omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Masanobu Shinozuka. Masanobu Shinozuka (December 23, 1930 – November 5, 2018) was a Japanese applied mechanics expert in earthquake and structural engineering.  Shinozuka's research focuses on field theory and risk assessment methodology in civil engineering. His works have been applied numerously in earthquake engineering in buildings, bridges, lifeline and environmental systems.

Early life and career
Masanobu Shinozuka was born in Tokyo, Japan on December 23, 1930. He earned his B.S. in civil engineering in 1953 and M.S. in 1955 from Kyoto University. Shinozuka later came to the United States and received his Ph.D. in civil engineering under the supervision of Alfred Freudenthal from Columbia University in New York City. From 1958 to 1988, Shinozuka taught in the civil engineering department of Columbia University. Later, he joined the faculty of Princeton University until 1995, and then became professor of civil engineering and Fred Champion Chair of Civil Engineering at the University of Southern California. At USC, he also served as director of the International Institute of Innovative Risk Reduction Research on Civil Infrastructure Systems. From 2001 to 2013, he was a Distinguished Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of California, Irvine. He was awarded the title of Distinguished Professor by the university's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and the Academic Senate. He returned to Columbia as Professor of Civil Engineering in 2013 and died on November 5, 2018.

Honors
Masanobu Shinozuka was the recipient of numerous honors and awards. In 2004, he was awarded the Egleston Award for Distinguished Engineering Achievement. In 1994, he received the prestigious Theodore von Karman Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1978, Shinozuka was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was also a fellow in the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, an elected foreign member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineering.

References

External links

National Academy of Engineering Official Site
National Academies Press

Kyoto University alumni
Columbia University people
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1930 births
2018 deaths
Engineers from Tokyo
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Open Source Software Institute. The Open Source Software Institute (OSSI) is a U.S.-based 501(c)(6), non-profit organization whose mission is to promote the development and implementation of open-source software solutions within US Federal, state and municipal government agencies.

History
OSSI was established in 2000 and has focused on strategic initiatives to promote the adoption of open source within US Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security.

Projects
Efforts include securing the Federal Information Processing Standards FIPS 140-2 validation for the OpenSSL cryptographic module library, participation in development of the U.S. Navy's Open Source Guidance Document, securing the Open Source Corporate Management Information System (OSCMIS) with the Defense Information Systems Agency, and working with the Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate to establish and implement the Homeland Open Security Technology (HOST) program, which promotes open security.

See also
 Open Solutions Alliance
 Open Source Initiative

References

Further reading

External links
Official Website

Organizations established in 2000
Free and open-source software organizations
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Shvo catalyst. The Shvo catalyst is an organoruthenium compound that catalyzes the hydrogenation of polar functional groups including aldehydes, ketones and imines. The compound is of academic interest as an early example of a catalyst for transfer hydrogenation that operates by an "outer sphere mechanism". Related derivatives are known where p-tolyl replaces some of the phenyl groups. Shvo's catalyst represents a subset of homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts that involves both metal and ligand in its mechanism.

Synthesis and structure
The catalyst is named after Youval Shvo, who uncovered it through studies on the effect of diphenylacetylene on the catalytic properties of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl. The reaction of diphenylacetylene and Ru3(CO)12 gives the piano stool complex .  Subsequent hydrogenation of this tricarbonyl affords Shvo's catalyst. The iron analogue is also known, see Knölker complex.

The compound contains a pair of equivalent Ru centres that are bridged by a strong hydrogen bond and a bridging hydride. In solution, the complex dissociates unsymmetrically:
(C5Ph4O)2HRu2H(CO)4  C5Ph4OH)RuH(CO)2 + (C5Ph4O)Ru(CO)2

Hydrogenation catalysis

In the presence of a suitable hydrogen donor or hydrogen gas, Shvo's catalyst effects the hydrogenation of several polar functional groups, e.g. aldehydes, ketones, imines, and iminium ions. Many alkenes and ketones undergo hydrogenation, although conditions are forcing: 145 °C (500 psi). One obstacle to the use of Shvo's catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkynes is its propensity to bind the alkyne quite tightly, forming a stable complex that gradually poisons the catalyst. Intramolecular reactions proceed as well, illustrated by the conversion of allylic alcohols to ketones. Shvo's catalyst also catalyzes dehydrogenations.

Mechanism
The mechanism of hydrogenation catalyzed by Shvo's catalyst has been a matter of debate, broadly between two alternative descriptions of the double bond's interaction with the complex at the rate-determining step. The proposed alternatives are an inner-sphere mechanism, where the transition state involves interaction with the metal only, and an outer-sphere mechanism, in which the cyclopentadienol proton also interacts with the substrate. Kinetic isotope studies provide evidence of a concerted transfer due to strong rate influence from both the ligand -OH and the metal hydride.

Other reactions
Shvo's catalyst facilitates the Tishchenko reaction, i.e., the formation of esters from alcohols. The early step in this reaction is the conversion of the primary alcohol to the aldehyde.

Addition of the amine is facilitated through oxidation to the ynone, followed by reduction of the product.

Another case of "hydrogen borrowing", the alkylation of amines using other amines is also promoted by Shvo's catalyst. The reaction proceeds through oxidation to an imine, which allows nucleophilic attack, followed by an elimination step and reduction of the double bond.

References

Organoruthenium compounds
Carbonyl complexes
Hydrogenation catalysts
Josef Preishuber-Pflügl. Josef Preishuber-Pflügl is an Austrian technology leader.

He is an RFID, NFC and IoT expert who served as project editor of various international RFID standards, such as ISO/IEC 18000-4 "2.45 GHz air interface", ISO/IEC 18000-6" General UHF RFID air interface", ISO/IEC 18000-63 "Type C: UHF RFID air interface", ISO/IEC 18000-7 "433 MHz Active RFID air interface", ISO/IEC 29143 "Air interface for Mobile Item Identification Methods", and ISO/IEC 29167-1 "RFID Security".

Career 

Preishuber-Pflügl was a design engineer, project manager and product manager at Philips Semiconductors, where he got involved in RFID for his diploma thesis. His work led him through the development of LF (<135 kHz), HF (13.56 MHz) and UHF (860-960 MHz) RFID products and systems.

Changing to CISC Semiconductor GmbH from 2003-2023, Preishuber-Pflügl set up the company's RFID and NFC activities and expanded the international standardization work on RFID. In 2003 he became convener of ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC31 WG3/SG1 "RFID performance and conformance test methods", which continued its work as WG4/SG6 since 2008. The group developed the performance and conformance standards ISO/IEC 18046 and ISO/IEC 18047 applicable for ISO/IEC 18000 RFID testing. In 2014 he became convener of ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC31 WG7 "RFID Security", which develops ISO/IEC 29167. Currently, he is driver in standardization in ISO/IEC, CENELEC, ETSI and GS1 EPCglobal and convener of ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC31 WG4 "RF Communications" that covers RFID, RTLS, Security and related conformance and performance test methods.

In 2011 he received the IEC 1906 Award  by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as Expert of ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information Technology.

In 2012 he became co-author of the RFID Handbook of Klaus Finkenzeller.

In the intensive discussion of Internet of Things (IoT) and RFID he first used the term "RFID/NFC providing the last meter of the IoT", which derived from the common term "last kilometer" in infrastructure networks. The Anglo-American terms "last mile" was first used in public in his speech on "RFID and NFC: Providing the Last Yards for IoT" on 8 October 2015. As input for the ISO/IEC JTC 1 Plenary the respective committee SC31 used then "IoT's First Meter".

In 2019 he received the AIM Ted Williams Award, followed by the highest AIM award, the Richard Dilling Award, in 2023.

In 2023 he founded his own company innobir e.U. offering wireless technology services with the particular focus on NFC, RAIN RFID and UWB, as well as on international standardization and radio regulations.

References

External links 
 Homepage Josef Preishuber-Pflügl. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
 CISC Management Team. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
 Work in EU FP7 project GRIFS. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
 RFID Simulator Aims to Cut Deployment Time. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
 EU-China Internet of Things. Retrieved 2010-11-08.

Living people
Radio-frequency identification
Internet of things
21st-century Austrian engineers
Austrian industrial designers
1971 births
Ora Kedem. Ora Kedem (Hebrew: אורה קדם, born 1924) is professor emerita at the Weizmann Institute of Science and a recipient of the 1961 Israel Prize for life sciences.

In 2005, Kedem was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the thermodynamics of irreversible transport processes and the development of separation processes for the treatment of water and wastewater.

See also
 List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 Bio from University of Twente, Netherlands
 Bio in JewishVirtualLibrary.org

Israeli Jews
Academic staff of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Israel Prize women recipients
Israel Prize in life sciences recipients
1924 births
Living people
Israeli women scientists
Women biologists
Israeli biologists
20th-century women scientists
Hughes breech-loading cannon. The Hughes breech-loading cannon 38.1mm gun was designed in 1861 and used by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. It was manufactured by the Street & Hungerford Company. It was a breech-loading cannon; the breech of the cannon is uniquely like a bolt-action but has no firing pin in its bolt.

See also
 Rifled breech loader

Cannon
Weapons of the Confederate States of America
Field artillery of the Confederate States of America
Condor A350. Condor A350 was a Swiss military motorbike.

Condor History
In 1893 Edouard Scheffer and Victor Donzelot made their first bike for the Swiss military in their new factory under the name Sheffer Freres. In 1899 the company picked a logo showing the large birds of the Andes, the Condor. Later the factory was renamed Condor-Werke AG. They produced civilian but more often government bikes until the 1990s. Some engines were built in house, but the last Swiss built engine was made in the early 1960s.

The A350 engine
In 1967 Ducati's successful 350 scrambler engine was selected for use in the new Swiss military motorcycle. At first plans were to just import the engine block but later plans were changed to import the whole engine, although there was some Swiss tinkering. The exhaust port and assembly was made more robust. The steel exhaust pipe and muffler were built to run almost silently and the whole assembly is sprayed with aluminium. The oil filler cap changed to a longer tube to make filling easier.  Compression was reduced to 8.2:1 so that the bike could run on poor quality fuel. The result is a reliable engine that made only 16.6 hp, and it will do about 70 miles per hour. The oil filter was mounted remotely.

Frame and chassis
The forks were sourced from Marzocchi. Early models have Marzocchi rear shocks but later ones are fitted with Konis. Wheels and 200mm drum brakes from Grimeca, adequate for use on the Alps. Both rims are the same but the front tire is a 3.25x18” and the rear is a 3.50x18”. The headlight and a few other electrical components were supplied by Bosch. A major difference between the Swiss bike and the Italian was rubber mounting the engine – very different from the stressed member design. It was heavier but a lot smoother on the rider. One oddity is that the frame has a lug for a standard Ducati side stand, but one was never supplied by the factory.

Accessories
The A350 comes with leather saddle bags and a few odd military accessories. One is the blackout light for night riding, and the other is mounts for two Stgw. 57 assault rifles. The side covers house a large air filter and spare bulbs and fuses in a foam block, and the other side contains a tool set, a lock, a cleaning brush, and goggles.

Production
Condor made 500 A350s in 1973 and when the production run ended in 1978, 3000 had been made.

References

Condor motorcycles
Military vehicles of Switzerland
Military motorcycles
Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. ITU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering () is a faculty of the Istanbul Technical University, ITU.

The faculty is located on the university's Gümüşsuyu, Beyoğlu campus in Istanbul, and has a mechanical engineering department.

Notable alumni 
 Necmettin Erbakan
 Çağla Kubat
 Üzeyir Garih
 Mehmet Toner

References

External links 
 ITU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 ITU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, photos
 History and former deans
 Department of Manufacturing engineering
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Istanbul Technical University
NRO Program A. The United States' National Reconnaissance Office's Program A was a component of the National Reconnaissance Program (NRP).  Program A took the remnants of the Air Force Office of Special Projects (the successor to the ill-fated SAMOS program office, and redesignated it and refocused its efforts onto the next generation of imagery intelligence gathering satellites (i.e. CORONA/Discoverer, KH-7/8 GAMBIT, KH-9 HEXAGON).

See also
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
Program B - NRO efforts run by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Program C - NRO signals intelligences satellite efforts run by the United States Navy
Program D - NRO air reconnaissance efforts run by the United States Air Force

References

National Reconnaissance Office
Trinity River Audubon Center. The Trinity River Audubon Center  is a nature center in the Great Trinity Forest, a large urban open space park in Southeast Dallas, Texas.

History
The center was completed in 2008 on the site of a former illegal landfill called Deepwood. Federal Judge Barefoot Sanders resolved a lawsuit by issuing an order resulting in the creation of a nature center on the site. Prior to becoming an illegal dump, the site was a farm and then a gravel mine.

The center was designed by Antoine Predock and BRW Architects. It is the first LEED-certified building constructed by the Parks and Recreation Department of Dallas and includes a green roof (planted), rainwater collection system, energy efficient systems, and recycled materials.

Nature
The National Audubon Society has a natural history museum and nature center in the building and its surroundings.

The Great Trinity Forest urban park is located within the Texas Blackland Prairies ecoregion. Habitats within it include bottomland hardwood forests, riparian zones, wetlands, open water ponds, grasslands, and the Trinity River itself.

The center is part of the City of Dallas-Trinity River Corridor Project and consists of 120 acres. The center features five miles of nature viewing trails, a butterfly garden, outdoor picnic areas, an indoor event center, and several rentable conference rooms. The center also hosts community events, such as the annual farm-to-table outdoor dinner, Songbird Supper.

Trinity River Project

The center is part of the Trinity River Project, a public works project to redevelop the Trinity River in Dallas. The Trinity River Project includes other recreational amenities. There are other trails and parks along the Trinity River channel, including the Continental Avenue Bridge and the AT&T Trail. Connecting the Trinity River Audubon Center to a trailhead at Elam Road, the AT&T Trail is approximately 4.25 miles long.

See also
National Audubon Society
Parks in Dallas, Texas
Trinity River-related articles

References

External links
 Official Trinity River Audubon Center website
 BRW Architects website 

Nature centers in Texas
Museums in Dallas
Parks in Dallas
Trinity River (Texas)
National Audubon Society
Natural history museums in Texas
Buildings and structures completed in 2008
ET3 Global Alliance. ET3 Global Alliance is an American open consortium of licensees that has tried to implement the Evacuated Tube Transport (ET3). It was founded by Daryl Oster in 1997.

The stated goal of the consortium was to build a global transportation system using car-sized capsules traveling in 1.5-meter-diameter tubes via frictionless superconductive maglev. Oster claims that the ET3 system will cost only 20 cents' worth of electrical energy to get up to 350 mph (560 km/h). ET3 claims that initial systems would travel at the speed of  for in-state trips and later will be developed to 6,500 km/h (4,000 mph, hypersonic speed).

History 
Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU) became the first university institution to become licensees of the ET3 GA consortium. Most ET3 licensees held outside of the United States are held in China. By 2007, Yaoping Zhang, a former professor of SWJTU, began promoting ETT as "evolutionary transportation". Yaoping Zhang currently operates ET3 GA's subsidiary ET3 China Inc.

ET3 has filed a series of new patents in 2014 relating to the field of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS). As of 2016, more than 380 licenses have been sold in 22 different countries, including China, where ET3 claims that more than a dozen licenses have been sold. Daryl Oster and his team met with Elon Musk in late July 2013 to discuss the technology, resulting in Musk promising an investment in a  prototype of ET3's design.

See also
 Hyperloop
 Swissmetro, a project started in 1974
 Vactrain, first proposed 1914

References

External links
 Official website

Hypothetical technology
Sustainable transport
Transport systems
American companies established in 1997
Palette (painting). A palette () is a surface on which a painter arranges and mixes paints. A palette is made of materials such as wood, paper, glass, ceramic or plastic, and can vary greatly in size and shape. Watercolor palettes are generally made of plastic or porcelain in a rectangular or wheel format, and have built in wells and mixing areas for colors. For acrylic painting, "stay wet" palettes exist, which prevent the paints from drying out and becoming inert.

A classical palette is most often oval, but can also be rectangular, and is tapered to ensure optimal distribution of weight. It has a thumbhole and insert for brushes, and is designed to be held in the non-dominant hand while the other is used to mix and paint. However, some well-known artists have used more unconventional palettes; for instance, Picasso used a sheet of newspaper.

Palettes are also a universal symbol of painting and art in general, alongside paintbrushes, for example in the symbol of Microsoft Paint.

See also 
 Palette (computing)
 Color scheme
 Palette knife

References

External links

 Palette, Online Etymology Dictionary

Painting materials
Gibbs Society of Biological Thermodynamics. The Gibbs Society of Biological Thermodynamics is composed of scientists involved in the field of Biophysics, with the group meeting annually in the Fall. Recent meetings have been held at the Touch of Nature Conference Center in Carbondale, Illinois.
Current incarnations have begun with a meet and greet on Saturday night, followed by two and a half days of lectures and two nights of poster sessions. Poster sessions often end with several attendees creating a bonfire at a nearby beach. The last night of the meeting is known for its food, a selection of beef cooked over an open flame, with attendees affectionately calling it the "Buffalo Tro".

In 2009, the Gary K. Ackers Lecture in Biothermodynamics was instituted, with Michael Brenowitz giving the inaugural lecture.  

The research presented at the Gibbs Conference is focused on understanding biological process through quantitative thermodynamic analysis. Much, but not all, of the work uses a model system or protein and the aims to explore the universal laws and principles of biological thermodynamics with simple systems.

Biophysics organizations
Phenolic paper. Phenolic paper is a material often used to make printed circuit board (PCB) substrates (the flat board to which electronic components and traces are attached). It is a very tough board made of wood fibre and phenolic polymers.  It is most commonly brown in colour, and is a fibre reinforced plastic. These PCB materials are known as FR-1 and FR-2 – FR-2 is rated to 130°C, FR-1 is rated to 105°C.

References

Electronics manufacturing
Synthetic paper