omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RAE Scarab. The RAE Scarab was a light single-engined single-seat parasol winged modification of the de Havilland Humming Bird, flying in the United Kingdom in 1932.  Only one was built.

Development

The Aero Club of the Royal Aircraft Establishment built two light aircraft in 1923, the Zephyr and the Hurricane, then no more until 1931.  This, their final effort was the RAE Scarab or PB Scarab as it is sometimes known, after its designers P G N Peters and C R Brewer. Even so, it was not all their own work for the wing and empennage were from a low-winged DH.53, itself a 1923 aircraft. They repositioned the wing on a new fuselage to make a new, parasol winged monoplane, a change that required the creation of a centre section and the struts to support it.

With its new fuselage, the Scarab was longer than the DH.53, at 21 ft 0 in (6.40 m) compared with 19 ft 8 in (5.99 m). Most of the extra length was in the nose, for the DH.53 was a very snub-nosed machine compared with the Scarab. Both aircraft had flat sided fuselages built up from four longerons in the usual manner of the time, with rounded decking.  The DH.53 pilot had sat over mid-chord, but the combination of 5o of sweepback and the change of centre of gravity due to the longer nose in the Scarab meant he could sit at the trailing edge of the new, narrow chord centre section.  Given the small gap between the top of the fuselage and the underside of the parasol wing, a mid chord cockpit would have been inaccessible and have restricted the pilot's view severely.  A pair of lift stuts extended in a V from the lower fuselage longerons on each side to the two wing spars at the point where these were thickened for the compression struts of the DH.53. As on the DH.53, the wings had constant chord with slightly rounded tips, carrying long differential ailerons. In contrast to those of the DH.53, the wings of the Scarab folded for transport. The Scarab's undercarriage was also new, a split axle unit with the main legs going to the upper longerons and bracing to the lower ones.  The undercarriage track was 5 ft (1.52 m).  Like some DH.53s, the Scarab was powered by a 32 hp (24 kW) Bristol Cherub III flat twin.

The sole Scarab was registered as G-ABOH . Its first flight was in February 1932 with H.H. Leech at the controls.  Though underpowered and slow, it seems to have flown nicely and had a surprising rate of climb.  It flew from Farnborough until 1938, when it was stored and then scrapped in 1945.

Specifications

References

Citations

Cited sources

1930s British sport aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Promoter based genetic algorithm. The promoter based genetic algorithm (PBGA) is a genetic algorithm for neuroevolution developed by F. Bellas and R.J. Duro in the Integrated Group for Engineering Research (GII) at the University of Coruña, in Spain. It evolves variable size feedforward artificial neural networks (ANN) that are encoded into sequences of genes for constructing a basic ANN unit. Each of these blocks is preceded by a gene promoter acting as an on/off switch that determines if that particular unit will be expressed or not.

PBGA basics

The basic unit in the PBGA is a neuron with all of its inbound connections as represented in the following figure:

The genotype of a basic unit is a set of real valued weights followed by the parameters of the neuron and proceeded by an integer valued field that determines the promoter gene value and, consequently, the expression of the unit. By concatenating units of this type we can construct the whole network.

With this encoding it is imposed that the information that is not expressed is still carried by the genotype in evolution but it is shielded from direct selective pressure, maintaining this way the diversity in the population, which has been a design premise for this algorithm. Therefore, a clear difference is established between the search space and the solution space, permitting information learned and encoded into the genotypic representation to be preserved by disabling promoter genes.

Results 

The PBGA was originally presented within the field of autonomous robotics, in particular in the real time learning of environment models of the robot.

It has been used inside the Multilevel Darwinist Brain (MDB) cognitive mechanism  developed in the GII for real robots on-line learning. In another paper it is shown how the application of the PBGA together with an external memory that stores the successful obtained world models, is an optimal strategy for adaptation in dynamic environments. 

Recently, the PBGA has provided results that outperform other neuroevolutionary algorithms in non-stationary problems, where the fitness function varies in time.

References

External links
Grupo Integrado de Ingeniería
Francisco Bellas’ website
Richard J. Duro’s website

Artificial neural networks
Genetic algorithms
Amalka Supercomputing facility. The Amalka Supercomputing facility is the largest of the three Czech parallel supercomputers. It is used by Department of Space Physics,
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

The primary task is computation and visualisation in the area of space research for the European Space Agency or NASA, such as a preparation of Demeter (satellite) launch.

Amalka Supercomputing facility is credited with computing the first kinetic magnetic field model of Mercury in the MESSENGER project. It also helped to understand the results from the Cluster II mission.

At present, the facility is supporting the THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) project. The results will be useful in planning for creating permanent human bases on Moon that will be protected from solar wind.

The current version runs Linux slackware and delivers 6.38 TFlops. Expansion and optimization of the infrastructure is being implemented by Sprinx Systems.

References

External links
I am Amálka, the most powerful supercomputer in the Czech Republic (Czech)

Supercomputers
Science and technology in the Czech Republic
Information technology in the Czech Republic
Capestang bridge. The Capestang bridge over the Canal du Midi at PK 189 at Capestang is a very important structure for those wishing to motor on the canal.  It is used as a measuring device as it is the lowest structure on the canal.  A boat, with an air draft under  at the center and assuming a beam no more than , a height of no more than  at the extremities, should make it under the bridge.  A British boat builder who builds boats for several of the boat hire companies in France builds their boats to meet these requirements.

Even though rebuilt in recent times, being historic, it was felt necessary to retain its small dimensions.

External links
Detailed drawing of the bridge opening
Two photos

References

Canal du Midi
Bridges in France
Buildings and structures in Hérault
Transport in Occitania (administrative region)
Precision Metalforming Association. Precision Metalforming Association or PMA is a trade association representing the $137-billion metalforming industry of North America: the industry that creates precision metal products using stamping, fabricating, spinning, slide forming and roll forming technologies, and other value-added processes. PMA’s origin was the Pressed Metal Association founded in 1913; the group disbanded during the Great Depression. In 1942 the organization re-emerged as the Pressed Metal Institute, founded by 42 members in Cleveland Ohio. In 1961, the association’s name changed to the American Metal Stamping Association. The organization consists of several industry-focused “divisions:” Metal Spinning (chronological first division, 1975); Washer Manufacturing; Slideforming (1985); Small-Lot Stamping and Fabrication; Custom Rolforming(founded as the Custom Roll Forming Institute in 1972); Tool and Die(1999); Next Generation (2006); and the largest division, Metal Stamping. The Stamping division was formed in 1987 when the AMSA changed its name to the Precision Metalforming Association, to better demonstrate industries the PMA serves.

PMA generates industry information in economic and industry survey reports. It provides benefits like Health Insurance for Members and the PMA 401(k) Retirement Plan. Additional, PMA is an advocacy group attempting to influence policy makers in Washington DC through a partnership with the National Tooling and Machining Association on topics like supply chain, safety regulations and taxes.

Chicago-based industrialist and horticulturalist Bruce Krasberg was president of the PMA in the 1950s. In March 2023
the association elected Jeff Aznavorian, president of Plymouth, Michigan-based Clips & Clamps Industries, as its 2023 chairman of the board.

PMA has 1,000 member companies primarily located in the United States and Canada.

References

External links 
 Official Page

Trade associations based in the United States
Perlée. Perlée and perlage are French words for pearl pattern, a decorative metallic finish consisting of a pattern of small circles (pearls) applied to a surface by grinding. It is mostly used in the automotive and watchmaking industries as an indicator of expensive craftsmanship, particularly if applied by hand rather than machine.

Perlée in the watchmaking industry
Watch components that are given a perlée pattern may include the movement main plate and bridges, the inside of the watch case and the watch-case bottom. The perlée patterned parts of a wrist watch are commonly invisible from the outside except if the watch has a transparent casing or deliberately exposed internal parts.

Further grinding patterns used by watchmakers include the clavus pattern, also known by the French term oeil-de-perdrix (partridge eye).

Perlée in the automotive and aviation industries
The automotive industry has used perlée patterns on surfaces such as car dashboards since its infancy, but these days it is generally confined to luxury vehicles such as the Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Many aircraft of the Golden Age of Aviation had perlée engine-turning finishing used on their sheetmetal components, with one of the best-known examples being Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis trans-Atlantic Ryan NYP aircraft of 1927.

See also
 Engine turning
 Guilloché

External links

 

Visual motifs
Stanley Odd Jobs. The Stanley No. 1 Odd Jobs was a tool produced by the Stanley Works from 1888 to the 1930s. It combined features of sundry tools, in a single pocketable tool, including:
 Try square
 Mitre square
 T-square
 Marking gauge
 Mortise gauge
 Depth gauge
 Mitre level
 Spirit level and plumb
 Beam compass
 Inside square
 Ruler (a separate part used to enable many of the above functions. Often a four fold rule, trimmed in brass, was used)

The name Odd Jobs denotes that the tool does many kinds of sundry tool roles. Its closest cousin among common, modern tools, is the combination square, which shares with the Odd Job the functions of scribing, squaring, level/plumb, and the sliding and locking ruler (originally a 12 inch wooden ruler with a built-in trammel point was included with units bundled with a ruler, but this was often changed and many are found with a steel rule, or a brass-bound four-fold rule --- the Garret Wade reproduction uses a brass bound wooden ruler). However, the Odd Jobs still has some unique functions in its total package, including the compass, and compensated gauging.

Development 
The Odd Jobs was developed by George F. Hall of Long Branch, New Jersey, and patented by him, filing on 7 May 1866, and receiving patent No. 356 533 on 25 January 1887. This patent date can be seen on early examples "PATJAN2587" across the width of the tool.

Production and availability
The OddJobs was produced by Stanley from 1887/8 to 1935. It came in a cardboard box with instruction leaflet. It could be combined with any suitable one inch wooden rule, notably the Stanley four fold boxwood and brass rule. The device was nickel coated, and earlier versions could take a pencil. It weighed . The price changed with time, but prices include 75 cents and $1.10.

Stanley ceased production of the Odd Jobs in  1935, the Garrett Wade tool company revived the tool in 1996, and currently produces Odd Jobs according to the original Stanley design, in two different sizes. It was also available from Harbor Freight and Rockler. Woodpeckers has produced it as a one time tool twice now.

References 

Hand tools
Squares (tool)
Los Alamos Technical Associates. Los Alamos Technical Associates (LATA) is a diversified engineering, scientific, and technical services company serving a worldwide client base. Founded in 1976 in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US, LATA has offices nationwide with corporate offices in Albuquerque, New Mexico. LATA is an employee-owned company. Their work is in four primary service areas: nuclear, environmental, defense and security, and engineering.

Contracts
In February 2003, Los Alamos National Laboratory signed a contract with KSL Services Joint Venture where LATA was one of the three companies.

In January 2005, the Department of Energy announced a signing between LATA and Parallax Inc for a $141 million contract.

Locations
They currently have offices located in:
 Los Alamos, NM (HQ)
 Albuquerque, NM

 
 Ogden, UT
 Richland, WA
 Chicago, IL
 Columbus, OH

Washington, DC
Amarillo, TX
Oak Ridge, TN

References

External links
 

Companies based in New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Joseph Cubitt. Joseph Cubitt (24 November 1811 – 7 December 1872) was an English civil engineer. Amongst other projects, he designed the Blackfriars Railway Bridge over the River Thames in London.

Early life
Cubitt was born in Horning, Norfolk, on 24 November 1811. He was the son of Sir William Cubitt and Abigail Sparkhall (1785-1813). After his mother's death, his father married Elizabeth Jane Tiley in 1820. From his father's second marriage, he had a younger half-brother, William, born 1830. 

He was educated at Bruce Castle School in Tottenham. He was trained for the profession of civil engineer by his father.

Career
Cubitt constructed a great part of the London and South-Western Railway, the whole of the Great Northern Railway, the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, the Rhymney Railway, the Oswestry and Newtown Railway, and the Colne Valley Railway. He was appointed engineer to the Oswestry & Newtown Railway on 3 October 1856.

Cubitt was responsible for Weymouth Pier, the extension of the north pier and other works of Great Yarmouth haven, and the new Blackfriars Bridge. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society, and for many years vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was also a lieutenant-colonel of the Engineer and Railway Staff volunteers.

Personal life
Cubitt died on 7 December 1872 in St George Hanover Square, London.

Ancestry

See also
Herne Hill railway station

References

Attribution

1811 births
1872 deaths
British railway civil engineers
British bridge engineers
People of the Industrial Revolution
Knockout punch. In metalworking, a knockout punch, also known as a chassis punch, panel punch, Greenlee punch, or a Q-max, is a hand tool used to punch a hole through sheet metal. It is a very simple tool that consists of a punch, die, and screw. There are three different drive systems: manual, ratchet, and hydraulic.

Operation
First a pilot hole is drilled slightly larger than the screw of the knockout punch. Then the die is placed on the screw and the screw is inserted into the pilot hole. The screw is then threaded into the punch and the screw tightened until the punch is drawn completely through the sheet metal.

The manual system uses a screw that has a standard hex head or square head and is driven using an allen key or wrench. A manual knockout punch can handle holes from . The ratchet system has a custom ratcheting wrench that uses a ball screw to make the process faster and easier. This type of system has a mechanical advantage of approximately 220:1 and can punch holes up to  in diameter in 10 gauge mild steel. A hydraulic system is much bulkier and heavier than the other systems but it is the easiest to use and can make holes up to  in diameter. It is a two piece system where the dies are attached to the ram which is connected to the hydraulic unit via a flexible hose.

Size families and shapes
There are several sizing systems for these punches. The two most common are those sized for standard electrical knockout sizes and those that are for true dimensional holes. A 3/4 inch conduit size punch actually punches a hole that is approximately 1.1 inches diameter for 3/4 nominal size conduit. A dimensional size punch makes a hole very close to the indicated size. Punch sets are available on both imperial and metric sizes.

Chassis punches are available in a number of shapes, round being the most common. Other shapes include square, hexagonal, and special shapes for thing such as holes with key tabs and D-sub connectors Special shapes often use bolts that are square or keyed and a separate nut on the punch end to ensure alignment of the punch and die.

References

Metalworking hand tools
Project management information system. A project management information system (PMIS) is the logical organization of the information required for an organization to execute projects successfully.  A PMIS is typically one or more software applications and a methodical process for collecting and using project information. These electronic systems "help [to] plan, execute, and close project management goals."
PMIS systems differ in scope, design and features depending upon an organisation's operational requirements.

PMIS PMBOK 5th edition definition
The project management information system, which is part of the environmental factors, provides access to tools, such as a scheduling tool, a work authorization system, a configuration management system, an information collection and distribution system, or interfaces to other online automated systems. Automated gathering and reporting on key performance indicators (KPI) can be part of this system.

Project management information system software 
At the center of any modern PMIS is a software. Project management information system can vary from something as simple as a File system containing Microsoft Excel documents, to a full blown enterprise PMIS software.

Characteristics of a PMIS 
The methodological process used to collect and organize project information can match normalized methodologies such as PRINCE2.

A PMIS Software supports all Project management knowledge areas such as Integration Management, Project Scope Management, Project Time Management, Project Cost Management, Project Quality Management, Project Human Resource Management, Project Communications Management, Project Risk Management, Project Procurement Management, and Project Stakeholder Management.

A PMIS Software is a multi-user application, and can be cloud based or hosted on-premises.

Relationship between a PMS and PMIS
A project management system (PMS) could be a part of a PMIS or sometimes an external tool beside project management information system. PMS is basically an aggregation of the processes, tools, techniques, methodologies, resources, and procedures to manage a project. What a PMIS does is to manage all stakeholders in a project such as the project owner, client, contractors, sub-contractors, in-house staff, workers, managers etc.

References

External links

 Project Management Institute
  Project management information systems By Donald E. Forbes
 Guides for managing projects 
 Agiles Projektmanagement

Project management software
Information management
Simon–Glatzel equation. The Simon–Glatzel equation is an empirical correlation describing the pressure dependence of the melting temperature of a solid. The pressure dependence of the melting temperature is small for small pressure changes because the volume change during fusion or melting is rather small. However, at very high pressures higher melting temperatures are generally observed as the liquid usually occupies a larger volume than the solid making melting more thermodynamically unfavorable at elevated pressure. If the liquid has a smaller volume than the solid (as for ice and liquid water) a higher pressure leads to a lower melting point.

The equation and its variations 

 

 and  are normally the temperature and the pressure of the triple point, but the normal melting temperature at atmospheric pressure are also commonly used as reference point because the normal melting point is much more easily accessible. Typically  is then set to 0.  and  are component-specific parameters.

The Simon–Glatzel equation can be viewed as a combination of the Murnaghan equation of state and the Lindemann law, and an alternative form was proposed by J. J. Gilvarry (1956):

where  is general  at ,  is pressure derivative  at ,  is Grüneisen ratio, and  is the coefficient in Morse potential.

Example parameters 

For methanol the following parameters can be obtained:

The reference temperature has been Tref = 174.61 K and the reference pressure Pref has been set to 0 kPa.

Methanol is a component where the Simon–Glatzel works well in the given validity range.

Extensions and generalizations 
The Simon–Glatzel equation is a monotonically increasing function. It can only describe the melting curves that rise indefinitely with increasing pressure. It may fail to describe the melting curves with a negative pressure dependence or local maximums. A damping term that asymptotically slopes down under pressure,  (c is another component-specific parameter), is introduced by Vladimir V. Kechin to extend the Simon–Glatzel equation so that all melting curves, rising, falling, and flattening, as well as curves with a maximum, can be described by a unified equation:

where  is the Simon–Glatzel equation (rising) and  is the damping term (falling or flattening).

The unified equation may be rewritten as:

This form predicts that all solids have a maximum melting temperature at a positive or (fictitious) negative pressure.

References 

Phase transitions
Equations
Thermodynamics
Monomotor. A monomotor is a train design where a single traction motor powers two or three axles in the same bogie. Conventional bogie design involves either having one motor for each axle, or having one or more axles unpowered. The monomotor design causes the motor to give both axles the same number of revolutions per minute.

Advantages
The monomotor design makes it relatively easy to fit a locomotive with two-speed gearing.  Low gear is used when hauling freight trains and high gear is used when hauling express passenger trains.

Potential problems
When both axle's wheels are equally worn, this gives good operating conditions but, as soon as one of the wheels becomes slightly more worn (as is inevitable with steel wheels on steel rails), there will be slippage which causes wear and waste of energy. The problem can be countered by keeping the wheels regularly ground to the same diameter.

References

External links
 Diagram of monomotor bogie

Bogie
Electric motors
Locomotive parts