omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ADMS. Automatic Device Model Synthesizer (ADMS) is public domain software used in the semiconductor industry to translate Verilog-A models into C-models which can be directly read by a number of SPICE simulators, including Spectre Circuit Simulator, Ngspice, and HSpice.

Overview
ADMS stands for Automatic Device Model Synthesizer. ADMS can be used to turn Verilog-A compact models into C code. ADMS interpreter parses a Verilog-AMS file to build a data tree. XML filters are applied on the tree to generate the output files.

ADMS aims to reduce the effort of circuit simulator developers to integrate device models - at the same time, it provides the option to compact model developers to use the vendor-neutral language Verilog-A for model definition, improving robustness and maintainability.

ADMS is used by the open source SPICE simulator NGSPICE to support a number of compact models. Following models are supported by NGSPICE using ADMS:
 MOS EKV (LEVEL=44)
 MOS PSP102 (LEVEL=45)
 BJT Mextram 504 (LEVEL=6)
 BJT Hicum0 (LEVEL=7)
 BJT Hicum2 (LEVEL=8)

Limitations

ADMS only parses a subset of Verilog-A, and not all statements are supported by all XML filters. Specifically, current controlled voltage sources are not supported in most filters targeting SPICE simulators:
 V(..) <+ I(..) // doesn't work with NGSPICE
Instead, this needs to be represented as a conductance expression (and not impedance). 
i.e.  I(..) <+ V(..)
 I (..) probes don't work with NGSPICE
Some other language constructions need to be supported in the filter as well
 for loop,
 case statement.
Many language features are hard to support with ADMS filters
 laplace_transform,
 idt,
 switching branches.
Important aspects of code generation are close to impossible with ADMS
 dataflow analysis
 code optimisation,
and
 ADMS is extremely slow (which can be seen on slightly larger models).

See also
 Verilog-A
 SPICE

References

External links
 EKV MOSFET Model: Industry Standard Model for Analog/RF IC (2007)
 adms (download)
 A Platform for Compact Model Sharing! (A project started in 2011)
 The i-MOS Project: An Open Platform for Device Modeling and Circuit Simulation (archived 2014)

Electronic design automation software
Public-domain software
M-88–Intermediate River Bridge. The M-88–Intermediate River Bridge is a bridge located on M-88 over the Intermediate River in Bellaire, Michigan, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is a noteworthy product of Depression-era relief work.

History
In 1893, a steel truss bridge was constructed to carry Bellaire's main north–south street over the Intermediate River. By 1931, with the tourism boom in northern Michigan, the bridge needed replacement. The Michigan State Highway Department drafted plans, and in late 1931 awarded Jackson contractor L. W. Lamb a $21,419 contract for the concrete construction. The Fort Pitt Bridge Works of Massillon, Ohio provided the structural steel.  Work on the bridge began in late 1931, with many workers provided by the County Relief Committee.  The bridge opened for traffic in June 1932.  The original balusters have at some points been replaced with replicas.

Description
The M-88–Intermediate River Bridge is  long and  wide, with a roadway width of  and sidewalks lining both edges.  It has concrete balustrade railings with square balusters and posts, and an ornamental railing on one wing wall to protect pedestrians from the steep drop. A bridge plate gives the construction date of 1931.

See also

References

External links
Photos from HistoricBridges.org

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Bridges completed in 1930
Buildings and structures in Antrim County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Antrim County, Michigan
Steel bridges in the United States
Hocomonco Pond. Hocomonco Pond is a recreational pond located in Westborough, Massachusetts near Route 9. Also called Hobomoc Pond, it was named for Hobomok, a Wamesit Indian evil spirit. The pond and adjacent land are a Superfund site.

Superfund site
A wood treatment and preservation plant operated on a  site near the pond during the 1930s and 1940s. The business saturated wood products (e.g. telephone poles, railroad ties, pilings and fence posts) with creosote to preserve them. During the treatment process, excess creosote and wastes where discharged to an unlined pit, the "former lagoon". The creosote, which contains carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, seeped into sediments, soil and groundwater. A storm drain built in the 1970s along the east side of the former lagoon transported liquid contaminants to the pond. The site was added to the National Priorities List on September 8, 1983.

A 1985 Record of Decision specified remedies for cleaning up the site. A landfill for the contaminants was constructed at the former lagoon. The storm drain was relocated. Contaminated soil, waste and sediments were excavated and dredged in operations completed in 1996. The former lagoon area was then capped. The groundwater remains contaminated.

References

EPA Documents & Data

All (4) Five-Year Review Reports

Hocomonco Pond, Westborough MA Site Documents & Data 
 https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.docdata&id=0100751

External links 
Cleanup Update from the Environmental Protection Agency (1999)

Lakes of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Superfund sites in Massachusetts
Westborough, Massachusetts
Ponds of Massachusetts
China Aluminum International Engineering. China Aluminum International Engineering  (also known as Chalieco) is a Chinese engineering firm in businesses including engineering design and consultancy, engineering and construction contracting and equipment manufacturing.  As a contractor it is the 124th largest construction firm in the world as ranked by Engineering News-Record in 2013.

It operates as a subsidiary of the Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco), which holds 83% of the shareholding of the company.  The company premièred on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange with a 2012 IPO that listed 15% of the shares on the exchange.

The company has invested heavily in operations in Vietnam and Venezuela.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Companies based in Beijing
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Boston Community Information System. The Boston Community Information System (also called BCIS or Boston COMINS) transmitted up-to-the-minute Associated Press and New York Times wire reports to subscribers in Boston from April 1984 to January 1988.

The Boston Community Information System was the first system to propose and implement "hybrid broadcasting", combining both push technology and pull technology.

The Boston Community Information System (BCIS)
used an FM radio channel to broadcast news to
people who decoded the information with radio receivers connected to personal computers.

The BCIS system was designed and implemented by David K. Gifford and his research group at MIT.
In order to deny service to nonpaying customers, and in order to allow each customer to subscribe to any subset of information streams, Gifford developed a conditional access system that used a different randomly chosen ephemeral key to encrypt each news article, before broadcasting the encrypted article on a subcarrier of MIT's FM radio station WMBR.
Unlike many other broadcast encryption systems, Gifford's cipher was unbroken for almost a decade, during the entire operation of the BCIS.

References 

Mass media in Boston
Let-Mont Piper UL. The Let-Mont Piper UL is a Czech microlight aircraft that was designed and produced by Let-Mont sro of Vikýřovice. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft or a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . It was also marketed in the United States as a kit only for the US homebuilt category.

The Piper UL is based on early Piper Aircraft designs, such as the Piper PA-15 Vagabond, which it resembles. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit accessed via doors, fixed conventional landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing, with the whole aircraft covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing, mounts flaps, has a wing area of  and is supported by "V" struts and jury struts. The standard engine used is the  Rotax 503 two-stroke powerplant.

The Piper UL has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 800 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that 25 aircraft were completed and flying.

In September 2014 no examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Piper UL)

References

External links

Piper UL
1990s Czech and Czechoslovak sport aircraft
1990s Czech and Czechoslovak ultralight aircraft
1990s Czech and Czechoslovak civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Code as data. In computer science, the expression code as data refers to the idea that source code written in a programming language can be manipulated as data, such as a sequence of characters or an abstract syntax tree (AST), and it has an execution semantics only in the context of a given compiler or interpreter. The notion is often used in the context of Lisp-like languages that use S-expressions as their main syntax, as writing programs using nested lists of symbols makes the interpretation of the program as an AST quite transparent (a property known as homoiconicity).

These ideas are generally used in the context of what is called metaprogramming, writing programs that treat other programs as their data. For example, code-as-data allows the serialization of first-class functions in a portable manner. Another use case is storing a program in a string, which is then processed by a compiler to produce an executable. More often there is a reflection API that exposes the structure of a program as an object within the language, reducing the possibility of creating a malformed program.

In computational theory, Kleene's second recursion theorem provides a form of code-is-data, by proving that a program can have access to its own source code.

Code-as-data is also a principle of the Von Neumann architecture, since stored programs and data are both represented as bits in the same memory device. This architecture offers the ability to write self-modifying code. It also opens the security risk of disguising a malicious program as user data and then using an exploit to direct execution to the malicious program.

Data as Code 

In declarative programming, the Data as Code (DaC) principle refers to the idea that an arbitrary data structure can be exposed using a specialized language semantics or API. For example, a list of integers or a string is data, but in languages such as Lisp and Perl, they can be directly entered and evaluated as code. Configuration scripts, domain-specific languages and markup languages are cases where program execution is controlled by data elements that are not clearly sequences of commands.

References 

Programming language topics
Digital signal conditioning. In digital instrumentation system, especially in digital electronics, digital computers have taken a major role in near every aspect of life in our modern world. Digital electronics is at the heart of computers, but there are many direct applications of digital electronics.
All these digital electronics need data to be presented to them in a digital format (i.e. the data have to be digitally conditioned). This is called digital conditioning.
Since computers are electronics devices, all the information they work with has to be digitally formatted. Therefore, if they are used to control a variable such as temperature, then the temperature has to be represented digitally. That's why we need digital signal conditioning to condition process-control signal to be an approximated digital format.

Introduction and digital fundamentals
Digital signal conditioning in process control means finding a way to represent analog process information in digital format.
Use of in control system is particularly valuable number of other reasons, however:
 A computer can control multivibrator process-control system.
 Nonlinearities in sensor output can be linearized by the computer.
 Complicated control equation can be solved quickly and modified as needed.
 Networking of control computers allow a large process-control complex to operate in a fully integrated fashion.

Digital information
The use of digital techniques in process control system hat process variable measurements and control information be encoded into a digital form. Digital signals themselves are simply two-scale (binary) These levels may be represented  in many ways. For example, two volts, two currents, two frequencies etc.

Digital words
Given the simple binary information that is carried by signal digital, it is clear that multiple signals must be used to describe analog information. Generally, this is done by using an assemblage of digital levels to construct a binary number, often called a word. The individual digital levels are referred to as bits of the word. Thus, for example, a 6-bit word consists of six independent digital levels, such as , which can be thought of as a six-digit base 2 number. An important consideration, then, is how the analog information is encoded into this digital word.

Digital whole numbers
One of the most common schemes for encoding analog into s digital words is to use the straight counting of decimal (or base 10) and binary numbers representations.

Some examples
 Find the base 10 equivalent of the binary whole number  ?
Solution.
As in the base 10 system, zero preceding the first significant digit do not contribute. Thus, the binary number is actually 
, and , decimal equivalent can be computed as follows:

See also
 Signal conditioning

References

External links
 http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3735/15/8/001
 http://www.hbm.com/en/menu/products/industrial-amplifiers/
 http://sine.ni.com/np/app/main/p/ap/daq/lang/en/pg/1/sn/n17:daq,n21:11/fmid/2998/

Digital electronics
ECAT Pakistan. Engineering Colleges' Admission Test (ECAT) is a computer-based test conducted in the Punjab, Pakistan each year in March and May for admission in BE/BS/BSc Engineering degree. ECAT is conducted by the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. It was started in 1998 on the initiative of then Chief Minister Punjab Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif to counter cheating in the examinations at that time.

Each year around 40,000 students attempt this test while there are around 3000 open merit seats in public sector engineering institutions of the Punjab.

ECAT is a prerequisite for admission in the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, its affiliated institutions and all other public sector engineering institutions in the Punjab. From entry 2023 to onwards, it is also a prerequisite for admission in private engineering universities of Punjab.

History 
ECAT was leaked out in the year 2011. Since then, the test secrecy and difficulty level has been increased by UET. In the year 2020, test was shifted to computer-based mode by the collaboration of Virtual University of Pakistan. Since 2022, UET conducts computer based test on its own without any external collaboration. Since 2024, UET conducts two ECAT tests every year, first in the month of March and second one in the month of May with highest score being considered for merit calculation.

Test structure and scoring 
ECAT consists of 100 multiple choice questions. Each question carries 4 marks, with 1 mark deducted for each wrong answer. Total marks are 400. 30 questions are from Mathematics, 30 from Chemistry, 30 from Physics, 10 from English language.

According to the updated rules of Pakistan Engineering Council, from entry 2023 onwards, 33% marks (132 out of 400) are required to pass ECAT.

Test Difficulty Level 
ECAT is widely considered as most difficult entrance test of any university in Pakistan, where only around 1-2% candidates are able to score 50% or above marks. In ECAT-2021, the average score was only 73 out of 400 (18.25%), lowest since the test started in 1998. However, test difficulty level has been reduced since ECAT-2023 due to pass/fail concept introduced upon orders of Pakistan Engineering Council.

Average and maximum marks in ECAT from year 2011 to onwards are as below,

References

See also
 MCAT Pakistan
 Graduate Assessment Test
 Inter Services Selection Board

Standardised tests in Pakistan
Standardized tests for Engineering
Entrance examinations
Chromium(II) bromide. Chromium(II) bromide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrBr2.  Like many metal dihalides, CrBr2 adopts the "cadmium iodide structure" motif, i.e., it features sheets of octahedral Cr(II) centers interconnected by bridging bromide ligands. It is a white solid that dissolves in water to give blue solutions that are readily oxidized by air.

Synthesis and reactions
It can be prepared by reduction of chromium(III) bromide with hydrogen gas for 6–10 hours at 350-400 °C, cogenerating hydrogen bromide:
2CrBr3  +  H2  →   2CrBr2  +  2HBr

Treatment of chromium powder with concentrated hydrobromic acid gives a blue hydrated chromium(II) bromide, which can be converted to a related acetonitrile complex.
Cr +  nH2O  +  2HBr  →   CrBr2(H2O)n  +  H2

References

Chromium(II) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
EWS-UX. EWS-UX is a Unix operating system used by NEC Corporation for its  line of engineering workstations. EWS-UX is based largely on versions of Unix System V supplemented with BSD software. It was widely used from the late 1980s to around 2000.

Overview
EWS-UX and the EWS-4800 line of workstations were widely used for CAD / CAM work.

Early versions of EWS-UX run on Motorola 68000 series CISC processors, while later versions run on MIPS RISC processors.

NEC attempted to introduce binary compatibility between Unix versions used by DEC, Sony (NEWS-OS), and Sumitomo's Unix (SEIUX). However, DEC dropped out of the agreement to pursue the DEC Alpha architecture.

EWS-UX and  (NEC's Unix server OS) became integrated and merged into .

Versions
 EWS-UX / V: Based on Unix SVR2. It runs on the EWS4800 series equipped with the MC68020, MC68030, and MC68040 processors.
 EWS-UX / V (Rel4.0): Based on Unix SVR4. It runs on the EWS4800 series equipped with R3000 () and R4000 processors.
 EWS-UX / V (Rel4.2): Based on Unix SVR4.2. It supports processors such as the R4400, , and R4600.
 EWS-UX / V (Rel4.2MP): Based on Unix SVR4.2MP. It supports multi-processor systems using the R4400MC. It is mostly similar to UP-UX, NEC's Unix operating system for servers.

See also
 SUPER-UX

External links

References 

MIPS operating systems
NEC software
UNIX System V
Dot (film). Dot  is a 2010 British animated short film created by Aardman Animations. It is a spot for the Nokia N8.

Production
University of California Berkeley professor Daniel Fletcher built a portable microscope which attaches to the Nokia N8 phone, for medical purposes. Nokia asked Aardman Animations to utilise both the microscope and the phone to create a short. The entire film is shot using a Nokia N8.

Marketing week explains: "To create 'Dot', Aardman's in-house production technology engineer, Lew Gardiner worked alongside the Physics Department at the University of Bristol to create their own CellScope production camera. Aardman used innovative Rapid Prototyping 3D printing technology that uses a computer-generated model of an object or character and then prints it in full 3D using a plastic resin material. The entire set was no more than a metre and a half long, all elements of which were used to help sell the scale of the project to the viewer."

A making-of video was also released.

Plot
Marketing Week explains "The film features Dot, a tiny 9mm girl who wakes up in a magical, magnified world to discover her surroundings are caving in around her."

Cast
 Tamsin Egerton as a girl

Critical reception
Forbes said "It's a great film, but what really got my attention was the making-of-video. The amount of work that went into putting together 97 seconds of animation together is staggering –and I love all the nerdy details, like how they produced the Dot models on a 3D printer."

The executive producer of Dot and head of Aardman's commercials and branded content department, Heather Wright, commented: "The Nokia job is totally unique, one of those rare instances when the idea and execution are totally inter-dependent. It's very cool, challenging and very exciting for the studio."

The short is in the 2011 issue of Guinness Book of World Records as "the world's smallest stop motion character animation."

Awards and nominations

|-
| 2011
| Dot
| Webby Award for People's Voice Award in the Animation
| 
|-
|}

References

2010 films
2010 animated short films
British animated short films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
English-language short films