omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marjolein van der Meulen. Marjolein Christine Hermance van der Meulen is an American engineer who served as the James M. and Marsha McCormick Director of Biomedical Engineering at Cornell University from 2014-2014. She is a Swanson Professor of Biomedical Engineering and a Senior Scientist in the Research Division of the Hospital for Special Surgery.

Biography

Education 
van der Meulen received her BS in Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987. She went on to graduate from Stanford University with a MS and PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 1989 and 1993 respectively.

Career 
van der Meulen worked at the Rehabilitation R&D Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs in Palo Alto, California for three years as a biomedical engineer before joining Cornell University as a professor.

She currently runs the van der Meulen research group at Cornell University. van der Meulen's research in the field of orthopaedic biomechanics "focuses on the interaction between mechanical stimuli and the skeleton, and the mechanical properties of musculoskeletal tissues." In 2013, the van der Meulen research group created a model that simulates prolonged joint loading and published a study in the journal Arthritis and Rheumatism.

Honors and awards 
Some of van der Meulen's honors include:
 Fellow (American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2008)
 Fellow (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010)
 Robert '55 and Vanne '57 Cowie Excellence in Teaching Award (Cornell University, College of Engineering, 2011)
 Fellow (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015)
 Women's Leadership Award (Orthopaedic Research Society, 2015)
 van der Meulen is a member of the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, the American and European Societies of Biomechanics, and the Orthopaedic Research Society.
 President of the Orthopaedic Research Society (Orthopaedic Research Society), 2022-2023
 Fellow (Orthopaedic Research Society, 2024) 
 Recipient, H.R. Lissner Medal, 2024 (Bioengineering Division of ASME) in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of bioengineering.

Personal life 
van der Meulen is Dutch-American.

References 

Living people
American women engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Cornell University faculty
American people of Dutch descent
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
21st-century women engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women
Waterbody number. A waterbody number, waterbody index number or waterbody ID is used for the hydrographic classification of waterbodies. Where classification only covers bodies of flowing water such as rivers, it may be called a watercourse number.

Many different systems are used in limnology to number waterbodies such as lakes, rivers and streams, ranging from basic index numbers representing their location in the river system, such as serial numbers for the major catchment areas of the rivers, or numbers indicating their hierarchical position in the system. On the basis of such numbers the aim is to give waterbodies, river sections or catchment areas a clear  identification number. As a result of the systems used in various specialist fields there may even be different national and regional waterbody index numbers for the same body of water.

Stream order 
A general geographical and hydrographical classification uses Strahler numbers to determine the:
 Stream order – the level of the waterbody in the hydrographical hierarchical classification system (there are several different systems)

National terminology or systems 
 Gewässerkennzahl ("watercourse index number"), Germany
 HZB Code ("waterbody index number"; legally defined, HZB code, OWK No., WRRL codes), Austria
 River basin number (järvinumero), Finland
 Sandre, France
 Watercourse number, Pakistan
 State Water Register, Russia
 Gewässerlaufnummer ("waterbody serial number"), Switzerland
 Čislo hydrologického pořadí ("hydrological order number"), Czech Republic
 Waterbody number, waterbody ID, United Kingdom
 Waterbody number, waterbody index number, Geographic Names Information System, United States
 Jedinstveni identifikacijski broj vodotoka ili kanala, Informacioni sistem voda, Agencija za vodno područje rijeke Save i Agencija za vodno područje Jadranskog mora [Unique identification number of a watercourse or channel, Water Information System, Agency for the Basin of the Sava River and Agency for the Basin of the Adriatic Sea], Bosnia and Herzegovina

See also 
Hydrological-ecological classifications:
 Water quality
 Bathing water quality – classification based on EU Directive 2006/7/EG

References

Limnology
Identifiers
Hydrology
Gasogene (disambiguation). The word gasogene can refer to:

 Gasogene, a device for producing carbonated water
 Gasogene engine, a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
 Wood gas generator a specific type of gasogene engine that converts wood into fuel that can be used to power an internal combustion engine
 Gasogene Lamp a form of illumination used in early endoscopy before the invention of electric lighting
John Strain (mathematician). John Andrew Strain is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. His areas of interest are Applied Mathematics, Algorithms, Numerical Analysis, and Materials Science. John Strain received his PhD in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1988 working with his advisor Alexandre Joel Chorin. His dissertation paper was on the numerical study of dendritic solidification. Notable publications include Piecewise-polynomial discretization and Krylov-accelerated multigrid for elliptic interface problems, Locally corrected semi-Lagrangian methods for Stokes flow with moving elastic interfaces, Locally-corrected spectral methods and overdetermined elliptic systems, Fractional step methods for index-1 differential-algebraic equations, and  Growth of the zeta function for a quadratic map and the dimension of the Julia set.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor. The North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor or North-South DFC is a proposed freight specific railway connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2,343 km with 43 proposed stations. Ministry of Railways has assigned Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors:
 East-West Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai): 2,330 km
 North-South Corridor (Delhi-Chennai): 2,343 km
 East Coast Corridor (Kharagpur-Vijayawada): 1,100 km
 Southern Corridor (Chennai-Goa): 899 km

It was announced by then Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu, while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is US$13 Billion. The Government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through Public Private Partnerships (PPP) model.

See also
Dedicated freight corridors in India
Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor
East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor

References

Transport in Delhi
Transport in Chennai
Dedicated freight corridors of India
Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh
Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh
Rail transport in Tamil Nadu
5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh
Nanoelectromechanical systems mass spectrometer. A nanoelectromechanical systems mass spectrometer (NEMS-MS) is an instrument measuring the mass of analyte particles by detecting the frequency shift caused by the adsorption of the particles on a NEMS resonator.

NEMS-MS was invented by Prof. Michael Roukes and Dr. Kamil Ekinci at the California Institute of Technology in 1999. First attainment of attogram-scale mass sensitivity was documented in their 2001 patent disclosure. Successive NEMS-MS sensitivity milestones were reported by the Caltech researchers in publications appearing in 2004 (attogram-scale sensitivity) and in 2006 (zeptogram-scale sensitivity). They later developed single molecule analysis in 2009. Single-biomolecule mass measurements were first accomplished by this team in 2012. A hybrid NEMS-MS/TOF-MS instrument was reported in 2015.

See also
Nanoelectromechanical systems
Quartz crystal microbalance
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

References

External links
NEMS-MS page of the Roukes Group at Caltech

Mass spectrometry
Nanoelectronics
Bair Hugger. The Bair Hugger system is a convective temperature management system used in a hospital or surgery center to maintain a patient's core body temperature. The Bair Hugger system consists of a reusable warming unit and single-use disposable warming blankets for use before, during and after surgery. This medical device launched in 1987 and is currently manufactured by the 3M Company.

Function
The Bair Hugger system uses convective warming, also known as forced-air warming, to prevent and treat perioperative hypothermia.  

The system includes two primary components:  a warming unit and a disposable blanket. The warming unit is connected by a flexible hose to the single-use blanket. Warm air from the warming unit passes through the flexible hose and into the blanket. Once the warmed air reaches the blanket it exits through a series of micro-perforations on the underside of the blanket, warming the patient's skin in an area not involved in the surgical procedure.

Performance
The Bair Hugger system warms effectively due to the properties of convection and radiation; heat transfer improves with the movement of warmed air across the surface of the patient's skin. Up to 64 percent of the patient's body surface may be recruited for heat transfer, depending on which Bair Hugger blanket is used.

History
The Bair Hugger system was originally designed by Scott Augustine Bair, MD of Minnesota.  The Bair Hugger was produced by Arizant, previously known as Augustine Medicine.  Augustine resigned from Arizant in 2002, and Arizant was bought by 3M in 2009.  Augustine later invented a different type of patient-warming device and formed a separate company to sell his competing device.

The Bair Hugger system received FDA clearance in 1987.

References

External sources
http://www.bairhugger.com

Medical equipment
3M_brands
Flour dresser. A flour dresser is a mechanical device used in grain mills for  or flour extraction, which is the process of separating the finished flour from the other grain components by sifting following milling. The milling of grain into flour has been termed the oldest continuously-conducted industry in the world. Flour dressers appear in water-powered mills in the United Kingdom dating to the 17th century, and their use continued into the 20th century in the UK and other countries as the grain-milling industry converted from water power to steam and other forms of power to drive mill machinery.

Processing milled grain
Grain to be processed into flour is first ground, typically in one or more steps, then the bran is separated from the flour produced by grinding the grain. The flour produced from the grain is further separated by size through sifting (or bolting). A centrifugal reel or flour dresser is used to perform this separation, producing the finished flour and a number of byproducts, such as bran and dust. A centrifugal reel is a cylinder around which a cloth filter is stretched. Inside of the cloth-covered cylinder are beaters which stir and toss the ground grain against the cloth. A brush moving across the outside of the cylinder removes the flour and keeps the cloth functioning. A flour dresser is constructed similarly to the centrifugal reel, but lacks the beaters. A typical mill process involves passing the flour coming off the millstones through successive dressers so as to achieve the desired separation of flour from bran and germ components of the grain.

Bolting cloth
Bolting cloth is a fabric that is fine, stiff, and transparent. It is typically made of silk. The cloth was primarily used for sifting purposes. The structure of the bolting cloth is stiffer and closer than voile fabric. Mesh is classified into four different grades. Bolting cloth was also used in stencil making, and in dress trimmings.

Historical development of the flour dresser
Separating the bran and other parts of the grain from the desired flour is a difficult and time-consuming process to carry out manually. Evidence of efforts to automate the process are documented in patent applications. Edmund Brunt filed a provisional patent for a 'bolting machine' in 1614. John Milne patented a machine in 1765 which used several grades of wire mesh or cloth to separate flour from bran. A machine for manufacturing bolting cloth, used to filter the flour from bran and other parts of the grain, was patented in 1783 by Benjamin Blackmore. And in 1850, James Bell devised a means of separating flour by pushing the feedstock (or 'stock') against a vertical cloth ('bolting sleeve') while Joseph Foot patented a means of making the filter sleeve from silk instead of wool. Development continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, increasing the speed and efficiency of the process through improvements such as the addition of beaters and brushes to force the fine flour through the filters and to continuously clean the filters as they rotated.

References

See also

 Carew Tidal Mill
 Pakenham Windmill
 Glossary of mill machinery

Flour mills
Gas phase electrophoretic molecular mobility analysis. Gas phase electrophoretic molecular mobility analysis (GEMMA) is a method for chemical analysis in which nanoflow electrospray ionization creates highly charged ions from macromolecules that are charge reduced and separated in a differential mobility analyzer.

See also
Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry
Differential mobility detector
Particle mass analyser
Electrical mobility
Electrical aerosol spectrometer

References

Mass spectrometry
Laboratory techniques
Static site generator. Static site generators (SSGs) are software engines that use text input files (such as Markdown, reStructuredText,  AsciiDoc and JSON) to generate static web pages. Unlike dynamic websites, these static pages do not change based on the request. This simplifies the requirements for the backend and allows the site to be distributed via content delivery networks (CDN)s. The simple design also makes it harder for attackers to modify the website due to the smaller attack surface of these relatively simple backends. Some of the most popular static site generators are Jekyll, Hugo, Eleventy, Gatsby, and Next.js, SSGs are typically for rarely-changing, informative content, such as product pages, news articles, software documentation, and blogs.

Architecture
SSGs typically consist of a template written in HTML with a templating system, such as liquid (Jekyll) or Go template (Hugo). The same structure (typically a Git repository) includes content in a plain-text format such as Markdown or reStructuredText, or in a structural meta format such as JSON or XML. A single plain-text file may correspond to a single web page. Alternatively, a single structural metadata file may correspond to an entire website if a single-page application framework like AngularJS is used. The website variable settings are stored in a plaintext configuration file _config.yml (YAML),  _config.toml (TOML) or _config.json (JSON). Page files typically also start with a YAML, TOML, or JSON preamble to define variables such as title, permalink, or date. Files with names that begin with an underscore (_) such as _index.md (as opposed to index.md) are considered templates or archetypes and are thus not rendered as pages themselves.

Examples
Several hundred SSGs have been documented to exist, with the vast majority being written in languages that are already prominent on the web, such as Python, Go, JavaScript and TypeScript.

Comparison with server-side systems

Many server-side template systems have an option to publish output pages on the server, where the published pages are static. This is common on content management systems, like Vignette, but is not considered out-server generation. In the majority of cases, this "publish option" doesn't interfere with the template system, and it can be made by external software, as Wget.

People began to use server-side dynamic pages generated from templates with preexisting software adapted for this task. This early software was the preprocessors and macro languages, adapted for the web use, running on CGI. Next, a simple but relevant technology was the direct execution made on extension modules, started with SSI.

References

External links
 JavaScript template libraries comparison from 2009
 Enforcing Strict Model–View Separation in Template Engines

Web design
Static website generators
Xu Caidong. Xu Caidong (; 27 March 1919 – 14 April 2016) was a Chinese metallurgist, politician, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

Biography
Xu was born in Fengxin County, Jiangxi. He graduated from Tangshan Engineering College, Chiao Tung University in 1943. He went to France in 1946 and obtained a doctor's degree from École Nationale Supérieure d'Électrochimie et d'Électrométallurgie de Grenoble (ENSEEG) in 1949. After returning to China, he joined the faculty of the Guizhou University School of Engineering in the same year. He joined the Jiusan Society in 1956. 

Xu's research was mainly focused on the physical chemistry of metallurgy. He operated the blast furnace for smelting mercury, the industrial synthesis of potassium permanganate by the electrolytical method, and the industrial synthesis of calcium-magnesium phosphate in the shaft furnace.

Xu was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. He became the vice-governor of Guizhou Province in 1983. He was elected as the executive vice chairman of the central committee of the Jiusan Society in 1990. He was appointed president of Guizhou University in 1997 when Guizhou Agricultural College, the Guizhou Institute of Arts, and the Guizhou Agricultural Cadre-Training School merged into Guizhou University.

Xu died on 14 April 2016 in Beijing at the age of 97.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Chinese metallurgists
Chinese physical chemists
Academic staff of Guizhou University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Jiusan Society
People from Yichun, Jiangxi
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi
Scientists from Jiangxi
Southwest Jiaotong University alumni
Vice-governors of Guizhou
Line of thrust. The line of thrust is the locus of the points, through which forces pass in a retaining wall or an arch. It is the line, along which internal forces flow, , .

In a stone structure, the line of thrust is a theoretical line that through the structure represents the path of the resultants of the compressive forces, . For a structure to be stable, the line of thrust must lie entirely inside the structure, , .

Where important

The line of thrust is important in almost any architecture bearing weight. This includes aircraft, bridges, plus arches; see catenary arch.

An arch won't collapse, when the line of thrust is entirely internal to the arch, .

See also
 Damage tolerance
 Force lines
 Strength of materials
 Stress concentration
 Structural fracture mechanics
 Stress intensity factor
 Stress–strain analysis

External links

 One largish article, talks about line of thrust
 A definition
 Another definition
 A second reference
 A third reference

Mechanics
Construction
Nereda. Nereda is a wastewater treatment technology invented by Mark van Loosdrecht of the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. The technology is based on aerobic granulation and is a modification of the activated sludge process.

Aerobic granular sludge can be formed by applying specific process conditions that favour slow growing organisms such as PAOs (polyphosphate accumulating organisms) and GAOs (glycogen accumulating organisms). Another key part of granulation is selective washing whereby slow settling floc-like sludge is discharged as waste sludge and faster settling biomass is retained. At the full-scale, the Nereda system consists of a cyclical process with three main cycle components or phases, namely: simultaneous fill and draw, aeration / reaction and settling. The aerobic granules form excellent settling properties allowing for higher biomass concentrations (8g/L), the non-use of secondary clarifiers and the exclusion of major sludge recycle pumping in the Nereda system – the result is a compact (reduced plant footprints), simple system that requires significantly less chemicals and energy when compared to conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. The theory of this technology has proven to work in the field and currently more than 90 wastewater treatment plants worldwide are operational, under construction or under design, varying in size from 500 up to 2,400,000 person equivalent. The Nereda technology is an invention of the Delft University of Technology and Engineering consultancy Royal HaskoningDHV.

The Nereda derives from the Greek word “Neraida”. Nereda was a water nymph and one of the daughters of Nereus, the wise and benevolent Greek god of the sea. In Greek mythology Nereda is linked with the terms “pure” and “immaculate”, a reference to the water quality produced by the new technology.

See also
 List of waste water treatment technologies
 Water purification
 Sequencing batch reactor

References

External links
 Official website

Sewerage