omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Yellow River management. Yellow River management , Yellow River governance or Yellow River engineering (Simplified Chinese: 黄河治理, Traditional Chinese: 黃河治理) involves constructing hydraulic engineering projects to prevent flood disasters caused by the Yellow River and to harness its water resources. The river, flowing through the Loess Plateau, has been notorious since ancient times for its high sediment content and its propensity to flood and change course. Simple construction of riverbanks to prevent flooding would lead to sediment accumulation, creating an elevated river in downstream areas.

The management of the Yellow River is a comprehensive issue involving politics, economics, culture, and political theology, and it has also been a longstanding challenge for Chinese rulers throughout history. The flooding of the Yellow River often signifies large-scale displacement and dynastic changes. The saying "a sage emerges when the Yellow River is clear (聖人出黃河清) " illustrates that effective management of the Yellow River is closely linked to the legitimacy, effectiveness, and stability of Chinese regimes.

History
Legend has it that the Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great, who organized efforts to control water. The origin of Chinese nation is closely tied to the management of the Yellow River.

After Qin Shi Huang unified the Six States, he initiated large-scale hydraulic constructions, including dredging of the river channels. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han of Han, the renowned water management expert Zheng Guo expanded the scale of the projects, constructing the Zhengguo Canal, and systematized the management of the Yellow River even further.

During the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty periods, the focus of Yellow River management was on strengthening the levees and dredging the river channels.

In the Ming Dynasty, Pan Jixun employed the method of "binding water to expel sand" and integrated management of the Yellow and Huai Rivers.

After the 1950s, the People's Republic of China started tree planting on the Loess Plateau to stabilize the sand and built reservoirs such as the Xiaolangdi Dam. By using annual concentrated flood discharge and sediment transport management, they aimed to deepen the downstream riverbed of the Yellow River for long-term management.

References

Yellow River
Yellow River management
Mauá Wall. Mauá Wall () is a flood wall in the Historic Center of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

The reinforced concrete wall is located between Mauá Wharf and Mauá Avenue. It is 2,647 meters long, three meters high and it has a three-meter-deep anchored wall foundation, to help prevent underground percolation. It is part of a flood protection system consisting of 68 km of external and internal dikes, 14 metal gates and 19 pumping stations. The wall represents only 4% of the protective dikes' width and is located along the Navegantes Canal, a part of the Jacuí River Delta. The wall was finished in 1974.

The system was built in order to avoid catastrophe similar to the flood of 1941. The coupures had to be closed at various times after their construction.

As an alternative to the permanent wall, a modular stoplog system based on bleachers has been proposed.

Flood protection system 
In addition to the wall, the system has macro-drainage channels (such as Arroio Dilúvio and Arroio Cavalhada streams) and dikes set up under Beira-Rio (to the south) and Presidente Castello Branco avenues (to the north). The pump houses (with 83 pumps capable of pumping 159,000 L/s) are located at specific points in the city to move flood water to Guaíba Lake and Gravataí River.

References

External links

Flood control
Porto Alegre
Vidya Madhavan. Vidya Madhavan is an Indian American physicist who is Professor of Condensed Matter at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research considers the spin and charge of quantum materials. She combines high resolution characterization techniques with precise fabrication and growth techniques. She was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2015.

Early life and education 
Madhavan studied metallurgical engineering at the Indian Institutes of Technology. She remained there for her graduate studies, where she worked on solid state physics and materials science. She moved to the United States for her doctoral research, where she joined Boston University. After earning her PhD, Madhavan joined the University of California, Berkeley as a postdoctoral researcher.

Research and career 
In 2002 Madhavan was appointed to the faculty at Boston College, where she found that phonons (lattice vibrations) were involved in superconductivity. She moved to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign as a professor in 2014. Her research considers the interaction between spin, charge and structure in quantum materials. She has developed (spin-polarized) scanning tunnelling microscopy to understand emergent phenomena in unconventional superconductors, topological systems and two-dimensional materials. She has studied unconventional superconductors (with a focus on chiral superconductors), which maintain their superconductivity when in the presence of high magnetic fields likely due to the presence of Majorana particles on their surfaces. Madhavan used STM to identify these Majorana quasiparticles on the surface of uranium ditelluride.

Topological insulators exhibit spin momentum locking, a quantum phenomenon in which the spin of an electron depends on its direction of travel. Madhavan has observed spin-polarized tunnelling in anti-feromagnets.

Madhavan has pursued quantum systems with long lifetimes for quantum information science. She is particularly interested in Mott insulators, which can be fabricated using exfoliation and controlled using lithography. She has demonstrated that they can achieve lifetimes of a few seconds at room temperature.

Awards and honors 
 2015 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society
 Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
 2020 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Fellow
 2023 Appointed Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Selected publications

References 

Living people
Indian Institutes of Technology alumni
Indian physicists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Boston University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Austrian Audio. Austrian Audio is a Vienna-based company specializing in the design and manufacture of microphones and headphones for professional users (stage and studio technology). Founded in July 2017, the company's establishment was prompted by the closure of the AKG Acoustics offices in Vienna, Austria. In 2025 the company has been aquired by DPA.

History

Background 
Austrian Audio's origins can be traced to the closure of AKG Acoustics' operations in Austria. Founded in Vienna in 1947 by physicists Rudolf Görike and Ernst Pless, AKG Acoustics initially supplied technical equipment for cinemas, including loudspeakers, film projectors, and light meters. The business slowly expanded and AKG started selling car horns, door intercoms, carbon microphone capsules for telephones, headsets and cushion speakers. While AKG Acoustics initially manufactured its products in Austria, in response to cost considerations, production of high-end products was later moved to Slovakia, while other products were manufactured in China.

In 1993, AKG Acoustics was acquired by Harman International Industries for the symbolic value of one Schilling. In late 2016, Harman was acquired by the Korean Samsung Group. Following this acquisition, it was announced that the AKG locations in Austria, especially the factory in Liesing with about 130 employees, would be completely closed and relocated by mid-2017. Some employees were offered the opportunity to relocate to other countries' facilities, such as Germany or Hungary. Essentially, AKG Acoustics has since only existed as a brand within the Harman division of the Samsung Group. Product development is now handled by Harman facilities in Eastern Europe.

2017-present 
In July 2017, following the complete closure of AKG's site in Austria, Austrian Audio was founded by a core team of 22 former AKG employees from the fields of management, acoustics, electronics, testing and measurement, mechanical design, wireless technology, as well as software and firmware.

References 

Music equipment manufacturers
Austrian brands
Microphone manufacturers
Headphones manufacturers
Electronics companies established in 2017
Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
Audio equipment manufacturers of Austria
Praseodymium hexaboride. Praseodymium hexaboride is a binary inorganic compound of praseodymium and boron with the formula PrB6. It forms black crystals that are insoluble in water.

Preparation 

Praseodymium hexaboride can be prepared from the reaction of stoichiometric quantities of praseodymium and boron:

Properties 

Praseodymium hexaboride forms black crystals of the cubic crystal system, with space group Pmm, cell parameters a = 0.4129 nm, Z = 1, and structure isotypical with calcium hexaboride. The compound melts congruently at 2610 °C. At temperatures below 7 K, a magnetic transition to an antiferromagnetic state occurs in the compound. It does not dissolve in water.

Uses 

Praseodymium hexaboride is used as a component of alloys for cathodes of high-power electronic devices.

References 

Praseodymium(III) compounds
Borides
Sodium chlorodifluoroacetate. Sodium chlorodifluoroacetate is the organofluorine compound with the formula .  It is a salt formed by neutralization of chlorodifluoroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide.  The compound, a white solid, is of interest as a source of difluorocarbene:

This reaction is conducted in a hot solution also containing the substrate. Diglyme is a typical solvent. The conversion of sodium chlorodifluoroacetate is proposed to start with decarboxylation, which generates the carbanion .

One set of applications is difluorocyclopropanation.  Thermal decomposition of sodium chlorodifluoroacetate in the presence of triphenylphosphine and an aldehyde allows for a Wittig-like reactions  In this case,  is proposed as an intermediate.

References

Fluorides
Carbenes
Organic sodium salts
Daniel George Robinson. Daniel George Robinson (8 March 1826 – 27 July 1877) was a British colonel in the Royal Engineers and the director-general of telegraphs in India.

Biography
Robinson was born 8 March 1826, and entered the military college of the East India Company at Addiscombe in 1841. He was appointed a second lieutenant in the Bengal engineers on 9 June 1843, and, after going through the usual course of instruction at Chatham, embarked for India in 1845. He arrived in time to join Sir Hugh Gough's army and take part in the Sutlaj campaign. He was engaged in the battle of Sobraon, and received the war medal. He was promoted first lieutenant on 16 June 1847. In 1848 and 1849 Robinson served in the Panjab campaign, and took part in the battles of Chillianwallah, 13 January 1849, and Gujerát, 21 February 1849, again receiving the war medal. In 1850 he was appointed to the Indian survey, upon which he achieved a great reputation for the beauty and exactitude of his maps. His maps of the Rawal Pindi and of the Gwalior country may be specially mentioned. He received the thanks of the government for his book, and the surveyor-general of India observed: ‘I have no hesitation in saying that these maps will stand in the first rank of topographical achievements in India, and I can conceive nothing superior to them executed in any country.’ On 21 November 1856 Robinson was promoted captain, and on 31 December 1862 lieutenant-colonel.

In 1865 Robinson was appointed director-general of Indian telegraphs. He entered on his duties at a critical time in the development of telegraphs. During the twelve years he was at the head of the department, the telegraphs, from a small beginning, spread over India, and were connected by overland and submarine lines with England. His zeal and activity, joined to great capacity for administration and organisation, enabled him to place the Indian telegraph department on a thoroughly efficient footing, and the lines erected were executed in the most solid manner. He took a leading part in the deliberations of the commission at Berne in 1871, and of the international conferences at Rome and St. Petersburg, on telegraphic communication. He was promoted to be brevet-colonel on 31 December 1867, and regimental colonel on 1 April 1874. He died on his way home from India on board the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamer Travancore, at sea, on 27 July 1877.

References

1826 births
1877 deaths
19th-century British Army personnel
Royal Engineers officers
19th-century cartographers
British cartographers
Percy Guillemard Llewellin Smith. Percy Guillemard Llewellin Smith (15 June 1838 – 25 April 1893) was a British officer in the Royal Engineers.

Biography
Smith was born at Madras on 15 June 1838, became a lieutenant in the royal engineers on 28 February 1855, served in South Africa from August 1857 to January 1862, was promoted captain on 31 December 1861, and was employed on the defences of Portland and Weymouth until 1869, and on the construction of Maryhill Barracks, Glasgow, until 1874. On 5 July 1872 he was promoted to be major, and in 1874 was appointed instructor in construction at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham. He was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel on 20 December 1879, in which year he became an assistant director of works under the admiralty at Portsmouth. In October 1882 he succeeded Major-general Charles Pasley as director of works at the admiralty, and during ten years of office carried out many important works, both at home and at Malta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, Halifax, and Newfoundland. He was promoted to be brevet colonel on 20 December 1883. He retired from the military service on 31 December 1887 with the honorary rank of major-general, but retained his admiralty appointment. He died at Bournemouth on 25 April 1893. He was twice married: first to a daughter of Captain Bailey, R.N.; and, secondly, in 1886, to Miss Ethel Parkyns. He was the author of ‘Notes on Building Construction,’ published anonymously, 1875–9, in 3 vols. 8vo. It is the best book on the subject published in this country. A fourth volume, on the ‘Theory of Construction,’ was published in 1891. He contributed to vols. xvi. and xviii. new ser. of the ‘Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers.

His father John Thomas Smith was also in the Royal Engineers

References

1838 births
1893 deaths
19th-century British Army personnel
Royal Engineers officers
People from Chennai
Carmen Rodríguez Armenta. Carmen Enedina Rodríguez Armenta (born October 26th, 1970) is the General Director of Higher Education (DGESUI) in Mexico and a specialist in innovation and implementation of information and communication technologies in higher education and social equality programs. Along with this work she has also been the recipient of various accolades for her role towards developments in the public sector.

Education 
Carmen Rodríguez Armenta obtained a masters in computer engineering, a masters in administration, and a doctoral degree in higher-education administration, from the University of Guadalajara.

Career and associated projects 
Beginning in 1998, Carmen Rodríguez Armenta began taking various jobs at the University of Guadalajara, during which she worked on various projects including Mexico Conectado. This program works to bring accessible internet connections to under-privileged communities in Mexico, such as ranchers and rural communities.

In On March 16th, 2018 she began working as the school’s executive vice rector. She is the first female to be offered the position at the University of Guadalajara. Similarly, she was the first person from her state of Jalisco and its surrounding states to be offered a position as a title member of the Mexican Academy of Engineering in 2014.

On December 3rd, 2018 she started a new job as the General Director of Higher Education in Mexico at the invitation of then-Secretary of Public Education Esteban Moctezuma Barragán and Subsecretary of Public Education Luciano Concheiro Bórquez.

Outside of her primary career, Rodríguez Armenta also participates in various female-empowerment campaigns. Among these pursuits she has been named a NiñaSTEM Mentor along with other female Latin American leaders as part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s efforts to get more young women in STEM fields in Latin America and the Caribbean, even moderating a conference for NiñaSTEM. Among other roles, she was also the president of an organization for Academic Women at the University of Guadalajara (AMAUdeG) and went back to the organization after her institution as vice rector to present a book written by members of AMAUdeG that reflects on the history of the roles women played throughout Jalisco.

References 

Wikipedia Student Program
	
Living people
	
1970 births
	
21st-century Mexican engineers

Women academic administrators
Minimum effort game. In Game theory, the minimum effort game or weakest link game is a game in which each person decides how much effort to put in and is rewarded based on the least amount of effort anyone puts in. It is assumed that the reward per unit of effort is greater than the cost per unit effort, otherwise there would be no reason to put in effort.

Examples 
 On an island, each person tries to build barriers to protect an island from flooding. Because even a single failed barriers causes the whole island to flood, the flood protection is determined by the weakest barrier. 
 An airport ground crew must complete all their tasks before an airplane can take off. As a result, the time spent is based on the slowest member of the ground crew.

Nash equilibria 
Source:

If there are  players, the set of effort levels is , it costs each player  dollars to put in one unit of effort, and each player is rewarded  dollars for each unit of effort the laziest person puts in, then there are  pure-strategy Nash equilibria, one for each , with each player putting in the same amount of effort , because putting more effort costs more money without extra reward, and because putting less effort reduces the reward earned.

There are  non pure Nash equilibria, given as follows: each player chooses two effort levels  and puts in  units of effort with probability  and  units of effort with probability .

In practice 
The amount of effort players put in depends on the amount of effort they think other players will put in. In addition, some players will put more effort than expected in an attempt to get others to put in more effort.

References 

Game theory
Mathematical economics
Landau derivative. In gas dynamics, the Landau derivative or fundamental derivative of gas dynamics, named after Lev Landau who introduced it in 1942, refers to a dimensionless physical quantity characterizing the curvature of the isentrope drawn on the specific volume versus pressure plane. Specifically, the Landau derivative is a second derivative of specific volume with respect to pressure. The derivative is denoted commonly using the symbol  or  and is defined by

where

Alternate representations of  include

For most common gases, , whereas abnormal substances such as the BZT fluids exhibit . In an isentropic process, the sound speed increases with pressure when ; this is the case for ideal gases. Specifically for polytropic gases (ideal gas with constant specific heats), the Landau derivative is a constant and given by

where  is the specific heat ratio. Some non-ideal gases falls in the range , for which the sound speed decreases with pressure during an isentropic transformation.

See also
 Landau damping

References

Fluid dynamics
Huang Xianxiang. Huang Xianxiang (; born 20 April 1940) is a Chinese missile technology expert, a major general (shaojiang) in the People's Liberation Army, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography 
Huang was born in the town of Fengli, Rugao County (now Rudong County), Jiangsu, on 20 April 1940, and graduated from the Department of Aircraft Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology in 1965. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in May 1970. In October 1992, he was selected as a representative of the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was recruited as a professor at the Rocket Force University of Engineering in 1998 and was promoted to doctoral supervisor in 2003. In March 2003, he was chosen as a member of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and was re-elected in March 2008.

Honours and awards 
 1999 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References 

1940 births
Living people
People from Rudong County
Engineers from Jiangsu
Beijing Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
Delegates to the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party 
Members of the 10th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
People's Liberation Army generals from Jiangsu
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
Lodge Plugs. Lodge Plugs were a British manufacturer of spark plugs based in Birmingham and Rugby, Warwickshire.

The company had its origins in the work of Sir Oliver Lodge (1851-1940), who was a pioneer in the field of electromagnetism. Two of his sons Francis (Brodie) and Alexander Lodge, decided to turn their father's discoveries onto a commercial venture. They set up business in Birmingham in 1904 as the Lodge Brothers. Initially, the Sphinz Sparking Plug Company produced spark plugs for them in Birmingham, but they later established their own factory.

In 1913 the Lodge Brothers amalgamated with the Mascot Company of Rugby, which had been founded by another inventor Bernard Hopps, who had left the British Thomson-Houston company in 1908 to start his own business. The new firm was called the Lodge Sparking Plug Company Ltd. Following the merger, production initially took place in part of the Hunter's Lamp factory in Lower Hillmorton Road, Rugby and later on in Albert Street, before a dedicated factory was opened on St Peter's Road, Rugby, in 1916, whilst the main offices remained in Birmingham. In 1919, the name was shortened to Lodge Plugs Ltd

The company set up a second factory in Olney, Buckinghamshire in 1940 in order to cater for the increased demand due to World War II. During this period, three quarters of Lodge's output went to the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF). The Olney factory lasted until the 1950s.
 
Alexander Lodge died in 1938, leaving Hopps and Brodie in control of the firm. In 1949 Brodie retired from the company after 45 years, and the company was launched on the stock exchange, with Hopps becoming its Chairman and Managing Director. In 1961 the company was purchased by Smiths Industries, who already owned KLG Plugs. The Lodge Plugs brand name continued to be used until 1982. Production was then moved to Italy, and the plugs were marketed under the name "Golden Lodge" 

The Rugby factory on St Peter's Road, continued to supply Sintox products, marketed under the name of Lodge Ceramics Ltd, until 1992, when it was sold to Morgan Matroc. In 2005, the factory was closed and redeveloped for housing, and production was moved to a new factory in Central Park, Rugby, under the name of Morgan Advanced Materials.

References

British companies established in 1913
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Defunct companies based in Rugby, Warwickshire