omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
German submarine U-1209. German submarine U-1209 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was ordered on 2 April 1942 and was laid down on 14 July 1943 at F Schichau GmbH, Danzig, as yard number 1579. She was launched on 9 February 1944 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Ewald Hülsenbeck on 13 April 1944.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-1209 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-1209 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one  SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one  Flak M42 and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.

Service history
U-1209 was scuttled by her crew on 18 December 1944, east of the Isles of Scilly, in the English Channel, after running aground on Wolf Rock. Forty-four of her crew of fifty-three survived, Oberleutnant zur See Ewald Hülsenbeck was among the dead.

References

Bibliography

External links

Relevant description of how U-1209 hit Wolf Rock lighthouse and what happened after here
https://www.penwithlocalhistorygroup.co.uk/on-this-day/?id=314

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Danzig
1944 ships
Maritime incidents in December 1944
Ships built by Schichau
Xeon D. The Xeon D is a brand of x86 system on a chip designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the microserver market. It was announced in 2014, with the first products released in 2015. Related to the Xeon brand of workstation and server processors are based on the same architecture as server-grade CPUs, with support for ECC memory, higher core counts, support for larger amounts of RAM, and a larger cache. Unique to the Xeon D line, emphasis was also made on low power consumption, and integrated hardware blocks such as a network interface controllers, a PCIe root complex, and USB and SATA controllers.

Design goals 
The Xeon D was designed to offer better performance per watt compared to the Xeon E3 and better absolute performance compared to the Atom processors, while operating at lower power and higher densities than Xeon E5 processors. Particularly, the Xeon D was designed to compete with emerging ARM microarchitecture–based server solutions, by offering superior single core performance.

Generations

Broadwell 
All Xeon D Broadwell models were designed for the SoC Server market segment, with the FCBGA1667 interface. They are equipped with dual-channel DDR4, up to 128GB with ECC support.

Skylake 

The Skylake (D-2100) Xeon D products were released in February 2018. Updates included an increased maximum number of cores, the Skylake microarchitecture, AVX-512 acceleration, and cryptographic acceleration. The second generation also offered increased clock speeds, resulting in greater performance, though the maximum thermal design power also increased. However, the level of AVX-512 support is unclear by product, with higher end products having greater performance than the listed specifications.

Hewitt Lake based
Intel announced a second generation of Xeon D products to succeed the Broadwell (D-1500) series, Codenamed Hewitt Lake in February 2019.

Ice Lake-D 

Intel announced the next generation of Xeon D, codenamed Ice Lake-D in April 2021. Intel official launched the Xeon D D-2700 series and D-1700 series CPUs at MWC 2022. Xeon D D-2800 series and D-1800 series were announced on Dec 14, 2023.

 Max capacity dependent on memory type

References 

Computer-related introductions in 2014
Xeon D
Fantastic Contraption (2016 video game). Fantastic Contraption is a room scale virtual reality video game for the HTC Vive and PlayStation VR in which players construct machines from building materials to meet challenges. It was released at the HTC Vive's launch on April 5, 2016 and was released for PlayStation VR in July 2017.

Gameplay 

Fantastic Contraption is a puzzle game in which players use the motion controls to construct machines from building materials in order to meet challenges. Using basic components such as beams and wheels, players can design a machine from scratch to suit the needs of the puzzle. Many puzzles require the machine to move across the environment; the player cannot steer the machine after they have completed it, so navigation needs must be built into the design of the machine.

Development 

The game was co-developed by Radial Games and Northway Games. The developers helped lead a lot of the early thinking around UX and design in modern VR, including how to capture traditional UI elements, such as menus, saving and loading games, sharing content, et cetera, when a flat-screen menu is not an option. As an example, the team used a virtual helmet to help the player transition from the play space to the "menu world" in which the player could share creations and adjust in-game settings. Much of the team's work centred on how VR is unique when compared to flat games, including developing and sharing design and industry best practices for VR. The team is also well known for pioneering the first mixed-reality trailers to help portray the experience of VR without requiring one be in VR at the time. This approach was used extensively in the Fantastic Contraption trailer. Fantastic Contraption was released as a bundled launch title with the HTC Vive's launch on April 5, 2016 and is scheduled to release for PlayStation VR in 2017.

Fantastic Contraption was originally released in 2008 as a 2D, free-to-play Flash game before it was rebuilt for virtual reality.

Reception 

The Gizmodo Australia reviewer wrote that Fantastic Contraption was easily his favorite launch title, as he found none of the other titles interesting. Polygon wrote that the development team's "mixed reality" video stream (which shows the player within the virtual reality environment) made the medium "social".

References

External links

2016 video games
HTC Vive games
Northway Games games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation VR games
Puzzle video games
Radial Games games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Sôki. The Sôki (in Selknam 'two') was a two-seat three-wheeled microcar battery electric vehicle produced by the Chilean manufacturer Voze EV with the support of CORFO. It is the only electric vehicle aimed at commercial mass production in Chile and the second vehicle to be built by Voze after the company's first prototype Lüfke in 2014.
It is a  for urban use. Its aim was to combine the advantages of three vehicles, the comfort and security of a car, the agility and homologation of a motorcycle and the ecology and economy of a bicycle.

It had of an electrical motor with 7 kW (10 HP) of power. A complete charge took about three hours. It had a range of 60 kilometres with a maximum speed of 60 km/h.

It was designed and is manufactured in the Centre for the Innovation and Development of the Industry, situated in the commune of Quinta Normal in the city of Santiago. It was presented and launched to the Chilean market on 22 September 2015 in the Municipalidad of Quinta Normal. Its first delivery was estimated for March 2016, the year it would arrive to Europe.

References 

Production electric cars
Microcars
Electric city cars
Cars of Chile
Chilean brands
Buck (software). Buck is a multi-language build system developed and used by Meta Platforms, Inc. It was designed for building small, reusable modules consisting of code and resources within a monorepo. It supports many programming languages, including C++, Swift, Unix Shell, Java, Kotlin, Python, Lua, OCaml, Rust and Go. It can produce binary outputs for a variety of target platforms including iOS, Android, .NET, and Java virtual machine (VM) runtime systems. Licensing for Buck1 is under Apache License 2.0, while Buck2 is under either MIT or Apache 2.0.

Buck requires the explicit declaration of dependencies. Because all dependencies are explicit and Buck has a directed acyclic graph of all source files and build targets, Buck can perform incremental recompilation, only rebuilding targets downstream of files that have changed. Buck computes a key for each target that is a hash of the contents of the files it depends on. It stores a mapping from that key to the build target in a build cache.

History 

In 2013, Buck1 was released. One of the key features was the ability to share build results between multiple developers and continuous integration (CI), as Buck1 supports a HTTP Cache API.

In 2023, Buck2 was released, claiming that builds are 2x as fast as compared to Buck1. One of the largest changes from Buck1 is that the core is written in Rust instead of Java, and rules are written outside the core in Starlark (the language created for the Bazel build system).

See also
Build automation
List of build automation software

References

External links
 

Facebook software
Software using the Apache license
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free software programmed in Rust
Exxon donor solvent process. Exxon donor solvent process (EDS) is a coal liquefaction process developed by Exxon Research and Engineering Company, starting in 1966.  The process converts solid coal directly to liquid synthetic fuels which could be used as a substitute for petroleum products. The process does not involve an intermediate step of coal gasification.  Exxon operated a pilot plant in Texas from 1980 until 1982.

History
Exxon started to develop this process in 1966 and the development process continued until 1976. By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant. In 1977, preparations to build the demonstration-scale 250-tons per day plant in Baytown, Texas. The plant was opened in April 1980. The plant was built by Carter Oil, an affiliate of Exxon Corporation later renamed Exxon Coal, U.S.A. The plant was financed by the United States Department of Energy and by the private investors Carter Oil, Electric Power Research Institute, Japan Coal Liquefaction Development Company, Phillips Coal Company, ARCO Coal Company, Ruhrkohle and Agip. The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982. Originally Exxon planned to open its first commercial scale plant in 1997; however, this plan was abandoned.

Process 
The Exxon donor solvent process is a non-catalytic processing of solvent-slurried coal in a high-pressure liquefaction reactor. Coal is cleaned, crushed and fed to the slurry dryer, where water is removed. The dry crushed coal is slurried with the hydrogen donor recycle solvent. The coal slurry is treated with hydrogen and heated in a liquefaction slurry furnace. The liquefaction occurs at  and . The process produces gas and liquids. After separation of gas from liquids and remaining solids, the gas is cooled to separate vaporized naptha, and scrubbed to remove ammonia, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide. The remaining gas is treated with hydrogen, and reused in the liquefaction reactor. Liquids, remaining solids, and condensate from the process gas are treated in fractionators for separating naptha, a spent solvent, and vacuum gas oil. Naptha is processed into different hydrocarbon products while spent solvent hydrogenated before reusing in the slurry drier.

By this process from  of dry, high volatile coal can be produced more than  of a synthetic fuel. Initially, the process was focused to be used for bituminous coals but it was tested also for lower grade coals, such as lignite. Pilot testings show that lignite was harder to process than bituminous coals and it resulted a lower oil yield.

References

ExxonMobil
Coal technology
Synthetic fuel technologies
Industrial processes
Copper(I) selenide. Copper(I) selenide is an inorganic binary compound between copper and selenium, with the chemical formula Cu2Se.

Properties 
Stoichiometric copper selenide is a zero-bandgap material with metal-like behavior. Copper-deficient Cu2−xSe (non-stoichiometric) is an intrinsic p-type semiconductor with direct and indirect bandgap energies in the range of 2.1–2.3 eV and 1.2–1.4 eV respectively. It is frequently grown as nanoparticles or other nanostructures.

Uses 
Copper(I) selenide is produced in situ to form a protective black coating on iron or steel parts in some cold-bluing processes. Bluing solutions that operate in this manner will typically be labeled as containing selenous acid or selenium dioxide. It has also been investigated for use in the treatment of colon cancer.

Natural occurrences
Copper selenides are the most common selenium minerals. Cu2Se occurs as two polymorphs: berzelianite (isometric, more common) and bellidoite (tetragonal). There are more natural Cu selenides to date, including umangite, Cu3Se2 and athabascaite, Cu5Se4.

See also 
 Copper(II) selenide
 Gallium(II) selenide
 Indium(III) selenide
 Copper indium gallium selenide
 Copper(II) sulfate
 Selenium dioxide
 Selenous acid

References 

Selenides
Copper compounds
International Annealed Copper Standard. The International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) is a standard established in 1914 by the United States Department of Commerce. It is an empirically derived standard value for the electrical conductivity of commercially available copper.

Sometime around 1913, several copper samples from 14 important refiners and wire manufacturers were analyzed by the U.S. Bureau of Standards. The average resistance of the samples was determined to be 0.15292 Ω for copper wires with a mass of 1 gram of uniform cross section and 1 meter in length at 20 °C. In the United States this is usually written as "0.15292 ohm (meter, gram) at 20 °C".

Germany proposed a slight modification of this value to "0.15328 ohm (meter, gram) at 20 °C", this being equivalent to a conductivity of exactly  at 20 °C. The German modification was adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1913 and subsequently published by the United States Department of Commerce on October 1, 1914 as the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS).

The standard is most often used as a comparative property in the specification of the conductivity of other metals. For example, the conductivity of a particular grade of titanium may be specified as 1.2 % IACS, meaning that its electrical conductivity is 1.2 % of the copper specified as the IACS standard.

The standard can be found at https://archive.org/stream/copperwiretables31unituoft#page/n0/mode/1up.

Quality of aluminum alloys 

Heat treatment will alter several properties of an alloy, many of which are important to a design engineer. A measurement of the electric conductivity of aluminum alloys can be used to verify that a heat treatment process has been done correctly.
For example a component made of "7075" alloy which was correctly treated with the process "T73" to gain resistance to stress corrosion cracking will fall in the range of 38.0 to 43.0 % IACS.

The acceptance criteria for electrical conductivity of finished or semi-finished parts of wrought aluminum alloys are contained in SAE International specification AMS2658 Hardness and Conductivity Inspection of Wrought Aluminum Alloy Parts. Here the values are given in reference to the IACS.

A method for measuring electrical conductivity is described in ASTM International specification ASTM E 1004 Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Measurements of Electrical Conductivity. Electrical conductivity meters with direct readout in %IACS are commercially available.

References 

Copper
International standards
Scott Klement. Scott Klement, born January 28, 1969, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin is an American computer scientist, author, and speaker recognized as a top evangelist for IBM i on IBM Power Systems computers. For twenty-eight years, Scott served as the IT Director of family owned Klement's Sausage, which was sold to Altamont Capital Partners in 2014.  In 2012 he left to work for Profound Logic Corporation. Scott is a member of the Strategic Education Team (SET) and a Subject Matter Expert (SME) at COMMON, the largest association of users of IBM compatible technology in the world. He has developed numerous frameworks and other open-source development tools, often works that make other technology accessible to the IBM i technology directly from RPG.  Many developments by others, including Thomas Raddatz as well as IBM itself, make use of Klement's software in products of their own. His work in developing tools which open the i is widely quoted by others, including sockets and other tools in the book Hacking iSeries, and UNIXCMD, which allows PHP to access UNIX commands from a script. In addition, Klement was a frequent contributor to various Penton Media trade magazines.

Personal
Scott resides in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with his wife and son. He is an avid player of the sheepshead card game.

Awards
In 2005, Klement was awarded the Intellectual Solutions Award by IBM and COMMON for his website, which provided multiple tutorials and open source software to the IBM i community. He also received the Gary Guthrie Award for Excellence in Technical Writing and the silver medal for Best Feature Series by the American Society of Business Publication Editors (ASBPE).  Klement's skill is recognized as one of the best in the industry.  In 2012 Klement, along with Jim Buck and Aaron Bartell, was named a "Champion of Power" by IBM for their contributions to the Power Systems community.  He has been called "The most interesting man in the RPG world". In 2023, he was the first inducted to the Common Europe "Hall of Fame" for his contributions to the IBM i world.

Partial list of frameworks and open-source projects

References

External links
Tools and Presentations Website

1969 births
Living people
Scientists from Milwaukee
American computer scientists
NeuroMat. The Research, Innovation, and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics (RIDC NeuroMat, or simply NeuroMat) is a Brazilian research center established in 2013 at the University of São Paulo that is dedicated to integrating mathematical modeling and theoretical neuroscience. Among the core missions of NeuroMat are the creation of a new mathematical system to understanding neural data and the development of neuroscientific open-source computational tools, keeping an active role under the context of open knowledge, open science and scientific dissemination. The research center is headed by Antonio Galves, from USP's Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, and is funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). As of 2019, the co-principal investigators are Oswaldo Baffa Filho (USP), Pablo A. Ferrari (USP/UBA), Fernando da Paixão (UNICAMP), Antonio Carlos Roque (USP), Jorge Stolfi (UNICAMP), and Cláudia D. Vargas (UFRJ).  Ernst W. Hamburger (USP) was the former director of scientific dissemination.  NeuroMat's International Advisory Board consists of David R. Brillinger (UC Berkeley), Leonardo G. Cohen (NIH), Markus Diesmann (Jülich), Francesco Guerra (La Sapienza), Wojciech Szpankowski (Purdue).

Research 
NeuroMat has been involved in the development of what has been called the Galves-Löcherbach model, a model with intrinsic stochasticity for biological neural nets, in which the probability of a future spike depends on the evolution of the complete system since the last spike.[1] This model of spiking neurons was developed by mathematicians Antonio Galves and Eva Löcherbach. In the first article on the model, in 2013, they called it a model of a "system with interacting stochastic chains with memory of variable length.

See also 
Among the current large-scale international brain initiatives:
Allen Institute – from the USA
AusBrain – from Australia
BRAIN Initiative – from the USA
BRAINN - Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology – from Brazil
Brain/MINDS – from Japan
China Brain – from China
Human Brain Project – from Europe
IBT – Israel
Korea Brain Research Institute – from the Republic of Korea

References

External links

Official website
NeuroMat on Pesquisa FAPESP magazine

Research institutes in Brazil
Research institutes established in 2013
Neuroscience research centers in Brazil
Applied mathematics
University of São Paulo
2013 establishments in Brazil
Educational institutions established in 2013
Jeffrey Heer. Jeffrey Michael Heer (born June 15, 1979) is an American computer scientist best known for his work on information visualization and interactive data analysis. He is a professor of computer science & engineering at the University of Washington, where he directs the UW Interactive Data Lab. He co-founded Trifacta with Joe Hellerstein and Sean Kandel in 2012.

Education 
Heer received a B.S., M.S. and PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, he developed the Prefuse and Flare visualization toolkits.

Research and career 
Heer was an assistant professor of computer science at Stanford University, from 2009 to 2013. He is also co-founder and chief experience officer of Trifacta. Heer's research focuses on new systems and techniques for data visualization. As a member of the Stanford University faculty, he worked with Mike Bostock on the Protovis and D3.js systems.

Heer then moved to the University of Washington where he worked with students and collaborators to develop the Vega and Vega-Lite visualisation grammars. Along with Joe Hellerstein and Sean Kandel, Heer has also developed interactive tools for data transformation (including Data Wrangler), leading to the founding of Trifacta. Other research contributions include work on the graphical perception of visualizations, social data analysis, text visualization, and interactive language translation tools.

Awards and recognition 
Heer's research has been recognized by an ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Data-Driven Discovery Investigator Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, and MIT Technology Review's TR35 list. Heer and his students have won best paper awards at human-computer interaction and visualization conferences. His work has also appeared in the popular press.

Heer was named as an ACM Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to information visualization, human-centered data science, and interactive machine learning".

References 

1979 births
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University faculty
University of Washington Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering faculty
American computer scientists
Sloan Research Fellows
D3.js people
2024 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery