omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pasakha. Pasakha   is a town in southern Bhutan. It has been described as the only industrial town in Bhutan, as it is home to several heavy industries. Tashi Group, the largest private company in Bhutan, operates a chemical plant, a ferrosilicon plant and a soft drinks bottling factory. In total there are 26 factories located in Pasakha. As a side effect of these industries, the town is one of the few places in Bhutan where air pollution is a concern. Local villagers also have a shortage of water due to the high water demand of the nearby industries.

The location is favourable for industry due to the proximity of raw materials, and for exports, the Indian border is nearby.

In 1996 and in August 2000, the town suffered from flood damage from the Basra river.

See also
Transport in Bhutan
Economy of Bhutan

References

Populated places in Bhutan
Chukha District
Economy of Bhutan
Methyl perchlorate. Methyl perchlorate is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula . Its molecular structure is a methyl group covalently bonded by a single bond to a perchlorate group, , in which chlorine has an oxidation state of +7. Like many other perchlorates, it is a high energy material. It is also a toxic alkylating agent and exposure to the vapor can cause death. It can be prepared by treating iodomethane with a solution of silver perchlorate in benzene.

References

Perchlorates
Methyl esters
Holbeck Viaduct Project. The Holbeck Viaduct Project is a community project that proposes bringing the Holbeck Viaduct in Leeds, England back into public use. The project is supported by a community group of the same name.

The Holbeck Viaduct (also known as the Farnley Viaduct) spans 92 archways and . It runs from Leeds railway station, via Holbeck Urban Village and Old Holbeck, passes near Elland Road Stadium and ends onto wasteland in Wortley.

The viaduct was built in 1882 for the London and North Western Railway during the Industrial Revolution. It has been described as a feat of Victorian engineering, and provided a vital transport link into the booming city centre, which by the turn of the 20th century had developed into an important centre for the production of woollen cloth (See History of Leeds). The viaduct largely fell out of use in the 1960s following Leeds City Station modernisation, and the last scheduled train to pass over the viaduct did so on 11 October 1987.

A number of uses for the viaduct have been suggested, including a community garden, green walkway, arts space, park, cycle path, events hub, public allotment, café, music venue, viewing platform, local landmark or other community-focused project.

The Holbeck Viaduct Project community group envisages that the viaduct will open in 2023. The proposed timeline for the development is:
 2016–2017: Pre-feasibility scoping report
 2017–2018: Detailed feasibility and stakeholder engagement
 2018–2020: Fundraising and securing land and planning
 2021–2023: Constructing, planting and opening.
The project is happening at the same time as the South Bank Leeds regeneration, which has the aim of doubling the size of Leeds city centre.

The community group supporting the project seeks to develop the project in a highly participatory manner, drawing on the time, skills and resources of a wide range of people and organisations. The group has a website and mailing list, and is represented on Twitter and Facebook. The group is seeking new volunteers and supporters to support their community-based proposals, including detailed feasibility study to underpin future fundraising.

The project has previously been referred to as the Holbeck High Line, echoing the High Line in New York. However, the name Holbeck Viaduct Project reflects a wider range of options and a desire to create an affordable project which truly reflects Leeds and its local communities.

The Holbeck Viaduct Project is not to be confused with the nearby Monk Bridge Viaduct development, in nearby Whitehall Road, which will see a separate viaduct turned into a sky park, alongside bars, restaurants and apartments.

References

Leeds
Railway viaducts in West Yorkshire
Transport in Leeds
Claude Lipscomb. Claude Percival Thomas Lipscomb (1887– 11 April 1974) FRAeS was a British engineer and aircraft designer, who designed the RAF Bomber Command's first four-engined heavy bomber, the Short Stirling (S.29).

Early life
C.P.T. Lipscomb was born on Portsea Island.

He attended Woolwich Polytechnic, whilst completing an apprenticeship.

Career

Shorts
He joined Short Brothers in 1914 in Kent, then he later designed airships at Bedford from 1916 to 1921.

He set up the airship sheds at RAF Cardington.

By the late 1930s he was assistant chief designer. He became chief designer in 1943.

He was the chief designer until 31 December 1948, when became technical director, until 1 August 1951.

Short Stirling
The Short Stirling, which he designed with Arthur Gouge, first flew, as L7600, on 14 May 1939 at RAF Rochester in Kent with John Lankester Parker, the Short Chief Test Pilot. The aircraft suffered a brake seizure on landing and the undercarriage collapsed.

The aircraft was designed in response to the Air Ministry Directive B.12/36, issued on 9 July 1936. It had Bristol Hercules I radial engines. The second prototype, L7605, flew on 3 December 1939. Production of the Stirling also took place in Belfast from June 1940.

The first production Stirling N3635 flew on 7 May 1940, with Hercules II engines. The Stirling Mk 1 entered service in August 1940 with 7 Squadron, with 756 being made. 1,047 were made of the Stirling Mk III, which entered service in 1942. 2383 Stirlings were made. The Stirling's first operation raid was on 10 February 1941 from RAF Oakington, and its first raid to Germany was on 17 March 1941.

He later designed a possible transatlantic four-engine airliner, the Short 14/38.

Personal life
He lived in Gillingham, Kent. He married Nora Guest. He had one son, Dennis, with a grand-daughter Claire born in November 1950.

He moved to Northern Ireland and lived at 28 Shandon Park East in Bangor, County Down. He died in April 1974 in Northern Ireland aged 86. The funeral was at St Comgalls church on Saturday 13 April 1974.

His wife died on 4 May 1978, aged 90.

See also
 Stuart Davies (engineer), co-designer of the Avro Lancaster, which first flew on 9 January 1941
 Sir Arthur Gouge, designer of the Short Sunderland, important in the Battle of the Atlantic
 George Volkert, designer of the Handley Page Halifax

References

1887 births
1974 deaths
Engineers from County Down
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
People from Bangor, County Down
People from Gillingham, Kent
People from Portsea, Portsmouth
Sky Shadow (radar jammer). The ARI.23246/1 Sky Shadow is a radar jamming system (ECM pod), initially developed by GEC-Marconi Defence Systems, formerly operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF).

History
It was developed by GEC-Marconi Defence Systems, which employed around 48,000 people, in the early 1970s. Marconi Defence Systems started development in 1972, with production starting in 1979. Production finished in 1996.

The system is designed to jam radar-guided air-to-air missile, ground-to-air missiles and radar directed anti-aircraft-artillerys.

Operation
The Sky Shadow radar jammer was designed for and carried by the RAF's Tornado GR1 and GR4 (now retired). The ECM pod weighed around 200 kg, and was around 3 metres long. It operated in the G to J bands.

The Sky Shadow was hastily fitted to Harrier GR3 aircraft in the Falklands War, on the aircraft's 30mm gun pod. The RAF purchased around 225 ECM pods for the Tornado GR1 (IDS Tornado) fleet.

See also
 Electronic warfare
 Radar jamming and deception

References

External links
 Royal Air Force

Electronic countermeasures
General Electric Company
Military electronics of the United Kingdom
1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
Products introduced in 1979
Airlift (company). Airlift AS is a helicopter operator based at Førde Airport, Bringeland in Sunnfjord, Norway. The company operates a combined sixteen Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil and Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma. In addition to Bringeland, the company has bases at Kinsarvik, Stranda, Ljosland and Hønefoss Airport, Eggemoen. Airlift is owned by Noordzee Helikopters Vlaanderen and has about seventy employees.

History

The company was incorporated in 1986 by Torbjørn Lie. It was originally based at Førde Airport, Øyrane in the town center. After it was closed, Airlift moved to Bringeland in 1988. It later won contracts to fly air ambulance services. In 1996 Airlift won a contract to fly services for the Governor of Svalbard, with a base at Svalbard Airport, Longyear. This contract was retained until 2014.

Airlift has had a fluctuating ownership situation. It bought the Swedish helicopter operators Helikopterservice in 2001 and Ostermann Helicopter the following year. At this point the group's size peaked at 26 aircraft. Ostermann was sold in 2005. Meanwhile Helicopter Transportation Group secured control full ownership of Airlift in 2002. However, they sold sixty percent to BlueWay Offshore, controlled by the Reitan Group, in 2006. Airlift then bought forty percent of Stryn-based Helikopter Utleie in 2007. Airlift is the only company which is contracted by the government for search and rescue operations.

References
 

Airlines of Norway
Air ambulance services in Norway
Airlines established in 1986
1986 establishments in Norway
Companies based in Vestland
Sunnfjord
Curie's principle. Curie's principle, or Curie's symmetry principle, is a maxim about cause and effect formulated by Pierre Curie in 1894:

The idea was based on the ideas of Franz Ernst Neumann and Bernhard Minnigerode. Thus, it is sometimes known as the Neuman–Minnigerode–Curie principle.

Later physicists have interpreted Curie's principle in the context of thermodynamics. Dynamics close to equilbrium are described by a set of transport coefficients whose symmetries must match the symmetries of the system, according to Curie's principle.

References 

Group theory

Concepts in physics
Symmetry
Template-guided self-assembly. Template-guided self-assembly is a versatile fabrication process that can arrange various micrometer to nanometer sized particles into lithographically created template with defined patterns. The process contain the following four steps.

Create Template 
The "template" can be created by either photolithography or e-beam lithography to define binding sites for various building blocks. The binding sites should reflect the footprint of the building blocks or clusters to be bound.

Surface Treatment 
After film development, the created pattern is treated with charged polymers in order to “stick” the particles. Take poly-lysine as an example, the poly-lysine will cover the negatively charged glass surface and turn the charge to be positive; it thus can non-specifically bind negatively charged metallic nanoparticles.

Particle Assembly 
To do particle assembly, treated pattern is submerged in a small amount of aqueous solution of particles.  A few approaches can be used to facilitate the binding efficiency. One of them is to use capillary force at the edge of the aqueous droplet to “push” the particles into the binding sites. If assembling multiple types of particles, the particles should be assembled in the order of decreasing sizes. For example, if assembling both 60   nm gold nanoparticles as well as 40   nm silver nanoparticles, 60   nm gold nanoparticles should be applied first because it is too big to enter binding sites tailored for 40   nm particles. Rationally design the binding sequence as well as the binding site sizes can result in minimizing the binding errors from occurring.

Remove Template 
After binding of all building blocks, the template can be removed by either dissolving in an organic solvent, or stripped off by a scotch tape.

References

Microtechnology
Carbuss. Carbuss - Indústria de Carrocerias Catarinense Ltda. is a Brazilian bus manufacturer. The company is based in Joinville in the south of Brazil, where it operates industrial premises that cover  of land. The premises previously belonged to another bus manufacturer, Busscar, before its bankruptcy in 2012.

History

The business had its origins in a firm created upon the purchase of the Joinville factory from Busscar. A R$9.4 million cash deposit and another R$57.74 million to be paid in 52 installments with monetary correction was invested in the company. On 12 June 2017, the company received the name Carbuss. The company planned to hire 500 employees by 2018. Following the evaluation of all property to see what could still be used, the hiring of 80 production staff commenced. Some ten thousand résumés were received, and preference was given to employees who had been laid off by the former Busscar administration.

A separate investor group acquired the Busscar brand, equipment, projects, and industrial parks. The company assumed none of the old debts. Busscar Colombia continues to operate as an independent company. Although Carbuss and Busscar are different companies, they conduct technology exchanges and use similar sales structures and logistics. Company's owner is not named Caio.

The owners stated that a complete redesign of the product line, including the commercial names of the models, was carried out, though in a similar style as prior Busscar models. Emissions standards were updated to Euro 5.

After five years of inactivity, the factory began producing buses on 2 May 2018, with investments exceeding R$100 million. Three chassis were initially produced: a Vissta Bus 360 for Viação Paraty in Araraquara Brazil, a customer who asked to receive the first chassis, a Vissta Bus 340 for Viação Osasco for use by the EMTU in Greater São Paulo, and a Vissta Bus DD demonstrative.

Ten months after the acquisition, the new owners had already hired 180 employees, with a goal of 500 to 800 employees for the end of 2018.

Models

El Buss 320 2019
Vissta Buss 340
Vissta Buss 360
Vissta Buss 400 LD
Vissta Buss DD

References

External links

Bus manufacturers of Brazil
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2017
Companies based in Joinville
Brazilian brands
Brazilian companies established in 2017
Avery Kay. Colonel Avery Kay, USAF, was a United States Air Force officer and Master Navigator best known for being the principal advocate of the A-10 Warthog attack aircraft.

Born on October 29, 1919, Colonel Kay joined the U.S. Army Air Corps as it transitioned to being the U.S. Army Air Forces at the beginning of World War II.  Following initial flight training as a navigator, he qualified as a navigator in the B-17 Flying Fortress and was assigned to a bomb group based in Great Britain, during which time he flew multiple combat bombing missions against enemy targets in continental Europe.  He was also the Lead Navigator for the Schweinfurt Raid.

Following the end of World War II, Kay transferred his commission to the newly established U.S. Air Force in September 1947 and served in various operational and staff assignments during the Cold War, to include service in the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

In the late 1960s, Kay was assigned to Headquarters Air Force at the Pentagon in the Air Staff's Concepts and Doctrine Division.  In this assignment, he served as a primary action officer to the division director, Major General Richard Yudkin, USAF.  With its emphasis on nuclear-armed strategic jet bombers of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) during the 1950s and 1960s Cold War era, and the fighter aircraft of the Tactical Air Command (TAC) that were becoming the USAF's predominant combat arm during the Vietnam War, Avery believed that the Air Force had never adequately supported the close air support (CAS) mission in support of the U.S. Army or NATO/Allied ground forces and he convinced General Yudkin that this was a worthy battle.  Their advocacy of the program initially known as "A-X" for a dedicated ground attack and CAS aircraft became a special project, done in the face of opposition from senior USAF leadership, especially that group of colonels and general officers from the USAF fighter community known as the "fighter lobby" or "fighter mafia" who advocated high tech, high performance, single seat fighter aircraft as a sole solution for all the USAF's tactical aviation requirements.

Colonel Kay retired from the Air Force in 1972 and died on his 96th birthday in 2015.  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors, to include a "missing man" flyover by four A-10 aircraft.

References 

United States Air Force officers
Mathesiusite. Mathesiusite is a sulfate mineral containing potassium, vanadium, and uranium and has the chemical formula: K5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4(H2O). It is a secondary mineral formed during post-mining processes.

It was discovered in the Jáchymov mining district, Czech Republic and named in 2013 after Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565), who studied minerals from the area (known then as Joachimsthal, Bohemia).

References

Uranium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Vanadium minerals
Potassium minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 85
Grande Ronde River Bridge. The Grande Ronde River Bridge, near Asotin in Asotin County in southeast Washington, is a riveted steel girder bridge which was built in 1941.  It is notable as the first, or one of the first, steel girder bridges in the Washington State highway system, and was a prototype for later ones. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

It brings Washington State Route 129 over the Grande Ronde River, about  south of Anatone, Washington and  southwest of Asotin.  It is  long in total, with a center suspended span  long between two  cantilever spans.  On each side is a  reinforced concrete T-beam approach span and a steel anchor arm span  long.

It was built for the Washington State Highway Department by contractor Henry Hagman using steel fabricated by the Clinton Bridge Company of Clinton, Iowa.  R. W. Finke was the bridge engineer.

Its NRHP nomination states:
Although the bridge is lacking overt artistic features, its design is particularly appropriate to the unique character of the location. The simple horizontal lines of the bridge complement the basalt outcrops rising abruptly in layered formations from the valley floor. The bridge's configuration and type of construction appear to have been an excellent engineering solution for this particular river crossing.

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Bridges completed in 1941
Asotin County, Washington
Cantilever bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
Norsk Helikopterservice. Norsk Helikopterservice AS (NHS) is an offshore helicopter airline based at Stavanger Airport, Sola in Sola, Norway. It operates a fleet of Sikorsky S-92 flying services to offshore oil platforms for oil companies. The company was incorporated in 2009 and commenced operations in 2012. Babcock International owns a majority of the company.

History
Norsk Helikopterservice was the brainchild of Bjørn Veum Seljevold. At the age of 54, he was working as a heavy helicopter inspector for the Norwegian Civil Aviation Authority. His background was helicopter pilot and having started a helicopter operating company in the United States. He saw that the offshore market was split between Helikopter Service and Norsk Helikopter (later Bristow Norway). He therefore started working on plans to found his own offshore helicopter company. His aim was to capture about twenty to twenty-five percent of the market, which he estimated would total about fifty aircraft.

The company was incorporated in 2009. It "borrowed" its name from that of its two main competitors, after the company discovered that they had not properly protected their trademarks. The company decided to establish its head office and main base at Stavanger Airport, Sola, due to it being a national center for helicopter traffic and ease of access to other oil cities. Norsk Helikopterservice bought the hangar formerly built to house Braathens Helikopter.

It took several years to get the company in shape to commence operations. The first major hurdle was financing. This resulted with an agreement with Bond Offshore Helicopters based in Aberdeen, Scotland, and World Helicopters Norway, where the latter received sixty-fiver percent of the shares. This company was part of the Avincis group. The remaining thirty percent were held by Norwegian investors, including many of the key employees.
 
Operations commenced on 14 June 2012, with an AgustaWestland AW139 leased from Bond and operated with ad hoc flights on the British sector. A joint order between Bond and NHS was made for sixteen Sikorsky S-92A helicopters, eight to each company. The first two were delivered to NHS in February 2013, and the original order was scheduled to run until 2017. The aircraft were contracted to Bond, who at the time had their fleet of Eurocopter EC225 Super Pumas grounded. The two S-92s were based at Aberdeen Airport and crewed by NHS employees.

References

Bibliography
 

Airlines of Norway
Helicopter airlines
Airlines established in 2009
2009 establishments in Norway
Companies based in Sola, Norway
Offshore Helicopters. Offshore Helicopters A/S was an offshore and scheduled helicopter airline based at Bergen Airport, Flesland in Bergen, Norway. Established in 1974, the company lasted until 1980 when it merged with its main competitor, Helikopter Service. Offshore Helicopters flew mostly to Statfjord, and had at its peak eight helicopters. It flew a scheduled service from Bodø to Værøy between 1976 and 1979.

History
Through the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a boom in offshore oil exploration and later production. This led to a steady increase in offshore helicopter traffic, although initially only Helikopter Service was able to capture it. Three significant airlines therefore went together to form a challenger. Offshore Helicopters was incorporated by Fred. Olsen Airtransport, Helitourist and Mørefly on 31 October 1974. Its head office was located at Bergen Airport, Flesland, with a second base at Stavanger Airport, Sola. The airline received an offshore operating concession the same year.

The airline initially bought two fifteen-passenger Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma. There was a desire both among politicians and oil companies that there be created a challenger to Helikopter Service, but it proved difficult for Offshore Helicopters to secure significant contracts. Their main operations was a joint contract with Helikopter Service to fly to Statfjord. This involved an extensive cooperation with the larger company, forcing Offshore Helicopters to sell their Pumas and instead buy two Sikorsky S-61N and two Bell 212 in order to unify the fleets. All maintenance of the Sikorskys were done by Helikopter Service, although Offshore Helicopters maintained their Bells. By 1978 the fleet had increased to four aircraft of each class.

The airline operated a scheduled passenger service between 1976 and 1979, between Bodø Airport and the island of Værøya. The route was subsidized by the government and awarded to Widerøe, who also operated the rest of the subsidized regional network. Widerøe bought a Sikorsky S-58T, but subcontracted the operations to Offshore Helicopter. The company took over an old hangar at Bodø and had four people stationed there.

Mørefly and Helitourist eventually sold their shares to Fred. Olsen. In 1980 they have up operating the airline, and agreed to a merger with Helikopter Service. Fred. Olsen was paid in shares in the merged Helikopter Service, receiving an ownership share of fifteen percent.

References

Bibliography
 

Defunct airlines of Norway
Defunct helicopter airlines
Airlines established in 1974
Airlines disestablished in 1980
1980 disestablishments in Norway
Companies based in Bergen
Norwegian companies established in 1974