omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ikarbus IK-206. Ikarbus IK-206 is an articulated city bus built by the Serbian  bus manufacturer Ikarbus from 2006.

The model IK-206 was developed from previous Ikarbus city articulated models, Ikarbus IK-201 and its variants, IK-202 and IK-203. The production has started in 2006 and same year the production of older IK-201, IK-202, and IK-203 models has been ceased. The main difference between those three models and new IK-206 is that IK-201, IK-202 and IK-203 had horizontal engine mounted under the floor between the front and middle A- and B-axles, and only the B-axle is powered, while IK-206 has rear-mounted vertical MAN engine. IK-206 is visually similar to older IK-201, IK-203 and IK-203, due it has modernized and more comfortable interior design, modern windows and front bezel headlights.

It has 44 passenger seats made plastic on foundation of steel bars and bars for holding. Doors are four two-wing, pneumatically controlled and opened to the inside. There are seven windows with slide rule and four roof airshafts. The heating system consists from heater on front wall, three heaters in passengers compartment and big aircondition on roof. Roof and sides are isolated.

The IK-206 is today used mainly by Lasta Beograd, Lastra Lazarevac and Sarajevo public transport (GRAS). It was not introduced in service with GSP Beograd, due to the decision of the city to buy only low-flor new buses.

Technical data 

Maximum speed - 72 km/h
Number of passengers - 160
Weight of empty vehicle - 14100 kg
Battery - 2 x 12V / 180 Ah
Tank volume - 300 l
Suspension - Air with telescopic shock-absorbers and torsion stabilizer
Steering-wheel - PPT (ZF) / 8045

Dimension 
Length - 17.99 m
Width - 2.5 m
Height - 3.3 m
Height inside - 2.26 m
Height of floor from the ground - 0.75 m
Height of lowest stair from the ground - 0.345 m
Distance between front axles - 5.65 m
Distance between rear axles - 6.045 m
Front end to the front wheels - 2.82 m
Rear end to the rear wheels - 3.482 m

Engines 
Installed in rear part vertical
MAN D2066 LUH 11 (E4)

Transmission 
Voith 864.5 automatic

See also 

 List of buses

References

External links
IK-206 (Serbian)

Ikarbus buses
Vehicles introduced in 2006
James Larus. James R. Larus is an American computer scientist specializing in programming languages, compilers, and computer architecture. He is Professor Emeritus at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) where he was Dean of the School of Computer and Communication Sciences (IC) from 2014 to 2021.

Before joining EPFL, Larus was a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research (MSR) from 1998 to 2013. He was at one point the Director of Research and Strategy for Microsoft's eXtreme Computing Group (XCG) where he helped develop the Orleans cloud computing project. He was also one of the two co-leads on Microsoft's Singularity project.

Previously, Larus was an associate professor at University of Wisconsin–Madison in the Computer Science department.

Education

Larus graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University in 1980 with a Bachelor of Arts in applied mathematics. He received a Master of Science and a PhD in Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1982 and 1989.

Publications and Notable Work

Larus is known for the creation of SPIM, a widely distributed MIPS simulator.

He has written many papers and has an h-index of 67. One of his best known papers is his paper on efficient path profiling.

He is also a co-author of the book Transactional Memory, published in 2007 by Morgan & Claypool.

Larus also helped fund and lead the development of the Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) in effort to provide contact tracing as a way to slow the COVID-19 pandemic.

Achievements

Larus was a Harvard College Scholar, a National Science Foundation Young Investigator, and is an ACM Fellow. He has also won numerous awards for his papers over the years.

References

1958 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Guybon Atherstone. Guybon Damant Atherstone M. Inst. C.E. AKC (1843 - 1912), South African railway engineer.

Education 
Atherstone was the son of William Guybon Atherstone (medical practitioner, naturalist, geologist and MP) and was born in Grahamstown on 20 June 1843, he attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown and King's College London where he qualified as a civil engineer.

Railway engineering 

Atherstone was employed at the Cape Government Railways as an engineer from 1873 to 1896 during which he built the railway line between Alicedale and Grahamstown. The house in which he lived during the construction is adjacent to a stone arch railway bridge which he built.  On completion of the railway project Atherstone's house was converted into an Anglican church, St. Cyprians Anglican Church, which was dedicated on 29 November 1893.  This church is part of the Diocese of Grahamstown and is located at . Atherstone is also remembered in the naming of the Atherstone railway siding on that line, the siding is located at .

See also

Notes and references 

 
 
 
 
 

1843 births
1912 deaths
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College London
Cape Colony engineers
South African civil engineers
Railway civil engineers
People from Makhanda, Eastern Cape
John D. Gannon. John D. Gannon (1948 – June 12, 1999) was a prominent computer scientist, professor and chair of the department of computer science University of Maryland, at College Park.  Gannon was a leading researcher in software engineering, specifically the specification, analysis, and testing of software systems.

Career
Gannon earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from Brown University.  He received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1975, after which he became an assistant professor of computer science at the University of Maryland that same year.   In 1980, he became associate professor of computer science at the University of Maryland and full professor in 1988.   In 1995, he became chair of the computer science department.
  
He served on the board of directors of the Computing Research Association and was chairman of the board for the  Graduate Record Examination computer science committee.

He was the program director for software engineering for the National Science Foundation and served on the editorial boards of the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering and ACM Computing Surveys.

Awards
1993 Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, University of Maryland
1999 Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery

Legacy
In October 1999,  his wife, Nancy Garrison and brother, Rickard Gannon, established the John D. Gannon Memorial Scholarship "in recognition of his many contributions and achievements as a teacher, researcher and professional in the field of computer science."

External links
John D. Gannon Memorial Scholarship

References

American computer scientists
1948 births
1999 deaths
University of Toronto alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
1999 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Brown University alumni
General Electric Co. v. Joiner. General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997), was a Supreme Court of the United States case between Robert Joiner and General Electric Co. that concerned whether the abuse of discretion standard is the correct standard an appellate court should apply in reviewing a trial court's decision to admit or exclude expert testimony.  The case is notable for helping articulate the Daubert standard.

Facts
Joiner had worked around transformers as an electrician since 1973.  During his electrical work, the dielectric fluid used as a coolant for the transformers got into his eyes and mouth, and stuck to his arms and hands. In 1983, it was discovered that the fluid in some of its transformers contained toxic PCBs.  Later, in 1991, Joiner was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer.  He sued General Electric, the manufacturer of the transformers and dielectric fluid.  Joiner had been a smoker for eight years and there was a history of lung cancer in his family.  Joiner alleged that his exposure to PCBs "promoted" his cancer.  He claimed that, had it not been for his exposure to these substances, his cancer would not have developed for many years, if at all.  General Electric claimed there was no evidence that Joiner suffered significant exposure to PCBs and that there was no admissible scientific evidence that PCBs promoted Joiner's cancer.

Holding
General Electric removed the case to federal court and then moved for summary judgment.  The district court ruled that there was no evidence that Joiner had been exposed to PCBs.  The district court also held that testimony of Joiner's experts failed to show that there was a link between exposure to PCB and small cell cancer.  The case was dismissed.  Joiner appealed the ruling and the court of appeals reversed. The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and, after review, reversed the appellate court's ruling and affirmed the district court's ruling.

References

External links

1997 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
General Electric litigation
Douglas E. Smith. Douglas Edwin Smith (October 28, 1960 – September 7, 2014), usually credited as Doug Smith, was an American video game designer and programmer best known as the author of the 8-bit game Lode Runner (1983), considered a seminal work of the 1980s.

Smith, of Renton, Washington, wrote his most famous game while an architecture student at the University of Washington. He wrote the game on a VAX-11/780  in Fortran with some Pascal and assembly over the course of a summer, where it was played by students who provided feedback and levels. It became a "cult hit" on campus. After his nephew asked to play on the Apple II Plus he ported it over a 3-day weekend in 6502 assembly language. He borrowed money to purchase a color monitor and joystick and continued to improve the game. Around Christmas of 1982, he submitted the game to four publishers and quickly received offers. He took the deal with Broderbund and the game was published in 1983. It was one of the first games to include a level editor. While the game sold hundreds of thousands of copies in the United States, in Japan it sold millions, becoming the first Western video game to attain major success in Japan.

His credits include titles like Lemmings, Final Fantasy VII, and Secret of Mana. He contributed to the localization of Chrono Trigger and was the executive producer of Secret of Evermore.

Smith died on September 7, 2014, at 53 years old. According to one of his five children, his death was by suicide.

Further reading

References

External links
 
Douglas E. Smith at MobyGames
Lode Runner in HTML5

1960 births
2014 deaths
Suicides in Washington (state)
American video game designers
American video game artists
American video game producers
American video game programmers
Overprovisioning. Overprovisioning is the technique of committing more of some resource than strictly necessary, in order to improve the performance or reliability of an engineered system. In specific contexts, overprovisioning can describe:

Network engineering
Computer networks can be designed to allocate additional bandwidth in .

Computer data storage
Storage devices may contain more physical storage space than their advertised capacity, reserving the additional capacity to improve the device's performance or endurance characteristics. For example, solid-state drives allocate a reserve for wear leveling to mitigate write amplification.

Electric power

References

Engineering
UTC Heathrow. UTC Heathrow (formerly Heathrow Aviation Engineering UTC) is a University Technical College located in Northwood, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, England. It opened in September 2014 and is located next door to Northwood School.

History
It opened in 2014 and failed to submit adequate accounts. It was served with a notice to improve by the Education Funding Agency in August 2016, due to an "apparent loss of financial control".

The school, trading under the former name, Heathrow Aviation Engineering UTC, was inspected by Ofsted in February 2017 and was judged to require improvement in every category.

Building
The 4,500sqm building cost £10 million. It has been designed with sustainable features such as solar panels, and carbon emissions are 25 per cent lower than required by building regulation. Special engineering workshops are provided for the aviation specialism.

Sponsors and partners
The UTC partner university is Brunel University and the founding sponsors included Heathrow Airport, Fujitsu, Peter Brett Associates, Royal Aeronautical Society, Aviation Skills Partnership and John Guest.

The school is also part of the Activate Learning Education Trust.

Academics
The school offers these GCSEs: Maths, English Language and Literature, three Sciences, Computer Science and Design Technology with a level 2 Cambridge IT, or EAL Cert Eng. Post 16, the following A levels are offered: Maths, Physics or Computer Science, offered in combination with an Engineering Extended Diploma, and IT Extended Diploma.

References

University Technical Colleges in London
Secondary schools in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Educational institutions established in 2014
2014 establishments in England
Botanol. Botanol is a synthetic material, typically used as a floor covering, made from approximately 90% renewable raw materials including canola oil, castor oil and chalk. Botanol was formulated as an eco-friendly alternative to polyurethane.

Background 
Botanol (also called Bioboden in Germany) was developed by German company Windmöller Flooring Products GmbH in 2008, under the umbrella brand, Wineo. Their researchers formulated the material based on polyurethane, a high quality, wear-resistant plastic. They were able to replace the petrochemical polyols typically found in polyurethane with a bio-based polyols made from natural oils to make this material more ecological and healthy. This material does not contain any chlorine, plasticizers or solvents and is odor-neutral.

Use 
Botanol was first introduced under the brand name, PURLINE, a line of flooring developed to be an environmentally friendly alternative to vinyl sheet flooring. PURLINE is a flexible, durable, resilient floor covering with a backing. This flooring is appropriate for commercial and residential applications. Unique designs are integrated in the manufacturing stage, creating fake woods and stones in addition to giving clients creative freedom to design their own logo or motif. It is offered in a roll and plank format making it versatile and easy to install in large and small spaces.

References 

Floors
Cubesort. Cubesort is a parallel sorting algorithm that builds a self-balancing multi-dimensional array from the keys to be sorted. As the axes are of similar length the structure resembles a cube. After each key is inserted the cube can be rapidly converted to an array.

A cubesort implementation written in C was published in 2014.

Operation
Cubesort's algorithm uses a specialized binary search on each axis to find the location to insert an element. When an axis grows too large it is split. Locality of reference is optimal as only four binary searches are performed on small arrays for each insertion. By using many small dynamic arrays the high cost for insertion on single large arrays is avoided.

References

External links

 
  (passing mention)

Comparison sorts
Stable sorts
Online sorts
Institute of Higher National Diploma in Engineering. Higher National Diploma in Engineering (HNDE) is a public institute in Sri Lanka mainly focused on higher education. Since 1986 the Higher National Diploma in Engineering (HNDE) program has been the pioneer in producing incorporated engineers for the local and international industry.

History 
In 1985 the National Technical Teachers Training College (NTTTC) and Technical education unit of the Ministry of Education conducted a survey on the workforce. It was found that the ratio of chartered engineers to middle level engineers should be 1:3. However, according to the statistics it was 1:5:20. As a proposal the UK-based HNDE was introduced to Sri Lanka and which It was modified with Advanced Engineering Theoretical concept and Communication skills to suit modern-day industry and the course was extended for three and one-half years duration, including its six-month in-plant training period, with the approval of the Bolton University and funded by the ADB.

On 30 October 1990, the HNDE was gazetted as a parallel course to other Engineering diplomas in Sri Lanka. After a year, on 11 December 1991, the HNDE course which was at Rathmalana NTTTC, was affiliated to BTEC under registration number 78/981. On 17 August 1994 , HNDE was transferred to the ministry of labour and vocational training from the ministry of education and higher education. However, on 1 May 1996 HNDE was connected with the Sri Lanka Institute of Advanced Technological Education, which was mainly under the ministry of education & higher education. On 12 December 1996 the institute celebrated its 10th anniversary. 

In July 2004, a newly built 4-story building was opened to the public. The students were able to conduct an art festival on the theme 'Mini Sengavi Soya''' with the presence of the deputy minister Ranjith Siyambalapitiya and Rathna Sri Wijesingha.

In June 2006, it celebrated the 20th anniversary, organising an exhibition, in parallel with the INCO exhibition of IIESL was held on. Minister Sarath Amunugama was the chief guest on the first day.'Himidiriya''' a collection of short stories was presented to the educationalist Leelananda Gamachchi.

Departments
Civil Engineering
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Building Services Engineering
Quantity Surveying

Courses
 Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering
Higher National Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Higher National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
Higher National Diploma in Building Services Engineering
Higher National Diploma in Quantity Surveying

Institutes
Higher National Diploma In Engineering - Mattakkuliya(Colombo)
Higher National Diploma In Engineering - Labuduwa(Galle)
Higher National Diploma In Engineering - Jaffna

Career Progression

See also
Education in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan universities
Advanced Technological Institute, Sri Lanka

References

Colleges in Sri Lanka
Universities and colleges established in 1978
Statutory boards of Sri Lanka
1978 establishments in Sri Lanka
Engineering societies based in Sri Lanka
Engineering universities and colleges in Sri Lanka
Soil sloughing. Soil sloughing is soil falling off banks and slopes due to a loss in cohesion. Soil sloughs off for the same reasons as landslides in general, with very wet soil being among the leading factors. Sloughing is a relatively shallow phenomenon involving the uppermost layers of the soil. Bare soils are more likely to slough than soils with plant cover in part because the roots help hold the surface against gravity. Unabated soil sloughing can end in massive bank or slope failure.

Impact on soil quality 
According to the Mohr-Coulomb equation, the cohesion of a soil is defined as the shear strength at zero normal pressure on the surface of failure. The shear force is a function of cohesion, normal stress on rupture surface, and angle of internal friction. Shear force is significantly impacted by drainage conditions. Increasing water content would lead to a weaker shear strength, which in turn decreases the cohesion. Moreover, when the soil water content passes a threshold value, the cohesion drops dramatically, impacting soil compaction and destabilizing soil structure, leading to soil sloughing.

Vegetation 
The likelihood of soil sloughing can increase after vegetation is removed from the bank and slope. Vegetation provides root strength and modifies the saturated soil water regime to stabilize the soil. Plant roots can anchor into cracks in bedrock through soil mass and can pass through weak areas to more stable soils to provide interlocking long-fibre binders in weak soil blocks. It requires 137 tons of forces to break a soil mass reinforced by linden, which 130 tones are used to break the roots and only 7 tons are required to lead to bank failure.

Soil Water 
Due to precipitation, seasonal changes in Water content can lead to soil sloughing. Soil sloughing is also an indicator of active soil movement and frequently requires action to reduce or prevent bank and slope failure. Soil water content is highly related to the mass erosion that leads to soil sloughing or even slopes failure. Active pore water pressure can reduce the shear strength by up to 60% and lower cohesion through leaching and eluviation. The loss of root strength following harvesting decreases the safety factor to a level where a moderate storm with associated pore water pressure rising can result in slope failure, despite the deforestation event that happened in the past and root reinforcement had increased. Vegetation help remove some quantity of soil moisture by evapotranspiration. Most slope failures by storms occur when the soil is saturated. Moreover, Soil moisture in the deforested area is higher than in forested areas.

See also
Cave-in
Cave-in (excavation)
Slump (geology)
Soil stabilization

References

Landslide types
German submarine U-1107. German submarine U-1107 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 20 August 1943 by Nordseewerke, Emden as yard number 229, launched on 30 June 1944 and commissioned on 8 August 1944 under Oberleutnant zur See Fritz Parduhn.

Design
Like all Type VIIC/41 U-boats, U-1107 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 supercharged six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines producing a total of  and two SSW GU 343/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. The boat was capable of operating at a depth of .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-1107 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA or TMB Naval mines, one  SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one  Flak M42 and two  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. Its complement was between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 8th U-boat Flotilla on 8 August 1944, followed by active service on 16 February 1945 as part of the 11th Flotilla for the remainder of her service. In one patrol she sank two merchant ships, for a total of .

Fate

Sources agree that U-1107 was sunk on 30 April 1945 in the Bay of Biscay west of Brest, but differ as to the exact location of the sinking and the immediate cause: according to one source, U-1107 was sunk at position  by a homing torpedo from a US Navy Liberator of VP-103 with all hands lost, whereas another source reports U-1107 being sunk at position  by one or more out of 24 bombs dropped by USN Catalina 'R' of VPB-63, flown by Lt. F.G. Lake, on a MAD Rover patrol with 37 submarine crew killed and an unknown number surviving.

Summary of raiding history

See also
 Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC/41 submarines
1944 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1944
U-boats sunk in 1945
U-boats sunk by US aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Emden
Maritime incidents in April 1945