omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Haloperoxidase. Haloperoxidases are peroxidases that are able to mediate the oxidation of halides by hydrogen peroxide. Both halides and hydrogen peroxide are widely available in the environment.

Mechanistic and thermodynamic considerations
Halogenations of organic compounds by free halogens () is generally favorable process.  It is practiced industrially on a large scale for example.  In nature, however, free halogens do not exist in appreciable amounts.  The combination of hydrogen peroxide, which is widely produced by aerobic life, and halide anions provides the equivalent of .  The oxidation of these anions by hydrogen peroxide is slow in the absence of enzymes.  These enzymes are called haloperoxidases.  The reaction that they catalyze is:

From the perspective of thermodynamics, the Nernst equation confirms that hydrogen peroxide can oxidize chloride (E°= 1.36 V), bromide (E°= 1.09 V), and iodide (E°= 0.536 V) from a thermodynamic perspective under natural conditions, i.e., a temperature range of about 0–30 °C and a pH ranging from about 3 (humic soil layer) to about 8 (sea water). Fluoride (E°= 2.87 V) cannot be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide.

Classification
The table shows the classification of haloperoxidases according to the halides whose oxidation they are able to catalyze.

The classification of these enzymes by substrate-usability does not necessarily indicate enzyme substrate preference. For example, although eosinophil peroxidase is able to oxidize chloride, it preferentially oxidizes bromide.

The mammalian haloperoxidases myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) are also capable of oxidizing the pseudohalide thiocyanate (SCN−).  They each contain a heme prosthetic group covalently bound by two ester linkages to aspartate and/or glutamate side-chains.  MPO has a third covalent link through a methionine residue.  Horseradish peroxidase is also capable of oxidizing these substrates, but its heme is not covalently bound and becomes damaged during turnover.

A specific vanadium bromoperoxidase in marine organisms (fungi, bacteria, microalgae, perhaps other eukaryotes) uses vanadate and hydrogen peroxide to brominate electrophilic organics.

Murex snails have a bromoperoxidase used to produce Tyrian purple dye. The enzyme is very specific to bromide and physically stable, but has not been characterized as to its active site.

See also
 Vanadium bromoperoxidase

References

EC 1.11.1
Keystone K-47 Pathfinder. The Keystone K-47 Pathfinder was an airliner developed in the United States in the late 1920s, built only in prototype form.

Design and development
The Pathfinder was an attempt by the Keystone Aircraft Corporation to develop a civil transport version of the successful series of bombers that it was producing for the United States Army Air Corps as the LB-5 and its derivatives. Like them, it was a conventional biplane design with engines mounted in nacelles on the lower wing, but also added a third engine, mounted on the nose (as the single engine of the LB-1 had been). A passenger cabin with seating for ten was added to the fuselage.

The first Pathfinder (registered NX179) was chosen by US Navy pilots Noel Davis and Stanton Wooster for their attempt at the Orteig prize to cross the Atlantic. The standard Liberty engines were replaced by Wright J-5s of approximately half their power. Painted yellow, the aircraft was named American Legion after the sponsors of the attempt. On 26 April 1927, a week before their planned departure, the aircraft crashed during a heavily laden test flight from Langley Field at Hampton, Virginia. Unable to climb quickly enough to clear a row of trees, Davis attempted to turn the aircraft, but lost height and was forced to land. Although he succeeded in bringing the aircraft down, he was unable to stop it as it skidded into a nearby bog and was wrecked. Davis and Wooster were both killed, the former's face crushed and the latter's neck broken. The remains of the aircraft were trucked back to Keystone, where it was rebuilt and re-registered (NC1612). It was purchased by Basil Rowe to use for his pioneering air service in the West Indies, West Indian Aerial Express, christened Santa Maria. As Pan American expanded its operations into the area, Santa Maria was chartered to fly the first of the airline's mail flights from Key West to Havana, before Pan Am purchased West Indian Aerial Express outright, and the Pathfinder along with it. The aircraft continued to fly freight for Pan Am for some years before being retired and burned at Brownsville, Texas.

The second Pathfinder (NC5317) was fitted with extensions to its lower wing that was used to carry a neon sign advertising Silver Dust laundry soap through the skies of New York City at night during 1928.

Variants
K-47initial version with Liberty L-12 engines, modified for trans-atlantic attempt (1 built)
K-47AK-47 rebuilt after crash for use as commercial transport, fuselage and lower wingspan extended. Later repowered with Wright Cyclones for increase in top speed to 150 mph (240 km/h)
K-47CAdvertising platform with further extended lower wingspan, 2 × Wright J-5 engines and 1 × Pratt & Whitney Wasp

Specifications (K-47A)

References

Further reading

External links

 aerofiles.com

Pathfinder
1920s United States airliners
Trimotors
Biplanes
RV Bernicia. The RV Bernicia is a research vessel owned and operated by diving organisation Bernicia Netherlands. It was previously operated by Newcastle University's Department of Marine Science and Technology, where it was used for research and teaching in the North Sea and in river estuaries, largely in the area of marine biology.

Operational history
The RV Bernicia is a small trawler-type vessel approximately 16 metres in length with hydraulically operated windlass and winches, and a crane on the aft deck. The research vessel was designed by Naval Architects from Newcastle University. When used by the university it was berthed at and operated from Blyth. In 2011 the Bernicia was replaced by a newer research vessel that was also partly designed by students at the university. This new vessel is RV The Princess Royal. RV Bernicia was sold to diving organisation Bernicia Netherlands.

Namesake
The RV Bernicia is named after the ancient Anglo Saxon Kingdom of the same name.

References

External links 
 
 

Newcastle University
Research vessels of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Tyne
Hyuck Kwon. Hyuck M. Kwon (born May 9, 1954) is a professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas. His research focuses on wireless communications, CDMA, and MIMO.

Biography 
Kwon was born in South Korea. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul National University in 1978 and 1980, respectively. He received a Ph.D. degree in computer, information, and control engineering from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, in 1984 under the supervision of Theodore Birdsall with a thesis "Digital Coding For Underwater Acoustic Multipath Channels,”  

.From 1985 to 1989, he was with the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, as an assistant professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department. From 1989 to 1993, he was with the Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Houston, Texas, as a principal engineer, working for NASA Space Shuttle and Space Station satellite communication systems. Since 1993, he has been with the Electrical and Computer Engineering  Department of Wichita State University where he is now a full professor. In addition, he held several visiting and consulting positions at communication system industries, was a visiting associate professor at Texas A&M University, College Station in 1997, and a visiting professor at KAIST, in Daejeon, South Korea in 2005.

Publications
Kwon has over 140 refereed publications in IEEE journals and conference proceedings. His most cited publications are:

 Tayem N, Kwon HM. L-shape 2-dimensional arrival angle estimation with propagator method. IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation. 2005 May 9;53(5):1622-30. Cited 318 times according to Google Scholar.
 Kwon HM. Optical orthogonal code-division multiple-access system. I. APD noise and thermal noise. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 1994 Jul;42(7):2470-9. . Cited times 234 according to Google Scholar.
 Tayem N, Kwon HM. Conjugate esprit (c-sprit). IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2004 Oct 8;52(10):2618-24. Cited 89 times according to Google Scholar.

References

External links
Home page

1954 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
Wichita State University faculty
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
South Korean emigrants to the United States
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean electrical engineers
Alex Seidel. Alex Seidel (4 July 1909 – 24 October 1989) was a German weapons manufacturer and the co-founder of Heckler & Koch along with Theodor Koch and Edmund Heckler. Together the three men built the Heckler and Koch company out of the old name of Heckler & Co. on 28 December 1949.

References

German company founders
20th-century German businesspeople
1909 births
1989 deaths
Heckler & Koch
Firearm designers
Dorney Road Landfill. Dorney Road Landfill is a  municipal and industrial landfill in Upper Macungie Township and Longswamp Township, Pennsylvania that was polluted with toxic waste from 1952 to 1978. The site is surrounded by rural residences and farmland. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) added the site to the Superfund National Priorities List in 1984. The site was remediated and removed from the National Priorities List in 2018.

History
The landfill began in 1952 in an old iron-ore pit by R. Emory Mabry.  It was expanded to  by Harold Oswald who operated the landfill from 1966 to 1979. The state inspected the landfill in 1972 and found that industrial sludge, batteries, and barrels of petroleum product had been dumped on site. Contamination was detected in nearby water wells in 1982 and the landfill was the immediate suspect. 

Groundwater and soil analyses showed the presence of carcinogenic and other contaminants such as polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, chromium, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride, benzene, and arsenic above the EPA's acceptable regulatory levels. The site was added to the National Priorities List in 1984.

Clean-up
In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a removal action that included regrading the landfill to prevent runoff and erosion of landfill material.

In 1988, the EPA selected a remediation plan for the site which included off-site disposal of  of on-site pond water, construction of a dike and diversion ditch system, installation of a multi-layer cap and gas collection system, groundwater monitoring, and restrictions on access to the site and construction near the site.

In 1991, the EPA issued a second remediation plan which included the continuation of groundwater monitoring and installation of wellhead treatment units in nearby residences.

In 2007, the EPA issued a revision to their original Record of Decision which deemed that controls be put in place to protect the cap over the landfill and that no groundwater wells be installed on the site.

Groundwater testing from 2013 to 2017 showed that the metals manganese, mercury, and thallium were all present in excess of the federal maximum contaminant levels.

In 2018, the EPA removed the site from the National Priorities List and determined that all performance standards had been achieved and that no additional Superfund response actions, other than operation and maintenance and Five-Year Reviews, were necessary to protect human health and the environment.

Current status
The EPA continues to monitor groundwater and physically inspect the landfill cap on a quarterly basis.  A five-year review report conducted in 2018 determined that the remedies in place are protective of human health and the environment.  The next five-year review is scheduled to be released in 2023.

References

1952 establishments in Pennsylvania
1978 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Former landfills in the United States
Iron mines in the United States
Landforms of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Superfund sites in Pennsylvania
Niobium–germanium. Niobium-germanium (Nb3Ge) is an intermetallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and germanium (Ge). It has A15 phase structure.

It is a superconductor with a critical temperature of 23.2 K.

Sputtered films have been reported to have an upper critical field of 37 teslas at 4.2 K.

History
Nb3Ge was discovered to be a superconductor in 1973 and for 13 years (until the discovery in 1986 of the cuprate superconductors) it held the record as having the highest critical temperature.

It has not been as widely used for superconductive applications as niobium–tin or niobium–titanium.

Related alloys
Niobium-germanium-aluminium has an upper critical field of about 10 teslas.

References

External links
US Patent 4336280: Method for continuous production of niobium-germanium layers

Germanium compounds
Intermetallics
Niobium compounds
Superconductors
NASA Mini-Sniffer. The NASA Mini-Sniffers were a series of unmanned aerial vehicles designed to sample the air at high altitude to support various scientific studies.

History
In the early 1970s, NASA engineer Dale Reed was investigating methods for sampling the atmosphere at very high altitudes, up to 21 kilometers (70,000 feet). NASA's studies into supersonic transport jets had led to questions about their possible impact on the upper atmosphere, and Reed designed a series of "Mini-Sniffer" drones to take air samples at high altitudes. NASA also considered them for planetary atmospheric sampling flights over Mars.
Three Mini-Sniffers were built by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center and were flown from 1975 through 1982.

The aircraft

Mini-Sniffer I
The initial "Mini-Sniffer I" had a wingspan of 5.5 meters (18 feet), tailfins on the wingtips, and canards on the nose. It used a gasoline-powered piston engine and performed a dozen low-altitude flights to validate the design.

Mini-Sniffer II

The Mini-Sniffer I was then modified into the "Mini-Sniffer II" by removing the canards and the wingtip tailfins, then adding tail booms and extending the wings, giving it a wingspan of 6.7 meters (22 feet). It was still powered by a gasoline engine, and made 21 flights to a maximum altitude of 6,100 meters (20,000 feet).

To get to much higher altitudes, Reed planned to use an unusual engine that burned hydrazine. A normal internal combustion engine burns gasoline with air to generate power, but at 21 kilometers the air is too thin to keep it running. Instead of gasoline, Reed planned to use hydrazine, or N2H4, which breaks down spontaneously when run across a catalyst, generating hot gas (ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen) to drive the engine. Hydrazine is a corrosive, toxic, and unstable propellant, but its ability to "burn" without oxygen makes it useful for spacecraft thrusters and for such high-altitude engine applications.

Mini-Sniffer III
"Mini-Sniffer III" was a new 
build aircraft, similar to Mini-Sniffer II but with a longer fuselage and the hydrazine engine. Hydrazine was decomposed in a catalytic gas generator, made from converted spacecraft thruster. Hot gas drove the piston engine with  of power. The engine drove an electric alternator and a propeller through a 2:1 reduction drive. The flow of hot gas into the cylinder was regulated by a special poppet valve. 

It was designed to carry an 11.3 kilogram (25 pound) payload to  or higher. However, the Mini-Sniffer III only made a single flight to 6,100 meters (20,000 feet), and was not flown again because fuel leaks made it hazardous to handle. NASA lost interest in the idea, and the concept of a high-altitude UAV was abandoned until later when the NASA ERAST Program resurrected the idea.

See also
NASA ERAST Program
NASA Pathfinder
Mars aircraft

References
This article contains material that originally came from the web article "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.

Mini-Sniffer
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
1990s United States experimental aircraft
NASA aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Virginia (schooner). Virginia is a wooden schooner that is a modern replica of an early twentieth century pilot vessel of the same name. She conducts educational programs and passenger trips along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Canada, and in the Caribbean.

The original Virginia
The original schooner Virginia was commissioned by the Virginia Pilots Association and designed by naval engineers Cox and Stevens. Pilots Association president William Rowe Boutwell instructed the designers to model the vessel after the America's Cup competitors of the day. She was built by A.C. Brown & Son of Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, and was completed in 1916. Although steamboats were readily available at the time, Virginia was built with no engines so as to maintain the pilots' sailing skills and train new apprentices.

Virginia served actively as a pilot vessel during World War I. Following the war, she was fitted with two 75 hp diesel engines, which necessitated a shortening of her fore boom to accommodate a smokestack.

In 1939, Virginia was sold to Walter K. Queen of Boston. She was sold again in 1944, and in 1945 was sold to her final owner, William H. Hoeffer of New York. In 1947 she was reported "stranded."

The modern Virginia
The replica Virginia was commissioned by the Virginia Maritime Heritage Foundation and built, with about $5 million in state and federal funding, by Tri-Coastal Marine in Norfolk, Virginia. She was completed in 2005. She is a gaff rigged knockabout schooner, meaning she lacks a bowsprit; her headsails can be handled and furled from the deck.

In 2004, the Virginia Senate deferred a bill that would establish the Commonwealth of Virginia as a co-owner of the Virginia.

In 2007, Virginia was awarded a $10,000 grant from the United States Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program, by way of the American Sail Training Association, for her youth sail training programs.

In 2014 it was reported that Virginia was for sale, with an asking price of $1.8 million. The Virginia Maritime Heritage Foundation's sail-training programme was proving unsustainable, it costing about $1 million a year to run the schooner.  a listing on YachtWorld.com showed Virginia'''s asking price as $1.5m.

Programs
In the summer, Virginia offers week-long educational programs for boys and girls aged 13–17. In conjunction with the professional crew, the trainees help to sail, maintain, and navigate the ship. Virginia also provides scholarships to allow underserved youth to participate in these programs.Virginia also carries paying guests between various destination points.Virginia'' has raced in the Great Chesapeake Bay Schooner Race several times.

See also
 List of schooners

References

External links
Schooner Virginia homepage

Schooners of the United States
Individual sailing vessels
Tall ships of the United States
Two-masted ships
Ships built in Norfolk, Virginia
2005 ships
Serial ATA International Organization. Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) is an independent, non-profit organization which provides the computing industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification. SATA-IO was developed by and for leading industry companies. It was officially formed in July 2004 by incorporating the previous Serial ATA Working Group which had been established in February 2000 to specify Serial ATA for desktop applications.

SATA-IO is affiliated directly to INCITS, and indirectly via INCITS to ANSI.  Many members form this organization; it is currently led by ATP Electronics, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, HGST, Intel, Marvell, PMC-Sierra, SanDisk, Seagate Technology, and Western Digital.

See also 
 SATA Express
 Serial ATA

External links 
 Official site
 Homepage of American Standards Institute
 Homepage of the ANSI accredited standardization body INCITS
 List of INCITS standards
 Technical Committee T13 (AT Attachment)

References 

 
Serial ATA
Starflight (disambiguation). Starflight may refer to:
Starflight, a science fiction computer game set in the 47th century
Starflight: The Plane That Couldn't Land, a television movie
"Starflight", a song by After the Fire on their album Der Kommissar
 MV-1 Starflight, a passenger aircraft made by Monsted-Vincent
Interstellar travel
 Starflight, the first book in the Starflight duology by Melissa Landers
 Travis County STAR Flight, a public emergency helicopter service in Austin, Texas.
Smart wearable system. A smart wearable system (SWS) is an end-to-end integrated and connected system that has the following features: 

 one or more sensors and actuators nodes at the end-user side and possibly integrated into worn items
 nodes connectivity to local and/or remote processor
 processor that classifies events and, when actuators are available, takes corrective action

Sensor nodes can monitor a.o. body location, motion & posture, body vital signs and local context. Actuator nodes can influence properties of the worn items, e.g. in order to protect the wearer from risks, or provide wearer with feedback/recommendations.

The concept of SWS can be seen as an extension and integration of the wearable electronics (wearable computers) and intelligent textiles concepts (e-textiles) from isolated to fully (web) connected systems thus enabling provision of a new category of products.

Examples of SWS application categories can be active safety, risks prevention, coaching, performance improvements, entertainment. For instance e.g. supervised continuous remote monitoring/co-ordination of workers exposed to specific risks, soldiers on the field, people with chronic cardiac diseases or e.g. fitness coach systems where assessment of fitness level as well feedback and improvement recommendations based on deviations from training plans are provided during or after the activity.

SWS applications are emerging a.o. in the sport, entertainment, healthcare, military domains.

The term Smart Wearable Systems has been referenced a.o. by the following authors (sorted, most recent first):

 Smart Wearable systems: vision and challenges. Giuseppe Coppola, Munich, Germany

 New Generation of Smart Wearable Health Systems and Applications, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE, VOL. 9, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2005, pg 293

 Smart wearable systems for personalised health management: current R&D and future challenges, Lymberis, A., Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2003. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, 17-21 Sept. 2003, Volume: 4,  pg 3716- 3719

References

Wearable computers