omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction. The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction is a method for the decarbonylation of aldehydes and some acyl chlorides. The reaction name recognizes Jirō Tsuji, whose team first reported the use of Wilkinson's catalyst (RhCl(PPh3)3) for these reactions:
RC(O)X + RhCl(PPh3)3 → RX + RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2 + PPh3

Although decarbonylation can be effected by several transition metal complexes, Wilkinson's catalyst has proven the most effective.

Reaction mechanism

Strictly speaking, this reaction results in the formation of a rhodium carbonyl complex rather than free carbon monoxide.

The catalytic cycle is assumed to involve oxidative addition of the aldehyde (or acid chloride) to gives a 16e acyl Rh(III)-hydride intermediate, which undergoes migratory extrusion of CO proceed to form an 18-electron d6 Rh(III) carbonyl complex. Reductive elimination produces the decarbonylated product.  In the catalytic variant of the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation, RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2 evolves CO above 200 °C, thereby regenerating RhCl(PPh3)n. Otherwise, the reaction mechanism halts by formation of this thermodynamically stable carbonyl complex.

Synthetic applications
The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation proceeds under mild conditions and is highly stereospecific. In addition to aliphatic, aromatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, acyl nitriles and 1,2-diketones are also suitable substrates. Few methods exist for decarbonylation.

One illustrative application is the synthesis of the core nucleus of FR-900482. Note that the ester is unaffected by the rhodium reagent.

The Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation is employed in the penultimate step of the synthesis of (–)-presilphiperfolan-8-ol. They comment “Of note in these final steps, separate reduction and oxidation steps proceeded in inferior yield in generating 38 (70% versus 93%), while the Rh(PPh3)3Cl operation proceeded smoothly when conducted on small scale (~15 mg). In total, the synthesis required 13 steps from commercial starting material, and ~15 mg of [(–)-presilphiperfolan-8-ol] has been prepared with spectral properties and optical rotations matching that of the natural isolate.”

Efforts to render a low temperature catalytic Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation
Unfortunately, the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation is stoichiometric. The product bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl chloride is not readily converted back to a CO-free reagent.  Above 200 °C, carbon monoxide RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2 does decarbonylate, however these high temperatures are often prohibitive. The ideal Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation would be by catalytic near ambient temperatures. 

The reaction has been carried out in flow conditions at low temperatures in which a biphasic liquid-gas flow decarbonylation was developed employing N2 as a gas carrier. However, the temperature required for this reaction is 200 °C.

Significant improvements of the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation have been made by using cationic rhodium complexes with chelating bisphosphines.

Historic references

Synthesis, 1969, 157.

References

Organometallic chemistry
Name reactions
L. Douglas Bell. L. Douglas Bell (born 1958) is an American physicist, focusing in nanoscale electronic and structural characterization of materials and devices using scanning probe methods, tunnel-effect and hot-electron devices for detection and sensing, and novel memory concepts using nanoscale structures. He currently works at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Bell is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society.

References

Living people
Jet Propulsion Laboratory faculty
21st-century American physicists
1958 births
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Jean Zu. Jean Zu is a Chinese-Canadian engineer and elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Since 2017, she has served as the dean of the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering & Science at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey.

Education
Zu earned at B.S. (1984) and M.S. (1986) degree from Tsinghua University. In 1987, she began working on her Ph.D. from University of Manitoba completing her studies in 1993. All of her degrees were in mechanical engineering.

Career 
In 1994, Zu secured a tenured track teaching position at the University of Toronto in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. She was promoted to associate professor in 1999, full professor in 2004, and department chair in 2009. Making history has the first woman and Asian department chair. 

Zu holds 4 patents and has created over 300 refereed papers, 160 journal papers, and secured millions of dollars in grants for research.

In 2017, she was named the dean of the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr School of Engineering and Science at Stevens Institute of Technology and was reappointed as the Lore E. Feiler Dean for an additional 5 year term in 2022.  The engineering school has eight academic departments, 50 majors, 170 faculty, and 8000 students (roughly half undergraduates vs graduate students). The school ranks in the top 50 with 90% graduation rates and approximately 97% employment within 6 months of graduation  she is promoting science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields. She currently works on wave propagation of functional graded cylindrical nanoshells.

Professional Service
Zu has been involved with American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME), and Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC) since 2004. She has served in numerous leadership roles, including:

Associate Editor, ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 2007-2013
President, EIC, 2012-2014.
President, CSME, 2006-2008, 
NSERC Grant Selection Committee, 2004-2007

Personal Life
Zu was born in China, where she earned her undergraduate and master's degree.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
21st-century American engineers
University of Manitoba alumni
21st-century American women engineers
American women academics
Stevens Institute of Technology faculty
A. O. Zoss. A. O. Zoss was an American engineer, having been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1951. He worked as a technical advisor to US occupation forces in Germany immediately after World War II.

References 

Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century American engineers
Living people
American expatriates in Germany
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Jillian Buriak. Jillian M. Buriak FRSC is a Canadian chemist, formerly a Canada Research Chair in nanomaterials at University of Alberta. She is known for her work developing flexible, lightweight solar cells made from nanoparticles.

Education and career 

Buriak completed an A.B. degree at Harvard University (1990) and a Ph.D. at Université Louis Pasteur (1995), Strasbourg, working on organometallic chemistry and catalysis. She held a postdoctoral appointment at the Scripps Research Institute at La Jolla, California, working on self-assembly of nanostructures on surfaces. 

Buriak started her independent faculty career at Purdue University in 1997, was promoted to associate professor, with tenure, in 2001. In 2003, she joined the University of Alberta as a full professor.

From 2003 to 2008, Buriak was on the Board of Reviewing Editors (BoRE) at Science (handling 7-10 papers per week). She was an associate editor at ACS Nano from 2009 to 2013 (handling >500 papers per year). In 2014, she was appointed as the editor-in-chief of Chemistry of Materials, handling ~5000 papers per year.

Research interests 

Buriak is interested in materials for energy, nanomaterials synthesis, silicon surface chemistry, and block copolymer self assembly.

By spraying a plastic surface with nanomaterials, her work showed the ability to fabricate a transparent layer of electrode that acts as solar cells. Due to their flexibility, they could be incorporated onto different surfaces.

Selected honors 

2009: Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
2009: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2005: Rutherford Memorial Medal (Chemistry) of the Royal Society of Canada
Canada Research Chair of Nanomaterials
Canada's Top 40 Under 40 
ACS Pure Chemistry Award 
Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award 
Fresenius Award 
Cottrell Teacher-Scholar

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
Canadian chemists
Canadian women chemists
Canadian nanotechnologists
Harvard University alumni
University of Strasbourg alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canadian academic journal editors
Purdue University faculty
Canada Research Chairs
James Caruthers. James M. Caruthers is an American chemical engineer, currently Gerald and Sarah Skidmore Professor of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. Caruthers got his S.B., S.M., and Ph.D. (all in chemistry) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975, 1976 and 1977, respectively.

References

20th-century births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Purdue University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Marcus Cicerone. Marcus T. Cicerone is an American physicist, physical chemist, and inventor. His research focuses on noninvasive spectroscopic imaging and dynamics in amorphous condensed phase matter. He is currently Professor of Chemistry at the Georgia Institute of Technology and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. 

He is known for his introduction of broadband coherent anti-Stokes microscopy, a label-free microscopy that provides quantitative Raman spectra in biological and synthetic materials. 

He holds patents in optical technologies and stabilization of biologically active materials (proteins, mRNA, etc.).

Awards 

 Arthur S. Flemming Award - 2017
 Fellow of the American Physical Society - 2016
 The Washington Academy of Sciences Physical & Biological Sciences Award - 2015
 BioPhotonics Magazine Top 10 Innovations – 2014
 AAPS Innovation in Biotechnology Award (with post-doc Ken Qian) – 2014  
 Department of Commerce Bronze Award – 2012
 Department of Commerce Bronze Award – 2008
 Johnson & Johnson Corporate Office of Research Directors Research Fellowship – 1998
 IBM Polymer Science & Technology Predoctoral Fellow – 1993
 Department of Education Predoctoral Fellow – 1992
 Pergamon/Spectrochimica Acta Atomic Spectroscopy Award - Honorable Mention – 1989

Personal Life 
Dr. Cicerone was born in 1962 to Arthur Cicerone and Violet Swedin. He married his college sweetheart in 1986 and the couple have two children.

References 

1. https://sites.gatech.edu/mtcicerone/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American physicists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Potassium ferrooxalate. Potassium ferrooxalate, also known as potassium bisoxalatoferrate(II), is a salt with the formula x.  The anion is a transition metal oxalate complex, consisting of an atom of iron in the +2 oxidation state bound to oxalate () ligands and water.  

Anhydrous  has been prepared by hydrothermal methods from ferrous chloride.  It is a coordination polymer with trigonal prismatic  centers. Half of the oxalate ligands are bridging.

Dihydrate
The material  has been claimed but not verified.Potassium ferrooxalate is believed to be formed when the related compound potassium ferrioxalate [] is decomposed by light in solution (a common method of actinometry) or heated above 296 °C. The anhydrous salt is orange-yellow and dissolves in water to give a red solution. Crystals of the dihydrate []·2 are golden yellow in color.

See also
A number of other iron oxalates are known
 Iron(II) oxalate
 Iron(III) oxalate
 Sodium ferrioxalate

References

Iron complexes
Iron(II) compounds
Potassium compounds
Oxalato complexes
Kathmandu Living Labs. Kathmandu Living Labs (KLL) is a living lab and nonprofit civic technology company based in Kathmandu, Nepal that primarily works on mobile technology and mapping.  KLL focuses on using GPS/GIS technology for humanitarian aims, sometimes referred to as "humanitarian mapping".

History 
Open Cities Kathmandu project members, led by Dr. Nama Raj Budhathoki, launched Kathmandu Living Labs in 2013 after the completion of their first project. The initiative started by mapping Kathmandu's road networks, schools and health facilities to prepare for potential future disasters, as Kathmandu is one of the most seismically at-risk cities in the world.  Kathmandu Living Labs developed a web portal named WebDRI to upload collected field data regarding schools/colleges and health facilities into OpenStreetMap.

Work during Nepal Earthquake 2015 

KLL came to international attention in the aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, during which the group collaborated with the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team to rapidly produce free and open maps of the road network and damaged areas surrounding Kathmandu. These map products were then used by humanitarian aid teams on the ground, a process greatly aided by the fact that KLL already had a working relationship with the Red Cross as well as other key aid organizations and government agencies in the region. The Nepal Army used crowd-sourced data of relief needed, which was collected and verified by Kathmandu Living Labs. KLL was also involved in reconstruction efforts where they were responsible for development and played a part in deployment of mobile data collection system for the Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program.

Mapping for Social Change
KLL uses online mapping to address a wide variety of social challenges. Through KLL, a farmer in a remote Nepalese village can integrate his local knowledge of a field or stream with that of an engineer at MIT. Detailed information about a school can be used to influence government policies and actions. This work integrates local knowledge into large-scale civil society efforts.

References

External links
 Kathmandu Living Labs Website

Technology companies of Nepal
2012 establishments in Nepal
Aero A.8. The Aero A.8 was the last realised construction of ing. Karel Rösner in the Aero factory. It was a passenger biplane for 4 passengers. Unlike most passenger airplanes of the time, which had the pilot seat positioned behind the wings, the pilot of A.8 was sitting under the leading edge of the wing. During the flight tests the airplane crashed in an accident into the wooden building of Main Aviation Workshops in Kbely. The development of the airplane was then abandoned.

Specifications (A.8)

References 

1920s Czechoslovak airliners
Single-engined tractor aircraft
A8
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Single-engined piston aircraft
Cobalt(II)–porphyrin catalysis. Cobalt(II)–porphyrin catalysis is a process in which a Co(II) porphyrin complex acts as a catalyst, inducing and accelerating a chemical reaction. 

It is a compound in organic chemistry and free radical reactions that can involve homolysis. It is a one-electron catalytic approach for homolytic radical chemistry based on structurally well-defined Co(II) complexes. Due to their distinctive radical mechanisms that involve metal-stabilized radical intermediates, such as α-metalloalkyl radicals, α-metalloaminyl radicals, and α-metalloxyl radicals, the Co(II)–porphyrin-based catalysis system addresses some long-standing challenges in organic transformations.

A family of unique D2-symmetric chiral porphyrins are effective in a range of stereodefined transformations.

Attributes

Co(II)–porphyrin catalysts have good thermal and metal coordination stability resulting from the macrocyclic chelation effect of the aromatic ligand. Once inserted into the macrocyclic ring, dissociation of the metal ion is exceedingly difficult, under most reaction conditions, leading to increased catalyst lifetime . Metal ion contamination is a practical issue for many metal-catalyzed processes, and is especially important for pharmaceutical application.

Co(II)–porphyrin catalysts lack vacant cis-coordination sites available (all occupied). This unique metal coordination mode can prevent a number of possible side reactions associated with cis-coordination, and results in a more effective and selective catalytic process. Although cis-coordination is requisite for many catalytic processes, it is not required for catalytic cyclopropanation or aziridination, or for atom or group transfer reactions.

Third, it has been well documented that the physical and chemical properties of a porphyrin complex of a given metal ion can be systematically tuned by introducing peripheral substituents with varied electronic, steric, and conformational environments on the aromatic ring structure of the porphyrin ligand. X. Peter Zhang's group have accomplished porphyrin modification by using palladium-catalyzed coupling processes of chiral amides on  templates.

Together, these advantages provide Co(II)–porphyrin catalysts with high catalytic selectivities and turnover numbers.

Application 
Radical carbenes such as Co–porphyrin catalysis activate diazo reagents and organic azides to generate C- and N-centered radicals, respectively, with nitrogen as the only byproduct in a controlled and catalytic manner. The initially formed C- and N-centered radicals can undergo common radical reactions such as radical addition and atom abstraction, but with effective control of reactivity and stereoselectivity by the porphyrin ligand environment.

References 

Porphyrins
Catalysis
Geochore. Geochores (Greek  gé "the earth" and  chora "area") are relatively large landscape areas with similar – but owing to their size not fully uniform – characteristics. They therefore consist of a tapestry of smaller landscape units, which can be hierarchically grouped:

 Physiotopes or geotopes form the base unit (tope from the Greek, τόπος, "place"). These are objects whose features are assessed as homogenous and which cannot sensibly be subdivided into smaller landscapes. Their area depends on the distribution pattern of their features and on the purpose or aim of the classification, but in general they are between 0.1 and 5 hectares in area.
 Nanogeochores or nanochores are the simplest level of physiotopes.
Example: Ameisenberg near Oybin is part of the Oybin Rock Region (microgeochore)
 Microgeochores are small scale landscape units with an average area of 12 km2. In terms of biotopes or woodland or agricultural land which is managed in a certain way, they form a tapestry of nanogeochores. They cover areas which are similar mainly in terms of  their geological origins, rocks, topographical elevation or relief energy. They are a good example of the how geological and topographical history affects the resulting landscape structure.
Example: Hochwald Ridge and Oybin Rock Region
 Mesogeochores are simply formations and groups of microgeochores. Their association is based on similarities of climate, topography such as mountains, valleys and hills or associated features from the Pleistocene (ice age). They are oriented towards the management and relative size of the microgeochores of which they comprise.
Example: Zittau Mountains or Zittau Basin 
 Macrogeochores or major landscapes - as natural region major units - are simply groupings of mesogeochores, whose cohesiveness is based e.g. on geological foundations, on climatic conditions or vegetation (e. g. hpnV). They are "regional" in size.
Example: Lusatian Mountains or Upper Lusatian Highlands.

Literature 
 Haase, G. and K. Mannsfeld (eds., 2002): Naturraumeinheiten, Landschaftsfunktionen und Leitbilder am Beispiel von Sachsen (= Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde 250). - Flensburg. 

Ecosystems
Edwin Lorimer Thomas. Edwin Lorimer Thomas is the Ernest Dell Butcher Professor of Engineering at Rice University and served as the William and Stephanie Sick Dean of the George R. Brown School of Engineering from 2011 to 2017. Thomas earned a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1963 and a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from Cornell University in 1974. Thomas was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Polymer Physics in 1985, for being a leading authority on the application of electron microscopy and scattering techniques to problems in polymer structure-property relations and for contributions on mosaic block structure of semicrystalline polymers as well as on the structure of the noncrystalline solid state of glassy polymers.

References 

Fellows of the American Physical Society
American physicists
Minnesota CEMS
David Kelly Campbell. David Kelly Campbell (born July 23, 1944) is an American theoretical physicist and academic leader. His research has spanned high energy physics, condensed matter physics and nonlinear dynamics.  He also served as Physics Department Head at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Dean of the College Engineering at Boston University, and Boston University Provost. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society.

References 

1944 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Boston University faculty
21st-century American physicists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Harvard College alumni
Stephen B. Pope. Stephen B. Pope is the Sibley College Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Cornell University.

He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after being nominated by their Division of Fluid Dynamics in 1991, for contributions of archival value to probability-density-function methods in turbulence modeling, to understanding of the geometry and distortion of surfaces in turbulent flows, and to extraction of Lagrangian statistics from direct numerical simulations. He is the recipient of 2008 Ya. B. Zeldovich Gold Medal from The Combustion Institute. and Propellants and Combustion Award (2012) from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is currently in the editorial board of Combustion Theory and Modelling

Pope was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for contributions to the modeling of turbulent flow, including the development of probability density function methodologies for turbulent combustion.

References 

Fellows of the American Physical Society
American physicists
Living people
Fluid dynamicists
Fellows of the Combustion Institute
Year of birth missing (living people)