omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Output signal switching device. An output signal switching device (OSSD) is an electronic device used as part of the safety system of a machine. It provides a coded signal which, when interrupted due to a safety event, signals the machine to shut down. It works by converting the standard direct current supply, usually 24 volts, into two pulsed and out-of-phase signals. The benefit of this is to avoid the possibility of a stray signal keeping the machine operating while actually in an unsafe condition.

Technical description
The device usually acts as the interface of a sensor (such as a light curtain), designed to signal a safety-related event, typically when the light curtain beam's being "broken". OSSD signals are the outputs from the protective device (light curtain or scanner) to a safety relay. OSSD outputs are typically semiconductor or transistor outputs, as opposed to relay or contact type outputs. There are usually two independent channels, so-called OSSD1 and OSSD2.

The non-tripped state is typically 24 VDC, and the tripped state (when the safety barrier has been violated) 0 VDC. If a wire were to break between the light curtain and the safety relay, the safety relay would trip to the safe state.

The OSSD outputs are self-checked. In the non-tripped state, the outputs periodically pulse low. The protective device checks the output, to make sure it does indeed go low when commanded. If not, the output may have failed or has shorted to 24V somewhere else. Between OSSD1 and OSSD2 the pulse intervals are staggered to check for crisscrossed wiring between the two.

The technology relies on two independent channels carrying the same information output by the device:

The OSSD technology and a classification of timing and other properties are described in the "Position Paper CB24I" issued by ZVEI - German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturer's Association. 
OSSD signals are typically of Interface type C as described in CB24I.

 Idle signal is 24 V, periodically shortly pulsed to 0 V (pulses are not synchronous) in order for the receiver to ensure no shortcut to either 0 V or 24 V.
 Active signal is issued when both lines present 0 V; a single line presenting 0 V for a duration longer than the test pulses is sufficient to signal an event.

Some related terms:
 Electrosensitive protective equipment (ESPE) - a device such as a light curtain, safety scanner, or gate position sensor. The ESPE has OSSD outputs.
 External Device Monitor (EDM). The device issuing the OSSD signals may have an EDM input. The EDM is used to verify that the controlled device (safety relay) did indeed open when the OSSD signals were dropped. The safety relay has normally closed contacts, which close when the relay is de-energized, thereby turning on the EDM input.

See also 
 Automation
 Safety engineering

References 

 European patent EP 2 362 408 B1 accorded to Rockwell Automation Germany GmbH & Co. KG, with chronograms and examples.
 Article from the review Instrumentation and Control (South Africa) explaining use cases.

Safety engineering
Industrial automation
Robert Barker (physician). Robert Barker (died 1745) was a British physician and inventor. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society from 1732.

Barker invented both a reflecting microscope, exhibited in 1736, and "Barker's mill", a prototype reaction turbine (1743). According to James Dodson, he was a friend of Charles Labelye. He died in London, on 9 September 1745.

Barker's Mill
Barker's Mill, a rotating device powered by water and Newton's Third Law, is sometimes described as a 17th-century invention. It is attributed to Dr Robert Barker F.R.S., in 1743. It was published by John Theophilus Desaguliers in his book Experimental Philosophy of 1744. Desaguliers, who himself demonstrated the mill to the Royal Society, attributed the principle involved to Antoine Parent. French terms for the mill are tourniquet hydraulique, moulin de Parent or roue à réaction.

A complex timeline of development ensued.

As the Segner wheel, practical application of the idea is often credited to Johann Andreas Segner (1750).
Leonhard Euler with the Euler wheel of 1754 developed Segner's concept.
James Ferguson the lecturer notices in 1767 "a model of Dr. Barker's water mill".
c.1790 James Rumsey had an "improvement upon Dr. Barker’s mill: a mode to allow circular or retrograde motion mills with a smaller quantity of water to be moved or turned".
1827 water turbine of Benoît Fourneyron.
In 1839 James Whitelaw and James Stirrat of Paisley obtained a patent for a water turbine based on "Barker's Mill".

Notes

Year of birth missing
1745 deaths
18th-century British medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century British inventors
Hermann Bleuler. Hermann Bleuler (22 November 1837, Hottingen, Zürich – 7 February 1912, Zürich) was a Swiss engineer and artillery officer in the Swiss army.

After attending the Gymnasium and Industrieschule in Zürich, Bleuler studied from 1855 to 1858 at the Zürich Polytechnikum with Diplom in civil engineering in 1858 (as a member of the first graduating class). He was from 1858 to 1861 an engineer at the  AG Kriens, resigning in 1861 to join the Swiss army. He was from 1862 to 1870 the chief of the Federal Artillery Bureau in Aarau and from 1870 to 1888 the chief instructor (Oberinstruktor) of artillery. Bleuler was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) in 1864, to Major in 1868, to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) in 1869, and to Oberst (colonel) in 1871. He invented a significantly improved field howitzer. From 1891 to 1904 he was the Kommandant of the 3rd Army Corps and member of the Landesverteidigungskommission (National Defense Commission).

Bleuler was a member from 1881 to 1907 of the Swiss Schulrat (Federal School Board), serving as its president from 1888 to 1905. As president, he supported the construction of engineering laboratories at the Zürich Polytechnikum and the improvement of the quality of the teaching staff there. He was one of the organizers of the first International Congress of Mathematicians, which was held in Geneva in 1897.

Villa Bleuler

In 1887, Bleuler with his wife and son moved into a new house, the "Villa Bleuler", which was built for them. Today the building houses the Schweizerisches Institut für Kunstwissenschaft SIK-ISEA (Swiss Institute for Art Research), a competence centre for art scholarship and art technology, founded in 1951.  The building, constructed by the architect Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli, has been since 1990 under Swiss federal protection as a historical landmark.

References

External links

1837 births
1912 deaths
ETH Zurich alumni
Swiss engineers
Swiss military officers
Accent R. Accent R (the "R" is for Relational: Relational database, Relational model), is a fourth-generation programming language that was first installed in 1980. Initially available for Digital Equipment Corporation's DECsystem-10 and DECSYSTEM-20, a VAX version was released and installed
January 1982.

It was developed by National Information Systems, Inc (NIS), and contains a compiled structured programming language that can replace 3GL coding. Accent R goes beyond use of RMS: Oracle and Sybase are among the database systems supported.

Accent R is also supported on Linux.

About National Information Systems, Inc (NIS)
National Information Systems, initially a Silicon Valley company, was founded in 1972 as a software company focused on providing tools for software developers. Their DPL (Data Processing Language), written for the DECsystem-10 and DECSYSTEM-20, competed with Software House's System 1022. Both were used in the financial services industry, where some companies used both.

By 1988 NIS worked out and announced a cooperative marketing agreement with Sybase.

The company's headquarters are now in Reno, Nevada.

References

External links
 National Information Systems (NIS) Home Page

Fourth-generation programming languages
USCGC Oliver Berry. USCGC Oliver Berry (WPC-1124) is the United States Coast Guard's 24th  cutter.  She was the first member of the three members of her class to be homeported in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Design

Like her sister ships, Oliver Berry is designed to perform search and rescue missions, port security, and the interception of smugglers. She is armed with a remotely controlled, gyrostabilized 25 mm autocannon, four crew-served M2 Browning machine guns, and light arms. She is equipped with a stern launching ramp, that allows her to launch or retrieve a water-jet propelled high-speed auxiliary boat, without first coming to a stop. Her high-speed boat has over-the-horizon capability, and is useful for inspecting other vessels, and deploying boarding parties. She is designed to support her crew of 24 for missions of up to five days, over distances of almost .

Operational history

In July 2018 Oliver Berry set off for the Marshall Islands, a voyage of .  Since this exceeded her maximum endurance she was refueled by other Coast Guard cutters.  She was the first Sentinel-class cutter to travel that far from the United States's territorial waters, and the first Sentinel-class cutter to travel on a voyage of that length. It took eight days to travel from Hawaii to Majuro Atoll, in the Marshall Islands.

When she arrived her crew engaged in joint exercises with , a Marshall Islands' patrol vessel of similar size to Oliver Berry.  Her crew also engaged in various forms of cultural exchange with Marshall Islands citizens.

In July 2022, Oliver Berry provided assistance to Kiritimati Island, Kiribati, following their extreme drought.

Namesake

In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the United States Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism.  In 2015 the Coast Guard announced that Oliver F. Berry, an aviation pioneer, who played a key role in shipping and using helicopters for a maritime search and rescue, would be the namesake of the 24th cutter.

References 

Sentinel-class cutters
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
2017 ships
Ships built in Lockport, Louisiana
Mixed Groups of Reconstruction Machines. Mixed Groups of Reconstruction Machines (), commonly known by the acronym MOMA, was a Greek military construction organization which was active from 1957 to 1992. 

It was established in 1957, with sections based in Athens, Thessaloniki, Heraklion, Patras, Lamia, Larissa, and Ioannina, and comprised both permanent and conscript personnel from the Engineers arm of the Hellenic Army, as well as contracted civilian engineers, drivers, workers, and other personnel. Its main purpose was the construction of infrastructure (bridges, airports, roads etc) in the country following the extensive devastation of World War II, the Axis occupation of Greece, and the Greek Civil War. It was abolished in 1992, but in 2015, a similar service, under the name "MOMKA" (Μονάδα Μελετών και Κατασκευών) was established.

References

History of the Hellenic Army
1957 establishments in Greece
History of Greece (1949–1974)
Engineering units and formations
Military units and formations of the Hellenic Army
Sengierite. Sengierite is a rare oxide and hydroxide mineral, chemically a copper and uranyl vanadate, belonging to the carnotite group. Its chemical formula is Cu2(OH)2[UO2VO4]2·6H2O.

Sengierite was first discovered at the Luiswishi Mine about  north of Lubumbashi in Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was first described in 1949 by Johannes F. Vaes and Paul F. Kerr, the mineral was named after Edgar Sengier (1879–1963), a former director of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga.

References

Bibliography
 Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1047–1048.

copper(II) minerals
phosphate minerals
uranium(VI) minerals
Browsh. Browsh is a web browser that can be run from terminal client environments such as ssh and Mosh or from a web browser client. It represents web pages as text.

Technology
The Browsh web browser represents web pages as text and can be run either from a terminal client environment or from a web browser.   the web browser client remains less developed. It has been developed since 23 April 2016. It uses Go as a core part of its implementation. Browsh uses a headless version of Mozilla Firefox to fetch and parse web pages.

Reception
This may be seen as a modern replacement for the Lynx text-based web browser. Others have felt displaying the web in text is impractical.

References

External links
 

Web browsers
Free software programmed in JavaScript
Free software programmed in Go
Frank Kenneth Goward. Frank Kenneth Goward (1919 – March 1954) was an English scientist, specialized on aerial technologies and particle accelerator development.

Early career
During World War II, Goward worked as a specialist on antenna technologies at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at Malvern in England. After the war had ended, the focus of his research shifted to new ways to accelerate particles. During 1946, he used a converted betatron from the American accelerator pioneer Donald William Kerst to demonstrate the first synchrotron acceleration of electrons to 8 MeV at Woolwich Arsenal. After that, the machine was moved to Malvern, where it was improved further. This work culminated in October 1947, when Goward and his team managed to obtain a stable beam, thus creating the first fully operational synchrotron.

Work for CERN

After TRE's research focus shifted away from synchrotron accelerators in 1950, Goward started to become interested in the idea of a joint European research facility that would focus on the peaceful exploitation of nuclear physics, which would later become CERN. Although United Kingdom (U.K.) government officials were very averse to this idea at the beginning, leading scientists of the country tried to encourage an involvement of the U. K. in this venture. Among these was John Cockcroft, who sent Goward as an observer to the first planning meetings in 1951. At the first session of the provisional CERN council in May 1952, Goward was elected deputy director of the study group which was in charge of studies and investigations about the future Proton Synchrotron (PS), a novel accelerator that would reach energies of up to 10 GeV. The director of the study group was the Norwegian Odd Dahl.

With the initial PS group, Goward developed ideas and techniques to build CERN's first synchrotron. This work got a defining boost when Goward, together with his colleagues Odd Dahl and Rolf Widerøe, visited Brookhaven National Lab in the United States. There, they learned about the newly developed alternating-gradient principle. In the fall of 1953, Goward moved to Geneva permanently and became the project leader of the PS group, assembling a team to build the machine. Soon after, he became seriously ill, which forced him to return to England. He died in March 1954. John Adams, who would later become Director General of CERN, was Goward's successor as leader of the PS group.

In honour of Frank Goward, a street at CERN's main campus in Meyrin is named after him. (See list of streets at CERN).

Further reading

F.K. Goward and D. E. Barnes, Experimental 8 MeV Synchrotron for Electron Acceleration, Nature 158, p. 413, 1946.
F.K Goward, Review of principles leading to design of CERN proton synchrotron, Published on CERN Document Server At the Conference on the Theory and Design of an Alternating-Gradient Proton Synchrotron, Geneva, Switzerland, 26 - 28 Oct 1953, pp. 19–43

References

1919 births
1954 deaths
Accelerator physicists
People associated with CERN
Advanced Science and Technology Institute (Philippines). The DOST Advanced Science and Technology Institute is a research and development organization based in the Quezon City, Philippines. It is one of the research and development institutes of the Department of Science and Technology of the Philippine government.

Background
Advances in information and communications technology and microelectronics led to the establishment of the Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) in the 1980s. The National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was renamed and reorganized as the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in 1987 by then President Corazon Aquino. The ASTI itself was established on January 30, 1987, through Executive Order No. 128 issued by Aquino. The institute became one of the government's agency which focuses on the field of research and development, information and communications technology and microelectronics.

See also
 Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite program

References

Research institutes in the Philippines
Research institutes established in 1987
1987 establishments in the Philippines
Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)
Establishments by Philippine executive order
Journal of Open Source Software. The Journal of Open Source Software is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering open-source software from any research discipline. The journal was founded in 2016 by editors Arfon Smith, Kyle Niemeyer, Dan Katz, Kevin Moerman, and Karthik Ram. The editor-in-chief is Arfon Smith (Space Telescope Science Institute). The journal is a sponsored project of NumFOCUS and an affiliate of the Open Source Initiative. The journal uses GitHub as publishing platform.

The journal was established in May 2016 and in its first year published 111 articles. It has been discussed by its editors in several peer-reviewed papers which describe its publishing model and its effectiveness.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Astrophysics Data System and in the DBLP computer science bibliography online database.

References

Further reading

External links

Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Academic journals established in 2016
Continuous journals
Software engineering publications
English-language journals
Computer science journals
Styrofoam (disambiguation). Styrofoam is a brand of insulation made from extruded polystyrene foam.

Styrofoam may also refer to:

 "Styrofoam", a 2005 song by Daniel Powter from his album Daniel Powter
 Styrofoam (musician) (born 1973), Belgian electronic music artist
 Styrofoam, colloquial name for expanded polystyrene used in packaging and containers
Patiala Ki Rao. The Patiala Ki Rao is a seasonal stream that originates in Shivalik Hills, Punjab, enters Chandigarh then to Mohali and later merges into the Ghaggar River. The stream runs across Fateh Burj at Chappar Chiri. It is one of the seasonal rivulets amongst others in Chandigarh, which include Sukhna Choe in the East and N Choe  in the West.

Pollution 
UT panel raises Patiala Ki Rao pollution with Punjab due to a significant increase in Nayagaon's population. On 31 July 2010, Punjab Pollution Control Board reported that effluents discharged in N-Choe from Chandigarh were beyond the permissible limit. The analysis revealed that pollution levels such as BOD-150 mg/1 and COD 320 mg/1 was found to be more than the permissible limit of 30 mg/1 and 250 mg/1, respectively. Mohali residents complained that the N-choe was not properly protected and that sewage was found in the water.

References

Mohali
Landforms of Chandigarh
Rivers of Himachal Pradesh
Aeronautica Bonomi. Aeronautica Bonomi was an Italian aircraft manufacturer.

Aircraft manufactured by Bonomi include:

Gliders
 Bonomi BS.2 Balestruccio
 Bonomi BS.4 Basettino
 Bonomi BS.5 Ballerina
 Bonomi BS.6 Bigiarella
 Bonomi BS.7 Allievo Italia
 Bonomi BS.8 Biancone
 Bonomi BS.9 Bertina
 Bonomi BS.10 Ardea
 Bonomi BS.11 Milano
 Bonomi BS.12 Roma
 Bonomi BS.14 Astore
 Bonomi BS.15 Bigiarella
 Bonomi BS.16 Allievo Bonomi
 Bonomi BS.17 Allievo Cantù
 Bonomi BS.18 Airone
 Bonomi BS.20 Albanella
 Bonomi BS.24 Biposto Roma
 Bonomi BS.28 Alcione
 Bonomi BS.28 Aerodinamico

Powered aircraft
 Bonomi BS.19 Alca
 Bonomi BS.22 Alzavola

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
1930s Italian sailplanes
Launch Unit. LaunchU (also known as Launch Unit/Launch-U) is a proposed size/mass class standard for small satellites. The maximum volume of the LaunchU is  with a mass of . 

In 2017, The Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) held discussions with members of the satellite launch community to tackle difficult problems in the spaceflight industry such as "Why can't I get a slot and launch tomorrow?" From those discussions, Aerospace established a working group with representatives from industry, academia, and government to look at the launch interface and how standards might improve launch options. The consortium developed recommendations for a satellite  between a 12U CubeSat (approximately 24 x 23 x 36 cm and 25 kg) and the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) class satellite (approximately  and ). 

The LaunchU standard not only defines the volume and mass of the satellite, but the center of gravity, first fundamental frequency, and the launch direction, as those requirements can impact complex analyses on the launch vehicle. All of the requirements for LaunchU (e.g., volume, mass, frequency) include the separation system. Spacecraft that meet the LaunchU standard would be able to integrate with any launch vehicle which was designed for the LaunchU compatible spacecraft.

The standard was proposed by The Aerospace Corporation, at the 32nd Small Satellite Conference, in August 2018.

References

External links
 LaunchU at Aerospace Corporation
 Paper: Setting the Standard: Recommendations on “Launch Unit” Standard SmallSat Sizes between CubeSats and ESPA-Class
 Paper: Increased Access to Space with Modularity and Interface Standards

Satellites by type
Ami Zota. Ami R. Zota is an associate professor at George Washington University Milken School of Public Health, specializing in public and occupational health.

Education 
Zota graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1999 with a bachelor's degree in environmental science and engineering. She later graduated from the Harvard School of Public Health with a master's and doctorate in environmental health in 2003 and 2007, respectively.

Career 
Zota has undertaken research on many issues relating to public health. For instance, how fast foods eaters are more likely to be exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate, and co-authoring a meta-study on household chemicals present in US household dust, concluding that many chemicals present in household dust share endocrine or reproductive toxicity.

Zota serves on the editorial board of journal Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology by Nature.

Awards 
Zota is the recipient of a career development award from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences for her work identifying how environmental hazards may interact with social disadvantage and psychosocial stressors to exacerbate harms during pregnancy. She was recognized by the Collaborative on Health and the Environment as a Pioneer under 40 in Environmental Public Health.

References 

Living people
George Washington University faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
Public health researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)