omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HKUST-1. HKUST-1 (HKUST ⇒ Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), which is also called MOF-199, is a material in the class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline materials, in which metals are linked by ligands (so-called linker molecules) to form repeating coordination motives extending in three dimensions. The HKUST-1 framework is built up of dimeric metal units, which are connected by benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linker molecules. The paddlewheel unit is the commonly used structural motif to describe the coordination environment of the metal centers and also called secondary building unit (SBU) of the HKUST-1 structure. The paddlewheel is built up of four benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linkers molecules, which bridge two metal centers. One water molecules is coordinated to each of the two metal centers at the axial position of the paddlewheel unit in the hydrated state, which is usually found if the material is handled in air. After an activation process (heating, vacuum), these water molecules can be removed (dehydrated state) and the coordination site at the metal atoms is left unoccupied. This unoccupied coordination site is called coordinatively unsaturated site (CUS) and can be accessed by other molecules.

Structural analogs

Monometallic HKUST-1 analogs 
Cu2+ was used as metal center in the first synthesized HKUST-1 material, but the HKUST-1 structure was also obtained with other metals. The oxidation state of most used metals is +II, which results in a neutral overall framework. In the case of trivalent metals (oxidation state +3), the overall framework is positively charged and requires anions to compensate the charge and guarantee charge neutrality.

Mixed-metal HKUST-1 analogs 
In addition to monometallic HKUST-1 analogs, several mixed-metal HKUST-1 materials were synthesized, in which two metals are incorporated into the framework structure at crystallographically equivalent positions. The incorporation of two metals can be achieved by using both metals for the synthesis (direct synthesis) or by using post-synthetic metal-exchange. For the post-synthetic metal exchange, a monometallic HKUST-1 material is synthesized in the first step. Subsequently, this monometallic HKUST-1 is suspended in a solution containing the second metal, which results in an exchange of metal centers in the framework leading to a mixed-metal HKUST-1.

Theoretically calculated HKUST-1 analogs 
Several HKUST-1 analogs have already been synthesized, but several research groups have investigated the properties of the HKUST-1 structure by means of theoretical calculations. For this purpose, additional metal centers were incorporated into the framework on the theoretical level, which have not been used for the synthesis (e.g. Sc, V, Ti, W, Cd). Theoretical study on a mixed-metal HKUST-1 containing Cu in combination with various other metals (e.g. W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) were also reported, of which several metal combinations have not been synthesized.

References 

Metal-organic frameworks
Copper(II) compounds
Driver-controlled operation. Driver-controlled operation is the operation of a train in which the driver carries out all the essential roles needed to operate the train itself. It differs from driver-only operation (DOO, also called one-person operation) in that other members of staff also work on board—for example, revenue collectors.

Currently, only around 30% of Britain's journeys are either DCO or DOO, meaning the remainder require a guard to operate and thus, if there is no available guard, the service must be cancelled. DCO means only the unavailability of a driver would lead to a cancellation of a train.

Railways using DCO 
A deal agreed between Greater Anglia (train operating company) and RMT union meant that all of their intercity and regional services would change to DCO. However, unlike other DCO in place in the UK, a guard could still operate the doors in exceptional circumstances and must still be present in order for the service to run. The only exceptions are on intercity services between Liverpool Street and Ipswich, and regional services between Ely and Stansted Airport, where trains were already cleared to run without guards. Arriva Rail North were also hoping to agree a similar deal, however this was not achieved and on 1 March 2020, the Department for Transport took over operations as Northern Trains, who are also looking to implement DCO, so could be implemented in the future.

Other examples of DCO within the UK includes Abellio ScotRail and Southern and Southeastern longer distance routes and services.

Merseyrail have implemented DCO onboard their British Rail Class 777 fleet, requiring a signal from the Train Manager for the driver to begin the Close Door process, following a deal reached by the RMT after disputes with Merseyrail previously planning to run the trains with DOO.

South Western Railway are planning to implement DCO on London suburban services for when its new fleet of British Rail Class 701 trains arrive. The RMT has opposed to these changes and have held various strikes on many occasions including 27 days in December 2019. 

In April 2021, a deal was agreed between South Western Railway and RMT. Whilst South Western Railway claimed to have implemented a DCO method for their inner suburban routes, unlike Southern, the guard would still be an essential crew member on the train and would be required to be onboard.

References

Transport operations
Rail transport operations
Kanawha Bridge. The Kanawha Bridge is an abandoned railway bridge over the Kanawha River in Charleston, West Virginia.  The bridge is of a Parker through-truss design. The bridge is located east of the Patrick Street Bridge and is now named the "Travis L. Castle Railroad Trestle."

History

The bridge was built by the American Bridge Company in 1907.  It came to be jointly used by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the Charleston Interurban Company, vehicular, and pedestrian traffic.

The Kanawha Bridge and Terminal Company was a bridge corporation, incorporated under the laws of West Virginia in 1907. The company owned the bridge and terminal facilities, along with  of track, all located at Charleston, West Virginia.

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway purchased the Kanawha Bridge and Terminal in 1910 and used it to connect itself with the Kanawha and Michigan Railway on the north side of the river.  The Kanawha and Michigan Railway was a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway affiliate that was acquired by the New York Central Railroad and is now part of Norfolk Southern Railway's West Virginia Secondary.

The bridge was last used for rail traffic in the 1980s.  In the 2000s, the City of Charleston explored utilizing the bridge as a river crossing for a proposed bicycle trail network, but by 2019 the proposal had been tabled due to the estimated costs of renovating the bridge.

References

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Predecessors of CSX Transportation
American companies established in 1907
Defunct West Virginia railroads
Defunct companies based in West Virginia
Railroad bridges in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia
1907 establishments in West Virginia
Bridges completed in 1907
Eric Chong. Eric Chong (born December 27, 1991) is a Canadian chef, former engineer, and a restaurateur who was winner of the first season of MasterChef Canada. Winning at age 21.

Career
He obtained a degree in chemical engineering from McMaster University and started working in the field, but quit when he heard the casting call for MasterChef Canada. After winning the competition, he received an offer from Alvin Leung, one of the judges, to train with him and open a restaurant together. Leung noted similarities between himself and Chong, such as their background in engineering and their families' initial disapproval of their choice of trade. They opened R&D in Toronto in 2015, serving Asian fusion dishes such as lobster chow mein, inspired by his winning dish in the final round of MasterChef Canada. Chong later made a cameo on MasterChef Canada season 3, where the two teams took over R&D's kitchen serving various alumni of the show and were judged on their performance.

References 

Canadian male chefs
Canadian people of Chinese descent
Canadian Chinese cuisine
MasterChef Canada
Participants in Canadian reality television series
Living people
1991 births
Reality cooking competition contestants
McMaster University alumni
Reality cooking competition winners
Dickerson 41. The Dickerson 41 is an American sailboat that was designed by Ernest Tucker as a cruiser and first built in 1973.

Production
The design was built by Dickerson Boatbuilders in Trappe, Maryland, United States. The company built the boats individually with custom interiors, between 1973 and 1983, completing 19 examples of the design.

Design
The Dickerson 41 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of hand-laid fiberglass, with marine-grade plywood bulkheads and teak wood trim. It has a masthead sloop or optional ketch rig, with epoxy-finished aluminum spars and a bowsprit. The design features a center cockpit, a concave raked stem, a raised counter transom, a keel-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel tiller and a fixed long keel, with a cutaway forefoot. It displaces  and carries  of internal keel ingot lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel fitted.

The boat is fitted with a Westerbeke 4-230 diesel engine of , driving a three-bladed propeller for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds .

The design has a number of optional cabin layouts. A typical arrangement includes  a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an L-shaped settee with a drop-down dinette table that makes a double berth and a straight settee in the main cabin. There is also an aft cabin with a double berth. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the center companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a three-burner alcohol-fired stove, a  capacity fiberglass icebox and a sink with a pressurized water supply. An optional navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. There are two heads, one amidships on the starboard side that includes a shower and a second optional one in the aft cabin. The headroom below decks is .

Ventilation is provided by three opening ports and three deck hatches. There are also two fixed portlights.

The wood above decks is all teak, including the cockpit coaming, toe-rails, handrails and the hatches.

For sailing there are two speed genoa winches in the cockpit, plus genoa tracks. Three halyard winches are standard equipment. Both the mainsail and the mizzen sail have jiffy reefing. The bow incorporates an anchor locker. A teak deck was an option.

Operational history
A Dickerson 41 ketch built in 1974 completed a global circumnavigation between 1975 and 1979.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the 41 is the intermediate Dickerson. Dickerson also makes a 37 and a 50. All are based on Dickerson’s long experience with cruising ketches. The 41 has a number of rig options, such as a cutter or ketch rig, a self-tacking forestaysail, twin headsails, and a roller-furling genoa."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Dickerson 37

Similar sailboats
Baltic 40
Bayfield 40
Bristol 40
Bermuda 40
Caliber 40
Endeavour 40
Irwin 41
Irwin 41 Citation
Islander 40
Lord Nelson 41
Morgan Out Island 41
Newport 41
Nimbus 42
Nordic 40

References

External links
Video tour of a Dickerson 41

Keelboats
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Ernest Tucker
Sailboat types built by Dickerson Boatbuilders
HMS Rigorous (1916). HMS Rigorous was an  destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during World War I. Launched on 30 September 1916, the vessel operated as part of the Grand Fleet, operating as part of destroyer flotillas hunting German ships that were attacking convoys. One flotilla was successful in destroying a Q ship in 1917. After the War, the destroyer was given a reduced complement and was sold to be broken up on 5 November 1926.

Design and development

Rigorous was one of seventeen  destroyers ordered by the British Admiralty in July 1915 as part of the Sixth War Construction Programme. The R class were a development of the preceding , but differed in having geared turbines, the central gun mounted on a bandstand and minor changes to improve seakeeping.

The destroyer was  long between perpendiculars, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  normal and  deep load. Power was provided by three Yarrow boilers feeding two Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines rated at  and driving two shafts, to give a design speed of . Three funnels were fitted.  of oil were carried, giving a design range of  at .

Armament consisted of three  Mk IV QF guns on the ship's centreline, with one on the forecastle, one aft on a raised platform and one between the second and third funnels. A single 2-pounder (40 mm) pom-pom anti-aircraft gun was carried, while torpedo armament consisted of two twin mounts for  torpedoes.  The ship had a complement of 82 officers and ratings.

Construction and career
Rigorous was laid down by John Brown & Company at Clydebank on the River Clyde on 22 September 1915 and launched on 30 September 1916, leaving the yard on 30 November that year. The destroyer was allocated the yard number 452.

On commissioning, Rigorous joined the 15th Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet. In October 1917, Rigorous formed part of a large-scale operation, involving 30 cruisers and 54 destroyers deployed in eight groups across the North Sea in an attempt to stop a suspected sortie by German naval forces. Rigorous, along with , ,  and , operated with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron. Despite these measures, the German light cruisers  and  managed to attack the regular convoy between Norway and Britain on 17 October, sinking nine merchant ships and two destroyers,  and  before returning safely to Germany. The vessel was credited with bounty for sinking the German Q-ship K (also known as Kronprinz Willhelm) on 2 November 1917 along with , , Rocket, ,  and Trenchant.

After the Armistice, the ship initially remained with the Grand Fleet but was recommissioned with reduced complement on 30 October 1919. In 1923, the Navy decided to scrap many of the older destroyers in preparation for the introduction of newer and larger vessels. Rigorous was subsequently decommissioned and broken up by Cashmore at Newport on 5 November 1926.

Pennant numbers

References

Citations

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1916 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
R-class destroyers (1916)
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
VT-21. Training Squadron 21 (VT-21), known as the Redhawks, is a U.S. Navy strike jet training squadron stationed aboard Naval Air Station Kingsville, Texas flying the T-45C Goshawk. The Redhawks are one of four strike jet training squadrons in operation today, and are under the command of Training Air Wing Two.

History

Training squadron VT-21 was originally established as advanced training unit two-zero-two (ATU-202) in April 1951, the squadron was re-designated as Flight Training Squadron-Two One on 21 May 1960. The first Navy and Marine Corps students were trained in the F-6F Hellcat. In May 1954, the squadron transitioned to its first jet aircraft, the F-9F Panther with the squadron later operating the F-9F8 Cougar from January 1958.

In 1968, the squadron was awarded the Admiral John H. Towers Flight Safety award for superior performance by beating all 19 CNATRA (Chief of Naval Air Training) jet and propeller training squadrons. On 4 June 1969, VT-21 received its first Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk and on 8 June 1970 the  Douglas TA-4F Skyhawk entered squadron service.

In 1961, the squadron became the first advanced jet training squadron to accomplish over 15,000 consecutive accident free hours. In February 1992, the Redhawks began transitioning to the T-45 Goshawk.

VT-21 have also trained international naval pilots. VT-21 began training Indian Student Naval Aviators in 2006 and graduated the first class for the Indian Navy in 2007. In addition, VT-21 has also trained student Naval Aviators from France and, most recently, Brazil. The squadron is kept busy and annually logs more than 23,000 flight hours and completes more than 11,500 student syllabus events flying the T-45C.

Mission
Today, VT-21's mission is to train future U.S. Navy and Marine Student Naval Aviators, along with aviators of allies of the United States. Navy and Marine students are selected from top performing students who have completed primary flight training in the T-6B at either Naval Air Station Whiting Field or Naval Air Station Corpus Christi.

After joining VT-21, students are trained in the T-45C over a 12 month long syllabus consisting of over 130 flights in the aircraft, accumulating over 160 hours. The training syllabus culminates with carrier landing qualification or basic fighter maneuvering ("dogfighting"). Upon completion of the training syllabus, Student Naval Aviators assigned to VT-21 are designated as Naval Aviators and earn their "Wings of Gold" and receive follow-on assignments with Fleet Replacement Squadrons before their first fleet tour.

References

External links

See also
 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

VT-21
AEC Y Type. The AEC Y Type was a British truck built by the Associated Equipment Company (AEC), it saw widespread service with the British Army during the First World War.

Design
The original Y Type was a 3-ton 4x2 truck powered by a Daimler four-cylinder inline 5,700 cc petrol engine that developed  at 1,300 rpm, it drove the rear wheels through a four-speed gearbox, the wheels having solid rubber tyres. The Y Type had an open, canvas covered cab and a fixed side timber body, typical of military cargo vehicles of the period.

The YA, introduced in 1917, replaced the Daimler engine with a Tylor four-cylinder inline 7,700 cc petrol engine that developed  at 1,300 rpm, the YB introduced a pressed steel frame whilst the YC used a David Brown Ltd. worm-gear final drive.

History
The Y Type was introduced by AEC in March 1915, it was a lower geared development of AEC's earlier X Type, the latter in turn a development of the company's W Type with heavier duty hubs. Whilst AEC was founded in 1912, a sales agreement meant that all of its products were marketed by and branded Daimler, in June 1916 the company's factory, at Walthamstow, was placed under direct government control and the lorries were branded AEC from that date, although the Y Type's distinctive Daimler radiator was retained.

The Y Type was in high demand by British forces during the First World War, in 1917 AEC installed a moving assembly line to make the type, enabling the factory to produce 130 chassis per week. In addition to British forces the type was also used by the United States Army in France. By the Armistice in November 1918, AEC had built 8,821 Y Types, 5200 of which were fitted with the Tylor engine.

The War Office purchased an additional 822 Y Types in 1919 and the type remained in production for civilian customers until 1922. as a 5-ton lorry A number of Y Types were sold to civilian operators after the war, a common conversion saw the military body removed and the chassis used as the basis of an omnibus.

References

Military trucks of the United Kingdom
World War I vehicles of the United Kingdom
Y Type
Sigifredo Solís Solís Hydroelectric Center. Sigifredo Solís Solís Hydroelectric Center is a hydroelectric power project located in San Ramón, Alajuela province, Costa Rica. It is operated by CONELECTRICAS R.L., a consortium of power utilities companies in the north of the country.

History 
The project was created under the Law 8345, for the electrification of rural areas in the country. The project name is Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Pocosol – Agua Gata.

Operation

Hydroelectric centers 
There are two small dams with their own power plants in the project, Pocosol and Agua Gata.

Pocosol is  high and  wide. The canal to the power station is  long for  flow. There are two 12MW generators.

Agua Gata is  high and  wide. The canal is   long for a  flow. There is one 2MW generator.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Costa Rica
Thornycroft J Type. The Thornycroft J Type was a British truck built by the Thornycroft company, it saw widespread service with the British military and Imperial forces during the First World War.

Design
The J Type was a 3-ton 4x2 truck, it was powered by a Thornycroft M4 four-cylinder inline 6,256 cc side-valve petrol engine that developed  at 1,800 rpm, it drove the rear wheels through a four-speed gearbox.

History
The J Type was designed by Thornycroft to meet a 1911 War Office specification for a 3-ton "subsidy scheme" cargo truck, the scheme provided a grant of £110 to civilian companies towards the purchase price of trucks suitable for military service, but included a provision that the military could requisition the vehicles if they required them. Initially the War Office purchased H, J and K Type chassis from Thornycroft, the first 24 being delivered August 1912 and May 1913 with further deliveries of all three type to follow, but in August 1914 the War Office settled on the J Type chassis. Over 5,000 were delivered to the British military during the war, some were supplied to Imperial forces, and it remained in British Army service until 1930. In the 1920s Thornycroft developed the X Type 3-ton chassis from the J Type.

13-pounder self-propelled AA gun

In order to provide mobile anti-aircraft defence, the British Army removed the QF 13-pounder gun from its field carriage and placed it on a high-angle pedestal creating the QF 13-pounder 6 cwt AA gun, it was usually mounted it on the rear of a lorry, 183 such self-propelled anti-aircraft (AA) guns were produced by Thornycroft on J Type chassis. The 6 cwt guns were later replaced by the improved QF 13-pounder 9 cwt on the same chassis and despite being introduced as a stopgap solution it saw service on the Western Front until the end of the war, it remained in Canadian Army service until 1930. The J Type 13-pounder self-propelled AA gun combination was very popular with its crews, being renowned for their reliability, although its very poor cross country performance was considered a failing.

Surviving vehicles

A J type lorry No.14201 in running condition is in the collection of the Hampshire Cultural Trust having entered the collection of its predecessor, the Hampshire County Council museum service, around 1990. A second example is on display at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke.

See also
 List of combat vehicles of World War I

References

Military trucks of the United Kingdom
World War I vehicles of the United Kingdom
J Type