omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Decomplexation. In chemistry, decomplexation refers to the removal of a ligand from a coordination complex.  Decomplexation is of particular interest when the ligand has been synthesized within the coordination sphere of the metal, as is often the case in organometallic chemistry.

Decomplexation by ligand displacement
Ligands can be decomplexed by displacement with another ligand, e.g., a highly basic ligand or the use of high pressures of carbon monoxide.  Arenes are liberated from (arene)Cr(CO)3 with pyridine:  
(arene)Cr(CO)3  +  3 C5H5N   →   Cr(CO)3(NC5H5)3  +  arene
In this case Cr(CO)3(pyridine)3 can be recycled.  Illustrative of this approach is the synthesis of (–)-steganone via a chromium haloarene complex.  The synthesis is completed by decomplexation, liberating the natural product.
(16)

1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane can be prepared within the coordination sphere of a metal, and then isolated by decomplexation.

Oxidative decomplexation
Another popular method for decomplexation involves oxidation of a low valent complex.  Oxidants include air, dioxirane, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), and halogens.  Oxidants are selected to avoid reaction with the released organic ligand.  Illustrative is the use of ferric chloride to release alkynes from Co2(C2R2)(CO)6.  One drawback to this method is that the organometallic center is usually destroyed.  One example of oxidative decomplexation involves the CAN-induced release and trapping of cyclobutadiene from cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl.

References

Ligands
 
Organometallic chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Florian Müller-Plathe. Florian Müller-Plathe (born 1960 in Hamburg, West Germany) is a German theoretical chemist and professor for theoretical physical chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Academic career 
Müller-Plathe studied chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany and obtained his PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany, under the guidance of Geerd Diercksen. He spent several years as a post-doctoral researcher at Daresbury Laboratory, UK, and at ETH Zurich, Switzerland (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich), with Wilfred F. van Gunsteren, where he was awarded his habilitation in physical chemistry in 1994. He led a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany, from 1996 until 2002, when he was appointed full professor of physical chemistry at the Jacobs University Bremen, Germany. In 2005, Müller-Plathe accepted a position as a full professor for theoretical physical chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt. He was vice-dean for research of the chemistry department at TU Darmstadt from 2007 to 2013. Müller-Plathe was coordinator of the Priority Programme 1369 Polymer-Solid-Contacts – Interfaces & Interphases of the Deutsche Forschungs­gemeinschaft.

In 2015 and 2016, he was visiting fellow in the department of chemical and biological engineering of Princeton University, USA. He was visiting professor at University of São Paulo, Instituto de Física, Brazil from 1995 to 2000.

From 2001 to 2022, Müller-Plathe was Editor-in-Chief of Soft Materials published by Taylor & Francis.

He is co-founder and co-owner of inter Culturas, who specializes in cross-cultural training and diversity management. His field of expertise is cross-cultural leadership.

Research 
Müller-Plathe has worked on the molecular simulation of fluids, polymers and materials, with a focus on polymer materials, e.g. interphases, and molecular processes occurring inside them, e.g. permeation. His work also includes major development efforts for computational methods, algorithms, models and software. Methods which go back to him are the Iterative Boltzmann Inversion (IBI) used for generating systematically coarse-grained polymer models for multiscale modeling, reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) for the calculation of thermal conductivities and shear viscosities, as well as the phantom-wall method for obtaining interfacial free energies for the wetting of solid substrates by complex fluids.

Awards 
In 2014, Müller-Plathe was awarded the Athene-Award for interdisciplinary teaching by the Giersch-Foundation. From 1979 to 1985, he held a scholarship of the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes.

Memberships 
In 2009, Müller-Plathe was elected a regular member of the class of mathematics and sciences of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Germany.

References

External links 
 Homepage Müller-Plathe Group 

20th-century German chemists
1960 births
Living people
21st-century German chemists
Scientists from Hamburg
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
ARCH Motorcycle. ARCH Motorcycle Company, LLC is an American custom production motorcycle manufacturer founded by Keanu Reeves and Gard Hollinger in 2011.

History 
In 2007, Keanu Reeves employed Gard Hollinger to customize a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, but after five years of design and testing, Reeves' bike only retained the Harley-Davidson engine. Reeves liked the finished product's handling and character so much that he suggested he and Hollinger start a motorcycle company making the bike. Initially, Hollinger refused as he already owned his own motorcycle customization business and was not looking to take the significant step of producing an entire motorcycle and its constituent parts from scratch. According to the pair, Hollinger was eventually convinced by Reeves' persistence and argument that they could produce something great to leave behind as a legacy.

The modified Harley-Davidson served as the prototype ARCH motorcycle which eventually led to the company's first production model, the KRGT-1. The KRGT-1 launched in September 2014 and was designed and built using the lessons learned from the initial customization of Reeves' Harley-Davidson and Hollinger's extensive experience in commercial motorcycle customization.

Models 

As of November 2017, ARCH have produced three models, the KRGT-1, 1s, and Method 143, with each model being customized to customers individual specifications. ARCH motorcycles are described as "American performance cruisers"—according to Reeves and Hollinger, a bike created in the typical American motorcycle style with the comfort and range of a cruiser but closer in performance to a sports bike.

The 1s and Method 143 take a sportier, more aggressive, riding position and design. The Method 143 is described as a "concept", as such it has an unusual and striking appearance, much like concept automobiles.

References

External links 
 

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United States
A220 (disambiguation). The Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries) is a narrow-body airliner.  

A220 may also refer to:
 Aerotrek A220, light sport aircraft, two-seater taildragger
 Alpine A220, sportscar racing prototype
 A220, model of Mercedes-Benz A-Class cars
 A220 road, between Erith and Bexleyheath in the UK
 RFA Wave Victor (A220), a Wave-class fleet support tanker

See also
 List of highways numbered 220
 Mercedes-Benz 220 (disambiguation)
 220 (number) and related terms
TechGig.com. TechGig.com is a competitive programming and technology community website owned by Times Internet.

Overview
TechGig was founded in 2010 by Times Business Solutions(A Division of Times Internet) as technology community website on competitive programming, technology jobs, webinars and tech news. Programmers can take up skill tests and mock interviews in C, C++, C#, Java, .Net, MySQL, Linux, Unix, Ajax, Python, LAMP, JSON and other technologies. TechGig launched a recruitment platform where companies can hire candidates based on their test results. The usual contest formats are – coding, MCQs, skill tests, whitepapers, and business case studies. As of July 2018, it has an active community of 2.5 million developers.

Contests
 Code Gladiators is an annual coding competition started in 2014 to identify the best coders in India. Themes of the 2018 contest were Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Alexa, Big Data, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, E-commerce, Mobility, and Internet of Things. The total bounty for 2018 contest was INR 7.5 million.
 Geek Goddess is a coding contest for women programmers. The themes of 2018 contest were UI, IoT and Data Science with a total prize money of INR 0.75 Million.
 Virtual Campus League is an Inter–college coding contest to identify the best programmers & tech enthusiast students across India.

Records
In 2017, TechGig Code Gladiators has been declared as the largest programming event by the Guinness World Records. The Guinness officials stated that TechGig had 81,641 unique submissions from programmers and the previous record was set in 2012 by Baidu which had 30,634 entrants.

The Code Gladiators competition had won the Limca Book National Record twice - for their 2015 and 2016 editions.

See also
 ACES Coders

References

External links
Official Site
IT Training

Programming contests
Daniel Tordera. Daniel Antonio Tordera Salvador (born 17 January 1986) is a Spanish chemist, material scientist and writer. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Physical Chemistry Department at the University of Valencia.

Early life and education 
Tordera was born in Valencia, where he studied Chemistry at the University of Valencia. He graduated First of his promotion in 2009. He then moved to Strasbourg, where he earned his Material Science Engineers degree at the École européene de chimie, polymères et matériaux. He earned his PhD at the University of Valencia in 2014, working on light-emitting electrochemical cells. He worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Linköping, studying photonics and plasmonic materials. He was then a researcher at Holst Centre (TNO) in Eindhoven working on organic photodetectors, position which he held until October 2020 when he accepted a position as Assistant Professor at the University of Valencia.

Research 
Tordera joined University of Valencia in 2009 where he worked in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). He determined the elusive operational mechanism of LECs and dramatically increased the performance of these devices. He was a visiting scientist at University of California, Santa Barbara, where he applied his knowledge on conjugated polyelectrolytes. He then started a company with the aim of commercializing products based on his findings. He joined the University of Linköping to research the optical and thermal properties of plasmonic nanoholes. He worked on the development of a plasmonic thermoelectric device, a photoconductive paper and a plasmonic display, among others. He then joined Holst Centre leading a team working on near-infrarred organic photodetectors. There he created the first large-area thin-film vein detector  and contributed to the progress of photodetectors in the fields of biometrics and healthcare. He has published over 50 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals and is the inventor of 4 patents.

Awards 
2020 - Society of Information Display Distinguished Paper.

2015 - Nanomatmol Award: Best PH.D. in Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials in Spain by the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.

2015 - Outstanding Doctorate Award by the Universidad de Valencia.

2012 - European Materials Research Society Spring Meeting Young Scientist Award.

2010 - Award “Suschem Young Chemistry Researchers” to the Highest Academic Achievement in Spain by the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry

Personal life 
Daniel Tordera considers himself a politically active person. He has developed a satirical political video game Pedro Sanchez Simulator that was played by more than 50,000 people in less than a month and gained lot of media attention. He enjoys writing, photography and making music.

He received the honor of being one of the 10 finalists to the 2018 Planeta awards for his novel "El Arte de la Fuga"

References

External links 
Google Scholar.

1986 births
Living people
Materials scientists and engineers
University of Valencia alumni
Spanish chemists
People from Valencia
Peak Scientific. Peak Scientific is a Scottish manufacturer of gas generators for analytical laboratories. Headquartered in Glasgow, United Kingdom, it specialises in the production of nitrogen, hydrogen, and   gas generators, mainly for the fields of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.

History 

Peak Scientific was established by its founder and current chairman Robin MacGeachy in 1992 originally operating as an air compressor distributor until 1997 when the company was registered to manufacture gas generators on a 10,000 square foot facility at Inchinnan. It was not until 2004 when Robin MacGeachy fully acquired the business.

Timeline

1992 – Business initially established as a distributor of air compressors

1997 – Peak Scientific established to manufacture gas generators

2005 – First international office opens in North America

2007 – India office opens

2008 – Africa office opens

2010 – Mexico, China and Hong Kong offices open

2011 – Australia office opens

2012 – Offices in Germany, Brazil, Japan and Singapore open

2013 – Offices in Canada, France and Spain open

2015 – New offices open in India and Abu Dhabi

2016 – Third office in India opens

2017 – Business is registered in Ireland and Vietnam

2018 – Office in Korea opens

Operations 

Peak Scientific manufactures all of its generators at its headquarters in Inchinnan, Scotland but also has offices in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, China, India and Southeast Asia.

Products and services 

Peak Scientific supplies small to large scale nitrogen, hydrogen, and zero air gas systems mainly for the laboratory and scientific markets and more specifically for Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) markets.

Awards 

Peak Scientific has received The Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade in 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014 and in 2016. In 2016 Peak Scientific Instruments Ltd also received the Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation.

See also 
 Gas generator
 Nitrogen generator
 Hydrogen production
 The Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade (Export) (2007)
 The Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade (Export) (2011)

References

External links
 

Manufacturing companies based in Glasgow
British companies established in 1992
Manufacturing companies established in 1992
Dshell. Dshell is an open source, Python-based, forensic analysis framework developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, MD. This tool provides users with the ability to develop custom analysis modules which helps them understand events of cyber intrusion. This framework handles stream reassembly of both IPv4 and IPv6 network traffic and also includes geolocation and IP-to-ASN mapping for each connection. Additionally, the framework plug-ins are designed to aid in the understanding of network traffic and present results to the user in a concise, useful manner. Since Dshell is written entirely in Python, the code base can be customized to particular problems by modifying an existing decoder to extract different information from existing protocols.

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) released a version of Dshell to GitHub social coding website on December 17, 2014, with more than 100 downloads and 2,000 unique visitors in 18 countries. Before it was publicly released, Dshell had a small, select community of users in several government organizations. Users could use the tool to find the exact information they needed from network data including looking up names, reassembled website requests or decoded malware traffic. ARL chose to release Dshell to GitHub because sharing it with the world created more security teams gaining another specialized tool to keep their networks secure. Furthermore, increasing the security of the Internet as a whole by increasing the number of skilled eyes looking for bugs and potential improvements throughout the code.

In 2014, NASA released more than 1,000 open source projects. Other agencies, such as the National Security Agency, the National Guard and the Air Force Research Laboratory joined shortly after the following year.

GitHub was chosen for Dshell because it allows members to easily download software code, store edits, and provide a mechanism to offer feedback to the original designer. Additionally, rolling enhancements into the official version make it easier to share the software across organizations, bypassing constant emailing or sending CDs. As of June 2016, users have created more than 11,000 copies of the tool and have offered approximately 62 suggested modifications to the original software.

There are additional modules within the Dshell framework that can be accessed to increase network security; however, the ability to rapidly develop and share analytical modules is the core strength of the framework.

References 

Computer security software
United States Army equipment
LIGHT Program. The Laser Ignition in Guns, Howitzers and Tanks (LIGHT) Program began in the early 1990s at the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL), which later became a part of the U.S Army Research Laboratory (ARL). This program was designed to create laser ignition systems to replace the igniters in guns and artillery. Between 1993 and 1999, ARL did extensive research on laser ignition testing of solid propellants. During this time, the research conducted was a part of the LIGHT program.

The main motivation of this research program was the efficiency of laser ignition systems and to eliminate all primers and igniter materials from the ignition train. The LIGHT program was stimulated by the potential for reducing the vulnerability of primers and igniters in the ignition train and allowing for the ignition of insensitive mutations.

LIGHT aimed to understand the chemical and physical interactions of lasers with energetic materials, such as propellants. Within the program, ignition has been categorized into two regimes, direct and indirect laser-based ignition. The direct laser ignition concept focuses on initiation of propellant beds by the interaction of laser light with a charge. On the other hand, indirect laser ignition involves the removal of current primers and igniter material from the ignition train in their configurations within the munition. However, both of these ignition concepts involve the transfer of laser radiation into the gun through the use of optical fibers connected through a breech window.

As part of the LIGHT program, laser beam parameters, such as pulse width, wavelength, duration, energy, and repetition rate were studied for ignition of energetic materials. These materials include black powder, nitrocellulose, and M44 propellant. The LIGHT program used glass lasers based on small size, low cost, and reliability to ignite propellants materials. Based on early experiment testing, a modified laser ignition chamber was designed to enable the measurement of pressure-time traces for different types of insensitive and non-conventional energetic.

References 

Laser applications
RAS-1 Getta. The RAS-1 Getta was a flying boat produced in Romania during the 1920s.

Design and Development
The RAS-1 Getta was designed by engineer Radu Stoica. It was a sesquiplane with a seating capacity of three, able to reach a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). Following its successful maiden flight, on 15 August 1925, the Romanian Government ordered three more machines. The four flying boats were produced by STC, this model being the company's only product.

Operators
 
 Royal Romanian Naval Aviation

Specifications

References

Bibliography

External links
 Digital drawings

1920s Romanian military aircraft
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
IED Countermeasure Equipment. The Improvised Explosive Device Countermeasure Equipment (ICE) is a vehicle-mounted electronics-based jamming system that uses low-power radio frequency energy to thwart enemy improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The radio frequency energy it emits blocks the signals broadcast by radio-controlled detonators, such as cell phones and cordless telephones, that would otherwise trigger the hidden IED to explode. ICE was developed by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) at White Sands Missile Range and the Physical Science Laboratory (PSL) at New Mexico State University in 2004 to counter the rising IED threat in Iraq. Due to the urgent demand for counter-IED equipment, ICE was designed and built within three weeks and was provided to troops in less than six months after the project started.

ICE was designed to be adaptable to future adjustments in order to keep up with  changing IED technology. In addition, it was simple enough for soldiers to repair it at the unit level. Researchers later developed a portable version of ICE called Dismounted IED Countermeasures Equipment (DICE), which allowed soldiers to carry the jamming system in a backpack.

ICE proved to be largely successful against the IED threat and several thousand ICE systems were deployed to U.S. military personnel. In 2005, it was recognized as one of the U.S. Army’s "Top Ten Greatest Inventions of 2004," and the award was shared between those who spearheaded the project, ARL’s Shane Cunico, PSL’s Sam Mares, and Maj. Raymond Pickering.

References 

Disaster preparedness
Electronic warfare
War on terror
Military technology
Weapons countermeasures
Hitfist OWS. Hitfist OWS is a remotely operated turret, for armored vehicles, developed by the Italian Oto Melara and derived from Hitfist.

The turrets are designed to mount a main armament of an autocannon of 25 or 30 mm caliber.  The main armament may mount a co-axial machine gun.  A variant allows the operator to aim and fire anti-tank guided missiles.

The turret is normally operated by a gunner who remains inside the vehicle, using remote optics and remote control.  However, in the event of a power failure, the gunner can use a hatch primarily designed for reloading ammunition to aim and fire the turrets weapons manually.

In 2010 Oto Melara licensed Bumar-Labedy, a manufacturer in Poland, to manufacture the turret for Polish Armed Forces.

Oto Melara also sells a smaller remotely operated turret, named Hitrole, that mounts smaller weapons, like machine guns and automatic grenade launchers.

Oto Melara sells a similar appearing 2 man turret, called simply Hitfist, where the gunner and commander operate the turret, and its weapons, directly.

References

Remote weapon stations
Import and export. Import and export or import/export may refer to:
 Import and export of goods 
 International trade
 Import/export regulations, trade regulations of such goods
 Import/export tariffs, taxes on the trade in such goods
 Import and export of data in computing, the moving of data between applications
 Import and export of formats, data conversion from one file type to another
 Import/Export, a 2007 Austrian film
 An import statement allows a computer programming module to access the exposed (exported) capabilities of another module
 Import–export (logic), a form of deductive argument in classical logic