omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Microsoft Flight Simulator (1982 video game). Microsoft Flight Simulator, commonly known as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.0, is a flight simulator video game, released in November 1982 for the IBM PC. It is the first instalment in the Microsoft Flight Simulator series.

History

Around the years of 1981–82, Microsoft contacted Bruce Artwick of Sublogic, creator of FS1 Flight Simulator, to develop a new flight simulator for IBM compatible PCs. This version was released in November 1982 as Microsoft Flight Simulator. It featured an improved graphics engine, variable weather and time of day, and a new coordinate system (used by all subsequent versions up to version 5).  It was later updated and ported to other home computers as Flight Simulator II, published by Sublogic.

Advertisements claimed "If flying your IBM PC got any more realistic, you'd need a license", and promised "a full-color, out-the-window flight display". Early versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator were used as a test for PC compatibility. If a computer could run Microsoft Flight Simulator and Lotus 1-2-3, it was 100% IBM PC-compatible.

Gameplay
In Microsoft Flight Simulator, the player flies a Cessna 182 in one of four US regions: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, or Seattle.  The starting airport was Meigs Field in Chicago, with a view of the city skyline to the left and Lake Michigan to the right.  It would remain the default airport in future versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator, until the real airport was closed.

There was also a "Europe 1917" mode which was similar to the "British Ace" mode of FS1 Flight Simulator.  This mode had the player flying a Sopwith Camel in a grid-divided area with mountains on two sides.  They could declare war and fire at enemy aircraft.

Reception
Will Fastie for Creative Computing said "In their established tradition, Microsoft has again chosen to market a classic program, unique in the market."

Jay Marrone for SoftSide said "the MS-Flight Simulator is an entertaining program for anyone who ever wanted to pilot an airplane."

Hartley G. Lesser for Electronic Fun with Computers & Games said "Microsoft's Flight Simulator actually turns your IBM PC into a Cessna. The thrill of flying becomes a reality."

Stan Miastkowski for Byte said "The Microsoft Flight Simulator is a tour de force of the programmer's art."

The game sold about 800,000 copies in its first five years.

In 2021, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted Microsoft Flight Simulator to its World Video Game Hall of Fame.

Reviews
PC Magazine - Jan, 1983

References

External links
Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.0 at MobyGames
Review in PC World
Review in Family Computing

1982 video games
Microsoft Flight Simulator
Single-player video games
Sublogic games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States
World Video Game Hall of Fame
Herbert Keller. Herbert Bishop Keller (19 June 1925 in Paterson, New Jersey – 26 January 2008 in Pasadena, California) was an American applied mathematician and numerical analyst. He was professor of applied mathematics, emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology.

Early life and education
Keller graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology with a bachelor's in electrical engineering in 1945; and from New York University, later known as the Courant Institute, with a Ph.D. in 1954.

Career
A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Keller was known for his contributions to the field of applied mathematics and numerical analysis including bifurcation theory, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and scientific computing. He is the co-author, with Eugene Isaacson, of the classic textbook Analysis of Numerical Methods, which is still in use in leading graduate programs in applied mathematics. 
It is interesting to observe that the first letters of each sentence in the Preface spell "Down With Computers And Their Lackeys."
He served as president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (1974–1976).

Keller was a recipient of the Theodore von Kármán Prize of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 1994. Herbert was the younger brother of applied mathematician Joseph B. Keller.  Joseph Keller was also a co-advisor for Herbert's PhD thesis.

Keller was an avid bicyclist even at 82 years old. He died after his regular Saturday morning bike ride when he took a dip in a hot tub to relax his muscles, lost consciousness due to hyperthermia, and drowned.

References

External links

Herbert B. Keller at the California Institute of Technology

1925 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Jewish American scientists
Georgia Tech alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Computational fluid dynamicists
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
New York University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Presidents of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Scientific computing researchers
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Deaths by drowning in the United States
CompoZr. The CompoZr Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) platform is a technology developed by Sigma-Aldrich that allows researchers to target and manipulate the genome of living cells thereby creating cell lines or entire organisms with permanent and heritable gene deletions, insertions, or modifications.    

The technology was released in September 2008.  In December 2008, CompoZr ZFN Technology ranked third in  The Scientist Magazine's Top Ten Innovations of 2008.

In July 2009, the first genetically modified mammal was created through the use of CompoZr ZFN Technology.

References

External links
CompoZr Homepage
CompoZr Publications

Engineered proteins
Zinc proteins
Harold D. Kantner. Harold Dewolf Kantner (February 23, 1886 – December 11, 1973) was a pioneer aviator.

Biography
He was born on February 23, 1886, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He attended the John Bevins Moisant aviation school and was taught to fly by Andre Haupert. Kantner and Etienne Dormoy built a Bleriot monoplane with a 50 horsepower Gnome et Rhône engine in which Kantner soloed on June 30, 1911, and was given Fédération Aéronautique Internationale certificate number 65 on October 14, 1911, in Mineola, New York. He was instructor at the Yale group in Buffalo, New York. After World War I he worked as designer and test pilot for Continental motors, Aeromarine, Fairchild and Convair. He retired from Convair in 1961. He died on December 11, 1973.

References

External links
 Kantner at Flickr Commons via San Diego Air and Space Museum

1886 births
1973 deaths
Aviators from Pennsylvania
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Lessay Airport. Lessay Airport  is a regional airport in Lessay, Normandy, France. It supports general aviation with no scheduled commercial airline services.

History
The airport was built in August 1944 as a United States Army Air Force Ninth Air Force Advanced Landing Ground.  It was constructed by the IX Engineering Command, 830th Engineer Aviation Battalion.   The original construction was of Pierced Steel Planking for two intersecting runways, a main of 6000' x 120' (06/24) and a secondary of 5000' x 120' (12/30).  In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.

When completed it was known as ALG "A-20".  Built for bomber use with all-weather facilities, it was the home of the 323d Bombardment Group which moved in from RAF Beaulieu, England on 26 August, remaining until 21 September 1944.  The 323d flew B-26 Marauders.   The bombers flew support missions during the Allied invasion of Normandy, dropping bombs on German gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery and concentrations of troops.   They also attacked bridges and German-controlled airfields in occupied areas.  After the bombers moved east to Chartres in Central France,  the airfield was closed and turned over to local French authorities.

After the war, it was developed into the current airport.  The runways have had their metal runways removed and are now turf.  The main is still in use, however the secondary is very evident in aerial photography.

See also

 Advanced Landing Ground

References

External links
 A-20 Advanced Landing Ground Memorial

Airports in Normandy
World War II airfields in France
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in France
Airports established in 1944
Steven Aftergood. Steven Aftergood is a critic of U.S. government secrecy policy. He directs the Federation of American Scientists project on Government Secrecy and is the author of the Federation publication Secrecy News.

Life and career
Aftergood has a BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles and has published research in solid-state physics.

In 1991, Aftergood exposed the classified Project Timberwind, an unacknowledged U.S. Department of Defense special access program to develop a nuclear thermal rocket. That episode led the Federation of American Scientists to initiate an ongoing research project on government secrecy, led by Aftergood.

Controversies

Intelligence budget disclosure

Aftergood was the plaintiff in a 1997 Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the Central Intelligence Agency which led to the declassification and publication of the U.S. government's total intelligence budget ($26.6 billion in 1997) for the first time in fifty years.

In 2006, Aftergood won a FOIA lawsuit against the National Reconnaissance Office to release unclassified budget records.

Preserving CIA email

A Central Intelligence Agency proposal in 2014 to eliminate the email records of all but 22 senior agency officials was derailed after a reference to the move was spotted by Aftergood, triggering a critical reaction in congress and elsewhere. The proposal was formally withdrawn by the agency in 2016.

Reducing nuclear weapons secrecy

As part of an effort by the Federation of American Scientists to reduce secrecy surrounding nuclear weapons, Aftergood acquired and posted a 2019 Joint Chiefs of Staff publication on Nuclear Operations. The document describes a potential role for such weapons in U.S. warfighting plans.

Promoting access to government information

Aftergood maintained several widely-used collections of government documents. These include Presidential national security directives, US military doctrinal publications, applications of the state secrets privilege, uses of the Invention Secrecy Act, Congressional Research Service reports, and studies performed by the JASON science advisory panel.

Awards
Aftergood’s work on government secrecy policy has been recognized with the Pioneer Award from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the James Madison Award from the American Library Association, the Public Access to Government Information Award from the American Association of Law Libraries, and the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award from the Playboy Foundation.

Selected publications

References

External links
 Biography of Steven Aftergood
 Secrecy News
 

Activists from Los Angeles
Activists from Washington, D.C.
American political activists
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Meautis Airfield. Meautis Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield, which is located near the commune of Méautis in  the Normandy region of northern France.

Located to the east of Méautis, the United States Army Air Force established a temporary airfield on 24 July 1944, shortly after the Allied landings in France  The airfield was constructed by the IX Engineering Command, 840th Engineer Aviation Battalion.

History
Known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-17", the airfield consisted of a single 5000' (1500m) Prefabricated Hessian Surfacing/Compressed Earth runway (3600 PHS/1400 ETH)  aligned 10/28. 

In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.

The 50th Fighter Group, based P-47 Thunderbolt fighters at Meautis  from 15 August though 6 September 1944.

The fighter planes flew support missions during the Allied invasion of Normandy, patrolling roads in front of the beachhead; strafing German military vehicles and dropping bombs on gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery and concentrations of German troops in Normandy and Brittany when spotted.

After the Americans moved east into Central France with the advancing Allied Armies, the airfield was closed on 7 September 1944.  Today the airfield consists of agricultural fields, likely located to the east of the commune, as a large section of land appears to have an outline of an airfield by its field shapes.

References

External links
 A-17 Memorial

World War II airfields in France
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in France
Airports established in 1944
Paco Lagerstrom. Paco Axel Lagerstrom (February 24, 1914 – February 16, 1989) was a Swedish-American applied mathematician and aeronautical engineer. He was trained formally in mathematics, but worked for much of his career in aeronautical applications. He was known for work in applying the method of asymptotic expansion to fluid mechanics problems. Several of his works have become classics, including "Matched Asymptotic Expansions: Ideas And Techniques".

Biography
He was born on February 24, 1914, in Oskarshamn, Sweden.

Lagerstrom earned bachelor's and master's degrees, in 1935 and 1939 respectively, at the University of Stockholm. He then came to America as a graduate student at Princeton University, earning a PhD in 1942 in mathematics under Salomon Bochner with a dissertation entitled "Measure and Integral in Partially Ordered Spaces". During this time, Lagerstrom was also a mathematics instructor.

He left Princeton in 1944 to work briefly at Bell Aircraft in Niagara Falls, New York until 1945, after which he worked for a similarly brief period at Douglas Aircraft in Santa Monica. While he had already published significant results in pure mathematics, he was, by this time, firmly interested in its applications to fluid dynamic and aerodynamic problems. In 1946, Lagerstrom was recruited by Hans Liepmann to the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech. He was later promoted to Professor of Aeronautics in 1952 and Professor of Applied Mathematics in 1967, having departed only briefly to the University of Paris in 1960–1961 as visiting professor on a Guggenheim Fellowship.

He died on February 16, 1989.

Publications
His book "Laminar flow theory", initially published in 1964 in the Theory of Laminar flows, edited by F.K.Moore, is still considered as the standard textbook for fluid mechanics.

References

External links
 

20th-century American mathematicians
Fluid dynamicists
20th-century Swedish mathematicians
20th-century American engineers
1989 deaths
1914 births
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Lignerolles Airfield. Lignerolles Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield near the commune of Lignerolles in  the Normandy region of northern France.

Located to the south and east of Lignerolles, the United States Army Air Force established a temporary airfield on 6 July 1944, shortly after the Allied landings in France. The airfield was constructed by the IX Engineering Command, 820th Engineer Aviation Battalion.

History
Known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-12", the airfield consisted of a single  Prefabricated Hessian Surfacing runway. In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.

The fighter planes from Lignerolles flew support missions during the Allied invasion of Normandy, patrolling roads in front of the beachhead; strafing German military vehicles and dropping bombs on gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery and concentrations of German troops in Normandy and Brittany when spotted.

In the beginning of September 1944, 34 Wing (RAF) was moved from RAF Northolt to Lignerolles.  The wing operated two photographic reconnaissance squadrons from the airfield in support of the Canadian Army.

After the Americans and British moved east into Central France with the advancing Allied Armies, the airfield was left un-garrisoned and used for resupply and casualty evacuation.   It was closed on 4 November 1944 and the land returned to agricultural use.

Major units assigned
 362d Fighter Group 2 July - 10 August 1944
 377th (E4), 378th (G8), 379th (B6) Fighter Squadrons (P-47)
 365th Fighter Group 15 August - 3 September 1944
 386th (D5), 387th (B4), 388th (C4) Fighter Squadrons (P-47D)
 34 Wing (Royal Air Force), September 1944
 69 Squadron (MJ) (Spitfires XI), 140 Squadron (ZW) (Mosquito XVI)

Current use
Today there is little or no physical evidence of the airfield's existence.
A memorial to the men and units that were stationed at Lignerolles was placed at the site of the former airfield.  It is located along a path that starts from the D13 at the place called The Hodam.

See also

 Advanced Landing Ground

References

External links

 A-12 Memorial

World War II airfields in France
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in France
Airports established in 1944
Western Museum of Mining & Industry. The Western Museum of Mining & Industry is a museum at 225 North Gate Boulevard in Colorado Springs, Colorado, dedicated to the mining history and industrial technology of the western United States. The museum was founded in 1970, and has been accredited by the American Alliance of Museums since 1979. It is open to the public Mondays through Saturdays.

The museum building houses antique mining equipment and steam engines. Some of the pneumatic machines are connected to compressed air so that they can be viewed in actual operation. The museum also includes a recreation of an old assay office and scale models of mines and mills.

Outdoor exhibits include live burros, a steam shovel, and an operating stamp mill for gold ore.

The museum maintains a research library on mining topics, available by appointment.

Other activities at the museum include lectures, rotating exhibits, and a twice-weekly farmers’ market.

Gallery

References

External links
Western Museum of Mining & Industry website
Western Museum of Mining and Industry - Facebook page
Western Museum of Mining & Industry, New York Times review.
Summer Kids Guide - Western Museum of Mining and Industry Summer Camps

Industry museums in Colorado
Mining museums in Colorado
Museums in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Society of Operations Engineers. The Society of Operations Engineers (SOE) is an engineering professional organization in the United Kingdom, formed by the merger of following three bodies in 2000: Institute of Road Transport Engineers (IRTE), Institution of Plant Engineers (IPlantE), and Bureau of Engineer Surveyors (BES). In 2019, members of the Society of Environmental Engineers were invited to join SOE as SEE ceased operations.

Professional accreditation
The SOE is an Institution Member of Engineering Council, its members with at Member (MSOE) and Fellow (FSOE) may be nominated for registration at Engineering Technician (EngTech), Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) levels.

References

External links 
 

Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
2000 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 2000
William P. Anderson. William Patrick Anderson  (1851–1927) was a Canadian civil engineer. He was Superintendent of Lighthouses for almost 40 years, and was responsible for many of the more notable lighthouses in Canada.

Early life and career
He was born September 4, 1851, at Levis, Canada East, and educated at what is now Bishop's University. After studying for a year at Manitoba College, he began work as a railway and township surveyor. In 1874, he began work as a draftsman at the Department of Marine and Fisheries in Ottawa, working on the design of lighthouses. In 1876 he married Dorothea Susannah Small.

Later career

Anderson became Chief Engineer of the department in 1880, and served continuously until his retirement in 1919. During his career, he designed and built more than 500 lighthouses and fifty fog-alarm stations across Canada. Among the more important works may be mentioned the Colchester Reef lighthouse (1885) on a caisson in Lake Erie, the construction and installation in 1898 of the first-order fog siren station on Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador), and the nine flying buttress lighthouses at Pointe-au-Pere, Escarpment Bagot, Estevan Point, Michipicoten Island, Caribou Island, Belle Isle Northeast, Cape Bauld, Cape Norman, and Cape Anguille. Near the end of his career, Anderson designed the visually appealing Point Abino Lighthouse near Fort Erie, Ontario.

Anderson had an active interest in military matters. He joined the Canadian Militia in 1864, when he was 14 years old, saw active service during the First and Second Fenian Raids, and later commanded the Ottawa and Carleton Rifles regiment in the militia. He was made a companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1913.

He was a crack marksman, winning ten Dominion and Provincial Rifle medals, the McDougall Cup in 1879, and winning a place in the Governor General's Cup in 1879, 1880, 1885 and 1887 as well as being a member and commandant on two Canadian Bisley teams. He was Chair of the Small Arms Committee of Canada, as well as a Member of Council and Life Governor of the Dominion Rifle Association.

He was founder and editor of the Canadian Militia Gazette, and Chairman of the Geographic Board of Canada, 1911-1913 and 1925-26, being a member from 1898 to 1926. Also a charter member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers and the Engineering Institute of Canada. He was Chair of the Ottawa Public School Board, as well as contributing many articles to Encyclopædia Britannica.

Colonel William P. Anderson died at home in Ottawa on February 1, 1927, and was survived by his wife, a daughter, and four sons. His grave is in Beechwood Cemetery.

See also
 Henri de Miffonis
 History of Lighthouses in Canada

References

External links
 

1851 births
1927 deaths
Bishop's University alumni
Canadian civil engineers
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Lévis, Quebec
University of Winnipeg alumni
Marine engineers
Contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica
Burials at Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa)