omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Devalliet Mugello. The Devalliet Mugello is a roadster manufactured by the French automobile manufacturer Devalliet produced since 2021 at the rate of fifteen copies per year. The Mugello is the first vehicle produced by the manufacturer founded by Hervé Valliet, director of a company specializing in the design and production of fine sheet metal for industry.

Overview
The Mugello was presented at the Époqu'auto show in Lyon in November 2019. The Mugello is produced in the Devalliet workshops in Tullins in the Vercors regional park. The car is named after the Mugello Circuit located in the historic region of the same name northeast of Florence, Italy.

Specifications
The 260 and 375 versions of the Mugello are fitted with Peugeot-sourced Puretech petrol engines, respectively powering the 208 GT for the 1.2-litre 3-cylinder and the 308 GTI for the 1.6-litre 4-cylinder.

References

First car made by manufacturer
Cars introduced in 2021
Retro-style automobiles
Roadsters
Cars of France
Irving Naxon. Irving Naxon (February 26, 1902 – September 22, 1989) was an American inventor, who is most famous for inventing and patenting the slow cooker. Naxon was also the first Jewish engineer who worked for Western Electric.

Personal life 
Naxon was born in 1902 in Jersey City, New Jersey with the birth name Irving Nachumsohn. His mother had immigrated to the United States from Lithuania. A 1950 advertisement shows a slow cooker called the "Simmer Crock" made by the Industrial Radiant Heat Corp. of Gladstone, NJ. His father died when he was two years old. He had two siblings, an older brother – Meyer – and a younger sister – Sadie. After his father's death, his family moved from Jersey City to Fargo, North Dakota, and then to Winnipeg, Manitoba. Naxon's mother moved him and his siblings to Winnipeg so that her oldest son, Meyer, could avoid the World War I draft. While in Canada, Naxon studied electrical engineering through a correspondence course. He moved back to Chicago sometime after. He married his wife Fern and they had three daughters, Jewel, Eileen, and Lenore.

In 1945, he changed his name from Nachumsohn to Naxon due to anti-German sentiment after WWII.

Career 
After receiving his electrical engineering training, Naxon worked as a telegrapher for the Canadian Pacific Railway. He later moved to Chicago and became the Western Electric’s first Jewish engineer. He continued working on his inventions outside of work and passed the patent bar exam to avoid hiring a lawyer. He founded his own company – Naxon Utilities Corporation.

Naxon was inspired to create the slow cooker by a story from his mother which told how back in her native Lithuanian town, his grandmother made a traditional Jewish stew called cholent which took several hours to cook in an oven. In 1936, he applied for a patent for the slow cooker. On January 23, 1940, he received that patent. The first iteration of Naxon's slow cooker was The Boston Beanery and later the Naxon Beanery and Flavor Crock. In 1970, Naxon retired and sold his business and his patent for the slowcooker to the Rival Company for a lump sum rather than stock. Rival Company rebranded Naxon's invention into what is now known as the Crock Pot.

In addition to the slow cooker, Naxon also invented several other appliances and has over 200 patents to his name. He invented an electric frying pan and the hula lamp, a precursor to the lava lamp. Another notable invention of Naxon is his TeleSign, an electronic sign that shows moving text resembling today's news ticker.

Death 
Naxon died on September 22, 1989, in an Evanston nursing home. At the time, he was survived by his wife, three daughters, and five grandchildren.

References 

1902 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American Jews
American inventors
Canadian Pacific Railway people
Inventors from New Jersey
Inventors
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Jews from New Jersey
Hodek HK-101. The Hodek Hk-101 was a Czechoslovakian twin-engined, two seat light aircraft. Two prototypes were built in 1947, but development was abandoned after the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état.

Development and design
In 1942, Vincenc Hodek, the owner of V. Hodek Praha, an aircraft instruments manufacturer based in Prague, and Stanislav Kříž began work on the design of a small twin-engined light sporting aircraft. To avoid drawing the attention of the Nazi German supervisors of the factory, design work was carried out in secret at night in Hodek's apartment. After the end of German occupation, Hodkek applied for permission to start construction of prototypes of the new aircraft, the HK-101. Construction of the first prototype began in a rented workshop in Libeň, Prague, with Hodek recruiting experienced technicians from the recently disbanded German Junkers and Škoda-Kauba companies to work on the HK-101.  

The HK-101 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It was powered by two  Walter Minor 4-III four-cylinder air-cooled inline engines in nacelles under the wings. The crew of two sat in tandem under a single side-hinging canopy, and were provided with dual controls, with the controls in the forward cockpit able to be easily disconnected. As well as the initial two-seater design, a single-seat version, and a version with larger wings was also planned.

While most Czechoslovak aviation companies were nationalised in 1945, Hodek's company remained in private hands at first, allowing construction of the prototype to continue, although it was slowed by strikes and by a shortage of funds. The first prototype was completed in the summer of 1947, with a wall of the workshop having to be demolished to allow the aircraft to be removed. The prototype made its first flight on 3 or 4 September, and was displayed (and flown) at an international airshow at Prague airport on 7 September. The HK-101 demonstrated good performance, and was considered suitable for use as a training aircraft, but had a very cramped cockpit, with poor visibility from the rear seat and not enough room to allow easy control from the front seat.

In January 1948, V. Hodek Praha was nationalised, with the new managers of the company uninterested in the HK-101, resulting in the partly built second prototype being handed over to Aero Vodochody for completion. In February 1948, the Czechoslovak Communist party seized control of the country, and although the second prototype flew in 1949, development was soon abandoned.

A fragment of the fin of the first prototype is preserved at the Prague Military History Institute.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 
 
 

1940s Czechoslovak sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
HK-101
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Mary Bouxsein. Mary Larsen Bouxsein is an American biomechanical engineer and an orthopedic researcher. She is the president of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, director of the Centre of Advanced Orthopaedic Studies at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, professor at the department of Orthopedic Surgery at Harvard Medical School. She is known for her work on bone density and the use of imaging to define the factors leading to bone fractures.

Education and career 
Bouxsein graduated from Princeton_High_School_(Illinois) in 1982. She completed her Bachelor of Science in general engineering and Bachelor of Arts in economics from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1987. She completed her Master of Science and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Stanford University.

She joined Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School for a postdoctoral fellowship (1992–95). In 2001, she was appointed as assistant professor in the department of orthopedic surgery at Harvard Medical School. In 2006 she held joint positions as an adjunct assistant professor at Boston University, and in 2008 she also joined as a faculty member in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bioastronautics Program. As of 2023 she is a professor of orthopedic surgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School.

Research 
Bouxsein is known for her work on bone biomechanics with the goal of understanding skeletal fragility. Her early work defined methods to quantify bone density, and used ultrasound to predict the risk of bone fractures. She has used animal models to examine bone structure and examined osteoporosis in people. She has also conducted research on spaceflight induced bone loss, and stress fractures in military trainees.

Selected publications

Honors and awards 
In 2015 Bouxsein was inducted into the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.

References

External links 
 

Living people
Harvard Medical School faculty
American mechanical engineers
Women medical researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Truxene. Truxene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The molecule can be thought of as being made up of three fluorene units arranged symmetrically and sharing a common central benzene. Truxene is solid, and it is slightly soluble in water.

History
Truxene has been known since the end of the 19th century. J. Hausmann came across it in 1889 while investigating the reactions of 3-phenylpropionic acid with phosphorus pentoxide. He could not determine the exact structure but assumed it was a cyclic trimer of 1-indanone. According to him, it was formed by the condensation of 1-indanone resulting from intramolecular acylation of 3-phenylpropanoic acid.

Frederic Stanley Kipping was able to confirm the structure of truxene in 1894 and obtained the compound by the trimerization of 1-indanone.

Preparation
Truxene is prepared by the cyclotrimerization of 1-indanone in a mixture of acetic acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Uses
Truxene has a star shape, and it is therefore suitable as a starting point for the synthesis of dendrimers.

Derivatives of truxene have also been used for the synthesis of liquid crystals and fragments of fullerene.

References

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
BMW Z18. The BMW Z18 is a concept car by the former think tank of BMW, BMW Technik GmbH. Unveiled in 1995, the Z18 combined elements of the BMW Z3 with one of an off-road vehicle, to create what BMW dubbed the first "off-road roadster".

Background
BMW Technik GmbH, founded by BMW in 1985, was an independent think tank created to design various vehicles which had radical design elements, interior and exterior. Some of the projects include the BMW E1, an early example of a hybrid electric car. Former Aston Martin chief executive officer Ulrich Bez was the first to head the think tank, under which the Z18 was developed. The Technik division has since been re-integrated back into BMW as its research and development department. Although first developed in 1990, the concept was not shown until 1995.

Design
The car possessed similar styling cues (such as the signature kidney grille) compared to other BMWs of the 90s and was based on the BMW Z3. The idea of the Z18 was to combine elements of an enduro motorcycle, off-road vehicle and roadster, the former of which saw a spike in popularity in the 90s. The Z18 retained the body of the Z3 but had significantly higher ride height in order to fulfill its capability as an off-road vehicle. The Z18's plastic body over a steel frame was similar to the structure of a boat and gave the Z18 a weight of . With the increased ride height, BMW claimed that the Z18 was able to navigate shallow water passages with ease.

BMW did not manufacture a roof for the Z18 seeing as it was a roadster, and in order to accommodate potential water entering the cabin, BMW reduced the number of parts on the dashboard and waterproofed everything within the cabin, along with putting in rubber floor mats. The Z18 also had collapsible rear seats which could be brought upright to turn the car into a four-seater (2+2), along with an option to convert it into a pickup truck. Fitted with what would eventually be the engine for the first generation of X5, the  produced , which was sent to all wheels via a 5-speed manual and a four-wheel drive system, the latter of which the X5 would also inherit from the Z18.

References

BMW concept vehicles
Cars introduced in 1995
Alexander Stepanov (physicist). Alexander Vasilievich Stepanov (; August 26, 1908 – May 16, 1972) was a Soviet physicist and material scientist who pioneered the study of crystal deformation, the molecular structures of materials, studies on stress and breakage. He contributed to the development of composite materials. His technique for producing what are called shaped crystals was influential in the field of material studies and continues to be used, known as the "Stepanov method".

Life and work 
Stepanov was born in St. Petersburg where his father was a building technician. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1930. He worked at the laboratory of Ivan Obreimov at Leningrad, followed by Kharkiv, and still later at the lab of Abram Ioffe. He spent some time at the optics laboratory headed by V. K. Fredericks. In 1937 he worked at the Pokrovskii Pedagogical Institute at Leningrad. He worked on growing perfect crystals to examine their structures, and mechanical properties including  elasticity, strength, anisotropy and other aspects of solids. He developed optical polarization approaches to examine stresses. He introduced the use of silver chloride as a model material for study. He attempted to extend his findings to develop a theory on fracture of materials including natural structures like wood and bones. He noted changes in thermal conductivity under shear stresses and connected melt heat and strain and in 1933 he noted the phenomenon of charge dislocation caused by plastic deformation of ionic crystals. In the 1940s he developed methods to produce monocrystal plates of zinc, aluminium and other metals. His methods have been used subsequently in the manufacture of semiconductor materials.

Stepanov developed a method for producing crystals by pulling shapes from melts, supposedly inspired by observations of water striders on the surface of water. He used plates with holes on the surface of metal melts to pull metal profiles with cross sections formed in the shapes of the holes. He believed that this would preserve crystal structure unlike methods involving rolling and extrusion. He attempted to get a Russian patent for this in 1940 and it was refused with claims that it was the same as Foucault's method for glass sheet pulling.

Stepanov was a keen sportsman, took part in alpine skiing, played tennis and was a referee at soccer. He died in Crimea while on a Spring holiday for water skiing.

References

External links 
 Brief biography (in Russian) with portrait

1908 births
1972 deaths
Soviet physicists
Pinnacle Industries. Pinnacle Industries Limited (PIL) is an Indian multinational company specializing in automotive interiors, seating systems, electric vehicles, EV components, specialty vehicles, railway seating, and engineering services. Headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra, the company was founded on June 27, 1996.

History 
Pinnacle Industries Limited was incorporated on June 27, 1996.

Operations 
Pinnacle Industries manufactures seats and interior products for commercial vehicles. Through its subsidiary company EKA (Pinnacle Mobility Solutions), PIL is also involved in the manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India.

The company also produces seating systems and interior finishes for ambulances, including specialized neonatal ambulances equipped with medical facilities and technologies.

Market Presence 
 PIL claims that 29% of ambulances in India incorporate at least one or more of their manufactured products.
 The company states it is India's largest converter of ambulances & medical application vehicles.

References

External links 
 Pinnacle Industries at Bloomberg

Automotive companies established in 1996
Automotive industry in India
Borndiep-class minesweeper. The Borndiep-class was a ship class of 10 minesweepers that served between 1946 and 1962 in the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNN). They were former British Yard Mine Sweepers (BYMS) that were transferred from the Royal Navy to the RNN in 1946.

Design 
The minesweepers of the Borndiep-class were equipped with mechanic, acoustic and magnetic sweepers. The magnetic sweeper consisted of two cables through which electricity would pulse and as a result would create a magnetic field that would detonate magnetic mines. As acoustic sweeper it had an electric hammer clock that would be thrown overboard to create vibrations which resulted in the destruction of acoustic mines. The mechanic sweeper consisted of a cable on each side of the ship with at the end of the cables a floater that would hit a mine to make it detonate.

Service history 
The Borndiep-class was active in the North Sea after the Second World War to cleanup mines that were laid down during the war.
Between 16 and 25 July 1954 several minesweepers of the Borndiep-class took part in the NATO exercise Haul.

Ships in class

Notes

Citations

References

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Joseph Woods (engineer). Joseph Woods (1816 - 1849) was an English engineer and entrepreneur active in the middle of the nineteenth century. He worked closely with William Siemens when the later first came to England.

Woods was born in London in 1816, the son of Samuel Woods, a merchant.

In 1844 Joseph Woods registered the patent for anastatic lithography with the British Patent Office.

In 1847 he was a founding member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, being allocated membership number 56.

References 

1816 births
1849 deaths
English mechanical engineers
19th-century English engineers
Sun Liberty 34. The Sun Liberty 34 is a French sailboat that was designed by Daniel Andrieu as a cruiser and first built in 1989.

The Sun Liberty 34 design was developed into the Sun Odyssey 34 in 1991 and the Sun Odyssey 33 in 1992.

Production
The design was built by Jeanneau in France, from 1989 until 1992, with 284 boats built, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Sun Liberty 34 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of polyester fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, with a deck-stepped mast, two sets of swept spreaders and aluminum spars with stainless steel wire rigging. The hull has a raked stem, a reverse transom with steps to a swimming platform, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or optional shoal-draft keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of  for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of .

The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an U-shaped settee and a straight settee in the main cabin and an aft cabin with a double berth on the starboard side. The galley is located on the port side just aft of the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a two-burner stove, an ice box and a double sink. A navigation station is forward of the galley, on the port side. There are two heads, one just aft of the bow cabin on the straboard side and one on the starboard side just forward of the aft cabin. Cabin maximum headroom is .

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of .

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Daniel Andrieu
Sailboat types built by Jeanneau
Roy King. Roy King may refer to:

Roy King (artist) (1903–1986), American sculptor, painter and civil engineer.
Roy Crimmins (1929–2014), English jazz trombonist, composer and arranger who used the pseudonym Roy King

See also
Don Roy King (born 1947), American television director
Elwyn Roy King (1894–1941), fighter ace in the Australian Flying Corps during World War I
List of bridges in Bhutan. This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Bhutan, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

Historical and architectural interest bridges 
Cantilever beams were developed in order to cross increasingly wide streams or rivers, where simple wooden beams had a limited range of about 10 meters. Two arms with timber superimposed are built on either side of the river, above the highest flood-level point, while being weighted to allow an increasingly large cantilevering, and solid wooden beams are then fixed on each end of the arms with wooden pegs. Bridges of this type were very common in mountainous region of India, Nepal and Tibet with an average span of , but those from Bhutan have the particularity of being more elaborate with stone masonry bridge towers, roofed with wooden shingles above the abutments or bridge head structures. The main purpose of these towers was to act as a counterweight to stiffen the structure.

The use of more layers of wooden beams with more pronounced inclinations permit to achieve greater spans, one of the most significant example is the Wangdue Zam with a span reported from  according to different sources. The renovation of the Punakha Bridge in the city of the same name in 2008 by a Swiss company made it possible with this technique to reach a span of , the largest for this type of bridge in Bhutan.

All these bridges are called Bazam, a word composed of Ba which means Cattle and Zam who is the traduction of Bridge in Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. This comes from the resemblance of the cantilever beams that sit opposite each other with two noses of cattle.

A major innovation was created by Thang Tong Gyalpo regarding the crossing of large spans, he developed iron chains working techniques and adapted them to the construction of bridges. By adding arsenic to the iron (a bit more than 2.8%), it was easier to work with and had good resistance against rust, some of these chains are still functional today. This made it possible to reach spans to over a hundred meters which had not yet been reached in Europe at this time, the Chushul Chakzam in Tibet is reported to be  long.

After making more than a hundred such bridges in Tibet, Thang Tong Gyalpo came to Bhutan in 1433 where he found big iron ore deposits and locals blacksmiths, many chains forged here were shipped from Bhutan to Tibet. He build 8 bridges in the country, oftentime near ore deposits, and some of them were still in use in the 20ht century, the last existing bridges are Tamchog Chakzam, Doksum Chakzam, Dangme Chakzam, and Khoma Chakzam (Chakzam literally means "iron bridge" in standard Tibetan).

Major road bridges 
This table presents the structures with spans greater than  (non-exhaustive list).

See also 

 Transport in Bhutan
 Geography of Bhutan
 List of rivers of Bhutan
 Architecture of Bhutan

Notes and references 
 Notes

 

 Others references

Further reading

External links 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Bhutan
Bridges
Bridges