omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Method (patent). In United States patent law, a method, also called "process", is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented through "utility patents".  The other three are a machine, an article of manufacture (also termed a manufacture), and a composition of matter.

In that context, a method is a series of steps for performing a function or accomplishing a result. While the terms method and process are largely interchangeable, method usually refers to a way to use a product to accomplish a given result, and process usually refers to a series of steps in manufacture. Thus, one might speak about a method for curing headaches that comprises the administration of a therapeutically effective dose of aspirin, or speak about a process for making soap or candles.

Not all methods, in the dictionary sense, are methods for purposes of United States patent law. The case law "forecloses a purely literal reading of § 101." The concept is elaborated in the article: machine-or-transformation test.

A method patent claim can be infringed only when a single person or entity (including contractually obligated agents) practices all of the claimed steps. Neither a physical device, such as a product that can be used to practice the method, nor instructions for practicing the method, are infringing until they are used by a single person to perform all the steps together. A potential exception to this rule for indirect infringement was implicit in the circuit court of appeal's ruling in Akamai Tech. v. Limelight Networks (Fed. Cir. 2012). The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the circuit court's ruling on Monday, June 2, 2014 (docket number 12-786), holding that the circuit court had misread patent law to reach its decision. The court noted that the statute explicitly defines a method patent to cover only the entirety of the method, and doesn't confer any rights in the individual steps that make up the method.

The European Patent Convention does not mention method patents (called process patents) so prominently, and the same applies to the TRIPS Agreement. The prime characteristic of process patents in these treaties is that "the protection conferred by the patent shall extend to the products directly obtained by such process". Art. 28(1)(b) TRIPS provides a similar rule. This shows the historical background of process patents in chemistry, where there was a need to protect new processes to manufacture known substances.

See also
Product-by-process

References

United States patent law
Methodology
List of Cessna models. The following is a list of Cessna aircraft models:

Cessna

Reims-Cessna
The following Cessna models were built by Reims Aviation:

See also
Beechcraft Denali – a single-engine turboprop business aircraft marketed as a Cessna prior to the prototype stage
Textron AirLand Scorpion – a twin-engine prototype military aircraft constructed by Cessna

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

 
 

Cessna
Jabiru J430. The Jabiru J430 is one model in a large family of two- and four-seat Australian light aircraft developed as a touring aircraft and provided in kit form by Jabiru Aircraft.

Design and development
The J430 is constructed from composite materials. The  span high wing is strut-braced and features winglets. The standard engine is the  Jabiru 3300 six-cylinder, horizontally opposed, four-stroke aircraft engine. The tricycle landing gear has optional wheel pants. The four-seat cabin features a width of . Construction time from the factory-supplied kit is reported to be 600 hours. Twenty-five examples were completed and flying by the end of 2011.

Variants

data from Jabiru

Jabiru J200

Jabiru J230
A two-seat version of the J430, designed as a US light-sport aircraft, with a large baggage compartment behind the seats.
Jabiru J250
Model similar to the J450, with the back seat removed to give a large cargo area.
Jabiru J400
Four-seat version powered by a  Jabiru 3300 engine and marketed circa 2004.
Jabiru J430
A four-seater version of the J230 with two seats in the former baggage compartment.

Jabiru J450
Four seat model.

Specifications (J430)

References

External links

 
 Jabiru J430 photos

Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
2000s Australian civil aircraft
J430
YJ-12. The YJ-12 () is a Chinese supersonic anti-ship cruise missile manufactured by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC).

Description

The YJ-12 resembles a lengthened Kh-31. According to the United States, the air-launched (YJ-12) and ship-launched (YJ-12A) variants have  ranges. Speeds of Mach 2.5 to 4 have been reported. The YJ-12 may perform evasive maneuvers to avoid anti-missile threats.

According to War on the Rocks, a ship has 45 seconds to engage a YJ-12 after sea-skimming missile appears over the horizon and is detected. In 2014, the United States Navy (USN) intended to counter air-launched YJ-12 saturation attacks by destroying Chinese strike aircraft at long range before the missiles are launched; the tactic relies on Cooperative Engagement Capability.

Development
In August 2000, the Chinese unveiled a model of an air-launched missile labeled as the YJ-91, resembling the French Air-Sol Moyenne Portée. Later, a similar-looking missile was seen that may have been designated as the YJ-12. The YJ-91 designation ultimately went to the Chinese development of the Russian Kh-31. 

Externally, the YJ-12 resembled a lengthened Kh-31.

The YJ-12 appeared at the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, indicating that the missile had entered active service since all weapons showcased during the parade are actively inducted prior to the parade.

The YJ-12A was reportedly in development in 2014. The YJ-12A entered service around 2020 aboard refitted Type 051B and Sovremenny-class destroyers of the  People Liberation Army Navy.

The YJ-12B was reportedly deployed to the Spratly Islands around April 2018. They may cover the southern half of the South China Sea when based on three largest Chinese-controlled islands.

Variants
 YJ-12
 Air-launched variant with a  range.

 YJ-12A
 Ship-launched variant with a  range.

 YJ-12B
 Land-based variant with a  range.

 CM-302
 Export variant. According to the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, it is an anti-ship and land-attack missile with a  range, a  warhead, and launched from air, land, and naval platforms The missile uses BeiDou satellite navigation, with active radar terminal guidance; the target may be updated by data-link.

Operators

Current operators

Algerian National Navy, CM-302 (land-based)

Pakistan Navy, CM-302 (ship-launched)

People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Navy

See also
Related development
YJ-18
HD-1

Comparable missiles

References

Bibliography

 

 

Guided missiles of the People's Republic of China
Anti-ship cruise missiles of the People's Republic of China
Air-to-surface missiles
Weapons of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Surface-to-surface missiles of China
IMes. IMes is an abbreviation for an organic compound that is a common ligand in organometallic chemistry.  It is an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC).  The compound, a white solid, is often not isolated but instead is generated upon attachment to the metal centre.

First prepared by Arduengo, the heterocycle is synthesized by condensation of 2,4,6-trimethylaniline and glyoxal to give the diimine.  In the presence of acid, the resulting glyoxal-bis(mesitylimine) condenses with formaldehyde to give the dimesitylimidazolium cation.  This cation is the conjugate acid of the NHC.

Related compounds
Bulkier than IMes is the NHC ligand IPr (CAS 244187-81-3).  IPr features diisopropylphenyl in place of the mesityl substituents.  

Some variants of IMes and IPr have saturated backbones, two such ligands are SIMes and SIPr.  They are prepared by alkylation of substituted anilines with dibromoethane followed by ring closure and dehydrohalogenation of the dihydroimidazolium salt.

References

Further reading
 

Organometallic chemistry
Carbenes
Ligands
Chroma ATE. Chroma ATE Inc. 致茂電子, is a Taiwanese electronic test and measurement instrumentation company founded in 1984. The company develops and manufactures a range of electronic test and measurement equipment, automated testing equipment (ATE), signal generator, power supplies, and intelligent manufacturing execution systems (MES). The company is part of Taiwan-based conglomerate Chroma Group. The company reported revenues of NT$16.9 billion with net income of NT$2.5 billion in 2018.

Product Divisions and Testing Solutions 

Chroma's product divisions develop various automated test systems and automation for the following categories:
Power Electronics
LED/Lighting & Drivers
Electric Vehicles
Batteries
Photovoltaics
Video and Colors
LCD / LCM
Automated Optical Inspection 
Passive component and Electrical Safety
Semiconductor / IC
Thermoelectric Test & Control
Manufacturing Execution System (MES)
VCSEL Testing
Fabry–Pérot laser and Distributed Feedback Laser Testing
Solar Cell Testing
PIN photodiode and Avalanche photodiode Testing

Operations
The company operates a number of engineering service offices worldwide, including in the United States, Europe and Japan, for client service and support.

The company's global network includes the following:
Chroma USA: Chroma USA (Irvine, CA), Chroma System Solutions (Irvine, CA).
Chroma Europe: Netherlands.
Chroma Japan: Yokohama.
Chroma China: Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Chongqing, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Dongguan.

Associated companies

Innovative Nanotech
Touch Cloud
MAS Automative
Testar Electronis
ADIVIC Technology
EVT Technology
Chroma New Material

See also

List of companies in Taiwan
致茂電子

References

External links
Analyst Report on Global Semiconductor/IC Test Solutions Market Outlook 2018-2025
Analyst Report on Chroma ATE Inc (2360) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review
Gartner Insights on Global Benchtop Phase Analyzers Market Report 2019

1984 establishments in Taiwan
Electronics companies established in 1984
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Laser ablation synthesis in solution. Laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) is a commonly used method for obtaining colloidal solution of nanoparticles in a variety of solvents. Nanoparticles (NPs,), are useful in chemistry, engineering and biochemistry due to their large surface-to-volume ratio that causes them to have unique physical properties. LASiS is considered a "green" method due to its lack of use for toxic chemical precursors to synthesize nanoparticles.

In the LASiS method, nanoparticles are produced by a laser beam hitting a solid target in a liquid and during the condensation of the plasma plume, the nanoparticles are formed. Since the ablation is occurring in a liquid, versus air/vacuum/gas/, the environment allows for plume expansion, cooling and condensation with a higher temperature, pressure and density to create a plume with stronger confinement. These environmental conditions allow for more refined and smaller nanoparticles LASiS is usually considered a top-down physical approach. LASiS emerged as a reliable alternative to traditional chemical reduction methods for obtaining noble metal nanoparticles (NMNp).  LASiS is also used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles AgNPs, which are known for their antimicrobial effects. Production of AgNPs via LASiS causes nanoparticles with varying antimicrobial characteristics due to different properties achieved via the fine tuning of NPs size in liquid ablation.

Pros and Cons 
LASiS has some limitations in the size control of NMNp, which can be overcome by laser treatments of NMNp. Other cons of LASiS include: the slow rate of NPs production, high consumption of energy, laser equipment cost, and decreased ablation efficiency with longer usage of the laser within a session.  Other pros of LASiS include: minimal waste production, minimal manual operation, and refined size control of nanoparticles.

References 

Nanoparticles
Plasma technology and applications
Chemical synthesis
68K/OS. 68K/OS was a computer operating system developed by GST Computer Systems for the Sinclair QL microcomputer.

It was commissioned by Sinclair Research in February 1983. However, after the official launch of the QL in January 1984, 68K/OS was rejected, and production QLs shipped with Sinclair's own Qdos operating system.

GST later released 68K/OS as an alternative to Qdos, in the form of an EPROM expansion card, and also planned to use it on single-board computers based on the QL's hardware.

The operating system was developed by Chris Scheybeler, Tim Ward, Howard Chalkley and others.

The few ROM cards that were made mean that surviving examples now fetch a high price: On Feb 04, 2010 one sold for £310 on eBay.

References

External links
 GST Assembler, Adder Assembler - Sinclair User, April 1985
 QL Pictures Gallery
 68k/OS manuals and documentation

Proprietary operating systems
Sinclair Research
Discontinued operating systems
68k architecture
Daniel Pakosh. Daniel (Dan) Pakosh (July 8, 1932 - July 27, 2023) is credited with designing and marketing the first bi-directional tractor  in the world among other inventions and innovations.

The original Versatile tractor could be used to either push or pull an implement with equal power, it was marketed as being "a number of self-propelled machines in one".  The Versatile "Bi-Di" model 150 was released in 1977.

The concept was an immediate success. With 4WD and a switchable operator's platform, bi-directional tractors had arrived.

Twenty years later, when Versatile was sold to Ford-New Holland, the design engineers at New Holland brought Dan Pakosh out of retirement to help them modernize the bidirectional tractor, taking it forward into the next century. The result was the New Holland TV-140.

New Holland's current bi-directional tractor model is the TV6070.

Dan Pakosh was the creator of today's modern day bi-directional tractor.

Notes

External links 
 Versatile Tractors history
 New Holland Bidirectional Tractor website

Year of birth missing
Canadian inventors
Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West. Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West (Chinese: Yuǎn xī qí qì túshuō lù zuì, 遠西奇器圖說錄最, often abridged as Qí qì túshuō, 奇器圖說) was an encyclopedia of Western mechanical devices translated into Chinese by the Jesuit Johann Schreck (1576-1630), and the Chinese scholar Wang Zheng (王徵 1571–1644). This book was the first to present Western mechanical knowledge to a Chinese audience. The book was published in 1627.

Particularly, the works of the Italian engineers Agostino Ramelli or Vittorio Zonca were reproduced in this translation, as well as those of the French engineer Jacques Besson. Plates depicting European machine were reproduced quite precisely, although in a Chinese pictorial style.

See also 
 Jesuit China missions

References

Citations

Sources 
 Zhang Baichun, 'An Inquiry into the History of the Chinese Terms Jiqi (Machines) and Jixie (Machinery)', in Michael Lackner et al., New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China BRILL, 2001 
 Brian Scott Baigrie Picturing Knowledge: Historical and Philosophical Problems Concerning the Use of Art in Science University of Toronto Press, 1996 
 Joseph Needham, Ling Wang, Gwei-Djen Lu Science and civilisation in China Cambridge University Press, 1965 

Chinese encyclopedias
1627 books
History of science and technology in China
Engineering books
EchoStar VI. EchoStar VI or EchoStar 6 is a former American communications satellite which was operated by EchoStar. In 2013, the satellite was rebranded BermudaSat 1 after the satellite was sold to a Bermudan subsidiary of SES, a satellite operator based in Luxembourg.

It was constructed by Space Systems Loral and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. Its launch was contracted by International Launch Services, using an Atlas IIAS carrier rocket. The launch occurred at 05:21 GMT on 14 July 2000 from Space Launch Complex 36B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

It was originally built as Sky 1B or MCI-2 for MCI Communications. This was later cancelled and the satellite was rebuilt as Echostar VI. Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in geostationary orbit at 73° West, from where it provides broadcast and communications services to Europe using wide-band feeds. It carries thirty two transponders, and has an expected on-orbit lifespan of 12 years.

In March and August 2010, the satellite experienced solar-array anomalies resulting in the loss of 24 (of an initial 108) solar cell strings.  Although the anomalies did not reduce the estimated useful life, the power reduction limits it to operating 24 DBS transponders (of the initial 32) at approximately 125 watts per channel, or 12 DBS transponders (of an original 16) at approximately 250 watts per channel.

In April 2013, the satellite was moved to 96.2° West, leased to SES on behalf of the Bermudan government and renamed BermudaSat 1. As BermudaSat 1, the satellite, which was slated for retirement in 2014, was designed chiefly to serve video and maritime communications in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as to enable to secure the 96.2° West position for Bermuda.

References 

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2000
Telecommunications in Bermuda
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
E06
SES (company)
Edward Carbutt. Sir Edward Hamer Carbutt, 1st Baronet (22 July 1838 – 8 October 1905) was an English mechanical engineer and a Liberal politician. He served as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Biography
Carbutt was the youngest son of Francis Carbutt (1792–1874) of Chapel Allerton in Leeds. His father was a merchant and some-time mayor of Leeds and his elder sister Louisa Carbutt was an educationalist. He was a linen and cloth merchant who became a justice of the peace, Lord Mayor of Leeds in 1848/1849, and a director of the Huddersfield and Manchester Railway.

Edward Carbutt went into business as a mechanical engineer in Leeds. When he was 24 (circa 1862) he entered into partnership with the engineer Robinson Thwaites (1811–1884) in the Vulcan Iron Works at Bradford. Carbutt and Thwaites exhibited a 'Patent Double-Action Self-Acting Steam Hammer' at the 1862 London Exhibition. Carbutt and Thwaites petitioned for a further patent 'for the invention of improvements in hammers to be worked by steam or other fluid' in 1867.

He was a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

He entered local politics and was Mayor of Leeds in 1878 and in this role laid the foundation stone of civic buildings. In 1880 he was elected as MP for Monmouth Boroughs and held the seat until 1886. On 1 October 1892, he was made a baronet, of Nanhurst in the parish of Cranleigh in the County of Surrey. In 1896 he was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey.

In 1887 Carbutt was elected President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He represented the Institute on the committee of the National Physical Laboratory. He was also a vice president of the Iron and Steel Institute.  In 1891 he was concerned with the erection of a tower at Wembley to rival the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

In 1874 Carbutt married Mary Rhodes. The baronetcy became extinct on his death.

References

External links 
 

1838 births
1905 deaths
People from Chapel Allerton
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
Mayors of Leeds
English mechanical engineers
High sheriffs of Surrey
British ironmasters
Engineers from Yorkshire
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
George Oenslager. George Oenslager (September 25, 1873 – February 5, 1956)  was a Goodrich chemist who discovered that a derivative of aniline accelerated the vulcanization of rubber with sulfur. He first introduced carbon black as a rubber reinforcing agent in 1912.

Biography

Oenslager attended Harrisburg & Phillips Exeter Academies, AB 1894, AM 1896. He first worked for the Warren Paper Co. in Maine from 1896 until 1905. He then worked for the Diamond & B.F. Goodrich Rubber Companies from 1905 until 1940. In 1912, Oenslager was working with David Spence at Diamond Rubber on additives to improve the vulcanization process. Working off of Oenslager's aniline additives, Spence discovered that p-aminodimethylaniline was a far superior accelerator, vastly improving the tensile strength of the rubber. para-aminodimethylaniline was adopted as the accelerator of choice by the Diamond Rubber Company in 1912. During World War I Oenslager inflated the first hydrogen balloon in the US.

Oenslager received his Ph.D. from Harvard under Prof. Theodore William Richards.

He was awarded the Perkin Medal in 1933 for his discovery of organic accelerators, specifically thiocarbanilide.  This development crucial to the commercialization of both natural and synthetic rubber.  Oenslager was awarded the Charles Goodyear Medal in 1948.

He was married to Ruth Alderfer Oenslager.

References

American chemists
1873 births
1956 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
Harvard University alumni
SSP class airship. The SSP (Submarine Scout Pusher) were a class of Royal Navy non-rigid airship or "blimp" developed by the United Kingdom during World War I as a successor to the earlier SS class airship. Found to be inferior to a parallel development, the Submarine Scout Zero non-rigid, only a few were built.
The main role of these craft was to escort convoys and scout or search for German U-boats.

Design and development
In 1916, design commenced at RNAS Kingsnorth on an SS class -type airship that would have a more comfortable purpose-built car, and not simply be an adaptation of an aeroplane fuselage. The SSP cars were of rectangular cross-section, had a blunt nose, and could accommodate a crew of three.

As the name suggests, the SSP was powered by a  Green engine mounted on bearers to the rear of the car, powering a  diameter four-bladed propeller in pusher configuration. Four examples of the type were later fitted with  Rolls-Royce Hawk engines.

Six SSPs entered service between January and June 1917, but because of the success of the SSZ type it was decided that these would become the standard SS variant, and the SSP programme was terminated.

Operators

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 SS-class airships on the Airship Heritage Trust website
 SSP-class airship specifications and logs on the Airship Heritage Trust website

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British patrol aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917