omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Design II for Windows. DESIGN II for Windows is a rigorous process simulator for chemical and hydrocarbon processes including refining, refrigeration, petrochemical, gas processing, gas treating, pipelines, fuel cells, ammonia, methanol and hydrogen facilities.

History 

In 1969 the DESIGN program was first offered on the University Computing Company (UCC) time sharing services. The DISTILL column program was merged into DESIGN to create DESIGN 2000 in 1975, and in 1984 – REFINE column and crude feeds program were merged into DESIGN 2000 to create DESIGN II.  In 1991 the Windows user interface was added to DESIGN II and DESIGN II for Windows was born. 

WinSim Inc. has developed and marketed DESIGN II for Windows, a steady-state process simulator, since 1995 when the company purchased the rights to the program from ChemShare Corporation. 

Website: http://www.winsim.com/

References 

Chemical engineering software
Consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is water removed from available supplies without return to a water resource system (e.g., water used in manufacturing, agriculture, and food preparation that is not returned to a stream, river, or water treatment plant). Evaporation from the surface of the Earth into clouds of water in the air which then falls to the ground as "rain" is excluded from this model. Crop consumptive water use is the amount of water transpired during plant growth plus what evaporates from the soil surface and foliage in the crop area.  The portion of water consumed in crop production depends on many factors, especially the irrigation technology.

References 

United States Department of Agriculture
1977 in spaceflight. Spaceflight in 1977 included some important events such as the roll out of the Space Shuttle orbiter, Voyager 1 and Voyager space probes were launched. NASA received the Space Shuttle orbiter later named , on 14 January. This unpowered sub-orbital space plane was launched off the top of a modified 747 and was flown uncrewed until 13 August until a human crew landed the Enterprise for the first time.

In August and September, the two Voyager spacecraft to the outer planets were launched. Voyager 2, launched on 20 August, went on to fly past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 1, which was launched on 5 September, flew past Jupiter and Saturn, with a planned flyby of Pluto being cancelled in favour of a closer flyby of Titan.

Launches

|}

Deep space rendezvous

EVAs

References

Footnotes

 
Spaceflight by year
Effluent limitation. An effluent limitation is a United States Clean Water Act standard of performance reflecting a specified level of discharge reduction achievable by the best available technology or related standards for various sources of water pollution.  These sources include all industries, businesses, municipal sewage treatment plants and storm sewer systems, and other facilities that discharge to surface waters. Effluent limitations are implemented in discharge permits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies, through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).

See also
 Effluent
 Effluent guidelines (national industrial wastewater regulations)
 United States regulation of point source water pollution

References

External links
 Overview of NPDES Permit Program - US EPA

Water law in the United States
Water pollution in the United States
Water supply and sanitation in the United States
Emergency Watershed Protection Program. The Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) Program is a program administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service to respond to floods, fires, windstorms and other types of natural disasters.  Types of work this program funds include: removing debris; reshaping and protecting eroded banks; correcting damaged drainage facilities; repairing levees and other water conveyance structures; and purchasing flood plain easements.  For construction activities, it provides up to 75% of the project cost.  It is almost always funded in supplemental appropriations that provide federal assistance to deal with a natural disaster. The EWP's activities are sponsored by a city, county, town, conservation district, or any federally-recognized Native American tribe or tribal organization before EWP can come in with their expertise to assist a region that has experienced an emergency.

Over 430 sites in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands had to be immediately addressed by EWP after Hurricane Maria struck on September 20, 2017. While EWP normally funds 75% of project costs, President Donald Trump authorized EWP to cover 100% of the costs for debris removal and other watershed protection costs, from the time Hurricane Maria occurred through May, 2018.

See also
Emergency Wetlands Reserve Program

References

External links
 EWP Official site

United States Department of Agriculture
Emergency Wetlands Reserve Program. The Emergency Wetlands Reserve Program (EWRP), authorized in 1993 under emergency supplemental appropriations to respond to widespread floods in the Midwest, provided payments to purchase easements and partial financial assistance to landowners who permanently restored wetlands at sites where the restoration costs exceeded the land’s fair market value.  EWRP was administered by Natural Resources Conservation Service as part of its Emergency Watershed Program and operated in seven Midwestern states. Land in this program is considered to be a part of the land enrolled in the Wetland Reserve Program.

References 

Wetlands of the United States
United States Department of Agriculture programs
Rotec R2800. The Rotec R2800 is a seven-cylinder 110 hp radial engine built by Rotec Aerosport Pty Ltd in Australia. The R2800 was Rotec's first (and only) engine offering when they first opened their doors in 2000. In 2005, Rotec released a more powerful variant, the Rotec R3600 adding two more cylinders for a total of nine and increasing the rated horsepower to 150. This engine and its larger cousin are frequently used on World War I aircraft, both vintage and modern reproductions. Some notable repro WW I aircraft this engine has been used in are the Fokker Triplane, Sopwith Camel and the Nieuport 17. Other experimental / homebuilt aircraft have also been fitted with the Rotec 2800, including the Kitfox Model 7; a popular kit aircraft with over 5,000 examples of all variants completed. It is unknown how many Kitfox aircraft are equipped with the Rotec 2800 engine.

These engines are not limited to only aircraft applications as JRL Cycles has converted an R2800 for use in a motorcycle.

Applications

Specifications (Rotec R2800)

References

Rotec Aerosport Projects
Rotec R2800 Engine

External links
Rotec Engineering PTY LTD
JRL Radial Motorcycle

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
2000s aircraft piston engines
Lanxmeer. Lanxmeer is the name of an ecological neighbourhood (240 houses) built from 1994 to 2009 in the town of Culemborg in the Netherlands. It is an environmentally friendly housing development.

It was initiated by Marleen Kaptein, who was looking for a more sustainable way of building housing in urban areas. The project was a strong partnership between future inhabitants and the city of Culemborg, consultants and other people.

It incorporates many of the principles of high environmental quality and eco-towns, but its principal originality is the promotion of the constant participation of the inhabitants. Indeed, this neighbourhood (except for its masterplan) was designed and conducted with representatives of future residents in a creative process (bottom-up; from bottom to top and not imposed by management or administration), and is often regarded as a model in several areas (for example in Europe by Energie-Cités and in France by the Department of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Sea). It has therefore become an international reference, regularly visited by architects, urbans planners, developers, futurists or groups interested in sustainability, from European countries, and sometimes the United States, Japan, etc..

Creation of the project 

In 1990, Marleen Kaptein believed that creating neighbourhoods with the inhabitants was both possible and necessary.
She gathered a group of people motivated to create the project. She thought that a critical threshold
of 200 to 400 houses must be reached. To do it, they needed land of more than 20ha (49.4 acres).
After that she created a foundation called the International Forum Mann and foundation structures to
promote organic architecture and she gathered a group of friends which included various 
scientists and university intellectuals with the goal of creating a city or a district they
would dream to live in.

Name

Lanxmeer is the name of the neighbourhood, which lies in an area that was once a land reclamation area with a settlement called Lanxmeer. The residents association of modern-day Lanxmeer is called EVA-Lanxmeer. It originates from an information centre (Dutch: "Ecologisch Centrum voor Educatie, Voorlichting en Advies") made to promote integration of ecology in architecture and town.

See also
 Energy efficiency in British housing
 Passive solar building design
 BioRegional

References

External links

 Website of the residents association EVA-Lanxmeer 
 Information about Lanxmeer on the website of the municipality of Culemborg 
 (WERFTERP) 

Ecovillages
Populated places established in 1994
Culemborg
1994 establishments in the Netherlands
Pull off test. A pull-off test, also called stud pull test, is a type of test in which an adhesive connection is made between a stud and a carrier (or object to be tested) by using a glue, possibly an epoxy or polyester resin, that is stronger than the bond that needs to be tested. The force required to pull the stud from the surface, together with the carrier, is measured.  Simple mechanical hand-operated loading equipment has been developed for this purpose. When higher accuracy is required, tests can be performed with more advanced equipment called a bond tester. A bond tester provides more control and possibly automation. Applying the glue automatically and curing with UV light is the next step in automation. This methodology can also be used to measure direct tensile strength or/and the bond strength between two different layers.

MIL-STD-883 methods 2011.9 destructive bond pull test and 2031.1 flip chip pull off test apply, as well as JEDEC JESD22-B109.

Partial coring may be used, if necessary, to eliminate surface skin effects.

References

Concrete
Tests
SS Sea Hawk. SS Sea Hawk may refer to one of two Type C3-S-A2 ships built for the United States Maritime Commission by Ingalls Shipbuilding:

  (MC hull number 391), acquired by the United States Navy and converted to  USS Fayette (APA-43); sold for commercial service in 1948; scrapped in 1971
  (MC hull number 879), delivered in January 1945; sold 1947; scrapped in 1973

Ship names
Tech University of Korea. Tech University of Korea (TU Korea, ), formerly Korea Polytechnic University (KPU, ), is a polytechnic university in South Korea. KPU was established in 1998 by support from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy.

Located in Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do. It was established to cultivate professional technical manpower with strong field adaptability through practical training.

In early 2007, the Techno Innovation Park was opened to accommodate approximately 1,400 residents and more than 40 engineering houses, ranging from 17 floors above ground to 1 underground.

Organization 
All departments, except the department of design and business administration, are engineering colleges, and there are no separate colleges, and three graduate schools are established: general graduate school, graduate school of knowledge-based technology and energy (specialized graduate school), and graduate school of industrial technology (specialized graduate school). Korea's first game engineering department, which specializes in game development, was established in 2002. In addition, the Faculty of Industry-Academy Cooperation has been established for customized re-education required by industry. An eight-week, four-semester system was implemented from the beginning of the school's 1998 to 2000.  As of 2019, there are 6,879 undergraduate students, 351 master's students, and 58 doctoral students.

References

External links
 

Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province
Educational institutions established in 1998
1998 establishments in South Korea
Siheung
Hawker Hoopoe. The Hawker Hoopoe was a British prototype naval fighter aircraft designed and built in 1927 by Hawker Aircraft.

Service trials found the aircraft to be unsatisfactory, and it was superseded by the same company's Nimrod design.

Design and development
Named after the bird of the same name, the Hoopoe was a private venture design proposal to meet Specification N.21/26 although the aircraft did not follow the specification closely. The Hoopoe was a single-seater biplane with an open cockpit and fixed undercarriage. Floats were also later tested.

Redesign of the wings changed the layout from a two-bay biplane to a single-bay configuration. Three engine types were fitted during the short trial period, two variants of the Bristol Mercury were later replaced by an Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar and Panther with an increase in performance.

Trials at Felixstowe in 1929 with floats fitted showed that the aircraft was severely underpowered with the Mercury powerplant, requiring the change to the Jaguar engine. Service interest in the type had waned by autumn 1930 although the single prototype continued in development flying with Armstrong Siddeley and the Royal Aircraft Establishment until 1932 when the Hoopoe was scrapped.

Specifications (Hoopoe - Single bay wings, Panther III)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1991.

External links

Flightglobal archive - Hawker Hoopoe, 1931

1920s British fighter aircraft
Hoopoe
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Jon Crowcroft. Jonathan Andrew Crowcroft (born 23 November 1957) is the Marconi Professor of Communications Systems in the Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, a visiting professor at the Department of Computing at Imperial College London, and the chair of the programme committee at the Alan Turing Institute.

Education
Crowcroft was educated at Westminster School and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics in 1979 from the University of Cambridge where he was an undergraduate student of Trinity College, Cambridge. He then gained a Master of Science degree in computing in 1981 and PhD in 1993, both from University College London.

Career and research
Crowcroft joined the University of Cambridge in 2001, prior to which he was Professor of Networked Systems at University College London in the Computer Science Department. After he stepped down from UCL, he was succeeded by his former PhD student Mark Handley.  he is a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge.

Crowcroft contributed to successful start-up projects. He has been a member of the Scientific Council of IMDEA Networks Institute since 2007. He served on the advisory board of Max Planck Institute for Software Systems .

Crowcroft has written, edited and co-authored books and publications which have been adopted internationally in academic courses, including TCP/IP & Linux Protocol Implementation: Systems Code for the Linux Internet,  Internetworking Multimedia and Open Distributed Systems.

Crowcroft has also done research in theoretical network science, particularly in the area of Turing switches, and he has suggested to replace general-purpose computers acting as network switches with specially-built hardware dedicated to packet switching, as well as using optical technology for the same purpose.

He is a director of the Matrix Foundation.

Awards and honours
Crowcroft was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2013. His nomination reads: 

He was elected an ACM Fellow in 2003, a chartered fellow of the British Computer Society, 
a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2004. He was a member of the Internet Architecture Board 1996-2002, and attended
most of the first 50 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) meetings.

Crowcroft served as general chair for the ACM SIGCOMM conference between 1995 and 1999, and received the SIGCOMM Award in 2009. The award to Crowcroft was

References

British computer scientists
2002 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of Wolfson College, Cambridge
1957 births
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of University College London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Anatoly Wasserman. Anatoly Aleksandrovich Wasserman (, ; born 9 December 1952) is a politician, journalist and political pundit who has won numerous television intellectual quiz shows. Since September 2021 he is a member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation (the 8th convocation).

Biography
Wasserman studied thermal physics at the Institute of refrigeration and cryotechnologies in Odessa, specializing also in computer programming. In 1974—1991 he was employed as a programmer at different R&D centers in Odessa dealing with low-temperature food technologies.

Wasserman has worked as a journalist since 23 November 1991 to the present (from 1996 to 1999, for computer magazines in particular).

In 1994, he ran for office as a Deputy of the  Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and took  second place in his constituency.

After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and the start of the 2014 to present Russo-Ukrainian War, Wasserman became increasingly critical of the Ukrainian government. In 2015 the Security Service of Ukraine opened a criminal investigation against him for alleged separatist activity.

On 27 January 2016, Wasserman became a naturalized Russian citizen (with citizenship granted by Vladimir Putin).

On 27 June 2016, he was nominated as a candidate for Deputy of the  State Duma of Russia from the party A Just Russia; he took the second place in his constituency.

Wasserman advised Dmitry Medvedev not to experiment on Russians after Medvedev (the Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation) proposed beginning a gradual transition to a shorter working week, starting with an experiment on the territory of one region or on a group of companies. According to the publicist, without accurate economic calculations, this can result in a reduction in wages. Wasserman noted that "we do not need experiments, but concrete calculations". It is necessary to calculate whether the increase in labor productivity will compensate for the loss of one working day, because otherwise, the salary of citizens will fall, the journalist explained.

In 2021 Wasserman again ran for election to the State Duma, this time as an independent candidate. As in 2016, he ran in the Preobrazhensky constituency of Moscow; Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin publicly endorsed his candidacy. In addition, the ruling United Russia party also did not nominate a candidate in this constituency. Wasserman won the seat, defeating the CPRF candidate Sergei Obukhov.

Sanctions 

Wasserman is sanctioned by the UK government on 11 March 2022 in relation to Russo-Ukrainian War.

Notes

References

External links

 
 
Videoblog of Anatoly Wasserman 

1952 births
Living people
Politicians from Odesa
Scientists from Odesa
Russian male journalists
Russian television personalities
Naturalized citizens of Russia
A Just Russia politicians
Odesa Jews
Ukrainian computer programmers
Ukrainian emigrants to Russia
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Russian individuals subject to United Kingdom sanctions
Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29. The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29 TF Stadt Stuttgart is a glider designed and built in Germany from 1972.

Development 
The fs29 was designed and built to research the telescopic variable span wing.
With the wing at full extension the fs29 could thermal successfully in very weak conditions and land safely in small spaces, conversely with the wing fully retracted the fs29 could cruise between lift at higher speeds, improving performance in distance/speed competitions, as well as perform aerobatics to higher load factors with faster control response.

Construction of the fs29 was as follows:-
Inner wing:
 Spar: Carbon Fibre Epoxy.
 Skin: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich.
Outer wing:
 Rectangular section: Carbon Fibre Epoxy Skin.
 Trapezoidal Section: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich.
Fuselage Structure: Welded steel tubing.
Cockpit: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich .
Tail Boom Skin: Aluminum Alloy.
Tail Unit: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich (derived from the tail of the Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-2).

Extension and retraction  of the outer wings was made by a screw jacks and nuts operated by the pilot pumping a handle via two-way free-wheel mechanisms, toothed belts and torque shafts which pulled or pushed the outer wings over the inner wings as required. The gap between the inside of the outer wing and the skin of the inner wing could be as much as 3mm without causing excess drag or affecting the flying qualities.
The fs29 was demonstrated in flight at the 1996 ILA airshow at Berlin Schönefeld Airport, along with the Akaflieg Braunschweig SB-10 and SB-13.
The sole fs29 was damaged in an accident during the summer of 1997, but is being re-built; meanwhile the fs29 can be seen at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

Specifications

See also

References

https://akaflieg-stuttgart.de/en/projects/fs29-telescope-wing/

External links

Akaflieg Stuttgart website
www.sailplanedirectory.com

Glider aircraft
1970s German sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1975
T-tail aircraft
Variable-geometry-wing aircraft
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane. 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is a haloalkane with the formula . It is one of the three  isomers of dichlorofluoroethane.  It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment.

Physiochemical properties 
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane can be a non-flammable, colourless liquid under room-temperature atmospheric conditions.  The compound is very volatile with a boiling point of 32°C.  Its critical temperature is near 204°C. Its smell has been described as "usually ethereal" (like ether).

Production and use 
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is mainly used as a solvent and foam blowing agent under the names R-141b and HCFC-141b.  It is a class 2 ozone depleting substance undergoing a global phaseout from production and use under the Montreal Protocol since the late 1990s.  It is being replaced by HFCs within some applications.

Environmental effects 

The concentration of HCFC-141b in the atmosphere grew to near 25 parts per trillion by year 2016.   It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.12.  This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere prior to introduction of HFC-141b and subsequent adoption of the Montreal Protocol.  

HFC-141b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas.  It has an estimated lifetime of about 10 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 725 to 2500.  This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.

See also 
 IPCC list of greenhouse gases
 List of refrigerants

References 

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Halogenated solvents
Ozone-depleting chemical substances
Refrigerants
Greenhouse gases