omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
3rd Space Support Wing. The 3d Space Support Wing (3 SSW) was a wing of the United States Air Force active from 1986 to 1992 at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado as part of Air Force Space Command.

History
The wing was constituted as the 3d Space Support Wing on 8 Oct 1986 and activated on 15 Oct 1986.

It was inactivated on 15 May 1992 along with the 1st Space Wing.  The 21st Space Wing, a unit with a more historic lineage, took their place.

Components
 Cheyenne Mountain Support Group
 USAF Clinic, Peterson AFB
 1002d Special Security Squadron, Falcon AFS (according to Air Force Address Directory AFR 10-4 15 July 1987, p176)
 1003d Comptroller Squadron (AFAD AFR 10-4 1987)
 1003d Mission Support Squadron
 1003d Mobile Command and Control Squadron
 1003d Space Support Group, Peterson AFB (AFAD AFR 10-4 1987)
 1003d Security Police Squadron, Peterson AFB (AFAD AFR 10-4 1987)
 1003d Civil Engineering Squadron, Peterson AFB (AFAD AFR 10-4 1987)
 1003d Services Squadron, Peterson AFB (AFAD AFR 10-4 1987)
 1003d Transportation Squadron
 1004th Space Support Group
 1012th Air Base Group (at Thule Air Base, Greenland)
 1015th Air Base Squadron
 2163d Communications Group

Emblem

Blazon
Azure, resting on a pillar issuing from base or, detailed argent, a globe celeste (blue turquoise) grid-lined of the second and outlined of the third within two orbital rings saltirewise of the like each charged in chief with a polestar gold; all between three mullets and a plate argent, the plate in dexter chief; all within a diminished bordure or.

Symbolism
Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors.  Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations.  Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel.  The globe represents the earth as viewed from space.  The latitude and longitude lines emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations.  The ellipses and stars represent the orbital paths traced by satellites.  The pillar represents the support mission of the wing.

See also
 1st Space Wing
 2d Space Wing

References

Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Space wings of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1986
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992
1st Space Wing. The 1st Space Wing was a wing of the United States Air Force active from 1983 to 1992 at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado as part of Air Force Space Command.

The Wing was constituted on 18 Oct 1982 and activated on 1 January 1983 with assignment to Space Command (later, Air Force Space Command).

It was inactivated on 15 May 1992 along with the 3d Space Wing, also at Peterson AFB, and the 21st Space Wing, a unit with a more historic lineage, took their place.

Subordinate units

Groups
1st Space Support Group
12th Missile Warning Group (??)
47th Communications Group (??)
73d Space Surveillance Group (from AFSPC 1 Jun 1991 – 27 Feb 1992 to AFSPC)
4000th Satellite Operations Group (1981-83), later 1000th Satellite Operations Group (1983-1992)

Squadrons
1st Command and Control Squadron (??-??)
2d Communications Squadron (??)
3d Communications Squadron (??)
4th Satellite Communications Squadron, Mobile (??)
5th Defense Space Communications Squadron (??)
6th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
7th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
8th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
9th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
10th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
12th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
13th Missile Warning Squadron (??)
16th Surveillance Squadron (??)
17th Surveillance Squadron (??)
18th Surveillance Squadron (??)
19th Surveillance Squadron (??)
20th Missile Warning Squadron (??)

Emblem

Blazon
Azure, from chief two rays pilewise or, terminating at base on a demi-globe light blue edged and grid-lined sable, surmounting the rays and globe are two uneven ellipses saltirewise argent, each intersected with a mullet of four points of the second and delineated of the fourth; positioned between the rays at dexter chief a globe and at sinister a mullet of five points and below them a smaller mullet of the same all of the fifth, all within a diminished bordure of the second.

Significance
The globe represents the earth as viewed from space; the earth being both the origin and control point for all man-made space activities.  The lines of latitude and longitude emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations.  The two uneven ellipses represent both low and high orbital paths traced by satellites in earth orbit shown as four-point stars.  The two yellow rays depict space surveillance and communications capability from ground base sensors.  The larger of the two stars represents the Space Command, and the smaller and closest star to earth represents the 1st Space Wing of the Space Command.  The two stars also along with the distinctive blue shading and small globe symbolize the space environment.

See also
 2d Space Wing
 3d Space Wing

References

01
Military units and formations in Colorado
Military units and formations established in 1983
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992
Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Motor fuel. A motor fuel is a fuel that is used to provide power to the engine of motor vehicles — typically a heat engine that produces thermal energy via oxidative combustion of liquid or gaseous fuel and then converts the heat into mechanical energy through reciprocating pistons or gas turbines.

Currently, the majority of motor vehicles worldwide are propelled by internal combustion engines powered by petroleum-based fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel or autogas. Other fuel types include ethanol, biodiesel, biogasoline, propane, compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen (either using fuel cells or hydrogen combustion). There are also cars that use a hybrid drivetrain of different power sources. The use of synthetic alternative fuels (especially renewable biofuels) is increasing, especially in Europe, as well as increasing mass adoption of battery electric vehicles (which are powered by battery-stored electricity instead of fuels).

Before deciding on a particular fuel type, some factors should be considered:
 The profitability of a solution.
 The workload in relation to one's own driving performance - if someone drives short distances, he will have very little benefit for himself and the environment.
 The refueling / charging infrastructure should be sufficiently developed so that one can use its vehicle flexibly without worry about finding a filling station.

See also
 Alternative fuel vehicle
 Biofuel
 Ethanol fuel
 Fuel gas
 Fuel oil
 Diesel fuel

References

Fuels
Chyeranovskii BICh-5. The BICh-5  was a tailless bomber aircraft designed in the USSR from  1928.

Development 
After the relative success of Chyeranovskii's first tailless gliders and powered aircraft, the BICh-1 and BICh-2 and BICh-3, he continued the tailless theme with the BICh-5 bomber. The BICh-5 was to have been a twin-engined tailless aircraft with a retractable undercarriage, two BMW VI engines and multi segment convex elevons suspended below the trailing edge of the wing. Wind tunnel testing was carried out with a model during 1928 but further work was abandoned in 1929.

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1920s Soviet bomber aircraft
Chyeranovskii aircraft
Chyeranovskii BICh-7. The BICh-7  was a tailless sport/touring aircraft designed and built in the USSR from  1929.

Development 
Chyeranovskii designed an enlarged BICh-3, at approximately 1.5 scale, with tandem open cockpits, underslung elevons (à la Junkers) centreline mono-wheel, wing-tip rudders with skids with no tail. Flight testing commenced in 1929 but was soon halted due to the very poor handling characteristics which rendered the BICh-7 almost impossible to take off.
The BICh-7 was completely rebuilt as the BICh-7A, modifications included: enclosed tandem cockpits, a conventional style tail-skid undercarriage, and a fin with rudder faired into the rear of the cockpit nacelle.
Flight tests resumed,  in 1932, with much improved handling other than excessive speed loss when turning and engine vibration. The speed loss was attributed to interference between the large elevons and the rudder and was alleviated by adding breaker strips to the elevons and setting them at a lower incidence.

Variants 
 BICh-7 – initial unsuccessful version with open cockpits wing-tip rudders and skids and centre-line mono-wheel.
 BICh-7A – Modified version with enclosed cockpits, fin and rudder and conventional style tail-skid undercarriage

Specifications (BICh-7A)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. "The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995". London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

 http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/RAM/bich-7.html

1920s Soviet and Russian sport aircraft
Chyeranovskii aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Du Noüy ring method. In surface science, the du Noüy ring method is a technique for measuring the surface tension of a liquid. This technique was proposed by Pierre Lecomte du Noüy in 1925. The measurement is performed with a force tensiometer, which typically uses an electrobalance to measure the excess force caused by the liquid being pulled up and automatically calculates and displays the surface tension corresponding to the force. Earlier, torsion wire balances were commonly used.

Description 
The method involves slowly lifting a ring, often made of platinum, from the surface of a liquid.  The force, , required to raise the ring from the liquid's surface is measured and related to the liquid's surface tension :

 

where  is the radius of the inner ring of the liquid film pulled, and  is the radius of the outer ring of the liquid film.  is the weight of the ring minus the buoyant force due to the part of the ring below the liquid surface.

When the ring's thickness is much smaller than its diameter, this equation can be simplified to

 

where  is the average of the inner and outer radius of the ring, i.e. 

The maximum force is used for the calculations, and empirically determined correction factors are required to remove the effect caused by the finite diameter of the ring:

 

with  being the correction factor.

Correction factors 

The most common correction factors include Zuidema–Waters correction factors (for liquids with low interfacial tension), Huh–Mason correction factors (which cover a wider range than Zuidema–Waters), and Harkins–Jordan correction factors (more precise than Huh–Mason, while still covering the most widely used liquids).

The surface tension and correction factors are expressed by

 

where  is surface tension,  is the average radius of the ring, and  is correction factor.

Zuidema–Waters correction factors
H. H. Zuidema and George W. Waters introduced the following correction factor in 1961:
 
where
  = maximum pull of rings [dyn/cm],
  = density of the lower and upper phases,
 
 ,
  [s2⋅cm−1],
  = Du Noüy wire radius,
  = Du Noüy ring radius.

Huh–Mason corretion factors
C. Huh and S. G. Mason described the correction factors as a function of  and  See the references.

Harkins–Jordan correction factors
William Draper Harkins and Hubert F. Jordan tabulated the correction factors  as a function of  and .

See also 
 Sessile drop technique
 Wilhelmy plate

References

External links 

 Video showing a classical torsion wire du Noüy tensiometer
 Picture of a classical torsion wire du Noüy tensiometer (National Institutes of Health)

Scientific techniques
Chyeranovskii BICh-14. The BICh-14 (aka TsKB-10) was a twin-engined tailless sport / touring aircraft designed and built in the USSR from  1934.

Development 
Further development of the BICh-7A led to an enlarged twin-engined version, a model of  which was tested in a wind tunnel, as the BICh-10, with two M-11 engines on the leading edge of the parabolic wing either side of the cockpit nacelle. Full scale development emerged as the BICh-14, a 2x scaled up BICh-7A, with Townend ring cowlings and up to five seats in the cabin. Construction was of wood with plywood and fabric skin or covering, four spars and sixty ribs.

Flight testing began late in 1934 piloted by Yu. I. Piontkovskii, and later in 1936 at the NII VVS by P.M. Stefanovskii, M.A. Nyukhtikov and I.F. Petrov. Results of the flight tests were not encouraging as the aircraft was found to have marginal control and stability, with high stick forces required to raise the nose on landing, as well as an in-effective rudder. Despite the shortcomings of the BICh-14 testing continued through to 1937.

Variants 
 BICh-10 – initial twin-engined version tested in a wind tunnel, in 1933, as a model only.
 BICh-14 – A 2x scaled up BICh-7A with two M-11 radial engines on the leading edges of the wings.

Specifications (BICh-14)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

 http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/RAM/bich-14.html

1930s Soviet sport aircraft
BICh-14
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Chyeranovskii BICh-11. The BICh-11 (a.k.a. RP-1) (Raketnyii Planer – rocket glider)  was a twin-engined tailless research aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1931.

Development 
The BICh-11 was the first purpose-designed rocket-powered aircraft in the world. It was planned to power the BICh-11 with two Tsander OR-2 liquid fuelled rocket engines; however it was never flown with the rocket engines as they had not been proven safe for use in crewed aircraft. Flight testing began early in 1932 as a bungee-launched glider with ski undercarriage. Later flight tests used an ABC Scorpion piston engine.

The 50 kg (110 lb) thrust Tsander OR-2 engines were to have been mounted either side of the central nacelle in small over-wing fairings, with large liquid-oxygen and gasoline tanks mounted forward of the engines' combustion chambers. The rocket engines were successfully bench run in 1933, but were never installed in the aircraft.

Variants
BICh-11 – Twin rocket powered tail-less aircraft
RP-1 – Alternate designation for BICh-11

Specifications (BICh-11 with ABC Scorpion)

See also

References

Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/RAM/bich-11.html

1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
BICh-11
Wilmer A. Reedholm. Wilmer A. Reedholm (September 14, 1912, in Boxholm, Iowa – August 26, 1994, in Stuart, Florida) was an American aviation pioneer.

In 1926 Reedholm designed and constructed his first airplane, a single-seat craft with a 28 hp engine. It made only one flight, a brief straight-line effort, with the unlicensed youth at the controls.

Reedholm obtained his solo permit at the age of 16, and became the nation's youngest fully licensed pilot at 18.  He obtained a Transport Rating.

In 1931 he was mentioned in the Dayton, Ohio newspaper as second-place winner of a local air race.

Reedholm became Vice-president - Flight with American Airlines, retiring in 1972 at the age of 60.

In 2007 Reedholm was posthumously inducted into the Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame.

References

1912 births
1994 deaths
American aviation pioneers
People from Boone County, Iowa
Aviators from Iowa
American Airlines people
American air racers
PauknAir Flight 4101. PauknAir Flight 4101 was a British Aerospace 146 that crashed on a flight from Málaga, Spain, to the Spanish North African exclave of Melilla on 25 September 1998. All 38 passengers and crew on board the aircraft were killed in the accident.

The aircraft
The aircraft, a British Aerospace 146 series 100 (BAe 146-100), made its first flight in 1983 and was the seventh BAe 146 built and was originally delivered to British Airways and it was transferred to Dan-Air London a year later. After the aircraft spent several years in storage, PauknAir took over the aircraft when the airline commenced operations in September 1995.

Accident 
The aircraft took off from runway 14 at Malaga's Pablo Ruiz Picasso Airport at 8:23 AM Spanish time on 25 September 1998. On board were 34 passengers and a crew of four. The flight was under the command of 39-year old Captain Diego Clavero Muñoz and 28-year old First Officer Bartolomé Jiménez. The flight proceeded normally, without any problems and with fair weather conditions.

The descent began at 8:41 Melilian time (6:41 Moroccan time). In the area of Cape Tres Forcas (the headland on which Melilla is situated), low visibility is common, as clouds accumulate between the valleys formed by the steep mountains of the cape. The descent continued in Instrument meteorological conditions. In communications with air traffic controllers, the pilot complained of the fog. Some of his last words were: "I see nothing".

At 6:49, there were two terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS, also known as GPWS) alerts of "terrain" in the cockpit, which indicates that the aircraft was too low. At 6:50, the aircraft impacted terrain at  elevation and broke up.

Cause 
The accident investigation concluded "Given the facts and analysis conducted, the Commission concluded that the accident was caused by a collision with terrain in IMC. This confirms the hypothesis put forward by members of the committee of investigation from the beginning of their investigations, it is a type of CFIT accident (Controlled Flight Into Terrain) due to a combination of several factors:
 Non-application of the arrival procedure, including descending below the minimum safe altitude
 Inadequate crew coordination
 Non-application of company procedures regarding GPWS alarm."

References

External links
 Una nueva tragedia aérea se cobra 38 vidas (Archive)  - Summary of the accident

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1998
Aviation accidents and incidents in Morocco
Accidents and incidents involving the British Aerospace 146
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
1998 in Spain
September 1998 events in Europe
1998 in Morocco
September 1998 events in Africa
Niagara Aerospace Museum. The Niagara Aerospace Museum is an aviation museum located in Niagara Falls, New York, in the old terminal building of the Niagara Falls International Airport. The museum has been located in a number of places in the Niagara Falls/Buffalo area.  It had been located in the Niagara Office Building in downtown Niagara Falls and relocated in 2008 to the site of the then HSBC center on the waterfront in Buffalo, NY, where it was known as the Ira G. Ross Aerospace Museum.  In the summer of 2013, the museum moved to its current location.

Both Bell Aircraft Corporation and Curtiss-Wright Corporation had corporate headquarters, research & development (R&D), and manufacturing operations nearby in the middle of the twentieth century, and much of the material on display is from these two aviation companies.  Among its many displays are many examples of early to mid-twentieth century piston, turbo-jet, turbo-shaft, and jet engines, as well as several static display aircraft including early Bell helicopters, an example of the World War II Bell P-39 Airacobra, and the Bell X-22 tilt-ducted-fan VSTOL aircraft.

The museum appointed Lindsey Lauren Visser as the new Executive Director director in March 2024.

See also
List of museums in New York
List of aerospace museums

References

External links
Niagara Aerospace Museum official site
Niagara Aerospace Museum Builds its Collection – Warbirds News
EARNING ITS WINGS AEROSPACE MUSEUM OFFERS A GLIMPSE INTO LOCAL HISTORY – The Buffalo News

Aerospace museums in New York (state)
Museums in Erie County, New York
Buildings and structures in Niagara Falls, New York
Chyeranovskii BICh-20. The BICh-20 Pionyer was a tailless research aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1937.

Development 
Chyeranovskii's smallest aircraft was the BICh-20 Pionyer, following broadly similar lines to its predecessors, the airframe was constructed of wood with a low aspect ratio tapered wing carrying suspended ailerons and flaps at the trailing edge. The engine and pilot were accommodated in the central nacelle with the cockpit canopy forming the leading edge of the broad chord fin and rudder. 

Flight tests were carried out with ski undercarriage from early 1938, to investigate the turning performance of the tailless designs, particularly in flat horizontal flight without banking. Tests demonstrated turns up to 35 degrees while the wings remained horizontal. The initial 18 hp Blackburne Tomtit was replaced with a 20 hp Aubier-Dunne in the latter half of 1938.

Specifications (BICh-20 Aubier-Dunne)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

 http://www.ctrl-c.liu.se/misc/RAM/bich-20.html

1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
1930s Soviet sport aircraft
BICh-20
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Chyeranovskii BICh-21. The BICh-21  (a.k.a. SG-1) (Samolyet Gonochnii – racing aeroplane) was a tail-less racing aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1938.

Development 
To compete in the August 1941 Osoaviakhim all-union air race Chyeranovskii followed the successful recipe he used in the BICh-20, building the smallest possible aircraft to house the Renault 6 in-line MV-6 engine and the cockpit in the leading edge of the fin. The inverted gull wings allowed a shorter, pneumatically retracted tail-wheel undercarriage, to be fitted at the junction of the inner and outer wings. The aircraft was completed in 1940 but flight tests were not carried out till June 1941. 

The BICh-21 was a firm favourite to win the all-union air race but Operation Barbarossa intervened, with the start of the Great Patriotic War, further work on the BICh-21 was stopped..

Specifications (BICh-21)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 – 1995”. London, Osprey. 1995.

External links

 

Inverted gull-wing aircraft
1940s Soviet sport aircraft
BICh-21
Aircraft first flown in 1941