omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rolls-Royce Eagle XVI. The Rolls-Royce Eagle XVI was a British experimental 16 cylinder aero engine designed and developed by Rolls-Royce Limited in 1925. The engine was test run but did not fly, the project, together with the planned larger variant, the Eagle XX,  was cancelled in favour of the Rolls-Royce Kestrel, that was being developed concurrently.

Background
The appearance of the Curtiss D-12, and its importation under license to Britain by Fairey prompted the Air Ministry to ask Rolls-Royce to develop a new aero engine for fighter aircraft, the ministry felt that there were too many engine manufacturers and did not support or encourage the Fairey company to continue. Rolls-Royce developed two distinct types of engine to meet the requirement, 'a modernised V-12'  - the F engine, which became the Kestrel, and the Eagle XVI

Design and development
Designed by Henry Royce, the Eagle XVI was a completely new design and unrelated to the earlier Eagle. The engine featured four banks of fore and aft staggered cylinder blocks with the banks arranged at 90 degrees to each other to form a perfect 'X'. The valve gear was operated by a single overhead camshaft and used four valves per cylinder. The crankcases and cylinder blocks were cast from aluminium alloy. Normal engine bearers could not be used so the unit was held in the test stand by two conical mounts that attached to the crankcase.

Initial test running was carried out without a supercharger fitted and an improvised carburettor and induction system. The engine did not run well with this arrangement due to poor fuel distribution, however when a supercharger and matched carburettor were fitted (borrowed from the Kestrel development unit) the engine ran and performed well, producing 500 hp (373 kW) on the dynamometer. Despite this the engine was not received well by the aircraft industry where it was felt that the unusual layout would block the pilot's forward view in a typical fighter aircraft installation. The project was dropped and development efforts then concentrated on the Kestrel.

Like the Crecy the Eagle XVI was one of the few Rolls-Royce projects that did not fly, it is of note that the 'X' engine layout was reused in the later Vulture and Exe designs.

Specifications (Eagle XVI)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
 Rubbra, A.A.Rolls-Royce Piston Aero Engines - A Designer Remembers. Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. Historical Series no 16. 

Eagle XVI
1920s aircraft piston engines
X engines
Iesi Airfield. Iesi Airdrome was an abandoned World War II military airfield in central Italy, which was located near Jesi, in the province of Ancona in Marche.

It was an all-weather temporary field built by the United States Army Air Force XII Engineer Command using a graded earth compacted surface, with a prefabricated hessian (burlap) surfacing known as PHS. PHS was made of an asphalt-impregnated jute which was rolled out over the compacted surface over a square mesh track (SMT) grid of wire joined in 3-inch squares.   Pierced Steel Planking was also used for parking areas, as well as for dispersal sites, when it was available.   In addition, tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.  The main runway was oriented in a NE / SW configuration 210' x 3060 of tarmacadam plus extension of 105 x 2800.  The field was set-up with a connection perimeter track 45' x 3300 and equipted with 50 double hardstands.

Once completed it was turned over for use by the Twelfth Air Force 79th Fighter Group from October though December 1944, flying combat operations with P-40 Warhawks.

When the 79th moved out the airfield was closed. Today, the location of the airfield is buried under a local industrial area

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Italy
Airports established in 1944
Jesi
Medi-Caps University. Medi-Caps is a private university in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India, founded in 2000. It offers engineering and management degrees.

Courses 
Medi-caps University provides over 50 undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degree programs. These programs cover diverse fields such as engineering, computer science, management, pharmacy, agriculture, and beyond. 

The institution provides several degrees such as B.Pharma, an integrated BCA+MCA program, BBA with specialties in five fields, MBA with four specialisations, and Bachelor of Technology with eleven branches and multiple specialisations. Additional programs at Medi-Caps University include M.Tech, MCA, MA, M.Sc, B.Com, and B.Sc degree degrees. 

Admission to the institution is based on the candidate's success in the previous qualifying examination and national-level admission tests. B.Tech admission requires a valid JEE Mains result, but the MBA program accepts entrance test scores such as CMAT, CAT, or GMAT. Ph.D. students must take the CSIR/UGC NET and obtain a qualifying score.

UGC & AICTE status 
The university is a private university approved by the UGC.

Its engineering courses are approved by AICTE.

Ranking 
The university was ranked as the 106th best university by the Outlook magazine, while India Today ranked it at 137 in the year 2020.

Departments

Undergraduate studies
The university offers engineering degrees in the following branches:
Automobile Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering 
Electronics and Communication Engineering 
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 
Information Technology 
Mechanical Engineering 
Electrical Engineering
Fire Technology and Safety Engineering

Other undergraduate degrees:

 BBA
 BCOM
 BSC
 BCA

Computer Science, Electronics and Communication, and Mechanical departments are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA).

Postgraduate studies
MU offers postgraduate degrees in:

Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Computer Application (MCA)
Master of Engineering (MTech/ME); Computer Science
Master of Engineering (MTech/ME); Electronics and Communication Engineering (Digital Electronics)
Master of Engineering (MTech/ME); Information Technology
Master of Engineering (MTech/ME); Mechanical Engineering (Computer Integrated Manufacturing)
Master of Engineering (MTech/ME); Nano Technology

Annual events
 Nexus workshop: national-level robotics competition held in association with IIT Bombay. 
 Moonstone: cultural fest
 National Conference on Emerging Trends in Computing and Communication [ETCC-2010].
 HACKTRACK: Workshop on Ethical Hacking and Information Security in association with IIT Bombay and Techdefence Ltd.

See also
Indore University (governing/parent university)
Rajiv Gandhi Technical University

References

External links 
 Official website

Universities and colleges in Indore
Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Science and technology in Indore
Educational institutions established in 2000
2000 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Cervia Air Base. Cervia Air Base  is an air base of the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare). It is located in northern Italy, approximately  southwest of Cervia, in the province of Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna). It was the home of the 5th Fighter Wing, which flew leased US Air Force Lockheed Martin F-16 Falcon. It is also a NATO air base and is visited by other NATO air forces on a routine basis. After Italy returned the leased F-16 to the US Air Force the 5th Fighter Wing was disbanded and in its place the 1st Special Air Brigade moved to Cervia. Along with the 1st Special Air Brigade arrived the 15th CSAR Wing - the Italian air force's Combat Search and Rescue wing.

History
During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 79th Fighter Group, flying combat operations with P-47 Thunderbolts.  The 79th used the airfield from 20 March until July 1945. The airfield was also used by the RAF's 112 Squadron late in World War II, from February 1945 to May 1945. The 15 Squadron SAAF also used this air field from December 1944 until May 1945.

Facilities
The air base resides at an elevation of 5 m above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 12/30 with an asphalt surface measuring .

See also

List of airports in Italy

References

External links
 
 

Aeronautica Militare
Italian airbases
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Italy
Transvaro. Transvaro, also known as Transvaro Electron Tools Inc. and Trade Inc. (Elektron Aletleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. in Turkish), is an electronics and electro-optics company that was established in 1988 as a joint venture. In 1995, it became 100% Turkish-owned company. Its production plant in Istanbul, covers an area of 5000 square meters.

Transvaro specializes in the provision of products and systems for the Turkish Army and security forces. These include image-intensifying night-vision equipment, turnkey simulation systems/centers, IR/laser equipment, electronic/electro-optical systems, electronic time fuses, electronic time setters, message terminal units, and minimum metal detectors.

The company's system has been evaluated and certified by ABS Quality Evaluations (ABS QE) and the Ministry of National Defence Quality Management Department. Additionally, it has been awarded a secretary-level factory security certificate by the Ministry of National Defence.

Transvaro is Turkey's first night-vision periscope manufacturer with 100% Turkish capital. The company adheres to AQAP 2120 and ISO9001 standards in electronic and electro-optic equipment, as well as system design and production.

Products

Military equipment
 Night vision devices, thermal cameras
 Mine detectors, 
 Periscopes, 
 Binocular and telescopes, 
 Velocity radars, 
 Message terminal units,
 Time fuses,
 Fuse setting devices,
 Target pointers,
 IR identification and communication devices

Security systems
 Camera control systems
 Access control systems
 Perimeter security systems
 X-Ray checking systems
 Fire alarm systems

Simulators
 Vehicle simulators
 Shooter training simulators
 Combat simulators

Civilian products
 Utility electricity counters
 Utility water counters
 Metal detectors
 Kiosks

Contracting
Besides the business items forming the main components of electronic security systems specified in Transvaro's promotional document, for all systems relating to low current such as sound and announcement systems, fire control systems, central TV broadcasting systems, tape recorders, solutions compatible with all requirements of customers are currently developed and implemented.

References

External links
 Official website
 Undersecretariat for Defence Industries

Engineering companies of Turkey
Defence companies of Turkey
Companies established in 1988
1988 establishments in Turkey
Frank P. Incropera. Frank P. Incropera (born 12 May 1939) is an American mechanical engineer and author on the subjects of mass and heat transfer. Incropera is the Clifford and Evelyn Brosey Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, US. A Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Incropera is known for his contributions to the field of heat transfer, especially in the context of radiation transfer in scattering-absorbing media and double diffusive convection. He has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited Author in Engineering by the ISI Web of Knowledge - Thomson Scientific Company, and a Highly Ranked Scholar by ScholarGPS.

Incropera was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1996 for research on the science and practice of heat transfer and for contributions to engineering education.

Education and career
Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in United States on 12 May 1939, Incropera received his bachelor's degree mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961 and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the Stanford University in 1962. From 1962 to 1964 he has worked for the Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Sunnyvale, California. He came back to Stanford and earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering in 1966. Incropera began his academic career in 1966 as an assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering department at Purdue University. In 1969, he was promoted to associate professor and became full professor in 1973. He was chairman of the Heat and Mass Transfer Area of Mechanical Engineering from 1976 to 1985. Incropera also served as Head of the School of Mechanical Engineering from 1989 to 1998. In 1998, he left Purdue to join University of Notre Dame as the Clifford and Evelyn Brosey Professor of Mechanical Engineering. At the University of Notre Dame, he also served as Matthew H. McCloskey Dean of Engineering until 2006.

References

1939 births
American mechanical engineers
Stanford University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Purdue University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Magnetic energy. The potential magnetic energy of a magnet or magnetic moment  in a magnetic field  is defined as the mechanical work of the magnetic force on the re-alignment of the vector of the magnetic dipole moment and is equal to: The mechanical work takes the form of a torque :
which will act to "realign" the magnetic dipole with the magnetic field.

In an electronic circuit the energy stored in an inductor (of inductance ) when a current  flows through it is given by:
This expression forms the basis for superconducting magnetic energy storage. It can be derived from a time average of the product of current and voltage across an inductor.

Energy is also stored in a magnetic field itself. The energy per unit volume  in a region of free space with vacuum permeability  containing magnetic field  is:
More generally, if we assume that the medium is paramagnetic or diamagnetic so that a linear constitutive equation exists that relates  and the magnetization  (for example  where  is the magnetic permeability of the material), then it can be shown that the magnetic field stores an energy of

where the integral is evaluated over the entire region where the magnetic field exists.

For a magnetostatic system of currents in free space, the stored energy can be found by imagining the process of linearly turning on the currents and their generated magnetic field, arriving at a total energy of:

where  is the current density field and  is the magnetic vector potential. This is analogous to the electrostatic energy expression ; note that neither of these static expressions apply in the case of time-varying charge or current distributions.

References

External links
 Magnetic Energy, Richard Fitzpatrick Professor of Physics The University of Texas at Austin.

Forms of energy
Magnetism
Tauc plot. A Tauc plot is used to determine the optical bandgap, or Tauc bandgap, of either disordered or amorphous semiconductors.

In his original work Jan Tauc () showed that the optical absorption spectrum of amorphous germanium resembles the spectrum of the indirect transitions in crystalline germanium (plus a tail due to localized states at lower energies), and proposed an extrapolation to find the optical bandgap of these crystalline-like states. Typically, a Tauc plot shows the quantity hν (the photon energy) on the abscissa (x-coordinate) and the quantity (αhν)1/2 on the ordinate (y-coordinate), where α is the absorption coefficient of the material. Thus, extrapolating this linear region to the abscissa yields the energy of the optical bandgap of the amorphous material.

A similar procedure is adopted to determine the optical bandgap of crystalline semiconductors. In this case, however, the ordinate is given by (α)1/r, in which the exponent 1/r denotes the nature of the transition:,, 
r = 1/2 for direct allowed transitions
r = 3/2 for direct forbidden transitions.
r = 2 for indirect allowed transitions
r = 3 for indirect forbidden transitions
Again, the resulting plot (quite often, incorrectly identified as a Tauc plot) has a distinct linear region that, extrapolated to the abscissa, yields the energy of the optical bandgap of the material.

See also 
 Band gap
 Urbach energy

References

Plots (graphics)
Thin films
Semiconductor analysis
Fugitive glue. Fugitive glue is a glue that contains a high amount of alcohol and is delivered to the substrate at a glue station when wet. The type of bond it produces is temporary in nature and is intended to hold two pieces of material together through the duration of folding and gluing operations. It will eventually evaporate without causing damage to either one of the separated substrates.

Fugitive glues are frequently used in marketing, where some object—product sample or a return envelope—is glued to another, usually paper, object—a mailing envelope or a magazine. They tend to perform best on smooth, non-porous surfaces. In these applications, fugitive glues are not resealable pressure-sensitive adhesives such as are used on pressure-sensitive tapes or post-it notes, although resealable formulations are available.

References

Adhesives
Packaging materials
Flexity 2. The Flexity 2 is a family of tram or light-rail vehicle manufactured by Bombardier Transportation (now Alstom). It is 100% low-floor, in order to easily accommodate wheelchairs and pushchairs. The trams are bi-directional, with cabs at both ends and doors on both sides, and are articulated with five or seven sections. This family of trams debuted on the Blackpool Tramway, England.

Introduction
The Flexity 2 is an evolution of Bombardier's successful Flexity family of LRVs and is designed to be highly customisable. It incorporates a number of significant advances over its predecessor including improved corrosion resistance, enhanced safety through a redesigned cab with improved impact protection, improved energy efficiency through the inclusion of cells to store energy temporarily after braking which achieves double the energy saving of feeding it back through the wires, reduced mass, optional support for its Primove under track power transmission system and the new Flexx Urban 3000 bogie which allows the LRV to run on more conventional wheelsets. The vehicle also features improved air-conditioning and a wider more spacious interior via the reduction in the width of its sidewalls allowing more seating or other uses. These changes have resulted in a very slight increase in axle load, although Bombardier says this does not limit the operational capabilities of the vehicle.

The launch customer was Blackpool Transport which ordered 16 units in July 2009 to replace its tourist-focused and high-maintenance heritage fleet with a new vehicle suitable for daily commuters. The worldwide launch of the tram, including showing the first new tram occurred on 8 September 2011, at the new Starr Gate depot in Blackpool.

Additional orders came from G:link ordering 23 for operation on the Gold Coast, Australia, Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe ordering 60 for Basel, Switzerland, De Lijn ordering in total 88 for Antwerp and Ghent, Belgium, and SND ordering 18 for Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China (which were built by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen under a Bombardier technology licence agreement).

Technical specifications

Gallery

References

External links
Bombardier Transportation Flexity 2

Alstom trams
Articulated passenger trains
Flexity 2
Tram vehicles of the United Kingdom
Train-related introductions in 2010
600 V DC multiple units
750 V DC multiple units
Nanjing Sample Technology. Nanjing Sample Technology Company Limited () is a high-technology enterprise which is located in Nanjing and is listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

Sample Technology is the People's Republic of China's largest developer and provider in the field of intelligence traffic targeting on government authorities. Its products and systems are currently designated for use in traffic monitoring and control sector and custom logistics monitoring sector in the PRC.

The video technologies adopted by the group include video data capturing, transmission and processing technologies which involve the utilization of system software to enable, among others, digital video recording, photo taking, video data compression and decompression, various types of image processing and identification and data analyses. 

In the recent years, the company has engaged in the investigation of microwave radio frequency technology, launched new technologies and new products in the intelligent traffic sector and customs logistics sector, and continued to find out the upgrading potentials of information services.

Sample Technology was listed on the Growth Enterprise Market of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 9 June 2004 as HKEx:8287. Sample Technology subsequently transferred its listing to the Main Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong in November 2010.

See also
Intelligent transportation system

References

External links

Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies based in Nanjing
Technology companies of China
Radio-frequency identification companies
Chinese brands
2000 in Nanjing
Dodecanedioic acid. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula .  A white solid, the compound finds a variety of applications ranging from polymers to materials.  The unbranched compound is the most commonly encountered C12 dicarboxylic acid.

Production 
DDDA has traditionally been produced from butadiene using a multi-step chemical process. Butadiene is first converted to cyclododecatriene through cyclotrimerization.  The triene is then hydrogenated to cyclododecane.  Autoxidation by air in the presence of boric acid gives a mixture of cyclodecanol and the cyclododecanone. In the final step, this mixture oxidized to the diacid using nitric acid.  An alternative route involves ozonolysis of cyclododecene.

Biological process 
Paraffin wax can be converted into DDDA on a laboratory scale with a special strain of Candida tropicalis yeast in a multi-step process. Renewable plant-oil feedstocks sourced from switchgrass could also be used to produce DDDA.

Uses
DDDA is used in antiseptics, top-grade coatings, painting materials, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants, and polymers.  It is one of two precursors to the engineering plastic nylon 612.  The once commercial nylon called Qiana was produced on scale using DDDA. DDDA ester with ethylene glycol is a synthetic musk of the macrocyclic lactones group commercially marketed as "Arova 16".

Medical
In type 2 diabetic patients DDDA demonstrated that IV infusion helps to maintain normal blood sugar and energy levels without increasing the blood glucose load in the process.

References 

Dicarboxylic acids