omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Levasseur PL.7. The Levasseur PL.7 was a torpedo bomber developed in France in the late 1920s. It was a development of Levasseur's PL.4 reconnaissance aircraft and intended to replace their PL.2 then in service with the Aéronavale. It was a single-bay biplane of largely conventional design, but incorporating safety features for naval operation, including jetissonable main undercarriage units, a watertight, boat-shaped fuselage, and small floats on the undersides of the lower wings.

History 

The first flight was in 1928, and during testing, aspects of the design underwent fine-tuning, including engine choice and the design of the wing struts and tail fin. Eventually presented to the Navy, an order for 15 aircraft was placed in 1929. However, the Navy had reservations about the wing design, and ordered five of these machines to be delivered with their spans shortened from the  original down to  and built to different wing areas, and a sixth machine with its span shortened to . These miscellaneous types were all put into service together aboard the carrier Béarn in July 1930. After testing, one of the 16.50 m wing designs was selected as the standard, and 30 new aircraft were ordered with this wing. Ten of the existing PL.7s were also thus modified.

The PL.7s were grounded in July 1931 after two aircraft had disintegrated in flight, losses that were attributed to vibration problems. They were returned to service in September 1932 having reinforced wing bracing and engine mounts, and new three-bladed metal propellers. In 1934, they were relegated to shore duties, but were put aboard the Béarn again in 1936, where they were still in service (albeit now thoroughly obsolete) at the outbreak of the Second World War.

Levasseur displayed an aircraft at the 1926 Salon de l'Aéronautique dubbed the PL.7T (for "transport") and promoted as an airliner. This was fitted with a Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter engine and had a revised fuselage with side-by-side seating for a pilot and mechanic and an enclosed cabin for six passengers.  This, however, was merely a PL.4 specially modified for the show. It was scrapped immediately afterward, never having flown.

Variants
PL.7 (18.5m span) span, Farman 12We powered; 1built.
PL.7 (18m span) span, Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr powered; 9 built.
PL.7 (17.25m span) span, Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr powered; 1 built.
PL.7 (16.5m span) span, Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr powered; 40 built / converted from PL.7 (18m).
PL.7T (also known as Levasseur VIIT) An airliner derivative exhibited at the 1926 Salon de l'Aéronautique, with side-by-side seating for a pilot and mechanic and enclosed cabin for six passengers, powered by a Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter.

Operators

 Aéronavale
 Escadrille 7B1

Specifications (PL.7  18.5m span)

See also

References

Levasseur PL.07
Carrier-based aircraft
Levasseur aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Tetrazene explosive. Tetrazene (1-(5-tetrazolyl)-3-guanyl tetrazene hydrate)  is an explosive material used for sensitization of priming compositions.  It is a derivative of the compound with the IUPAC name tetrazene.

Tetrazene is slightly more impact-sensitive than mercury fulminate. When pressed enough, its sensitivity is reduced or destroyed; this is known as dead pressing. It also decomposes in boiling water. In contact with fire, it readily explodes, producing large amounts of black smoke. It is prepared by reacting sodium nitrite with an aminoguanidine salt dissolved in acetic acid at 30–40 °C.

Reactions

Decomposition
The decomposition of tetrazene is quite rapid around 90 °C. A sample of tetrazene was heated in an oven at 90 °C and its rate of thermal decomposition was monitored by infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The thermal decomposition reaction is autocatalytic and it is likely that the same reaction can occur at even lower temperatures, however at much slower rates.

Sensitivity to friction
Many explosives are considered to be highly sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as impact, friction, stab, heat, static electricity, flame, etc. Since explosive compounds are subject to friction practically every time they are handled, it is of particular interest to be aware of the sensitivity to friction. The sensitivity of tetrazene was determined using a FSKM-PEx friction sensitivity tester. The probability of ignition of tetrazene is 100 percent likely at 27N of frictional force.

Hazards

Instances of occupational rhinitis, dermatitis, and asthma  have been reported due to prolonged exposure to tetrazene.

References 

Nitrogen compounds
Explosive chemicals
Azo compounds
Tetrazoles
Engineering Division. The Engineering Division was a division of the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps in the United States Department of War. It was formed on 31 August 1918, under the direction of Lt Col Jesse G. Vincent, to study and design American versions of foreign aircraft. It was later renamed Engineering Division, Air Service and then in 1926 Material Division Air Corps. It was based at McCook Field, and in October 1927 moved to Wright Field.

Background
United States Armed Forces procurement of aircraft began when the Army's 1907 Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, acquired several of the Wright Military Flyer of 1909.

Airplane Engineering Department
The Airplane Engineering Department was established by the Equipment Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1917 for World War I experimental engineering.  The department had a 1917 Foreign Data Section,  and the Airplane Engineering Department was on McCook Field at Dayton, Ohio (the 1917 Patterson Field and Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot were nearby.)  In June 1917 Major Raynal Bolling lead a Bureau of Aircraft Production mission to France, investigating if it was possible to build British and French aircraft in the United States and which aircraft should be bought from the Allies.
McCook Field established the Air School of Application in 1919 after the department became the Airplane Engineering Division on 31 August 1918 under Lt Col Jesse G. Vincent (Packard co-engineer of the 1917 V-12 Liberty engine) to study and design American versions of foreign aircraft.  It combined a number of existing divisions of the Air Service, including the Engineering Department and the Airplane Experimental Department.

Engineering
The Engineering Division was set up to evaluate proposals, and the first project it undertook was installing an American Liberty L-12 engine on the British Airco DH.9 aircraft, designating it USD-9 and USD-9A.  Other aircraft modified include the Bristol F.2 Fighter, designated XB-1.

In 1920, the Engineering Division's Bureau of Aircraft Production completed the design of the Ground Attack, Experimental, (GAX) aircraft built as the Boeing GA-1, and designed the Verville-Clark Pursuit (led by Alfred V. Verville) that after redesign won the initial Pulitzer Race in 1920 at Roosevelt Field. The division also designed the TP-1 and TW-1.  In 1925, in order to promote private aircraft developments, the Engineering Division was restricted by General Mason Patrick and could no longer build experimental aircraft.

In 1926 the United States Army Air Service was replaced with the United States Army Air Corps, and the Engineering Division merged in 1926 with the Air Service's Supply Division (formed by 1919) to form the Material Division (Air Corps) at Wright Field.

References

 Acquisition Management in the United States Air Force and its Predecessors. Accessed 22 September 2008.
 Lineage and Commanders of Aeronautical Systems Center. Accessed 22 September 2008.

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Wireline. Wireline may refer to:

 Slickline, a cabling technology used for oil-well completions and maintenance
 Wireline (cabling), a cabling technology involving sending a current to downhole logging tools in oil-well exploration and completions
 Wired communication, an electric networking technology
 Wireline (recording studio), a hybrid analog/digital recording facility in Midland, Texas
 Plain Old Telephone Service, a traditional land-line telephone system
Levasseur PL.10. 

The Levasseur PL.10 was a carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft developed in France in the late 1920s. It was a conventional, single-bay biplane along similar lines to Levasseur's contemporary designs for the French navy, including a watertight, boat-shaped fuselage, small underwing floats, and undercarriage that could be jettisoned in flight in order to improve the chances of a successful ditching.

Thirty of these machines were purchased by the Aéronavale, entering service aboard the carrier Béarn in 1931 under the designation R3b. In 1935, these were followed by thirty examples of an improved version, the PL.101, which replaced the original PL.10s in service aboard the carrier.

The PL.10 was also radically revised in the PL.107 torpedo bomber prototypes of 1937. These featured a fully enclosed cockpit that also enclosed the mounting between the fuselage and upper wing, therefore moving the fuselage higher in the interplane gap. To compensate for this, the lower wing was replaced with one of inverse gull design, and the main undercarriage units were moved to their "low points" and provided with spats. Two prototypes were evaluated and rejected by the Aéronavale. Levasseur then made one final attempt to sell the PL.10 design in the PL.108, which was generally similar to the PL.107s. This first flew on 26 September 1939, but proved no more promising than its predecessors.

Variants
 PL.10 - original version with Hispano-Suiza 12Lb engine (30 built)
 PL.101 - revised version with Hispano-Suiza 12Lb engine, wider-track undercarriage, and slight sweepback on the wings (30 built)
 PL.107 - torpedo bomber version with an enclosed cockpit, new lower wing, spatted undercarriage, and Gnome-Rhône 9Kfr engine (2 built)
 PL.108 - similar to PL.107, but with Hispano-Suiza 9Vbrs (1 built)

Units using this aircraft

 Aéronavale
 Escadrille 7S1

Specifications (PL.101)

Notes

References
 
 aviafrance.com
 Уголок неба

1920s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Levasseur aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Levasseur PL.14. 

The Levasseur PL.14 was a torpedo bomber seaplane developed in France in the late 1920s. It was essentially similar to Levasseur's PL.7 carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft with the addition of pontoons. The design dispensed with the small underwing floats that formed part of the safety equipment of Levasseur's carrier-based aircraft of the period, but retained the boat-like fuselage. The wing was built to the 18.00-metre design originally developed for the PL.7 but ultimately rejected in favour of a shorter wing.

Thirty PL.14s were purchased to equip the seaplane base at Berre. When the PL.7s were grounded in 1931, PL.14s were equipped with wheeled undercarriage and put aboard the carrier Béarn in their place. Even after the PL.7s' return to service, four wheeled PL.14s remained aboard Béarn from 1935 to 1937.

Units using this aircraft

 Aéronavale
 Escadrille 7B2

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 
 
 aviafrance.com

1920s French bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
Levasseur aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Levasseur PL.15. 

The Levasseur PL.15 was a torpedo bomber seaplane developed in France in the early 1930s. It was a follow-on design to Levasseur's PL.14 that had, in turn, been developed from the carrier-based PL.7. While the PL.14 retained the PL.7's boat-like fuselage (developed as a safety feature for carrier-based aircraft ditching), the PL.15 was a purpose-built seaplane with an all-new, slender fuselage.

The Aéronavale ordered 16 PL.15s for use aboard the seaplane tender Commandant Teste, and purchased and deployed the prototype as well. These were in service from 1933 to 1938, when they were put into storage. The PL.15s were reactivated with the outbreak of war in September 1939, and were used for anti-submarine patrol along France's Atlantic coast.

Variants
 PL.15 – main production version (17 built)
 PL.151 – radical inverted sesquiplane redesign with full-size mid-wing mainplane and small secondary plane mounted above fuselage (not built)
 PL.154 – landplane version (1 converted from PL.15)

Units using this aircraft

 Aéronavale
 Escadrille 7B2
 Escadrille 3S6

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .  
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. . 
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing.

External links

 aviafrance.com

1930s French bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
Levasseur aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Loening PA-1. The Loening PA-1 (Pursuit-Air cooled) was an American fighter aircraft prototype built by Loening Aeronautical Engineering.

Development
The PA-1 was a single-seat biplane with N-struts powered by a Wright R-1454 radial engine, an all-wood fuselage and wings with fabric coverings. The USAAS ordered two prototypes. The sole prototype first flew in March 1922, was found to have poor performance, so the construction of the second prototype was cancelled.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

PA-01
Loening PA-01
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Clarence Tunnel. The Clarence Tunnel is a railway tunnel that was originally part of the Main Western railway line across the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. It is  long.

History and description
The tunnel, located to the west of Clarence, was built by William Watkins and opened on 18 October 1869. The tunnel is almost entirely straight apart from a curve at the Clarence end and is the highest railway tunnel in Australia. The tunnel was closed on 16 October 1910, after being by-passed by a new deviation. After the tunnel's closure, it was utilised for growing mushrooms. In 1944, during World War II, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) stockpiled chemical munitions in the tunnel. The facility was known as No. 4 Sub Depot of No. 1 Central Reserve RAAF and was vacated by the RAAF in 1946.

The tunnel was reopened in 1975 and forms part of the Zig Zag tourist railway.

References

Railway tunnels in New South Wales
Buildings and structures in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Tunnels completed in 1869
1869 establishments in Australia
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
Kutaisi Auto Mechanical Plant. The Kutaisi Auto Mechanical Plant (KAMP) (), formerly Kutaisi Automobile Plant (; ) or KAZ () for short, is a truck factory located in Kutaisi, Georgia.

History

Construction began in 1945, using forced labor, notably Polish Home Army prisoners. The first ZIS-150 (KAZ-150) truck rolled off its production line on August 18th, 1951.

In 2006, a majority part of the company synced with the Georgian Industrial Group and was named the Kutaisi Auto Mechanical Plant (KAMP). Today, the factory produces a wide range of automotive industry parts, including spare parts for agricultural machinery, ropeways, railways and mining equipment.

Products

 КАZ-150
 KAZ-120Т (Phоtо)
 КАZ-585 (Phоtо)
 КАZ-600 (Phоtо)
 КАZ-601 (Phоtо)
 КАZ-605 Kolkhida (Phоtо)
 КАZ-606 Kolkhida experimental (Phоtо)
 КАZ-606/606А (Phоtо)
 КАZ-608 Kolkhida
 КАZ-608В Kolkhida
 КАZ-4502 Kolkhida (Phоtо)
 КАZ-4540 Kolkhida

Gallery

References

External links
 KAMP official page

Truck manufacturers of Georgia (country)
Buildings and structures in Kutaisi
Truck manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1951
1951 establishments in Georgia (country)
1951 establishments in the Soviet Union
Eric E. Sumner. Eric Eden Sumner (December 17, 1923 – January 19, 1993) was an Austrian-American engineer and scientist, well known for his
contributions to the early developments of switching systems.

Born in Vienna, he moved to New York City where he went to
Brooklyn Technical High School, 
earned a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Cooper Union (1948),
and M.A. degrees in physics (1953) and electrical engineering (1960) from Columbia University.
Sumner joined Bell Labs (1948) where he became leader of the group that developed the
pulse-code modulation transmission system (1955), 
and later director of transmission systems (1960) that developed the T1 carrier system (1962).
Following this, he led the underwater transmission laboratory projects on submarine surveillance systems  (1962–67),
the transmission media division  in Atlanta, Georgia (1967–71) and 
the loop division (1971-) where he oversaw development of computerized network management systems.
After retiring (1989) he served as president of the IEEE (1991) and was chairman of New Jersey Inventor's Hall of Fame.
Sumner died of heart failure.

He held eleven patents, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1988).
Sumner was an IEEE Fellow and received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
jointly with M. Robert Aaron and John S. Mayo (1978).  
The IEEE Eric E. Sumner award includes a bronze medal and was instituted in his name (1995).

References

1923 births
1993 deaths
Austrian emigrants to the United States
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellows of the IEEE
Cooper Union alumni
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Presidents of the IEEE Communications Society
John S. Mayo. John Sullivan Mayo (born February 26, 1930) is an American engineer, AT&T executive and seventh president of Bell Labs, known for contributions to the computer and telecommunications industry.

In 1979, Mayo was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions and leadership in the realization of digital facilities for the telecommunications network.

Biography
Born in Greenville, North Carolina, he earned B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from North Carolina State University.

Following this, Mayo joined Bell Labs, now Nokia Bell Labs, (1955) where he first worked on early computers as the TRADIC and Leprechaun, the Telstar satellite, ocean sonar systems and various switching systems. He was elected vice president at Bell Labs (1975) and eventually became the seventh president (1991) until his retirement (1995). He is credited with globalizing Bell Labs and forging closer ties between its research and development and business units.

Awards
IEEE Fellow (1967).
Outstanding Engineering Alumnus of North Carolina State University (1977).
With Eric E. Sumner and M. Robert Aaron he won  the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1978) and the Computer and Communications Society Koji Kobayashi Award (1988) for the pioneer work on T-1.
Elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1979).
National Medal of Technology award (1990) for providing the technological foundation for information age communications and for overseeing the conversion of the national switched telephone network from analog to digital-based technology.
The Industrial Research Institute (IRI) Medal (1992).
Engineering Manager of the Year by the American Society for Engineering Management (1992).
American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) Chair's Award (2010).

References

External links
 John S. Mayo Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award Recipient — 1977

1930 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
North Carolina State University alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
National Medal of Technology recipients
People from Greenville, North Carolina
Ed Swearingen. Edward "Ed" James Swearingen (12 September 1925 – 15 May 2014) was an aeronautical engineer based in San Antonio, Texas.

Life
Swearingen was notable for developing modifications from existing production aircraft such as the Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche from the Piper PA-24 Comanche single engine series and the Swearingen Merlin turboprop aircraft from the Beech Model 50 Twin Bonanza. Swearingen also developed original aircraft designs such as the SX-300 experimental airplane and Sino Swearingen SJ30-2 executive jet.

References

External links
Living Legend Ed Swearingen’s Lifetime of Invention - Airport Journals, May 2009

2014 deaths
1925 births
American aerospace engineers
Pamela Liversidge. Pamela Edwards Liversidge  (born 23 December 1949) was the first female president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Life
She was born 23 December 1949 (née Humphries) and graduated with a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Aston University.  After graduating she worked for GKN as a Graduate Trainee, then moved into forging with a small company based in Sheffield. Following this she moved into the electricity supply industry, becoming Divisional Director of East Midlands Electricity.

In 1993 she set up her own business to manufacture specialist metal powders, notably for medical engineering through which she facilitated the formation of the Association of Institutions in Medical Engineering (AIME). Her company was sold in 1996, and Liversidge became the managing director of Quest Investments, a holding company for several engineering enterprises.

Honours
In 1997 she became the first female president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1999  was awarded the OBE in recognition of her services to engineering.  She has received honorary degrees from Aston, Huddersfield and Sheffield Hallam Universities.  She was High Sheriff of South Yorkshire in 2004–5.

She is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Fellow of the City and Guilds Institute, Freeman of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire, and Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Engineers.

Her husband Douglas was elected as Master of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire in 1998, leading to Liversidge to hold the Mistress Cutler role. From 2011 to 2012 she was Master Cutler of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire, the first woman to hold this post.

On 7 February 2014 a new postgraduate engineering building at the University of Sheffield was named the Pam Liversidge Building in her honour. Since 2019 the Pam Liversidge OBE Award for Engineering is awarded at the Inspirational Women of Sheffield Awards.

References

External links
IMechE Presidents Image of Pamela Liversidge

British mechanical engineers
1949 births
Living people
Alumni of Aston University
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century women engineers
Master Cutlers