omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John W. Mullin. John William Mullin (22 August 1925 – 11 March 2009) was a Ramsay Memorial Professor of Chemical Engineering and world expert in crystallisation.

Education and career

Between 1945 and 1948 Mullin was with the RAF. After leaving the RAF, he studied at the University of Wales and gained a first class degree in chemistry in 1951. Mullin's joined the University College London, where he completed a postgraduate diploma in chemical engineering in 1952, and then a PhD in 1955. He achieved a DSc from the University of Wales in 1962.

In 1956, he joined the Ramsay department of chemical engineering  at University College London, first as a lecturer, and from 1961 as a reader, before becoming a professor in 1969. While under M. B. Donald, the Ramsay professor of chemical engineering, Mullin's built a strong research group in the field of crystallisation. His textbook Crystallization was first published in 1961. Due to his expertise into cystallisation he was in demand as a consultant in the chemical, petrochemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.

In 1985, he was appointed the Ramsay professor of chemical engineering, replacing the previous incumbent P. N. Rowe. He retired from the role in 1990, being replaced by A. Cornish. He continued as Professor Emeritus and in 1997 was UCL Crabtree Foundation president.

Upon Mullin's death, Professor Richard Allsop wrote for the Royal Academy of Engineering,

As well as being eminent in his field, John Mullin was a valued senior colleague to many of us at UCL across and probably well beyond the Faculty of Engineering. He lived and thrived, and helped us to live and thrive, through times of immense change in academic life by his leadership in the senior roles he played, and by real personal concern for many with whom he worked. In retirement we continued to see him often, and we shall continue to feel his presence in spirit.

Awards
In 1970, Mullin was jointly awarded the IChemE Moulton Medal with J Nyvlt for the most meritorious paper published by the Institution.

Mullin was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry ; the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He was also an honorary Fellow of the School of Pharmacy; University College Wales and University College London.

Early and personal life
Mullin was born in Cheshire on 22 August 1925, attending the Hawarden High School until 1940. He met his wife Averil while at the University of Wales, and they would go onto have two children, Jonathan and Susan, and grandchildren Victoria and Katherine. Mullin died on 11 March 2009 at home aged 83.

Selected works
 Crystallization, 1961, 1973, 1993, 2001

References

1925 births
2009 deaths
Academics of University College London
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the University of Wales
British chemists
British chemical engineers
Chemical engineering academics
Fellows of the Institution of Chemical Engineers
OKB Fakel. EDB Fakel (Russian ОКБ "Факел") is a Russian electric propulsion system development company. It is located in Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast. It was founded in 1955 as a Propulsion laboratory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; in 1962 it obtained status of Design Bureau, OKB.

Overview 
Fakel specializes in spacecraft attitude control thrusters, ion engines and plasma sources. It is a world leader in the field of Hall thruster development and a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of electric propulsion systems. The company's third-generation electric propulsion system SPT-100 has been certified in accordance with western standards and the company is actively marketing the system to foreign customers.

The company has 960 employees.

Flight missions 
Many companies have used Fakel electrically powered spacecraft propulsion systems on their hardware flown in space.  Company's hardware were used on SESAT 1, Alphasat, LS-1300, Meteor spacecraft, USP bus, AMOS-6, MobaHo!, Inmarsat-4 F3, Astra 1K, Luch, and many others as well.

Partners 
Due to the large experience gained by the company in electric engines, notable companies have entered into partnership with the company.

ISS-Reshetnev - Khrunichev - TsSKB-Progress - NPO Lavochkin - RKK Energiya - Keldysh Research Center - CNIIHM - Moscow Aviation Institute - Aerojet Rocketdyne - Snecma - Thales Alenia Space - Airbus Defence and Space - Space Systems/Loral - RUAG - Israel Aerospace Industries - OHB Sweden - Aerospazio.

References

External links 
Company website

Soviet and Russian space institutions
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries
Companies based in Kaliningrad Oblast
Federal State Unitary Enterprises of Russia
Design bureaus
Tairov Ta-3. The Tairov Ta-3 was a twin-engined single-seat heavy fighter designed and produced in the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union from 1939. The Ta-3 was envisioned to serve primarily as an escort fighter. Competing contemporaneous designs in the USSR included the Grushin Gr-1, Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS and Polikarpov TIS.

Development 
Tairov designed and built the OKO-6 to a Soviet Air Force requirement for a twin-engined escort fighter to escort and protect bombers on long range missions. Competing proposals included the Grushin Gr-1, MiG DIS and Polikarpov TIS.

The aircraft was a single-seat monoplane of mixed construction; with wing spars of 30KhGSA (30ХГСА) steel, D1 aluminium alloy ribs, flush riveted skin, and elektron magnesium alloy leading edges; the fuselage was largely of flush-riveted D1 aluminium alloy built as a semi-monocoque shell with a wooden tail section. Armour was provided fore and aft of the compact cockpit, and the heavy armament was grouped around the nose of the aircraft, with two 12.7mm BS machine guns in the upper nose and four ShVAK cannons in the lower forward fuselage. The engines were housed in large underwing nacelles and drove counter-rotating propellers to eliminate torque effect with throttle movement.

First flown by Yu. K. Stankevich on 31 December 1939, the first aircraft was also tested by LII until the summer of 1940 when one of the engines threw a connecting-rod. The directional stability was found to be unsatisfactory so the second prototype (OKO-6bis) was built with a much longer rear fuselage, twin fins on the tips of a longer span tailplane as well as more powerful engines with LH rotation.

The third prototype was initially called OKO-6bis, changed to Ta-3, was flown by Stankevich in May 1941 with M-89 engines, one AM-37 37mm cannon and two ShVAK 20mm cannons.
The fourth airframe which was to be the Ta-3bis with M-82 engines was abandoned due to the German invasion, and further work on the Ta-3 was halted when Tairov was killed in an airline crash, traveling between Moscow and Kuybyshev, in December 1941.

Variants
 OKO-6 – initial prototype with  M-88 engines, short fuselage and single fin and rudder. Armament:-2 x 12.7mm BS machine-guns and 4 x 20mm ShVAK cannon in the forward fuselage.
 OKO-6bis – second prototype with lengthened fuselage, twin fins and M-88R engines. Armament:- 2 x 7.62mm ShKAS machine-guns and 4 x 20mm ShVAK cannon in the forward fuselage.
 Ta-3 – third prototype renamed from OKO-6bis, with M-89 engines and increased span wings. Armament:- 1x 37mm AM-37 cannon and 2 x 20mm ShVAK cannon in the forward fuselage.
 Ta-3bis – uncompleted fourth prototype, with  Shvetsov M-82 engines, abandoned with the German invasion of Ukraine. Armament:- 1x 37mm AM-37 cannon and 2 x 20mm ShVAK cannon in the forward fuselage.

Specifications (Ta-3)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Ta-3
Airey house. An Airey house is a type of prefabricated house built in Great Britain following the Second World War.

Designed by Sir Edwin Airey to the Ministry of Works Emergency Factory Made housing programme, it features a frame of prefabricated concrete columns reinforced with tubing recycled from the canvas tilt frames of military trucks. A series of shiplap style concrete panels, tied back to the columns, form the external envelope.

In 1947, the Central Office of Information commissioned a propaganda film, Country Homes. The directoral debut of the later acclaimed documentary maker Paul Dickson, the film promotes the building of Airey houses in rural areas as a solution to the poor condition (due to the 1930s depression followed by wartime neglect) of much of the housing stock outside Britain's conurbations, due to the ease with which the prefabricated sections could be transported to remote locations.

Today the Airey houses are life expired and many are in disrepair. The houses are one of a number of precast concrete systems listed in the Housing Defects Act. This meant that Government help for private owners was available in certain cases. Generally they are not accepted for mortgages unless repaired in accordance with certain prescribed methods. In the mid-2000s, one company began testing a refurbishment programme. Their programme involves replacing the concrete slabs with blocks, covered the blocks with insulation, and then facing the structure with brick. It is hoped this remodel will result in a warmer and more structurally sound house.

See also 
 Prefabs in the United Kingdom

References 

House types in the United Kingdom
Prefabricated houses
CLMUL instruction set. Carry-less Multiplication (CLMUL) is an extension to the x86 instruction set used by microprocessors from Intel and AMD which was proposed by Intel in March 2008 and made available in the Intel Westmere processors announced in early 2010. Mathematically, the instruction implements multiplication of polynomials over the  finite field  GF(2) where the bitstring  represents the polynomial . The CLMUL instruction also allows a more efficient implementation of the closely related multiplication of larger finite fields GF(2k) than the traditional instruction set.

One use of these instructions is to improve the speed of applications doing block cipher encryption in Galois/Counter Mode, which depends on finite field GF(2k) multiplication.  Another application is the fast calculation of CRC values, including those used to implement the LZ77 sliding window DEFLATE algorithm in zlib and pngcrush.

ARMv8 also has a version of CLMUL. SPARC calls their version XMULX, for "XOR multiplication".

New instructions
The instruction computes the 128-bit carry-less product of two 64-bit values.  The destination is a 128-bit XMM register.  The source may be another XMM register or memory.  An immediate operand specifies which halves of the 128-bit operands are multiplied.  Mnemonics specifying specific values of the immediate operand are also defined:

A EVEX vectorized version (VPCLMULQDQ) is seen in AVX-512.

CPUs with CLMUL instruction set
 Intel
 Westmere processor (March 2010).
 Sandy Bridge processor
 Ivy Bridge processor
 Haswell processor
 Broadwell processor (with increased throughput and lower latency)
 Skylake (and later) processor
 Goldmont processor
 AMD:
Jaguar-based processors and newer 
 Puma-based processors and newer 
 "Heavy Equipment" processors 
 Bulldozer-based processors 
 Piledriver-based processors 
 Steamroller-based processors 
 Excavator-based processors and newer 
 Zen processors
 Zen+ processors
 Zen2 (and later) processors

The presence of the CLMUL instruction set can be checked by testing one of the CPU feature bits.

See also
 Finite field arithmetic
 AES instruction set
 FMA3 instruction set
 FMA4 instruction set
 AVX instruction set

References

X86 architecture
X86 instructions
Zlokazov ARK-Z-1. The ARK-Z-1, was a single-engined transport aircraft designed and produced in the USSR from 1933.

Development
Zlokazov formed a small design bureau, at the GVF repair plant at Irkutsk, to create a transport aircraft for use in the Arctic regions. The aircraft was based on the PS-4, which was  a Soviet built Junkers W33, with an enclosed, heated, cockpit and cabin for ten passengers or 880 kg of cargo loaded through a double set of doors on the port fuselage side. The undercarriage introduced oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers with large low-pressure tyres which could be exchanged for skis when necessary, and a good field performance was ensured through use of powered landing flaps. The ARK-Z-1 satisfactorily completed the factory flight test programme and the aircraft was then flown to Moscow for testing by the NII GVF during the Autumn of 1935.  Production was not pursued due to the obsolescent structure.

Specifications (ARK-Z-1)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet airliners
Metron Aviation. Metron Aviation, a subsidiary of Airbus based in Herndon, Virginia, operates within the Air Traffic Management and Air Traffic Flow Management sectors. The company develops software for traffic flow management, surface operations management, airspace design, and environmental analysis. These tools are designed for air navigation service providers, airlines, airports, and the government entities.

Origins

Founded in 1995, Metron Aviation provides services in Air Traffic Flow Management, working with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to develop a Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) platform for optimizing system-wide traffic flow.

Airbus Acquisition
In July 2011, Airbus announced a definitive agreement to acquire Metron Aviation, Inc., a privately held company. Following the acquisition, Metron Aviation was reorganized in 2012 to align with the launch of Airbus ProSky, the Air Traffic Management subsidiary of Airbus based in Toulouse, France. As of today, Metron Aviation employs approximately 100 people, down from around 200 in 2011.

Customers
Metron Aviation's business is currently composed of 70% Advanced Research and Engineering and 30% Commercial Products and Solutions. Metron Aviation's current and past customers include various aviation authorities, government agencies, and numerous commercial airlines across different regions, including North America, Australia, and South Africa.

References

1. ^http://www.marketwatch.com/story/airbus-to-buy-us-firm-metron-aviation-2011-07-26.

Companies based in Dulles, Virginia
Pavel Jelínek. Pavel Jelínek (; born November 17, 1972) is a Czech physicist, member of an international group of scientists (from Japan, Spain and Czech Republic), that for the first time chemically identified individual atoms using an atomic force microscope and quantum-mechanical computation. More specifically, they were able to image surface of an alloy at atomic resolution and successfully identify tin, lead and silicon atoms on this surface.

References

Czech physicists
Living people
1972 births
Sukhoi KR-860. The Sukhoi KR-860 "Wings of Russia" (), earlier named the SKD-717, was a proposed design for a double decker wide-body superjumbo jet aircraft by Russian aerospace company Sukhoi. A 1/24th scale model was shown at the 1999 Paris Air Show.

Development
The design had a maximum weight of about 650 tonnes, a payload of about 300 tonnes, the main deck having a 12-abreast seating with three aisles, while the upper deck had 9-abreast seating with two aisles. It was intended to carry 860 to 1000 passengers. Entry would be through conventional fuselage doors or forward and aft ventral escalators. The wing design had winglets and a fold outboard of the outer engine.  For comparison the Antonov An-225 had a maximum weight of 640 tonnes and a payload of 250 tonnes.  A 1/24 scale model was shown at the 1999 Paris Air Show. If built, the aircraft would have been the world's largest, widest, and heaviest airliner.

The concept for the aircraft began in the 1990s with a forecast programme cost of US$10 billion (early published figures were US$4–5.5B) and called for the first aircraft to be built before 2000. With an estimated price per unit of about US$160–200 million (an earlier published estimate was US$150 million) the market was forecast for a total of 300 aircraft, with production planned for the Kazan Aircraft Production Association facility. Initially designed for the carriage of passengers, later a KR-860T (T stands for Tanker) version was proposed for use as an aerial liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanker for far-north regions. Taking advantage of the presence of LNG on the aircraft, the design proposed using LNG to fuel the turbines, rather than conventional jet fuel, like on the Tupolev Tu-206.

The project did not proceed beyond the stage of marketing models.

Specifications (projected - KR-860)

See also
 Airbus A380
 Antonov An-225 Mriya
 Boeing 747-8
 Boeing New Large Airplane
 Ilyushin Il-96-400M
 Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
 McDonnell Douglas MD-12

References

External links
 Sukhoi KR-860
 Pictures & technical data of Sukhoi KR-860 models

KR-860
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Quadjets
Low-wing aircraft
Moon Machines. Moon Machines is a Science Channel HD documentary miniseries consisting of six episodes documenting the engineering challenges of the Apollo program to land men on the Moon. It covers everything from the iconic Saturn V to the Command Module, the Lunar Module, the Space Suits, the Guidance and Control Computer, and the Lunar Rover. It was created by the team that made In the Shadow of the Moon in association with NASA to commemorate the agency's fiftieth anniversary in 2008. It first aired in June 2008 in the U.S. and UK, and was released on DVD a year later in June 2009.

Overview 
The miniseries features interviews with around 70 of the 400,000 engineers who worked on the Apollo program during the 1960s and early 1970s. These interviews are intercut with archive film, sourced by Footagevault from NASA's various film archives stored at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, the Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, and from the National Archives in Washington.

The miniseries is narrated by actor Bill Hope.

Music 
The score was composed by Philip Sheppard.

Episodes

Part 1: The Saturn V Rocket 
The first episode of the series documents the creation of the iconic Saturn V rocket.

Part 2: The Command Module 
The second episode is centered on the construction of the Apollo Command Module and the setback of the Apollo 1 fire.

Part 3: The Navigation Computer 
The third episode details the story of MIT's work on the Apollo Guidance Computer.

Part 4: The Lunar Module 
The fourth episode features the Grumman project to build mankind's first true spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module.

Part 5: The Space Suit 
The penultimate episode focuses on the teams that created the remarkable Apollo pressure suit.

Part 6: The Lunar Rover 
The series' final episode centers on the design and perfection of the novel Lunar Roving Vehicle, carried to the Moon on the Apollo J-class missions.

Awards and nominations 
Part 2, the story of the Command Module, won a Grand REMI from the WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival in 2009

References

External links 
 

2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
American documentary television films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Films about the Apollo program
Science Channel original programming
Irene Sänger-Bredt. Irene Reinhild Agnes Elisabeth Sänger-Bredt (24 April 1911 – 20 October 1983) was a German engineer, mathematician and physicist.  She is co-credited with the design of a proposed intercontinental spaceplane/bomber prior to and during World War II.

Life and career 

Irene Bredt received her doctorate in natural science in 1936. Her thesis was entitled X-rays from Rare Earths. For her first job she was attracted by a tender with few details of the little-known Research Center for Aviation at Trauen, Germany.  Bredt began her research work as an assistant of Eugen Sänger at this rocket research centre. Her field of activities became thermodynamic and gas kinetics problems related to liquid-propelled rockets. She became the head of the Physics Department there in 1941 and the following year became a First Assistant at the German Research Institute for Gliding Flight at Ainring. Her task was the maintenance and analysis of ramjet test flights.

In 1945, Bredt moved to Paris and worked there as a researcher in the same area as before but now for the Arsenal de l'Aéronautique, later known as SNECMA. At the same time she acted as consultant to MATRA in Paris Billancourt as well as the Institute of Technology in Madras, South India. In 1954, after her marriage to Eugen Sänger and the birth of their son, Sänger-Bredt returned to Germany. She became deputy scientific director of the Research Institute for the Physics of Jet Propulsion, which had been founded by Eugen Sänger in Stuttgart.

In 1960, Sänger-Bredt became one of the founder members — the only woman — of the International Academy of Astronautics. From 1963, she acted as a consultant engineer on space matters for the companies Junkers and Bölkow (later Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH). Irene Sänger-Bredt died in 1983 in Stuttgart, Germany, by which time she had published 88 papers on topics relating to natural science and the science of culture.

Honors
In 1970 Bredt was honored by the German Rocket Society with the Hermann Oberth Gold Medal, for her impressive scientific accomplishments.

References

1911 births
1983 deaths
Research and development in Nazi Germany
German rocket scientists
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Scientists from Bonn
20th-century German women scientists
Computer Stored Ambulatory Record. COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR) is an electronic medical record using the MUMPS programming language.  It was developed by the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1968 and 1971 for Harvard Community Health Plan by Octo Barnett and Jerome Grossman.

References
Hattwick, Michael A. W. Computer Stored Ambulatory Record Systems in Real Life Practice. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1979 October 17; 761–764.
Barnett, G. Octo. Computer-stored ambulatory record (COSTAR). 1976.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Medical Informatics for Better and Safer Health Care. Research in Action, Issue 6. June 2002
Kerlin, Barbara D (1986). Dissemination of COSTAR: Promises and Realities. Journal of Medical Systems  
Clinfowiki - COmputer STored Ambulatory Record (COSTAR)

Electronic health record software
Massachusetts General Hospital
Physiurgy. Physiurgy is an obsolete term, mainly used in Scandinavia, for a medical specialty that deals with musculoskeletal physiology and diseases. The definition includes many rheumatic diseases, sports injuries and rehabilitation of orthopedic and neurological diseases. Physiurgic therapy include training and exercise therapy, massage, joint manipulation, diathermia and ultrasound treatment. In Denmark, the term was officially abandoned in 1983 and is largely replaced with e.g. rheumatology.

References

Obsolete medical terms