omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Kotewall Road. Kotewall Road () is a street in Mid-Levels, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, located between Po Shan Road and Robinson Road. It is a 400-metre-long two-way road located on hill slopes south of Sai Ying Pun.

Name
The road was named after Sir Robert Hormus Kotewall, a prominent indian chinese businessman and legislator during the colonial era, who built the road in the 1910s.

History
Kotewall Road was once known for its concentration of vehicle-repairing garages, mainly servicing the wealthy residents of Mid-Levels. Stone House, a Grade III historic building built in 1923 at 15 Kotewall Road is the only garage of this kind remaining, now turned into a private residence.

Nearby places
 University of Hong Kong
 University Drive

See also
 1972 Hong Kong landslides

References
 

Mid-Levels
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Lawndale Railway and Industrial Company. The Lawndale Railway and Industrial Company operated a  narrow gauge railroad from Shelby to Lawndale, North Carolina from 1899 to 1943. It served the Cleveland Cotton Mills in Shelby, as well as a cotton mill at Double Shoals, and also hauled agricultural products and supplies, coal, and general merchandise.

References

Narrow gauge railroads in North Carolina
Defunct North Carolina railroads
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Jeremejevite. Jeremejevite is an aluminium borate mineral with variable fluoride and hydroxide ions. Its chemical formula is . It is considered as one of the rarest, thus one of the most expensive stones. For nearly a century, it was considered as one of the rarest gemstones in the world.

It was first described in 1883 as small, single crystals in loose granitic debris  in Mt. Soktui, Nerschinsk district, Adun-Chilon Mountains, Siberia. It was named after Pavel Vladimirovich Eremeev, Russian mineralogist, engineer and professor, who collected the first specimens (Jeremejev, German; 1830–1899).

Properties 
Jeremejevite is a mineral that shows pleochroic properties, which is an optical phenomenon in which the mineral's color appears to change depending on the angle at which it is viewed. Blue specimens from Namibia show a light cornflower blue to colorless to light yellow pleochroism, while yellow materials show light yellow to colorless pleochroism. This mineral is also piezoelectric, meaning that it would generate electricity when under mechanical stress.

Mining and localities 
Jeremejevite occurs as a late hydrothermal phase in granitic pegmatites in association with albite, tourmaline, quartz and rarely gypsum. It has also been reported in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, Namibia and in micro-crystalline form at the Eifel district, Germany. It was first found in facetable form in Namibia, which were blue-green pyramidal crystals up to . Later, there was a new source revealed in Namibia, near Usakos in 2001. Nowadays, most of the stones on the market are from that deposit.

Jewelry industry 

As an OH-end member, scientists have been able to synthesize jeremejevite, but only in micro-crystalline form, without fluorine. This synthesized variant of the mineral has no use in the jewelry industry.

Typically, faceted gems can reach up to 5 carats, but usually they range between less than 1 carat and 2 carats. However, new sources produced much larger faceted stones, the biggest faceted gem weighing 254 carats. This gem was found in Sri Lanka in 1990.

Even though jeremejevite is a relatively durable stone, it should not be cleaned using ultrasound cleaning or steaming; the stone usually contains liquid inclusions, which could shatter the stone if cleaned using these methods. It is recommended to clean them with warm water, a mild detergent, and a soft brush instead.

Due to its high value and rarity, it is considered a collectors' stone, who purchase it in mineral form, hence only a few specimens had been faceted so far.

References

Borate minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 176
Geotek. Geotek is a UK company that designs and manufactures specialised geological and oceanographic equipment.

Company history
Founded by Peter Schultheiss in 1989, Geotek was incorporated in 1994 when Quentin Huggett joined as a company director and the business moved from Haslemere, Surrey to its current location in Daventry, Northamptonshire where John Roberts joined as Technical Director.

The company supplies of equipment for the automated analysis of sediment and rock cores. The Multi-Sensor Core Logger has been sold and contracted to universities, institutions and survey companies who use the instrument for applications including studies of climate change

, offshore site investigation and oil, gas and minerals exploration.

The company also specifies and manages marine environmental surveys of the seafloor and managed the Strategic Environmental Assessment for Oil and Gas and Renewable Energy for the Department of Trade and Industry. This was the UK's first fully online Government consultation process.

In recent years Geotek developed pressure core analysis, particularly for the study of gas hydrates, and has worked in a number of gas hydrate investigations funded by national governments.

Products
The Geotek Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) is non-destructive core logging equipment that can work with both whole round and split cores of both hard rocks and soft sediments. The MSCL systems enable a number of geophysical measurements to be obtained automatically on sediment or rock cores under a variety of conditions.

Awards
Queen's Award for Export in 2000

References

External links
 Official website

Scientific equipment
Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Northamptonshire
British companies established in 1994
Permanganometry. Permanganometry is one of the techniques used in chemical quantitative analysis. It is a redox titration that involves the use of permanganates to measure the amount of analyte present in unknown chemical samples. It involves two steps, namely the titration of the analyte with potassium permanganate solution and then the standardization of potassium permanganate solution with standard sodium oxalate solution. The titration involves volumetric manipulations to prepare the analyte solutions.

Permanganometry allows the detection and estimation of the quantitative presence of various chemical species, such as iron(II), manganese(II), oxalate, nitrite, and hydrogen peroxide.

Reaction 
Depending on the conditions in which the titration is performed, the manganese is reduced from an oxidation of +7 to +2, +4, or +6.

In most cases, permanganometry is performed in a very acidic solution in which the following electrochemical reaction occurs:

 + 8 H+ + 5 e− →  Mn2+ + 4 H2O;  E° = +1.51 V

which shows that KMnO4 (in an acidic medium) is a very strong oxidizing agent, able to oxidize Fe2+ (E°Fe3+/Fe2+ = +0.77 V), Sn2+ (E°Sn4+/Sn2+ = +0.2 V), and even Cl− (E°Cl2/Cl− = +1.36 V).

In weak acidic medium  can not accept 5 electrons to form Mn2+. Instead, it accepts only 3 electrons and forms solid MnO2 by the following reaction:

 + 4 H+ + 3 e− → MnO2 + 2 H2O; E° = +1.69 V

In a strongly basic solution, with the concentration c(NaOH) >1 mol dm−3, only one electron is accepted to produce manganate:

 + e− → ; E° = +0.56 V

References

Analytical chemistry
Titration
Shandong Bin Ao Aircraft Industries. Shandong Bin Ao Aircraft Industries Co., Ltd. () is located in the Dagao Town, Zhanhua County, Binzhou City, Shandong province, China.

History
The company was founded in 2008. It is a joint venture with a total investment amount of US$42,000,000 from Diamond Aircraft Industries GmbH, Binzhou Dagao General Aviation City Co., Ltd., Sociedade de Investimento e Fomento Predial Long Win Linitada and Binzhou Ding Yi Investment Management Co., Ltd.

On 26 November 2006, the joint venture was issued a Part 21G Production Approval to release airworthy new components by EASA;
This approval was subsequently revoked by EASA on 28 October 2019, removing the organisation's ability to certify components as airworthy.

There are almost 100 technicians coming from every part of the country, including seven persons with high title, 11 persons with master's degree and 63 persons with bachelor's degree, in the company now. Most technicians and workers will be sent to Austria for technical training. At present, 23 engineering technicians are under a 4-month training program in the Austria.

The factory building is designed by Binzhou Planning and Design Institute and China Space Civil & Building Engineering Design & Research Institute. The total construction area is 28,700 m2. It can be divided into four zones by function as follows: zone A is Composite Production Area, zone B is Painting Area, zone C is Assembly Area, and zone D is for inspection, exhibition and sales.

The joint venture manufactures mainly DA40 Diamond Aircraft with a yearly production scale of 500 aircraft. DA40 Aircraft is made of composite material, and can be used for a very long time; its fuel consumption is low (27 liter per 100 km); its take-off distance is short(it can take off after taxiing for about 360 meters); it provides high safety performance with wider side surfaces of the wing, and it has good gliding performance, too.

References

External links
Shandong Bin Ao Aircraft Industries official website

Aircraft manufacturers of China
Companies based in Binzhou
Chinese companies established in 2008
Manufacturing companies established in 2008
SOAtest. Parasoft SOAtest is a testing and analysis tool suite for testing and validating APIs and API-driven applications (e.g., cloud, mobile apps, SOA). Basic testing functionality include functional unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, system testing, security testing, simulation and mocking, runtime error detection,  web UI testing,  interoperability testing,  WS-* compliance testing, and  load testing.

Supported technologies include Web services, REST, JSON, MQ, JMS, TIBCO, HTTP, XML, EDI, mainframes, and custom message formats.

Parasoft SOAtest introduced Service virtualization via server emulation and stubs in 2002; by 2007, it provided an intelligent stubs platform that emulated the behavior of dependent services that were otherwise difficult to access or configure during development and testing. Extended service virtualization functionality is now in Parasoft Virtualize, while SOAtest provides intelligent stubbing.

References

External links
Parasoft SOAtest.
API Testing (solution featuring Parasoft SOAtest)
Service Virtualization (related service virtualization product)

Computer security software
Load testing tools
Security testing tools
Software testing tools
Static program analysis tools
Unit testing frameworks
Web service development tools
Toyama National College of Maritime Technology. was a maritime college in Imizu, Toyama, Japan, established in 1906.
The college merged with Toyama National College of Technology in 2009.

Toyama college maritime programs
The programs are of about 5 to 5.5 years (maritime) including practical training in the sea. The college conducts following maritime programs:
Nautical Science Program for Deck Officers and Captains
Marine Engineering Program for Engineering Officers
International Trade and Transport Program

See also
List of maritime colleges

References

External links
Toyama college website

Universities and colleges established in 1906
Universities and colleges in Toyama Prefecture
1906 establishments in Japan
Maritime colleges in Japan
IEEE Micro. IEEE Micro is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computer Society covering small systems and semiconductor chips, including integrated circuit processes and practices, project management, development tools and infrastructure, as well as chip design and architecture, empirical evaluations of small system and IC technologies and techniques, and human and social aspects of system development.

Editors-in-chief 
The following people are or have been editor-in-chief:
 2024–present: Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee
 2019–2023: Lizy Kurian John
 2015–2018: Lieven Eeckhout
 2011–2014: Erik R. Altman
 2007–2010: David H. Albonesi
 2003–2006: Pradip Bose
 1999–2001: Ken Sakamura
 1995–1998: Steve Diamond
 1991–1994: Dante Del Corso
 1987–1990: Joe Hootman
 1985–1987: James J. Farrell III
 1983–1984: Peter Rony and Tom Cain
 1980–1982: Richard C. Jaeger

External links 
 

Micro
Computer science journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1981
Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library. Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library is located in Terre Haute, Indiana. It was built in 1906 by the Modern Construction Company of Terre Haute. The building is in the Beaux Arts architectural style.

The Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library played an important role in Coca-Cola history. In June 1915, Earl R. Dean and T. Clyde Edwards were dispatched to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library to research the ingredients of Coca-Cola. In the Encyclopædia Britannica, Dean came across a picture of a gourd-shaped cocoa pod. Inspiration from this cocoa pod lead Dean to his design of the iconic contour Coca-Cola bottle.

In 1979, the library was acquired by the Indiana State University and would be converted into an art building five years later.

References

Library buildings completed in 1906
Libraries in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Terre Haute, Indiana
1906 establishments in Indiana
Closure temperature. In radiometric dating, closure temperature or blocking temperature refers to the temperature of a system, such as a mineral, at the time given by its radiometric date. In physical terms, the closure temperature is the temperature at which a system has cooled so that there is no longer any significant diffusion of the parent or daughter isotopes out of the system and into the external environment.  The concept's initial mathematical formulation was presented in a seminal paper by Martin H. Dodson, 
"Closure temperature in cooling geochronological and petrological systems" in the journal Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1973, with refinements to a usable experimental formulation by other scientists in later years. This temperature varies broadly among different minerals and also differs depending on the parent and daughter atoms being considered. It is specific to a particular material and isotopic system.  

The closure temperature of a system can be experimentally determined in the lab by artificially resetting sample minerals using a high-temperature furnace. As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form and diffusion of isotopes slows. At a certain temperature, the crystal structure has formed sufficiently to prevent diffusion of isotopes. This temperature is what is known as blocking temperature and represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system to measurable diffusion of isotopes. The age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to blocking temperature.

These temperatures can also be determined in the field by comparing them to the dates of other minerals with well-known closure temperatures.

Closure temperatures are used in geochronology and thermochronology to date events and determine rates of processes in the geologic past.

Table of values 

The following table represents the closure temperatures of some materials. These values  are the approximate values of the closure temperatures of certain minerals listed by the isotopic system being used. These values are approximations; better values of the closure temperature require more precise calculations and characterizations of the diffusion characteristics of the mineral grain being studied.

Potassium-argon method

Uranium-lead method

Electron spin resonance dating

References

Radiometric dating
M138 bomblet. The M138 bomblet was a sub-munition of the U.S. chemical weapon, the M43 BZ cluster bomb. The bomblet contained BZ, an incapacitating agent and was developed with the M43 in 1962. The M138s, along with all other U.S. BZ weapons were destroyed during the 1980s.

History
The U.S. Army Chemical Corps began mass-production of the chemical M43 BZ cluster bomb in March 1962. The M43 was designed to utilize the M138 bomblet. The M138, like its parent cluster bomb and all BZ munitions, were stored at Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas. Between 1988 and 1989 all U.S. BZ munitions, including the M138 bomblets were demilitarized and destroyed.

Specifications
The M138 bomblet had the largest continuous diameter of any chemical bomblet in the U.S. arsenal, a full 72 millimeters (mm). The M138 also possessed the thickest steel walls of U.S. bomblets, about 3 mm. The M43 cluster bomb was designed to hold 57 M138s, arranged in three stacks of 19 bomblets. Each bomblet held about  of the incapacitating agent BZ, also known as 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate. The bomblets themselves were composed of M7 canisters which held a 50/50 mixture of pyrotechnic and agent (pyromix). 

Each bomblet was a thin-walled cylinder that held an M150A2 "all-ways" acting impact fuze with an M308 delay element. The M138 became armed immediately upon separating from the M43 cluster bomb and its M30 cluster adapter. When the bomblet impacted the ground it ignited the fuze, and, after a short delay, the pyromix was ignited.

Tests involving the M138
The M138 was the subject of various tests, including those to determine its effectiveness and its detonability as demilitarization plans for BZ weapons ramped up during the 1980s. Tests undertaken at Pine Bluff Arsenal in 1981 showed that the M138 was a non-detonable item. Because of these test results it was determined that any demilitarization plant need not include provisions for the containment of accidental detonation of the M138. Regardless, an Army report issued on the results of the testing emphasized that extreme care must be exercised in order to prevent accidental detonation of the M138 bomblets as they were destroyed.

Other testing of the M138 was carried out by the U.S. Army's Deseret Test Center under the auspices of Project 112. These tests, known collectively as "Tall Timber" were carried out from April through June 1966 at the Waiakea Forest Reserve near Hilo, Hawaii. The purpose of the Tall Timber tests was to determine the effectiveness of BZ-filled M138 bomblets in a tropical forest environment. The tests used statically ignited M138 bomblets containing live BZ incapacitating agent.

See also
M114 bomb
M139 bomblet

Notes

Further reading
Bobrick, Michael C. "A Reasoned Response to NIMBY Opposition to Incineration of Chemical Weapon Stockpiles", (PDF, cache), Thesis, United States Army Judge Advocate General's School, April 1993, accessed December 11, 2008
Kirby, Reid. "Paradise Lost: The Psycho Agents", The CBW Conventions Bulletin, May 2006, Issue no. 71, accessed December 11, 2008.

Submunitions
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Chemical weapons of the United States
Stalagmometric method. The stalagmometric method () is one of the most common methods for measuring surface tension. The principle is to measure the weight of drops of a fluid of interest falling from a capillary glass tube, and thereby calculate the surface tension of the fluid. We can determine the weight of the falling drops by counting them. From it we can determine the surface tension.

Stalagmometer 

A stalagmometer is a device for investigating surface tension using the stalagmometric method. It is also called a stactometer or stalogometer. The device is a capillary glass tube whose middle section is widened. The volume of a drop can be predetermined by the design of the stalagmometer. The lower end of the tube is narrowed to force the fluid to fall out of the tube as a drop.
In an experiment, the drops of fluid flow slowly from the tube in a vertical direction. The drops hanging on the bottom of the tube start to fall when the volume of the drop reaches a maximum value that is dependent on the characteristics of the solution. At this moment, the weight of the drops is in equilibrium state with the surface tension. Based on Tate’s law:

The drop falls when the weight (mg) is equal to the circumference (2πr) multiplied by the surface tension (σ). The surface tension can be calculated provided the radius of the tube (r) and mass of the fluid droplet (m) are known. Alternatively, since the surface tension is proportional to the weight of the drop, the fluid of interest may be compared to a reference fluid of known surface tension (typically water):

In the equation, m1 and σ1 represent the mass and surface tension of the reference fluid and m2 and σ2 the mass and surface tension of the fluid of interest. If we take water as a reference fluid,

If the surface tension of water is known which is 72 dyne/cm, we can calculate the surface tension of the specific fluid from the equation. The more drops we weigh, the more precisely we can calculate the surface tension from the equation. The stalagmometer must be kept clean for meaningful readings. There are commercial tubes for stalagmometric method in three sizes: 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 (mL). The 2.5-mL size is suitable for small volumes and low viscosity, that of 3.5 (mL) for relatively viscous fluids, and that of 5.0 (mL) for large volumes and high viscosity. The 2.5-mL size is suitable for most fluids.

Modified method 
The stalagmometric method was improved by S. V. Chichkanov and colleagues, who measured the weight of a fixed number of drops rather than counting the drops. This method for determining the surface tension may be more precise than the original method, especially for fluids whose surface is highly active.

References 

Fluid mechanics
Measuring instruments
Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry. Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry (Amharic: ሕብረት ማምረቻ እና የማሽን ግንባታ ኢንዱስትሪ; Hibret mamireti ina yemashini ginibata) is a military-civil engineering complex of the Ethiopian Defense Industry. It specializes in production of Machines and spare parts  for the Ethiopian National Defense Force.

History
Hibret Machine tools was established on May 5, 1953 to produce bullets for light weapons under the name Emperor Haile Sellassie I (Amharic: ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ) Ammunition Factory. In 1984, the Derg regime invested heavily to expand the ammunition production line and create a tools and spare parts production unit.

Structure
Hibret Machine tools were restructured which resulted in its ammunition unit transferred to Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex and currently is organized as follows:

 Tools and spare parts and medium weapons production unit
 Engraving and pressing products unit
 Metals and product packaging production unit

Products
Military - a variety of mortars

Civilian - hand tools, hospital beds, aluminum saddles, household and office furnitures

References
 Hibret Machine tools profile - FDRE Defense Industry, May 2008

Military industrial facilities of Ethiopia
Pallivasal. Pallivasal  is a village in Idukki district in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala.

The first hydro-electric project in Kerala was established at Pallivasal during the reign of Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.

Pallivasal project
The Pallivasal electric project was commissioned in 1940. The Kerala electricity transmission system also emerged in 1940 with a 66 kV line from Pallivasal to Thiruvananthapuram. Eight substations were commissioned in 1940.

Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Pallivasal had population of 10,875 which constitutes 5,417 males and 5,458 females. Pallivasal village has an area of  with 2,726 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1007 lower than state average of 1084. In Pallivasal, 9.4% of the population was under 6 years of age. Pallivasal had an average literacy of 90.6% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than state average of 94%; male literacy was 94.5% and female literacy was 86.8%.

References

External links
www.pallivasal.org

Villages in Idukki district