omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Intelligen. Intelligen, Inc. is a provider of process simulation and production scheduling tools and services for the process industries. It is headquartered in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, US, has offices in Europe and representatives in several countries around the globe.

History 
Founded in 1991, Intelligen was born out of research work carried out at the Biotechnology Process Engineering Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Its process simulation and production scheduling tools focus on the needs of the following industries: Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, Fine chemicals, Biofuels, Food & Consumer Products, Mineral Processing, Wastewater Treatment, Water Purification, and Air Pollution Control. It has pioneered technologies and tools for modeling and optimization of Batch production processes. The company's principals have contributed to an established textbook on Bioseparations Science and Engineering. SuperPro Designer, the company's comprehensive process simulator, has been used to analyze and evaluate 11 bioprocesses featured in a book on Development of Sustainable Bioprocesses.

References

External links 
 Official website

Companies based in Union County, New Jersey
Software companies established in 1991
Software companies based in New Jersey
Scotch Plains, New Jersey
1991 establishments in Massachusetts
Software companies of the United States
Nimr (armored personnel carrier). The Nimr () is a family of all-terrain military armored personnel carrier (APC) vehicles, co-developed with Russia's Military Industrial Company and produced by Nimr LLC in the United Arab Emirates. The Nimr is designed specifically for military operations in the harsh desert climates found in the Middle East.

Development 
The Nimr is a multipurpose vehicle intended to address the requirements for replacement of existing 4×4 APCs, primarily in the Middle East and Asia.

Production of the first prototype of Nimr vehicles was conducted by engineers from a subsidiary of GAZ and the first prototype of the vehicles was introduced in 2000. Further development was undertaken by Bin Jabr Group, which teamed up with Rheinmetall and MBDA to incorporate air defense and anti-tank defense mechanisms, called NIMRAD and NIMRAT. The first Nimr vehicle was unveiled to the public at IDEX 2007.

In February 2009, Bin Jabr Group and Tawazun Holdings set up a joint venture to produce the vehicle which was called Nimr Automotive LLC.

The production facilities are located in the Tawazun Industrial Park in Abu Dhabi.

In July 2012, Algeria and the United Arab Emirates signed an agreement for production of the armored vehicle in Algeria for the North African market.

Types

AJBAN 
 AJBAN 420
 AJBAN 440
 AJBAN 440A (Equipped with anti-tank guided missiles)
 AJBAN 447
 AJBAN 447A
 AJBAN 450
 AJBAN ISV Internal Security Vehicle
 AJBAN LRSOV Special Operations Vehicle (SOV)
 AJBAN VIP

HAFEET 
 HAFEET Class:
 HAFEET 620
 HAFEET 620A Logistics and Utility Vehicle
 HAFEET 640A Artillery Support Vehicle (Observation and Command & Control configurations)
 HAFEET APC
 HAFEET Ambulance

JAIS 
 JAIS Class:
 JAIS 4x4
 JAIS 6x6

Operators

Potential operators

References

External links 
Nimr II datasheet in arymrecognition.com

Military trucks
Off-road vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period
Military vehicles of the United Arab Emirates
Military light utility vehicles
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection. The India – Sri Lanka HVDC Grid Interconnection is a proposed project to link the national grids of India and Sri Lanka. The project involves the construction of a high-voltage direct current (HDVC) connection between Madurai in southern India, and Anuradhapura in central Sri Lanka, through the Palk Strait. The link would measure  in length, including  of submarine cables, and would take more than three years to construct. It would be implemented by the Power Grid Corporation of India Limited and Ceylon Electricity Board.

India's grid is connected to Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. This project will link Sri Lanka with the rest of the South Asian grid.

Having been contemplated since 1970, the project has four implementation alternatives in consideration:
 Madurai–Anuradhapura
 Thoothukudi–Puttalam
 Madurai–Puttalam
 Madurai–Anuradhapura (with back-to-back HVDC)

The connection will be developed in two phases, of which the first phase, scheduled to complete in the near-future, would enable the transmission of  between the two countries. The second phase would enable a  transmission capacity, the target capacity.

It is expected to reach a total development cost of approximately US$800,000,000. Such a connection between the two countries would enable the nations to sell excess energy, thus saving valuable resources.

In February 2016, Damitha Kumarasinghe, Director general of Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka, announced that pre-feasibility studies on the project had been completed.

Additionally, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in collaboration with Ceylon Electricity Board completed an operational analysis of the HVDC connection for one year of operations.

But due to the ongoing 2019 economic crisis in Sri Lanka, the already planned 55 km under sea cable HVDC link is redesigned to be constructed as a over sea cable HVDC link, and the project is planned to be completed within 2030 from Madurai to Anuradhapura with the help of the World Bank.

See also 
 High-voltage direct current
 List of HVDC projects
 List of power stations in Sri Lanka

References

External links 
 Ministry of Power & Energy (Sri Lanka)
 

Proposed electric power transmission systems
Electric power transmission infrastructure in India
Proposed electric power infrastructure in India
Proposed electric power infrastructure in Sri Lanka
2013 in India
Energy in Tamil Nadu
India–Sri Lanka relations
Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu
Minkowski Portal Refinement. The Minkowski Portal Refinement collision detection algorithm is a technique for determining whether two convex shapes overlap.

The algorithm was created by Gary Snethen in 2006 and was first published in Game Programming Gems 7.  The algorithm was used in Tomb Raider: Underworld and other games created by Crystal Dynamics and its sister studios within Eidos Interactive.

MPR, like its cousin GJK, relies on shapes that are defined using support mappings.  This allows the algorithm to support a limitless variety of shapes that are problematic for other algorithms.  Support mappings require only a single mathematical function to represent a point, line segment, disc, cylinder, cone, ellipsoid, football, bullet, frustum or most any other common convex shape.  Once a set of basic primitives have been created, they can easily be combined with one another using operations such as sweep, shrink-wrap and affine transformation.

Unlike GJK, MPR does not provide the shortest distance between separated shapes.  However, according to its author, MPR is simpler, more numerically robust and handles translational sweeping with very little modification.  This makes it well-suited for games and other real-time applications.

External links
 Snethen, Gary (2008) "Complex Collision Made Simple", Game Programming Gems 7, 165–178
 Snethen, Gary (2008) "XenoCollide Homepage"
 Open source implementation: libccd

Geometric algorithms
Convex geometry
William J. Powell. William Jenifer Powell (July 27, 1897 – July 12, 1942) was an American engineer, soldier, civil aviator and writer who is credited with promoting aviation among the African-American community. Along with Bessie Coleman and James Banning, he is recognized as a pioneer aviator and a civil rights activist. Powell was optimistic about the prospects of African Americans in aviation, and believed that their involvement in the industry would help end racial prejudice at a time of widespread segregation under the Jim Crow laws.

Early life
Powell was born in Henderson, Kentucky and moved with his family to Chicago, where he was accepted to the University of Illinois electrical engineering program. His studies were cut short when he volunteered to the 370th Illinois Infantry Regiment and was shipped off to fight in World War I. He was wounded in a gas attack, and subsequently returned to the United States to finish his college degree. Powell was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Career
He was fascinated by flight and applied to the Army Air Corps and several other flight schools without success, until he was accepted at the Los Angeles School of Flight in 1928. Powell then founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, in honor of the first female black aviator, who had died three years before. In 1929, Chicago Congressman Oscar De Priest, then the nation's only black representative, visited Los Angeles. Powell took De Priest on a flight over the city, and subsequently asked Susan Hancock, Booker T. Washington's mother-in-law, to christen the plane with the congressman's name. Other personalities that visited Powell's club included Duke Ellington and Joe Louis.

To complement his work at the club, Powell also established a school to train mechanics and pilots, and published the Craftsmen Aero News, which he claimed to be the first African-American trade journal. On Labor Day 1931, the club sponsored the first all-black air show in the United States, which was attended by 15,000 spectators. By 1932, Powell was one of only 14 Black pilots in the United States, as well as being a licensed navigator and aeronautical engineer.

Bessie Coleman Aero was closed due to financial hardships caused by the Great Depression. In 1934 Powell published Black Wings, a fictionalized account of his own life, through which he aimed to inspire young African Americans to enter aviation not only as pilots, but as designers, engineers and mechanics. He called for them to "fill the air with black wings".

Powell died in 1942, probably due to the effects of his exposure to poison gas in the war. He is buried in the Los Angeles National Cemetery.

References

Further reading

External links
  at the National Air and Space Museum

1897 births
1942 deaths
Aviators from Kentucky
Writers from Chicago
People from Henderson, Kentucky
University of Illinois alumni
20th-century African-American writers
Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery
United States Army soldiers
Praga E-45. The Praga E-45 was a single-engined, single-seat biplane fighter built in Czechoslovakia in the mid-1930s.  It appeared a little too late to compete with the similar Avia B-534 and failed to get a production order.

Design and development

The Praga E-45 single-seat fighter was designed to compete with the Avia B-534, but flew some 17 months later.  Since the two aircraft had very similar performance and the Avia was more heavily armed, it is not surprising that the Avia won a contract for over 400 aircraft and only one E-45 was built.

The E-45 was an equal span, single bay biplane with wings of slight stagger and no sweep.  They were largely of constant chord, but had marked elliptical tips. The wings were wooden with plywood covering and a final sheath of fabric, the upper wings a single piece, connected to and held above the upper fuselage by a pair of outward sloping N form struts.  The lower wings were attached to stubs integral with the lower fuselage.  N-form interplane struts joined the wings, which were wire braced. Aerodynamically balanced ailerons covered almost all the trailing edge of the lower wing.

The fuselage was built around a rectangular steel tube structure. This was aluminium skinned around the engine, upper decking and extreme tail, and fabric covered over plywood elsewhere. The single cockpit was well aft of the wings and could be open or enclosed. The tailplane was wooden and plywood plus fabric covered, but the fin and control surfaces were fabric covered steel frames.  The control surfaces were horn balanced, and the tail plane incidence could be trimmed in flight.  The fin, too, was directionally adjustable, but only on the ground.  The undercarriage was fixed, with semi-cantilever faired legs from the leading edge stubs braced high up the legs and inwards to the fuselage bottom with faired struts.  The optionally spatted wheels were oleo damped and had differential brakes.  There was a sprung tailskid.

The E-45 was powered by a 670 hp (500 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel XVI liquid-cooled V-12 engine, far less powerful than the Avia's Hispano-Suiza with 850 hp (625 kW). It drove a two-bladed propeller which had a large chin radiator immediately behind it. There was neither external exhaust piping nor stubs, just six small open ports per side.  Two fixed 7.92 mm (0.312 in)  calibre Type 30 machine guns were mounted in the upper cowling, firing through the propeller.

The E-45 first flew on 8 October 1934, with Smetena at the controls.  By then a large order for the competing Avia 534 had been placed (August 1934) and the E-45 could only act as a reserve in case of production or other problems with the Avia, even though it seems to have flown quite well.  No more were built and the sole example of the Praga E-45 eventually received a civil registration, OK-ERR in April 1938, after which nothing was heard of it.

Specifications (wheel fairings, enclosed cockpit, metal airscrew)

Citations

Cited sources

E-45
1930s Czechoslovak fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Getchellite. Getchellite is a rare sulfide of arsenic and antimony, AsSbS3, that was discovered by B. G. Weissberg of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1963, and approved as a new species by the International Mineralogical Association in 1965. Many metal sulfides are grey to black, but a few are brightly colored.  Orpiment is yellow to brownish gold, cinnabar is deep red and getchellite is a bright orange red.

Thermal properties
Getchellite turns darker red when heated, becoming black by the time it reaches its melting point. Close to this temperature it sublimes (changes directly from a solid to a vapor) and recrystallizes on cooler surfaces as minute acicular black crystals.Melting point: 340 °C to 355 °C. Boiling point: near 470 °C.

Structure
Each of the semimetal atoms, arsenic and antimony, is bonded to three sulfur atoms to form a trigonal pyramid characteristic of elements in group V of the periodic table. These  pyramids form 8-membered  rings which in turn combine to form sheets parallel to (001), with each sulfur atom bonded to two semimetal atoms.  The occupancy of the metal sites is disordered, and within the sheets the 8-membered rings are orientated normal to the plane of the sheet. The sheet structure is responsible for the cleavage and twin planes of getchellite
Unit cell a = 11.949 Å; b = 9.028 Å; c = 10.130 Å; β= 116.15°; V = 980.9 Å3; Z = 8.  Space group P21/a.

Powder diffraction

Discovery
In August 1962 Weissberg visited the Getchell mine at Adam Peak, about 32 km northeast of Golconda, in Humboldt County, Nevada, US. The purpose of his visit was to collect samples for a study of the relationship between various fairly common sulfides, not to look for new minerals.  Getchellite was in some of the samples, but it was not discovered until the rocks were re-examined, a year later.  The new mineral was named after the Getchell Mine, which in turn became the type locality.  Samples from the mine are preserved as type material (a reference material for the mineral), at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., US.

Environment
At the type locality getchellite is found in an epithermal (formed at low temperature) arsenical gold deposit in a narrow, steeply dipping fault zone cutting across interbedded shales, argillites (lithified muds and oozes) and limestones, near an intrusion of  granodiorite.Associated minerals are orpiment, realgar, stibnite, cinnabar and quartz, as well as galkhaite, laffittite, chabournéite, christite, lorandite, marcasite, barite, fluorite and calcite.

Distribution
Getchellite is found at the type locality in Nevada, United States, and also in Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.

Synthesis
Getchellite has been synthesized from As3SbS6 glass in sodium sulfide solutions at 2600 C. and 1,000 bars pressure.

References

Sulfide minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Flight of the Red Tail. Flight of the Red Tail is a 2009 historical documentary film by Adam White about the Red Tail Project's successful return to flight of a World War II P-51 Mustang. The plane had been originally flown by the United States Air Force 332d Fighter Group as a bomber escort  for the Allied Forces in the European Theatre of World War II and serves as a travelling and flying tribute to the Tuskegee Airmen. It had become inoperable during a 2004 crash after having been restored for exhibition flying once before in 2001. The Red Tail Project is a part of the Commemorative Air Force.   The film is a sequel to Red Tail Reborn which brought attention to the attempt to relaunch of the plane after the 2004 crash.

Details

The film was released in DVD format on November 27, 2009.  The film, which was produced in NTSC Dolby 5.1 format, had a running time of 12 minutes.  It is contained on a single disc.  This film chronicles the reconstruction by picking up where Red Tail Reborn left off in 2007.  It is described as a companion piece to its predecessor, but White says it is only part of a continuing story.

The five-year restoration occurred at Tri-State Aviation in Wahpeton, North Dakota from 2004 to 2009.  In 2007 Gerry Beck, one of the primary restorers was in an aviation collision of a P-51A and a P-51D during AirVenture 2007.  Nonetheless, the rebuilding continued with the mounting of the engine in 2008 and the mating of the wing in 2009.  On July 22, 2009, four days before AirVenture 2009 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin the plane had its first flight. Then, it was flown to Wisconsin for its public debut.  After the show it returned to Minnesota with a 6 AT-6 escort.

References

Bibliography

External links
 
 
 2009 Homecoming photoessay

2009 films
2009 documentary films
Documentary films about African Americans
American aviation films
American documentary television films
Films set in North Dakota
Films shot in North Dakota
Films shot in Minnesota
Historic preservation in the United States
Tuskegee Airmen
Wahpeton, North Dakota
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films
Naval Aircraft Factory N2N. The Naval Aircraft Factory N2N was an American two-seat open-cockpit primary training biplane designed and built by the Naval Aircraft Factory. The N2N could be fitted with twin-floats and was powered by a 200 hp Lawrance J-1 radial engine, only three N2N-1s were built.

Variants
N2N-1
Three-built later re-designated XN2N-1.
XN2N-1
The three N2N-1s re-designated.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

N02N
1920s United States military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Floatplanes
Single-engined piston aircraft
SS Empire Byron. Empire Byron was a  cargo ship which was built in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). Completed in January 1942, she had a short service career. Empire Byron was torpedoed and sunk on 5 July 1942 by  while a member of Convoy PQ 17.

Description
Empire Byron was built by Bartram & Sons Ltd, Sunderland for the MoWT. She was yard number 289. Empire Byron was launched on 6 October 1941 and completed in January 1942.

The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by North East Marine Engine Co (1938) Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. She had a GRT of 6,645 and a NRT of 4,796.

Career
Empire Byron was operated under the management of Haldin & Philipps Ltd. She was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

PQ 12
Convoy PQ 12 departed Reykjavík, Iceland on 1 March 1942. It arrived at Murmansk on 12 March. Empire Byron was a member of this convoy.

QP 9
Convoy QP 9 departed the Kola Inlet, Soviet Union on 21 March 1942 and arrived at Reykjavík on 3 April. Empire Byron was listed as a member of this convoy, with a destination of Immingham.

PQ 17
Convoy PQ 17 departed Reykjavík on 27 June 1942 and scattered at sea on 5 July. Empire Byron had started her voyage from Hull. She was carrying a cargo of 15 aircraft, 30 tanks, 2,455 tons of military stores and six vehicles. On 4 July, Empire Byron was hit by a torpedo dropped by a Heinkel He 111 of II/KG 26 and was damaged, straggling behind the convoy. at 08:27 (German time) on 5 July,  fired another torpedo, which sank Empire Byron with the loss of six crew and a passenger at . A second passenger was taken prisoner. He was landed at Narvik, Norway on 15 July. The remaining 62 survivors were rescued by  and landed at Archangelsk on 16 July.

The ship's captain, John Wharton MBE, and the 3rd Radio Officer, R Phillips, were each awarded a Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea for their actions in the sinking of Empire Byron. In the case of Phillips, the award was posthumous. Those lost on Empire Byron are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial, London.

Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Byron had the United Kingdom Official Number 169005 and used the Code Letters BCTG.

References

1941 ships
Ships built on the River Wear
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Arctic Ocean
Maritime incidents in July 1942
Nord Norelfe. 

The Nord 1750 Norelfe was a 1950s French three-seat helicopter built by Nord Aviation and designed by Jean Cantinieau.

Development
The 1750 Norelfe was based on the Matra-Cantinieau MC-101A, an earlier helicopter designed by Jean Cantinieau. It had a single main rotor, with torque control through a movable duct at the end of the tailboom. Powered by a Turbomeca Artouste turboshaft, the first of two Norelfes flew on 28 December 1954.

The company sold the two helicopters and the design rights to Aerotécnica of Spain who redesignated them the Aerotécnica AC-13A. Aerotécnica went on to produce a larger five-seat version, the Aerotécnica AC-14 which was used by the Ejército del Aire (Spanish Air Force).

Specifications (AC-13A)

See also

References

Further reading

 

1950s French helicopters
1950s French experimental aircraft
Norelfe
Single-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1954
Anderson Z. The Anderson Z is an early 1930s American-designed single-engine biplane.

Development
The Model Z was designed and built by a self-taught "Flying Farmer", Andrew A. Anderson of Hawley, Minnesota and Rollag, Minnesota. It is of typical biplane layout, with the upper wing supported by cabane struts from the forward fuselage, and these also house the air-cooled radiator. The tailplane is high-set on the rear fuselage and the two seats are housed in separate open cockpits. The undercarriage is fixed and unsprung. The powerplant is a Curtiss OX-5 of .

Operational history
The aircraft was flown by Anderson during the early 1930s, but was retired before World War II. It was discovered in a dismantled state in 1977 and was acquired by the Antique Airplane Association (AAA) who restored it for display. It is now (2009) owned by the Airpower Museum based at the Antique Airfield near Blakesburg, Iowa. It last taxied under its own power during the 1994 AAA fly-in.

Specifications

Notes

References
Bibliography

External links
Specifications and image at Aerofiles

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932