omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leila Ladani. Leila Jannesari Ladani is an Iranian-American scientist, engineer and professor of mechanical engineering specializing in the manufacturing engineering of additive manufacturing through laser sintering and laser melting, including the computer modeling of these processes and the mechanical and thermal reliability of the resulting products. She has also researched in the area of biomedical devices design and manufacturing. She is a professor in the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering of Arizona State University. She is internationally recognized for her research on advanced and multi-scale manufacturing and mechanics of materials. She is involved in graduate education and is an active player in the areas of graduate education at the interface of STEM Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and Medicine.

Education and career
Leila Ladani received her doctorate in mechanical engineering from University of Maryland at College Park, in 2007. Prior to that she received her master's degree in mechanical engineering in heat and fluid (with honor) and another master's degree in solid mechanics and her bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. .

She has held faculty positions at Utah State University, the University of Alabama, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Texas at Arlington, before moving to Arizona State University in 2019 to direct The Polytechnic School, one of six component schools of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering. She is currently professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.  She is the editor of Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A.

Book
Ladani is the author of Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Materials, Processes, Tests, and Standards (DEStech, 2021).

Recognition
Ladani has received numerous awards and recognitions for her work including Surface Mount Technology Association Hutchins Grant, and Zonta International Amelia Earhart award. Ladani was the 2015 recipient of the Women In Engineering Award of the ASME Electronic & Photonic Packaging Division. She was named an ASME Fellow in 2020.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United States
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Utah State University faculty
University of Alabama faculty
University of Connecticut faculty
University of Texas at Arlington faculty
Arizona State University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Mid America Flight Museum. The Mid America Flight Museum is an aviation museum located at the Mount Pleasant Regional Airport in Mount Pleasant, Texas.

History 
Scott Glover, the founder of Mid America Pet Food, began collecting airplanes in 1996. After 17 years, he established the museum in 2013.

The museum worked with Dynamic Aviation to restore the Lockheed Constellation Columbine II to flight in 2015.

The museum purchased the B-17 Thunderbird from the Lone Star Flight Museum in 2020. It was ferried to the Erickson Aircraft Collection in Madras, Oregon for an inspection shortly thereafter.

Facilities 
The museum has two locations: Mid America South, the main museum, at the Mount Pleasant Regional Airport in Mount Pleasant, Texas and Mid America North, a restoration shop, at Grimes Field in Urbana, Ohio.

Collection 

 Antonov An-2
 Beechcraft 18
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor
 Bell 47
 Bell AH-1 Cobra
 Bell UH-1H Iroquois
 Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress
 Boeing PT-17 Kaydet
 Cessna C-165 Airmaster
 Cessna L-19 Bird Dog
 Cessna O-2 Skymaster
 Cessna T-50
 Curtiss P-40K Warhawk
 Curtiss Robin
 de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapide
 Douglas A-26B Invader
 Douglas C-41
 Douglas C-47 Skytrain
 Fairchild 22
 Fairchild 71
 Ford 4-AT-E Trimotor
 General Motors FM-2 Wildcat
 General Motors TBM-3E Avenger
 Goodyear FG-1D Corsair
 Granville Gee Bee Model R Super Sportster – replica
 Grumman HU-16B Albatross
 Grumman J2F-4 Duck
 Hawker Sea Fury F.10
 Howard 250
 Howard DGA-11
 Hughes 369
 Lockheed DL-1B Vega
 Lockheed C-60A Lodestar
 New Standard D-25A
 North American TB-25N Mitchell
 North American TF-51D Mustang
 North American SNJ-3
 North American T-28A Trojan
 On Mark Marketeer
 Paramount Cabinaire
 Piper PA-12 Super Cruiser
 Piper PA-23 Apache
 Piper PA-23 Apache
 Ryan S-C-W
 Spartan 7W Executive
 Stearman C3R
 Stinson A
 Stinson SM-8A
 Stinson SM-6000-B
 Stinson SR-9F
 Stout Bushmaster 2000
 Taylor E-2
 Travel Air 4000
 Travel Air 6000
 Travel Air 6000
 Van's RV-3
 Waco 9
 Waco CTO
 Waco UPF-7

See also 
 List of aviation museums

References

External links 

 

Aerospace museums in Texas
Museums established in 2013
2013 establishments in Texas
Buildings and structures in Titus County, Texas
Johannes Leendert van Soest. Johannes Leendert van Soest (13 October 1898, the Hague –30 October 1983, Wassenaar) was a Dutch engineer and botanist renowned for his taraxacological work.

Biography 
J.L. van Soest graduated from the Technical College in Delft (now Delft University of Technology) in 1925. In 1927, he became the director of the Meetgebouw of the Defence Commission for Physical Armament. The Meetgebouw became the Physics Laboratory of the Dutch PTT during the German occupation period. From 1948 to 1963 he was the director of the TNO Physics Laboratory in The Hague. In 1949 he was appointed as a professor at the Delft Technical University.  He retired in 1964. 

In his spare time and after retirement he worked on botanical subjects, especially the genus Taraxacum (dandelions). He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Utrecht for his botanical achievements. 

He was an officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.

Scientific work 
Van Soest was an internationally recognised authority in the genus Taraxacum. He described several hundred new species of dandelions. His herbarium (about 50,000 sheets) was donated to the Rijksherbarium at Leiden.

References 

1898 births
1983 deaths
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Dutch botanists
Delft University of Technology alumni
Nitrosyl perchlorate. Nitrosyl perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula . A hygroscopic white solid, it is the salt of the nitrosonium cation with the perchlorate anion. It is an oxidant and strong electrophile, but has fallen out of use with the availability of the closely related salt nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate .

Preparation
Nitrosyl perchlorate was first produced in 1909 by passing dinitrogen trioxide gas into concentrated perchloric acid:

A standard laboratory preparation involves treating a mixture of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide with concentrated perchloric acid: 

It can also be prepared by passing dinitrogen trioxide gas into a mixture of sodium perchlorate and sulfuric acid. A much purer product can be produced by reacting dichlorine heptoxide with anhydrous nitric acid.

Structure
The structure of NOClO4 has not been elucidated by X-ray crystallography. However, the Raman spectroscopy of NOClO4 suggests that nitrosyl perchlorate consists of distinct NO+ and ClO4– ions.

Properties
Nitrosyl perchlorate decomposes at 100 °C to nitronium perchlorate, which then subsequently decomposes into chlorine and nitrogen oxides.

This compound hydrolyzes in water to form nitrous acid and perchloric acid:
NOClO4 + H2O → HNO2 + HClO4
With a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, it produces perchlorate, nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide, and water. This reaction was used to calculate the heat of formation of nitrosyl perchlorate. As a strong oxidizer, nitrosyl perchlorate reacts explosively with various organic compounds, such as ethanol, acetone, ether, and aniline.

Uses
Nitrosyl perchlorate is used in the laboratory as a perchlorating agent. Although it has been investigated as a potential rocket propellant, it has not been commercialized.

References

Further reading 

nitrosyl
Nitrosyl compounds
Simge Küçükyavuz. Simge Küçükyavuz is a Turkish-American industrial engineer whose research involves mathematical optimization, including mixed-integer programming and stochastic programming, and their applications in network design. She is David A. and Karen Richards Sachs Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, and Chair of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, at Northwestern University.

Education and career
Küçükyavuz graduated from Middle East Technical University in Ankara in 1998, with a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering. She went to the University of California, Berkeley for graduate study in industrial engineering and operations research, earning a master's degree in 2000 and completing her Ph.D. in 2004. Her doctoral dissertation, Polyhedral Approaches to Capacitated Fixed-Charge Network Flow Problems, was supervised by Alper Atamturk.

She joined the University of Arizona Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering in 2004 as a visiting assistant professor, becoming a regular-rank assistant professor in 2006. She moved to Ohio State University in 2009, and was promoted to associate professor there in 2012. She became dean's associate professor at the University of Washington from 2016 to 2018, when she moved to Northwestern University. At Northwestern, she was promoted to full professor in 2021 and named as the David A. and Karen Richards Sachs Professor in 2023, in the same year becoming department chair.

Recognition
Küçükyavuz was a 2015 recipient of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Computing Society Prize. She was named as a Fellow of INFORMS, in the 2023 class of fellows, "for outstanding research in mixed-integer optimization and stochastic optimization, as well as distinguished service to, and leadership in, the profession".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Turkish industrial engineers
Turkish women academics
American industrial engineers
American women engineers
Middle East Technical University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Ohio State University faculty
University of Washington faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Chain-melted state. The chain-melted state is a state of matter in which a substance, typically a metal, notably potassium, behaves both in the liquid and solid state at the same time. This is done by applying extreme pressure and temperature, causing the metal to become solid and molten simultaneously. It was confirmed to be a state of matter in 2019 by a group of researchers at the University of Edinburgh using artificial intelligence to analyse the results of subjecting potassium to high temperatures and pressure, when the potassium began exhibiting properties where it was apparently both solid and liquid. The phenomenon was observed by a group of other researchers in 2014; however, it was only thought to be a transitioning state. The chain-melted state has also been observed in other elements, such as sodium and rubidium. Some other elements, like bismuth, are also capable of being in the chain-melted state.

Properties 
Substances in the chain-melted state display properties of both a solid and a liquid. The co-author of a study regarding the chain-melted state, Andreas Hermann, stated that if the matter were hypothetically to be handled by a person, it would be like holding a wet sponge that is leaking water, while the sponge itself is actually made of water. Described more formally, the potassium metal developed two internal structures, a chain-like lattice that dissolved, and a stronger Bravais lattice that remained in a solid state. This is a type of host–guest chemistry where, in this case, the host lattice of metal atoms remains solid while some of the material binds weakly and resembles a liquid.

Real world examples 
Metals in Earth's inner core could possibly be in the chain-melted state, as suggested by several simulations, where metals such as titanium and iron displayed partially molten states, or quasi-solid properties. It is also possible that Earth's mantle may contain metals like potassium in the chain-melted state; however, potassium is usually not found in pure form.

These suggestions may also possibly be proven by the Kola superdeep borehole, where according to declassified documents, the rock at the bottom of the borehole was found to be in a texture between solid and liquid.

Applications 
No applications have been found thus far, although physicist Andreas Hermann states that if the state of matter could be recreated in other materials, it could have many different applications.

References 

Phases of matter
Mission Delta 31. Mission Delta 31 (MD31) is a United States Space Force unit responsible for navigation warfare. It was activated on 15 October 2024.

History 
In September 2023, General B. Chance Saltzman introduced the Integrated Mission Delta (IMD) construct which combines functions, like operations, acquisitions, intelligence, and cyber effects, into specific mission areas, including positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT). Mission Delta 31 (formerly PNT IMD (Provisional)) was one of two initial units announced to test the construct. These IMDs mission generation, intelligence support, and cyber defense.

On 13 October 2023, PNT IMD (Provisional) was established at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado, with Colonel Andrew S. Menschner as its first commander. On 16 October 2023, the Logistics and Operations Support Squadron (Provisional) was activated to provide operations support services and modifications to all GPS satellite constellation fielded ground and satellite systems. On 15 October 2024, Mission Delta 31 was activated at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado.

On 15 October the PND Delta (Provisional) was redesignated Mission Delta 31.

Structure

List of commanders

References

Deltas of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations in Colorado
Military units and formations established in 2023
AI Safety Summit. The AI Safety Summit was an international conference discussing the safety and regulation of artificial intelligence. It was held at Bletchley Park, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, on 1–2 November 2023. It was the first ever global summit on artificial intelligence, and is planned to become a recurring event.

Background 
The prime minister of the United Kingdom at the time, Rishi Sunak, made AI one of the priorities of his government, announcing that the UK would host a global AI Safety conference in autumn 2023.

Venue 
Bletchley Park was a World War II codebreaking facility established by the British government on the site of a Victorian manor and is in the British city of Milton Keynes. It has played an important role in the history of computing, with some of the first modern computers being built at the facility.

Outcomes 
28 countries at the summit, including the United States, China, Australia, and the European Union, have issued an agreement known as the Bletchley Declaration, calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of artificial intelligence. 
The Bletchley Declaration affirms that AI should be designed, developed, deployed, and used in a manner that is safe, human-centric, trustworthy and responsible.
Emphasis has been placed on regulating "Frontier AI", a term for the latest and most powerful AI systems. Concerns that have been raised at the summit include the potential use of AI for terrorism, criminal activity, and warfare, as well as existential risk posed to humanity as a whole.The president of the United States, Joe Biden, signed an executive order requiring AI developers to share safety results with the US government. The US government also announced the creation of an American AI Safety Institute, as part of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

The tech entrepreneur Elon Musk and Sunak did a live interview on AI safety on 2 November on X.

2nd Summit 

The next AI Safety Summit was hosted by South Korea on 21–22 May 2024. A third summit is planned to be held in France on the 10th-11th Feb 2025.

Notable attendees 

The following individuals attended the summit:
Rishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States
Charles III, King of the United Kingdom (attending virtually)
Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, owner of X, SpaceX, Neuralink, and xAI
Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy
Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission
Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI
Nick Clegg, former British politician and president of global affairs at Meta Platforms
Mustafa Suleyman, co-founder of DeepMind
Michelle Donelan, UK secretary of state for Science, Innovation and Technology
Věra Jourová, the European Commission’s vice-president for Values and Transparency
Gina Raimondo, United States secretary of commerce
Wu Zhaohui, Chinese vice-minister of science and technology

References

AI safety
Artificial intelligence conferences
2023 conferences
November 2023 in the United Kingdom
Bletchley Park
Regulation of artificial intelligence
Premiership of Rishi Sunak
Bituminous geomembrane. Bituminous geomembrane (BGM) is a type of geomembrane consisting of a reinforcing geotextile to provide mechanical strength and elastomeric bitumen (often called asphalt in U.S.) to provide impermeability. Other components such as sand, a glass fleece, and/or a polyester film can be incorporated into the layers of a BGM. Bituminous geomembranes are differentiated from bituminous waterproofing materials used in buildings due in part to their wide roll width, which can exceed 5m, and their substantial thickness of up to 6.0mm.

These properties are designed for environmental protection, civil infrastructure, and mining applications.

Properties

History
The earliest estimated use of bitumen dates back 40,000 years to the paleolithic age and  the historical use of bitumen as a waterproofing layer is extensive and well documented. 

In 1926, successful experiments were conducted by the South Carolina Highway Department in which cotton fabric was installed on-site in combination with hot bitumen for road surface treatment. Continued experimentation and practical experience led to the development of prefabricated hessian woven fabrics with factory coated bitumen. Known as 'bithess' this material was made in significant quantities for rapid deployment in airfields and roads in World War II. By controlling the moisture content to maintain subgrade strength, this early geomembrane was credited by General William Slim to have played a significant role in the advance of the Burma campaign, a theater famous for its challenging jungle terrain and wet weather conditions.

Bitumen emulsion applied to polypropylene geotextiles was reported to have been used in a Nevada heap leach mining installation as early as 1973. Published literature describing the modern development of the bituminous geomembrane can be traced back to the first double-liner system conceived of in 1974 by geosynthetics pioneer, J.P. Giroud. This novel bituminous geomembrane was made by spraying hot bitumen in-situ onto a polyester geotextile. Soon after these early installations, factory manufactured BGMs were developed with factory impregnation of bitumen into the geotextile allowing a high standard of quality control. Spray applied BGMs went entirely out of favor by 1988.

References 

Geosynthetics
Mining
Landfill
Emma Pérez Ferreira. Emma Victoria Pérez Ferreira (2 April 1925 – 28 June 2005) was an Argentine physicist who contributed immensely to the advancement of science in Argentina. She was the first female president of the country's National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA).

Life and work 
Pérez Ferreira was born in Buenos Aires on 2 April 1925 and studied Physico-Mathematical Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), earning her bachelor's degree in 1952 and becoming a teacher at the university's Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. She received her doctorate in Physics from UBA in 1960 with her dissertation titled, The production of pions by pions at energies of around 1 Bev. She then took postgraduate courses at the University of Durham in England and University of Bologna in Italy, receiving a scholarship from the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA). She was one of the first scientists at this institution and held positions of high responsibility, initially dedicating herself to scientific research in high energy nuclear physics. She served as head of the Department of Nuclear Physics for ten years and then Director of research and development.

In 1976, she was appointed head of the project called TANDAR (for TANDem ARgentino), to build a 20 MeV tandem-type accelerator for heavy ions. From 1985 to 1989, she was a member of the Council for the Consolidation of Democracy created by President Raúl Alfonsín. In the period from 1987 to 1989 she was president of the country's National Atomic Energy Commission.

In 1990 she began serving as director of the RETINA (Red Teleinformática Académica or Academic Teleinformatics Network) project, an academic network developed before commercial Internet networks existed, to link computers between universities and facilitate communications among them. When the speed of this network was no longer sufficient, she participated in the implementation of advanced academic networks to integrate Argentina into the newer Internet, which at that time was an advanced North American academic network that allowed large volumes of data to be transferred at higher speeds. In December 2001, Argentina was integrated under a program known as RETINA2. 

At the Konex 2003 Science and Technology Awards, Pérez Ferreira received a special mention for her role in Argentine science and technology. At the Constituent Atomic Center of the National Atomic Energy Commission, a public space is named after her: the Emma Pérez Ferreira Auditorium.

She died at the age of 80 in Buenos Aires on 28 June 2005.

Bibliography 

 Pérez Ferreira E. & Waloscheck P. J. (1956). Medición de intensidades totales de neutrones rápidos con placas nucleares y su aplicación a la determinación de la distribución angular de los neutrones de la reacción li (d. n).

References 

  

1925 births
2005 deaths
Argentine physicists
University of Buenos Aires alumni
20th-century Argentine physicists
20th-century Argentine women scientists
20th-century women physicists
Particle physicists
Brazilian frigate Jerônimo de Albuquerque. Jerônimo de Albuquerque (F201) is a  stealth frigates under construction for the Brazilian Navy.

History 
Jerônimo de Albuquerque is part of a program that was created in 2017 with the main purpose of replacing the  frigates in operation since 1975 and the Type 22s acquired second-hand from the UK in the 1990s.

The final configuration of armaments and sensors was announced on 10 June 2021. The boat is under construction by the Águas Azuis consortium composed by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Embraer Defense & Security and the Ministry of Defence, at the Brazilian city of Itajaí with the first steel cut on 1 November 2023.

References 

Tamandaré-class frigates
Ships built in Brazil

pt:F Jerônimo de Albuquerque (F-201)