omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Japan Air System Flight 451. Japan Air System Flight 451 was a Japan Air System flight from Nagoya Airport in the Nagoya area of Aichi Prefecture, Japan to New Chitose Airport in Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, with a stopover at Hanamaki Airport in Hanamaki, Iwate Prefecture. On April 18, 1993, the Douglas DC-9-41 operating the flight crashed while landing at Hanamaki Airport.

The McDonnell Douglas DC-9-41 (aircraft code: JA8448, serial number: 47767/885) was operated as Japan Air System Flight 451 (hereinafter referred to as "JAS451"). It was manufactured in the United States in 1978 and registered in Japan in September of the same year. The DC-9-41 aircraft was one of 22 planes introduced by Toa Domestic Airlines (later Japan Air System) between 1974 and 1979 for domestic local routes.

On April 18, 1993, JA8448 departed from New Chitose Airport and flew to Hanamaki Airport, then Nagoya Airport, as part of Flight JAS 451. The flight plan indicated that it was supposed to fly back to New Chitose from Hanamaki.

The aircraft suddenly lost a significant amount of airspeed as it crossed the boundary line of a passing cold front, and encountered resultant windshear while on final approach. The somewhat inexperienced first officer was not able to conduct a missed approach fast enough to avoid a hard landing. The plane then skidded off the runway.

All 72 passengers and five crew members survived, with 19 people sustaining injuries. The aircraft caught fire as the passengers evacuated; it was destroyed and written off.

References

External links

 Final report (Archive) - Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission 

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993
Aviation accidents and incidents in Japan
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-9
Japan Air System accidents and incidents
April 1993 in Japan
Thinking Electronic. Thinking Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd. (THINKING; ) (TWSE：2428) is one of the major circuit protection component manufacturer in Taiwan. It was established in 1979 and the headquarters are in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Locations
THINKING manufactures products in Kaohsiung. More production facilities in China include Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hubei and Jiangxi.

Products and services
Started from ceramic material than extended to polymer and metal, THINKING developed series of products to protect electronic circuit from damaged by over current, overvoltage or overheat. Portfolio includes NTC (negative temperature coefficient) and PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistors, temperature sensor probes, varistors, ESD (electrostatic discharge) suppressors, and polymer resettable fuses (also known as PPTC).

Market position
It is well known as NTC Thermistor and varistor manufacturer in Taiwan, as well as the first publicly listed cooperation in Taiwan's protective component industry. With the PC industry rising from the 1980s in Taiwan, its NTC thermistor is adapted as the inrush current limiter in switched-mode power supply to suppress the inrush current when power supply turns on, and the varistor protects the circuit from damaged by surge current occasionally occurred in the electricity network. This earns THINKING a role in the supply chain of the switched-mode power supply industry and listed into top 1,000 manufacturers in Taiwan by the press.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
 Switched-mode power supply
 Inrush current
 Varistor
 Thermistor 
 Varistor
 Temperature sensor

References

External links
Company Web
Top One Thousand Enterprises of Taiwan in 2007, surveyed by CommonWealth Magazine

Electronics companies of Taiwan
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in Taiwan
Hod Lipson. Hod Lipson (born 1967) is an Israeli - American robotics engineer. He is the director of Columbia University's Creative Machines Lab. Lipson's work focuses on evolutionary robotics, design automation, rapid prototyping, artificial life, and creating machines that can demonstrate some aspects of human creativity. His publications have been cited more than 43,000 times, and he has an h-index of 86, . Lipson is interviewed in the 2018 documentary on artificial intelligence Do You Trust This Computer?

Biography
Lipson received B.Sc. (1989) and Ph.D. (1998) degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Technion Israel Institute of Technology. Before joining the faculty of Columbia University in 2015, he was a professor at Cornell University for 14 years. Prior to Cornell, he was a postdoctoral researcher in the Computer Science Department at Brandeis University, and a lecturer at MIT's Mechanical Engineering Department.

Research
Lipson has been involved with machine learning and presented his "self-aware" robot at the 2007 TED conference.

Beginning in 2009, he and his Cornell University graduate student Michael Schmidt developed a software named Eureqa capable of deriving equations, mathematical relationships and laws of nature from sets of data: for instance, deriving Newton's second law of motion from a data set of positions and velocities of a double pendulum.  In 2011, it was reported that Eureqa had succeeded at a much more complex task: re-deriving seven equations describing how levels of various chemical compounds fluctuate in oxygen-deprived yeast cells.

In research on robotic self-awareness he advocates "self-simulation" as preliminary stage.

Lipson has been involved with teams that have created a number of machines including:
 Fab@Home fabbers—low cost "3-d printers"
 Self replicating robots—simple structures capable of reproducing themselves given the appropriate parts.
 "Self Aware Robots"—machines capable of compensating for damage that would otherwise impede movement.
 Molecubes self-reproducing robots.

References

External links
 Columbia Creative Machines Lab homepage
 
  (TED2007)
 [ Live broadcast of Hod Lipson on The Agenda with Steve Paikin discussion panel, "Robotics Revolution and the Future of Evolution"] with Cory Doctorow, Michael Belfiore, and Eliezer Yudkowsky at the Quantum to Cosmos festival.

1967 births
Living people
American roboticists
Cornell University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
People from Haifa
Researchers of artificial life
Die Luftwacht. Die Luftwacht (English: "The Air Watch" or "The Air Guard") was an air magazine covering German aircraft industry technology published in Germany from the early 20th century to around 1944. The magazine was based in Berlin. Old copies of the magazine can be found in aeronautical establishments and libraries, and are often offered for sale at auction.

Editions
During the Nazi era the magazine was renamed Deutsche Luftwacht and published in three editions with the assistance of the German Ministry of Aviation. These were "Luftwehr" (military topics), "Luftwelt" (aeronautics in the wider world) and "Luftwissen" (air knowledge or aeronautical research items). 

The main editor was Otto Hollbach, with copy supplied by the German Academy of Aviation Research and the Lilienthal Society for aeronautics research. Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and other senior Nazi military leaders were often featured. During this period the title page also featured the Nazi swastika emblem. During the Second World War, items included military activity, for example the bombing of Coventry.

References

1944 disestablishments in Germany
Aviation magazines published in Germany
Defunct magazines published in Germany
German-language magazines
Magazines with year of establishment missing
Magazines disestablished in 1944
Magazines published in Berlin
Nazi newspapers
Propaganda newspapers and magazines
P. N. Vinayachandran. P. N. Vinayachandran is a Professor of Oceanography at the Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He is the recipient of the 2008 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award.

Biography
P. N. Vinayachandran hails from the state of Kerala. He obtained his M.Sc. (Engg.) in Oceanography from the Indian Institute of Science and Doctorate in Oceanography in 1996 from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Having done Post-doctoral research in the University of Tokyo he continued in Japan to work as a Senior Researcher at the Frontier System for Global Change, JAMSTEC. In 1999, he returned to India to join as a member of Faculty at the Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru India, where he is currently a professor of oceanography.

References

External links
Homepage of P. N. Vinayachandran
 Vinayachandran's list of publications

1964 births
Living people
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
Scientists from Thrissur
Indian oceanographers
People from Thrissur district
20th-century Indian earth scientists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences
UMA Acceleration Architecture. In computing, UMA Acceleration Architecture (UXA) is the reimplementation of the EXA graphics acceleration architecture of the X.Org Server developed by Intel. Its major difference with EXA is the use of GEM, replacing Translation Table Maps. In February 2009 it became clear that UXA would not be merged back into EXA.

Intel is transitioning from UXA to SNA.

Implementations
In May 2009 it was announced that Ubuntu would migrate their graphics acceleration for the Ubuntu 9.10 release to UXA.

See also
 Direct Rendering Infrastructure
 Mesa 3D
 EGL

References

X-based libraries
Smolt (Linux). Smolt was a computer program used to gather hardware information from computers running Linux, and submit them to a central server for statistical purposes, quality assurance and support. It was initiated by Fedora, with the release of Fedora 7, and soon after it was a combined effort of various Linux projects. Information collection was voluntary (opt-in) and anonymous. Smolt did not run automatically. It requested permission before uploading new data to the Smolt server. On October 10, 2012, it was announced that smolt would be discontinued on November 1, 2013. That is now in effect. The Smolt webpage is no longer available.

The project is superseded by Hardware probe.

General
Before Smolt there was no widely accepted system for assembling Linux statistics in one place. Smolt was not the first nor the only attempt, but it is the first accepted by major Linux distributions.

Collecting this kind of data across distributions can:
 aid developers in detecting hardware that is poorly supported
 focus efforts on popular hardware
 provide workaround and fix tips
 help users to choose the best distribution for their hardware
 convince hardware vendors to support Linux

Use 
Smolt was included in:
 Fedora
 openSUSE, releases from 11.1 to 12.2; 
 RHEL and CentOS see https://web.archive.org/web/20090109010205/http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/ (retired link)
 Gentoo see https://web.archive.org/web/20090207100254/http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-admin/smolt
 MythTV see http://smolt.mythtv.org/

Smolt server 
The Smolt server stored all collected data.

See also 
 Linux Counter

References

External links 
 Smolt wiki
 Smolt retirement
 openSUSE about Smolt

Linux
Discontinued software
Internet properties disestablished in 2013
Lübeck-Travemünde F.2. The Lübeck-Travemünde F.2 was a 1910s German reconnaissance floatplane. The F.2 was an improved version of the company's earlier F.1 floatplane and was the first armed aircraft built by Flugzeugwerft Lübeck-Travemünde GmbH, a subsidiary of Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke. The F.2 was a twin-float biplane powered by a 220 hp (164 kW) Mercedes D.IV engine. With a crew of two (pilot and observer), the observer's rear cockpit was fitted with a 7.92 mm (0.31 in) Parabellum machine gun. Eleven aircraft were built.

Operators

Kaiserliche Marine

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (F.4)

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

F.2
1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Floatplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Tupolev ANT-35. The Tupolev ANT-35 was a 1930s Soviet twin-engined light transport monoplane that entered service with Aeroflot in 1937 as the Tupolev PS-35.

Development
In 1935, Andrei Tupolev ordered a design team led by Alexander Arkhangelsky to start work on a high-speed passenger aircraft based on the ANT-40 (later known as the SB) bomber which had first flown in October 1934. The new transport, the ANT-35, had a new fuselage but the aircraft's wings, tail and undercarriage were closely based on those of the ANT-40. It was a twin-engined all-metal low-wing monoplane with conventional landing gear with retractable mainwheels. The aircraft had a crew of two pilots, who sat in an enclosed flight deck, while the cabin had seats for 10 passengers. The first prototype, powered by two  Gnome-Rhone 14K radial engines, made its maiden flight on 20 August 1936. Initial testing was successful, and in November that year it was exhibited at that year's Paris Air Show.

The ANT-35's cabin, with a headroom of only , and further constricted by having the wing spars pass through it, was very cramped, and the second prototype, designated the ANT-35bis, had the fuselage height increased by , greatly improving space for the passengers, while two  Wright Cyclone G2 engines were fitted. The ANT-35bis was completed in June 1937, and the type was put into production at Factory No 22 in Moscow, with production aircraft powered by Cyclones or the Soviet licence-built derivative, the Shvetsov M-62IR, with deliveries starting in 1938. By 1939, Soviet factories had begun license-building the Douglas DC-3 airliner, which used the same engines but could carry twice the passengers over a greater range and production of the ANT-35bis was stopped in 1939, with only nine aircraft (plus the two prototypes), completed.

Operational history
The first prototype entered service with Aeroflot in July 1937, serving on the Moscow–Stockholm route and was joined by the second prototype as soon as it finished testing, with other international routes including services between Moscow and Prague. The final seven PS-35s joined the Ukrainian department of Aeroflot in 1939, operating flights from Kyiv to Moscow and Odesa. 

Several PS-35s were destroyed by German bombers shortly after Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, with the remaining aircraft joining the Kyiv Special Aviation Group, where they were employed to transport ammunition and medical supplies and for agent dropping behind the front lines. At least one PS-35 remained in use until 1944.

Variants
ANT-35
Prototype with two 597 kW (800 hp) Gnome-Rhone 14K radial engines (later replaced with M-85s)
ANT-35bis
Production variant with two 746 kW (1,000 hp) Shvetsov M-62IR engines, one prototype and nine production aircraft.

Operators
Soviet Union
Aeroflot

Specifications (ANT-35bis)

See also

References

 
 
 
  
 

1930s Soviet airliners
ANT-35
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Haas (rocket). Haas was a family of rocket space launchers developed by ARCAspace for the Google Lunar X Prize competition and for their national crewed space program.  no rocket has been launched, the planned rocket types changed significantly over time.

It was named after Conrad Haas, a rocket pioneer who lived and worked in what is now Romania, and was the first European to describe a multistage rocket in writing.

Haas 
Haas was a Romanian carrier rocket, which was developed by ARCA as part of the ELE programme. It was designed to be air-launched from a high-altitude balloon, similar to the American Rockoon experiments of the 1950s. Prior to the development of Haas, ARCA had already launched two Stabilo rockets from balloons. It was powered by hybrid rocket motor, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and bitumen as solid fuel.

The Haas rocket was to be a three-stage rocket intended to be capable of placing 400 kilograms of payload into low Earth orbit. Its maiden flight was to carry the European Lunar Explorer spacecraft, ARCA's entry into the Google Lunar X-Prize, following a series of engine tests which began in 2009.

It was abandoned when ARCA decided to stop using solar and helium balloons for their space program.

Haas 2 

Haas 2 was an orbital two-stage launcher design intended to be carried under the fuselage of the IAR 111 supersonic plane. It was planned to be powered by the new Executor liquid-fueled rocket engine under development at ARCA. Its intended launch altitude was approximately . It was intended to place a  payload into low Earth orbit.

Haas 2CA 

Haas 2CA, previously Haas 2c, was a planned flight testing platform for the Executor engine. It was an intended single-stage-to-orbit vehicle due to its lightweight fuel tanks and was originally planned for a 2018 launch.

2020 plans 
ARCAspace changed the plans of future rockets over time. As of March 2020, the company plans to develop ground-launched single-stage-to-orbit rockets which can optionally increase their payload with a booster stage (called Launch assist system, LAS). It is planned to test two stages of a small orbital rocket (LAS 25R and Haas mini) in independent flights in 2020, before the two are combined for a first orbital flight in 2021. This two-stage rocket is planned to have a payload capacity of 40 kg to low Earth orbit. A larger first stage is expected for 2022, followed by a single-stage-to-orbit rocket Haas 3 in 2023, carrying up to 500 kg of payload. Combining both, ARCAspace expects to achieve a payload capacity of 3 tonnes in 2024. This sequence would repeat with even larger rocket stages, leading to a 60 tonne payload rocket in 2027.

See also
Aerobee
Pegasus
 Comparison of orbital launchers families

References

External Pages

Air launch to orbit
ARCAspace
Sparmann S-1. 

The Sparmann S-1 was a 1930s Swedish military training monoplane, designed by Edmund Sparmann, built in small numbers for the Swedish Air Force. The S-1 was a single-seat low-wing braced-monoplane with a fixed trail-skid landing gear. It was powered by a single 130 hp (97 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine.

Operators

Swedish Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading
 
 

1930s Swedish military trainer aircraft
Altitude Radial Rocket. The Altitude Radial Rocket is an American amateur-built aircraft, produced by the Altitude Group of Overland Park, Kansas. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear or retractable tricycle landing gear and a single radial engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. The wing span and area as well as gross weight varies depending on the model. The Radial Rocket's recommended engine power range is  and the standard engine used is the  Vedeneyev M-14P four-stroke powerplant.

Operational history
, seven examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.  One Radial Rocket TD was completed in South Africa in April 2019.

Variants
Radial Rocket RG
Retractable tricycle gear model. It has a  span wing, a wing area of  and a gross weight of . Construction time from the supplied kit is 2000 hours. Two were reported flying by the end of 2011.
Radial Rocket TD
Fixed taildragger gear model. It has a  span wing, a wing area of  and a gross weight of . Construction time from the supplied kit is 1900 hours. Four were reported flying by the end of 2011.

Specifications (Radial Rocket RG)

References

External links

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Altitude Group aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
2000s United States sport aircraft
Sopwith Wallaby. The Sopwith Wallaby was a British single-engined long-range biplane built during 1919 by Sopwith Aviation Company at Kingston upon Thames.

Development
The Wallaby was designed to compete in an Australian government £10,000 prize for an England to Australia flight. It was a single-engined biplane powered by a Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engine. It had an open cockpit with two seats that could be retracted inside the enclosed cabin.

Operational history
The Wallaby registered G-EAKS departed Hounslow on 21 October 1919 for Australia. On 17 April 1920 it crashed on the island of Bali in the Dutch East Indies. It was shipped to Australia and re-built as an 8-seater transport and was used by Australian Aerial Services.

Operator

Australian Aerial Services

Specifications

See also

References

.

External links

 Contemporary technical description, with photographs and drawings, of the airplane and the planned flight from England to Australia.

1910s British airliners
Wallaby
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Terrier Orion. The Terrier Orion sounding rocket is a combination of the Terrier booster rocket with the Orion rocket used as a second stage. This spin stabilized configuration is most often used by the Goddard Space Flight Center, who operate out of the Wallops Flight Facility for sounding rocket operations. The system supports payloads ranging from , and is capable of achieving altitudes as high as , but at least , depending on payload size.

Technical details 
The Terrier Orion system is designed to be rail launched, and can be supported at most fixed and mobile launch sites. The Terrier Mk 12 Mod 1 or Mk 70 rocket used for the first stage uses an  diameter motor along with  cruciform configured tail fins. The Improved Orion motor used in the second stage is  in diameter and  long. The system typically uses spin motors and has a total weight of approximately , excluding payload.

Improved Orion 

The Improved Orion motor uses a "bi-phase propellant" system which provides it with around  of thrust during the first four seconds of motor burn. The thrust then tails off to approximately  of thrust until burnout occurs at around 25 seconds. The fins are normally configured so that the rocket will have a stabilizing spin rate of approximately four cycles per second. 

As a standalone rocket, it has a maximum flight altitude of 85 km, a liftoff thrust of 7.00 kN, a total mass of 400 kg, a core diameter of 0.35 m and a total length of 5.60 m, launching a total of 67 times with no attached Terrier rocket.

See also 
 Terrier Oriole
 Terrier Malemute

References

External links 

Sounding rockets of the United States
Acrylic rubber. Acrylic rubber, known by the chemical name alkyl acrylate copolymer (ACM) or the tradename HyTemp, is a type of rubber that has outstanding resistance to hot oil and oxidation. It belongs to specialty rubbers. It has a continuous working temperature of  and an intermittent limit of . ACM is polar and lacks unsaturation. It is resistant to ozone and has low permeability to gases.
Its disadvantage is its low resistance to moisture, acids, and bases. It should not be used in temperatures below .

It is commonly used in automotive transmissions and hoses. It is also used in shaft seals, adhesives, beltings, gaskets and O-rings. It is used in vibration damping mounts due to the damping properties.

See also
Copolymer

References

Rubber
Elastomers