omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GB-1. The GB-1, also known as the "Grapefruit bomb" and as XM-108, was a glide bomb produced by Aeronca Aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Intended to allow bombers to release bombs from outside the range of enemy defenses, over one thousand GB-1s were used in combat before the end of the war.

Design and development
The U.S. Army Air Corps – which would later become the U.S. Army Air Forces – initiated development of a glide bomb design in March 1941.  Intended to allow bombers to stand off outside the range of enemy flak while releasing their bombload, while also potentially allowing for more precise targeting due to the shallow glide path the bomb would follow, the design resulted in three prototypes; one developed by Aeronca designated GB-1; a design by Bellanca designated GB-2, and the Timm Aircraft-designed GB-3.

The GB-1 mated a  wing and twin-tail empennage of conventional small-aircraft design to a standard M34  bomb. A gyrostabilizer-based autopilot controlling azimuth was used, allowing the bomb to be set to a specific course following release at a specific altitude and target distance; gliding at a speed of , range from a release height of  was .

Operational history
Selected for production over the competing GB-2 and GB-3 due to its simpler control system and its proving more practical for bomber carriage, production of the GB-1 began in May 1943; arriving in the combat zone in September, operational use was delayed due to the limited bombload the glider imposed – a B-17 Flying Fortress bomber could carry only two GB-1s on a mission, one on a rack under each of the bomber's wings – and the accuracy of the GB-1 proving to be significantly worse than that of ordinary bombs. Despite this, by May 1944 the first releases of GB-1s were undertaken. On 28 May 1944, 42 of 113 glide bombs released hit Cologne, after being released 18 miles from the Eifeltor marshaling yard in the city at ; many failed to hold an electrical charge in their batteries, causing their autopilots to fail. German gunners mistook the bombs for aircraft they were shooting down, claiming over 90 kills. Due to the inaccuracy the bombs demonstrated, the Eighth Air Force did not use the glide bombs again; however other units would go on to use over a thousand GB-1s before the end of the war.

During the war, variants of the GB-1 using a contrast seeker for anti-shipping use (GB-5, GB-12), heat seeking (GB-6), semi-active radar homing (GB-7), radio command guidance (GB-8), television guidance (GB-10), a flare seeker (GB-13), and active radar homing (GB-14) were developed, however none progressed beyond the testing stage. A version for use in dispersing chemical agents, the GB-11, was also trialled but cancelled due to the end of the war; the GT-1 torpedo-delivering glider was also derived from the GB-1.

Production of the GB-1 was terminated in January 1945; following the end of the war, the bomb was taken out of service.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

World War II guided missiles of the United States
Guided bombs of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943
M. Swift and Sons Company. The M. Swift and Sons Company is a historic industrial complex at 10 and 60 Love Lane in Hartford, Connecticut.  Established around 1887, it was the home of one of the nation's most successful manufacturers of gold leaf by the process of goldbeating.  The complex, including both industrial and residential components, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

Description and history
The former M. Swift and Sons Company plant is located in Hartford's residential North End neighborhood, on a roughly triangular parcel bounded by Love Lane on the west, Garden Street on the east, and Westland Street to the south.  The largest structure is the main factory building, a two-story agglomeration of brick and stone structures that are the result of multiple building expansions by the Swift Company.  The property also includes two houses, built c. 1887 and 1914, that are historically associated with the factory's owners.

The company was founded in 1887, when Matthew Swift left Hartford's largest goldbeating company, the J.M. Ney Company, to begin his own business on this parcel, which he had purchased for his residence in 1871.  Originally working out of a small wood-frame building south of his house, Swift's company grew rapidly, with repeated expansions of infrastructure by the early 19th century.  In 1902, the Swift Company was the largest goldbeating company in the state.  In the first half of the 20th century it continued to grow, shipping gold leaf to international markets, and innovating in the processes of its manufacture.  The company's business eventually succumbed to changing tastes, and it was shuttered in 2005.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Commercial buildings completed in 1887
ABS-2A. ABS-2A is an all-electric propulsion commercial communications satellite which is owned and operated by ABS. Co-located with ABS-2 at the 75°E orbital position, the satellite provides coverage over markets in South East Asia, Africa, MENA and Russia. The satellite is equipped with 48 Ku-band transponder and is designed for DTH services, cellular backhaul, VSAT, maritime and mobility solutions.

Manufacture and specifications 
The satellite was designed and manufactured by Boeing, and is a Boeing 702SP model communication satellite. It was launched on board a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on 15 June 2016.  The satellite lifted off as part of a dual launch and was the second deployment at 11:05am EDT.  

The satellite is propelled solely by electrically powered spacecraft xenon propulsion, with the on-board thrusters used for both geostationary orbit insertion and station keeping.

The satellite utilizes five Ku-band beams and covers South East Asia, Africa, MENA and Russia.

Launch 
The launch occurred on 15 June 2016 at 11.05am EDT and the satellite was deployed in the planned supersynchronous transfer orbit at 11:40am EDT.

On-orbit operations 
The satellite became fully operational as a geosynchronous communications satellite on 21 January 2017 after orbit raising and in-orbit tests by Boeing and a handover from Boeing to ABS for on-orbit operations.

References 

SpaceX commercial payloads
Spacecraft launched in 2016
Sigma electron donor-acceptor. The sEDA parameter (sigma electron donor-acceptor) is a sigma-electron substituent effect scale, described also as inductive and electronegativity related effect. There is also a complementary scale - pEDA. The more positive is the value of sEDA the more sigma-electron donating is a substituent. The more negative sEDA, the more sigma-electron withdrawing is the substituent (see the table below).

The sEDA parameter for a given substituent is calculated by means of quantum chemistry methods. The model molecule is the monosubstituted benzene. First the geometry should be optimized at a suitable model of theory, then the natural population analysis within the framework of Natural Bond Orbital theory is performed. The molecule have to be oriented in such a way that the aromatic benzene ring lays in the xy plane and is perpendicular to the z-axis. Then, the 2s, 2px and 2py orbital occupations of ring carbon atoms are summed up to give the total sigma system occupation. From this value the sum of sigma-occupation for unsubstituted benzene is subtracted resulting in original sEDA parameter. For sigma-electron donating substituents like -Li, -BH2, -SiH3, the sEDA parameter is positive, and for sigma-electron withdrawing substituents like  -F, -OH, -NH2, -NO2, -COOH  the sEDA is negative.

The sEDA scale was invented by Wojciech P. Oziminski and Jan Cz. Dobrowolski and the details are available in the original paper.

The sEDA scale linearly correlates with experimental substituent constants like Taft-Topsom σR parameter.

For easy calculation of sEDA the free of charge for academic purposes written in Tcl program with graphical user interface AromaTcl is available.

Sums of sigma-electron occupations and sEDA parameter for substituents of various character are gathered in the following table:

References

Organic chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Chemical bond properties
Static synchronous series compensator. A static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is a type of flexible AC transmission system which consists of a solid-state voltage source inverter coupled with a transformer that is connected in series with a transmission line. This device can inject an almost sinusoidal voltage in series with the line. This injected voltage could be considered as an inductive or capacitive reactance, which is connected in series with the transmission line. This feature can provide controllable voltage compensation. In addition, SSSC is able to reverse the power flow by injecting a sufficiently large series reactive compensating voltage.

The SSSC consists of a voltage source converter (VSC) connected in series with the transmission line through a transformer. The VSC, a power electronic device, converts direct current (DC) power into alternating current (AC) power, enabling the injection of the desired voltage. By controlling the magnitude and phase angle of this injected voltage, the SSSC can effectively modify the line's impedance.   
One of the primary functions of the SSSC is to improve power flow control. By adjusting the line impedance, the SSSC can regulate the amount of power flowing through a specific transmission line. This is particularly useful for balancing power flows between different regions of a power system or for optimizing the utilization of existing transmission infrastructure.   

Furthermore, the SSSC can enhance the stability of the power system by damping power oscillations. Power oscillations can occur due to disturbances such as sudden load changes or faults. The SSSC can quickly respond to these disturbances by injecting appropriate voltages, thereby stabilizing the system and preventing cascading failures.   

In addition to power flow control and stability enhancement, the SSSC can also be used to improve voltage profile and mitigate voltage fluctuations. By injecting reactive power, the SSSC can regulate the voltage levels at various points in the power system, ensuring that they remain within acceptable limits. This is particularly important for maintaining the quality of power supply to consumers.

See also
 Active power filter
 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a similar shunt-connected device
 Unified power flow controller, a combination of SSSC and STATCOM
 Dynamic voltage restoration

References

Electric power transmission
Power engineering
Power electronics
Valentina (software). Valentina is an open source pattern drafting software tool, designed to be the foundation of a new stack of open source tools to remake the garment industry. The program was named after mother of the founder Roman Telezhinsky, a cutter by profession, who gave him the idea for the project. The main idea of the software package for creating clothing patterns is in combining new technologies with old methods of designing of patterns. The main feature is the work with parametric patterns.

The project was started in 2013 by Roman Telezhinsky (Ukraine) and Susan Spencer (USA). The introduction of parametric design to software for end-users greatly simplified making adjustments, as well as refitting an existing design to a completely different person. The support for over 50 pattern-making systems made the project somewhat popular with designers of contemporary clothes as well as the historical recreation community, since a significant part of the supported systems cover Victorian tailoring, as well as garment cutting from even earlier centuries.

Small-scale production and custom production of clothing 
According to the authors, the production of small-scale and custom-made garments is essential for a long-term sustainable future, maintaining small and medium-sized textile manufacturers (weaving and spinning), enabling independent and small designers and entrepreneurs to expand production so that they can live decently, rebuilding local clothing areas and the reduction or elimination of slave labor.

Division of the original project 
It was in the second half of 2017 when the project was divided into two separated projects. The results of such development (new forks) are named Valentina and Seamly2D. They come from previously discovered differences concerning the development, the role of users, the amount of contribution to the project from community members and communication between the founders of the software.

References

Free and open-source software
Free software programmed in C++
Software that uses Qt
Software using the GNU General Public License
Cross-platform free software
Free software for Linux
Free software for Windows
Free software for macOS
J. Steven Gardner. J. Steve Gardner  is a coal industry consultant and a former nominee for Administrator Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)

Career in coal industry

Gardener started in coal as a project engineer with Bethlehem Coal. In 1979 he was employed by Big K Operating Company (division of U.S. Coal Company division of  National Coal currently inactive). He moved to Kenwill Inc. in Maryville, TN.

Engineering Consulting Services, Inc., (now ECSI, LLC)
ECSI is an engineering services firm in Lexington, Kentucky.

In 2010, the Department of the Interior complained about the quality of reports delivered by ECSI to the agency. In January 2011. a leaked version of an ECSI report suggested that 7,000 jobs would be lost as a result of the Stream Protection Rule. In 2011, the government discontinued using ECSI. Later, ECSI and the Stream Protection Rule were topics of argument in the Congress. Gardner stands by his assessment that regulation has been a "war on coal".

Office of Surface Mining
On October 26, 2017, Gardner was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the next Administrator of the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE).  His nomination was referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 30. His nomination was returned to the President on January 3, 2018 according to Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The White House renominated him on January 8, 2018 but then withdrew his nomination on September 12, 2018 after it failed to receive a hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

Early life and education
Gardner was born in Green County, Kentucky. At Kentucky University, he earned a B.S in agricultural engineering in 1975 and an M.S. in mining engineering in 1991.

References

Living people
University of Kentucky alumni
American businesspeople in the coal industry
United States Department of the Interior officials
First Trump administration personnel
Year of birth missing (living people)
Underwood Computing Machine Company Factory. The Underwood Computing Machine Company Factory is a historic industrial complex at 56 Arbor Street in the Parkville neighborhood of Hartford, Connecticut.  Developed beginning in 1917 by the Underwood Typewriter Company, it was used by that company and its successors for manufacturing, research, and development until 1969.  It presently houses the artistic collaborative Real Art Ways and other organizations.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Description and history
The former Underwood Computing Machine Company plant is located southwest of downtown Hartford in the Parkville neighborhood, on  bounded by Arbor Street, Orange Street, and the CTfastrak busway.  The main building is a four-story brick structure,  in length, with projecting stair towers at the north end, and at the corner of Arbor and Orange.  The towers have brownstone corner quoining, and windows set in recessed panels.  The main walls consists mainly of rows of windows set in segmented-arch openings separated by brick piers.  The principal building entrances are recessed in the bases of the towers, one of which has Art Deco stylistic elements.

The Underwood Computing Machine Company was founded in New York City in 1909 by John T. Underwood, then president of the Underwood Typewriter Company.  The company manufactured calculators and accounting and billing machines for commercial use.  Its early production facilities were located in Hartford's Chamber of Commerce building on Hawthorne Street.  In 1916 that building was acquired by another tenant, and the Underwood Computing Machine Company sought new quarters.  This facility was built beginning in 1917 to serve its needs, under a lease agreement that ended with the company buying it in 1927.  The company itself was acquired by Elliot-Fisher in 1928, which moved production to a larger facility on Capitol Avenue.  This plant was converted into a training, research and development facility in 1936.  The company was purchased by Olivetti in 1959, and this facility was closed by Olivetti in 1969.  It has since been rehabilitated and repurposed, housing the Real Art Ways collaborative among other organizations.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Industrial buildings completed in 1917
Buildings and structures in Hartford, Connecticut
College of Air Traffic Control. The College of Air Traffic Control or CATC is the main British non-military training establishment for air traffic control (ATC). It also trains people from other countries.

History
The NATS College of Air Traffic Control was originally in Dorset, started by the Ministry of Aviation as the School of Air Traffic Control in 1949. The college was created by the National Air Traffic Control Service, which was a partly-military organisation. The college in the early 1970s was run by the Air Traffic Control Service.

The new college in Hampshire opened on Monday 26 September 2011.

Training
Once selected for the course, trainee air traffic controllers in the 1990s would take a 72-week-long course, followed by a year of on-site experience.

The training course is two months, from whence the path of training is either an Area Controller (nine months more training) or an Approach Controller (five months more training). There are 120 trainees per year.

Since September 2015, all Norwegian air traffic controllers (for Avinor) train at the college.

Structure
It is situated in the main NATS building, north of junction 9 of the M27. It has six simulator rooms and a 3D aerodrome simulator.

See also
 Central Air Traffic Control School RAF, Shropshire (RAF)
 Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne, comparable organisation in France

References

External lists
 NATS

1949 establishments in the United Kingdom
Air traffic control in the United Kingdom
Air traffic controller schools
Aviation schools in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Hampshire
Education in Dorset
Education in Hampshire
Educational institutions established in 1949
Borough of Fareham
Government buildings completed in 2011
XY problem. The XY problem is a communication problem encountered in help desk, technical support, software engineering, or customer service situations where the question is about an end user's attempted solution (X) rather than the root problem itself (Y or Why?).

The XY problem obscures the real issues and may even introduce secondary problems that lead to miscommunication, resource mismanagement, and sub-par solutions. The solution for the support personnel is to ask probing questions as to why the information is needed in order to identify the root problem Y and redirect the end user away from an unproductive path of inquiry.

Terminology 

The term XY problem was implicitly coined by Eric S. Raymond in How To Ask Questions The Smart Way when he wrote "How can I use X to do Y?" in the "Questions Not To Ask" section:
Q: How can I use X to do Y?
A: If what you want is to do Y, you should ask that question without pre-supposing the use of a method that may not be appropriate. Questions of this form often indicate a person who is not merely ignorant about X, but confused about what problem Y they are solving and too fixated on the details of their particular situation.

Examples 
Often, end users end up in XY problems when posing a question that does not directly address the desired outcome that originally motivated the question. Examples from software engineering include:
 Asking about how to grab the last three characters in a filename (X) instead of how to get the file extension (Y), which may not consist of three characters
 Asking about how to change Nmap output (X) rather than how to prevent untrusted remote machines from detecting the operating system (Y)
 Asking about how to get a string between two delimiters (X) rather than how to parse JSON (Y)
 Asking how to construct a regular expression to extract values from XML (X) instead of how to parse XML (Y).

See also
 Attribute substitution
 Einstellung effect
 Garbage in, garbage out
 Type III error
 Law of the instrument

References

Help desk
Customer service
Problem solving
IIMT University. IIMT University is a private university situated in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Schools/ Colleges

 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IIMT University
 School of Life Science and Technology (Biotechnology, Microbiology, CBZ) IIMT University
 School of Journalism & Mass Communication, IIMT University
 School of Hotel Management, Catering & Tourism, IIMT University
 School of Engineering & Technology, IIMT University
 School of Computer Science & Applications, IIMT University
 School of Commerce & Management, IIMT University
 School of Basic Sciences and Technology, IIMT University
 School Of Arts and Humanities, IIMT University
 School Of Agriculture Science, IIMT University
 IIMT College of Medical Sciences
 IIMT College & Hospital of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences
 IIMT Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital
 College of Law, IIMT University
 College of Education, IIMT University

References

External links
Official Website 

Universities and colleges in Meerut
Private universities in Uttar Pradesh
Universities and colleges established in 2016
2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
BL 13.5-inch Mk VI naval gun. The BL 13.5-inch Mk VI gun was a British heavy naval gun, originally ordered by the Ottoman Navy to equip its  dreadnoughts around 1911. The one ship completed was seized by the British Government when World War I began in August 1914 and became . Only 10 guns were built, to a design similar to that of their 45-calibre BL 13.5-inch Mk V naval gun. The smaller chamber in the Mk VI gun meant that less propellant could be used which reduced muzzle velocity by  and range by . Designed by Vickers, they manufactured the guns of X and Y turrets, while Elswick Ordnance Company manufactured the guns of A, B, and Q turrets.

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

 340mm/45 Modèle 1912 gun French equivalent

References

Bibliography

Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. 
Johnson and Buxton (2013). The Battleship Builders. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.

External links
13.5-inch Mk VI on Navweaps

Naval guns of the United Kingdom
World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
Vickers naval guns
340 mm artillery