omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tests of Engineering Aptitude, Mathematics, and Science. Tests of Engineering Aptitude, Mathematics, and Science (TEAMS) is an annual competition originally organized by the Junior Engineering Technical Society (JETS). TEAMS is an annual theme-based competition for students in grades 9–12, aimed at giving them the opportunity to discover engineering and how they can make a difference in the world.

History
The TEAMS competition was created in 1975 at the University of Illinois for the state of Illinois. In 1978, JETS expanded TEAMS to become a national competition. In 1993, the TEAMS test changed format into a format very similar to the one used today. Since 2008, the TEAMS competitions have had a theme.

The 2010 theme for the TEAMS competition delved in the problems engineers face while providing access to clean water. It was named for Samuel Taylor Coleridge's famous quote, "Water, water, everywhere, / Nor any drop to drink."

Format
This competition is divided in two parts. The first part, lasting an hour and a half, has 80 multiple choice questions. Each group of ten questions is related to a specific problem relating to the overall theme. The second part consists of eight open-ended tasks that are aimed at encouraging teamwork to develop the best answer. This competition is taken part by each participating school in a regional competition; the scores at that date determine the standings in the regional, state, and national level. There are six school divisions, one home division, one group division and two levels (9th/10th grade level & 11th/12th grade level).

Each team consists of eight high school students. A school may submit multiple teams. Thousands of teams participate in this competition each year.

References

Engineering competitions
Lens controller. A lens controller is device that controls motorized photographic lens functions such as zoom, focus, and iris opening (aperture). Lens controllers can be found in still camera photographic lenses and as stand-alone units in machine vision, remote sensing, optoelectronics systems, and security applications.

Types

Internal
Internal photographic lens controllers take information from the camera or lens elements and perform automatic and manual focusing and aperture adjustment. They are frequently contained inside as part of a modern zoom lens and used mainly for photography.

Stand-alone
Stand-alone lens controllers are attached to a photographic lens by a cable to allow operator manual control of lens functions.

Machine vision, CCTV, and computer vision
Lens controllers for machine vision are universal devices designed to control lenses from multiple manufacturers.  Although there is no standard for wiring of lenses most have direct current (DC) motors attached to lens elements and are controlled with ±6 VDC, ±8 VDC or ±12 VDC.

Machine vision lens controllers come in manual or computerized varieties.

Manual lens controllers are composed of switches and a power supply.  When the operator actuates a switch, a function of the lens is enabled.  Manual control requires an operator to view the image through the lens in which adjustment is taking place.  Manual lens controllers are the most common and are frequently used in CCTV security systems.

Computerized lens controllers are composed of a computer, electronic switches such as H-Bridges or relays, a power supply, and an electronic interface.  A remote computer sends a command to the lens controller through an RS-232, RS-485, USB, or Ethernet interface to actuate a lens function.  The lens controller will then perform the command automatically.  If a lens is equipped with presets, potentiometers attached to lens components that measure the position of that function, then the controller can work in a closed loop and move to a specific position.  If the lens is not equipped with presets, then the controller can only move a lens function to an approximate position.

References

Lenses
Cameras
European Transportation Carrier. The European Transportation Carrier (ETC) transports various payload items, such as commissioning items, science instruments, consumables, orbital support equipment, orbital replacement units, and resupply items, and science items, such as containers.  This applies especially to European payload items that cannot be launched in their payload's rack due to limited stowage and transportation capabilities.  On orbit, the ETC serves as a workbench and stowage facility, supporting the Biolab, Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL), European Physiology Module (EPM), and European Drawer Rack (EDR).

Since its first use in the Columbus laboratory, the ETC has been used as a transport rack within the multi-purpose logistics module (MPLM).  It allows for regular supply and return of all experiment and service items needed for continuous operation of the European payload facilities inside the Columbus module.

The ETC can carry up to 410 kg (881 lb) of payload and experiment items, accommodated in standardized cargo transfer bags (CTBs).  They are compatible with the ISS standards for transport in the MPLM and Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and the use on board the ISS partner modules like Destiny, Kibo, and Columbus.

The ETC is equipped with six rigged stowage containers in optimized sizes.  There are two smaller containers of 6 PU (1 PU = Panel Unit = 44–45 mm in height) for full and half-sized CTBs and four 12 PU containers that can be filled with any combination of CTBs, up to triple size.

In addition, the ETC is equipped with three zero-gravity stowage pockets, one on the bottom and two on the top. These pockets extend the stowage volume capacity to 1000 L instead of the standard 800 L, but can be used and filled only in weightlessness.

Operations
The European Transportation Carrier (ETC) was launched inside the European Space Agency's Columbus module as part of the STS-122/1E mission. Initially, it served as a workbench and stowage center in the Columbus module.  After its initial use, it was loaded with items to be returned to Earth and reused for other missions.  The ETC is designed to provide support for 15 missions.

See also
Scientific research on the ISS

Gallery

References

External links
 European Transportation Carrier (ETC) – ESA

Science facilities on the International Space Station
Columbus (ISS module)
Zinc ferrite. Zinc ferrites are a series of synthetic inorganic compounds of zinc and iron (ferrite) with the general formula of ZnxFe3−xO4.  Zinc ferrite compounds can be prepared by aging solutions of Zn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, and triethanolamine in the presence and in the absence of hydrazine, or reacting iron oxides and zinc oxide at high temperature. Spinel (Zn, Fe) Fe2O4 appears as a tan-colored solid that is insoluble in water, acids, or diluted alkali.  Because of their high opacity, zinc ferrites can be used as pigments, especially in applications requiring heat stability. For example, zinc ferrite prepared from yellow iron oxide can be used as a substitute for applications in temperatures above . When added to high corrosion-resistant coatings, the corrosion protection increases with an increase in the concentration of zinc ferrite.

One investigation shows that the zinc ferrite, which is paramagnetic in the bulk form, exhibits ferrimagnetism in nanocrystalline thin film format. A large room temperature magnetization and narrow ferromagnetic resonance line width have been achieved by controlling thin films growth conditions.

Moreover, a flexible electrode for hybrid capacitors was developed using nanostructured Gadolinium doped zinc ferrite (GZFO), reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT), and supported on aluminum foil (AF). The GZFO/C@AF electrode exhibited high capacitance, long cycle life, and excellent energy and power density, making it a promising choice for wearable electronic device power sources.

See also
 Ferrite core
 Ferrite (magnet)
 Zinc smelting

References

External links
 
 

ferrite
Spinel group
Ferrites
Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey. The Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) was a proposal by NASA's Langley Research Center to build a robotic, rocket-powered airplane that would fly one mile above the surface of Mars, in order to investigate the atmosphere, surface, and sub-surface of the planet.  The ARES team, headed by Dr. Joel S. Levine, sought to be selected and funded as a NASA Mars Scout Mission for a 2011 or 2013 launch window. ARES was chosen as one of four finalists in the program, out of 25 potential programs. However, the Phoenix mission was ultimately chosen instead.

ARES would have traveled to Mars compactly folded into a protective aeroshell; upon entry in the thin atmosphere, the capsule would have deployed a parachute to decelerate, followed by ARES release at altitude.

As well as the aforementioned goals, the aircraft would also have investigated the atmosphere of Mars and its weak magnetic field.

Goals 
ARES would have been able to measure the crustal magnetization, spatial variability, and field magnitude of Mars, as well as resolving the crustal magnetism source structure with a spatial resolution two orders of magnitude higher than the Mars Global Surveyor.

ARES would also have allowed scientists to help determine the role of water vapor in the Mars atmospheric chemical cycle, and would have searched for potential biogenic gases, volcanic gases, and chemically active gases to determine their spatial distributions and to locate and/or constrain local sources and sinks. At the same time, ARES would have attempted to characterize the structure and dynamics of the Mars atmosphere's boundary layer, as well as its water-equivalent hydrogen abundance and ice burial depth over greatly improved spatial scales compared to past missions.

Design

ARES would transit to Mars via a cruise stage and enter the Martian atmosphere in a traditional aeroshell with heat shield. At the right altitude it would unfold itself into its flight configuration. Propulsion would likely have come from a bipropellant rocket engine, which was a focus over other types of propulsion during its development, but propulsion remained undetermined. The two main criteria used to evaluate the propulsion system were flight range and implementation risk. Possible propulsion technologies were electrical motors, internal combustion and rocket systems.  The aircraft was intended to fly for about one hour.

See also
 
 
 
 Mars Helicopter Ingenuity

References

External links 

 TEDtalk: Joel Levine - Why we need to go back to Mars.

Mars Scout Program
Cancelled spacecraft
Cancelled aircraft projects
NASA aeronautical programs
Extraterrestrial aircraft
Aircraft related to spaceflight
Efraim Margolin. Efraim Margolin is an Israeli-American businessman and philanthropist, founder of Margolin Consultants Inc, an employment and Merger and Acquisitions Company in New York City.  He is a native of Ukraine, who   immigrated to Palestine  when he was a small child. Growing up with a father who was a local leader of the Haganah Jewish Underground Militia, he became one of the young engineers during World War II working for the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in Iran and later, as Manager in Bahrain Island constructing an airport for the British Air Force. Later he came to America for advanced engineering studies at Columbia University marrying his American sweetheart and ended up serving as a secret agent for the Mossad, the Israeli Undercover Agency, outfitting torpedo boats for the Israeli Navy.  After the 1948 War, he was in charge of building the New City of Beer Sheva in the Negev Desert.

Returning to New York, and starting from scratch,  he became active in many organizations promoting trade and cultural exchanges with Israel. He and Florence are founders of the City of Tel Aviv Foundation, City of Eilat, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, American Israeli Opera, The Boston Opera and founding benefactors of 40,000 trees in the Jewish National Fund “Margolin Peace Forest” in Kiryat Gat between Jerusalem and Beer Sheva.  They live in Manhattan but return to Israel frequently.

References

Living people
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
BP people
American energy industry businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)
Taklon. Taklon is the common name for a synthetic fiber used in artist-quality paint, makeup, shaving and pin stripe brushes. It is a smooth, soft, and somewhat fragile polyester derivative devoid of any protein component or allergen elements and is therefore used in the cosmetic industries as a "green," "vegan," "allergy free" or synthetic alternative to animal hair brushes.

History
DuPont invented the process for making Taklon, in which a polyester fiber known as PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) is extruded and tapered to a fine point. Toray Chemical Co. of Osaka, Japan, acquired the process and the rights to make Taklon, which was originally designed to mimic the handling characteristics of natural sable.

Use in makeup brushes
Taklon brushes are more hygienic than real hair brushes, since natural hair has an irregular surface which traps powders, dead skin cells, bacteria and chemicals. Cleaning may not necessarily remove these particles. Because of this, regular cleaning with disinfectants is required to prevent skin irritation. Taklon lacks these surface irregularities, making it easier to clean properly, which decreases potential irritation. Because Taklon is synthetic, animal cruelty is not an issue.

Use in artist-quality brushes
Taklon is made in several sizes, ranging from 0.08 mm to .15 mm, which mimic hair, to .20 mm, which mimics boar bristle. The diameter affects the stiffness or softness of the brush. Diameter variation in the Taklon fibers creates more space between the filaments, allowing the brush to carry more liquid.  It is available in black, gold, and white colors to indicate a brush’s stiffness, with black having the softest and most flexible fibers, gold being midrange in softness, and white being the stiffest.

References

Synthetic fibers
Basalt Waste Isolation Project. The Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) broke ground at Hanford Site in 1976, conducting tests aimed at siting a safe and isolated repository for reactor irradiated fuel and other nuclear byproducts. 

Between 1976 and enactment of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NWPA), studies at the Hanford site continued to evaluate the geologic and hydrologic suitability of the BWIP repository in the underlying basalt.  The BWIP Site Characterization Report was published in November 1982, explaining the details and status of the project. When the Department of Energy (DOE) published an Environmental Assessment in May 1986, it recommended BWIP to the President as a candidate site.

The main concern in the post-1982 phase of the project had been the suitability of the project's quality assurance procedures during the early phases of BWIP.  President Reagan approved BWIP as a candidate site in May 1986, and DOE stopped most of the site characterization activities at the BWIP until quality assurance procedures could be adopted that would satisfy Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requirements.

BWIP's status as a candidate site was short lived. Only 19 months after the President approved the BWIP as a candidate site for the repository, Congress amended the NWPA in Title V of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987.  This narrowed the search for a repository site by designating Yucca Mountain as the sole candidate.  DOE was directed to terminate all BWIP activities within 90 days after December 22, 1987.

References

Radioactive waste repositories in the United States
Design change. A design change is a modification to the design of a product or system. Design changes can happen at any stage in the product development process as well as later in the product or system's lifecycle.

Design changes that happen early in the design process are less expensive when compared to those that take place after it is introduced into full-scale production. The cost of the change increases with its development time. Fundamentally, design changes can be classified into pre production and post production changes. The pre-production changes can happen in the conceptual design stage, prototype stage, detailing stage, testing stage. The post -production stage changes can happen almost immediately the product is introduced into the production or much later in the product lifecycle This might be due to many reasons including response to a changing market demand, uncovering of design faults that need to be corrected, the product or system not meeting stakeholder requirements, parts becoming obsolete or no longer available from suppliers, and so forth. One of the tools to manage design changes is the House of Quality which can help to trace the impacts of a proposed change to understand who and what will be affected.

One of the issues in handling design changes is that they propagate or 'ripple out' from the points of initiation. This is because, for example, a change to one part design will also require changes to others, so they can continue to fit together and work together to deliver a design's functionality. It is important to understand these ripple effects when deciding whether to accept a change request and when coordinating the change's implementation. A range of approaches have been developed to help predict and manage design change ripple effects. Some are quite practical while others remain in the research domain.

See also
 Change control
 Change management (engineering)
 Engineering change order

References

Further reading
Hauser J R, Clausing D, "The House of Quality", Harvard Business Review

Design
Ivars Knēts. Ivars Knēts, (September 17, 1938, Riga, Latvia – March 1, 2019) was a rector and professor at Riga Technical University, as the Director of the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomechanics.

References

External links 
www.1mie.lv

1938 births
2019 deaths
Scientists from Riga
Riga Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Riga Technical University
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Materials scientists and engineers
Soviet inventors
20th-century Latvian inventors
Rectors of universities in Latvia
Instituto de Automática. The Automation Institute () is an Argentine Research Institution in San Juan Province (Argentina) dedicated to researching advanced topics of control engineering, robotics and electronics.

History
INAUT was created in 1973 under the umbrella of the National University of San Juan.  It is one of the 14 Research Institutes that operate under the auspices of this academic institution.

Research area
The scope of the institute is, broadly, the research and development of Automatic Control.  Currently the following research programs are being conducted: robotics, manufacturing, process control, control AI, industrial electronics, and sensors.  International cooperation is encouraged and many projects are being executed jointly with similar International Research Centers.  One important goal of the institute is to successfully achieve technology transfer to the public and private industry sectors.

INAUT is in San Juan, Argentina. It includes laboratories, libraries, conference rooms, workshops and administrative offices. Personnel includes professional researchers, scholars, and technical staff, for a total of 27 people. The institute is now committed to developing very specialized human resources, and to fostering these research areas in the country.

Financial sources
 National University of San Juan
 National Science and Technology Secretary (SECYT) and National Agency for Science and Technology Promotion (ANPCyT ANPCyT)
 International Agencies (ICI, CYTED, DAAD, EU, INCO, ALFA, CAPES)
 National Research Council (CONICET)
 Technology transfer funds

See also
 Universidad Nacional de San Juan

References

External links
 Instituto de AUTomatica Website
Maytronics Dolphin Specialists

Robotics organizations
Research institutes in Argentina
1973 establishments in Argentina
Middle German Chemical Triangle. The Middle German Chemical Triangle ( or locally just Chemiedreieck) is the industrial conurbation around the cities and towns of Halle (Saale), Merseburg and Bitterfeld in the North German state of Saxony-Anhalt and Leipzig and Schkeuditz in the Free State of Saxony. Its name is derived from the dominant industries of the region – the chemical and oil refining industries.

It is often referred to as the Leuna-Buna-Bitterfeld Chemical Triangle (Chemiedreieck Leuna-Buna-Bitterfeld) because these places are the oldest and most important in the region. Buna is not a town, but was the name of the first synthetic rubber (butadiene and natrium) which was produced in the Buna factory at Schkopau. Today Dow Chemical produces synthetic rubber in Schkopau which is marketed under the name of BUNA SB.

At the end of the 1950s, the advertising slogan Plaste und Elaste aus Schkopau ("Plastic and Elastomer from Schkopau") was introduced, in order to promote the spectrum of products of the Buna Chemical Works. The slogan was used especially on posters and neon lights. The best known light advert was on a tower on the northern abutment of the Elbe bridge at Vockerode on the transit route from Berlin to Hof (nowadays part of the BAB 9 motorway).

See also 
Central Germany (cultural area)
Central German Metropolitan Region

Halle chemical workers district

External links 
The MDR of the Middle German Chemical Triangle and its history

Chemical industry in Germany
Economy of Saxony-Anhalt
Economy of Saxony
T-48 MPATS. The T-48TS was a U.S. Navy aircraft project, intended to replace the T-39 Sabreliner as part of the Undergraduate Military Flight Officer (UMFO) Multi-Place Aircraft Training System (MPATS).

Planned by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), the T-48 Training System (T-48TS) was planned to consist of the aircraft, radar, a ground-based training system and curriculum, and life cycle support, initially for two years' time. Solicited for proposals in 2003, in 2004 the programme was deferred for further study.

The T-48TS is not to be confused with the earlier Cessna T-48, this being a rare case of a reused designation in the US system.

References

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Military aircraft procurement programs of the United States
2000s United States military trainer aircraft