omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Norwegian Cyber Engineering School. The Norwegian Defence Cyber Academy (formerly the Norwegian Defence School of Engineering) is a defence and military engineering university located in Lillehammer, Norway. The college was established in 1994.

History 
The Cyber Engineering School has been continuously evolving since its inception in 1946 and has had many names over the years:

 Signal Corps Vocational School (SBYS) 1946-1953
 Army Vocational School for Signal Technical Officers (HYSSB) 1953-1973
 Army Technical School/Electronics (HTFS/E) 1973-1998
 Army Engineering College/Jørstadmoen (HIS/J) 1998-2006
 Defence Engineering College (FIH) 2006-2018
 Cyber Engineering School (CISK) 2018- 

The school is organized as a subunit of the Norwegian Defence University College and educates sergeants and officers with engineering expertise for all branches of the Norwegian Armed Forces: cyber, army, navy, air force, and joint units. When a new intake, or "wing," joins the school, it is assigned to one of the branches. In practice, this means that students wear the uniform of their respective branch, but it does not affect their training or where they end up after graduation. The students beginning their studies in the autumn of 2020 are assigned to the Army.

Education and Service Obligation 
The education consists of 3 years of schooling followed by 3 consecutive years of service in the Armed Forces. The service obligation is fulfilled based on the needs of the Armed Forces. The needs are determined based on reported positions from various units within the Armed Forces, and the process is managed by the school staff. Typically, the number of positions is reduced to match the number of graduating students. There is a wide variation in the branches and units reporting needs, but historically, the majority go to the Army, Navy, and Cyber Defence. The graduating class decides how the positions should be allocated, although some units conduct interviews based on specific needs (academic interest and/or physical capacity). If multiple students desire the same duty station, ranking is often used. This means that the student with the best performance gets the position. Thus, one can influence the choice of duty station based on performance during the study period. Admission requirements, in addition to the regular requirements for officer training, include general study competence with specialization in mathematics (R2) and physics (FY1) or equivalent status (e.g., pre-engineering course).

Academic Divisions 
The education is conducted within two academic tracks: technical and military sciences. The main focus is on technical subjects.

Technical Sciences 

Information Security
Operating Systems
Computer Architecture
Systems Development
Programming
Databases
Signal Processing
Radio Electronics
Basic Engineering Sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry)

References 

Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in Norway
Universities and colleges in Norway
Robert Kay (inventor). Robert Kay (1728–1802) was an English inventor, best known for designing a drop box to improve the capability of weaving looms.

Robert Kay was born in 1728 to John Kay and Ann Holt. He became a shuttlemaker in his native Bury, Lancashire, married in 1748 and had several children. His father emigrated to France in 1747 and was joined there by Robert and two other sons, James and John. The flying shuttle, also known as the wheel-shuttle, had been invented by John senior around 1733 but his commercial acumen did not match his engineering ingenuity and financial problems may have contributed to the move abroad. Robert had returned to Bury probably in 1759 and in either that year or 1760, he designed a method for deploying multiple shuttles simultaneously, enabling the use of wefts of more than one colour and so making it easier for the weaver to produce cross-striped material. These shuttles were housed at the side of the loom in what became known as the drop box. He did not patent the invention but went on to produce other improvements to the shuttle that assisted in producing checked material and ticking for beds, as well as a mechanism for manufacturing the cards used in carding machines.

The drop box probably caused an increase in the use of the flying shuttle: combining the two made the weaving mechanism more complex, but it greatly increased the production speed of even fairly complex cloths.

See also 
 Drop box (weaving device)

References 
Notes

Citations

1728 births
1802 deaths
English inventors
Weaving
People from Bury, Greater Manchester
Patrick J. Lynett. Patrick J. Lynett is an American coastal engineer and Shea Chair Professor in the Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Southern California. He works in the area of coastal impacts due to extreme natural events.

He graduated from Cornell University with a B.S. (1997), M.E. (1998), and Ph.D (2002).  He taught at Texas A&M University from 2002-2010, and spent a fellowship year at Princeton University in 2011.  He is the Secretary of the Coastal Engineering Research Council and is the Editor of the Coastal Engineering Proceedings.  He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2010.

Awards
2013 American Society of Civil Engineers Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize
2010 Guggenheim Fellowship
2008 Commander's Award for Public Service given by the United States Department of the Army

Works
"Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka", Science, June 2005
"Coastal Engineering Proceedings - 2014",

References

External links
"Tsunami Waves Amplified by Buildings", livescience
"Long-Buried New Jersey Seawall Spared Coastal Homes From Hurricane Sandy's Wrath", National Science Foundation
"Researchers to study threat of tsunamis triggered by underwater landslides", NPR
"Patrick J. Lynett", Coastal Engineering @ USC

Living people
1975 births
University of Southern California faculty
American civil engineers
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Average memory access time. In computer science, Average Memory Access Time (AMAT) is a common metric to analyze computer memory system performance.

Metric
AMAT uses hit time, miss penalty, and miss rate to measure memory performance. It accounts for the fact that hits and misses affect memory system performance differently. In addition, AMAT can be extended recursively to multiple layers of the memory hierarchy. It focuses on how locality and cache misses affect overall performance and allows for a quick analysis of different cache design techniques. A tacit assumption of AMAT is that a data access is either a hit or a miss, meaning the memory only supports sequential accesses and cannot have multiple accesses occurring simultaneously. Recently AMAT has been extended to consider concurrent data access. A model, called Concurrent-AMAT (C-AMAT), is introduced for more accurate analysis of current memory systems. More information on C-AMAT can be found in the external links section.

AMAT's three parameters hit time (or hit latency), miss rate, and miss penalty provide a quick analysis of memory systems. Hit latency (H) is the time to hit in the cache. Miss rate (MR) is the frequency of cache misses, while average miss penalty (AMP) is the cost of a cache miss in terms of time. Concretely it can be defined as follows.

It can also be defined recursively as,

where

In this manner, this recursive definition can be extended throughout all layers of the memory hierarchy.

References

External links
 An overview of Concurrent Average Memory Access Time (C-AMAT)

Computer memory
Cache (computing)
Host Analog. Host Analog is an outdoor 1991 sculpture by Buster Simpson located outside the Oregon Convention Center in Portland, Oregon, United States.

Description and history
Buster Simpson's living art installation Host Analog consists of a large 1,000-year-old Douglas fir log placed outside the Oregon Convention Center to nurse seedlings from the state's old growth forest and represent the "connections between the forest and the citizens of Portland". The wind-fallen tree was taken from the Bull Run River's watershed east of Portland and cut into pieces, resembling a fallen Roman column; mist from a stainless steel irrigation system installed around the log is sprayed in fifteen-minute increments. Signage nearby explains the public sculpture and shows how the log appeared after its 1991 installation. The Public Art Archive offers the following description of the artwork:  The growth and development of an indigenous volunteer plantscape are shown in three panoramic images taken over a nine-year period. This piece addresses sustainability and contrasts a dynamic event in an ordered urban context. It is part of the collection of the Regional Arts & Culture Council.

In 2000, Paul Kelsch wrote in Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture about a dilemma faced by Simpson: Though the seedlings are growing quite well, the log is being enveloped by other vegetation that has seeded itself in around it. Simpson is unsure what to do. Should he allow the other plants to grow, or should be cut them out? All of them, or just some? As he put it: How much should he "play God"?

The sculpture has been called "unique" and included in published walking tours and guides of Portland.

See also
 1991 in art
 Bell Circles II (1990) and The Dream (1998), also located outside the Oregon Convention Center
 Neukom Vivarium (2006) by Mark Dion, Olympic Sculpture Park, Seattle

References

External links
 Host Analog at BusterSimpson.net
 Buster Simpson, Host Analog, 2000, Oregon Convention Center, Portland, Oregon at GreenMuseum.org
 Host Analog, (sculpture). at the Smithsonian Institution

1991 establishments in Oregon
1991 sculptures
Individual trees in Oregon
Lloyd District, Portland, Oregon
Outdoor sculptures in Northeast Portland, Oregon
Stainless steel sculptures in Oregon
Stone sculptures in Portland, Oregon
Wooden sculptures in Oregon
Steel sculptures in Portland, Oregon
Solid light. Solid light, or hard light, is a hypothetical material consisting of light in a solidified state.

It has been theorized that solid light could exist. Some experiments claim to have created solid photonic matter or molecules by inducing strong interaction between photons. Potential applications of solid light could include logic gates for quantum computers and room-temperature superconductor development.

Experiments
Photons, the particles that make up forms of electromagnetic radiation like light, do not normally interact with one another, but may be made to interact in a nonlinear medium.

The MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms conducted experiments in the 2010s. Single photons were fired from weak lasers into a dense cloud of rubidium cooled to near absolute zero. The speed of light in the cloud was about 100,000 times slower than in a vacuum. Within the cloud, photons lost energy and gained mass. The conditions allowed photons to attract and bind to other photons, and exit the cloud as molecules. Reportedly, photon pairs were observed in 2013, and triplets in 2018.

Fiction

Solid light appears in several video game franchises, including Halo, Portal, and Overwatch. In Portal 2, sunlight is used to create "hard light bridges", which act as solid semi-transparent walkways or barriers. In Overwatch, the fictional Vishkar Corporation uses solid light as a construction material. In Halo, solid light is the foundation of Forerunner weapons and many of their utilitarian devices like retractable bridges.

Solid holograms appear many times in the TV show Star Trek. In Red Dwarf, the character Rimmer is a hologram who obtains a "hard light drive", allowing him to become tangible. In the animated show Steven Universe, several main characters are aliens who have physical forms made out of light, with a gemstone as the only material part of their body.

In DC Comics' Green Lantern, the various Lantern Corps use solid light constructs. In Marvel Comics properties, "hard light" manifests in many forms. For example, Ms. Marvel utilizes photon blasts to generate concussive force. The X-Men's Danger Room also utilizes hard light constructs in its simulations.

See also
 Jaynes–Cummings model
 Macroscopic quantum self-trapping
 Slow light

References 

Fictional materials
Light
Photonics
Quantum optics
Phase transitions
ZGC Group. ZGC Mechanical & Electrical Co., Ltd () is a Chinese manufacturing and trading company, founded in 1998 at Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. ZGC offers brushless DC motors, stepping motors, PM DC Planetary gear motors, PM DC spur gear motors, LED drivers etc.

LED Driver 

New Plant started running on July 19, 2013 with 1000 m2 space, mainly provides led driver, lighting, electronic charger.

Motors 

ZGC invested in new production line in March, 2012. Mainly provides motor gear for variety business needs.

References

External links 
 

Companies based in Changzhou
Chinese companies established in 1998
Manufacturing companies of China
Manufacturing companies established in 1998
1998 in Changzhou
DoD Secure Kiosk. DoD Secure Kiosk (DSK) is a secure, low-cost, thin client-derived, custom-built, web browsing appliance that uses a run-time environment (RTE) instead of an operating system,  to execute only the code it boots from read-only memory (ROM).  It was designed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) for low-cost and security, and to need no maintenance or updating.

DSK is accredited by the United States Air Force (USAF) for use on the Department of Defense's (DoD's) private NIPRNet network.  It's deployed across the Air Force in every Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG) office and several, major aircraft depots.

References

Thin clients
Web browsers
Decoder. Decoder may refer to:

Technology
 Audio decoder converts digital audio to analog form
 Binary decoder, digital circuits such as 1-of-N and seven-segment decoders
 Decompress (compression decoder), converts compressed data (e.g., audio/video/images) to an uncompressed form
 Instruction decoder, an electronic circuit that converts computer instructions into CPU control signals
 Quadrature decoder, converts signals from an incremental encoder into counter control signals
 Video decoder, converts base-band analog video to digital form

Music
 Decoder (band), a defunct post-hardcore band that was briefly named Lead Hands
 Decoder (duo), a drum and bass duo
 Decoder (album)

Other uses
 Decoder (film), a 1984 West German film

See also
 Decoding methods
 Code (disambiguation)
 Recode (disambiguation)
Sakha Avia. Sakha Avia was an airline that operated in the Sakha Republic of Russia from 1992 until 2001.

History 

Sakha Avia was founded in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As Aeroflot was undergoing the upheavals brought about by the dissolution, its operations in Sakha were spun off as Yakutian Air Enterprises, and then later renamed Sakha Airlines.

The airline rebranded to Yakutia in 2002.

Fleet
The airline operated the following aircraft types before it ceased operations: 
Airbus A310
Antonov An-12 
Antonov An-24
Ilyushin Il-76M
Let L-410 Turbolet
Tupolev Tu-154M
Yakovlev Yak-40 
A number of helicopters

Destinations 
Sakha Avia till 2001 operated a number of routes: 
Barnaul - Barnaul Airport
Beijing - Beijing Capital International Airport
Blagoveshchensk - Ignatyevo Airport
Chita - Kadala Airport
Irkutsk - International Airport Irkutsk  
Khabarovsk - Khabarovsk Novy Airport
Krasnoyarsk - Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Airport
Krasnoyarsk - Yemelyanovo Airport 
Moscow - Domodedovo International Airport 
Moscow - Sheremetyevo International Airport
Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo Airport 
Omsk - Omsk Tsentralny Airport
Saint Petersburg - Pulkovo Airport
Tokyo - Narita International Airport 
Tomsk - Bogashevo Airport
Ulan-Ude - Baikal International Airport
Vladivostok - Vladivostok International Airport 
Yakutsk - Yakutsk Airportbase
Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo Airport 
 + several routes in Yakutia Republic

Incidents
26 August 1993, the Let L-410 Turbolet flying from Kutana to Aldan via Uchur, crashed shortly near Aldan Airport, the aircrash was due to the aircraft overload. All the members of crew and all the passengers died. Following the statistics that was the biggest aircrash as for the aircraft overall and as for the republic Yakutia.
13 July 2002, a Sakha Avia An-24RV (RA-46670) landed wheels-up at Yakutsk Airport during a training flight due to crew error; all four crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.

References

Defunct airlines of Russia
Companies based in Sakha Republic
Airlines established in 1992
1992 establishments in Russia
Airlines disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Russia
List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports. The following is a list of countries by exports of aircraft, including helicopters, and spacecraft (Harmonized System code 8802). Data is for 2023, in billions of United States dollars, as reported by International Trade Centre. Currently the top twenty countries are listed.

Note: Export realized under secret code are not counted. The use of secret code is particularly frequent for military equipment, including military aircraft. Example: Russia exported 14 fighter aircraft Su-30 in the year 2016, as well as other types of military aircraft. Depending on sources, the Su-30 are sold at more or less US$50 million per unit.

Sources

References

Aerospace
Aircraft and spacecraft
List of countries by computer exports. The following is a list of countries by computer exports. Data is for 2014, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top fifteen countries are listed.

The list does not include Taiwan, due to political reasons. Its number is included in China's, even though China does not control or have influence over Taiwan. Every year, one of three laptops sold in the world is produced by one single Taiwanese company, -- Quanta Computer.

References
atlas.media.mit.edu - Observatory of Economic complexity - Countries that export Computers (2012)

Computer
Computer industry
List of power stations in Massachusetts. This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, sortable by type and name. In 2022, Massachusetts had a total summer capacity of 12,767 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 21,026 GWh. In 2023, the electrical energy generation mix was 76.1% natural gas, 10.2% solar, 4.8% biomass, 2.7% hydroelectric, 1% wind, 0.5% petroleum, and 4.8% other. The state's last remaining nuclear power plant was retired in May 2019. 

Massachusetts consumes about twice as much electricity as it generates, but is among the lowest electricity consumption states on a per capita basis, as well as on a per dollar of GDP basis. Distributed small-scale solar, including customer-owned photovoltaic panels, delivered an additional net 3,668 GWh to the state's electricity grid in 2023. This compares as about 84 percent more than the amount generated by Massachusetts' utility-scale solar facilities that year.

Active

Retired

See also 

 List of power stations in the United States

Notes

References

State profile and energy estimates

Massachusetts
 
Power stations
Energy in Massachusetts
Electropoise. The Electropoise was a fake medical instrument patented and sold in the United States of America by Hercules Sanche, who also invented and sold other fake instruments which were later termed as "electroquackery" and included such devices as the "Oxydonor" which were claimed to remedy a range of ailments.

History
The instruments were widely advertised in popular magazines and the company, Electrolibration, opened numerous offices far from their headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama including New York and London. The President of Electropoise, John N. Webb, admitting that he was not a man of science stated that his hands were full handling the business. It was sold for about twenty-five dollars. Other successors like Oxydonor were sold at ten to thirty dollars. Even during its heyday, a period when electricity was viewed with awe, some physicians called attention to the nature of the fraud but their efforts had little impact on the advertisement and sale. A letter to the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1897 by a physician named George N. Kreider states that "One of the most glaring frauds of this decade has been an appliance known as 'Electropoise,' advertised in Harper's Monthly and other leading publications" and promoted by a W.H. De Puy, editor of the New York Christian Advocate.

N.C. Morse, a physician, tried investigating the instrument and wrote: "I have had it sawed into sections and alas, like the goose that laid the golden egg of fable fame, there is nothing in the carcass!" Another physician named Harding wrote in 1930 that the pricing of such devices helped in selling the remedy which may have had a placebo effect. The advertisement was clever in claiming that it enhanced the body's natural healing ability. The Electropoise, it claimed: 
 
Elsewhere it claimed:
Skeptics pointed out the fraudulent logic used in claims and endorsements of its curative effect stating that it was dangerous use of post hoc ergo propter hoc as the logic. 
Sanche was careful in that he never claimed that his device would cure diseases like tuberculosis. Others like E.L. Moses, inventor of Oxypathor, would go to jail for 18 months in 1915 for making false curative claims.
The company was not without competition. A device called the Oxygenor was marketed by a rival and Sanche went to court. The court claimed that there was not enough evidence for the value of his invention and therefore that it could not be protected. Justice Shiras and the other judges declared that his theory of "diaduction" (a term he coined) was a mere pretense to allow him to obtain a patent. In Britain the Richardson Electro-Galvanic Belt of Ludgate Hill and the Magneto-Electric Battery Company were competing with Electropoise.

See also
 Pulvermacher's chain
 Radionics

References

Further reading
American Medical Association. (1911). Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery. Press of American Medical Association.
Stewart Holbrook. (1959). The Golden Age of Quackery. Collier Books.

External links
 Museum of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy
Health fraud products
Pseudoscience
Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur main line. Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur main line is a passenger and freight train line operating in the Uttar Pradesh state of India. The line has 51 stations, between its start at  to its point of termination at .

Operation
The Allahabad–Mau–Gorakhpur mainline is owned by Indian Railways, and operated by North Eastern Railway and North Central Railway respectively.

Technical information 
The length of the line is , with the length of the track being . Using  broad gauge track, the rolling stock on the line includes the diesel locomotives; WDM-2, WDM-3A, WDP 4 and WDG 4. The main line is now electrified. There is a max operating speed of up to 110 km/h.

References 

5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Main railway lines of India

Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh
Railway lines opened in 1930

Transport in Prayagraj district
Transport in Gorakhpur district
Mau district