducted by Naval Research Laboratory and U.S. Geological Survey scientists as part of an integrated remote sensing survey, mapping approximately two-thirds of the country of Afghanistan.

2008 – The team flew "Rampant Lion II". Built on data obtained in 2006, the team's modified NP-3D Orion aircraft assisted scientists with a dual focus – developing advanced geospatial collection; and analysis techniques to support the warfighter and economic infrastructure development in Afghanistan.

References

External links 

 VXS-1 (Naval Research Laboratory)
 NAVAIR at PAX River

Test squadrons of the United States Navy
St. Mary's County, Maryland
Newman–Kwart rearrangement. The Newman–Kwart rearrangement is a type of rearrangement reaction in which the aryl group of an O-aryl thiocarbamate, ArOC(=S)NMe2, migrates from the oxygen atom to the sulfur atom, forming an S-aryl thiocarbamate, ArSC(=O)NMe2. The reaction is named after its discoverers, Melvin Spencer Newman and Harold Kwart. The reaction is a manifestation of the double bond rule.  The Newman–Kwart reaction represents a useful synthetic tool for the preparation of thiophenol derivatives.

Mechanism
The Newman–Kwart rearrangement is intramolecular.  It is generally believed to be a concerted process, proceeding via a four-membered cyclic transition state (rather than a two-step process passing through a discrete reactive intermediate). The enthalpy of activation for this transition state is generally quite high for typical substrates (ΔH‡ ~ 30 to 40 kcal/mol), necessitating high reaction temperatures (200 to 300 °C, Ph2O as solvent or heat).  

A Pd-catalyzed process and conditions under photoredox catalysis (both proceeding through complex multistep mechanisms) are known.  These catalytic processes allow for much milder reaction conditions to be used (100 °C for Pd catalysis, ambient temperature for photoredox).

Use for preparation of thiophenols
The Newman–Kwart rearrangement is an important prelude to the synthesis of thiophenols. A phenol (1) is deprotonated with a base followed by treatment with a thiocarbamoyl chloride (2) to form an O-aryl thiocarbamate (3). Heating 3 to around 250 °C causes it undergo Newman–Kwart rearrangement to an S-aryl thiocarbamate (4). Alkaline hydrolysis or similar cleavage yields a thiophenol (5).

See also
 Smiles rearrangement
 Chapman rearrangement

References

Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
John Bailey Denton. John Bailey Denton (1814–1893) M. Inst. C.E.; F.G.S., was a British surveyor and civil engineer.

Biography 
When discussing the value of sewage, Denton records that Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, a chemist, demonstrated that a harvest of  of wheat and  of barley can be obtained from the nearly  of nitrogen an adult's body-waste produces yearly. In addition, 9s (£ at present worth as of ) was calculated by Dr. Augustus Voelcker, the consulting chemist for the Royal Agricultural Society of England, to be the annual value  of ammonia and phosphates excreted per head.

Honorary 
Honorary member of the R.A.S.S. of Denmark, Sweden, and Hanover.

List of publications 
This list is taken from ODNB and Works by Mr Bailey-Denton, M. Inst. C.E.; F.G.S., in Sewage Disposal (1895).

 (1842) What Can now be Done for British Agriculture?
 (1849) Sewerage of London
 (1854) Land Drainage and drainage Systems
 (1855) Underdrainage of Land; its progress and results (Society of Arts Medal)
 (1857) Road-Making (Prize Essay)
 (1858) The effect of Underdrainage on Arterial Channels and Outfalls
 (1863) The Discharge from Underdrainage (Telford Medal, Institution of Civil Engineers.)
 (1864) The Farm Homesteads of England
 (1865) The importance of Shelter and Covering at Homesteads in certain Districts of Great Britain
 (1865) The Marshes of South Italy
 (1866) The Water Question
 (1868) The Agricultural Labourer
 (1869) Sanitary Works
 (1870) Sewage Farming
 (1871) Sewage the Fertilizer of Land, and Land the Purifier of Sewage
 (1872) Underdrainage and the steps taken to develop and maintain its effects
 (1873) Intermittent Downward Filtration and Irrigation
 (1874) Sanitary Science applied to Towns and Rural Districts
 (1874) Storage of Water
 (1877) Sanitary Engineering
 (1881) Sewage Disposal

References

External links
 

1814 births
1893 deaths
British surveyors
British civil engineers
Axium (company). Axium (XTS Software) is a privately held software company founded in 1993 and based in Portland, Oregon.  Axium has created accounting, project management, and business development software for the architecture and engineering (A/E) industries.  Axium was named one of the fastest-growing private companies by the Portland Business Journal in 2008, 2009, and 2010.  Axium was rated as one of the top 100 companies to work for in the State of Oregon in 2009 and 2010 by Oregon Business magazine.

History
In 1983, Alan Mills formed a joint venture with Timberline Software and developed the architecture & engineering specific product offering.  On September 27, 1996, Timberline Software sold its Architecture & Engineering product line to Mills and Cathy Mills.  In 2004, Axium launched an entirely new software platform, Ajera, which makes up its core offering today. The company announced plans to move to neighboring Tigard's Lincoln Center in 2010. The company had revenues of $10.9 million for 2011 and had 78 employees at that time. Axium was sold in December 2012 to 2ndWave Software, but was to retain its headquarters in Oregon.

Axium launched a new product, Project Trek, in 2014. This came after the company acquired ArchitTrek in March 2014 in an effort to add collaboration and construction project management to its offering.

Acquisition by Deltek
In June 2014, Axium was acquired by Deltek, Inc. The terms of the acquisition were not disclosed. While Deltek announced plans to incorporate Axium's software solutions into their own offering and reported that the acquisition would speed their growth, Axium continues to operate as a separate entity and serve their 3,500+ existing customers.

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon

References

External links
 Axium Official Website

Companies based in Portland, Oregon
Companies established in 1993
Engineering software companies
Privately held companies based in Oregon
1993 establishments in Oregon
Mitsubishi G1M. The Mitsubishi G1M was a long-range twin-engined attack bomber built by Mitsubishi for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 1930s.

Design and development
The sole prototype G1M, initially designated Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 8-Shi Special Reconnaissance Aircraft and re-designated Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 8-Shi Land based Medium Attack Aircraft before first flight, was a predecessor of the Mitsubishi G3M, an important step for the Navy air force towards more capable land-based bombers such as the Mitsubishi G4M "Betty".

There is sometimes confusion between this aircraft and the Mitsubishi 3MT5 (also designated 'Mitsubishi G1M' and 'Navy Experimental 7-shi Carrier Attack Bomber'). The 3MT5 was a biplane, and the 8-shi experimental Attack Bomber was a monoplane, two entirely different aircraft.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 
 Peattie, Mark R. Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007. .

G1M
1930s Japanese bomber aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Joseph Andrew Lapointe. Joseph Andrew Lapointe, also known as Andy Lapointe, was a senior research scientist at Domtar Research Centre in Senneville Quebec. He was involved in the development of mechanical processes and equipment at the research level for over 25 years. During his time at Domtar he specialized in the development of chipping technology and has a number of patents and patents pending in his field. He assisted in the development of over 30 sawmills improving the quality of their chips to meet the requirements of specific pulp mills. Prior to joining Domtar, he was with the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (Paprican) where he co-invented the Papriformer and was involved in its development. This wet sheet former has been the subject of numerous papers and is considered one of the major advances in papermaking technology. The Papriformer received the Governor General's award for Engineering Design in 1975. Lapointe has also been responsible for a number of analytical devices (sources coming soon) which are in use in universities, research centres and technical laboratories.

The Papriformer
The Papriformer was Lapointe's biggest accomplishment as an engineer. American companies sought his invention and he was set to battle the rights in a Court of Law. Surprisingly, Lapointe died of a three-wheeler accident just days prior to his appearance in court.

References

20th-century Canadian scientists
Cellulose electrode. A cellulose electrode is a welding electrode that has a coating containing organic materials. About 30% of the coating weight is cellulose.
In some countries, paper pulp and wood powder are added to the coating in certain ratios to reduce the amount of pure cellulose. 

The organic compounds in the coating decompose in the arc to form carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which increase the arc tension and thus, the welding arc becomes stronger and harder. Compared with other types of electrodes, with the same current values, a 70% deeper penetration can be obtained with cellulose electrodes.

This type of electrode is generally produced with thin or medium coating thicknesses. When the coating is thin, a light amount of slag is formed on the welding bead and the spatter loss is high. On the other hand, the gap filling and vertical down welding capability as well as penetration of the weld obtained by this electrode is good.

Since this electrode can be used in every position (particularly in vertical down), it has a wide range of applications in the ship building industry and in the welding of pipelines with a wall thickness of less than 12.5 mm. The cellulose that burns during welding forms a very good protective gaseous atmosphere.

Application
The main features of cellulose electrodes are as follows:
 Deep penetrating welding in every position
 Vertical down welding capability
 Weld metal with good mechanical properties
 A less amount of weld pool is developed

The titanium compounds in the coating provide arc stability as well as help clean the slag easily. Adding a certain amount of ferromanganese to the coating makes it possible to compensate for the manganese that is lost through oxidation during welding and to deoxidize the weld pool. Since these electrodes are generally manufactured using a sodium silicate binder, they can best be used with DC(+) polarity.

References 

Electrodes
Cellulose
Spruce 1. Spruce 1 is a proposed coal strip-mining operation approximately two miles northeast of Blair in Logan County, West Virginia, in the Appalachian Mountains.  First proposed in 1997 by Arch Coal Inc. of St. Louis, the operation was first to cover , then reduced to 2,278. The permitting process was closely monitored by environmental groups and the mining industry alike with regard to the Obama administration's future mining policy.

In 2005, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began reviewing the permit application by Hobet Mining, Inc. to construct the mine. The Corps of Engineers issued a permit for it on January 31, 2007, but legal action delayed construction of the mine, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered revoking the permit. United States House of Representatives member Nick Rahall, a Democrat from West Virginia's 3rd congressional district, claimed in a speech preceding a May 2010 public EPA hearing that the EPA's actions would cost West Virginia jobs. At that hearing, testimony came mostly from people supporting the local coal industry. 

Shawn M. Garvin, Mid-Atlantic regional administration of the EPA, issued a recommendation in October 2010 against constructing Spruce 1 because the mine "would likely have unacceptable adverse effects on wildlife." The EPA revoked the permit on January 13, 2011. 

On March 23, 2012, federal judge Amy Berman Jackson overturned the decision by the EPA that revoked a permit for the Spruce 1 mine project. In her ruling, Jackson stated that the EPA did not have power under the Clean Water Act to rescind the permit. That ruling was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in April 2013, and on September 30, 2014, Berman Jackson ruled in the EPA's favor, allowing its veto of the permit to stand.

References

External links
EPA page about Spruce 1
Full text of Mingo Logan v. EPA court decision

Coal mines in the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Logan County, West Virginia
Beer's Bridge. Beer's Bridge is a historic Pratt Pony truss bridge over the Ausable River at Keene Valley in Essex County, New York.  It was built in 1900 by the Pratt, Tomas & Caleb Company.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Bridges completed in 1900
Bridges in Essex County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Ausable River (New York)
Removal Units. A Removal Unit (RMU) was a tradable carbon credit or 'Kyoto unit' representing an allowance to emit one tonne of greenhouse gases absorbed by a removal or carbon sink activity in an Annex I country.

Removal Units were generated and issued by Kyoto Protocol Annex I Parties for carbon absorption by land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities such as reforestation.

Application
Under Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, Annex I Parties could recognise the biosequestration, the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by carbon sinks, created by direct human-induced afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, in determining whether they met their emission reduction commitments under the Protocol. When sinks resulted in the net removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, Annex I Parties could issue removal units (RMUs).

See also
Emissions trading
Flexible mechanisms
Assigned amount units
Certified Emission Reduction
Emission Reduction Unit

References
 

Carbon finance
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Treaties concluded in 1997
Skyhook (cable). A skyhook is a "hook" used to lift an object on a long cable hanging from the sky, without readily apparent support. In the mid-20th century it was common in the Boy Scouts and occupations such as oil drilling to send new recruits on a futile search for such an imaginary object, as a practical joke. In construction, when material or equipment arrives onsite before the foundations are designed or built, the common remark voiced, "The home office wants us to use skyhooks!"

The term has subsequently lent its name to some real mechanisms that use an airborne hook or hoist, and to other products or ideas that allude to the concept. The American philosopher Richard Rorty uses the term to refer to a hypothetical metaphysical system that leads to a universal perspective. In his book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Daniel Dennett furthers this usage of the term, claiming that evolutionary biologists who are not strict Darwinians hold out hope for some sort of metaphysical "skyhook" to explain the existence of things like human consciousness.

References

Practical jokes
John C. Gittins. John Charles Gittins (born 1938) is a researcher in applied probability and operations research, who is a professor and Emeritus Fellow at Keble College, Oxford University.

He is renowned as the developer of the "Gittins index", which is used for sequential decision-making, especially in research and development in the pharmaceutical industry. He has research interests in applied probability, decision analysis and optimal decisions, including optimal stopping and stochastic optimization.

Gittins was an Assistant Director of Research at the Department of Engineering, Cambridge University from 1967 to 1974. Then he was a lecturer at Oxford University from 1975 to 2005 and head of the Department of Statistics there for 6 years. In 1992, Oxford University awarded him the degree Doctor of Science (D. Sci.). In 1996, he became a Professor of Statistics at Oxford University.

He has been awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize (1982) for early-career probabilists, and the Guy Medal in Silver (1984).

Selected publications
(1989) Multi-Armed Bandit Allocation Indices, Wiley. 
(1985) (with Bergman, S.W.) Statistical Methods for Pharmaceutical Research Planning, CRC Press. 
(2000) (with H. Pezeshk) "How Large Should a Clinical Trial Be?", The Statistician, 49 (2), 177–187 )
(2001) (with G. Harper) "Bounds on the Performance of a Greedy Algorithm for Probabilities". Mathematics of Operations Research, 26, 313–323
(2003) "Stochastic Models for the Planning of Pharmaceutical Research", Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications, 2 (2), 198–214.
(2011) (with K. D. Glazebrook and R. R. Weber) Multi-Armed Bandit Allocation Indices, second edition, Wiley,

References

External links
Home page for John Gittins

1938 births
British statisticians
Probability theorists
British operations researchers
Fellows of Keble College, Oxford
Living people
Alumni of the University of Wales
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Michael Bletsas. Michail Bletsas  (born March 19, 1967) is a Greek research scientist and the Director of Computing at the MIT Media Lab.

Early life
Bletsas was born in Chania, Crete. He studied at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and received a master's degree in computer engineering from Boston University.

Career
Before joining the Media Lab, Bletsas was a Systems Engineer at Aware Inc. He is one of the founders of the Greek mobile advertising and marketing company Velti S.A. and he was also one of the leaders in an effort to provide wireless networking to the island of Patmos, Greece.

Since June 23, 2010, Bletsas is an Independent Non-Executive Director of Hellenic Telecommunications Organization SA (Athens, Greece).

OLPC
Michail Bletsas is one of the designers of OLPC's XO laptop.

He was one of the principals of the OLPC team  
where he made various contributions, including  the design and implementation of the first embedded layer-2 wifi mesh stack. From February 2006 to January 2009, he was OLPC's Chief Connectivity Officer and VP Advanced Technology and he was member of the group which received the Community category award of the 2007 Index: Award, for the design of the OLPC XO-1 laptop computer.

Conferences
He was a keynote speaker at the 4th and 5th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications & Networking Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada, 2007
and 2008 
respectively, at the 8th International Conference on Computer Based Learning in Science in Heraklion, Crete, 2007, at Disruptions 2007 in Athens, Greece, and at the 4th Balkan Conference in Informatics in Thessaloniki, Greece, 2009.

References

External links

MIT Media Lab "http://web.media.mit.edu/~mbletsas/"

MIT School of Architecture and Planning faculty
1967 births
Living people
Greek academics
One Laptop per Child
MIT Media Lab people
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
People from Chania