omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BiSS interface. The open source BiSS interface (bidirectional/serial/synchronous) is based on a protocol which implements a real time interface. It enables a secure serial digital communication between controller, sensor and actuator. The BiSS protocol is designed in B mode and C mode (continuously bidirectional mode). It is used in industrial applications which require transfer rates, safety, flexibility and a minimized implementation effort. The BiSS interface has roots in SSI and a simplified INTERBUS. The proprietary standards, Hiperface and EnDat are competing solutions.

Application 
 Position sensor system 
 Rotary encoder (absolute encoder)
 Linear position sensors (absolute encoder)
 Drive control (motor feedback) 
 Intelligent sensor system (smart sensors)
 Robotics

BiSS features 
 Open source
 Hardware compatible for SSI standard (synchronous serial interface)
 Cyclic reading of sensor data up to 64 bit per slave
 Transmission of status data, parameter, measured temperature value, configuration description, etc.
 Isochronal, real time capable data transmission
 Bidirectional communication with two unidirectional lines
 Point-to-point or multi-slave networks
 Maximum user data rate, transmission data depending on driver and line of e.g. RS-422: 10 MHz, 1 km; LVDS: 100 Mbit/s
 Independent of the applied physical layer
 CRC secured communication (sensor data and control data secured separately)

Characteristics of BiSS C 
 Continuous sensor data transmission without interruption while using control data 
 Activation of actuators in bus during sensor data transmission
 Broader standardization through BiSS profiles, BiSS EDS (electronic data sheet), BiSS USER DATA, etc.
 Full compatibility of BiSS identifier (already defined in BiSS B)

History of BiSS in position sensor system 
 BiSS was showcased in 2002 by its founders iC-Haus GmbH
 Since BiSS B is not motor feedback compatible, BiSS C has been preferred in the market
 All patent cases against BiSS B were dropped in 2012: 
 EP 0790489B1: "Mode switching by frequency comparison"
 DE 19701310B4: "Mode switching as such"
 EP 1168120B1: "Block transmission of additional uncritical data"
 Multi-cycle data (MCD) are no longer utilized in the position sensor system with BiSS 
 Because BiSS utilizes the PHY of SSI [(RS-422)], it develops as the successor of the SSI interface in automation

References

External links 
 BiSS Interface Website
 BiSS C Protocol Description (English)

Communications protocols
Geoffrey Binnie. Geoffrey Morse Binnie FRS FEng (13 November 1908 – 5 April 1989) was a British civil engineer and writer particularly associated with dams and reservoirs.

Binnie was the third generation of his family to enter civil engineering (his grandfather was Sir Alexander Binnie, and father William Binnie). He was educated at Charterhouse School, Trinity Hall, Cambridge and Zurich University. On graduation, he became a pupil of Swiss engineer Dr Henry Edward Gruner, working on a hydro-electric scheme, Seruf-Niederenbach, in the Alps, and then on a larger project, Albbruck-Dogern on the River Rhine.

He joined the Binnie & Partners firm of consulting engineers in 1931. From 1932 to 1936, he worked on the 88m high Jubilee Dam in Hong Kong, the then highest dam in the British Empire. Upon his return to the UK, he worked on the construction of Eye Brook Reservoir at Corby, Northamptonshire. In 1939, he was appointed a Partner in the family firm.

During World War II, he served in the Royal Engineers. After the war, he worked on various water supply projects in the UK and overseas, including the Kalatuwawa Dam, near Hanwella, which supplies water to Colombo in Sri Lanka. Other major projects included:
Dukan Dam, on River Tigris, Iraq
Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, Pakistan, today still the world's 16th largest dam.
the W. A. C. Bennett Dam, part of the Peace River Project, British Columbia, Canada

Binnie retired in December 1972, but remained active on various committees concerned with dams and barrages, including the Severn Barrage Committee from 1977 to 1979. He also researched the history of water and dam engineering; his first book Early Victorian Water Engineers was published in 1981, and in 1987, his second book, Early Dam Builders in Britain was published.

Honours
He was a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1975. During his career, his ICE honours and awards included the Telford Premium (1938), George Stephenson Medal (1959), Telford Gold Medal (1968), the Smeatonian Society's John Smeaton Gold Medal (1974) and the Newcomen Society's Dickinson Medal (1976).

Legacy
His life and work is commemorated by an annual lecture organised by the British Dam Society.

References

1908 births
1989 deaths
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
British civil engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
People educated at Charterhouse School
Noel Chiappa. Joseph Noel Chiappa is a retired American researcher in computer networks, information systems architecture, and software.

Education
Chiappa attended Saltus Grammar School in Bermuda, and Phillips Academy and MIT in the US.

Career
Chiappa started work on MIT's multi-protocol Chaosnet router in 1980.  This code routed Chaosnet and IP packets independently.  It was later licensed to Proteon and formed the basis of their first multi-protocol router product.

Chiappa designed the original version of Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).  He is acknowledged in several other RFC's, such as RFC-826, RFC-919, RFC-950 and others. He has worked extensively on the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP). In 1992, Chiappa was also credited for fixing the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" protocol bug as well as other document problems.

Chiappa is listed on the "Birth of the Internet" plaque at the entrance to the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford. He served as the first Internet Area Director on the Internet Engineering Steering Group, from 1989 to 1992.

From 2012, Chiappa was working on long-term issues in both the Internet Research Task Force and Internet Engineering Task Force and its predecessors; he served as the initial Area Director for Internet Services of the Internet Engineering Steering Group from 1987-1992.

He was also involved in the development of IPv6, objecting to the IPng selection process.

Other interests

Among many non-technical interests, he is particularly interested in Japanese woodblock prints, and helps maintain online catalogue raisonnés for two major woodblock artists, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi and Utagawa Hiroshige II

Personal life
Chiappa lives in Yorktown, Virginia with his family.

Notes

External links

 Official homepage
 RFC-1251 "Who's Who in the Internet: Biographies of IAB, IESG and IRSG Members
 Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)
 Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of Utagawa Hiroshige II (1826-1869)

1956 births
Living people
History of the Internet
Bermudian emigrants to the United States
People from Yorktown, Virginia
Internet pioneers
THDC India Limited. THDC India Limited (formerly Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited) is under the ownership of National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, Ministry of Power, Government of India.  It was incorporated in July 1988 to develop, operate and maintain the Tehri Hydro Power Complex and other Hydro Projects. THDC India Limited is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise. The current CMD of the corporation is R.K Vishnoi.

At present the company has four power plants in operation namely Tehri Dam (1000 MW), Koteshwar Dam (400 MW), 50 MW Wind project in Patan (Gujarat) and 63 MW Wind project in Dwarka (Gujarat). In addition, more than 10 projects are under various stages of construction. Tehri PSP (1000 MW) and Vishnugad-Pipalkoti HEP (444 MW) are in advance stage and are expected to commission by 2024. THDCIL has also ventured into thermal power generation with its 1320 MW Thermal Power project coming up near Dussehera village which is near to Khurja, District Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. The project is at advanced stage and is expected to be commissioned by 2024.

THDC signed MOU with Government of Rajasthan to develop 10,000 MW solar parks in the state. THDC is also entrusted to develop 1200 MW Kalia-II and 1750 MW Demwe(Lower) HEP in Lohit basin of Arunachal Pradesh.

NTPC Limited takeover
On 21 November 2019, the Government of India approved the takeover of THDC India Limited by NTPC Limited.

See also 

 Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited

References

Electric-generation companies of India
Government-owned companies of India
Indian companies established in 1988
Companies based in Uttarakhand
1988 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Frame conservation. Frame conservation is the preservation of picture frames. This involves replicating missing decorative elements, cleaning, gilding, and toning frame surfaces.

Gilding

Gilding, in the context of frame preservation, describes the process by which metal leaf is applied to a frame to restore areas of the preexisting leaf, that have damage.

Toning

References

External links
 Videos of the frame conservation process from the Smithsonian Institution
 The Art of Display: Framed Photo Tips

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Picture framing
Tree swing cartoon. A tree swing cartoon or tire swing cartoon is a humorous graphical metaphor that purports to explain communication pitfalls in the division of labor in the development of a product. It depicts how different departments implement or describe a tire swing attached to a tree, and how different it is from what the customer actually intended. It has also been used to illustrate the waterfall model of software development.

The origin of this cartoon appears to be from at least the late 60's, and possibly earlier. The original date and author are currently unknown, as is the exact original form. Many variants of it appeared later in several books on education, software engineering and management.

References

Individual printed cartoons
Metaphors
Production economics
Bridge (Stratton, Nebraska). The Bridge near Stratton, Nebraska is a historic bridge that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

It is a  reinforced concrete slab bridge that was built in 1908 by the Ideal Cement Company.  It is also denoted NEHBS No. HK00-78.  It was listed on the National Register in 1992.

It was deemed significant, despite its small size and simple appearance, for once having carried interstate traffic on U.S. Highway 34, and for representing an early highway bridge in Nebraska. According to its NRHP nomination, "Its 1908 construction date distinguishes it as the earliest documented example of concrete bridge construction in the state. Despite its diminutive size and simple detailing, the bridge is a technologically significant early remnant of Nebraska transportation."  It believed that it may have been designed by the Nebraska State Engineer, who, in 1908, had begun designing small concrete bridges.

References

External links 
More photos of the Ideal Cement bridge at Wikimedia Commons

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Bridges completed in 1908
Hitchcock County, Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Hitchcock County, Nebraska
1908 establishments in Nebraska
Concrete bridges in the United States
Gallium acetylacetonate. Gallium acetylacetonate, also referred to as  Ga(acac)3, is a coordination complex with formula Ga(C5H7O2)3. This gallium complex with three acetylacetonate ligands is used in research.  The molecule has D3 symmetry, being isomorphous with other octahedral tris(acetylacetonate)s.

Uses
Gallium oxide thin films can be produced by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) by combining gallium acetylacetonate with either water or ozone as the precursor. Ga(acac)3 can also be used for low temperature growth of high purity gallium nitride nano-wires and nano-needles.

References

Gallium compounds
Acetylacetonate complexes
LFG V 39. The LFG V 39 was a simple biplane trainer built in Germany in the mid-1920s.  It took part in the Round Germany Flight in the summer of 1925.

Design and development
The V 39 was a two bay biplane with constant chord wings mounted with slight stagger and a wide gap.  The fabric covered wings had box spars and three-ply ribs. There were ailerons on both upper and lower wing, externally rod-connected. The upper wing was centrally supported with cabane struts.

The trainer was designed to be powered by a  Mercedes D.I or  D.II engine.  It is known that the smaller engine at least was flown. The fuselage was deep bellied, flat sided, constructed from wood and covered with three-ply. There were two open, tandem cockpits, the rear one provided with vision enhancing trailing edge cut-outs in both upper and lower planes. The V 39's undercarriage was standard for the time, with mainwheels on a rigid axle supported by fuselage mounted V-struts and with a tailskid.

The V 39 was designed to combine modest performance with reliability and robustness with easy handling and a low landing speed.

Operational history
The V 39 was one of more than ninety aircraft to take part in the Round Germany Flight held in the summer of 1925.

Specifications

References

Biplanes
1920s German civil trainer aircraft
LFG V 39)
Syntrophobacter wolinii. Syntrophobacter wolinii is a non-motile, gram-negative and rod-shaped species of bacteria that was originally isolated from a wastewater digester. This species is able to perform propionate degradation and sulfate reduction. S. wolinii can be grown in co-culture or pure culture. 16s rRNA analysis shows its close relation to other sulfate reducers.

Metabolism 
Propionate is an intermediate in the process of methane production in sewage digesters, the main environment in which this species has been isolated from. S. wolinii degrades propionate via the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, resulting in the production of acetate, CO2 and H2. This process is energetically favorable only under low partial pressure of H2 gas, specifically below 10−5 atm. At high partial pressures of oxygen, the reaction is endergonic (ΔG° = +76.0 kJ). When H2 partial pressures are constrained by methanogenesis or sulfate-reduction, the reaction is exergonic (ΔG° = - 26.5 kJ). S. wolinii can use additional substrates such as pyruvate and fumarate in place of propionate. Reduction of sulfate to sulfite and methylation of Hg(II) have also been observed by the bacterium.

Cultures 
S. wolinii has been repeatedly grown in co-culture with sulfate-reducing Desulfovibrio sp. and methanogen Methanospirillum hungateii. Isolation in pure culture has been successful with propionate and sulfate together or pyruvate alone. S. wolinii optimum growth occurs when kept near neutral pH, yet has been observed to tolerate a pH of 6.1. Growth of this microbe appears to be sensitive to salinity, and is stunted at NaCl concentrations of 86 mM.

Phylogeny 
16s rRNA analysis indicates that S. wolinii is closely related to Desulfomonile tiedjei and Desulfoarculus baarsi. All three of these microbes can perform sulfate reduction.

References

Further reading
Harmsen, Hermie JM, et al. "Phylogenetic analysis of Syntrophobacter wolinii reveals a relationship with sulfate-reducing bacteria." Archives of Microbiology160.3 (1993): 238–240.
Wallrabenstein, Christina, Elisabeth Hauschild, and Bernhard Schink. "Pure culture and cytological properties of ‘ Syntriphobacter wolini’." FEMS Microbiology Letters 123.3 (1994): 249–254.

External links
 J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature

Type strain of Syntrophobacter wolinii at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Thermodesulfobacteriota
Bacteria described in 1980
James Alfred Ewing Medal. This is an award of the Institution of Civil Engineers in memory of James Alfred Ewing made by the Council on the joint nomination of the president and the President of the Royal Society.
It is made to a person, whether a member of the Institution or not, for special meritorious contributions to the science of engineering in the field of research.

Incomplete list of winners

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

Awards of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Awards established in 1937
General Aviation Design Bureau T-32 Maverick. The General Aviation Design Bureau T-32 Maverick is a Ukrainian ultralight trike under development by the General Aviation Design Bureau of Ukraine, based in Kyiv. The aircraft is intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

The company has constructed trike designs for other manufacturers under contract in the past, but the T-32 is their own design.

Design and development
As a three-seat trike the T-32 Maverick does not comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight or the US light-sport aircraft categories, which are both limited to two seats, but may fit some country's amateur-built aircraft rules.

The T-32 Maverick features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a three-seat open cockpit, with the pilot sitting in front and a two-seat bench in the back, with a cockpit fairing. It can be mounted on tricycle landing gear or floats and has a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The aircraft has many powerplant options, including the twin cylinder, liquid-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 582 engine, the four cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition  Rotax 912UL or  Rotax 912ULS engine and the turbocharged  Rotax 914. Automotive conversion engines of  can also be fitted.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Specifications (T-32 Maverick)

References

2010s Ukrainian sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Indium acetylacetonate. Indium acetylacetonate, also known as In(acac)3, is a compound with formula In(C5H7O2)3. It is a colorless solid.  It adopts an octahedral structure.

Uses

Indium acetylacetonate and tin(II) acetylacetonate can be used to prepare indium tin oxide thin films with an atmospheric‐pressure chemical vapor deposition method. The resulting thin films are transparent and conductive, with a thickness of about 200 nanometers. Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) can also be produced with indium acetylacetonate. Thin-film CIGS solar cells are synthesized with atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD) using In(acac)3 and hydrogen sulfide.

References

Indium compounds
Acetylacetonate complexes
Seaborne target. Seaborne targets are vessels or floating structures that are shot at for practice by naval or air forces. They may be remotely controlled and mobile, or towed behind other craft, or just set adrift in the sea.

Target ships

Target ships are vessels, typically obsolete or captured warships, used for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing – perhaps most spectacularly in Operation Crossroads (1946), where 95 ships were sunk in a U.S. nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll.

Powered targets

In the U.S. Navy, a Seaborne Powered Target (SEPTAR) is an unmanned surface vehicle used as the naval counterpart of a target drone. They are remote-controlled, and all but the smallest can be equipped with electromagnetic emitters to appear as a larger ship on sensors. 

As of 2013, U.S. Navy SEPTARs include:
Hammerhead usv-t: A high-speed drone capable of multiple vessel attacks.
Mobile Ship Target (MST): A ship-sized target some  long, with a top speed of .
QST-35: A fiberglass boat with a top speed of , usable manned or unmanned, or as a mine countermeasure.
Fast-Attack Craft Target (FACT): A smaller, more agile fiberglass boat with a top speed of , intended to challenge gunners.
High-Speed Maneuvering Surface Target (HSMST): A boat similar to a harbor patrol boat, designed for operations in shallow waters, with a top speed of .
Ship-Deployable Surface Target (SDST): A small craft similar to a water scooter, which can also be used as one, with a top speed of .
Turkish Navy variants,

 Aselsan ALBATROS-T High-Speed Unmanned Surface Target Boat
 Aselsan ALBATROS-K  High-Speed Unmanned Surface Target Boat

Towed targets

Targets can also be towed behind other craft, the counterparts of target tugs in aviation. 

The U.S. Navy employs the Low-Cost Modular Target (LCMT), a modular barge made from pontoons, scaffolding and large colored sails as visual targets, which can be shot at with guns or a variety of missiles. It is usually towed by a HSMST.

Free-floating targets

Navies have used all sort of equipment thrown overboard for gunnery practice, such as empty barrels. 

Modern free-floating targets are large, inflatable and bright orange; hence the nickname "killer tomato".

References

Naval education and training
Targeting (warfare)
440C. 440C (UNS designation S44004) is a martensitic 400 series stainless steel, and has the highest carbon content of the 400 stainless steel series. It can be heat treated to reach hardness of 58 to 60 HRC. It can be used to make rolling contact stainless bearings, e.g. ball bearings and roller bearings. It is also used to make knife blades.

440C has the highest strength, hardness, and wear resistance of all the commonplace 440-series stainless alloys, with high carbon content and moderate corrosion resistance.

Composition

Mechanical properties

References

Steel alloys
ISO 2047. ISO 2047 (Information processing – Graphical representations for the control characters of the 7-bit coded character set) is a standard for graphical representation of the control characters for debugging purposes, such as may be found in the character generator of a computer terminal; it also establishes a two-letter abbreviation of each control character. The graphics and two-letter codes are essentially unchanged from the 1968 European standard ECMA-17 and the 1973 American standard ANSI X3.32-1973. It became an ISO standard in 1975. It is also standardized as GB/T 3911-1983 in China, as KS X 1010 in Korea (formerly KS C 5713), and was enacted in Japan as "graphical representation of information exchange capabilities for character" JIS X 0209:1976 (former JIS C 6227) (abolished January 20, 2010).

While the ISO/IEC 646 three-letter abbreviations (such as "ESC"), or caret notation (such as "^[") are still in use, the graphical symbols of ISO 2047 are considered outdated and rare.

Character table

Notes

References

External links 
 ECMA-17 (Ecma International equivalent)
 BN-76/3101-05 (Polish equivalent)

02047
Alan Cockshaw. Sir Alan Cockshaw  (born 14 July 1937) is an English civil engineer.  Born in Manchester, he became the chief executive of Fairclough Civil Engineering in 1978 and, when this merged with the William Press Group to form AMEC in 1982, he became the chief executive (1984–88) and then chairman (1988-97). He was knighted in 1992.  He became a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1986 and was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1997 to 1998. He is a member of the South Tees Development Corporation board.

Further reading
Cockshaw, Alan: Building Bridges - Connecting People (Autobiography), Foreword By Sir Michael Heseltine, The Memoir Club (2024)

References

Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1937 births
Living people
English civil engineers
Knights Bachelor
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
21st-century British engineers
20th-century British engineers