omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Federal Telegraph Company. The Federal Telegraph Company was a United States manufacturing and communications company that played a pivotal role in the 20th century in the development of radio communications.

History

The company was founded in Palo Alto, California in 1909 by Cyril Frank Elwell, and was first known as the Poulsen Wireless Company, after licensing Valdemar Poulsen's arc transmitter for use in the United States. The company initially developed  high-powered transmitters used for long distance radiotelegraph communication. In 1911–13, Lee De Forest and two assistants worked at Federal Telegraph on the first vacuum tube amplifier and oscillator, which De Forest called the "Oscillaton" after his earlier Audion. 

During World War One, the U.S. Navy purchased Federal Telegraph, but after the end of the war a displeased U.S. Congress ordered the Navy to return the company to its original owners. 

The company was acquired in August 1927 by the Mackay Companies, and was renamed the Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company (California). Originally a separate entity within the Mackay Companies, when International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) purchased the Mackay Companies in 1928, Federal remained a component of the Mackay structure as a manufacturing entity.

In 1931, Dr. Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, convinced Federal Telegraph to donate an 80-ton magnet they had developed for a canceled project in China to his first cyclotron project on the campus of the University of California Berkeley.  Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron was the basis of his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939.

In 1940, Sosthenes Behn moved Federal Telegraph under ITT directly so that its manufacturing capabilities could help ITT replace those in Europe that had been shut down because of the war and the Fall of France.

In 1954, FTR changed its name from Federal Telegraph and Radio Corporation - an IT&T associate to Federal Telegraph and Radio Company - division of IT&T, and its research division became the Federal Telecommunications Laboratories, both continuing as subsidiaries of ITT after World War II through at least the 1950s.

References

Further reading
 Cyril Frank Elwell - Pioneer of American and European Wireless Communications, Talking Pictures and founder of C.F. Elwell Limited 1922-1925 by Ian L. Sanders. Published by Castle Ridge Press, 2013. (Details the founding of Federal Telegraph and Telephone Company in Palo Alto, California by Elwell.)

Radio electronics
History of radio in the United States
Telegraph companies of the United States
ITT Inc.
Telecommunications companies established in 1909
American companies established in 1909
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 1927
American companies disestablished in 1927
Radio manufacturers
Challenger-class cruiser. The Challenger-class cruisers were a pair of second-class protected cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. One ship, , was later transferred to the Royal Australian Navy.

Design and description
The Challenger-class cruisers were essentially repeats of the previous Highflyer class, albeit with more powerful propulsion machinery. They were designed to displace . The ships had a length between perpendiculars of , a beam of  and a draught of . Their crew consisted of 490 officers and other ranks.

The ships were powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by 18 Babcock & Wilcox () or Dürr (Encounter) water-tube boilers. These boilers were heavier and bulkier, but more powerful than the Belleville boilers used in the Highflyer class. Sir William White, Director of Naval Construction, was uncertain if the extra power would offset the weight sufficiently to reach  and rated the ships at . The boilers were designed to produce enough steam to allow the engines to reach . The ships easily exceeded their designed power and speeds during their sea trials. They carried a maximum of  of coal.

The main armament of the Challenger class consisted of 11 quick-firing (QF)  Mk I guns. One gun was mounted on the forecastle and two others were positioned on the quarterdeck. The remaining eight guns were placed port and starboard amidships. They had a maximum range of approximately  with their  shells. Eight QF 12-pounder 12 cwt guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats. One additional 12-pounder 8 cwt gun could be dismounted for service ashore. They also carried six 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes.

The ships' protective deck armour ranged in thickness from . The engine hatches were protected by  of armour. The main guns were fitted with 3-inch gun shields and the conning tower had armour 6 inches thick.

Ships
 - Sold 1920
 - To Australia in 1912 as HMAS Encounter, renamed Penguin 1923, scuttled 1932.

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

 
Cruiser classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Lin Zhong. Lin Zhong is a Chinese American computer scientist. He is currently a Professor of Computer Science with Yale University. He received his B.S and M.S. in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Princeton University. From 2005 to 2019, he was with Rice University. At Yale, he leads the Efficient Computing Lab to make computing, communication, and interfacing more efficient and effective. He and his students received the best paper awards from ACM MobileHCI, IEEE PerCom, IEEE QCE, ACM MobiSys (3), and ACM ASPLOS. He is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, the Duncan Award from Rice University, the RockStar Award (2014) and Test of Time Award (2022) from ACM SIGMOBILE. He is a Fellow of IEEE and ACM.

His research has provided the technical foundation to Skylark Wireless and Theseus OS.

References

External links
 http://www.yecl.org

Living people
Yale University faculty
Rice University faculty
American computer scientists
Tsinghua University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Albert Lea Subdivision. The Albert Lea Subdivision or Albert Lea Sub is a railway line operated by Union Pacific Railroad in Minnesota and Iowa.  It runs from Hoffman Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota south to Mason City, Iowa, and is a segment of the former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad "Spine Line" which ran from the Twin Cities to Kansas City, Missouri.

In the north, the line initially runs south-southeast along the east bank of the Mississippi River until reaching the St. Paul Union Pacific Rail Bridge (known as the Hoffman Bridge in Union Pacific timetables), where it crosses the river and begins heading south-southwest.  The line is primarily signaled using centralized traffic control (CTC).

References

Union Pacific Railroad lines
Rail infrastructure in Minnesota
Rail infrastructure in Iowa
Nishitetsu Amagi Line. The  is a Japanese railway line operated by the private railway operator Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu), which connects Kurume and Asakura in Fukuoka Prefecture.

Stations

History
The  opened a  gauge line electrified at 600 V DC from Miyanojin to Kitano in 1915. The Kitano to Amagi section opened in 1921.
 
On 30 June 1924, the Mitsui Electric tramway was absorbed into the Kyushu Railway system, this line becoming the Mitsui Line. In 1942, the Kyushu Railway merged with the Kyushu Electric Railway, becoming the Nishi-Nippon (translates as West Japan) Railway.

In 1948, the line voltage was increased to 1,500 V DC, the same year through-running commenced with the Tenjin Ōmuta Line and the line was renamed the Amagi Line.

From 1 October 1989, wanman driver only operation commenced on the line.

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia.

Rail transport in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway lines opened in 1921
Mechanical snubber. A mechanical snubber is a mechanical device designed to protect components from excess shock or sway caused by seismic disturbances or other transient forces. During normal operating conditions, the snubber allows for movement in tension and compression. When an impulse event occurs, the snubber becomes activated and acts as a restraint device. The device becomes rigid, absorbs the dynamic energy, and transfers it to the supporting structure.

The image at right shows an isometric view of one style of mechanical snubber. When a disturbance occurs that exceeds the acceleration threshold of the snubber, the ball screw and drum produce angular momentum to the inertia mass. The inertial resistance of the mass engages the resilient capstan to tighten around a hardened mandrel, which is part of the structural tube. This, in turn, causes restraining force against the rotation of the ball screw. During standard operation, the associated acceleration is far below the threshold limit of the snubber and will not activate the capstan spring.

Applications 

Process Impulse Events
 water hammer
 tripped valve
 pipe rupture
 protection from overtravel or overstress by reducing the structural response

External impulse events
 seismic event (such as an earthquake)
 unexpected failure of adjacent components
 high wind loads

References 

Structural connectors
XOS. XOS or Xos may refer to:
 XOS (operating system), an Android-based operating system
 XOS 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0, Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives
 XOS valuation, a kind of utility function used mainly in mechanism design
 Xbox One S, a video game console by Microsoft
 Xerox Operating System, an operating system for the XDS Sigma line of computers
 Xylooligosaccharide, a polymer of the sugar xylose
 Xos, Inc., an American manufacturer of electric trucks
 XOS Romania a privately held Romanian company operating a classified advertisements website with sections devoted to jobs, housing, for sale, items wanted, services, community service.

See also
 XDOS (disambiguation)
Safety confirmation. A Safety confirmation system is a way of determining each day whether someone who lives alone is safe. All the person has to do is to press, before a time agreed with him or her, an 'I am okay' button on a special landline or mobile phone handset that can also be used normally to make calls. The button-press is transmitted to a monitoring centre and managed automatically. A follow-up system is initiated if a user fails to confirm that they are okay. If the button is not pressed by the agreed time it can be taken as a passive request for contact.

By the application of 'lean' design, the process of Safety Confirmation is conceptually simple, especially for people who use it but, as it has to be highly dependable and work reliably over different providers' phone networks, the technology that runs it is complex. 

Safety confirmation was invented and brought to market by James Batchelor (May 28, 1977, Yorkshire, England), a British technology entrepreneur and inventor who created it when he spotted the shortcomings of the predominant paradigm of personal safety alarms (also known as: community alarms; pendant alarms; autodialer alarms; medical alerts or personal emergency response systems (PERS)) after his grandmother fell. 

Conventionally, people who may be prone to falling or medical emergencies are provided with a button to press if they need help, which raises a call to a monitoring centre (as in the famous US TV advertisement "Help, I've Fallen and I Can't Get up"). A study reported in 2010 found that only 8% of people with pendant alarms wore them at all times and that two-thirds had never used them. 

By reversing the conventional paradigm safety confirmation provides reassurance for carers and avoids the situation where a person with a conventional alarm system is unable or unwilling to use it. The supplier reports that sudden changes in a daily pattern of the 'I am OK' button presses can be indicative of changes in general well being and, as the system is so simple to use, it functions as a cognitive test with deteriorating performance indicating that the user is developing further needs.

Safety confirmation systems have been on sale in the UK since at least 2005 and is used by local councils as part of their preventative telecare strategy.

References

External links 
 Yorkshire Post
 Craven Herald: Source of inspiration for Safety Confirmation

Security technology
Telephony equipment
Rescue equipment
Alarms
GWR 3571 class. The 3571 Class was a class of ten 0-4-2T tank engines designed by George Armstrong and built at the Wolverhampton Works of the Great Western Railway in 1895-7.  The 3571s, numbered 3571–3580 and built as Lot No. C3, were in essence a continuation, and conclusion, of the series of 517 Class built during Armstrong's long period of virtual autonomy at Wolverhampton. They differed from the 517s (apart from No. 1477 in rebuilt form) in that the outside frames were wider, constructed as a continuation of the valence under the running plate.   They also differed in carrying larger U Class boilers with longer fireboxes than the R and S Class boilers carried by all but ten of the 517s.

None of the 3571s was ever fitted for autotrain working. They spent most of their lives in the Chester and Birkenhead areas; all but two survived to the 1940s, and three into the British Railways era. The last was No. 3574, withdrawn in December 1949.

References

Sources

3571
0-4-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1895
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
GWR River Class. The 69 Class designed by William Dean for the Great Western Railway consisted of eight  tender locomotives, constructed at Swindon Works between 1895 and 1897. Nominally they were renewals of eight  engines that carried the same numbers, these themselves having been renewals by George Armstrong at Wolverhampton of s designed by Daniel Gooch as long ago as 1855.

In truth the Dean engines were in effect new engines, the only re-used parts being some recently fitted boilers of Swindon pattern. They had  driving wheels and  cylinders. s, being mixed-traffic engines, were not usually named on the GWR, but all of the 69s did carry names, as follows:

 69 Avon
 70 Dart
 71 Dee
 72 Exe
 73 Isis
 74 Stour
 75 Teign
 76 Wye

The "Rivers" were originally allocated to Oxford, and later moved to the Bristol division. They were not long-lived as s, the last being withdrawn in 1918.

References

Sources
 
 

2-4-0 locomotives
River Class
Railway locomotives introduced in 1895
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Paul-Aimé Sauriol. Paul-Aimé Sauriol (3 September 1931 – September 22, 2010) was a Canadian engineer and business executive.

Life and career
Sauriol was born in Laval, Quebec, Canada, the son of a farmer.  He graduated with a degree in civil engineering from the École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1955. Two years later, he founded the engineering firm Desjardins + Sauriol, which is now known as Dessau, alongside business partner Jean-Claude Desjardins. Today, what once began as a two-man engineering consultancy employs 4,800 people and is one of the largest engineering-construction companies in Canada.

Sauriol was the recipient of several notable awards, including the 1997 Josef-Hode-Keyser Award for his contributions to Quebec's transportation sector, and the 1998 Dunamis Award for his contributions to the City of Laval's economic development. In 2004, Sauriol received the Jean-Jacques Archambault Award, the most prestigious award in Quebec's electrical industry.

Following a long battle with cancer, he died in Laval on September 22, 2010, at age 79.

References

1931 births
2010 deaths
Canadian civil engineers
Businesspeople from Quebec
People from Laval, Quebec
Université de Montréal alumni
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Maryland Pressed Steel Company. Maryland Pressed Steel Company  was an American aircraft manufacturer of the Bellanca CD, and CE aircraft.

The New York & Hagerstown Metal Stamping Co manufactured arms for the British and was reorganized into the Maryland Pressed Steel Company in 1914. In 1916, the Poole Engineering and Machine Co acquired the company as a division. The company produced arms for the wartime effort. The company attempted to break into the lucrative aircraft production field with the foundation of their Aircraft Department.

In 1917 during World War I, designer Giuseppe Mario Bellanca was hired to build six aircraft for the company in its factory at Hagerstown, Maryland. The two passenger 35 hp CD model biplanes were demonstrated at Towson, Maryland in August 1918 in an attempt to win a military contract. The 55 hp CE aircraft were advertised at a cost of $3500, but only one was produced after the war's end. Bellanca announced in May 1920 that it could not produce aircraft due to a shortage of engines from France. In 1921 The airplane business was sold to Bellanca and partner Victor Roos from Omaha, Nebraska forming the Roos-Bellanca Company. Bellanca left for Wright Aeronautical updating the CF design into the famous Wright WB-2, which was sold to the Columbia Aircraft Corp. Bellanca continued to produce aircraft with his own companyAviaBellanca Aircraft.

At the end of World War I, the company lost its contracts, switching production to wire wheels. It then went into receivership, where it was sold to R.J. Funkhouser & Co., who subsequently sold it to the M.P. Moller Motor Car Co. The  Hagerstown plant had a series of previous owners including the Crawford Bicycle Co, American Bicycle Co., Pope Manufacturing Company, and Montrose Metal Casket Company.

Aircraft

References

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Aviation in Maryland
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Maryland
Thinking machine. Thinking machine or thinking machines may refer to:

 Thinking Machines Corporation, defunct supercomputer manufacturer, in business from 1982 to 1994
 Thinking machines (Dune), fictional intelligent robots from the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert in 1965
 Professor Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen, fictional detective known as "The Thinking Machine" in two 1900s novels and a series of detective short stories by Jacques Futrelle

See also 
 Artificial intelligence
Firth Concrete. Firth Concrete (legal title: Firth Industries) is New Zealand's largest and only national concrete company. It produces ready mix concrete under its Certified brand, a large range of concrete masonry (or grey masonry), paving, segmental retaining walls and veneers. It also has a range of bagged, pre-mixed product that is marketed under the Dricon brand.

History 
The business from which Firth evolved started at Matamata, New Zealand, in 1865. This original business was established by Josiah Firth, who arrived in New Zealand in 1856. On arriving Josiah decided that Auckland needed a modern flour mill. But first it needed a brick-making factory, so he built his own. Meanwhile, his son, Ned Firth, invented the ‘ironclad’ pumice washing boiler. This manufacturing business was later taken on by his sons, Ted and Tony Firth, and it was their joint venture that became Firth Concrete Limited.
 
In the beginning, concrete products in New Zealand were manufactured by hand in small-scale operations. But over the next fifty years driven by two successive building booms, the Firth brothers took their business from a two-man operation to a large, diverse business with branches throughout the country. In 1927 the company acquired its ‘Ironclad’ logo, designed by Clifton Firth. In 1938 it introduced New Zealand's first machine-made concrete blocks. The blocks were cast by a machine called a ‘Rockcrete’ at the company's Frankton factory in Hamilton.

Firth's modern history began in 1973 when Fletcher Holdings bought a minor holding in the company, completing a full buy-out in 1979.
In 1993, two Fletcher Challenge Limited business units – Certified Concrete Limited and Firth Concrete Products Limited – were merged to become the Firth company of today, a Business Unit of Fletcher Building Ltd. In April 2001 Fletcher Building separated from Fletcher Challenge to operate as a stand-alone company.

Today Firth has a team of about 650 people, working in more than 65 plant sites throughout New Zealand.

Products 

Firth products are divided into three product groups.

Certified concrete 
Firth has supplied concrete to large scale New Zealand projects such as: The Museum of New Zealand – Te Papa Tongarewa, The Auckland Sky Tower and Wellington's Westpac Trust Stadium. Latest project: The Victoria Park Tunnel in Auckland.

Masonry products 
Firth produces: masonry blocks, pavers, retaining wall products and bricks. It can make to order special mixes with specified colours, abrasion-resistance qualities, strengths and mix designs.

Dricon 
Dricon produces pre-mixed, bagged concretes, mortars, plasters and sands. Dricon has been in operation in New Zealand for over 40 years and the business is ISO 9001 Quality Certified. Dricon's products include: HandiCrete, RapidSet SuperSet and Oxitone, PaveLock, PaveSandTM

References 
 Fletcher Building divisions & businesses
 Firth company information
 Green build products
 Innovative concrete technology used in new bridge

External links 
 Firth Concrete

Manufacturing companies of New Zealand
Concrete
Manufacturing companies established in 1925
Matamata
New Zealand companies established in 1925
International Decision Systems. International Decision Systems (IDS)  is a software development company that creates software for financial institutions and equipment-leasing companies.

History
IDS was founded in 1974 as Decision Systems. In 2000, the company changed its name to International Decision Systems when it went public in a merger with the British company CFS. Two years later in 2003, the company was bought back by the managers of IDS for $25 million. In 2008, IDS filed papers for an IPO hoping to raise $86 million.

Company Overview
International Decision Systems, Inc. provides asset finance and portfolio management software for the asset financing industry. IDS headquarters is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota with additional offices in Sydney, Australia; London, United Kingdom; Singapore; and Bengaluru, India.

Controversies
A lawsuit was filed against IDS in 2003, shortly after IDS managers bought back the company. Capital Stream Inc. filed a $20 million lawsuit alleging IDS executives used insider knowledge to buy the company.

References

External links
 Company website

Financial services companies of the United States
Financial software companies