omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Trans-Amazonian Railway. The Trans-Amazonian Railway is a proposed transcontinental railway through the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. The project was conceived in 2013 and announced in 2015 by Chinese and Bolivian leaders as part of a larger plan to create a Chinese-funded transportation network to support Bolivian imports and exports. The  transcontinental railroad megaproject proposed to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by cutting through the Amazon rainforest. It was estimated to cost $10 billion circa 2015 and $72 billion circa 2023, and may not be able to recoup costs. Its sister projects include the Nicaragua Canal and a Colombian railway. It was included in the Brazilian National Transportation Plan.

The project received backlash from various native tribes, conservationists, ecologists, and news media concerned with the integrity of the Amazon rainforest and negative impact on the lives and well-being of native peoples. Past development projects have endangered native peoples with the introduction of violence from illegal loggers and cattle ranchers. There are also concerns that environmental impact has not been properly gauged and communicated to the parties it would effect. An analogous project, the Trans-Amazonian Highway, had a markedly negative impact on native peoples.

Some analysts believe that the railroad is preferential to a trans-continental highway network, as the majority of deforestation happens around roads. The proposed railway would re-use a good portion of already deforested land, reducing impact.  

There is a strong incentive to the economy of South America by increasing trade with Asia, and export of beef, soybean, and minerals are expected to boost the economy of several countries along its route. China has encouraged this project both with direct funding and by lifting bans on South American beef imports. As of 2023 China is Brazil's largest beef export market, spending $8 billion on Brazilian beef in 2022. Cattle and beef play a primary role in the deforestation of the Amazon. Cattle ranching is responsible for five times more deforestation in South America than other analyzed commodities, and cattle accounts for 36% of tree cover loss worldwide.  Cattle ranching is especially destructive due to the slash-and-burn method ranchers use to clear land, and the feeding habits of cattle being especially thorough and difficult for plants to recover from.

, construction has not started yet. The Bolivian state has received assistance from the Inter-American Development Bank and the China Development Bank. The project faces environmental, civil, financial, and legal hurdles.

See also
 Rail transport in Brazil
 Rail transport in Peru
 Transport in Brazil
 Transport in Peru
 Central Bi-Oceanic railway 
 Transcontinental railway Brasil-Peru
 Madeira-Mamoré Railroad
 São Luís-Teresina Railway

References

External links
 EF-354 - TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
 The Transcontinental Railroad: an interactive map

Railway lines in Brazil
Proposed railway lines in South America
Proposed railway lines in Brazil
Blue Tunnel Project. Blue Tunnel Project, is an effort to provide large-scale irrigation to arid lands of Konya Plain, in the Turkish heartland, where agriculture and wildlife are under threat.

Blue Tunnel, the most important part of the Konya Plain Project, is the second-largest irrigation scheme of Turkey after the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), and aims to provide the region with a yearly 414 million cubic meters of water.

References

Economy of Turkey
Carl Caldenius. Carl Caldenius (1887–1961), until 1920 known by the surname Carlzon, was a Swedish Quaternary geologist and geotechnical engineer. He is mostly known for his geochronological work in Patagonia.

Caldenius worked as geotechnical engineer for the Swedish State Railways until 1922 when he started to work full-time with his Ph.D thesis "Ragundasjöns stratigrafi och geokronologi" (Stratigraphy and geochronology of Lake Ragunda) that he defended in 1924. In 1925 he travelled to Argentina as part of a Swedish-Argentine collaboration to extend the clay varve chronology of Gerard De Geer to the Southern Hemisphere. After returning to Swedsen in 1930 he joined an expedition to Australia and New Zealand where he applied knowledge of varves to study the Carboniferous Karoo Ice Age.

See also
Carl Skottsberg
José María Sobral

References

1887 births
1961 deaths
Quaternary geologists
20th-century Swedish geologists
Geotechnical engineers
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Jef Caers. Jef Caers, born in Belgium, is an academic working as a Professor at the School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University. He was awarded the Andrei Borisovich Vistelius Research Award and the William Christian Krumbein Medal by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences in 2001 and 2014 respectively. He is Editor-in-Chief of Computers & Geosciences.

Education
Ph.D. in engineering, 1997, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
M.S. in Mining Engineering & Geophysics, 1993, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Research
His research interests include geostatistics, spatial modeling and modeling uncertainty.

Employment

2015–Present, Professor, Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University
2014–2015, Professor, Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University
2006–2013, Associate Professor, Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University
2000–Present, Director, Stanford Center for Reservoir Forecasting, Stanford University
1999–2005, Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University
1997–1999, Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University
1997, Post-doctoral researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
1997–1999, Post-doctoral Fellow of the National Science Foundation of Belgium
1997–1998, Research Fellow of the NATO

Selected books
Jef Caers, 2005, "Petroleum Geostatistics”, Society for Petroleum Engineers, p. 96.
Jef Caers, 2011, “Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences”, (Wiley-Blackwell), p. 246.
G. Mariethoz and Jef Caers, 2014, "Multiple-point Geostatistics: stochastic modeling with training images", Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
KU Leuven alumni
Stanford University faculty
Aerochute International Dual. The Aerochute International Dual, (formerly called the Two Seater) is an Australian powered parachute designed and produced by Aerochute International of Coburg North, Victoria. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Dual was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a  Ram Air brand parachute-style wing made from rip-stop nylon, two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration, tricycle landing gear and a single  Rotax 503 engine mounted  in pusher configuration.

The aircraft carriage is built from metal tubing. The flight controls are a foot pedal throttle, with handles for the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. The main landing gear incorporates spring rod suspension.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for crew and baggage is .

Specifications (Dual)

References

External links
Official website

Dual
2000s Australian sport aircraft
2000s Australian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
Aerochute International. Aerochute International Pty. Ltd is an Australian aircraft manufacturer founded in 1989 by Stephen Conte and based in Coburg North, Victoria. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes in the form of kits for amateur construction for the European Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category. The aircraft are also approved by the  Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority.

The company introduced its single seat model, the Aerochute International Hummerchute in 1989 and the two-seat Aerochute International Dual in 1992.

Aerochute is also an approved powered parachute flight training school, with locations in Melbourne and Perth.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Powered parachutes
Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1989
Australian companies established in 1989
Manufacturing companies established in 1989
TidalCycles. TidalCycles (also known as Tidal) is a live coding environment which is designed for improvising and composing music. Technically, it is a domain-specific language embedded in the functional programming language Haskell, and is focused on the generating and manipulating audiovisual patterns. It was originally designed for heavily percussive and polyrhythmic grid-based music, but it now uses a flexible and functional reactive representation for patterns, by using rational time. Therefore, Tidal may be applied to a wide range of musical styles, although its cyclic approach to time means that it affords use in repetitive styles such as algorave.

Background 
TidalCycles was created by Alex McLean who also coined the term algorave, and is a domain-specific language embedded in Haskell, which focuses on generating and manipulating audiovisual patterns. Tidal's representation of rhythm is based on metrical cycles, which is inspired by Indian classical music, supporting polyrhythmic and polymetric structures using a flexible, functional reactive representation for patterns, and rational time. This programme doesn't produce sound itself, but via the SuperCollider sound environment through the SuperDirt framework, via MIDI, or Open Sound Control.

Tidal is also used widely in academic research, including representation in music AI, as a language in network music, and in electronic literature.

Tidal is widely used at algorave algorithmic dance music events, and on high profile music releases. It has been featured on BBC Radio 3's New Music Show.

Since January 2022, an official port of Tidal's pattern engine has developed into the web-based live coding environment Strudel, created by Felix Roos and Alex McLean.

Artists using it 
 Richard Devine
 Beatrice Dillon
 Lil Data
 digital selves 
MIRI KAT
Daniel M Karlsson
65daysofstatic
Benjamin Wynn
Hsien-Yu Cheng

References

External links
 Official website
 

Digital art
Computer programming
Live coding
Algorave
Functional programming
Music technology
2009 establishments
Air Sylphe 447. The Air Sylphe 447 is a French powered parachute that was designed and produced by Air Sylphe of Villereau, Nord. Now out of production, the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

The company appears to have gone out of business and ended production  in the end of 2007.

Design and development
The Air Sylphe 447 was designed to comply with the U.S. FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a  parachute-style wing, single-place accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single  Rotax 447 engine in pusher configuration. The  Rotax 503 engine was a factory option.

The aircraft carriage is built from metal tubing with a ducted fan derived from an industrial air ventilation system. The main landing gear incorporates spring rod suspension.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for crew and baggage is . A version with a gross weight of  to accommodate heavier pilots was also built.

Specifications (Air Sylphe 447)

References

447
2000s French sport aircraft
2000s French ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
Larry LaRose. Larry LaRose (born February 13, 1953) is an American NASA flight engineer.

Born in Worland, Wyoming, Larry LaRose enlisted in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, first as a mechanic and then attending flight school to become a flight engineer. In 1979 NASA recruited him to work for the space program as it transitioned from the Apollo program to the space shuttle, starting with the "zero g" program using airplanes to simulate zero gravity for astronaut training and science experiments. In 1989, LaRose was selected to transfer to Biggs Army Airfield in El Paso, Texas, to assume the responsibility of the El Paso FOL [Forward Operating Location] manager. He began helping train pilots in the Shuttle Training Aircraft program to return from space in space shuttle orbiters that were depleted of power and had to glide in under human control. He also worked for the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft Program, which transported shuttles on the back of modified Boeing 747 aircraft.

LaRose retired from NASA in 2008 after 30 years of service and more than 120 shuttle missions. Following his retirement, he took a job with a private contractor that transported shuttles. LaRose has been the flight engineer for three space shuttle's final voyages; flying the Discovery shuttle to Washington, D.C. (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia) on April 17, 2012, the Enterprise to New York (Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in Manhattan) on April 27, 2012, and the Endeavor to Edwards AFB and then Los Angeles (California Science Center) from September 19–21, 2012. This does not include the space shuttle Atlantis which touched down from its final mission on July 21, 2011 at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where it remained.

LaRose has also worked in other programs with NASA, including the Fall 2011 Operation IceBridge campaign over Antarctica.

References

1953 births
People from Lander, Wyoming
NASA people
Living people
Aviators from Wyoming
People from Worland, Wyoming
LunIR. LunIR (Lunar InfraRed Imaging, formerly known as SkyFire) is a nanosatellite spacecraft launched to the Moon collecting surface spectroscopy and thermography. It was launched as a secondary payload on the Artemis 1 mission on 16 November 2022.

Mission 
LunIR is a technology demonstration mission funded by NASA that uses a low-cost 6U CubeSat spacecraft. LunIR will perform a lunar flyby, collecting spectroscopy and thermography for surface characterization, remote sensing, and site selection. The spacecraft includes two deployable solar panels and will have a total mass of about .

LunIR was selected in April 2015 by NASA's NextSTEP program (Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships) and awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin Space worth US$1.4 million for further development.

LunIR will communicate with Earth via ground stations operated by Kongsberg Satellite Services. LunIR will use 13-meter-diameter radio antennas located in Punta Arenas, Chile; Svalbard, Norway; and Troll station, Antarctica.

Launch 
LunIR was launched as one of ten CubeSats as a secondary payload on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System, Artemis 1.

Propulsion 
LunIR will demonstrate a low thrust electric propulsion technology called electrospray propulsion to lower the spacecraft's orbit for additional science and technology mission objectives.

See also 

The 10 CubeSats flying in the Artemis 1 mission
 Near-Earth Asteroid Scout by NASA was a solar sail spacecraft that was planned to encounter a near-Earth asteroid (mission failure)
 BioSentinel is an astrobiology mission
 LunIR by Lockheed Martin Space
 Lunar IceCube, by the Morehead State University
 CubeSat for Solar Particles (CuSP)
 Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper (LunaH-Map), designed by the Arizona State University
 EQUULEUS, submitted by JAXA and the University of Tokyo
 OMOTENASHI, submitted by JAXA, was a lunar lander (mission failure)
 ArgoMoon, designed by Argotec and coordinated by Italian Space Agency (ASI)
 Team Miles, by Fluid and Reason LLC, Tampa, Florida

The three CubeSat missions removed from Artemis 1
 Lunar Flashlight will map exposed water ice on the Moon
 Cislunar Explorers, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
 Earth Escape Explorer (CU-E3), University of Colorado Boulder

References 

CubeSats
Missions to the Moon
NASA space probes
2022 in the United States
Space probes launched in 2022
Secondary payloads
Satellites orbiting the Moon
Bagre Dam. Bagre Dam is a multipurpose dam on the White Volta located near Bagré Village in Burkina Faso.

History
The Dam was constructed in 1992 at a cost of 67 million CFA from the World Bank.

References

Embankment dams
Dams in Burkina Faso
Hydroelectric power stations in Burkina Faso
Ramsar sites in Burkina Faso
Dams completed in 1992
Energy infrastructure completed in 1992
David Kinderlehrer. David Samuel Kinderlehrer (October 23, 1941, Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician, who works on partial differential equations and related mathematics applied to materials in biology and physics.

Kinderlehrer received in 1963 his bachelor's degree from MIT and in 1968 his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley under Hans Lewy with thesis Minimal surfaces whose boundaries contain spikes. He became in 1968 an instructor and in 1975 a full professor at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. For the academic year 1971–1972 he was a visiting professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. In 2003 he became a professor at Carnegie Mellon University.

He works on partial differential equations, minimal surfaces, and variational inequalities, with mathematical applications to the microstructure of biological materials, to solid state physics, and to materials science, including crystalline microstructure, liquid crystals, molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport, and models of ion transport.

In 2002, he was the editor of the Hans Lewy Selecta published by Birkhäuser. His doctoral students include Irene Fonseca.

In 2012, Kinderlehrer was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 1974 in Vancouver he was an invited speaker (Elliptic Variational Inequalities) at the International Mathematical Congress.

Selected publications

with Guido Stampacchia: An introduction to variational inequalities and their applications, Academic Press 1980, SIAM Press 2000
as editor with Jerald L. Ericksen and Constantine Dafermos: Amorphous Polymers and Non-Newtonian Fluids, Springer Verlag 1987
as editor with J. L. Ericksen: Theory and application of liquid crystals, Springer Verlag 1987
as editor with Richard James, Mitchell Luskin, and J. L. Ericksen: Microstructure and phase transition, Springer Verlag 1993
as editor with Mark J. Bowick, Govind Menon, and Charles Radin: Mathematics and Materials, American Mathematical Society 2017

References

External links
Homepage at Carnegie Mellon University
 

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
1941 births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Educators from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Allyl glycidyl ether. Allyl glycidyl ether is an organic compound used in adhesives and sealants and as a monomer for polymerization reactions.  It is formally the condensation product of allyl alcohol and glycidol via an ether linkage.  Because it contains both an alkene and an epoxide group, either group can be reacted selectively to yield a product where the other functional group remains intact for future reactions.

Preparation
AGE is prepared commercially by the etherification of allyl alcohol with epichlorohydrin. Hydrogen chloride, the byproduct of their condensation, is removed with a base.

AGE can also be synthesized by monoepoxidation of diallyl ether.

Diepoxidation of the second alkene would produce diglycidyl ether.

Allyl glycidyl ether is chiral. Most routes yield a racemic mixture. Epoxidation using monooxygenase enzyme proceeds enantioselectively.

Alternately, nucleophilic cyclization of either chirality of the secondary alcohol onto a primary tosylate gives the chiral epoxide product.

Uses
Allyl glycidyl ether is used in adhesives and sealants and as a monomer for various types of polymer preparations.

Reactions

Polymerization 
As a bifunctional compound, the alkene group or the epoxide group can be reacted selectively to yield a product where the other functional group remains intact for future reactions. For example, either one of them could be used for linear polymerization, and then the other used for cross-linking.

Radical polymerization of the propylene portion in the presence of methyl acrylate yields a block copolymer with a high epoxide content. Similarly, it is can be used in the production of polyvinylcaprolactam as a chain transfer agent.

Nucleophilic polymerization of the epoxide groups gives a material that has the same backbone as polyethylene glycol, with allyl-ether side chains. The additional Lewis basic ether sites alter ion transport in the polymer and also affect the transient inter-chain crosslinking and glass transition temperature in the presence of metal ions. These properties suggest that the material may have applications as an alternative electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. The alkenes can be elaborated into short polyethylene-glycol oligomers to further increase the ion-binding ability and enhance the resulting material properties.

Block copolymers with ethylene oxide form micelles, which could be useful for encapsulating other molecules as part of a drug delivery system. The alkenes of these macromolecular structures can also be cross-linked via radical polymerization.

Lewis-acid-catalyzed co-polymerisation with carbon dioxide likewise gives a polycarbonate material with allyl side chains that can be further elaborated.

Hydrosilylation 
Rather than polymerization, the alkene group can undergo a hydrosilylation reaction with siloxanes in the presence of chloroplatinic acid as catalyst. Like the polymerization reactions, this reaction also leaves the epoxide intact. By this reaction, allyl glycidyl ether finds use as an intermediate in the production of silane coatings for electrical applications.

See also
 Epoxide
 Glycidol

References

Glycidyl ethers
Allyl compounds
CERFnet. The California Education and Research Federation Network (CERFnet) is a mid-level network service provider based in California. It was one of the NSFNET regional networks and a co-founder of the Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX).

The CERFnet network was founded in January 1988 by Susan Estrada of the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC). It received partial funding of $2.8 million by the National Science Foundation a year after its founding, and was fully operational by November 1989, linking together 38 California research centers.

The network was operated by the SDSC and General Atomics.

References

1988 establishments in California
American companies established in 1988
Companies based in California
Internet properties established in 1988
Internet service providers of the United States
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Center for Negative Carbon Emissions. The Center for Negative Carbon Emissions (CNCE) is led by Director Matthew Green, and was founded by Klaus S. Lackner in the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE) at Arizona State University in 2014. CNCE is advancing carbon management technologies that can capture  directly from ambient air in an outdoor operating environment. CNCE aims to demonstrate systems that over time increase in scope, reliability and efficiency while lowering the cost of carbon dioxide capture from air.

References

Direct air capture