omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
VEMS. VEMS is a commercial engine management system. VEMS is unlike most other EMS's in that it used to be public domain and then a form of open source.

History 
The original version of VEMS was called MegaSquirtAVR and was a re-write of the popular but inadequate (at the time) MegaSquirt system.

Hardware 
VEMS can be purchased as a pre-made board or a complete system with several options in between. Most of the design is built with SMD components to keep size down and reliability up.

Microcontroller 
VEMS uses the AVR Atmega128 which is significantly more powerful than the original MS1 CPU.

Revisions 
The early MS based version was called 2.0 however that has been out of circulation for some time. The 3.0 board was the first "GenBoard" variant. Development was closed at 3.2 and the current version is 3.6. All 3.X versions incorporate one or more wide band controller.

Firmware 
VEMS firmware is primarily written in the C (programming language), however some parts are distributed in binary and not C for IP protection reasons with an NDA.

Documentation 
Firmware revisions are issued very frequently and it is constant development. Latest firmware releases have many advanced features such as double continuous variable camshaft control, GPS and SD card logging, advanced motorsport features (N2O control, transbrake creep etc.). New features are Electronic throttle control and can bus.

Tuning Software 
Tuning is done with either MegaTune or VemsTune. Until recently Megatune as written by Eric Fahlgren for the MegaSquirt system was only option. MegaTune is licensed under GPL and can therefore be used by anyone. While excellent for Megasquirt, it does not cover all aspects of VEMS, so complete setup and tuning is impossible.  It can and has caused incorrect parameters to be written to VEMS causing unpredictable performance.

At present time (2011) MegaTune is mostly obsolete on VEMS as all recent firmware versions are only compatible with VemsTune, a user interface that was built from scratch and covers all aspects of VEMS tuning (including firmware updates directly from VEMS servers, WBo2 sensor calibration, logging and of course, tuning). Some users who run older configs still use MegaTune but majority is now using VemsTune which, after long developer phase, is now very usable.

Licenses 
The no longer available MSAVR source was MegaSquirt based and therefore surrounded by some controversy. The code was rewritten and has since version 3.2 been closed source.

External links
 - UK distribution and english support forum
 - Main VEMS site

References

Fuel injection systems
Ignition systems
Robert Taylor (mining engineer). Sir Robert Taylor (1855 – 4 April 1921) was a British mining engineer in India. He was senior partner with John Taylor & Sons Ltd and a director of the Mysore Gold Mining Company Ltd.

He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours for his services to India. John Taylor & Sons Ltd went into receivership in 1922, the year after his death.

Footnotes

1855 births
1921 deaths
British civil engineers
British mining engineers
Knights Bachelor
British people in colonial India
Engineers from British India
Independent Energy Partners. Independent Energy Partners, Inc. (IEP) is an oil shale resources company based in Parker, Colorado, the United States. It is a developer of the Geothermic Fuels Cells Process, an in-situ shale oil extraction process.  CEO of the company is Alan K. Forbes.

History
IEP was founded in 1991 as an energy project and technology development company.  Since 2002, it has focused on the development of its Geothermic Fuel Cell technology.  On February 3, 2004, IEP received an initial patent on the Geothermic Fuels Cells and on April 13, 2005, IEP retained the consulting firm Sage Geotech to produce technical assessments related to this technology. On March 1, 2006, IEP concluded negotiations with Battelle Memorial Institute, the operator of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, for development of the Geothermic Fuel Cell prototype and in September 2008, they signed agreements for modeling, analysis, design and engineering to commercialize this technology and related applications.  The continuation-in-part application for the Geothermic Fuel Cell Process was issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office on February 27, 2007.

In August 2005, IEP concluded has mineral interests lease within the Green River Formation.  In August 2008, IEP signed a partnership agreement with Total S.A.

Operations
IEP owns the patents to the Geothermic Fuel Cell technology (US Patent Nos. 6,684,948 B1-Apparatus and Method For Heating Subterranean Formations Using Fuel Cells and 7,182,132 B2-Linearly Scalable Geothermic Fuel Cells). Fuel cells are developed by  Delphi Corporation.

IEP owns mineral interests in the oil shale reserves within the Green River Formation, including in Rio Blanco County, Colorado.

Geothermic Fuels Cells Technology
In the Independent Energy Partners' Geothermic Fuels Cells (GFC), a high-temperature stack of fuel cells is placed in situ or in place within a formation. During an initial warm-up period, the cells are fueled by an external source of natural gas. Afterwards, the process is able to fuel itself using oil shale gas generated by its own waste heat.  The formation is fractured by rising fluid pressure in the heated zone. Alternatively, the formation can be pre-fractured to enhance the shale oil flow between heating and producing wells.  The company asserts a ratio of approximately 7 units of energy produced per unit used, when primary recovery is combined with gasification of the residual char and use of the resulting oil shale gas.  In addition, the fuel cell produces electric power as a by-product of the process.

Oil Shale Alliance
IEP together with Petro Probe, Inc. and Phoenix Wyoming, Inc have formed the Oil Shale Alliance, Inc., a Delaware corporation for the purpose of commercialization of in-situ oil shale technologies.

References

External links
 

Oil companies of the United States
Oil shale companies of the United States
Companies based in Denver
Parker, Colorado
Thomas Renny-Tailyour. Colonel Thomas Francis Bruce Renny-Tailyour  (8 June 1863 – 10 June 1937) was a British Army officer and surveyor.

Renny-Tailyour was born at Borrowfield, the family estate near to Montrose, Angus, the son of an officer of the Bengal Engineers. He was educated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1883. He served in Burma from 1885 to 1889. In 1888 he joined the Indian Army Survey Department, with which he stayed for the rest of his career. He became deputy superintendent in 1891, assistant surveyor-general in 1904, and superintendent in 1910. He served in the Boxer Rebellion in 1901. He was promoted brevet colonel in 1906.

He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in 1911 and Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1920 New Year Honours shortly before his retirement.

Footnotes

References
Obituary, The Times, 11 June 1937

1863 births
1937 deaths
People from Montrose, Angus
Military personnel from Angus, Scotland
People educated at Cheltenham College
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Engineers officers
Companions of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Scottish surveyors
British military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War
Chattanooga Corporation. Chattanooga Corporation is an American developer of technology for unconventional oil, particularly for tar sands and shale oil extraction.

Operations
Chattanooga Corporation operates two pilot plants in Alberta, Canada, commissioned in 2000 and 2004. It has tested its technology for extraction on Colorado and Kentucky oil shales.

Chattanooga Process
Chattanooga Process is an extraction process that uses a fluidized bed reactor and an associated hydrogen-fired heater. In this process, retorting occurs at relatively low temperatures () through thermal cracking and hydrogenation of the shale into hydrocarbon vapors and spent solids. The thermal cracking allows hydrocarbon vapors to be extracted and scrubbed of solids. The vapors are then cooled, inducing the condensate to drop out of the gas. The remaining hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, and acid gases are passed through an amine scrubbing system to remove hydrogen sulfide which is converted to elemental sulfur. The cleaned hydrogen and light hydrocarbon gases are then fed back into the system for compression or into the hydrogen heater to provide heat for the fluidized bed reactor. This system is a nearly-closed loop; almost all of its energy needs are provided by the source material. The demonstration plant in Alberta was able to produce  of oil per kilotonne of oil shale with an API gravity ranging between 28 and 30. With hydrotreating (the reaction of oil with high pressure hydrogen), it would be possible to improve this to 38-40 °API.  Chattanooga Corporation is considering a design that would implemented in a  facility.

Integrating Chattanooga Process with the steam assisted gravity drainage in the process of extraction of tar sands and extra heavy oil may increase the quality of produced bitumen and increased energy sufficiency.

References

External links
 Company website

Energy companies of the United States
Oil shale companies of the United States
Bituminous sands
Xerophile. A xerophile () is an extremophilic organism that can grow and reproduce in conditions with a low availability of water, also known as water activity. 

Water activity, a thermodynamical value denoted , is defined as the partial water vapor pressure  in equilibrium with the substance relative to (divided by) the (partial) vapor pressure of pure water  at the same temperature: 

The thermodynamical water activity is thus equal to the relative humidity (RH), and the chemical activity of pure water is equal to one: 

When the atmosphere above a substance, or a solution, is undersaturated in water vapor , its water activity is lower than one. 

Xerophiles are "xerotolerant", meaning tolerant of dry conditions. They can often survive in environments with water activity below 0.8; above which is typical for most life on Earth. Typically xerotolerance is used with respect to matrix drying, where a substance has a low water concentration. These environments include arid desert soils. The term osmophile, or osmotolerant, is typically applied to microorganisms that can grow in solutions with high solute concentrations (salts, sugars), such as halophiles.

The common food preservation methods of reducing water activity (food drying) may not always be sufficient to prevent the growth of xerophilic organisms, often resulting in food spoilage. Some mold and yeast species are xerophilic. Mold growth on bread is an example of food spoilage by xerophilic organisms. 

Complete dehydration based on the freeze-drying technique with effective protection inside a tight packaging system, strictly impervious to water and atmospheric gases ( and ), may be required for long-term preservation of food and  pharmacochemical substances (antibiotics, vaccines…). Freeze drying can limit the microbial activity on the long term, as long as the product remains perfectly dry in a hermetically sealed and intact package, but it is not a sterilisation technique per se, because after rehydration, even if many dehydrated cells suffer irreversible and lethal damages, some resistant spores and bacterial endospores can still be revived again, and multiplied, by means of microbiological cultures if the product was not initially sterilized by applying a proven technique.

Examples of xerophiles include Trichosporonoides nigrescens, Zygosaccharomyces, and cacti.

See also

 
Ombrophobe

References

 
Biology terminology
Ecology terminology
Extremophiles
Hydrozoning. Hydrozoning is the practice of clustering together plants with similar water requirements in an effort to conserve water. Grouping plants into hydrozones is an approach to irrigation and garden design where plants with similar water needs are grouped together. Through the practice of hydrozoning, it is possible to customize irrigation schedules for each area’s needs, improving efficiency and avoiding overwatering and underwatering certain plants and grasses.

As you move farther away from the water source, your plantings require less water. For example, drought tolerant plants such as sage or cactus would not be planted in a bluegrass lawn, but would be separated, since bluegrass has a higher water requirement.

The principal hydrozone is found in local parks and gathering places, such as urban plazas and spaces around well-used public buildings. Mixing plants with different water needs can result in over-watering of water-thrifty plants or under-watering of plants requiring regular moisture.

See also
 Xeriscape

References

Horticulture
Irrigation
Godfrey M. Hyams. Godfrey M. Hyams (1859–1927) was an American metallurgist, civil engineer,  financier, and philanthropist.

Early life
Hyams was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His family moved to Boston, Massachusetts while he was a child. He graduated from Boston English High School and attended Harvard College, where he graduated in 1881.

Career
Hyams became an investment banker based in Boston and specialized in natural resources. He was responsible for the growth of such companies as the Anaconda Mining Company. In the early twentieth century, he was the principal financial manager for the construction of the Deepwater Railway in West Virginia and the Tidewater Railway in Virginia, which were combined in 1907 to form the Virginian Railway (VGN), completed in 1909. The new railroad, ostensibly headed by coal mining manager William Nelson Page of Ansted, West Virginia, was financed almost entirely from the personal fortune of a silent partner, industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers, a native of Fairhaven, Massachusetts. It opened up major new areas of bituminous coal in some of the most rugged terrain in southern West Virginia for shipment to Hampton Roads, where a new coal pier was built at Sewell's Point.

Godfrey M. Hyams remained an officer of the Virginian Railway for the rest of his life. He married Mary Wilson Hyams, and she died in Boston on May 15, 1934.   Hyams died in Boston on October 7, 1927.

Legacy
He left the bulk of his estate in trust for charitable purposes. It was one of the largest philanthropic gifts ever made in Massachusetts.

His funds and those of a sister were combined later, and are now handled by The Hyams Foundation, Inc.

References 

Businesspeople from Boston
Harvard College alumni
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Founders of the petroleum industry
20th-century American railroad executives
American philanthropists
1859 births
1927 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
Killbit. Killbit is a security feature in web browsers based on Microsoft's  Trident engine (such as Internet Explorer) and other ActiveX containers that respect the killbit (such as Microsoft Office). A killbit instructs an ActiveX control container never to use a specific piece of ActiveX software, whether third-party or Microsoft, as identified by its class identifier (CLSID).

The main purpose of a killbit is to close security holes. If a vendor discovers that there is a security hole in a specific version of an ActiveX control, they can request that Microsoft put out a "killbit" for it. Killbit updates are typically deployed to Microsoft Windows operating systems via Windows Update.

Implementation 
A flag in the Windows Registry identifies a CLSID as unsafe. The CLSID (a type of a GUID) acts as a serial number for the software in question. It must exist for each piece of software that behaves as an ActiveX control. If an ActiveX container finds that the CLSID of a killbit entry matches the CLSID of the software, the software is blocked from running in the ActiveX container. If a vendor wants to release an updated version then they release it with a different CLSID.

Internet Explorer's HTML application host also respects the killbit when processing the OBJECT tag in HTML, but not when processing scripts in HTML.

External links
 Microsoft KB240797: How to stop an ActiveX control from running in Internet Explorer (August 24, 2007)
 Microsoft Technet: The Kill-Bit FAQ

Internet Explorer
Microsoft Windows security technology
Spaser. A spaser or plasmonic laser is a type of laser which aims to confine light at a subwavelength scale far below Rayleigh's diffraction limit of light, by storing some of the light energy in electron oscillations called surface plasmon polaritons. The phenomenon was first described by David J. Bergman and Mark Stockman in 2003. The word spaser is an acronym for "surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".  The first such devices were announced in 2009 by three groups: a 44-nanometer-diameter nanoparticle with a gold core surrounded by a dyed silica gain medium created by researchers from Purdue, Norfolk State and Cornell universities, a nanowire on a silver screen by a Berkeley group, and a semiconductor layer of 90 nm surrounded by silver pumped electrically by groups at the Eindhoven University of Technology and at Arizona State University. While the Purdue-Norfolk State-Cornell team demonstrated the confined plasmonic mode, the Berkeley team and the Eindhoven-Arizona State team demonstrated lasing in the so-called plasmonic gap mode. In 2018, a team from Northwestern University demonstrated a tunable nanolaser that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism.

The spaser is a proposed nanoscale source of optical fields that is being investigated in a number of leading laboratories around the world. Spasers could find a wide range of applications, including nanoscale lithography, fabrication of ultra-fast photonic nano circuits, single-molecule biochemical sensing, and microscopy.

From Nature Photonics:

Study of the quantum mechanical model of the spaser suggests that it should be possible to manufacture a spasing device analogous in function to the MOSFET transistor, but this has not yet been experimentally verified.

See also
Nanolaser
Polariton laser
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

References

Further reading
 

Condensed matter physics
Laser types
Nanoelectronics
Plasmonics
HSM-71. Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron Seven One (HSM-71) is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California. Nicknamed the "Raptors", they are attached to Carrier Air Wing Nine (CVW-9) and deploy with the strike group centred on the aircraft carrier  .  The squadron was formed on 4 October 2007 and was the first fleet squadron to receive the MH-60R Seahawk.
It received its first Battle "E" in 2009, and was also awarded the Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophy for superior air antisubmarine warfare (ASW) in 2009 and again in 2010.

See also
 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

External links
 HSM-71's official website

Helicopter maritime strike squadrons of the United States Navy
Military units and formations in California
Junkers K 37. The Junkers S 36 was a twin-engine mail plane developed in Germany in the late 1920s that was further developed in Sweden as a multi-role military aircraft, albeit unsuccessfully, under the designation K 37. The design itself was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of largely conventional design, featuring twin tails and fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. Construction was metal throughout and skinned, in typical Junkers fashion, with corrugated duralumin. The engines were mounted in nacelles on the wings, and the crew was accommodated in three open cockpits, including one in the very nose of the aircraft.

Design and development
This design lent itself readily to military applications, and the open cockpit in the nose offered an ideal position for a crewman to act as an observer, bombardier and/or nose gunner. The S 36 prototype was flown to Sweden, where it was militarised by Junkers subsidiary AB Flygindustri at Limhamn. Proposed as a fighter or reconnaissance-bomber, the K 37 could operate at altitudes unattainable by other fighters of the day, rendering it effectively immune from interception. The type was demonstrated in civil form at the "Aerial Garden Party" at Heston Aerodrome in July 1929, and in military form as a model at the Olympia Aero Show, complete with a dummy observer with swivelling machine gun to demonstrate the field of fire.

No sales resulted, and the development of new and more capable fighter aircraft negated the advantages offered by the type. However, the Japanese Army Air Force was sufficiently interested in the type for Mitsubishi to purchase manufacturing rights in 1931, and AB Flygindustri also provided one or two pattern aircraft. A K 37 was operated with success during the Invasion of Manchuria and led the Army to order heavy and light bombers from Mitsubishi based on the design. These were developed as the Ki-1 and Ki-2 respectively, the former sharing little with the Junkers design other than its general configuration, but the latter featuring wings essentially the same as the K 37 fitted with extra ailerons.

Specifications (K 37)

References

Bibliography

 
 Hugo Junkers homepage
 Уголок неба

Further reading

 

1920s German mailplanes
K 37
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
CCNR. CCNR could mean:

Central Catchment Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve in Singapore
Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
China CNR, a national rail rolling stock manufacturer, before a merger created CRRC 
Center for Complex Network Research at Northeastern University
Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, see Anti-nuclear movement in Canada
Coca-Cola and Nestle Refreshments, the previous name of Beverage Partners Worldwide
Albatros B.III. The Albatros B.III, (post-war company designation L.5), was a German World War I reconnaissance biplane, built by Albatros Flugzeugwerke as the Albatros LDD.

Development and design
The Albatros B.III was the last of the company's unarmed reconnaissance two-seaters and was a precursor to the most important of their armed reconnaissance biplanes, the C.III.

The changes from the previous versions were fairly minor. It introduced what would become the typical Albatros tail when the rudder was rounded off. It was otherwise similar to the B.II. The B.III was produced in small numbers during 1915, but it was already clear that reconnaissance aircraft needed to be armed. Albatros then produced the C.I, which was based on the earlier B.II, and then moved onto the C.III. With some additional detail changes the Albatros C.III was basically an armed version of the B.III, although few parts remained interchangeable between the two aircraft.

Variants
Albatros L.5 - post-war manufacturers' retroactive designation

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte
Kaiserliche Marine

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

Units using this aircraft
FEA 6

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
B.III
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft