omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lipophilic efficiency. Lipophilic efficiency (LiPE), sometimes referred to as ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) is a parameter used in drug design and drug discovery  to evaluate the quality of research compounds, linking potency and lipophilicity in an attempt to estimate druglikeness. For a given compound LiPE is defined as the pIC50 (or pEC50) of interest minus the LogP of the compound. 

In practice, calculated values such as cLogP or calculated LogD are often used instead of the measured LogP or LogD. LiPE is used to compare compounds of different potencies (pIC50s) and lipophilicities (LogP). High potency (high value of pIC50) is a desirable attribute in drug candidates, as it reduces the risk of non-specific, off-target pharmacology at a given concentration. When associated with low clearance, high potency also allows for low total dose, which lowers the risk of idiosyncratic drug reaction.

On the other hand, LogP is an estimate of a compound's overall lipophilicity, a value that influence its behavior in a range of biological processes relevant to a drug discovery, such as solubility, permeability through biological membranes, hepatic clearance, lack of selectivity and non-specific toxicity. For oral drugs, a LogP value comprised between 2 and 3 is often considered optimal to achieve a compromise between permeability and first-pass clearance. 

LiPE allows capturing both values in a single parameter, and empirical evidence suggest that quality drug candidates have a high LiPE (>6); this value corresponds to a compound with a pIC50 of 8 and a LogP of 2. Plotting LogP against pIC50 for a range of compounds allows ranking series and individual compounds.

An alternative equation uses the logarithm of the ratio of potency (measured as binding energy) and the partition coefficient to compute a lipophilic ligand efficiency index (LE) with a different scale.

The following review discusses LipE in the context of other compound efficiency metrics.

References 

Drug discovery
Pharmacokinetics
Medicinal chemistry
Grain Bridge. The Grain Bridge () is a footbridge over the Ljubljanica River in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is located between Tanner Street () and Gestrin Street (), and links the Petkovšek Embankment () on the left side of the river and the Poljane Embankment () on its right side. It is used by local residents and students of the Poljane Grammar School and has relieved of pedestrians the St. Peter's Bridge and the Dragon Bridge.

Name 
The bridge is named after Grain Square, which is the old name of the nearby Ambrož Square () that was used in the 19th century for grain trade.

Construction 
The construction of the bridge took place upon the plans by the architect Boris Podrecca. It was financed by the Mons company, owned by Jože Anderlič. The ceremonial unveiling took place on 24 August 2010. In September 2010, Janez Koželj, a professor of urban design and a vice-mayor of the City Municipality of Ljubljana, described the bridge as an "exceptionally beautiful art work".

Specifications and features of the bridge 
The bridge is  long and  wide. It is paved with tonalite plates. In its central part its walking surface widens and a lookout platform with banks has been placed there. In the center of the bridge a plaque has been placed with the inscription "Grain Bridge. Built during the mayorship of Zoran Janković. Architect Boris Podrecca. Gifted to the city and its people by Jože Anderlič. August 2010."

References

External links 
 KID - Grain bridge

Bridges in Ljubljana
Pedestrian bridges in Slovenia
Bridges completed in 2010
Bridges over the Ljubljanica
Center District, Ljubljana
21st-century architecture in Slovenia
Leightonite. Leightonite is a rare sulfate mineral with formula of K2Ca2Cu(SO4)4•2H2O.

Crystal class
Leightonite forms flattened to elongated bladed crystals of variously interpreted crystal structure. Its crystal system is reported as triclinic morphologically, but also as pseudo-orthorhombic due to intricate lamellar twinning that mimics orthorhombic symmetry. Because it is triclinic, the crystal is represented by a system of three unequal vectors with corresponding unequal angles between them.

Optical class
Leightonite is anisotropic, meaning it has more than one refractive index, in this case three as it is biaxial. The mineral can split polarized light into two rays with different direction and velocity, resulting in the appearance of interference colors when recombined and viewed under polarized light.

Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1938 for an occurrence in the Chuquicamata Mine, Colama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile, and named in honor of Tomas Leighton Donoso (1896–1967), Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Santiago, Chile.

It occurs in alkali oxidized zones of copper deposits and is associated with natrochalcite, blodite, atacamite, bellingerite, kröhnkite, gypsum and quartz in the discovery location at Chuquicamata, Chile, along with chalcanthite, anhydrite and lammerite in Tsumeb, Namibia. It has also been reported from the Schwaz area of North Tyrol, Austria, and the Visdalen Soapstone Quarry, Lom, Norway.

At the mining site of Chuquicamata, Chile, Leightonite is not found in rich ore; rather it only appears in borderland material within  of the surface, acting as a cement between rock fragments as it fills in cracks and cross-fiber veins in surfaces as a network of crystals. Although a hydrous sulfate of copper, it is not a major source of the element. Because of its rare nature, it is valued by mineral collectors.

References

Potassium minerals
Calcium minerals
Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Minerals described in 1938
Holographic sensor. A holographic sensor is a device that comprises a hologram embedded in a smart material that detects certain molecules or metabolites. This detection is usually a chemical interaction that is transduced as a change in one of the properties of the holographic reflection (as in the Bragg reflector), either refractive index or spacing between the holographic fringes. The specificity of the sensor can be controlled by adding molecules in the polymer film that selectively interacts with the molecules of interest.

A holographic sensor aims to integrate the sensor component, the transducer and the display in one device for fast reading of molecular concentrations based in colorful reflections or wavelengths.

Certain molecules that mimic biomolecule active sites or binding sites can be incorporated into the polymer that forms the holographic film in order to make the holographic sensors selective and/or sensitive to certain medical important molecules like glucose, etc.

The holographic sensors can be read from a fair distance because the transducer element is light that has been refracted and reflected by the holographic grating embedded in the sensor. Therefore, they can be used in industrial applications where non-contact with the sensor is required.
Other applications for holographic sensors are anti-counterfeiting

Metabolites
Some of the metabolites detected by a holographic sensor are:
 Ammonia
 pH
 Hydrocarbons
VOCs
Gases
 Glucose
 Water content
 Lactate and other biomolecules
 Metal ions

References

Holography
Sensors
Mongrel2. Mongrel2 is an open-source "language agnostic" web server written by Zed Shaw, and is the successor to Shaw's Mongrel server. The server supports HTTP, Flash XMLSockets, WebSockets and long polling connections.

Language agnostic
Mongrel2 is described as language agnostic, meaning it does not prefer any specific programming language over another. The server's documentation says:

Development
Shaw began working on the server in June 2010 and released version 1.0 of the software on September 1, 2010. Mongrel2 has nothing in common with the original Mongrel webserver, except for using the same HTTP parser.

References

External links

Free web server software
2010 software
Web server software for Linux
Free software programmed in C
Software using the BSD license
CSAB (professional organization). CSAB, Inc., formerly called the Computing Sciences Accreditation Board, Inc., is a non-profit professional organization in the United States, focused on the quality of education in computing disciplines. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS) are the member societies of CSAB.
The Association for Information Systems (AIS) was a member society between 2002 and September 2009.

CSAB itself is a member society of ABET, to support the accreditation of several computing (related) disciplines:
 It is leading for computer science, information systems, information technology and software engineering
 It is working together with other ABET member societies for computer engineering, information engineering and biological engineering
Who is doing what:
 For the disciplines where CSAB is leading, it develops the accreditation criteria and it educates the so-called Program Evaluators (PEVs).
 But the accreditation activities themselves are conducted by the appropriate ABET accreditation commission. For computing this is the Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC).

History
The Computing Sciences Accreditation Board, Inc. (CSAB) was founded in 1984, with Taylor L. Booth as first president.

Initially, CSAB had its own accreditation commission called the Computer Science Accreditation Commission (CSAC).
But in November 1998 CSAB and ABET agreed to integrate CSAB's accreditation activities within ABET. The result is that in 2000 a reorganized CSAB became a member society of ABET and that, starting with the 2001-2002 cycle, a merged and renamed CSAC operates as the fourth commission of ABET: the Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC).

References

External links
 Official website

Accreditation organizations
Hermann Schussler. Hermann Schüssler or Schussler (August 4, 1842 – April 27, 1919) was a German civil engineer and designer of dams, famous for designing the Crystal Springs Dam and the Comstock water system.

Early years
Hermann F.A. Schussler was born in what is today Rastede, Germany. From 1859 to 1862 he enrolled in the Prussian Military Academy of Oldenburg. After his graduation he studied civil engineering in Zürich and Karlsruhe.

Engineer in USA

In 1864 Hermann Schussler immigrated to California, and started working for the Spring Valley Water Works of San Francisco. He worked on several projects in the Bay Area. Remarkable projects are the dams at Crystal Springs Reservoir and San Andreas Lake which survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Schussler also was the chief engineer of Marin County, and Virginia City. In Virginia City, Schussler worked for Virginia and Gold Hill Water Company and designed the Comstock water system. He also worked on the design for the Sutro Tunnel Company and designed the water system for Tuscarora and Pioche. In 1878 Schussler worked on several water projects in Hawaii. Schussler taught engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He retired from Spring Valley Water Company in 1914.

External links
 Herman Schussler and the Comstock Water System 
 Hermann Schussler: No Ordinary Man 
 
 
 The Daily Journal: A water-systems engineer and architect of dams, June 8, 2009.

References
 John Debo Galloway: Early Engineering Works Contributory to the Comstock, 1947.
 Hermann Schussler:  The Water Supply Of San Francisco, California Before, During And After The Earthquake of April 18, 1906 And The Subsequent Conflagration, 1907.
 Hugh Shamberger: The Story of the Water supply for the Comstock, 1965.

1842 births
1919 deaths
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Water in California
Immigrants to the United States
Concrete pioneers
Curtiss CT. The Curtiss CT-1 model 24, a twin engine torpedo bomber mounted on floats, was first flown in 1921.

Development
The US Navy was looking for a new torpedo bomber following a demonstration of sinking a battleship with an aircraft. A specification was announced requiring a twin floatplane that could be sled launched and crane recovered at sea. The aircraft had a maximum span of  which could be broken down into  sections for shipboard storage. Prototypes of the Curtiss CT-1, Stout ST-1, Fokker FT-1 and Blackburn Swift F were evaluated at the Anacostia Naval Yard. Curtiss won an initial contract to build nine torpedo bombers on June 30, 1920, but the order was canceled and only one acceptance prototype was built. The aircraft was constructed in Rockaway, New York.

Design
The aircraft had twin booms, twin tails, twin floats and a single cockpit. A turret was placed high above and behind the pilot to have a full 360 degree firing arc. The thick airfoil wings were cantilevered without struts or wires using three spars. The fuselage was made of traditional welded tube frame with the-then new technology of an aluminum skin. The rest of the aircraft was of welded tube with a fabric covering. The engine nacelles were deeply recessed into the wings. Two under-wing Lamblin radiators provided cooling. Engine stands were located for mechanics to work on the aircraft. Single-engine operation resulted in a height loss of 100 ft per minute.

Operational history
The first water taxi tests were performed by Bert Acosta on 2 May 1921 at NAS Rockaway, resulting in larger rudders added for stability. The sheet metal formed motor mounts and tail structure required reinforcement. The engines overheated, and could only fly for 20 minutes at a time.

The aircraft was demonstrated to the US Navy at the Annacostia Naval Yard and at the war college at Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. The aircraft was given the serial number A-5890, and the navy designation CT-1, for "Curtiss" "Torpedo bomber (number one)"-"variant one".

Specifications Curtiss CT-1

See also

References

Notes

1920s United States bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
CT-1
Twin-boom aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
National Space Biomedical Research Institute. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) was a NASA-funded consortium of institutions studying the health risks related to long-duration spaceflight and developing solutions to reduce those risks. The NSBRI was founded in 1997 through a NASA Cooperative Agreement. The founding director was Laurence R. Young of MIT. NSBRI's 16,400-square-foot headquarters facility was located in the BioScience Research Collaborative in Houston, Texas. The Institute shared the facility with Baylor College of Medicine's Center for Space Medicine. The official opening was held March 19, 2012.

In March 2012 NASA announced a five-year extension of its cooperative agreement with NSBRI. At the end of this period NASA wound down its relationship with NSBRI, which closed in 2017. The consortium was succeeded by the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH), led by the Baylor College of Medicine.

Research programs
NSBRI coordinated its research with NASA's Human Research Program and contributed to its goal of reducing spaceflight risks.  In 2016 NASA described the role of the collaboration as "investigat[ing] challenges of long-duration human spaceflight and bridg[ing] the expertise of biomedical community with the scientific, engineering, and operational expertise of NASA."

In 2010 and 2011, NSBRI was the only U.S. organization to participate in the Mars-500 Project's 520-day mission simulations with an experiment that monitored the six crew members' rest-activity cycles, performance and psychological responses to determine the extent to which sleep loss, fatigue, stress, mood changes and conflicts occurred during the mission.

Research Teams
 Cardiovascular Alterations
 Human Factors and Performance
 Musculoskeletal Alterations
 Neurobehavioral and Psychosocial Factors
 Radiation Effects
 Sensorimotor Adaptation
 Smart Medical Systems and Technology

Outreach
NSBRI also had a robust education and outreach program. The NSBRI Education and Outreach team won a Stellar Award from the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation in 2007 for "performance as a nationally recognized, top-tier program that is pioneering new models for exemplary teaching, training and public outreach in support of the Vision for Space Exploration."

Consortium members
 Baylor College of Medicine
 Brookhaven National Laboratory
 Harvard Medical School
 Johns Hopkins University
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Morehouse School of Medicine
 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
 Rice University
 Texas A&M University
 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
 University of Pennsylvania Health System
 University of Washington

References

External links
 http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/oct/HQ_C07049_Cooperative_Agreement.html 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101202051347/http://humanresearch.jsc.nasa.gov/centers/nsbri.asp
 http://mars500.imbp.ru/en/partners.html
 http://www.bcm.edu/news/item.cfm?newsID=865
 
 http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/mar/HQ_C12-013_NSBRI_Extended.html 
National Space Biomedical Research Institute

Human spaceflight
Medical research institutes in Texas
NASA
Space medicine
Jolliffeite. Jolliffeite is a rare selenide mineral with formula NiAsSe or . It is the selenium analogue of the sulfide mineral gersdorffite, NiAsS, with a common impurity of cobalt, CoAsSe.  It is named for its discoverer, Alfred Jolliffe, (1907–1988), a Canadian geologist of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

Crystallography
Jolliffeite has cubic symmetry and is therefore isometric meaning crystallographically, it contains three perpendicular axes of equal lengths.  It has four three-fold axes all inclined at the same angle to the crystallographic axes.  Optically, Jolliffeite is isotropic.  Isotropic minerals have a single refractive index and are not birefringent.  The single refractive index of Jolliffeite can be determined by its relief.

Discovery and Importance
Jollifeite was discovered in 1991 within a fracture zone near a contact of an intrusive peridotite with dolomite from the Fish Hook Bay area, Shirley Peninsula, north shore of Lake Athabaska, Saskatchewan, Canada, in a geological environment with high concentration of platinum group elements.  The area of the Shirley Peninsula consists of rocks mainly Archean in age.  The rare finding of Jolliffeite in this region is helping geologists piece together more of the area's history.  Its composition of nickel and arsenic makes it important for mineral resources as the two have many common uses.  Jollifeite's presence may also lead to the finding of other important minerals as it was found in the drill core with chalcopyrite, pyrite, hematite, arsenopyrite, bornite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, cofinite, pitchblende, native gold, native silver, cobaltite, and micas.

References

Jambor, J., and Vanko, D. (1992) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 77, 447.
Martin, R.F. (1991) Jolliffeite and CoAsSe From Lake Athabasca. Canadian Mineralogist, 29, 411–418.

Nickel minerals
Arsenic minerals
Selenide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 205
Intel Array Building Blocks. Intel Array Building Blocks (also known as ArBB) was a C++ library developed by Intel Corporation for exploiting data parallel portions of programs to take advantage of multi-core processors, graphics processing units and Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture processors. ArBB provides a generalized vector parallel programming solution designed to avoid direct dependencies on particular low-level parallelism mechanisms or hardware architectures. ArBB is oriented to applications that require data-intensive mathematical computations. By default, ArBB programs cannot create data races or deadlocks.

History
Intel Ct was a parallel programming model developed by Intel in 2007 for its future multi-core processors as part of the Tera-Scale research program. In April 2009, Intel announced that "Ct [is] to appear in programmer tools by end of the year". On August 19, 2009, Intel acquired RapidMind, a privately held company founded and headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. In September 2010, Intel Array Building Blocks (ArBB) were introduced as the result of the merger of Intel Ct and RapidMind technologies. The first version of ArBB supported Microsoft Windows and Linux, and Intel, Microsoft Visual C++ and GCC C++ compilers.

In October 2012 the project was discontinued in favour of other Intel projects: Cilk Plus and Threading Building Blocks.

See also
 Cilk/Cilk Plus
 Intel Concurrent Collections
 Intel Array Visualizer
 Intel Parallel Building Blocks
 Intel Parallel Studio
 Intel Developer Zone (support and discussion)
 Threading Building Blocks (TBB)
 Parallel computing

References

External links
 

Concurrent programming libraries
Application programming interfaces
C++ programming language family
Generic programming
Threads (computing)
C++ libraries
ArBB
Intel Parallel Building Blocks. Intel Parallel Building Blocks (PBB) was a collection of three programming solutions designed for multithreaded parallel computing. PBB consisted of Cilk Plus, Threading Building Blocks (TBB) and Intel Array Building Blocks (ArBB).

See also 
 Intel Parallel Studio
 Intel Concurrent Collections (CnC)
 Intel Developer Zone (Intel DZ; support and discussion)

References

External links
 

Concurrent programming languages
C programming language family
Parallel Building Blocks