omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CS-4 (programming language). CS-4 is a programming language and an operating system interface. It was developed in the early 1970s at Intermetrics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The first published manual was released in December 1973, entitled "CS-4 Language Reference Manual and Operating System Interface". The document had three parts: CS-4 Base Language Capabilities; CS-4 Operating System Interface; and Overview of Full CS-4 Capabilities.

History
Little is known about the CS-4 language, but it was developed for the United States Navy in the 1970s, and was an ongoing research project, which was continuing the study of extensibility and abstraction techniques to develop a requirement of the language to be simple and compact. The language was first documented in 1973 by Miller et al., and was revised in 1975 to allow "data abstractions and more powerful extension facilities".

Descendants
 Praxis explicitly refers to CS-4 as a predecessor language.

References

Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 1973
Concurrent programming languages
Systems programming languages
Apache Beam. Apache Beam is an open source unified programming model to define and execute data processing pipelines, including ETL, batch and stream (continuous) processing. Beam Pipelines are defined using one of the provided SDKs and executed in one of the Beam’s supported runners (distributed processing back-ends) including Apache Flink, Apache Samza, Apache Spark, and Google Cloud Dataflow.

History
Apache Beam is one implementation of the Dataflow model paper. The Dataflow model is based on previous work on distributed processing abstractions at Google, in particular on FlumeJava and Millwheel.

Google released an open SDK implementation of the Dataflow model in 2014 and an environment to execute Dataflows locally (non-distributed) as well as in the Google Cloud Platform service.

Timeline

Apache Beam makes minor releases every 6 weeks.

See also
List of Apache Software Foundation projects

References

Apache Software Foundation
Apache Software Foundation projects
Big data products
Cluster computing
Distributed stream processing
Google software
Hadoop
Java platform
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
CUFCA. The Canadian Urethane Foam Contractors Association (CUFCA), is an independent not-for-profit trade association representing spray polyurethane foam (SPF) contractors in Canada. CUFCA is a third-party Quality Assurance Program provider and Certification Organization.

CUFCA was established in 1984 by the merger of two predecessor associations to promote and expand the use of spray polyurethane foam in Canada. The primary goal of CUFCA was to ensure the quality of spray polyurethane foam installed in both commercial and residential buildings so customers, homeowners and industry professionals could have confidence in the individuals installing the material and the work completed.

CUFCA's role has grown to include training and licensing of SPF installers, and the education of building officials across Canada.

CUFCA is an ISO-17024 Accredited Certification Organization (CO) to the Spray Foam Industry in Canada.  CUFCA is also an ISO-17020 Accredited Inspection Body (IB) for field inspection services to the industry.

References

Trade associations based in Canada
Code For Life. Code for Life is a British-based not-for-profit platform that provides free educational resources which teach children how to code in the classroom, or at home.

Rapid Router is Code for Life's browser-based shopping delivery game developed for children aged 5–14 that uses the programming languages Blockly and, in later levels, Python to teach the basic concepts of programming.

Teachers around the world have free access to learning resources as well as an easy to use teacher dashboard which enables them to track student progress. The Rapid Router game and resources are mapped to the UK national curriculum computing strand for Key Stages 1–3.

History 
Code For Life was founded in 2014 by volunteers at Ocado Technology, after a survey of 250 UK primary schools discovered that the majority did not have adequate access to resources or training to teach the new Computer Science curriculum. It was made open-source in 2015. When the 2020 Coronavirus lockdown forced schools in the UK to close, Code for Life opened up home learning resources to parents and caregivers to help children continue to access essential digital skills. Code for Life has over 350,000 registered users worldwide.

Rapid Router 
Code For Life's first programming game, Rapid Router, teaches children the basic concepts of programming by having them guide a van through a series of increasingly complicated routes, giving them feedback on the route taken and the algorithm used.

Players first learn concepts using the visual programming language Blockly before learning to translate those concepts into Python, a popular general-purpose language, to prepare them for further learning.

Over 20,000 teachers use the Rapid Router game in classrooms across 150 countries, and more than 12 million games have been played.

References

External links 
 

Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Education companies established in 2014
Martin Herrenknecht. Martin Herrenknecht (born 24 June 1942) is a German engineer and businessman. He founded an engineering company in 1975, which became Herrenknecht AG in 1977. Today his company makes large, heavy tunnel boring machines. They have 4955 employees as of 2015.

Herrenknecht is the son of an upholsterer in Schwanau, Baden-Württemberg. He graduated from Max Planck Gymnasium and studied at the University of Constance, earning an engineering degree in 1964. In 2010, his company drilled the largest tunnel in the world. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union.

He received the Werner von Siemens Ring in 2015.

He has caused some controversy in his Stuttgart 21 development project. The Green politician Winfried Hermann accused him of having too close a relationship with Lothar Späth.

References

External links
PBS Video on Germany which features Herrenknecht

1942 births
Living people
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
People from Ortenaukreis
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
PACTF. PACTF was an annual web-based computer security Capture the Flag (CTF) competition for middle and high school students. It was founded by a group of students at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. The competition's sponsors include the Abbot Academy Association at Phillips Academy; the Information Networking Institute and CyLab at Carnegie Mellon University; the Hariri Institute for Computing, Massachusetts Open Cloud (MOC) project, and Modular Approach to Cloud Security (MACS) project at Boston University; and other entities.

This competition follows the Jeopardy CTF format, where teams “hack, decrypt, reverse, and do whatever it takes to solve increasingly challenging security puzzles." Once a team successfully determines the security vulnerability purposefully left in the problem material and executes an attack, they can obtain an answer string called a "flag." By submitting the correct flag, teams can receive feedback and points that improve their ranking.

In April 2016, more than 1000 teams from the United States and other countries participated in the competition. The second and third PACTF competitions took place in the Spring of 2017 and 2018 at similar scales. The fourth PACTF competition took place in May 2019.

References 

Hackathons
Competitions in the United States
Concept 40. The Concept 40 is an American sailboat, that was designed by Gary Mull and first built in 1981. The design is out of production.

The design was developed into the Kalik 40 and the Ocean 40.

Production
The boat was built by Concept Yachts in the United States, starting in 1981 and also by Hyundai of  Seoul, South Korea.

Design
The Concept 40 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a masthead sloop rig and a fixed wing keel. It displaces  and carries  of iron ballast. It is powered by a Pathfinder diesel engine of .

The boat has a PHRF racing handicap of 99. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
Sailboat type designs by Gary Mull
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat types built by Concept Yachts
Sailboat types built by Hyundai
Jojo Wings. Jojo Wings (also styled as JOJOWINGS and Jojo Wing) is a Czech aircraft manufacturer based in Roudnice nad Labem. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders and parachutes in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft. The company also makes parafoil kites.

History
Founded in 1992, the company first sent competitors to the World Paragliding Championships in 1993. The company quickly expanded into canopies for powered paragliding and a number of National and European Champions flew to success on their wings. By 1994 they were building kite wings for snow and land use, with two snow board World Champions using Jojo kites.

In 1994 the company also expanded into constructing parachutes for civil and later military use.

By the mid-2000s the company had a range of paragliders that included the performance Addiction, the intermediate Yoki and the two-place Quest Bi for flight training.

Reviewer Noel Bertrand noted the very low prices of the company's paragliders in a 2003 review, saying "The prices are very interesting".

By 2016 the company was only building one paraglider, the Speedy and five models of parachute, the HOP 330, Sonic, Raptor, XF15 and Base.

Aircraft 
Summary of aircraft built by Jojo Wings:

Jojo Addiction
Jojo Instinct
Jojo Quest Bi
Jojo Speedy
Jojo Yoki

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Ultralight aircraft
Parachuting
Powered parachutes
Paragliders
Kites
Kitesurfing
Manufacturing companies established in 1992
1992 establishments in Czechoslovakia
George Poulett, 8th Earl Poulett. George Amias FitzWarrine Poulett, 8th Earl Poulett (23 June 1909 – 1 March 1973) was an English peer and landowner, a member of the House of Lords for more than forty years, and the last Earl Poulett.

Educated at Eton, he lived at Hinton House, Hinton St George, Somerset, the centre of a large estate inherited from his father, William Poulett, 7th Earl Poulett, in 1918. His mother was the former Sylvia Storey, a Gaiety girl.

He was a pupil apprentice as a mechanical engineer at the GWR Locomotive Works, Swindon, and at the Signal Factory, Reading. In 1940–41 he was technical assistant to the chief mechanical engineer at Woolwich Arsenal, then from 1941 to 1943 an assistant to the Director of Ordnance Factories (Small Arms). He became an Associate of the Institute of Railway Signal Engineers and of the Institute of British Engineers.

He married Oriel Ross on 21 June 1935, they were divorced in 1941; in 1941, he married secondly Olga Lorraine Lawrence, of Svendborg, Denmark, but she died in 1961; in 1968, he married thirdly Margaret Christine Ball. He had no children.

In 1968 he sold the Hinton estate and settled with his last wife in Jersey, Channel Islands. On his death in 1973, all his titles became extinct.

Notes

1909 births
1973 deaths
People educated at Eton College
8
George, 8th Earl
20th-century English nobility
Reynold Xin. Reynold Xin is a computer scientist and engineer specializing in big data, distributed systems, and cloud computing. He is a co-founder and Chief Architect of Databricks. He is best known for his work on Apache Spark, a leading open-source Big Data project. He was designer and lead developer of the GraphX, Project Tungsten, and Structured Streaming components and he co-designed DataFrames, all of which are part of the core Apache Spark distribution; he also served as the release manager for Spark's 2.0 release.

Biography

Berkeley 
Xin started his work on the Spark open source project while he was a doctoral candidate at the AMPLab at the University of California, Berkeley.  He received his Ph.D. in computer science from Berkeley, where his advisors were Michael J. Franklin and Ion Stoica.

The first research project, Shark, created a system that was able to efficiently execute SQL and advanced analytics workloads at scale. Shark won Best Demo Award at SIGMOD 2012. Shark was one of the first open source interactive SQL on Hadoop systems, with claims that it was between 10 and 100 times faster than Apache Hive. Shark was used by technology companies such as Yahoo, although it was replaced by a newer system called Spark SQL in 2014.

The second research project, GraphX, created a graph processing system on top of Spark, a general data-parallel system. GraphX at the same challenged the notion that specialized systems are necessary for graph computation. GraphX was released as an open source project and merged into Spark in 2014, as the graph processing library on Spark.

Databricks 
In 2013, along with Matei Zaharia and other key Spark contributors, Xin co-founded Databricks, a venture-backed company based in San Francisco that offers data platform as a service, based on Spark.

In 2014, Xin led a team of engineers from Databricks to compete in the Sort Benchmark and won the 2014 world record in Daytona GraySort using Spark, beating the previous record held by Apache Hadoop by 30 times. Xin claimed that Spark was the fastest open source engine for sorting a petabyte of data.

While at Databricks, he also started the DataFrames project, Project Tungsten, and Structured Streaming. DataFrames has become the foundational API while Tungsten has become the new execution engine.

References

Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists
American engineers
Big data
Cloud computing
Distributed computing
Software engineers
Computer systems researchers
Businesspeople in software
Technology company founders
American technology company founders
Silicon Valley people
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate. Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate, also commonly referred to as the Sheppard amidation reagent, is a chemical compound with the formula . This borate ester reagent is used in organic synthesis.

Preparation 

Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate can be prepared by reaction of trifluoroethanol with boron trichloride, borane dimethylsulfide, boron tribromide, or boric anhydride. The latter is more convenient for larger scale preparations due to its low cost and ease of handling.

The product is purified by distillation.

Applications 

The reagent is mostly used in condensation reactions. It has been shown to promote the direct formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines as well as the formation of imines from amines or amides with carbonyl compounds.

It has also been used for the coupling of unprotected amino acids with amines.

It has also been shown to mediate formylation of amines, via transamidation of dimethylformamide.

It is a strong Lewis acid (acceptor number = 66, Gutmann-Beckett method).

References

Further reading
 Related reagent tris(2,2,2-trinitroethyl)borate: 

Borate esters
Organofluorides
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Large-scale chemical synthesis in Poland. The chemical companies of the large-scale chemical synthesis in Poland () at the beginning of the 21st century, underwent the a process of intensive reorganization.

History
Since the majority of entities in the sector of great chemical synthesis was owned by State Treasury at that time, the reorganisation and privatisation strategy was developed for the sector of great chemical synthesis.

It identified, e.g. weak connections between the particular production plants and the necessity to reorganise them. The effect of this strategy was, e.g. the consolidation of the chemical and fertiliser industry, by establishing Grupa Azoty.

Polish chemical plants
The results of the 'great chemical synthesis' — the largest chemical plants in Poland —  include:
 Grupa Azoty S.A. (former Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce), seated in Tarnów and with profit of PLN 10.0 million in 2015. 
 Grupa Azoty PULAWY (former Zakłady Azotowe „Puławy" S.A.): with profit of PLN 3.69 million in 2015; the group includes, e.g. plants in Puławy, Zakłady Azotowe in Chorzów, „Fosfory" Phosphoric Fertiliser Plants in Gdańsk,
 Grupa Azoty POLICE (former Zakłady Chemiczne „Police" S.A.) with profit of PLN 2.55 million in 2015,
 Grupa Azoty ZAK in Kędzierzynie-Koźlu (former Zakłady Azotowe in Kędzierzyn-Koźle; ZAK S.A.) with profit of PLN 1.75 million in 2015,
 Grupa Azoty SIARKOPOL seated in Grzybów.
 Anwil, a part of PKN Orlen concern (Zakłady Azotowe in Włocławek),
 CIECH: with profit of PLN 100 million.
 CIECH Pianki (former Zakłady Chemiczne „Zachem S.A"), seated in Bydgoszcz,
 CIECH Sarzyna S.A. (former Zakłady Chemiczne Organika-Sarzyna S.A.), seated in Nowa Sarzyna,
 CIECH Soda Polska S.A., incorporated in: zakłady sodowe w Janikowie i Inowrocławiu,
 CIECH Vitrosilicon S.A., plants in Żory and Iłowa.
In addition:
 Elana Toruń S.A. in Toruń incorporated in Boryszew Capital Group.
 Synthos S.A., including chemical plants in Oświęcim.
 Alwernia S.A. (former Zakłady Chemiczne Alwernia S.A.) in Alwernia.
 Zakłady Chemiczne Siarkopol S.A. in Tarnobrzeg.
 Zakłady Chemiczne Rudniki S.A., in Rudniki.
 Zakłady Chemiczne Luboń S.A. in Luboń, incorporated in Luvena Capital Group S.A.
 PCC Rokita S.A. from Brzeg Dolny.
 Zakłady Włókien Chemicznych Stilon S.A. in Gorzów Wielkopolski.
 BASF Polska.

See also 
 
 Chemical industry in Poland

References

.
Poland, Large scale
Chemicals, Large scale
Chemical companies
John Tsitsiklis. John N. Tsitsiklis (; born 1958) is a Greek-American probabilist. He is the Clarence J. Lebel Professor of Electrical Engineering with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He serves as the director of the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems and is affiliated with the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS), the Statistics and Data Science Center and the MIT Operations Research Center.

Education
Tsitsiklis received a B.S. degree in Mathematics (1980), and his B.S. (1980), M.S. (1981), and Ph.D. (1984) degrees in Electrical Engineering, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Awards and honors
Tsitsiklis was elected to the 2007 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

He won the "2016 ACM SIGMETRICS Achievement Award in recognition of his fundamental contributions to decentralized control and consensus, approximate dynamic programming and statistical learning."

In 2018 he won the IEEE Control Systems Award "for contributions to the theory and application of optimization in large dynamic and distributed systems" as well as the John von Neumann Theory Prize, with Dimitri Bertsekas, "for contributions to Parallel and Distributed Computation as well as Neurodynamic Programming."

External links 
 Publications and citations from Google Scholar.
 Publications from DBLP.

References

1958 births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Greek electrical engineers
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Engineers from Thessaloniki
Aero Engine Corporation of China. Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) is a Chinese state-owned aerospace manufacturer focused on the design and development of aeroengine and related technology, comprising 46 affiliated companies including engine manufacturers, institutions and aero-engine factories. The company was established on August 28, 2016. At launch, AECC was to be capitalized with US$7.5 billion by Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) and Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. (COMAC), China's two main state aerospace companies.

U.S. sanctions 

In November 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense believe have links to the People's Liberation Army. The list produced by the United States Department of Defense as being linked to the People's Liberation Army includes AECC.

See also
List of Chinese aircraft engines
Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC)
Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC)

References

External links
  

Aerospace companies of China
Aircraft engine manufacturers of China
Gas turbine manufacturers
Chinese companies established in 2016
Government-owned companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Beijing
Defence companies of the People's Republic of China
Technology companies established in 2016
Manufacturing companies established in 2016
Chinese brands
Motorways in Montenegro. Montenegro has had a motorway since July 13, 2022, when the first section of the Bar-Boljare motorway was inaugurated.

On Montenegrin motorways, the speed-limit is .

Belgrade–Bar Motorway 
The Belgrade–Bar motorway, also known in Serbian and Montenegrin as Аутопут Београд–Бар (Autoput Beograd–Bar) will measure  and be part of the European route E763 (E763). Construction has already begun in Serbia as the A2 motorway with a length of , as well as in Montenegro (Smokovac–Mateševo). The whole motorway in Montenegro from Bar to the border with Serbia in Boljare will be . It is a challenging project, which has been divided into five component parts (dionica). It will have a total of 42 tunnels and 92 bridges. The first part of construction is financed as public–private partnership project and the contractor was the Chinese company CRBC. The Smokovac–Mateševo section of motorway cost approximately €1 billion. The motorway is subjected to a toll payment like in other countries of the former Yugoslavia. For the currently open section -  - the toll for passenger vehicles is 3.50 euros. At the beginning of 2022, the Ministry of Capital Investments announced the development of a conceptual project for the second section, from Mateševo to Andrijevica, whose deadline for development is the end of the year. The preliminary estimated value of the construction of this of  long section is €552.5 million. The Minister of Capital Investments, Ervin Ibrahimović, announced in an interview on January 8, 2023 that the next section of the highway to be built will be Mateševo–Andrijevica, with the selection of the contractor and supervision in 2025.

Adriatic–Ionian Motorway 
The planned Adriatic–Ionian motorway at around  long should link both Montenegro with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the west and in the east its capital Podgorica with Albania. From there it may continue through Albania and further reach Greece. A part of the Podgorica's bypass, around  in length, may be shared with the Bar–Boljare motorway.

References

External links 
 http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:584194-Ministarstvo-U-2016-godini-intenzivna-gradnja-autoputa-u-Crnoj-Gori
 http://www.vijesti.me/tag/autoput-bar-boljare-24193

Controlled-access highways by country
Roads in Montenegro
Freedom 28. The Freedom 28 (sometimes called the Freedom 27 to disambiguate it from the Freedom 28 Cat Ketch) is an American sailboat, that was designed by Gary Mull and first built in 1986. The design is out of production.

Production
The boat was built by Tillotson Pearson in the United States for Freedom Yachts and first built in 1986.

Design
The Freedom 28 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a free-standing masthead sloop rig, with a "Bierig" jib, an internally-mounted spade-type rudder and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of lead ballast.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 2GMF diesel engine of .

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Gary Mull
Sailboat types built by Pearson Yachts