omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Parnall 382. The Parnall 382 was a 1930s British single-engined monoplane trainer aircraft with two open cockpits, designed and developed by Parnall Aircraft Ltd.

Design and development
The Parnall 382 was designed to meet UK Air Ministry Specification T.1/37 for an 'ab initio' trainer, and was also known as the Parnall Heck III. Its competitors were the Heston T.1/37 and the Miles M.15. The Airspeed AS.36, General Aircraft GAL.32 and Percival P.20 were also proposed against specification T.1/37, but not accepted or built. None of the designs was selected for production orders; it has been suggested that the required performance could not be achieved within the constraints of the Specification.

Construction was primarily wooden, with plywood-skinned spruce frames. The cantilever oleo-pneumatic fixed main undercarriage legs were faired with spats. The undercarriage, tail unit and outer wing panels were adapted from the Parnall Heck 2C. The propeller was a de Havilland fixed-pitch type. Student and tutor sat in open, tandem cockpits, but the rear cockpit was later enclosed.

Operational history
One example of the Parnall 382 was built by Parnall Aircraft Ltd as a private venture project. The first flight was by G.A.C Warren at Yate Aerodrome in February 1939, with B conditions registration J1. In September 1939 it was registered G-AFKF. In June 1941, as the Parnall Heck III, it was allocated serial R9138 under contract 23979/39. In trials at the Aeroplane & Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at Martlesham Heath, it was assessed as pleasant to fly and generally good as a trainer. Notwithstanding a few modifications, no order was forthcoming, and it was SOC (struck off charge) on 5 March 1943. It was allocated the serial 3600M and ended its days as an Air Training Corps instructional airframe at Jones' West Monmouth School, Pontypool.

Specifications

References

1930s British military trainer aircraft
Heston T.1/37. The Heston T.1/37 was a 1930s British single-engined monoplane military trainer aircraft with two open cockpits, designed and developed by Heston Aircraft Company Ltd. It was not accepted for service.

Development
The Heston T.1/37 or Heston JA3 was designed under the leadership of George Cornwall to meet UK Air Ministry Specification T.1/37 for an ab initio trainer, and was otherwise unnamed. Its competitors were the Miles M.15 and the Parnall 382 (Heck III). The Airspeed AS.36, General Aircraft GAL.32 and Percival P.20 were also proposed against specification T.1/37, but not accepted for being built as prototypes. None of the designs was selected for production orders; it has been suggested that the required performance could not be achieved within the constraints of the Specification.

Construction was primarily wooden, with plywood-skinned spruce frames, open framed movable flying surfaces, some monocoque sections, all fabric-covered. The cantilever oleo-pneumatic fixed main undercarriage legs were raked forward and faired with spats, and the tailwheel was also spatted. The propeller was a de Havilland fixed-pitch type, later replaced by a two-speed type in 1939 when other modifications were made at Heston.  Student and tutor sat in open, tandem cockpits.

Operational history
Two examples were built by Heston Aircraft Company under contract 678258/37, serial numbers L7706 and L7707, although the latter was not completed. The first flight of L7706 was by Sqn Ldr G.L.G. Richmond at Heston Aerodrome in 1938. The aircraft was assessed at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at Martlesham Heath in November 1938, the Central Flying School in January 1939 and the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in 1940. L7706 was retired from flying in November 1940, and was assigned to RAF Locking as ground instructional airframe serial 2371M, later 2565M.

Specifications (as modified with variable-pitch propeller)

Notes

References

 

1930s British military trainer aircraft
Heston aircraft
Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 21. Launch Complex 21 (LC-21) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida is a launch complex that was used for horizontal launches of cruise missiles between 1958 and 1963. It initially consisted of a single launch rail, from which XSM-73 Bull Goose missiles were tested. Between 1959 and 1960, the complex was rebuilt for the MGM-13 Mace, with a second rail added, and a large concrete structure erected around the launch rails, earning the pad the nickname of "the hardsite".

It shared a blockhouse with Launch Complex 22 was also used for Bull Goose and Mace launches. Unusual for a U.S. launch site, the individual pads in the complex have numerical designations, similar to those used by the Soviet Union, rather than alphabetical designations as used on most other U.S. complexes.

History 
Construction at LC-21 started in 1956, leading to acceptance into military service on 26 February 1957, with Launch Complex 22. The first test of a Bull Goose rocket from LC-21 occurred on 24 July 1958. All Bull Goose launches from LC-21 used rail 1. The last Bull Goose launch from LC-21 was conducted on 5 December 1958.

Following the end of Bull Goose test flights, Complex 21 was renovated for the Mace rocket. This involved the addition of the second launch rail, and the construction of a concrete structure surrounding the complex. The first Mace launch from LC-21/1 occurred on 11 July 1960. This was followed on 4 December 1962 with the first launch from LC-21/2. LC-21/1 was used for 34 Mace launches, whilst LC-21/2 was used for three. The last launch from rail 2 occurred on 28 June 1963, followed by the final launch from the complex, using rail 21, on 17 July 1963.

After the last launch, the complex was retained as a backup site until the 1970s, in case a future missile needed to use it. As of 2009, the complex was still standing.

References 

 

Launch Complex 21
Epic LT. The Epic LT is an American kit-built single-engined turboprop aircraft intended for use by private pilots. The Epic Dynasty was the proposed certified version of the LT that was intended be sold as a completed aircraft, prior to Epic Aircraft's bankruptcy in August 2009 and later acquisition by new owners in April 2010. Under ownership of the reorganized company, the certified version is called the Epic E1000. After FAA certification in 2019, deliveries began in 2020.

Development

The LT was designed by Epic Air LLC of Bend, Oregon, to meet demand for a kit-built high-performance single turboprop-engined six-seat private owner aircraft. It has a low-wing layout with the tailplanes mid-set on a single fin. The tricycle undercarriage is fully retractable. Its construction uses composites incorporating carbon fibres. The engine is a Pratt & Whitney PT6-67A turboprop flat rated to 1200 hp.

The prototype LT first flew in 2004.

The prototype Dynasty, Epic LT number 14, had logged over 1000 hours of certification flight testing by 23 October 2006, but certification was not complete in June 2009, with the company reporting over 2000 test hours flown.

Flight testing of the prototype, registered C-FJRQ, was initially commenced in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, but the aircraft was removed from the Canadian register on 2 March 2007. It was moved back to Bend, Oregon, and re-registered as N6XK.

Sales stopped in 2012, to be replaced by the certificated Epic E1000, and the 54th and final kit had secured its certificate of airworthiness in December 2018, before its early 2019 delivery to its owner.

It is the basis of the China Aviation Industry General Aircraft Primus 150.

Operational history

Deliveries of LT kits commenced in 2006 with the first one completed that year and the aircraft was demonstrated at the EAA show at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in July 2007.

Initially, the LT aircraft kits were completed by amateur builders under factory supervision in the factory at Bend but some later examples have been assembled at field locations, with assistance from Epic Aircraft.

On 7 July 2016, six Epic LT kit-built aircraft departed on a global circumnavigation flight, flown by owner-pilots. They departed from the AirVenture 2016 airshow, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Variants

Epic LT
Experimental homebuilt version
Epic E1000
Certified version planned for production in 2019 at a unit cost of $3.25 million
CAIGA Primus 150
CAIGA International version

Accidents and incidents
A total of two Epic LT accidents have been reported by the US National Transportation Safety Board.

On 31 March 2019, an Epic LT, registration RA-2151G, crashed in a field on approach to Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport in southwestern Germany at about 3:30 p.m. Russian S7 Airlines co-owner Natalia Fileva, one of Russia's richest women, her father and the pilot died in the crash.

Specifications (LT/Dynasty)

See also 
Extra EA-500
Kestrel K-350
Pilatus PC-12
Piper Meridian
SOCATA TBM 900

References

External links

 
 
 
 

Dynasty
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2004
Engineer (Afghan honorific). Engineer is an honorific used in Afghanistan, which is commonly translated into English, rather than being transliterated, like "Mullah" or "Maulvi".

Examples of Afghan politicians known by the honorific Engineer
 Hamid Karzai's first cabinet included Engineer Abdul Rahim -- the Afghan Communications Minister.
 Hamid Karzai appointed Engineer Mohammad Daoud as the Governor of Helmand Province in December 2005.
 Engineer Mohammad Alim Qarar was selected to the Wolesi Jirga from Lagham Province.
 Engineer Abdul Hakim was one of the signatories to the Bonn Conference that picked Hamid Karzai as President of the Afghan Interim Administration.
 Engineer Muhammad Harif Sarwari entered the Meshrano Jirga in 2005.
 Engineer Muhammad Hashim Ortaq entered the Meshrano Jirga in 2005.

References

Politics of Afghanistan
Honorifics
Siebel Si 201. The Siebel Si 201 was a German air observation post and army cooperation aircraft, designed and built by Siebel. Evaluated against other types, the Si 201 did not enter production and only two prototypes were built.

Design and development
Designed to meet a requirement for an air observation post and army cooperation aircraft, the Si 201 first flew in 1938. It was evaluated against the Fieseler Fi 156 and Messerschmitt Bf 163.  The Fi 156 was ordered into production and only the two prototype 201s were built.

The Si 201 was a high-wing, braced monoplane with a tailwheel landing gear, powered by an Argus As 10C, mounted above the wing and driving a pusher propeller. It had a boxy, fully glazed forward fuselage with room for a pilot and observer in tandem.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York, Doubleday, 1970. .

External links

Siebel aircraft
1930s German military utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Organogallium chemistry. Organogallium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to gallium (Ga) chemical bond. Despite their high toxicity , organogallium compounds have some use in organic synthesis. The compound trimethylgallium is of some relevance to MOCVD as a precursor to gallium arsenide via its reaction with arsine at 700 °C: 
Ga(CH3)3 + AsH3 → GaAs + 3CH4
Gallium trichloride is an important reagent for the introduction of gallium into organic compounds.

The main gallium oxidation state is Ga(III), as in all lower group 13 elements (such as aluminium).

Organogallium(I) chemistry
Organometallic complexes of gallium(I) are significantly rarer than that of gallium(III). Some common species include arene-gallium(I) complexes and sterically hindered aryl gallium(I) complexes.

Organogallium(III) chemistry
Compounds of the type R3Ga are monomeric. Lewis acidity decreases in the order Al > Ga > In and as a result organogallium compounds do not form bridged dimers as organoaluminum compounds do. Organogallium compounds are also less reactive than organoaluminum compounds. They do form stable peroxides.

Organogallium compounds can be synthesized by transmetallation, for example the reaction of gallium metal with dimethylmercury:
2Ga + 3Me2Hg → 2Me3Ga + 3 Hg
or via organolithium compounds or Grignards:
GaCl3 + 3MeMgBr → Me3Ga +  3MgBrCl

The electron-deficient nature of gallium can be removed by complex formation, for example
Me2GaCl + NH3 → [Me2Ga(NH3)Cl]+Cl−
 
Pi complex formation with alkynes is also known.
 
Organogallium compounds are reagents or intermediates in several classes of organic reactions:
 Barbier-type reactions with elemental gallium, allylic substrates and carbonyl compounds
 Carbometallation (carbogallation) reactions

See also
 Organoindium chemistry
 Organothallium chemistry

References

Gallium compounds
Organometallic compounds
Norman Thompson N.1B. The Norman Thompson N.1B was a prototype British flying boat fighter aircraft of the First World War.  A two-seat single-engined pusher biplane, a single example was built in 1917, but no production followed.

Development and design

In 1917, the British Admiralty issued Specification N.1B, for single-engined, single-seat aircraft which laid down a number of requirements of aircraft to equip the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), including a requirement for a single-engined floatplane or flying boat fighter aircraft intended to operate from the Royal Navy's seaplane carriers.  The specification required a maximum speed of  at , and a ceiling of . Responses were received from a number of companies, including the Supermarine Baby and the Westland N.1B, as well as that from the Norman Thompson Flight Company.

The Norman Thompson design, the Norman Thompson N.1B was a pusher biplane, with two-bay equal-span wings that folded forwards for storage on board ship, with ailerons on both upper and lower wings. A single Hispano-Suiza engine mounted between the wings drove a four-blade propeller. While the specification required a single-seat aircraft, the Norman Thompson aircraft had a crew of two, seated in separate tandem cockpits ahead of the wings, giving rise to its alternative name of TNT (Tandem Norman Thompson).

Construction of a single prototype, N37 was ordered by the Admiralty in April 1917, first flying in October that year.  Norman Thompson claimed that the aircraft had good performance, reaching a speed of 108 mph (174 km/h), but when the aircraft was officially tested at the Port Victoria Marine Experimental Aircraft Depot, performance was much less than that claimed by Norman Thompson, and did not meet the requirements of the specification.  No production of any of the aircraft designed against Specification N.1B followed, with the RNAS operating Sopwith Pup and Camel landplanes from flying-off platforms aboard ships, which did not require the carrier to heave to in order to lower a seaplane to the water. The Norman Thompson N.1B was struck off charge by October 1918.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

Bruce J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Goodall, Michael H. The Norman Thompson File. Tunbridge Wells, UK:Air Britain, 1995. .
James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1991. .
London, Peter. "Bognor's Boats: The Aircraft of Norman Thompson". Air Enthusiast, No. 66, November–December 1996. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. . pp. 70–75.
London, Peter. British Flying Boats. Stroud, UK:Sutton Publishing, 2003. .

External links

Flying boats
1910s British fighter aircraft
N.1B
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Camera auto-calibration. Camera auto-calibration is the process of determining internal camera parameters directly from multiple uncalibrated images of unstructured scenes. In contrast to classic camera calibration, auto-calibration does not require any special calibration objects in the scene.  In the visual effects industry, camera auto-calibration is often part of the "Match Moving" process where a synthetic camera trajectory and intrinsic projection model are solved to reproject synthetic content into video.

Camera auto-calibration is a form of sensor ego-structure discovery; the subjective effects of the sensor are separated from the objective effects of the environment leading to a reconstruction of the perceived world without the bias applied by the measurement device.  This is achieved via the fundamental assumption that images are projected from a Euclidean space through a linear, 5 degree of freedom (in the simplest case), pinhole camera model with non-linear optical distortion.  The linear pinhole parameters are the focal length, the aspect ratio, the skew, and the 2D principal point.  With only a set of uncalibrated (or calibrated) images, a scene may be reconstructed up to a six degree of freedom euclidean transform and an isotropic scaling.

A mathematical theory for general multi-view camera self-calibration was originally demonstrated in 1992 by Olivier Faugeras, QT Luong, and Stephen J. Maybank.  In 3D scenes and general motions, each pair of views provides two constraints on the 5 degree-of-freedom calibration.  Therefore, three views are the minimum needed for full calibration with fixed intrinsic parameters between views. Quality modern imaging sensors and optics may also provide further prior constraints on the calibration such as zero skew (orthogonal pixel grid) and unity aspect ratio (square pixels).  Integrating these priors will reduce the minimal number of images needed to two.  It is possible to auto-calibrate a sensor from a single image given supporting information in a structured scene.  For example, calibration may be obtained if multiple sets of parallel lines or objects with a known shape (e.g. circular) are identified.

Problem statement 
Given set of cameras  and 3D points  reconstructed up to projective ambiguity (using, for example, bundle adjustment method) we wish to define rectifying homography  such that  is a metric reconstruction. After that internal camera parameters  can be easily calculated using camera matrix factorization .

Solution domains 
 Motions
 General Motion
 Purely Rotating Cameras
 Planar Motion
 Degenerate Motions
 Scene Geometry
 General Scenes with Depth Relief
 Planar Scenes
 Weak Perspective and Orthographic Imagers
 Calibration Priors for Real Sensors
 Nonlinear optical distortion

Algorithms 
 Using the Kruppa equations. Historically the first auto-calibration algorithms. It is based on the correspondence of epipolar lines tangent to the absolute conic on the plane at infinity.
 Using the absolute dual quadric and its projection, the dual image of the absolute conic
 The modulus constraint

References 
 
 

 

Geometry in computer vision
Stereophotogrammetry
Robot Magazine. Robot Magazine was an American bi-monthly robotics publication produced by the Maplegate Media Group.

History and profile
Robot Magazine was conceived, designed, originally staffed and run for several years by then editor-in-chief, Tom Atwood. Launched in late 2005, the first cover featured the Mythbusters. Atwood called Jamie Hyneman at M5 Industries in San Francisco, and the two coordinated production of the first Robot cover as well as Hyneman's first story. The magazine was started as a quarterly publication and the first issue appeared in November 2005.

In January 2012 Greg Vogel became the editor-in-chief of Robot Magazine which was based in Danbury, Connecticut. In 2017 Maplegate Media has closed its doors and is out of business. Robot Magazine no longer exists.

Topics covered commonly included: how hobbyists can build and program robots from kits or from scratch, results of robot competitions and conventions, and how educators in colleges and high schools are incorporating the building and programming of robots into their teaching of science, engineering, and math.

Columns and departments
Robot Magazine had a number of recurring columns that deal with various areas of robotics:

UPDATE
NAME THAT BOT!, a contest which challenges the reader to identify a prominent real-world or fictional robot.
ROBOT FEED, the letters section.
LERN, Leading Edge Robotics News.
Combat Zone, a column that deals specifically with combat robotics and competitions.
SNAPSHOT, a notable robot photograph.
BOT SHOP REPORT, a home workshop report.
PLUG & PLAY, product news.
FUTURE BYTES, new developments in the lab.

References

External links
 

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2005
Magazines disestablished in 2017
Magazines published in Connecticut
Robotics magazines
Gagetown (film). Gagetown is a 2009 documentary film that looks into the massive defoliant spray program that was used at CFB Gagetown since 1956. The chemical herbicides used include
50/50 mixtures of 2,4-D/ 2,4,5-T, and Tordon 101, also known as Agent Orange and Agent White.

These chemicals have been known to produce extremely toxic byproducts, including dioxins and hexachlorobenzenes.

Exposure to these byproducts has been linked to increased cases in cancer and blood diseases, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia.

According to a Canadian Department of National Defence document acquired through the Access to Information Act, over 3.2 million liters and kilograms of chemical defoliants 
were used at the base between the years 1956 to 1984.

Press
 Article by Shawn Berry, The Daily Gleaner, March 9, 2009
 Article by Benjamin Shingler, Telegraph Journal, March 28, 2009
 Article by Kate Horodyski, Capital News Online, April 3, 2009

External links
Official website 

2009 films
2009 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about environmental issues
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films
Alekseyev I-218. The I-218  was an attack aircraft designed and built in the USSR from  1947.

Development 
Alekseyev designed the I-218 as a heavily armed, and armoured, attack aircraft for use in close support and anti-tank missions. The twin boom aircraft had a central nacelle housing the pilot and gunners cockpits as well as the engine and forward firing armament. All armoured and highly stressed parts were manufactured from 30KhGSNA nickel-steel. Flight testing may have commenced in 1948, but there is no direct evidence of this. Shortly after completion Alekseyev's OKB was closed and Alekseyev was sent to TsAGI (Tsentrahl'nyy Aerodinamicheskiy i Ghidrodinamicheskiy Institoot- central aerodynamics and hydrodynamics institute) before being given the task of supervising Dr. Brunolf Baade and his German team at OKB-1. The designation I-218 is in doubt and the aircraft may have been called, simply 218.

Variants 
 I-219 - (a.k.a. I-218-Ib) Tailwheel undercarriage, revised crew compartment and swept fins.
 I-221 - (a.k.a. I-218-II) Enlarged jet-powered aircraft with one Lyulka TR-3 turbojet
 I-220 - (a.k.a. I-218-III) The I-218-III powered with the Dobrynin VD-4 without turbo-chargers, driving pusher contra-props at the rear of the fuselage.

Specifications (I-218)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 
 Gordon, Yefim. & Gunston, Bill “SovietX-Planes”. Hinkley, Midland. 2000.

External links
 http://issuu.com/jeanlulu/docs/-aviation--soviet-x-planes--yefim-gordon---bill-gu/39

1940s Soviet attack aircraft
MIPS-3D. MIPS-3D is an extension to the MIPS V instruction set architecture (ISA) that added 13 new instructions for improving the performance of 3D graphics applications. The instructions improved performance by reducing the number of instructions required to implement four common 3D graphics operations: vertex transformation, clipping, transformation and lighting.

For vertex transformation:

 ADDR

For clipping:

 CABS
 BC1ANY2F
 BC1ANY2T
 BC1ANY4F
 BC1ANY4T

For perspective division and normalization:

 RECIP1
 RECIP2
 RSQRT1
 RSQRT2

References 

 Thekkath, Radhika et al. (1999) "An Architecture Extension for Efficient Geometry Processing". Hot Chips Symposium.

SIMD computing
MIPS architecture
MIPS Technologies