omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Paraffin oxidation. Paraffin oxidation is a historical industrial process for the production of synthetic fatty acids. The fatty acids are further processed to consumer products such as soaps and fats as well as to lubricating greases for technical applications. Coal slack wax, a saturated, high molecular weight hydrocarbon mixture and by-product of the Fischer–Tropsch process was used as raw material. Side products were a wide range of carboxylic acids and oxidation products such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, or ketones. The oxidation of paraffins was carried out in the liquid phase by molecular oxygen, e.g. by aerating with oxygen or atmospheric air, in the presence of catalysts such as permanganates, e.g. 0.1% - 0.3% potassium permanganate, at temperatures in the range of about 100 to 120 °C and under atmospheric pressure.

History 

The process was commercially important from the mid-1930s on and was carried out until the first years after the Second World War on a large industrial scale. Paraffin oxidation enabled for first time the large-scale production of synthetic butter from coal by chemical means which was at that time seen as a sensation. Because of the high availability of inexpensive natural fats and the competition by petroleum-based fatty alcohols, the process lost its importance in the early 1950s.

Process 
The process consisted of three main steps: oxidation, reconditioning of the oxidation mixture to crude fatty acids and eventually their separation by fractional distillation into fatty acid fractions. The chemical industry processed the fatty acid fractions further into finished products such as soaps, detergents, plasticizers and synthetic fat. The paraffin oxidation was almost exclusively run in a discontinuous batch mode.

Fractions were selected based on the intended purposes of each of the desired products:

 -: Acids used for industrial purposes, recovered from the vapors given off during the oxidation process
 -: Reduced to alcohols
 -: Froth flotation
 -: Reacted with glycerol to produce edible fats such as synthetic margarine
 -: Soap
 -: Metallic soap, lithium soap, etc.

Mechanism 
The first explanation for oxidation mechanism was given by the peroxide theory, developed by Alexei Nikolaevich Bach and Carl Engler, also known as the Engler-Bach theory. According to their theory, as the first step a secondary hydroperoxide is formed. The assumption that this hydroperoxide is then radically decomposed was confirmed by later studies by Eric Rideal.

 R-H + O2 → ROOH

The function of metal catalyst is to increase the speed of both the formation and decomposition of the hydroperoxide. This produces, among other things, an alkyl radical, which forms with oxygen peroxo radikals. This forms by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from another molecule paraffin a new alkyl radical and a hydroperoxide.

The mechanism of the reaction follows the following scheme:

As a first step the formation of a hydroperoxide occurs, which degrades as the main reaction into water and a ketone. As a side reaction secondary alcohols are formed according to the following reaction:

References

Chemical processes
Marske Aircraft. Marske Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft design firm founded by Jim Marske (born 1938) and based in Marion, Ohio. The company specialized in the design of tailless gliders primarily for amateur construction.

Marske's first design was the Marske XM-1, constructed in 1957 when he was 19 years old. The design was an experiment and only one was constructed. The Marske Pioneer series first flew in 1968 and has been developed through the all-composite construction Pioneer III model. The Marske Monarch is a tailless ultralight glider that was first flown in 1974, during the early heyday of hang glider flying. The Monarch can be built as a powered self-launching sailplane or as a pure glider, depending on whether an engine is installed.

Marske also collaborated with US aerodynamicist John Roncz in 1992 on the design of the LAK Genesis 2 that was produced for a time in Lithuania, 27 having been completed. The Genesis was the first production aircraft to use Graphlite carbon rods for the spars.

Aircraft

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Glider aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1973
Skylar Tibbits. Skylar Tibbits is an American designer and computer scientist known for his work on self-assembly and 4D printing.

Education 
Skylar Tibbits graduated from Philadelphia University with a Bachelor of Architecture and received a Master of Science in Computer Science as well as a Master of Science in Design and Computation from MIT.

Career 
Tibbits' work has been exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, the Frac Center's 2014 Archilab Exhibition, and the 2008 Beijing Biennale. Tibbits also co-curated the 2007 ScriptedbyPurpose exhibition in Philadelphia with Marc Fornes.

He currently teaches at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture where he has founded the Self-Assembly Laboratory. Tibbits is also the founder of SJET, a cross-disciplinary design firm in Boston.

Awards 
Tibbits's work has won awards, including a 2014 WIRED Inaugural Fellowship, 2014 Gifted Citizen Initiative, the 2013 Architectural League NYC Prize, the 2013 Next Idea in Art and Technology Award at Ars Electronica, 2012 TED Senior Fellowship, 2011 TED Fellowship and being named a "Revolutionary Mind" in Seed's 2008 Design Issue.

References

External links
 MIT Self-Assembly Lab
 SJET

American architects
American designers
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MIT School of Architecture and Planning faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ashcombe Mill, Kingston. Ashcombe Mill was a post mill near the village of Kingston near Lewes, East Sussex, England. It was built in 1828 on Kingston ridge to the east of the village, probably by the millwright Samuel Medhurst of Lewes, who was responsible for building several other windmills in the area. That original mill was destroyed during a gale in 1916. 

In 2007 planning permission was granted to Sussex Mills Group to reconstruct a facsimile of the original mill as residential accommodation on the same site on condition that the new building would be environmentally friendly and be used to generate electricity for the National Grid. It is planned, nevertheless, to furnish the mill with one pair of grindstones. The surplus electricity will be equal to the consumption of three houses. 

A steel frame was constructed in early 2009 and the wooden cladding attached later in the year. By the end of 2010 the tailpole and rear steps had been fixed, the whole structure painted white and the mill turned on its axis for the first time.

References

Post mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Windmills completed in 1818
Windmills in East Sussex
Charles Wallace Hunt. Charles Wallace Hunt (October 13, 1841 – March 27, 1911) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor and business executive, known as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1898–99.

Biography  
Hunt was born at Candor, New York, on October 13, 1841. He came into prominence as founder of the C. W. Hunt Company in West New Brighton in 1871, three years after he had settled in Staten Island and had started a retail coal business.

Hunt was elected president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the year 1898–99, and was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1902.

He died March 27, 1911, at Richmond County in Staten Island, New York.

Work

C.W. Hunt Company 

C.W. Hunt Company was a constructive engineering firm located in West New Brighton. The company made coal and ore-handling machinery, and build wharves, docks, storage warehouses, power stations, railways, cranes, etc.

The Robert Pearson Collection (2015) summarized that "although not as well known as other industrial suppliers, the C. W. Hunt Co. offered an amazing assortment of industrial equipment.  Established in 1872, the New York based firm supplied rope, coal handling equipment, cranes, and complete industrial railways.  The innovative company was purchased by the Yale and Towne Manufacturing in 1920 shortly after C. W. Hunt Co produced a battery powered lift truck."

Selected publications 
 Coal Handling Machinery: No. 9306, Published 1893 by C. W. Hunt Company
 Charles Wallace Hunt. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, President's Address 1898: The Engineer, His Work, His Ethics, His Pleasures. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1898
 Charles Wallace Hunt. Manila Rope: Transmission and Hoisting, 1912.
 Charles Wallace Hunt. Heat Transmission in Poor Conductors, 1913.

Selected patents 
 Patent US708713 - Hoisting apparatus, 1902
 Patent US729868 - Hoisting apparatus, 1902
 Patent US796074 - Coal-chute, 1905
 Patent US1020607 - Motor-truck, 1910
 Patent US1048834 - Conveyer, 1910

References

External links 
 
 The Robert Pearson Collection: Industrial Suppliers - C. W. Hunt

1841 births
1911 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
20th-century American inventors
People from Candor, New York
19th-century American businesspeople
Benewah-class barracks ship. The Benewah-class barracks ship was a class of barracks ships of the United States Navy after the Second World War, in the late 1940s.

Development 
Thirteen ships were converted into repair ships throughout the later stages of World War II. The ships were converted from the LST-1 and LST-542 classes. After the war, a few ships were then sold to the Philippines and Indonesia.

The ship's hulls remained nearly the same but with new equipment to carry out their purpose were placed on deck alongside several cranes. The ships' armament was slightly changed and relocated to make way for the ships' equipment. All ships served in the Pacific Theater until the end of the war with no ships lost in combat.

APL-40 (ex-USS Nueces) is still active, serving as a transport and berthing vessel for the United States Navy in Yokosuka. APL-39 (ex-USS Mercer) also now berthed in Sasebo.

Ships of class

External links

Citations

 
Auxiliary ship classes of the United States Navy
Auburn Maintenance Centre. The Auburn Maintenance Centre is a train depot operated by Downer Rail responsible for the maintenance of the Sydney Trains A, B and M set fleets.

History
As part of the contract to build and maintain the Sydney Trains A sets, John Holland built a depot on the site of the former Clyde Marshalling Yards adjacent to the MainTrain facility. It was opened by Minister for Transport John Robertson on 24 July 2010.

On 20 September 2014, an 11 road stabling facility was established to the south-east of the facility. Provision has been made for an extra five roads. In February 2017, it was revealed that subsidence had occurred underneath the depot after plastic cells had failed. Remediation costs have been estimated as high as $70 million.

During 2018, maintenance of the Sydney Trains M set fleet was moved to Auburn from Eveleigh Railway Workshops.

Description
The maintenance centre building has seven roads. It has stabling facilities on either side with the whole facility stretching for two kilometres.

Maps

{
"type": "ExternalData",
"service": "geomask",
"ids": "Q19870806"
}
[{
"type": "ExternalData",
"service": "page",
"title": "Sydney Trains network.map"
},
{
"type": "ExternalData",
"service": "page",
"title": "Sydney suburban rail maintenance centres.map"
}]

Persons of Interest

De Voung : Former BMX Bandits stunt rider

References

Railway workshops in New South Wales
Sydney Trains
Transport infrastructure completed in 2010
2010 establishments in Australia
Prokon. PROKON Structural Analysis and Design  is a suite of  commercial software for structural analysis and design. PROKON software is produced by Irish company Prokon Software Limited.

Name
The Prokon company and PROKON software name is an acronym for the Afrikaans phrase "PROgrammatuur KONsultante" (programming consultants).

Overview
PROKON software comprises over 40 modules in the following categories:
 Analysis: Three-dimensional frame and finite element analysis. 
 Steel: Structural steel member and connection design.
 Concrete: Reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete member design.
 Composite: Composite steel and concrete member design.
 Detailing: Rebar detailing and bending schedule generation.
 Timber: Wood frame and truss design.
 Masonry: Unreinforced masonry member design.
 General: Section properties calculation and other building analysis utilities.
 Geotechnical: Slope stability and bearing capacity analysis.
 Building Information Modelling (BIM): Prodesk link between Autodesk Revit and PROKON modules.
 Network analysis: Pronet EPANET engine for AutoCAD Civil 3D.

The software includes full support for British, European and South African design codes, with some modules also supporting North American, Australian, New Zealand, Russian and selected Asian design codes. PROKON appears on the Hong Kong Building Department list of pre-accepted computer programs for use in Hong Kong.

PROKON software offers multi-lingual design output: all modules are available in English and some offer support for German, Afrikaans and Russian.

Workflow
PROKON uses a workflow that output data between analysis, design and detailing modules. It supports data exchange formats with third-party software: DXF and DWG drawings, and CIS/2 CIMsteel three-dimensional structural models. The Prodesk module enables data exchange between Autodesk Revit and PROKON.

Use
PROKON is used widely in South Africa and available worldwide through a partner program.

Similar Software
 Staad.Pro
 S-FRAME
 SAP 2000 and ETABS
 List of structural engineering software

References

Structural analysis
Iligan Steel Mill. The Iligan Steel Mill was a steelworks in Iligan, Philippines. At one point during its operation, it was considered as the largest steel mill in Asia.

History 
The Iligan Steel Mill was established in 1952 as a government-initiated project of the National Shipyards and Steel Corporation (NASSCO).

After NASSCO applied for a $62.3 million loan from the United States-based Eximbank to fund projects, the latter suggested a transfer of the facilities' management to the private entity. The company was sold in 1963 to Iligan Integrated Steel Mills, Inc. of the Jacinto family.

In 1974, NASSCO assets were absorbed by newly incorporated National Steel Corporation. NSC was later acquired by Wing Tiek of the Malaysian Westmont Group in 1995.

NSC was severely affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis which caused it to be unable to counter the dumping of cheap imported steel in the Philippine market. In 2000, the government ordered for NSC's liquidation.

The Iligan Steel Mill was acquired in 2004 by Ispat Industries Ltd of India. The company faced financial and labor issues, which led to the facility's closure in 2009.

The city government of Iligan has attempted to auction off the 400-hectare steel mill in 2016 but there were no interested bidders. The properties associated with the steel mill were then forfeited to the Iligan city government.

Revival 
SteelAsia has offered to acquire NSC's steel mill in Iligan. The local government of Iligan is also attempting to reopen the defunct steel mill.

References 

Iron and steel mills of the Philippines
1952 establishments in the Philippines
Iligan
Grain hopper trailer. A grain hopper trailer is a trailer pulled by a semi tractor and used to haul bulk commodity products, such as grain. These trailers are used extensively throughout the United States to transport agricultural products as well as any other commodity that can be hauled in bulk and loaded and unloaded through the trailer.

Design

Grain hopper or hopper-bottom trailers typically feature a rolling tarp on the top of the trailer, to enable easy loading of the product to be transported, and also offer protection during transport. They utilize two hoppers on the base of the trailer to unload to product, one servicing the rear half of the trailer, the other the front half. The output of these hoppers is usually controlled by a sliding plate on the base of the hopper, controlled by a user-operated crank handle.

Usage
A grain hopper trailer is used in conjunction with various other pieces of agricultural machinery to complete the harvest of a field. Combine harvesters or similar unload the harvest into grain carts, which in turn unload their load into a grain hopper trailer, for long-distance transportation. The trailers are then unloaded into low-profile grain augers for transportation to, and long-term storage in, grain bins, also known as silos.

See also
 Combine harvester
 Grain elevator
 Grain bin
 Gravity wagon
 Hopper car

References

Agricultural machinery
Grain production
N. Prabhakar. N. Prabhakar was an Indian scientist and the Chief Controller, System Analysis and Modelling Centre (SAM-C) of the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). He graduated in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (BE) from Annamalai University and enrolled at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru from where he obtained his master's degree (ME). He pursued his research at Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, secured a doctoral degree in Air Defence Systems and joined the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) in 1980.

Prabhakar worked at DRDO in various capacities including Project Director AD (Mission), Program Director (ASTRA) and Associate Director of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL). He is known to have contributed to the development of Trajectory Optimization for Prithvi, AD Weapon System Design and Optimal Guidance Algorithms for Ballistic Missile Intercept Missions besides preparing the feasibility report for all Indian tactical missile programmes.

A Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), the Operational Research Society (UK) and the Aeronautical Society of India, Prabhakar is a recipient of three DRDO awards such as DRDO Scientist of the year Award in 2001, the Path Breaking Technology Award in 2007 and Performance Excellence Award in 2009 as well as the ASI Award from the Astronautical Society of India in 2009. The Government of India honoured him in 2015, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to Indian missile programme.

See also

 Institution of Engineers (India)
 Operational Research Society
 Aeronautical Society of India
 Defence Research and Development Organization
 Defence Research and Development Laboratory
 Annamalai University
 Indian Institute of Science
 Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy

References

Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Annamalai University alumni
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Indian military engineers
20th-century Indian engineers
1954 births
2015 deaths
Leverate. Leverate is a software as a service provider for foreign exchange brokers. It provides both electronic trading platforms and back-office software to manage a company's operations through its various subsidiaries. It has offices in Cyprus, Hong Kong, Israel, Ukraine, China, Poland, Bulgaria and Germany.

History 

Leverate was founded in 2008 by, Doron Cohen, Itai Damti, and Doron Somech who had worked together on the project since 2006. The original idea was to create a trading algorithm for the purpose of buying and selling that was completely automated. It took two years to build the platform and the company was launched officially in 2008. Leverate received its first angel investment in 2008 from Jacques Beer, owner and chief executive officer of Tempo Beverages Ltd. The company saw a limit to the use of the algorithm and instead turned it into a price feed for brokers that helped reduce losses incurred by latency.

Leverate discontinued the use of its algorithm in 2008 and began to market products to brokers. One of the features of the algorithm was a product feed that was described as "fast" and "accurate." The company began using the feed to help brokers who had a lack of knowledge of market conditions. The feed became Leverate's initial product offering, referred to as LXFeed. Leverate moved from algorithm trading into the SaaS market with the product launch, leading to the development of additional products that include risk management tools and mobile trading platforms.

Leverate expanded its operations in 2011 by adding 20 employees to its staff of 50. The company was able to do so after selling a 25% stake to Saxo Bank for $12.5 million (USD). It also expanded its presence by opening a financial services branch in Hong Kong in 2012 and an office in Ukraine in 2013. Leverate entered into an agreement with Saxo Bank in 2014 to buy back that company's 25% stake in the company. In November 2017, Leverate launched Cyprus-based regulatory consulting and services operation Regyoul8, The Financial Certification Services, The Edu8, and the new generation trading platforms.

Products 

Leverate's first product was its LXFeed which launched in 2008. It released a risk management system in 2009. The same year, it began to bundle its products and release them under the name LXSuite while also allowing companies to purchase stand alone products. In 2010, it launched a platform called LXAPI which allowed users the ability to customize platforms. It also released LXCRM as a customer management tool for brokers. Digital currencies such as Bitcoin and Litecoin were added to its LXFeed in 2014.

Leverate ventured into the social trading marketing by launching Sirix Social Community and The New Generation Activ8. The community allows members to view and copy other trader's portfolios, creating transparency in currency pairs, as well as integrating with MetaTrader 4.

See also 

 Currency pair
 Exchange rate
 Market basket

References

External links 

 

Financial software companies
Software companies established in 2008
Israeli companies established in 2008
Mahwah Assembly. Mahwah Assembly was a Ford Motor Company manufacturing plant in Mahwah, New Jersey, 30 miles (48 km) from New York City. It occupied over 172 acres.

History
The factory began operations in 1955, and was closed in 1980. It was one of three manufacturing facilities in New Jersey. It was built two years after the Edison Assembly plant opened and would eventually replace the Ford Motor Company Edgewater Assembly Plant which closed in 1955.

Mahwah Assembly produced 6 million cars in the 25 years it operated before the last car rolled off the line on June 20, 1980. At the time of its completion, it was the largest motor vehicle assembly plant in the United States. The Ford plant, along with other businesses such as American Brake Shoe and Foundry Company, helped contribute to the economic development of the town and its reputation for low home property taxes. The Mahwah town sports teams remain named Thunderbirds in honor of the Ford plant.

A portion of the plant site was the U.S. headquarters of Sharp Corporation, but now is home to the US Headquarters of Jaguar/Land Rover and Amazing Savings building.

Products
Vehicles produced at the plant included the 1957 Ford, Edsel, Ford Fairmont, Ford Galaxie, Ford Granada, Ford LTD, Ford Thunderbird, Ford F Series, Lincoln Versailles, Mercury Colony Park, Mercury Meteor, Mercury Monarch and the Mercury Zephyr.

Popular culture
Bruce Springsteen's 1982 song "Johnny 99" references the closure of the Mahwah plant in its opening line.

See also
 List of Ford factories
 Ringwood Mines landfill site

References

External links
Mahwah Museum

Ford factories
Former motor vehicle assembly plants
Mahwah, New Jersey
Motor vehicle assembly plants in New Jersey
1950 establishments in New Jersey
1980 disestablishments in New Jersey