ISO 26262. ISO 26262, titled "Road vehicles – Functional safety",  is an international standard for functional safety of electrical and/or electronic systems that are installed in serial production road vehicles (excluding mopeds), defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 2011, and revised in 2018.

Overview of the Standard
Functional safety features form an integral part of each automotive product development phase, ranging from the specification, to design, implementation, integration, verification, validation, and production release. The standard ISO 26262 is an adaptation of the Functional Safety standard IEC 61508 for Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems. ISO 26262 defines functional safety for automotive equipment applicable throughout the lifecycle of all automotive electronic and electrical safety-related systems.

The first edition (ISO 26262:2011), published on 11 November 2011, was limited to electrical and/or electronic systems installed in "series production passenger cars" with a maximum gross weight of . The second edition (ISO 26262:2018), published in December 2018, extended the scope from passenger cars to all road vehicles except mopeds.

The standard aims to address possible hazards caused by the malfunctioning behaviour of electronic and electrical systems in vehicles. Although entitled "Road vehicles – Functional safety" the standard relates to the functional safety of Electrical and Electronic systems as well as that of systems as a whole or of their mechanical subsystems.

Like its parent standard, IEC 61508, ISO 26262 is a risk-based safety standard, where the risk of hazardous operational situations is qualitatively assessed and safety measures are defined to avoid or control systematic failures and to detect or control random hardware failures, or mitigate their effects.

Goals of ISO 26262:
Provides an automotive safety lifecycle (management, development, production, operation, service, decommissioning) and supports tailoring the necessary activities during these lifecycle phases.
 Covers functional safety aspects of the entire development process (including such activities as requirements specification, design, implementation, integration, verification, validation, and configuration).
Provides an automotive-specific risk-based approach for determining risk classes (Automotive Safety Integrity Levels, ASILs).
Uses ASILs for specifying the items' necessary safety requirements for achieving an acceptable residual risk.
Provides requirements for validation and confirmation measures to ensure a sufficient and acceptable level of safety is being achieved.

Parts of ISO 26262
ISO 26262:2018 consists of twelve parts, ten normative parts (parts 1 to 9 and 12) and two guidelines (parts 10 and 11): 
 Vocabulary
 Management of functional safety
 Concept phase
 Product development at the system level
 Product development at the hardware level
 Product development at the software level
 Production, operation, service and decommissioning
 Supporting processes
 Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysis
 Guidelines on ISO 26262
 Guidelines on application of ISO 26262 to semiconductors
 Adaptation of ISO 26262 for motorcycles

In comparison, ISO 26262:2011 consisted of just 10 parts, with slightly different naming:
 Part 7 was named just Production and operation
 Part 10 was named Guideline ... instead of Guidelines ...
 Parts 11 and 12 did not exist.

Part 1: Vocabulary 
ISO 26262 specifies a vocabulary (a Project Glossary) of terms, definitions, and abbreviations for application in all parts of the standard.
Of particular importance is the careful definition of fault, error, and failure as these terms are key to the standard’s definitions of functional safety processes, particularly in the consideration that "A fault can manifest itself as an error ... and the error can ultimately cause a failure". A resulting malfunction that has a hazardous effect represents a loss of functional safety.  

Note: In contrast to other Functional Safety standards and the updated ISO 26262:2018, Fault Tolerance was not explicitly defined in ISO 26262:2011 – since it was assumed impossible to comprehend all possible faults in a system.

Note: ISO 26262 does not use the IEC 61508 term Safe failure fraction (SFF). The terms single point faults metric and latent faults metric are used instead.

Part 2: Management of functional safety 
ISO 26262 provides a standard for functional safety management for automotive applications, defining standards for overall organizational safety management as well as standards for a safety life cycle for the development and production of individual automotive products.  The ISO 26262 safety life cycle described in the next section operates on the following safety management concepts:

Parts 3-7: Safety Life Cycle 
Processes within the ISO 26262 safety life cycle identify and assess hazards (safety risks), establish specific safety requirements to reduce those risks to acceptable levels, and manage and track those safety requirements to produce reasonable assurance that they are accomplished in the delivered product.  These safety-relevant processes may be viewed as being integrated or running in parallel with a managed requirements life cycle of a conventional Quality Management System:
 An item (a particular automotive system product) is identified and its top level system functional requirements are defined. 
 A comprehensive set of hazardous events are identified for the item.  
 An ASIL is assigned to each hazardous event. 
 A safety goal is determined for each hazardous event, inheriting the ASIL of the hazard.
 A vehicle level functional safety concept defines a system architecture to ensure the safety goals.
 Safety goals are refined into lower-level safety requirements.(In general, each safety requirement inherits the ASIL of its parent safety requirement/goal.  However, subject to constraints, the inherited ASIL may be lowered by decomposition of a requirement into redundant requirements implemented by sufficiently independent redundant components.)
 "Safety requirements" are allocated to architectural components (subsystems, hardware components, software components) (In general, each component should be developed in compliance with standards and processes suggested/required for the highest ASIL of the safety requirements allocated to it.)
 The architectural components are then developed and validated in accord with the allocated safety (and functional) requirements.

Part 8: Supporting Processes 
ISO 26262 defines objectives for integral processes that are supportive to the Safety Life Cycle processes, but are continuously active throughout all phases, and also defines additional considerations that support accomplishment of general process objectives.
 Controlled corporate interfaces for flow down of objectives, requirements, and controls to all suppliers in distributed developments
 Explicit specification of safety requirements and their management throughout the Safety Life Cycle
 Configuration control of work products, with formal unique identification and reproducibility of the configurations that provides for traceability between dependent work products and identification of all changes in configuration
 Formal change management, including management of impact of changes on safety requirements, for the purposes of assurance of removal of detected defects as well as for product change without introduction of hazards
 Planning, control, and reporting of the verification of work products, including review, analysis, and testing, with regression analysis of detected defects to their source
 Planned identification and management of all documentation (work products) produced through all phases of the Safety Life Cycle to facilitate continuous management of functional safety and safety assessment
 Confidence in software tools (qualification of software tools for the intended and actual use) 
 Qualification of previously developed software and hardware components for integration in the currently developed ASIL item
 Use of service history evidence to argue that an item has proven sufficiently safe in use for the intended ASIL

Part 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysis 

Automotive Safety Integrity Level refers to an abstract classification of inherent safety risk in an automotive system or elements of such a system. ASIL classifications are used within ISO 26262 to express the level of risk reduction required to prevent a specific hazard, with ASIL D representing the highest hazard level and ASIL A the lowest. The ASIL assessed for a given hazard is then assigned to the safety goal set to address that hazard and is then inherited by the safety requirements derived from that goal.

ASIL Assessment Overview
The determination of ASIL is the result of hazard analysis and risk assessment.  In the context of ISO 26262, a hazard is assessed based on the relative impact of hazardous effects related to a system, as adjusted for relative likelihoods of the hazard manifesting those effects.  That is, each hazardous event is assessed in terms of severity of possible injuries within the context of the relative amount of time a vehicle is exposed to the possibility of the hazard happening as well as the relative likelihood that a typical driver can act to prevent the injury.

ASIL Assessment Process
At the beginning of the safety life cycle, hazard analysis and risk assessment is performed, resulting in assessment of ASIL to all identified hazardous events and safety goals.

Each hazardous event is classified according to the severity (S) of injuries it can be expected to cause:

Risk Management recognizes that consideration of the severity of a possible injury is modified by how likely the injury is to happen; that is, for a given hazard, a hazardous event is considered a lower risk if it is less likely to happen.  Within the hazard analysis and risk assessment process of this standard, the likelihood of an injurious hazard is further classified according to a combination of  
exposure (E) (the relative expected frequency of the operational conditions in which the injury can possibly happen) and 
control  (C) (the relative likelihood that the driver can act to prevent the injury).

In terms of these classifications, an Automotive Safety Integrity Level D hazardous event (abbreviated ASIL D) is defined as an event having reasonable possibility of causing a life-threatening (survival uncertain) or fatal injury, with the injury being physically possible in most operating conditions, and with little chance the driver can do something to prevent the injury.  That is, ASIL D is the combination of S3, E4, and C3 classifications.  For each single reduction in any one of these classifications from its maximum value (excluding reduction of C1 to C0), there is a single-level reduction in the ASIL from D.  [For example, a hypothetical uncontrollable (C3) fatal injury (S3) hazard could be classified as ASIL A if the hazard has a very low probability (E1).]  The ASIL level below A is the lowest level, QM.  QM refers to the standard's consideration that below ASIL A; there is no safety relevance and only standard Quality Management processes are required.

These Severity, Exposure, and Control definitions are informative, not prescriptive, and effectively leave some room for subjective variation or discretion between various automakers and component suppliers. In response, the Society for Automotive Safety Engineers (SAE) has issued J2980 – Considerations for ISO26262 ASIL Hazard Classification to provide more explicit guidance for assessing Exposure, Severity and Controllability for a given hazard.

See also 
 Automotive Safety Integrity Level, comparison with other safety level systems
 ARP4754 (Guidelines For Development Of Civil Aircraft and Systems)
DO-178C (Aerospace)
 IEC 61508 (Industrial/General, ISO 26262 is an adaption with minor differences)
ISO 60730 (Household)

References

External links 
 ISO 26262-1:2011(en) (Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 1: Vocabulary) at ISO Online Browsing Platform (OBP)
 ISO 26262-1:2018(en) (Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 1: Vocabulary) at ISO Online Browsing Platform (OBP)

26262
Automotive standards
International standards
Automotive safety
Safety engineering