omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Manganese monosilicide. Manganese monosilicide (MnSi) is an intermetallic compound, a silicide of manganese. It occurs in  cosmic dust as the mineral brownleeite. MnSi has a cubic crystal lattice with no inversion center; therefore its crystal structure is helical, with right-hand and left-hand chiralities.

MnSi is a paramagnetic metal that turns into a ferromagnet at cryogenic temperatures below 29 K. In the ferromagnetic state, the spatial arrangement of electron spins in MnSi changes with magnetic field, forming helical, conical, skyrmion, and regular ferromagnetic phases.

Crystal structure and magnetism

Manganese monosilicide is a non-stoichiometric compound, meaning that the 1:1 Mn:Si composition, lattice constant and many other properties vary depending on the synthesis and processing history of the crystal.

MnSi has a cubic crystal lattice with no inversion center; therefore its crystal structure is helical, with right-hand and left-hand chiralities.
At low temperatures and magnetic fields, the magnetic structure of MnSi can be described as a stack of ferromagnetically ordered layers lying parallel to the (111) crystallographic planes. The direction of magnetic moment varies from layer to layer by a small angle due to the  antisymmetric exchange.

Upon cooling to temperatures below Tc = 29 K, MnSi changes from a paramagnetic into a ferromagnetic state; the transition temperature Tc decreases with increasing pressure, vanishing at 1.4 GPa.

Electron spins in MnSi show dissimilar, yet regular spatial arrangements at different values of applied magnetic field. Those arrangements are named helical, skyrmion, conical, and regular ferromagnetic. They can be controlled not only by temperature and magnetic field, but also by electric current, and the current density required for manipulating skyrmions (~106 A/m2) is approximately one million times smaller than that needed for moving magnetic domains in traditional ferromagnets. As a result, skyrmions in MnSi have potential application in ultrahigh-density magnetic storage devices.

Synthesis
Centimeter-scale single crystals of MnSi can be prepared by direct crystallization from the melt using the Bridgman, zone melting or Czochralski methods.

References

Manganese compounds
Transition metal silicides
Iron monosilicide structure type
Charnawati Khola Hydroelectric Project. Charnawati Khola Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 3.52 MW. This power station is located in Dolakha District, Nepal.  The flow is 2.19 m3/s and gross head is 199 m. The annual generation of energy is 20.383 GWh. The electricity is connected to Makaibari (Gaighat) substation of NEA via 11 km long 33kV transmission line.

The plant is operated by Nepal Hydro Developer Limited, a public company developing various hydropower projects in Nepal.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Nepal
Run-of-the-river power stations
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
Buildings and structures in Dolakha District
2015 establishments in Nepal
Expandable graphite. Expandable graphite is produced from the naturally occurring mineral graphite. The layered structure of graphite allows some molecules to be intercalated in between the graphite layers. Through incorporation of acids, usually sulfuric acid graphite can be converted into expandable graphite.

Characteristics 
If expandable graphite is heated, the graphite flakes will expand to a multiple of their starting volume. The main products in the market have a starting temperature in the range of 200 °C. The expanded flakes have a “worm-like” appearance and are generally several millimeters long.

Production 
To produce expandable graphite, natural graphite flakes are treated in a bath of acid and oxidizing agent.Usually used oxidizing agents are hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or chromic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid or nitric acid are usually used as the compound to be incorporated, with the reaction taking place at temperatures of 30 °C to 130 °C for up to four hours. After the reaction time, the flakes are washed with water and then dried. Starting temperature and expansion rate depend on the production conditions and particle size of the graphite. temperature and expansion rate are depending on the degree of fineness of the graphite used.

Applications

Flame retardant 
One of the main applications of expandable graphite is as a flame retardant. When exposed to heat, expandable graphite expands and forms an intumescent layer on the material surface. This slows down the spread of fire and counteracts the most dangerous consequences of fire for humans, the formation of toxic gases and smoke.

Graphite foil 
By compressing expanded graphite, foils can be produced from pure graphite. These are mainly used as thermally and chemically highly resistant seals in chemical plant construction or as heat spreaders.

Expandable graphite for metallurgy 
Expandable graphite is also used in metallurgy to cover melts and moulds. The material serves here as an oxidation protection and insulator.

Expandable graphite for the chemical industry 
Expandable graphite is included in the chemical processes for paints and varnishes.

References 

Fire protection
Graphite
Electric Shock (disambiguation). An electric shock is an injury caused by an electric current.

Electric Shock may also refer to:
Electric Shock (EP), a 2012 extended play by f(x)
"Electric Shock" (song), a 2012 song by f(x)
Electric shock prod, a electroshock weapon
Electric shock drowning, a cause of death that occurs when swimmers expose to electric currents in water
Electric shock therapy, a psychiatric treatment

See also
Electroshock (disambiguation)
Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal. Jorge Arganis Díaz Leal (19 February 1943 – 24 May 2024) was a Mexican civil engineer who served as the Secretary of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation from 23 July 2020 until 15 November 2022.

In October 2021, he was named in the Pandora Papers leak.

Career 
Arganis studied Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a diploma in Construction Administration (CMIC) and also had studies in Project Management and Business Development.

In 1963, he began working at the General Directorate of Projects and Laboratories of the Secretariat of Public Works of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In 1971 he joined Pemex as a technical advisor. From 1977 to 1997 he worked for Ingenieros Civiles Asociados (ICA). From 2002 to 2006 he was Director General of Public Works in the administration of Andrés Manuel López Obrador as Head of Government of the Federal District. He later served in President López Obrador's cabinet as the Secretary of Infrastructure, Communications and Transport from July 2020 to November 2022, before resigning because of poor health.

Death 
Arganis died on 24 May 2024, at the age of 81.

References 

1943 births
2024 deaths
Mexican engineers
Secretaries of communications and transportation of Mexico
Cabinet of Andrés Manuel López Obrador
21st-century Mexican politicians
People named in the Pandora Papers
Politicians from Mexico City
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Lowcountry Rapid Bus System. The Lowcountry Rapid Transit system (LCRT) is a bus rapid transit system in development which will initially connect downtown Charleston to the Exchange Park in Ladson, North Charleston (also known as the Ladson Fairgrounds). Plans are for the system to eventually reach Summerville, South Carolina.

The LCRT is the first mass transit project in the history of South Carolina. Construction is slated to begin in 2026 and the system is expected to begin operating by late 2028 or early 2029. When completed, the system will be among the longest rapid transit systems in the United States.

Plans and development

Design of the system 
LCRT is expected to initially consist of 19 buses that will ferry people between the medical district in downtown Charleston to the Ladson Fairgrounds at $2 per fare. The current plan is for the system to traverse approximately 22 miles, making it one of the longest rapid transportation systems in the United States. The system will start with 18 stops, a large portion of which are likely to be on Rivers Avenue in North Charleston. The exact locations for many of the stops have not been determined yet.

The scope of the work for the project currently includes adding dedicated bus lanes to the medians along key streets such as Rivers Avenue, adding traffic signals to give buses priority at intersections, constructing twenty bus stations and several park-and-rides, as well as overall road improvements.  The system will use existing infrastructure from Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA) when possible.

The Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Council of Governments (BCDCOG) started the development of the LCRT in 2014. Due to the area's geographic population spread, BCDCOG determined that rail was impractical. Costs for LCRT are estimated to be $625 million.

Funding and planning 
In 2018, the Federal Transit Administration provided a $880,000 grant to aid in planning for development along the line. In 2021, the administration provided another $860,000 to BCDCOG for key development tools. A transit framework plan also determined other potential bus transit corridors in the area.
As of July 28, 2023, BCDCOG and officials for the bus rapid transit system are hosting public input meetings for the project. Currently, the project is planned to begin construction in 2026 with a late 2028 or early 2029 finalization date.

U.S. Highway 52 corridor system 
In 2024, BCDCOG began conducting a feasibility study for a separate bus rapid transit system along the Highway 52 corridor. Preliminary plans of the rapid bus transit system include a connection to the planned LCRT at Rivers Avenue and Melnick Drive.

References 

Bus rapid transit in the United States
Transportation in South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston County, South Carolina
Berkeley County, South Carolina
Dorchester County, South Carolina
Johnson, Hurley and Martin Ltd. Johnson, Hurley and Martin Ltd were based at the Alpha Works in Gosford Street, Coventry, England and made engines for several car manufacturers as well as the engines for the Weaver Aircraft, which was the first monoplane to fly in England in May, 1910. They continued in various forms of engine production until c1927, with the contents of the Alpha Works being sold off by the Receiver in February 1928.

Company History
The company was formed by George Johnson, Daniel Henry Hurley and James Richard Martin who had worked as partnership from about 1901 and formed the company in 1903. Daniel Henry Hurley was previously one of the partners of the Forman Motor Manufacturing Co of Paynes Lane, Coventry, who manufactured car engines from about 1901. Their partnership was dissolved in 1903, with the business continuing under Charles Edward Forman.

George Johnson, Daniel Henry Hurley and James Richard Martin also formed a partnership with Albert Edward Smith and traded as The Coventry Aero and Marine Engine Company of 61a Stoney Stanton Road, Coventry - this partnership was dissolved at the end of 1911, but the company continued under Daniel Hurley and James Martin, and during WW1 was engaged in making seaplane and chassis parts.

Engine Production
Up to about 1909 the company produced motor-car engines for the Calthorpe company. They were named 'alpha' engines after the name of the works. In the 1907 Olympia show report the Calthorpe car is described as being fitted with an "Alpha engine of four cylinders (93mm by 104mm), cast in pairs, this motor develops 21.8 h.p. by R.A.C. rating, its valves are all on one side, and had dual ignition plugs on top".

Other cars to use the Alpha engine included the Whitehead Car produced briefly in 1920 with a 11.9 hp Coventry Alpha engine., and in 1923 the Webb Super Nine, with a four cylinder water-cooled Alpha engine.

They also produced the engines for the Weaver Monoplane (or ornithoplane) designed and built by the proprietor of Coventry Victor Mr W. A. Weaver, with a 9 hp engine for the first monoplane proving to be not sufficiently powerful and only providing a few short hops in 1906,  the later 4-cylinder 20 hp engine allowed the Weaver Ornithoplane No.2 to become the first monoplane to fly in England in May 1910 covering a quarter of a mile at heights of up to 50 feet at Hampton-in-Arden near Coventry, England.
The Alpha engine was also used by the Arden Car Company which was located at Balsall Common near Coventry. There is a fine example of this beautiful small car in the Coventry Motor Museum.

References

Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Anna Stefanopoulou. Anna G. Stefanopoulou (born 1968) is a Greek-American mechanical engineer known for her research on the control theory of fuel cells and on improving the fuel efficiency of automotive engines. She is William Clay Ford Professor of Technology in the department of mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan, director of the University of Michigan Energy Institute, and a member of the University of Michigan President's Commission on Carbon Neutrality.

Education and career
Stefanopoulou studied marine engineering at the National Technical University of Athens, studying ship propulsion and graduating with a diploma in 1991. She moved to the University of Michigan for graduate study, beginning with a master's degree in marine engineering but then shifting to electrical engineering and computer science, as she became more interested in automotive applications of control theory.

After completing her Ph.D. in 1996, she worked on engine control for the Ford Motor Company from 1996 to 1997. In 1998 she became an assistant professor of mechanical and environmental engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she developed an additional line of research on automated braking, and was chosen as one of the participants in a prestigious National Academy of Engineering "Frontiers of Engineering" symposium. In 2000 she returned to the University of Michigan as an associate professor of mechanical engineering, and began the work on fuel cells for which she is best known.

Book
Stefanopoulou is the co-author, with Jay T. Pukrushpan and Huei Peng, of the book Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design (Springer, 2004).

Recognition
Stefanopoulou was named a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2007. In 2009 she became an IEEE Fellow, "for contributions to control of energy conversion systems". She became a fellow of SAE International (formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers) in 2018.

In 2009, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers gave Stefanopoulou their Gustus L. Larson Memorial Award for outstanding achievement in mechanical engineering. In 2016 the IEEE Control Systems Society gave her their Control System Technology Award "for the development of an advanced battery management system accounting for electro-thermo-mechanical phenomena".

The University of Michigan named Stefanopoulou to the William Clay Ford Professorship in 2017.

References

External links
Home page

Living people
American mechanical engineers
American women engineers
Greek engineers
Greek women engineers
Control theorists
National Technical University of Athens alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
1968 births
American women academics
21st-century American women
SVP-24. The SVP-24 is a navigation system that acts as a computerized bomb sight manufactured by Russian company Gefest & T, that is claimed to provide similar accuracy to guided munitions. It uses the Continually Computed Release Point (CCRP) technology. It proved to be highly effective in the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War and is being rolled out to all bombers in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces and Russian Naval Aviation.

Design
The SVP-24 consists of a GLONASS-supported nav/attack system, a new mission computer, liquid crystal displays, a flight recorder, and a keyboard. It reduces the time needed to program the aircraft's systems before a mission, and it improves the precision of unguided ordnance. It also allows the mission computer to be pre-programmed for automatic weapons release: forward air controllers are able to transmit standardised target coordinates to SVP-24-equipped aircraft. These are automatically fed into the aircraft's nav/attack system, which then generates flight direction commands for the crew to follow. Bombs are then released automatically, without the necessity of acquiring the target with the help of other on-board systems. This system's precision relies entirely on that of the GLONASS signal. As of 2015, the standard-precision GLONASS signal was insufficient for such purposes. Hence, in the first months of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war, Russian aircraft equipped with the SVP-24 usually missed their targets by around 100 metres. Starting in mid-October 2015, differential correction stations were installed to improve the signal's precision. This improved the average precision of the air strikes to 30–40 metres.

User aircraft

Sukhoi Su-24M
A modernization of the Su-24M was introduced in 2000 with the "Sukhoi" program and in 1999 with the "Gefest" program. It includes the SVP-24, a new HUD (ILS-31, like in Su-27SM or KAI-24) and expanded armament options (Kh-31, Kh-59MK, KAB-500S). The last batch of aircraft modernised in accordance to the Sukhoi program was delivered to the VVS in 2009. The modernization continues with the program "Gefest". All Su-24s in the Central Military District received the SVP-24 in 2013.

Sukhoi Su-25
The Su-25SM3 received the SVP-24 as a result of experience in Syria.

Sukhoi Su-33
In September 2016, it was announced the Su-33 would be outfitted with the SVP-24.

Tupolev Tu-22M3
The Tu-22M3 is being upgraded with the SVP-24-22 system, and digital processing for the aircraft's radar. A SVP-24-22-equipped Tu-22M underwent trials in 2009, and the program has been ordered into production, with deliveries starting in 2012.

Tupolev Tu-95
The Tu-95MS is to be upgraded  with the SVP-24.

Tupolev Tu-142
The Russian Navy plans to upgrade the Tu-142 anti-submarine aircraft with the installation of the SVP-24 bombing system.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Missile guidance
Military electronics of Russia
Targeting (warfare)
Aircraft weapons
Filters, random fields, and maximum entropy model. In the domain of physics and probability, the filters, random fields, and maximum entropy (FRAME) model is a Markov random field model (or a Gibbs distribution) of stationary spatial processes, in which the energy function is the sum of translation-invariant potential functions that are one-dimensional non-linear transformations of linear filter responses. The FRAME model was originally developed by Song-Chun Zhu, Ying Nian Wu, and David Mumford for modeling stochastic texture patterns, such as grasses, tree leaves, brick walls, water waves, etc. This model is the maximum entropy distribution that reproduces the observed marginal histograms of responses from a bank of filters (such as Gabor filters or Gabor wavelets), where for each filter tuned to a specific scale and orientation, the marginal histogram is pooled over all the pixels in the image domain. The FRAME model is also proved to be equivalent to the micro-canonical ensemble, which was named the Julesz ensemble. Gibbs sampler is adopted to synthesize texture images by drawing samples from the FRAME model.

The original FRAME model is homogeneous for texture modeling. Xie et al. proposed the sparse FRAME model, which is an inhomogeneous generalization of the original FRAME model, for the purpose of modeling object patterns, such as animal bodies, faces, etc.  It is a non-stationary Markov random field model that reproduces the observed statistical properties of filter responses at a subset of selected locations, scales and orientations. The sparse FRAME model can be considered a deformable template.

The deep FRAME model  is a deep generalization of  the original FRAME model. Instead of using linear filters as in the original FRAME model, Lu et al. uses the filters at a certain convolutional layer of a pre-learned ConvNet. Instead of relying on the pre-trained filters from an existing ConvNet, Xie et al. parameterized the energy function of the FRAME model by a ConvNet structure and learn all parameters from scratch. The deep FRAME model is the first framework that integrates modern deep neural network from deep learning and Gibbs distribution from statistical physics. The deep FRAME models are further generalized to modeling video patterns, 3D volumetric shape patterns

References 

Graphical models
Xiangtan High-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Xiangtan High-Tech Industrial Development Zone (; abbr: XTHTZ) is a national high-tech industrial zone in Xiangtan, Hunan, China. It covers an area of .

History
Xiangtan High-Tech Industrial Development Zone was first established in 1992. It was upgraded to a national HTZs approved by the State Council of China on March 18, 2009. On October 31, 2014, Xiangtan High-Tech Industrial Development Zone signed an industry university research cooperation agreement with Hunan University.

References

External links
 

Economy of Xiangtan
1992 establishments in China
Special Economic Zones of China
TQ-12. The TQ-12 (, lit. Sky Lark 12) is a gas-generator cycle rocket engine burning liquid methane and liquid oxygen (methalox) developed by LandSpace. TQ-12 is the first Chinese liquid rocket engine developed with private funding. The engine has been designed to produce  of thrust at sea level.

History

The engine passed its first powerpack test including the turbopump, valves, ignition components, and the gas generator at a LandSpace facility in Huzhou on March 25, 2019. 

The engine's first full assembly was delivered in May 2019, and a hot fire test was successfully conducted the same month. The engine passed its first 200 second duration variable thrust test on October 26, 2019. A series of 400s hot fire tests were conducted in January 2021 and the first-stage engine assembly for LandSpace's Zhuque-2 rocket was completed in February 2021. The launch vehicle first stage consists of four TQ-12 engines providing a takeoff thrust of 268 tons. 37 TQ-12 family engines had been built by LandSpace as of July 2022, with cumulative hot fire test duration of more than 20,000 seconds. A record-breaking 3357 seconds of hot fire time were accumulated by one engine over 11 firings.

In August 2022, LandSpace successfully tested an improved TQ-12A. Compared with the original TQ-12, the engine thrust is increased by 9%, the specific impulse is increased by 40 m/s, and the weight is reduced by 100kg. 

On December 14, 2022, Zhuque-2 completed its maiden flight. Four TQ-12 engines powered the first stage, which performed normally during the flight. However, the TQ-11 vernier engines used in the second stage failed, and the rocket was lost.

In July 2023, the 2nd launch of Zhuque-2 was successful and the payload reached orbit.

References

Rocket engines of China
Rocket engines using methane propellant
Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle