omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Weapon systems engineering in the United States. Weapon systems engineering involves using engineering tools in technology to create and guarantee the safety and performance of weapons. It is currently being used by the U.S. military and government to create new weapons to protect the United States. It is used to make nuclear and non-nuclear weapons and ensure their safety throughout their lifespan.

Companies involved 
Many companies help the U.S. government and military to manufacture new weapons and strategies. One of them, is Parsons. The Missile Defense Agency, MDA, is a research agency that develops and tests the missile defence agency to defend the United States and its allies. Parsons helps with this through the MDA missile contract. They provide missile system support including tests and evaluating the performance.

The U.S. Navy awarded multi-million-dollar contracts with Tekla Research and Avian-Precise Co. to support the "Naval Air Systems Command's Systems Engineering Department". Tekla is to help NAVAIR assess technology, cost, and design. Avian-Precise is to help the command sustain a weapons system related to all U.S. naval platforms and systems.

Inventions 
The electromagnetic railgun launcher is a new long-range weapon using electricity instead of chemicals to launch projectiles. Projectiles can be launched at approximately 4,500 miles per hour using magnetic fields. These new weapons are allowing the military to eliminate explosives where possible. It is being used by the Navy as well for its ability to be effective and affordable. The Navy is working on modernizing their weapons, including nuclear weapons. Two weapons on the list to work on creating are a "low-yield warhead for submarine-launched ballistic missiles" and a "nuclear capable submarine-launched cruise missile".

The U.S. Army is using Weapons Systems Engineering to help protect its soldiers. They have designed a Humvee to be equipped to contain a gun with an automated tracking system. This would be controlled by another soldier or a computer program. This along with other new systems, vehicles, etc. is all possible because of the new advancements in Weapon Systems Engineering. In May the Army will test out automated Humvee's to certify them as combat ready vehicles. According to the Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) this is the first step toward weaponized robotics. The Army is not looking to make killing machines, but machines controlled by humans.

The US Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) assigned Lockheed Martin the job of creating "an aircraft-mounted high-power fibre laser". They must make a weapon that is small enough and light enough, but also can be effective. The laser will be mounted on jet fighters with the ability to disable enemies targeting systems.

References 

Military science
CISBOT. CISBOT (cast-iron sealing robot) is a cast iron pipe-repair robot that seals the joints in natural gas pipelines from the inside, thus extending their use for up to fifty years without unearthing the joints.

Background
Many cast-iron pipes installed over a century ago have joints of jute sealed with lead that deteriorate over time and are often the causes of cast-iron pipe failure. Jute was an effective joint sealant when the pipes carried coal-based town gas, but natural gas, used since the 1950s in New York and the 1970s in the UK, dries out the jute. A fifty-year life expectancy of the new seal has been proven in studies by Cornell University.

Description
CISBOT is  in diameter, is  long, weighs , and is deployed with a truck containing the control unit, which is attached to the robot with a tether for the power, communication, and control cables, as well as sealant tubing.  It is capable of repairing  pipe.

CISBOT is introduced into a pipeline through a  hole and can repair the joints with an anaerobic sealant for a distance of  while the pipe is still in operation. External repair without the robot would require the arranging of temporary gas supply to customers through tanks, purging the pipeline of gas, then digging up each joint, usually every , repairing the joint, and re-covering the pipeline. The cost of internal robotic repair is approximately 25% of manual resealing and 10% of total pipeline replacement.

The robot was developed by ULC Robotics of Hauppauge, New York with cooperation from Con Edison and National Grid and costs approximately $1 million. ULC announced the robot in 2015; however it has been in use since at least 2010 and by mid-2012 had sealed over 5000 joints.

CISBOT has been used in the United States in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Rhode Island, and Boston. In Europe, it has been used in London and Glasgow by SGN.

Operation
A flange is first attached to the pipe, through which CISBOT drills an access hole. It then rolls into the pipe and propels itself on two wheels down the pipe. It can travel up to  per minute. Upon reaching a joint, it rotates 360° within the pipe to apply the sealant, using its third perpendicular wheel. It drills holes into the joints through which it injects the sealant. It is controlled by two operators monitoring through six cameras. It is equipped with lights and other sensors.

In New York City, CISBOT has discovered foreign objects within gas pipelines, including a baseball and stiletto shoes. It found a 1939 newspaper under Boston's Berkeley Street.

In 2015, CISBOT received a "game changer" award from Robotics Business Review because of its significant improvement in the process used to fix pipe joints.

References

External links
CISBOT in operation (YouTube video)

Industrial robots
Pipeline transport
2010s in technology
CTRM Aludra. Aludra is a Malaysian unmanned aerial vehicle operating since 2010. The Aludra was designed and manufactured by Composites Technology Research Malaysia which is now under DefTech.

Design and development

To fulfill the Malaysian Armed Forces needs in UAV operation, Malaysia formed a consortium on 15 January 2007 involves of local company which is Composite Technology Research Malaysia (CTRM), Unmanned Systems Technology (UST) and Ikramatic to develop indigenous made UAV.

On March 28, 2022, Deftech unveiled a new UAV at the DSA 2022 convention under the brand name Aludra EE.

Operational history
Aludra already used in combat on 2013 in Ops Daulat to monitor Kiram's militant movement. After the Sabah incursion, Aludra is stationed at Sabah to perform the surveillance and reconnaissance mission in Sabah's border.

Variants

Aludra Mk1

First production of the UAV. 15 build and currently in service with Malaysian Armed Forces.

Aludra Mk2

Improved version of Aludra with better engine, payload and endurance.

Aludra Mk5
Unveiled during LIMA 2015.

Aludra UAV RS
Prototype released on 2018.

Aludra Camar

Aludra Camar made its maiden flight in July 2017 and its expected to be completed by 2019.The UAV has designed to carry out surveillance and mapping missions.

Aludra SR-10

Lightweight UAV designed for light surveillance role.

Aludra EE
Prototype released on 2022.

Operators

 : Malaysian Armed Forces with 15 Mk1s in operation.

References

Unmanned military aircraft of Malaysia
Stain repellent. A stain repellent is a product added to fabric in order to prevent stains.

Stains 
Stains on fabrics are classified into three types: water-based stains and oil-based stains or a mix of both.

Stain repellant fabrics 
Fabrics are finished with certain finishes that do not allow unwanted stains or that will wash out in simple laundry.

Chemicals 
Mostly larger PFCAs such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are used in stain repellancy. It is also known colloquially as C8. PFOA is a product of health concern and subject to regulatory action and voluntary industrial phase-outs.

Alternative chemistry 
There are chemicals which are based on C8 free chemistry that may be used as an alternative to PFOA, but those are less durable.

See also
Fluorosurfactant
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
Scotchgard

Notes

Textile treatments
Crit'air. The French Crit'Air air quality certificate () is a vignette (a secure sticker) issued to show a vehicle's compliance with European emission standards.

Crit'Air covers all road vehicles, including motorcycles, quad bikes, private cars, vans, trucks, coaches and buses.

Under the Law on Energy Transition for Green Growth, local councils are allowed to provide benefits only to less polluting vehicles, and vignettes enable them to be identified. The system also allows urban areas to restrict the use of the more polluting vehicles, either at all times, or when pollution levels are high.

Crit'Air was developed by the French Ministry of the Environment in collaboration with the French Ministry of the Interior to reduce the environmental impact of road transport.

Drivers are required to place the vignette on the inside of the lower-right hand corner of their windscreen; different colour vignettes indicate different emissions classes.

The vignettes can be ordered online for payment of a small fee, currently €3.67 including postage, after submission of a copy of the vehicle registration certificate for verification of the emissions class. Many online third party sellers also provide a different interface to order Crit'Air vignettes for a higher price, typically €20-30.

Categories 
There are six different coloured vignettes, relating to six categories. The category into which a vehicle falls depends on the engine type (electric, hydrogen, petrol or diesel) and the European emission standard (Euro standard). Where the emission standard is not recorded, the date of first registration is used instead to determine a category. The categories are not based on actual technical measurement of the vehicle in question.

Environmental zones
France has two types of zone that have emissions-related traffic restrictions. Both are enforced by the use of the Crit'Air vignettes.

ZCR
In a  (ZCR) there is a permanent requirement for vehicles to display Crit'Air vignettes, and certain classes of vehicle are always prohibited from driving within the zone.

ZPA
In a zone de protection de l'air (ZPA), which tends to be significantly larger than the ZCR zones, traffic is only restricted by public announcement at times of high air pollution; and all vehicles must display a vignette at those times.

If a ZPA applies to an entire département then it is termed a ZPAd ().

See also
 Low-emission zone

References

External links 
 Official website

Air pollution control systems
Ruthe Farmer. Ruthe Farmer is an American policymaker and activist. She is focused on inclusion and leveraging existing infrastructure to scale change for girls' participation in technology and engineering. She is founder and CEO of the Last Mile Education Fund and also serves as the Chief Evangelist for CSforAll and she was a senior policy advisor for tech inclusion at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Obama administration and Chief Strategy and Growth Officer at the National Center for Women & Information Technology.

Background
Farmer attended Lewis & Clark College between 1988 and 1992, where she received a B.A. in Communications and German. She attended the Saïd Business School at Oxford University between 2007 and 2008, where she received a M.B.A. in Social Entrepreneurship.

Career
Farmer worked for the Girl Scouts between 2001 and 2007 as a program manager for STEM education and was a founding committee member of the Oregon Robotics and Tournament Outreach Program, a successful FIRST Lego League program.
She was chair of the 2012 Computer Science Education Week and subsequently became the Director of Strategic Initiatives for the NCWIT between 2008 and 2016. Farmer was named a "Champion of Change for Technology Inclusion" by the White House in 2013 and won the Anita Borg Institute's 2014 Social Impact ABIE award, and was named among the "Forty Over 40 Women to Watch in America" in 2015. Between 2016 through the end of the Obama administration in January 2017, Farmer was the Senior Policy Advisor for Tech Inclusion at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy with a focus on implementing the Obama administration's CS for All initiative with an emphasis on including under-represented groups. She now (2018) serves as the Chief Evangelist for CSforALL. In 2020, during the pandemic, she launched the Last Mile Education Fund to respond to the needs of low-income students pursuing degrees in tech and engineering fields.

References

External links
 
(2018-03-07). "The Pipeline Protectors: 33 Women Educating the Next Generation of STEM Talent". TechRepublic 
Schwarz, Sarah (2017-10-19) "CSforALL Announces Computer Science Pledges from Over 170 Organizations". EdWeek

Living people
Alumni of Saïd Business School
American nonprofit executives
American women nonprofit executives
Computer science educators
Girl Scouts of the USA people
Lewis & Clark College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
P&M Explorer. The P&M Explorer is a British ultralight trike that was designed and produced by P&M Aviation of Rochdale, Lancashire. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Explorer was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of .

The aircraft design features a strut-braced topless hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit with a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with main gear wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by struts and lacks a kingpost. It uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a four cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912ULS engine. Landing gear options include  wheels with 15X6 tyres, for operations on unimproved surfaces.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

A number of different wings can be fitted to the basic carriage, including the range of Quik wings.

Specifications (Explorer)

References

PandM Explorer
2010s British sport aircraft
2010s British ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Lama (geology). Lama is a local toponym that denotes a wide furrow in the ground typical of the Murge landscape. Lamas convey rainwater from the Murge plateau to the endpoint of the drainage basin they belong to.

Lamas are generally confused with rivers or streams. There is a big difference between lamas and streams, since lamas collect only rainwater of their drainage basin, while they are completely dry when there is no rain. Moreover, in lamas water mostly flows underground and just a small amount of the rainwater flows on its surface. 

As for lamas, surface runoff is greatest in the extreme and uncommon situations of heavy rain. Lamas usually contain fertile soil, that deposited over the millennia due to the erosion and they are usually cultivated. Since they contain fertile soil, they are distinguishable from the nearby typical area of the Murge plateau, that is almost everywhere stony, arid and hard to grow. Lamas also occur in proximity of such notable dolines as Pulo di Altamura, Gurio Lamanna and Tre Paduli. Those lamas prove that the above dolines originated due to karst processes, that is the double action, both mechanical and chemical, of the rainwater conveyed by the lamas.

Characteristics 
Lamas are made up of alluvial soil deposited over the millennia and they are very fertile, in juxtaposition with the fractured limestone rocks typical of the Murge plateau. For this reason and for the rainwater frequently flowing through the beds of the lamas, they have been inhabited and cultivated since the Neolithic Age.

The existence of lamas is due to the karst processes of Apulia region and Murge. The fractured limestone rocks turn out to be highly permeable to rainwater (limestone itself is not particularly permeable, but if heavily fractured, it becomes extremely permeable).
The high permeability of the whole region is responsible for the low surface runoff and the higher amount of water flowing underground. Inside lamas, rainwater also flows on its surface, but in a smaller amount. Rainwater flowing underground follows almost the same path as the lama's. This is due to the capillary fringe (Water table).

See also 
 Karst
 Murge
 Alta Murgia National Park
 Pulo di Altamura
 Pulicchio di Gravina
 Gurio Lamanna

References

Bibliography

External links 
 http://www.michelemonno.it/masserie/morfologia.html

Geologic formations of Italy
Geography of Apulia
Roewe RX8. The Roewe RX8 is a mid-size SUV produced by SAIC Motor. It is the flagship SUV of the brand of Roewe, replacing the Roewe W5. It is also marketed as the MG RX8 in overseas markets.

Overview
The Roewe RX8 debuted in April 2018 at the Beijing Auto Show. The Roewe RX8 comes in five and seven seat variants, and shares a shortened, but same body-on-frame platform with the Maxus D90 full size SUV, which is also produced by SAIC Motor.

The engine of the RX8 is a 2.0-litre turbo engine producing  and  of torque, mated to a 6-speed automatic gearbox, with both the gearbox and engine shared with the Maxus D90 SUV. Base Roewe RX8 models are rear-wheel drive and higher trim levels are all wheel drive.

MG RX8

Launched in September 2019 for the Middle Eastern market, the MG RX8 is a rebadged version of the Roewe RX8. It is powered by the same 2.0-litre turbo petrol engine shared by the Roewe RX8 and Maxus D90 mated to a 6-speed automatic transmission producing  of power and  torque. The MG RX8 features a ground clearance of  and a wading depth of , combined with a truck-chassis frame. It was also launched for the Mexican market on 27 September 2021 with sales starting on 1 October 2021, only offered in the Elegance trim. A launch edition will also be sold limited to 300 units.

Powertrain

References

External links

 

RX8
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Cars introduced in 2018
Cars of China
Luxury sport utility vehicles
P&M PulsR. The P&M PulsR () is a British ultralight trike, designed by Bill Brooks and produced by P&M Aviation of Rochdale. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

The design was introduced publicly at the Flying Show in Birmingham in December 2011, where writer Demitri Delemarle reported that it "stole the show", due to its unusual semi-enclosed cockpit design.

Design and development
The PulsR was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of  with a ballistic parachute. The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of  with a ballistic parachute and  without.

The design was first shown in 2011 and remained in prototype-only form until 2015.

The aircraft design features a strut-braced topless hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem semi-enclosed cockpit with a cockpit fairing and windshield, tricycle landing gear with main gear wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is a monocoque design made from composite carbon fibre, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by struts and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar, which is routed through the open side window spaces in the semi-enclosed fairing. The powerplant is a four-cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912ULS engine.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Operational history
Writer Demitri Delemarle reports that the design "never fails to attract attention" wherever it is shown, due to its unusual aerodynamic cockpit design, which makes it much faster and gives a better glide ratio than other trikes.

Specifications (PulsR)

References

External links

PulsR
2010s British sport aircraft
2010s British ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
L. B. C. Cunningham. Dr Leslie Bennet Craigie Cunningham FRSE OBE (1895–31 August 1946) was a 20th-century Scottish statistician and physicist known for his expertise on air armaments. In 1936 he invented the gyro gunsight (GGS) which compensates for the movement of target aircraft, predicting their position dependent upon their speed. This created an effective increase in successful targeting from 100 to 400%

Life

Cunningham was born in Edinburgh in 1895, the son of Jean Craigie and her husband William Cunningham. The family lived at 14 Ramsay Gardens at the top of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.

He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, then from 1906 attended Sedbergh School in Yorkshire. He returned to Edinburgh to study at the University of Edinburgh but his education was interrupted by World War I. He served in the King's Own Scottish Borderers then the Royal Engineers. He had the rank of 2nd Lieutenant. In May 1916 he was promoted to Lieutenant.

After the war he returned to the University of Edinburgh, and in 1923 graduated with an MA BSc Mathematics and Physics. He continued at the University, gaining a PhD with a thesis on the Trajectory of Falling Bombs. In 1925 he began working for the RAF as an Education Officer. In 1931 he introduced the world's first course on Advanced Air Armaments. In 1936, whilst at the Royal Aircraft Establishment he patented the Gyro gunsight, produced by Ferranti and immediately used by both the RAF and USAF. He also worked on position-finding equipment based on mathematical predictions (a precursor to radar).

In the World War II he was Superintendent of Air Warfare Analysis. In 1941 his gunsight was brought into active use in the Spitfire. He was given the rank of Honorary Squadron Leader.

In 1945 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Edward Copson, David Gibb and Alexander Aitken.

He died at 49 Beverley Gardens in Stanmore near Harrow on 31 August 1946 aged 51. He is buried with his parents in New Calton Burial Ground in Edinburgh just south of the main east-west entrance path.

Publications
Mathematical Theory of Combat: Air Warfare Analysis (1940)

References

1895 births
1946 deaths
Scientists from Edinburgh
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Weapons scientists and engineers
20th-century Scottish inventors
Scottish physicists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century Scottish mathematicians
People educated at Sedbergh School