omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Active matter. Active matter is matter composed of large numbers of active "agents", each of which consumes energy in order to move or to exert mechanical forces. Such systems are intrinsically out of thermal equilibrium. Unlike thermal systems relaxing towards equilibrium and systems with boundary conditions imposing steady currents, active matter systems break time reversal symmetry because energy is being continually dissipated by the individual constituents. Most examples of active matter are biological in origin and span all the scales of the living, from bacteria and self-organising bio-polymers such as microtubules and actin (both of which are part of the cytoskeleton of living cells), to schools of fish and flocks of birds. However, a great deal of current experimental work is devoted to synthetic systems such as artificial self-propelled particles. Active matter is a relatively new material classification in soft matter:  the most extensively studied model, the Vicsek model, dates from 1995.

Research in active matter combines analytical techniques, numerical simulations and experiments. Notable analytical approaches include hydrodynamics, kinetic theory, and non-equilibrium statistical physics. Numerical studies mainly involve self-propelled-particles models, making use of agent-based models such as molecular dynamics  algorithms or lattice-gas models, as well as computational studies of hydrodynamic equations of active fluids. Experiments on biological systems extend over a wide range of scales, including animal groups (e.g., bird flocks, mammalian herds, fish schools and insect swarms), bacterial colonies, cellular tissues (e.g. epithelial tissue layers, cancer growth and embryogenesis), cytoskeleton components (e.g., in vitro motility assays, actin-myosin networks and molecular-motor driven filaments). Experiments on synthetic systems include self-propelled colloids (e.g., phoretically propelled particles), driven granular matter (e.g. vibrated monolayers), swarming robots and Quinke rotators.

Concepts in Active matter
 Active gels
 Dense active matter
 Collective motion
 Collective animal behavior
 Collective cell migration
 Motility induced phase separation
 Schooling, flocking and swarming
 Active stress 
 Disordered hyperuniformity

Active matter systems
 Biological tissues
 Subcellular and cell mechanics
 Crowd behaviour
 Self-propelled particles and colloids

References

Soft matter
Crowds
Original Software. Original Software is a privately held company providing automatic software testing products and services.

History

Original Software was formed in December 1996 and started trading in May 1997. It was founded by Colin Armitage.

In the initial years, Original Software focused on the IBM i platform.

In 2007 a manual testing solution was introduced.

In 2010 it was listed as one of "Twenty companies to watch in 2010" by CIO UK.

Original Software rebranded and launched their new website in 2023.

Products
Original Software's products include:
 Qualify - an Application Quality Management (AQM) solution uniting all aspects of the software development lifecycle
 TestDrive - a test automation and regression testing tool
 TestAssist - a tool for dynamic manual testing and User Acceptance Testing
 TestBench - a test data management and verification tool for IBM i

References

External links
 

Software testing
Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors. A Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors is an occasional Royal Commission of the United Kingdom used to hear patent disputes.

On 6 October 1919 the Commission was convened to hear 11 claims for the invention of the tank; one of the eleven "claimants" was a team of two (thus there were 12 individuals involved), two of whom were Winston Churchill and Ernest Swinton.

The Commission was reconvened in 1946 to hear claims of inventors who "allege that their inventions, drawings or processes have been used by Government Departments and Allied Governments during the War".

References

External links
 "Awards to inventors - use of inventions and designs by government departments"

Inventors
Helmut W. Schulz. Helmut W. Schulz (1912 – 28 January 2006) was a German chemical engineer and professor at Columbia University known for his many works in disparate fields like nuclear physics, rocketry and waste-to-energy processes. He developed the process for separating uranium isotopes.

Early life
Wilhelm Schulz was born in 1912 in Berlin and moved to New York with his family in 1924. He was valedictorian at Brooklyn Technical High School. Later, he received a Pulitzer scholarship to Columbia University and earned a B.S. in 1933 and an M.S. in 1934.

Upon graduation, he went to work for Union Carbide and traveled in 1940 to Niagara Falls to help improve its methanol plant. While experimenting, he used a contaminated bottle of solution which exploded on contact. The caustic splattering blinded him.

Work and research
When Schulz learned that physicists at Columbia University had achieved fission of a uranium isotope, he worked and succeeded in devising a process for separating uranium isotopes using a gas centrifuge, presenting his idea in a paper to university researchers. When the government settled on the gaseous diffusion process to enrich uranium, Schulz filed for a patent in 1942 which was granted in 1951. Returning to Union Carbide after receiving his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Columbia in 1942, Schulz wrote two papers on the possibility of using infrared radiation to generate molecular reactions.

In 1948, Schulz approached Charles H. Townes at Columbia University and offered him a Union Carbide fellowship. Impressed by Schulz's inventiveness, Townes used his fellowship to hire Arthur L. Schawlow. Together, they later invented the laser and its cousin, the maser. Both received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In the 1960s, Schulz developed new ways to produce solid rocket fuel and then took a leave from Union Carbide to oversee the United States Department of Defense's rocket propulsion program.

Finally retiring from Union Carbide in 1969, and with a grant from the National Science Foundation, Schulz returned to Columbia to study ways to convert waste to energy. He developed clean processes to produce electricity using solid waste, sewage sludge, and even toxic materials like PCBs, and chemical weapons.

In 1977, when the United States planned to build the first gas centrifuge plant, the United States Department of Energy awarded Schulz $100,000 as a royalty for his contribution.

Personal life
Helmut Schulz was married to Colette Prieur Schulz. They had five children and seven grandchildren.

References

External links
Cosmos Club Journals
Columbia University Archives

1912 births
2006 deaths
20th-century German physicists
Columbia University faculty
Rocket scientists
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
American chemical engineers
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century American engineers
Nissan Terranaut. The Nissan Terranaut was a 4x4 concept car shown at the Geneva Motor Show in 2006. It was described by its manufacturer as being designed for scientists, geologists, archaeologists or adventurers and would have seated three people including an operator of a workstation.

Design 
The car houses three seats and a rotating spherical pod, which allows the driver to quickly rotate to their desired position outside. It measures 4.965m from stem to stern and is just over two metres tall and two metres wide. The purpose of the extra room is to house a mini laboratory for use in the field. It has enough refrigerated storage space to support the car's three operators for up to a week out in the field and tents and sleeping bags may be stored in the door's storage compartments.

On the exterior of the car, low overhang and good ground clearance allow the Terranaut to traverse into rough terrain. Instead of a trunk at the back of the car, the Terranaut features an air lock drawer, which allows easy and safe access to clinical samples placed in the air lock drawer by someone on the outside by a lab analyst still inside the car. External displays and touch screens on the rear of the car allow those on the outside data access to information stored inside the vehicle. A controlled atmosphere on the interior may be maintained through the use of highly reflective glass, which bars sun, glare, snow or ice from disrupting scientific analysis inside the vehicle.

A glass dome centered over the rear portion of the car's roof allows for an easy escape route in case of an emergency. The roof also features a circular housing for satellite positioning equipment. A display positioned on the interior of the glass dome allows the passenger seated inside access to images created by a camera positioned on the outside of the vehicle. Touch pads are used to open the car's doors electrically.

References 

Terranaut
Polarized light pollution. Polarization is a property of light waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. Polarized light pollution is a subset of the various forms of light pollution referring specifically to polarized light.

In nature, water and water vapor polarize the sunlight (which itself is slightly polarized). By receiving the direction of polarized photons, some species can correct their course during migration. Artificial polarization of natural or artificial light can disrupt the behavior of these species and the ecosystems in which these species play an important role. Pollination is one example of this.

History of this notion

Jean-Baptiste Biot and his successors have shown that solutions of organic products, such as fructose or sucrose, can polarize light. However, only in recent decades has it been realised that the polarized light may play an important role in ecosystems, especially in the insect world.

More recently, when the concept of light pollution emerged, the question of the possible impacts of the artificial polarization of light has arisen.

Gábor Horváth and his team have proposed  that this new term needs to be better described and understood in order to better address the specific ecological consequences (direct or delayed in space and time) of light that was polarized (at source or by interacting with objects made or modified by humans).

Impact on insects 
A representative example is the ecological trap caused by asphalt surfaces polarizing light in a similar way as ponds do. Research has shown swarms of mayflies are laying their eggs on roads rather than rivers or ponds. Many insects have aquatic larval stage, and they largely depend on visual cues such as the light reflection of ponds or rivers to find egg-laying places. They therefore often mistake asphalt surface for water and lay eggs directly on the road, leaving the eggs to dehydrate and die under the sun.

References

Light pollution
Polarization (waves)
Jur P. van den Berg. Jur P. van den Berg (born 1981 in Groningen, Netherlands) was the Chief Technology Officer and co-founder of driverless trucking startup Ike, which was sold to Nuro in 2020. As of 2024, he is part of the leadership at autonomous truck developer Waabi. He has been an assistant professor at the University of Utah. He was formerly a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research at the University of California, Berkeley and in the Department of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  He has published more than 40 works in computational chemistry, computational geometry, computer animation, industrial engineering, robotics, and virtual reality.  He has also coauthored the reciprocal velocity obstacle library for multi-agent navigation.

References

 Jur P. van den Berg bibliography in the DBLP database
 Jur P. van den Berg bibliography  at the Microsoft Academic Search

1981 births
Dutch engineers
Living people
University of California, Berkeley staff
University of Groningen alumni
University of Utah faculty
Utrecht University alumni
People from Groningen (city)
Computational chemists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill staff
List of power stations in Pakistan. Pakistan has a total installed power generation capacity of 49,270 MW as of 13 September, 2024 which includes 28,766 MW thermal, 11,519 MW hydroelectric, 1,838 MW wind, 780 MW solar, 249 MW bagasse, 3,620 MW nuclear and 2,498 MW of net metering capacity.

Thermal

In service
Currently in operation power plants.

Under construction

Nuclear

In service
References:

Under construction

Hydro

In service 
References:

Under construction

Wind

In service 
References:

Solar

In service 
References:

Bagasse / biomass

In service 
References:

Net metering

In service 
References: 

As of 30 June, 2024, Pakistan has an installed net metering capacity of 2,498 MW.

See also 

Electricity in Pakistan
Energy policy of Pakistan
List of hydroelectric power stations in Pakistan
List of power stations in Asia
List of largest power stations in the world
Iran–Pakistan–India gas pipeline

References

Pakistan
 
Power stations
Aircruise. Aircruise is a concept hydrogen airship envisioned as the combination of cruise ship and luxury hotel, designed by the UK company Seymourpowell.  Its design director is Nick Talbot.  It has attracted the attention of Samsung Construction and Trading, for whom a concept video was produced. It was later revealed that the concept was a publicity stunt by Seymourpowell, and nothing like this concept could ever work.

Specifications
The Aircruise would be a solar and hydrogen fuel cell-powered airship. According to its design specifications, it would be  tall containing  of air and would carry a payload of . It was "designed" to carry about 100 passengers with a flight crew of 6, 2 of whom are flight engineers, and another 14 supporting staff to look after passengers. The airship will use large Polymer Electrolyte Membrane hydrogen-power fuel cells to power in-flight electricity and drinking water.

It would have glass floors for passengers to view the land and sea beneath.

Its land speed would depend on the wind, but it would supposedly be capable of traveling at , in calm conditions.

Critical response
The Aircruise concept received generally favourable criticism, much to the embarrassment of reporters when the hoax was revealed. For example, The Daily Telegraph stated that it could herald a new era of luxury travel.  Coverage in The Scotsman welcomed it as attractive for its environmental friendliness.

Eco friend
Ordinary cruise ships release three times as much greenhouse gas as a Boeing 747 per passenger and 36 times as much as the Eurostar.  The Aircruise was thus claimed to be an eco friendly alternative, with its zero emission design.

References

Airships
Aerostats
Hydrogen technologies
Hoaxes in the United Kingdom
Publicity stunts
Sewer dosing unit. A sewer dosing unit (SDU) is a plumbing device to allow effective sewage disposal with low liquid-flow rates. With a global emphasis on water saving, many new buildings and renovations are seeing the installation of water saving fixtures such as low flow shower heads and low flush toilets. With the decrease in wastewater flows problems are arising from waste solids not being carried completely to the main sewers, often causing blockages.

History

In 2006, Ducane R&D Pty Ltd conceived the idea of a device that can store wastewater and release it in large batches to replace the drain clearing action of large volume toilet flushes. After prototyping and development the devices became available for sale in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom under the brand name Drainwave in 2010.

Performance

Independent testing has shown that the use of an SDU allows for the use of low flush toilets using as little as 0.8 L to push general waste solids more than 25 metres along a typical wastewater drainpipe. 
An advantage of the SDU is that it can use more than just the toilet wastewater to keep drains clear of blockages.

See also
Water conservation
Water efficiency
Low-flush toilet
GreenPlumbers

External links
Drainwave Website
Drainwave on ABC's New Inventors
Youtube – Drainwave In Action
Jeston Green – Drainwave Helps Avoid ‘Dry Drain’ Problems from Water Efficient Fixtures

Plumbing
Water conservation
Sewerage
Sewerage infrastructure
Sustainable building
Drainage
Water treatment
Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide). Poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) (PPPO) is a porous polymer resin based on oxidative polymerisation of 2,6-diphenylphenol. It is mostly known by its trademark Tenax.

Properties 
Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) is a low bleeding material with a low level of impurities, and has a high thermal stability (up to 350 °C). Before use poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) should be thermally conditioned with a high purity gas at elevated temperatures to remove any residual components. During conditioning or thermal desorption the presence of oxygen should be avoided. Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) reacts with oxidising agents such as chlorine, ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides forming acetophenone, benzaldehyde and phenol. Therefore, control of blanks is essential and storage time of samples on poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) is less than a month. Pre-filters based on sodium thiosulphate or Teflon may be appropriate to use. The breakthrough volumes are low for very volatile substances. This problem is partly solved by graphitised poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide). Although the polymer has a low affinity for water, high humidity in air may lower the breakthrough volumes of substances.

Use 
Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) is used for trapping of volatiles and semi-volatiles from air such as environmental air and human breath, and for personal exposure monitoring. It is also used for determining the emission of chemical substances from plants, soil and commercial products. Volatile substances in liquid or solid matrices can be made available by the purge and trap technique. The polymer is of particularly used for concentration of high boiling compounds such as alcohols, polyethylene glycols, diols, phenols, monoamines and diamines, ethanolamines, amides, aldehydes, ketones and chlorinated aromatics. 

Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) is used as food simulant for testing the release of chemical substances from food contact materials into food.

Trademarks 
Tenax is a registered trademark of Buchem B.V.
 Tenax GC (replaced by Tenax TA)
 Tenax TA (mesh 20-35, 35-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100-200)
 Tenax GR: 23% graphite (mesh 20-35, 35-60, 60-80, 80-100)

References

External links 
Buchem B.V.
SIS
Henry J. McDermott, Shirley A. Ness (2004) Air monitoring for toxic exposures, 2nd Ed, John Wiley and Sons, 172-173, , 
Șerban Moldoveanu, Víctor David (2002) Sample preparation in chromatography, Journal of Chromatography Library 65, Elsevier, 277-278, , 

Organic polymers
Hyundai R engine. The Hyundai R engine is a diesel 4-cylinder automobile engine produced by Hyundai Motor Group, it was announced during the Advanced Diesel Engine Technology Symposium in November 2008 and began production in 2009.

The R line of engines feature four cylinders compacted graphite iron block and aluminum cylinder head unit, with chain driven dual overhead camshafts operating four valves per cylinder. Fuel is supplied to the unit using Bosch 3rd-generation common rail direct injection (CRDi) through piezoelectric Bosch injectors operating at , with air being fed through an electronically managed variable geometry turbocharger and an advanced engine control unit (air system-based charge control).

For reduced vibration and lower booming noise, the R gets a lower balancer shaft which is encased in a stiffened ladder frame housing for increased rigidity. Weight saving features include a serpentine belt with isolation pulley, a plastic head cover, plastic intake manifold and plastic oil filter housing.

To achieve Euro 5 emission compliancy, the R is fitted with a close-coupled Diesel particulate filter plus highly efficient exhaust gas recirculation with by-pass valve.

2.0 L (D4HA)
The D4HA Bore and Stroke are  for a total displacement of . It generates  of power at 4,000 rpm and  of torque between 1,750 and 2,750 rpm.

Applications
 Hyundai Santa Fe (2009–2020)
 Hyundai Tucson/ix35 (2009–2020)
 Kia Sorento (2009–2020)
 Kia Sportage (2010–2021)

2.2 L (D4HB)
Bore and Stroke are  for a total displacement of .

The D4HB generates  of power at 3,800 rpm and  of torque between 1,750 and 2,750 rpm. A detuned version that makes  of power at 3,800 rpm and  of torque between 1,500 and 2,500 rpm is also available.

Applications
Kia Cadenza (2017-2021) 
 Hyundai Grandeur (2011–2019)
 Hyundai Palisade (LX2) (2018–present)
 Hyundai Santa Fe (2009–2020)
 Hyundai Staria (2021–present; detuned) 
 Kia Carnival (2010–2020)
 Kia Sorento (2009–2020)

2.2 L FR (D4HC)
Bore and Stroke are  for a total displacement of .

For RWD based applications, the D4HC generates  of power and  of torque between 1,750 and 2,750 rpm.

Applications
 Genesis G70 (2017–present)
 Genesis G80 (DH) (2016–2020)
 Kia Stinger (2017–2020)

See also
 List of Hyundai engines

References

External links

R
Diesel engines by model
Straight-four engines
Heftsiba. Heftsiba was a large construction company in Israel until its collapse in 2007. The company was founded in 1968 by Mordecai Yonah  and was named after his wife, Hefsiba. At the end of the 80s, Boaz Yonah, Mordecai's son assumed the position of the company's management.

References

Construction and civil engineering companies of Israel
Defunct companies of Israel
Companies disestablished in 2007
Erwin Marx Award. The Erwin Marx Award is an award made every two years, in odd numbered years, jointly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society at the IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. It is awarded to an individual for their contribution over at least ten years in the field of pulsed power technology.

The recipient receives US$2,000 and a plaque, and delivers the Erwin Marx Lecture at conference.

Named after a German electrical engineer, it was awarded for the first time in 1981 at the 3rd IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference.

References

IEEE society and council awards
Milan K. Sanyal. Milan K. Sanyal is an Indian physicist, active in the fields of surface physics, nanoscience and nanotechnology. Prof.  Sanyal was the director of the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics from 2009 to 2014 and is now Senior Professor in the institute. Recently he has been appointed co-chairman of the India-Japan Science Council.

References

External links
Homepage

20th-century Indian physicists
Living people
Indian nanotechnologists
1954 births
Scientists from West Bengal