omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
European Transonic Wind Tunnel. The European transonic wind tunnel (ETW) is a high-Reynolds-number transonic wind tunnel using nitrogen as the test gas.

It is one of the world's largest cryogenic wind tunnels. It is situated in Cologne, Germany. ETW was constructed and is operated by the four European countries France, Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands. The ETW has been in operation since 1994.

ETW provides real-flight Reynolds numbers by virtue of both increased pressure and decreased temperature. Independent variation of Reynolds number and aeroelastic loading can be investigated. They specialize in flight Reynolds number testing for full-span and semi-span models at cruise conditions and extreme borders of the flight envelope.

Tunnel parameters
The tunnel parameters are as follows:
Test Section: 2.4 m x 2.0 m; length 9 m
Mach Number Range: 0.15 - 1.3 
Pressure Range: 1.25 - 4.5 bar
Temperature Range: 110 - 313 K 
Max. Reynolds number: 50 million per m

Optical access to the test section for various cameras and light sources is provided through 90 special windows in all walls.

Wind tunnel circuit
ETW has a closed aerodynamic circuit contained inside an internally insulated stainless steel pressure shell. The compressor with a drive power of up to 50 MW circulates the nitrogen gas around the circuit. To achieve the desired low temperature of the gas flow and to compensate for the heat input caused by viscous friction in the flow, liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C is continuously injected into the tunnel flow through four rakes with some 270 spray nozzles in the short leg of the circuit upstream of the compressor. This liquid nitrogen vaporizes immediately and thus forms the cold gas flow. The corresponding gaseous nitrogen exhaust is located in the other short leg of the circuit upstream of the stilling chamber and is controlled by valves to maintain constant pressure inside the tunnel.

Test Section
Test section details:
Dimensions (H x W x L): 2.00m x 2.40 m x 9.00 m (incl. re-entry).
Wall Configuration: 
Top and bottom walls: 6 slots each, with 6.25% porosity, wall angle remotely adjustable 
Side walls: 4 slots each, with 7.4% porosity
Re-entry area: provided by movable finger flaps (one per slot)

An exchangeable model cart system is present to increase the productivity.

Tunnel instrumentation
The instrumentation facilities include flange type strain gauge balances, servoaccelerometer inclinometer, Kulite measurement system, Deformation Measurement System, Temperature Sensitive Paint System and mini tufts.

References

External links 
 http://www.etw.de/

Wind tunnels
SAIMAN LB.2. The SAIMAN LB.2 was an unconventional Italian  two seat cabin side by side sport aircraft designed around 1937, with a single pusher configuration engine, twin tail booms and an early tricycle undercarriage.

Design and development
As well as its own designs like the SAIMAN 202 cabin monoplane, SAIMAN also constructed other peoples' aircraft.  The LB.2 was one of the latter, designed by Francis Lombardi who was well known for his Avia FL.3 trainer aircraft.

The unusually laid out LB.2 was largely of conventional wooden construction.  It was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane, with a three section wing consisting of a centre section and two outer panels. The wing's wooden structure was plywood covered at the leading edge and fabric covered aft.  Slotted flaps were fitted.  Two parallel, rectangular section tail booms, mounted at the wing centre section-outer panel junctions, carried the empennage.  Like the wings, the tail surfaces had wooden structures and were plywood and fabric covered.  The tailplane and elevator was of constant chord and did not extend beyond the fins, which had swept, straight leading edges and carried curved rudders, cut away below.

The central nacelle of the LB.2 placed the seating well ahead of the wing leading edge and the engine at the trailing edge.  It was  a flat sided structure of mixed construction, with plywood covering around the nose and cabin and metal around the engine.  Seating was enclosed, with access via fuselage side doors.  The flat cabin top continued behind the cabin to the engine housing, where an 82 kW (110 hp) Alfa-Romeo 110-I 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line engine was mounted in pusher configuration.

The LB.2 was one of the first Italian aircraft with a tricycle undercarriage.  This was non-retractable, with the mainwheels on short vertical oleo legs wing mounted at the root of the tailbooms. The nosewheel was steerable.

Operational history

The SAIMAN LB.2 appeared at the Milan show of 1937, though Flight dismissed it as a "freak". Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938 described it as "now built under licence by SAIMAN" but it is not certain that more than the prototype was constructed.

Specifications

References

1930s Italian sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Johannes Brinkman. Johannes Andreas Brinkman (22 March 1902 – 6 May 1949), also known as Jan Brinkman, was a Dutch architect and exponent of Nieuwe Bouwen, modern architecture in the Netherlands.

Biography 
Brinkman was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, in 1902. He was the son of architect Michiel Brinkman (1873–1925), who established a firm in Rotterdam in 1910 and was known for designing the Spangen neighborhood of Rotterdam in 1922. Johannes studied civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology (). After Michiel's death in 1925, Johannes took charge of the father's architectural firm and entered into a partnership with architect Leendert van der Vlugt. The results of that collaboration include the Van Nelle Factory and the Feijenoord Stadion.

After the death of Van der Vlugt in 1936, Brinkman teamed up with architect Johannes Hendrik van den Broek. The firm's work during this time including a new Rotterdam Cruise Terminal for the Holland-America Line.

Brinkman died in 1949 and the architect Jaap Bakema joined the firm, which in 1951 was renamed Architectenbureau Van den Broek en Bakema and today is known an Broekbakema.

Works
 Van der Leeuw House, Rotterdam (1930)
 Van Nelle Factory, Rotterdam (1931)
 Sonneveld House, Rotterdam (1932)
 Stadion Feyenoord, Rotterdam (1937)
 Cruise Terminal, Rotterdam (1946)

See also
List of Dutch architects

References

External links
 Van Nelle Factory
 Van der Leeuw House
 Sonneveld House

1902 births
1949 deaths
Delft University of Technology alumni
Architects from Rotterdam
20th-century Dutch architects
Lucius Trant O'Shea. Lucius Trant O'Shea (18 March 1858 – 29 April 1920) was a British chemist and mining engineer; between 1908 and 1920 he acted as the general secretary of the Institution of Mining Engineers of Great Britain.

Biography
O'Shea was the eldest son of Major R. P. O'Shea; he was also a grandson of admiral Lucius Curtis and a descendant from admiral Lord Rodney. He was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, and completed his chemical training at Owens College. Afterwards he acted as private assistant to C. Schorlemmer, and took part in the research on the constitution of aurine. Later he worked as chemist in an explosives factory.

When Firth College, Sheffield, was opened, Thomas Carnelley was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Physics. He selected O'Shea as his assistant lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry in 1881. Later O'Shea held the post of lecturer in mining chemistry, and in 1907 he was appointed Professor of Applied Chemistry in the University of Sheffield. He remained affiliated with the university to the day of his death.

For several years O'Shea taught at coal mines of Derbyshire and the neighbourhood of Sheffield. He summarised the results of this experience in the book Elementary Chemistry for Coal Mining Students published in 1911, which was specially intended for students who had little or no preliminary knowledge of chemistry. O'Shea's most important contributions to pure chemistry are scientific articles on the "Constitution of Bleaching Powder "and " Preparation of Pure Iron". He also made a number of contributions on the applications of chemistry to mining problems, especially in connexion with explosions in coal mines, mining explosives, the by-products of coking, coal-washing, etc.

His work in connexion with mining brought him into intimate contact with a large number of prominent mining engineers. In 1905 he was elected Secretary of the Midland Institute of Mining, Civil, and Mechanical Engineers. In 1908 the Institution of Mining Engineers, which had for many years had its headquarters at Newcastle upon Tyne, decided to move to London; simultaneously, the institution was in many respects reorganised. As its general secretary died in 1907, this position was offered to O'Shea, which he assumed on 2 September 1908 and held until his death.

During the Second Boer War he went out to South Africa as a commanding officer. This experience of active service led to his being placed in command of the University contingent, which was formed in 1911, a position he retained for eight years. O'Shea was survived by a widow and one daughter.

References

1858 births
1920 deaths
Academics of the University of Sheffield
British chemists
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
List of industrial occupations. The following is a list of industrial occupations. Industrial occupations are generally characterized by being manual-labour-intensive and requiring little to no education.
 Arborist
 Auto mechanic
 Bobbin boy
 Construction worker
 Factory worker
 Feller
 Filling station attendant
 Foreman
 Maintenance engineering
 Mechanic
 Miller
 Moldmaker
 Panel beater
 Patternmaker
 Plant operator
 Plumber
 Sawfiler
 Shop foreman
 Soaper
 Stationary engineer
 Welder
 Wheelwright
 Woodworkers

Lists of occupations

Occupations
List of scientific occupations. This is a list of science and science-related occupations, which include various scientific occupations and careers based upon scientific research disciplines and explorers.

Life science
 Biologist
 Biomedical scientist
 Botanist
 Clinical pharmaceutical scientist
 Herpetologist
 Medical laboratory scientist
 Microbiologist
 Neuroscientist
 Physician
 Veterinarian
 Zoologist

Applied science
 Aeronautical engineer
 Biomedical 
 engineer 
 Chemical engineer
 Civil engineer
 Computer engineer
 Educational technologist
 Electrical engineer
 Engineering technician
 Engineering technologist
 Mechanical engineer
 Petrochemical engineer

Formal science
 Computational scientist
 Mathematician A person with an extensive knowledge of mathematics, a field informally defined as being concerned with numbers, data, collection, quantity, structure, space and calculus.

Statistics
 Actuary
 Demographic marketer
 Statistician

General scientific occupations

 Forensic scientist
 Gentleman scientist A financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study as a hobby
 Government scientist
 Healthcare science
 Hiwi A German abbreviation for "assistant scientist"
 Inventor
 Psychologist
 Research fellow
 School science technician
 Science attaché A member of a diplomatic mission (usually an embassy) that focuses on scientific and technical matters
 Scientist

Natural science

 Archaeologist
 Astronaut
 Astronomer
 Biochemist
 Biologist
 Chemist
 Ecologist
 Forester
 Geographer
 Naturalist
 Oceanographer
 Paleontologist
 Pathologist

Physical science
 Chemist
 Physicist

Earth science
 Geographer
 Geologist
 Geoprofessions
 Petroleum geologist

Social science
 Anthropologist
 Economist
 Historian
 Linguist
 Political scientist
 Sociologist
 Urban planner

See also

 Lists of occupations

References

Sci
DDoS mitigation. DDoS mitigation is a set of network management techniques and/or tools for resisting or mitigating the impact of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on networks attached to the Internet by protecting the target and relay networks. DDoS attacks are a constant threat to businesses and organizations, delaying service performance or shutting down websites entirely.

DDoS mitigation works by identifying baseline conditions for network traffic by analyzing "traffic patterns" to allow threat detection and alerting. DDoS mitigation also requires identifying incoming traffic to separate human traffic from human-like bots and hijacked web browsers. This process involves comparing signatures and examining different attributes of the traffic, including IP addresses, cookie variations, HTTP headers, and browser fingerprints.

After the attack is detected, the next process is filtering. Filtering can be done through anti-DDoS technology like connection tracking, IP reputation lists, deep packet inspection, blacklisting/whitelisting, or rate limiting. 

One technique is to pass network traffic addressed to a potential target network through high-capacity networks, with "traffic scrubbing" filters. 

Manual DDoS mitigation is no longer recommended due to the size of attacks often outstripping the human resources available in many firms/organizations. Other methods to prevent DDoS attacks can be implemented, such as on-premises and/or cloud-based solution providers. On-premises mitigation technology (most commonly a hardware device) is often placed in front of the network. This would limit the maximum bandwidth available to what is provided by the Internet service provider. Common methods involve hybrid solutions, by combining on-premises filtering with cloud-based solutions.

Methods of attack
DDoS attacks are executed against websites and networks of selected victims. A number of vendors offer "DDoS-resistant" hosting services, mostly based on techniques similar to content delivery networks. Distribution avoids a single point of congestion and prevents the DDoS attack from concentrating on a single target.

One technique of DDoS attacks is to use misconfigured third-party networks, allowing the amplification of spoofed UDP packets. Proper configuration of network equipment, enabling ingress filtering and egress filtering, as documented in BCP 38 and RFC 6959, prevents amplification and spoofing, thus reducing the number of relay networks available to attackers.

Methods of mitigation
 Use of Client Puzzle Protocol, or guided tour puzzle protocol
 Use of content delivery networks
 Blacklisting of IP addresses
 Use of intrusion detection systems and firewalls

See also

 Internet security
 Web threat
 Vulnerability (computing)
 DDoS
 Cybercrime
 Cyberattack
 VPN

References

Computer network security
System administration

Cyberwarfare
Fresh Breeze Paratour Twin. The Fresh Breeze Paratour Twin is a German twin-engined paramotor that was designed and produced by Fresh Breeze of Wedemark for powered paragliding.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed in the 1990s and features a paraglider-style high-wing, two-place accommodation and a two Quadra horizontally-opposed two-stroke  engines in pusher configuration. As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot.

The aircraft's twin-engine configuration is unique. The engines are positioned vertically, one above the other, so that a single engine situation does not create yaw and allows easy control in the event of a single engine failure. With only one engine operating the aircraft will not normally be capable of climbing with two people, but will give the pilot a wide range of choices for landing. Each engine drives its own propeller and both engines are supplied fuel by a single  tank via gravity feed.

Specifications (Paratour Twin)

References

1990s German ultralight aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Paratour Twin
Fresh Breeze Twin. The Fresh Breeze Twin is a German paramotor that was designed and produced by Fresh Breeze of Wedemark for powered paragliding.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed in the 1990s and features a paraglider-style high-wing, two-place accommodation and a single two-stroke engine in pusher configuration. As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot, with both occupants running together.

The Twin was one of the first paramotors designed for training use and its tandem seating allows easy communication between instructor and student.

Specifications (Twin)

References

1990s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Twin
Black Sky: The Race for Space. Black Sky: The Race For Space is a 2004 Discovery Channel documentary about Space Ship One, and how a small team backed by Paul Allen achieved human suborbital spaceflight and won the Ansari X Prize.  It contains insights about how the rocketplane was built, the challenges they faced when they flew it, the vision of Burt Rutan about the future of this technology (tier two and three), and his thoughts about NASA and government. It won a Peabody Award in 2004.

See also

 Orphans of Apollo, 2008 documentary on the tentative plan to privatize the space station Mir
 How to Make a Spaceship, 2016 book by Julian Guthrie about the Ansari X Prize

References

External links
 
  at Vulcan Productions

Ansari X Prize
Discovery Channel original programming
Scaled Composites
Mojave Air and Space Port
Space tourism
Commercial spaceflight
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Peabody Award–winning broadcasts
Fresh Breeze Simonini. The Fresh Breeze Simonini is a German paramotor, designed and produced by Fresh Breeze of Wedemark for powered paragliding. The aircraft is named for its Simonini 200cc powerplant.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed in the 1990s and features a paraglider-style high-wing, single-place accommodation and a single Simonini 200cc two-stroke engine in pusher configuration, with recoil starting. The fuel capacity is  standard, with  optional. As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot.

The Simonini fits into the company's line in between the Solo 210-powered Solo model and the Hirth F33-powered Fresh Breeze Monster.

Specifications (Simonini)

References

External links

1990s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Simonini
Simonini 200cc. The Simonini 200cc is an Italian single cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled aircraft engine produced by Simonini Racing of San Dalmazio di Serramazzoni. The engine is used to power paramotors.

Applications
Fresh Breeze Simonini

Specifications (200cc)

References

Two-stroke aircraft piston engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Simonini aircraft engines
Fresh Breeze Monster. The Fresh Breeze Monster is a German paramotor, designed and produced by Fresh Breeze of Wedemark for powered paragliding.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed in the 2000s as a paramotor with greater power to lift heavier pilots and for two-place flying. It features a paraglider-style high-wing, single-place or two-place-in-tandem accommodation and a single  Hirth F-33 engine in pusher configuration. As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot.

Variants
Monster CB
In production in 2012, this model has "comfort bar" flexible push rods that counteract engine torque.
Monster Jettison
In production in 2012, this model retains the jettisonable engine feature of the earliest models.

Specifications (Monster)

References

External links

2000s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Monster
Fritz Langford-Smith. Fritz Langford-Smith (29 June 1904 – 3 December 1966) was an Australian electrical engineer. He was the author of the classic engineering reference Radiotron Designer's Handbook (RDH). He was heavily involved in the science of communication and engineering research in England and in Australia. He was a long-term editor of the journal Radiotronics (1935–1950).

Education and career 
Langford-Smith received a Bachelor of Science (BSc) from the University of Sydney in 1926. In 1928, he received a Bachelor of Engineering (BE) also from the university.

From 1929 to 1932, he was an engineer at Cosmos Lamp Works in the UK. From 1932 to 1956, he worked as an engineer at AWA. From 1956 to 1963, he was an engineer with the English Electrical Co. in the UK.

From 1935 to 1950 he was editor of Radiotronics.

Radiotron Designer's Handbook 
Fritz Langford-Smith was the author of Radiotron Designer's Handbook (or Radio Designer's Handbook) which was often called the "bible" of vacuum tubes and their circuits due to its sheer size and complete scope It was also sometimes known as "the big red book" due to its bright-red leatherette cover. It was first published 1934 and revised until 1967.

Honorifics 
Honorary member of the Audio Engineering Society in 1959 for his Radiotron Designer's Handbook for "its importance in the education of a generation of audio engineers."

Works 
 Tone compensation in broadcast receivers. Radio Review of Australia, 4 (7) (July 1936), 6–12.
 Power output systems (Abstract). Radio Review of Australia, 4 (12) (December 1936), 18.
 The relationship between the power output stage and the loudspeaker. World Radio Convention. Proceedings. (Sydney, 1938), paper no. 24; A.W.A. Technical Review, 4 (1939), 199–223.
 The Radiotron Designer's Handbook:
 1st edition. Sydney: Amalgamated Wireless Valve Co./Harrison, New Jersey, USA: Radio Corporation of America, 1934.
 2nd edition. Sydney: Amalgamated Wireless Valve Co./Harrison, New Jersey, USA: Radio Corporation of America, 1935. (58 pages)
  (352 pages) (Also published as Radio Designer's Handbook. London: Wireless World, 1940.)

References 

Australian electrical engineers
Australian audio engineers
1904 births
1966 deaths
University of Sydney alumni
Engineers from Sydney
Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Praga BH-44. The Praga BH-44 (designated E-44 by the Czechoslovak Air Force) was a prototype Czechoslovak fighter biplane of the early 1930s. Only two were built, the rival Avia B-34 being ordered instead.

Design and development

In 1932, ČKD-Praga, the aircraft department of the Czechoslovak company Praga, entered a competition to design a new fighter for the Czechoslovak Air Force, with its design, the BH-44, competing against designs from Avia (the B-34) and Letov (the Š-231). 

The BH-44 was a single-bay biplane of mixed construction, with wooden wings and a fabric covered, steel-tube fuselage. Powerplant was a single Praga ESV water-cooled V12 engine.

The first prototype made its maiden flight on 19 July 1932. Performance was unimpressive, as the engine delivered only  instead of the promised . 

A second prototype (sometimes called the EH-144), fitted with a supercharged Praga ESVK engine, flew in April 1934, but performance remained disappointing. The first prototype was therefore re-engined with a  Rolls-Royce Kestrel VII, flying in this form on 30 October 1934, and as such was evaluated by the Czechoslovak Air Force as the E-44. 

The imported Kestrel engine worked poorly with the fuel used by the Air Force, however, and the type was rejected, the B-34 being purchased instead.

Specifications (ESV engine, performance estimated)

See also

Notes

References

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .

BH-44
1930s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932