omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Industrial separation processes. Industrial separation processes are technical procedures which are used in industry to separate a product from impurities or other products. The original mixture may either be a natural resource (like ore, oil or sugar cane) or the product of a chemical reaction (like a drug or an organic solvent).

Significance 
Separation processes are of great economic importance as they are accounting for 40 – 90% of capital and operating costs in industry. The separation processes of mixtures are including besides others washing, extraction, pressing, drying, clarification, evaporation, crystallization and filtration. Often several separation processes are performed successively. Separation operations are having several different functions:
 Purification of raw materials and products and recovery of by-products
 Recycling of solvents and unconverted reactants
 Removal of contaminants from effluents

Classification 
A heterogeneous mixture (e. g. liquid and solid) can be separated by mechanical separation processes like filtration or centrifugation. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by molecular separation processes; these are either equilibrium-based or rate-controlled. Equilibrium-based processes are operating by the formation of two immiscible phases with different compositions at equilibrium, an example is distillation (in distillation the vapor has another composition than the liquid). Rate-controlled processes are based on different transport rates of compounds through a medium, examples are adsorption, ion exchange or crystallization.

Separation of a mixture into two phases can be done by an energy separating agent, a mass separating agent, a barrier or external fields. Energy-separating agents are used for creating a second phase (immiscible of different composition than the first phase), they are the most common techniques used in industry. For example, leads the addition of heat (the separating agent) to a liquid (first phase) to the formation of vapor (second phase). Mass-separating agents are other chemicals. They selectively dissolve or absorb one of the products; they are either a liquid (for sorption, extractive distillation or extraction) or a solid (for adsorption or ion exchange). The use of a barrier which restricts the movement of one compound but not of the other one (semipermeable membranes) is less common; external fields are used just in special applications.

References
Pottier P.40. The French tailless Pottier P.40 was the first aircraft designed by Jean Pottier. It flew in 1975.

Design

The Pottier P.40 was the first of Jean Pottier's many designs, begun around 1967, though not the first to fly as the P.70 flew in  August 1974. Construction of the P.40 by Bela Nogrady was started in 1968 but the first flight was not made until 1975.

The P.40 is a tailless aircraft with a swept, cantilever, low wing. In plan, the wing has a rectangular centre section and straight tapered outer panels with elevons. There are wing tip fins and outward opening rudders which extend a little below the wing.

The short fuselage is flat sided, mostly occupied by a long canopy over the single seat cockpit.  The engine, a  Volkswagen 1.2 litre air-cooled flat-four, is in the rear in pusher configuration.  The P.40 has a low, fixed, faired bicycle undercarriage.

Operational history

The first P.40 made only one short flight and was then destroyed. The history of the one surviving example, OO-68, on display in the Belgian Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels is obscure. The two machines differed a little, with varying engine cooling and exhaust arrangements, and OO-68 has a three, rather than two, blade propeller.

Specifications

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Tailless aircraft
1970s French sport aircraft
P.040
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Patrick Rundhaug. Patrick Rundhaug (born 1965) is a chemist and inventor known for creating the primary method for treating and destroying polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).

Biography
Rundhaug's areas of research interest have been electrochemical dehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons such as PCBs, water desalination, blood chemistry, water and wastewater treatment, hazardous waste treatment, aerogel uses, and corrosion / anti-corrosion control techniques for which he obtained several U.S. patents.  Some of which he legally defended for patent infringement.

He invented and patented the primary method for treating and destroying PCBs currently used worldwide. This was also the focus of his Ph.D. studies at the University of Arizona in the late 1990s and 2000. He also invented and patented InstaRust the solution used to put an instant rust finish on any metal surface. He developed a copper paint that was 50% copper by weight that can be given an instant patina and is used worldwide on signs, roofs, ornamental iron, doors, rain gutters, garage doors and other trim and fencing.

References

1965 births
21st-century American chemists
Living people
University of Arizona alumni
Cook Islands Shipping Co Ltd v Colson Builders Ltd. Cook Islands Shipping Co Ltd v Colson Builders Ltd [1975] 1 NZLR 422 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding performance of an existing contractual duty to a promisor in economic duress. This case reinforces the English case of Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317; 170 ER 1168

Background
In 1971, Colson Builders were building a new hangar for Air New Zealand in Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. For the build, they needed 1,800 tons of building materials to be shipped from Portland Oregon, consisting mainly of cement and steel.

CIS quoted $4,463 for the shipping of the 158 tons of the steel required for the project, which CIS had quoted by using a "deadweight" basis. However, the steel for the project was prefabricated sections, which were far more bulky than plain flat steel, and so more onerous to the shipper, and so informed Colson that they would need to pay $13,265.39 for the freight.

Held
The court held that the increased price was economic duress, and so not legally enforceable.

References

Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases
New Zealand contract case law
1975 in New Zealand law
1975 in case law
Arthur Corbett (public servant). Arthur Brownlow Corbett  (18 February 187720 March 1970) was a senior Australian public servant. He was Director-General of the Department of Civil Aviation from April 1939 until February 1944.

Life and career
Corbett was born to parents Susan Ellen (née Kerr) and George Frederick Corbett on 18 February 1877 at New Shoreham, Sussex, England. He and his family migrated to Queensland, Australia in 1890.

As an electrical and mechanical engineer, Corbett held several roles in the Postmaster-General's Department, including to reorganise the Brisbane mail services in 1924, and as superintendent of mails in Sydney in 1927.

On 3 April 1939, Corbett began his term as Director-General of the Department of Civil Aviation, moving to Melbourne to take up the role but planning to return to Queensland on his retirement.

In February 1944, a new Director-General was appointed for the Department of Civil Aviation, with Corbett continuing as Acting Director-General until August 1944.

Corbett died on 20 March 1970 at Kangaroo Point in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery.

Awards
In January 1938, Corbett was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his service as Deputy Director in the Queensland branch of the Postmaster-General's Department.

References

1877 births
1970 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
20th-century Australian public servants
The Technician (novel). The Technician is a 2011 science fiction novel by Neal Asher. The story is set on the world of Masada approximately 20 years after the events of The Line of Polity. The title refers to an unusual albino hooder that creates sculptures from the bones of other creatures. The book provides further background on a number of characters that recur in Asher's novels including the hooders and gabbleducks, the black AI Penny Royal, the war drone Amistad and the apparently extinct Atheter race. It is eventually revealed that the gabbleducks are the remains of the Atheter after they reduced themselves to the intelligence of animals to avoid the dangers of Jain technology and the eponymous Technician is an ancient war machine of stupendous power.

References

2011 British novels
2011 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Pan Books books
Türksat 6A. Türksat 6A is Turkey's first fully domestically produced communications satellite, successfully launched on July 8, 2024.

History 
According to an agreement signed on 15 December 2014, the satellite will be developed and manufactured indigenously by specialists under the leadership of TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute (TÜBİTAK Uzay) in cooperation with Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), ASELSAN and CTech Bilişim Teknolojileri A.Ş. TAI will be in charge of design and production of the satellite structure and the subsystems such as spacecraft thermal control, chemical propulsion, harness and mechanical ground equipment needed to support the mission. TAI and TÜBİTAK Uzay will cooperate for the development of the software for satellite on-board data handling as well as for satellite command and control. They will perform the assembly, integration and test activities together at the TAI's Satellite Assembly Integration and Test Facility () (UMET) in Akıncı, Ankara. Türksat 6A will also have X-band satellite communication capability for use by the Turkish Armed Forces.

The satellite  was launched on a SpaceX  Falcon 9 launch vehicle. It is positioned in  geosynchronous orbit positioned at 42° East with an expected on-orbit life time of at least 15 years. It consist of 16 Ku-band transponders, additionally 4 in reserve as well as two active and one in reserve X-band transponders. The Ku-band transponders will have a bandwidth of 7.3-18.1 GHz for uplink and 11.7-12.75 GHz downlink bandwidth. Each of the Ku-band transponders will have a minimum power of 140 watts and the X-band transponders a minimum power of 150 watts each.

While the X-band transponders will cover the territory of Turkey only, the Ku-band transponders of Türksat 6A will have three coverage zones:
 Turkey
 "West Zone" covering the British Isles in the west, Scandinavian countries in the north, North Africa in the south, Caspian Sea in the east, 
 "East Zone" covering Anatolia in the west, Russian Federation in the north, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the south, China national boundary in the east.

The project is estimated to have cost around US$250 million and involved more than 100 ASELSAN personnel, utilizing over 80 space electronic units.

References 

Communications satellites of Turkey
Military satellites
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
2024 in spaceflight
2024 in Turkey
Proposed satellites
Institut de Recherche en Communications et Cybernétique de Nantes. The Institut de Recherche en Communications et Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN, English : Research Institute in Communications and Cybernetic of Nantes) is a scientific institution linked to the CNRS in France. Its purpose is to innovate in different fields such as robotics, automatic control, cognition, production theory and image processing. The IRCCyN is a dedicated center for the université de Nantes, the école des Mines de Nantes and the école centrale de Nantes where it is located.

The IRCCyN was founded in 1958 by Professor Romane Mezencev and joined the CNRS in 1968. Michel Malabre is the director of the institute since 2008.

The activity and results of the IRCCyN is evaluated every 5 years by the "High Council of Evaluation of Research and Higher Education" and the National Committee of Scientific Research.

References

External links
 

French National Centre for Scientific Research
Research institutes established in 1958
Research institutes in France
1958 establishments in France
French UMR
HQ-19. The HQ-19 (, NATO reporting name: CH-AB-2) is an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) and anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) system developed by the People's Republic of China. It's a variant of the HQ-9 long-range surface-to-air missile system. The HQ-19 system is designed to counter medium-range ballistic missiles. It targets ballistic missiles in their midcourse and terminal phases, comparable to the US THAAD. The missile may have "begun preliminary operations" by 2018.

Development and design
The HQ-19 was developed under the 863 Program, initiated in the late 1990s. The missile was successfully tested in 1999, with multiple reports confirming its capability to hit targets at an altitude of  and speed of . Several more tests were conducted in the 2010s, with the Chinese Ministry of National Defense certificated the missile capabilities in 2021. The missile entered limited operation in 2018, and was publicly revealed in Zhuhai Airshow in 2024.

The HQ-19 is designed to intercept ballistic missiles, counter hypersonic glide vehicle, and engage satellites, largely comparable to the THAAD and SM-3 missile systems. The missile is guided by the Type 610A radar with  of detection range, and the missile itself is capable of intercepting targets at  away. The missile uses radar and infrared guidance, with the infrared window mounted on the sides to reduce atmospheric interferences. The missile is powered by a two-stage, dual-pulsed solid rocket engine, allowing the missile to achieve a specific impulse of 260 seconds. The missile is constructed with carbon fiber, providing a rigid frame to withstand 60G in maneuvers. The intercept method is direct impact via the exo-atmospheric kinetic vehicle.

See also
 HQ-9
 HQ-22
 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
 MIM-104 Patriot
 SM-3
 S-300 (missile)
 S-500 (missile)

References

Missile defense
Surface-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Weapons of the People's Republic of China
Naval surface-to-air missiles
Anti-ballistic missiles of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Christos Spirtzis. Christos Spirtzis (; born 1969 in Athens) is a Greek engineer and centre-left independent politician. From 2015 to 2019, he served as the Minister of Infrastructure and Transport in the government of Alexis Tsipras.

Biography

Early life and education
Born 1969 in Athens and raised in the nearby Ampelokipoi, Spirtzis studied Electrical engineering at the Democritus University of Thrace.

Professional career
In 1999 he was appointed a member of the Economic and Social Committee of Greece, a post he would hold until 2008. One year later, in 2000, Spirtzis was elected to the executive committee of the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE). In 2007, he became vice president responsible for energy, development, employment, insurance, licensing, publications, ethics in representation, and the databank. In September 2010, he was promoted to the post of the president of the chamber. Presiding over the Democratic Coalition of Technicians (), he was re-elected as president of TEE in 2013. He also chairs the Hellenic National Committee at the World Energy Council.

Political career
Spirtzis, who has been described as a "child" of social-democratic PASOK, however wasn't hesitant to clash with his party, especially in strongly opposing the Memorandum. After the January 2015 legislative election, Spirtzis was appointed Alternate Minister of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks by the Syriza-led government of Alexis Tsipras. He was sworn in on 28 January 2015, one day later than most ministers, as the Council of State had to approve the merging of ministries first. Announcing that the government would stop the privatization of fourteen regional airports, he said: "The central position of the government is to stop the privatizations of infrastructure which serve and can help the development of the country." In an article published by Politico, Spirtzis was mentioned as one of the two former ministers suspected by EPPO prosecutors for breach of duty in connection with the Tempi train crash in Feb 28 2023 where 57 people were killed.

References

External links
  

1969 births
Engineers from Athens
Living people
Democritus University of Thrace alumni
Greek electrical engineers
Syriza politicians
Government ministers of Greece
Greek MPs 2015–2019
Politicians from Athens
Greek MPs 2019–2023
High-performance instrumented airborne platform for environmental research. The high-performance instrumented airborne platform for environmental research (HIAPER) is a modified Gulfstream V aircraft operated by the Earth Observing Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. The aircraft was purchased brand-new from Gulfstream Aerospace in 2002 and then modified by Lockheed Martin in Greenville, South Carolina over a period of two years, for a total cost of $80 million.

The aircraft includes a wing mounted cloud radar which allows researchers a high resolution view into snow producing storms. The aircraft is designed and instrumented to observe and measure clouds from the stratosphere.

The HIAPER cloud radar (HCR) is an airborne, polarimetric, millimeter-wavelength radar capable of cloud remote sensing. Whole air samplers also collect air samples for later analysis on the ground.

Data collected by the 2013 HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaign is publicly available.

References

External links
 
 Current location of the HAIPR and other NCAR research aircraft
 HIPPO Data Archive

Gulfstream aircraft
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
2000s United States aircraft
YJ-6. The YJ-6 () is a series of Chinese subsonic air-launched anti-ship missile. It is manufactured by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Third Academy. The export version is called C-601 and the NATO reporting name is CH-AS-1 Kraken.

Development
YJ-6 is China's first air-launched anti-ship missile in large-scale service. It was developed from the land-based HY-2 missile with a more compact airframe for aircraft carriage and a newer active-radar seeker. The missile used liquid fuel and a large warhead inherited from HY-2. It entered service in 1986.

YJ-63, also known as KD-63 or K/AKD-63, was an air-to-surface missile developed based on the YJ-6. YJ-63 (KD-63) is an air-launched cruise missile with an electro-optical (EO) seeker, allowing man-in-the-loop terminal steering via a data link.

Variants

YJ-6
Base variant
YJ-61
Improved variant, range extended to 200 km.
YJ-63 (KD-63)
Air-launched LACM sharing visual characteristics of the HY-2, HY-4, and YJ-6. 200 km range.
C-601
Export variant of YJ-6
C-611
Export variant of YJ-61
C-603
Export variant of YJ-63

References

Anti-ship cruise missiles of the People's Republic of China
Guided missiles of the People's Republic of China
Map (parallel pattern). Map is an idiom in parallel computing where a simple operation is applied to all elements of a sequence, potentially in parallel. It is used to solve embarrassingly parallel problems: those problems that can be decomposed into independent subtasks, requiring no communication/synchronization between the subtasks except a join or barrier at the end.

When applying the map pattern, one formulates an elemental function that captures the operation to be performed on a data item that represents a part of the problem, then applies this elemental function in one or more threads of execution, hyperthreads, SIMD lanes or on multiple computers.

Some parallel programming systems, such as OpenMP and Cilk, have language support for the map pattern in the form of a parallel for loop; languages such as OpenCL and CUDA support elemental functions (as "kernels") at the language level. The map pattern is typically combined with other parallel design patterns. For example, map combined with category reduction gives the MapReduce pattern.

See also
 Map (higher-order function)
 Functional programming
 Algorithmic skeleton

References

Parallel computing
Software design patterns
Fairbanks Exploration Company Machine Shop. The Fairbanks Exploration Company Machine Shop is a historic machine shop in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.  Located behind the Fairbanks Exploration Company (F.E. Company) administration building at 612 Illinois Street, it is a large single-story steel-frame structure, built in 1927 to serve the company's nearby gold mining operations.  Its easternmost section is  high, while that on the west is  high, in order to accommodate belt-driven equipment and cranes.  A tall double door at the center of the east facade is the main entrance.  The front of the building housed large belt-driven lathes, while the center had a welding shop, drill presses, and a tool room.  A blacksmithy in the back had a sand floor.  The building was used by the F.E. Company between 1927 and 1964.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska

References

1927 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Buildings and structures in Fairbanks, Alaska
Gold mining in Alaska
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Alaska
List of AMD K5 processors. The AMD K5 microprocessor is a Pentium-class 32-bit CPU manufactured by American company Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and targeted at the consumer market. It was the first x86 processor designed by AMD from the ground up, and not licensed or reverse-engineered as previous generations of x86 processors produced by AMD.

Desktop CPU

K5 (model 0, 500 & 350 nm)
Source:
 CPU-ID: 5-0-0, 5-0-1: Part numbers which contain "SSA/5" are 500 and part numbers which contain "K5-PR" are 501
 Transistors: 4.3 million
 Die size: 251 mm2(SSA/5), 161 mm2(K5-PR)
 Manufacturing Processes: 500 nm (SSA/5), 350 nm (K5-PR)

K5 (model 1, 350 nm)
 CPU-ID: 5-1-1
 Transistors: 4.3 million
 Die size: 181 mm2
 This is the first K5 processor family that internally ran at slower speed than its rated speed.

K5 (model 2, 350 nm)
 CPU-ID: 5-2-4
 Transistors: 4.3 million
 Die size: 181 mm2

K5 (model 3, 350 nm)
 CPU-ID: 5-3-4
 Transistors: 4.3 million
 Die size: 181 mm2

See also

 AMD K5
 List of AMD microprocessors
 List of AMD Duron microprocessors
 List of AMD Athlon XP microprocessors
 List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors
 List of AMD Athlon X2 microprocessors
 List of AMD Phenom microprocessors
 List of AMD Opteron microprocessors
 List of AMD Sempron microprocessors

External links
 AMD K5 processor families
 AMD K5 Image Gallery 
 AMD K5 Processor info

References

AMD K5