omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Magnetic damping. Magnetic damping is a form of damping that occurs when a magnetic field (i.e. a magnet) travels some distance through or past an electrical conductor (or vice versa).

Definition
When a magnetic field moves through a conductor the movement induces an eddy current in the conductor. The flow of electrons in the conductor immediately creates an opposing magnetic field which results in damping of the magnet and produces heat inside the conductor similar to heat buildup inside of a power cord during use. The amount of energy transferred to the conductor in the form of heat is equal to the change in kinetic energy lost by the magnet – the greater the loss of kinetic energy of a magnet (a product of its mass and speed), the greater the heat buildup in the conductor and the more forceful the damping effect. Eddy currents induced in conductors are much stronger as temperatures approach cryogenic levels. This allows for critical damping for cryogenic applications and testing in the aerospace industry.

Equation
The differential equation of motion of a magnet dropped vertically through or near a conductor, where "M" is the mass of the magnet, "K" is the damping coefficient, "v" is the velocity, "g" is gravity and "a" is the acceleration of the magnet:

As gravitational pull increases, the magnet's acceleration as it falls will tend to increase, except to the extent that the damping coefficient the magnet is experiencing (as a result of the conductor) increases, combined with the extent that the velocity of the magnet also increases – a magnet moving or falling quickly will have its acceleration (i.e., its increase in speed as it falls) reduced more than one moving or falling more slowly, and this effect on acceleration will be even more pronounced if the damping coefficient of the conductor is high.

Uses
Compass needle damping
Vehicle braking
Roller coaster braking
Elevator braking
Speed-dependent torque (which, applied against a coil spring, makes a mechanical speedometer)
Electricity meters
Stabilization of mechanical gauges such as weighing scales, speedometers, and galvanometers 
Near critical damping at cryogenic temperatures

See also
Arago's rotations observed in 1824
Eddy current brake

References

Electrodynamics
Magnetism
Deathnium. Deathnium is a name given by early electronic engineers to a trap in semiconductors that reduces the lifetime of both electron and hole charge carriers. It is considered the fifth of the imperfections that must be considered in semiconductor crystals to understand semiconductor effects along with holes, electrons, donors, and acceptors. Deathnium hastens the establishment of equilibrium between holes and electrons. This condition was not anticipated but it emerged during the invention of bipolar junction transistor after the influence of deep-trap impurities introduced by contamination of the manufacturing machinery, which reduced the lifetime of semiconductor.

Research in the early 1950s eventually revealed that "deathnium" was usually copper.

References

Transistor Electronics: Imperfections, Unipolar and Analog Transistors, Shockley, W., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.; Proceedings of the IRE Volume: 40,  Issue: 11 pp: 1289-1313 (Nov. 1952)

External links
 http://www.guitarjamdaily.com/index.php/columnists/120-columnists/2105-pedal-insider-junction-capacitance-and-the-miller-effect-in-the-fuzz-face.html
 

Charge carriers
Semiconductors
Watford Electronics. Watford Electronics was a British computer electronics company. It was founded in 1972 in a bedroom belonging to brothers Nazir and Raza Jessa, and grew to become one of the best-known suppliers of microcomputers and micro peripherals during the 1980s.

In the 1970s Watford Electronics sold components and kits, through advertising in electronics magazines, and a paper catalogue. They had one shop in Watford, but mostly traded as a mail-order company.

In the early 1980s Watford Electronics expanded into the home computer market. It was particularly active in the BBC Micro scene, producing a variety of peripherals for the computer, as well as a version of the Disc Filing System. They sold their own hardware under the Aries brand. Watford Electronics gradually moved over to supporting the Wintel market in the 1990s.
In the 21st century, the company opened an online store, Savastore, but in 2007 Watford collapsed into administration.
Watford Electronics was then bought out by Globally Limited, and in April that year, the website became known as Saverstore.

Notes 

British companies established in 1972
Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
Consumer electronics retailers of the United Kingdom
Electronics companies established in 1972
Electronics companies disestablished in 2007
Mail-order retailers
Computer hardware companies
Cerrolow 136. Cerrolow 136, is a fusible alloy that becomes liquid at approximately 58 °C (136 °F). It is a eutectic alloy of bismuth, lead, indium, and tin, with the following percentages by weight: 49% Bi, 18% Pb, 21% In, 12% Sn.

It is also known as ChipQuik desoldering alloy. and Lens Alloy 136, used for mounting lenses and other optical components for grinding. Used for mounting small delicate oddly-shaped components for machining. It slightly expands on cooling, later shows slight shrinkage in couple hours afterwards. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.

The Young's Modulus is approximately 2.5×106 psi (17.24 GPa)

Similar metals

References

Fusible alloys
HRP-4C. The HRP-4C, nicknamed Miim, is a feminine-looking humanoid robot created by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), a Japanese research facility.

Miim measures 158 centimetres (5 feet, 2 inches) tall and weighs 43 kilos (95 pounds) including a battery pack. She has a realistic head and face, and the figure of an average young Japanese female (based on the 1997–1998 Japanese body dimension database). She can move like a human, utilizing 30 body motors and another eight dedicated to facial expressions. Miim can also respond to speech using speech recognition software, and is capable of recognizing ambient sounds. Miim can also sing, using the vocal synthesizer Vocaloid.

The software that operates the robot is developed on the basis of Open Robotics Platform (OpenRTP), including OpenRTM-aist and OpenHRP3.

An initial public demonstration was held on March 16, 2009, with another held at Tokyo's Digital Content Expo in 2010 to showcase recent upgrades that allow HRP-4C to mimic human facial and head movements, as well as execute dance steps. 2011 upgrades to Miim's human-like walking ability were shown in a video released by AIST, and have been called "super-realistic".

Applications for the HRP-4C may include the entertainment industry, and a human simulator for evaluation of devices.

Vocal capabilities

HRP-4C was shown at the CEATEC JAPAN 2009 Festival in June 2009, and its speaking and singing capabilities were displayed.

Also, HRP-4C was shown singing and dancing to "Deatta Koro no Yō ni" by Every Little Thing alongside human performers at the Digital Content Expo, 2009.

For speaking, it uses a prototype Vocaloid voicebank called CV-4Cβ, developed by Crypton Future Media. CV-4Cβ's vocal provider was Eriko Nakamura, and Crypton's commercial plans for the voicebank are unknown as of December 2012. It was also shown "cosplaying" as Hatsune Miku and could sing using the Miku voicebank. At this demonstration, it was able to move its head and lips in time with the music, but could not move other parts of its body. It could also use another Vocaloid voicebank named Megpoid.

See also
Actroid
Android
ASIMO
REEM
Gynoid
Humanoid Robotics Project
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
TOPIO
Vocaloid

References

External links
 Features and cost
 General Robotix, Inc
 Japan's new female singing robot
 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology's page on the HRP-4C 
 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology's page on the HRP-4C 
 
 

Androids
Robots of Japan
2009 robots
ICF coach. The Integral Coach Factory (ICF) coach is a conventional passenger coach used on the majority of Indian Railways (IR) lines. Between 1955 and 2018, more than 54,000 were produced and some were exported to other countries.

History
The design of the coach was developed by Integral Coach Factory, Perambur, Chennai, India in collaboration with the Swiss Car & Elevator Manufacturing Co, Schlieren, Switzerland. The bogies were also known as Schlieren bogies after the location of the Swiss company.

An Indian delegation made initial contacts with the Swiss manufacturer at a railway congress in Lucerne in the summer of 1947, the contract for cooperation between the company and the Government of India was signed in Delhi in May 1949, and work on the Perambur factory began a year later. The plant was inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1955. By 2018, it had manufactured more than 54,000 coaches, of which 601 were exported to countries such as Taiwan, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Mozambique, Angola and Sri Lanka. The last ICF coach was flagged off on 19 January 2018 by senior technician P. Bhaskar in the presence of Railway Board chairman Ashwani Lohani.

Project Utkrisht 

In April 2018, the Indian Railways launched a refurbishment programme called Utkrisht ('excellence') to refurbish and modernise ICF coaches in 640 rakes. 

With a total cost of , the refurbishment included a new beige and maroon livery, LED fixtures, upgraded bio-toilets with odour control, assistive braille signage, and improved trash disposal.

Retirement and legacy

Central Railways is converting ICF coaches having a residual life of 5 years into accident relief and new modified goods-high speed (NMGH) automobile carrier rakes. As of September 2023, 57 ICF coaches have been converted into NMGH rakes and 4 ICF coaches have been converted into accident relief trains.

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) had already withdrawn the last of its ICF coaches from service in 2009. 60 coaches were delivered to PNR between 1975 and 1979.

Liveries

Standard

Since their introduction in 1955 with a brick red livery, the ICF coaches were repainted blue in the 1990s, and in beige and red since 2018.

Special

India's premier trains - the Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Duronto and Garib Rath were introduced with ICF rakes. All of these trains have been upgraded with LHB rakes.

Image gallery

References

Railway coaches of India
Artificial Studios. Artificial Studios was a computer game development and engine development company founded in 2001.

Artificial Studios first came to attention with their "Reality Engine", unveiled in 2004, a solution for games using next-generation DirectX9-powered graphics.
This is one of several "next-gen" engines, see Game Engines.

All of the Reality Engine intellectual property was purchased by Epic Games in 2005 and Artificial Studios co-founder and lead engine programmer, Tim Johnson, was also hired by Epic as part of the deal. All development on Reality Engine has ceased and all Reality Engine licensees are encouraged to upgrade to Unreal Engine 3.

In 2006, Artificial Studios released CellFactor: Combat Training, then CellFactor: Revolution, a free downloadable game (of which a demo was released in May 2006) designed to show off the capabilities of the AGEIA PhysX game physics acceleration chipset. The game used Artificial Studio's own 'Reality Engine' technology. The full game was released for free on May 8, 2007, and can be downloaded from a variety of gaming websites.

In 2007, Artificial Studios released Monster Madness: Battle For Suburbia, published by SouthPeak Games for the Xbox 360 and PC as their flagship title. The Monster Madness franchise was continued in 2008, by new developers, with Monster Madness: Grave Danger.

In 2008, Artificial Studios acquired funding for their unannounced title, codename "R6", from publisher Ignition Entertainment. A new studio was established, Ignition Entertainment: Florida, for development of this project. The studio had approximately 70 employees and the title was rumored for a "late 2009" release. The project was cancelled in 2010 and the studio was abruptly closed.

References

External links 
 Artificial Studios official site 
 Xbox.com - Monster Madness: Battle for Suburbia
 Cell Factor: Revolution
 Cell Factor: Combat Training

Companies established in 2001
Video game development companies
Video game companies of the United States

Defunct video game companies of the United States
Companies disestablished in 2011
Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum, Tokyo. The  is an art museum in Tokyo's Marunouchi district.

History 
The building is a faithful recreation of the original Mitsubishi Ichigokan which stood on the same location. Originally completed in 1894 and designed by British architect Josiah Conder, the building was torn down in 1968.  The construction company responsible for the current incarnation used portions of the original plans and materials used at the time of the original construction.  The new building, built out of red brick and cast concrete, has three stories above ground and two stories below.

Museum 
Construction of the museum was completed in 2009 and it was opened April 6, 2010.  The museum includes approximately  of exhibition space, spread over 20 rooms, throughout the building's  floorplan.

The museum focuses on 19th-century Western artwork.  Included in the museum's own artwork is the Maurice Joyant collection, a group of over 200 works by Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. The theme of the opening exhibition will be "Manet and Modern Paris", in cooperation with Musée d'Orsay. An opening commemoration exhibition and logo design were announced in 2008.

Other central Tokyo museums
The Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum is the fourth major art museum in central Tokyo.  Others include:
Bridgestone Museum of Art
Idemitsu Museum of Arts
Mitsui Memorial Museum

See also
 Meiji Seimei Kan
 Marunouchi
 Mitsubishi Estate Co., Ltd.

References

External links 

 Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum

Marunouchi
Art museums and galleries in Tokyo
Art museums and galleries established in 2010
2010 establishments in Japan
Buildings and structures in Chiyoda, Tokyo
Mitsubishi Estate
Kedzierzyn Zero-Emission Plant. The Kędzierzyn Zero-Emission Power and Chemical Complex was a proposed facility in Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.  It was planned to combine the functions of power and heat generation with chemical production and carbon capture and storage. The project was proposed by a consortium of chemicals producers, including Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn and the electricity company Południowy Koncern Energetyczny. The facility would have produced synthesis gas by gasification of hard coal. Gas produced by the plant would have been used for power and heat generation, or for the production of other chemicals. 

The project has since been discontinued for lack of funding, due in part to the low carbon price as CCS investments generally do not provide large incentives.

Technical specifications

Gasification of coal
Coal could be converted into synthesis gas by the integrated gasification, combined cycle technology. CO2 separation would be required in order to obtain a gas composition adequate for further processing. As a result of the gas purification process, the obtained CO2 would maintain a concentration of up to 99%, which permits its commercial use or storage.

Technical parameters 

Units and abbreviations used are:
 Mtonne: Million tonnes
 ktonne: Thousand tonnes
 Gm3: Billions cubic metre

Developers 
The project is developed through cooperation of chemicals producer Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn and electricity company Południowy Koncern Energetyczny.

Media response 
The Kędzierzyn Zero-Emission Plant was received with interest by the international press, such as the New York Times, the Guardian, or EurActiv.

References

External links

 Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
 Berlin Forum on Fossil Fuels
 European Network of Excellence on Geological Storage of CO2
 Carbon Dioxide Knowledge Transfer Network 
 European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants
 CO2NET EAST (Information portal for CO2 capture and storage technologies)
 European Commission, DG Research - Introduction to CO2 capture and storage
 Fossil Energy Coalition
 EurActiv - Carbon capture and storage
 IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme - CO2 capture and storage
 CORDIS - Clean Coal Technologies

Coal-fired power stations in Poland
Proposed coal-fired power stations
Kędzierzyn-Koźle County
Proposed power stations in Poland
Plant
Ultimate load. In engineering, the ultimate load is a statistical figure used in calculations, and should (hopefully) never actually occur.

Strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service) and ultimate loads (limit loads multiplied by prescribed factors of safety).

It in used in bridge and tunnel construction.

With respect to aircraft structure and design, ultimate load is the amount of load applied to a component beyond which the component will fail.  The chance that it will occur is, however, not zero, and, if it were to occur, then the relevant structure in the aircraft would stand a large chance of fracture.  

During the testing for determination of the loads, no fracture must occur at the ultimate load for a period of 3 seconds.

This is also commonly used in knowing the properties of metal beams. For example, it is used in experiments such as T.T.M. (tensile testing machine) and U.T.M. (universal testing machine) 

The ultimate load Bu is related to the limit load Bn, using the concept of safety factor, j. The relation is as follows

Bu >= Bn × j

See also
 Cantilever
 List of engineering topics
 OSHA
 Stress test

References

Aerospace engineering
Limit load (aeronautics). For aircraft specification calculation in aeronautics, limit load (LL) is the maximum design load expected as the maximum load any aircraft will see during its lifetime,

The limit load can be found relatively easily by statistically analysing the data collected during the many hours of logged flights (which is continuously being gathered) but is generally predicted due to service of other aircraft before the design phase.

See also
Ultimate load

References 

Aeronautics
FS Class E.380. The FS Class E.380 was a small class of three-phase electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1900s.

Overview
The locomotives, which entered in service in a small batch of 4 units, were characterized by a central cabin with two large hoods at each end. Built by Ganz, they had a similar mechanical equipment to the E.360 type. The E.380s showed a series of problems, so that two were refurbished as E.390.

Technical details

The two fixed speeds were obtained by changing the motor connections.  For high speed the motors were connected in parallel. For low speed the two motors were "cascaded" by connecting the rotor of one motor to the stator of the other. This caused both motors to run at half speed.

Withdrawal
The low power output at the highest speed, and the limitation of use to only two fixed speeds (due to the control arrangement of the three-phase motors) led both classes to be retired after a short service period.

References

1′C1′ locomotives
E.380
Railway locomotives introduced in 1905
Three-phase AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Richlyn Systems. Richlyn Systems is a UK-based software and website development company. It was incorporated in 1983 and is based in The Gateway at Sheffield. The company developed a Property Integrated Management and Accounting System (PIMS) which is now used by many companies including Valad Property Group, HBOS, Evans Easyspace, Evans Property Group and Wykeland Property Group.

The company has continued to develop other systems - Integrated Stock Control Order Processing and Accounting System (SCOPAC) and Integrated Paint Manufacturing System (IPMS)  - are the latest additions to its software portfolio.

In 2003 Richlyn, at the request of its clients formed a website development team to provide data driven websites to operate with client's data in real time. In 2007 Richlyn was approached to maintain and develop the FRAX and NOGG websites at the request of Sheffield University. Richlyn has also developed a number of websites for dental practices nationwide.

References

External links
Official homepage

Software companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Sheffield
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
Software companies established in 1983
Companies established in 1983
39th Regiment. 39th Regiment may refer to:

Infantry regiments
 2/39 Evzone Regiment, Greece
 The Garhwal Rifles (39th Garhwal Rifles), a unit of both the British Indian Army, and the present Indian Army 
 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot, a unit of the British Army
 39th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the United States Army

Cavalry regiments
 Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse) (39th Regiment Central India Horse), a unit of the British Indian Army

Engineering regiments
 39 Engineer Regiment (United Kingdom), a unit of the British Army's Royal Engineers

Artillery regiments
 39th Regiment Royal Artillery, a unit of the United Kingdom Army

American Civil War units
 39th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army
 39th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army
 39th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army
 39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army
 39th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army
 39th United States Infantry, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army

See also
 39th Division (disambiguation)
 39th Brigade (disambiguation)
 39th Battalion (disambiguation)
 39th Squadron (disambiguation)
Daniel Slotnick. Daniel Leonid Slotnick (1931–1985) was an American mathematician and computer architect. Slotnick, in papers published with John Cocke in 1958, discussed the use of parallelism in numerical calculations for the first time. He later served as the chief architect of the ILLIAC IV supercomputer. He was the principal investigator on a DARPA contract in the early 1970s that produced the ILLIAC IV and the ARPANET. It was a fairly large operation, with its own building on the UIUC campus, originally called the Center for Advanced Computation but which is now the Astronomy Building. ILLIAC IV was constructed by Burroughs Corporation, using some special chips made by Fairchild Semiconductor. Because of campus unrest due to the Vietnam war, and the Mansfield amendments the ILLIAC IV was completed and installed at Ames Research Center instead of UIUC, and Slotnick's Darpa contract was not renewed. In 1985, when IDA and NSA formed their supercomputing research facility in the DC area, Slotnick's widow donated his library to them. In 1987 the first issue of The Journal of Supercomputing contained a tribute to Slotnick.

ARPANET
Most of the development of the ARPANET took place at MIT's Lincoln Labs and BBN Technologies. However it was planned that ILLIAC IV would be on the network, and some work was funded by Slotnick's DARPA contract. For example, a standard character set was established, and also the Purdy Polynomial, a secure hash function to protect passwords on ARPANET. Ironically, when the ILLIAC IV project was moved to Ames Research Center, the computer could only be accessed by telephone.

Awards
He was awarded the AFIPS Prize in 1962 and was elected an IEEE Fellow in 1976.

References

1931 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Burroughs Corporation people
Computer architects
Researchers in distributed computing
Fellows of the IEEE