omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SSM-A-23 Dart. The XSSM-A-23 Dart was an anti-tank-guided missile developed for the United States Army in the 1950s. After protracted development, the missile, similar in design to the French SS.10, was cancelled in favor of purchasing the SS.11 missile.

Design and development
The initial requirement for a guided anti-tank missile, intended for the replacement of recoilless rifles and Bazookas in the role, was issued by the U.S. Army in 1951; that November, the Aerophysics Development Corporation responded with a proposal for a wire-guided missile, similar in concept and configuration to the SS.10 missile being developed in France. After evaluating the SS.10 in 1952–53, the Army issued a contract for the full development of the Aerophysics Development missile, designated SSM-A-23 Dart, in April 1953.

The SSM-A-23 was of conventional configuration for an anti-tank missile of the time, having cruciform wings and stabilizing fins, with spoilerons providing control; a dual-thrust solid-propellant rocket produced by the Grand Central Rocket Company provided thrust. The launcher for the missile was mounted on a variant of the M59 armored personnel carrier designated T149; helicopter launching was also considered as a possibility. Guidance was by manual command to line of sight, the missile operator following a sodium flare in the tail of the missile and guiding the missile to the target with commands sent by a wire that spooled from the missile during flight. Due to difficulties experienced in testing to ensure accuracy, an infrared seeker was proposed for terminal homing. The missile was fitted with a shaped charge warhead intended to defeat the armor of enemy tanks. 

During the development of the Dart, Aerophysics Development was acquired by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation, the purchase taking place in December 1954. Curtiss-Wright then acquired the company as part of a larger deal with Studebaker-Packard in August 1956.

Operational history
The first launch trials of the XSSM-A-23 prototype missiles took place in August 1954; over the next year, forty additional tests took place. These proved less than satisfactory; by 1957, the Dart was still not ready for service, and it was believed that Aerophysics Development had overextended itself with technical challenges involved in the missile's development. Accordingly, the program was extended, with some of the Army's requirements being relaxed; however, in September 1958 the program was determined to be too far behind schedule and too far over budget to be successful, and the contract for the Dart was cancelled. The Army adopted the SS.10, designated MGM-21, and the SS.11, designated AGM-22, in its stead. The program had cost $44 million in 1955 dollars.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Anti-tank guided missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War
Silvio Canevazzi. Silvio Canevazzi (16 March 1852, Saliceta San Giuliano, suburb of Modena  – 13 March 1918, Bologna) was an Italian civil engineer and applied mathematician.

Canevazzi studied at the mathematics faculty of the University of Modena from 1868 to 1870 and then at the Polytechnic University of Milan, where he graduated in 1873 with a degree in civil engineering. In 1873 he was appointed an assistant to the professor in the chair of applied mechanics in civil engineering at the Sapienza University of Rome, and then an assistant to the chair of construction of bridges and roads. In 1875 he won a competition in engineering sponsored by the royal corps of mining engineers and was sent by the Italian ministry of agriculture to study at the school of mines in Liège, where he graduated in 1877. In 1877, Cesare Razzaboni, who was organizing a school of engineering (Scuola di applicazione per ingegneri) in Bologna, invited Canevazzi to take charge of applied mechanics in civil engineering. In that academic post at Bologna, Canevazzi in 1880 was appointed to the chair of bridge construction and civil engineering hydraulics and also to the chair of applied mechanics in civil engineering. He held the two academic chairs until his death. In 1889 he was appointed the director of the academic department to which his two academic chairs were subordinated. In 1911 he was appointed director of the school of engineering in Bologna.

Canevazzi's research dealt with molecular equilibria in static mechanics, applications of the Menabrea theorem in elasticity, and studies of reinforced concrete. He developed a new method of calculating static stresses for buildings in earthquake zones. His method influenced building codes for earthquake resistance. Canevazzi, in collaboration with Cesare Ghillini, did important research on mechanical stresses on the human skeleton, particularly the femur. Their research was useful in the design of prosthetic limbs.

He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 in Rome. Pier Luigi Nervi was his student.

References

1852 births
1918 deaths
Italian civil engineers
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
2,6-Dichloroaniline. 2,6-Dichloroaniline is an organic compound with the formula C6H3Cl2(NH2).  It is one of several isomers of dichloroaniline.  It is a colorless or white solid. Derivatives include the drugs clonidine and diclofenac.

Preparation
It is produced by hydrogenation of 2,6-dichloronitrobenzene.

In the laboratory, it can be prepared by halogenation of sulfanilamide followed by desulfonation.

References

Anilines
Sara Mazur. Birgit Sara Mazur (born 8 May 1966), is a Swedish physicist, electrical engineer, and business executive.

Sara Mazur grew up in Stockholm and attended the Royal Institute of Technology, graduating with degrees in 1989 and 1994 in plasma physics. She has worked at Ericsson since 1995. She became vice president and Head of Research in November 2012.

Mazur was elected 2007 as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. In 2015 she received an honorary doctorate at Luleå University of Technology.

Since 2020, Sara Mazur is the chair of the largest research program in Sweden, the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program

References

External links 
IVA-aktuellt 2014:4, pages 8–12.

Swedish physicists
Swedish electrical engineers
Ericsson people
Living people
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
1966 births
Jaguar (American rocket). Jaguar was a three-stage sounding rocket developed by the United States Air Force in the early 1960s. Designed for air launch to allow soundings from remote areas without infrastructure, it was only launched twice before the project was abandoned.

Design and development
Jaguar was an air-launched sounding rocket developed by the Air Research and Development Command of the U.S. Air Force, intended for use for high-altitude scientific research into the aurora borealis and radiation trapped in the Van Allen Belts. Derived from a design used by the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, it was a three-stage vehicle, with a first stage of three clustered Recruit rockets, a single Recruit as a second stage, and a third stage with a Baby Sergeant rocket. It was to be launched using a Martin B-57 Canberra medium bomber that was modified to carry the rocket on a side-mounted pylon; this allowed for the rocket to be launched from any location capable of operating a jet aircraft, without the need for installing launch infrastructure in remote areas. To launch, the Canberra would pull into a near-vertical climb, akin to that used for toss bombing, and release the rocket; Jaguar was expected to be capable of launching a  payload to an apogee of . An upgraded version using the improved "Yardbird" model of the Recruit was proposed.

Operational history
Following six dummy launch tests starting in January 1958, Jaguar was launched twice; taking place at the White Sands Missile Range under the command of the Air Force Special Weapons Center, the first launch was conducted in late 1960, and the second in early 1961. Following the two launches, the program was abandoned.

See also
NOTS-EV-1 Pilot
NOTS-EV-2 Caleb
Sparoair

References

Citations

Bibliography

Sounding rockets of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Penny & Giles. Penny & Giles (P&G) was a British engineering company in Dorset (former Hampshire) that made flight recorders (black boxes).

History
The company was founded in 1956 by Prof William Alfred Penny and James Giles. It made high-reliability wire-wound potentiometers for aircraft in flight testing.

In 1957 it made the first aircraft data recorder with magnetic recording on a stainless steel wire, known as a black box. In 1963, the Ministry of Aviation informed the UK aircraft industry that all civil airliners would have to have flight data recorders.

In April 1973, Penny and Giles Conductive Plastics received a Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation (Technology). It became known as Penny and Giles International, with four divisions. In April 1992 it won another Queen's Award for Enterprise.

In the 1990s it was known as Penny & Giles Data Recorders Limited, and claimed to be the world's leading manufacturer of aircraft data recorders.

Ownership
In 1992 it was bought by Bowthorpe Holdings for £30m.

The company was bought out in 2002 by Curtiss-Wright of the USA, and is now part of Curtiss-Wright Controls Integrated Sensing.

Structure
It was headquartered at Mudeford in Dorset.

Products
 LVDT and RVDT transducers
 Optical Quick Access Recorders (O-QAR) for civil airliners

See also
 Teledyne Controls

References

External links
 Grace's Guide
 Penny & Giles Transducers

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Aircraft recorders
Aviation history of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1956
Companies based in Dorset
Curtiss-Wright Company
Manufacturing companies established in 1956
Indus International University. Indus International University (IIU) is a private not-for-profit university, located near the village Bathu in Haroli Tehsil, Una district, Himachal Pradesh, India. The university was established in 2010 by the Kartha Education Society through the Indus International University (Establishment & Regulation) Act, 2009.

Schools and departments
The university comprises three schools:
 School of Engineering and Technology
 Computer Science Engineering
 Department of Civil Engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
School of Sciences and Humanities
Department of Mathematics
Department of Physics
Department of Chemistry
Department of English
School of Business and Management
 Department of Business and Management
 Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management

Approval
Like all universities in India, Indus International University is recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which has also sent an expert committee and accepted compliance of observation/deficiencies.

References

External links

Education in Una district
Universities in Himachal Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 2010
2010 establishments in Himachal Pradesh
Private universities in India
ASTAC. ASTAC () is a B band to K band (NATO) SIGINT aircraft pod made by Thales Group.  It is a reconnaissance system used to intercept and analyse tactical and technical data on Radio frequency emissions radiated by land-based radars and weapon systems. Recording capabilities and datalinks for real-time interfaces with ground stations are available as options.  In operation under F-4 Phantom, Mirage 2000-5, Mirage 2000D, Mirage F1. Two of them also equip the two Transall C-160G Gabriel, one at each wingtip. It has been fitted under F-16 for NATO trials. The different generations of ASTAC are operated by more than ten air forces worldwide.

References

Signals intelligence
Thales Group
Line S3 (Nanjing Metro). Line S3 of the Nanjing Metro (), is a north-south suburban rapid transit line serving part of the southern and southwestern suburbs of Nanjing, running from  and . It is the first line of the Nanjing Metro with passing tracks at select stations, allowing from distinct express local services. The first phase of the project is  long with 19 stations, including 10 underground stations, 8 elevated stations and 1 ground station. The line crosses the Yangtze River using the Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge. In 2012, the first phase of the project was approved by the NDRC for construction with the first section started construction on 27 December 2012. On August 13, 2017, the first phase of Line S3 started to be unmanned testing. The first phase of the line was completed by the end of 2017 and started trial operation on 6 December 2017.

Opening timeline

Station list

References

External links 
Line S3 on the official Nanjing Metro website (includes route map) 

Nanjing Metro lines
Rail transport in Jiangsu
Railway lines opened in 2017
2017 in Nanjing
Heli-Sport CH77 Ranabot. The Heli-Sport CH77 Ranabot is an Italian helicopter designed and produced by Heli-Sport of Turin. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The CH77 Ranabot was designed to comply with the European Class 6 microlight helicopter rules. It features a single main rotor and tail rotor, a single-seat, a two-seats-in side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, skid landing gear and an EPA Power-modified four-cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke  Rotax 914 engine.

The aircraft's two-bladed rotor has a diameter of . The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot, passenger and baggage is . The microlight category version has a gross weight of 

Reviewer Werner Pfaendler wrote, "with side-by-side seating combined with excellent comfort, handling and performance, plus a reliable engine (a Rotax 914 tuned by EPA Power), it has a lot to offer...[It] boasts minimal operating costs, only some 6% higher than the CH7 Kompress Charlie 2".

Specifications (CH77 Ranabot)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

External links

Official website

CH77 Ranabot
2010s Italian sport aircraft
2010s Italian ultralight aircraft
2010s Italian civil utility aircraft
2010s Italian helicopters
Homebuilt aircraft
Atsutoshi Nishida. was a Japanese business executive.

Early life
Born on 29 December 1943 in Mie Prefecture, Nishida earned a bachelor's degree from Waseda University and completed graduate work at the University of Tokyo. He married an Iranian woman shortly after concluding his studies in 1970.

Career
Nishida was still based in Iran when he was first hired by Toshiba in 1975. Nishida pushed Toshiba to invest in and develop laptop computers in the 1980s, and by 1984 was named a general manager, responsible for personal computer sales at Toshiba Europe. The next year, Nishida's efforts resulted in the release of the Toshiba T1100. Nishida later returned to Japan and assumed increasing responsibility over Toshiba's laptop division.

Nishida was named president of Toshiba America Information Systems in April 1992, and left the post in 1995, only to return in 1997. During the early 2000s, he continued to take on senior management roles. Nishida became president of the company in 2005. During his tenure, Toshiba acquired the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 2006 for US$5.4 billion and ended the development of the HD DVD in 2008. Nishida was succeeded by Norio Sasaki as president of Toshiba in 2009. Nishida became company chairman, a role he held until 2013.

In 2015, an investigation was launched into profit inflation that took place under company presidents Nishida, Sasaki and Hisao Tanaka. After the probe's findings were reported, Nishida left his position as adviser to the company. Subsequently, Toshiba sued Nishida, Sasaki, and Tanaka for US$28.2 million.

Death
Nishida died of a heart attack at Toshiba General Hospital in Tokyo on 8 December 2017, aged 73.

References

1943 births
2017 deaths
University of Tokyo alumni
Waseda University alumni
Toshiba people
Japanese business executives
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
21st-century Japanese businesspeople
People from Mie Prefecture
Republic SD-3 Snooper. The Republic SD-3 Snooper was an early reconnaissance drone developed by Republic Aviation for the United States Army. It was evaluated by the Army Signal Corps in 1959, but did not enter operational service.

Design and development
The Guided Missiles Division of Republic Aviation was awarded a contract for development of a short-range reconnaissance drone in 1957, winning a competition conducted by the U.S. Army to fill the requirement. Given the overall designation AN/USD-3 for the entire system, and sometimes referred to as Sky Spy, the Snooper was of twin-boom configuration, a single Continental IO-200 horizontally-opposed piston engine being mounted in a pusher configuration. The drone was capable of flying for up to 30 minutes, allowing it to overfly multiple reconnaissance targets during a single flight.

Launch was from a zero-length launch setup, two rocket boosters burning solid fuel being used to assist the aircraft into flight; following a mission, which could either use autopilot control following a programmed course or radio command guidance from a ground station, the Snooper would land via parachute; airbags were installed in the airframe to cushion the landing. The SD-3's nose section was designed to be interchangeable among a number of payloads; options included television, aerial photography, infrared photography, or radar systems.

Operational history
Revealed to the press in late 1958, the SD-3 first flew in January 1959; following manufacturer's trials, the U.S. Army ordered fifty pre-production aircraft to conduct a full evaluation of the system. Although the trials, conducted by the Signal Corps, were considered successful, the Army cancelled the SD-3 program at the end of the trials. However, the SD-3's twin-boom pusher design would become commonly used by unmanned aerial vehicles in later years.

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 

 

SD-3
1950s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
John X. J. Zhang. John X. J. Zhang () is a tenured professor at Thayer School of Engineering of Dartmouth College and an investigator in the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, specializing in research on cancer nanotechnology. Zhang was a recipient of the 2016 NIH Director's Transformative Research Award.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Engineers from Tianjin
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
University of Maine alumni
Stanford University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology staff
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Dartmouth College faculty
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Pour point depressant. Pour point depressants are used to allow the use of petroleum based mineral oils at lower temperatures. The lowest temperature at which a fuel or oil will pour is called a pour point. Wax crystals, which form at lower temperatures, may interfere with lubrication of mechanical equipment. High-quality pour point depressants can lower a pour point of an oil additive by as much as 40°C.

Methods
Pour point depressants do not lower the temperature at which wax crystals begin to form, called the cloud point, or the amount of wax that is formed—pour point depressants work by altering the crystal shape and size, which inhibits lateral crystal growth. There are two known methods by which this may be achieved: surface adsorption and co-crystallization.

Types
Any reduction in an oil's pour point depends on both the composition and properties of the oil, as well as the type of pour point depressant used. Other factors are the substance's relative molecular weight, its chemical composition, and the substance's concentration in the oil. If the concentration of pour point depressant is too high, there may be a visible effect on viscosity at higher temperatures.

Pour point depressants are only effective on refined oils. Non-refined oils contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons and resins which act as antagonists against synthetic pour point depressants. Pour point depressants are also ineffective for engine oils with a viscosity above SAE 30. Generally they are most effective on thinner oils like SAE 10, SAE 20 or SAE 30 grade oils. 

Alkylaromatics and aliphatic polymers are two types of pour point depressants that are commercially available. Most commercially available pour point depressants are organic polymers, but nonpolymeric substances such as phenyltristearyloxysilane and pentaerythritol tetrastearate may also be effective.

Winter 1980-1981
In 1981 there was a problem with lubricating oil pumpability. The same thing happened the following winter, along with reports that oil would not flow out of containers. The issue seemed to be caused by olefin copolymers which caused the oil to gel in cold temperatures.

References

Petrochemicals
Skokie (rocket). Skokie was a family of research vehicles developed by the Cook Electric Co. for the United States Air Force during the mid to late 1950s. Launched from a B-29 bomber, Skokie 1 was an unpowered, ballistic vehicle, while Skokie 2 was rocket-propelled; both were used for evaluating and testing high-speed parachute recovery systems.

Design and development
Intended for use in evaluating high-speed parachute systems for the recovery of missiles and unmanned aircraft, Skokie was a simple, inexpensively-designed vehicle, consisting of a tube with a long spike on the nose to reduce damage while landing under parachute. Named after the hometown of the Cook Electric Co., their manufacturer, Skokie 1 had four aft-mounted stabilizing fins; Skokie 2 had a tri-fin arrangement, with three solid-propellant rockets, of a type similar to that used for rocket-assisted take offs, externally mounted between them. The vehicle was equipped with instrumentation to record the deployment of the two-stage parachute; a high-speed camera was also fitted. Skokie I descended ballistically at high subsonic speed; the rocket-powered Skokie II could reach Mach 2 before deploying its parachute.

Mission profile
Skokie was launched from a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber at  in altitude. On each drop, the vehicle would deploy an initial parachute to calibrate the onboard equipment, following which it would be released to allow the vehicle to build up speed. A drogue parachute would be deployed once the vehicle reached a speed slightly below terminal velocity; after deceleration, the main parachute of  in diameter would deploy.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
"Peaceful Missile Nose-Dives From B-29 To Test Parachute". Popular Science, June 1954, p.148.

Experimental rockets of the United States
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Boeing B-29 Superfortress