omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Warsaw rectifier. The Warsaw rectifier is a pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifier, invented by  in 1992.

Features
The Warsaw Rectifier provides following features:
 Unity power factor  
 Three-wire input, does not require connection to the neutral wire
 Ohmic behaviour
 Controlled output voltage 
 Simple control scheme
 Low power losses

Unique features of the Warsaw Rectifier:
 Short circuits do not cause current flow through switches
 No cross short circuit of switches possible 
 Dead time not required

Topology
Warsaw Rectifier is a unidirectional, three-phase, three-switch two-level pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifier. This topology uses three insulated-gate field effect transistors (IGFET) and eighteen diodes. The bidirectional switches (made as four diodes and one IGFET circuit) are connected in a delta topology. The rectifier output does not require a divided DC-link circuit as in the Vienna Rectifier topology.

See also
Vienna rectifier

References

Electronic circuits
Rectifiers
20th-century inventions
Ashbel Welch. Ashbel Welch (1809–1882) was an American civil engineer and a president of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1882.

Early life and education 
On December 4, 1809, Welch was born in Nelson, New York.

In 1843, he earned an honorary degree of Master of Arts from the College of New Jersey at Princeton, which was renamed to Princeton University in 1896.

Career 
In 1826, Welch started his engineering career as a rodman on the Lehigh and Delaware Canal for his brother Sylvester Welch.

In 1830, Welch joined engineers of Canvass White in Trenton, New Jersey on the construction of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. In 1832, Welch was in charge of digging the feeder northwestward from Trenton, New Jersey. Welch selected Lambertville for his headquarters. In 1834, the Delaware and Raritan Canal completed and it opened for business. 

In 1836, at age 26, Welch was appointed the chief engineer of the Joint Companies (Delaware and Raritan Canal Company & Camden and Amboy Railroad & Transportation Company).

In 1836, Welch was appointed Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad.

In 1844, Welch traveled to England and supervised the construction of an order of guns for the United States Navy.

In 1863, Welch led the efforts on installation of a block signaling system on the Camden and Amboy Railroad between Philadelphia and New Brunswick. First in America, The signaling system was a first installation of in America, which later  used on all American railroads.

In 1869, Welch became President of the Bel-Del Railroad and the Flemington Railroad.

In 1872, Welch resigned as President of United Companies. Welch became the superintendent of Bel-Del Railroad under Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) management. Welch maintained his duties as a chief engineer.

Personal life 
On October 25, 1834, Welch married Mary Hannah Seabrook in Lambertville, New Jersey. They had seven children.

On September 25, 1882, Welch died in his home on 21 York St, Lambertville, New Jersey.

See also 
 Pennsylvania Railroad
 William H. Rau - photographer who documented scenic views of Pennsylvania RR.

References

Further reading 
Snell, J. P. (1881). History of Hunterdon and Somerset counties, New Jersey: with illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck.

External links 
 Lambertville Historical Society
 Lambertville  Transportation Chronology
 Wind Pressure Against Bridges by Ashbel Welch at ASCE.org
 Ashbel Welch at Grace's Guide
 Manual Block in the United States

1809 births
1882 deaths
American engineers
DisneySea Electric Railway. The DisneySea Electric Railway(ディズニーシー・エレクトリック・レールウェイ)is a  narrow gauge elevated electric railway attraction at Tokyo DisneySea. Opened on September 4, 2001, the railway is one of two rail attractions at Tokyo Disney Resort, the other being the Western River Railroad at Tokyo Disneyland.

Overview

Sponsored by Takara Tomy, the DisneySea Electric Railway is an attraction and means of transportation between American Waterfront and Port Discovery. The ride vehicle is a red two-car train, reminiscent of historic elevated electric trains.

The majority of the line is double tracked to allow trains to run in both directions, but the stations are single tracked. When a large number of vehicles is in service, it is sometimes necessary for a vehicle to hold out in the double-tracked area when another vehicle is loading and unloading passengers in a station.

When Tokyo Disneyland was constructed, local railway laws were applicable to any railway that connected two points and can be used as a means of transportation, even if the railway was entirely on private land. As a result, the Western River Railroad was designed as a loop with no intermediate stops to avoid this regulation. The law was abolished on April 1, 1987, and as a result, Tokyo DisneySea could add railways useful as transportation within the park without falling under the local railway laws.

Stations

American Waterfront Station
The American Waterfront Station is a single-tracked elevated station located above the McDuck's Department Store. The station entrance is at ground level in the McDuck's Department Store.

Port Discovery Station
The Port Discovery Station is a single-tracked elevated station located in Port Discovery.

See also

Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

References

Bibliography

External links

2 ft 6 in gauge railways in Japan
2001 establishments in Japan
American Waterfront
Amusement rides introduced in 2001
Heritage railways in Japan
Port Discovery
Rail transport in Tokyo
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Railway lines opened in 2001
Railways of amusement parks in Japan
Tokyo DisneySea
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
17-4 stainless steel. SAE Type 630 stainless steel (more commonly known as 17-4 PH, or simply 17-4; also known as UNS S17400) is a grade of martensitic precipitation hardened stainless steel. It contains approximately 15–17.5% chromium and 3–5% nickel, as well as 3–5% copper. The name comes from the chemical makeup which is approximately 17% chromium and 4% nickel. SUS630 is the same as 17-4PH, and they both refer to the same grade.

Properties
17-4 stainless steel can be heat treated to approximately 44 Rc, and an ultimate tensile strength of .

Its density ranges from , and its modulus of elasticity ranges from .

The corrosion resistance and machinability of 17-4 are comparable to austenitic 304 stainless steel. 17-4 is magnetic due to its martensitic structure.

Overaging (aging beyond the peak strength condition) improves resistance to stress corrosion cracking.

Applications
17-4PH is used in applications requiring high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance up to .

It is commonly used in the aerospace industry for its high strength, and in marine applications for its corrosion resistance, although it can be susceptible to crevice corrosion in stagnant salt water.

It is also used in the petroleum, chemical, and firearm industries.

Composition

References

External links

Stainless steel
Tetrabromonickelate. The tetrabromonickelate anion contains a doubly-charged nickel atom (Ni2+) surrounded by four bromide ions in a tetrahedral arrangement.  The formula is [NiBr4]2−.

The anion combines with cations to form a series of salts called tetrabromonickelates.
Strongly-coordinating solvents will displace one or more of the bromido ligands from the complex.
Solvents that can dissolve tetrabromonickelate include acetone, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, and nitromethane.

In the visible absorption spectrum there is a strong absorption band termed ν3 near 710 nm which is caused by an electronic transition from 3T1(F) → 3T1(P).  Another strong absorption in the near infrared called ν2 near 770 nm is due to the 3T1(F) → 3A2(F) transition.

Salts
Dilithium tetrabromonickelate forms a dark blue solution in tetrahydrofuran. 

A mixture of lithium bromide and nickel bromide in water or methanol can transfer [NiBr4]2− ions into a cyclohexane-amine mixture.  The solution formed is green.

Tetraethylammonium tetrabromonickelate is blue.

tetra-n-butylammonium tetrabromonickelate is purple blue in color, melting around 83°C. It is formed from nickel bromide and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide in ethyl alcohol.

Tetraphenylphosphonium tetrabromonickelate(II) can be made from nickel bromide, triphenylphosphine, and bromobenzene by heating them together in a sealed tube at 250 °C. This substance is dark blue. If it is heated over 260° the color changes to green, and it melts at 273 °C.

A dark blue oil, bis-(o-tolyltriethylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate (o-CH3C6H6PEt3)2NiBr4 can be made from the reaction of o-tolyl bis-triethylphosphine, nickel bromide and o-tolyl bromide. (o-CH3OC6H6PEt3)2NiBr4 and (C6H5PEt3)2NiBr4 are made in a similar way.

bis-(benzo[e]-1,3-dithiepan-2-diethylimmonium) tetrabromonickelate, abbreviated as (xdtc)2NiBr4, has dark blue crystals that melt at 166 °C. It is made from α,α'-dibromo-o-xylene and bis-(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)nickel(II) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane.

bis-(tetra-n-butylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate can form as a glass when nickel bromide is dissolved in molten tetra-n-butylphosphonium iodide.

Blue 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium tetrabromonickelate [H2NN(CH3)3]2NiBr4 is a salt stable between 70° and 260 °C. It can be formed by heating an octahedral neutral nickel complex where the trimethylhydrazinium and bromide are all ligands on a nickel atom. The salt decomposes at room temperature to polymeric trimethylhydrazinium nickel tribromide. The salt decomposes when dissolved in polar solvents, due to solvolysis.

Related
One bromine atom can be substituted by other ligands, such as triphenylphosphine, to make a dark green triphenylphosphinetribromonickelate ion.
Analogous tetrahedral nickelates include tetrafluoronickelates, tetrachloronickelates, tetraiodonickelates, and tetracyanonickelates.

References

Nickel complexes
Bromometallates
Diazodiphenylmethane. Diazodiphenylmethane is an organic reagent with the chemical formula C13H10N2. It exists as red-black crystals that melt just above room temperature.

Preparation 
Diazodiphenylmethane can be synthesized via the oxidation of benzophenone hydrazone with mercury(II) oxide in diethyl ether and the presence of a basic catalyst. An improved procedure involves dehydrogenation with oxalyl chloride.

Uses 
It can be used to synthesize (diphenyl)methyl esters and ethers with carboxylic acids and alcohols respectively.

It can also generate (diphenyl)methyl carbene and nitrogen gas upon illumination by ultraviolet light or by heating. It can also be electrolyzed form a Ph2CN anion, which can decompose to form a Ph2C− anion radical. If carried out in dimethylformamide and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, these can react to form benzophenone azine, which has the formula Ph2C=N-N=CPh2.

References 

Diazo compounds
Phenyl compounds
The writing hand. The writing hand is a mechanical automaton created by Friedrich von Knauss in 1764. A clockwork mechanism moves a hand which dips a pen into an inkstand and writes the phrase "Huic Domui Deus / Nec metas rerum / Nec tempora ponat" ("May God not impose ends or deadlines on this house") on a small card. On the silver-coating of the mechanism are the words "Pro patria".

The instrument was dedicated by von Knauss to the House of Lorraine, which ruled at that time in Tuscany.

The object is housed in Room 10 of the Museo Galileo in Florence (inventory no. 3195). It is made of copper and silver and measures 680mm x 1000mm.

See also
 Maillardet's automaton

Bibliography

References

External links 
 

Automata (mechanical)
1764 works
Fluid Dynamics Research. Fluid Dynamics Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all fields of fluid dynamics. Published on behalf of the Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics, from 1986 to 2008 it was published by Elsevier and since 2009 it has been published by IOP Publishing. The editor-in-chief is Genta Kawahara (Osaka University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.3.

Every year, one article published in the previous year is awarded the FDR Prize, to recognize its outstanding quality.

References

External links 
 

Academic journals established in 1986
English-language journals
Fluid dynamics journals
Bimonthly journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
Carmichael (manufacturer). Carmichael, acquired by Simon Carmichael International Group Ltd., now known as SIG, is a British manufacturer of specialist fire-fighting vehicles in Worcester, member of Guangdong Yongqiang Auld Lang Real International Fire Fighting Vehicles Ltd.

History

It was formed in 1849 as a coachbuilders.

Fire service vehicles
Carmichael & Sons made its first fire engines in 1947 for the Worcester Fire Brigade (now part of the Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service).

In 1962 it made its first fire tender for airfields (airport crash tender).

Ownership
In the 1970s it was known as Carmichael Fire & Bulk Ltd. 

In 1992 it became Carmichael International Ltd (CIL) and was liquidated in 2004., 

AMDAC Carmichael Ltd (ACL) bought all assets of CIL and continued all operations with the UK. ACL went into Liquidation in 2016. 

Carmichael Support Services Ltd bought all assets of ACL and continue to trade, manufacture and support fire and rescue vehicles at the former ACL Facility in Worcester UK.  Carmichael Support Services Limited changed its trading name to CSS Fire Vehicles Limited on 26 January 2018.

CSS Fire Vehicle are bought by netherlands Royal Terberg Group in 2018.

Structure
It is situated in the south-west of Worcester, east of the A449 on the Venture Business Park, near Lower Wick, and next door to Worcester Citizens' Swimming Pool.

Products
It makes fire tenders for many of the UK's fire services. It has also made tankers for road vehicle transport. It makes fire tenders for airports and RAF stations.

See also
 :Category:Aircraft fires
 Airport rescue and firefighting services in the United Kingdom
 Fire appliances in the United Kingdom
 Terberg and Schopf, manufacturer of similar vehicles

References

External links
 Amdac-Carmichael

Fire service vehicle manufacturers
Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom
Motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Manufacturing companies based in Worcester, England
History of Worcester, England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1849
1849 establishments in England
Airbus THOR. The Airbus THOR (Test of Hi-tech Objectives in Reality) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) by Airbus partially produced through the process of 3D printing. It is possibly the world's second 3D printed aircraft, flying four years after the world's first in 2011, Sulsa. Presented for the first time at the 2016 Berlin Air Show, except the electrical engine parts, the drone-like model is entirely made by 3D printing from polyamide. Although still in beta phase, aircraft like THOR are intended to make flights more economical and safer.

THOR made its maiden flight in November 2015 near Hamburg where it passed most of the tests.

Specifications

References

External links
 Airbus tests high-tech concepts with an innovative 3D-printed mini aircraft

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Germany
Airbus aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Germany
3D printing
International Technical Development Center. The International Technical Development Center (ITDC, German Internationales Technisches Entwicklungszentrum ITEZ) is one of the engineering and design centers of Groupe PSA, and was the main engineering and design centre of General Motors in Europe, having been sold with the complete Opel/Vauxhall automobile business and the two brands Opel and Vauxhall to the Groupe PSA by August 1, 2017.

Structure
It is situated in Rüsselsheim am Main (Ruesselsheim) in the Frankfurt Rhine-Main of Hesse, Germany. It is situated next to the Opel Rüsselsheim Plant, separated only by the Mainbahn railway line. Next to it is the European Design Center, and also the Opel business administration.

Function

It is one of PSA's technical development and design centers in Europe, being formerly the main design centre for General Motors in Europe. It has been assigned the leading role as "Competence Center" in a number of areas, among them alternative fuels and adaptation for the US market. On April 4, 2018 PSA and Opel announced that a group in the ITEZ would lead the development of a special platform for Light Commercial Vehicles and lead future LCV development from conception to production.

References

External links
 Opel plant Rüsselsheim

Buildings and structures in Groß-Gerau (district)
Engineering research institutes
General Motors facilities
Research institutes in Germany
Rüsselsheim
Vauxhall Motors
Opel
AMPLab. AMPLAB was a University of California, Berkeley lab focused on big data analytics located in Soda Hall. The name stands for the Algorithms, Machines and People Lab. It has been publishing papers since 2008 and was officially launched in 2011. The AMPLab was co-directed by Professor Michael J. Franklin, Michael I. Jordan, and Ion Stoica.

While AMPLab has worked on a wide variety of big data projects (known as BDAS, the Berkeley Data Analytics Stack), many know it as the lab that invented Apache Mesos, and Apache Spark, and Alluxio.

Berkeley launched RISELab as the successor to AMPLab in 2017.

References

External links
 

Computer science institutes in the United States
University of California, Berkeley
Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
Management and Economic Simulation Exercise. Management and Economic Simulation Exercise (MESE), also known as JA Titan, is a computer simulation program developed by Junior Achievement. The program is designed to help students develop skills such as decision-making and teamwork.

During the simulation, students act as corporate managers of their own companies that produce an imaginary product called Eco-Pen. The students use data such as simulated financial reports and market research to make decisions on product development, pricing, and production. At the end of the simulation, the most successful team is the one that has the highest profit and market share.

The program is used for the annual seven-month-long Hewlett-Packard Global Business Challenge, run globally over the Internet. During the competition, Junior Achievement students and alumni between the ages of 14 and 22 make team decisions and are scored based on profit and market share.

References

External links 
 
 MESE rules

Educational software
EMD GP20C-ECO. The EMD GP20C-ECO is a  B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD. Although similar to the EMD GP22ECO, the GP20C-ECO follows Canadian Pacific's request for crashworthiness and EPA emission standards with the "C" in the designation denoting crashworthiness of the cab, frame, and fuel tank. Canadian Pacific (CP) requested relaxed emission standards (Tier 0+ instead of Tier 2) to cut costs.

GP20C-ECOs use just enough rebuilt components to designate them a rebuild. The GP20C-ECOs feature a new frame, fuel tank, long hood, and cab with CP providing trucks, and alternator (along with many other smaller components), mainly from retired CP GP9s, that are rebuilt and reused in the locomotives. The units feature a long hood similar to that of a GP60 and are distinguished by a snoot nose, which set the cab back slightly on the frame to make room for the additional length. As with the SD30C-ECOs, the GP20C-ECOs are equipped with all-LED lighting, except for the headlights and ditch lights.

The GP20C-ECOs should not be confused with a limited number of "GP20C" locomotives. These were former Great Northern GP20s rebuilt by Ziegler in 1989 (Ziegler was a Minneapolis-based Caterpillar dealer). The C in the name referred to their new Caterpillar engines. Only ten of these locomotives were produced.

Owners
A total of 130 GP20C-ECOs have been built for Canadian Pacific in three orders. The first order was for 30 locomotives numbered 2200-2229, the second order was for an additional 40 locomotives numbered 2230-2269, and the third order was for an additional 60 locomotives numbered 2270-2329.

References 

B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
GP20C-ECO
Electro-Motive Division locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2013
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Articles with dead external links from January 2023
Rebuilt diesel locomotives
Diamond and Related Materials. Diamond and Related Materials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in materials science covering research on all forms of diamond and other related materials, including diamond-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron and carbon nitrides. The journal is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Ken Haenen (University of Hasselt).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexing in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.1.

References

External links

English-language journals
Materials science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1991
JNR Class ED78. The  was a Bo-2-Bo wheel arrangement AC electric locomotive type operated in Japan from 1968 until the 1990s. 14 locomotives were built by Hitachi between 1967 and 1980.

Operations

The locomotives were introduced to operate on the steeply-graded Ou Main Line between  and , which was converted from 1,500 V DC electrification to 20 kV AC in October 1968. The locomotives often worked in multiple with Class EF71 locomotives.

History
A prototype locomotive, initially classified ED94 and numbered ED94 1, was delivered in 1967, with full-production locomotives delivered from 1968 until 1980. ED94 1 was modified and renumbered ED78 901 in 1968.
All 14 locomotives were built by Hitachi in Mito, Ibaraki, with modifications to convert ED94 1 to ED78 901 carried out at JNR's Koriyama factory.

Following the conversion of the Ou Main Line to standard gauge as part of the Yamagata Shinkansen in 1992, the Class ED78s were transferred to duties on the Tohoku Main Line and Senzan Line before ultimately being withdrawn.

Build history
The individual build dates of the fleet were as follows.

Preserved examples
, one member of the class is preserved: ED78 1. This locomotive was withdrawn in February 1987, and was subsequently stored at Fukushima Depot before being preserved at Fukushima Station. It was then moved to a site adjoining Rifu Station in Miyagi Prefecture, and later moved to the nearby Sendai General Shinkansen Depot. It was moved to Hitachi's Mito factory in Hitachinaka, Ibaraki in 2015 and cosmetically restored in 2016.

Classification

The ED78 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
 E: Electric locomotive
 D: Four driving axles
 7x: AC locomotive with maximum speed exceeding

References

20 kV AC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Japan
B-2-B locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Railway locomotives introduced in 1968
Hitachi locomotives