omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Compaction simulation. Compaction simulation is the modelling of granular matter when compressed into a dense state that is achieved through the reduction of the air void. The term is also commonly used to mean compaction using a compaction simulator. This is a high performance programmable servo-controlled press for simulating production presses, typically in the pharmaceutical, catalyst, battery and magnet industries.

Three stages are included in the compaction process those are filling or packing, compaction and ejection. During the compaction process, if the loading pressure is increasing straightly, the powder assembly will experience three stages. First of all, particles are filling the voids and set up contacts with the adjacent particles. This stage is termed rearrangement stage. After most contacts are set up, the initial compaction started. Elastic deformation and plastic deformation happens and the loading pressure increases sharply. The third stage is breakage where the particles breaks into fragments.

Discrete element method (DEM) is an explicit numerical model capable of tracking the motion and interaction of individual modeled particles. DEM has enhanced rapidly our understanding of granular system by producing quantitative predictions rather than only qualitative description, increased our insight into particle assemblies by providing both microscopic and macroscopic information. DEM has been proved to be of great potential in scientific tasks and industries, including chemical and mechanical engineering, food industry, geo-sciences and agriculture.

The translational and rotational movement of each particle can be calculated by Newton's second law of motion. Forces involved are normally particle gravity and inter-particle contact forces including normal and tangential force. Other forces are van der Waals force and capillary force for fine and wet particles system respectively.

The whole simulation process includes compaction and breakage, involves four stages: packing, compaction, relaxation and crushing. At the beginning of packing stage, modeled particles were generated randomly in a square space and allowed to fall under gravity with a small initial velocity to form a packing. There are no overlaps between the particles, and the walls. Then the packing bed is compressed by a modeled plane at a low speed, most of the time, it is set to 10d/s. When the compact density reaches the set value, for example 0.75, the loading process stops and the plane goes up with the speed 5d/s. The compaction stage is ended when the top plane leaves the highest particle. In the recently research, periodical boundaries are used during the packing and compaction stages to exclude the effect of wall.

References 

Geological processes
Coke strength after reaction. Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) refers to coke "hot" strength, generally a quality reference in a simulated reaction condition in an industrial blast furnace. The test is based on a procedure developed by Nippon Steel Corp in the 1970s as an attempt to get an indication of coke performance and is used widely throughout the world since then. It is one of the major considerations when blending coking coal for export sale.

Test procedure
The coke sample is first tested for its reactivity (CRI), then the same sample is tested for strength (CSR).

Reactivity test
A 200 g sample of 19–21 mm particle range coke is heated at 1100°C under 1 atmosphere pressure of carbon dioxide for 2 hours.  Next, the coke is cooled under nitrogen and the weight loss resulting from reaction is measured. The percentage weight loss is known as reactivity (CRI).

Strength test
The reacted coke is placed in an I-type drum (no lifters) and subjected to 600 revolutions in 30 minutes. The percent of carbon material removed from the drum that is ≥10 mm is known as the coke strength after reaction (CSR).

References

Solid fuels
Dag Kavlie. Dag Kavlie (born 14 April 1939) is a Norwegian shipping engineer. He was a professor and rector (1984–1990) at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, and later worked for the Research Council of Norway.

Career
He was born in Oslo, and took the siv.ing. degree at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1963. He then spent a year as a conscript in the Royal Norwegian Navy, took the doctorate in ship construction at the Institute of Technology, studied at the University of California at Berkeley before entering the shipping sector. In 1972 he took the Ph.D. degree. He then returned to academia, being hired as a lecturer at the Institute of Technology. In 1976 he was promoted to professor. From 1980 he was the deputy rector of the Norwegian Institute of Technology, and from 1984 to 1990 he served as rector. Deputy rector during this period was Kjell Egil Eimhjellen. The Kavlie–Eimhjellen team was succeeded in July 1990 by rector Karsten Jakobsen and deputy rector Emil Spjøtvoll. Kavlie continued as a professor until 1991.

He was a member of the technical committee of Det Norske Veritas for many years, and has also held positions in NTNF, the European Science Foundation, the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress and the Nordic Research Council, a predecessor of NordForsk. During his research career he was also a visiting scholar at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1993 he was hired in the newly established Research Council of Norway, and from 1995 to 1998 he was their director of strategy. He later worked as an advisor. Among other projects, he was responsible for the establishment of fourteen new "Centres of Research-Driven Innovation". In 2012 he was appointed by Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide to serve on the Governing Board of the U.S. Norway Fulbright Foundation for Educational Exchange.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

Personal life
Kavlie resides in Vestre Aker, Oslo. His hobbies include horticulture, cycling and cross-country skiing. He participates regularly in the Birkebeinerrennet ski race.

References

1939 births
Living people
Engineers from Oslo
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Rectors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
List of Westinghouse locomotives. Locomotives built or sold by the Westinghouse Electric Company

Westinghouse's transportation division (rail equipment) was founded 1894 and sold to AEG 1988, later merged into Adtranz and Bombardier. Production of locomotives ended after the early 1950s.

Electric locomotives 
Usually built in partnership with the Baldwin Locomotive Works, see Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives.

Diesel-electric locomotives
Early examples built in partnership with William Beardmore and Company (Beardmore) of Glasgow, Scotland.

Gas Turbine-electric locomotives

In addition, Westinghouse produced and supplied electrical and traction equipment for Baldwin diesel locomotives from 1939 to 1955 and Lima-Hamilton diesels from 1949-1951 until production at Lima, Ohio ended with the merger into Baldwin. Fairbanks-Morse diesels also used Westinghouse electrical and traction equipment.

References

Citations

Sources 

 

 
 
 

 
Westinghouse
Inge Johansen. Inge Johannes Tjernes Johansen (21 May 1928 – 5 December 2018) was a Norwegian electrical engineer and academic.

Career
Johansen was born in Gjerpen to an electrician and a homemaker. He took the sivling. degree, and in 1957, the dr.techn. degree. From 1959 to 1985, he was a professor of high-voltage technology at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. From 1975 he was the deputy rector, from 1976 to 1984 he served as rector, and from 1985 to 1989 was the director of the NTNF. In 1990, he returned to academia as a professor of elkraftteknikk. He chaired the Statoil board from 1984 to 1987 but resigned together with the rest of the board members after they lost control over spending in the Mongstad project.

Johansen contributed to the establishment of Kathmandu University, for which a university building was named after him: the Prof. Inge Johansen Engineering Block.

Johansen was decorated in 1981 as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav for his work in technical research and education in Norway.

Bibliography
 "Energi og Etikk -Etiske perspektiver på elforsyning", Forlaget Press, 2006

References

Links
 Inge Johansen at NTNU.no
 Inge Johansen, private archive at (University Library of Trondheim, Dorabiblioteket)

1928 births
2018 deaths
Norwegian electrical engineers
Academic staff of the Norwegian Institute of Technology
Rectors of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
People from Skien
Equinor people
Chris Wright (programmer). Chris Wright is a Linux kernel developer and CTO with Red Hat. He was the Linux kernel co-maintainer for the -stable branch with Greg Kroah-Hartman. He is involved in Linux kernel security related topics and is currently the maintainer for the LSM framework.

Wright also serves as the Chair of the OpenDaylight Project Board of Directors.

Wright is vice president and chief technology officer (CTO) at Red Hat.

References 

Linux kernel programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Horizontal boring machine. A horizontal boring machine or horizontal boring mill is a machine tool which bores holes in a horizontal direction.  There are three main types — table, planer and floor.  The table type is the most common and, as it is the most versatile, it is also known as the universal type.

A horizontal boring machine has its work spindle parallel to the ground and work table. Typically there are three linear axes in which the tool head and part move. Convention dictates that the main axis that drives the part towards the work spindle is the Z axis, with a cross-traversing X axis and a vertically traversing Y axis. The work spindle is referred to as the C axis and, if a rotary table is incorporated, its centre line is the B axis.                   

Horizontal boring machines are often heavy-duty industrial machines used for roughing out large components, but there are high-precision models too.  Modern machines use advanced computer numerical control (CNC) systems and techniques. Charles DeVlieg entered the Machine Tool Hall of Fame for his work upon a highly precise model, which he called a JIGMIL. The accuracy of this machine convinced the United States Air Force to accept John Parson's idea for numerically controlled machine tools.

References

Machine tools
Polymeric foam. A polymeric foam is a special foam, in liquid or solidified form, formed from polymers.

Examples include:
 Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, the copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate; also referred to as polyethylene-vinyl acetate (PEVA)
 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) foam, first grade of polyethylene (PE)
 Nitrile rubber (NBR) foam, the copolymers of acrylonitrile (ACN) and butadiene
 Polychloroprene foam or Neoprene
 Polyimide foam
 Polypropylene (PP) foam, including expanded polypropylene (EPP) and polypropylene paper (PPP)
 Polystyrene#Foams (PS) foam
 Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
 Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), sometimes sold under brand name Styrofoam
 sometimes polystyrene paper (PSP)
 Polyurethane (PU) foam
 LRPu low-resilience polyurethane
 Memory foam
 Sorbothane
Polyurea foam
Polyethylene foam, as used in PEF rod
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam
 Closed-cell PVC foamboard
 Silicone foam
 Microcellular foam

See also 
Ultralight material

References

Foams
Polymer chemistry
SPAD S.XIV. The SPAD XIV was a French biplane floatplane fighter aircraft built by Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD) and flown by the French Navy during World War I.

Development and design
The SPAD XIV was a development of the SPAD XII. It was single-seat biplane powered by a 149 kW (200 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Bc engine. 40 were constructed and flew in the French Navy during 1918.

Operators

Aeronavale

Specifications

References

 Taylor, John W. R., and Jean Alexander. "Combat Aircraft of the World" New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-25459 (Pg.128-129

1910s French fighter aircraft
S.XIV
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Floatplanes
280 North, Inc.. 280 North was a web software development startup company formed in 2008 by college friends Tom Robinson, Francisco Tolmasky, and Ross Boucher. It was purchased by Motorola in 2010.  Tolmasky and Boucher both previously worked for Apple, on the iPhone and iTunes respectively.

History
They created a software stack that includes Objective-J, which relates to Javascript in the same way that Objective-C relates to C, and Cappuccino, which is a port of the Apple Cocoa API. Cappuccino and Objective-J have been released as open source software. Their first major release was 280 Slides, which is presentation software similar to Apple's Keynote or Microsoft's PowerPoint, but that works entirely in a web browser using JavaScript. Their next project was a drag-and-drop visual integrated development environment for web applications named Atlas, which could work with the iPhone API.  Atlas was to be open-sourced, but, after acquiring 280 North, Motorola decided to keep Atlas private.

Notes

External links

Interview with Ross Boucher on opensourcereleasefeed.com

Software companies based in California
Software companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Software companies disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
2008 establishments in the United States
American companies established in 2008
Zirconium lactate. Zirconium lactate is the zirconium salt of lactic acid. It is used in some deodorants. Zirconium carboxylates adopt highly complex structures and are heterogeneous compositions with the approximate formula Zr(OH)4-n(O2CCHOHCH3)n(H2O)x where 1 < n < 3.

Uses
It is also used in the petroleum industry as a cross-linking agent to prepare gels for fracturing fluids, fluids which are pumped into an oil-bearing rock formation to cause cracks in the rock and so to allow the oil to be extracted. It may be prepared by treating zirconium oxide with lactic acid.

Physical properties
It is a colourless solid.

Safety
Its  >10 g/kg). It is suspected of causing zirconium granulomas (a form of skin irritation) in a small number of users.

References 

Lactates
Zirconium(IV) compounds
Tuscarora Creek (Monocacy River tributary). Tuscarora Creek is a  tributary of the Monocacy River in Frederick County, Maryland, in the United States.

The creek rises at the eastern base of Catoctin Mountain, about  north-northwest of the city of Frederick, and flows southeast about to its mouth at the Monocacy. The creek's watershed area is .

Environmental impacts on the creek
The Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) has identified water quality violations for Tuscarora Creek, specifically for bacteria, based on testing of water samples. MDE estimates that the principal sources of bacteria are farm animals (livestock), failing septic tanks from residences and/or businesses, pet waste and wildlife. The White Rock sewage treatment plant also discharges to the creek, but the MDE report does not cite the plant for excessive discharges. About one-third of the creek's bacteria wasteload is of unknown origin.

The Maryland Department of Natural Resources, in a separate report, identified highly eroded stream banks, barriers to fish passage, trash dumping sites and other problems in portions of Tuscarora Creek and its tributaries. These problems are associated with land development (urbanization) in the region.

See also
Tuscarora Creek (Potomac River)
List of rivers of Maryland

References

External links
Monocacy & Catoctin Watershed Alliance

Rivers of Frederick County, Maryland
Rivers of Maryland
Tributaries of the Monocacy River
1999 Southern Brazil blackout. The 1999 Southern Brazil blackout was a widespread power outage (the largest ever at the time) that started in Brazil on March 11 and lasted until June 22, 1999. 

The blackout involved São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Rio Grande do Sul, affecting an estimated 75 to 97 million people. A chain reaction was started when a lightning strike occurred at 22h 16m at an electricity substation in Bauru, São Paulo State causing most of the 440kV circuits at the substation to trip. Brazil was undergoing a severe investment crisis during 1999, which limited spending on maintenance and expansion of the power grid. With few routes for the power to flow from the generating stations via the 440kV system (a very important system to São Paulo state, carrying electricity generated by the Paraná river) many generators automatically shut down because they did not have any load. The world's biggest power plant at the time, Itaipu, tried to support the load that was no longer being supplied by the 440kV power plants, but the 750kV AC lines and the 600kV DC lines that connected the plant to the rest of the system could not take the load and tripped too.

South of São Paulo the consumers experienced an overfrequency, caused because they had more generation than load, mostly because Itaipu was now connected only to this sub-system, but that problem was automatically solved by all generators in the area, that reduced their loads.

The rest of the system experienced a much bigger problem, an underfrequency, since the system had a lot of load and not enough generation capacity. Some generators tripped because of the overfrequency, which aggravated the problem, and after an automatic rejection of 35% of the sub-system load the underfrequency did not go away. This caused the system to break in many pieces, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states were split with a few areas remaining online. Most of the Minas Gerais system remained online, and powered Brazil's capital, Brasília, as well as the state of Goias and some of Espirito Santo.

In Rio, the military police placed 1,200 men in the streets to avoid looting. In São Paulo, traffic authorities announced they closed the city's tunnels to prevent robberies. More than 60,000 people were on Rio's subway when lights went out.

At midnight, power began returning to some areas.

See also
 List of major power outages
 Energy policy of Brazil

References

Power outages in Brazil
Disasters in Brazil
Southern Brazil blackout
March 1999 in South America
LAK Genesis 2. 

The Genesis 2 is a Standard Class competition glider that was designed by an American team led by Jerry Mercer. It was produced in Lithuania. It is notable in having almost no rear fuselage. However it is not tailless, because it has a small, all-moving tailplane on top of the vertical stabilizer. The tailplane is mainly a trimmer, rather than for longitudinal stability.

Development
During development it was found that carbon rods formed by the "pultrusion" process could be used to provide a stronger spar. This technique has subsequently been applied to other LAK aircraft. The nosewheel was also made retractable and the wing washout was reduced. The production aircraft with these modifications, which flew in 1998, were called "Genesis 2". There was a breakdown in relations between the American design group and the manufacturers, and so production was stopped after 27 had been made.

Specifications (Genesis 2)

References

External links

LAK web-site

Marske aircraft
Glider aircraft
LAK aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1994
T-tail aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Dipropylene glycol. Dipropylene glycol is a mixture of three isomeric chemical compounds, 4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol, 2-(2-hydroxy-propoxy)-propan-1-ol, and 2-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-propan-1-ol. It is a colorless, nearly odorless liquid with a high boiling point and low toxicity.

Uses
Dipropylene glycol finds many uses as a plasticizer, an intermediate in industrial chemical reactions, as a polymerization initiator or monomer, and as a solvent. Its low toxicity and solvent properties make it an ideal additive for perfumes and skin and hair care products. It is also a common ingredient in commercial fog fluid, used in entertainment industry fog machines.

References

Cosmetics chemicals
Monomers
Plasticizers
Diols
Glycol ethers
Sanjoy K. Mitter. Sanjoy Kumar Mitter (December 9, 1933 – June 26, 2023) was a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT who was a noted control theorist.

Life and career
Mitter was born in 1933 in Calcutta, India. He received a B.Sc. in mathematics from the University of Calcutta, and a B.Sc. in Engineering at City and Guilds of London Institute. He continued his studies in the United Kingdom and Ph.D. from Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. After graduation, he worked at Brown, Boveri & Cie, the Battelle Memorial Institute, and the Central Electricity Generating Board before joining Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) in 1965 as an assistant professor. Mitter became an associate professor at CWRU in 1967 and moved to MIT in 1969. He became a professor of electrical engineering at MIT in 1973. At MIT, he was director for both the Center for Intelligent Control and the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems.

Mitter's research is concerned with Systems, Control and Communication. He has furnished proofs in nonlinear filtering and optimal control theory, as well as carrying out more applied work in image analysis, computation of optimal controls and reliability of electrical power systems.

Mitter lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He died in June 2023.

Honors and awards 
Mitter received both the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award from the American Automatic Control Council (2007) and the IEEE Control Systems Award (in 2000).  In 1988 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering "for outstanding contributions to the theory and applications of automatic control and nonlinear filtering".

References

External links
 Home page at MIT ESD
 Home page at MIT EECS
 

1933 births
2023 deaths
Control theorists
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award recipients
Indian electrical engineers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
21st-century American engineers
Case Western Reserve University faculty
People from Kolkata
Alumni of Imperial College London
Agusta A.105. The Agusta A.105 was an Italian rotorcraft designed by Agusta. It was never developed beyond the prototype stage.

Development and design
The A.105 was designed to simplify the manufacturing process. Built to be a liaison, aerial photography and high-speed transport helicopter, it was powered by the Agusta built Turbomeca-Agusta TA-230 turbine engine.

The A.105 and A.105B were displayed at the 1965 Paris Air Show, the latter wearing Italian Air Force markings. Both variants did not progress beyond the prototype stage.

Variants
A.105
Original two-seat prototype
A.105B
Four seater variant.

Operators

 Italian Air Force

Specifications (A.105)

See also

References

 

A.105
1960s Italian helicopters
1960s Italian civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1964
Single-turbine helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Aircraft with skid landing gear