omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Contextualization (computer science). In computer science, contextualization is the process of identifying the data relevant to an entity (e.g., a person or a city) based on the entity's contextual information.

Definition
Context or contextual information is any information about any entity that can be used to effectively reduce the amount of reasoning required (via filtering, aggregation, and inference) for decision making within the scope of a specific application. Contextualisation is then the process of identifying the data relevant to an entity based on the entity's contextual information. Contextualisation excludes irrelevant data from consideration and has the potential to reduce data from several aspects including volume, velocity, and variety in large-scale data intensive applications (Yavari et al.).

Usage
The main usage of "contextualisation" is in improving the process of data:
Reduce the amount of data: Contextualisation has the potential to reduce the amount of data based on the interests from applications/services/users. Contextualisation can improve the scalability and efficiency of data process, query, delivery by excluding irrelevant data. 
As an example, ConTaaS facilitates contextualisation of the data for IoT applications and could improve the processing for large-scale IoT applications from various Big Data aspects including volume, velocity, and variety.

Example domains
 Object-oriented programming: Contextualization consists, at object creation time, to provide adequate initialization parameters to a class constructor.
 Virtualization: Contextualization permits, at the end of VM instantiation, to set or override VM data having unknown or default values at the time of creation of the Live CD, typically hostname, IP address, .ssh/authorized_keys, ...

References

Computing terminology
XM70E2. The XM70 was a rocket launcher developed for the U.S. Marine Corps from 1959 to 1963 at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois Research and Development Division.  Seven prototypes were built and tested at Rock Island Arsenal and Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.  The Army intended to develop a self-propelled variant designated the XM71 as the core weapon system matured.

The XM70 has an unusual layout for a rocket launcher, borrowing most of its characteristics from towed howitzers.  It used a closed breach and a hydraulic recoil mechanism rather than allowing rocket exhaust to exit the rear of the device, which allowed the crew to remain nearby to individually aim each rocket and to rapidly reload.  It also had long trail arms and a base plate to pivot the system in common with conventional towed artillery. 

The XM70 employed a unique revolver-like rotary magazine to fire rockets through a single launch tube in succession, rather than individual tubes for each rocket with the intent of improving accuracy while maintaining low overall weight and mobility.   Most multiple launch rocket systems use individual smoothbore tubes roughly the same length of each fin-stabilized rocket bundled in parallel for firing in rapid barrages.  The XM70's single shared long barrel has grooves indicative of rifling to spin the rocket to gyro stabilize it in flight to provide additional accuracy.
United States Patent US4353285 gives detailed technical explanation for Pacific Car and Foundry improvements.

Variants
 XM70
 XM70E1 - prototypes #2 & #3 (#2 is in storage at the National Museum of the Marine Corps)
 XM70E2 - prototypes #4 & #5 (on display at the Rock Island Arsenal museum
 XM70E2 - prototype #6, produced by Pacific Car & Foundry with split trail
 XM70E2 - prototype #7, produced by Pacific Car & Foundry with box trail

See also 
 List of artillery
 List of rocket artillery
 List of howitzers
 List of artillery of the United States

References

Rocket weapons of the United States
Junker test. A Junker test is a mechanical test to determine the point at which a bolted joint loses its preload when subjected to shear loading caused by transverse vibration.

Design engineers apply the Junker test to determine the point at which fastener securing elements – such as lock nuts, wedges and lock washers – fail when subjected to vibration. The data collected by the test enables design engineers to specify fasteners that will perform under a wide range of conditions without loosening.

Research into the causes of vibration-induced self-loosening of threaded fasteners spans six decades and the causes of self-loosening are now well understood. It was pioneering experimental research into the behaviour of bolted joints under transverse loads, conducted by German engineer Gerhard Junker in the late 1960s which underpins modern theories on self-loosening behaviour.

Junker’s test methodology and apparatus described in his 1969 paper has since become known as the Junker test and has been adopted into international fastener standards such as DIN 65151, the Junker test is the established method used for analysing the self-loosening behaviour of secured and unsecured threaded fasteners under transverse loading conditions by vibration testing.

References

Mechanical engineering
Industrial design
Fasteners
Metalworking
Threaded fasteners
XES. XES may refer to:

Grand Geneva Resort Airport, a resort airport near Milwaukee.
XHS-FM, a Mexican radio station originally known as XES-AM
XES (film) a 2014 film project directed by Ram Gopal Varma
Xbox Entertainment Studios, a video game developer
Xerox Escape Sequence, a printer page description language
Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, a technique for determining the electronic structure of materials
Cross System Extended Services, a component of IBM's MVS Operating System
The "eXtensible Event Stream" interoperability standard, defined by IEEE 1849
XEV. XEV Ltd (short for X-Electrical Vehicle) is an Italian-Hong Kong electric microcar manufacturer based in Hong Kong, operating since 2016.

XEV employees alleged in April 2024 on the company's official social media account that the company has been insolvent since early 2024 and unable to pay its employees and suppliers. XEV denied these claims.

History
In 2016, a Chinese engineer and entrepreneur, Tik Lou, engaged a team of native collaborators, as well as those experienced in, among others, in the then FCA group of designers. As a result, the automotive startup XEV was created, choosing Hong Kong as its headquarters, with a styling office located in Turin, Italy.

With the start of operations, XEV focused on the development of its project, an electric microcar with elements made in a 3D printer, collecting initial funding thanks to European funds. In 2019, the company announced that its vehicle would be manufactured at its newly acquired plant in Shanghai, China.

A pre-production XEV car was unveiled in December 2019, with plans to start series production in August 2020 if the necessary funds are raised through a crowdfunding campaign. The final model finally debuted in September 2021, in the same month not only going into production, but also having a world debut at the IAA 2021 show in Munich.

Models

Currently in production

 Yoyo
 Kitty

Out of production

 iEV7s

References

External links
 Official website

Motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Italy
Companies of Hong Kong
Car brands
Boeing Truss-Braced Wing. Boeing Truss-Braced Wing are airliner designs studied by Boeing with braced, high aspect ratio wings.

SUGAR Volt 

SUGAR Volt is the hybrid aircraft concept proposed by a team led by Boeing's Research & Technology division. It is one of a series of concepts put forward in response to a request for proposals for future aircraft issued by NASA. It is proposed that SUGAR Volt would use two hybrid turbofans that burn conventional jet fuel when taking off, then use electric motors to power the engines while flying. SUGAR stands for Subsonic Ultragreen Aircraft Research; "Volt" suggests that it would be at least partly powered by electricity.

SUGAR Volt would have emissions about 70 percent lower than average airliners today. Noise pollution will also be lower than airliners today.
This hybrid-electric approach however remains to be balanced against increased complexity, large electric engine and battery size and weight.
Relying partly on electric power might reduce specific fuel consumption (SFC) compared to a standard turbine-only design (turbofan or lower-consumption turboprops).

SUGAR Volt is designed with a long, braced, high aspect ratio wing that decreases induced drag due to lift. The wings of SUGAR Volt would enable it to take off in a shorter distance and generate less noise. The outer wings of the SUGAR Volt should fold to save ground space, increasing weight.

Transonic truss-braced wing 

Using a shortened MD-90 airframe, a full-scale Sustainable Flight Demonstrator (SFD), designated X-66A, should fly in 2028, outlining a possible family of 130-to-210-seat aircraft.

See also
 ecoDemonstrator
 Airbus: Wing of Tomorrow
 Hurel-Dubois HD.31

References

External links 

 

2010s United States experimental aircraft
Ian Hutchinson (scientist). Ian Horner Hutchinson (7 June 1951) is a nuclear engineer and physicist who is currently Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has made a number of important contributions to the fields of nuclear engineering and nuclear physics and has also written about the philosophy of science and the relationship between religion and science.

Education and nuclear research
Hutchinson received his B.A. in physics from Cambridge University in 1972. He then received his Ph.D in engineering physics from Australian National University in 1976, where he was a Commonwealth Scholar.

After receiving his Ph.D Hutchinson performed experimental research on one of the earliest tokamaks to be operated outside of the Soviet Union. He engaged in  further research at MIT during its first major tokamak research initiative, before doing research for the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He returned to MIT in 1983 as a faculty member in the Nuclear Engineering Department, and served as the head of the Department of Nuclear Physics and Engineering from 2003 to 2009.

Hutchinson has authored more than 160 journal articles on plasma phenomena and nuclear fusion. He was the 2008 chairman of the Division of Plasma Physics group of the American Physical Society, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1988. He is author of the standard monograph on measuring plasmas, Principles of Plasma Diagnostics.

Science and religion
Hutchinson has authored a book on the philosophy of science, arguing against scientism. Hutchinson is a contributor to the BioLogos Foundation and has written and spoken on the relationship between science and religion, arguing that religious belief, and belief in Christianity in particular, can be perfectly reconciled with science. He has spoken at the Veritas Forum on the topic of miracles, debating atheist philosophy professor Donald Hubin. He has also argued against New Atheism.

TtH
Hutchinson is the author of the computer program TtH, a TeX to HTML translator, a popular program for web-publishing of mathematics.

References

1951 births
Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Australian National University alumni
American Christians
21st-century American physicists
21st-century Christians
American critics of atheism
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Calor licitantis. Calor licitantis is a Latin phrase, the literal translation of which is, "heat of soliciting." The functional use of the phrase in both modern times and antiquity 
is "bidder's heat". This is also known as "auction fever".

Origins 

The phenomenon of calor licitantis is believed to be as old as auctions themselves.

This term was first used in the court system of Rome to describe the irrational behavior of bidders at auctions. The use of the phrase seemed to describe both the mental state of the bidder and the result of that state; specifically, that through the bidding process undertaken by one suffering from calor licitantis, the price of an item was driven above and beyond its typical or expected value.

Bidder's Heat in Antiquity 

According to the Corpus Juris Civilis, the official body of Roman law, a bidder could be released from their bond to a purchase if calor licitantis had led to inflation of the price of the item in question such that the bidder could not reasonably pay to it. The passage in Corpus Juris Civilis that addresses calor lcitantis this states:

Locatio vectigalium, quae calor licitantis ultra modum solitae conductionis inflavit, ita demum admittenda est, si fideiussores idoneos et cautionem is qui licitatione vicerit offerre paratus sit.

Translated: "A tax lease that has been inflated beyond the usual sum due to bidding fever shall only be admitted if the winner of the auction is able to provide reliable bondsmen and securities."

Modern Equivalents 

Certain contemporary consumer psychologists attribute bidding-fever to the pleasure derived from winning an auction, as opposed any particular desire to own the object being sold at auction.    The irrational behavior focused on the success of acquiring an object is sometimes referred to be the related terms "loser's curse" and "winner's curse".

See also 
 Jump bidding - an apparently irrational behavior of bidders in an English auction.

References

Bidding strategy
Electromagnetic absorbers. Electromagnetic absorbers are specifically chosen or designed materials that can inhibit the reflection or transmission of electromagnetic radiation. For example, this can be accomplished with materials such as dielectrics combined with metal plates spaced at prescribed intervals or wavelengths. The particular absorption frequencies, thickness, component arrangement and configuration of the materials also determine capabilities and uses. In addition, researchers are studying advanced materials such as metamaterials in hopes of improved performance and diversity of applications. Some intended applications for the new absorbers include emitters, sensors, spatial light modulators, infrared camouflage,  wireless communication, and use in thermophotovoltaics.

Generally, there are two types of absorbers: resonant absorbers and broadband absorbers. The resonant absorbers are frequency-dependent because of the desired resonance of the material at a particular wavelength. Different types of resonant absorbers are the Salisbury screen, the Jaumann absorber, the Dallenbach layer, crossed grating absorbers, and circuit analog (CA) absorbers.

Broadband absorbers are independent of a particular frequency and can therefore be effective across a broad spectrum.

References

Further reading
 The Salisbury screen, invented by American engineer Winfield Salisbury in 1952.

Salisbury W. W. "Absorbent body for electromagnetic waves", United States patent number 2599944 June 10, 1952. Also cited in Munk

Electromagnetic components
Materials science
Polonium tetrachloride. Polonium tetrachloride (also known as polonium(IV) chloride) is a chemical compound with the formula PoCl4. The salt is a hygroscopic bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Above 200 °C, it tends to decompose into polonium dichloride and excess chlorine, similar to selenium tetrachloride and tellurium tetrachloride.

Structure
Polonium tetrachloride is either monoclinic or triclinic.

Appearance
Polonium tetrachloride is bright yellow at room temperature. At its melting point (300 °C), it becomes straw yellow, and at its boiling point (390 °C), it becomes scarlet. Its vapours are purple-brown until 500 °C, when they turn blue-green.

Preparation
Polonium tetrachloride may be prepared by:
halogenation of polonium dioxide with dry hydrogen chloride, gaseous thionyl chloride, or phosphorus pentachloride;
dissolving of polonium metal in hydrochloric acid;
heating polonium dioxide to 200 °C in carbon tetrachloride vapour;
reaction of polonium metal with dry chlorine gas in 200 °C.

Chemistry
Polonium tetrachloride forms a complex with two moles of tributyl phosphate.

Like selenium tetrachloride and tellurium tetrachloride, polonium tetrachloride forms  and  halogen complexes.

References

Polonium compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Chalcohalides
Device Description Language. Device Description Language (DDL) is the formal language describing the service and configuration of field devices for process and factory automation.

Background 

Current field devices for process and factory automation have a number of configuration options, to customize them to their individual use case. For these means they are equipped with a digital communication interface (HART, PROFIBUS, Fieldbus Foundation). Different software tools provide the means to control and configure the devices. In the 1990s, the DDL was developed to remove the requirement to write a new software tool for each new device type. Software can, through the interpretation of a device description (DD), configure and control many different devices. The creation of a description with the DDL is less effort than writing an entire software tool.

The HART Communication Foundation, PROFIBUS and Fieldbus Foundation have merged their individual dialects of the DDL. The result became the Electronic Device Description Language (EDDL), an IEC standard (IEC 61804).

The harmonization and enhancement of the EDDL is being undertaken in the EDDL Cooperation Team (ECT). The ECT consists of the leadership of the Fieldbus Foundation, Profibus Nutzerorganisation (PNO), Hart Communication Foundation, OPC Foundation and the FDT Group.

Structure of the DDL 

The DDL describes:
 Data (e.g. Parameters)
 Communication (e.g. Addressing Information)
 User Interfaces
 Operations (e.g. Calibration)

Software 

A device description (DD) can be created with a plain text editor. But like any other programing or description language, the authoring is error prone and as such special development tools may be used, to create valid and norm conforming EDDs.

The following tools assists the creation of EDDs:
 isEDD Workbench and EDD Checker (ifak e.V. Magdeburg) - Norm conformity to the IEC 61804 parts 3, 4 and 5

The following control and configuration tools interpret the DDL:
 SIMATIC PDM - "The Process Device Manager" (Siemens)
 AMS Intelligent Device Manager(Emerson Process Management)
 SDC 625 (HART)  
 FDM (Honeywell)
 isEDDview DTM (ifak system GmbH)
 iDTM für FieldCare (Endress+Hauser)
 DevCom2000 (ProComSol, Ltd)
 DevComDroid (ProComSol, Ltd)
 DevCom.iOS (ProComSol, Ltd)

References 
 Riedl, M.; Naumann, F.: EDDL - Electronic Device Description Language, 
 Walter Borst: Device Description Language - The HTML of fieldbuses, Technical Article

External links 

 Official Website of the EDDL
Industrial automation
Charles William Henry Kirchhoff. Charles William Henry Kirchhoff (March 28, 1853 – July 22, 1916) was a United States editor and steel expert.

Biography
Charles William Henry Kirchhoff was born in San Francisco, California on March 28, 1853. He attended school in the United States and Germany and was graduated from the Royal School of Mines at Clausthal, Germany, in 1874, taking the degree of mining engineer and metallurgist. During the next three years, he was chemist, assayer and assistant superintendent of the Delaware Lead Mills at Philadelphia.

He began his career in technical journalism in 1876, when he covered the Centennial Exposition for British, German and Cape Town, South Africa, papers. He then joined the Metallurgical Review in 1877. He left that short-lived journal in 1878 to join the staff of the Iron Age. He left Iron Age in 1881 to be managing editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal, but returned to Iron Age in 1884. Four years later he became its editor-in-chief and vice-president of the David Williams Company, the publishers. Kirchhoff kept up his editorial work, in which he won distinction, until his resignation in 1909, although he had been asked by Andrew Carnegie to quit New York for Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Steel Company.

From 1898-99 and 1911–12, he was president of the American Institute of Mining Engineering. He was at one time a special agent of the United States Geological Survey for the collection of statistics of the production of copper, lead and zinc. Beginning in 1882, he prepared chapters on certain of the heavier metals annually for the Mineral Resources of the United States. He was a member of the Iron and Steel Institute, was once president of the Germania Club and was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

In 1912 he married Erwina Diepenbrock.

He died at his summer home near Asbury Park, New Jersey on July 22, 1916.

Notes

References

External links
 

1853 births
1916 deaths
American metallurgists
American editors
Methacrylamide. Methacrylamide is the organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)C(O)NH2.  A colorless or white solid, it is a monomer for the production of polymers and copolymers, some of which are used in hydrogels. Methacrylamide is also a  precursor of methyl methacrylate.

References

Acrylamides
Monomers
Continuous deployment. Continuous deployment (CD) is a software engineering approach in which software functionalities are delivered frequently and through automated deployments.

Continuous deployment contrasts with continuous delivery (also abbreviated CD), a similar approach in which software functionalities are also frequently delivered and deemed to be potentially capable of being deployed, but are actually not deployed. As such, continuous deployment can be viewed as a more complete form of automation than continuous delivery.

Motivation 
A major motivation for continuous deployment is that deploying software into the field more often makes it easier to find, catch, and fix bugs. A bug is easier to fix when it comes from code deployed five minutes ago instead of five days ago.

Example 
In an environment in which data-centric microservices provide the functionality, and where the microservices can have multiple instances, continuous deployment consists of instantiating the new version of a microservice and retiring the old version once it has drained all the requests in flight.

See also 
 CI/CD, the combined practices of either (more often) continuous integration and continuous delivery, or (less often) continuous integration and continuous deployment
 Canary release
 Blue–green deployment

References

Software development process
Software release
Sri Lanka Railways M10. Class M10 is a mainline diesel-electric locomotive built by Banaras Locomotive Works, India, which is the largest diesel-electric locomotive manufacturer in India, for Sri Lanka Railways and constructed in 2012. M10 is similar in appearance to DLW WDM3D but specifications are somewhat different. This is one of the longest locomotive types in Sri Lanka. These Locomotives are for the Sri Lanka Railways as part of the ongoing Northern Railway reconstruction project.

History
Class M10 locomotives were introduced in 2012 numbered 915, 916, 917. These were used mainly on freight and oil trains. They have also been used irregularly on passenger services. M10 locomotives were also used for ballast trains in the construction work of the rail lines to Talaimannar and Kankesanthurai.

Class M10A
Another 6 locomotives were imported in 2012 were named under M10A class numbered 941 on wards. This is a technical variant of original M10 locomotive.
On 20 September 2013, an M10A locomotive was successfully sent on trial to Kandy, the first time they were sent on the up country line.

Usage
This class was used for construction work at the Talaimannar and Kankesanthurai lines. After extending the northern line to Jaffna and beyond, M10s were used for passenger services including Yal Devi on the northern line.

See also

Diesel locomotives of Sri Lanka

References

M10
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2012