omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
John Earnshaw. John William Earnshaw (1900–1982) was a self-taught Australian engineer, and inventor. He also researched and wrote about Australian history.

Life and career
Earnshaw was born on 23 June 1900 in Randwick, New South Wales, the son of a noted Sydney horse trainer and dual Melbourne Cup winner Isaac Earnshaw (known as Ike). He served with the Royal Engineers in France during World War I. After the war, Earnshaw undertook many dangerous travels in Papua New Guinea.

He married Evelyn Hall in Sydney in 1929. The couple had four daughters.

Earnshaw set up a business, Reilax Engineering, which specialised in production-line problems. The business prospered for over 30 years in North Sydney, New South Wales, until he retired in 1969. He invented a number of machines for filling metal and glass containers for the food, cosmetics, chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries. For the Red Cross Blood Bank, Earnshaw devised an oscillator for separating plasma from blood. He was a pioneer of industrial chromium plating in Sydney. His oil-free compressor was widely used on tractors, graders, road rollers and similar earthmoving equipment.

Earnshaw's spare time was filled with research into forgotten aspects of Australian history, uncovering new information about the Scottish Martyrs, judge-advocate David Collins, early Sydney cabinetmakers, and John George Lang – the first Australian short story writer. He authored several biographies for the Australian Dictionary of Biography.

In 1944, Earnshaw was a co-founder of the Book Collectors Society of Australia, and a lifelong supporter of the society. He owned a large collection of books specialising in Australian history and literature. Most were sold at auction in 1979.

He was also very active in, and a Fellow of, the Society of Australian Genealogists.

Earnshaw died on 11 October 1982.

References

Publications
Earnshaw, John (1959). Thomas Muir: Scottish martyr [Studies in Australian and Pacific History, no 1 (W. W. Stone, editor)]. Cremorne, NSW: Stone Copying Company.

Earnshaw, John (1971). Early Sydney cabinetmakers 1804 – 1870: A directory with an introductory survey. Sydney: Wentworth Books. .

1900 births
1982 deaths
20th-century Australian engineers
20th-century Australian historians
Australian biographers
Australian book and manuscript collectors
Alain Bugat. Alain Bugat (1948 - 20 January 2019) was a French nuclear engineer, research administrator and chief executive. He headed the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique from 2003 to 2009 and was chief executive of several engineering companies. He is an ingénieur général de l'armement.

Bugat played an active role in bringing public research to practical application.

He was a member of the board of directors of the RATP Group and of the Académie des technologies.

Biography 
Bugat was admitted to the Polytechnique in 1968 and chose the Corps de l'armement upon graduation in 1971. He graduated from ENSTA in 1973 and entered the Directorate of Military Applications of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique . Between 1982 he worked at the Ministry of Industry and came back to the Directorate of Military Applications of the CEA in 1984.

In 1989, he became Deputy General Director of CISI Ingenierie and Director General in March 1992.

In December 1992, Bugat became the second Head of the Direction des Technologies Avancées (Directorate of Advanced Technologies) of the CEA. This directorate was created in 1989 at the request of the French government to spread the scientific and technological capital acquired through public nuclear funding to a wider public, in particular high tech SMEs. This was the mission de diffusion technologique (technology diffusion mission). The first Director of Advanced Technologies was .

In 1999 Bugat was appointed CEO of Technicatome.

In 2003, he was appointed head of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), and in 2006, his appointment was renewed. Bugat organized a reorientation of the CEA towards environmental technologies.

In 2009 he became CEO of the consulting firm Nucadvisor.

Alain Bugat died 20 January 2019 at the age of 70 years old.

See also 
 Technology diffusion

References 

French nuclear engineers
French nuclear physicists
Research administrators
Directors of government agencies of France
French chief executives
École Polytechnique alumni
ENSTA Paris alumni
Corps de l'armement
2019 deaths
1948 births
Pitting resistance equivalent number. Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) is a predictive measurement of a stainless steel's resistance to localized pitting corrosion based on its chemical composition. In general: the higher PREN-value, the more resistant is the stainless steel to localized pitting corrosion by chloride. 

PREN is frequently specified when stainless steels will be exposed to seawater or other high chloride solutions. In some instances stainless steels with PREN-values > 32 may provide useful resistance to pitting corrosion in seawater, but is dependent on optimal conditions. However, crevice corrosion is also a significant possibility and a PREN > 40 is typically specified for seawater service.

These alloys need to be manufactured and heat treated correctly to be seawater corrosion resistant to the expected level. PREN alone is not an indicator of corrosion resistance. The value should be calculated for each heat to ensure compliance with minimum requirements, this is due to chemistry variation within the specified composition limits.

PREN formulas (w/w)
There are several PREN formulas. They commonly range from: 

 PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N 

to:

 PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 30 × %N.  

There are a few stainless steels which add tungsten (W), for those the following formula is used: 

 PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × (%Mo + 0.5 × %W ) + 16 × %N

All % values of elements must be expressed by mass, or weight (wt. %), and not by volume. Tolerance on element measurements could be ignored as the PREN value is indicative only.

Pitting resistance measurement
Exact pitting test procedures are specified in the ASTM G48 standard.

References

Corrosion
Stainless steel
Lie-Fang 1. The Lie-Fang 1 (), some sources Jeifang 1, was one of the first gliders designed and built in China, though with Polish design input.  It is an all-wood, two seat, intermediate training aircraft which first flew in 1958.

Design and development

Polish glider experience played a significant part in the establishment of the activity in the young People's Republic of China. Polish aircraft were imported and some were built in China.  The design of the Lie-Fang, one of the first gliders to originate in China, was led by the Polish J. Niespal. He was assisted by two Chinese engineers, Tchen-Kuei-Wen and Li-Ti-Tuin.  Niespal had worked at the SZD (Experimental Sailplane Institute) in Poland, where the Mucha series was designed, and he used the 1953 SZD-12 Mucha 100 as a starting point. There were many differences between the Mucha and the Lie-Fang, partly because the latter was a two-seat aircraft and therefore longer, with a much modified nose and more strongly forward-swept wings; the Lie-Fang's fuselage was a simpler, flat sided structure compared with the Mucha's oval section monocoque and the empennage was more angular.

The Lie-Fang is wood framed, with some use of the local "poton" wood and with a mixture of plywood and fabric covering.  It has a high mid mounted single spar wing with a plywood covered torsion box leading edge,  Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered.  In plan it is straight tapered with unswept leading edges, resulting in forward sweep of 2° at one quarter chord.  There is 4° of dihedral and 2° of washout. Its ailerons are slotted and fabric covered and spoilers, mounted behind the spar at about one third span, open above and below the wing.

The fuselage is a flat sided monocoque which tapers gently to the rear, with the straight tapered tailplane mounted on top of it and forward of the fin.  The rear surfaces are fabric covered. The straight edged rudder extends to the keel and moves in a cut-out between the elevators, one of which has a trim tab.  The cockpit, mostly ahead of the wing leading edge, seats pupil and instructor in tandem with a single set of instruments that they can both see. The fixed, two part forward canopy reaches almost to the nose; a rear transparent section opens sideways for access to both seats.  The Lie-Fang lands on a fixed monowheel undercarriage under the wing, fitted with brakes and aided by a short, rubber sprung nose skid and a tail bumper.

The Lie-Fang made its first flight on 10 May 1958. It was cleared for cloud flying and classed as semi-aerobatic.  It went into production and was used an intermediate trainer, preparing students for their first solo flights in Chinese built Mucha 100s.

Specifications

References

External links
Göttingen 549 airfoil
NACA 4412 airfoil

1950s Chinese sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1958
Application performance engineering. Application performance engineering is a method to develop and test application performance in various settings, including mobile computing, the cloud, and conventional information technology (IT).

Methodology

According to the American National Institute of Standards and Technology, nearly four out of every five dollars spent on the total cost of ownership of an application is directly attributable to finding and fixing issues post-deployment. A full one-third of this cost could be avoided with better software testing.

Application performance engineering attempts to test software before it is published.  While practices vary among organizations, the method attempts to emulate the real-world conditions that software in development will confront, including network deployment and access by mobile devices. Techniques include network virtualization.

See also
 Network virtualization
 Performance engineering
 Service virtualization
 Software performance testing

References

Further reading
 Practical Performance Analyst - Performance Engineering Community & Body Of Knowledge
 "Application performance engineering," Computerworld. January 28, 2011.
 The Mandate for Application Performance Engineering by Jim Metzler.
 Application Performance Engineering: A Lifecycle Approach to Achieving Confidence in Application Performance
  Application Performance Engineering Hub Blog
  Performance Engineering Services
  The 2011 Application & Service Delivery Handbook

Application software
Software testing
Biplanes of Yesteryear Mifyter. The Biplanes Of Yesteryear Mifyter () is an American amateur-built aircraft, designed by Rod Cowgill and produced by Biplanes Of Yesteryear, of Ontario, Oregon. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The design is "a fantasy one-of-a-kind design, not a scale" replica, but is intended to be similar to a First World War fighter.

Design and development
The aircraft features a strut-braced biplane layout, a single-seat open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has a total area of  on both wings. The prototype was powered by a  Rotax 532 with the newer  Rotax 582 two-stroke powerplant a builder option. Uniquely, for ground transportation and storage, instead of folding wings the aircraft features a removable tail section.

Operational history
The design has won many awards, including Arlington Champion 1997, Oshkosh Honorable Mention 1997, Arlington Grand Champion 1999, and Oshkosh Reserve Grand Champion 2002.

As of December 2007 one example had been reported as having been completed and in April 2015 only one was registered with the Federal Aviation Administration.

A two-seat Myfyter II was planned and one example reported built, powered by a Geo Metro four stroke engine, although the company does not currently market it.

Specifications (Mifyter)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Ontario, Oregon
Koichi Mizushima (scientist). is a Japanese researcher known for discovering lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO) and related materials for the lithium-ion battery (Li-ion battery). He was affiliated with the University of Tokyo before he went on to work for Toshiba.

Early career
Koichi Mizushima was trained as a physicist at the University of Tokyo and received a PhD in Physics from the University of Tokyo. He worked for 13 years in the Physics Department at the University of Tokyo. In 1977, he was invited by Professor John Goodenough in the Inorganic Chemistry Department at Oxford University to join them as a research scientist. During his stay (1977-1979) at Oxford, Dr. Mizushima, along with John B. Goodenough, discovered LiCoO and related compounds now used for the cathode of the Li-ion battery. He went on to work for Toshiba.

Recognition
 1999 - Kato Memorial Prize
 2007 - Fellow, The Japan Society of Applied Physics
 2016 - NIMS Award (National Institute for Materials Science)
 2019 - The University of Tokyo President's Special Award

References

1941 births
Living people
Japanese chemists
University of Tokyo alumni
James Otis Follett. James Otis Follett (May 12, 1842 – February 23, 1911) was a farmer, stonemason, and builder of bridges from Townshend, Vermont.  He has been described as "an intuitive engineer, a farmer and mason."

He was born in May 1842 in Jamaica, Vermont. He was educated at Yale University, and served in Company D of the 16th Vermont Volunteers during the American Civil War, reaching the rank of corporal.

 

During the 1890s and 1900s, Follett built as many as 40 bridges and culverts; 11 are known to survive.  An account of Follett's work in the Bennington Banner in 1977 called his bridges "engineering marvels and parts of the scenic landscape of the region" and noted:"Follett excelled in hand-crafted stone masonry – now practically a lost art.  The bridges have no arch supports and contain little or no mortar. They are held together by the critical placement of a 'keystone', plus the force of the weight of the materials above the arch." 

Follett was married to Clara E. Kimball in 1864 and died in February 1911 in Townshend, Vermont, as the result of acute dilation of the heart.
 
A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

In 2005, he was the subject of a theater program the Hooker-Dunham Theater in Brattleboro, Vermont, titled, "Vaulting Achievement - The Remarkable Life of James Otis Follett: Soldier, Farmer and Bridge Builder," by Dan Snow.

Works include:
Four bridges in Follett Stone Arch Bridge Historic District (1894-1910), W of Townshend off VT 30, Townshend, Vermont, NRHP-listed
East Putney Brook Stone Arch Bridge (1902), spans East Putney Brook off River Rd., East Putney, Vermont, NRHP-listed
Sacketts Brook Stone Arch Bridge (1906), off U.S. 5 on Mill Rd., Putney, Vermont, NRHP-listed
Simpsonville Stone Arch Bridge (1909), N of Townshend on VT 35, Townshend, Vermont, NRHP-listed
West Townshend Stone Arch Bridge (c. 1910), spans Tannery Brook, West Townshend, Vermont, NRHP-listed

References

External links
Information regarding Follett's stone bridges from the Townshend Historical Society of Vermont
Photograph of Follett from Townsend Historical Society

1842 births
1911 deaths
Yale University alumni
People from Jamaica, Vermont
People from Townshend, Vermont
Pi in the Sky. Pi in the Sky was an experimental aerial art display where airplanes spelled out pi to decimal 1,000 places in the sky over the San Francisco Bay Area.  The display took place on September 12, 2012. It was then displayed again in Austin on March 13, 2014, during the SXSW festival, at which time it was said to be the largest art piece ever displayed in the state of Texas.

Description
The numbers, each  high, were created by a group of five skywriting airplanes, and appeared as a dot matrix. The string of numbers was produced in a large loop  in circumference, at an altitude of approximately .

The aircraft used were 1979 Grumman AA-5B Tigers, small, single-engined planes provided by the company AirSign Aerial Advertising, based in Williston, FL. The numbers were produced by spraying natural, burnt-off canola oil, which dissipated, causing no environmental damage.

The exhibition began in the skies over San Jose, then continued over Fremont, Hayward, Oakland, Berkeley, San Francisco, San Bruno, San Mateo, Redwood City, Palo Alto, and Mountain View. The planes deliberately flew over the headquarters of NASA Ames, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, Google, Facebook, Twitter, and Apple.

The 2012 display was part of the 2012 ZERO1 Biennial, was conceived by artist ISHKY, and involved a company called Stamen Design. ZERO1 is an art-technology network based in San Jose. The display was intended to draw attention to their biennial showcase for art and technology.

The 2014 display was part of an ongoing project, directed by artist ISHKY (Ben Davis), and again involved AirSign Aerial Advertising. The 2014 display quickly gained publicity making it the number 2 top trending hashtag on Twitter during the display and within 24 hours it was shared and viewed a little over six million times.

References

Further reading
John D. Barrow: Pi in the Sky: Counting, Thinking, and Being

External links
 Map showing planned route of aircraft
 ISHKY website
 AirSign website

Mathematical artworks
Art exhibitions in the United States
Art in the San Francisco Bay Area
Contemporary art exhibitions
Pi
2012 in art
Ephemera
Decade box. A decade box is a piece of test equipment that can be used during prototyping of electronic circuits to substitute the interchanging of different values of certain passive components with a single variable output.  Decade boxes are made for resistance, capacitance, and inductance, the values of which can be adjusted incrementally by the turning of a knob or switch, with the contacts of the switch moving along a series of the respective components.  The interface for these devices usually consists of dials or adjustable tape counters, and they are operated in-circuit and without any external power source.

References

Analog circuits
Electronic test equipment
Jordi Puig-Suari. Jordi Puig-Suari is an aerospace technology developer and retired professor.  He is the co-inventor of the CubeSat standard together with Bob Twiggs, and the co-founder of Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems.

Early life and education
Puig-Suari was born in the Catalan region of Spain in 1965 to parents Josep Puig Mas and Leonor Suari Rojo. After moving to the United States, Puig-Suari obtained his BS and MS degrees from Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, in 1988 and 1990, respectively. He then completed PhD dissertation at Purdue with Professor James Longuski as thesis advisor.

Career
From 1994 to 1998, he was an assistant professor in mechanical and aerospace engineering at Arizona State University.
Puig-Suari is a professor at Cal Poly, and served as chair of the Aerospace Engineering Department at Cal Poly from 2004 to 2008.

As of 2017, Puig-Suari had participated in 8 satellite development efforts and the launch of over 130 CubeSats worldwide.

In 2011 Puig-Suari and Scott MacGillivray, former manager of nanosatellite programs for Boeing Phantom Works, established Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems in San Luis Obispo, California, to sell miniature avionics packages for small satellites, with the goal to increase the volume available for payloads.

In 2022, Puig-Suari was inducted into the Space Foundation's Space Technology Hall of Fame for his work developing and popularizing the CubeSat standard. That same year, Puig-Suari was also awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi, one of the highest civil distinctions awarded in Catalonia, by the Generalitat de Catalunya.

See also
 Microsatellite

References

External links
 

Living people
Rocket scientists
Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics alumni
Arizona State University faculty
California Polytechnic State University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Runtime error detection. Runtime error detection is a software verification method that analyzes a software application as it executes and reports defects that are detected during that execution. It can be applied during unit testing, component testing, integration testing,  system testing (automated/scripted or manual), or penetration testing.

Runtime error detection can identify defects that manifest themselves only at runtime (for example, file overwrites) and zeroing in on the root causes of the application crashing, running slowly, or behaving unpredictably. Defects commonly detected by runtime error detection include:
 Race conditions
 Exceptions
 Resource leaks
 Memory leaks
 Security attack vulnerabilities (e.g., SQL injection)
 Null pointers
 Uninitialized memory
 Buffer overflows

Runtime error detection tools can only detect errors in the executed control flow of the application.

See also
 Development testing
 Software testing
 Memory debugger
 BoundsChecker
 Runtime verification

References

Software testing
NEHI (disambiguation). NEHI is the Network for Excellence in Health Innovation, an American research and policy organization.

Nehi or NEHI may also refer to:

 Nehi, a flavored soft drink
 Nehi (Viceroy of Kush) or Nehy, an Ancient Egyptian official with the titles of a viceroy of Kush
 Neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy, a lung disease found in children
 The Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications working group, a body within the National Nanotechnology Initiative
James Tait. James Tait may refer to:

 James Tait (historian) (1863–1944), English medieval historian
 James Brian Tait (1916–2007), British bomber pilot
 James Edward Tait (1886–1918), Scottish–Canadian soldier
 James Francis Tait (1926–2014), British endocrinologist
 James Sharp Tait (1912–1998), Scottish electrical engineer and academic administrator
 James Sinclair Tait (1849–1928), Canadian physician, author and politician
 James Haldane Tait (1771–1845), Scottish naval commander
 James Tait (1834–1915), English architect; architect of Clarendon Park Congregational Church, Leicester

See also
D. F. Creighton. David F. Creighton (March 1858 - November 30, 1936) was an architect, mechanical engineer, and construction manager from Pennsylvania.  He designed worker housing in Gary, Indiana that incorporated concrete and terraces in what was termed terraced housing "based on the Philadelphia plan".  It was progressive and "homey" and imaginative in its details. About 77 of the houses that he designed in Gary survive.

Life and career
Creighton was a Pennsylvania native who worked in Allegheny and Ambridge, Pennsylvania until at least 1910. As of 1910, he was employed as a mechanical engineer by the United States Sheet and Tin Plate Company. By 1911, he moved to Gary, Indiana, where he lived until 1920 at least.  Between 1910 and 1913, Creighton designed worker housing in Gary for the Sheet and Tin Plate Company.  He also worked for a time for the American Bridge Company. By 1930, he returned to Pennsylvania.  He died in Pittsburgh in 1936.

Selected works
A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. 
American Sheet and Tin Mill Apartment Building, 633 W. 4th Ave., Gary.
Jackson-Monroe Terraces Historic District, 404-423 Jackson St. and 408-426 Monroe St., Gary.
Monroe Terrace Historic District, 304-318 Monroe St., Gary.
Polk Street Terraces Historic District, 404-422 and 437-455 Polk St., Gary.
Van Buren Terrace Historic District, 336-354 Van Buren St., Gary.

Gallery

References

External links
Flickr pics collection with many photos of D. M. Creighton-designed cast concrete row housing with details
Concrete Utopia

1858 births
1936 deaths
Architects from Pennsylvania
People from Ambridge, Pennsylvania
People from Gary, Indiana