omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARMAT. ARMAT  is a French anti-radar missile. It is a development of the Anglo-French Martel. It was adopted by the French Air Force and exported to several other countries, and has been used in combat by Iraq.

Development
Martel was developed as a joint Anglo-French programme in two versions, a TV-guided version, which was only used by the British, and an anti-radar version, which was used by both countries When it came to replace Martel, Britain and France pursued separate programmes, with British Aerospace developing the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile (which used a similar airframe to Martel but powered by a turbojet and with active radar homing and the smaller ALARM anti-radar missile. To meet France's requirements for an anti-radar missile, French company Matra developed the Martel into the ARMAT (Anti-Radar Matra), with work beginning in 1979. This used the same airframe as the Martel, but with a higher impulse rocket motor, and an improved homing seeker and electronics.

ARMAT is reported to be provided with several interchangeable homing heads, covering differing frequency ranges (from L- to X band) depending on the likely targets, and can be launched from both high or low altitude, with a range of from  to  reported. The missile has a high subsonic speed, and is supersonic in a dive. It carries a warhead of  to .

Operational history
Iraq took an early interest in the development of ARMAT, and used the missile during the Iran–Iraq War, entering Iraqi service in 1982. ARMAT entered service with the French Air Force in 1984. 

ARMAT has been cleared for carriage on the Mirage F.1, Mirage 2000, SEPECAT Jaguar fighters and attack aircraft and the Bréguet 1150 Atlantic maritime patrol aircraft. In 1988, an improved version, called MARS, was proposed. French ARMATs may have been upgraded in the early 1990s.

References

Notes

External links
Ancile
Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS

Anti-radiation missiles of France
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Air-to-surface missiles of the Cold War
Air-to-surface missiles of France
Fernandez's method. Fernandez's method (FB) in computer science and operations research, is a method which is used in the multiprocessor scheduling algorithm.  It is actually used to improve the quality of the lower bounding schemes which are adopted by branch and bound algorithms for solving multiprocessor scheduling problem. Fernandez's problem derives a better lower bound than HF, and propose a quadratic-time algorithm from calculating the bound. It is known that a straightforward calculation of FB takes O time, since it must examine O combinations each of which takes O time in the worst case.

Further reading
A Comparison of List Scheduling for Parallel Processing Systems

References

Optimization algorithms and methods
Angle-sensitive pixel. An angle-sensitive pixel (ASP) is a CMOS sensor with a sensitivity to incoming light that is sinusoidal in incident angle.

Principles of operation

ASPs are typically composed of two gratings (a diffraction grating and an analyzer grating) above a single photodiode. ASPs exploit the moire effect and the Talbot effect to gain their sinusoidal light sensitivity. According to the moire effect, if light acted as a particle, at certain incident angles the gaps in the diffraction and analyzer gratings line up, while at other incident angles light passed by the diffraction grating is blocked by the analyzer grating. The amount of light reaching the photodiode would be proportional to a sinusoidal function of incident angle, as the two gratings come in and out of phase with each other with shifting incident angle. The wave nature of light becomes important at small scales such as those in ASPs, meaning a pure-moire model of ASP function is insufficient. However, at half-integer multiples of the Talbot depth, the periodicity of the diffraction grating is recapitulated, and the moire effect is rescued. By building ASPs where the vertical separation between the gratings is approximately equal to a half-integer multiple of the Talbot depth, the sinusoidal sensitivity with incident angle is observed.

Applications

ASPs can be used in miniature imaging devices. They do not require any focusing elements to achieve sinusoidal incident angle sensitivity, meaning that they can be deployed without a lens to image the near field, or the far field using a Fourier-complete planar Fourier capture array. They can also be used in conjunction with a lens, in which case they perform a depth-sensitive, physics-based wavelet transform of the far-away scene, allowing single-lens 3D photography similar to that of the Lytro camera.

See also
Planar Fourier capture array

References

Image sensors
Integrated circuits
Jülich Solar Tower. Jülich Solar Tower is a  high experimental concentrated solar power (CSP) tower, Germany's sole plant using this type of solar power technology. In September 2008 the plant was put into operation on a trial basis. Over 2,000 dual-axis sun-tracking mirrors heat air to 700 °C, which is used to generate steam which flows through a turbine to generate electricity. Insulated steel tanks allow storage of heat for 1.5 hours in the event of clouds passing over. The total electric output of the plant is 1.5 MW.  In 2011 it was sold to the German Aerospace Center.

See also

List of solar thermal power stations
Renewable energy in the European Union
Solar thermal energy
The Solar Project

External links
 DLR website on the Jülich solar tower (German)
 DLR website on the Jülich solar tower (English)

References

2008 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Düren (district)
Energy infrastructure completed in 2008
Research institutes in North Rhine-Westphalia
Solar power stations in Germany
Solar thermal energy
Towers in Germany
Devoré. Devoré (also called burnout) is a fabric technique particularly used on velvets, where a mixed-fibre material undergoes a chemical process to dissolve the cellulose fibres to create a semi-transparent pattern against more solidly woven fabric. The same technique can also be applied to textiles other than velvet, such as lace or the fabrics in burnout t-shirts.

Devoré comes from the French verb dévorer, meaning literally to devour.

History
Burnout fabrics are thought to have originated in France, possibly as a cheap alternative to lace that could be created using caustic paste on fabric. The commercial chemical process used in fashion garments was developed in Lyon at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The technique was popularised in the 1920s – typically used on evening gowns and shawls – and revived in the 1980s and '90s, notably by Jasper Conran on theatrical costumes and then evening wear and by Georgina von Etzdorf on scarves.

1990s revival
Conran is credited with popularising devoré, introducing it in 1989 and taking the technique forward in the 1990s in his main fashion line. He refined his techniques on theatrical costumes; in the 1992 production of My Fair Lady directed by Simon Callow, burnout fabrics were heavily used for the costumes of Eliza Doolittle and street vendors. Conran's devoré technique also featured in David Bintley's 1993 Royal Ballet production of Tombeaux, where it was used to create the two-tone velvet tutu worn by Darcey Bussell and the corps de ballet costumes. In 1994, it featured in the Scottish Ballet production of The Sleeping Beauty, where Conran said it produced better results for lower cost than appliqué techniques.

Conran's most elaborate devoré fashion pieces – which were oven baked as part of the process – were time-consuming to produce and expensive to buy; in 1993, a panelled evening skirt retailed at £572 and an acid-treated shirt cost £625.

Established as a Wiltshire textile printing workshop in 1981, Georgina von Etzdorf's primary focus was on creating painterly effects on fabric. Credited with popularising the velvet scarf, she introduced devoré to the range in 1993 – having experimented with printed velvets from 1985.

Method
Devoré techniques use blended fabrics which combine protein-based fibres such as silk with cellulose-based fibres such as viscose, cotton, or rayon. In order to create the 'burnout' pattern, a chemical gel containing sodium hydrogen sulphate is applied to the fabric in patterns, dissolving away the cellulose-based fibres and leaving behind the protein-based fibres, which are not affected by the chemical. The chemical gel may be applied either by printing or by hand painting on the fabric.

See also

Cellulose fiber
Chemical lace
Fabric
Fiber
Glossary of textile manufacturing
Synthetic fiber
Textile manufacturing
Textile manufacturing terminology

References

External links
Devoré tutorial on Textile Arts
Examples and methods at The Cutting Class
1990s Georgina von Etzdorf devore satin dress in the Manchester Galleries collection 

Cellulose
Materials
Textiles
1920s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
Textile techniques
Measurement-assisted assembly. Measurement-assisted assembly (MAA) is any method of assembly in which measurements are used to guide assembly processes. Such processes include:
 Predictive fettling/shimming in which component measurements are used to predict gaps and interferences prior to assembly, and these predictions are used to enable a right-first-time assembly
 Assemble-Measure-Move (AMM) processes where a component is positioned approximately in an assembly, the position of the component is measured and then it is moved towards its specified position. This process may be iterated a number of times before the component is within its specified position, alternatively 'real time' measurements may be used to 'track' the component into location.
 Active tooling is a form of assembly fixture which does not rely on inherent dimensional stability to provide an accurate location for components but rather uses frequent measurements to facilitate in active compensation.
 Closed loop control of assembly automation in order to improve the accuracy of flexible automation systems such as industrial robots.
Measurement-assisted assembly is typically used for large structures such as aircraft and steel fabrications. It can be used to improve production rates, reduce reworking and increase flexibility for processes where manual reworking during assembly is required to maintain assembly form and component interface conditions. This type of approach generally offers no advantages where part-to-part interchangeability can already be achieved.

Notes and references 

Industrial processes
Rajadhani Institute of Engineering and Technology. Rajadhani Institute of Engineering & Technology (RIET), established in 2009, is a private self-financing technical institution at Nagaroor, Thiruvananthapuram, India. It is affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.

Courses
The college offers the following graduate and postgraduate courses:
B.Tech Degree courses:
  Aeronautical Engineering (600 seats)
  Civil Engineering (120 seats)
  Computer Science and Engineering (60 seats)
  Electronics and Communication Engineering (60 seats)
  Electrical and Electronics Engineering (60 seats)
  Mechanical Engineering (120 seats)
Robotics and Automation (60 seats)
Cybersecurity (60 seats)

Postgraduate level:
  Structural Engineering  (18 Seats)
  Geo-Technical Engineering   (18 seats)
Polytechnic

Electrical and Electronics Engineering (60 seats)
Mechanical Engineering (60 seats)
Civil engineering (60 seats)
Automobile Engineering (60 seats)
Computer Technology (60 seats)

Start-ups 
Rajadhani Institute Of Engineering And Technology was successful in promoting the technical as well as the entrepreneurial mindset in the students. Examples are:
 Travancore Majestic
 Rajadhani Hi-Tech Equipments 
 CE SQUARE
 KARMA RESEARCH LAB
 E4S (Engineering 4 solutions)
.AST

References

External links 
 

 Private engineering colleges in Kerala
 Engineering colleges in Thiruvananthapuram
 Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala
 Educational institutions established in 2009
2009 establishments in Kerala
Sklodowskite. Sklodowskite is a uranium mineral with the chemical formula: Mg(UO2)2(HSiO4)2·5H2O. It is a secondary mineral which contains magnesium and is a bright yellow colour, its crystal habit is acicular, but can form in other shapes. It has a Mohs hardness of about 2–3.
It is named after the maiden name of Marie Skłodowska Curie. It is the magnesium analogue of the much more common uranium mineral Cuprosklodowskite, which contains copper instead.

It was discovered by  (1881–1966) in 1924.

References

A. Schoep, La sklodowskite, nouveau mineral radioactif, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 179, 143 (1924)

Uranium(VI) minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Lawrence J. Giacoletto. Lawrence Joseph Giacoletto (November 14, 1916, in Clinton, Indiana – October 4, 2004, in Okemos, Michigan) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. He was known among others for his work in the field of semiconductor circuit technology, in particular by the eponymous Giacoletto equivalent circuit for transistors  (also known as Hybrid-pi model).

Life 
Giacoletto studied first at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Terre Haute. In 1952 he received his doctorate in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan.  After his discharge from military service in 1946 Giacoletto began as a development engineer at the RCA Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey.  In 1956 he joined the Ford Motor Company in Dearborn, Michigan, where he served as manager of the Electronics Department of Scientific Labs. Coinciding with this change, he founded the Cooperative Research Institute (CORES). Here he continued his research in the field of vehicle electronics and developed ideas for improving a variety of products. In the late 50s he also worked in the field of home-production of solar energy. 

Later during the late 60's, 70's and 80's, Giacoletto taught thousands of Electrical Engineering Graduate and Undergraduate students at Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. Electrical Engineering students had an interesting moniker for him. He was known as "1-point Giacoletto" due to his high academic standards and low tolerance for incompetence. Giacoletto's exams were notoriously difficult and students felt "lucky" to escape his classes with a 1-point (D average). 

Giacoletto died at his home in Okemos, Michigan on October 4, 2004.

Works 
He worked in the development of the RCA color television system, developed the equivalent circuit for transistors and invented the homopolar alternator, a device able to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. He also contributed significantly to early work in electronic ignition circuits at Ford Sci. Labs, found in all modern-day vehicles.

He authored or co-authored the following books:
 RCA Laboratories Transistor I Book. RCA Laboratories, 1956.
 Differential Amplifiers. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1970, .
 The Electronics Designers Handbook.  McGraw-Hill, 1977, .

Awards 
Giacoletto contributed by the awards Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the American Physical Society and Sigma Xi and a number of boards.
In 2011 it was honored by the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology with the establishment of an endowed faculty chair in electrical engineering.

See also

Hybrid-pi model
Small signal model

References and notes

External links 
Biography of the engineer and inventor Lawrence Joseph Giacoletto

University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
People from Okemos, Michigan
People from Clinton, Indiana
1916 births
2004 deaths
American electrical engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology alumni
IM Flash Singapore. IM Flash Singapore LLP is a semiconductor company located in Singapore.

History 
IM Flash SIngapore was founded in February 2007, by Micron Technology and Intel Corporation. The joint-venture was set up to produce NAND Flash memory for the 2 owners, and was the second site set up, after the success of IM Flash Technologies. It was located in Senoko, Singapore.

It was planned to begin operations in late 2008, but due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, all 800 employees were retrenched. The plant, which had completed construction, was idled as the capital equipment had not moved into the plant.

In 2010, preparations were made to start production by end of that year, as the IM Flash Technologies plant had reached maximum capacity. It officially opened in April 2011.

On February 28, 2012, Micron and Intel announced that they would expand their NAND Flash memory joint venture relationship, to increase the flexibility and efficiency of the joint venture. Intel would sell its stake in IM Flash Singapore to Micron, along with its share of IM Flash Technologies assets in Micron's Manassas, Virginia plant.

While the IMFS assets have been sold to Micron, there is an option in place for Micron to purchase Intel's interest in IMFT, per the disclosure in the company's 10Q SEC filing, 30 June 2012. The deal was completed in 2019 where Intel received $1.5 billion and Micron will sell them 3D XPoint memory wafers until the end of 2020.

As a result, IM Flash Singapore became wholly owned by Micron and became its fourth facility in Singapore.

References

External links 
Micron Technologies – company website
 

Intel
Defunct semiconductor companies
Singaporean companies established in 2007
Semiconductor companies of Singapore
Micron Technology
Defunct companies of Singapore
Blahut–Arimoto algorithm. The term Blahut–Arimoto algorithm is often used to refer to a class of algorithms for computing numerically either the information theoretic capacity of a channel, the rate-distortion function of a source or a source encoding (i.e. compression to remove the redundancy). They are iterative algorithms that eventually converge to one of the maxima of the optimization problem that is associated with these information theoretic concepts.

History and application
For the case of channel capacity, the algorithm was independently invented by Suguru Arimoto and Richard Blahut. In addition, Blahut's treatment gives algorithms for computing rate distortion and generalized capacity with input contraints (i.e. the capacity-cost function, analogous to rate-distortion). These algorithms are most applicable to the case of arbitrary finite alphabet sources. Much work has been done to extend it to more general problem instances.
Recently, a version of the algorithm that accounts for continuous and multivariate outputs was proposed with applications in cellular signaling. There exists also a version of Blahut–Arimoto algorithm for directed information.

Algorithm for Channel Capacity 
A discrete memoryless channel (DMC) can be specified using two random variables  with alphabet , and a channel law as a conditional probability distribution . The channel capacity, defined as , indicates the maximum efficiency that a channel can communicate, in the unit of bit per use. Now if we denote the cardinality , then  is a  matrix, which we denote the  row,  column entry by . For the case of channel capacity, the algorithm was independently invented by Suguru Arimoto and Richard Blahut. They both found the following expression for the capacity of a DMC with channel law: 

 

where  and  are maximized over the following requirements: 

  is a probability distribution on , That is, if we write  as  
  is a  matrix that behaves like a transition matrix from  to  with respect to the channel law. That is, For all :
 
 Every row sums up to 1, i.e. .

Then upon picking a random probability distribution  on , we can generate a sequence  iteratively as follows:

For .

Then, using the theory of optimization, specifically coordinate descent, Yeung showed that the sequence indeed converges to the required maximum. That is, 

.

So given a channel law , the capacity can be numerically estimated up to arbitrary precision.

Algorithm for Rate-Distortion
Suppose we have a source  with probability  of any given symbol.  We wish to find an encoding  that generates a compressed signal  from the original signal while minimizing the expected distortion , where the expectation is taken over the joint probability of  and .  We can find an encoding that minimizes the rate-distortion functional locally by repeating the following iteration until convergence:

where  is a parameter related to the slope in the rate-distortion curve that we are targeting and thus is related to how much we favor compression versus distortion (higher  means less compression).

References 

Coding theory
Committee on Widening Participation in Computing Research. The Computing Research Association's Committee on Widening Participation in Computing Research (CRA-WP) has the mission of increasing the success and participation of underrepresented groups in computing research and education at all levels. In particular, CRA-WP focuses on computer science and engineering and tries to make sure their activities have a positive impact on underrepresented groups in these areas. CRA-WP is also concerned with improving the success rate of all computer scientists and engineers in the working environment. Formerly known as the
Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W), the committee changed its name and acronym in 2019.

Awards
 2005: CRA-W was awarded the National Science Board's Public Service Award for its action-oriented programs aimed at increasing the number and success of women participating in computer science and engineering research and education.
 2004: CRA-W co-founders Maria Klawe and Nancy Leveson were awarded CRA's A. Nico Habermann Award recognizing their role as founding co-chairs of the highly successful CRA-W Committee.
 2003: CRA-W was awarded a Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring for long-running work to address the underrepresentation of women in computer science and engineering.

References

External links
 Official CRA-WP website
 CRA webpage

Computer science organizations
Sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate. Sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (CF3SO2Na) is the sodium salt of trifluoromethanesulfinic acid. Together with t-butyl hydroperoxide, an oxidant, this compound was found to be a suitable reagent for introducing trifluoromethyl groups onto electron-rich aromatic compounds by Langlois; this reagent is also known as the Langlois reagent. This reaction operates via a free radical mechanism.

This reagent is also able to trifluoromethylate electron-deficient aromatic compounds under biphasic conditions. Zinc difluoromethanesulfinate, a related polymeric coordination complex, is able to introduce difluoromethyl groups (CHF2-) onto aromatic compounds under similar biphasic conditions as well.

With the use of DMSO as an oxidant, it provides an environmentally friendly way for the synthesis of β-trifluoromethyl alcohols from alkenes.

References

Further reading
 

Sodium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Sulfinates
Reagents for organic chemistry
Trifluoromethyl compounds