omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cheongpung Bridge. Cheongpung Bridge () is a cable-stayed bridge which crosses the lake formed by Chungju Dam (part of the Namhan River system, a tributary of the Han River) in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea on Route 82 in that region.

The bridge project began in December 2004 and was scheduled to be completed in September 2010, to replace an existing PSC box girder bridge which had required periodic rehabilitation and repair work.  As the area where the bridge was constructed has well-known natural scenery and attractions, it was designed to support tourism development plans.

Construction and design
The bridge was built by contractor Daelim Industrial Co., LTD, at a contract price of 40.3 million USD. Concrete pylon height with typical H-shape is 103m and constructed by auto climbing form. The main span of 327m across the lake is constructed using the free cantilever method and the side span of 57.5m is constructed by the full staging method.
The combination of composite section (reinforced concrete deck and I-shaped steel girder) for the center span and concrete section for side spans applied to the bridge because of decreasing effect of weight balance.  The concrete pylons have typical H-shape.  The leg shape beneath the superstructure level, on the other hand, needed to be narrower dto make the size of foundation smaller allowing less rock excavation at foundation locations and better handling of construction unit (caisson) considering the site condition.  The cable is a multi strand system as two planes semi-fan, and there is extra pier support in each side span.  To maximize the counter weight effect by concrete girder at side span, it was necessary to make the side span heavier as possible and not to have excessive bending moment by increasing dead load. Here, the extra pier support allows more weight and stiffness in the side span without resulting in excessive bending moment in girders and pylons.

Gallery

See also
 Transportation in South Korea
 List of bridges in South Korea

References

Cable-stayed bridges in South Korea
Bridges completed in 2010
Buildings and structures in North Chungcheong Province
Sepung Bridge. The Sepung Bridge is the first curved, cable-stayed bridge in South Korea. It crosses the Gwangyang western river, a railway and a roadway in South Korea. It was built by Iksan Regional Construction & Management Administration.

History
Construction commenced in October 2006 and was completed in June 2014. The bridge was built by contractor Daelim Industrial Co., LTD. The contract amount was 23.0 million USD.

The side spans of the bridge and the approach bridges were built using full staging, while the main spans at each tower were built out using the free cantilever method. For the erection of the 6m-long, 210t segments, a form traveler facilitated easy observation of the operation and was suitable for cast-in-place concrete. The construction of three pylons was carried out in auto climbing form because of safety risks from working over the sea.

PY1, PY2 and PY3 are 86.7m, 101m and 88m respectively in height and are made of concrete grade 40MPa. PY1 and PY3 were constructed at the same time. After finishing the construction of two pylons, PY2 was built.

Design
The bridge is 875m long. It  consists of a 150m-long approach bridge and a multi-span cable-stayed bridge with two 220m-long main spans and 52.5m-long side spans.

The Sepung bridge is curved with a radius of 2000m. In order to reduce the deformation of the pylons toward the center of the circle, two cables run from the top to the bottom of the pylon. It is also effective for increasing the torsional rigidity.

This bridge is designed to accommodate dual four-lane traffic; its design incorporates a curved stiffening girder and additional transverse cables to stabilize each tower. The stiffening girder is designed as a PC box using reinforced concrete of grade 40MPa; It is 3.3m deep and almost 24m wide, and incorporates steel struts and FRP pipe struts filled with concrete in the internal and external box respectively, to resist the local tensile stress. These internal and external struts are placed at typical centers of 6m and 3m, respectively, and give the stiffening girder and increased torsional rigidity and make the decks 20% lighter than a traditional concrete box girder. In this bridge, a single plane multiple cable system with harp arrangement was chosen in order to reduce the longitudinal and transverse deformation of the towers. As the shear center deviates from the center of the stiffening girder due to the application of the asymmetric cable forces and self-weight, twisting and transverse deformation may occur.

References

See also
 Transportation in South Korea
 List of bridges in South Korea

Cable-stayed bridges in South Korea
Bridges completed in 2014
2014 establishments in South Korea
Kira Borisovna Povarova. Kira Borisovna Povarova (born September 3, 1933) is a Russian material scientist, professor, doctor of technical sciences, recipient of a number of state and academic awards.

Monographs
K. B. Povarova, Evgenij Michajlovič Savickij, "Splavy tugoplavkich i redkich metallov dlja raboty pri vysokich temperaturach", Nauka, 1984
Evgenij Michajlovič Savickij, K. B. Povarova, M. A. Tylkina, "Rhenium Alloys", CCM Information Corporation, 1965
 K. B. Povarova, "PROPERTIES AND USES OF RHENIUM", 1965
 Сплавы рения. М.: Наука, 1965, 323 с. Соавторы: Савицкий Е.М., Тылкина М.А.
 Металловедение вольфрама. М.: Металлургия, 1978, 223 с. Соавторы: Савицкий Е.М., Макаров П.В.
 Тугоплавкие металлы и сплавы. М.: Металлургия, 1986, 352 с. Соавторы: Савицкий Е.М., Бурханов Г.С. и др.

Awards
1968: USSR State Prize
1996: H.N. Anosov Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2001: Russian Federation Government Prize in Science and Technology(:ru:Премия Правительства Российской Федерации в области науки и техники)

References

1933 births
Russian materials scientists
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Living people
Ftrace. ftrace (Function Tracer) is a tracing framework for the Linux kernel.  Although its original name, Function Tracer, came from ftrace's ability to record information related to various function calls performed while the kernel is running, ftrace's tracing capabilities cover a much broader range of kernel's internal operations.

Details
With its various tracer plugins, ftrace can be targeted at different static tracepoints, such as scheduling events, interrupts, memory-mapped I/O, CPU power state transitions, and operations related to file systems and virtualization.  Also, dynamic tracking of kernel function calls is available, optionally restrictable to a subset of functions by using globs, and with the possibility to generate call graphs and provide stack usage reports.  At the same time, ftrace can be used to measure various latencies within the Linux kernel, such as for how long interrupts or preemption are disabled.

An ftrace-enabled Linux kernel is built by enabling the  kernel configuration option.  The entire runtime interaction with ftrace is performed through readable and writable virtual files contained in a specifically mounted debugfs file system; as a result, ftrace requires no specialized userspace utilities to operate.  However, there are additional userspace utilities that provide more advanced features for data recording, analysis and visualization; examples of such utilities are trace-cmd and KernelShark.

Internally, ftrace relies on the gcc's profiling mechanism to prepend machine instructions to the compiled versions of all source-level kernel functions, which redirect the execution of functions to the ftrace's trampolines and tracer plugins that perform the actual tracing.  These "entry point" instructions created by gcc are altered by ftrace when the kernel is booted, and varied later at runtime by ftrace between NOPs and actual jumps to the tracing trampolines, depending on the tracing types and options configured at runtime.

ftrace is developed primarily by Steven Rostedt, and it was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.27, which was released on October 9, 2008.

See also 

 DTrace a tracing framework for troubleshooting kernel and application problems, originally developed for Solaris
 ktrace a BSD Unix and Mac OS X utility that traces kernel–program interactions
 ltrace a Linux debugging utility, displays the calls a userland application makes to shared libraries
 strace a debugging utility for Linux and some other Unix-like systems, monitors system calls used by a program and all received signals
 SystemTap a scripting language and utility used for instrumenting Linux systems

References

External links 
 Debugging the kernel using Ftrace part 1 and part 2, LWN.net, December 2009, by Steven Rostedt
 Secrets of the Ftrace function tracer, LWN.net, January 20, 2010, by Steven Rostedt
 Ftrace: The hidden light switch, LWN.net, August 13, 2014, by Brendan Gregg
 The source of the e1000e corruption bug, LWN.net, October 21, 2008, by Jonathan Corbet

Debugging
Free software programmed in C
Linux kernel features
Unix programming tools
Red Sea Cable. Red Sea Cable is the designation of a 13.6 km long 400 kV AC submarine power cable under the Red Sea that interconnects the power grids of Egypt and Jordan. The project was commissioned in 1994 and inaugurated in 1998.

The cable has a maximum transmission capacity of 2,000 MW and reaches a maximum depth of 850 metres. It has a cross section of 1,000 mm2 per conductor and is implemented as an oil-filled single core cable insulated with cellulose paper impregnated with a low viscosity mineral oil.
A sheath of arsenic lead alloy F3 (0.15% arsenic, 0.1% tin, 0.1% bismuth and 99.65% lead) prevents water from penetrating the paper insulation.
The cable is part of a 400 kV-line from Taba in Egypt to Aqaba in Jordan.

Coordinates 

 29.379469 N 34.977669 E: Aqaba Power Station
 29.432459 N 34.977121 E: Aqaba Cable Terminal
 29.486346 N 34.875476 E: Taba Cable Terminal
 29.611148 N 34.841852 E: Taba substation

See also

 Energy in Egypt

References

Submarine power cables
Red Sea
Electric power in Egypt
Electric power in Jordan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1998
1998 establishments in Egypt
1998 establishments in Jordan
Magnetomechanical effects. The magnetomechanical effect is a fundamental feature of ferromagnetism. The fact that the application of external stresses alters the flux density of a magnetized ferromagnet, and thus the shape, and size of its hysteresis loops is easily changeable.

Simply, it is the phenomenon of changing the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials by applying external stresses.

Magnetomechanical effects connect magnetic, mechanical and electric phenomena in solid materials.
 Magnetostriction 
 Inverse magnetostrictive effect
 Wiedemann effect 
 Matteucci effect 
 Guillemin effect

Magnetostriction is thermodynamically opposite to inverse magnetostriction effect. The same situation occurs for Wiedemann and Matteuci effects.

For magnetic, mechanical and electric phenomena in fluids see Magnetohydrodynamics and Electrohydrodynamics.

See also 
 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy

Magnetism
Magnetic ordering
Albert G. Richards. Albert G. Richards (1917-2008) was a photographer and dental scientist.

Career
Born in Chicago. Richards obtained a degree in Chemical Engineering and Physics at the University of Michigan. Richards became a dental instructor in 1940. Richards became a professor in 1959 and taught at Michigan for more than four decades.

Accomplishments
Richards has created numerous inventions, including dynamic tomography to examine layers of an object, a dental x-ray head, the molding technique to show the topography of dental surfaces,  and the Buccal Object Rule to examine the location of objects. Richards held six patents for his inventions and was the author of around 100 journal articles.

Awards
An award was created in recognition of Richards work and is given to one student annually.

Publications
In 1962 Richards photographs were published in the National Geographic Society's School Bulletin. The Smithsonian Magazine then promoted Richards photographs in 1986. In 1990 Richards was published in the Editor's Choice - Smithsonian and he self-published a book called The Secret Garden - 100 Floral Radiographs.

A collection of his work is now held by The Museum of Jurassic Technology in LA, where it is currently on display.

Personal life
Richards was married and had 5 children.

References

American botanists
1917 births
2008 deaths
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American dentists
Surya Roshni. Surya Roshni Limited (formerly Prakash Surya Roshni Limited) is an Indian multinational company headquartered in Delhi that produces fans, steel, lighting, LED, kitchen appliances  and PVC pipes. Surya exports its products over 44 countries and is one of the top manufacturers of LED lights in India.

History
Surya Roshni Limited was established by B.D. Agarwal in 1973 as a tube making unit. Today it also manufactures LEDs, Lighting, PVC Fans. The company's current chairman is the Padma Shri awardee Jai Prakash Agarwal.

Manufacturing plants
Surya Roshni's steel division is called Surya Steel Pipes with steel manufacturing plants in Bhuj (Gujarat), Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) and its primary steel plant in Bahadurgarh, Haryana. It also has a pipes and lighting production facility at Shimoga, Karnataka. It started commercial production on 1 March 2017 at their new steel pipe plant with an investment of 70 crore at Hindupur industrial area, Andhra Pradesh. Surya's lighting plant is in Kashipur, Uttarakhand and Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh). Additionally, the company has set up a R&D centre for LED lights in Uttarakhand.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Delhi
Steel companies of India
1973 establishments in Delhi
Indian companies established in 1973
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Blake construction. Blake construction is a method of making shoes invented  in 1856 by Lyman Reed Blake.

It is especially popular in Italy.  In a Blake construction,  the outer sole is directly stitched  to the insole with a chain stitch. This allows more flexibility and  lighter weight compared to the sturdier Goodyear construction, which is more common among British shoemakers such Crockett & Jones and Sanders.

References

Footwear
Shoes
NanoBusiness Commercialization Association. The Nanobusiness Commercialization Association (NanoBCA) is a 501(c)(6) non-profit trade organization dedicated to creating a friendly political environment that nurtures research and innovation in nanotechnology, promotes tech-transfer of nanotechnologies from academia to industry, encourages private capital investments in nanotechnology companies, and helps its company members bringing nanotechnology products to the market. Founded in 2001, NanoBCA is the world's first non-profit association focused on the commercialization of nanotechnologies. Since its establishment, NanoBCA has been advocating for the continued allocation of significant funds per the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). NanoBCA dedicated work in shaping national nanotechnology policy has created a favorable policy climate for nanotechnology at every level, benefiting academic research, small businesses, and the manufacturing industry. NanoBCA has been advocating for Congress to ensure the continuous allocation of government funds to nanotechnology, such as basic research and SBIR grants, throughout all the major government agencies (DOD, DOE, NFS, NIH, etc.).

Based in Washington, D.C., and Shelton, Connecticut, the NanoBCA serves the entirety of the United States and its territories. Their vision is focused on ensuring that the United States is and remains a global leader in the field of nanotechnology. By monitoring newly passed and proposed legislation from the Federal and State governments, NanoBCA assures the safe, secure, and beneficial use of nanotechnology and nanoscience for all peoples.

History 

In November 2001, NanoBCA was founded  by F. Mark Modzelewski, Nathan Tinker, Josh Wolfe, Vincent Caprio, and Griffith Kundahl – with the intention of boosting the advancements of nanotechnology from basic research to commercial products. 
Since 2001, the organization has been directed and managed by Mr. Vincent Caprio, who takes care of moderating productive discussion among its members, the Government, Congress, academia, and industry, as well as organizing the annual conferences and roundtables. 
In March 2011, the organization changed its name from NanoBusiness Alliance to NanoBusiness Commercialization Association to display its dedication to the commercialization of nanotechnology products.

External links 

NanoBCA official website: www.nanobca.org

References 
Note: References published in or before 2011 might refer to the organization with its former name of NanoBusiness Alliance.

Organizations established in 2001
Non-profit organizations based in the United States
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge. The Magadh-Mithila Bridge  (), currently under construction, will span the river Ganges, connecting Bakhtiyarpur in Patna and tajpur in Samastipur in the Indian state of Bihar. Upon completion in Dec 2026, the bridge will provide an easy roadway link between the northern and southern parts of Bihar.

The project
Current chief minister Shri Nitish Kumar laid the foundation stone for construction of the  bridge in June, 2011. Upon completion in Dec 2024, the bridge will reduce the load on Mahatma Gandhi Setu and also reduce the traffic in the capital city of Patna.

A road bridge parallel to the existing rail and road  bridge, Rajendra Setu, has also been planned.

The bridge will also require construction of 45.393 km of approach roads on both ends of the bridge.

The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs 1602.74 crore, out of which Rs 100 crores will be spent on acquiring land. At first, Rs 917.74 crore is to be invested by Navayuga Engineering Company Limited (NECL) as a viability gap fund on a PPP basis. Rs 277.50 crore is to be invested by the Centre, and Rs 307.50 crore by the state government. The Bihar government would also bear the cost of acquiring land. NECL, a Hyderabad-based firm, was selected through competitive bidding.

Project is delayed and work is on halt for last few years.

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of road–rail bridges
 List of longest bridges above water in India
 Loknayak Ganga Path
 Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur bridge
 Digha–Sonpur Bridge

References

External links

Bridges in Bihar
Patna district
Saran district
Bridges over the Ganges
Road bridges in India
Customer Service System. The Customer Service System (CSS) of the BT Group (previously British Telecommunications) is the core operational support system for BT, bringing in 70% of income for the company (figures from 1997). BT rolled out CSS nationally in 1989 and provided an integrated system for telephony—order handling, repair handling and billing.

BT Customer Service System (BT/CSS) was developed by Logica in 1984, costing £1bn to implement, representing the largest computer project undertaken in Europe and the largest integrated database in the world, at the time.

In 2005, the CSS databases deployed by BT handled 23 million customers, with 13 terabytes of data spread out over 28 mainframe images.  The databases supported 230 million transactions per day generated by over 40,000 users.

CSS is still used by BT but it is now controlled by Openreach. BT retail migrated all accounts from CSS to a new billing system known as Geneva/Oneview/Avalon. This was to support the migration to WLR3.

References

Telecommunications systems
BT Group
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering software engineering published by the Association for Computing Machinery since 1992. The editor-in-chief is Mauro Pezzè (Università della Svizzera italiana and Schaffhausen Institute of Technology). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.4.

References

External links

Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology
Computer science journals
Software engineering publications
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1992
English-language journals
Briar (software). Briar is an open-source software communication technology, intended to provide secure and resilient peer-to-peer communications with no centralized servers and minimal reliance on external infrastructure. Messages can be transmitted through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, over the internet via Tor or removable storage, such as USB sticks. All communication is end-to-end encrypted. Relevant content is stored in encrypted form on participating devices. Long-term plans for the project include support for distributed applications such as crisis mapping and collaborative document editing.

The initial target audience for Briar includes "activists, journalists and civil society" with plans to make the system "simple enough to help anyone keep their data safe." As the ability to function in the absence of internet infrastructure may also make the project valuable to disaster response and aid organizations, the developers are working with the Open Humanitarian Initiative and Taarifa. Ultimately, the developers aim to create a system which is "as simple to use as WhatsApp, as secure as PGP, and that keeps working if somebody breaks the Internet." It is possible for an Android device to download Briar from another Android device which already has Briar installed.

Briar's source code is published as free software and the Android app is distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL-3.0-or-later license, while the desktop version is released under the Affero General Public License. Briar Desktop runs on Windows, macOS and Linux. Briar Desktop will also run on true Linux (non-Android) mobile phones, running operating systems like Manjaro, PureOS and postmarketOS, once it has been adapted to mobile form-factors.

Briar’s core protocol, threat model, development process, and user experience design began development in 2011 by Michael Rogers and Eleanor Saitta.

Briar was audited by Cure53 and spoken highly of in a report delivered 20 March 2017, and was recommended to be given a second audit after development completes. As of 2018 the project received $361,100 of funding from the Open Technology Fund.

Briar uses the Bramble protocol suite (Bramble Handshake Protocol, Bramble QR Code Protocol, Bramble Rendezvous Protocol, Bramble Synchronisation Protocol, Bramble Transport Protocol) that is specifically designed for delay-tolerant networks. As of January 2023, these protocols are not implemented by other messengers; Briar can only talk to Briar.

See also 
 Mesh networking
 Smartphone ad hoc network
 Specific projects/protocols
 B.A.T.M.A.N.
 Jami (software)
 Serval Project
 Tox (protocol)
 Bridgefy

References

External links 
 

Internet-related activism
Mesh networking
Communication software
Instant messaging clients
Tor (anonymity network)