omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ashepoo Combahee Edisto Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Ashepoo Combahee Edisto Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve (often shortened to ACE Basin NERR) is a  reserve area located in the ACE Basin, one of the largest undeveloped estuaries on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is named for the Ashepoo, Combahee and Edisto Rivers, which flow past cypress swamps, historic plantation houses, old rice fields and tidal marshes to meet at South Carolina's biologically rich St. Helena Sound.

The ACE Basin NERR is intended to protect the natural environment, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area. The reserve also preserves the habitat of a number of endangered or threatened species, such as shortnose sturgeon, wood storks, loggerhead sea turtles and bald eagles.

Commercial fisherman harvest supplies of shrimp, crab, oyster, clam and finfish each year in the ACE Basin. Recreational fishermen ply the mudflats for spottail bass, flounder and shrimp, while paddlers visit the salt marsh creeks and the black waters of the rivers.

Research conducted at the ACE Basin NERR enhance the protection of these commercial and recreational uses by monitoring water quality, providing information on the number and types of plant and animal species, and evaluating the overall health of the ACE Basin ecosystem.

Through a number of educational programs, the reserve provides information to coastal decision makers, lawmakers, teachers, students and the general public. The reserve sponsors a summer lecture series, develops curriculum materials for teachers, offers a touch tank program for children and conducts educational cruises where students and teachers learn about estuaries and their values to marine, avian and human life.

References
 Ashepoo Combahee Edisto Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve
ACE Basin at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Protected areas of South Carolina
National Estuarine Research Reserves of the United States
Protected areas of Colleton County, South Carolina
Estuaries of South Carolina
Landforms of Colleton County, South Carolina
Waste by country. Waste, unwanted or unusable material, varies in type and quantity in different countries.

Developed nations
Developed countries produce more waste per capita because they have higher levels of consumption. There are higher proportions of plastics, metals, and paper in the municipal solid waste stream and there are higher labour costs. As countries continue developing, there is a reduction in biological solid waste and ash. Per capita waste generation in OECD countries has increased by 14% since 1990, and 35% since 1980. Waste generation generally grows at a rate slightly lower than GDP in these countries. Developed countries consume more than 60% of the world industrial raw materials and only comprise 22% of the world's population. As a nation, the USA generates more waste than any other nation in the world with  of municipal solid waste (MSW) per person per day, fifty five percent of which is contributed as residential garbage.

Developing nations
Developing nations produce lower levels of waste per capita with a higher proportion of organic material in the municipal solid waste stream. If measured by weight, organic (biodegradable) residue constitutes at least 50% of waste in developing countries. Labour costs are relatively low but waste management is generally a higher proportion of municipal expenditure. As urbanization continues, municipal solid waste grows faster than urban populations because of increasing consumption and shortening product life spans.

Transboundary issues with waste
Waste is shipped between countries for disposal and this can create problems in the target country.

Electronic waste is commonly shipped to developing countries for recycling, reuse or disposal. The Basel Convention is a Multilateral Environmental Agreement to prevent problematic waste disposal in countries that have weaker environmental protection laws. The Convention has not prevented the formation of e-waste villages.

Waste by country 

Waste in New Zealand
Waste in the United Kingdom
Waste in the United States
Waste management in India

See also

Litter
Fly-tipping
Environmental dumping
Marine pollution
Marine debris
Waste management

References

External links
Municipal waste generation by country
Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve consists of two unique components, one on Blackbird Creek () and the other on the St. Jones River (). Freshwater wetlands, ponds and forest lands dominate the Blackbird Creek component. The St. Jones component is dominated by salt marsh and open water habitats of the Delaware Bay.

The reserve monitors long-term changes in weather and aquatic conditions in the estuary. The reserve’s research and monitoring programs address key management issues, such as biodiversity and the impacts of land use on estuarine habitats, ecological impacts on horseshoe crab populations from migratory shorebirds, beach replenishment activities in relation to habitat preservation/ reclamation, and eutrophication and contaminants in the estuary.

St. Jones Center for Estuarine Studies
The St. Jones Center for Estuarine Studies offers a wide variety of educational programs about the reserve for the general public, school groups, private and nonprofit organizations, educators and coastal decision makers. Coastal decision-maker workshops have included such topics as land-use planning and smart growth, energy resource conservation and development for the next decade and acoustical bay bottom mapping. Visitor can explore hands-on interactive activities and exhibits including fish tanks, a recycling center, restoration demonstration areas as well as a variety of programs and volunteer opportunities for the community, teachers, students, and families. The Center also supports ongoing research and monitoring, field studies, citizen monitoring programs, and training opportunities for coastal decision makers.

References

External links
Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve at NOAA

Protected areas of Delaware
National Estuarine Research Reserves of the United States
Protected areas of New Castle County, Delaware
Nature centers in Delaware
Estuaries of Delaware
Landforms of New Castle County, Delaware
IUCN Category IV
David R. Smith (physicist). David R. Smith is an American  physicist and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University in North Carolina and visiting professor at Imperial College London. Smith's research focuses on electromagnetic metamaterials, or materials with a negative index of refraction.

Smith obtained his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 1988 and 1994. In 2000, as a postdoctoral fellow working in the laboratory of Professor Sheldon Schultz at UCSD, Smith and his colleagues discovered the first material that exhibited a negative index of refraction.

For his research in mematerials, Smith, along with four European researchers, was awarded the Descartes Prize in 2005, the European Union's top prize for collaborative research. He is known also as the first person to create a functioning cloak of invisibility that renders an object invisible in microwave wavelengths. Although the cloaking device had limited ability to conceal an object from light of a single microwave wavelength, the experiment was an initial demonstration of the potential of metamaterials, constructed composite materials with unusual optical properties, to behave in unique ways because of both their structural properties.

In 2009, Reuters news service listed Smith in the Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics, which considers potential candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics.

References

21st-century American physicists
Living people
University of California, San Diego alumni
Duke University faculty
Metamaterials scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American electrical engineers
Tugan Aircraft. Tugan Aircraft Ltd. was an Australian aircraft manufacturer of the 1930s. It was based at Mascot aerodrome, now Sydney Airport. It is best known for having manufactured the Gannet, the first Australian-designed aircraft to enter series production.

History 
The company was formed in 1933 by Leo Turl and Frank Gannon as Turl & Gannon. Both were former employees of The General Aircraft Company Genairco, which had gone out of business earlier that year after producing DH60X and 9 of their own locally designed Genairco Biplane; they started offering aircraft maintenance services in the former Genairco hangar and quickly acquired the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Charles Kingsford Smith as customers. In order to expand the business into aircraft manufacture, Tugan Aircraft Ltd. was registered as a public company on 5 December 1933 with backing from members of the Carpenter family (owners of W. R. Carpenter & Co. Airlines in Papua New Guinea, later known as Mandated Airlines). The first aircraft manufactured was actually a Genairco Biplane, this was built using the wreckage of the third Genairco to be produced and was substantially modified, featuring an enclosed cabin and a de Havilland Gipsy III engine.

Charles Kingsford Smith approached the company to develop an improved version of the Codock twin-engine aircraft that Lawrence Wackett had designed and built for him while working for the Cockatoo Island Docks & Engineering Company. Tugan Aircraft in turn approached Wackett, who at the time was working for New England Airways; on 14 March 1934 Wackett agreed to act as a consultant to Tugan to design the new type. The name Gannet was suggested for the new aircraft by Kingsford Smith as a contraction of the names Gannon and Wackett.

In order to expand the product line the company entered negotiations with Miles Aircraft Limited to allow licence-production of the Hawk, but agreement could not be reached and none were built. Tugan then proposed building a type broadly similar to the Percival Gull, to be called the Tugan Aircraft Hawk. Although an advanced stage of design was reached, no manufacturing took place.

The Prime Minister of Australia Joseph Lyons announced the formation of the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) on 19 June 1936, and that CAC would take over Tugan Aircraft. The takeover was effected on 7 November that year and CAC continued the business of aircraft manufacture in the old Genairco hangar until November 1937, when its new factory in Melbourne was ready.

Aircraft 
General Aircraft Company Genairco
one aircraft built using some parts from a crashed example; substantially modified compared to original design

C3 Hawk
Four-seat single-engine design; none built

LJW7 Gannet
six-passenger twin-engine airliner; eight built

References

Bibliography 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1933
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1936
1933 establishments in Australia
1936 disestablishments in Australia
Mootral. Mootral is a British-Swiss company that is developing a food supplement to reduce methane emissions from ruminant animals, chiefly cows and sheep, but also goats. Methane is a major target greenhouse gas and in the 4th protocol report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recommended to increase from a x23 to x72 multiplier because of the magnitude of its effect relative to carbon dioxide and short longevity in Earth's atmosphere.

Natural feed supplement 

The Mootral natural feed supplement is produced by Neem Biotech. The active ingredient is an organic organosulfur compound (normally found in garlic), Research at the University of Aberystwyth, Wales has demonstrated up to a 94% reduction in methane production. But that was in vitro test (rumen model)with high dosis. The same authors found only 15-25 % reduction in  vivo when they tested on sheep.

Emission trading
Companies using Mootral's feed supplement generate carbon credits that may be used to offset their emissions levels or sold to third parties. In December 2019, Verra announced that it had approved Mootral as the world's first methodology to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock.

Publicity
Mootral attracted much attention as runner-up in the FT Global Climate Challenge and Dutch Postcode Lottery.  

Mootral was a finalist in the Shell/BBC/Newsweek World Challenge 2009 as one of the 12 most promising solutions to climate change.

Mootral is privately funded by Chris Sacca and Tribe Capital.

References

Sources 
http://www.incropsproject.co.uk/documents/Events/Launch2009/David%20Wiliams%20Neem%20Biotech.pdf
2009 Finalist EMISSION CONTROL; UNITED KINGDOM
 Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 147, Issues 1-3, 14 November 2008, Pages 36-52 
 Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 145, Issues 1-4, 14 August 2008, Pages 351-363 
 J. Dairy Sci. 89:761-771, 2006

Climate change and agriculture
Emissions reduction
Methane
Arabe-class destroyer. The Arabe-class destroyers was a group of twelve destroyers built for the French Navy during the First World War. All the ships were built in Japan as an export version of the , and were named after ethnic groups within the French Empire at the time.

Design and description
The French Navy ordered the Arabe-class ships from Japan as it was in desperate need of additional destroyers and there was no capacity to build more in France, Great Britain or the United States. They had an overall length of , a length between perpendiculars of  a beam of , and a draft of . The ships displaced  at normal load. They were powered by three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four mixed-firing Kampon Yarrow-type boilers. The engines were designed to produce , which would propel the ships at . During their sea trials, the Arabe class reached . The ships carried  of coal and  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at . Their crew consisted of 5 officers and 104 crewmen.

The main armament of the Arabe-class ships was a single Type 41  gun, mounted before the bridge on the forecastle. Their secondary armament consisted of four Type 41  guns in single mounts; two of these were positioned abreast the middle funnel and the others were on the centerline further aft. One of these latter guns was on a high-angle mount and served as an anti-aircraft gun. The ships carried two above-water twin mounts for  torpedo tubes. In 1917–18, a rack for eight  depth charges was added.

Ships

  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1933.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1933.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1935.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1935.
  — launched 1917, struck 1936.
  — launched 1917, struck 1935.

Citations

References

External links

naval-history.net

Destroyer classes
 
 
Destroyers of Japan
France–Japan military relations
Ship classes of the French Navy
Enseigne Roux-class destroyer. The Enseigne Roux class was the thirteenth class of destroyers to be built for the French Navy during World War I. The first two units of this class, the Enseigne Roux and the Mécanicien Principal Lestin saw use during the war. However, the construction of the third ship of the class — Enseigne Gabolde — was suspended in 1914. It was then resumed in 1921, and completed in 1923 to a modified design.

Design and construction
The Ensigne Roux-class was an enlarged derivative of the previous , themselves an improved . Two ( and ) were ordered from Rochefort Dockyard to a standard design, while a third  was ordered from the Le Havre shipyard of Normand to a modified design, with different machinery.

Enseigne Roux and Mécanicien Principal Lestin were  long, with a beam of . They displaced . Four boilers fed two sets of direct-drive Parsons steam turbines rated at  which drove two propeller shafts, giving a design speed of . Enseigne Gabolde was longer, and was fitted with geared steam turbines instead of direct-drive units. These were rated at , with a design speed of .

The design armament was as for the previous two classes, i.e. two  Mle 1893 guns, four  Mle 1902 guns and two twin 450 mm torpedo tubes. During the First World War, a  anti-aircraft gun was added, with an anti-submarine armament of ten depth charges and a towed explosive sweep.

Enseigne Roux and Mécanicien Principal Lestin were laid down in late 1913, launched in 1915 and 
completed in 1916. Construction of Enseigne Gabolde was suspended due to the war, with her boilers used in other ships, with work not restarting until after the end of the war, and she was not completed until 1923.

Ships

Notes

Citations

References

 

 
 

Destroyer classes
Destroyers of the French Navy
 
 
Ship classes of the French Navy
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula C6Cl2(CN)2O2. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid.

Preparation
Synthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chloranil. J. Thiele and F. Günther first reported a 6-step preparation in 1906. The substance did not receive interest until its potential as a dehydrogenation agent was discovered. A single-step chlorination from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone was reported in 1965.

Reactions
The reagent removes pairs of H atoms from organic molecules.  The stoichiometry of its action is illustrated by the conversion of tetralin to naphthalene:
2 C6Cl2(CN)2O2 + C10H12 → 2 C6Cl2(CN)2(OH)2 + C10H8

The resulting hydroquinone is poorly soluble in typical reaction solvents (dioxane, benzene, alkanes), which facilitates workup.

Solutions of DDQ in benzene are red, due to the formation of a charge-transfer complex.

Dehydrogenation

Aromatization

Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling

Safety
DDQ reacts with water to release highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

References

External links
 "Like Neurons in the Brain": A Molecular Computer that Evolves

Nitriles
Chlorobenzene compounds
1,4-Benzoquinones
Oxidizing agents
Reagents for organic chemistry
Yibna Bridge. The Yibna Bridge (, ) or Nahr Rubin Bridge is a Mamluk arch bridge near Yibna, which crosses the Nahal Sorek (formerly known as Nahr Rubin, or Wadi al-Tahuna). It was previously used by Route 410 to Rehovot, and was known as the Jumping Bridge () due to a bump in the middle of the bridge which caused cars to jump if speeding. It is now a part of a recreation ground, next to a new bridge carrying the Route 410.

History

The bridge was one in a series of bridges built by Sultan Baybars in Egypt and Palestine. It was first studied in modern times by Clermont-Ganneau, who noted that an Arabic chronicle had referred to the construction by Baybars in 672 AH of two bridges build of a significant nature "in the neighbourhood of Ramleh". The chief purpose of these bridges was to ease communication for his armies between Egypt and northern Syria. The second of these two bridges is thought to be the Jisr Jindas.

According to Clermont-Ganneau, the  bridge was built in 671–672 AH (1273–1274). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land cites the completion date as 1273.

Max van Berchem, who examined it in the late 19th century, found that the bridge contained large amount of reused Crusader masonry, some of which carried mason's marks.

Description
The bridge is  long, and  wide. It comprises three arches, two central piers with triangular upstream-facing cutwaters and downstream-facing buttresses with sloping cills.

It is very similar in design to the more well-known Jisr Jindas, apart from the width of the piers. The bridge has a more than 2:1 arch-span to pier-width ratio versus approximately 1:1 at Jisr Jindas.

The bridge does not contain any decoration or inscriptions, similar to that found on Jisr Jindas. However, according to Andrew Petersen there is "a possible inscription or signature" on a stone at the south end.

See also
Barid, Muslim postal network renewed during Mamluk period (roads, bridges, khans)
Jisr al-Ghajar, stone bridge south of Ghajar
Daughters of Jacob Bridge (Jisr Banat Yaqub), Mamluk bridge on the upper Jordan River
Al-Sinnabra Crusader bridge, with nearby Jisr Umm el-Qanatir/Jisr Semakh and Jisr es-Sidd further downstream
Jisr el-Majami bridge over the Jordan, with Mamluk khan
Jisr Jindas bridge over the Ayalon near Lydda and Ramla
Isdud Bridge (Mamluk, 13th century) outside Ashdod/Isdud
Jisr ed-Damiye, bridges over the Jordan (Roman, Mamluk, modern)

References

Bibliography

 

  
 
Petersen, A. (2010): Bridges in Medieval Palestine, in U. Vermeulen & K. Dhulster (eds.), History of Egypt & Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid & Mamluk Eras V , V. Peeters, Leuven

External links
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13:  IAA, Wikimedia commons 

Bridges in Israel
Bridges completed in the 13th century
Mamluk architecture in Israel
Yavne
Miles M.76. In 1947 a British Gliding Association design competition, for a two-seat sailplane, was won by Hugh Kendall, Miles' assistant test pilot. It was a side-by-side two seater called the Kendall Crabpot I, with a 60 ft. span and an aspect ratio of 18. A version with a novel asbestos fibre-polymer wing and a wooden fuselage with a butterfly tail was proposed by Miles, but the wing failed under low loads. Elliotts of Newbury built a conventional wooden wing to use with Miles' fuselage. The resulting glider flew, but not well and development was abandoned with just one example built.

Development
The wooden Crabpot was not built as designed but developed in two forms, differing in their wing construction. The most radical version was that part constructed by Kendall's employer, Miles Aircraft. This, known as the Miles M.76, was undertaken for the British Gliding Association, with financial backing for the project from the Miles company, the Kemsley Flying Trust, and the Ministry of Supply. The design included an experimental wing from by the plastics division of F. G. Miles, Ltd., built from a phenolic/asbestos fibre material stabilized with a paper honeycomb, the manufacturing technique being based on the vacuum moulding process pioneered by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. The  span wing was to be made in two semi-span sections each consisting of one  moulding, considered to be the largest one-piece moulded phenolic/asbestos structures manufactured at that time. The new wing also had a different section from that of the Crabpot, a laminar flow 6- digit NACA airfoil rather than the original 5-digit one. However, the structure proved much weaker under test than intended and was abandoned.

The possible failure of this novel wing to be delivered in time had been anticipated by the building of a wooden wing to the same specification by Elliotts of Newbury, to be fitted to the Miles-built wooden fuselage, shorter than the Crabpot and with a butterfly tail. This glider was known as the Kendall K.1 or by the Elliotts' designation EoN Type 9 K.1 and first flew in March 1954. It was not a success, failing to obtain its certificate of airworthiness because of insoluble spinning characteristics.

Designer
Hugh McLennan Kendall flew with the Fleet Air Arm during the war, and was involved in air-racing prior to and after the war. He was the Chief Test Pilot for Handley Page (Reading), formerly Miles Aircraft Ltd., and as such flight tested many types. He flew the maiden flight of the Mamba powered H.P/Miles Marathon 2. As well as designing the Crabpot, Kendall was the designer and test pilot for the Somers-Kendall SK-1, Britain's first ever light jet. The maiden flight was made by Hugh Kendall on 8 October 1955. After he ended his test flying career, he joined Shell-Mex & BP as technical liaison with the aircraft industry and airlines. He died in 1999.

Specifications (Kendall K.1)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

NACA 663418 airfoil
NACA 642415 airfoil

1950s British sailplanes
M.76
EoN aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1954
V-tail aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Glider aircraft
Aircraft with fixed bicycle landing gear