omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Amedee Army Airfield. Amedee Army Airfield  is a military use airport located nine nautical miles (17 km) north of the central business district of Herlong, in Lassen County, California, United States. It is owned by the United States Army and located at the Sierra Army Depot in the Honey Lake Valley, east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

History
The airfield was built by the United States Army Air Forces about 1942, and was known as Reno Army Air Base Auxiliary Flight Strip. It was an emergency landing airfield for military aircraft on training flights.  After World War II, the airfield was retained by the Army, and is used as part of the Sierra Army Depot.  It was also known as Honey Lake Flight Strip.

Facilities 
Amedee AAF has one runway designated 8/26 with an asphalt surface measuring 10,000 by 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m).

See also

California during World War II
 California World War II Army Airfields

References 

 www.airfieldsdatabase.com

External links 
 Sierra Army Depot
 
 

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in California
Flight Strips of the United States Army Air Forces
Airports in Lassen County, California
United States Army airfields
Time resolved crystallography. Time resolved crystallography utilizes X-ray crystallography imaging to visualize reactions in four dimensions (x, y, z and time). This enables the studies of dynamical changes that occur in for example enzymes during their catalysis. The time dimension is incorporated by triggering the reaction of interest in the crystal prior to X-ray exposure, and then collecting the diffraction patterns at different time delays. In order to study these dynamical properties of macromolecules three criteria must be met; 
 The macromolecule must be biologically active in the crystalline state
 It must be possible to trigger the reaction in the crystal 
 The intermediate of interest must be detectable, i.e. it must have a reasonable amount of concentration in the crystal (preferably over 25%). 
This has led to the development of several techniques that can be divided into two groups, the pump-probe method and diffusion-trapping methods.

Pump-probe

In the pump-probe method the reaction is first triggered (pump) by photolysis (most often laser light) and then a diffraction pattern is collected by an X-ray pulse (probe) at a specific time delay. This makes it possible to obtain many images at different time delays after reaction triggering, and thereby building up a chronological series of images describing the events during reaction.
To obtain a reasonable signal to noise ratio this pump-probe cycle has to be performed many times for each spatial rotation of the crystal, and many times for the same time delay. Therefore, the reaction that one wishes to study with pump-probe must be able to relax back to its original conformation after triggering, enabling many measurements on the same sample.
The time resolution of the observed phenomena is dictated by the time width of the probing pulse (full width at half maximum). All processes that happen on a faster time scale than that are going to be averaged out by the convolution of the probe pulse intensity in time with the intensity of the actual x-ray reflectivity of the sample.

Diffusion-trapping

Diffusion-trapping methods utilizes diffusion techniques to get the substrates into the crystal and thereafter different trapping techniques are applied to get the intermediate of interest to accumulate in the crystal prior to collection of the diffraction pattern. These trapping methods could involve changes in pH, use of inhibitor or lowering the temperature in order to slow down the turnover rate or maybe even stop the reaction completely at a specific step. Just starting the reaction and then flash-freeze it, thereby quenching it at a specific time step, is also a possible method. One drawback with diffusion-trapping methods is that they can only be used to study intermediates that can be trapped, thereby limiting the time resolution one can obtain through the methods as compared to the pump-probe method.

See also
 Keith Moffat

References

Crystallography
Articles containing video clips
Fluorescent microthermography. Fluorescent microthermography (FMT) is a microscopy technique for infrared imaging of temperature distribution in small scale; the achievable spatial resolution is half micrometer and temperature resolution of 0.005 K. Time-dependent measurements are possible, as the fluorescence lifetime is only about 200 microseconds.

A thin film of a phosphor, europium thenoyl-trifluoroacetonate, is applied on the surface (e.g. an integrated circuit die) and illuminated by ultraviolet light at 340–380 nm, stimulating fluorescence at mainly 612 nm line. The quantum efficiency of fluorescence decreases exponentially with temperature, differences in emitted light intensity can be therefore used to assess differences on surface temperature, with hot areas showing as darker.

References

Infrared imaging
Microscopy
Thermometers
Measurement
Celestino Pennoni. Celestino "Chuck" Robert Pennoni (born December 31, 1937) is an American engineer and academic who currently serves as the chairman of Pennoni Associates Inc., a consulting engineering firm headquartered in Philadelphia. He has also served as interim president of Drexel University twice, from 1994 to 1995 and 2009 to 2010.

Early life and education
Celestino "Chuck" Pennoni is the youngest of five children and only son of immigrants from Perugia, Italy, Annavillia and Celestino. He was raised in  Plains Township, Luzerne County, and graduated from Plains Township High School in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Pennoni received his B.S. and M.S. degree in civil engineering from Drexel University.

Drexel University
Pennoni has served as trustee to the university from 1993 to 2006, and as chairman of the board from 1997 to 2003. In March 2003, Drexel University's honors college was named the Pennoni Honors College.

Pennoni served as interim president at Drexel from 1994 to 1995, as well as from 2009 to 2010. In 1995, he was succeeded by Constantine Papadakis, and in August 2010, he was succeeded by John Anderson Fry.

Honors
In 2000, Pennoni was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering "For advancing innovative principles in the art and science of engineering, engineering education, and engineering management".

Pennoni was named as the 52nd recipient of the Drexel University Business Leader of the Year award in 2005.

References

External links
C. R. "Chuck" Pennoni at Drexel University
Pennoni Associates Inc.

Living people
American civil engineers
Drexel University alumni
1937 births
Thompson Pump and Manufacturing. Thompson Pump and Manufacturing is a privately held pump manufacturer in Port Orange, Florida.  It manufactures engine-powered pumps for construction, bypass, dewatering, wastewater, sewage, mining, petroleum, municipal, agriculture, military and industrial markets.

History
The company was founded in 1970  by George A. Thompson and his sons, Bill and George Jr. The company was the first pump manufacturer to adapt a rotary pump to the dewatering industry. It manufactures all of its pumps in-house and manages sales, rentals and service through domestic and international field offices, as well as a network of third party distributors. George Jr. died in 1979 at age 25, and George Sr. retired in 1999.

Products
Thompson Pump & Manufacturing's primary products are wet prime trash pumps, dry prime trash pumps with compressor-assisted or vacuum-assisted priming systems, sound attenuated trash pumps, hydraulic power units with submersible pump ends, diaphragm pumps, rotary wellpoint pumps and high pressure jet pumps. Patented, branded products and technologies include:
 Vacuum Underdrain Pipe - improves efficiency in shallow dewatering
 Arctic Knight - diesel driven pump for use down to -40°F
 Enviroprime - prevents sewage, debris and chemical discharge from escaping into environment
 Pumpology School - training program for students, contractors and others covering pump applications and technology

References

External links
 Official Website

Companies based in Volusia County, Florida
Pump manufacturers
Port Orange, Florida
Manufacturing companies based in Florida
Johan Eriksson. Johan Eriksson may refer to:

Johan Eriksson (canoeist) (born 1978), Swedish sprint canoeist
Johan Eriksson (ice hockey) (born 1993), Swedish ice hockey player
Johan Eriksson, contestant on Idol (Norway season 6)
Johan Eriksson, inventor of Autoclaved aerated concrete
Johan Eriksson, Swedish Snocross racer
Johan Eriksson, Designer & Animator

See also
 Johan Erikson, ski jumper
Walter Dieminger. Walter Dieminger, (July 7, 1907 – September 29, 2000) was a German space scientist and director of Germany's Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy from 1955 to 1975. Dieminger's research was focused on the ionosphere.

Life and work
Dieminger studied physics between 1926 and 1935 at the Technical University of Munich. After receiving his Ph.D. for work on electromagnetic waves and the ionosphere with Jonathan Zenneck, he worked at the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (German Experimental Institute for Aviation). With his focus on research of the ionosphere and electromagnetic waves at his new institute, called the Zentralstelle für Funkberatung (Central Counseling Office for Radio Communication). Applying a code invented by his cooperator Karl Rawer he was able to make predictions on shortwave communication for the military and the police. The institute at Leobersdorf continued to monitor the ionosphere until the end of World War II.

A group of British physicists supervised the dissolution of the institute. The ionospheric physicist William Roy Piggott opposed the dissolution and managed to transfer most of its scientists and equipment to Lindau am Harz in the British sector of Germany. This research institute became later, after several name changes, the Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in 1948.

Dieminger became the director of the institute in 1951, which was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy in 1958. He continued his research of the upper atmosphere and was able to participate in several international collaborations. For example, he established a station for ionospheric observations in Tsumeb, Namibia and cooperated with the Finnish EISCAT facility in Sodankylä. Dieminger was one of the most active  scientists in the International Union of Radio Science (URSI): Vice-President 1963-69, President 1969-72. He retired in 1975 but continued with his research. He died in 2000 in Northeim.

Honors
Dieminger was a member of several academic societies including the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Austrian Academy of Sciences, International Academy of Astronautics and the Finnish Academy of Sciences. He was made an honorary citizen of Katlenbug-Lindau in 1975 and received the Federal Cross of Merit in 1975.

References

External links
 Complete list of publications

1907 births
2000 deaths
20th-century German physicists
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Max Planck Institute directors
Chita Thermal Power Station. is a large thermal power station operated by JERA in the city of Chita, Aichi, Japan.

History
Plans to build a power station in Chita were drawn up in the early 1960s, and a site was selected on reclaimed land facing Ise Bay in the northern part of Chita Peninsula.

Unit 1 came on line in February 1966. A total of six units were built between 1966 and 1974 to power the cities and industries of Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya Metropolis.

Units 1 through 4 were modernized and converted to burn natural gas in 1985, whereas Units 5 and 6 were designed as LNG-fired plants  from the start. From 1992 to 1996, Units 1, 2, 5 and 6 were shut down and were converted into combined cycle plants by adding a gas turbine to the existing boiler-steam turbine units to reuse exhaust gases. This gave the Chita Thermal Power Station a total power generating capacity of 3966 MW, making it one of the largest in Japan at the time.

Unit 1 was taken offline on March 15, 2017, followed by Unit 2 and Unit 3 on April 1, 2017, and Unit 4 on October 31, 2017. As these units have not been demolished, the JERA home page still lists the nameplate capacity of the plant as 3,966 MW.

In April 2019, all thermal power plant operations of Chubu Electric Power were transferred to JERA, a joint venture between Chubu Electric and TEPCO Fuel & Power, Inc, a subsidiary of Tokyo Electric Power Company.

Plant details

See also 

 Energy in Japan
 List of power stations in Japan

References

External links
official home page 

Power stations in Aichi Prefecture
1966 establishments in Japan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1966
Natural gas-fired power stations in Japan
Buildings and structures in Chita, Aichi
Chubu Electric Power
Bréguet 890 Mercure. The Bréguet 890 Mercure was a late 1940s French cargo and passenger transport aircraft designed by Bréguet Aviation. Three variants were produced including a military variant called the Mars but none entered production.

Design and development
With a French Air Force requirement to replace the Douglas C-47 and Amiot AAC-1 Bréguet started development of the Breguet 890 as a medium-capacity military transport. The commercial transport prototype designated the Bréguet 890H Mercure was an all-metal cantilever high-wing monoplane powered by two  Bristol Hercules radial engines. It had a retractable tricycle landing gear and, advanced for its day, a swing tail to allow access (using a loading ramp) into the fuselage for heavy equipment and vehicles. A military prototype was also built under the designation Bréguet 891R Mars, it retained the swing tail but had provision for 20 paratroopers and was powered by two  Gnome-Rhône 14R-200 radial engines. The Mars had parachute doors on each side of the fuselage, a floor chute for dropping containers and also a towing hook for a glider.

The third variant and the first to fly on 1 March 1949 was a convertible passenger/cargo aircraft, designated the Bréguet 892S Mercure. Although based on the 890H the 892S had four  Renault 12S inline piston engines. It had a large cargo door on the starboard side and two passenger doors in the port side. When fitted with seats it could carry 40 passengers.

Only one prototype of each variant was built, the French Air Force ordered the Nord Noratlas rather than the Mars and with the availability of war-surplus aircraft like the Douglas DC-3 available to commercial operators the type did not enter production.

Variants
890H Mercure
Twin-engined freighter/commercial transport prototype powered by two  Bristol Hercules radial engines, one built, first flown in April 1950. Later the 892S variant was modified to the 890H standard.
890J Mercure
Prototype commercial transport was originally to be powered by two Jumo 211 but with the availability of the British Hercules engine the designation was changed to 890H.
891R Mars
Twin-engined military freighter variant of the 890H powered by two  Gnome-Rhône 14R-200 radial engines, one built, first flown in November 1949.
892S Mercure
Four-engined convertible cargo/passenger variant with four  Renault 12S inline piston engines, one built, first flown in March 1949. The 892S was later converted to be the second 890H.
893S
Unbuilt variant that would have used Bristol Hercules engines.
894
Unbuilt variant that would have used Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engines.
895H
A larger variant was proposed in 1953 but not built.

Specifications 892S Mercure

References

Notes

Bibliography

1940s French military utility aircraft
 0890
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Four-engined piston aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Ice rules. In chemistry, ice rules are basic principles that govern arrangement of atoms in water ice. They are also known as Bernal–Fowler rules, after British physicists John Desmond Bernal and Ralph H. Fowler who first described them in 1933. 

The rules state each oxygen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and that the oxygen atom in each water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, so that there is precisely one hydrogen between each pair of oxygen atoms.

In other words, in ordinary Ih ice, every oxygen is bonded to the total of four hydrogens, two of these bonds are strong and two of them are much weaker. Every hydrogen is bonded to two oxygens, strongly to one and weakly to the other. The resulting configuration is geometrically a periodic lattice. The distribution of bonds on this lattice is represented by a directed-graph (arrows) and can be either ordered or disordered. In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice Ih.  For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals).

A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in Hamann.

See also

 Ice-type model
 Bjerrum defect

References

External links
 Bernal–Fowler rules in Glossary of Meteorology. 
 Exposition by Chris Wilson and Brett Marmo. 
 

Water ice
Bréguet 500 Colmar. The Bréguet 500 Colmar was a 1940s French airliner designed by Bréguet Aviation. Two prototypes were built during the Second World War but only one survived to fly in 1945. The prototype went on to operate as a VIP transport with the French Air Force but no others were built.

Design and development
Originally started under the designation 483T, the Colmar was designed as a twin-engined airliner or VIP and staff transport, based on the earlier four-engined Bréguet 482 bomber. It was an all-metal mid-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders and retractable tailwheel landing gear. The fuselage cabin was divided into two due to the main spar, up to six passengers in the forward cabin and 17 in the rear. Work started at Montaudran on two prototypes during the German occupation which were given the designation Bréguet 500 Colmar. In April 1944 one of the almost completed prototypes was destroyed by the Royal Air Force during a bombing raid on the factory.

Following the liberation of France, the surviving prototype, powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14R-04 / Gnome-Rhône 14R-05 radial engines, first flew on 27 February 1945.  Plans to put the type into production as the Bréguet 510 Colmar were abandoned, and, after testing, the sole Colmar was delivered to the French Air Force for use as a VIP transport. The Colmar was withdrawn from service in October 1947 and scrapped.

Operators

French Air Force

Variants
500 Colmar
Twin-engined airliner prototype, one built and one destroyed before completion.
510 Colmar
Proposed production variant with longer fuselage, not built.

Specifications (500 Colmar)

Notes

Bibliography

1940s French airliners
 0500
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Burrard Generating Station. Burrard Generating Station was a natural gas-fired station built by BC Electric, owned by BC Hydro since 1961, located in Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada.

Description 

The station originally consisted of six 160 MW units; it served to meet short term peak demands. Three units were held in standby, available on eight hours' notice. The three active units were used for voltage regulation. A plant upgrade project was completed in 2003. In 2001 it represented over 9% of BC Hydro's gross metered generation.

BC Hydro shut down the station in 2016 after the completion of enough replacement capacity at the Mica Generating Station.

After the gas turbines were decommissioned, four of the six generator units had their drive shafts cut and were converted to synchronous condenser operation, providing reactive power to the transmission system.

See also 

 BC Hydro

References

Buildings and structures in Port Moody
Natural gas-fired power stations in British Columbia
1962 establishments in British Columbia
Energy infrastructure completed in 1962
BC Hydro
Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. ITU Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering is a faculty of the Istanbul Technical University. In 1926, the “Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering” was founded as part of the Science Faculty of Istanbul University (Istanbul Dar-ül Fünun). In 1934, the institute was bound to “Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi” (Advanced Vocational School for Engineering), today’s Istanbul Technical University, as the Electro-Mechanic Division, which was the start of Department of Electrical Engineering. The first students of this division graduated in 1936. Today, the faculty has three departments: 
Electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, robotics and autonomous systems engineering

References

External links 
 ITU School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 About the faculty
 Photos of faculty

Istanbul Technical University
Universities and colleges established in 1934
1934 establishments in Turkey
Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering. ITU Faculty of Civil Engineering is the first faculty of Istanbul Technical University. Its foundation date is considered as the starting of the engineering education in Ottoman Empire.
Faculty has three divisions.
 Civil engineering
 Geomatic engineering
 Environmental engineering

Notable alumni 
 Mustafa İnan
 Süleyman Demirel
 Oğuz Atay
 Nahit Kumbasar
 Semih Salih Tezcan
 Recai Kutan

References

External links 
 ITU School of Civil Engineering
 Faculty E-Bulletin

Istanbul Technical University
Educational institutions established in 1727
Universities and colleges established in the 18th century
1720s establishments in the Ottoman Empire