omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edward A. Bond. Edward Austin Bond (April 22, 1849 in Dexter, Washtenaw County, Michigan – December 10, 1929 in New York City) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York. He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1899 to 1904.

Life
He was the son of Hollis Bond and Emily (Faxon) Bond. He was educated in the public schools of Michigan and at the Business College of Utica, New York. From 1867 to 1870, he was in the employ of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad between Utica and Binghamton. On November 11, 1873, he married Gertrude Hollenbeck (d. 1903).

In 1875, he was appointed Assistant to Chief Engineer Thomas W. Spencer of the Utica and Black River Railroad. After Spencer's resignation, Bond became Chief Engineer, a position he held until 1886. He was in charge of the construction of the railroad from Louisville, New York, to Clayton, New York, and Ogdensburg, New York. In 1886, he was appointed Chief Engineer and General Manager of the Carthage and Adirondack Railroad from Carthage, New York to Benson Mines and the Oswegatchie River. Removing to Watertown, New York, in 1889, he became a partner in the engineering firm of Hinds and Bond. In 1896 the firm dissolved, and Bond continued the business alone. In 1898, he was President of the Barrie and Napanee Water Works of Ontario, Canada.

He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1899 to 1904, elected in 1898, 1900, and 1902 on the Republican ticket. He resigned on May 1, 1904, and became Chairman of the Advisory Board of Consulting Engineers for the Improvement of the NY State Canals.

On November 10, 1904, he married Clara Estelle Ellis (1849–1907).

He was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Sources
Bio  transcribed from Our County and Its People: A Descriptive Work on Jefferson County, New York ed. by Edgar C. Emerson (The Boston History Co., Publishers, Syracuse NY, 1898) [gives wrong birth year]
 His brother's and his first wife's deaths, in NYT on April 1, 1903
 His second wife's death, in NYT on October 3, 1907

1849 births
1929 deaths
New York State Engineers and Surveyors
People from Dexter, Michigan
American civil engineers
Politicians from Watertown, New York
19th-century American railroad executives
New York (state) Republicans
Asher Shadmon. Professor Asher Shadmon ( July 29, 1922 - May 10, 2011) is an Israeli engineering geologist who served as the first President of the International Association for Engineering Geology (IAEG). He has served on the United Nations International Commission on Building Stones and is a distinguished international consultant on stone as a building material.

Shadmon’s expertise in mining and quarrying is credited with singlehandedly fostering those industries in Israel. He is one of the world's experts on marble and other building stones, having written many books on the subject.

Books and monographs
Shadmon, Asher (1965), Marble in Israel, Jerusalem: State of Israel, Ministry of Development.
Shadmon, Asher (1972), Stone in Israel, State of Israel, Ministry of Development, Natural Resources Research Organization.
Shadmon, Asher (1983), “Mineral Structural Materials”; In: AGID Guide to Mineral Resources Development.
Shadmon, Asher (1989), Stone: An Introduction, Practical Action Publishing; 2nd ed. 1996, Practical Action and ITDG Publishing (now Practical Action Publishing),( ).
Shadmon, Asher (1997), The Use of Natural Slabby Stone Deposits for Wall Construction.
Shadmon, Asher (1997), The Boulder Concept in Buildings Walls.
Shadmon, Asher (2002), “Stone: What Is in a Name? Interdisciplinary Implications—An Overview”, In: Prikryl, Richard and Heather Viles, eds., Understanding and Managing Stone Decay, Prague: Karolinum Press, Charles University.

References

See also
Meleke

Geotechnical engineers
Israeli geologists
1922 births
2011 deaths
Nord Norélan. The Nord 1221 Norélan was a 1940s three-seat training monoplane designed and built in France by Nord Aviation.

Design and development
Designed as a three-seat trainer and first flown on 30 June 1948 the Norélan was a single-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane with a distinctive large dihedral angle to the wings. Originally to have a retractable tricycle landing gear the design was changed to a fixed tailwheel landing gear. A number of variants with different engines were produced but no production orders were received.

Variants
1221
Prototype with 180hp (134kW) Mathis 8G-20 inverted Vee engine, later converted to 1222.
1222
Prototype re-engined with a 180hp (134kW) Régnier 4L-02 inline engine
1223
Powered by a 240hp (179kW) Argus As 10C inverted Vee engine, one built and prototype re-engined.
1226
Engine-testbed for the 240hp (179kW) Potez 6D-0 inline engine. one built.

Specifications (1221)

References

 

1940s French civil trainer aircraft
Norelan
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Muniz M-7. The Muniz M-7 was a two-seat primary training biplane with tandem open cockpit and powered by a 130 hp (197 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine. Designed by Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio Muniz, a serving officer in the Brazilian Air Force, as a primary trainer. It was the first production aircraft designed in Brazil. The M-7 prototype was built at the Central Aeronautics Park (Afonsos Air Force Base) and was first flown in October 1935. Production aircraft were built by Companhia Nacional de Navegação Aérea (CNNA) at Viana Island, (Rio de Janeiro). 11 aircraft were flown from 1937–1941 by the Military Aviation School based in Campo dos Afonsos, with the remaining 17 aircraft being sent to flying clubs.

Operators

Brazilian Air Force

Specifications (M-7)

See also

References

 

1930s Brazilian civil trainer aircraft
1930s Brazilian military trainer aircraft
Muniz aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Muniz Casmuniz 52. The Casmuniz 52 was a twin-engine light transport aircraft. It was the first all-metal aircraft built in Brazil, only the prototype was built.

Design and development
The plane began to be designed by Willibald Weber in 1951, an Austrian pilot and aeronautical engineer born in Wiener Neustadt in 1925, and where work for Messerschmitt until 1944. In 1949, he moved to Brazil, and worked for Cássio Muniz S/A. He was based on the Aero 45, which he had already maintained and designed a five-seat twin-engined cabin monoplane which was first flown in April 1952. A low-wing cantilever monoplane with a 185 hp (138 kW) Continental E185 flat six engines mounted on the leading edge of wing. It had a tailwheel landing gear.

Operational history 
It was registered with the prefix “PP-ZPD” and taken for airworthiness tests at Campo de Marte, which lasted from the late-1953 to the beginning of 1954. After accumulating 200 flight hours, the aircraft was sent to the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, where it received its certification in 1955.

The company offered Cessna the proposal of creating an assembly line for its aircraft in Brazil, so that they could also produce the Casmuniz 52 in series, the proposal was refused because the American company was already negotiating a factory in Argentina. After, the airplane was sold to Weber that left the company to found the OMAREL, where he made modifications and used the airplane intensively from 1957 until 1958. With the end of his company's activities, the airplane passed by several owners.

In 1960, the plane was sold to a air charter company, and change the prefix to “PT-AZU”. Operating in the northern and northeastern region of Brazil, where it accumulated several hours of flights, and transported all kinds of cargo, until it crashed in 1968 in São Marcos Bay, near São Luís, Maranhão.

Specifications (Casmuniz 52)

References

1950s Brazilian airliners
1950s Brazilian civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
W-141
Henry A. Van Alstyne. Henry Arthur Van Alstyne (October 9, 1869 – January 23, 1947) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York. He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1904 to 1906.

Life
He was the son of Charles G. Van Alstyne and Rachel Landon (Huyck) Van Alstyne. He was educated at Nassau Academy, Marshall Seminary Preparatory School and graduated C.E. from Union College in 1893. In 1892 and 1893, he was employed as Assistant City Engineer of Schenectady, New York, and in 1893 and 1894 he was Engineer-in-Charge of constructing a system of sewers in Fort Plain, New York. From 1894 to 1897, he worked in the State Engineering Department as leveler and Assistant Engineer. In 1897, he became Engineer and Superintendent for the Furnaceville Iron Company, at Rochester, New York. In 1898, he resigned this position to accept one with the Union Bridge Company, at Athens, Pennsylvania.

In 1899, he was appointed First Assistant Engineer, and later Resident Engineer, and in 1901 Division Engineer of the Eastern Division of the State Canals. Upon the resignation of Edward A. Bond in May 1904, Governor Benjamin B. Odell appointed him New York State Engineer and Surveyor. In November 1904, he was re-elected on the Republican ticket, and remained in office until the end of 1906.

He was in a trolley accident in 1905.

He was defeated for re-election in 1906. Afterwards he practiced as a consulting engineer until 1938 when he retired.

He died on January 23, 1947.

He was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

References

Further reading
 Election results, in NYT on November 10, 1904

1869 births
1947 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
New York State Engineers and Surveyors
Union College (New York) alumni
American civil engineers
People from Chatham, New York
New York (state) Republicans
InTru3D. InTru3D was a brand that identifies content that may be viewed in stereoscopic 3D. Motion pictures or other visual media bearing the brand are developed through animation technology developed by Intel in partnership with DreamWorks Animation in 2008. InTru3D enables animators to author films directly in 3D for what is described as "a more realistic 3D experience." Animated films authored with InTru3D are shown in theaters using 3D stereoscopic projection technology such as that provided by Real D Cinema and IMAX 3D which both require polarized glasses to view the 3D films.

The InTru3D brand was announced at the Intel Developer Forum on August 20, 2008, during Renee James' keynote. The first feature film produced by DreamWorks Animation utilizing InTru3D was Monsters vs. Aliens (2009). The last feature film produced by DreamWorks utilizing InTru3D was Puss in Boots (2011). DreamWorks has also released other films in stereoscopic 3D utilizing InTru3D, such as Megamind (2010), and Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011).

Intel has also announced that it plans to work on developing and promoting the use of InTru3D to create a broad range of next-generation 3D viewing experiences and technology on a range of other platforms, including home theater, personal computers, video games, online environments and mobile devices.

An InTru3D commercial was shown at the end of the second quarter of Super Bowl XLIII. which was using the ColorCode 3-D system to enable it to be viewed in 3D on TV in all households.

In 2013, after DreamWorks Animation signed a 5-year distribution contract with 20th Century Fox, Intel closed the InTru3D brand for good.

Filmography
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Megamind (2010)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Puss in Boots (2011)

References

External links 
"Intel, Dreamworks Animation Form Strategic Alliance to Revolutionize 3-D Filmmaking Technology", Intel press release
"Developing for the Future of Computing", INTC press release
InTru3d category on Intel blog
Brief information on InTru3D on Intel Blog

Animation software
Intel products
3D cinema
3D imaging
Heinkel HeS 1. The Heinkel HeS 1 (HeS - Heinkel Strahltriebwerke) was Germany's first jet engine, which was a stationary test item that ran on hydrogen.

History
In 1933, Hans von Ohain wrote his PhD thesis at the University of Göttingen on the topic of an optical microphone that could be used to record sound directly to film. Siemens bought the patent for RM 3,500, a large sum.

Ohain used the money to invest in his real interest, the gas turbine. In 1934 von Ohain contracted his mechanic, Max Hahn, to build a prototype of his concept. Later referred to as the "garage engine", it quickly burned out due to the use of low-temperature metals. Nevertheless, it was successful and piqued the interest of his professor, Robert Pohl.

In February 1936, Pohl wrote to Ernst Heinkel on behalf of von Ohain, telling him of the design and its possibilities. Heinkel arranged a meeting where his engineers were able to grill von Ohain for hours, during which he flatly stated that the current "garage engine" would never work but there was nothing wrong with the concept as a whole. The engineers were convinced, and in April, von Ohain and Hahn were set up at Heinkel's works at the Marienehe airfield outside Rostock, Germany in Warnemünde.

Once moved, a study was made of the airflow in the engine, and several improvements made over a two-month period. Much happier with the results, they decided to produce a completely new engine incorporating all of these changes, running on hydrogen gas. The resulting Heinkel-Strahltriebwerk 1 (HeS 1), German for Heinkel Jet Engine 1, was built by hand-picking some of the best machinists in the company, much to the chagrin of the shop-floor supervisors. Hahn, meanwhile, worked on the combustion problem, an area he had some experience in.

The engine was extremely simple, made largely of sheet metal. Construction started late in the summer of 1936, and completed in March 1937. First run occurred in September 1937. Although the engine was never intended to be a flight-quality design, it proved beyond a doubt that the basic concept was workable.

While work on the HeS 1 continued, the team had already moved on to the design of a flight-quality design, the HeS 3.

References

Bibliography
 

 Sterling Michael Pavelec, "The Jet Race and the Second World War", Greenwood, 2007, pg. 18–22

Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Heinkel aircraft engines
1930s turbojet engines
Megawatts and Megatons. Megawatts and Megatons is a 2001 book by Richard L. Garwin and Georges Charpak. The book is said to be a good primer on nuclear power and also a detailed discussion of nuclear weapons and potential paths for weapons reduction.
  
The book presents detailed information about nuclear reactors and provides useful information on nuclear power program development in the United States and France.  A discussion on nuclear weapons and non-proliferation follows.

See also
Megatons to Megawatts Program
List of books about nuclear issues
Nuclear disarmament
Energy amplifier
Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor

References

Nuclear history
2001 non-fiction books
Books about nuclear issues
Nuclear power in France
Nuclear technology in the United States
Phonofiddle. A phonofiddle is a class of stringed musical instruments that are played with a bow and use a phonograph type reproducer as a voice-box.

The sound producing diaphragm may be a metal cone as in the Stroh violin or a mica sheet as in the instruments made by A. T. Howson, London and the Stroviols company of Britain. The sound generated by the vibrations from the string or strings are transferred through the bridge to a connecting arm into the center of the diaphragm within the reproducer. The vibrating column of air is then directed into one or several horns.

On 4 May 1899, Johannes Matthias Augustus Stroh applied for a patent in Great Britain, GB9418 titled Improvements in Violins and other Stringed Instruments which was accepted on 24 March 1900. This described the use of a flat metal (other materials are also mentioned) diaphragm in the voice-box (reproducer) of a violin to mechanically amplify the sound.

Then on 16 February 1901 he applied for a second Great British patent, GB3393 titled . Which was accepted on 14 December 1901. This effectively extended the first concept to now use a conical resonator with corrugations at its edge, allowing a more 'rigid' diaphragm. His failure to register his inventions in the USA allowed John Dopyera and Geo Beauchamp to subsequently obtain US patents for the tricone and single cone designs used in National brand instruments.

The use of a phonograph reproducer with mica Isinglass diaphragms allowed the cost of production to be reduced.

Phonofiddles had a brief period of popularity as studio instruments for acoustic recording of phonograph records as the energy of the sound could be directed into the collection horn of the recording equipment. Later the phonofiddle was relegated to novelty performances such as those of The Temperance Seven and Bennett & Williams.

See also
 Stroh violin

String instruments
USS Lancaster (AK-193). USS Lancaster (AK-193) was an  that was constructed by the US Navy during the closing period of World War II. She was declared excess-to-needs and returned to the US Maritime Commission shortly after commissioning.

Construction
The fourth ship to be so named by the Navy, Lancaster was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2124, 1 July 1944, by Walter Butler Shipbuilding Inc., Superior, Wisconsin; launched the same year; acquired by the Navy 21 September 1945; and commissioned the same day.

Post-war decommissioning
The end of World War II reduced the need for cargo ships, and Lancaster decommissioned 23 November 1945, she was returned to the War Shipping Administration the same day with her name reverting to Coastal Ringleader.

Merchant service
Coastal Ringleader was used by several shipping companies from 1945–1948, when she was placed in the reserve fleet.

On 13 July 1956, she was sold to Companhia Nacional de Navegacao Costerira, Patrimonio Nacional, of Brazil, for $693,682, under the condition that she be used for coastal shipping. She was delivered on 2 October 1956.

Notes 

Citations

Bibliography 

Online resources

External links

Alamosa-class cargo ships
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Ships built in Superior, Wisconsin
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Morane-Saulnier MS.315. The Morane-Saulnier MS.315 was a primary training monoplane designed and built in France by Morane-Saulnier.

Development
The MS.315 was developed from the earlier MS.300 primary trainer and related variants and first flew in October 1932. The MS.315 is a parasol-wing monoplane with a tailskid, with divided main landing gear, and powered by a 135 hp (101 kW) Salmson 9Nc radial engine. A production run of 346 aircraft followed the four prototypes (including 33 built after the Second World War). Five high-powered MS.317/2 variants were also produced for the civil market, and a single MS.316 was built, powered by a Régnier inverted Vee engine.

In the 1960s 40 MS.315 used as civil glider tugs were modified with a 220 hp (164 kW) Continental W670-K radial engine and re-designated the MS.317.

Variants
MS.315
Production version with a 135hp (101kW) Salmson 9Nc radial engine, 350 built.
MS.315/2
Higher powered civil version, five built.
MS.316
Variant powered by a Regnier inverted Vee engine, one built.
MS.317
1960s conversions with a 220hp (164kW) Continental W670-K radial engine, 40 converted.

Operators

French Air Force
French Navy

Peruvian Air Force

Specifications (MS.315)

See also

References

Further reading

 

1930s French military trainer aircraft
MS.315
Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Windward Performance SparrowHawk. The Windward Performance SparrowHawk is an American mid-wing, single-seat glider that was designed and produced by Windward Performance. It first flew in 2002.

Since 2016 the aircraft has been no longer advertised as available by the manufacturer.

Design and development
The SparrowHawk was designed to fit into the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, including that category's requirement that unpowered aircraft have a maximum empty weight of . The sailplane achieves this by utilizing a structure that is predominantly made from carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer.

The SparrowHawk's multi-tapered,  span wing employs five different airfoils and has an aspect ratio of 18.6:1. The wing features Schempp-Hirth style spoilers on the top surface. The cockpit can accommodate pilots who range in height from . The landing gear is a fixed monowheel gear with an auxiliary tail wheel. The glider is finished with a two part polyurethane paint. The aircraft can be launched by auto-tow, winch-launch, or aero-tow by both light aircraft and ultralight aircraft. Aerobatics are not recommended.

The SparrowHawk achieves a best glide ratio of 36:1 and a minimum sink rate of 119 ft/min (0.60 m/s).

Specifications (SparrowHawk)

See also

References

External links
Official website archives on Archive.org

2000s United States sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 2002
Counter-arch. Historically, the term counter-arch was used in architecture to describe multiple types of arches that provide opposing action:

 an inverted arch used opposite of a regular one. For example, an inverted arch in an open spandrel or in "Moseley bridges", a popular American Civil War-era design by Thomas William Moseley, where the counter-arches were intended as a low-cost alternative to diagonal bracing; 
 any relieving arch;
 outer "rings" of arches overlaying the one forming the intrados, used in old English bridges since medieval times, are called "counter-arches" following the works of John Smeaton;
 an arch that is built adjacent to another arch to oppose its forces or help stabilize it. The counter-arch can be used, for example, when constructing the flying buttress,
 buttressing arches built between the opposing building facades over narrow streets of old cities; 
 in fortification, an arch built on the tops of counterforts behind the bastion walls intended to limit the scope of the potential wall breaching;
 when a pier of the Old Westminster Bridge started sinking during the construction, Charles Labelye was forced to retrofit the bridge with open spandrels using the counter-arches springing off haunches of the two adjacent arches of the bridge thus relieving the pier.

See also
 Arcade (architecture)
 Flying arch
 Flying buttress
 Inverted arch
 Strainer arch

References

Sources 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Arches and vaults