omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Virginia Beach Airport. The Virginia Beach Airport  is a private civilian airfield located in the Pungo Borough of Virginia Beach, Virginia.

It is the home of the Military Aviation Museum, which uses it to maintain, display, and fly vintage and replica warbirds; the aircraft are primarily from the World War II era, but they range from the 1910s to the 1950s. The facilities include an Art Deco main building, one grass landing strip, a checkered water tower, and a large number of medium-size hangars. 

There are no commercial airline services at Virginia Beach Airport; most people getting from outside of Virginia to Virginia Beach use Norfolk International Airport in nearby Norfolk instead.

History

The airport was created in 1969 by four local pilots; the original concept was for a small airport, including a runway, hotel, restaurant, a small terminal, and several hangars.

These intentions fairly quickly did not pan out, and so much of the land was returned to agriculture. The runway did remain active, and was used for crop dusting planes and banner towing planes.

In the early 2000s, the founder of the Military Aviation Museum, Gerald "Jerry" Yagen, purchased the property as a home for his collection of warbirds, and began planning the creation of the Museum.

External links 
 VA Beach Airport
 FAA Information

Transportation in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Airports in Virginia
1969 establishments in Virginia
Francis Parkman Coffin. Francis Parkman Coffin (April 5, 1880 – August 19, 1956) was an American electrical engineering pioneer. He was a leader in research and development for the General Electric Corporation.

Early life and education 
Coffin was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, to Charles Pratt Coffin and Grace Parkman, daughter of historian Francis Parkman.  His father was first cousin of General Electric co-founder Charles Coffin. He was educated at the St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, and graduated from Harvard College in 1902.

Career 
Coffin joined General Electric shortly after graduation. He worked at GE for the duration of his career, first in the testing department and then in the Research Laboratory. For several years, he worked on the pioneer development of the iron mercury arc rectifier. Later, he worked on methods of generating power from coal more efficiently, and co-authored a book on the subject, Pulverized coal systems in America. He also conducted experimental studies of the properties and limitations of various types of steel for use in mercury boilers and steam turbines at high pressures and temperatures.

Coffin was an active conservationist, and became an authority on the studies of botany, geology, and anthropology. He was a member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He died on August 19, 1956, in Schenectady, New York, at age 76.

References

See also 
General Electric
Electrical engineering

1880 births
1956 deaths
American electrical engineers
General Electric people
Harvard College alumni
St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni
Liberdade class underwater glider. Liberdade class blended wing bodies are autonomous underwater gliders developed by the US Navy Office of Naval Research which use a blended wing body hullform to achieve hydrodynamic efficiency. It is an experimental class whose models were originally intended to track quiet diesel electric submarines in littoral waters, moving at 1–3 knots and remaining on station for up to six months. Liberdade (Portuguese for "Liberty")  was a ship built by Joshua Slocum, prior to the one he single-handedly piloted around the world.

The "Liberdade" class are the world's largest known underwater gliders and were developed as part of the US Navy's Persistent Littoral Undersea Surveillance Network (PlusNet) system of unmanned surveillance vehicles. A "Liberdade" glider can be deployed covertly, with the capability of monitoring over 1,000 km of ocean. The glider is designed to be difficult to detect using passive acoustic sensing.

The Marine Physical Lab at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Applied Physics Lab at the University of Washington were the primary developers of the "Liberdade" class.  The hull of the latest model was constructed by Legnos Boat, and consists of an ABS outer shell over a titanium frame.  First major field tests of the Liberdade XRay took place in 2006 in Monterey Bay, California.  Also participating in the development of the Liberdade class wings were:
University of Texas at Austin’s Applied Research Lab
Applied Research Lab at Penn State University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
SAIC
Bluefin Robotics

In 2007, XRay 2 was completed and demonstrated a 20 to 1 lift-to-drag ratio.  In 2008, 55 field tests were conducted. In 2010, the latest generation "ZRay" model was completed; it includes a 27 channel hydrophone array.  Its function is to track and automatically identify marine mammals.  ZRay has a 35 to 1 lift-to-drag ratio, and has water jets for fine attitude control, as well as propulsion on the surface.

References

Underwater gliders
 
Anti-submarine warfare
Ruthenium hexafluoride. Ruthenium hexafluoride, also ruthenium(VI) fluoride (RuF6), is a compound of ruthenium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

History and synthesis 
Ruthenium hexafluoride was discovered by American radiochemists in 1961, soon after the discovery of technetium hexafluoride. It is made by a direct reaction of ruthenium metal in a gas stream of fluorine and argon at 400–450 °C. The yields of this reaction are less than 10%.

 + 3  →

Description 
Ruthenium hexafluoride is a dark brown crystalline solid that melts at 54 °C. The solid structure measured at −140 °C is orthorhombic space group Pnma. Lattice parameters are a = 9.313 Å, b = 8.484 Å, and c = 4.910 Å. There are four formula units (in this case, discrete molecules) per unit cell, giving a density of 3.68 g·cm−3.

The RuF6 molecule itself (the form important for the liquid or gas phase) has octahedral molecular geometry, which has point group (Oh).  The Ru–F bond length is 1.818 Å.

References

Further reading 
 Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, System Nr. 63, Ruthenium, Supplement, pp. 266–268.

External links

Ruthenium hexafluoride at webelements.com.

Hexafluoride
Hexafluorides
Octahedral compounds
LiquiGlide. LiquiGlide is a platform technology which creates slippery, liquid-impregnated surfaces that was developed at the Varanasi Research Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Prof. Kripa Varanasi and his team of students and post doctorals Dave Smith, Rajeev Dhiman, Adam Paxson, Brian Solomon, and Chris Love. Possible applications include improving the flow rate of condiment bottles to avoid food waste, and preventing clogs in gas and oil tubes. The project came in second place in the Business Plan Contest and won the Audience Choice Award at the 2012 MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition. As of January 2017, the company had raised $25M from investors including Roadmap Capital, Structure Capital, Valia Investments, and Struck Capital.

References

External links
Official site

American inventions
Lubricants
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Methyl 2-chloroacrylate. Methyl 2-chloroacrylate is a colorless liquid used in manufacture of acrylic high polymer similar to polymethylmethacrylate. It is also used as a monomer for certain specialty polymers. 

Methyl 2-chloroacrylate is polymerizable, insoluble in water, and a skin, eye, and lung irritant.  Inhalation of vapors causes pulmonary edema.  Trace amounts on the skin cause large blisters.

2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of L-cysteine, is produced by the reaction of thiourea with methyl 2-chloroacrylate.

References

Monomers
Acrylate esters
Methyl esters
Szczecin Voivodeship Office. Szczecin Voivodeship Office is a historic administrative building opened in 1911, located at the Chrobry Embankment in city of Szczecin, Poland.

History 

The main designer was Berlin architect Paul Kieschke. After his death in 1905, Paul Lehmgrübner continued the project and supervised the construction. Work began in 1906 on the land of a size of 12860 m2, purchased for 392,000 marks. Due to the terrain shape and the residues of Fort Leopold located here before, appropriate construction work has been preceded by large scale earth works which included among others moat bridge, replacement of peat substrate, drainage area, etc. The building was built on the powerful, concrete foundations in places reaching 11 m below street level. The result of nearly six years of ongoing construction work was monumental complex of three buildings connected by a common, richly decorated facade. Style refers to the structure of German historicism, emphasizing in particular parts of the northern Renaissance. The complex has two inner courtyards and two towers, one of which, 72 m in height, surmounted by a figure of Sailor. Many rooms in the building has a representative character, and retains the original decoration (including: the main hall, stairway, conference).

The building was completed in 1911. Its central part was taken by the Government Presidium (Regierungspräsidium) of the Stettin Region. The southern part was the regional president's official home. In the northern part of the office complex, offshore institutions such as Maritime Authority, Lloyd's Agency, Police and Port Authority of Hydraulic Engineering were located.

The investment cost amounted to 3.53327 million marks. The total area of buildings is 19451 m2.

The building was not damaged during the bombings of Szczecin during World War II.

The present building of the Regional Office was the first seat of Polish municipalities with Piotr Zaremba in the lead, who on April 30, 1945 ordered to raise the Poland flag on the building.

In 1985, the building of the Regional Office has been entered in the register of monuments.

In 2011, on its 100 year anniversary, the building was made available to the public, including tourist routes covering both underground (with the uncharted, flooded by water tunnel [inline] running in the direction of the Oder river) and towers (here with in turn a collection of gargoyle, gathered by Germans in unknown purpose can be admired [inline]).

Gallery

Footnotes

Buildings and structures in Szczecin
Office buildings completed in 1911
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Old Town, Szczecin
Sud-Ouest Ariel. The Sud-Ouest Ariel is a French two-seat light helicopter designed and built by Sud-Ouest. The helicopter rotors were driven by compressed-air jets at the end of each blade.

Design and development
The S.O.1100 Ariel I was first flown in 1947, it was a light all-metal helicopter with an enclosed two-seat cabin. Power was provided by a Mathis G8 engine which drove a Turbomeca compressor. The low-pressure air output from the compressor was ducted to each of the three rotor blades to the ends of each blade. At the tip of each blade was a combustion chamber where the air was mixed with fuel and ignited. The Ariel had a short tail boom with twin vertical tail surfaces. On 23 March 1949. an improved S.O.1110 Ariel II was flown, it was a similar configuration to the Ariel I was had revised tail surfaces.

The final variant was the S.O.1120 Ariel III which had a combined Turbomeca Arrius turbine-compressor rather than the two units of the earlier aircraft. With the space made from the power changes an extra seat was fitted. Another difference was the tail unit, the Ariel II had a single fin and rudder and used jet efflux from the turbine to provide directional control, a directional vane linked to the rudder directed the efflux.

Operational history
The Ariel was not put into production but the knowledge gained was used in the development of the Sud-Ouest Djinn.

Variants
S.O.1100 Ariel I
Two-seat experimental tip-jet helicopter with a piston engine-powered compressor.
S.O.1110 Ariel II
Improved variant with revised tail surfaces.
S.O.1120 Ariel III
Improved three-seat variant with a combined turbine-compressor.

Specifications (Ariel II)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. .
 Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .

External links

1940s French experimental aircraft
1940s French helicopters
Ariel
Single-engined piston helicopters
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Ikarus C52. The Ikarus C52 is a German ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Comco Ikarus, introduced at the Aero show held in Friedrichshafen in 2011. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
An evolution of the Ikarus C42, the C52 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It not only updates the older design, but offers more comforts. The C-52 is not intended to replace the C42 in production, but instead to act as a higher-end complementary model. Like the C42, it features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed open cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft differs from the earlier C42 primarily in that the landing gear is a cantilever design, the tail is constructed of carbon fibre and the engine mount was redesigned. Its  span wing employs V-struts with jury struts and has an area of . Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912UL and the  Rotax 912ULS four-stroke powerplants.

Specifications (C-52 Club)

References

External links
Official website

2010s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
C52
Single-engined piston aircraft
Dhauliganga Dam. The Dhauliganga Dam was a concrete face rock and earth-fill embankment dam on the Dhauliganga River near Dharchula in Uttarakhand, India, close to the borders with Tibet and Nepal. It had very little pondage and operated as run-of-the-river. It was constructed by a joint venture of Kajima Construction Corporation, Ltd., and Daewoo Engineering & Construction with Bauer Maschinen.
HRT & PH was constructed by JV of [HCC, Hindustan Construction Company] and Samsung Corporation [E&C] Group. It generates 280 MW(4x70 MW) of hydro power.

In June 2013, there was an unprecedented flash flood, causing massive debris accumulation and the complete submergence of the power house. Damage caused electrical equipment replacement and loss of total generation capacity for more than six months.

Destruction 

On February 7, 2021 a sudden flash flood caused by an avalanche resulted in the complete destruction of the hydro power plant, affecting over one thousand people in the area.

See also 
 Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant
 Rini, Uttarakhand
 Rishiganga

References 

Dams in Uttarakhand
Hydroelectric power stations in Uttarakhand
Pithoragarh district
2005 establishments in Uttarakhand
Energy infrastructure completed in 2005
Shuttle pipes. Shuttle pipes are a type of bagpipes which derive their name from the drones used to produce the harmony. Rather than the long tube-like drones of most bagpipes, shuttle pipes use a shuttle drone, a cylindrical chamber enclosing a series of folded drone tubes, each terminating in a slot covered by a sliding "shuttle" which can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the distance traveled by air moving through the tube, thus flattening or sharpening the pitch of the note produced.

Like other bagpipes, shuttle pipes have a chanter which is used to play the melody. Some modern versions use Great Highland Bagpipe fingering so that Highland bagpipers can easily play it.  The bag of the modern shuttle pipe is either mouth-inflated through a blowpipe (or blowstick), or bellows-inflated. 

Shuttle pipes appeared during the latter half of the 16th century, possibly in France, influenced by the Rackett, and were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The original form is generally believed to have been bellows-blown—a drawing of a set of bellows-blown shuttle pipes appears in a 1618 Syntagma Musicum (Treatise of Music) by composer and music theorist Michael Praetorius (1571–1621), and a bellows-blown French form, the musette de cour, is portrayed by Flemish baroque artist Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641) in his early 1630s painting Portrait of François Langlois.  The musette de cour was reputedly played by King Louis XIV of France (1638–1715). Interest in the shuttle pipes waned in the 19th century, and they were nearly forgotten by the early 20th century, but they were rediscovered in the 1980s, and they now fill a niche in popular and traditional music for a bagpipes sound where highland pipes would be overwhelming.

See also
Types of bagpipes
Pastoral Pipes
List of bagpipers
List of pipe makers
Glossary of bagpipe terms

References

External links
 Musette de cour portrayed in van Dyck's  Portrait of François Langlois , early 1630s.

Bagpipes
16th-century introductions
16th-century establishments in France
16th century in music
Early musical instruments
Motukoreaite. Motukoreaite is a mineral with formula Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O (possibly more than one species). The mineral is named for Motukorea, the island in New Zealand where it was discovered. Motukoreaite was first noted in 1941 and officially described in 1977.

Description
Motukoreaite occurs as claylike cement or hexagonal tabular crystals up to  in size that form rosettes, boxworks, and subparallel aggregates. The crystals are semitransparent and are white, pale yellow, pale yellow-green, or colorless. The mineral readily dehydrates partially.

Motukoreaite has been found in association with apatite, barite, calcite, chabazite, calcic plagioclase, gismondine, gypsum, hisingerite, hydrotalcite, limonite, magnetite, montmorillonite, nordstrandite, olivine,  phillipsite, pyroxene, quartz, and zeolites.

Formation
Motukoreaite forms from the alteration of submarine basaltic glass at temperatures below . The alteration occurs in the sequence motukoreaite, phillipsite, calcite. A study in 1989 suggested that motukoreaite is a common, widely occurring mineral.

History
Motukoreaite was first identified as "beach limestone" by J. A. Bartrum in 1941 at two locations along the shore of Motukorea where it occurs as a coating or alteration of basaltic sand and basaltic tuff related to a small Pleistocene volcanic cone. In 1977, the new mineral was officially described from the island and the name motukoreaite was approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names in honor of the island. The mineral's small crystal size made determination of its optical properties difficult.

Distribution
Motukoreaite is known from Motukorea, New Zealand, La Piatta quarry in Italy, Stradner Kogel in Austria, and the western Mediterranean Sea near Spain. It has been reported from the Surtsey Island and other locations on the mid-Atlantic Ridge. It also occurs along the axial rift of the Red Sea.

The type material is held at the University of Auckland in Auckland, New Zealand, the Natural History Museum, London, and the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

References

Bibliography

External links

Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
Sodium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Carbonate minerals
Leucophoenicite. Leucophoenicite is a mineral with formula Mn7(SiO4)3(OH)2. Generally brown to red or pink in color, the mineral gets its name from the Greek words meaning "pale purple-red". Leucophoenicite was discovered in New Jersey, US and identified as a new mineral in 1899.

Description
Leucophoenicite is normally brown, light purple-red, raspberry-red or pink in color; in thin section it is rose-red to colorless. The name is derived from the Greek words leukos, meaning "pale", and , meaning "purple-red", in reference to its common coloring.

Leucophoenicite typically occurs as isolated grains or it has granular massive habit. Crystals of the mineral, which occur rarely, are slender, prismatic, elongated, and striated. The mineral forms in a low pressure, hydrothermal environment or in a contact zone in the veins and skarns of a stratiform Zn-Mn ore body.

Leucophoenicite is a member of the humite group. It has been found in association with barite, barysilite, calcite, copper, franklinite, garnet, glaucochroite, hausmannite, jerrygibbsite, manganosite, pyrochroite, rhodochrosite, sonolite, spessartine, sussexite, tephroite, vesuvianite, willemite, and zincite.

History
Leucophoenicite was first found by J. J. McGovern at the Franklin Mine in New Jersey. The specimen, which consisted mostly of the mineral, was given to C. H. Warren in 1897. First thought to be clinohedrite deeply colored by manganese, it was identified as a new mineral in 1899 by Warren and Samuel Lewis Penfield. The mineral was also discovered around this time from the Buckwheat Pit in New Jersey; however, it was not identified as leucophoenicite until 1906 as it had been overlooked or mistaken for some other substance.

The crystallography was first described by Charles Palache in 1910, as Penfield and Warren had been unable to determine even the crystal system of leucophoenicite. Material thought to be leucophoenicite, studied in 1928, 1935, and 1967, was in fact a composite of leucophoenicite, sonolite, and  alleghanyite. The specimens studied by Warren and Penfield in 1899 and Palache in 1910 were both true leucophoenicite.

Distribution
, leucophoenicite has been found in Italy, Japan, Namibia, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, and the US. The type material is held in the United States at Yale University and Harvard University.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Photos of leucophoenicite from mindat.org

Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Manganese(II) minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Nesosilicates
Diepoxybutane. Diepoxybutane (also known as butane diepoxide, butadiene diepoxide, or 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane) is an epoxide which is a colorless liquid at room temperature.  Epoxides are very reactive due to ring strain and diepoxybutane contains two of these groups, so it is highly reactive, more than other ethers. It is hydrophilic, very flammable and easily ignited by heat or sparks.

Diepoxybutane is used as a chemical intermediate, as a cross-linking agent for polymers and textiles, and as a preservative.

Structure, reactivity, synthesis 
Diepoxybutane occurs as several enantiomers and a meso form.

Diepoxybutane polymerizes in the presence of catalysts or when heated. These polymerization reactions can be violent.

Other Uses 
In research diepoxybutane is used as a chemical intermediate, and in medicine for the diepoxybutane (DEB test) to screen for Fanconi anemia (FA) among patients with bone marrow failure syndromes. 

Although many chemicals are capable of DNA crosslinking, the DEB test is used because it gives fewer false negatives and positives than other chemicals.

Toxicity

Effect on humans 
Diepoxybutane irritates the nose, throat and lungs, causing coughing and shortness of breath.  Skin exposure can cause chemical burns. Longer exposure periods can cause pulmonary edema, and damage to the liver and kidneys.

Carcinogenicity 
 IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.
 NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Effect on animals 
It is experimentally shown that diepoxybutane can cause tumors in rodent species at several different tissue sites and by several different exposure routes. Dermal contact with diepoxybutane caused skin tumors in mice. Injection of diepoxybutane into mice and rats caused lung tumors. Furthermore, inhalation exposure to diepoxybutane caused benign Harderian-gland tumors in mice and also increased the size of benign or malignant tumors of the nasal cavity.

References

Epoxides
Carcinogens