omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Essex Engine Plant. Essex Engine Plant is a Ford factory located in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It currently produces Ford's 5.0L V8 engine. The plant was built in 1981 to produce Ford's Essex V6 engine.

Closing and reopening 
In 2006, Ford announced that the plant would close as part of Ford's The Way Forward plan. The plant closed in 2007. The plant produced V6, V8, and V10 engines, cylinder heads, crankshafts and cylinder blocks for a variety of Ford vehicles before its closure. With financial assistance from Canadian governments,  from the province of Ontario in 2008 and  from the Government of Canada over five years, the plant reopened in February 2010 to produce the new 5.0L version of the Ford Modular engine. In 2010, Ontario announced a further contribution of  to the Essex Engine Plant.

As of 2014, there were about 1,400 active Ford workers at the Essex Engine and Windsor Engine plants, a drop from 6,300 Ford workers at six engine and engine parts plants 2000, according to president of Unifor local 200. There were about 640 workers assembling about 970 engines a day before a third shift was added around April 2012. In May 2007, Ford closed the Windsor Casting Plant, which was opened in 1934. The plant most recently produced cylinder block castings for 4.2-liter V-6 engine and crankshafts for 4.2-liter V-6, 5.4-liter V-8, 3.0-liter V-6, 4.6-liter V-8 and 2.3-liter engines. It once was one of the largest recyclers of iron and steel in southern Ontario. In March 2012, Ford closed the Windsor Aluminum Plant which produced Duratec engine block.

Products 
 1981–2007 3.8L/3.9L/4.2L V6
 2009–present 5.0L V8
 2020–present 7.3L "Godzilla" V8 (Made in the Windsor Engine Plant Annex, not the Essex Engine Plant)

See also 
 List of Ford factories

References 

Ford factories
Economy of Windsor, Ontario
Manufacturing in Ontario
1981 establishments in Ontario
College of Aviation & Technology. College of Aviation & Technology (CATECH) is an engineering institute in Bangladesh to provide internationally recognized Higher Academic Qualification in Aeronautical Engineering as well as pilot training. The college is an approved learning center of Edexcel, BTEB and National University of Bangladesh.

Academic programs
CATECH offers 4 years Hons BBA in Aviation Management & BSc in Aeronautical and Aviation Science courses Under the National University Bangladesh. It is located in Uttara in Dhaka.

Undergraduate level
At undergraduate level CATECH offers:
1. BSc (Hons) in Aeronautical and Aviation Science
2. BBA (Hons) in Aviation Management
3. B.Eng. Aeronautical Engineering.
 B.Eng. Aeronautical Engineering (length of 48 months)
 BBA Major in Aviation Management (length of 48 months)

Graduate level
At graduate level CATECH offers:
Post Graduate Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership,
Diploma in Aviation Operation
 MBA Major in Aviation Management (length of 24 months)
 Executive MBA in Major in Aviation Management (length of 18 months)

Diploma 
(length of 3 months)
CFD & Applied Aerodynamics
Aerospace Engineering Design
Aeromechanics
Aviation Hospitality
Air Hostess and Cabin Crew
Aviation Management
Travel, Tourism & Ticketing
Aeromodelling
Airlines Cost Management
Air Travel Management
Aircraft Leasing

Pilot training
Pilot training courses prepare students for private and commercial pilot licences.

References

Private colleges in Bangladesh
Colleges in Dhaka District
Colleges affiliated to National University, Bangladesh

Address: COLLEGE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, Sector 16J, Road 13, Plot 22, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
Çetin Dam. The Çetin Dam hydropower dam, on the Botan River in Siirt Province, Turkey, with an installed capacity of 420 MW. It was completed in 2020.

Location 
The dam will be located directly downstream of the Botan and Büyük River confluence. Also part of the Çetin project is a smaller dam  downstream with  in height. The Çetin lower dam will regulate outflows from the Çetin main dam and also produce hydroelectric power with a 112 MW capacity via two 56 MW Kaplan turbines.

Overall, six dams are to be built on the Botan River, among which Çetin dam will have the largest power plant.

Design 
Çetin Dam is a roller-compacted concrete body embankment dam. With a volume exceeding 4.7 million m3, il will be the biggest of its kind in Turkey, and bigger than any existing RCC dam in Europe. The dam will be 165 m high and create a 615 million m3 reservoir.

The dam's power plant will house four vertical axis Francis turbine-generators, three of them with a 135 MW capacity and a smaller 15 MW one.

Funding 
The owner was the Norwegian, Statkraft, at a cost of US $678 million. The Contractor was Yϋksel-iLci Joint Venture. Veidekke Industri AS was the subcontractor for Cetin dam. In September 2017, Limak invested $400 million to purchase the rights, in order to complete the whole project by 2020–21.

Timeline 
Construction on the main dam began in December 2011 and the power plant was first expected to be complete in 2015, with a planned capacity of 401 MW. 

The project experienced delays due to Kurdistan Workers' Party attacks on the construction site and equipment. In February 2016, Statkraft suspended construction.  Works resumed in July 2017.

Construction was 84% complete as of September 2019 ; at that time, as many as 15,000 m3 of concrete are poured onto the structure every day. 

The dam started impounding water in January 2020. The first two units of the power station started generating electricity in April 2020, whereas the two remaining ones are expected to be commissioned by May 2020.

See also

Alkumru Dam – downstream, completed in 2011

References

Dams in Siirt Province
Rock-filled dams
Hydroelectric power stations in Turkey
Dams on the Botan River
Critchley Light car. The Critchley Light car was briefly manufactured by Daimler Company of Coventry in 1899 to find use for about 50 unwanted 4 h.p. engines shipped to Coventry by the German Daimler works at Stuttgart. The car was well regarded and sold well but was not intended to extend Daimler's range of high-powered expensive motorcars. As such, it was named Critchley after James S. Critchley Daimler's works manager

The car was equipped with advanced features, including pneumatic tyres and wheel steering. The engine was mounted transversely, with the flywheel rotating in the direction of travel. The water-cooled engine drove the rear wheels through a belt transmission. The belt was tensioned by moving the engine forward or backward in the frame. The steering wheel was on a vertical column on the right side of the car, such that it could only be operated by the driver's right hand.

In 1900, a redesign of the Critchley Light Car was built and sold as the "Kimberley".

Notes

References

British brands
Daimler vehicles
Tungsten(IV) fluoride. Tungsten tetrafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula WF4.  This little studied solid has been invoked, together with tungsten pentafluoride, as an intermediate in the chemical vapor deposition of tungsten films using tungsten hexafluoride.

Structure 
Tungsten tetrafluoride was found to have polymeric structure based on Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Preparation
It has been prepared by treatment of the coordination complex WCl4(MeCN)2 with AsF3. It has been produced by from the reaction of WF6 and a W filament at 600-800 °C.

Reactions 
The compound can be re-oxidized to W(VI) compounds by treatment with fluorine and chlorine:
WF4  +  X2   →   WF4X2

Upon heating, it disproportionates to WF6 and tungsten metal.

References

Tungsten halides
Fluorides
Tungsten(IV) compounds
1-Dodecene. 1-Dodecene is an alkene with the formula C10H21CH=CH2, consisting of a chain of twelve carbon atoms ending with a double bond. While there are many isomers of dodecene depending on which carbon the double bond is placed, this isomer is of greater commercial importance. It is classified as an alpha-olefin. Alpha-olefins are distinguished by having a double bond at the primary or alpha (α) position. This location of a double bond enhances the reactivity of the compound and makes it useful for a number of applications, especially for the production of detergents.

Production and reactions
1-Dodecene is commercially produced by oligomerization of ethylene via a number of processes. In the Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP), a nickel catalyst is employed.  In processes developed by Gulf and by Ethyl Corporations, triethylaluminium is the catalyst. Similar to the SHOP method, these processes rely on ethylene insertion into an Al-alkyl bond competitively with beta-hydride elimination to give the alpha-olefin, regenerating an aluminium hydride. Other processes have been developed.

References

Alkenes
Cadmium chromate. Cadmium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula CdCrO4.  It is relevant to chromate conversion coating, which is used to passivate common metal alloys such as aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, magnesium, and tin.  In conversion coating chromate reacts with these metals to prevent corrosion, retain electrical conductivity, and provide a finish for the appearance of the final alloy products.  This process is commonly used on hardware and tool items.  Chromate species take on their distinctive yellow color when coated.

References

Cadmium compounds
Chromates
Gain stage. In audio engineering, a gain stage is a point during an audio signal flow that the engineer can make adjustments to the level, such as a fader on a mixing console or in a DAW. Gain staging is the process of managing the relative levels in each step of an audio signal flow to prevent introduction of noise and distortion, feeding the inserts, such as equalizers and compressors with the right amount of signal, particularly in the analogue realm. Ideal gain staging occurs when each component in an audio signal flow is receiving and transmitting signal in the optimum region of its dynamic range.

In an audio system containing both microphones and loudspeakers, the total amount of gain in the system can exceed 100 dB. This is usually broken up into a number of smaller steps, called gain stages, where the signal is amplified or attenuated as needed before reaching the loudspeaker.

In a signal flow beginning with an acoustic sound source (such as a musical instrument or singer), the Microphone preamplifier is typically the first electronically adjustable gain stage, where the signal is amplified by as much as 95 dB in exceptional cases . Before reaching the microphone, the sound source is subject to the Inverse-square law, which states that sound intensity diminishes as distance between the sound source and the microphone increases. This means that (1) moving the microphone closer to the sound source increases the signal level produced by the microphone, and (2) moving the microphone further away from undesirable noise sources will diminish the amount of noise in the microphone signal. Microphone placement is therefore an important aspect of gain staging .

Following microphone placement and the microphone preamplifier, the audio signal has been amplified to Line level, and can be processed by a device capable of accepting a line-level signal.

References

Sound recording
Audio mixing
Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Hussein. Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Hussein () is a Saudi engineer. He has been the minister of water and electricity since 2004.

Education
Al Hussein obtained a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering in 1973. He received a master of science degree in computer science from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1976.

Career
Al Hussein began his career as a lecturer at King Saud University and served there from 1974 to 1977. He served as the director of the computer department at the Saline Water Conversion Corporation from 1977 to 1980. Next, he worked as the director of the operation and maintenance department at the same institution from 1980 to 1985. Al Hussein was named as the governor of the Saline Water Conversion Corporation in 2001 and his term lasted until 2003. He served as the deputy board chairman of the water and electricity company from 2003 to 2004. He has been minister of water and electricity since 13 April 2004.

References

20th-century scholars
20th-century Saudi Arabian engineers
21st-century Saudi Arabian engineers
Living people
Oregon State University alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Electricity ministers of Saudi Arabia
Water ministers of Saudi Arabia
Academic staff of King Saud University
Year of birth missing (living people)
KAoS. KAoS is a policy and domain services framework created by the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. It uses W3C's Web Ontology Language (OWL) standard for policy representation and reasoning, and a software guard technology for efficient enforcement of a compiled version of its policies. It has been used in a variety of government-sponsored projects for distributed host and network management and for the coordination of human-agent-robot teams, including DARPA's CoABS Grid, Cougaar, and Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) models.

References

External links
KAoS homepage

Policy
Artificial intelligence
St-Just Super-Cyclone. The St-Just Super-Cyclone is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft that was at one time produced by St-Just Aviation of Boucherville, Quebec. By 2023 production had passed to Bushliner Aircraft Manufacturing of Granite Falls, Washington who were building it as the Bushliner 1850EX. The aircraft is supplied as plans or as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Super-Cyclone is a development of the earlier St-Just Cyclone and is based on the Cessna 180 and Cessna 185 airframe design. The kit manufacturer terms it "a replica" of the Cessna designs. Like the 180/185 it features a strut-braced high-wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed via doors, fixed conventional landing gear, skis or floats and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from sheet 2024-T3 aluminum, with some parts made from 6061-T6 and 7075-T6. Its  extended-span wing employs a NACA 2412 airfoil, has an area of  and mounts large Fowler flaps. The aircraft can be equipped with engines ranging from . The standard engine used is the  Continental IO-520 four-stroke powerplant. The design includes improvements over the Cessna, including vertically hinged doors and longer span flaps combined with shorter span ailerons, in a similar manner to the Cessna 206.

Operational history
In March 2017 there were seven Super-Cyclones on the Transport Canada Civil Aircraft Register and one registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Super-Cyclone)

References

External links

Super-Cyclone
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1990s Canadian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1999
St-Just Cyclone. The St-Just Cyclone, also called the St-Just Cyclone 180, is a Canadian homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by St-Just Aviation of Mirabel, Quebec. The company has since moved to Boucherville, Quebec. While it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit and in the form of plans for amateur construction.

The Cyclone was later developed into the higher gross weight () St-Just Super-Cyclone, which superseded it in production.

In 2021, the rights to the Cyclone aircraft were acquired by Bushliner Aircraft LLC of Granite Falls, WA.

Design and development
The Cyclone is a replica of the Cessna 180 that incorporates modifications and improvements, such as an extended wing span, greater wing area and vertically hinged doors. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed via doors, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from sheet aluminum, with the kit airframe parts preformed with pilot holes to allow construction without the use of jigs. Its  span wing employs a NACA 2412 airfoil, mounts flaps and has a wing area of . The acceptable power range is  and the standard engine used is the  Continental O-470.

The Cyclone has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 2000 hours.

Operational history
In December 2013, 23 examples were registered in Canada with Transport Canada and three in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

Specifications (Cyclone)

References

Cyclone
1990s Canadian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Mugwump (video game). Mugwump is an early video game where the user is tasked with finding "Mugwumps" randomly hidden on a 10×10 grid. It is a text-based game written in BASIC. It was initially written for the PDP-10 and later HP2000.

Development 
Mugwump was written by Bob Albrecht of the People's Computer Company and inspired by a similar program called Hide and Seek developed for the PDP-10 by students of Bud Valenti from Project SOLO in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A sample run first appeared in the People's Computer Company Journal Vol. 1 No. 3 in February 1973, and source code was published in Vol. 1 No. 4 in April. Source code was again published in Vol. 3 No. 1 in September 1974. Mugwump was later included in the book BASIC Computer Games.

Gameplay 
The user enters a pair of single-digit co-ordinates in the range from 0 to 9 which are the x,y coordinates to scan. If the mugwump is at that location then the user is alerted. Otherwise the user is told the distance from the scanned coordinates to the mugwump. The game ends after ten turns or when the mugwump has been found.

Legacy 
Mugwump led to similar games such as Hurkle and later Snark. Frustration with grid based games like these led Gregory Yob to produce Hunt the Wumpus.

References 

 Ahl, David H. (Ed.) (1978), BASIC Computer Games. New York: Workman Publishing. .

External links 
 Mugwump play helper in HTML5 (archived)
 Arduino conversion of Mugwump by Emmanuel Turner (archived)
 C source conversion of Mugwump by Joe Larson on github.com (archived)

1973 video games
Mainframe games
Public-domain software with source code
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with textual graphics
Single-player video games
Peniche (fluid dynamics). A peniche (or stand-off) is material inserted between a half-model, often of an airplane, and the wall of a wind tunnel. Péniche is a French nautical term meaning barge. The purpose of the peniche is to remove or reduce the influence of the boundary layer on the half-model. The effect of the peniche itself in fluid dynamics is not fully understood.

Half-models are used in wind-tunnel testing in aerodynamics, as larger scale half-models in constant pressure tunnels operate at increased Reynolds numbers closer to those of real aircraft. One trade-off is the interaction between the central part of the half-model and the wall boundary layer. Inserting a peniche between the centre line of the half-model and the wall of the wind tunnel attempts to eliminate or reduce that boundary layer effect by creating distance between the model and the wall. Varying widths and shapes of peniches have been used; a peniche that follows the longitudinal cross section contour of the half-model is the simplest.

The peniche itself affects the fluid dynamics around the half-model. It increases the local angle of attack on an inboard wing, while having no influence on an outboard wing. The blocking of the peniche in the flow field leads to further displacement of the flow, which in turn leads to higher flow speeds and local angles of attack. How strong of an effect the peniche has is a function of the angle of attack, with the effect present at all angles.

References

Fluid dynamics
Chromium(II) selenide. Chromium(II) selenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrSe. It crystalizes in a hexagonal structure with space group P63/mmc. It is one of many related chromium-selenium phases, including , as well as , , , and . The compound has been described as an antiferromagnet, but its inverse magnetic susceptibility does not match the behavior expected for an antiferromagnet according to the Curie–Weiss law. One suggestion was that the Néel temperature is at 320 K, as the temperature where the compound has maximum specific heat. When synthesized as single atomic layer, CrSe is ferromagnetic, with a Curie Temperature of around 280 K.

References

Chromium(II) compounds
Selenides
Nickel arsenide structure type
Chromium(III) boride. Chromium(III) boride, also known as chromium monoboride (CrB), is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrB. It is one of the six stable binary borides of chromium, which also include Cr2B, Cr5B3, Cr3B4, CrB2, and CrB4. Like many other transition metal borides, it is extremely hard (21-23 GPa), has high strength (690 MPa bending strength), conducts heat and electricity as well as many metallic alloys, and has a high melting point (~2100 °C). Unlike pure chromium, CrB is known to be a paramagnetic, with a magnetic susceptibility that is only weakly dependent on temperature. Due to these properties, among others, CrB has been considered as a candidate material for wear resistant coatings and high-temperature diffusion barriers.

It can be synthesized as powders by many methods including direct reaction of the constituent elemental powders, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), borothermic reduction, and molten salt growth.  Slow-cooling of molten aluminum solutions from high-temperatures has been used to grow large single crystals, with a maximum size of 0.6 mm x 0.6 mm x 8.3 mm.

CrB has an orthorhombic crystal structure (space group Cmcm) that was first discovered in 1951, and subsequently confirmed by later work using single crystals. The crystal structure can be visualized as slabs face-sharing BCr6 trigonal prisms, in the ac-plane, that are stacked parallel to the <010> crystallographic direction. Similar to Cr3B4 and Cr2B3, the B atoms in the structure form covalent bonds with each other and are characterized by unidirectional B-B- chains parallel to the <001> crystallographic direction. The transition metal monoborides VB, NbB, TaB, and NiB have the same crystal structure.

References

Chromium(III) compounds
Borides
Chromium(III) bromide. Chromium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a dark colored solid that appears green in transmitted light but red with reflected light. It is used as a precursor to catalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene.



Synthesis
The compound is prepared in a tube furnace by the reaction of bromine vapor and chromium powder at 1000 °C. It is purified by extracting with absolute diethyl ether to remove any , and is subsequently washed with absolute diethyl ether and absolute ethanol.

The effect of bromine on a highly heated mixture of chromium(III) oxide with coal:

Chemical properties
Analogous to the behavior of related chromium(III) halides, the tribromide dissolves in water to give  only upon the addition of catalytic amounts of a reducing agent, which generates . The reducing agent generates chromous bromide on the surface of the solid, which dissolves and re-oxidizes to Cr(III).

Chromium(III) bromide is reduced by hydrogen gas at 350-400 °C to give chromium(II) bromide:

Oxidizes when heated in air:

References

Chromium(III) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides