omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mael Avrami Melvin. Mael Avrami Melvin (1913 – October 1, 2014) was an American physicist. His initial research was in metallurgy and materials science. In this area he is best known for the Avrami equation. After his defense work in World War II he dropped out of science for a while and changed his name. His later work was in many fields of physics and he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

Early life and education
Avrami was born in Israel in 1913 to American parents who were visiting the country. He was originally named Moshe Yoel Avrami, but his parents changed his name to Melvin when they returned to the United States. He studied theoretical physics at the University of Chicago where he received a B.S. in 1933, a M.S. in 1935 and a Ph.D. in 1938. While completing his doctoral education he worked at U. S. Steel's Gary Works as a metallurgist.

Career
Melvin left the steel industry in 1938 when he took up a faculty position at Columbia University and worked in the physics and metallurgy departments.
After a sabbatical from 1948 to 1952, in which he worked on the application of a theory of generalized symmetry to quantum theory and electrodynamics, he joined the Florida State University as a professor of physics.

In 1947 he changed his name to Mael Avrami Melvin.
From 1966 until his retirement he was professor at Temple University.

He died on October 1, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California.

References 

American physicists
1913 births
2014 deaths
Fellows of the American Physical Society
American expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
University of Chicago alumni
Columbia University faculty
Florida State University faculty
Temple University faculty
Gateway Spaceport. Gateway Spaceport was formed in 2012 to build the first rotating spaceport and space hotel. On January 1, 2022, Gateway Foundation's name was changed to Gateway Spaceport LLC.

Their plan to develop the spaceport includes developing a robust space construction industry, the first artificial gravity space station, and ultimately the Gateway, a city in space with a spaceport.

The Gateway Spaceport 
The Gateway Spaceport's design is inspired in part by the ideas of Wernher von Braun, who pioneered in the field of human spaceflight. It has been designed to connect people from all over the world so we can make this first step together by being a staging point between spacecraft from Earth and from other space stations, the moon and outer planets.

See also 
 Voyager Station
 Aurora Space Station
 Bigelow Commercial Space Station

References

External links
 Gateway Spaceport - Home page
 Orbital Assembly - Home page

Space organizations
Space stations
Space habitats
Space industry
Space tourism
Workpiece. A workpiece is a piece, often made of a single material, that is being processed into another desired shape (such as building blocks).

The workpiece is usually a piece of relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone. After a processing step, the workpiece may be moved on to further steps of processing. For example, a part can made out of bar stock and later become part of a semi-finished product.

The workpiece is often attached to the tool being used via a jig or fixture, like for example to a milling machine via an angle plate, or to a lathe via a lathe faceplate. A vise is another example of a simple type of fixture used to fix workpieces.

A workpiece may be subjected to various cutting operations, like truing, making fillets, chamfers, countersinking, counterboring, etc. It may also receive various surface treatments and finishes.

The term "workpiece" has established itself within crafts and the manufacturing industry, and connects the work or treatment and the object to be treated.

A workbench is often used to hold a workpiece steady during work on it.

See also 
 Surface finishing
 Metalworking

References

External links 

Video demonstration of workpieces being attached to faceplates and angleplates
Video demonstration of different methods of filing a metal workpiece

Machining
Metal and Allied Workers' Union. The Metal and Allied Workers' Union (MAWU) was a trade union representing workers in metalworking, engineering and related industries in South Africa.

The union was founded in April 1974 in Pietermaritzburg, with the assistance of the General Factory Workers' Benefit Fund.  It admitted all workers, regardless of ethnicity, and so was unable to apply for official recognition.  By the end of the year, it also had a branch in Durban, and from 1975 it was active in the Transvaal.  However, it remained small, with 6,500 members in 1974, of whom only one third were fully paid up.

The union refused to participate in wage or liaison committees, instead fighting for recognition at the company level.  It was admitted to the International Metalworkers' Federation.  It began working closely with the National Union of Motor Assembly and Rubber Workers of South Africa and the United Automobile, Rubber and Allied Workers Union, and in 1979 they and other unions formed the Federation of South African Trade Unions.

By 1980, the union had 8,400 members, and it continued to grow.  However, in 1983, some dissatisfied members left, to form the rival United Metal, Mining and Allied Workers of South Africa (UMMAWOSA).

In 1985, the union led a strike at Sarmcol in Mpophomeni, leading to 970 workers being sacked.  Four members of the shop stewards' committee were abducted, and three of them were murdered, the other surviving a gunshot wound.  The union achieved a compromise, with it gaining access to workers at the plant, but not official recognition.

In 1985, MAWU transferred to the new Congress of South African Trade Unions.  In 1987, it merged with the Motor Industry Combined Workers' Union, the National Automobile and Allied Workers' Union and UMMAWOSA to form the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa.

General Secretaries
1974: Alpheus Mthethwa
1976: June-Rose Nala
1984: Tembi Nabe
1986: Moses Mayekiso

References

Metal trade unions
Trade unions established in 1974
Trade unions disestablished in 1987
Trade unions in South Africa
Jeanne Crassous. Jeanne Crassous is a French chemist who is a Professor and Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). She leads the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions International Training Network HEL4CHIROLED.

Early life and education 

Crassous completed her undergraduate studies at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon. She remained there for her doctoral research, where she worked with . Her doctoral research involved investigations into the absolute configuration of bromochlorofluoromethane, which she investigated using Raman optical activity. After earning her doctorate, Crassous moved to ETH Zurich, where she joined the research group of François Diederich investigating the chirality of fullerenes.

Research and career 
Crassous investigates π-conjugated chiral systems. She returned to École normale supérieure de Lyon in 1998, where she worked with Laure Guy and Jean-Pierre Dutasta optical properties of chiral molecules. In 2005, she moved to the Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, where she joined the research group of Régis Réau. Crassous was made Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in 2010.

At the CNRS, Crassous leads the research programme CHIRAFUN, in which research teams investigate the molecular and supramolecular chirality of chiral materials. She has investigated the stereochemistry of a range of small molecules, including fullerenes, helicenes and organometallic complexes. In 2020 Crassous became the coordinator of HEL4CHIROLED, a collaborative international programme that looks to develop efficient organic light-emitting diodes from chiral materials.

Crassous serves on the editorial board of the Wiley journal Chirality.

Awards and honours 
 2013 Distinguished member of the Société chimique de France
 2020 Société chimique de France Prix de la Division de Chimie Organique

Selected publications

References 

French women chemists
Living people
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
Academic journal editors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pont Levasseur. The pont Levasseur is a covered bridge in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada.

Among the last in North America, 34 covered bridges were constructed in Abitibi, and are associated with the colonisation of the region in the early 1900s. Today fewer than half of them are extant.

The single-lane bridge is of Lattice truss bridge design. This design was modified by the Quebec Ministry of Colonisation and was used for more than 500 covered bridges in Quebec.

The central pillar was added in 1946. In 1962 it was raised 60cm. In 1985 it was renovated. Following renovations in 2015, the load capacity was reduced to 8 tonnes from 12. It was repainted in 2016. 

It is listed in the répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec.

References

See also 
List of covered bridges in Quebec

Buildings and structures in Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Bridges completed in 1928
Covered bridges in Canada
Road bridges in Quebec
Pont Molesworth. The pont Moleworth is a covered bridge in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada.

Among the last in North America, 34 covered bridges were constructed in Abitibi, and are associated with the colonisation of the region in the early 1900s. Today fewer than half of them are extant.

The single-lane bridge is of Lattice truss bridge design. This design was modified by the Quebec Ministry of Colonisation and was used for more than 500 covered bridges in Quebec.

The central pillar was added in 1950 to increase its capacity. Originally grey, it was repainted red during major renovations in 1987 and 2017.

It is listed in the répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec.

References

See also 

List of covered bridges in Quebec

Buildings and structures in Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Bridges completed in 1930
Covered bridges in Canada
Road bridges in Quebec
1930 establishments in Quebec
Surf Air Mobility. Surf Air Mobility Inc. is an American aviation company focused on regional flying. The company plans to develop electric and hybrid powertrains to upgrade existing aircraft. Surf Air Mobility is the parent company of Surf Air, a charter flight operator, and two airlines, Mokulele Airlines and Southern Airways Express.

History 
Surf Air Mobility was formed in February 2020 following the acquisition of BlackBird Air. The company also controls Surf Air, a private air travel company providing the ability to access short-haul regional flights that range from 50 to 500 miles.

In September 2020, Surf Air Mobility secured a commitment for $200 million in funding from Global Emerging Markets Group (GEM).

In February 2021, Surf Air Mobility entered an agreement to acquire Ampaire, an electric aviation company that develops hybrid-electric powertrains for aircraft such as the Ampaire Electric EEL based on the Cessna 337 and the Cessna Grand Caravan. The agreement has since been called off. In July 2021, Surf Air Mobility announced that it has entered into an exclusive relationship with Textron Aviation in which Textron Aviation will support Surf Air Mobility's development of an electrified Cessna Grand Caravan, beginning with a hybrid electric Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft. Surf Air Mobility has agreed to purchase up to 150 Cessna Grand Caravan EX single-engine turboprops, with an initial fleet order of 100 aircraft and an option for 50 more.

In July 2023, Surf Air Mobility went public on the stock market through a direct listing on the New York Stock Exchange. A decision many finance outlets described as risky. As part of Surf Air Mobility's debut on the stock market, it completed its acquisition of Southern Airways Express in August 2023.

In March 2024, Surf Air Mobility entered into a MOU agreement with Auric Air to upgrade up to 12 of their Cessna Grand Caravans with Surf Air’s proprietary electrified powertrain technology once certified. In May 2024, Surf Air Mobility began scheduled commuter service between West Lafayette (Purdue University) and Chicago O’Hare. The service provides staff, students, family, friends, and the greater community with easier, faster connections. Also in May 2024, Surf Air Mobility launched Williamsport’s only scheduled commuter service that flies between Williamsport Regional Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. In June 2024, Surf Air Mobility entered into a MOU agreement with Brazil-based airline operator, ASTA, to upgrade up to 4 of the Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft with Surf Air’s proprietary electrified powertrain technology once certified.

References 

Airlines of the United States
Airlines established in 2020
Airlines based in California
2020 establishments in California
American companies established in 2020
Natural risk. Natural risks or nature risks are risks recognized in risk management that are related to the loss of natural assets. They may impact businesses or economies by impacting directly on operations or by negatively affecting society in a way that then creates market risks. The loss of nature can also contribute to systemic geopolitical risk because nature's assets and services, such as clean air, plentiful fresh water, fertile soils, a stable climate, provide vital public goods on which human societies rely for their functioning. An example is tropical deforestation. It is a key source of nature risk for sectors that either have an impact or dependency on tropical forests.

Examples of impacts
Nature risks can increase policy and regulatory intervention. As a result, in response to these risks, some sectors of the economy might have to face big shifts in asset values or higher costs of doing business for companies that generate negative impacts on nature. For example, in 2018 Indonesia's president issued a three-year moratorium on clearing primary forests and peatlands for land-use activities such as palm oil plantations and logging, and this was made permanent in 2019. The moratorium is forecast to reduce Indonesia's economic growth and negatively affect other macroeconomic indicators such as gross national expenditure (GNE) and welfare. Sumatra, Indonesia's largest palm oil-producing region, is expected to be worst affected, with a predicted -2% deviation from its baseline GDP by 2030.
As consumers and the market react to nature risks, leading to supply and demand patterns shifted, novel products/services, technologies and business models emerge and may disrupt the established business community. For example, meat and fish alternatives, including synthetic proteins, will increasingly replace traditional meat products. The demand for cow products will decrease by 70% by 2030, and by 80–90% by 2035, with a total cost in excess of $100 billion to meat producers and their supply chains.
Customers, clients, and the wider public will hold many companies accountable for any natural capital decline or biodiversity loss and sue them for such losses. These shifts in public sentiment can result in lower brand value, loss of customer base and profits or further increases in insurance premiums (in the case of legal action). This trend of social awareness on nature-related issues is on the rise. For instance, in 2010, Greenpeace launched a campaign against Nestlé's KitKat brand to raise awareness about the brand's sourcing of palm oil from deforested Indonesian rainforests. Nestlé's stock subsequently decreased by 4%.

See also
Crisis management
Natural hazard and Natural disaster
Key risk indicators
Risk management tools
Financial risk modeling
Country risk
Model risk
Political risk
Valuation risk
Moral hazard
Reputational risk

References

Nature
Works about natural disasters
Risk
Marijn Heule. Marienus Johannes Hendrikus Heule (born March 12, 1979, at Rijnsburg, The Netherlands) is a Dutch computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who studies SAT solvers. Heule has used these solvers to resolve mathematical conjectures such as the Boolean Pythagorean triples problem, Schur's theorem number 5, and Keller's conjecture in dimension seven.

Career 
Heule received a PhD at Delft University of Technology, in the Netherlands, in 2008. He was a research scientist, later a research assistant professor, at the University of Texas at Austin from 2012 to 2019. Since 2019, he has been an associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University.

In May 2016 he, along with Oliver Kullmann and Victor W. Marek, used SAT solving to solve the Boolean Pythagorean triples problem. The statement of the theorem they proved isTo prove this theorem, the possible colorings of {1, ..., 7825} were divided into a trillion subcases using a heuristic. Each subclass was then solved a Boolean satisfiability solver. Creating the proof took about 4 CPU-years of computation over a period of two days on the Stampede supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center and generated a 200 terabyte propositional proof (which was compressed to 68 gigabytes in the form of the list of subcases used). The paper describing the proof was published in the SAT 2016 conference, where it won the best paper award. A $100 award that Ronald Graham originally offered for solving this problem in the 1980s was awarded to Heule.

He used SAT solving to prove that Schur number 5 was 160 in 2017. He proved Keller's conjecture in dimension seven in 2020.

In 2018, Heule and Scott Aaronson received funding from the National Science Foundation to apply SAT solving to the Collatz conjecture.

In 2023 together with Subercaseaux, he proved that the packing chromatic number of the infinite square grid is 15

See also 

 Computer-assisted proof#Applications

References

External links 

 Official website
 Old official website at UT Austin

Dutch computer scientists
Delft University of Technology alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
1979 births
Living people
Ministry of Electricity (Syria). The Ministry of Electricity (Arabic: وزارة الكهرباء) is a department of the Government of Syria. The ministry is responsible for managing the electric energy and renewable energy sector in Syria, and a number of governmental institutions and companies are affiliated to it.

In Syria, the production of electricity has been entirely nationalized. By the end of the 1990s, the Ministry of Electricity managed 74,9% of the production of electricity nationwide. The country was planning to become self-sufficient in electricity supply by 1998. For this reason, the Ministry never seriously considered renewable energies Because they take a longer time to deploy. By 2010, the government encouraged private investors to develop the electric capacity of the country, but the war broke out.

In November 2021, the Ministry of Electricity annulled dozens of renewable energy licences.

Ministers

See also 
 Council of Ministers (Syria)

References 

Ministries established in 1974
Electricity
Energy ministries
Energy in Syria
Organizations based in Damascus
Katsumi Kaneko. Katsumi Kaneko was born in Yokohama (Kanagawa), Japan. He graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1969 from Yokohama National University (Applied Chemistry), Yokohama. He received a master's degree in physical chemistry at The University of Tokyo, in 1971. He received Doctor of Science in solid state chemistry in 1978 for submitted thesis from The University of Tokyo, entitled “Electrical Properties and Defect Structures of Iron Hydroxide Oxide

Colloids”.

Education 
He worked in Chiba University as a faculty of science until 2010, later he studied surface chemistry of metal hydroxide oxides and on gas adsorption, nanoporous materials, and nanospaces molecular science. Later, he became the dean of faculty of science and graduate school of science and technology of Chiba University.

He is now a distinguished professor of Shinshu University since 2010.

Research and career 
He developed accurate characterization method of nanoscale pores with gas adsorption and established new nanospaces-molecular science; he found unusual in-pore high pressure effect of nanoscale pores in which molecules and/or atoms prefer to form high pressure phase even without compression. One representative example of the in-pore high pressure effect is spontaneous formation of atomically 1D sulfur-chain of metallic property inside carbon nanotube under vacuum. Also he found partial dehydration of ions by confinement of ions in nanoscale pores, being essential to understand the supercapacitors.

He gave a reasonable clue, cluster- associated hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transformation, to understand water adsorption of nanoporous carbons of hydrophobicity hydration. He contributed to understand adsorption of supercritical gases such as NO, CH4 , and H2 on nanoporous materials. He introduced the concept of quasi-vaporization of supercritical gases through an intensive molecule-pore interaction, giving an efficient guideline for improving adsorption of supercritical gases. He has developed an efficient separation route of isotopic gases such as 18O2 and 16O2. He evidenced partial breaking of Coulombic law in electrically conductive carbon pores to induce association of cations or anions. He developed a sol-gel dispersant of single wall carbon nanotube, producing highly transparent conductive films and stretchable electrodes.

Awards and honors 
He was awarded by Chemical Society of Japan in 1999 and the Charles Petinos Award by the American Carbon Society in 2007. He is fellow of Chemical Society of Japan since 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry and International Adsorption Society since 2013, and a Senior Member of the AIChE.

Publications

References 

Shinshu University alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Yokohama National University alumni
Academic staff of Chiba University
Japanese chemists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Solid state chemists