omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
105 series. The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type formerly operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated on local services by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) in Japan since 1981. They were also formerly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Overview
The 105 series was introduced in 1981 to replace early EMU types operating on the Fukuen Line, Ube Line, and Onoda Line in western Japan. The rural nature and low line speed of these lines meant that 101 series or 103 series commuter EMUs would have been unnecessarily over-powered with their high proportion of motored cars, and so the 105 series was designed with one motored car per two cars.

The first sets introduced were 105-0 series two-car sets which were newly built in 1981 with three pairs of doors per side. 105-500 series two-car sets were later introduced, converted from former 103 series EMU cars, with four pairs of doors per side.

As of 1 April 2012, 56 2-car sets are operated by JR-West, based at Hineno, Okayama, Shimonoseki, and Hiroshima depots.

105-0 series
60 105-0 series vehicles were built in 1981, formed as two-car sets for use on the Onoda Line and Ube Line, and four-car sets for use on the Fukuen Line. Initially, these sets were not equipped with air-conditioning.

Formations
These were originally formed as follows.

4-car sets

The KuMoHa and MoHa cars were each equipped with one lozenge-type pantograph.

2-car sets

The KuMoHa cars are equipped with one lozenge-type pantograph.

Interior
Seating accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout each car.

105-500/600 series

The 105-500/600 series variant was introduced from October 1984, coinciding with the electrification of the Nara Line between Kyoto and Nara, and the Wakayama Line between Wakayama and Gojō. Budget restraints prevented the construction of new trains, and instead, former Jōban Line 103-1000 series EMU cars made surplus by the introduction of 203 series EMUs were modified with the addition of new cab ends to form 2-car 105-500 series sets.

Senseki Line sets

In March 1987, four former 103 series air-conditioned driving cars were converted to become 2-car 105 series sets for use on the Senseki Line in the Sendai area. These sets retained the original non-gangwayed 103 series cab ends.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1981
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Talcher Super Thermal Power Station. Talcher Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Talcher Kaniha located in  Angul district of the Indian state of Odisha is the first mega power plant of India to have an installed generation capacity of 3000MW. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. Source of water for the power plant is from Samal Barrage Reservoir on Brahmani River.

The plant supplies power to Indian states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana as well as Bihar and West Bengal. The East South Interconnection of the Indian power grid starts from NTPC kaniha and ends at Kolar in Karnataka. This being a DC link is one of its kind in India as uptill now there are only 3 installed HVDC system present in India. The Southern grid is weakly interconnected to the National grid of India through the Talcher-Kolar HVDC system in the East.

Capacity

See also

 Talcher Thermal Power Station, another coal-based power plant in close vicinity which was taken over by NTPC from Odisha State Electricity Board in June 1995.

References

 NTPC Talcher Kaniha

Coal-fired power stations in Odisha
Angul district
1995 establishments in Orissa
Energy infrastructure completed in 1995
List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad. This list includes the tallest buildings in Ahmedabad City limits, in India.

Tallest buildings

This lists ranks buildings in Ahmedabad that stand at least  based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Only completed buildings and under-construction buildings that have been  topped out are included.

By category

Under-construction 

 42 Stories residential project by ARK Infra. 
 38 Stories Residential projects by joint 5 builders.
 32 Stories Residential projects by Shanku Aristo 2 projects.  
 32 Stories Residential projects by Tremont and Adleap group 2 projects and 1 Commercial Building.  
 32 Stories Commercial Project by Brillia Pravesh.  
 32 Stories Commercial Project by Shilp business park. 
 32 Stories Residential and Commercial building by AG Highline.

Proposed, approved, or on hold

Timeline of tallest buildings of Ahmedabad

See also 

 List of tallest buildings in India
 List of tallest buildings in different cities in India
 List of tallest structures in India
 List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent

Notes

References

Ahmedabad
Buildings
Flow control (fluid). Flow control is a field of fluid dynamics. It involves a small configuration change to serve an ideally large engineering benefit, like drag reduction, lift increase, mixing enhancement or noise reduction. This change may be accomplished by passive or active devices.

Passive vs active 
Passive devices by definition require no energy. Passive techniques include turbulators or roughness elements geometric shaping, the use of vortex generators, and the placement of longitudinal grooves or riblets on airfoil surfaces. 

Active control requires actuators that require energy and may operate in a time-dependent manner. Active flow control includes steady or unsteady suction or blowing, the use of synthetic jets, valves and plasma actuators. Actuation may be pre-determined (open-loop control) or be dependent on monitoring sensors (closed-loop control).

Aircraft wings
Airplane wing performance has a substantial effect on not only runway length, approach speed, climb rate, cargo capacity, and operation range but also noise and emissions. Wing performance can be degraded by flow separation, which depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil.  Aerodynamic and non-aerodynamic constraints often conflict. Flow control is required to overcome such difficulties. Techniques developed to manipulate the boundary layer, either to increase lift or decrease drag, and separation delay come under the general heading of flow control.

Aurora Flight Sciences is a DARPA CRANE (Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors) grantee. It initially involved testing a small-scale plane that uses compressed air bursts instead of external moving parts such as flaps. The program seeks to eliminate the weight, drag, and mechanical complexity involved in moving control surfaces. The air bursts modify the air pressure and flow, and change the boundaries between streams of air moving at different speeds. The company built a 25% scale prototype with 11 conventional control surfaces, as well as 14 banks fed by eight air channels. In 2023, the aircraft received its official designation as X-65. In January 2024, DARPA and Aurora started CRANE Phase 3, building the first full-scale X-65 aircraft using active flow control actuators for primary flight control. The 7,000-pound X-65 will be rolled out in early 2025 with the first flight planned for summer of 2025.

References

Fluid dynamics
Control devices
Israeli inventions
Panguite. Panguite is a type of titanium oxide mineral first discovered as an inclusion within the Allende meteorite, and first described in 2012.

The hitherto unknown meteorite mineral was named for the ancient Chinese god Pan Gu, the creator of the world through the separation of yin (earth) from yang (sky).

Composition
The mineral's chemical formula is . The elements found in it are titanium, scandium, aluminium, magnesium, zirconium, calcium, and oxygen. Samples from the meteorite include some which are zirconium rich. The mineral was found in conjunction with the already identified mineral davisite, within an olivine aggregate.

Origin and properties
Panguite is in a class of refractory minerals that formed under the high temperatures and extremely varied pressures present in the early Solar System, up to 4.5 billion years ago. This makes panguite one of the oldest minerals in the Solar System. Zirconium is a key element in determining conditions prior to and during the Solar System's formation.

Discovery
Chi Ma, director of the Geological and Planetary Sciences division's Analytical Facility at the California Institute of Technology was the lead author of its first peer-reviewed article, published in American Mineralogist.  Ma has been leading a nano mineralogy investigation, since 2007, of primitive meteorites, including the well studied Allende meteorite. The mineral was first described in a paper submitted to the 42nd annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in 2011.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

Oxide minerals
Titanium minerals
Scandium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Meteorite minerals
Solar System
Refractory materials
2012 in science
Zirconium minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 61
Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant. The Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant  or Kayamkulam Thermal Power Plant (also known as Rajiv Gandhi CCPP) is a combined cycle power plant located at shore of Kayamkulam Lake in Choolatheruvu, Muthukulam in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. The power plant is owned by NTPC Limited. The power plant is fueled by imported and indigenous naphtha. Source of the cooling water is Achankovil river at Nalukettumkavala in Pallipad. King Charles is the sovereign of this place and next will be his son Prince William of Wales

Capacity 

There is a plan to expand the plant by three units with capacity of 350 MW each.  New units would be fueled by re-gasified liquefied natural gas.

See also 

 NTPC Kayamkulam Floating Solar Power Plant

References

External links
 NTPC Kayamkulam

Oil-fired power stations in Kerala
Natural gas-fired power stations in Kerala
Buildings and structures in Alappuzha district
1999 establishments in Kerala
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
Dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. Dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) are nanoparticles ranging from 1.5 to 10 nm that are synthesized by a template approach using dendrimers. Monometallic, bimetallic and semiconductor nanoparticles have been synthesized using this method. The primary use for DEN's is as a catalyst due to their extremely high surface area to volume ratio. Advantages that DENs have over other nanoparticles is that they are monodisperse and easy to make.

Synthesis 
The first component in DEN synthesis is the dendrimer itself. By using different sizes, or generations, of dendrimers it is possible to control the size of the nanoparticle to be synthesized. Although there are many types of dendrimers, the most common is the poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer. These types of dendrimers are predominantly terminated with either amine or hydroxyl groups. The notation for these dendrimers are in the form of Gx-R, where x is generation of the dendrimer and R is the terminal group of the dendrimer (in most cases R= -OH or -NH2) When metal ions are introduced to a dendrimer in aqueous solution they form a complex with the tertiary amines of the dendrimer notated as Gx-R(Mp+)n, where Mp+ refers to the metal ions used and n refers to the average number of metal ions complexed within each dendrimer. After a complex has formed, a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride is introduced in a high molar excess and the metal ions are reduced to their zerovalent form and come together within the dendrimer to form the DEN notated as Gx-R(Mn) where M is the zerovalent metal used and n is the number of metal atoms.

Characterization
DENs can be characterized mainly by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The charge-transfer complex that forms between the metal ions and the dendrimer exhibits a ligand-to-metal charge transfer, or LMCT, band in the UV-Vis spectrum, indicating that a complex has formed. The specific wavelength of occurrence for these LMCT peaks are different for each metal.

References

Nanoparticles by surface chemistry
Inventing Iron Man. Inventing Iron Man: The Possibility of a Human Machine is a popular science book published in 2011 by neuroscience professor, martial arts master, and long-time comic-book reader E. Paul Zehr. By looking at current technology, as well as how the human body and nervous system would have to adapt, Zehr applies scientific principles and creativity to explore the feasibility of Iron Man as a reality.

Synopsis
In the book, Zehr physically deconstructs Iron Man, analyzing how we could use modern-day technology to create a suit of armor similar to the one made by Tony Stark. The book makes a direct, parallel comparison of comic book science fiction with modern science. Zehr expresses that while science may be nearing a point where a suit like Iron Man's could be made, it is important to consider limitations of the human body itself. Inventing Iron Man scientifically examines the brain-machine interface, bringing together concepts in neuroscience and neuroplasticity.

See also
E. Paul Zehr

External links
The Inventing Iron Man webpage

Iron Man
Popular science books
Superhero comics
Books about comics
Johns Hopkins University Press books
2011 non-fiction books
Cummins Allison. Cummins Allison Corp. is a company which creates currency handling and coin handling systems, including currency and coin counting machines. Its products are primarily used by banks and casinos for counting and sorting money.  Cummins Allison was created in 1887 in Mount Prospect, Illinois.  It is the only U.S. owned and operated manufacturer of coin and currency handling, but also has offices in North America and the UK.  In June 2012, Cummins Allison was rated the third most innovative company in Chicago based on number and quality of patents.
At December 31, 2019 the company had been acquired by Crane Payment Innovations (CPI).

Notes

Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Blocked rotor test. A blocked rotor test is conducted on an induction motor. It is also known as short-circuit test (because it is the mechanical analogy of a transformer short-circuit test), locked rotor test or stalled torque test. From this test, short-circuit current at normal voltage, power factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance, and starting torque of the motor can be found. 

It is very important to know a motor's starting torque since if it is not enough to overcome the initial friction of its intended load then it will remain stationary while drawing an excessive current and rapidly overheat. The test may be conducted at lower voltage because at the normal voltage the current through the windings would be high enough to rapidly overheat and damage them. The test may still be conducted at full voltage if it is brief enough to avoid overheating the windings or overloading the starting circuits, but requires much more care to be taken while performing the test. 

The blocked rotor torque test is less significant on wound-rotor motors because the starting torque of these wound-rotor motors depend upon the external resistance added. However, it may still be used to characterise the motor.

Method
In the blocked rotor test, the rotor is locked securely enough that it cannot break free. A low voltage is applied on the stator terminals so that there is full load current in the stator winding, and the current, voltage and power input are measured at that point. When the rotor is stationary, the slip, . 

The test is conducted at  the rated frequency as recommended by IEEE, because the rotor's effective resistance at low frequency may differ at high frequency. The test can be repeated for different values of voltage to ensure the values obtained are consistent. As the current through the stator may exceed the rated current, the test should be conducted quickly. 

By using the parameters found by this test, the motor circle diagram can be constructed.

Calculations involved

Short-circuit current at normal voltage
 is the short-circuit current at voltage 
 is the short-circuit current at normal voltage

Short-circuit power factor
 is the total input power on short circuit
 is the line voltage on short circuit
 is the line current on short circuit
 is the short-circuit power factor

Leakage reactance
 is the short-circuit impedance as referred to stator
 is the leakage reactance per phase as referred to stator

 is the total copper loss
 is the core loss

See also
 Open-circuit test
 Circle diagram

References

Electrical circuits
Roy Brown (businessman). Roy Drysdale Brown, FIMechE, FIET (4 December 1946 – 28 November 2024) was a British engineer and business executive, who was the chairman of the international engineering conglomerate GKN from 2004 until 2012.

Life and career
Brown attended the independent Tonbridge School. On a GEC scholarship he went to University College London, where he gained a BSc in Mechanical Engineering.

He worked for Unilever from 1974 to 2001, and later became chairman of the Scottish telecommunications company Thus plc.

Brown joined GKN as a non-executive director in 1996 and became the company's chairman in May 2004. He was replaced by Michael Turner in May 2012.

Brown married Carol Wallace in 1978 and they had two sons. He became a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1983, and a Fellow of the IEE (which became the Institution of Engineering & Technology) in 1990.

Brown died on 28 November 2024, at the age of 77.

References

1946 births
2024 deaths
Alumni of University College London
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
People educated at Tonbridge School
Fly Synthesis Texan. The Fly Synthesis Texan is an Italian ultralight and light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Fly Synthesis and which has been in production since 1999. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed or retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from carbon fibre. Its  span wing has an area of  and flaps. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912UL, the  Rotax 912ULS and the  Jabiru 2200 four-stroke powerplants.

Operational history
On 23 November 2013, six Fly Synthesis Texans broke the Guinness world record for the lowest flying formation by flying at  below sea level at the Dead Sea in Israel.

Variants

Texan 600
Version with a gross weight of  and with fixed landing gear, for the United States light-sport aircraft class. Known as the Lafayette Texan in the US.
Texan Top Class
Version with a gross weight of  and with fixed landing gear, for the European microlight aircraft class.
Texan Club
Version of the Texan Top Class with a gross weight of , with fixed landing gear and equipped with a  Rotax 912UL engine for the European microlight aircraft class.
Texan RG
Version of the Texan Top Class with a gross weight of  and retractable landing gear for the European microlight aircraft class.

Specifications (Texan Top Class)

See also
Similar aircraft
Sunward Aurora

References

External links

1990s Italian ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
No. 7 Airfield Construction Squadron RAAF. No. 7 Airfield Construction Squadron (7ACS) was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) construction squadron. The unit was first formed in October 1943 as No. 7 Mobile Works Squadron and served in the New Guinea Campaign and Bougainville Campaign during World War II. 7ACS was disbanded in June 1947.

References
Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

7
7
7
Airfield
Military units and formations of the Royal Australian Air Force in World War II
Arm Image Format. In computer programming, the Arm Image Format (AIF) is an object file format used primarily for software intended to run on ARM microprocessors. It was introduced by Acorn Computers for use with their Archimedes computer. It can optionally facilitate debugging, including under operating systems running on other processor architectures.

Format 

The file can be either executable or non-executable and is loaded at 0x8000 unless otherwise specified. Executable files can relocate themselves if necessary and non-executable files are prepared for execution by an image loader. An extended AIF is a type of non-executable which includes information to enable the placement of code and data within specific areas of memory.

The file includes a header and separate areas of read-only and read-write code/data. It can optionally include data for debugging and the code (with list) for self-relocation.

AIF header 

The header includes information about self-relocation, entry point, exit instruction, area sizes and locations, debug type, addressing mode and memory placement (in the case of the extended file).

An allocation was later made in the header to mark executables as being "StrongARM-ready", to address some backward compatibility issues.

Debugging 

The files can be run for debugging under DOS and SunOS using the ARM Windowing Debugger.

Other uses 

Microsoft's MMLite modular system architecture supports the loading of various image formats, including AIF files. Porting of Wind River Systems' VxWorks operating system to the StrongARM EBSA-285 board involved using AIF files.

References 

Executable file formats
RISC OS
(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) is an aminosilane frequently used in the process of silanization, the functionalization of surfaces with alkoxysilane molecules. It can also be used for covalent attaching of organic films to metal oxides such as silica and titania.

Use with PDMS
APTES can be used to covalently bond thermoplastics to poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Thermoplastics are treated with oxygen plasma to functionalize surface molecules, and subsequently coated with an aqueous 1% by volume APTES solution. PDMS is treated with oxygen plasma and placed in contact with the functionalized thermoplastic surface. A stable, covalent bond forms within 2 minutes.

Silsesquioxane synthesis 
Octa(3-aminopropyl)silsesquioxane can be obtained in a one step hydrolytic condensation using APTES and hydrochloric or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CFSOH).

Use with cell cultures 
APTES-functionalized surfaces have been shown to be nontoxic to embryonic rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experimentation is needed to evaluate toxicity to other cell types in extended culture.

Toxicity
APTES is a toxic compound with an MSDS health hazard score of 3. APTES fumes are destructive to the mucous membranes and the upper respiratory tract, and should be used in a fume hood with gloves. If a fume hood is not available, a face shield and full face respirator must be implemented. The target organs of APTES are nerves, liver and kidney.

References

Amines
Silyl ethers
Ethoxy compounds