omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Toning (coin). Toning on a coin is the change of colour brought about through oxidization, which forms a thin layer of tarnish on the metal's surface, typically as a result of interactions and chemical reactions with sulfur-containing compounds in the environment. Coin toning can vary in aesthetics, and thus can alternately add or detract from a coin's value. Coins with unusual toning colours or patterns tend to be valued by coin collectors. Toning is most common on silver coins, but can be found on coins minted from other metals and alloys, including gold, copper and cupronickel.

Types of toning 
Different colors and patterns of toning can have varying effects on a coin's grade and value. For example, brown spotty toning could decrease a coin's value, while colourful multi-coloured or 'rainbow' toning could increase it. Similarly, toning can raise or lower a coin's grade by several points, as grading is based on factors including eye appeal and not just wear. Depending on the environment in which the toning took place, toned coins can come in many different colors and color combinations. Toning patterns may cover an entire coin, just one side, or just one area. Coins which have sat stacked in bags for a long time can develop crescent toning, where the toned coin was partially covered by one sitting off-center on top of it. This is common with Morgan dollars, which were typically delivered to and stored in banks in large cloth bags.

Artificial toning 
Coins are sometimes toned artificially through the use of chemicals or heat. This may be done by those seeking to increase their value, but unnatural toning on rare coins will reduce their value when detected. Coins with original surfaces are almost always preferable, although coins with extreme artificial toning, such as altered American Silver Eagles, are sometimes sold as novelties.

References

Coins
A (sailing yacht). Sailing Yacht A is a sailing yacht launched in 2015. The vessel is a sail-assisted motor yacht designed by Philippe Starck (exteriors and interiors) and built by Nobiskrug in Kiel, Germany for the Russian billionaire Andrey Melnichenko.

History 
Its propulsion consists of a variable-speed hybrid powerplant with two lineshaft controllable-pitch propellers that is sail-assisted by a three-mast fore-and-aft sailing rig. The freestanding carbonfiber rotating masts were manufactured by Magma Structures at Trafalgar Wharf, Portsmouth. Doyle Sailmakers USA manufactured the three fully automated carbonfiber/taffeta full roach sails. The furling booms were built in Valencia by Future Fibres. The rigging of the yacht was developed partially to be implemented on cargo ships and for commercial use. The vessel features an underwater observation pod in the keel with -thick glass. It is the largest private sail-assisted motor yacht in the world.

Sailing Yacht A was delivered by Nobiskrug on 3 February 2017, and left Kiel on 5 February 2017. It exited the Baltic Sea in light mode on near-empty fuel tanks in order to clear the Drogden Strait with minimum draught. It underwent final sea trials and the final fit-out at the Navantia shipyard in Cartagena, Spain. Boat International called it "the boundary pushing superyacht". The yacht is owned by Melnichenko through Valla Yachts Ltd. of Bermuda, and was initially registered there at Hamilton. In December 2021 the yacht was moved to the Isle of Man flag and registered at Douglas.

Sanctions 
The yacht was seized by the Italian Guardia di Finanza on 12 March 2022 in the port of Trieste, due to the EU's sanctions imposed on a number of Russian businessmen as a consequence of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. A spokesperson for Melnichenko vowed to contest the seizure. While under seizure, the yacht was re-registered in June 2022 at Freetown, under the Sierra Leone flag. As of January 2025, the yacht was at an anchorage in the Gulf of Trieste.

Specifications
Building site: Kiel, Germany
Builder: Nobiskrug
Naval architecture: Nobiskrug & Dykstra Naval Architects
Exterior design: Philippe Starck
Interior decoration: Philippe Starck
Diesel powerplant: two MTU 20V 4000 M73L 2,050 rpm 3,600 kW lineshaft engines
Electric powerplant: four 1,050–2,050rpm 2,800 kW hotel generators driving two Vacon 4,300 kW lineshaft motors
Transmission: superimposable/clutched diesel-electric transmission controlled by DEIF systems
Propulsion: Andritz Hydro / Escher Wyss & Cie. 5-bladed controllable-pitch lineshaft  twin screw
Emission treatment: Emigreen, 4 × diesel particulate filter (soot filtration) on diesel generators.

See also
 List of large sailing yachts
 
 
 Yachts impacted by international sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine

References

Individual sailing yachts
Three-masted ships
Ships built in Kiel
Sailing yachts built in Germany
2015 ships
Ernest George Coker. Prof Ernest George Coker FRS  FRSE MIME MICE Wh.Ex. (26 April 1869 – 9 April 1946) was a British mathematician and engineer. He won the Howard N. Potts Medal for Physics in 1922, and the Rumford Medal for work on polarised light in 1936. He was an expert on stress analysis and Photoelasticity. He contributed to Encyclopædia Britannica and other works under the initials E.G.C.

Life
He was born on 26 April 1869 in Wolverton in Buckinghamshire the son of George Coker, an engine-fitter, and his wife, Sarah Tompkins. His birthplace is often wrongly stated as Wolverhampton.

He was educated at a private school at Stony Stratford. In 1890 he won a Whitworth Scholarship allowing him to study at the Royal College of Science in London and then both the University of Edinburgh and Peterhouse, Cambridge where he graduated with a Mechanical Sciences Tripos in 1896.

His early jobs included Assistant Examiner of Patents at H M Patent Office in London. In 1898 he won the post of Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering at McGill University in Montreal. Coker returned to Britain, and in 1901 he received a DSc from the University of Edinburgh. In 1905 he took the role of Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mathematics at Finsbury Technical College, then in 1914 got the chair in Civil and Mechanical Engineering at University College, London (now UCL).

He received honorary doctorates from three universities: Edinburgh, Sydney and Louvain.

In 1903 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and 1916 a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1921 he was awarded a Telford Medal by the Institution of Civil Engineers and in 1922, in recognition of his work on the photo-elastic method of measuring stress, a Howard N. Potts gold medal for physics by the Franklin Institute. In 1924 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto.

He retired in 1934 and became President of the Whitworth Society a year later in 1935.

Coker died at The Gables, Wheatfield Road in Ayr on 9 April 1946.

Family
He married Alice Mary King (d.1941) in 1899.

References

1869 births
1946 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
English civil engineers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Milton Keynes
The Spiral (New York City). The Spiral, also known as 66 Hudson Boulevard, is a 66-floor,  skyscraper with , on 34th Street between Hudson Boulevard and Tenth Avenue in Hudson Yards, Manhattan, New York City. It was developed by Tishman Speyer, constructed by Turner Construction, and opened in 2023.

The building got its name as each floor has outdoor gardens that spiral around the facade of the building in a continuous green pathway. It was designed by Bjarke Ingels Group, which also designed the nearby West 57. Space Copenhagen provided interior design services. The building includes a clubhouse and an open-air terrace with panoramic city views on the 66th floor, along with a lounge. The building has an irrigation system provided by Bosch that is designed to save 4.5 million gallons of water per year compared to other systems.

History
The tower was conceptualized in 2014 as the Hudson Spire, with a  roof height and a  architectural height. It was marketed as the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. Tishman Speyer spent $438 million acquiring the site. In late 2015, Tishman Speyer paid $25 million to two men who lived in a four-story building on the site, to get them to relocate. While Tishman had prevailed in court, the tenants threatened to delay the development by five years via additional court cases.

Plans for the building were filed in September 2016. In April 2018, a mortgage real estate investment trust managed by Blackstone Inc. provided a $1.8 billion construction loan. The building topped-out in January 2021. In March 2023, the building won the CoStar Impact Award for best commercial development in the New York City region. Tishman Speyer sought to refinance the building in late 2024 with a $3 billion loan.

Tenants
The building includes a restaurant run by Erik Ramirez and Juan Correa in its base. Ramirez and Correa are known for Llama San, in the West Village and Llama Inn, in Williamsburg.

Tenants include:
Floor 2: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital - Och Spine Center
Floors 3–5: HSBC
Floors 7–21: Pfizer
Floor 22: Baker Tilly
Floor 23: NCC-group PLC
Floors 25–28: AllianceBernstein
Floor 28: ProShares, SEB Group
Floors 32–33: Marshall Wace
Floors 35–36: Turner Construction
Floors 40–52: Debevoise & Plimpton

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City

References

External links
 

2023 establishments in New York City
34th Street (Manhattan)
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Hudson Yards, Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 2023
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Bjarke Ingels Group buildings
Office buildings in the United States
2020s architecture in the United States
Itzik Kotler. Itzik Kotler is an Israeli entrepreneur, inventor, and information security specialist who is the co-founder and CTO of SafeBreach, an Israeli cybersecurity firm. Kotler was previously the Security Operation Center Team Leader at Tel Aviv–based Radware. He has given multiple talks at DEF CON, the world's largest hacker convention.

Career
Kotler is an autodidact and played with computers and programmed since an early age. He started his career with the Israel Defense Forces. After serving in the military, Kotler worked at Radware where he became the Security Operation Center Team Leader. In 2009, Kotler (along with colleague, Tomer Bitton) demonstrated at DEF CON how a hacker could feasibly spread malware through software updates for applications like Skype. At the conference, Kotler and Bitton released a tool known as Ippon ("game over" in judo parlance) that could ask users on a public Wi-Fi network to update a specific application. If the users agreed, they would download malware instead of the updated version of the application.

Kotler left Radware in 2010 and joined a digital security firm, Security Art. Kotler served as the company's CTO. In May 2011, Kotler presented at the HackInTheBox conference in Amsterdam where he demonstrated how a Stuxnet-like malware could physically destroy servers in a permanent denial-of-service (PDoS) attack. Later in 2011, Kotler and Iftach Ian Amit presented at DEF CON, demonstrating how a bot master could communicate with botnets and with "zombie machines" using VoIP conference calls. Their open-source software, Moshi, illustrated how they could send instructions to and receive data from botnets and infiltrated networks using any phone line (including payphones). Kotler also hosted a "Hack-a-thon" in 2011 with the goal of teaching hackers new techniques and improving information security.

After leaving Security Art, Kotler went on to co-found SafeBreach with Guy Bejerano in September 2014. Kotler serves as the company's CTO. In July 2015, SafeBreach announced that it had raised $4 million in funding from Silicon Valley–based Sequoia Capital and angel investor, Shlomo Kramer. One of the company's primary services is a simulated "war game" that seeks to find breaches in a network's system.

Kotler is the author of "Reverse Engineering with LD_PRELOAD," an article published in 2005. The article discussed how LD_PRELOAD can be abused in order to highjack functions and inject code and manipulate applications flow. The same year, Kotler wrote for and presented at the 22nd Chaos Communication Congress. His presentation "Advanced Buffer Overflow Methods" was used in various academic papers and conferences. Additional work includes speaking at BlackHat USA and RSA Europe in 2008 on the topic of a prototype Javascript malware called Jinx, and organizing two additional hackathons proving the concept of Trojan in Python that infects Python files.

References

External links
 SafeBreach Official Website

Living people
Chief technology officers
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli inventors
21st-century Israeli military personnel
Year of birth missing (living people)
Graeme Jameson. Graeme John Jameson (born 1936) is an Australia engineer who is a professor and Director of the Centre for Multiphase Processes at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in New South Wales, Australia. He is notable for being the inventor of the Jameson Cell mineral separation device, which he devised in the 1980s. The Jameson Cell uses bubbles to separate super fine particles during mineral processing. It is based on the froth flotation mineral separation process, first invented in 1905.

In the coal industry alone, Jameson's cell has retrieved 36 billion worth of export coal particles. It is being used worldwide in the separation of coal, copper, lead, nickel, platinum, silver and zinc.

Education 
In 1960 Jameson received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from the University of New South Wales (UNSW), and in 1963 a PhD from the University of Cambridge.

Career and research
Jameson has been Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Newcastle since 1978.

Awards and honours 
Jameson was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2005, and received the Antoine M. Gaudin Medal in 2013. In 2013 he was also NSW Scientist of the Year. In 2015 he won a Prime Minister's Prize for Science for his cell, and the Prime Minister's Prize for Innovation. Also in 2015, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the development of innovative flotation technology for advanced mineral processing. In 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence with a fellowship of 1600 of the world's most eminent scientists.

References 

1936 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Australian fellows of the Royal Society
University of New South Wales alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Loxodromic navigation. Loxodromic navigation (from Greek λοξóς, oblique, and δρóμος, path) is a method of navigation by following a rhumb line, a curve on the surface of the Earth that follows the same angle at the intersection with each meridian. This serves to maintain a steady course in sailing.

Navigating on a spherical surface with a fixed course ( in the figure) results in a spiral path that approaches the North Pole for courses ranging from 270º to 090º and the South Pole for courses from 090º to 270º. On a nautical chart plotted according to the Mercator projection, a loxodromic course appears as a straight line.

Comparison Chart

See also 
 Great circle navigation
 Windrose network
 Map
 Portolan map
 Marine sandglass
 Compass rose
 Isoazimuthal

References

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6233256

External links 
 algorithms/ assistance program for loxodromic navigation

Navigation
Spherical curves
Woodberry Wetlands. Woodberry Wetlands is a nature reserve and designated Site of Metropolitan Importance on the site of the East Reservoir in the Manor House area in the London Borough of Hackney. The site opened to the public for the first time in 200 years on 1 May 2016.  Covering  and situated close to the Lee Valley, Woodberry Wetlands was acquired as a nature reserve in 2014. The site is owned by Thames Water and run by London Wildlife Trust.

After a major redevelopment the East Reservoir now offers free public access. The reserve was developed by London Wildlife Trust in collaboration with Thames Water, Berkeley Homes and London Borough of Hackney, with funding from Heritage Lottery Fund. The site contains a boardwalk, a visitors' centre with café, toilet facilities and a classroom. The New River Path runs alongside the northern edge of the reservoir. This forms part of a cycle route connecting to Walthamstow Wetlands, badged as the 'Wetlands to Wetlands Greenway'.

History 

Before the 1600s London's water supply was mostly reliant on the River Thames, local streams, wells and springs. King James I authorised the construction of the New River in 1604 to bring clean water from springs in Hertfordshire and Middlesex to London.

Created in 1833, the reservoirs stored water from The New River. The banks of the reservoirs were lined at higher levels with stones taken from London Bridge, then in the course of demolition.

Presently, water is temporarily held at the East Reservoir before processing at Walthamstow Reservoirs. The west reservoir has been converted into a water sports centre.

Ecology 

Woodberry Wetlands is located close to the Lee Valley and is a resting place for migratory birds that move to and from the Lee Valley Special Protection Area, with waterfowl such as pochard, shoveler and gadwall visiting the site. Grey heron, tufted duck, reed bunting and other wetland birds are also present, along with kingfisher and other species such as damselflies, dragonflies, amphibians and bats.

A significant expansion of the reed beds, organised by London Wildlife Trust, provides increased wildlife habitat with the aim of encouraging more reed bunting and reed warbler to breed at the site, as well as provide additional habitat for overwintering bittern.

References

External links
 
 The Systematic List of Birds of Stoke Newington Reservoirs & Woodberry Wetlands

London Wildlife Trust
Nature reserves in the London Borough of Hackney
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hackney
Protected areas established in 2014
2014 establishments in England
Dynamic Sport Climber. The Dynamic Sport Climber is a series of Polish paramotors designed and produced by Dynamic Sport of Kielce for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Climber was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place accommodation and a single Simonini Mini 2 Plus  engine in pusher configuration with a 2.4:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller, depending on the model. The fuel tank capacity is , with  optional.

As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Variants
Climber 100
Model with a Simonini Mini 2 Plus  engine in pusher configuration with a 2.4:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  or optionally .
Climber 120
Model with a Simonini Mini 2 Plus  engine in pusher configuration with a 2.4:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  or optionally .

Specifications (Climber 100)

See also
Dynamic Sport Rocket

References

Climber
2000s Polish ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Dynamic Sport Rocket. The Dynamic Sport Rocket is a series of Polish paramotors designed and produced by Dynamic Sport of Kielce for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Rocket was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as well as European regulations. It features a paraglider-style wing, single-place accommodation and a single Radne Raket 120  engine in pusher configuration with a 3.25:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller, depending on the model. The fuel tank capacity is , with  optional.

As is the case with all paramotors, take-off and landing is accomplished by foot. Inflight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw.

Variants
Rocket 100
Model with a Radne Raket 120  engine in pusher configuration with a 3.25:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is .
Rocket 110
Model with a Radne Racket 120  engine in pusher configuration with a 3.25:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  or optionally .
Rocket 115
Model with a Radne Racket 120  engine in pusher configuration with a 3.25:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  or optionally .
Rocket 120
Model with a Radne Racket 120  engine in pusher configuration with a 3.25:1 ratio reduction drive and a  diameter propeller. The fuel tank capacity is  or optionally .

Specifications (Rocket 100)

See also
Dynamic Sport Climber

References

Rocket
2000s Polish ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Paramotors
Sûrtab. Sûrtab S.A. is a Haitian technology company headquartered in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, that designs, develops, and sells computer hardware and consumer electronics, most notably, tablet computers.

Etymology
The name Sûrtab, is derived from a contraction between the French word, "sûr", which is used to designate things that are emphatic, certain, and true, that can not be questioned, must happen infallibly, and are reliable; with the English word "tablet".

See also
 Comparison of tablet computers

References

2013 establishments in Haiti
Companies based in Port-au-Prince
Computer companies established in 2013
Haitian companies established in 2013
Computer hardware companies
Display technology companies
Electronics companies established in 2013
Haitian brands
Retail companies of Haiti
Tablet computers
Tablet computers introduced in 2013
Companies of Haiti
Touchscreen portable media players
136th Civil Engineer Squadron. The 136th Civil Engineer Squadron (136 CES) is a unit of the 136th Airlift Wing, Texas Air National Guard, Texas Military Forces stationed at Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, Texas. If activated to federal service, the Squadron is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.

Lineage
 
Constituted as 136th Civil Engineering Flight on 1 October 1969 
Assignment to National Guard Bureau on 1 October 1969
Extended Federal Recognition on 1 November 1969 
Assigned to Texas Air National Guard on 1 November 1969
Assigned to 136th Tactical Airlift Wing on 1 November 1969
Stationed at Naval Air Station Dallas, Hensley Field on 1 November 1969
Re-Designated as 136th Civil Engineering Squadron on 1 July 1985
Assigned to Air Combat Command on 1 October 1993
Re-Designated as 136th Civil Engineer Squadron on 1 March 1994
Assigned to Air Mobility Command on 1 April 1997
Stationed at Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base on 27 April 1999

Decorations
 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1972 (1 May 1969 – 30 Apr 1977) (136ARW)
1985 (1 Jan 1980 – 1 Aug 1982) (136CEF)
1985 (1 Jan 1983 – 31 Dec 1984) (136AW)
1991 (1 Sep 1989 – 1 Jun 1991) (136AW)
2009 (1 Oct 2006 – 30 Sep 2008) (136CES)
2015 (1 Oct 2012 – 30 Sep 2014) (136AW)
 Texas Governor's Unit Citation

References

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Civil engineering
Engineering squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations in Texas
Texas Military Forces