omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dynamitron. The Dynamitron is an electrostatic particle accelerator invented by Marshal Cleland in 1956 at Washington University in St. Louis and manufactured by IBA Industrial (formerly Radiation Dynamics).
  It is similar to a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, using a series capacitor-diode ladder network to generate a high DC voltage on an electrode, which accelerates particles through an evacuated beam tube between the electrode and a target at ground potential.  However instead of being powered at one end as in the Cockcroft-Walton, the capacitive ladder is charged in parallel electrostatically by a high frequency oscillating voltage applied between two long half-cylindrical electrodes on either side of the ladder column, which induce voltage in semicircular corona rings attached to each end of the diode rectifier tubes.  in combination with an inductor this structure forms a resonant tank circuit for the oscillator providing the voltage, at a frequency of 100 kHz.  The alternating voltage across the diodes pumps charge in one direction up the series stack of diodes to the high voltage electrode as in the Cockcroft-Walton circuit.  The advantage of this design is that it can produce higher beam currents than the Cockcroft-Walton design, up to hundreds of milliamperes, and the high frequency reduces the ripple on the accelerating voltage.   The accelerator stack is inside a tank of pressurized sulfur hexafluoride gas for insulation.   It can accelerate either electrons or positive ions, and tandem versions have been built.

The Dynamitron is made in several models with output energies from 0.5 to 5 MeV and beam power from 50 to 200 kW.  Its main use is in industrial irradiation applications; the most common are polymer crosslinking for production of heat shrink tubing, and shrink wrap plastic film for food packaging, sterilization, and curing of plastic foam and tire components.  Around 200 units are in operation, primarily in the US.  A number have been installed in university research settings including the University of Birmingham in the UK and Tohoku University in Japan A modern research application for Dynamitrons is as a high intensity neutron source. They are particularly suited for neutron production via the Lithium (p,n) reaction with potential applications in neutron imaging, activation analysis and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

References

External links 
 DC Accelerator principles 
 DIAGNOSIS OF DYNAMITRON ACCELERATOR FAULTS THROUGH THE OBSERVATION OF NARROW NUCLEAR RESONANCES

Particle accelerators
Hyderabad Botanical Garden. Hyderabad Botanical Garden or Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy Botanical Garden is a botanical garden is located in Kothaguda, Kondapur, Hitec City, Hyderabad, Telangana. It was developed by the Telangana Forest Department and is near the HITEC City, Madhapur,  from Hyderabad Railway station on the Hyderabad-Mumbai old Highway. The park is named after Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, former chief minister of AP.

The garden
The botanical garden aims at providing the facility of a modern botanical garden to conserve and develop the germ plasm and to educate the people. The garden is spread over  of undulating land and have 19 sectors or 'Vanams'. The first phase is open to the public, with the completion of five sections. The sections include medicinal plants, timber trees, fruit trees, ornamental plants, aquatic plants, bamboos and so on. The park is designed to have large water bodies, rolling meadows, natural forests, rich grasslands and exquisite rock formations.

In July 2018, Telangana minister K. T. Rama Rao inaugurated the newly developed recreational facilities at the botanical garden such as Nakshatra Vanam, Rasi Vanam and Navagraha Vanam.

Location
An eco-tourist destination, the botanical garden is in Kothaguda, Kondapur, near the Hi-tech City, approximately 16 kilometers from Hyderabad. Tents are available for longer visits. The nearest landmarks to this botanical Garden are Spar (retailer) Hypermarket, The Platina, Radisson Hotel and Ambicare Clinics, White Fields.

The paved walkways take you through the 19 sections (Vanaja) in the Patil. The bamboo and palm sectors are major attractions, with varieties of bamboo trees separated by a  distance. Special signboards are erected at each bamboo variety indicating its generic and scientific names. The palm sector has diverse species. Here you can find a variety of flowers in abundance, such as yellow and purple cosmos, blue salvia, red raselia, etc.

See also

 Nehru Zoological Park
 Biodiversity park, Hyderabad
 Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam

References

External links

 Birds of Hyderabad
 Flora of Hyderabad
 Butterflies of Hyderabad

Urban public parks
Parks in Hyderabad, India
Gardens in India
Buffer initiative. In the United States the Buffer Initiative was an initiative led by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, with numerous partners, and started in 1997 to enroll 2 million miles (up to ) in conservation buffers by 2002, using the Conservation Reserve Program's continuous enrollment option, and drawing on the resources of several other agricultural conservation programs, including EQIP, Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program, Wetlands Reserve Program, and Emergency Watershed Protection Program.

See also 
Agricultural policy of the United States

References 

Agriculture in the United States
United States agricultural policy
European Energy Certificate System. The European Energy Certificate System (EECS) is an integrated European framework for issuing, transferring and cancelling EU energy certificates. It was developed by the Association of Issuing Bodies to provide a properly regulated platform for Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin, as proposed by the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED). EECS supports all types of energy, regardless of source or production technology.

Energy standard 
The Guarantee of Origin includes information about the energy attributes of the electricity production to which it relates to such as source, capacity, and age of the plant. 

The EECS was developed to serve as the standardization system for the European GOs. It is used by more than 28 countries that work with the AIB. The organization maintains that the certification system is intended to secure "in a manner consistent with European Community law and relevant national laws, that systems operating within the EECS framework are reliable, secure and interoperable." It is claimed that when most stakeholders refer to the GO voluntary market, they are referring to the standardized EECS-GO market.

The scope and focus of EECS now encompasses all forms of electricity, and supports Directive 2012/27/EC (the Energy Efficiency Directive). Work is currently under way to adapt EECS to support forms of energy other than electricity. The EECS Rules set out the energy certificate issuing activities of members of the AIB at an international level; while the implementation of EECS at a national or regional level is set out in a series of Domain Protocols.

References 

https://www.aib-net.org/eecs

External links 
 Summaries of EU legislation > Energy

Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
A. H. Tiltman. Alfred Hessell Tiltman FRAeS (1891 – 28 October 1975), known as Hessell Tiltman, was a notable and talented British aircraft designer, and co-founder of Airspeed Ltd.

He graduated in engineering from London University, then served an apprenticeship with the Daimler Co in 1910-11 and worked on structural steel design in Canada (the Quebec bridge) and England.

In 1916 he joined Geoffrey de Havilland’s company Airco; then moved to the De Havilland Aircraft Company when it was formed in 1921. As assistant designer he was involved in the design and testing of a number of DH aircraft, from the small DH 60 Moth to the DH 66 Hercules airliner.

He then worked on the Vickers R100 airship with Nevil Shute Norway. Following the disaster to the rival, Government sponsored R101, the British airship programme was cancelled with the result that, in 1931, Norway and Tiltman founded Airspeed Ltd. Tiltman designed all Airspeed's early aircraft, including the three-engined Ferry (for Sir Alan Cobham's flying circus), the innovative and fast single-engined Courier, and the elegant twin-engined Envoy.

The Courier was the first British aircraft for many years to incorporate a hydraulically operated, retractable undercarriage and was used (by Alan Cobham) to pioneer in-flight refuelling. In the 1934 MacRobertson air race from England to Australia, a Courier finished in seventh place, making very good time against formidable opposition from aircraft such as de Havilland's purpose built Comets and a Douglas DC2 airliner.

In 1937, an Envoy was delivered to the King's Flight for the personal use of the royal family. With the approach of war, the Envoy was developed into the Airspeed Oxford, which became the standard RAF and Commonwealth multi-engined pilot trainer for many years. A total of 8,751 Oxfords were built.

In 1940 Tiltman designed the Horsa glider which was used to carry troops on D-Day and at Arnhem. The Horsa went from the drawing board to the air in ten months, which he said was “not too bad considering the drawings had to be made suitable for the furniture trade who were responsible for all production".

He left Airspeed soon after, and in 1948 co-founded Tiltman Langley, of which he was Technical Director and Chairman for six years.

Altogether Tiltman designed about 15 different types of aircraft. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1933 for his design of the Airspeed Courier with its retractable undercarriage.

References
Death Notice & Obituary: The Times, 1 & 4 November 1975.

English aerospace engineers
Alumni of the University of London
1891 births
1975 deaths
Gammon India. Gammon India Limited is one of the largest civil engineering construction companies in India. Headquartered in Mumbai, it was founded in 1922 by John C. Gammon.

Notable projects
Gammon India has executed some notable civil engineering projects:
 First Project
 The first precast reinforced concrete piling job in India—construction of the foundations of the Gateway of India, Mumbai in 1919

 Bridge Project
 Cable-stayed bridge at Akkar, Sikkim
 Gammon have built the largest number of bridges in the Commonwealth region.
 Tunnel Project
 One of the longest railway tunnel in Asia for Konkan Railway at Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
 Mahatma Gandhi Setu spanning the river Ganges, between Patna and Hajipur in Bihar
 Building  Project
 Terminal building for Sharjah International Airport, UAE
 Metro Project
 Elevated viaducts for Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
 Nuclear Project
 India's first second-generation nuclear reactor Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam
 Thermal power Project
 The first 500 MW thermal power station at Trombay
 Flyover Project
 The then longest urban flyover at Hebbal for the Bangalore Development Authority - 5.3km
 Cooling Tower Project
 The tallest cooling tower at Bhusawal

Gammon India was the recipient of a performance bonus based on its delivery of the extradosed flyover ahead of the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi for the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). Gammon India was also awarded the Signature Bridge Project award for executing a modern designed bridge and approach way for the Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC). This project, valued at close to Rs.10,000 million, is designed to ease traffic flow in Wazirabad, a high traffic density zone in North Delhi.

Notable accidents
 In 2007, a portion of a flyover being built by Gammon India in Panjagutta area in Hyderabad collapsed, killing 20 people.
 In 2009, a bridge being built by Gammon India for Metro rail in Delhi collapsed, killing 6 people and injuring 13.

References

Companies based in Mumbai
Construction and civil engineering companies of India
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1922
Indian companies established in 1922
Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Ali Mohammad Ranjbar. Ali Mohammad Ranjbar (, born in 1943, died on July 3, 2021) was an Iranian professor of electrical engineering and former chancellor of Sharif University of Technology.

Ranjbar received the MSc and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Tehran in 1967 and Imperial College London in 1975, respectively with a thesis titled "Computer protection of high voltage transmission lines.". Since then, he was at Sharif University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering, where he was a full professor. Ranjbar was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Electrical Science and Technology since 1989 and the Director of Niroo Research Institute  since 1996 too. His main research interests were in the areas of electric power systems protection and operation, Electrical Machines and Smart Grids.

References

External links
 Profile at SUT website

Alumni of Imperial College London
University of Tehran alumni
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
Living people
1943 births
Chancellors of the Sharif University of Technology
Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame recipients in Engineering
Kunihiko Fukushima. Kunihiko Fukushima (Japanese: 福島 邦彦, born 16 March 1936) is a Japanese computer scientist, most noted for his work on artificial neural networks and deep learning. He is currently working part-time as a senior research scientist at the Fuzzy Logic Systems Institute in Fukuoka, Japan.

Notable scientific achievements

In 1980, Fukushima published the neocognitron, 
the original deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. Fukushima proposed several supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms to train the parameters of a deep neocognitron such that it could learn internal representations of incoming data. Today, however, the CNN architecture is usually trained through backpropagation. This approach is now heavily used in computer vision.

In 1969 Fukushima introduced the ReLU (Rectifier Linear Unit) activation function in the context of visual feature extraction in hierarchical neural networks, which he called "analog threshold element". (Though the ReLU was first used by Alston Householder in 1941 as a mathematical abstraction of biological neural networks.)  it is the most popular activation function for deep neural networks.

Education and career

In 1958, Fukushima received his Bachelor of Engineering in electronics from Kyoto University. He became a senior research scientist at the NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories. In 1989, he joined the faculty of Osaka University. In 1999, he joined the faculty of the University of Electro-Communications. In 2001, he joined the faculty of Tokyo University of Technology. From 2006 to 2010, he was a visiting professor at Kansai University.

Fukushima acted as founding president of the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS). He also was a founding member on the board of governors of the International Neural Network Society (INNS), and president of the Asia-Pacific Neural Network Assembly (APNNA).
He was one of the board of governors of the International Neural Network Society (INNS) in 1989-1990 and 1993-2005.

Awards

In 2020 Fukushima received the Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science. He also received the IEICE Achievement Award and Excellent Paper Awards, the IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award, the APNNA Outstanding Achievement Award, the JNNS Excellent Paper Award and the INNS Helmholtz Award.

External links
 ResearchMap profile

References

Artificial intelligence researchers
Japanese computer scientists
Living people
Machine learning researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
LAPLander. LAPLander (short for a light airbag-protected lander) is a prototype of a space probe primarily intended for measurements in the ionosphere. The prototype aims to evaluate the flight characteristics, e.g. air braking, of a flight from the border of space. Furthermore, the impact protection and recovery systems will be evaluated. As the name says, the recovery system is based on airbags, that serve both deceleration and impact protection. The future version of LAPLander will make it possible to do multi-point measurements, which will be of great help in the research of the complex processes within the ionosphere that contributes to auroras and disturbances in satellite communication.

Rexus flight 
Laplander is selected for the REXUS/BEXUS program  and was  launched on a sounding rocket flight from Esrange Space Center (outside Kiruna) in March 2010. The rocket is unguided, spin-stabilized, and powered by an Improved Orion motor, which is capable to bring the payload to an apogee of 100 km, which is the border to space. The event is sponsored by the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA) and the German Space Agency (DLR), in cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA).

Flight characteristics 
To reconstruct the flight, LAPLander will record the following parameters:
Three-axis acceleration
Three-axis rotation rate
Three-component magnetic field
Temperature (for various parts of the payload)
Raw GPS data

The latter is provided a cooperation with Cornell University, New York, United States. The device to be used is a novel miniature GPS, that in contrast to a common GPS can determine the attitude. This is made by measuring the phase difference from the GPS signal between two antennas.

Development 
The development of LAPlander started in 2008 and took place at the Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

The LAPLander team 
The team behind this project consists of:

Overall issues:
Dr. Nickolay Ivchenko, supervisor, Sweden
Torbjörn Sundberg, team leader, Ph.D. student, Sweden
Mechanical and aerodynamical issues:
Matias Wartelski, MSc aerospace engineering student, Spain
Christian Westlund, MSc aerospace engineering student, Sweden
Li Xin, MSc aerospace engineering student, China
 Erik Sund, MSc aerospace engineering student, Sweden
 Patrtik Ahlen, MSc aerospace engineering student, Sweden
Electrical issues:
Malin Gustafsson, MSc electrical engineering student, Sweden
Joakim Sandström, MSc electrical engineering student, Sweden
Oliver Neuner, MSc electro physics student, Germany
Christian Jonsson, MSc mechatronics engineering student, Sweden
Johan Juhlén, MSc mechatronics engineering student, Sweden
Johan Thelander, MSc mechatronics engineering student, Sweden
Mattias Hedberg, MSc mechatronics engineering student, Sweden

See also 
Space probe

References

External links 
Official site
Blog written by the LAPLander team (started 2009-03-13)

Space programme of Sweden
NEi Fusion. NEi Fusion is a finite element analysis program sold by NEi Software that is used by engineers to build and analyze 3D models of parts and assemblies of various products. NEi Fusion digital-simulation software virtually applies forces, pressures, vibration, acceleration loads, or thermal conditions to 3D models of parts, structures, and assemblies. It obtains results of various engineering parameters, such as deformation, stresses, strains, temperature distributions, and modal shapes the design would experience if implemented.  The results, which range from tables of data to contour plots and animations, provide engineering insight. For example, result visualizations like color-coded, contour plots can help deepen understanding of physical phenomena in complex geometry.  NEi Fusion consists of a 3D parametric CAD modeler powered by SolidWorks with NEi Nastran finite element analysis solvers.  NEi Fusion runs on Microsoft Windows and provides CAD modeling, import and meshing tools.

Applications
Finite element analysis software is typically used to improve the engineering design process by identifying potential problem areas, reducing development man-hours by eliminating portions of costly prototyping and testing. It can spur innovation by allowing a way to evaluate different designs and materials, and providing a tool for optimizing designs early in the development cycle.

Present day
NEi Fusion 2.1, was released in February 2010. It now includes the following enhancements: 
 Thermal stress
 Nonlinear transient response
 Variable loading
 XY plot enhancements
 Beam/Bar enhancements
 Automated bolted joints
 Failure theories
 Tree simplification enhancement
 Multi-surface contact surface selection.

References

 Sources
Dean, Al. (April 1, 2009), "Review of Product Development Technology: NEi Fusion", DEVELOP3D magazine, April 1, 2009.
Design News Staff. "Best Product Winners", Design News magazine, September 24, 2007.
Cover image, NASA Tech Briefs magazine, February 2007.

External links
 NEi Fusion at NEnastran.com

Finite element software
Conjunctive use. Conjunctive use is often used in discussing water supplies and water conservation.  This phrase usually is used to describe the practice of storing surface water in a groundwater basin in wet years and withdrawing it from the basin in dry years. Conjunctive use consists of harmoniously combining the use of both surface water and groundwater in order to minimise the undesirable physical, environmental and economical effects of each solution and to optimise the water demand

References 

Water conservation
Vetrazzo. Vetrazzo is a company based in Tate, Georgia, United States.

This patented process takes industrial waste in large quantities and transforms it into sturdy 9' by 5' polished slabs.

History
Vetrazzo recycled glass countertops were invented in Berkeley in 1996. A materials scientist, Don McPherson, pursuing his PhD combined recycled glass and a cement binder to create a sustainable, polished countertop. The company at that time was known as Counter Productions. The production batches were small and handmade, demanding a more streamlined and repeatable process.

In 2006, a former customer and designer named Olivia Teter was looking for a new project and found the company in financial straits. She, together with James Sheppard and Jeff Gustafson, partnered to raise capital, buy the product formula and assets behind the Vetrazzo countertops, and co-found what is now Vetrazzo LLC.

The Vetrazzo manufacturing facility was located in Richmond, California in a recycled Ford assembly plant. The plant is on the National Register of Historic Places and hosts the Rosie the Riveter Museum. It utilizes daylight, controls air pollution with a special negative-pressure dust booth, recycles water and hosts a 1 megawatt solar system manufactured by building tenant Sunpower Corporation.

In June 2010 Polycor acquired Vetrazzo and move the plant back Georgia where it now shares a manufacturing space with the Georgia Marble company.

Environmental record
Vetrazzo claims on their website that their countertops consist of recycled glass and a cement binder. The glass is said to have been sourced from a curbside recycling program, windows, windshields, laboratory glass, stained glass and traffic lights. Vetrazzo's website also claims that their countertops are recyclable at the end of their useful lives.

The company states that they are proud of their sustainable work, being a member of the United States Green Building Council, a certified B corporation, a certified Bay Area Green Business and a member of the Green Chamber of Commerce.

Vetrazzo's website also claims that they are committed to providing green jobs to the low-income neighborhood surrounding their offices and plant. All employees, including factory workers, are said to be provided with health care and full benefits. All Vetrazzo slabs are manufactured in the United States.

Awards and recognition
Vetrazzo was awarded a significant grant from the California Department of Conservation in 2006 and 2008 as part of a program to expand markets for recycled beverage containers. Vetrazzo is also an Environmental Protection Agency Award Winner.

References

External links
Official homepage

Companies based in Contra Costa County, California
Companies based in Pickens County, Georgia
Glassmaking companies of the United States
Recycled building materials