omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Douglas DF. The Douglas DF was a commercial flying boat built by Douglas Aircraft Company, first flown on 24 September 1936.

Design and development
The DF could accommodate 32 passengers, or 16 in sleeper cabins, and was the last flying boat built by the company.

Despite acceptable handling and performance within design specifications, no commercial orders were forthcoming and faced with no domestic market for aircraft already built, the company obtained export permits for them. The first two production aircraft were sold to Japan, ostensibly for commercial airline use. The second aircraft was lost on a survey flight in 1938.  The second production pair were sold (as DF-195's) to the Soviet Union and after winterizing, were disassembled and transported to Russia via ship, where they were operated as transports by Aeroflot.

Variants
DF-151 Specification/designation of the first two aircraft sold to Japan.
DF-195 Specification/designation of the second two aircraft sold to the Soviet Union.

Specifications

References

External links 

 Handbook of instructions for the transport flying boat model DF 195 – The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

DF-151
1930s United States airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Flying boats
2-Methylfuran. 2-Methylfuran, also known with the older name of sylvane, is a flammable, water-insoluble liquid with a chocolate odor, found naturally in Myrtle and Dutch Lavender
used as a FEMA GRAS flavoring substance, with the potential for use in alternative fuels.

Manufacture
2-Methylfuran is an article of commerce (chemical intermediate) and is normally manufactured by catalytic hydrogenolysis of furfural alcohol or via a hydrogenation-hydrogenolysis sequence from furfural in the vapor phase.

See also
Swiftfuel

References

External links
  NCBI PubChem database: Methylfuran

Biofuels
Food additives
2-Furyl compounds
Methyl compounds
Process hazard analysis. A process hazard analysis (PHA) (or process hazard evaluation) is an exercise for the identification of hazards of a process facility and the qualitative or semi-quantitative assessment of the associated risk. A PHA provides information intended to assist managers and employees in making decisions for improving safety and reducing the consequences of unwanted or unplanned releases of hazardous materials. A PHA is directed toward analyzing potential causes and consequences of fires, explosions, releases of toxic or flammable chemicals and major spills of hazardous chemicals, and it focuses on equipment, instrumentation, utilities, human actions, and external factors that might impact the process. It is one of the elements of OSHA's program for Process Safety Management.

There are several methodologies that can be used to conduct a PHA, including checklists, hazard identification (HAZID) reviews, what-if reviews and SWIFT, hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), etc. PHA methods are qualitative or, at best, semi-quantitative in nature. A simple element of risk quantification is often introduced in the form of a risk matrix, as in preliminary hazard analysis (PreHA). The selection of the methodology to be used depends on a number of factors, including the complexity of the process, the length of time a process has been in operation and if a PHA has been conducted on the process before, and if the process is unique, or industrially common. Quantitative methods for risk assessment, such as layer-of-protection analysis (LOPA) or fault tree analysis (FTA) may be used after a PHA, if the PHA team could not reach a risk decision for a given scenario.

In the United States, the use of PHAs is mandated as one of the elements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)' process safety management regulation for the identification of risks involved in the design, operation, and modification of processes that handle highly hazardous chemicals.

See also
 Cyber PHA

References

Further reading 

 Primatech (2017). Comparison of PHA Methods. Primatech. Retrieved 2023-06-24.

Process safety
Gavin Power Plant. General James M. Gavin Power Plant is a 2,600-megawatt supercritical coal-fired power station in the village of Cheshire, Ohio, United States.  It is owned by Lightstone Generation LLC, a 50–50 joint venture of The Blackstone Group L.P. and ArcLight Capital Partners. Gavin is the largest coal-fired power facility in Ohio, and one of the largest in the US, capable of powering two million homes. In February 2017, the plant represented slightly more than 11% of the total electric generation capacity in Ohio according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The plant was named in honor of James Maurice "Jumpin' Jim" Gavin, the third Commanding General (CG) of the 82nd Airborne Division during World War II.

History
Gavin's two units, rated at 1,300 MW each, were placed into service in 1974 and 1975. The power plant is connected to the electric transmission grid by 765-kilovolt transmission lines. 

In 2002, to avoid lawsuits relating to air pollution in the village of Cheshire, the American Electric Power (AEP) corporation decided to buy out the village, by paying every homeowner 3.5 times the market value of their home to move. The total deal came to around $20 million.

AEP sold Gavin along with three other plants to Blackstone and ArcLight as a part of a $2.17 billion deal in 2016.

The power plant has been using unlined pits to store its fly ash, which could contaminate groundwater. The facility's owners applied for a permit from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to continue operating and using the unlined pits. In November 2022, the EPA ordered the utility to stop dumping coal ash into unlined storage ponds and speed cleanup of the site. The plant may have to pause or even cease operations in order to comply with the order. The order becomes effective 135 days after publication in the Federal Register. If  additional time is needed, the order included a process to address demonstrated grid reliability issues.

Operations
Gavin is equipped with a suite of air quality controls.  These include selective catalytic reduction units that reduce nitrogen oxide () emissions by 82%; flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) units (scrubbers) that remove 94% of sulfur dioxide () emissions and electrostatic precipitators for particulate control.  Together the controls reduce mercury emissions by up to 91% and particulates by 99%.

The plant contributes approximately $6 million a year in property taxes that support the Gallia County school system and government.  The plant is Gallia County's largest taxpayer and makes annual contributions of more than $50,000 to local charities and non-profits.

See also

 List of largest power stations in the United States
 List of power stations in Ohio

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
Energy infrastructure completed in 1975
Coal-fired power stations in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Gallia County, Ohio
Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke. Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke or Halberstadt was a German aircraft manufacturer. It was formed on 9 April 1912 under the name Deutsche Bristol Werke Flugzeug-Gesellschaft mbH in Halberstadt, Province of Saxony.

History

The British-German joint venture initially produced planes according to the system by the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, Ltd such as Bristol Boxkites and Bristol Prier monoplanes, but soon expanded into their developments. In September 1913 the company was renamed Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke GmbH. The chief designers were Hans Burkhardt, who later transferred to Gothaer Waggonfabrik, and the technical director and chief engineer was Karl Theiss.

The company built more than 1,700 reconnaissance aircraft (C type) and 85 fighter planes (D type), which served in the Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) during World War I. When German aircraft production was prohibited according to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, the company, renamed Berlin-Halberstädter Industriewerke AG resorted to the production of agricultural machines and the repair of Reichsbahn railroad cars. Insolvency proceedings were opened in 1926; the Halberstadt factory premises were used by Junkers from 1935.

Aircraft
Besides license-built two-seat observation/flight school aircraft (Halberstadt A.II), Halberstadt produced scout planes, ground attack aircraft, and fighters:

Halberstadt B types
B-type planes were dual-seated unarmed reconnaissance aircraft built in 1914/15. The biplanes were equipped with Oberursel-Gnome rotary engines, later (B.II and B.III) with Mercedes six-cylinder straight engines. 
 Halberstadt B.I
 Halberstadt B.II
 Halberstadt B.III

Halberstadt C types

Reconnaissance aircraft
Two-seater reconnaissance aircraft with water-cooled six-cylinder engines with 200 hp to 220 hp and a top speed of up to . First flight C.I in May 1916, C.III end of 1916:
 Halberstadt C.I
 Halberstadt C.III
 Halberstadt C.V
 Halberstadt C.VII
 Halberstadt C.VIII
 Halberstadt C.IX

Ground attack aircraft
Two-seater ground attack aircraft with water-cooled six-cylinder engines with 160 HP to 185 HP, CL.IV 100 HP, and a top speed of up to . First flight CL.II around February 1917, CL.IV early 1918:
 Halberstadt CL.II
 Halberstadt CL.IV
 Halberstadt CLS.I

Halberstadt D types
Fighter planes
D.I to D.V: single-seat biplane fighters with water-cooled six-cylinder engines with 100 hp to 150 hp and a top speed of up to . First flight D.I in February 1916, D.II end of 1916, and D.V beginning of 1917:
 Halberstadt D.I
 Halberstadt D.II
 Halberstadt D.III
 Halberstadt D.IV
 Halberstadt D.V

Large aircraft
A prototype medium bomber 
 Halberstadt G.I

References
 Kroschel, Günter; Stützer, Helmut: The German military aircraft 1910–18, Wilhelmshaven 1977

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Naval Aircraft Factory TG. The Naval Aircraft Factory TG were a series of prototype seaplanes for gunnery training designed and built by the United States Navy's Naval Aircraft Factory.

Development
The TG was an equal-span biplane with tandem open cockpits. It had a large central float with a smaller stabilizing float underneath each wingtip. Five were built for evaluation designated TG-1, TG-2, TG-3, TG-4 and TG-5 and were generally similar. The TG-1, TG-3 and TG-4 had internal fuselage fuel tanks and the TG-2 and TG-5 had fuel tanks inside the central float.

Variants
TG-1
Powered by a 200hp (149kW) Liberty engine, one built.
TG-2
Powered by a 200hp (149kW) Liberty engine, one built.
TG-3
Powered by a 200hp (149kW) Aeromarine T-6 engine, one built.
TG-4
Powered by a 200hp (149kW) Aeromarine T-6 engine, one built.
TG-5
Powered by a 180hp (134kW) Wright-Hispano E-4 engine, one built.

Operator

United States Navy

Specifications (TG-2)

See also

References

 

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
TG
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Dühring's rule. Dühring's rule is a scientific rule developed by Eugen Dühring which states that a linear relationship exists between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapour pressure.  The rule is often used to compare a pure liquid and a solution at a given concentration.

Dühring's plot is a graphical representation of such a relationship, typically with the pure liquid's boiling point along the x-axis and the mixture's boiling point along the y-axis; each line of the graph represents a constant concentration.

See also
 Solubility
 Evaporator
 Raoult's law

References 

Engineering thermodynamics
Solutions
Yoh Services. Yoh Services LLC is an American talent and outsourcing company that is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Yoh's primary services include temporary placement, direct hire, managed staffing services and outsourced solutions.

The company specializes in providing short- and long-term professionals for the information technology, scientific, clinical, engineering, health care, and telecommunications industries.

History
Yoh was founded by Harold L. Yoh and his investment partners in 1940 as Duncan Tool Design, renamed to H.L. Yoh Company in 1946 after Yoh bought out his partners' shares. As the country's first temporary technical staffing firm, Yoh got its start staffing the United States government and private industry's engineering needs during World War II.

Yoh is a business unit in the larger company Day & Zimmermann, with which it merged in 1961.

It is headquartered in Philadelphia.

References

External links
Official website

1940 establishments in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1940
Companies based in Philadelphia
DRG locomotive types. The locomotive type (Gattungszeichen) of a German steam locomotive was a secondary classification system introduced after 1924 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG) and comprised four parts:
 A letter from the adjacent table, that specified the type of locomotive (express train engine, passenger train locomotive, etc.). 
 A number, usually two-digit, the first digit indicating the number of coupled axles and the second the total number of axles on the locomotive. Tender axles were not included.
 The permitted axle load in tonnes was given next, after a full stop separating it from the preceding axle information.
 If parts of the locomotive exceeded the loading gauge, this was indicated with a triangle over the axle load (see photo below right). If this was simply a removable chimney fitting, this was indicated with an additional bar above the point of the triangle (photo below left).

Example: A DRG Class 01 express train locomotive had the following type classification: S36.20.
That meant: Express train locomotive (Schnellzuglokomotive) with 3 coupled axles, a total of 6 axles and an axle load of 20 tonnes

It was intended to use this type classification system for electric locomotives as well. But because electric locomotives could be used for any duty, this plan was given up.

The primary classification system was based on class numbers which, in the case of steam locomotives ran from 01-99 (see table, right hand column).

Literature 

K-E. Maedel/ A. Gottwald: Deutsche Dampflokomotiven, Transpressverlag, 
Harald Vogelsang: Die Fahrzeuge und Anlagen des Eisenbahnmuseums Bochum-Dahlhausen,

See also 
 History of rail transport in Germany
 Deutsche Reichsbahn
 Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft

Locomotives of Germany
Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft locomotives
Locomotive classification systems
Naval Aircraft Factory PT. The Naval Aircraft Factory PT were two types of floatplanes built from surplus and spare parts by the United States Navy's Naval Aircraft Factory.

Development
With a shortage of funds at the end of the First World War, the Naval Aircraft Factory built 33 aircraft of two types using surplus assemblies. Both were twin float biplanes based on the fuselage and tail unit of the Curtiss R-6L; the PT-1 was fitted with the 62 ft (18.90m) wings from the Curtiss HS-1L, and the PT-2 fitted with the 74 ft (22.57m) wings from the Curtiss HS-2L.

Variants
PT-1
Fuselage and tail unit of a Curtiss R-6L fitted with wings from a Curtiss HS-1L, 15 built.
PT-2
Fuselage and tail unit of a Curtiss R-6L fitted with wings from a Curtiss HS-2L, 18 built.

Operator

United States Navy

Specifications (PT-2)

See also

References

External links

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
PT
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Single-engined piston aircraft
Gaffe à Lagaffe !. Gaffe à Lagaffe !, written and drawn by Franquin, is the fifteenth album of the original Gaston Lagaffe series.

Story

Inventions
petrol: special petrol for the Gastomobile, it also can cause unexpected fireworks
anti-hold-up system:  system which consists of spreading marbles to make robbers slide
radio-controlled iron: efficient iron, but not to be lost from sight, as it tends to fly away
heating for birds: system of pipes installed on the rooftop of Spirou editorial offices and connected to the heating system of the building
English divan: sofa made with elasticated plastic and buttons that tend to suddenly break loose, causing high damage

Background
This is the last album of the original Gaston Lagaffe series, and the first album published by Marsu Productions, who hold all the copyrights of Gaston Lagaffe. The album consists mostly of pages that haven't been published in albums, but were previously published in Spirou a long time ago. Only 13 new pages were published in this album, previously published in Spirou between 1986 and 1997. Roba and Cauvin have collaborated on one page.

References

 Gaston Lagaffe classic series on the official website
 Publication in Spirou  on bdoubliées.com.

External links
Official website 

1996 graphic novels
Comics by André Franquin
SNAP-1. SNAP-1 is a British nanosatellite in low Earth orbit. The satellite was built at the Surrey Space Centre by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) and members of the University of Surrey. It was launched on 28 June 2000 on board a Kosmos-3M rocket from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia.  It shared the launch with a Russian Nadezhda search and relay spacecraft and the Chinese Tsinghua-1 microsatellite.

Mission
The objectives of the SNAP-1 mission were to:

 Develop and prove a modular commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) based nanosatellite bus.
 Evaluate new manufacturing techniques and technologies.
 Image the Tsinghua-1 microsatellite during its deployment (timed to occur a few seconds after the deployment of SNAP-1).
 Demonstrate the systems required for future nanosatellite constellations.  For example: three-axis attitude control, Global Positioning System (GPS) based orbit determination, and orbital manoeuvres.  
 Depending on propellant availability, rendezvous with Tsinghua-1 and demonstrate formation flying.

During deployment, SNAP-1 successfully imaged the Nadezhda and Tsinghua-1 satellites that accompanied it on the launch.  Once in orbit, SNAP-1 achieved three axis attitude control, then demonstrated its orbital maintenance capability using its butane cold gas propulsion system.

Architecture
The  SNAP-1 satellite contained the following modules:

 Power System
 VHF Receiver
 S-band Transmitter
 Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS)
 Cold-Gas Propulsion (CGP) System
 On-Board Computer (OBC)
 VHF spread-spectrum communications payload
 UHF inter-satellite link
 Machine Vision System (MVS)

References

University of Surrey
Satellites orbiting Earth
Satellites of the United Kingdom
Spacecraft launched in 2000
Don Fry. Donald George Fry is an Australian engineer, company director, entrepreneur and philanthropist.

NQEA
Fry is the owner and chairman of NQEA, founded by his father in 1948 in Cairns, Queensland as a general engineering company contracting to the mining industry, then diversified. Fry started his apprenticeship as a Fitter and Turner with NQEA.

Under Fry's direction, NQEA later entered the boat building and maintenance industry, and won the contract to build the 14 Australian follow-on  Fremantle class patrol boats for the Royal Australian Navy that entered service in the 1980s, then provided maintenance for the ships. NQEA later built and maintained luxury pleasure boats.

Hypersonics
The Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra contracted NQEA to build a complete ground testing hypersonics test chamber to a design developed by him.

In 2004 NQEA built a nozzle for a scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet engine) to be tested by the University of Queensland ground test facility, the T4 tunnel. Fry has been designated as an adjunct professor of the University's School of Engineering.

Community involvement
Besides his business and scientific interests, Don Fry chairs Australia’s national committee advising the Government of Australia on homelessness.

He is chair of the James Cook University Engineering Advisory Board.

Fry is a recipient of Engineers Australia highest National award. He was the inaugural recipient of the Queensland Division Hall of Fame.

Fry has also been inducted into the Queensland University of Technology Hall of Fame for Outstanding Constructors.

He is Patron of the FNQ Independent Living Support Association, a longtime board member of Lifeline Cairns, and has been for 30 years member of the Cairns Salvation Army Advisory Board.

In 2006 he was appointed a special trustee for ensuring the allocation of funds under the federal government's Cyclone Larry assistance package.

Awards and recognition
 1998 – appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 1998 Australia Day Honours for "service to engineering, in particular, marine engineering in the areas of design and construction, and to the community".
 2006 – named among the Top 100 Australia's Most Influential Engineers

External links
 profile, Engineers Australia

References

Australian engineers
Australian philanthropists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Officers of the Order of Australia
Spaceflight (TV series). Spaceflight is a 1985 American documentary miniseries about crewed spaceflight, originally broadcast by PBS in four parts. It is narrated by Martin Sheen and features interviews with many former astronauts from the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs. The series is a co-production of WETA-TV and WYES-TV. The final episode (Part 4) was redone after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (the revision covered the inquiry and the return to flight as well).

Episodes 
Thunder in the Skies
The Wings of Mercury
One Giant Leap
The Territory Ahead

External links 

PBS original programming
1980s American television miniseries
1980s American documentary television series
1985 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
Kiebitz. Kiebitz is German for Lapwing, it may also refer to:

Focke-Wulf S 24 Kiebitz, a German sport aircraft of the 1920s
Italian ship Ramb III, seized by the Germans in World War II and renamed Kiebitz
Operation Kiebitz, a failed World War II attempt to free German prisoners of war
Platzer Kiebitz, a German homebuilt biplane design