omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
German submarine U-2503. German submarine U-2503 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 2 May 1944 at the Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, as yard number 2503. She was launched on 29 June 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Raimund Tiesler on 1 August 1944 .

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2503 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-2503 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
On 3 May 1945, while on her way to Norway, U-2503 was in the Great Belt, near the Ömo Light Tower, when she was caught and attacked on the surface by Royal Air Force (RAF) Bristol Beaufighters of 236 Squadron and 254 Squadron, part of the Banff Strike Wing. U-2503 was struck in the area of the conning tower by at least one rocket, which caused severe damage and killed several crewmen and Kapitänleutnant Karl-Jürg Wächter. U-2503, burning badly, was beached off of Omø, with 13 dead and an unknown number of survivors. The remaining crew landed ashore and scuttled the boat with explosives the next day.

U-2503s location when scuttled, .

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
U-boats scuttled in 1945
Maritime incidents in May 1945
Pierre Beuzit. Pierre Beuzit (born 1942) is a French engineer, and was responsible for the design of the Renault Clio in the 1990s.

Early life
He gained a degree in Physics in 1966 at the École centrale de Lyon, followed by a Masters degree (Diplôme d'études approfondies or DEA) in 1967, and a Docteur d'État (PhD) in Nuclear Physics in 1971 from the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives or CEA).

Renault
He joined Renault in 1971 as an engineer. In 1972 he joined the Vehicle Synthesis Department. From 1984-92 he was Director of Advanced Projects (Directeur des Avant-projets).

In the 1990s he was responsible (Directeur gamme Clio) for the overall design of the Clio II (B Product Range), which was launched in 1998. The Clio II design lasted until 2012.

From 1998-2005 he was Director of Research (Directeur de la Recherche) at Renault. Although Renault is headquartered at Boulogne-Billancourt in Hauts-de-Seine in the west of Paris, the design is carried out at the Centre Technique Renault de Rueil (Rueil Technical Centre, or CTR), also in Hauts-de-Seine.

In September 2006 he retired from Renault.

Hydrogen cars
He is currently researching hydrogen as a fuel for automobiles at the Centre National de Recherche Technologique (CNRT), which researches fuel cells (Systèmes Pile à combustible), and is overseen by the Ministère de la Recherche.

Personal life
He is married with two children.

Publications
 Hydrogène: l'avenir de la voiture?, 24 October 2007,

References

External links
 Centre National de Recherche Technologique
 Inéva - CNRT
 November 2011 presentation on hydrogen fuelled cars

1942 births
École Centrale de Lyon alumni
French automobile designers
20th-century French engineers
Renault people
Living people
Wang Xiaodong. Wang Xiaodong or Xiaodong Wang may refer to:

 Wang Xiaodong (born 1960) (王晓东), Chinese politician, Governor of Hubei
 Wang Xiaodong (born 1962) (王小东), Chinese politician, Communist Party Secretary of Nanning
 Xiaodong Wang (biochemist) (王晓东; born 1963), Chinese-born American biochemist
 Xiaodong Wang (electrical engineer) (王晓东), Chinese-born American electrical engineer
Bawanur Dam. The Bawanur Dam is an earth-fill dam currently being constructed on the Diyala River just upstream of the town of Bawanur in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq. The  tall dam will support a 32 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station. It will also serve to control floods and provide water for irrigation. In August 2013, the Kurdistan Regional Government signed a US$200 million contract with the Romanian firm, Hidroconstrucția, to build the dam and power station. The project is expected to be complete in 2018.

See also

 List of dams and reservoirs in Iraq
 List of power stations in Iraq

References

Dams in Iraq
Dams on the Diyala (Sirwan) River
Earth-filled dams
Dams under construction
Run-of-the-river power stations
Hydroelectric power stations in Iraq
Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Spotswood sewer tunnel. The Spotswood sewer tunnel is a sanitary sewer tunnel in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was constructed in 1895 to take sewerage under the Yarra River to the Spotswood Pumping Station, where it was pumped to the Werribee Sewage Farm.

The Melbourne & Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) was created in 1892 and appointed eminent British engineer James Mansergh to advise on a suitable system. However, local engineer William Thwaites was responsible for the design and construction. The system included sewer mains from the Melbourne CBD and south-eastern suburbs, extending across Fishermans Bend to a point opposite the pumping station. A tunnelling apparatus was imported from Britain, designed by British engineer James Henry Greathead. It consisted of a cylindrical shield,  in diameter, made of cast iron and steel plate, which was driven into the soft alluvial clays by hydraulic rams. Air pressure inside the shield was maintained at two or three times atmospheric pressure to inhibit groundwater inflow, with an airlock to allow tunnellers to enter and exit. Cast-iron ring segments were bolted behind the shield as it advanced, and then the tunnel was lined with  of concrete.

On the night of 12 April 1895, the shield failed, and the river flooded into the tunnel, drowning a young engineer and five workers. Three other men were waiting to enter through the air lock, and saw the incident through a small thick glass window, but were unable to do anything. Thousands of tons of clay were dumped in the riverbed to seal the hole and the tunnel pumped out. The bodies were recovered and work resumed under a new contractor, and the tunnel was completed 12 months later.

A memorial for the six who died is located at the West Gate Bridge Memorial Park off Hyde Street.

References

External images
Segments of tunnel at Spotswood Pumping Station (Engineers Australia) on Flickr

Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Sewerage infrastructure in Victoria (state)
Tunnels in Victoria (state)
Buildings and structures in the City of Hobsons Bay
Yarra River
1895 establishments in Australia
Infrastructure completed in 1895
Oxonickelates. Nickel forms a series of mixed oxide compounds which are commonly called nickelates.
A nickelate is an anion containing nickel or a salt containing a nickelate anion, or a double compound containing nickel bound to oxygen and other elements.  Nickel can be in different or even mixed oxidation states, ranging from +1, +2, +3 to +4. The anions can contain a single nickel ion, or multiple to form a cluster ion. The solid mixed oxide compounds are often ceramics, but can also be metallic.  They have a variety of electrical and magnetic properties. Rare-earth elements form a range of perovskite nickelates, in which the properties vary systematically as the rare-earth element changes.  Fine tuning of properties is achievable with mixtures of elements, applying stress or pressure, or varying the physical form.

Inorganic chemists call many compounds that contain nickel centred anions "nickelates".  These include the chloronickelates, fluoronickelates, tetrabromonickelates, tetraiodonickelates, cyanonickelates, nitronickelates and other nickel-organic acid complexes such as oxalatonickelates.

Alkali nickelates
The lithium nickelates are of interest to researchers as cathodes in lithium cells, as these substance can hold a variable amount of lithium, with the nickel varying in oxidation state.

Rare-earth nickelates
Rare-earth nickelates with nickel in a +1 oxidation state have an electronic configuration to same as for cuprates and so are of interest to high-temperature superconductor researchers. Other rare-earth nickelates can function as fuel cell catalysts. The ability to switch between an insulating and a conducting state in some of these materials is of interest in the development of new transistors, that have higher on to off current ratios.

The rare-earth nickelates were first made by Demazeau et al. in 1971, by heating a mixture of oxides under high pressure oxygen, or potassium perchlorate. However they were unable to make the cerium, praseodymium, and terbium nickelates. This may be because Ce, Pr and Tb oxidises to 4+ions in those conditions. For two decades after that no one paid attention to them. Many rare-earth nickelates have the Ruddlesden–Popper phase structure.

List of oxides

See also
 Nickel manganese oxides for what are considered nickel manganates

References

Nickel compounds
Transition metal oxyanions
Oxometallates
Fujikyu 8500 series. The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by the private railway operator Fuji Kyuko (Fujikyu) on  limited-stop services on the Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, since 23 April 2016.

Design
The three-car train was converted from the former 371 series seven-car EMU operated by JR Central from 1991 until November 2014. The design of the rebuilt train was overseen by industrial designer Eiji Mitooka.

Operations
The 8500 series train operates on Fujisan View Express limited-stop services on the  Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture, which runs between  and .

Formation
The sole three-car set is formed as shown below, with two motored cars and one non-powered trailer car, and car 1 at the Fujisan end.

 KuRo 8551 was converted from former KuMoHa 371-1, MoHa 8601 was converted from former MoHa 370-101, and KuMoHa 8501 was converted from former KuMoHa 371-101.
 Cars 1 and 3 are each fitted with an FPS33E single-arm pantograph.

Interior
Car 1 has an observation lounge area with 2+1 abreast seating bays and some loose seating. Cars 2 and 3 have rotating unidirectional reclining seating arranged 2+2 abreast with a seat pitch of . Car 2 has a wheelchair-accessible seating area and a universal access toilet.

History

Fuji Kyuko announced in December 2014 that it planned to purchase the 371 series trainset from JR Central, and reform it as a three-car set for use during fiscal 2015. The withdrawn 371 series train was moved from Shizuoka to JR East's Nagano Works for rebuilding work in March 2015.

The train entered service on Fujisan View Express limited-stop services from 23 April 2016.

References

External links

 Fujisan View Express 

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 2016
Hitachi multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Shizuoka Railway A3000 series. The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by the private railway operator Shizuoka Railway in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, since 24 March 2016.

Design
The two-car EMU sets are built at J-TREC's Yokohama factory and based on the manufacturer's "Sustina" family of stainless steel-bodied trains. Seven of the 12 trains on order will be finished in different colour liveries, including "Clear Blue", "Elegant Blue", "Passion Red", "Pretty Pink", "Brilliant Orange Yellow", "Fresh Green", and "Natural Green". The other five sets will be finished in predominantly unpainted stainless steel, similar to the company's 1000 series trains.

Operations
The A3000 series trains operate on the  Shizuoka Railway Shizuoka–Shimizu Line in Shizuoka Prefecture, which runs between  and . A total of twelve two-car trains are scheduled to be introduced over a period of eight years, replacing the company's older 1000 series trains.

Formation
The two-car sets are formed as shown below, with one motored car and one non-powered trailer car. The motored "Mc" car is at the Shin-Shizuoka end.

The KuMoHa car is fitted with a single-arm pantograph.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout. Wheelchair spaces are provided in both cars.

History
The first trainset, A3001, was delivered in December 2015, hauled by rail from  in Kanagawa Prefecture to the JR Freight terminal at Fuji, and then by road to the Shizuoka Railway.
In May 2017, the A3000 series was awarded the 2017 Laurel Prize, presented annually by the Japan Railfan Club.

Fleet details

References

External links

  

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 2016
Rail transport in Shizuoka Prefecture
600 V DC multiple units
J-TREC multiple units
Nicolas Roland Payen. Nicolas Roland Payen (2 February 1914 in Athis-Mons, France – 8 December 2004) was a French aeronautical engineer.
He has been described as the originator of the delta wing.

See also 
 Payen Pa.101, a French experimental aircraft, first flown in 1935 
Payen AP.10, a French experimental aircraft, first flown in 1936
Payen PA-22, a French experimental aircraft, first flown in 1942
 Payen Pa.47, a French two seat, high wing single engine tourer, which first flew in 1949
 Payen Pa 49, a small experimental French turbojet powered tailless aircraft, first flown in 1954
 Payen Arbalète, a small, pusher configuration, experimental French tailless aircraft, first flown in 1965

References

Bibliography
 

1914 births
2004 deaths
French aerospace engineers
Douglas Self. Douglas Self is a British electronics engineer and author with a particular interest in audio. He received a first class honours degree in engineering from Cambridge University, and then studied psychoacoustics at Sussex University. He is the author of six books on audio electronics, published by Focal Press.
He has also contributed many articles to Wireless World magazine, some of which were compiled into a book along with articles by Peter Baxandall.

He is a member of the Audio Engineering Society and has taken out a number of audio-related patents, including for a "crossover displacement circuit".

He has worked with several major companies, including Cambridge Audio, TAG-McLaren Audio, and Soundcraft Electronics.  Circuit Cellar website described him as a 'renowned audio specialist' when discussing a design he created for Elektor magazine. He developed the concept, accompanied with a practical design, of a "blameless" amplifier in which all the main sources of distortion for a pure Class B amplifier are reduced to negligible levels, to challenge the notion that such a topology is not suitable for Hi-Fi audio.

Self's books have been well received. His Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook was recommended by Walt Jung and described as "famous" by audio website hifisonix. The second edition of his Small Signal Audio Design received a very positive review in Sound on Sound magazine.

Publications 
 Audio Engineering Explained (2009); Focal Press; 
 Baxandall and Self on Audio Power (2011); Linear Audio; 
 Audio Power Amplifier Design 6th edition (2013); Focal Press; 
 Self on Audio: The Collected Audio Design Articles of Douglas Self (2015); Focal Press; 
 Electronics for Vinyl (2017); Routledge; 
 The Design of Active Crossovers 2nd edition (2018); Routledge; 
 Small Signal Audio Design 3rd edition (2020); Routledge;

See also

 Audio power amplifier

References

External links
 Personal Website

Living people
English inventors
British electronics engineers
British non-fiction writers
British male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
British male non-fiction writers
Cape Cod (aircraft). The Cape Cod (Registration: NR761W) was a single engine six-seat utility aircraft that was flown by Russell Boardman and John Polando from New York City to Istanbul in 1931.

History

Early history
The plane was purchased as a Bellanca CH-300, and was originally named The American Legion. Following a fire which destroyed the aircraft in October 1930, the aircraft was sent back to Bellanca for a repair cost of $ (equivalent to $ in today's dollars). After it was repaired, it was renamed Cape Cod, after the peninsula in Massachusetts where John Polando and Russell Boardman trained for their overseas flight. The plane was then reclassified as a Bellanca Special J-300.

Record attempt
The record attempt took place between July 28 and 30, 1931. John Polando and Russell Boardman took off from Floyd Bennett Field, flying over Newfoundland and dropping The New York Times at lighthouses in the province. Along the way, they also flew over Ireland, Paris, and Munich. They also circled the Swiss Alps at night to avoid crashing into them. While it was originally planned for them to fly to Moscow, it was determined that Istanbul would be easier, because it would allow for them to still break the record.

The distance of , over a total of forty nine hours and twenty minutes helped to establish a distance record, was the first known non-stop flight whose distance surpassed either English (5,000 mi) or metric (8,000 km) mark.

The plane itself was shipped back on the SS Exochorda.

Later history and conservation
The aircraft was later sold to people from Cleveland, Ohio. With the addition of a new motor, and renamed The Clevelander, the plane eventually crashed into the side of a mountain in Mexico, in 1948. Before its record-setting flight, photos of the Cape Cod were taken by Boston Herald photographer Leslie Jones as part of his work for the newspaper, and are preserved in the collection of the Boston Public Library.

Specifications (Bellanca CH-300)

References

Individual aircraft
1930s United States special-purpose aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Transatlantic flight
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Phenix Works. The Phenix Works is a steel working factory located in Flémalle-Haute, Liège, Belgium. The business was established in 1905 by Paul Borgnet and became part of SA Phenix Work in 1911. The works specialised in coated steels, such as galvanised, tin plate etc.

Acquired by Cockerill-Ougrée-Providence (1969) and later absorbed by its successor Cockerill-Sambre (1989), as of 2016 the works is part of ArcelorMittal Liège, the Belgian subsidiary of ArcelorMittal.

History
The Phenix Works was founded in 1910/111 through the merger of Paul Borgnet's factory in Flémalle-Haute and the factory "Phenix" in Roux. The works in Flemalle was established c.1905 by Paul Borgnet (1863-1944) on a  site in Flemalle-Haute.

The company's specialisation was the manufacture of galvanised corrugated sheets for roofing, and in 1930 employed c.3000 persons. Equipment for galvanizing sheet steel was installed in 1925; for producing tinplate in 1935. The company expanded to Ivoz-Ramet and facilities for cold rolling steel were added (1950); plastic coating "skinplate" (1954) additional galvanization equipment as well as aluminium rolling were added (1961); and painted steel (1966).

In 1969 Phenix works became part of the Cockerill-Ougrée-Providence (COP) group.

In 1981 the company formed Galvalange S.à r.l. in Dudelange, Luxembourg as a joint venture with ARBED. The factory manufactured hot dip galvanised or aluminium/zinc coated (Aluzinc) steel coil. (as of 2016 part of ArcelorMittal Atlantique-Lorraine.)

In 1983 the company, together with Sidmar and Koninklijke Hoogovens formed the joint venture. SEGAL (Société Européenne de Galvanisation) at Ivoz-Ramet, Liège, Belgium which would produce hot dip galvanized steel for the car industry.

In 1989 the company was fully absorbed into Cockerill-Sambre.

In 2004 Corus, Koninklijke Hoogovens successor, became the sole owner of the joint venture SEGAL.

The parent business underwent a series of mergers forming part of Cockerill-Sambre (1980), Usinor (1999), Arcelor (2002) and ArcelorMittal (2008).

References

Steel companies of Belgium
Companies based in Liège Province
Flémalle
146th Air Support Operations Squadron. The 146th Air Support Operations Squadron is an air support operations (air-ground liaison) squadron of the United States Air Force. The official title of the 146th ASOS is "Plains Warriors." The squadron is located at the Will Rogers Air National Guard Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Overview
The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommendations began the process to redistribute the 137th Airlift Wing's eight C-130H aircraft from Will Rogers Air National Guard Base and implemented the process to stand up an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS); to be aligned with and provide close air support (CAS) to the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. The squadron was officially activated October 4, 2008 in a ceremony presided over by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma MG Harry M. Wyatt III with Lt. Col. Bruce Hamilton as the first commander.  He was succeeded by Lt. Col. James B. Waltermire.

Members of the unit were deployed to Afghanistan in 2011.

References

Air support operations squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 2008
German submarine U-2534. German submarine U-2534 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 23 October 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2534. She was launched on 11 December 1944, and commissioned under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ulrich Drews on 17 January 1945.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2534 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of  (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at  for ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-2534 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes in the bow and four  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Fate
U-2534 was scuttled on 3 May 1945, east of the island of Fehmarn as part of Operation Regenbogen.

The wreck is located at .

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
Maritime incidents in May 1945