omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Castel C.25S. The Castel C.25S, sometimes known as the Aire, is a French  training glider with  side by side seating first flown during World War II. Post war, more than 100 were built for clubs, establishing national records. Several remained registered in 2010.

Design and development

Robert Castello began the design of the C.25S soon after the Franco-German Armistice of June 1940, at about the same time as the start of the Caudron C.800 design. Both aircraft were intended to increase the number of machines available for recreational gliding in the southern, unoccupied region of France. The first two prototypes of the C.25S both flew in 1942.

The C.25S is an all wood aircraft with a monocoque fuselage skinned with plywood and fabric covered, wooden framed wings. The cantilever, high mounted, constant dihedral wings have a constant chord inner section, occupying about 40% of the span, and outer, straight tapered panels with rounded wing tips and ailerons filling their trailing edges. Airbrakes are mounted at mid-chord on the inner-outer panel junction, opening above the wings.

The fuselage has parallel, flat sides and is polygonal in cross-section, tapering to the tail. The crew are seated beneath the leading edge of the wing in side-by-side seating equipped with dual control, enclosed by a canopy which is hinged at the leading edge of the wing.  The C.23S has a narrow fin with a shallow forward extension that mounts the tapered tailplane clear of the fuselage. Its rudder is horn balanced, has a curved trailing edge and extends down to the keel, requiring a cut-out between the separate elevators for its movement. The C.25S has a fixed monowheel undercarriage, assisted by a forward mounted main skid and small tailskid.

Operational history

100 C.25S were ordered by the French Air Ministry to assist the post-war revival of aviation in France.  These were built in Fouga's factory at Aire-sur-Adour between 1945 and 1948 and delivered to French gliding clubs.  Significantly more may have been built; some sources say that another 30 were built during the war but Bonneau states that only the two prototypes were then constructed.  Hardy asserts a total of 200. Despite the uncertainty, it seems there were fewer C.25Ss with French clubs than Caudron C.800s but that the two types together provided the backbone of the French glider basic training fleet until the arrival of the Wassmer WA 30 Bijave in the early 1960s, a period of fifteen years or more.

The C.25S proved to be a successful long distance flyer, setting several records in the early 1950s.

A pair of C.25S had a role in one of the most commercially successful French films, the 1966 comedy La Grande Vadrouille.

Five remained on the French civil aircraft register in 2010.

Specifications

References

1940s French sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Mogo Wheelchairs. Mogo Wheelchairs is an Australian manufacturer of sporting wheelchairs established by Michael Callahan who competed in wheelchair basketball for Australia at the 1984 Summer Paralympics and 1992 Summer Paralympics.

Origins
Callahan wasn't able to find suitable chairs for competitive wheelchair basketball, and started building his own in the early 1980s. In 2000 Callahan reported to Sydney Morning Herald that his company was building 600 to 700 chairs a year at around AUD 2,000 per chair, and almost all of Australia's wheelchair basketball team was using his chairs.

Mogo pioneered the inclusion of a fifth wheel that is now standard in wheelchair basketball.

Advocacy
Double amputee, Paralympian and public speaker Matt Glowacki is their advocate in the United States.

See also 
 Surgical Engineering

References

External links 
 
 Michael Callahan at the International Paralympic Committee
 Matthew Glowacki at the International Paralympic Committee

Wheelchair manufacturers
Sports equipment
Organisations based in Sydney
Xgraph. Xgraph is the name of at least two applications for 2-D interactive plotting, graphing and animation.

Hein's XGRAPH 

In 1984, Carl Hein of Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Labs developed XGRAPH. Hein's XGRAPH is available in binary format for various platforms.

Harrison's xgraph 

In 1989, David Harrison of the University of California, Berkeley, released xgraph for X11R3 of X Window. Various versions of Harrison's xgraph are available in source and binary format for various platforms. Harrison's xgraph is released under the BSD License.

References 

  VINT release of xgraph.

X Window programs
Falconar F12A Cruiser. The Falconar F12A Cruiser is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft, designed by Chris Falconar and originally produced as a kit by Falconar Avia. The aircraft is now supplied as plans for amateur construction by Manna Aviation.

Design and development
The F12A is a development of the Falconar F11 Sporty, which is, in turn, a variant of the Jodel D11. Falconar indicates that it incorporates a larger cockpit, simplified fittings, shoulder harnesses and aerodynamic improvements to improve stall characteristics over the Jodel design.

Hans Teijgeler of Jodel.com says that the F12A varies from the D11 by using a new wing design, with new simplified spar and rib design and the dihedral point moved inboard, allowing the outer portion to fold for ground transport or storage, but at the cost of added weight, plus the option of a third seat. Teijgeler describes the wing as "less efficient". Teijgeler also notes that the F12 uses much larger and heavier engines with higher fuel consumption. Teijgeler says of the Falconar F12, "the Falconar 'Jodel' should not be looked upon as a Jodel, but as a Falconar. This is [n]either good or bad. Just a fact to take into account"

The F12A features a cantilever low-wing, two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration, with an optional third seat, an enclosed cockpit that is  wide, fixed conventional landing gear, or optionally tricycle landing gear, and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and optionally can mount flaps. The aircraft's recommended engine power is  and engines that have been used include the  Lycoming O-320 and the  Lycoming O-360 four-stroke powerplants. Construction time from the supplied kit is 1200 hours.

Operational history
By November 2012, six examples were registered in its home country with Transport Canada, one in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and two with the CAA in the United Kingdom.

Specifications (F12A)

References

External links
Official website
Photo of a Falconar F12A Cruiser

Homebuilt aircraft
F12A Cruiser
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Reinhard Baumeister. Reinhard Baumeister (19 March 1833 in Hamburg – 11 February 1917 in Karlsruhe) was a German engineer and urban planner, the author of one of the earliest texts on urban planning Stadterweiterungen in technischer, baupolizeilicher und Wirtschaftlicher Beziehung  (Town extensions: their links with technical and economic concerns and with building regulations) published in 1876. It was used as a textbook at the first urban planning course in Germany, at the college of technology in Aachen in 1880. An early translation of one of his writings into English was The Cleaning and Sewerage of Cities published in New York in 1891.

Biography
Baumeister was a professor of civil engineering with experience in railway construction when he entered the field of planning by winning the 1872 competition for the urban extension of Mannheim.

References

External links

German urban planners
1833 births
1917 deaths
Falconar F9A. The Falconar F9A and F10A are a family of Canadian amateur-built aircraft, that were designed by Chris Falconar and produced by Falconar Avia. The F9A design was introduced in 1965 and both the F9A and F10A were supplied as kits or as plans for amateur construction by Falconar. The F9A and F10A are now available in the form of plans from Manna Aviation.

Design and development
The F9 is a variant of the Jodel D9. Falconar indicated that it incorporates a larger cockpit, simplified fittings, shoulder harnesses and aerodynamic improvements to improve stall characteristics.

Hans Teijgeler of Jodel.com says that the F9A varies from the D9 by using a new wing design, with new simplified spar and rib design and the dihedral point moved inboard, allowing the outer portion to fold for ground transport or storage, but at the cost of added weight. He describes the wing as "less efficient". Teijgeler says of the Falconar F9A, "the Falconar 'Jodel' should not be looked upon as a Jodel, but as a Falconar. This is [n]either good or bad. Just a fact to take into account"

The F9A features a cantilever low-wing, a single seat enclosed cockpit that is  wide, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The F9A and F10A are made from wood, with the flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of . Construction time from the supplied kit is estimated as 700 hours.

Operational history
By November 2012, one F9A had been registered with Transport Canada, one F10A in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and none with the CAA in the United Kingdom.

Variants
F9
 Volkswagen air-cooled engine 
F9A
Initial model with an empty weight of  and a gross weight of . The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and engines that have been used include the  Volkswagen air-cooled engine and Hirth two-stroke powerplants.
F10A
Strengthened model to allow the installation of larger engines, with an empty weight of  and a gross weight of . The aircraft's recommended engine power range is . The fuselage is lengthened  from the F9A and stressed to 9g.

Specifications (F9A)

References

External links
F9A Official website
F10A Official website

Homebuilt aircraft
F9A
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Civilian Aircraft Company. The Civilian Aircraft Company was a British aircraft manufacturer between 1928 and 1933.

History
The company was formed in 1928 at Burton-on-Trent by Harold Boultbee, a former Handley Page aircraft designer, who became the managing director and chief designer. The company established a factory on the southern perimeter of the Hull Municipal Airport, at Hedon.  The company only produced one aircraft type, the Civilian Coupé a two-seat light monoplane.  After producing six aircraft the company became bankrupt and the factory at Hedon closed in 1933.

Aircraft
1929 - Civilian Coupé

References

Notes

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1928
1928 establishments in England
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1933
1933 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1933
British companies established in 1928
Falconar SAL Mustang. The Falconar SAL Mustang, also called the 2/3 Mustang and the SAL P-51D Mustang is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft, originally produced by Falconar Avia and introduced in 1969. The aircraft is a  scale replica of the North American P-51 Mustang and is supplied as a kit or as plans for amateur construction.

Since the winding up of business by Falconar Avia in 2019, the plans are now sold by Manna Aviation.

Design and development
In 1963 Falconar partnered with designer Marcel Jurca to produce the Jurca Gnatsum. By 1967, Falconar recommended a large number of changes to the design, which resulted in Jurca leaving the project. The modified aircraft was developed as the SAL Mustang and first flown in 1971 after significant cost overruns. Falconar Aircraft Ltd was sold to George F. Chivers and other investors, and operated as Sturgeon Air Ltd (SAL) with Falconar as an employee until 1973.

The SAL Mustang features a cantilever low-wing, a single-seat, or optionally a two-seats-in-tandem, enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, retractable conventional landing gear, including a manually retractable tailwheel and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from wood covered with fibreglass cloth and doped aircraft fabric. Some parts, like the belly air scoop are made from fibreglass. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps that may be electrically or manually operated. The cockpit is  wide and the bubble canopy is jettisonable. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is . Engines that have been used include the  Lycoming IO-360 horizontally opposed engine, the  Ranger L-440 inverted inline, the  Avia M 337 inverted inline,  Continental O-470 horizontally opposed, the  Ford  V6 automotive conversion, as well as other automotive V-6 or V-8 powerplants. Construction time from the supplied kit is estimated as 2500 hours.

The paper plans supplied total an area of , weigh  and include a construction manual. An alternative set of plans allows constructing a tandem two-seat version. The plans are very detailed and complete and one builder rated them as "the best I have seen on any homebuilt airplane".

Operational history
The prototype was introduced at the 1971 EAA airshow painted in the same gold and red colors as the Canadian Golden Hawks airshow team.

In July 2012 the manufacturer indicated that 18 examples had been completed and flown in the 43 years that the plans and kits had been available.

Specifications (SAL Mustang)

References

External links
Official website
Photo of a Falconar SAL Mustang

Homebuilt aircraft
SAL Mustang
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1960s Canadian sport aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Falconar Minihawk. The Falconar Minihawk is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft, originally produced by Falconar Avia. The aircraft is supplied as a kit or plans for amateur construction.

Since the winding up of business by Falconar Avia in 2019, the plans are now sold by Manna Aviation.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a sliding canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear or, optionally, conventional landing gear, and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Minihawk is made from wood, with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The cockpit is  wide. The aircraft's recommended engine power range is  and standard engines used include the  Continental O-200 four-stroke powerplant. Construction time from the supplied kit is estimated as 1500 hours.

Operational history
Even though a prototype was constructed, by November 2012 no examples were registered in its home country with Transport Canada.

Specifications (Minihawk)

See also
Mini-Hawk Tiger-Hawk - American aircraft with a similar name

References

External links
Official website

Homebuilt aircraft
Minihawk
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Michael Christopher Wendl. Michael Christopher Wendl is a mathematician and biomedical engineer who has worked on DNA sequencing theory, covering and matching problems in probability, theoretical fluid mechanics, and co-wrote Phred. He was a scientist on the Human Genome Project and has done bioinformatics and biostatistics work in cancer. Wendl is of ethnic German heritage and is the son of the aerospace engineer Michael J. Wendl.

Research Work

Theoretical Fluid Mechanics

The problem of low Reynolds number flow in the gap between 2 infinite cylinders, so-called Couette flow, was solved in 1845 by Stokes. Wendl reported the generalization of this solution for finite-length cylinders, which can actually be built for experimental work, in 1999, as a series of modified Bessel functions  and . He also examined a variety of other low Reynolds number rotational devices and shear-driven devices, including a general form of the unsteady disk flow problem, for which the velocity profile is:

where , , , and  are physical parameters,  are eigen-values, and  are coordinates. This result united prior-published special cases for steady flow, infinite disks, etc.

Covering and Matching Problems in Probability

Wendl examined a number of matching and covering problems in combinatorial probability, especially as these problems apply to molecular biology. He determined the distribution of match counts of pairs of integer multisets in terms of Bell polynomials, a problem directly relevant to physical mapping of DNA. Prior to this, investigators had used a number of ad-hoc quantifiers, like the Sulston score, which idealized match trials as being independent. His result for the multiple-group birthday proposition solves various related "collision problems", e.g. some types of P2P searching. He has also examined a variety of 1-dimensional covering problems (see review by Cyril Domb), generalizing the basic configuration to forms relevant to molecular biology. His covering investigation of rare DNA variants with Richard K. Wilson played a role in designing the 1000 Genomes Project.

Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

Wendl co-wrote Phred, a widely used DNA trace analyzer that converted raw output stream of early DNA sequence machines to sequence strings. He has contributed extensively to biostatistical analysis of cancer studies and to the bioinformatics toolbase, collaborating frequently with Li Ding, Elaine Mardis, and Richard K. Wilson.

Personal life
Wendl's heritage is ethnic German, originating from the Banat region of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire and is a historian of Danube-Swabian folk music. He is the son of the aerospace engineer Michael J. Wendl. He is married to the former Pamela Bjerkness of Chicago

External links

Michael Wendl at Engineering Tree database

References 

American bioinformaticians
Human Genome Project scientists
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American mathematicians
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
2 GB limit. The 2 GB limit refers to a physical memory barrier for a process running on a 32-bit operating system, which can only use a maximum of 2 GB of memory. The problem mainly affects 32-bit versions of operating systems like Microsoft Windows and Linux, although some variants of the latter can overcome this barrier. It is also found in servers like FTP servers or embedded systems like Xbox. The use of Physical Address Extension (PAE) can overcome this barrier by extending the addresses used to represent mappings between virtual and physical memory.

The limit is created by the 32-bit integer limit (2,147,483,647), which is the largest possible integer that can be represented by 32 binary digits. In a computer with a 32-bit architecture, the memory address stored in one of the CPU registers will be limited to this number, thus the number of possible memory locations that can be addressed is limited to exactly 2 gibibytes, or roughly 2GB.

While Linux, FreeBSD, and most Unix-like operating systems support PAE so long as the hardware does, Windows needs this boot option enabled manually because many device drivers are incompatible with PAE. This is known as 4-gigabyte tuning (4GT), or the /3GB switch. Once enabled, executables can have the "large address aware" flag set to increase their memory limit to 3 GB. 32-bit processes on 64-bit Windows are also limited to 2 GB. However, they can use the "large address aware" flag as well, except that it doesn't require the /3GB switch and increases the limit to 4 GB.

See also
 640 KB barrier
 3 GB barrier

References

Computer memory
Alenia Aermacchi. Alenia Aermacchi was a company active in the aeronautics sector, with offices and plants in Venegono Superiore, Varese, Turin Airport in San Maurizio Canavese, Province of Turin and Pomigliano d'Arco, Province of Naples. From 1 January 2016, the activities of Alenia Aermacchi merged into Leonardo's Aircraft and Aerostructures Division.

History
Alenia Aermacchi was created on 1 January 2012 as the merger of Alenia Aeronautica and its subsidiaries (Alenia) Aermacchi and Alenia SIA. The former Alenia Aeronautica was created in 1990 by concentrating the Finmeccanica aerospace and defense industries Aeritalia and Selenia.

Products  
 Alenia C-27J Spartan
 Alenia Aermacchi M-345
 Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master
 Alenia Aeronautica Sky-X
 Alenia Aeronautica Sky-Y

Joint ventures
 ATR 42 with Airbus
 ATR 72 with Airbus
 F-35 Lightning II with Lockheed Martin Aeronautics  
 Eurofighter with Airbus Defence and Space and BAE Systems
 Panavia Tornado with EADS and BAE Systems
 Sukhoi Superjet 100 with Sukhoi
 Boeing 787

See also

 Selex ES
 Thales Alenia Space, ex-Alenia Spazio and ex-Alcatel Alenia Space

References

External links

 
Sito web Eurofighter
Sito web ATR
Sito web SuperJet International

 
Italian brands
Italian companies established in 2012
Leonardo S.p.A.
Companies based in Campania
Multinational aircraft manufacturers
ECLAIR. ECLAIR is a commercial static code analysis tool developed by BUGSENG, LLC for automatic analysis, verification, testing and transformation of C and C++ programs.

Capabilities 

ECLAIR is a complete re-engineering of a series of prototypes developed at the Applied Formal Methods Laboratory of the University of Parma.  It uses formal methods-based static code analysis techniques such as abstract interpretation and model checking combined with constraint satisfaction techniques to detect or prove the absence of certain run time errors in source code, and provides support for program analysis and verification, program test generation and program transformation.

Concerning program analysis and verification, ECLAIR can statically detect or proof the absence of run-time anomalies as well as automatically check for conformance with respect to several coding standards, such as MISRA C, MISRA C++, CERT C Secure Coding Standard, CERT C++ Secure Coding Standard, High-Integrity C++, NASA/JPL C, ESA/BSSC C/C++, JSF C++, EC--, Netrino Embedded C, The Power of Ten (C), Industrial Strength C++.

For program testing, ECLAIR can automatically synthesize sets of unit test inputs that reach a user-specified coverage criterion, warning the user when, due to infeasible conditions in the program, this coverage cannot be attained.

Regarding program transformation, ECLAIR can be used to perform complex program transformations: these are specified by syntactic and semantics-based criteria; the program regions in the source that match these criteria can be optionally replaced by a parametrized substitution.

See also 

 Abstract interpretation
 Model checking
 Static code analysis
 List of tools for static code analysis

References

External links 
 Official ECLAIR website

Static program analysis tools
Software testing tools