omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nestor Buinitsky. Nestor Aloiziyevich Buinitsky (, 1863–1914) was a Russian military engineer, professor of fortification, inventor and lieutenant general.

Biography
Nestor Aloizevich Buinitsky was born in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, he studied at the 2nd Saint Petersburg Military School, and became a military engineer, after graduating from the Military Engineering-Technical University in 1889. He served as a military engineer at the Osowiec Fortress, where he would help in the construction of fortification buildings for four years. In 1893  Buinitsky began to teach about fortification in a native university, and became a professor. 
He co-operated with the Engineering Magazine, Military Collection, Artillery Magazine,  Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Brokgauz-Efron, Encyclopaedia of Military and Marine Sciences, and the Military Encyclopaedia. 
In 1909, he became a member of the engineering committee, supervising creation of fortresses. His advanced studies have large value for the development of Russian fortifications, for example he was the supporter of the creation of integrated systems of fortifications. Buinitsky was known as a phenomenal expert on fortification, but he was also a talented writer. Buinitsky died in December, 1914.

Bibliography
 "Engineering defensive of the state", St. Petersburg, 1907; 
 "Modern position about long duration and temporal fortifications", St. Petersburg, 1903.;
 "Done early strengthening of strategic points" (St-Petersburg, 1893; translated into German for a magazine Mittheilungen über Gegenstände de s Artillerie und Genie-Wesens);
 "Influencing of innovations of armament for the field fortification" (ib., 1894);
 "Short theory of the field fortification" (1st edition, ib., 1897 г., 4th edition, ib., 1904);
 "Modern rules of long duration and temporal fortification" (ib., 1903; translated into German for a magazine Mittheilungen über Gegenstände des Artillerie und Genie-Wesens);
 "Notes about fortification of long duration" (1896);
 "Creation of seashore fortresses" (1899);
 "Problems of alertness of fortresses during creation" (for Military Collection, 1908);
 "Planning of forts in fortresses" (1908) the first reward of magazine the Engineering Magazine; for book Engineering Defensive of the State (1909);
 "Size and variety of garrison of fortress" (for Military Collection, 1909);
 "Minimum cost of fort" (the Engineering Magazine, 1909);
 "Navy fortresses" (the Engineering Magazine, 1911).

References

External links
  Nestor Aloizevich Buinitsky
  Хronos - Nestor Buinitsky
  Bibliographic Encyclopaedia - Buinitsky
  Historical dictionary - Buinitsky
   Personalias - Buinitsky
  Buinitsky N.A.

1863 births
1914 deaths
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Untitled nobility from the Russian Empire
Military Engineering-Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Military Engineering-Technical University
Military engineers of the Russian Empire
Engineers from Saint Petersburg
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Military personnel from Saint Petersburg
Wickham A Bluebird. The Wickham A Bluebird is an all-metal four passenger homebuilt aircraft designed by Boeing engineer Jim Wickham.

Design
The Bluebird is an all-metal four place strut-braced high-wing aircraft with conventional landing gear. The wings feature full-span flaperons.

Operational history
The prototype Wickham A was the first of six designs by Wickham, and first flight was after seven years of construction starting in 1948. The first flight was from Boeing field in Seattle, Washington.

Specifications (Wickham A Bluebird)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
1950s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1955
Aircraft with conventional landing gear
E. Finley Carter. Emmett Finley Carter (July 1, 1901 - February 18, 1979) was an electrical engineer that worked at several companies; most notably, he was in upper management of Sylvania Electric Products and was the director, and later president, of SRI International from 1956 to 1963.

Early life and education
Carter was born on July 1, 1901, in Elgin, Texas, to Alfred Hinds Carter and Jimmie Lucretia Stevens. He graduated from Rice Institute (in Houston, Texas) in 1922 with a degree in electrical engineering.

Early career
After graduation, he joined General Electric in Schenectady, New York, where he developed high-power broadcast transmitters for WGY in Schenectady; KGO in Oakland; and KOA in Denver. He held a variety of positions, particularly in research and development, leaving the company in charge of a division.

In 1929, Carter became the director of the radio division of United Research Corporation in New York, which was part of Warner Pictures. In this position, he designed Brunswick radios, circuits, and receivers, and held several patents covering his work during this period.

He joined Sylvania Electric Products in September 1932 as a consulting engineer, and would eventually become assistant chief engineer; in February 1941, he organized a new industrial relations department of Sylvania, and was elected director of Sylvania in March, 1943. In 1945, Carter was named Vice President of Engineering and in 1952 he was named Vice President and Technical Director.

Later career
In 1954, Carter joined the Sanford Research Institute (SRI), now known as SRI International, as a Manager of Research Operations, reporting to director Jesse E. Hobson; his duties focused on coordinating interdisciplinary research efforts, particularly the ones that involved both physical and life sciences, or both economics and engineering.

In 1956, Carter became the director of SRI, and a member of its board of directors. In 1959, SRI reorganized its leadership structure, and Carter was named the organization's first president. In 1958, SRI established its Life Sciences division under Bruce Graham. Carter was president until 1963, and retired from SRI in 1965.

Awards and memberships
Carter was a member of the IEEE, American Radio Relay League, Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Tau Beta Pi. He was a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers, and served on its board of directors.

He was named an IEEE Fellow in 1949, and received the IEEE Founders Medal in 1969 "for outstanding contributions to the electrical engineering profession and to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers through wise and imaginative leadership in the planning and administration of technical developments in electronics and telecommunications".

References

SRI International people
Directors of SRI International
General Electric people
1901 births
1979 deaths
Rice University alumni
Fellows of the IEEE
People from Elgin, Texas
E3 Tug Project. The E3 Tug Project is a joint R&D project between Smit International, Damen Shipyards Gorinchem and Alewijnse Marine Technology.   The goal of the project is to create an energy efficient tugboat engine to be integrated into future tugboat designs.  The purpose of which is to alleviate unnecessary ship pollution by studying the operational patterns of harbor tug use.  The Port of Rotterdam is spearheading the project with a goal that by the 2020 it will have reduced its air pollution by ten percent.

Concept

The E3 project represents three main design criteria: Efficient in operations, Environmental friendly and Economically viable.  Smit International is one of the main tugboat users in the Port of Rotterdam and is supplied by Damen Shipyards Gorinchem.

Project

The project itself is divided into three key stages.  The first stage consists studying the highly advanced tug already operating in the port, the Smit Elbe (Damen ASD Tug 2810).  The research from the existing tug will provide the necessary data to start of the second stage of the project.  The second stage being the design of a new propulsion system for a separate Damen ASD Tug 2810 model tug.  This propulsion system must incorporate the latest technology to complete the aforementioned efficiency increases as well as satisfy the three Es.  The third stage will be the design of a Damen ASD Tug 2810 of the future using technologies that should be available in about ten years time.

First Stage (Testing)

The first stage of testing was conducted over a four-week period and in that time 27 tows were performed. The Parameters which were directly affected and measured in this test are:

 Fuel Consumption:
 Engine Power: max output when pulling only represents 1-2% of the total operating time.
 Vessel Speed
 Emissions

Also studied were the five operational modes of normal tugboat operation besides the engines shutoff. Below is the operation data summarized.

Transit (sailing from and towards a job): 30%
 Assist (connected to a ship on a job): 29%
Standby coupled (clutch engaged, propeller turning at minimal rev/min): 24%
Standby uncoupled (clutch disengaged, propeller free to turn): 14%
Cool down (main engines running in cool down mode): 3%

Second Stage (Design)

Working in conjunction with students at the Technological University of Delft multiple design options were simulated and tested.  The main goals remained the same, to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency. The University created a dynamic model on which the user can choose the components of the vessel to best increase efficiency.

Third Stage (Future Design)

This design is focused on building a tug using technology which may be available today, but for certain factors such as cost, safety, and miniaturization it would not be feasible today. For instance the use of LNG as a power source has been considered, but is still far too costly to be implemented.

References

External links
Smit International
Damen Shipyards
Alewijnse Marine Technology

Related reading
Hybrid tugboats: tomorrow’s answer  to air quality concerns

Environmental impact of shipping
Paraloid B-72. Paraloid B-72 or B-72 is a thermoplastic resin that was created by Rohm and Haas for use as a surface coating and as a vehicle for flexographic ink. Subsequently, it has found popular use as an adhesive by conservator-restorers, specifically in the conservation and restoration of ceramic objects, glass objects, the preparation of fossils, the hardening of piano hammers, and can also be used for labeling museum objects.

Uses

B-72 is a durable and non-yellowing acrylic resin, which can be described chemically as an ethyl methacrylate–methyl acrylate copolymer. It is soluble in acetone, ethanol, toluene, and xylenes, among other solvents and solvent mixtures.

One of the major advantages of B-72 as a consolidant is that it is stronger and harder than polyvinyl acetate without being extremely brittle. This adhesive is more flexible than many of the other typically used adhesives and tolerates more stress and strain on a join than most others. The major drawbacks to using B-72 are related to its handling properties: as in the case of other acrylic resins it is difficult to apply as an adhesive and to manipulate with precision.

The most suitable solvent for B-72 is acetone. However, solvent mixtures with various proportions of acetone, ethanol, and toluene are frequently used to alter the working time of the resin and to produce slightly different properties (hardness and flexibility, e.g.) in the set resin. Unlike cellulose nitrate, B-72 does not need additives like plasticizers to stabilize its durability. Fumed colloidal silica can be added to help with the workability of the resin. Research shows that the silica better distributes the stress and strain that occurs during evaporation of a solvent and during the setting of the adhesive film.

Because of its transparency and versatility, conservators, led by Stephen Koob of the Corning Museum of Glass, have recently begun to use cast sheets of B-72 as a fill material in glass objects.

References 

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Adhesives
Brand name materials
Acrylate polymers
Copolymers
Scanning near-field ultrasound holography. Scanning near-field ultrasound holography (SNFUH) is a method for performing nondestructive nano-scale high-resolution imaging of buried and embedded structures. SNFUH is critical for analysis of materials, structures and phenomena as they continue to shrink at the micro/nano scale. SNFUH is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) technique that provides depth information as well as spatial resolution at the 10 to 100 nm scale.

History
Gajendra S. Shekhawat and Vinayak P. Dravid of Northwestern University (Evanston, IL, USA) developed SNFUH in 2005. Observing copper damascene structures of a void in an opaque material was made possible by this technique.

Technique
Scanning near-field ultrasound holography combines atomic force acoustic microscopy and ultrasonic force microscopy. Two transducers producing high frequencies are used. Usually frequency is higher than the resonant frequency of the cantilever. One transducer is placed below the sample and the other attached to the cantilever.  The cantilever can be called as SPM acoustic antenna which senses the interference of acoustic waves sent by the transducers. The interference of these waves forms surface acoustic standing waves. The wave's frequencies are slightly different. The perturbations to phase and amplitude of the surface acoustic standing wave are locally monitored by the antenna via the lock-in approach and the SPM electronic module. This electronic module was developed by Shekhawat and Dravid. It was implemented with a radio frequency (RF) lock in approach.

Two modes are used: Soft contact mode is for hard structures. In the near contact mode, the tip is first made to touch the surface and then lift f 2-5 nm is used for biological samples.

Advantages over other SPM techniques
This technique takes advantage of both the phase and amplitude of scattered ultrasound waves to produce nanoscale resolution images of internal substructures. It is nondestructive and provides real space imaging, depth information, hidden information in materials, spatial resolution at the 10- 100 nm scale and can study various material systems.

See also
 Acoustic microscopy
 Scanning acoustic microscope

References

Holography
Solgae 631-class LCAC. The Solgae 631-class LCAC (Hangul: 솔개 631급, Hanja: 솔개631級), often called ''Solgae'' class (Hangul: 솔개급 고속상륙정, Hanja: 솔개級高速上陸艇) after the name of lead ship, is an air-cushioned landing craft (LCAC) designed for the Republic of Korea Navy. Built by Hanjin Heavy Industries, they're designed to operate from the  and the future s. This project was known as the LSF-II or Landing Ship Fast-II during development.

Design
The craft can carry a maximum load of 55 tons, land on hostile beaches doing 40 knots and it can climb at up to 6 degrees. They have 12.7 mm machine guns for self defense. The crew cockpit carries three crew and a landing-force commander. The LCAC can carry, in addition to troops, a main battle tank or two amphibious assault vehicles. So far four of these units have been delivered, and more are likely to be ordered. It has been offered for export to foreign navies.

References

External links

Amphibious warfare vessels of the Republic of Korea Navy
Military hovercraft
Landing craft
Ships built by Hanjin Heavy Industries
CSR Ziyang SDA1. The CSR Ziyang SDA1 is a high-powered diesel-electric locomotive manufactured by CRRC Ziyang, China in association with MTU Friedrichshafen, for use in Australia.

History and design
In September 2010, CRRC Ziyang won a 100 million yuan order to supply SCT Logistics with six locomotives for use on transcontinental trains in Australia. This was the first export of a Chinese-built locomotive to Australia. Four more locomotives were ordered in March 2011. The first locomotive was unveiled on 22 July 2011 at Ziyang.

Initial specifications for the locomotives (manufacturer's code SDA1) were for a  dual cab, Co-Co locomotive, with a mass of , powered by a MTU Friedrichshafen 20V4000R43L engine, with AC traction controlled by IGBT based converters (sourced from Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric), and a Wabtec braking system.

Testing started in early 2012, which included hauling a large iron ore train at up to  between Port Augusta and Adelaide. The locomotives passed their introductory tests on 5 March 2012, allowing operations on mainline routes in Australia to commence. On 16 March 2012 two locomotives successfully hauled a  train on a 1% grade, completing SCT's tests.

Bradken ordered two locomotives in December 2011 for haulage of iron ore. The order was later increased to four. After a period of storage at East Greta, they were then moved to Broadmeadow yard to be used on Qube Logistics container trains from Sandgate to Port Botany with the 1100s. Both were sold to SCT Logistics in January 2017.

Qube Logistics ordered six in January 2013 as the QBX class with all delivered in March 2015.

In October 2013, the entire fleet was withdrawn from service and quarantined, after white asbestos was found in the engine area. This is despite the locomotives being certified as asbestos free. By January 2014, remediation work had been carried out and most of the class was already back in service.

In mid 2021 SCT Logistics ordered 12 more SDA1s from CRRC Ziyang with the first two being delivered in July and two more in December.

Summary

See also
CSR Qishuyan SDA2, Cape gauge single cab variant

References

External links

CSR Ziyang Locomotive Co., Ltd. locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 2012
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Beny-sur-Mer Airfield. Beny-sur-Mer Airfield is a former Second World War airfield, located 1 km north-northeast of Beny-sur-Mer in the Lower Normandy region, France.

History
Beny-sur-Mer was completed on 15 June 1944 by Royal Engineers, only 10 days after D-Day.  It consisted of a 4,000' SMT runway aligned 08/35,  dispersal areas, communications facilities, landing lights and many other requirements to run an airfield.  Soon after the airfield began seeing use by the RCAF's 401, 411 and 412 Sqn and RAF's 35 Recce Wing (2 and 268 Sqn), 136 Wing (263 Sqn) and 146 Wing (193,197,257,266 Sqn), flying Hawker Typhoons and Supermarine Spitfires.

Beny-sur-Mer Airfield was used until early August 1944, and afterwards the engineers moved in and dismantled all recoverable equipment along with the SMT. The land was then returned to the French farmers, and over the years, the land has been used as agricultural fields. Today, nothing remains of the former airfield.

References
  Beny-sur-Mer (B-4)
 Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.

External links
 B-4 Memorial

World War II airfields in France
1944 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments in France
Bill Buchan Sr.. Bill Buchan Sr. was a Scottish-born American sailor, yacht designer, and boat builder.

Buchan won the 1955 Clifford Day Mallory Cup together with William Earl Buchan and Ron McFarlane for Pacific International YA. Together with his son John Buchan, he designed the Buchan 37 yacht in the 1960s.

He was the father of Olympic sailor William Carl Buchan and grand father of Olympic sailor William Carl Buchan.

References

American male sailors (sport)
American yacht designers
Star class sailors
Aeros UL-2000 Flamingo. The Aeros UL-2000 Flamingo is a Czech ultralight aircraft, designed produced by Aeros SRO (CZ) of Kutná Hora. It was introduced at the Aero show held in Friedrichshafen in 2001.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a cantilever high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The UL-2000 is made from composites and has a cabin width of . Its  span wing employs flaps. The controls are conventional, with push-rod controlled elevators, rudder and flaps. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912ULS or Verner 1400S four-stroke engines and the  Hirth F30 and the  Hirth 2706 two-stroke powerplants.

Specifications (Flamingo)

References

2000s Czech ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1,1-Difluoroethylene. 1,1-Difluoroethylene, also known as vinylidene fluoride, is a hydrofluoroolefin. This colorless, flammable gas is a difluorinated derivative of ethylene. Global production in 1999 was approximately 33,000 metric tons.  It is primarily used in the production of fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and FKM.

Preparation
1,1-Difluoroethylene can be prepared by elimination reaction from a 1,1,1-trihaloethane compound, for example, loss of hydrogen chloride from 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane:

or loss of hydrogen fluoride from 1,1,1-trifluoroethane:

See also
1,2-Difluoroethylene
Perfluoroisobutene

References

Fluoroalkenes
Vinylidene compounds
Hydrofluoroolefins
VDF. VDF may be an acronym for:
 VHF Direction Finder
 Venda Defence Force
 Virginia Defense Force
 Visual DataFlex a Fourth-generation programming language now known simply as DataFlex. 
 FAA LID for: Tampa Executive Airport (formerly known as Vandenberg Airport)
 Vinylidene difluoride, see: 1,1-Difluoroethylene
 Verifiable Delay Function, in cryptography
Aerosette MH-46 Eclipse. The Aerosette MH-46 Eclipse is a Czech ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Aerosette of Chrastava. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The MH-46 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and intended for personal use and flight training. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. Its  span wing is supported by a single strut on each side. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 582 two-stroke and the  Rotax 912ULS four-stroke powerplant. The cockpit was designed for comfort and is  wide at the pilot's elbow.

Specifications (MH-46 Eclipse)

References

External links

2000s Czech ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerospool WT9 Dynamic. The Aerospool WT9 Dynamic is a Slovak ultralight and light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Aerospool of Prievidza. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules, US light-sport aircraft rules and UK BCAR Section "S". It features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed or retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made with carbon fibre sandwich construction. The cockpit width is . Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912ULS, the Rotax 912iS and the  Rotax 914 four-stroke powerplants. A glider towhook is optional equipment.

The design has been developed into a three to four seat aircraft, the Aerospool WT10 Advantic.

Variants

Microlight version
Base model with gross weight of  and  fuel capacity for the European microlight category
LSA version
Model with gross weight of  and  fuel capacity for the US light-sport aircraft category. Standard empty weight is , useful load , range .
Dynamic Club
EASA Type Certified Model in Restricted airworthiness category to meet Certification Specification CS-LSA, two-seats with fixed landing gear and powered by a Rotax 912 ULS2.
Dynamic GTi
LTF-UL German certified. Cruise at 167KTAS with retractable gear or 156KTAS with fixed gear. Powered by the 141hp Roxtax 915iS. The Rotax 916 160hp version is currently under testing.

Specifications (WT9 Dynamic European microlight version)

References

External links

Official website

2000s Slovak ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Glider tugs
Low-wing aircraft