omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
International 210. The International 210 is an American sailboat that was designed by Fenwick Williams under the supervision of C. Raymond Hunt as a one design racer and first built in 1946.

The International 210 is a development of the smaller 1939 International 110. Unlike commonly used sailboat nomenclature, the 210's designation does not refer to its length overall or waterline length, but indicates it is the next in a series of boats that started with the 110.

Production
The design has been built by Pearson Yachts, Graves Yacht Yard and Shaw Yacht, Inc. in the United States. Shaw was the last builder and was still producing boats as recently as 2007.  the company was listed as "dissolved". A total of 460 boats have been completed.

Design
The International 210 is a racing keelboat that was originally built from plywood, with a single hard chine. In 1967 the class allowed fiberglass construction and most boats since that have been constructed of foam-cored fiberglass, with teak trim. The design has a fractional sloop masthead sloop rig with wooden spars, with aluminum spars approved for use in 1973. The double-ended canoe hull has a spooned, raked stem; a spooned, raised counter transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a swept, fixed fin bulb keel. It displaces  and carries  of iron ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel.

For sailing the design is equipped with internal halyards and outhaul. Sail windows provide improved visibility. Buoyancy is provided by foam blocks, making the design unsinkable.

It is raced by a crew of three to four sailors.

Operational history
In 1946 the sailing clubs of Massachusetts Bay were seeking a new boat for inter-club racing. Their requirements included that it be affordable, a pleasant day sailer, a one design good racer and a modern boat that could be updated to keep it modern. The selection committee found the 210 to be the best design for the cost and it was adopted.

The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the International 210 Association. There are racing fleets are on Massachusetts Bay and Chesapeake Bay as well as in Michigan, Wisconsin, Maine and Hawaii.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "this is the big brother of the 110, by the same designer. The 110, however, has no curve to the bow or stern. The 210 is a fast boat and frequently beats Shields, Stars, and J/24s. It is light, but with the keel, stable, Originally built of plywood, the 210 is now glass-reinforced plastic. There have been continual updates over the 48-year history of the 210, but when the older boats have been maintained, they continue to compete with newer boats."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
International 110

References

Keelboats
1940s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by C. Raymond Hunt Associates
Sailboat types built by Pearson Yachts
Sailboat types built by Graves Yacht Yard
Sailboat types built by Shaw Yacht, Inc.
Gordon Patterson. Gordon Neil Patterson,  (1908–1990) was a Canadian physicist, and founder of the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS).

Early life and career 
Patterson was born in Thornbury, Ontario in 1908. He graduated from the University of Alberta with an undergraduate degree in Engineering Physics, later completing a doctorate in physics at the University of Toronto in 1935.

After graduation he conducted aerodynamics research at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the United Kingdom, in Australia, and in the USA at Caltech and Princeton, and with the US Navy. He joined the University of Toronto in 1947, and in  1949 he was the founding director of the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies. One of his students in the early years of UTIAS was controversial Canadian physicist Gerald Bull.

From 1958 to 1959 he served as President of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. Starting in 1961 he began nine years on the technical panel of Canada's National Research Council, as well as being an advisor to NASA from 1962-1965.

Order of Canada Citation 
On November 17, 1988 he was awarded the Order of Canada, in the grade of Officer. His citation reads:

"Canada's "Father of Aerophysics", founder of the Institute for Aerospace Studies at the University of Toronto and one of the visionary authors of the Science Council of Canada's first report, his brilliant work paved the way to our international role in space and has been an inspiration to hundreds of Canadian and international aerospace and engineering students."

References 

Officers of the Order of Canada
1908 births
1990 deaths
Scientists from Ontario
Canadian physicists
University of Alberta alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Thomas L. Phillips. Thomas L. Phillips (1924–2019) was a chairman and chief executive officer at Raytheon.

He was born in Istanbul in 1924 and graduated from the Boston Latin School. Mr. Phillips was hired by Raytheon in 1948. He started as an engineer, working his way up to managing positions. Eventually, in 1964, Mr. Phillips was hired as president. Thomas L. Phillips is credited with the creation of the Hawk missile. Under his direction Raytheon expanded into consumer markets, ultimately selling one of the first commercially available Microwaves. 

Mr. Phillips earned many honorary degrees from Babson College, Boston College, Gordon College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Northeastern University, Stonehill College, and Suffolk University. He was on the board of the Salvation Army, the executive committee of the United Ways of Eastern New England, the board of overseers of the Museum of Science, and a member of the corporation of the Joslin Diabetes Center. 

He died in 2019 and is survived by his three daughters and one son.

References

Raytheon Company people
American chief executives
1924 births
2019 deaths
American expatriates in Turkey
Saudi frigate Al Riyadh. Al Riyadh (812) is an  of the Royal Saudi Navy.

Development and design 
Al Riyadh is an expanded anti-air version of the French , displacing about  and extended to  in length.

The frigate's combat system, produced by Armaris (a Direction des Constructions Navales/Thales Group joint venture), is armed with Aster 15 surface-to-air missiles (SAM) launched from SYLVER vertical launchers (SYLVER - SYstème de Lancement VERtical). As with the La Fayette class, the primary offensive weapon is the anti-surface Exocet missile. The main gun of the Al Riyadh frigates is the OTO Melara 76 mm super-rapid firing gun replacing the modèle 100 TR  automatic gun of the La Fayette class. There are also four aft-mounted  torpedo tubes, firing DTCN F17 heavyweight anti-submarine torpedoes. Al Riyadh is capable of a maximum speed of ~ with a maximum range of .

Construction and career 
Al Riyadh was launched on 1 August 2000 at the DCNS dockyard in Lorient and commissioned on 26 July 2002.

Al Riyadh-class frigates
Three Al Riyadh class frigates have been built:
 Al Riyadh (812) the lead ship commissioned in 2002
 Makkah (814) commissioned in 2004
 Al Dammam (816) commissioned in 2004

References 

2000 ships
Ships built in France
Ships of the Royal Saudi Navy
Al Riyadh-class frigates
Souapiti Hydropower Station. The Souapiti Hydropower Station (), also known as Souapiti Hydropower Project or Souapiti Hydropower Plant, is a water conservancy project in the Republic of Guinea,  located on the Konkoure River,  with a total installed capacity of 550 MW. This project was constructed by China International Water & Electric Corporation (CWE).  The generating station is expected to cost about $2 billion.

History

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Souapiti Hydropower Station was held on December 22, 2015.

The hydropower plant was completed and put into operation in 2021.

Large dam projects have historically had negative impacts on the environment and local communities, which are displaced by reservoir flooding. In response, many dam builders and funders agreed to a set of principles created by the World Commission on Dams in 2000. According to the nonprofit International Rivers, the residents of Madina Tahiré, Tènè Kansa and Khouloufa (located in the Dubreka prefecture North West of Guinea) were not adequately consulted on dam construction. Villagers were relocated to locations with infertile land and inadequate water supply, in violation of their human rights and international law.

References 

Energy in Africa
Hydroelectric power stations in Africa
Hydroelectric power stations in Guinea
Jiujiang Power Station. Jiujiang Power Station (), also spelled Jiujiang Power Plant, is a large-scale thermal power project located at Jinji Slope (金鸡坡) where 5 km to the east of Jiujiang, Jiangxi, with a total installed capacity of 1350MW. This project is the largest thermal power plant in Jiangxi and Central China. The third phase of Jiujiang Power Station cost nearly 5 billion yuan, including 29.6 billion Japanese yen loans from the Japanese Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund(日本海外经济协力基金), accounting for 50% of the total investment.

History
The construction of the project started in June 1977, and the two 125MW units of the first phase of the project were put into production in September 1983 and September 1984.

Two 200MW units were installed in the second phase of the project, which were connected to the grid for power generation in November 1991 and September 1992, respectively. The two 350MW units of the third phase of the project officially entered operation in July and December 2003 respectively.

Obtained a loan from OECF
The third phase of the expansion project of Jiujiang Power Station is the first power project constructed with foreign capital in Jiangxi Province. The project was constructed using loans from Japanese Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) and partial financing from China.

References 

2003 establishments in China
Energy infrastructure completed in 2003
Honeywell auxiliary power unit. Honeywell auxiliary power units are a series of gas turbine auxiliary power units (APU) made by Honeywell Aerospace. Honeywell started manufacturing APUs in the early 1950s and since then they can be found on many aircraft. Over the years Honeywell have produced more than 95,000 APUs and more than 36,000 are still in service. 

In 2018 Honeywell had a 65% share of the airliner APU market and is the sole supplier for the Airbus A350, the Boeing 777 and single-aisle airliners: the Boeing 737 MAX, Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries), Comac C919, Irkut MC-21 and Airbus A320neo after Airbus removed the Hamilton Sundstrand APS3200 option. Pratt & Whitney Canada (P&WC) claims the remaining 35% of the APU market with the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 and Boeing 747-8.

Variants

131 Series 
The 131-9D initially was designed for the McDonnell Douglas MD-90 series; the 131-9B became standard equipment on Boeing 737NG; the 131-9A on the Airbus A320 family. The 131-9C has entered service aboard the Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier C-Series). The 131 Series uses a two-stage axial turbine and a single generator which starts the APU.

331 Series 
The 331 series are found on many wide-body Boeing and Airbus aircraft and the Honeywell 331-200 introduced several new technologies such as digital electronic control and the eductor for oil cooling, which eliminated the need for cooling fans. The development of a  turboprop derivative from the Honeywell TPE331 also reduced development time and production costs.
Its applications include Airbus A220 -100 and -300 series, A300, A330, A340, Boeing 767 and 777, Bombardier CRJ700/900/100, Comac C919 and Irkut MC-21.

See also 
 Auxiliary power unit
 Pratt & Whitney Canada

Footnotes

References

External links 
 Passenger aircraft and their APUs (pg. 7)
 Pratt & Whitney Canada APUs

Aircraft auxiliary power units
Honeywell aircraft
Honeywell
Rudi River (Nepal). The Rudi River, or Rudi Khola () is a river in Nepal, a left tributary of the Madi River.

Hydrology

The Rudi is one of nine major tributaries of the Madi Nadi with basins that cover more than .
The others are the Midim, Paste, Birdi, Khalte, Pisti, Risti, Sange and Kalesti.
The river's discharge is highest between mid-April and mid-December, when there is most rain, with less water from mid-December to mid-April.

In July 1951, heavy rain in the area caused landslide and flood in the Rudi.
Around  of khet land (irrigated lowland) was damaged, and large areas were yet to be reclaimed in 2004.
In July 2018 flooding caused serious damage to the Rudi Khola-A hydropower project, which was under construction.
The penstock pipe was destroyed and the recently completed road badly damaged.

Crossings

The Gurung Heritage Trail crosses the Rudi Khola on a swing bridge in the section from Pakhrikot to Bagicha.
On 27 July 2017 a bus travelling from Pokhara to Beluwabesi, Kaski District was crossing the river at Madhya on the border between Lamjung and Kaski district when the old and poorly maintained bridge collapsed.
The bus fell into the river, and several passengers suffered serious injuries or death.

Hydroelectricity

There are two run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plants on the river operated by Bindhyabasini Hydropower Development Company Limited (BHDCL).
The 8.8 MW Rudi Khola-A is in Mijuredanda VDC of Kaski District.
The 6.6 MW Rudi Khola-B is just upstream in Pasguan VDC, Lamjung District.
Rudi A uses discharge from Rudi Khola and Chheduwa Khola, with a catchment area of .
The catchment area of Rudi Khola-B is , and includes the whole Ligus Khola basin.
The variable rainfall means the power supply varies seasonally.

Notes

Sources

Rivers of Gandaki Province
Chhandi River. The Chhandi River, or Chhandi Khola () is a river in Nepal, a tributary of the Dordi River.

Hydrology

The Chhandi Khola is a tributary of the Dordi River, which in turn is a tributary of the Marsyangdi.

Hydroelectricity

The 2mW Chhandi Khola Small Hydropower Project is a run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant in Phaleni and Bansar VDCs of Lamjung District.
The gross head is about .
It takes  of water from Chhandi Khola, with a catchment area of  and  of water from Ghatte Khola with a catchment area of .
Average annual energy is 11.2 GWh.

The 4mW Upper Chhandi Khola Small Hydropower, under construction in 2020, is another run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant in Bansar and Phaleni VDCs of Lamjung District.
The net head is .
It uses  of water from Chhandi Khola, with a catchment area of .
It is about  upstream from the headworks of the Chhandi Khola Small Hydropower Project in the Bansar VDC.
Projected average annual energy is 22.05 GWh.

Both plants are operated by Chhyandi Hydropower Co.

Notes

Sources

Rivers of Bagmati Province
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP) is an organochloride with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3O. It has been used as a fungicide and herbicide. Precursor chemical used in the production of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and hexachlorophene involves the intermediate production of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and the formation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD, commonly referred to simply as dioxin) as an unwanted by-product. In the course of purifying the hexachlorophene, still bottom wastes were created with concentrated levels of TCP and dioxin.

References

Cited sources

See also
 Agent Orange
 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Organochlorides
Fungicides
Herbicides
Phenols
Huaifang Water Reclamation Plant. Huaifang Water Reclamation Plant is a wastewater recycling plant located in the southwest of Beijing, China. Commissioned in 2017, the 3-floor plant spanned over an area of 162,000 m2 was built in response to the state capital of Beijing, facing a water shortage challenge exacerbated by climate change and urbanization with having the major water treatment systems being installed underground to save valuable land. The water treatment project is said to have been equipped with the forefront technologies.

Owned and operated by Beijing Drainage Group; Huaifang Water Reclamation Plant is the largest underground MBR-based wastewater treatment plant in Asia, with its construction being finished by December 2016 in association with the facility upgradation, executed by Suez in the year 2015.

Operation 
The plant is aimed towards maximizing the treatment capability of sludge and wastewater, the quality of treated water and improving flood control by holding a capacity to recycle 200 million m3 of wastewater per year. 

Wastewater flowing into the facility is treated in several ways, including filtration, biological oxidation of chemicals and sterilization with ultraviolet rays. The Huaifang sludge line is fitted with pre-dewatering centrifuges, thermal hydrolysis CambiTHPTM, sludge silos, dewatering chamber filter presses & anaerobic digesters. A design capacity is 180 tDS/d, while the treatment of Lugouqiao (100,000 m3/d) & Wujiacun (80,000 m3/d) sludge is applied. The water treatment plant processes and turns the industrial and residential wasted water into water that meets environmental quality requirements; reclaimed water is then used in surrounding areas, for industrial and commercial uses as well as to replenish the nearby wetlands. According to the report by Xinhua, around 500,000 tons of reclaimed water per day is supplied to the 638,000 square meters of water wetland park, situated by the plant. Before moving towards the river, the reclaimed water flows into the wetland through underground pipes, further enhancing the local ecosystem.

References 

Economy of Beijing
Beijing

External links 

 Official Website 
 Huaifang WWTP
Hefei–Anqing–Jiujiang high-speed railway. The Hefei–Anqing–Jiujiang high-speed railway () is a  long high-speed rail line in China, with a maximum speed of . It forms part of the Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei) corridor. The line takes a similar route to the existing Hefei–Jiujiang railway.

The  long section from Hefei to Anqing, opened on 22 December 2020. The remaining section from Anqing to Lushan railway station in Jiujiang opened on 30 December 2021.

History
Construction on the Bianyuzhou Yangtze River Bridge, which carries the railway across the Yangtze, began in 2018. It was opened to traffic on December 30, 2021

References

High-speed railway lines in China
Railway lines opened in 2020
Gene regulatory circuit. Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod.  They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements.

Genetic regulatory circuits are analogous in many ways to electronic circuits in how they use signal inputs and outputs to determine gene regulation. Like electronic circuits, their organization determines their efficiency, and this has been demonstrated in circuits working in series to have a greater sensitivity of gene regulation. They also use inputs such as trans and cis sequence regulators of genes, and outputs such as gene expression level. Depending on the type of circuit, they respond constantly to outside signals, such as sugars and hormone levels, that determine how the circuit will return to its fixed point or periodic equilibrium state. Genetic regulatory circuits also have an ability to be evolutionarily rewired without the loss of the original transcriptional output level. This rewiring is defined by the change in regulatory-target gene interactions, while there is still conservation of regulatory factors and target genes.

In-silico application 
These circuits can be modelled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Having constructed a computational model of the natural circuit of interest, one can use the model to make testable predictions about circuit performance. When designing a synthetic circuit for a specific engineering task, a model is useful for identifying necessary connections and parameter operating regimes that give rise to a desired functional output. Similarly, when studying a natural circuit, one can use the model to identify the parts or parameter values necessary for a desired biological outcome. In other words, computational modelling and experimental synthetic perturbations can be used to probe biological circuits. However, the structure of the circuits have shown to not be a reliable indicator of the function that the regulatory circuit provides for the larger cellular regulatory network.

Engineering and synthetic biology 
Understanding of genetic regulatory circuits are key in the field of synthetic biology, where disparate genetic elements are combined to produce novel biological functions. These biological gene circuits can be used synthetically to act as physical models for studying regulatory function.

By engineering genetic regulatory circuits, cells can be modified to take information from their environment, such as nutrient availability and developmental signals, and react in accordance to changes in their surroundings . In plant synthetic biology, genetic regulatory circuits can be used to program traits to increase crop plant efficiency by increasing their robustness to environmental stressors. Additionally, they are used to produce biopharmaceuticals for medical intervention.

References 

Genetics
Gene expression
Systems biology
Radium carbonate. Radium carbonate is a chemical compound of radium, carbon, and oxygen, having the chemical formula . It is the radium salt of carbonic acid. It contains radium cations () and carbonate anions (). This salt is a highly radioactive, amorphous, white powder that has potential applications in medicine. It is notable for forming disordered crystals at room temperature and for being approximately 10 times more soluble than its lighter congener barium carbonate. Radium carbonate is one of a few radium compounds which has significantly different properties from corresponding barium compounds. Moreover, radium is the only alkaline-earth metal which forms disordered crystals in its carbonate phase. Even though radium carbonate has very low solubility in water, it is soluble in dilute mineral acids and concentrated ammonium carbonate.

Preparation
Radium carbonate can be produced by dissolving radium sulfate at elevated temperatures in concentrated sodium carbonate and subsequent removal of supernatant:

Because of the very low solubility of , it will form a white precipitate.

Reactions
Radium carbonate can be used to produce radium nitrate and other radium salts:

References 

Radium compounds
Carbonates