omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Multi-function structure. A multi-function material is a composite material. The traditional approach to the development of structures is to address the load-carrying function and other functional requirements separately. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in the development of load-bearing materials and structures which have integral non-load-bearing functions, guided by recent discoveries about how multifunctional biological systems work.

Introduction
With conventional structural materials, it has been difficult to achieve simultaneous improvement in multiple structural functions, but the increasing use of composite materials has been driven in part by the potential for such improvements. The multi-functions can vary from mechanical to electrical and thermal functions. The most widely used composites have polymer matrix materials, which are typically poor conductors. Enhanced conductivity could be achieved with reinforcing the composite with carbon nanotubes for instance.

Functions
Among the many functions that can be attained are power transmission, electrical/thermal conductivity, sensing and actuation, energy harvesting/storage, self-healing capability, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and recyclability and biodegradability. See also functionally graded materials which are composite materials where the composition or the microstructure are locally varied so that a certain variation of the local material properties is achieved. However, functionally graded materials can be designed for specific function and applications.

Many applications such as re-configurable aircraft wings, shape-changing aerodynamic panels for flow control, variable geometry engine exhausts, turbine blade, wind turbine configuration at different wind speed, microelectromechanical systems (micro-switches), mechanical memory cells, valves, micropumps, flexible direction panel position in solar cells, innovative architecture (adaptive shape panels for roofs and windows), flexible and foldable electronic devices and optics (shape changing mirrors for active focusing in adaptive optical systems).

References 

Composite materials
Structural engineering
Mechanics
Mechanical engineering
Mishor Rotem Power Station. The Mishor Rotem Power Station is a former oil shale-fired power station and current natural gas-fired power station in Mishor Rotem, Israel. It is operated by OPC Rotem, a subsidiary of the Israel Corporation (80%) and Veolia Environnement (20%).

Oil shale-fired power plant 
The oil shale-fired power plant was first commissioned as 1978 as a test pilot plant, with an installed capacity of . Between 1982 and 1986, the PAMA, a subsidiary of Israel Electric Corporation, established and operated a  pilot plant. After a R&D program was carried out and funded by PAMA and the Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures with an investment of approximately $30 million, the  demonstration plant was completed in 1989. The generated power was sold to the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC), and low-pressure steam was supplied to an adjacent industrial complex. After 2000, the power station was operated by Rotem Amfert Negev, a subsidiary of Israel Chemicals, an Israel Corporation company.

The power station required approximately half a million tons of oil shale annually, which was transported from a nearby open-pit mine. A large part of the ash generated in the process was used in products such as cat litter. Most of the ash product was distributed in Europe under the commercial name Alganite.

OPC Rotem natural gas power plant
OPC Rotem, a joint venture of IC Power, a subsidiary of the Israel Corporation, and Dalkia Israel Ltd., a subsidiary of Veolia Environnement, built a 440 MW single-shaft combined cycle natural gas-fired power plant at the site. Constructed by Daewoo with turbines and generators from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, it came on-line in the summer of 2013.

As of 2020, OPC is seeking approval from the national planning authorities for the addition of a 530MW generation unit to the site.

See also 
 Oil shale in Israel

References 

Natural gas-fired power stations in Israel
Oil shale-fired power stations in Israel
FKAB. FKAB, Fartygskonstruktioner AB, is Sweden's largest consulting firm specializing in ship design and ship construction. FKAB, which was founded in 1961, has 40 employees in Sweden and over 50 employees in China. FKAB designs all types of commercial ships and boats from pilot boats to 174 000 dwt bulk carriers.

Controversy 
In 1997, a british court found FKAB criminally guilty of "gross errors" under the Health and Safety at Work Act for their role in the Ramsgate port disaster which resulted in the collapse of a passenger walkway that caused the deaths of six people just four months after the walkway was installed.

As part of their conviction, FKAB were ordered to pay a £750,000 fine and court costs totalling £251,000. FKAB refused to pay the fine which created a diplomatic situation in the United Kingdom, Sweden and the European Union. A campaign was launched by Members of the European Parliament to "shame" FKAB in to paying the fine. As of 2024, FKAB have still not paid the fine.

The Health and Safety Executive found that FKAB had failed to make simple calculations and to include vital information in their design that was "inherently unsafe and was a design that was both inept and incompetent". The Health and Safety Executive found that "FKAB did not provide a safe design for the walkway and is primarily responsible for the technical design defects that caused the accident".

References

External links
 Company website

Boat and ship designers
Shipbuilding companies of Sweden
Companies based in Västra Götaland County
Consulting firms of Sweden
Department of Local Infrastructure Development. The Department of Local Infrastructure Development (DoLID), is a department under the Ministry of Urban Development of Nepal, responsible for assisting local governments in the engineering aspects of civil engineering construction including rural, urban and agriculture road/bridge construction and mentinance. It has its branch offices.

History 
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Road (DoLIDAR) was established in 2055 BS under Ministry of Local Development and Administration. It was later moved to Ministry of Urban Development and renamed as Department of Local Infrastructure.

Organization 
The department is run by officers of Nepal Engineering Service (Civil/General). Under the department, there are 370 technical officers running the department and its branch offices. There are 15 branch offices, namely:

 Local Infrastructure Development Offices - 7 (Biratnagar, Janakpur, Hetauda, Pokhara, Butwal, Birendranagar, Dhangadhi)
 Suspension Bridge Division - 1
 Rural Road Network Improvement Plan - 1 
 Central Project Implementation Unit - 1
 Rural Road Development Project Implementation Unit - 5 (Jhapa, Lalitpur, Parbat, Rolpa and Rukum West)

See also 

 Department of Roads
 Department of Urban Development and Building Construction
 Department of Railways

References

Transport in Nepal
Government departments of Nepal
Nepal Engineering Service
Cathodic modification. Cathodic modification within chemistry is the retardation of anodic reaction as the result of an increase in the ability of an alloy to be passivated by the introduction of an active cathode into the alloy e.g. the alloying of stainless steel and titanium with platinum group metals (1). This is one way in which corrosion resistant alloys can be produced and the resistance of alloy against electrochemical attack increased.

See also
Cathodic protection

References

1. Potgieter J. H., Heyns A.M., Skinner W. 1990. Cathodic modification as a means of improving the corrosion resistance of alloys. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 20: 711 - 715.

Corrosion prevention
Chemical processes
Neat volume. In civil engineering and construction, the neat volume is a theoretical amount of material.

For earthworks, it can refer to the volume either before native material is disturbed by excavation, or after placement and compaction is complete. A percentage is typically added to neat volume to estimate loose (i.e. uncompacted) volumes for procurement purposes.

With concrete work, neat volume is calculated assuming there is no bowing in the formwork, or, for cast-in-place concrete, that the surfaces in contact with the concrete have no voids or imperfections that would require a greater volume of concrete to fill.

Civil engineering
VROC. Virtual Researcher on Call (VROC) is a Canadian educational program administered by Partners in Research.  The program connects students with knowledge partners, researchers, and professionals in health, natural sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM fields), using web-based technology.

Video conferencing
Video conferencing technology is used to connect researchers and professionals in the STEM fields with elementary and secondary school classrooms for real-time, interactive discussion.

Partners
VROC is partnered with over 40 universities, colleges and institutions as well as school boards across the country.

Funding
VROC developed by Partners in Research at 2006 with funding from the Ontario government.

VROC began with a "Reaching Higher" grant from the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities in 2006 under the Dalton McGuinty government.

In 2011, Partners in Research was awarded a nearly million-dollar grant from the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario to teach southern Ontarian students about careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Partners in Research hosts a national annual awards reception and ceremony entitled The PIR National Awards to celebrate Canadian research in the STEM fields. Proceeds from this evening support the Virtual Researcher On Call Program.

Recognition
In 2006 VROC was named a "New and Noteworthy Initiative" by the Canadian Education Association.

VROC was awarded the ORION Discovery Award of Merit in 2008.

References

External links
VROC web page

Educational organizations based in Canada
Science education in Canada
Group Racing Developments. Group Racing Developments, known more simply as GRD, was a short-lived British constructor of racing cars. It was formed in 1971 with a large percentage of staff coming from those made redundant from the closure of Lotus Cars customer car manufacturing arm. They built cars for Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula Atlantic and Sports 2000 racing classes until a decline in British racing vehicle manufacturing bit into the industry in 1975 that paralleled the oil crisis.

Cars

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
British racecar constructors
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1971
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1975
Sports car manufacturers
British companies established in 1971
1971 establishments in England
Companies based in Norfolk
1975 disestablishments in England
Frank Kschischang. Frank Robert Kschischang (born 15 September 1962) is a German-born Canadian electrical engineer and a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto, and holds a Canada Research Chair in communication algorithms.

Education and career 
Kschischang was born in Mettmann of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany and moved to Canada for his university education. He studied at the University of British Columbia, where he received his B.A.Sc. in 1985 and then at the University of Toronto, where he received his PhD in electrical engineering under the supervision of Subbarayan Pasupathy in 1991. From the late 1990s till early 2000s, Kschischang and Brendan Frey co-invented factor graph, a kind of graphical model used in Bayesian inference.

Kschischang became a Fellow of the IEEE for his "contributions to trellis structures, graphical models and iterative decoding techniques for error-correcting codes." He is also a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, and is a recipient of the 2010 Killam Research Fellowship. He received the 2023 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal, the 2012 Canadian Award for Telecommunications Research, and the 2016 Aaron D. Wyner Distinguished Service Award. From 2014 to 2016, Kschischang served as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

References

External links
 Prof. Kschischang's home page

Canadian electrical engineers
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Living people
1962 births
Canada Research Chairs
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
People from Mettmann
Engineers from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
German emigrants to Canada
University of British Columbia alumni
Ellicott Dredges. First established as the Ellicott Machine Company in 1885, Ellicott Dredges is one of the oldest manufacturers in the world that specializes in the design and building of dredges and dredge machinery.  Throughout its 125 years of existence, Ellicott has built over 1,500 dredges and exported to over 80 countries.

History

By 1783, brothers John and Andrew Ellicott were well established flour exporters and operators of the largest flour mill on the East coast US – Ellicott Mills.  To accommodate their export business, the Ellicott brothers built a warehouse and wharf at Pratt and Light Streets on the Baltimore harbor.  To maintain the wharf's water depth, and continue to bring in ships, the Ellicotts commonly utilized horse drawn scoops to remove sediment from the harbor.  In 1785, the Ellicotts designed and built their first dredge, the Mud Machine.  Their efforts have been documented as the first dredging effort in the Baltimore harbor.  In the same year, Maryland's assembly established a board of port wardens to oversee the management of the Baltimore port and its dredging needs.  In 1790, the wardens approved the first use of mud machines throughout the harbor.

In 1827, the federal government recognizing the importance of the Port of Baltimore and its location on the B&O railroad, approved funding for an ongoing Baltimore harbor dredging program.  To initiate the program, the Maryland state senate purchased ten Mud Machines from the Ellicott brothers.  Shortly thereafter, horses were replaced by steam engines on the Mud Machine crafting the first power driven dredge in the US.

Ellicott Dredges built the cutter dredges used in construction of the Panama Canal. The first machine delivered was a steam-driven, 900 HP, 20-inch dredge. In 1941, Ellicott Dredges also built the dredge MINDI, a 10,000 HP, 28-inch cutter suction dredge still operating in the Panama Canal.

Currently, Ellicott has sold over 1,500 dredges to 80 different countries. Their cutter dredges can be used for a variety of applications including coastal protection, sand mining, and land reclamation.

References

External links
 , 
 
 

Manufacturing companies based in Baltimore
UNIGINE Company. UNIGINE Company is a multinational software development company headquartered in Clemency, Luxembourg. It is known for developing the UNIGINE Engine proprietary cross-platform middleware and advanced GPU benchmarks (Heaven, Valley and Superposition).

Products 

 UNIGINE Engine (cross-platform 3D engine for simulators, virtual reality systems and computer games)
 Naval strategy Oil Rush

GPU benchmarks 

 Sanctuary v2.3 (2007-2010) – no longer supported;
 Tropics v1.3 (2007-2010) – included in the Phoronix Test Suite for Linux, no longer supported;
 Heaven v4.0 (2009-2013) – the first benchmark for DirectX 11, included in the Phoronix Test Suite for Linux;
 Valley v1.0 (2013);
 Superposition v1.1 (2017-2019).

History 
The development of UNIGINE technology began with the open source project Frustum, which was opened in 2004 by Alexander Zapryagaev, co-founder (along with Denis Shergin, CEO) and ex-CTO of UNIGINE company, as well as the lead developer of the UNIGINE Engine.

The name UNIGINE is an abbreviation for either "Unique Engine" or "Universal Engine".

See also
 Unigine Engine
 Oil Rush
 Linux gaming

References

External links 
 
Benchmarks home page

Video game companies established in 2017
Video game development companies
2017 establishments in Luxembourg
Military Load Classification. The Military Load Classification (MLC) is a system of standards used by NATO to classify the safe amount of load a surface can withstand. Load-carrying capacity is shown in whole numbers for vehicles, bridges, roads, and routes. Vehicles are classified by weight, type, and effect on routes. Bridges, roads, and routes are classified by physical characteristics, type and flow of traffic, effects of weather, and other special conditions.

How the system is applied
Usually, the lowest bridge classification number (regardless of vehicle type or conditions of traffic flow) sets the load classification of a route. If no bridge is located on the route, the worst section of road governs the route's classification. Vehicles having higher load classifications than a particular route are sometimes able to use that route if a recon overlay or a special recon shows that a change in traffic control, such as making a bridge a single-flow crossing, would permit use of the route by heavier traffic.

Whenever possible, the basic military road network is composed of average routes and includes a number of heavy traffic routes and a few very heavy traffic routes. The class of a military road maneuver network is fixed by the minimum route classification of the network. Individual routes are grouped and identified in broad categories.

The MLC scale is defined in terms of a set of 16 hypothetical standard wheeled vehicles and a set of 16 hypothetical tracked vehicles. Originally, these hypothetical vehicles were typical of actual military vehicles used in NATO countries. Standard tracked vehicles are designated by MLC numbers ranging from 4 to 150, which correspond to the gross vehicle weight in short tons. Each standard tracked vehicle is also defined in terms of track width, length, and spacing. Standard wheeled vehicles are designated by the same MLC numbers (4 through 150), which correspond to about 85% of the gross weight in short tons. Each standard wheeled vehicle is defined in terms of gross weight, number of axles, axle spacing, and axle load.

Maximum single-axle load

In addition to the standard hypothetical wheeled vehicles, a maximum single-axle load is specified for each MLC. This is used to represent the loading on very short spans, when only one axle is on the span at a time.

References

NATO Standardization Agreements
Military vehicles
Roads
Standards of the United States
Johansen CAJO 59. The Johansen CAJO 59 was a Danish twin-engined amphibious flying boat.  Built in the late 1960s, it achieved certification but did not go into production.

Design and development
The CAJO 59 was designed by Carl Johansen (hence the name) as a general purpose 3-4 seat amphibious flying boat.  It was a high-gull winged twin-engine monoplane with a wooden structure, mostly wooden skinned, apart from glass fibre/foam sandwich panels in the fuselage and fabric covered control surfaces. The wings inboard of the engines were built around two spars and had high dihedral (8.8°), which raised the engines well above the water.  Outboard of the engines the wings had a single spar and were without dihedral.  They carried full span slotted flaps and ailerons which were lowered when the flaps were fully extended.

The fuselage was flat sided with rounded decking, with the cabin under the wings.  Its conventional flying boat V-shaped planing bottom had a change of curvature near midpoint but no discrete step. The vertical tail was straight-tapered, the rudder fitted with a trim tab.  The cantilever variable incidence tailplane, with elevators, was mounted above the fuselage at about one third fin height.

The CAJO 59 was powered by two 65 hp (49 kW) Walter Mikron III inverted inline engines. Two fixed floats, mounted well outboard on single struts, stabilised flights off water.  It had a manually retractable tricycle wheeled undercarriage, with main legs mounted on the fuselage and retracting into it above the waterline.

The first flight was made from water on 25 July 1967 and the first from land on 17 April 1968.  Certification facilities were lacking in Denmark, so the CAJO 59 was taken to Germany and flew as D-GDFH during 1970.

Specifications

See also

References

1960s Danish civil utility aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
CAJO 59
High-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Flying boats
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Sinan Solar Power Plant. The Sinan solar power plant is a 24 MW  photovoltaic power station in Sinan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. , it is the largest photovoltaic installation in Asia.  The project was developed by the German company Conergy and it cost US$150 million.  It was built by the Dongyang Engineering & Construction Corporation.

See also

Photovoltaic power stations

References

Photovoltaic power stations in South Korea
Van Lith VI. The Van Lith VI was a one-off French-built light civil utility aircraft of the late 1950s.

Development and design

The Van Lith VI was a two/three seat light high-wing cabin monoplane of conventional wooden construction. The wing was a two-spar structure with plywood and fabric covering. The fuselage was of rectangular section with plywood cladding. The main undercarriage with fixed legs, wheels, brakes and tailwheel were adapted from those of the Stampe SV.4. The pilot and passengers were seated in tandem with an access door on each side hinging upward for entry and exit. The slotted ailerons could be drooped together to function as flaps. It was initially flown with a single fin, but this was replaced with twin fins.

Operational history

One example of the design was completed.  It was flown by the constructor from airfields at Toussus-le-Noble and Guyancourt near Paris. It was still registered to Jean Van Lith in 1964, and was active until at least 1967, but is no longer extant.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 

1950s French civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology. Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology (RIT) is an Autonomous engineering college in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. RIT is approved by AICTE and affiliated with Anna University, Chennai and accredited with 'A++' Grade in NAAC. RIT is located in Chennai-Bangalore National Highway near satellite city and opposite to EVP film city. RIT is one of the NIRF 2022 ranked youngest institute in the state.

The Institution has signed MoU’s with several leading industries and Foreign Universities. Sports facilities such as volleyball, badminton, cricket and track field apart from traditional indoor games.

The college is currently offering the following Under Graduation courses. 
B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence & Data Science,
B.Tech Computer Science and Business Systems,
B.E. Computer & Communication Engineering,
B.E. Computer Science & Engineering,
B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering,
B.E. Mechanical Engineering.
B.E. Computer Science & Engineering (AI&ML)
B.E. Electronics Engineering (VLSI Design & Technology)
M.E. VLSI Design*
M.B.A. Logistics and Supply Chain Management*

Rankings 
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked KCT between 151-200 in the engineering rankings in 2024.

See also

 Rajalakshmi Institutions

References

External links 

Rajalakshmi Institutions
Engineering colleges in Chennai
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu