omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John Atwell (engineer). Sir John William Atwell CBE PRSE FREng FIMechE (24 November 1911 – 5 July 1999) was a  Scottish engineer.

Life

Born in Glasgow in 1911 the son of William Atwell (d. 1953) and his wife, Sarah Workman, John Atwell attended Hyndland Secondary School in Glasgow. He then served an apprenticeship with Yarrow Shipbuilders in Scotstoun, Glasgow.

In 1939 he received an MSc from King's College, Cambridge (where he was a Caird Travelling Scholar). He then began working as a manager at Stewarts & Lloyds, who were one of Britain's largest shell manufacturers during the Second World War.

In 1963, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Samuel Curran, John Currie Gunn, Sir David Stirling Anderson and Frederick Malloch Bruce. From 1977 to 1982 he served as their Treasurer and from 1982 to 1985 was the President. In 1992 he was awarded the RSE Bicentenary Medal.

From 1968 to 1970, he was Chairman of the Weir Group. In 1973 he received an honorary doctorate (LLD) from Strathclyde University.

He was awarded a CBE in 1970 and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1976. He died in Glasgow. His remains were cremated.

Family
In 1945, he married Dorothy Baxter, sister of his friend, Allan Baxter.

References

Sources

1911 births
1999 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Knights Bachelor
Scottish knights
Sustainability in Dubai. Dubai is a city in the United Arab Emirates and is recognized as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. This rapid urbanization has led to many environmental issues, because of the harsh environment, paucity of local resources such as food, water, and building materials, and the unplanned manner of expansion.

Water
One major environmental issue in Dubai is potential water shortage. Dubai is among the cities with the lowest levels of precipitation. At the same time, the emirate is ranked among the top three countries in water usage, alongside the United States and Canada. Due to this fundamental conflict, water in Dubai comes mainly from energy-intensive desalination of sea water.

As climate change and human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have increasingly caused distorted weather patterns and unpredictable precipitation, farmers cannot access reliable water sources for irrigation. As a result, food prices are affected. Economic boom and population growth resulting from the discovery of oil in the UAE (1958) triggered increased demand for water that has ultimately led to water shortages. In the past, the UAE relied on desalination to respond to this increase of demand. There have been attempts to decrease demand for water in the UAE, such as increased fees for water usage.

In order to limit demand for and usage of electricity and water, prices have increased significantly for residents in Dubai. There are many developments being made in Dubai to maximize the utility of water available, such as The Sustainable City, a housing development where water and waste are recycled and residents pay rent that is similar to other nearby developments. It is also required that new buildings have solar water heaters. Per capita consumption of water and electricity has been falling as the population of Dubai continues to increase, which is promising for sustainability efforts being made. Recent efforts to address low levels of precipitation include meteorologists at Dubai's National Center of Meteorology & Seismology monitoring clouds and sending pilots to seed them with salt crystals to maximize their output of rain.

Energy
Dubai is a major consumer of electricity. Their main source of electricity is natural gas, because it is cheaper than the alternatives. Many of the isolated buildings depend on large quantities of fossil fuel energy to support their large lighting and cooling needs.

Development
Among the biggest problems facing Dubai is its rapid, unplanned manner of expansion. Other challenges have arisen as a result of rapid expansion, such as sewage treatment systems that have failed to keep up with development.

Future problems
In the future, global warming will become a bigger issue, and this could be a huge problem for Dubai, because the country's population centres are located along the coast. Rising seas could lead to flooding, creating a problem for the city, as it would have few resources to counter the issue.

See also

 Economy of Dubai

References

Further reading
 Oxford Business Group (2008). The Report: Dubai 2008. Oxford Business Group.  p. 127. 

Economy of Dubai
Dubai
Fotios Zaharoglou. Fotios Zaharoglou () is a Greek computer scientist. He received his Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1986,
his MS in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1987, and his PhD in  Computer Science from the University of California, San Diego in 1993. His work on the applications of topology to the theory of distributed computing along with Maurice Herlihy, Michael Saks and Nir Shavit, was awarded the 2004 Gödel Prize.

References

External links

Theoretical computer scientists
Gödel Prize laureates
Greek computer scientists
Living people
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
ZRCV. The ZRCV was a large dirigible aircraft carrier proposed by the Lighter-than-Air Bureau of the United States Department of the Navy and the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation.  It would have been a  airship designed to carry nine Douglas-Northrop BT–1 dive bombers.

Building the ZRCV became impossible when the Roosevelt administration, which wanted greater investment in long-range patrol aircraft, placed an upper limit of  in length for any new rigid airships.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Miller |first=Casey L. |title='What About the Airship?: Military Innovation, Rigid Airships, and the U.S. Navy (1900–1939) |date=2020 |degree=MA |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1114265.pdf |place=Monterey, California |pages=87–88}}</ref>

Origin of name
Previous Navy airships had used the designation "ZR" (Zeppelin Rigid), which was combined with the designation for aircraft carriers, "CV" (Carrier aViation).

Design
Like the Akron-class airships that preceded it, the ZRCV was designed as an aerial aircraft carrier. With a complement of nine BT–1 dive bombers, the ship would have required a strong keel and design more in line with conventional Zeppelins than the Akron-class airships. The ship was designed at  with a diameter of . With a gas volume of , the ZRCV would have had a gross lift weight of  with a dead weight of . The design called for eight 750 hp engines arranged in four pairs, each of which would drive a single four-bladed propeller. Like the Akron''-class airships, a complement of 60 sailors were expected to fly the ship. Fully laden with nine bombers weighing  each, the ZRCV was expected to have an endurance of 175 hours at  and an ultimate range of .

ZRCCN and ZRCVN
In the early 1970s, a Naval Research Lab report proposed reviving the Navy's lighter-than-air program with an updated, nuclear-powered version of the ZRCV. Dubbed the ZRCCN, the proposed airship would be substantially larger than the ZRCV with a length of  and diameter of . With a gas volume of , the ZRCCN would have a gross lift of . The report envision equipping the airship with an 18,000 kW nuclear reactor to power propulsion system to provide practically unlimited range with a cruising speed of  at an altitude of  and a cargo of up to . Such an airship could be used as a troop transport or for large loads of matériel. The main limitation on operations would be connected to radiation levels and exposure in the passenger area.

The report also suggested developing a strategic bombing platform using two ZRCCNs connected by a wing section and helicopter-type rotors with  separation between the airship hulls. This configuration, dubbed ZRCVN, would require a 63,000 kW reactor. This ship could carry 75–100 aircraft, making use of hangar space in the wing.

References

Sources

External links
Goodyear and the ZRCV Airship

Airborne aircraft carriers
Aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
Airships of the United States Navy
Hanriot HD.5. The Hanriot HD.5 was a French two-seat fighter aircraft prototype, built towards the end of World War I. A single-engine biplane with an unusually narrow gap between the upper and lower wings, it did not enter production.

Design and development
Hanriot followed their successful HD.3 two-seat fighter with another of that kind, the bigger, heavier and more powerful HD.5.  This was an equal span two bay biplane, the bays defined by two pairs of parallel interplane struts on each side, assisted by wire bracing. The wings were almost rectangular in planform, though with slightly angled tips, mounted without stagger.  The interplane gap was unusually small, with the upper wing so close to the fuselage that its leading edge required a deep, slot-like cutout for the pilot's head. Behind him the trailing edge also had a cutout, this for the movement of the rear gunner's Lewis gun(s).  The HD.5 had short span, horn balanced ailerons.  Its tailplane, mounted on top of the fuselage, had a straight leading edge, angled tips and carried slightly tapered, horn-balanced elevators with a cutout for rudder movement. The fin was small but the rudder was broad chord and low; it was very rounded and extended down to the keel.

The fuselage of the HD.5 was flat-sided with rounded decking. The fighter was powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8Fb upright V-8 engine, water-cooled with a rectangular frontal radiator, and had a fixed conventional undercarriage, with mainwheels on a single axle attached by V-struts to the lower fuselage, assisted by a tailskid.

The sole prototype began flight tests in the late spring of 1918 but there was no further development.

Specifications

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1910s French fighter aircraft
Hanriot HD.5
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Nepal Airlines Flight 555. Nepal Airlines Flight 555 was a short domestic scheduled flight from Pokhara Airport to Jomsom Airport in Nepal of about 20 minutes' flying time, operated by Nepal Airlines. On 16 May 2013, the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft operating the flight crashed while landing at Jomsom Airport. Seven of the twenty-one on board were seriously injured. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft involved was a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter bearing the registration 9N-ABO. It was built in 1979 and had been operated by Nepal Airlines ever since. Following this incident, the aircraft was written off.

The captain was Pradhan Dipendra, 39 years old, with 8,451 total hours, 8,131 of those on  the DHC-6. The first officer was K.C. Suresh 29 years old, with 1,396 total hours, 1,202 of those on the DHC-6. Both pilots are Nepali citizens.

Passengers

There were eight Japanese tourists on the flight. All sustained injuries, with four of them in a critical condition, according to a police officer.

Accident 
According to police, just after the aircraft touched down on the runway it veered towards the right and fell 20 metres (66 ft) down the bank of the Gandaki River. The forward fuselage was destroyed, but the rear of the aircraft remained intact. The left wing was found submerged in the river.

Investigation
On 18 February 2014, the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) released their final report concluding the probable causes of the accident were:

"The inappropriate conduct of STOL procedure and landing technique carried out by the PIC, during landing phase and an endeavor to carry out take off again with no sufficient airspeed, no required lifting force and non-availability of required runway length to roll. A contributory factor was the absence of proper CRM in terms of communication, coordination and briefing in between crew members on intention and action being taken by PIC, during pre and post landing phase."

Aftermath
The accident left Nepal Airlines with only two operational aircraft for its domestic flights. The airline said that it planned an engine exchange that would put three more Twin Otters, currently grounded, back in the air, but that process would take at least five months.  In the meantime, the airline was expected to suffer a significant loss of market share.

Contrary to common practices in aviation, Nepal Airlines did not retire the flight number 555 and still operates the flight from Pokhara to Jomsom under this number.

References

Aviation accidents and incidents in 2013
Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal
2013 in Nepal
March 2013 in Asia
Accidents and incidents involving the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
Nepal Airlines accidents and incidents
2013 disasters in Nepal
Aviation accidents and incidents involving runway excursions
Sridhar Condoor. Sridhar Condoor is an Indian American academic who is the Chair of the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering department at Saint Louis University's School of Science and Engineering. He is a KEEN fellow, a Coleman Fellow, the editor of the Journal of Engineering Entrepreneurship.

Condoor is spearheading Technology Entrepreneurship education at Saint Louis University via Weekly Innovation Challenges, iScholars program, Idea to Product (I2P), and funded research. He is the Principal Investigator for the Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network (KEEN) Program Development Grants to foster the spirit of innovation in engineering students.

Research
Condoor is the inventor VayuWind, a hubless wind turbine for urban environments. VayuWind is a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) which deploys airfoils parallel to the rotational axis. It improves on the traditional VAWT by using a ring frame leaving the central portion open for other uses. This feature enables VayuWind to extract wind power using existing structures such as utility poles, commercial buildings and skywalks with minimal noise pollution. VayuWind adds space saving and aesthetics to the benefits of the traditional VAWT (changing wind directions and bird-friendly nature) making it an ideal turbine for urban environment.

Honors and awards
 Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network Excellence Award (2013). The award recognizes "Innovation Challenges" iBook as an outstanding innovative educational practice that can be transferable to other educational institutions. 
 Saint Louis University Faculty Excellence Award (2012)

Notable publications
 Condoor, S. S., & Keogh, G. (2012) "Weekly Innovation Challenge: Mind Workouts for Teams".

References

External links
 Condoor's faculty profile at Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology
 Weekly Innovation Challenge
 iScholars Program

Saint Louis University faculty
21st-century American inventors
People from Nellore
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Texas A&M University alumni
Lan Jen Chu. Lan Jen Chu (August 24, 1913 – July 25, 1973) was a Chinese-born American electrical engineer and a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chu is noted for his work on the fundamental limitations for small antennas, also known as Chu–Harrington limit.

Biography
Lan Jen Chu was born on August 24, 1913, in Huai'an in the Jiangsu province of China. He graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1934 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical power, and went on to receive Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in electrical engineering from MIT in 1935 and 1938, respectively. Chu was with the Radiation Laboratory at MIT from 1942 to 1946 and with the Department of Electrical Engineering from 1947 to 1973. He died on July 25, 1973 in Lexington, Massachusetts, and was survived by his wife Grace Feng and three children.

During World War II, Chu supervised research at MIT of many special antennas for use in radar and telecommunication applications. In 1945, he acted as an United States Secretary of War and headed the advisory specialist group to United States Armed Forces in China. For his services, he received the President's Certificate of Merit. He has also authored three technical books, two of which were with Richard Adler and Robert Fano in the area of electromagnetics.  Lan Jen Chu was a fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Radio Engineers, as well as a member of Academia Sinica.

Publications

Books
 Adler RB, Chu LJ, Fano RM, Electromagnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation, MIT, 1968.
 Fano RM, Chu LJ, Adler RB, Electromagnetic Fields, Energy, and Forces, MIT, 1968.
 Stratton JA, Morse PM, Chu LJ, Hunter RA, Elliptic Cylinder and Spheroidal Wave Functions: Including Tables of Separation Constants and Coefficients, Wiley-MIT, 1941.
 Stratton JA, Morse PM, Chu LJ, Little JDC, Corbató FJ, Spheroidal Wave Functions: Including Tables of Separation Constants and Coefficients, MIT, 1956.

Book chapters
 Stratton JA, Electromagnetic Theory, Wiley-IEEE, 2007, pp. 464–470.

References

1913 births
1973 deaths
Chinese electrical engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Microwave engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
Members of Academia Sinica
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
American electrical engineers
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Scientists from Huai'an
Educators from Huai'an
Chinese telecommunications engineers
American telecommunications engineers
20th-century American engineers
White Knight (film). White Knight is an Indian documentary film directed by Aarti Shrivastava. The subject is Chewang Norphel, a 78-year-old engineer in Leh, Ladakh, who, over the last 15 years, has invented and implemented a technology that is helping provide a solution to an ecological disaster created by climate change.

The film documents how Ladakh is grappling with an alarming water scarcity situation. In this high altitude desert where the melting of glaciers has been the traditional source of fresh water, a warmer planet is playing havoc with lifestyles and the ecology. With glaciers melting faster, fresh water is precious. Norphel's solution uses common sense and elementary observational science to create artificial glaciers.

Awards and recognitions
 Opening Film Water Doc Film Festival Canada 
 Official Selection Jaipur International Film Festival 2013 
 Official Selection South Asian Film Festival Canada 2012
 Official Selection Colorado Film Festival 2013 
 Special Mention Women Deliver Cinema Corner Conference

References

External links
 The Weekly Voice
 Real Screen
 My Bindi

Indian short documentary films
2012 short documentary films
Films directed by Aarti Shrivastava
Documentary films about global warming
Documentary films about water and the environment
Hari Om Entertainment films
2010s English-language films
English-language short documentary films
List of London Underground electric multiple units. Electric multiple units have operated on the London Underground since 1898, and exclusively since 1961. They are of two sizes, smaller deep-tube trains and larger sub-surface trains that are of a similar size to those on British main lines.

The Waterloo & City line opened in 1898 with electric multiple units, and the later tube railways followed, using trains that were known as gate stock, as access was via lattice gates at each end of each car. The earlier railways had electrified the underground sections by 1907. Pneumatic sliding doors were introduced on tube trains in 1920 and sub-surface trains in the late 1930s. Until the early 1960s an electric locomotive was exchanged for a steam locomotive on the Metropolitan line beyond Rickmansworth. The Victoria line opened in the late 1960s using Automatic Train Operation (ATO), and the last train with a guard ran in 2000.

Sub-surface stock
Before 1933 the sub-surface lines were run by two companies, the District Railway and Metropolitan Railway. As the Circle line was operated jointly, they collaborated in building a prototype in 1900.

District Railway

Initially District Railway cars were compatible, except for A Stock, and trains were made up from cars of any age, until the incompatible F Stock arrived in 1920. The District classified its rolling stock using letters of the alphabet in 1925, before the fleet was rebuilt, forming main line and local pools. The H Stock designation was used in 1925 for rebuilt B Stock cars and by LT in the 1930s for the remaining cars with hand-operated doors.

Metropolitan Railway

The Metropolitan Railway used both Westinghouse (BWE) and Thomson-Houston (BTH) control equipment, making the cars incompatible. Originally cars had a saloon layout, but after 1906 surplus bogie compartment carriages built in 1898 and 1900 were converted. Compartment stock was introduced on Watford services after 1927.

London Transport
In 1933 the Metropolitan and District railways were merged with the other underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), which continued the District Railway classification system.

Great Northern & City
The Great Northern & City Railway (now the Northern City Line) was a tube built in the early 20th century with an internal diameter of  to take main-line trains.

Tube stock
The deep-level tubes use smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels with a diameter of about .

References

Notes

Books

External links

London Underground electric multiple units
SM UB-63. SM UB-63 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 23 July 1917 as SM UB-63.

UB-63 was sunk on 28 January 1918 by British warships  and  at  with depth charges. All 33 crew members perished in the attack.

Construction

UB-63 was ordered by the GIN on 20 May 1916.

She was built by AG Vulcan of Hamburg and following just under a year of construction, launched at Hamburg on 26 May 1917. UB-63 was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-63 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a  deck gun. UB-63 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . UB-63 had a displacement of  while surfaced and  when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at  when surfaced and  when submerged.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography 

 

German Type UB III submarines
World War I submarines of Germany
U-boats commissioned in 1917
1917 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in 1918
U-boats sunk in 1918
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
Submarines lost with all hands
SM UB-64. SM UB-64 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 5 August 1917 as SM UB-64.

UB-64 was surrendered to the British on 21 November 1918 in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany  and broken up in Fareham in 1921.

Construction

She was built by AG Vulcan of Hamburg and following just under a year of construction, launched at Hamburg on 9 June 1917. UB-64 was commissioned later that same year under the command of Kptlt. Otto von Schrader.

Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-64 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a  deck gun. UB-64 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . UB-64 had a displacement of  while surfaced and  when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at  when surfaced and  when submerged.

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography 

 

German Type UB III submarines
World War I submarines of Germany
U-boats commissioned in 1917
1917 ships
Ships built in Hamburg