omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Clay panel. Clay panel or clay board (also known as loam panel, clay wallboard, clay building board, or clay building panel) is a panel made of clay with some additives. The clay is mixed with sand, water, and fiber, typically wood fiber, and sometimes other additives like starch. Most often this means employing the use of high-cellulose waste fibres. To improve the breaking resistance clay boards are often embedded in a hessian skin on the backside or similar embeddings.

By introducing the clay panels, the building material loam can also be used in dry construction. Clay wallboards are a sustainable alternative to gypsum plasterboards, suitable for drywall applications for interior walls and ceilings. It can be applied to either timber or metal studwork. Usually the application of clay boards is completed with clay finishing plaster.

Constructional properties 

The boards have fire retardant properties and medium levels of acoustic insulation. Due to the clay component they have the ability to absorb large amounts of humidity through the plaster and helping to protect vulnerable buildings from excess moisture generated by modern living.

Production 

Clay panels are available from different manufacturers in different designs. The main component is clay or loam. This is either reinforced by a reed mat or stabilised by straw or wood fibres (sawdust) as with clay bricks. Further vegetable or mineral aggregates may also be contained. The boards are not heat-treated, so that the positive characteristics of the clay remain in its entirety.

Processing 

Clay panels are used for the dry construction of wall and ceiling claddings and facing shells. The boards are mounted on a steel profile or wooden frame construction by means of screws or nails. For ceiling claddings, washers must be used depending on the type of clay panel. The panels can be sawn with standard tools, like a cutter knife, a jigsaw or a circular saw. The joints of the clay boards often have tongue and groove for easier processing. The joints must be reinforced with a jute fabric or glass fibre fabric and filled with a fine clay plaster mortar. The clay board is mounted in vertical or horizontal form. The clay building wall or ceiling can then be treated with a clay plaster or painted directly with clay paint.

Combination with heating and cooling 

Clay is an ideal construction material for combinations with heating and cooling. Before the development of drywall panels made of clay, however, wall heating elements could only be laid in clay plaster. Meanwhile, some manufacturers offer clay building boards with integrated heating and cooling pipes. This makes the installation of heating and cooling in dry construction on walls and ceilings much easier.

Applications 
 Interior wall and ceiling board
 Area separation wall board
 Backer board and underlayment
 Substrates for coatings and insulated systems
 Clay Climate Systems

See also 
 Enviroboard
 Magnesium oxide wallboard

References

Building materials
Sustainable building
Sustainable architecture
Building biology
Composite materials
Passive fire protection
Wallcoverings
S. George Bankoff. Seymour George Bankoff (October 7, 1921 – July 14, 2011) was an American chemical engineer.

Bankoff was born on October 7, 1921, and raised in Brooklyn. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in mineral dressing at Columbia University. Bankoff then worked for the Manhattan Project between stints at DuPont. In 1948, he began teaching at Rose Polytechnic Institute and concurrently earned a Ph.D from Purdue University. Bankoff joined the Northwestern University faculty in 1959, where he was appointed the Walter P. Murphy Professor of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering. In 1966, Bankoff was named a Guggenheim fellow. Over the course of his career, Bankoff was also granted fellowship in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, as well as a membership in the National Academy of Engineering. He died on July 14, 2011, at Evanston Hospital, aged 89.

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
American chemical engineers
DuPont people
Manhattan Project people
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology
Northwestern University faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Scientists from Brooklyn
Engineers from New York City
Energi Mine. Energi Mine is a United Kingdom based blockchain technology company, that develops products in the energy management sector. It uses deep learning artificial intelligence models to trade and manage energy.  In February 2018, Energi Mine completed an initial coin offering (ICO).

Energi Mine has a blockchain-driven platform that decentralizes the global energy market by incentivizing energy conservation. Consumers and organisations are issued with ETK Tokens to reward energy efficient behavior. The tokens can be used to pay electricity bills, buy energy-efficient appliances and take public transport.

The company was founded in 2016 by Omar Rahim, who serves as its CEO. Energi Mine was covered in the news when it appointed an AI robot, Sasha to its management board to make algorithmic decisions.

References

Energy conservation
Sustainability and environmental management
Elma ASW-600. The Elma ASW-600 is an anti-submarine warfare system designed by the Saab Group and used by the Royal Swedish Navy. It is designated in Antiubåts-granatkastarsystemen 83 in Sweden, and was previously called the Elma LLS-920.

History
The ASW-600 was initially designed in the 1980s. In 2018, the Defence Materiel Administration announced it would be reintroducing the system aboard Koster-class mine countermeasures vessels.

Export
In 1993, the Swedish Parliamentary Advisory Council on the Export of War Materials approved the export of the ASW-600 to Indonesia.

References

Anti-submarine mortars
Saab
HackRF One. HackRF One is a wide band software defined radio (SDR) half-duplex transceiver created and manufactured by Great Scott Gadgets. It is able to send and receive signals. Its principal designer, Michael Ossmann, launched a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2014 with a first run of the project called HackRF. The hardware and software's open source nature has attracted hackers, amateur radio enthusiasts, and information security practitioners.

Overview 
HackRF One is capable of receiving and transmitting on a frequency range of 1 MHz to 6 GHz with maximum output power of up to 15 dBm depending on the band. The unit comes with an SMA antenna port, clock input and clock output SMA ports, and a USB 2.0 port. HackRF One integrates with popular software defined radio software such as GNU Radio and SDR#. The popularity of HackRF One as a security research platform has made it featured in many information security conference talks such as BlackHat, DEF CON and BSides.

Academic research 
Kimmo Heinäaro presented a paper at the 2015 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS) outlining how military tactical communications could be hacked with HackRF One and other open source tools.

In 2017, researchers described a GPS spoofing attack to feed a vehicle false signals and mapping data to deliver the target to a desired location.

Media attention 
HackRF One has received criticism in several media reports because it can be used to intercept and replay the key fob signals to open car and garage doors.

External links
 HackRF One on Great Scott Gadgets

References

Software-defined radio
Israel Tech Challenge. Israel Tech Challenge is a non-profit organization that aims to bring international highly technical talent to Israel. It is backed by the Israeli National Cyber Bureau, the Jewish Agency, the Paul E. Singer Foundation, private donors, and corporate partners. It was founded in 2013 by Raphael Ouzan and Oren Toledano.

Operations
As of 2018, Israel Tech Challenge provides 2-month internships, 5-month bootcamp and 10-month fellowships that have trained more than 400 new engineers from more than 20 countries. It has brought an estimated gain of $34.1M to the Israeli economy.  In 2017, six month internships in the program were offered to 15 students form Cyprus and 15 from Greece as part of an effort to strengthen ties between the world Greek and Jewish communities.

Oren Toledano is executive director.

Brief internship experiences are offered as part of the Birthright Israel program.   Haaretz asserts that the program, which it calls "Birthright for Geeks", seeks to expose young diaspora Jews who work in or study cutting edge tech to the tech industry in Israel.

In June 2018, Israel Tech Challenge was chosen by the Israel Innovation Authority as one of seven providers to run bootcamps and train engineers in Israel.

References

2013 establishments in Israel
Non-profit organizations based in Israel
Organizations established in 2013
H. Gene Slottow. Hiram Gene Slottow (1921–1989) was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was the co-inventor of the plasma display.

After completing his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Chicago, he completed MS in electrical engineering from the Johns Hopkins University and PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He was a professor of electrical engineering at Illinois from 1968 to 1986. He was also employed as an electrical engineer at the Coordinated Science Laboratory and the Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory from 1968 to 1986.

He won the 2003 Emmy Award in Technical Achievement for the invention of the plasma display. In 2013, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

References

1921 births
1989 deaths
American electrical engineers
Computer-based Education Research Laboratory
Emmy Award winners
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Olof Ljungström. Gustaf Olof "Olle" Ljungström (1918-2013) was a Swedish engineer. He was a visiting professor in aircraft design at Stanford University and the California Institute of Technology in the United States.

Biography
Olof Ljungström was born in 1918 as the son of Fredrik Ljungström and Signe (née Söderberg). He studied at Whitlockska samskolan, and studied aeronautics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. He undertook military service as an automotive engineer in the Swedish Air Force in 1939 and 1940. He acquired a Ph.D. in transportation and aviation technology at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1973.

Ljungström made contributions as an engineer in both his family businesses, notably in shale oil extraction, and beyond. He was recruited for the aircraft development at Saab. As a technical engineer, he worked with models from Saab 17 and Saab 29 Tunnan to Saab 35 Draken, the latter which was originally due to employ the jet engine STAL Dovern. He also spearheaded the development of the hovercraft Saab 401 for the Swedish Navy during the 1960s.

Due to his wide knowledge in the field, he was appointed visiting professor in aircraft design at Stanford University 1966-1967 and the California Institute of Technology 1968, both in the United States.

Furthermore, Ljungström was an international pioneer in wind power. He initiated the governmental project of wind power in Sweden at the National Swedish Board for Technical Development (Styrelsen för teknisk utveckling) in 1974.

Ljungström has contributed as technical writer and editor in Teknisk Tidskrift (1960-1975), among other publications. Having worked close to his father Fredrik Ljungström, he wrote an extensive biography on him, Fredrik Ljungström 1875-1964 - Uppfinnare och inspiratör, in 1999.

Distinctions
 Sweden: Honorary member of the Swedish Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics

References

20th-century Swedish engineers
Engineers from Stockholm
Swedish military engineers
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
People associated with wind power
Olof
1918 births
2013 deaths
Tschanz drive. The Tschanz drive or Oerlikon single-axle drive is a fully sprung single-axle drive for electric locomotives  named after its inventor Otto Tschanz or after Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. The drive was not widely used because its competitor, the Buchli drive, was cheaper and lighter.

Construction
The Tschanz drive is a fully sprung drive, which means that the motors are housed in the sprung part of the locomotive and are thus less exposed to shocks from the rails. Also, the shocks from the wheelsets to the rail are reduced because there is less unsprung weight on them.

The traction motor is firmly mounted in the locomotive frame and drives through a single-stage gearbox to a gear that is located to one side of the wheel. The power transmission from this gear to the axle is done with a cardan shaft which has universal joints at both ends and passes through a hollow axle.

Use
Rolling stock on which the Tschanz drive was used include:
 SBB-CFF-FFS Be 2/5
 SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 4/8
 BTB BCe 2/5
 PLM 242 BE 1
 PLM 262 AE

Patents
Drive device on railway vehicles with motors firmly mounted on the spring-loaded frame, (1916).
Motor mechanism for railway vehicles, with electric motors rigidly fixed to the frame mounted on suspension springs, (1917).
Driving mechanism for railway-vehicles with electric motors rigidly mounted on spring-supported frames, (1919).

See also
 Quill drive
 Winterthur universal drive

References

Further reading

    K. Sachs: Elektrische Vollbahnlokomotiven. Julius Springer, Berlin 1928, S. 308–309 (Fussnote).
    Elektrifizierung der Gotthardbahn. In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung. Band 69/70, Nr. 7, 1917, S. 83, doi:10.5169/seals-33931.

Electric locomotives
Electric locomotives of Switzerland
Locomotive parts
Scarab (fraternity). Scarab was a professional fraternity in the field of architecture. It was founded in 1909 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as the first group of its type for architecture.

History 
Scarab was founded on February 25, 1909, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Its members were students of architecture, landscape architecture, or architectural engineering.

Annually, each chapter held an exhibition of its best work. Chapters also issued a bronze or silver medal annually for excellence in architectural design in a competition that was open to any student at it institution. The national fraternity sponsored the annual Scarab National Competition.

The fraternity was governed by a supreme council that met during the annual convention. Its publication was The Hieratic. It also published the Scarab Bulletin twice a year.

Archival materials related to Scarab are housed at Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Archives, and the University of Illinois Archives.

It is unknown when most chapters ceased operations; The mother chapter, at Illinois, ceased activity circa 1971.

Chapter list 
Scarab's chapters were called temples. A list of its temples follows.

Notes

Notable members

 William Francis Cody, architect
 Raymond Eastwood, artist
 Robert A. Kennard, African American architect
 Robert E. Langdon Jr., architect
 Arthur Silvers, African American architect
 Louis Sullivan, architect
 Gordon Greenfield Wittenberg, architect

See also

 Professional fraternities and sororities

References

1909 establishments in Illinois
Student organizations established in 1909
Professional fraternities and sororities in the United States
Former members of Professional Fraternity Association
Architectural competitions
Architecture
Powered industrial truck. In legal terms of the United States, a powered industrial truck (PIT)  is a specialized  motor vehicle (truck) defined in several standards: ANSI B56.1-1969 (PIT is a “mobile, power propelled truck used to carry, push, pull, lift, stack, or tier material.”), the OSHA 29 CFR 1910.178 “Powered Industrial Trucks” regulation and its standard interpretations depending on industry type: general industry, marine terminals, longshoring, and construction. OSHA defines PITs as "forklifts, tractors,  platform lift trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines." The OSHA regulation specifically excludes "compressed air or nonflammable compressed gas-operated industrial trucks, nor to farm vehicles, nor to vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or over-the-road hauling". OSHA also says that its scope matches that of ANSI B56.1-1969 and some other ASME  standards, including ASME B56.6. ASME B56.6 (Rough Terrain Forklift Trucks) excludes loaders with buckets replaced with forks. The June 27, 2011 OSHA interpretation further clarifies that the classification of a vehicle as a PIT is determined by its design rather than the usage.

References

Trucks
Dorsal gunner. A dorsal gunner, mid-upper gunner or top gunner is an air gunner responsible for operating a gun position or turret located on the upper (dorsal) fuselage, between the cockpit and tail of some military aircraft. 

Between World War I and the 1950s, most heavy bombers, large attack/strike aircraft and long-range maritime patrol aircraft featured a dorsal, mid-upper or top gun position.

During World War II, the mid-upper gunners of British Commonwealth heavy bomber crews were regarded as the primary observer of a crew, and were responsible for detecting the approach of enemy fighter aircraft, as well preventing collisions with friendly aircraft and accidental mid-air bomb strikes.

See also
 Nose gunner
 Tail gunner
 Ventral gunner

References 
 Genevieve Tudor,  2005, BBC – WW2 People's War "Under Attack"
 Australian War Memorial, (no date) Crew - Mid Upper Gunner

Military aviation occupations
Combat occupations of the late modern period
MHV900-class patrol boat. The MHV900 class is a series of ships in service with the Danish Home Guard. It is a further development of the . These ships are about  longer and 10 tons heavier than the preceding class. The ships are primarily used for monitoring at sea, search and rescue, and environmental protection at sea. The increased size allows the ship class to carry two float locks of , which gives the Danish pollution preparedness a noticeable lift upward. In addition, the class is equipped with several fire pumps and a water cannon, which can be used for firefighting.

References

 
Patrol boat classes
Machai Hydropower Plant. The Machai Hydropower Plant is a run-of-the-river hydroelectricity power station with a generating capacity of 2.6 MW. Construction of the damn crossing the Machai Canal began in 2013 and was completed in March 2015 at the cost of PKR 683.50 million.

References 

Dams in Pakistan
Hydroelectric power stations in Pakistan
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Gopal Gupta (computer scientist). Gopal Gupta is the Erik Jonsson Professor and former head of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Texas at Dallas.

Education 
Gupta received a B.Tech. degree in computer science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 1985. He received an M.S. degree in computer science from The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1987. He also has a Ph.D. degree in computer science from The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1991.

Career 
Gupta is an Erik Jonsson Chaired Professor and head of the Department of Computer Science at The University of Texas at Dallas. He also serves as a director of UT Dallas' Quality of Life Technology Labs along with Lakshman Tamil and Mehrdad Nourani. He is the chief technology officer and co-founder of Interoperate.biz, Inc. He is also the co-founder and co-coordinator of COMPULOG AMERICAS, a network of research groups in the Western Hemisphere engaged in research on computational logic.

He has been active in research for over 25 years, mainly in the field of programming languages, software engineering, parallel and distributed processing and assistive technology. His work has resulted in over 40 journal articles and 108 conference and workshop papers.

Awards and honors 
 President, Association for Logic Programming, 2010–2014.
 Computer science outstanding teacher of the year, University of Texas at Dallas, 2008.
 Best paper award. European Conferences on Web Services 2005

References 

Living people
Indian computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
FS Class E.321 (third rail). FS Class E.321 was a class of 17 third-rail electric locomotives, built for the Italian State Railways (FS) for operation on the Varese line and on the underground line in Naples.

History
The E.321 was an evolution and improvement of the previous FS Class E.320. Seventeen units were built by Officine Meccaniche (OM) of Milan, with electrical equipment by Tecnomasio Italiano-Brown-Boveri (TIBB), from 1923 to haul heavy passenger trains on the electrified line of the Milan - Varese - Porto Ceresio railway and for use on the so-called "subway" of Naples.

Construction 
The locomotive consisted of a single central box, following the typical design of the time, with cabs and control desks at each end. This was mounted on a rigid frame carried on three coupled axles with   driving wheels and a carrying axle on the typical Italian Zara bogie at each end. The wheel arrangement was 1′C1′. The electrical equipment was contained in the central body. Two direct current (DC) traction motors provided a total power of  and the locomotive could reach a maximum speed of .

The design was almost the same as the E.320, but addressed the fragility of the E.320's mechanical rod transmission. The two motors, of similar but slightly lower power rating, were now set lower in the frame. This allowed the previous arrangement of steeply inclined coupling rods to intermediate jackshafts to be replaced by a lighter triangular rod on each side, similar to that used on the Italian three-phase locomotives, and no longer needing the jackshafts. The total weight of the locomotive in working order was , of which  was adhesive. This was nearly three tonnes lighter than the E.320 and yet there was nearly a ton more adhesive weight.

They were painted in the typical khaki brown Castano-Isabella livery of Italian electric locomotives.

Preservation
E.321.012 is preserved at the Museum of Science and Technology in Milan.

See also 
 FS Class E.321, a 3,000 V overhead line loco of 1957

References

Further reading

    Giovanni Cornolò, Locomotive elettriche FS, Parma, Ermanno Albertelli Editore, 1983, pp. 39–43.
    Stefano Garzaro, Locomotive elettriche FS,1986, editrice Elledi

650 V DC locomotives
1′C1′ locomotives
E.321 (third rail)
Railway locomotives introduced in 1923
TIBB locomotives
OM locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Shunting locomotives