omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
14. oktobar. 14. oktobar () is a Serbian manufacturer of heavy machinery and equipment, headquartered in Kruševac, Serbia.

History
IMK 14. oktobar was established by Austrian and Hungarian investors in 1923 as Company specialized in wagons repair and manufacture. In the first years of the company, the primary activity is related to the overhaul and repair of vehicles and freight cars, at time is increased the use of quality in production technology by simultaneously extending the product range, which resulted in start of production of steel construction, metal consumer products, and products for use in the military industry.

After World War II, the company was nationalized and repaired from war damage. It was named in a memorial of the date when Kruševac was liberated form Nazi occupation in 1944. The company has oriented to production of construction, mining, agriculture and transportation, machinery and equipment for the purpose of manufacturing equipment and machine parts. It was the largest producer of heavy machinery in Yugoslavia. During its golden times, it employed around 8,600 people.

In 2015, after sanctions, NATO bombing, therefore years of accumulated business losses, the company has suspended its production of mobile civil engineering machines. From 2014 through 2015, nearly all of 1,500 employees left the company, using the social program. In 2016, the company has declared bankruptcy. In March 2016, a new company was register under name "14. oktobar". It took production facilities of the former company on lease.

In 2017, "SCMG 14. oktobar" from Belgrade on behalf of Czech company "Czechoslovak Group" bought the company. After the purchase, Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Macedonia launched an investigation against former Macedonian head of the Administration for Security and Counterintelligence Sašo Mijalkov, on suspicion for money laundering and suspicious connections to the "Czechoslovak Group".

Products

Machines

Tracked tractor
 TG-120
 TG-160
 TG-220

Wheel loader
ULT-100
ULT-150
 ULT-160
 ULT-220
 K-220
Excavator
 BGH-250
Agriculture machinery
 UZT-24
 TG-50

Components
 Gearbox
 Tracked machines running gear
 Rigid driving axle
 Hydrodynamic couplings
 Axial bearings

Other products

 Hydraulic front tractor loader - TPU
 Hydraulic rear tractor backhoe loader - TZU
 Hydraulic truck crane KD-3S
 Extension trailer PP-075
 Hydraulic mower HIKOS 2000
 Hydraulic side mower CCB-50
 Hydraulic press HP-7/10
 Transport basket K-1
 Containershttp 
 Reservoirs and tanks

Military program

 LRSVM Morava
 M-94 Plamen-S
 M-96 Orkan II
 Tank power packs

References

External links
 

Companies based in Kruševac
Construction equipment manufacturers of Serbia
Tractor manufacturers of Serbia
D.o.o. companies in Serbia
Manufacturing companies established in 2016
Serbian brands
Serbian companies established in 2016
Electron-rich. Electron-rich is jargon that is used in multiple related meanings with either or both kinetic and thermodynamic implications:
 with regards to electron-transfer, electron-rich species have low ionization energy and/or are reducing agents.  Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene is an electron-rich alkene because, unlike ethylene, it forms isolable  radical cation.  In contrast, electron-poor alkene tetracyanoethylene is an electron acceptor, forming isolable anions.
 with regards to acid-base reactions, electron-rich species have high pKa's and react with weak Lewis acids.
 with regards to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-rich species are relatively strong nucleophiles, as judged by rates of attack by electrophiles.  For example, compared to benzene, pyrrole is more rapidly attacked by electrophiles.  Pyrrole is therefore considered to be an electron-rich aromatic ring.  Similarly, benzene derivatives with electron-donating groups (EDGs) are attacked by electrophiles faster than in benzene.  The electron-donating vs electron-withdrawing influence of various functional groups have been extensively parameterized in linear free energy relationships.
 with regards to Lewis acidity, electron-rich species are strong Lewis bases.

See also
 Electron-withdrawing group

References

Physical organic chemistry
Chemical bonding
List of airborne early warning aircraft. This is a list of airborne early warning aircraft. An AEW aircraft is an airborne radar system generally used to detect incoming aircraft, ships, vehicles, missiles, and other projectiles and provide guidance to fighter and attack aircraft strikes.

List of AEW aircraft

See also 

 List of AEW&C aircraft operators
 List of maritime patrol aircraft

References

Citations

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Early warning systems
Davenport BD-2 Nuggit. The Davenport BD-2 Nuggit (sic)  is an American biplane developed for homebuilt construction.

Design and development
The B-2 Nuggit is a single place biplane with conventional landing gear. The cockpit is covered with a sliding bubble canopy. The fuselage is welded steel construction with aircraft fabric covering. A round cowling covers the engine to appear like a radial engine installation. The wing uses a wooden spar with aluminum wing ribs.

Specifications (BD-2 Nuggit)

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Wolford-Wilson Sailwing. The Wolford-Wilson Sailwing is an American single place homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
The Sailwing is a single place, open cockpit, twin engine pusher with an inverted V-tail and conventional landing gear. The aircraft uses an aluminum leading edge with wire support and Dacron covering, rather than a spar. Roll control is performed with wing-warping.

Specifications (Sailwing)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Work Wheels. Work Co., Ltd. is a Japanese high-end wheel manufacturer for both motorsport and street use. They manufacture the "Work Equip" and "Work Meister" range of wheels.

Work Wheels released their first range of wheels in 1977 under the name "Work Equip", which continue to be manufactured today under popular demand. Commonly regarded as the leading manufacturer of Single, Two and Three piece forged wheels for automotive use, Work Wheels adopt a "on demand system" in order to produce products under direct request of their customers and corporate customers. Current major corporate customers include Dunlop, Falken, Toyo Tires, Toyota Modellista International Co, FUJI Corporation, Bridgestone, and Ralliart.

Work Wheels is a long-standing member of both the Japan Light-Alloy Wheel Association (JAWA) and Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO).

The company's founder, Takeshi Tanaka, died in 2015.

Current lines 
 Equip
 Emotion
 Meister
 VS
 LS
 Emitz
 Zeast
 Gnosis
 Gnosis FMB
 Gnosis AE
 Gnosis GSR
 Gnosis IS
 Gnosis GR
 Gnosis CV
 Schwert
 Lanvec
 Rizaltado
 MCO
 Gran Seeker
 Seeker
 CRAG
 Lead Sled
 Goocars
 XTRAP
 Zistance
 Back Label

Discontinued lines 
 Arkline
 Astley
 Balmung
 Brombacher
 Durandal
 Euroline
 Nezart
 Pietra
 Promising
 Ryver
 Rezax
 Rusttere
 Script
 Sporbo
 Steez
 Urbanzone
 Varianza
 WIL (Work Import Label)
 XSA

History
Work Wheels timeline:

Notable products
Euroline
Equip
Rezax
Workemotion
Meister
CR2P
VSXX
VSKF
S13P
S1R
CR Kai
Autostrada Modena

References

External links 
 

Wheel manufacturers
Automotive accessories
Automotive motorsports and performance companies
Manufacturing companies based in Osaka
Japanese companies established in 1977
Manufacturing companies established in 1977
Japanese brands
Harold M. Westergaard. Harold Malcolm Westergaard (9 October 1888 in Copenhagen, Denmark – 22 June 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States) was a Danish structural engineer. He was Professor of theoretical and applied mechanics at the University of Illinois in Urbana and of Civil Engineering at Harvard.

Biography

Westergaard graduated in engineering from Copenhagen Danmarks Tekniske Højskole in 1911. He continued his practice in reinforced concrete in Hamburg, London, Göttingen, and prepared his written dissertation at Königlich Bayerische Technische Hochschule München in 1915.
He obtained a PhD at the University of Illinois in Urbana in 1916 and was appointed lecturer there for theoretical and applied mechanics. In 1921 he became an assistant professor, associate professor in 1924, and full professor in 1927 at the University of Illinois. 
For his published paper on the theory of the reinforced concrete, together with W.A. Slater, he received the Wason Medal of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) in 1922.

Westergaard worked as technical expert to the Bureau of Reclamation on the design of Hoover Dam.

In 1936 professor Westergaard was appointed to the Gordon McKay professorship for structural engineering at Harvard University. Between 1937-1946 acted as dean of the Graduate School of Engineering.

Main Publications

 On the resistance of ductile materials to combined stresses in two or three directions perpendicular to one another, (1920)
 Moment and stresses in slabs, (1921)
 Buckling of elastic structures, (1922)
 Anwendung der Statik auf die Ausgleichsrechnung, (1925)
 Stress in concrete pavements computed by theoretical analysis, (1926/1)
 Computation of stresses in concrete roads (1926/2)
 One hundred years advance in structural analysis, (1930/1)
 Computation of stresses in bridge slabs due to wheel loads (1930/2)
 Water pressures on dams during earthquakes, ASCE (1933)
 General solution of the problem of elastostatics in an n-dimensional homogeneous isotropic solid in an n-dimensional space, (1935)
 Bearing pressures and cracks, (1939)
 Theory of elasticity and plasticity, (1952)

References 

Structural engineers
20th-century Danish engineers
Danish emigrants to the United States
1888 births
1950 deaths
Technical University of Munich alumni
German submarine U-707. German submarine U-707 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Ordered 6 August 1940, she was laid down 2 January 1941 and launched 18 December 1941. She had a relatively brief career from 1 July 1942 until 9 November 1943, and during this time she was commanded by Oberleutnant zur See Günther Gretschel.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-707 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-707 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Patrol History
During her career, U-707 sunk two ships, for a total tonnage of 11,811 GRT, namely the US freighter Jonathan Sturges, a straggler of convoy ON 166, and the British freighter North Britain also a straggler of convoy ONS 5.

Wolfpacks
U-707 participated in nine wolfpacks, namely:
Haudegen (26 January – 2 February 1943) 
Nordsturm (2 – 9 February 1943) 
Haudegen (9 – 15 February 1943)
Taifun (15 – 20 February 1943) 
Specht (19 April – 4 May 1943) 
Fink (4 – 6 May 1943) 
Naab (12 – 15 May 1943) 
Donau 2 (15 – 26 May 1943) 
Schill (25 October – 9 November 1943)

Fate
While on patrol east of the Azores, she was depth charged and sunk on 9 November 1943 from a RAF Fortress aircraft, from Sqdn. 220/J R.A.F, at position . She was lost with all hands; 51 dead.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1941
1941 ships
U-boats sunk in 1943
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Hamburg
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
U-boats sunk by depth charges
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Shipwrecks in the Bay of Biscay
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in November 1943
German submarine U-737. German submarine U-737 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 14 February 1942 by Schichau-Werke of Danzig. She was commissioned on 30 January 1943 with Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Poeschel in command.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-737 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-737 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat was attacked twice by aircraft while on active service. Once early in 1944, by a RAF British Liberator aircraft. She managed to damage the plane with anti-aircraft fire, which had to abort the attack and was forced to make a belly landing because of damage sustained. In later 1944, the U-boat was attacked by a Soviet plane, three crew were injured, before she dived.

Wolfpacks
U-737 took part in eight wolfpacks, namely:
 Monsun (4 – 22 October 1943)
 Isegrim (16 – 27 January 1944) 
 Werwolf (27 January – 9 February 1944) 
 Taifun (5 – 7 March 1944) 
 Trutz (2 – 6 June 1944) 
 Feuer (17 – 19 September 1944) 
 Grimm (24 September – 2 October 1944) 
 Panther (16 – 23 October 1944)

Fate
While on active duty under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich-August Greus, U-737 sank at 00:18 on 19 December 1944 in the Vestfjorden, in position . She had collided with German depot ship, MRS 25. 31 crew died, with 20 survivors.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by German warships
1943 ships
Ships built in Danzig
Ships built by Schichau
U-boats sunk in collisions
Maritime incidents in December 1944
Bonomi BS.18 Airone. The Bonomi BS.18 Airone () was a single seat training glider, designed in Italy in 1936. Only one was built.

Design and development

The Airone was an attempt to produce a training glider similar to the BS.8 Biancone but with a better glide ratio. It used the wings of the Biancone but had the more refined fuselage of the BS.10 Ardea.  The wing bracing and the empennage was new.

The wing was a wooden two spar structure, largely fabric covered.  The forward spar was close to the leading edge; from it forward around the edge the wing was plywood covered, forming a torque-resistant D-box; aft the covering was fabric.  The rear spar was just behind mid-chord.  The central panel, occupying a little under half the span, was straight edged and had constant chord.  Outboard the wing was straight tapered to rounded tips, ailerons occupying all the trailing edge.  The centre section was supported by a low fuselage pedestal and braced on each side with a parallel pair of steel struts.  These were fixed to the two spars close to the outer ends of the centre panels and to the lower fuselage.

The Airone had a deep sided, hexagonal cross-section fuselage, entirely plywood skinned. Its pilot sat in a small, deep cockpit, head against the front of the pedestal and partly protected from the airstream by the upper fuselage panels, which both lifted off for entry.  There was a conventional single skid undercarriage under the forward fuselage aft to the wing trailing edge, with a small tailskid.  The fuselage tapered gently to the tail, where the horizontal surfaces, braced and straight edged but with elliptical tips were mounted on top of a short fin.  The elevators used a thick aerofoil for efficiency and had a cut-out for the balanced rudder.  This was large, extending down to the keel with straight edges and rounded corners.

The BS.18 Airone first flew in 1936 but only one was built.

Specifications

References

1930s Italian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Donald J. Leonard. Donald J. Leonard (born July 11, 1933) is an American electrical engineer and AT&T executive, who received the 1996 IEEE Simon Ramo Medal.

Biography 
Born in New York City, Leonard studied Electrical Engineering at the New York University in the 1950s, where he received his BEE in 1956 and his MEE in 1960.

After graduation Leonard started his career as researcher at the New York University Research Lab. After working for the New York Telephone Company some time, he joined AT&T Bell labs in 1956. Here he started his lifelong career at AT&T working on the further development of the Transmission System 1 (T-1), which were introduced by Bell Labs in 1962. He later supervised the development of a Pulse-code modulation for the Telstar. In 1963 he moved to Bell Labs in Merrimack Valley, where he was director of the Transmission Technology Laboratory from 1968 to 1970. In 1970 he moved to Indianapolis to direct the Telephone Laboratory. From 1977 to 1980 in Columbus he was executive director of Crossbar and Switching Operations, and from 1980 to 1982 at Western Electric he was Vice President of Corporate Engineering. In 1982 he returned to Bell labs, where he succeeded William O. Fleckenstein as vice president, Switching Systems, and where in 1991 he was appointed vice president, Quality, Technology, and Process Research. In 1994 he retired and got succeeded by Arun Netravali.

Leonard has been awarded an honorary doctorate from Midwest College of Engineering; the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Award in 1992 by the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers; and in 1996 the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal for his "engineering leadership in design and development of intelligent networks, digital electronic switching, transmission and signaling systems, and network databases." Pn  In 1997 he was awarded an EMMY by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for his work on High Definition TV.

Selected publications 
 Andre, S. N. and Leonard, D. J., “An Active Retrodirective Array for Satellite Communication”, Trans. IEEE, Vol. AP-12, Mar. 1964, pp. 181–186.
 Donald J. Leonard. "Local switching: on the leading edge of technology", Bell Laboratories Record. Vol. 60. (7). September 1982. pp. 181–184.

Patents 
 Leonard, Donald J. "RELEASED." U.S. Patent No. 3,030,448. 17 Apr. 1962.
 Leonard, Donald J. "Elimination of talk-off in in-band signaling systems." U.S. Patent No. 3,306,984. 28 Feb. 1967.

References

External links 
 Donald J. Leonard Vice President, Quality, Technology, and Process Research AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1993

Living people
American electrical engineers
American business executives
Systems engineers
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
New York University faculty
AT&T people
Scientists at Bell Labs
1933 births
Orion-Ikarus 286. The Orion-Ikarus 286, commonly known as the Orion III, was an articulated bus marketed to Canadian transit operators by Ontario Bus Industries (OBI). It was produced as a joint venture between Ikarus Body and Coach Works and OBI from 1985 to 1989, and deployed primarily in Ottawa (for OC Transpo) and Toronto (for the TTC). The Orion III fleets were retired prematurely due to corrosion, and all examples were withdrawn from service by 2003.

Production and design
Rolling Ikarus 280 shells (frame and body) were built by Ikarus in Hungary, with modifications to conform with standard Canadian transit bus dimensions, and then shipped to OBI's plant in Mississauga, Ontario via Montreal, where final assembly (including the installation of a domestic powertrain, doors, windows and seats) was performed. The Orion III was built from 1985 to 1989. Local assembly also was used for the similar Crown-Ikarus 286 for the United States, finished and sold by Crown Coach Corporation in Los Angeles for the United States transit market.

The bus used a "puller" design, with the engine driving the middle axle. All three axles were built by Rockwell International; the non-powered front and rear axles were Model FL-941, and the powered middle axle was Model 59742W, equipped with a standard 4.56:1 drive ratio.

One demonstrator vehicle was assembled in 1984. It was later leased by Transit Windsor in June 1985 for service through the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, then was sold to St. Catharines Transit in 1988. Eventually, the 1984 demo model was sold to OC Transpo (serving Ottawa, Ontario) for parts.

Deployment
The first production contract was awarded to OBI by OC Transpo in November 1984. This was followed by an order from Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) for 90 buses in October 1986; the cost of the TTC contract was  million. As delivered for TTC, the Orion III had 61 seats and had a crush capacity of 107 riders. The first nine Orion III buses for TTC were delivered in 1987 for acceptance testing, with revenue service anticipated to start in early 1988.

In service, the Orion III prematurely developed corrosion, and were retired starting in 1995. By 2003, both OC Transpo and TTC had completely retired their Orion III fleets.

Operators
Four transit agencies used the Orion III, but only 3 had them on full roster:

 OC Transpo of Ottawa, Ontario operated 189 buses from 1985 to 2003; the agency also acquired 25 ex-TTC Orion III buses in the late 1990s as well as the ex-Demo from St. Catherines (for parts)
 Toronto Transit Commission of Toronto, Ontario operated 90 buses from late 1987 to 2003 (retirement began in 1997-1998); some sold to OC Transpo
 St. Catharines Transit operated the ex-Demo (1984) Orion III from 1988 to the early 1990s.

Competitors
 GM New Look articulated (TA60-102N)
 New Flyer D60(HF)

References

External links

 CPTDB wiki
 
 
 

Articulated buses
Former joint ventures
Ikarus buses
Step-entrance buses
Buses of Canada
Vehicles introduced in 1984