omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Retrograde condensation. Retrograde condensation occurs when gas in a tube is compressed beyond the point of condensation with the effect that the liquid evaporates again. This is the opposite of condensation: the so-called retrograde condensation.

Description
If the volume of two gases that are kept at constant temperature and pressure below critical conditions is gradually reduced, condensation will start. When a certain volume is reached, the amount of condensation will gradually increase upon further reduction in volume until the gases are liquefied. If the composition of the gases lies between their true and pseudo critical points the condensate formed will disappear on continued reduction of volume. This disappearance of condensation is called retrograde condensation.

Because most natural gas found in petroleum reservoirs is not a pure product, when non-associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical pressure/temperature conditions (i.e., the pressure in the reservoir decreases below dewpoint), condensate liquids may form during the isothermic depressurizing, an effect called retrograde condensation.

Discovery
Dutch physicist Johannes Kuenen discovered retrograde condensation and published his findings in April 1892 in his Ph.D. thesis with the title "Metingen betreffende het oppervlak van Van der Waals voor mengsels van koolzuur en chloormethyl" (Measurements on the Van der Waals surface for mixtures of carbonic acid and methyl chloride).

References

Phase transitions
Natural gas
Basic sediment and water. Basic sediment and water (BS&W) is both a technical specification of certain impurities in crude oil and the method for measuring it.  When extracted from an oil reservoir, the crude oil will contain some amount of water and suspended solids from the reservoir formation.  The particulate matter is known as sediment or mud.  The water content can vary greatly from field to field. It may be present in large quantities for older fields, or if oil extraction is enhanced using water injection technology.  The bulk of the water and sediment is usually separated at the field to minimize the quantity that needs to be transported further.  The residual content of these unwanted impurities is measured as BS&W.  Oil refineries may either buy crude to a certain BS&W specification or may alternatively have initial crude oil dehydration and desalting process units that reduce the BS&W to acceptable limits, or a combination thereof.

There are several ways to reduce the amount of water and sediment in crude oil. Gravity settling over several days allows water and solids settle out. Heating crude oil reduces its viscosity aiding further separation of these components. Certain chemicals added to crude oil can act to aid separation. Surfactants help water to separate from the oil. Paraffin thinners allow heavier fractions in the oil to  flow more easily. Demulsifiers breakdown the oil/water emulsions that may have formed and thereby help to separate different elements of the crude oil.

Testing 
ASTM method D4007 or API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards chapter 10.4 are commonly used to measure BS&W. These methods both consist of mixing equal volumes of solvent and crude oil then centrifuging in order to separate any solids, free water, or suspended particles.

More precise methods beyond BS&W are available to independently measure water or solids present in 
a sample of crude oil.

BS&W and Free Water in practice 
All unrefined crude oil has some water entrained within it. During transportation by ship, separation occurs naturally and water collects at the base of the tank below the oil, this is known as free water (FW).

Sales contracts for crude oil will typically specify the BS&W and FW to ensure the cargo meets quality standards. In one case in 2020 the quality documents required a BS&W of 0.2% and did not provide for any free water. Upon loading a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) in Porto do Acu in Brazil, 4827 barrels of FW was measured. By the time the ship had reached its destination in the Far East, free water had settled and was measured at 8767 barrels. The BS&W parameter was thereby significantly exceeded.

References

Sources
 

Industrial processes
Chemical process engineering
Oil refining
Austin K5. The Austin K5 was a British heavy military truck built by Austin for use during the Second World War.

The K5 was used with open body and cab for carrying the Ordnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun portee in the North African Campaign or with an enclosed cab for General Service (GS). Enclosed body versions were used for salvage and rescue work in the UK.

It was nicknamed the "Screamer" because of a rather noisy transfer case.

References

External links 

 http://www.armyvehicles.dk/austink5.htm

Military trucks of the United Kingdom
Off-road vehicles
World War II vehicles of the United Kingdom
Soft-skinned vehicles
K5
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Peter Dunn (engineer). Peter Douglas Dunn OBE (20 January 1927 – 7 March 2014) was a British engineer.

After working at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell and jointly holding numerous patents on heat pipes and associated technology with power stations, Prof Peter Dunn joined the Department of Applied Physics in 1964 and started the Department of Engineering  at the University of Reading in 1968.  As head of department, alongside his friend Dr E. F. Schumacher and through the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Peter Dunn was on the first committees working with Intermediate Technology or Appropriate Technology.  These committees led to the formation of the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now Practical Action).  He encouraged the Departmental research group to contribute to the developing sectors of intermediate technology.

Peter Dunn started the world's first Master of Science Degrees in Renewable Energy in 1977.  The research group contributed to early UK work on wind energy.  The group included Dr Musgrove who went on to be the first Chairman of the British Wind Energy Association (now called RenewableUK)  and then on to head of development at National Wind Power.
In the 1999 New Year Honours Professor Peter Douglas Dunn was honoured with an OBE,  Order of the British Empire "For services to the development of innovative energy technologies". (Oxon, Oxfordshire)

Gamos was founded in 1989 by Peter Dunn and Simon Batchelor.  Gamos was proposed as an organisation to expand the work of the department in the combination of poverty alleviation and renewable energy.  It has since expanded its work to include poverty alleviation and Information and Communication Technology.

Gamos is a UK organisation specialising in development aid.  Using the word related to hieros gamos but not drawing on its meaning, the organisation has enabling frameworks with the UK Department for International Development.  It has been cited by that agency as having been the eighth most active contractor within DFID's Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme.

Gamos contributed to the Commission for Africa report, provoking a multi donor action that supported regulatory change concerning mobile phones in Africa. It was also responsible for the special journal paper, "Good Practice Paper on ICTs for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction" published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Dunn died on 7 March 2014.

References

External links
 corporation website

1927 births
2014 deaths
Academics of the University of Reading
English mechanical engineers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
R-Gator. The iRobot R-Gator is an unmanned robotic platform from  iRobot Corporation and John Deere.

Technical details 
The  robot is built upon Deere's M-Gator currently in use by the US Military. The R-Gator can operate autonomously, performing perimeter patrol and other missions while keeping personnel out of harm's way. It can operate autonomously by following a map or choosing its own waypoints to reach a pre-determined destination.  It can also do "follow the leader" operations to keep up with troops, be tele-operated, or driven manually if needed.  In military exercises, the R-Gator has shown an ability to carry gear for soldiers to lighten their loads.  It also demonstrated its capacity to carry and drop off explosive ordnance disposal robots weighing more than .  An R-Gator could deploy the smaller machine and provide unmanned perimeter security while the EOD robot dismantles the bomb.  The first R-Gator sale to the military was to the U.S. Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command for autonomous perimeter security.

References

External links
 John Deere: R-Gator
 Gizmag article
 Defense Update article

Unmanned ground vehicles
IRobot
John Deere vehicles
Efe Cakarel. Efe Çakarel is a Turkish entrepreneur, founder and CEO of MUBI. Following his graduation from the American Collegiate Institute in İzmir, Turkey, he earned his B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and an MBA from Stanford Graduate School of Business. Prior to founding MUBI, he spent a number of years at Goldman Sachs in investment banking. He was part of Turkey's national math team and placed third in the European Math Olympiad. He also has two patents related to monetization of web applications.

References

External links
 Film Comment article on founder Efe Cakarel
 Wired UK article on founder Efe Cakarel
 Talk given by Efe Cakarel at LeWeb London 2012
 Interview on Bloomberg TV’s 'The Pulse' (January 2016)
 Roundtable interview on CNBC's Morning News (January 2016)

20th-century births
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Turkish chief executives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Seaglider. The Seaglider is a deep-diving Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) designed for missions lasting many months and covering thousands of miles. In military applications the Seaglider is more commonly referred to as an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV).

Seaglider was initially developed by the University of Washington. iRobot received an exclusive five-year license to produce the Seaglider for customers outside the University of Washington in June 2008. 
In May 2013 Kongsberg Underwater Technology, Inc. (part of Kongsberg Maritime) announced that they had completed negotiations with the University of Washington's Center for Commercialization to obtain the sole rights to produce, market and continue the development of Seaglider ™ technology.

Systems
Seaglider measures temperature, salinity and other quantities in the ocean, sending back data using global satellite telemetry. Seaglider UUVs are in use worldwide, collecting oceanic physical properties and performing various other missions for oceanographers, including the U.S. Navy, government agencies and research organizations.

Seaglider "flies" through the water with extremely modest energy requirements using changes in buoyancy for thrust coupled with a stable low-drag hydrodynamic shape. Designed to operate at depths of up to 1,000 meters the hull compresses as it sinks to match the pressure from the seawater.

Missions
In May 2010 Seaglider was deployed in the Gulf of Mexico to help monitor and gather data during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill incident.

In 2013 the US Navy tested Seaglider for use in the Littoral combat ship.

As of 2016, the US Navy was deploying LBS-Glider from T-AGS and was preparing to deploy from DDGs.

See also
 Liquid Robotics#Wave Glider

References

External links
  Seaglider Product Specification
 Seaglider website 

Autonomous underwater vehicles
IRobot
2000s robots
IRobot Transphibian. The iRobot Transphibian is a man-portable, fin-powered AUV and bottom-crawler that can autonomously insert itself into the water and operate in a very shallow area. The fins enable the robot to navigate with 6 degrees of freedom, even in surge, to avoid obstacles and maneuver in tight spaces. In military operations the robot is more usually referred to as a UUV.

The Transphibian can carry a wide array of payloads and is designed for mine detection, harbor defense and surveillance. It employs a hybrid navigation system that allows it to operate in both shallow surf zones and in deeper waters.

The Transphibian was initially developed by the Nekton Corporation in Durham, North Carolina. iRobot acquired Nekton in September, 2008.

References

External links
 iRobot Corporation: Transphibian
 Overview of iRobot's entry into UUV market
 Article on Transphibian while under Nekton development

Unmanned underwater vehicles
IRobot
2000 robots
Westland N.1B. The Westland N.1B was a prototype British single-engined floatplane fighter aircraft of the First World War. The first aircraft to be designed by Westland Aircraft, it was a single-engined tractor biplane. Despite good performance, only two aircraft were built, the Royal Naval Air Service operating landplane fighters from ships instead.

Development and design
In 1916, the British Admiralty drew up Requirement N.1B for a single-seat floatplane or flying boat fighter aircraft to operate from the Royal Navy's seaplane carriers, demanding a speed of 110 mph (177 km/h) and a ceiling of 20,000 ft (6,100 m). Three companies submitted designs in response, Blackburn and Supermarine with flying boats (the Blackburn N.1B and Supermarine Baby), while Westland proposed a floatplane, the Westland N.1B. Westland received an order for two aircraft.

Westland's design, which was the first original design built by Westland, was a single-engined tractor biplane of wooden construction. It had a deep fuselage, while its two-bay wings were designed to fold to save space on ship, and were fitted with trailing-edge flaps. It was powered by a single Bentley A.R.1 rotary engine (later known as the BR1) and carried a single synchronised forward-firing Vickers machine gun  on the nose, and a Lewis gun firing over the upper wing.  The first N.1B was fitted with 11 ft (3.35 m) long Sopwith main floats and a 5 ft (1.52 m) long tail float, while the second N.1B had much longer (17 ft 6 in 5.34 m) main floats, which removed the need for a tail float.

The first N.1B, serial number N16 was first flown by Harry Hawker from Westland's Yeovil factory in August 1917. The two N.1Bs were evaluated at the Port Victoria Marine Experimental Aircraft Depot in October 1917, demonstrating good performance and handling.  By this time, however, the Royal Naval Air Service was operating Sopwith Pup landplanes from flying-off platforms aboard ships, which did not require the carrier to heave-to in order to lower a seaplane to the water, and was planning to carry out similar operations with the Sopwith Camel, and the N.1B programme was cancelled.

Specifications (Second prototype)

See also

References

Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London:Putnam, 1957.
James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1991. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links
Westland History – Westland N.1B (1917) Agustawestland.

Floatplanes
1910s British fighter aircraft
N.1B
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined piston aircraft
Graphics BBS. Graphics BBS (GBBS) was a bulletin board system server developed from 1989 to 1992 by Eric Anderson as part of his thesis at Chisholm Institute of Technology.  Although it had superior graphics capabilities compared to RIP, it was harder to integrate into existing BBS's, and so was ultimately less popular.

GBBS allowed sending graphics defined by BASIC commands, as well as GIF images.  Since the images were cached between sessions, each image only needed to be downloaded once, so these connections were often as fast as a text BBS.

The software was primarily used around Melbourne until the Internet killed the old bulletin boards.

References 

Bulletin board system software
Xalalá Dam. The Xalalá Hydroelectric Dam is a proposed dam that will span the Chixoy River in the municipality of Ixcán in Guatemala. The US$ 400 million dam's hydroelectric power station will have an installed capacity of 181 MWe, generating an estimated 886 GWh of electricity per year.

Controversy and funding

Despite the dam's electricity generation potential, there has been strong local opposition to the project. Controversy surrounds the site since it will flood 31.8 km2 and displace twelve Q'eqchi' Maya communities. It is a project of the Plan Puebla Panama. In the municipality of Ixcan, of 21,000 people who voted, 91% voted against the creation of the dam. Strong opposition to the project has been credited with the lack of funding for the site. Private funding of the site was halted in April 2007. Despite the government's efforts and interest from foreign investors, plans to finance the project have stopped since.

See also

 List of hydroelectric power stations in Guatemala

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Guatemala
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Dams in Guatemala
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Guatemala
Upper critical solution temperature. The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of , so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above  but not at lower temperatures. Examples at higher temperatures are the aniline-water system at  (at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature), and the lead-zinc system at  (a temperature where both metals are liquid).

A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H2 in Pd) in equilibrium with a hydride phase (PdHn) below the UCST at 300 °C. Above this temperature there is a single solid solution phase.

In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the UCST is the shared maximum of the concave down spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. The UCST is in general dependent on pressure.

The phase separation at the UCST is in general driven by unfavorable energetics; in particular, interactions between components favor a partially demixed state.

Polymer-solvent mixtures

Some polymer solutions also have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility. As shown in the diagram, for polymer solutions the LCST is higher than the UCST, so that there is a temperature interval of complete miscibility, with partial miscibility at both higher and lower temperatures.

The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity.

The seminal statistical mechanical model for the UCST of polymers is the Flory–Huggins solution theory.

By adding soluble impurities the upper critical solution temperature increases and lower critical solution temperature decreases.

See also

References

Critical phenomena
Theodor Rehbock. Theodor Christoph Heinrich Rehbock (12 April 1864, Amsterdam – 17 August 1950, Baden-Baden) was a German hydraulics engineer, and professor at the University of Karlsruhe.

Theodor Rehbock's father was an overseas merchant. Rehbock studied at the Technische Hochschulen in Munich (now Technical University Munich) and in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) during 1884–90, receiving his degree in 1892.

Rehbock performed studies on water supply and hydraulic engineering in many countries. Further, he built a hydroelectric power station in the Murg river in Baden. In 1899, Rehbock became professor of hydraulics at the University of Karlsruhe. Where he started a hydraulics laboratory, in 1901, of which he was the director until 1934. The hydraulics aspects of most large projects in Germany – as well as in many other countries in the world – were tested here. For instance the Afsluitdijk for the separation of the Zuiderzee (Dutch for South Sea) from the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands. After his retirement, the laboratory has been named the "Theodor Rehbock Laboratory".

Rehbock was rector (university president) of the University of Karlsruhe three times: in 1907–08, 1917–18 and 1925–26.

In 1935, an initiative of Theodor Rehbock, Wolmar Fellenius and Rudolf Seifert lead to the establishment of the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR).

In 1901 Rehbock married Margarete Küster. She gave birth to four sons and one daughter.

Honours 
 Rehbock weir – a device to accurately measure the discharge in open channel flows.
 Rehbock dentated sill – for kinetic energy dissipation at the end of a stilling basin, into which the spillway of a large dam ends. This, in order to prevent or reduce scour.
 Theodor Rehbock Medal – of the Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall (DWA; German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste), to honour members who made outstanding innovations within the fields covered by the association. This award has been established in 2007.
 Honorary doctorates from the Technical University Munich and the Palatine Joseph University of Technology and Economics in Budapest.
 Honorary member of the Dutch Royal Institution of Engineers (KIvI) in The Hague.
 A street in Karlsruhe has been named after him.

Notes

References

External links 

 "Institut für Wasser und Gewässerentwicklung, Bereich Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturtechnik" with the Theodor Rehbock Wasserbaulaboratorium (Theodor Rehbock Hydraulics Laboratory) at the University of Karlsruhe 
 

German fluid dynamicists
Engineers from Amsterdam
Engineers from Karlsruhe
Technical University of Munich alumni
Technische Universität Berlin alumni
1864 births
1950 deaths
Dutch emigrants
Immigrants to the German Empire