omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Abuse case. Abuse case  is a specification model for security requirements used in the software development industry. The term Abuse Case is an adaptation of use case. 
The term was introduced by John McDermott and Chris Fox in 1999, while working at Computer Science Department of the James Madison University. As defined by its authors, an abuse case is a type of complete interaction between a system and one or more actors, where the results of the interaction are harmful to the system, one of the actors, or one of the stakeholders in the system. We cannot define completeness just in terms of coherent transactions between actors and the system. Instead, we must define abuse in terms of interactions that result in actual harm. A complete abuse case defines an interaction between an actor and the system that  results in harm to a resource associated with one of the actors, one of the stakeholders, or the system itself.

Their notation appears to be similar to Misuse cases, but there are differences reported by Chun Wei in Misuse Cases and Abuse Cases in Eliciting Security Requirements.

Overview 

Use cases specify required behaviour of software and other products under development, and are essentially structured stories or scenarios detailing the normal behavior and usage of the software. Abuse cases extend the UML notation to model abuse in those systems.

Area of use
Abuse cases are most commonly used in the field of security requirements elicitation.

Basic concepts
An abuse case diagram is created together with a corresponding use case diagram, but not in the same diagram (different from Misuse case). There is no new terminology or special symbols introduced for abuse case diagrams. They are drawn with the same symbols as a use case diagram.
To distinguish between the two, the use case diagram and abuse case diagrams are kept separate, and related. Hence abuse cases do not appear in the use case diagrams and vice versa.

See also 
 Use case diagram
 Misuse case
 Threat model (software)

References

Software project management
Nanoknife. A nanoknife is a carbon nanotube-based prototype compression cutting tool intended for sectioning of biological cells. Working principle is similar to that of a 'cheese slicer', a nanometer-thin individual carbon nanotube strung between two tungsten needles would allow sectioning of very thin slices of biological matter for imaging under an electron microscope. Tests are currently being performed by scientists at Virginia Tech, CU-Boulder and other universities. A successful development of this new tool will allow scientists and biologists to make 3D images of cells and tissues for electron tomography, which typically requires samples less than ~300 nanometers in thickness. In 2009, the nano-knife was used to create indentation marks on biological cell plasticizer (epoxy resin). The whole cutting process is currently limited by electron charging of polymeric specimen in the SEM, which makes it difficult to observe any small cut or mark as the carbon nanotube is pressed against the specimen.

Nanoknife Procedure

Doctors use a special medical device designed for the specific purpose of performing irreversible electroporation. The device implements a direct current generator which emits short pulses of high voltage electric current through electrodes into the cell membrane. The doctor inserts thin needles into the area, using ultrasound imaging to guide the placement of the needles. In nanoknife treatment, strong electric fields cause cells to die without exposing the tissue to radiation or heating it. Most patients don’t feel anything at all during the procedure.

References 

Virginia Tech
Carbon nanotubes
Cell biology
Microscopy
Plack (software). Plack is a Perl web application programming framework inspired by Rack for Ruby and WSGI for Python, and it is the project behind the PSGI specification used by other frameworks such as Catalyst and Dancer. Plack allows for testing of Perl web applications without a live web server.

Plackup is a command line utility to run PSGI applications from the command line.

PSGI
PSGI or Perl Web Server Gateway Interface is an interface between web servers and web applications and frameworks written in the Perl programming language that allows writing portable applications that can be run as standalone servers or using CGI, FastCGI, mod_perl, et al. It is inspired by the Web Server Gateway Interface for Python, Rack for Ruby and JSGI for JavaScript. A PSGI application is a Perl subroutine that accepts arguments as a single hash reference and returns a reference to an array of three elements: an HTTP status code, a reference to an array of HTTP headers and a reference to an array of HTTP body lines (usually a generated HTML document) or a filehandle-like object.

Supported backends
 Plack supports the following server backends:

 CGI
 SCGI
 FastCGI
 mod_perl under Apache 1.3 and 2.0
 Standalone HTTP server included in Plack
 HTTP::Server::Simple
 Corona
 Starman
 Twiggy
 AnyEvent::HTTPD
 AnyEvent::ReverseHTTP

Examples
Using the default standalone HTTP server:
$ plackup app.psgi
HTTP::Server::PSGI: Accepting connections at http://0:5000/

Running as a FastCGI daemon listening on a Unix socket, ready to be used by any Web server with FastCGI support:
$ plackup -s FCGI -listen /tmp/fcgi.sock app.psgi
FastCGI: manager (pid 3336): initialized
FastCGI: manager (pid 3336): server (pid 3337) started
FastCGI: server (pid 3337): initialized
A working Hello world application run as a one-liner:
$ plackup -e 'sub { [200, ["Content-Type" => "text/plain"], ["Hello, world!"]] }'
HTTP::Server::PSGI: Accepting connections at http://0:5000/

The command above starts an HTTP server listening on port 5000 of every local interface (IP address) and returns this 200 OK response to every HTTP request:
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2010 23:34:10 GMT
Server: HTTP::Server::PSGI
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Length: 13

Hello, world!

References

External links
 PSGI and Plack website
 Plack documentation
 plackup manual

Perl software
Free web server software
Cross-application scripting. Cross-application scripting (CAS) is a vulnerability affecting desktop applications that don't check input in an exhaustive way. CAS allows an attacker to insert data that modifies the behaviour of a particular desktop application. This makes it possible to extract data from inside of the users' systems. Attackers may gain the full privileges of the attacked application when exploiting CAS vulnerabilities; the attack is to some degree independent of the underlying operating system and hardware architecture.

Initially discovered by Emanuele Gentili and presented with two other researchers (Alessandro Scoscia and Emanuele Acri) that had participated in the study of the technique and its implications, it was presented for the first time during the Security Summit 2010 in Milan.

The format string attack is very similar in concept to this attack and CAS could be considered as a generalization of this attack method. Some aspects of this technique have been previously demonstrated in clickjacking techniques.

Concept 
Like web interfaces, modern frameworks for the realization of graphical applications (in particular GTK+ and Qt) allow the use of tags inside their own widgets.
If an attacker gains the possibility to inject tags, he gains the ability to manipulate the appearance and behaviour of the application. Exactly the same phenomenon was seen with the use of cross-site scripting (XSS) in web pages, which is why this kind of behavior has been named cross-application scripting (CAS).

Typically desktop applications get a considerable amount of input and support a large number of features, certainly more than any web interface. This makes it harder for the developer to check whether all the input a program might get from untrusted sources is filtered correctly.

Cross-application request forgery 
If cross-application scripting is the application equivalent for XSS in web applications, then cross-application request forgery (CARF) is the equivalent of cross-site request forgery (CSRF) in desktop applications.

In CARF the concept of “link” and “protocol” inherited from the web has been extended because it involves components of the graphical environment and, in some cases, of the operating system.

Exploiting vulnerabilities amenable to CSRF requires interaction from the user. This requirement isn't particularly limiting because the user can be easily led to execute certain actions if the graphical interface is altered the right way. Many misleading changes in the look of applications can be obtained with the use of CAS: a new kind of “phishing”, whose dangerousness is amplified by a lack of tools to detect this kind of attack outside of websites or emails.

In contrast to XSS techniques, that can manipulate and later execute commands in the users' browser, with CAS it is possible to talk directly to the operating system, and not just its graphical interface.

References

Computer security exploits
Open Systems Accounting Software. Open Systems Accounting Software (OSAS) is a business accounting software package for small- to medium-sized businesses using the Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems. It has been developed and sold since 1976 by Open Systems, Inc. of Shakopee, MN.

OSAS is currently programmed in the Java-based BBj language developed by BASIS International. The Java implementation allows installation of OSAS on a variety of platforms.

References

External links
 Official website

Accounting software
Feature-oriented domain analysis. Feature oriented domain analysis (FODA) is a domain analysis method which introduced feature modelling to domain engineering. FODA was developed in 1990 following several U.S. Government research projects. Its concepts have been regarded as critically advancing software engineering and software reuse.

History
Feature-oriented domain analysis was first developed by the Software Engineering Institute in 1990. In the initial technical report, a study performed determined that feature oriented domain analysis was not only beneficial, but was described as a "necessary first step" for software reuse. The report introduced the concept of feature models to domain engineering in an effort to represent the standard features within the family of systems in the domain as well as the relationships between those features. Since then, feature models have been characterized as "the greatest contribution of domain engineering to software engineering". 

Much of the work leading up to the development of FODA was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense through research programs related to software reuse during the late 1980s. FODA was developed as a comprehensive analysis and refinement of technology developed from 1983–1990. While some aspects of FODA have changed, and it has become integrated with model-driven engineering, FODA is still known as the method that initially introduced feature models to domain engineering.

Purpose
The intent of feature-oriented domain analysis is to support functional and architectural reuse. The objective is to create a domain model which represents a family of systems which can then be refined into the particular desired system within the domain To do this, the scope of the domain must be analyzed (known as FODA context analysis) to identify not only the systems in the domain but also the external systems which interact with the domain. FODA feature analysis then analyzes the end-user's view of the configurable requirements and candidate systems within the domain. From the developed feature model, customers can select from configurable requirements to specify a final system. Through this process, feature-oriented domain analysis ensures that a business can meet customers' demands efficiently through reuse of technology.

References

Bibliography

Software design
Systems engineering
Nuevo León Institute of Technology. Nuevo León Institute of Technology (), or ITNL  is an institution of higher education in Guadalupe, Nuevo Léon, México. This school was founded in 1976 in Apodaca, but later was moved to Monterrey and finally to Guadalupe.

The ITNL offers 4 bachelor's degrees and 1 master's degree in mechatronic.

References

Technical universities and colleges in Mexico
Public universities and colleges in Mexico
Universities and colleges in Nuevo León
Educational institutions established in 1976
1976 establishments in Mexico
Mag-Thor. Mag-Thor is the common name for a range of magnesium (Mg) alloys containing thorium (Th) that are used in aerospace engineering.

Alloys
These alloys commonly contain manganese and zinc, but there are other combinations known. Some common alloys are named HK31, HM21, HM31, HZ32, ZH42, ZH62; where the "H" indicates that the alloy contains thorium.  Magnesium alloy names are often given by two letters following by two numbers. The two letters indicate the main elements present in the alloy where A = aluminum, Z = zinc, M = manganese, S = silicon, etc. the numbers tell percentage compositions of the two elements. So, AZ31 would indicate that there is 3% aluminum and 1% zinc in the alloy.

Magnesium-thorium alloys have been used in several military applications, particularly in missile construction. The most noted example of this is the ramjet components in the CIM-10 Bomarc missile and Lockheed D-21 drone, which implemented thoriated magnesium in their engine construction. This is due to thoriated magnesium alloys being lightweight, having high strength, and creep resistance up to 350 °C. But, these alloys are no longer used due to radiation concerns involving thorium's radioactivity.  This has resulted in several missiles being removed from public display.  Similarly, the structure of the Equipment and Retro-Rocket Modules of the Gemini spacecraft (the white-painted portions) were made of thoriated magnesium for their strength-to-weight ratio and thermal properties.  These were not part of the inhabited cabin, though the radiator tubing, whose silicone coolant flowed through the cabin, was also made of the same material.  All examples burned up in the atmosphere upon reentry.

Another concern for the thoriated magnesium alloys is the low melting point and rapid oxidation of the metal.  This can result in dangerous flash fires during the production of the alloys. Additionally, thorium-free magnesium alloys have been developed that exhibit similar characteristics to mag-thor, causing currently used magnesium-thorium alloys to be cycled out of use.

Further reading

External links
Oak Ridge Associated Universities article on Mag-Thor alloys
Safety Requirements For Handling And Fabrication Of Magnesium Alloys
basic commercial magnesium alloys

Magnesium alloys
Electrical junction. An electrical junction is a point or area where (a) two or more conductors or (b) different semiconducting regions of differing electrical properties make physical contact. Electrical junctions types include thermoelectricity junctions, metal–semiconductor junctions and p–n junctions. Junctions are either rectifying or non-rectifying. Non-rectifying junctions comprise ohmic contacts, which are characterised by a linear current–voltage () relation. Electronic components employing rectifying junctions include p–n diodes, Schottky diodes and bipolar junction transistors.

See also 
 Break junction
 Depletion region, also called junction region
 Junction voltage
 Heterojunction
 Homojunction
 Josephson junction
 Nodal analysis
 p–n junction isolation

References

Junction
Semiconductor structures
Bethe–Slater curve. The Bethe–Slater curve is a heuristic explanation for why certain metals are ferromagnetic and others are antiferromagnetic. It assumes a Heisenberg model of magnetism, and explains the differences in exchange energy of transition metals as due to the ratio of the interatomic distance a to the radius r of the 3d electron shell. When the magnetically important 3d electrons of adjacent atoms are relatively close to each other, the exchange interaction, ,  is negative, but when they are further away, the exchange interaction becomes positive, before slowly dropping off.

The idea of relating exchange energy to inter-atomic distance was first proposed by John C. Slater in 1930, and illustrated as a curve on a graph in a review by Sommerfeld and Bethe in 1933.

For a pair of atoms, the exchange interaction wij (responsible for the energy E) is calculated as:

where:  = exchange integral; S = electron spins; i and j = indices of the two atoms.

The Slater curve does produce realistic results, predicting Iron, Cobalt and Nickel to be the elements with ferromagnetic ordering. The curve is of practical use as a simple way of estimating  based on the average atomic separation. However, more recent evaluations with realistic calculations of the exchange interactions show significantly more complex physics when treating the interactions of different atomic orbitals in an atom separately, rather than as a single unit.

External links 
Open Quantum Materials Database

References 

Magnetic exchange interactions
Ferromagnetism
Gazda Helicospeeder. The Gazda Helicospeeder was an American-built single-seat single-rotor helicopter of the 1940s.

Development
The Helicospeeder was designed by Antoine Gazda of Wakefield, Rhode Island in 1946.  It was specified to carry one person and publicity releases claimed an ultimate goal of a  maximum airspeed. One example of the initial version was completed.

The Model 100 Helicospeeder was developed in 1947, again with a single seat.  It was of all-aluminium construction and was powered by a Continental A-75 engine.  One example was completed.

Operational history
The designer/constructor carried out test flights and a more modest actual speed of  was reached. Production examples were expected to sell for 5000 US Dollars, but no firm sales were made.

Variants

Antoine Gazda planned to build the Model 101, which was intended to accommodate two persons, but no record of its completion has been found.

Aircraft on display
The Model 100 Helicospeeder is preserved at the Owls Head Transportation Museum, adjacent to the Knox County Regional Airport, two miles south of Rockland, Maine.

Specifications (Model 100)

See also

Notes

References

|

External links
Data on Helicospeeder
Photo of Helicospeeder

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
1940s United States helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Single-engined piston helicopters
E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station. E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station is a hydroelectric station on the Saskatchewan River owned by SaskPower, located near Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. The dam created the artificial Tobin Lake.  The station is named after Bruce Campbell, a former president of SaskPower who was also the assistant chief engineer during the construction of the station.  Until 1988, it was named Squaw Rapids Dam.

The dam altered water levels in the Saskatchewan River, which made the area uninhabitable for a lot of animals. The impact on fishers and trappers was acknowledged in 1989 with a payment of 15 million dollars. The environmental impact of the dam and power station continues however.

Description 

The E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station consists of:
six 32 net MW unit (commissioned in 1963 to 1964)
two 42 net MW units (commissioned in 1966)

See also 

 SaskPower
 List of dams and reservoirs in Canada

References

External links 
  SaskPower Station Description

Hydroelectric power stations in Saskatchewan
Moose Range No. 486, Saskatchewan
SaskPower
Dams in the Saskatchewan River basin
Saskatchewan River
Jiangxia Tidal Power Station. The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station (江厦潮汐电站) is the fourth largest tidal power station in the world, located in Wuyantou, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China. Although the proposed design for the facility was 3,000 kW, the 1985 the installed capacity was 3,200 kW, generated from one unit of 500 kW, one unit of 600 kW, and three units of 700 kW. Proposals were made to install a sixth 700 kW unit, which was installed in June 2007. Then in 2014, the 500 kW turbine was upgraded to 700 kW, bringing the total installed capacity to 4.1 MW. The facility generates up to 6.5 GWh of power annually.

This facility also hosts a 40 kW solar PV power installation with an estimated 45,000 kWh annual production capacity. This system is composed of 216 pieces of 186 W monocrystalline solar modules manufactured by Perlight Solar.

The power station feeds the energy demand of small villages at a  distance, through a 35-kV transmission line. The maximum tidal range in the estuary is .

Now it is a Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang, it is included on October 16, 2019.

The power generation rate of the site is technically loss-making, however the site is used to provide land reclamation to the area, a combination of aquaculture and shellfish farming provide income to make the scheme as a whole effective, and provide comprehensive use of the reservoir.

See also 

 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of power stations in China
 List of tidal power stations

References 

Energy infrastructure completed in 1980
Tidal power stations in China
Power stations in Zhejiang
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang
Steven DeRose. Steven J DeRose (born 1960) is a computer scientist noted for his contributions to computational linguistics and to key standards related to document processing, mostly around ISO's Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and W3C's Extensible Markup Language (XML).

His contributions include the following:

 HyTime
 Text Encoding Initiative
 XPath –- editor
 XPointer –- editor
 XLink –- editor
 OSIS—chairman
 XML

He served as Chief Scientist of the Scholarly Technology Group, and Adjunct Associate Professor of Computer Science, at Brown University. While there he received NSF and NEH grants and contributed heavily to the Open eBook and Encoded Archival Description standards. Previously, he was co-founder and Chief Scientist at Electronic Book Technologies, Inc., where he designed the first SGML browser (Dynatext), which earned 11 US Patents and won Seybold and other awards.
 
His 1987 article with James Coombs and Allen Renear, "Markup Systems and the Future of Scholarly Text Processing", is a seminal source for the theory of markup systems, and has been widely cited and reprinted.

 The article "What is Text, Really?" has also been widely cited and reprinted, and led to several follow-on articles In addition, he has published 2 books (Making Hypermedia Work: A User's Guide to HyTime and The SGML FAQ Book); as well as articles in a variety of journals, magazines, and proceedings.

He has given papers and tutorials at the ACM Hypertext Conference and various SGML and XML conferences, a keynote address at the ACM Conference on Very Large DataBases (VLDB), and a plenary talk at the Text Encoding Initiative 10 Conference.

In Computational Linguistics, he is known for pioneering the use of dynamic programming methods for part-of-speech tagging (DeRose 1988, 1990).

Selected publications

References

External links

Living people
American computer scientists
Brown University faculty
1960 births