omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Urbach tail. In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, the Urbach tail is an exponential part in the energy spectrum of the absorption coefficient. This tail appears near the optical band edge in amorphous, disordered and crystalline materials.

History 
Researchers began questioning the nature of "tail states" in disordered semiconductors in the 1950s. It was found that such tails arise from the strains sufficient to push local states past the band edges.

In 1953, the Austrian-American physicist Franz Urbach (1902–1969) found that such tails decay exponentially into the gap. Later, photoemission experiments delivered absorption models revealing temperature dependence of the tail.

A variety of amorphous crystalline solids expose exponential band edges via optical absorption. The universality of this feature suggested a common cause. Several attempts were made to explain the phenomenon, but these could not connect specific topological units to the electronic structure.

See also
Tauc plot

References 

Crystallography
Jovian Chronicles Mechanical Catalog. Jovian Chronicles Mechanical Catalog, subtitled "Exo-Armors & Spacecraft", is a supplement published by Dream Pod 9 in 1997 for the science fiction mecha role-playing game Jovian Chronicles that details various spaceships.

Contents
Jovian Chronicles Mechanical Catalog is a supplement containing details of numerous space vehicles, including missile cruisers, escort carriers, space stations, and cargo haulers, each one illustrated and presenting diagrams and blueprints.

Publication history
Dream Pod 9 published the Jovian Chronicles role-playing game in 1997, and immediately published the Mechanical Catalog, a 136-page softcover book designed by Philippe Boulle, Tyler Millson-Taylor, Marc A. Vezina, with interior art by Ghislain Barbe, Normand Bilodeau, and Bobbi Burquel, and cover art by Ghislain Barbe.

Reception
In Issue 244 of Dragon (February 1998), Rick Swan called this book "a nuts-and-bolts nirvana" aimed "at players more interested in hardware than human beings." He concluded by giving it an above average rating of 5 out of 6, saying, "With its striking graphics, sharp text and meticulous blueprints, the Mechanical Catalog rivals the best of FASA's BattleTech Technical Readouts series.

References

Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1997
Science fiction role-playing game supplements
Carbon negative architecture. Carbon negative architecture is architecture whose construction, operation and eventual demolition results in more atmospheric carbon and greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere than that which is emitted as consequence of the same. This is achieved by rigorous planning, regenerative architectural design and on-site carbon sequestration.  Such buildings go beyond the carbon-neutral or net-zero approach, which simply means that buildings can still emit CO2 as long as the operators offset (or remove) those emissions from the atmosphere by the same amount in other places.

Significance 

The construction industry emits a large amount of carbon dioxide every year. Concrete, the most used building material globally, accounts for 5% of global annual CO2 emissions due its carbon-extensive production process. In 2023, global carbon emissions were 36.8 billion tons meaning the concrete construction industry alone emitted 1.84 billion tons of CO2 in 2023, more than most countries besides China, the European Union (as a collective), the United States and India.

Features 
Carbon negative buildings try to produce their own renewable energy while avoiding the use of fossil fuels during construction and in the materials used. Oftentimes, these materials can sequester carbon within themselves such as with novel building materials such as hempcrete and other bio-based construction materials, which store carbon within plants and turn said plant matter into building materials, allowing the building to act as a carbon sink. Additionally, by effectively controlling air flow and temperature inside the building through proper ventilation, insulation and breathability, energy efficiency is improved and the carbon output of the building is reduced as a result.

Examples 
Carbon negative architecture is still novel in terms of complete architecture projects; however, there are some completed projects that move toward and accomplish carbon neutral/carbon negative construction practices. The Unisphere building, located in Maryland and unrelated to the Unisphere statue in New York, worked towards this goal. The Unisphere is a private building project sponsored by the United Therapeutics Corporation. The building was completed in 2018, and had a carbon neutral building process by using electricity generated from solar panels on site as well as designing the building for low energy consumption. The building features basement operations which help to naturally cool the building using the earth.

Another example of carbon negative architecture is the Tecla house, a 3D printed small house, produced with a slurry composed primarily of clay alongside other materials such as pieces of rice plants, silt & sand and hydraulic lime. Additionally, wooden support beams uphold the structure of the building. The Tecla house is a prototype currently undergoing more testing.

See also 

 Greenhouse gas
 Carbon sequestration
 Net-zero emissions
 Fossil fuel
 Hempcrete
 Carbon sink
 Tecla house
 Passive house
 Green infrastructure
 Sustainable architecture
 Carbon dioxide removal

References 

Sustainable building
Carbon dioxide removal
OPS-20. OPS-20 is a two-dimensional radar manufactured by Japan Radio. It is compatible with the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and installed as an anti-water search radar on the Maritime Self-Defense Force's escort ship. Variations include OPS-20B, OPS-20C and OPS-20E.

The model numbers of the Maritime Self-Defense Force's electronic devices, including this machine, are generally based on the naming rules for military electronic devices of the U.S. military. It is for radar mounted on surface vessels, for detection / distance direction measurement / search.

Overview 
In addition, the OPS-20C is adopted by the Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer and Akizuki-class destroyer has been developed as an anti-water search radar, and is composed of two antennas, a main and a sub. Also, by changing the radar wave used from pulse wave to unmodulated continuous wave (CW), the discoverability is reduced.

On board ships 

 Abukuma-class destroyer escort (JS Tone) 
Kongo-class destroyer 
Murasame-class destroyer 
Takanami-class destroyer 
Atago-class destroyer 
Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer 
Akizuki-class destroyer 
Izumo-class helicopter destroyer 
Ōsumi-class tank landing ship 
Uraga-class mine countermeasure vessel 
Hayabusa-class patrol boat  
JS Kashima 
JS Chihaya 
Towada-class replenishment ship  
Mashū-class replenishment ship 
JS Nichinan 
JS Tenryū

Gallery

Citations

References 

 Norman Friedman (2006). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems.  Naval Institute Press.  ISBN 9781557502629
 Self-Defense Force Equipment Yearbook 2006-2007. Asaun News Agency. ISBN 4-7509-1027-9

Naval radars
Military radars of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
OPS-28. OPS-28 is a Pulse-Doppler radar manufactured by Japan Radio. It is installed as a low-altitude warning / anti-water search radar mainly on the Maritime Self-Defense Force's escort ship. Variations include OPS-28-1, OPS-28B, OPS-28C, OPS-28D, OPS-28E and OPS-28F.

The model numbers of the Maritime Self-Defense Force's electronic devices, including this machine, are generally based on the naming rules for military electronic devices of the U.S. military. It is for radar mounted on surface vessels, for detection / distance direction measurement / search.

Overview 
A traveling wave tube (TWT) and a crossed power amplifier tube (CFA) are used as radar transmitters, and when used for normal voyages, they are switched to another transmitter using a magnetron. The operating frequency is C Band, and pulse compression technology has been introduced. It has been continuously improved, and there are multiple models of OPS-28B, OPS-28C, and OPS-28D depending on the mounting method of the IFF antenna. It began to be installed on the JS Shirane, which was commissioned in 1980.

It can be used not only for surface targets but also for detecting low-flying anti-ship missiles (sea skimmers) as a low-altitude warning radar, and is said to be similar to the US Navy's TAS Mk.23. Conventional anti-water radar has almost doubled the detection distance from the front to the sea skimmer, which was about the line of sight of radio waves. In addition, the OPS-28-1 installed on the JS Ishikari and Yūbari-class destroyer escort has been given more full-scale anti-aircraft alert capability by changing the beam pattern. 

However, with this aircraft, the emphasis on precision search at long distances reduces the search capability at short distances, and in order to compensate for this, OPS-19 / OPS-20 radar may also be installed on ships equipped with this aircraft.

On board ships 

 Shirane-class destroyer 
 Haruna-class destroyer
 Izumo-class helicopter destroyer 
 Kongō-class destroyer 
 Atago-class destroyer 
 Hatsuyuki-class destroyer
 Asagiri-class destroyer 
 Murasame-class destroyer 
 Takanami-class destroyer 
 JS Ishikari
 Yūbari-class destroyer escort 
 Abukuma-class destroyer escort
 Ōsumi-class tank landing ship 
 Towada-class replenishment ship
 Mashū-class replenishment ship

Gallery

Citations

References 

 Norman Friedman (2006). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems.  Naval Institute Press.  ISBN 9781557502629
 Self-Defense Force Equipment Yearbook 2006-2007. Asaun News Agency. ISBN 4-7509-1027-9

Naval radars
Military radars of Japan
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
HMS Venturer (Type 31 frigate). HMS Venturer is the lead ship of the Type 31 frigate-class currently under construction for the Royal Navy and the seventh vessel named .

In May 2021, the names of the five planned Type 31 ships were announced by the First Sea Lord. The names were selected to represent key themes that represent the future plans of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines. 
Venturer, named after the Second World War submarine , the only submarine ever to have, while underwater, destroyed an enemy submarine in underwater battle, symbolises technology and innovation.

As of 2023, planning envisaged Venturer being launched in 2024 and entering service by 2025. In mid-2024 it was reported that the Type 31 program was likely behind schedule with Venturer not having been launched by mid-2024 as had been planned and with the ship now envisaged for service entry in late 2026/early 2027. The entire class is still planned to be in service by 2030.

First steel was cut for the new ship on 23 September 2021 signalling the start of construction. The keel of the ship was ceremonially laid down in April 2022.

Affiliations
County of Essex
Worshipful Company of Ironmongers

References

Proposed ships of the Royal Navy
Type 31 frigates
Amazon Academy. Amazon Academy, formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on 13 January 2021. It is currently available on Play Store or through the Web. It is available for free but it may introduce a pricing structure over time depending on the success of the platform.

Amazon Academy and educational group Sri Chaitanya have announced a collaboration to introduce full syllabus courses for joint entrance exam (JEE) and National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) preparation. The collaboration will enable the students to learn from each other and get access to learning modules, curated content and assessment material on Amazon Academy, according to the statement.

References

External links 
 Amazon Academy YouTube Channel

Amazon (company)
List of Intel Xeon processors (Rocket Lake-based). 

"Rocket Lake-S" (14 nm)

Xeon W-13xx (workstation, uniprocessor) 
 -E: embedded
 -P: high performance (and power), with cTDP down to 95 W
 -T: low power, with cTDP down to 25 W

Xeon E-23xx (server, uniprocessor) 
 Xeon E-2x1x2x3: x1 represents the generation. x3 represents the number of cores.
 No suffix letter: without integrated GPU
 -G: with integrated GPU

References 

 
 

Intel Xeon (Rocket Lake)
2021 Dali earthquake. On May 21, 2021, a 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck the Dali City, Yunnan, China, at a depth of 10.0 km. Three people died during the quake, while another 32 were injured. The earthquake was referred by the Chinese media as the 5.21 earthquake or 2021 Yangbi earthquake.

Tectonic setting
Yunnan lies at the southeastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau where strike-slip faults accommodate crustal rotation resulting from deformation caused by the ongoing collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which formed the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. The presence of active faults make the region prone to moderate to large earthquakes. Major events in Yunnan Province have occurred in 1833, 1974, 1976, 1988 and 2014. The nearest active faults in Dali City are the Xiaojiang Fault and Red River Fault. The Red River Fault caused two deadly earthquakes in 1925 near Dali and another in 1970 in Tonghai county.

Earthquake
The earthquake was the result of strike-slip faulting at a shallow depth. It had a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake had a moment magnitude of 6.1 while the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) and China Earthquake Administration (CEA) measured the earthquake at 6.4 on the surface-wave magnitude scale. The depth of focus is reported to be 10 km by the USGS and 8 km by the CEA.

Several hours later, an unrelated Mw 7.3 earthquake struck Southern Qinghai province that was felt in the area.

Casualties
Two fatalities were reported in Yangbi County while another three suffered serious injuries. One of the victims, a truck driver, was killed as a result of a rockfall while another woman in a trapped vehicle had leg injuries. A total of 26 people in the county were injured. In Yongping County, the earthquake killed one person, and left another injured. A 28th injury was reported in Dali City.
On May 22, a press release said the number of people injured was brought to 32, with seven in serious condition. Five of the seven who are seriously injured suffered trauma to the head and chest, as well as bone fractures.

Damage
The earthquake damaged some 12,882 homes in Yangbi County.

See also
List of earthquakes in 2021
List of earthquakes in China
List of earthquakes in Yunnan
1925 Dali earthquake

References

2021 disasters in China
2021 earthquakes
Earthquakes in Yunnan
2021 earthquakes in Asia
History of Dali
May 2021 in China
Emma Byrne (author). Emma Byrne is a contemporary British writer and scientist, working in the fields of swearing, artificial intelligence and robotics.

Career

Scientist
Byrne completed her PhD in Expectation Violation Analysis at the University College London, UCL, Department of Computer Science in 2005. Her work showed how it is possible to automatically identify and rank unexpected, and therefore interesting, news from the large volumes of news are available around the clock and around the world.

She later worked at the University of Aberystwyth as part of a team that created a robot scientist. This robot used artificial intelligence to generate functional genomics hypotheses about the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and experimentally tested these hypotheses by using laboratory automation. During this time, she also won the British Computer Society AI group's annual machine intelligence award.

As part of her work in medical informatics, she studied the introduction of the summary care record, a centrally stored, shared electronic patient record and made recommendations about the implementation of large scale information technology projects in health care.

Writer
Byrne has written about science, business and culture for Wired, the FT, The Guardian and many others.

Her first book was a popular science book called Swearing is Good for You, published in 2017. The book outlines the science behind swearing: how it affects us both physically and emotionally, and how it is natural and beneficial. She concludes that often, including swear words in our language can actually help us gain credibility and establish a sense of camaraderie. The book has been described as "entertaining and often enlightening" and has been translated into multiple languages.

Her second book is called How to Build a Human: What Science Knows About Childhood. This reviews what science can teach about childhood and Byrne suggests that parents can adopt the methods of science to help raise their children. This includes focusing on the variance, as well as the average, of behaviours and characteristics, rather than following prescriptive instructions for parenthood.

Media and events
As an expert in swearing, robotics and artificial intelligence, Byrne has made numerous appearances on Sky News, BBC news and radio, and at science festivals and literary festivals. She was featured in the documentary "Holy F***" presented by Ardal O'Hanlon on RTE One, where she discussed gender differences in swearing.

References

External links
 

Living people
21st-century British scientists
21st-century British writers
Alumni of University College London
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of Delta III launches. Delta III was an expendable launch vehicle made by Boeing. The first Delta III launch was on August 26, 1998. Of its three flights, the first two were failures, and the third, though declared successful, reached the low end of its targeted orbit range and carried only a dummy (inert) payload. The Delta III could deliver up to 8,400 pounds (3,800 kilograms) to geostationary transfer orbit, twice the payload of its predecessor, the Delta II. Under the four-digit designation system from earlier Delta rockets, the Delta III is classified as the Delta 8930.

Launch outcome statistics

Launch history

References 

Lists of Delta launches
Lists of rocket launches
KFZ.1 Kubelwagen: Volkswagen Type 82. KFZ.1 Kubelwagen: Volkswagen Type 82 is a reference work published by Almark Publication in 1978 about a military vehicle used by German forces during World War II.

Contents
During World War II, Ferdinand Porsche designed and Volkswagen produced a light military vehicle for German forces called the Kübelwagen (literally  'bucket car'). It was prototyped and first deployed in Poland as the Type 62, but following improvements entered full-scale production as the Type 82.

KFZ.1 Kubelwagen: Volkswagen Type 82 is a reference book about the later model. The book has a brief introduction, but is mainly a collection of photographs of the Kubelwagen during development, including images of prototypes that never reached production. Photographs show the Kubelwagen in various theatres of the war, and four colour plates illustrate the various colour and camouflage schemes that were used. The book also contains information about an amphibious version, the Schwimmwagen, as well the Trippel SG6, a similar-sized amphibious light vehicle developed by Hans Trippel.

Publication history
KFZ.1 Kubelwagen: Volkswagen Type 82 is a 52-page book written by Tony Oliver and published by Almark Publication in 1978.

Reception
In Issue 29 of Dragon (September 1979), Tim Kask, an admitted Volkswagen lover, found this book "to be fascinating, both from a military viewpoint and also from the ownership viewpoint." He concluded with a strong recommendation for other Volkswagen fans as well as armored vehicle enthusiasts, saying, "This small book is fascinating and makes an interesting addition to any World War II armor buff's library."

In Volume 29 of the United States Army Combat Journal, the reviewer thought the target audience of this book was "the equipment enhusiast."

References

1978 non-fiction books
English-language non-fiction books
Reference works
Aerbul HB-4. The Aerbul HB-4 was a 1990s, Argentine contender in the IGC's World Class competition sailplane contest. It did not win and only two were built before a fatal accident terminated the programme.

Design and development

The Aerbul HB-4 was designed and built over a three-year period begun in 1989 and was intended to take part in a competition organized by the IGC in 1988 to select a moderate cost competition sailplane. The chosen design would be the only one used in all World Class contests.

It was built from fibreglass and had a  span wing. Apart from a T-tail, it closely resembled the earlier Aerbul HB-1 Club, though details of the HB-4 are sparse. Its shoulder wing had a rectangular plan out to about 60% span and outer, trapezoidal panels with a slightly different section and trailing edges filled by the ailerons. The inner sections carried Schempp-Hirth spoilers at mid-chord.

Its smoothly rounded fuselage was deepest ahead of the wings. The single seat cockpit had a long, single-piece canopy which continued the upper forward fuselage profile back almost to the wing leading edge. The fuselage tapered aft to a rather angular tail, where a large, tapered fin had a markedly trapezoidal profile. In contrast, the rudder was almost rectangular and quite narrow, as were the horizontal surfaces. Its tailplane was mounted on top of the fin.

The HB-4 landed on a retractable monowheel, mounted ahead of the wings and fitted with a brake, and a small tailwheel.

Operational history

The first example was completed in 1992 and began testing on January 5, 1993. After the standard tests were completed the HB-4 was flown by local pilots. They appreciated its performance and several Argentine Clubs became interested, though by the spring of 1993 the IGC had declared the shorter span PW-5 Smyk winner of the World Class contest.  The second example flew for the first time on 23 September 1994. However, the first prototype crashed fatally on 27 November 1994, leading to the loss of the type's airworthiness certificate.

Specifications

References

1990s Argentine sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1993
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft