omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blay Whitby. Blay Whitby is a philosopher and technology ethicist, specialising in computer science, artificial intelligence and robotics. He is based at the University of Sussex, England.

Blay Whitby graduated with first class honours from New College, Oxford University in 1974 and completed his PhD on "The Social Implications of Artificial Intelligence" at Middlesex University in 2003. His publications are predominantly in the area of the philosophy and ethical implications of artificial intelligence. His views place particular stress on the moral responsibilities of scientific and technical professionals, having some features in common with techno-progressivism. Widening engagement in science and increasing levels of debate in ethical issues is also an important concern.

Whitby is an ethics expert for the European Commission, a member of the Ethics Strategic Panel of BCS, the Chartered Institute for IT. He also participates in art/science collaborations.

Selected publications
Whitby, B.R. (2015) Automating Medicine the Ethical Way in Machine Medical Ethics, Volume 74 of Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering pp 223–232
Whitby, B.R. (2014) The Ethical Implications of Non-Human Agency in Health Care Ethical Problems in System-Patient Interaction
Whitby, B.R. (2012) Do You Want a Robot Lover? in Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics Lin, P., Bekey, G. , and Abney K., MIT Press.
Whitby, B.R. (2012) On computable morality: An examination of machines as moral advisors in Anderson S. and Anderson M, Machine Ethics, C.U.P. DOI:  10.1017/CBO9780511978036.009
EPRSC (2011). Principles of robotics. Swindon: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ESPRC.
Dumitriu A., Holder J, Tikka P., and Whitby, B.R. (2010) Enactive Dialectics, Leonardo, Vol 45, Issue 5
Whitby B.R. (2008) Computing Machinery and Morality, AI and Society vol 22 
Whitby, B.R. (2003), A.I. A Beginner's Guide, Oxford: OneWorld Publications.
Whitby, B.R. (1996), Reflections on Artificial Intelligence: The Social, Legal, and Moral Dimensions, Oxford: Intellect Books.
Whitby, B.R. (1988), A.I., A Handbook of Professionalism, Chichester: Ellis Horwood.

References

External links
 Blay Whitby website
 Centre for Research in Cognitive Science home page
 Interview with Blay Whitby

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Alumni of Middlesex University
Academics of the University of Sussex
British philosophers
British artificial intelligence researchers
Frank Newman Speller Award. The Frank Newman Speller Award is an annual award for significant contributions to corrosion engineering and is administered by NACE International. (The organization was previously known as the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.) The award is named in honor of Frank Newman Speller, a Canadian-born American metallurgical engineer notable for his pioneering text on corrosion.

Recipients
Source: NACE International

1947 - Frank Newman Speller
1948 - John M. Pearson
1949 - Francis L. LaQue
1950 - O.C. Mudd
1951 - Kirk H. Logan
1952 - Starr Thayer
1953 - Scott P. Ewing
1954 - E.H. Dix, Jr.
1955 - Gordon N. Scott
1956 - Mars G. Fontana
1957 - Walter F. Rogers
1958 - Robert J. Kuhn
1959 - A. Wachter
1960 - J.C. Hudson
1961 - K.G. Compton
1962 - C.P. Larrabee
1963 - Thomas P. May
1964 - Hugh P. Godard
1965 - F.W. Wink
1966 - Richard S. Treseder
1967 - John D. Sudbury
1968 - Lee P. Sudrabin
1969 - Charles G. Munger
1970 - Arland W. Peabody
1971 - Andrew Dravnieks
1972 - No recipient	
1973 - Fred M. Reinhart
1974 - K.N. Barnard
1975 - Bernard Husock	
1976 - E.H. Phelps
1977 - Walter K. Boyd
1978 - Joseph B. Cotton	
1979 - M.C. Miller
1980 - H. Spahn
1981 - J.H. Morgan
1982 - Richard F. Stratful
1983 - Ernest W. Haycock
1984 - Warren E. Berry
1985 - Stanley L. Lopata
1986 - R.N. Miller
1987 - Einar Mattsson 
1988 - Robert A. Baboian
1989 - A.J. Sedricks
1990 - M.E. Indig
1991 - Sheldon W. Dean
1993 - Bryan E. Wilde
1994 - S. Evans
1995 - P.R. Rhodes
1996 - Peter L. Andresen 
1997 - Jacques-Philippe Berge
1998 - H. Okada
1999 - Herbert E. Townsend
2000 - Peter M. Scott
2001 - G. Schick
2002 - G.M. Gordon
2003 - R.W. Schutz
2004 - Boris A. Miksic
2005 - D. Knotkova-Cermakova	
2006 - Masakatsu Ueda
2007 - Jorge A. González
2008 - David C. Silverman
2009 - Bruce Hinton
2010 - Andrew Garner
2011 - Pierre Combrade
2012 - William Hartt
2013 - John Beavers
2014 - Shunichi Suzuki
2015 - Jeffrey Gorman
2016 - David Shifler
2017 - Narasi Sridhar
2018 - Robert Tapping
2019 - U. Kamachi Mudali
2020 - Roy Johnsen

See also
 List of engineering awards

References

External links
 Frank Newman Speller Award 

Chemical engineering awards
Corrosion prevention
Nikitin MU-4. The Nikitin MU-4 was an amphibian trainer aircraft produced in the USSR in 1936.

Development
The flying boat style MU-4 training amphibian was a single-engined side-by-side two-seat biplane. The single engine was supported in front of the upper mainplane by a short nacelle and the cabane struts of the wing. The upper wing was supported on dural interplane and cabane struts which were braced with flying and landing wires. Built predominantly of wood the wings and strut braced tail surfaces were part plywood and part fabric covered, whilst the fuselage was built up from wooden frames and plywood skinning. The manually retractable Ski/wheel undercarriage was attached either side of the fuselage forward of the wings. Flight testing was carried out successfully, demonstrating good flying qualities and adequate performance, however after prolonged testing the aircraft crashed due to a glue failure

Specifications (MU-4)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. "Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995". London:Osprey. 1995.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/19991004085143/http://www.aviation.ru/Nikitin/

1930s Soviet military trainer aircraft
MU-4
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II. The German city of Friedrichshafen was bombed during World War II as part of the Allied strategic bombing campaign against German war materiel industry, particularly in the targeting of German fighter aircraft production and long range missile development.

Background
Friedrichshafen lies in the Bodenseekreis district on Lake Constance in the extreme south of Germany, and at the time it was at the edge of the German nightfighter defences.
Targets included the Dornier Flugzeugwerke aircraft works at Manzell, the Maybach tank engine factory, the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin aircraft works and its Oberraderach test facility near Raderach, and the Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (literally "gearwheel factory Friedrichshafen") tank gearbox factory.

In February 1944 an underground factory at Immenstaad near Friedrichshafen was suspected to be a synthetic oil and/or liquid oxygen plant.
Near Überlingen, forced labor of concentration camp prisoners in the Goldbach tunnels, KZ Nebenlager Raderach and the Aufkirch subcamp of Dachau concentration camp was used for constructing an underground facility for armament manufacturing (code name "Magnesit") safe from Allied air raids.

Attacks

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Operation Bellicose map
 ZF Friedrichshafen damage

Oil campaign of World War II
F
Friedrichshafen
Friedrichshafen
Nicholas-Beazley NB-8G. The Nicolas-Beazley NB-8G is a United States two-seat parasol wing light monoplane that was constructed in the early 1930s.

Development

The NB-8G was designed and built by the Nicholas-Beazley Airplane Company at its factory in Marshall, Missouri. The first of 57 examples flew in 1931, and most are powered by the Armstrong-Siddeley Genet Mark II engine of  Some were later fitted with the  Lambert engine.

The aircraft has a high strut-mounted parasol wing that can be folded to reduce hangarage space required and to permit towing by road. The two crew seats are arranged side-by-side. Initially the cockpit was open, but some examples later had an enclosure fitted. Production ceased in 1935.

Operational history

The NB-8G was advertised for sale at $1,790. It was fully aerobatic. 57 examples were purchased, mainly by private pilot owners in the United States.

Six examples were still extant in 2009, with at least two being fully airworthy. Examples of these can be viewed at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome museum in New York State, and the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum at Creve Coeur airfield near St Louis Missouri.

Specifications (NB-8G Genet-powered)

References
Notes

Bibliography

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Nikitin PSN-1. The Nikitin PSN-1 was a piloted glider anti-shipping missile produced in the USSR from 1937.

Development
From 1933 a series of special projects was initiated under the PSN banner (Planer Spetsial'nogo Naznachenaya - Glider for Special Purposes). A proposal was made by S.F. Valk for a glider anti-shipping bomb with Infra-Red guidance, which was expanded to include DPT (long-range glider torpedo), LTDD (Long-range flying torpedo) and BMP (towed mine glider). To evaluate the Kvant Infra-Red guidance a piloted version was produced as the Nikitin PSN-1. Nikitin and Mikhelson designed a small single-seat monoplane flying boat glider with floats at approx 1/2 span, carrying a torpedo underneath. The PSN-1 was carried aloft by either Tupolev TB-3 or Tupolev TB-7 motherships and released at the appropriate height.

At least 10 were built and many of these were flown during trials of the autopilot and the Kvant (Quantum) guidance system.

Specifications (PSN-1)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. "Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995". London:Osprey. 1995.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080314052226/http://www.aviation.ru/Nikitin/

Glider aircraft
1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
Flying boats
PSN-1
High-wing aircraft
World War II guided missiles
LocoMania. LocoMania is a puzzle game developed by Czech studio 7FX, published by Lighthouse Interactive. The player plays as the train dispatcher and controls switches and train directions with the intent to get the trains through the system as fast as possible. LocoMania features 12 maps, 26 trains and 36 train carriages.

Gameplay 
The game puts the player in the position of a train dispatcher. Various signals and track switches across the map can be controlled to direct the trains to their respective destinations. There are 12 different maps with varying themes and climates ranging from rocky mountain passes and deserts to country sides and industrial settings. There is also an additional small and simple map for the tutorial of the game.

The game features steam, diesel and electric locomotives, hauling both passengers as well as freight. None of the trains are drivable. The trains move in a slow and relaxed pace (with the exception of one map containing high speed trains). The game features two loco packs, one consisting of rolling stock from the US and the other from the Czech rolling stock. The player can select one of the packs before starting a level.

References

2006 video games
Puzzle video games
Train simulation video games
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
Windows games
Windows-only games
Lighthouse Interactive games
Single-player video games
Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association. The Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association (CHAA) is an all-volunteer non-profit charitable organization based in Tillsonburg, Ontario. It was founded with the aim of acquiring, preserving, restoring, maintaining, displaying and demonstrating the North American Harvard aircraft and other training aircraft associated with the Royal Canadian Air Force.

History
The association was founded in 1985 at a small grass airstrip in Woodstock, Ontario, by a group of Harvard enthusiasts determined to preserve the aircraft type. CHAA moved to Tillsonburg in the late eighties.

Today, there are fewer than 50 Harvards flying in Canada, and most of them are associated with CHAA.

Aircraft 
CHAA currently has ten aircraft.

References

External links
 Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association - home page
 Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association Dive Recovery Team

Non-profit organizations based in Ontario
Tillsonburg
Historic preservation organizations in Canada
Vickers Type 170 Vanguard. The Vickers Vanguard was a 1920s British airliner developed by Vickers Limited from the Victoria.

Design and development
Developed from the earlier Victoria with the introduction of a wider fuselage, the Vanguard was a 22-passenger twin-engined biplane. Originally built for the Air Ministry as the Type 62 the aircraft powered by two 450 hp Napier Lion engines first flew on 18 July 1923. It was re-engined in 1925 with two 650 hp Rolls-Royce Condor IIIs and re-designated the Type 103. When it was handed over to Imperial Airways in 1925 it was described as the World's largest passenger aeroplane.

The aircraft was re-conditioned in 1928 and re-designated the Type 170 for use by Imperial Airways for route proving trials, starting in May 1928. Ii operated on the London-Paris route, typically taking about 2 hrs, and then on the London Brussels-Cologne service.   It set a world load carrying record on 6 July 1928.  The aircraft was withdrawn from its airline duties in October 1928 for modifications, probably to the tail, but crashed at Shepperton, Middlesex on 16 May 1929 at the start of flying trials, killing the pilot Tiny Scholefield and the flight observer Frank Sharrett..

Variants
Type 62 
Prototype with two 450hp Napier Lion engines, one built.
Type 103
Type 62 re-engined with two Condor III engines.
Type 170
Type 103 re-conditioned for Imperial Airways.

Specifications (Type 170)

Video
Newsreel footage of Vickers Type 170 Vanguard in flight

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British airliners
Vanguard
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear

no:Vickers Virginia
sv:Vickers Virginia
Walkersteel. Walkersteel is a major steel processing company based in Church, Hyndburn, Lancashire. The firm was originally established by Charles Walker before his son Jack Walker turned the business into a major company.

The company was sold to British Steel plc in 1989 for a fee in excess of £300million - which helped fund Jack Walker's takeover of Blackburn Rovers in early 1991. By this time, the steel company was achieving profits worth close to £50million a year, though the onset of the recession saw the steel market suffer a major slump.

The brand was revived in 1999, by Jack Walker’s son Howard Walker and his partner Graham Walsh.

References

External links
Official Website
Steel Express Limited

Companies based in Blackburn
Steel companies of the United Kingdom
In re Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Patent Litig.. In re Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Patent Litig., 982 F.2d 1527 (Fed. Cir. 1992) was a case decided in 1992 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the successor of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. It concerned, among other things, whether or not the software on a patented device needed to be disclosed in a patent application.

Case details

Background
In 1985, Dale Heatherington was issued a patent entitled "Modem with Improved Escape Sequence Mechanism to Prevent Escape in Response to Random Occurrence of Escape Character in Transmitted Data," and the patent was assigned to Hayes Microcomputer Products. When other companies began marketing modems that made use of infringing technologies, Hayes asked for licensing fees. The infringing companies then filed suit, claiming that Hayes's patent was invalid because it did not meet the disclosure requirements of 35 U.S.C §112 because the patent did not contain a description of the firmware on the modem.

Issues
The main issue before the court was whether or not a patent like Hayes's needs to disclose the code for the firmware or software that runs on the invention in order to meet §112's disclosure requirements.

Decision
The court decided in favor of Hayes. In its decision, it referred to an earlier case, In re Sherwood, in which the court stated that source code disclosure was often not necessary to fulfill §112's disclosure requirement, since the creation of source code is usually within the skill of the art.

Importance
In re Hayes was important primarily because it built upon the precedent set by Sherwood that source code disclosure is often not required.

References

External links
 
 35 U.S.C §112 on BitLaw.

Software patent case law
United States patent case law
1992 in United States case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases
Fonar Corp. v. General Electric Co.. Fonar Corp. v. General Electric Co., 107 F.3d 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1997), was a case decided in 1997 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit concerning source code and the disclosure requirement for software patents.

Case details

Factual background
Fonar was a dispute between medical device manufacturer Fonar Corporation and General Electric over Fonar's patent on MRI technology. Fonar's founder, Raymond Damadian, was issued U.S. Patent 3,789,832 (priority date 1972-03-17) for an "apparatus and method for detecting cancer in tissue" using the magnetic resonance of atoms. Damadian's patent was the first patent on an MRI machine issued in the United States. Also at issue was a later patent, U.S. Patent 4,871,966 issued in 1989, covering a method for obtaining MRI images of multiple planes at different orientations in a single scan. GE is a major manufacturer of MRI scanners, and Fonar sued GE for infringing these patents by producing its scanners as well as inducing others to infringe.

Procedural history
A jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York found that GE infringed patent 4,871,966 and awarded Fonar $110.5 million in damages (reduced on appeal to $103.4 million). GE appealed this verdict to the Federal Circuit. The District Court also granted GE's motion for  judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) that GE did not infringe patent 3,789,832, which Fonar cross-appealed to the Federal Circuit as well.

The Federal Circuit found for Fonar on both issues, upholding the jury's verdict and reversing the JMOL concerning patent 3,789,832. GE appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which denied certiorari. GE ultimately paid Fonar over $120 million in damages plus interest.

Issues
The core of GE's defense rest on its claim that Fonar failed to meet the best mode requirement in disclosing patent 4,871,966 because it failed to disclose the source code to two critical software routines. Fonar countered by arguing that its description of the function of the routines was sufficient disclosure and that source code was unnecessary to fulfill the best mode requirement.

Holding
The court held that software patents generally do not need to include source code to satisfy the best mode requirement if the function of the software can be described by other means.

Importance
Fonar represents a continuation of a line of Federal Circuit cases, particularly In re Sherwood and In re Hayes, holding that source code disclosure is not required for software patents. Fonar reiterated the doctrine from Sherwood and Hayes very clearly and emphasized the Federal Circuit's preference for a description of a software's function over the software's actual source code.

References

External links
 

1997 in United States case law
General Electric litigation
Software patent case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases
United States patent case law
Α-Hexachlorocyclohexane. α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) is an organochloride which is one of the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH).  It is a byproduct of the production of the insecticide lindane (γ-HCH) and it is typically still contained in commercial grade lindane used as insecticide. Lindane, however, has not been produced or used in the United States for more than 20 years. At ambient temperatures it is a stable, white, powdery solid substance.  As of 2009, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants classified (α-HCH) and (β-HCH) as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), due to the chemical's ability to persistence in the environment, bioaccumulative, biomagnifying, and long-range transport capacity.

See also
β-Hexachlorocyclohexane

References

External links
α-hexachlorocyclohexane United States Environmental Protection Agency IRIS fact sheet
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)- – NIST

Organochlorides
Persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention
Persistent organic pollutants under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

ru:Гексахлоран
Ibus. Ibus or IBus may refer to:

 Intelligent Input Bus (IBus), an input-method framework for Unix-like computer operating-systems
 iBus (London), an Automatic Vehicle Location system used on London's buses
 iBus (Indore), BRT buses of Indore
 International Bitterness Units scale (IBUs), a measure of the bitterness of beer
 iBUS (device), a bus-monitoring and -management device for road transport systems

See also
 Ibis
EDTMP. EDTMP or ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid)  is a phosphonic acid. It has chelating and anti corrosion properties. EDTMP is the phosphonate analog of EDTA. It is classified as a nitrogenous organic polyphosphonic acid.


Properties and applications
EDTMP is normally delivered as its sodium salt, which exhibits good solubility in water.
Used in Water treatment as an antiscaling and anti corrosion agent, the corrosion inhibition of EDTMP is 3–5 times better than that of inorganic polyphosphate.  It can degrade to Aminomethylphosphonic acid. It shows excellent scale inhibition ability under temperature 200 °C.  It functions by chelating with many metal ions.

The anti-cancer drug Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam is also derived from EDTMP.

References

Phosphonic acids
Chelating agents
Tertiary amines
Ethyleneamines
Corrosion inhibitors
Water treatment
Hexadentate ligands
DTPMP. DTPMP or diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid. It has chelating and anti-corrosion properties.

Properties
DTPMP is normally delivered as salts, because the acid form has very limited solubility in water and tends to crystallize in concentrated aqueous solutions. It is a nitrogenous organic polyphosphonic acid. It shows very good inhibition of the precipitation of barium sulfate (BaSO4). At high alkali and high temperature (above 210 °C) environments DTPMPA has better scale and corrosion inhibition effect than other phosphonates.

Applications
 Detergents and cleaning agents
 Water treatment
 Scaling inhibitor
 Chelating agent
 Deflocculation agent / settling retarder 
 Anti corrosion agent

References

Phosphonic acids
Chelating agents