omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. The International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) is a non-profit organisation with mission to promote the exchange of knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society, taking into consideration technical, economic, environmental, aesthetic and social aspects.

Overview
IABSE deals all kinds of structures composed of any kind of material, all phases of the construction process, as well as education and research. The association’s name in French is "Association Internationale des Ponts et Charpentes (AIPC)" and in German "Internationale Vereinigung für Brückenbau und Hochbau (IVBH)“. It was founded in 1929 and has its seat in Zurich. IABSE publishes the quarterly Journal Structural Engineering International SEI, available online via Ingenta.

Awards
The Outstanding Structure Award has been presented annually since 2000. It recognises the most remarkable, innovative, creative, or otherwise stimulating structures completed within the last few years. As a project award, it recognizes the team effort of the engineer, the architect, the contractor, and the owner involved in completion of the project.

The Anton Tedesko Medal is awarded by the IABSE Foundation to honour a Laureate and support a Fellow of the association for study leave for a promising young engineer to gain practical experience in a prestigious engineering firm, outside his/her home country.

See also
 International Association of Engineers

References

External links
 Official website
 SEI Journal online

Bridge design
Engineering societies
Civil engineering organizations
Organizations established in 1929
Organisations based in Zurich
International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering. The International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering is presented to people for outstanding contributions in the field of structural engineering, with special reference to usefulness for society by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering

Fields of endeavour may include: planning, design, construction, materials, equipment, education, research, government, management. The first Award was presented in 1976.

Awardees 
Source IABSE

 2020: Ahseen Kareem, USA
 2019: Niels Jørgen Gimsing, Denmark
 2018: Tristram Carfrae, UK
 2017: Juan José Arenas, Spain
 2016: no award
 2015: Jose Calavera, Spain
 2014: William F. Baker, USA
 2013: Theodossios Tassios, Greece
 2012: Hai-Fan Xiang, China
 2011: Leslie E. Robertson, USA
 2010: Man-Chung Tang, USA
 2009: Christian Menn, Switzerland
 2008: Tom Paulay, New Zealand
 2007: Manabu Ito, Japan and Spain
 2006: Javier Manterola, Spain
 2005: Jean-Marie Cremer, Belgium
 2004: Chander Alimchandani, India
 2003: Michel Virlogeux, France
 2002: Ian Liddell, UK
 2001: John W. Fisher, USA
 2000: John E. Breen, USA
 1998: Peter Head, UK
 1997: Bruno Thürlimann, Switzerland
 1996: Alan G. Davenport, Canada
 1994: T. N. Subbarao, India
 1995: Mamoru Kawaguchi, Japan
 1993: Jean Muller, France
 1992: Leo Finzi, Italy
 1991: Jörg Schlaich, Germany

See also
 List of engineering awards

References

External links
 IABSE webpage

Structural engineering awards
International awards
JNR Class EH10. The EH10 class of electric locomotives were Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ wheel arrangement two-unit DC freight locomotives operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) in Japan from 1954 until 1982.

The exterior was designed by industrial designer Masao Hagiwara.

The EH10 was used for 1,200 tonne freight trains on the Tōkaidō Main Line between Tokyo (Shiodome) and Osaka (Umeda).

Preserved examples
One example, EH10 61, is preserved at Higashi-Awaji Minami Park in Osaka.

Classification

The EH0 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
 E: Electric locomotive
 H: Eight driving axles
 10: Locomotive with a maximum speed of 85 km/h or less

See also
 JR Freight Class EH200
 JR Freight Class EH500
 JR Freight Class EH800

References

1500 V DC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Japan
Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ locomotives
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
Preserved electric locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1954
Toshiba locomotives
Hitachi locomotives
Kawasaki locomotives
Velcro Companies. Velcro IP Holdings LLC, doing business as Velcro Companies and commonly referred to as Velcro (pronounced ), is a British privately held company, founded by Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral in the 1950s. It is the original manufacturer of hook-and-loop fasteners, which de Mestral invented.

History

Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral who studied at EPFL invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the Alps, and wondered why burdock seeds clung to his woolen socks and coat, and also his dog Milka. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955, and subsequently refined and developed its practical manufacture until its commercial introduction in the late 1950s.

The fastener consisted of two components: a lineal fabric strip with tiny hooks that could 'mate' with another fabric strip with smaller loops, attaching temporarily, until pulled apart. Initially made of cotton, which proved impractical, the fastener was eventually constructed with nylon and polyester.

De Mestral gave the name Velcro, a portmanteau of the French words velours ('velvet') and crochet ('hook'), to his invention, as well as to the Swiss company he founded; Velcro SA.

The company continues to manufacture and market the fastening system. Originally envisioned as a fastener for clothing, today, Velcro is used across a wide array of industries and applications; including healthcare, the military, land vehicles, aircraft, and even spacecraft.

"Velcro" is used by some as a genericized trademark, and is additionally sometimes used as a verb. In 2017, Velcro released a "Don't Say Velcro" campaign in an attempt to keep their brand name distinctive from other hook-and-loop fasteners to help keep their trademark protection.

References

External links

 
 Original 1955 patent — from Google Patents

1952 establishments in Switzerland
Brands that became generic
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom
Affixing machine. An Affixing Machine is a machine that affixes postage stamps to an envelope, postcard or wrapper. Affixing machines first appeared in the 1850s but were not widely used until the early 20th century. Stamp affixing machines were brought about by the need to mechanically affix stamps for bulk processing of mail. A secondary reason for the machines was to make the theft of stamps more difficult for employees with access to a large inventory of coils. The first widespread machine was created in 1884 by Engle Frankmussler, a Norwegian, who created the ‘Postage Stamp Affixing Machine’ as it was then called, was a crank-operated machine that was effective but vulnerable to tampering.

See also
 Postage meter

References

External links
 Private Perforations on U.S. Vending and Affixing Machine Coil Stamps
 The Story of the Private Perforation Companies: Illustrated coil stamp affixing and vending machines
 An Incomplete History Of Stamp Affixing Machines
 GB Stamp Rolls - Affixing & Vending

Postal systems
Philatelic terminology
Cripps question. In patent law, the Cripps question is:

"Was it for all practical purpose obvious to any skilled chemist in the state of chemical knowledge existing at the date of the patent which consists of the  chemical literature available (a selection of which appears in the Particulars of Objections) and his general chemical knowledge, that he could manufacture valuable therapeutic agents by making the higher alkyl resorcinols; ... ?"

It was posed in the 1920s by Stafford Cripps in a British patent case about n-hexyl resorcinol, Sharp & Dohme Inc v Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd and approved by the Master of the Rolls Lord Hanworth in the Court of Appeal's judgment.  If the answer was yes the patent was invalid for lack of inventive step or obviousness (or, in the terminology used at the time, want of subject matter). Referred to later as the Cripps question, this way of formulating the issue of inventive step in English law was deployed for many years thereafter.  The Cripps question was noted by Lord Reid in the House of Lords in Technograph Printed Circuits v Mills & Rockley, a case about a printed circuit board.

References 

United Kingdom patent law
Gafat Armament Engineering Complex. Gafat Armament Engineering Complex is an Ethiopian arms industry and one of the military production facilities of the Metals and Engineering Corporation. With its headquarters in Bishoftu, it specializes in producing wide range of infantry equipment that meet the requirement of the Ethiopian National Defense Force.

History
It was established in January 1986 as the Gafat Engineering Factory to fulfill the need for local manufacture of basic infantry equipment. It initially produced AK-47 automatic rifles and light machine guns, as well as maintenance. It was later expanded to manufacture PK machine guns, and automatic weapons attached on armoured vehicles and helicopters.

To fully utilize its manufacturing capacity, the complex has diversified by supplying various items for civilian use.

It is often believed that North Korean advisors assisted with manufacturing of small arms.

Products

Military products include: various types of automatic rifles and machine guns; 40 mm grenade launchers;  various types of guns such as hand guns, strike dispensing guns, etc.; and sniper scopes.

Civilian products include: various plastic products; various products for different industries in construction; and various kitchen wares and household utensils.

See also
 Gafat people, an extinct ethnic group that historically provided military support to the Ethiopian Solomonic dynasty
 Sebastopol, a cannon produced in the Gafat foundry northeast of Debre Tabor, set up by Tewodros II to manufacture modern arms

References

FDRE Defence Industry, May 2008

Military industrial facilities of Ethiopia
Oromia
Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex. Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex is the part of Metals and Engineering Corporation and is also one of the military production facilities of the Ethiopian Defense Industry Sector. It specializes in producing wide range of ammunition for use by the Ethiopian National Defense Force.

History
The Complex was established around 1987 under the name Tatek Engineering Factory with the goal of producing ammunition for medium and heavy weapons. It initially produced mortar shells but was later greatly expanded to produce a wide range of ammunition. In addition, the light weapons ammunition production line was transferred from Hibret Machine Tools Engineering Complex in a restructuring to house all ammunition production under one organization. The new organization was renamed Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex in 2004.

Structure
The complex has four departments with 1,480 personnel out of which 192 of them are military and 1,288 are civil.

Research and development
The complex collaborates closely with the Defense Engineering College and various higher learning institutes. It has undertaken various works to improve the quality of military ammunition.

Products
The center produces wide range of ammunition ranging from light weapons to heavy mortars and artillery.  It also produces various metal products that are inputs to civil industries.

References
FDRE Defense Industry, May 2008
Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex profile 

1987 establishments in Ethiopia
Military industrial facilities of Ethiopia
Bishoftu Automotive Engineering Industry. Bishoftu Automotive Engineering Industry is an Ethiopian manufacturing and assembly center for heavy armament, tanks and military vehicles. It is one of the organizations of the Ethiopian Defense Industry supporting the Ethiopian National Defense Force.

History
The complex was set up in 1987 as a heavy repair center for tanks and armored vehicles. The Derg regime had plans to eventually produce tanks, armored vehicles, aircraft missiles like air-to-air missiles and SCUD missiles at the complex.

Operations
The Ethiopian government is doing everything to transform the country's economy from its current dependency on rain fed agriculture.  Although the country's economy is highly dependent on agriculture it is not farfetched to imagine an Ethiopian economy that is based on manufacturing and modern heavy industries like mining. While the mining Industry is still for most part in the preliminary stage of development the manufacturing sector is off to a good start. One among the few home grown manufacturing sectors is the huge Bishoftu Automotive Industry  outside Addis Ababa. 
The complex is structured in five departments as follows:

 Tanks and armored vehicles manufacturing Rebuild of all tanks and armored vehicles used by Ethiopian forces.
 Military Vehicles manufacturing 
Maintaining light and heavy trucks used by the Ethiopian ground forces.

 Motor manufacturing and Mechanical workshop
The department manufacturing engines and produces spare parts for tanks, armored vehicles and military trucks.

 Medium and Heavy weapons manufacturing and electroplating section
Repair and support of supply logistics by repairing and overhauling medium and heavy weapons. The electroplating shop is the largest both in its diversity and capacity in Ethiopia.

 Communications Apparatus manufacturing and Maintenance Section
Repair and maintain various communications apparatuses and electronic equipment in use with the Ethiopian forces.

Other services
In order to fully utilize its capacity and generate income, the center provides services to civilian customers through spare parts supply, electroplating services, and manufacturing machineries for various civilian industries.

References
FDRE Defense Industry, May 2008
Bishoftu Motorization Engineering Complex profile

1987 establishments in Ethiopia
Military industrial facilities of Ethiopia
Oromia
Snooping. "Snooping" can refer to:

Computer science
 Bus sniffing, also known as bus snooping
 IGMP snooping
 DHCP snooping
 and in general listening in to any kind of communication protocol (such as ARP, TCP and so on)

Statistics
 Data-snooping bias, a concept in statistics

See also 
 Snoop (disambiguation)
 Snoopy (disambiguation)
 Sniffing (disambiguation)
Superglass. A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure at the same time.

J.C. Séamus Davis theorised that frozen helium-4 (at 0.2 K and 50 atm) may be a superglass.

Notes

References
Superglass could be new state of matter  (subscription required)
A new quantum glass phase: the superglass
Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol.101, 8th Aug 2008

Superfluidity
Phases of matter
Glass physics
Ciel-2. Ciel 2 (NORAD 33453) is a commercial broadcast communications satellite owned by Canadian Ciel Satellite Group. It was launched on December 10, 2008 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan by an ILS Proton-M/Breeze-M vehicle. The satellite is built by Thales Alenia Space and is based on Spacebus-4000C4 bus. It is the largest Spacebus class satellite built to date (5561 kg). Operating from 129° West geostationary orbit position, its 32 Ku band transponders will deliver high-definition and other TV services throughout North America. The satellite delivers multiple independent spot beams in Ku band.

Dish Network has decided to spot beam local affiliates of major networks instead of offering them on CONUS as was previously done on Echostar 5.

References

External links
 ILS website mission control
 Ciel-2 footprints at Satbeams

SES satellites
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2008
Satellites using the Spacebus bus
Graphmatica. Graphmatica is a graphing program created by Keith Hertzer, a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley.  It runs on Microsoft Windows (all versions), Mac OS X 10.5 and higher, and iOS 5.0 and higher.

Graphmatica for Windows and Macs is distributed free of charge for evaluation purposes.  After one month, non-commercial users are asked to pay a $25 licensing fee.  Other licensing plans are available for commercial users.

Graphmatica for iOS is distributed via the Apple App Store.

Capabilities
Graphmatica can graph Cartesian functions, relations, and inequalities, plus polar, parametric and ordinary differential equations.

See also
C.a.R.
KmPlot

References

External links

Cross-platform software
Mathematical software
Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine. Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine is an amine. It has been used as an accelerator for the vulcanization of rubber. It can be used in oxidase tests.

Synthesis
Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine is made by the nitrosylation of dimethylaniline followed by reduction.

Applications
Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine can be converted to methylene blue by reaction with dimethylaniline and sodium thiosulfate in several steps:

It is used as accelerator for the vulcanization of rubber, being first converted to the corresponding mercaptobenzothiazole.

References

Anilines
Diamines
Dimethylamino compounds
M44 generator cluster. The M44 generator cluster was an American chemical cluster bomb designed to deliver the incapacitating agent BZ. It was first mass-produced in 1962 and all stocks of the weapons were destroyed by 1989.

History
The United States Army Chemical Corps renewed their chemical warfare (CW) program's focus in the early 1960s. This refocusing led to the pursuit of weapons utilizing agent BZ. In March 1962 the U.S. Army first began mass-production of the M44 generator cluster, along with the M43 BZ cluster bomb. 

Despite reaching mass-production ("standardization" in military jargon) levels, the M44 and the M43 were never truly integrated into the main U.S. chemical arsenal. In total, around 1,500 of the M44s and M43s were produced. All U.S. BZ munitions and agent stockpiles were stored at Pine Bluff Arsenal. The entire U.S. BZ stockpile, including the M44s, were demilitarized and destroyed between 1988 and 1989.

Specifications
The M44 had a diameter of  and a length of . Weighing  the M44 generator cluster was a cluster bomb which was designed to deliver approximately  of the chemical incapacitating agent BZ. 

The weapon's sub-munitions are a combination of various components. Three M16 BZ smoke generators were held together in an M39 cluster adapter and its M92 wire assembly; the M39 essentially bound and buckled the generators together. Each generator also held its own parachute, complete with harnesses and its own container. Also within the generator was its "generator pail" which contained the M6 canisters, the part of the sub-munition that held the BZ. Each of the M44s three generator pails held 42 M6 canisters, a total of 126. The canisters were arranged in 14 three-canister tiers and each one held about  of agent BZ.

Issues
The M44s relatively small production numbers were due, like all U.S. BZ munitions, to a number of shortcomings. The M44 dispensed its agent in a cloud of white, particulate smoke. This was especially problematic because the white smoke was easily visible and BZ exposure was simple to prevent; a few layers of cloth over the mouth and nose are sufficient. There were a number of other factors that made BZ weapons unattractive to military planners. BZ had a delayed and variable rate-of-action, as well as a less than ideal "envelope-of-action". In addition, BZ casualties exhibited bizarre behavior, 50 to 80 percent had to be restrained to prevent self-injury during recovery. Others exhibited distinct symptoms of paranoia and mania.

See also
M34 cluster bomb

References

Cluster munitions
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Chemical weapons of the United States
Cheemeni. Cheemeni is a small town in Hosdurg taluk of Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India.

Demographics
As of the 2011 India census, Cheemeni had a population of 8,283 with 3,908 males and 4,375 females.

Transportation
Local roads have access to NH 66 which connects to Mangalore in the north and Kannur in the south. The nearest railway station is Cheruvathur on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore and Kannur.

Developmental projects

Cheemeni Power Project
A 47500 crore 2000-MW coal based super thermal power station, which uses an environment-friendly super critical boiler is planned to be erected at Cheemeni due to increasing power needs of the state. The central government requested for making it gas powered but Kerala government is lobbying for cost effective methods. In 2016 as a first phase a 2,050 crore 440-kW station is sanctioned to be built. There are other plans like implementing a 200MW solar park in Kasaragod by  Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).

References

Cheruvathur area
Ram Narain Agarwal. Ram Narain Agarwal (1940 – 15 August 2024) was an Indian aerospace engineer, known for his contributions to the Agni series of surface-to-surface missiles. He is considered the 'father of the Agni series of missiles'.

Life and career 
Agarwal was born to a family of traders in Jaipur, Rajasthan. He completed his masters in Aerospace engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Agarwal has worked as Program Director (AGNI) and as Director Advanced Systems Laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Agarwal died on 15 August 2024, at the age of 84.

Awards 
Padma Shri  (1990)
Padma Bhushan (2000)
Dr. Biren Roy Space Science Award (1990) from Aero Society of India
Scientist of the Year Award (1993)
DRDO Technology Leadership Award (1998)
Chandrasekhar Saraswati National Eminence Award for Science (2000)
Life Time Achievement Award (2004)

References 

1940 births
2024 deaths
Scientists from Jaipur
Indian Space Research Organisation people
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Rajasthani people
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Indian aerospace engineers
20th-century Indian engineers
Engineers from Rajasthan