omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John Snell (electrical engineer). Sir John Francis Cleverton Snell (15 December 1859 – 6 July 1938) was a British electrical engineer and administrator.

Life
Snell was born in Saltash, Cornwall, the only son of Commander John Skinner Snell, RN and his wife Harriet Cleverton and educated at Plymouth Grammar School, Finsbury Technical College, and King's College, London.

After working for four years from 1885 with Messrs. Woodhouse and Rawson he was appointed in 1889 a resident engineer at Messrs. Crompton and Co., where he worked on electrical supply projects in London and Stockholm.
From 1892 he worked as assistant to General Charles Edmund Webber on electrical supply projects in Kensington and a number of country houses, before entering municipal service in London in 1893 as assistant electrical engineer in St Pancras during the construction of the Kings Road power station. In 1896 he transferred to Sunderland as Borough Electrical Engineer, additionally becoming Borough Tramways Engineer in 1896 after which he converted the tramway system to electric power.

In 1906, he set up in business as a consulting engineer in Westminster, amalgamating with Preece and Cardew to form Preece, Cardew and Snell. During that time he served as an expert witness for the General Post Office in a case involving compensation payments to National Telephone Company, after which he was given a knighthood (in 1914). He also acted as President of the Institute of Electrical Engineers for 1914.

During the First World War he served on a number of committees, including the Munitions Inventions Committee. After the war he left the consulting company (by then Preece, Cardew, Snell and Rider) to advise the government of matters of electrical supply. He helped to set up the Electricity Commission and served as its first chairman from 1919 to 1938, during which time the Central Electricity Board was established, the national grid created  and the supply of electricity standardised. He was made GBE in 1925.

In 1928 he began introducing major new electricity power systems in the West of England with his friend and then colleague, Dr John A. Purves.

He was awarded the Faraday Medal for 1938 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now the Institution of Engineering and Technology).

He died after an operation at the London Clinic in 1938. He had married Annie Glendenning Quick of Biscovey, Cornwall, with whom he had at least one son.

References

1859 births
1938 deaths
People from Saltash
Alumni of King's College London
British electrical engineers
Knights Bachelor
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Engineers from Cornwall
People educated at Plymouth Grammar School
Sentinus. Sentinus is an educational charity based in Lisburn, Northern Ireland that provides educational programs for young people interested in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

History
Northern Ireland produces around 2,000 qualified IT workers each year; there are around 16,000 IT jobs in the Northern Ireland economy.

Function
It works with EngineeringUK and the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment (CCEA). It works with primary and secondary schools in Northern Ireland. 

It runs summer placements for IT workshops for those of sixth form age (16-18). It offers Robotics Roadshows for primary school children.

Sentinus Young Innovators

Sentinus hosts the annual  Big Bang  Northern Ireland Fair which incorporates Sentinus Young Innovators. This is a one day science and engineering project exhibition for post-primary students. It is one of largest such events in the United Kingdom. In 2019 over 3,000 students participated from 130 schools across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

The competition is affiliated with the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) and the Broadcom MASTERS program. The overall winner represents Northern Ireland at the following year's ISEF.

Past Overall Winners

See also
 Discover Science & Engineering, equivalent in the Republic of Ireland
 Science Week Ireland
 The Big Bang Fair
 Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition

References

External links
 Sentinus

Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Educational charities based in the United Kingdom
Educational organisations based in Northern Ireland
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Engineering organizations
Learning programs in Europe
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Northern Ireland
Science events in the United Kingdom
1-Fluoronaphthalene. 1-Fluornaphthalene is an organofluorine chemical compound from the group of naphthalene derivatives and fluoroaromatics. Its chemical formula is .

Synthesis
1-Fluoronaphthalene can be obtained by reacting naphthalene with Selectfluor.

Properties
1-Fluoronaphthalene is a colorless, combustible liquid, which is insoluble in water.

Applications
1-Fluoronaphthalene was used for the tert-butyllithium-mediated synthesis of 6-substituted phenanthridines. It has also been used in the synthesis of LY248686, a potent inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake.

1-Fluoronaphthalene is also used as a component of the Organic Check Material mounted in canisters on Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. It's used for calibrating the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite, being a synthetic organic compound not found in nature on Earth and not expected on Mars.

See also
1-Bromonaphthalene
1-Chloronaphthalene

References

Fluoroarenes
1-Naphthyl compounds
Magnadur. Magnadur is a sintered barium ferrite, specifically BaFe12O19 in an anisotropic form. It is used for making permanent magnets. The material was invented by Mullard and was used initially particularly for focussing rings on cathode-ray tubes. Magnadur magnets retain their magnetism well, and are often used in education. Magnadur can also be used in DC motors.

Physical characteristics
 Remanence 0.9 T
 Coercivity 110 kA/m
 Maximum energy product, 20 kJm - at 86 kAm

References

Ferromagnetic materials
VNIITE. VNIITE (), named after the acronym for the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Industrial Design (), was the chief Soviet design research institute, established in April 1962, and closed in June 2013. It was created at the request of the State Committee on Science and Engineering of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. One its main objectives was to improve the quality of the design of Soviet products, in order to decrease the gap between the Soviet Union and the industrial power of Western countries.

History 

When they first opened, the headquarters of the institute in Moscow were divided into nine key sections: Human Resources; Design Theory and History; Design Promotion; Ergonomics; Materials, Colors and Finish; Information; Transportation Design; Consumer Product Design and Industrial Equipment Design. After five years, the VNIITE employed a workforce of 3,000 employees, with 15 branches spread across the Soviet Union. Large design offices (of 50 to 200 employees) were attached to the main industries, and other 200 smaller laboratories worked with individual factories. 

Almost none of the designs created by the VNIITE during its first period were ever produced industrially, but their concepts were used to show the power of design, and the prototypes were displayed in exhibitions. These initial concepts were for the most part directed towards industrial equipment, office furniture, transportation, and some consumer goods. From 1964 on, the VNIITE produced its own magazine, called Technical Aesthetics (a term invented in Russia to speak about industrial design).

From the mid-1970s, the institute focused on a greater integration with the economies of the Eastern Bloc countries, and in particular with East Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Notable designers 

The VNIITE was directed by designer Yuri Soloviev from its opening in 1962 to 1982, and he was a key figure to its development. When opening, as design was not an established field in Russia, the first employees to be hired by him were engineers, psychologists, historians, graphics, model-makers and other design aficionados. However, some of them revealed to be competent designers, including Boris Shekov (who became head of the Industrial Equipment Design department) and Yuri Dolmatovsky, who worked on the Transports department.

References

See also 
Sphinx (home automation system), a prototype designed by the VNIITE designers in 1987.

Research institutes in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1962
1962 establishments in the Soviet Union
Hyslop and Ronald. Hyslop and Ronald was a Canadian brass era steam fire engine manufacturer, based in Hamilton, Ontario.

They established a factory in a two-story building on Adelaide Street, about halfway between McGregor Creek and King Street.

The factory was taken over by Chatham Motor Car Company in 1906.

The company also produced other machinery.

Notes 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Canada
Defunct companies of Ontario
1900s cars
Fire service vehicle manufacturers
Truck manufacturers of Canada
History of manufacturing in Ontario
Aviation Career Exploring. Aviation Career Exploring, whose participants are called "Explorers," was one of the career-oriented programs offered by Learning for Life, an affiliate of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA).

History
Air Scouts was a program of the BSA. The Air Scouts program had four ranks Apprentice, Observer, Craftsman, and Ace (later under the Explorer program the ranks were Apprentice, Bronze, Gold, and Silver Award). The Ace (Silver Award) cloth knot and medal may still be worn by anyone who earned them before the program was dropped.

The program was established in 1941 and existed under the name Air Scouts until 1949, when it was renamed Air Explorers. With minor changes, this program lasted until 1965, when it was fully merged into the then existing Explorer program of the BSA as a specialty called "Aviation Career Exploring."

On 1 March 1985, the Boy Scouts of America officially ended powered aircraft flight in its Aviation Exploring program, citing difficulties with maintaining insurance coverage in the event of an aircraft accident. 450 Explorer Posts and over 10,000 Explorer Scouts were affected.

Activities
Members attend meetings twice a month. Activities during meetings may include:
 taking orientation flights in military transports, helicopters, gliders, or single-engine general aviation aircraft
 taking trips to Air Force bases, aviation museums, air shows, or FAA facilities.
 learning to pre-flight an aircraft
 taking pilot training ground school classes

Activities may be geared towards providing information for many common aviation careers, including:
 Pilots
 Aircraft mechanics
 Aerospace engineers
 Airport management and operations
 Unmanned aerial vehicle operators
 Avionics technicians
 Air traffic controllers
 Flight attendants

Membership
The program is open to youth aged 14–20.

See also
 Civil Air Patrol
 Fire Service Exploring
 Health Career Exploring
 Law Enforcement Exploring

References

External links
Explore the Depth Of Sky
Find An Explorer Post

Air Cadet organisations
Boy Scouts of America
Action–domain–responder. Action–domain–responder (ADR) is a software architectural pattern that was proposed by Paul M. Jones as a refinement of Model–view–controller (MVC) that is better suited for web applications. ADR was devised to match the request-response flow of HTTP communications more closely than MVC, which was originally designed for desktop software applications. Similar to MVC, the pattern is divided into three parts.

Components 
 The action takes HTTP requests (URLs and their methods) and uses that input to interact with the domain, after which it passes the domain's output to one and only one responder.
 The domain can modify state, interacting with storage and/or manipulating data as needed. It contains the business logic.
 The responder builds the entire HTTP response from the domain's output which is given to it by the action.

Comparison to MVC 
ADR should not be mistaken for a renaming of MVC; however, some similarities do exist.
The MVC model is very similar to the ADR domain. The difference is in behavior: in MVC, the view can send information to or modify the model, whereas in ADR, the domain only receives information from the action, not the responder.
 In web-centric MVC, the view is merely used by the controller to generate the content of a response, which the controller could then manipulate before sending as output. In ADR, execution control passes to the responder after the action finishes interacting with the domain, and thus the responder is entirely responsible for generating all output. The responder can then use any view or template system that it needs to.
 MVC controllers usually contain several methods that, when combined in a single class, require additional logic to handle properly, like pre- and post-action hooks. Each ADR action, however, is represented by separate classes or closures. In terms of behavior, the action interacts with the domain in the same way that the MVC controller interacts with the model, except that the action does not then interact with a view or template system, but rather passes control to the responder which handles that.

References

External links
 Paul M. Jones' original proposal of ADR
 Implementing ADR in Laravel, an implementation of the pattern in the Laravel PHP framework.

Software design patterns
Architectural pattern (computer science)
Femisphere. The femisphere is a solid figure that has one single surface, two edges, and four vertices.

Description 

The form of the femisphere is reminiscent of that of a sphericon but without straight lines. Instead of that, it has circular arcs of arbitrary radius. For this reason, when rolled over a sphere, it contacts the whole surface area of it in a single revolution.

The area of a femisphere of unit radius is .

Wooden femispheres can be made by turning them on a wood lathe.

See also 
 Sphericon

References

External links 
 Femispheres images 

Geometric shapes
Ampd Energy. Ampd Energy is a company in the energy industry, which designs and manufactures energy storage systems (ESS). It is a member of the Incu-Tech Programme, a Hong Kong Government and HK Science and Technology Park initiative. Their mission is to provide clean, affordable and stable electricity to people and enterprises that lack access to a reliable electric supply.

History 
Ampd Energy was founded in December 2014. Its founders, Brandon Ng and Luca Valente created an electric motorcycle company during a blackout in the city; they reasoned that the batteries of their motorcycles could be redesigned to power buildings.

In February 2015, Ampd Energy was accepted into the Incu-Tech program. As of June 2017, the company has raised a total of $3.7 million in seed investment.

Product 
In December 2016, the company launched an energy storage system called Ampd Enertainer, which aims to replace lead acid battery, Uninterruptible Power Supply systems (UPSs) and diesel generators primarily in countries affected by frequent blackouts.

Unlike many related companies such as Tesla and Sonnen, Ampd Enertainer is primarily aimed at on-grid energy storage.

Ampd Enertainer uses 1,792 rechargeable lithium-ion batteries cells, with each Ampd Silo offering a storage capacity of 16.8 kWh.

Awards and recognition 
In early 2017, Ampd Enertainer received the CES2017 Innovation Award Honoree in the "Tech For a Better World" category. The company was also shortlisted as one of the finalists in Engadgets best CES 2017 in the start-up category.

In May 2017, co-founder and CEO Brandon Ng was named as a Forbes Asia 30 Under 30 honouree in the "Industry, Manufacturing & Energy" category.

See also 
Lithium-ion battery
Energy storage
Standby generator
Uninterruptible power supply
Particulates

References

External links 
 Official website
 
 
 

Energy companies of Hong Kong
Energy storage
Energy companies established in 2014
Chinese companies established in 2014
Alison Vincent. Alison Vincent  is the Chief Technology Officer for Cisco in the UK and Ireland. In 2020 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Early life and education
She holds a PhD in Mathematics and Cryptography and a BSc in Mathematics and Computer Science from Royal Holloway, University of London.

Career
Vincent worked for NDS before it was acquired by Cisco in 2012 and has worked for Cisco since then. Previously, she worked at IBM and at Micro Focus. She specializes in introducing agile methodologies to organizations.

In 2022, Vincent was named chair of strategic board for the Digital Twin Hub, a hub for learning, developing ideas and driving innovation in global systemic challenges currently facing the world.

References

Cisco Systems
British women engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Living people
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Pentamethylbismuth. Pentamethylbismuth (or pentamethylbismuthorane) is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to a bismuth atom with formula Bi(CH3)5.  It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid.

Production
Pentamethylbismuth is produced in a two step process.  First, trimethylbismuth is reacted with sulfuryl chloride to yield dichloro trimethylbismuth, which is then reacted with two equivalents of methyllithium dissolved in ether. The blue solution is cooled to −110 °C to precipitate the solid product.

Bi(CH3)3 + SO2Cl2 → Bi(CH3)3Cl2 + SO2
Bi(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Bi(CH3)5 + 2LiCl

Properties

At -110 °C, Bi(CH3)5 is a blue-violet solid. The methyl groups are arranged in a trigonal bipyramid, and the bond-lengths of methyl with bismuth are all the same. However, the molecule is not rigid, as can be determined from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum that shows all methyl groups are equivalent. It is stable as a solid, but in the gas phase, when heated or in solution decomposes to trimethylbismuth.
The colour is unusual for bismuth or other hypervalent pnictide compounds, which are colourless. Calculations show that the colour is due to HOMO-LUMO transition. The HOMO is ligand based, whereas the LUMO is modified by relativistically stabilised bismuth 6s orbitals.

Reactions
If excess methyllithium is used in production, an orange hexamethylbismuth salt, LiBi(CH3)6, is formed.

References

Extra reading
 

Organobismuth compounds
Hypervalent molecules
Methyl complexes
INS Bitra. INS Bitra (T66), the second ship of  of the Indian Navy, is designed for interdiction against fast moving surface vessels and for search-and-rescue operations in coastal areas and in the exclusive economic zone. Named after Bitra atoll in Lakshadweep, the vessel was designed and built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers. The diesel generators on board are supplied by Cummins India. The electronic equipment on board including satellite communication and global positioning systems is from Bharat Electronics Limited, ECIL and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Rear Admiral Sanjay Vadgaokar commissioned the fast attack ship in Vasco da Gama, Goa on 28 March 2006.

Operations

In December 2016 INS Bitra was operationally deployed to rescue 800 tourists together with ,  and LCU 38 from Havelock Island and ferry them to Port Blair as a result of a severe cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal.

In February 2016 together with  visited Yangon in Myanmar on an official port visit.

References

Bangaram-class patrol vessels
Ships built in India
2004 ships
ToaruOS. ToaruOS (also known as ToAruOS or とあるOS; 'toaru' is Japanese roughly equivalent to 'a certain') is a hobby operating system and kernel developed largely independently (notably contrary to most modern OSes, which are based on existing source code) by K. Lange. Despite a 1.0 version being released, Lange has stated that it is still 'incomplete', and may not be 'suitable for any purpose you might have for an operating system'. It is released under the permissive UIUC License, and supports 64-bit computer hardware with SMP.

Design and features 
ToaruOS is programmed in C, and uses the Cairo graphics library. It has support for GCC, Python, and Simple DirectMedia Layer as well as many open-source utilities – including Vim. A package manager and basic window switcher are also included.

The kernel is a 'basic Unix-like environment'. It has a hybrid architecture, with internal and external device support being delegated to modules. Several filesystems are supported via this system, including ext2 and ISO 9660. Networking support is included, but is limited to simple IPv4 functionality. The userspace also has a window manager, Yutani (named after the Weyland-Yutani Corporation from the Alien franchise, and as a reference to the Wayland Display Server for Linux), with input support. It stores windows as shared memory regions with 32-bit colour, and uses pipes to communicate to other parts of the OS. Unusually, windows also support a rotation feature.

History 
Development was started by creator K. Lange in December 2010; it initially was supported by the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, but after the beginning of 2012, it largely shifted to being mostly done by Lange. Initially, it was based on tutorials for x86 kernels. The operating system was named after the A Certain Scientific Railgun series of manga, but Lange stated it also mirrors generic naming of other hobby OSes. A GUI was added with a window manager in 2012, this was replaced with a more advanced version in 2014.

The initial official release, version 1.0, was released at the end of January 2017. This marked the first stable release, but Lange stated it was still 'a work in development with so much work left to be done'. This was superseded by versions 1.0.1 and 1.0.2, which added audio improvements and fixed bugs.

For April Fools' Day 2015, Lange released PonyOS, a version of ToaruOS themed after the animated series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

See also 
 TempleOS – another operating system developed largely from scratch
 Redox OS – another Unix-like independently developed OS

References

External links 
 Official website
 toaruos on GitHub

Free software operating systems
X86-64 operating systems
ARM operating systems
2017 software
Free software programmed in C
Software using the University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License
Lightweight Unix-like systems
Hobbyist operating systems