omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Missile lofting. Lofting is a trajectory optimization technique used in some missile systems to extend range and improve target engagement effectiveness, usually in beyond-visual range scenarios.

Method 
Lofting involves a missile ascending to a higher altitude after launch, creating a parabolic arc similar to Ballistic Missiles, before descending toward its target. This elevated flight path allows the missile to capitalize on reduced air resistance at higher altitudes, increasing both the missile's potential energy and the kinetic energy during terminal guidance, thus enabling greater range and Probability of kill. 

Lofting typically occurs at altitudes ranging from 20,000 to 50,000ft, but can range up to 400km when used as a ballistic trajectory.

Advantages 
Lofting offers several distinct advantages compared to sea-skimming and direct-intercept trajectories, particularly in beyond-visual-range engagements.

Unlike sea-skimming, which prioritizes low-altitude flight to avoid radar detection but suffers from increased drag and limited range, lofting allows the missile to ascend to higher altitudes where air resistance is lower. This reduced drag enables greater range and energy efficiency, allowing the missile to retain more kinetic energy for terminal guidance and target interception. 

Compared to direct-intercept trajectories, lofting also improves engagement flexibility by providing a steeper attack angle, which is particularly effective against maneuvering or high-altitude targets.

Disadvantages 
In comparison to sea-skimming trajectories, lofting lacks radar-avoidance characteristics, making it susceptible to detection by its target and potential interceptors.

Lofting is also more mathematically and technologically complex in comparison to direct-interception, and is only viable in long-range engagements.

Additionally, the thinner air which lofting utilizes to reduce drag and increase range carries the downside of impeding the ability for control surfaces to maneuver the missile. This can reduce a missile's ability to adjust for fast-moving or maneuvering targets, however can be circumvented with the use of thrust vectoring - at the downside of added cost and complexity.

Use in Missiles 
A number of missiles are known or speculated to utilize lofting techniques, such as: 

 AIM-120 AMRAAM - United States 
 AIM-54 Pheonix - United States 
 AIM-260 JATM - United States
 Meteor - France, Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany
 R-77 - Russia
 PL-15 - China

See also 
 Sea-Skimming
 Ballistic Missile
 Air-to-Air Missile

References 

Missile guidance
Physics
Plunger (hydraulics). A plunger is a cylindrical rod used to transmit hydraulic compression force. It is characterized by its length being much greater than its diameter, and it is thus distinguished from a regular piston (where the working surface is larger than the thickness of the rod, i.e. more like a disk).

They are mainly used as part of certain types of pumps and hydraulic machines. Plungers are used for fluid-mechanical power transmission in pumps (plunger pumps), hydraulic gearboxes, high-pressure diesel injection pumps, hydraulic workshop presses and jacks, and other equipment, and are distinguished in fluid mechanics by being a piston without moving seals. The seals are instead located in the wall through which the plunger slides (as opposed to piston rings on a piston).

Plungers are often supplied with a suitable stationary plunger bushing that fits tightly against the plunger (together they are called a plunger pair), and together these form a seal that can withstand high pressures. Compared to a piston that has to act against a cylinder wall, it is easier to manufacture a plunger to close tolerances against a plunger bushing (since the plunger has a cylindrical shape). Some define a plunger as a type of piston that is also its own piston rod. Plunger pumps are often used to pump slurries such as sludge or liquid cement.

An advantage compared to classic pistons is the simplicity of manufacture (since the plunger is a simple rod) and the relatively easy use of a plunger bushing for sealing. Another advantage is resistance to dirt. Thanks to the simple shape, dirt has no place to stick, unlike a classic piston.

Unlike a piston (where the seal is on the piston rings), the seal of a plunger is located in the cylinder wall, and when the plunger performs a reciprocating motion, the plunger surface thus moves along the seal. Plungers are mainly used in hydraulic axial piston pumps, radial piston pumps and piston pumps. They have also become widespread in fuel supply systems for diesel engines (injection pumps) in pairs of plungers.

Plunger pump 

Plunger pumps are capable of operating at higher pressures than piston pumps. The reason for this is that plungers require high precision on its outer cylindrical surface, while piston pumps require more precise machining of the inner surface of the cylinder, which is technically more difficult to achieve.

The volume of the displaced medium depends directly on the stroke length of the plunger. By changing the pump stroke length, the flow rate will be adjusted.

The precision achieved on modern plunger and rotary hydraulic plunger machines is so high that the distance between the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of plunger pairs reaches 2-3 micrometres (0.002-0.003 mm).

The pressure that plunger pairs can withstand is very high. During fuel injection in diesel engines, the pressure in the plunger pair can reach 200 megapascals (MPa).

Plunger lift 

The term "plunger" is also used in pipelines. Here, the plunger is a movable control element in a control valve whose movement changes the volume flow.

References 

Hydraulics
Pumps
Nacelle (disambiguation). A nacelle ( ) is an (often streamlined) enclosure, which is part of but mounted separately on a larger technical object.

In particular, it may refer to:

 Nacelle (airplane), a streamlined container for aircraft parts such as engines, fuel or equipment, see also Podded engine
 Nacelle (wind turbine), the part between the rotor and tower of a wind turbine that houses all of the generating components
 Gondola (airship), an external equipment or passenger compartment attached to a powered blimp or dirigible
 Gondola (balloon), a payload basket or capsule suspended beneath an unpowered hot air or gas balloon

For uses such as 
 enclosures on the body of a motorvehicle (e.g. headlamp nacelles) or
 submersed providers of buoyancy on boats
which do not (yet) have a Wikipedia entry, please refer to nacelle in Wiktionary, the dictionary sister project of Wikipedia.

Other uses
 Nacelle (film producer), a television production and distribution company
Lofting (disambiguation). Lofting is a drafting technique used to generate curved lines. 

It may also refer to 

 Lofting (bowling)
 Hugh Lofting, (1886-1947), writer who created Doctor Dolittle
 Hilary Lofting, (1881-1939), author and editor, brother of Hugh
 Morgan Lofting, (1940-2024), American actress
 John Lofting, (1659-1742), Dutch engineer and entrepreneur
Géotechnique. Géotechnique is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering geotechnical engineering, including soil mechanics, rock mechanics, environmental geotechnics, and engineering geology. It was established in 1948 and is published by Emerald Group Publishing on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

History
The idea for the journal was first mooted in 1946 during an international effort to foster post-war collaboration in geotechnical research. The journal's creation was inextricably linked to preparations for the Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, held in Rotterdam in 1948. 

The discussions that led to the founding of Géotechnique involved a group of British soil mechanics pioneers during and shortly after their tour of European laboratories starting in late 1946, and included Rudolph Glossop, Hugh Golder, Bill Ward, and D.J. Maclean.

The journal's founders were prominent engineers and researchers whose work had already contributed significantly to the development of geotechnical science. Their diverse backgrounds and achievements reflected the interdisciplinary approach that the journal sought to promote, combining engineering, geology, and experimental methods. The founders were the following scientists:

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.2.

Awards
Each year, the authors of the paper rated best by the editorial board are awarded the Geotechnical Research Medal. In addition, the Rankine Lecture, hosted in March of each year by the British Geotechnical Association, is published in the journal.

Géotechnique Letters
A companion journal, Géotechnique Letters, was established in 2011. It is an exclusively online peer-reviewed journal, specialising in the rapid dissemination of research and developments in geotechnical engineering using an expedited publication process, with papers limited to 2,000 words of main text. It is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology Scopus, Ei Compendex, Inspec, and Geobase. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.5.

References

External links

English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1948
Monthly journals
Geology journals
Geotechnical engineering
Hybrid open access journals
Emerald Group Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 2011
Quarterly journals
Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 9. On November 21, 1977, Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 9 crashed near Bariloche, Argentina, killing 46 of the 79 people on board.

Accident 
Three aircraft had been chartered to carry 31 newlyweds to Bariloche for their honeymoon, with the accident aircraft being the second to depart. While climbing to , the aircraft experienced pressurization problems and had to descend to . At 00:40, the flight was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 28, but abandoned the approach due to a VOR receiver problem. the pilot then requested a visual approach to runway 10, but then decided to do another approach to runway 28 using another ILS procedure. The pilot then reported that the aircraft was near the VOR beacon. This was the last transmission from Flight 9. The aircraft then crashed into a mountain killing all five crew members and 41 passengers.

Investigation 
Investigators determined that the flight crew descended prematurely and did not follow allowed the ILS procedure, possible due to the VOR signal malfunctions, and the captain's mental state.

References

External links 

 JIAAC final report (in Spanish)

Accidents and incidents involving the BAC One-Eleven
Bariloche
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977
Aviation accidents and incidents in Argentina
1977 in Argentina
Manfred Klüppel. Manfred Klüppel is a retired German Institute for Rubber Technology department head of Material Concepts and Modeling group known for his development of theories of contact mechanics on fractal surfaces and of reinforcement by fillers of elastomers.

Early life and education 

Klüppel completed undergraduate studies in physics at Philipps University of Marburg in 1982, and a doctorate in theoretical physics in 1987.

Career 

Klüppel started as a research associate with the German Institute for Rubber Technology in 1989 working on rubber's rheological behavior.  In 2002, he became the head of the material concepts and modeling department. He was simultaneously a lecturer at the Leibniz University Hannover, where he taught elastomer physics and rubber technology. He was promoted to full Professor of Polymer Materials in 2013. 

His long collaboration with Gert Heinrich produced a multi-scale contact mechanics theory for fractal surfaces, which was recognized by the tire industry for its predictions of tire traction in both dry and wet conditions.  Also a fractal theory of rubber reinforcement by fillers.

Awards and recognitions

 2013 - Honorary Professor at Leibniz University Hannover
 2017 - Colwyn medal
 2019 - Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award from the ACS Rubber Division
2022 - Carl-Dietrich-Harries Medal of the German Rubber Society

References 

Polymer scientists and engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
1924–25 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season. The 1924–25 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season was the 22nd season of play for the program. The Engineers represented Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and were coached b W. J. Cook in his 1st season.

Season
With the team now led by a coach once more, the Engineers opened the season at home against Union. The Cherry and White had a rotating cast at left wing for the game, including former team captain John Reuther, who had returned to the program. However, the scoring was led from the blueline with Farquhar and current captain William Cramp combining for 3 goals. The forward line remained muted in the second game and, unfortunately, the defense could not rescue them a second time. The third game of the season saw a fairly poor Clarkson team getting walloped by the Engineers. While boasting a greater speed than their opponents, RPI also was far more physical than the Golden Knights. The hard play wore down the visitors and Rensselaer was able to seeming score at will in the final period to finish with their biggest win of the season.

After their slate of games in January, poor weather forced the team off of the ice for nearly an entire month. Most of their practices and all of their games were cancelled save for a trip to face Hamilton. With the indoor Russell Sage Rink protected from much of the bad weather, the Engineers were able to end the season in late February. However, by then the team was out of game shape and completely at the mercy of the Continentals, who had been able to practice regularly ahead of the game. The Engineers ended the year with a loss but, even so, it was the first time they had not posted a losing record since 1908.

Roster

Standings

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season

References

RPI Engineers men's ice hockey seasons
RPI
RPI
RPI
Vincent C. Rideout. Vincent Charles Rideout (May 22, 1914 – July 28 2003) was a Canadian-American computer engineer, and professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Early life and education
Rideout was born in Chinook, Alberta in 1914. He attended Calgary Normal School, and in 1938 earned a B.Sc. in Engineering Physics from the University of Alberta, and a M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1940.

Industry work
During World War II, Rideout researched microwave radar and relay systems at Bell Labs. In 1951, he also worked as a visiting research engineer at Boeing. Later, he also did consulting work for Allis Chalmers, Cutler-Hammer and IBM.

Academic work

Rideout joined the University of Wisconsin faculty in 1946 as an assistant professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering. He was later instrumental in renaming the department to Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. There, he was the major professor for 30 Ph.D. students, including Gerald Estrin and Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman, in spite of not having a doctorate degree himself.

At UW, he authored or coauthored more than 70 technical papers. In 1954, he published a widely adopted electrical engineering textbook called "Active Networks".

Between 1954 and 1955, he lived in Bangalore, India, where he helped build India's first analog computer at the Indian Institute of Technology.

In 1964, at the age of 50, he began studying medicine, which led to work in the field of biomedical engineering. This resulted in his 1991 book "Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Physiological Systems".

References 

American computer scientists
1914 births
2003 deaths
M-98 mortar. M-98 – Polish medium mortar, caliber 98 mm, towed, designed in the years 1993–1997 at the Research and Development Centre for Earth and Transport Machines in Stalowa Wola, since 2003 produced by Huta Stalowa Wola; ammunition for the mortar is produced by Zakłady Metalowe Dezamet.

Development 
The 98 mm towed medium mortar was created as a result of Poland's signing of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe in 1991, which limited the number of artillery systems with a caliber above 100 mm to a maximum of 1,610. Work on the mortar, which would not violate the CFE-1 system and at the same time increase the capabilities of artillery forces, began in 1993 at the Research and Development Center for Earth Machinery and Transport in Stalowa Wola on the company's own initiative.. In 1994, a ballistic model was created, and in 1997, a mortar prototype was completed.

The M-98 mortar is the second 98 mm mortar design in the world, after the Slovak one (vz. 97).

In 2003, the Polish Army placed an order with Huta Stalowa Wola for the delivery of the M-98 mortar for the army. Delays in orders were caused by delays in developing ammunition. By 2005, approximately 60 units had been delivered. In 2022, there were 93 mortars in the Polish Army.

Purpose 
The M-98 mortar is used as the primary fire support unit of mechanized, airborne and mountain infantry units. Its purpose is to destroy combat forces, armored combat equipment, field fortifications, and command and fire assets.

The first mortars were received by the army in June 2003 and transferred to the 18th Bielski Air Assault Battalion. The M-98 is used by the 6th Airborne Brigade from Kraków, the 25th Air Cavalry Brigade from Tomaszów Mazowiecki and the 22nd Mountain Infantry Battalion from Kłodzko. The 6th Airborne Brigade battalions use 9 mortars in support companies.
M-98 mortars were used by the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan.

The M-98 mortar is equipped with a transport cart, which is used for short-term transport. The M1097A2 HMMWV series vehicles are used for transporting it, while the crew and ammunition are transported by the M1025A2 or M1045A2 vehicle.

Ammunition 
The ammunition for this mortar is produced at the Dezamet mechanical plant:

 RAD-2 – cluster, containing 12 GKO high-explosive fragmentation submunitions.
 RAD-3 – fragmentation, containing approximately 4,000 fragments.

Lighting and smoke ammunition are also produced and used.

High-explosive fragmentation ammunition is produced by Zakłady Metalowe Mesko.

High-explosive fragmentation grenades weigh 10.1 kg.

In 1999, work was underway on an anti-tank missile designated RAD-1, but the missile never progressed beyond the conceptual stage.

The mortar can be fired by lowering the grenade into the barrel or by means of a firing mechanism.

Operators 
 

93 are currently operational. As of 2024 major repairs of M-98 mortars are carried out by Huta Stalowa Wola.

See also 

 LMP-2017
 LM-60

References

Bibliography 

 
 
 Ryszard Woźniak, M-98, „Nowa Technika Wojskowa” nr?, s. 21–22

External links 

 98 mm moździerz ciągniony

Mortars
60mm mortars
Mortars by country
Infantry mortars
Chris Ngoro Agibe. Christopher Ngoro Agibe is a Nigerian politician and engineer. He was a member representing Boki/Ikom Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives.

Early life, education and political career 
Chris Ngoro Agibe was born in 1961 and hails from Cross River State. He completed his secondary education at Comprehensive Secondary School Ikom, Cross River State in 1978. He bagged a Bachelor's degree in Engineering from the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Osun State in 1984. He was elected as a federal lawmaker in 2019 and served until 2023. He was succeeded by Bisong Victor Abang. Between 1986 to 1990, he served as the Commission Officer, NA-Army Engineering. He was the Head of Sustainable Energy, United Cement Company from 2007 to 2012.

References 

1961 births
Living people
People from Cross River State
Malur Srinivasa Thirumale Iyengar. Malur Srinivasa Thirumale Iyengar (1897–1976), also known as M. S. Thirumale Iyengar, was an Indian civil engineer known for his contributions to irrigation and hydroelectric infrastructure in India. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956 in recognition of his services to civil engineering.

Born on 1 December 1897 in the North Arcot District of Madras Presidency, Iyengar pursued a Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) in Mechanical Engineering from Madras University, graduating in 1920. He later earned a Master of Engineering (M.E. Hons.) degree from the College of Engineering, Madras.

He joined the Indian Service of Engineers in 1922 and later worked in the Madras Public Works Department. One of his early assignments included work on the Mettur Irrigation Project, where he supervised the construction of a barrage across the Coleroon River and improvements to the Cauvery irrigation system. He worked as Professor of Mechanical Engineering for a brief period at College of Engineering, Guindy. From 1940 to 1952, he worked as Chief Engineer on the investigation of the Tungabhadra Dam Project. In 1953, Iyengar was appointed Chief Engineer of the Hirakud Dam Project. Later, in 1960, he was named Advisor to the Government of Mysore and Administrator of the Sharavathi Valley Hydroelectric Project.

Thirumale Iyengar also made significant contributions to professional organizations. He was an active member of the Institution of Engineers (India), serving as its President during 1952–53. He was also a member in the International Commission on Large Dams, serving on its Executive Committee and as Vice-President from 1951 to 1957. Additionally, he was elected President of the Central Board of Irrigation and Power in 1951.

In recognition of his contributions, Iyengar received the Padma Bhushan in 1956.

He died on 2 September 1976, in Bangalore.

References 

1897 births
1976 deaths
College of Engineering, Guindy alumni
Indian civil engineers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
20th-century Indian engineers
NACOS. Nigeria Association of Computing Students (NACOS) is the umbrella body for students studying computer science, computer engineering, information systems, cyber security, software engineering, telecommunications engineering, and all IT-related courses in Nigeria. NACOS was formed in 2020 to replace the Nigeria Association of Computer Science Students(NACOSS) established in 1993.

As of 2023, NACOS holds a student membership database of approximately One Million (1,000,000) members, spread across over 250 local chapters in tertiary institutions, including universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. These chapters are located across the six geo-political zones of Nigeria, making NACOS the largest and most organized student body in Africa.

History
The Nigerian Association of Computer Science Students (NACOSS) was founded in July 1993 by a group of students with the support of the Nigerian Computer Society (NCS), its parent body. NACOSS was established to represent students in computer-related disciplines across Nigeria's tertiary institutions, including Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Information Technology.

By 2012, NACOSS had grown to include over 250,000 registered members in more than 150 local chapters spanning universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education across Nigeria's six geo-political zones. Its activities focus on capacity building, professional development, and fostering entrepreneurship in Information Technology.

In 2020, NACOSS transitioned into the Nigeria Association of Computing Students (NACOS) to reflect the broader scope of computing disciplines.

Institutional presence

References

Information technology organizations
Computer science organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Nigeria
Student organizations established in 2020
Student organizations in Africa