omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Zimmer Biomet Robotics. Zimmer Biomet Robotics, formerly Medtech SA, is a robotic surgery company founded in 2002 by Bertin Nahum and based in Montpellier, France (Hérault department, in southern France. This company designs, develops and markets robotic assistance for surgical procedures of the central nervous system and other applications such as the knee.

The company went public in a November 2013 with an initial public offering on Euronext Paris. Its ticker symbol and flagship product is ROSA, a robotic surgical assistant designed for minimally-invasive surgery.

Its pre-IPO investors include Newfund, which had acquired 27 percent of Medtech's capital in 2010, Soridec, and Midi Capital.

History
The first surgical robot developed by Medtech, in partnership with the Montpellier Laboratory of Computer Science, Robotics and Microelectronics (LIRMM), was BRIGIT, a robot dedicated to knee surgery. In 2006, Zimmer, the world leader in orthopedic implants, bought BRIGIT’s entire patent portfolio.

Medtech decided to reinvest those resources in the development of a new robotic-assisted technology. Medtech’s first ROSA robot, ROSA Brain, dedicated to neurosurgery was thus designed. Comparable to a "GPS" for the brain, the robot can be used for any type of cranial procedures requiring surgical planning with preoperative data, patient registration and precise positioning and handling of instruments.

Pathologies covered by the use of ROSA Brain include epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, generalized dystonia, cavernoma, hydrocephalus.

The ROSA Brain device is present in 120 hospitals across Europe, North America, Asia and the Middle East and has been used in more than 9 000 surgical procedures.

In July 2014, Medtech announced the CE Marking of its new product ROSA Spine, allowing it to be marketed in Europe.

On November 28, 2013, Medtech was listed on the French stock Exchange operated by Euronext (NYSE Euronext, compartment C).

In 2016, Medtech obtained the CE marking for its new product ROSA One, a robotic assistive device for minimally invasive surgery of the brain and the spine in the same platform. 

In July 2016, Medtech was acquired by the Zimmer Biomet Group and became as known as Zimmer Biomet Robotics.

References

External links
 

Healthcare companies of France
Companies based in Occitania (administrative region)
French companies established in 2002
I Was a Satellite of the Sun. I Was a Satellite of the Sun - () is a Soviet feature dramatic science-fiction film of 1959 with animation elements.

Story 

The story is told as an autobiography of the astronaut character Andrew, and set in the future, where space flight is common.

Scientist/Astronaut Petrovich pioneers the way to the Sun, but his spacecraft is never heard from again.  Later, Andrew's laboratory investigates means of protection from deadly radiation. Andrew repeats Petrovich's journey, and risks his life to rescue an orbiting science laboratory, which holds the solution to the problem.

Altered matter near the Sun is responsible for deadly radiation.

Animated scenes explain orbital dynamics, auroras, solar radiation, and other scientific topics.

The first panel reads:

Cast 

 P. Makhotin - Andrew, a young scientist
 V. Ymelyanov - Igor Petrovich, Andrew's father
 G. Shamshurin - Sergei Ivanovich
 A. Shamshurin - Andrew as young child

In episodes

 N. Vishnevskaya
 G. Vitsin
 K. Erofeev
 P. Samarin

Uncredited

 Felix Jaworski - astronaut
 Mikhail Mayorov

Crew 

 Writers: V. Kapitanovsky, V. Shreyberg
 Producer: V. Morgenstern
 Operators: O. Samutsevich, G. Lyakhovich
 Music: A Sevastiyanov
 Artist: L. Chibisov
 Editor: G. Fradkin
 Director: Yu. Merkulov
 Art Director: L. Model'
 Operator: M. Lruya
 Recording: B. Pekker
 Conductor: V. Smirnov
 Production manager: B. Rodin
 Animation: Soyuzmultfilm studios
 Animation
 V. Al'tshullev
 L. Akimov
 M. Galkin
 A. Klopotoviskij
 V. Nikitchenko
 A. Sokolov
 V. Sholina
 Yu. Xolin

Scientific consultants 

 A. M. Kasatkin
 V. N. Komarov

Related facts 

 The parts of the film correspond to a 300m maximum length for 35mm film rolls standardized in the Soviet Union; the seven parts of this film amount to 1816.7 m.

References

External links 
  (Russian)
 
 Я был спутником Солнца  article at "Советская кинофантастика"

1959 films
1950s science fiction films
1950s Soviet films
1950s Russian-language films
Films set in the future
Films with live action and animation
Soviet science fiction films
Space adventure films
Russian-language science fiction films
Penetration fighter. The term penetration fighter has been used to describe a long-range fighter aircraft designed to penetrate enemy air defences and attack defensive interceptors. The concept is similar to the escort fighter, but differs primarily in that the aircraft would not operate in close concert with bombers. Both types are sub-classes of the strategic fighter. The same general mission is also carried out by intruders, but these are generally night fighters or light bombers that do not have the air combat performance of this concept.

The presence of the North American P-51 Mustang above Germany allowed USAAF bombers to fly at will over the country, and is considered one of the turning points of the air war. In the post-war period, the development of jet-powered strategic bombers made this role difficult to fill; aircraft with performance to protect the bombers had very short range, and those with the range were propeller designs that could not keep up. The desire for a fighter that could penetrate enemy airspace along with the bombers led to several prototype designs in the early 1950s, including the McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo, Lockheed XF-90 and North American YF-93. In order to be competitive with existing interceptors, these had to be jet powered. The XF-88 was developed into the F-101 Voodoo supersonic penetration fighter-bomber.

The North American XF-108 Rapier project was for a long-range interceptor intended to launch from the continental United States and intercept Soviet bombers while still in the far Arctic. This long range meant that if they were launched from forward bases in Europe, Turkey or Alaska, the F-108 would be able to travel a fair distance over the USSR and help disrupt the defences for the following North American XB-70 bombers. The F-108 was ultimately cancelled in budget cuts.

See also
 Penetrator, the bomber equivalent

References

Fighter aircraft
Sands Fokker Dr.1 Triplane. The Sands Fokker Dr.1 Triplane is an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Ron Sands Sr  of Mertztown, Pennsylvania, and produced by Wicks Aircraft and Motorsports. It is a full-sized replica fighter aircraft based upon the 1917-vintage Fokker Dr.1. The aircraft is supplied as a kit and in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft features a strut-braced triplane layout, a single-seat open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear, and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Sands Fokker Dr.1 Triplane is made from welded steel tubing and wood, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. The cockpit width is . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engines used are the  Lycoming O-320, the  Lycoming O-360, the  Le Rhône 9J rotary engine or the  Warner Scarab radial engine powerplant. 

The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The designer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 3,000 hours.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that 100 sets of plans had been sold and 15 aircraft were completed and flying.

Specifications (Sands Fokker Dr.1 Triplane)

References

External links

Official photo gallery

Fokker Dr.1 Triplane
1990s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Triplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Replica aircraft
EuroFOT. euroFOT, European Field Operational Test, was a project of gathering naturalistic data to assess the impact from the usage of intelligent transportation systems  called "intelligent vehicle systems" or "active safety systems" to evaluate their effect on transport safety and fuel efficiency. Led by Ford in partnership with 28 partners, including European vehicle manufacturers, the project involved test on 1000 vehicles during a one-year period. The project included 8 sites in Central Europe. During the active years 12 deliverables and a final report were released. More than 100 TB of data were gathered of use for future analysis and research.

The intelligent vehicle systems included tools to automatically adjust vehicle speed using headway sensor data, to alert the driver if a sensor detects an object with high probability of collision, to alert the driver when the car is not centered on its lane, and tools monitoring fuel usage. The study showed a decrease of safety risk up to 42% due to timely alert of the driver or an automatic adjustment of speed, and that over 90% of accidents involve driver behaviour as a contributing factor. The data included assessment of risk in different positions on the road relative to intersections and visibility.

References 

Transport in Europe
Transport safety
Transportation engineering
IVBSS. IVBSS (Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems program) is a study led by University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute to test integrated crash avoidance system from 2007–2011. 16 passenger cars and 10 trucks participated in the study. The system warned against front crash risks, lateral crash risks, risks involved while moving between lanes and curve risks while turning. Driver behavior was recorded with and without the system.

American power management company Eaton Corporation provided radar-based technology and worked on its integration with the system.

History 
From November 2005 — April 2008, the first phase of the study was conducted, developing systems specification, design, and construction of prototype vehicles. In April 2008, the program was approved for field tests, which took place during February to December 2009. Con-way Freight sponsored and participated in the heavy trucks part of the field tests.

IVBSS won the Best of ITS Awards US national competition in 2008.

Test results indicated that drivers were ready to start using the system, with 72% indicating that they would like such systems in their personal vehicles, and found its blind spot component particularly relevant.

References

External links 
 

Transport safety
Vehicle safety technologies
Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a publicly traded pharmaceutical company. It was originally called Microbia, Inc.

Microbia was founded by postdocs from the lab of Gerald Fink at the Whitehead Institute to commercialize approaches that had been developed in the lab to improve industrial fermentation of fungi, to genetically engineer them to produce secondary metabolites more efficiently or to produce new ones as leads for drug discovery or as products for use in industry, and to identify drug targets in fungi for antifungal drug discovery.  In 2002 the company hired John Talley to lead their antifungal drug discovery efforts, which at the time were focused on identifying small molecules that could inhibit fungal invasins,  along with Mark Currie who had also worked at Searle division of Monsanto with Talley, and then had gone to Sepracor,  and also Richard Bailey, who had run Monsanto's nutritional business.  Currie directed the efforts that led to the discovery of linaclotide, which was based on an enterotoxin produced by some strains of Escherichia coli that cause traveler’s diarrhea.

By 2004 the company had raised $99M and was preparing a Phase I trial for linaclotide. By 2006 Microbia was starting to struggle with the different challenges and expenses of drug development, along with its industrial fermentation business and drug discovery efforts, and made the decision to split in two, with "Microbia Precision Engineering" focused on industrial applications led by Bailey and Microbia focused on drug discovery and development. Tate & Lyle invested $7M in the Microbia spinout and took a board seat in 2006.  Microbia changed its name to Ironwood in 2008 and shortened the name of the industrial business to Microbia.

By 2009, Ironwood had raised a total of $281M.  In early 2010 Ironwood held its IPO, which priced at $11.25 a share, below the target price of $14. Later that year it sold its interests in Microbia to DSM for an undisclosed sum.

Linaclotide (Linzess in the US and Mexico, and as Constella elsewhere), a drug used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic constipation with no known cause, was approved in the US and Europe in 2012. Most of the marketing rights were licensed to Allergan and Astellas.

It was developing a drug called IW-9179 or recanaclotide but abandoned it in 2016.

BNC210 is an anxiolytic that Ironwood licensed and performed R&D on and then abandoned.

In April 2018, the shares of Ironwood Pharmaceuticals closed up more than 10 percent on the news of biotech activist investor, Alex Denner joining its board.

References

Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9. AEDC Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9 is a hypersonic wind tunnel owned by the United States Air Force and operated by National Aerospace Solutions  The facility can generate high Mach numbers and high Reynolds for hypersonic ground testing and the validation of computational simulations for the Air Force and Department of Defense.

History 
After World War II, the United States brought German scientists and several critical facilities built by Nazi Germany to continue research into supersonic missiles. In July 1945, the custody of the Kochel wind tunnel facilities was awarded to the Navy to be installed at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory at White Oak, Maryland. In 1967, Congress granted approval for the construction of Tunnel 9. The facility became operational in 1976 and has since been providing aerodynamic simulation in critical altitude regimes associated with strategic offensive missile systems, advanced defensive interceptor systems, and hypersonic vehicle technologies.

Capabilities
Tunnel 9 has 2.9 to 5 ft  diameter test section.  The facility can generate air flow up to Mach 14 with Reynolds numbers between 4 - 7.6 million per ft.  Pressure and temperature can be controlled to simulate flight altitudes from sea level to 173,000 ft.

See also 
 Wind tunnel
 Shock tube
 Ludwieg tube

References

External links
 Arnold Engineering Development Center (official)
 Arnold Engineering Development Center at GlobalSecurity.org

Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Maryland
Wind tunnels
Equipment of the United States Air Force
Volodymyr Shandra. Volodymyr Mykolajovych Shandra () is a Ukrainian politician and former Governor of Kyiv Oblast.

Education 
Since 1981, he studied at the Faculty of Nuclear Power Plants and equipment for the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (later — Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering), specializing in thermal power engineer. In 2006 he graduated from the National Academy of Management, where he received a master's degree in finance.

PhD in economics. He defended his thesis on technological innovation economy in innovative practice.

Work Experience 
1980 — started his career grinder for the production association "Ternopil combine factory".

1987 — after graduation he worked at the Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant, where he rose from the reactor operator's compartment, a senior engineer with repair and maintenance of equipment of the reactor compartment to the chief engineer of the control reactor.

From 1992 to 2002 works in private sector of economics.

Politics 
In 2002, Vladimir Shandra elected deputy of Ukraine under Yushchenko Bloc "Our Ukraine" (No. 39). He was Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship.

In the presidential election of 2004 was led by Khmelnytsky Regional Headquarters coalition "People Power".

From February 2005 to August 2006 served as Minister of Industrial policy of Ukraine.

In 2006–2007 — Advisor to the President of Ukraine. He was Chairman of the NGO "Institute for Social and Economic Development".

In 2006–2008 — member of the supervisory board of the State Savings Bank of Ukraine and the State Export-Import Bank.

In the parliamentary elections of 2007, ran for Parliament Bloc "Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense" (No. 75). At the head of the electoral re-election headquarters in Khmelnytsky region.

18 December 2007 – 11 March 2010 — Minister of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chornobyl Catastrophe (appointed by the Supreme Council of Ukraine No. 10-VI of 18 December 2007 and dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 11 March 2010 number 1965-VI).

He was a member of the party "People's Union "Our Ukraine".

On 2 March 2014 Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed Shandra Governor of Kyiv Oblast. Shandra resigned from this post on 27 January 2016. Seven days later he was appointed as advisor to President Petro Poroshenko.

Family 
Wife Antonina Єvgenіvna (1960).

He has two sons — Andrew (1980) and Anton (1994).

Awards and titles 
A civil servant rank 1 (October 2006). He was awarded the Order of Merit III degree (September 2008).

References

External links 
Biography

1963 births
People from Zboriv
Our Ukraine (political party) politicians
Living people
Industrial policy ministers of Ukraine
Emergency ministers of Ukraine
Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 3rd class
Governors of Kyiv Oblast
Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering alumni
Government of Yulia Tymoshenko
High-Enthalpy Arc Heated Facility. The High-Enthalpy Arc-Heated Facilities at Arnold Engineering Development Complex provide aerothermal ground test simulations of hypersonic flight over a wide range of velocities and pressure altitudes in support of materials and structures development. The facility is composed of three Arc Heaters: HEAT-H1, HEAT-H2, and Heat-H3 which can heat air up to 13,000 degrees Rankine through a controlled high voltage direct current electric arc discharge.  The test unit is owned by the United States Air Force and operated by National Aerospace Solutions.

HEAT-H1 
The HEAT-H1 Test Unit is an advanced performance arc-heated facility providing high-pressure, high-enthalpy test conditions for qualification of thermal protection materials, nosetips, and electromagnetic apertures and structures for hypersonic missiles, space access systems, and re-entry vehicles. The test unit utilizes a segmented arc heater with 200 electrically isolated segments which form the heater plenum. The unique segmented construction, with the anode and cathode at opposite ends of the plenum, allows the arc to be held at a fixed length to optimize heater efficiency, total enthalpy at high pressure, and flow uniformity. Normal operating conditions for the heater are about 20,000 volts and 1,200 amps, providing heater chamber pressures up to 120 ATM at high stagnation enthalpies.

The H1 test cell is equipped with a multiple-strut, programmable rotary model injection system capable of positioning one to seven test models sequentially into the test free jet for preset dwell times. Transient calibration probes of various configurations are available to define heat flux and pressure conditions inside the test jet.

HEAT-H2
The HEAT-H2 Test Unit is an arc-heated aerothermal tunnel providing high-enthalpy flow at high Mach numbers and dynamic pressures simulating hypersonic flight at pressure altitudes up to 120 atm. H2 utilitzes an N-4 Huels-type arc heater to generate high-temperature, high-pressure air for expansion through a hypersonic nozzle into the evacuated test cell.

The combination of the arc heater driver, various nozzle/throat combinations, the evacuated test cell, and exhauster makes possible high-enthalpy flows at Mach numbers from 5 to 9. Direction and distribution of the injected air can be selected to optimize the enthalpy distribution across the flow to match specific test requirements. Run times of 20 minutes or longer are available in HEAT-H2 for selected operating conditions.

HEAT-H3
The HEAT-H3 Test Unit was developed to provide a large, high-pressure arc facility with sufficient size and performance for testing of full- and large-scale missile and re-entry samples and structures. H3 is a 12-module, 50-percent geometric scale-up of H1. The test unit is designated to operate at over twice the available power level and mass flow of H1, with operational pressure up to 150 atm.

See also 
Arnold Air Force Base

References

External links
Arnold Engineering Development Center (official)
Electric Arc Heater
NASA - Arc Jet Complex

Electric arcs
Von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility. The von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility at Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, provide aerothermal ground test simulations of hypersonic flight over a wide range of velocities and pressure altitudes. The facility consists of three Hypersonic wind tunnels:  Tunnel A, B, and C. The wind tunnels can be run for several hours at a time thanks to a 92,500 horsepower air compressor plant system.  The test unit is owned by the United States Air Force and operated by National Aerospace Solutions.

Tunnel A 
Tunnel A is a 48-inch squared, continuous, closed-circuit, variable density, supersonic wind tunnel with a Mach number range of 1.5 to 5.5 with a maximum temperature of 290 degrees Fahrenheit. Devoted primarily to explorations of aerodynamic design, Tunnel A's unique feature is its computer controlled continuous-curvature nozzle that can vary the tunnel's Mach number.

Tunnel B 
Tunnel B is a 50-inch, closed-circuit hypersonic tunnel with continuous-flow capability with a Mach number capability of 6 and 8. Provided with air heated to a maximum of 900 degrees Fahrenheit with natural gas-fired heaters. Tunnel B is also primarily explores aerodynamic design.

Tunnel C 
Tunnel C is a continuous-flow tunnel with a Mach number capability of 4, 6, and 10. It offers an aerothermal environment for testing materials proposed for use on space vehicles and aircraft. The one-of-a-kind wind tunnel makes it possible to subject flight hardware to a combination aerodynamic and thermodynamic—or heating—effects up to 1,440 degrees Fahrenheit so engineers can study how aerospace vehicles and material response to the combined effects of external heating, internal heat conduction and pressure loading.

References

External links
Arnold Engineering Development Center (official)
VKF Fact Sheet

Wind tunnels
Research installations of the United States Air Force
Military in Tennessee