omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pontil mark. A pontil mark or punt mark is the scar where the pontil, punty or punt was broken from a work of blown glass.  The presence of such a scar indicates that a glass bottle or bowl was blown freehand, while the absence of a punt mark suggests either that the mark has been obliterated or that the work was mold-blown.

Note: not all glass with a pontil scar was blown. Some non-blown, free-form glass items were attached to a pontil rod in order to do finishing work on the item;  such as crimping the rims, swinging the item upside down to form a swung vase etc., applying glass decorative elements, (rigaree) fire polishing the rims or re-striking, (re-heating) the items made of heat sensitive glass that changes color on the area that has been reheated. 

Some glassblowers grind a hollow into the base of their work, obliterating the natural punt scar.  Where the base of the work is sufficiently heavy, the entire natural base can be sawed or ground flat.  Where the base of the work is concave, after the punt has been broken from the work, the punt may be used to attach a small gather of hot glass over the punt scar, into which a maker's mark is impressed.

As commonly used in the collectibles and antiques industry, the term refers to the mark impressed on a blown glass item over this scar, since many notable glassblowers have impressed or engraved makers marks in the punt scars of their work.  In the case of mold-blown work, where no pontil is used during manufacture, the term has also come to apply to marks impressed in the base of the work where the pontil scar would have been had it been free blown.

The base of a wine bottle, particularly when it is indented, has come to be known as a punt, although wine bottles have generally been mold-blown for centuries.

In older enamelled glass there are often two pontil marks, indicating that the piece has been in the furnace twice, before and after the enamels were added.

References

External links
Discussion with glassmakers and collectors.

Glass art
Glass production
Gas Technology Institute. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is an American non-profit research and development organization which develops, demonstrates, and licenses new energy technologies for private and public clients, with a particular focus on the natural gas industry.  GTI is located in Des Plaines, Illinois.

History

The Gas Technology Institute has its origins in several different organizations. 

The Institute of Gas Technology was founded in 1941 at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT).

The Gas Research Institute was founded in 1976 by an ad hoc committee made up of members from the American Gas Association and the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America. Encouragement for the gas industry to increase R&D came from the Federal Power Commission in that year. GRI incorporated as an independent non-profit in Illinois on July 8, 1976.  The Institute sponsored research with funding derived from a surcharge on shipments of natural gas sold by the interstate pipelines, thus passing along R&D costs to gas consumers. In 2000, the funding mechanism that supported the Gas Research Institute was phased out.  That year, the Institute of Gas Technology and the Gas Research Institute combined to form the Gas Technology Institute.

In 2006, the IIT building that formerly housed the institute became home to Shimer College, which took up residence there after moving from Waukegan.

References

External links
Gas Technology Institute website

Illinois Institute of Technology
Des Plaines, Illinois
Natural gas organizations
Energy research
Foil opal. Foil opals are simulated opal gemstones that first came into vogue during the jewelry-making boom of the late-Victorian era. Across Europe and the United States, these faux gemstones joined their paste counterparts (simulated diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires made from glass) as the need for jewelry outstripped both gemstone availability and nouveau middle-class budgets. The term 'foil' refers to an actual metal foil that was sometimes used to create reflection and sparkle behind milky glass or quartz faces. Though technically incorrect, other simulated opals with various types of sparkling inclusions or shiny backings are sometimes also referred to as 'foil opals' by jewelry collectors.

See also
 Cacholong
 Synthetic gemstones

References

Jewellery components
Charles Ellis. Charles Ellis may refer to:

 Charles Alton Ellis (1876–1949), senior engineer for the design of the Golden Gate Bridge
 Charles Ellis (soccer) (1890–1954), American soccer midfielder
 Charles Ellis, 1st Baron Seaford (1771–1845), British politician
 Charles Ellis, 6th Baron Howard de Walden (1799–1868), his son, British peer and politician
 Charles Drummond Ellis (1895–1980), British physicist and scientific administrator
 Dick Ellis (Charles Howard Ellis, 1895–1975), Australian soldier and intelligence officer
 Charlie Ellis (1875–?), Australian rugby union player
 Charles H. Ellis III (born 1958), American preacher
 Charles D. Ellis (born 1937), American investment consultant
 Charles Ellis (cricketer, born 1830) (1830–1880), English cricketer
 Charles Ellis (cricketer, born 1815), English cricketer
 Charles Ellis Johnson (1857–1926), American photographer
 Charley Ellis (1944–2018), American boxer
Vickers Type 123. 

The Vickers Type 123 was a 1920s British single-seat biplane fighter designed and built by Vickers Limited as a private venture. The only Type 123 was later modified into the Type 141 but, not winning any orders, it was scrapped in 1930.

Design and development 
The Type 123 was a conventional biplane powered by a 400 hp (298 kW) Hispano-Suiza T52 (Hispano 12 Jb) engine, built at Weybridge Aerodrome in 1926. It was registered as G-EBNQ in February 1926 and first flew on 11 September 1926. In 1927 it had a 480 hp (358 kW) Rolls-Royce F.XI engine fitted and was redesignated Type 141. It competed unsuccessfully in an Air Ministry fighter procurement competition in January 1928. It was then modified as a fleet fighter to meet Specification 21/26 and carried out trials on  in June 1929. Without winning any orders the aircraft was scrapped in 1930.

Specifications (Type 123)

References 

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

1920s British fighter aircraft
Type 123
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
IEC 61968. IEC 61968 is a series of standards under development that will define standards for information exchanges between electrical distribution systems. These standards are being developed by Working Group 14 of Technical Committee 57 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC TC 57 WG14). IEC 61968 is intended to support the inter-application integration of a utility enterprise that needs to collect data from different applications that are legacy or new and each has different interfaces and run-time environments. IEC 61968 defines interfaces for all the major elements of an interface architecture for distribution management systems (DMS) and is intended to be implemented with middleware services that broker messages among applications.

Standards
 IEC 61968-1 – Interface architecture and general requirements [Published]
 IEC 61968-2 – Glossary [Published]
 IEC 61968-3 – Interface for Network Operations [NO] [Published]
 IEC 61968-4 – Interfaces for Records and Asset management [AM] [Published]
 IEC 61968-5 – Interfaces for Distributed Energy Optimization [DER] [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-6 – Interfaces for Maintenance & Construction [MC] [Published]
 IEC 61968-7 – Interfaces for Network Extension Planning [NE] [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-8 – Interfaces for Customer Support [CS] [Published]
 IEC 61968-9 – Interface Standard for Meter Reading & Control [MR] [Published]
 IEC 61968-10 – Interfaces for Business functions external to distribution management [Retired]. This includes Energy management & trading [EMS], Retail [RET], Supply Chain & Logistics [SC], Customer Account Management [ACT], Financial [FIN], Premises [PRM] & Human Resources [HR]
 IEC 61968-11 – Common Information Model (CIM) Extensions for Distribution [Published]
 IEC 61968-12 – Common Information Model (CIM) Use Cases for 61968 [Retired]
 IEC 61968-13 – Common Information Model (CIM) RDF Model exchange format for distribution [Published]
 IEC 61968-14-1-3 to 14-1-10 – Proposed IEC Standards to Map IEC 61968 and MultiSpeak Standards [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-14-2-3 to 14-2-10 – Proposed IEC Standards to Create a CIM Profile to Implement MultiSpeak Functionality [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-100 – Application Integration

See also
 IEC 61850
 IEC 61970

References

External links 
 
 CIM Users Group

61968
Smart grid
Morris E. Fine. Morris Eugene Fine (April 12, 1918 – September 30, 2015) was Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering in Service and Member of the Graduate Faculty at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. A member of Northwestern's faculty for over 60 years starting in 1954, he was co-founder of the world's first department of materials science in that university.  He is particularly known for his contributions to the field of physical metallurgy, and his 1964 book "Introduction to Phase Transformations in Condensed Systems" is a classical text in the field. He was born in Jamestown, North Dakota and died in 2015 at the age of 97. His funeral was held at Temple Emanuel Sinai in Worcester, Massachusetts on October 7, 2015.

References

External links 
 Bio at Northwestern University

Northwestern University faculty
2015 deaths
1918 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American materials scientists
Scientists at Bell Labs
Manhattan Project people
People from Jamestown, North Dakota
Minnesota CEMS
Delta Blues (film). Delta Blues (In a Land of Cotton) is a 2001 documentary film. The movie deals with the environmental problems emanating from the drying up of the Aral Sea, and the impact this has on political relationships in the Central Asian region (especially Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan). In particular, it focuses on the document Water-related vision for the Aral Sea basin for the year 2025 by UNESCO, as presented in 2000 at the 2nd World Water Forum in The Hague. This document has been criticized for setting unrealistic goals, and also, by focusing on the entire basin (south-west Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), for implicitly giving up on the Aral Sea and the people living downstream in Karakalpakstan.

Interviewees 

 Oral Ataniyazova (foundation Perzent, Nukus)
 Yusup Kamalov (Union for Defence of the Aral Sea and Amudarya river (UDASA), Nukus)
 Meryem Aslan (Oxfam Novib, The Hague)
 Max Spoor (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague)
 Ian Small (Médecins Sans Frontières, Nukus)
 Scott O'Connor (Central Asia Free Exchange)
 Sagitzjan Aitzjanov  (Central Asia Free Exchange, Muynak)
 Frits Verhoog (UNESCO, Paris)
 Rashid Koshekov (Ministry of Water, Karakalpakstan)
 Bakhtiyar Zhollybekov (Tashkent Agrarian University, Nukus)

See also 

 Water privatization
 Externality
 Soviet Union
 Central Asia
 Karakalpakstan

References

External links 
 Official site of the documentary film Delta Blues
 Trailer of the documentary film Delta Blues
 UNESCO's Water-related vision for the Aral Sea basin for the year 2025, as presented in March 2000 at the 2nd World Water Forum in The Hague
 Article on UNESCO's Water Related Vision for the Aral Sea Basin

Environmental issues with water
Documentary films about water and the environment
Central Asia
Aral Sea
Earle S. MacPherson. Earle Steele MacPherson (July 6, 1891 – January 26, 1960) was an American  automotive engineer, most famous for developing the MacPherson strut in the 1940s.

Biography
Earle S. MacPherson was born in Highland Park, Illinois, in 1891, and was a graduate of the University of Illinois. He served in World War I and attained the rank of captain. He worked successively for the Chalmers Motor Company and for the Liberty Motor Car Company in the early 1920s, and joined Hupmobile in 1923. In 1934, he joined General Motors, becoming chief design engineer of Chevrolet division in 1935.

MacPherson was the chief engineer of the Chevrolet Cadet project, a compact car intended to sell for less than $1,000. MacPherson developed a strut-type suspension for the Cadet, partly inspired by Fiat designs patented by Guido Fornaca in the 1920s (although the Cadet did not use a true MacPherson strut design) and a patent by Frank M. Smith of Stout Motor Car Corp.

After the Cadet was canceled in May 1947, MacPherson left GM, joining the Ford Motor Company later that year. One of his first projects was to adapt his strut suspension design for the 1955 Ford Vedette, for Ford's French subsidiary. This became the first car to use the true MacPherson strut suspension.   Ford's Poissy plant got off to a slow start with the Vedette, however, and the Fords Zephyr and Consul which captured the headlines at the 1950 London Motor Show have also been claimed as the first cars to appear "in mass production" with MacPherson struts.

MacPherson became chief engineer of Ford Motor Company in 1952, a position he retained until his retirement in May 1958. He died in January 1960, at Old Grace Hospital in Detroit, after he suffered a heart attack.

References

Further reading

External links
 MacPherson's World War II draft registration card via Fold3.com

1891 births
1960 deaths
American automotive engineers
American automotive pioneers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Ford designers
University of Illinois alumni
American military personnel of World War I
Engineers from Illinois
MIT Academy of Engineering. MIT Academy of Engineering (MIT AOE) is an autonomous engineering college affiliated with the Savitribai Phule Pune University, India and accredited by NAAC.

Academics
MIT Academy of Engineering offers undergraduate/postgraduate courses in Engineering, Management, Medicine, Pharmacy and Design.

Academic Schools 
The following schools are NBA accredited:

 SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
 SCHOOL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING 
 SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

MIT Academy of Engineering also has the following schools:

 SCHOOL OF DESIGN
 SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Library
The MIT AOE Central Library started operation from the year 1999 with a collection covering computer, electronics, chemical and E&TC engineering, mechanical engineering, information technology disciplines. 
The built-up area of the library is 9578.53 sq. ft. (905 sq. mt).

References

External links
MITAOE Official Website
 

Engineering colleges in Maharashtra
Universities and colleges in Pune
Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Maharashtra
Morten P. Meldal. Morten Peter Meldal (born 16 January 1954) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate. He is a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is best known for developing the CuAAC-click reaction, concurrently with but independent of Valery V. Fokin and K. Barry Sharpless.

Biography 
Meldal received B.S. and PhD degrees in chemical engineering from Technical University of Denmark (DTU); his PhD work was supervised by Klaus Bock and focused on the synthetic chemistry of carbohydrates. From 1983 to 1988 he was a postdoctoral fellow in organic chemistry, first at the DTU, next at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University and then at the University of Copenhagen. In 1996 he was appointed assistant professor at DTU. Since 1998 he has led the synthesis group in the Department of Chemistry of the Carlsberg Laboratory.

Meldal developed several technological techniques and instruments for peptide synthesis near the start of his career. He developed the multiple-column synthesis used in peptide and organic synthesis instruments, as well as for assembling large split-mix libraries. He first presented the cycloaddition of acetylenes and azides used in peptide and protein conjugations, in polymers and in material sciences. Meldal's group has then showed this reaction to be orthogonal to the majority of functional group chemistries.

More recently Meldal has developed an optical encoding technique  and has focused on the merger of organic chemistry and peptide chemistry on solid support. He has devised a range of novel methods for the generation of N-acyl iminium ions in which combinatorial libraries of these compounds are generated and screened for substances with activity toward G protein-coupled receptors in cell-based on-bead screening.

In 2019, Meldal co-founded the company Betamab Therapeutics ApS, based on the concept of beta-bodies, i.e. peptide mimics of antibodies. The company closed in 2021.

Honors and awards 
Meldal was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with Carolyn R. Bertozzi and Karl Barry Sharpless, "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry".

References

External links 

 

Danish chemists
1954 births
Living people
Carlsberg Laboratory staff
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Technical University of Denmark alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Academic staff of the Technical University of Denmark
21st-century Danish scientists
21st-century chemists
Ypsilon (bridge). The Ypsilon Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over Drammenselva in Drammen, located in Buskerud in Norway. 

The pedestrian bridge connects Kunnskapsparken, the science park of Grønland in Drammen with the city park on Bragernes. The bridge was designed by the firm of Arne Eggen Architects. The three-way bridge has been given the name "Ypsilon" due to its special form – from the air it looks like a Y, with one abutment on the Strømsø side and two at the Bragernes side. The project was co-funded by the municipality of Drammen and Kunnskapsparken AS. Kunnskapsparken accommodates the University of South-Eastern Norway with its campus Drammen, the public library of Drammen, and the Viken Regional Library.

Gallery

See also 

 List of bridges in Norway
 List of bridges in Norway by length
 List of bridges
 List of bridges by length

References

External links
 Ypsilon Bridge on en.broer.no
 Arne Eggen Architects website
 LINK landskap

Bridges in Buskerud
Cable-stayed bridges in Norway
Bridges completed in 2008
2008 establishments in Norway
Buildings and structures in Drammen
Multi-way bridges
Embedded System Module. Embedded System Module, or ESM, is a compact computer-on-module (COM) standard. An ESM module typically includes a CPU processor, memory, module-specific I/O interfaces and a number of basic front I/O connectors. They can be plugged on a carrier board or be used as a stand-alone processor card.

If the ESM module is plugged on a carrier, it relies on the standard PCI bus as a board-to-board interface. In this case two connectors create a link to the carrier. While the "J1" connector provides a specified PCI connection, the "J2" connector brings I/O signals from the ESM module to the carrier, which then includes all necessary connectors. The signal assignment of J2 is not fixed but can be completely customized, although there are reserved pins for a 64-bit PCI bus interface. A third connector, "J3", is used for additional I/O signals if the ESM module has no front I/O. The signal assignment of this connector is fixed to support a special set of I/O functions.

A large part of the I/O functions on ESMs are often controlled by an onboard FPGA component (field-programmable gate array) so that every module can easily be tailored to a specialized application through user-defined functions. Such functions are loaded into the FPGA as IP cores. Using FPGAs also reduces dependence on special controller chips which may become obsolete, thus extending the card's serviceability.

ESMs are typically used on boards for CompactPCI and VMEbus as well as single-board computers for embedded applications. A company standard by MEN Micro, a manufacturer of embedded computers, specifies the ESM concept and the different types of modules. The ESM specification defines one form factor for the printed circuit board: .

Depending on the processor type, most ESM modules have heat sinks and can be operated in wide temperature ranges up to -40 to +85 °C.

A mechanical specialty of ESM modules is that their connectors are compatible with the PCI-104 module standard. These modules can be "stacked" onto ESM modules, e. g., for additional peripheral interfaces.

See also 
 Computer-on-module
 ESMexpress
 Embedded system

References 
Schmitz, M. (2005). ESM Embedded System Modules Specification, MEN Mikro Elektronik GmbH. Retrieved on 2015-09-21.

Motherboard form factors
Titanium gold. In metallurgy, titanium gold (Ti-Au or Au-Ti) refers to an alloy consisting of titanium and gold. Such alloys are used in dentistry, ceramics and jewelry. Like many other alloys, titanium gold alloys have a higher yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and magnetism than either of its constituent metals.

In July 2016, researchers led by Emilia Morosan at Rice University discovered that a titanium-gold alloy, β-Ti3Au, is an intermetallic alloy that is up to 4 times harder than pure titanium and most steels.

In popular culture
In the 2008 film Iron Man, the title character wears an armor made from a titanium-gold alloy. According to actor Robert Downey Jr., who played the role of Iron Man, the suit fit him "like a gold-titanium glove".

In the 2019 book The Secret Commonwealth (part of the universe of His Dark Materials trilogy), the alethiometer is revealed to be made primarily of a titanium-gold alloy.

In S6:E22 of The Blacklist the show’s computer wizz, Aram Mojtabai, comments that the cage originally created to house Reddington is made of titanium gold alloy.

See also 
 Titanium nitride, a gold-coloured, hard-wearing coating for steel

References 

Titanium alloys
Precious metal alloys