omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dr5 chrome. dr5, or dr5 Chrome, is a reversal black and white process, through which most kinds of black-and-white negative films produce transparencies (slides). The dr5 process is a chemical reversal process, rather than the standard, light-based reversal for black and white transparency (slide). It was developed by photographer and photographic chemist David Wood.

History 

The "dr5 process" is the fifth incarnation of the process, derived by experimentation by Wood from 1989 through 1991. Though reversal film processing was well known throughout photographic history, the dr5 process is proprietary. Privately performing the process alone until 1998, Wood afterward briefly teamed with A&I Color Lab in Los Angeles CA, via their affiliate lab AIM.

The dr5 process won best new product in 1999 at the '99 Photo Expo-Plus Expo Review.

In August 2001, Wood opened an independent lab, that used a processor made for dr5 specifications by Tecnolab in Italy.

References

External links
B&W Slides from Tri-X? You Betcha!, B&H review by Allan Weitz
David Wood, DR5 Processing , Rewind Photo in Australia, Community board
Film Shooters Collective review by Mark Schlocker
An Interview with Jason Lee about dr5, AllFormat Collective
A Traditional Photographer Merges Film and Digital Techniques: The Art and Craft of Richard Lohmann. Steve Bedell, Shutterbug, February 2006. Profile of photographer Richard Lohmann, Photographic Professor at San Mateo, CA using dr5.
dr5 Labs: Renewing The Black And White Lease. George Schaub, Shutterbug, February 2005.
'Doctor' Wood's Amazing .dr5 Black and White Transparencies. Joseph Van Os Photo Safaris, 2008.
dr5 / negative development grain comparisons

Photographic film processes
Black-and-white media
Reactivity. Reactivity may refer to:

 Reactivity (chemistry), the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction
 Reactive programming, a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataflow network
 Reactivity (psychology)
 Reactivity (electronics)
 Reactivity in nuclear reactions measures the nuclear chain reaction rate in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons

See also

 Reactive (disambiguation)
 Reactance (disambiguation)
Watershed Park. Watershed Park is a 153-acre temperate rain forest public park located in Olympia, Washington that supplied almost all the city's water from privately established wells in the late 1800s. The city acquired and operated the wells starting in 1917 until the 1950s when the municipal water source was replaced. In 1955 the forest was to be logged and the land sold but strong local opposition resulted in an ordinance preserving the area as a city park. Throughout, remnants of the waterworks are visible from the park trails.

History 
The park takes its name from the watershed of Moxlie Creek. Water wells for the city of Olympia were first created in the area now comprising Watershed Park in the late 19th century. Influential Western Washington businessman Henry Clay Heermans bought the entire waterworks in 1909, and sold it to the City of Olympia in 1917. After operating the wells into the 1950s, the city planned to log the area and sell the property, leading to a Washington Supreme Court battle that led to the area's preservation, with a city ordinance protecting the area presently. Local environmental activist Margaret McKenny is recognized as the impetus for establishing the park as a protected place.

Features 
The Moxlie Creek Springs Basin, one of the largest spring basins in the region, is situated in the center of the park, which is completely forested by a temperate rain forest. Skunk cabbage and salmon berries grow alongside Moxlie Creek, which weaves throughout the area. The creek is fed by groundwater and surface water runoff. Chinook, coho salmon and coastal cutthroat trout live in the creek. There are big leaf maple, douglas fir, red alder and incense cedar throughout the park, along with huckleberry, Oregon grape, licorice and sword ferns, and devil's club. The one and a half-mile long, G. Eldon Marshall trail encircles much of the park. Evidence of the former waterworks in the form of pipes is scattered throughout the park, as well.

A future expansion of the paved Karen Fraser Woodland Trail will extend the trail to run along the northwestern edge of the park, creating a connection with Tumwater Falls Park. This expansion will connect with Watershed's hiking trails.

Environmental Concerns 
The park has suffered from gypsy moth infestations.

See also 
 History of Olympia, Washington

References 

History of Olympia, Washington
Parks in Olympia, Washington
William Henry Ward. William Henry Ward was an American inventor. He was, on April 30, 1872, granted a US patent for "Improvement for collecting electricity for telegraphing" (). He theorized that an "electrical layer in the atmosphere" could carry signals like a telegraph wire, and thus is sometimes listed among supposed inventors of radio.

See also
 Mahlon Loomis

External links
http://www.npr.org/euonline/members/feature/inventors/references.htm
Fakes, Frauds, and Cranks (1866-1922) (earlyradiohistory.us)

American inventors
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
MINUIT. MINUIT, now MINUIT2, is a numerical minimization software library developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It provides several algorithms that search for parameter values that minimize a user-defined function, and compute confidence intervals for the parameters by scanning the function near the minimum.

The software was originally developed in the FORTRAN programming language by staff physicist Fred James in the 1970s, and maintained until 1996 (version 96.03). As part of the ROOT project, the software was ported using the C++ language, and renamed MINUIT2. 

The software provides five minimization algorithms, that can be selected by simple input commands to the program. The recommended default algorithm MIGRAD is described as "a variable-metric method with inexact line search, a stable metric updating scheme, and checks for positive-definiteness". 

The program is widely used in particle physics and thousands of published papers cite use of MINUIT. In the early 2000s, Fred James started a project to implement MINUIT in C++ using object-oriented programming. MINUIT2 is an optional package in the ROOT release.  the latest version is 5.34.14, released on 24 January 2014. A Java port was developed, and a Python frontend to the C++ code is available.

References

External links
 F. James and M. Roos, Minuit: A System for Function Minimization and Analysis of the Parameter Errors and Correlations, Comput.Phys.Commun. 10 (1975) 343-367

Fortran software
Numerical software
Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) is an award and fellowship for engineers who are recognised by the Royal Academy of Engineering as being the best and brightest engineers, inventors and technologists in the UK and from around the world to promote excellence in engineering and to enhance and support engineering research, policy formation, education and entrepreneurship and other activities that advance and enrich engineering in all its forms.

Fellowship is a significant honour. Up to 60 engineers are elected each year by their peers. Honorary and International Fellows are those who have made exceptional contributions to engineering.

The criteria for election are stated in the charter, statutes, and regulations document. The essential attributes of excellence in engineering 
include:

 Organisation and department leaders: those with full responsibility on technical decisions, those who have demonstrated significant personal engineering achievements
 Top Engineers, academics or researchers: whose work have resulted in new products, important processes or practices, those who have made outstanding contributions to major projects.

Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FREng; prior to the royal charter in 1983, FEng was used.

See :Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering for examples of fellows  and :Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering for examples of honorary fellows, who use the post-nominal HonFREng.

See also
 List of female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
 List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering

References

Royal Academy of Engineering
British awards
Royal Academy of Engineering
Sodium hexafluorophosphate. Sodium hexafluorophosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaPF6.

It has been used as a component of a non-aqueous electrolyte in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. NaPF6 can be prepared by the reaction:

PCl5 + NaCl + 6 HF → NaPF6 + 6 HCl

Further reading

References

Sodium compounds
Hexafluorophosphates
Dargans Deviation. The Dargans Deviation was a section of the original Main Western railway line over the Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia. It was constructed from 1896 to 1897 in an effort to ease the grades of the original alignment (1 in 33) from before Newnes Junction to Clarence, with a ruling grade of 1 in 60. Along with a few crossing loops, it enabled much longer trains to use the line. After the construction of the Ten Tunnels Deviation, it was abandoned.

History
The deviation started construction around July 1896 due to a sudden rise in traffic along the Western Line. It was longer than the original alignment, but it eased the grades to 1 in 60 and stretched three miles from Newnes Junction to Clarence. During construction, when the line rejoined the original alignment at Clarence, a number of changes had to be made. The original up platform was removed, and a new platform was erected a few hundred meters west. This platform is currently used by the Zig Zag Railway as a terminus. The platform on the loop was also removed. The construction was initially planned to take six months but due to a number of delays, including one incident where among other things a charge exploded prematurely, the line wasn't officially opened until April 1897.

Zig Zag Railway
The Zig Zag Railway has aspirations to extend the railway from Clarence to Newnes Junction, using the Dargans Deviation.

Further reading

References

Rail infrastructure in New South Wales
Main Western railway line, New South Wales
1897 establishments in Australia
PM2 (disambiguation). PM2 may refer to:

Parallel Multithreaded Machine, a software for parallel networking of computers
PM2 (software), a software for Node.js process management
Power management 2 mode, a SATA hard disk configuration which prevents automatic spinup when power is applied
 PM² (PM squared), a project management methodology developed by the European Commission
Paper Mario 2, a 2004 GameCube game
Paper Mario 2 (remake), 2024 remake released for the Nintendo Switch
 Pindad PM2, an Indonesian submachine gun
Wingnut (hardware). A wingnut, wing nut or butterfly nut is a type of nut with two large metal "wings", one on each side, so it can be easily tightened and loosened by hand without tools.

A similar fastener with a male thread is known as a wing screw or a wing bolt.

Types
ASME B18.6.9 classifies wing nuts first by manufacturing method and then by style.
 Type A are cold forged or cold formed produced in regular, light and heavy dimensional series.
 Type B are hot forged solid nuts available in three different wing styles.
 Type C are die cast nuts available in three wing styles with variances between regular and heavy dimensional series
 Type D are stamped sheet metal nuts available in three wing styles.

Usage

Bicycles

Before the development of quick release skewers, bicycle wheels were held in place with wingnuts.

Drum hardware

In a drum kit wingnuts and wingbolts are used extensively.
 For securing a suspended cymbal on the mounting bolt of a cymbal stand.
 For securing an adjustment on a stand.
 In connection with memory.

In drum hardware, memory refers to any system that preserves the adjustment of a stand, boom or bracket when the kit is disassembled.

Most commonly this takes the form of a collar on a tube, fixed in place by a screw operated by a drum key. This collar mates with a fitting that receives the tube and secures it by means of a wingnut or wingbolt. When the stand is disassembled, only the wingnut or wingbolt needs to be loosened, and the collar remains in place, allowing the stand to be easily reassembled in exactly the same adjustment. When the stand needs to be adjusted, the collar is first loosened by means of a drum key.

Seltzer bottle
The device that surrounds a CO2 cartridge in a seltzer bottle is also a wingnut.  Twisting the wingnut completes a seal around the cartridge neck; twisting a bit more causes a pin to pierce the cartridge and let the gas into the bottle.

See also
 Mechanical joint
 Thumbscrew (fastener)

References

External links 
 

Nuts (hardware)
Arsenic triiodide. Arsenic triiodide is the inorganic compound with the formula AsI3. It is an orange to dark red solid that readily sublimes. It is a pyramidal molecule that is useful for preparing organoarsenic compounds.

Preparation
It is prepared by a reaction of arsenic trichloride and potassium iodide:
AsCl3  + 3KI   →   AsI3  +  3 KCl

Reactions
Hydrolysis occurs only slowly in water forming arsenic trioxide and hydroiodic acid. The reaction proceeds via formation of arsenous acid which exists in equilibrium with hydroiodic acid. The aqueous solution is highly acidic, pH of 0.1N solution is 1.1. It decomposes to arsenic trioxide, elemental arsenic and iodine when heated in air at 200 °C. The decomposition, however, commences at 100 °C and occurs with the liberation of iodine.

Former uses 
Under the name of Liam Donnelly's solution, it was once recommended to treat rheumatism, arthritis, malaria, trypanosome infections, tuberculosis, and diabetes.

References

Arsenic(III) compounds
Arsenic halides
Iodides
Disulfur dinitride. Disulfur dinitride is the chemical compound with the formula .

Preparation and reactions
Passing gaseous  over silver metal wool at 250–300 °C at low pressure (1 mmHg) yields cyclic . The silver reacts with the sulfur produced by the thermal decomposition of the  to form , and the resulting  catalyzes the conversion of the remaining  into the four-membered ring ,

An alternative uses the less explosive .

 decomposes explosively above 30°C, and is shock sensitive. It readily sublimes, and is soluble in diethyl ether. Traces of water cause it to polymerize into . In the solid state it spontaneously polymerizes forming . It forms adducts with Lewis acids via a nitrogen atom, e.g. , , , .

Structure and bonding
The  molecule is a four-membered ring, with alternating S and N atoms. The  molecule is a resonance hybrid of many contributing structures. In one of those structures, one S atom has valence 4 and the other S atom has valence 2, and both N atoms has valence 3. In the other structure both S atoms have valence 2 and both N atoms has valence 3, and one of the S atoms has a charge of +1, and one of the N atoms has a charge of −1. The molecule is almost square and planar. The S–N bond lengths are 165.1 pm and 165.7 pm and the bond angles are very close to 90°. The  molecule is isoelectronic with the cyclic  dication and has 6π electrons. The bonding has been investigated using a spin-coupled valence bond method  and is described as having four framework sigma bonds, with the N atoms bearing a high negative charge and the S atoms a corresponding positive charge. Two π electrons from the sulfur atoms are coupled across the ring making the molecule overall a singlet diradical.

See also
 Sulfur nitride
 Tetrasulfur tetranitride
 Polythiazyl
 Square planar molecular geometry

References

Nitrides
Four-membered rings
Sulfur–nitrogen compounds
Explosive chemicals
Le Gardeur Bridge. The Le Gardeur Bridge is a beam bridge that connects the east end of the island of Montreal, in Pointe-aux-Trembles, to Repentigny.

The bridge has two sections across the Rivière des Prairies, which are separated by Île Bourdon. The length of the structures is  (west) and  (east).

Built in 1939, the bridge underwent a major reconstruction in 2001 as well as the addition of a reserved lane for the Metrobus on the eastern structure. The work included the demolition, reconstruction and widening of the bridge deck, which included the new transit lane, and its approaches as well as the rehabilitation of the 24 pillars. The Ministry of Transport also made emergency repairs in 1999 to solidify the structure, and frequent inspections were made between 1999 and the reconstruction of the bridge, which was estimated at over $26 million.

The bridge is part of Quebec Route 138, which runs from the Canada–United States border southwest of Huntingdon to the Côte-Nord region via Trois-Rivières and Quebec City. It is one of only two river crossings at the eastern tip of Montreal to the Lanaudière region (Repentigny, Charlemagne and Lavaltrie areas), the other being the Charles de Gaulle Bridge on Quebec Autoroute 40. This section of Route 138 is named Notre-Dame Street, and the eastern end of the bridge also marks the start of the Chemin du Roy, a portion of Route 138 that follows the historic road to Quebec City.

Each day, approximatively 20,000 vehicles use the bridge, which is an alternative route to the more congested Charles de Gaulle Bridge during rush hours. The road has two lanes of traffic in each direction, together with sidewalks and a bicycle lane/path. On both sides of the bridge, it is known as Rue Notre-Dame but immediately after crossing the bridge, westbound Route 138 turns into Sherbrooke Street via a new roundabout through most of the eastern half of the island, including Downtown Montreal.

A railway bridge used for Via Rail train service is just west of Pierre Le Gardeur Bridge.

The bridge is named after Pierre Legardeur (1600–1648), a New France general and the first lord of Repentigny.

See also
 List of bridges in Canada
 List of bridges spanning the Rivière des Prairies
 List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies

References

Bridges completed in 1939
Bridges in Montreal
Girder bridges in Canada
Rivière des Prairies
Buildings and structures in Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles
Road bridges in Quebec
Transport in Repentigny, Quebec
Beam bridges in Canada
Butyltin trichloride. Monobutyltin trichloride, also known as MBTC, is an organotin compound. It is a colorless oil that is soluble in organic solvents.  Relative to other organotin compounds, MBTC is obscure and not widely used.

Applications

Glass coating
Monobutyltin trichloride has been examined as a precursor to tin dioxide coatings on glass.  Such coatings, especially when doped, are low-emissivity and transparent to visible light, reflect infrared light, and provide a high conductance and a low sheet resistance.

For example, MBTC is used in the manufacturing process of glass containers such as those used for beers, spirits, and juices.  These glass-making processes heat raw materials (sand, soda-ash, limestone, and recycled glass) to produce molten glass.  The molten glob is cut into smaller pieces of uniform size, and are then pressed in a mold.  MBTC is applied on the external surface of these containers, and then, the glass is annealed and coated with polyethylene.

MBTC is a commonly used organotin compound for on-line chemical vapor deposition because it readily decomposes at or close to the hot glass surface.  The tin dioxide coatings formed are transparent to visible light, reflect infrared light, and are highly conductive.  If these coatings are doped with fluorine from a source like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the coating will also have a lowered emissivity.

PVC stabilizer
Monobutyltin trichloride is used as a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizer.  PVC is used in mass production for various objects.  One such object is a PVC based container for various wines and brandies (especially those produced in Canada).  Consequently, the MBTC leaches into the wine along with other organotin compounds (some of which are used as wood preservatives for the wine barrels).  These compounds are toxic to the human body, and the amount of organotin compounds, especially MBTC, have been the subject of a lot of food-safety based research.

Another object PVC is used in is pipe production.  Since these pipes are used to carry drinking water, the MBTC is leaching into the drinking water supply.

Safety
Monobutyltin trichloride releases corrosive hydrogen chloride upon hydrolysis. Unlike some organotin compounds, it has relatively low toxicity.

See also
chemical vapor deposition
physical vapor deposition
tetramethyltin

References

Organotin compounds
Tin(IV) compounds
Butyl compounds
HSG Sungdong. Sungdong Group (성동조선), now HSG Sungdong, is a South Korean shipbuilding company with four operating units. The company was established in 2001 by Jung Hong Jun, originally a welding specialist who obtained more than 80 patents personally. Sungdong Shipyard was initially commenced its shipbuilding business as ship block manufacturing company to Samsung Heavy Industry. After the big success of block builder, Mr. Jung Hong Jun, Founder, introduced Gripper Translift System to shipbuilding technology, and this technology enables the shipbuilding without dry-dock building. Its first order was 8 units of 93,000 DWT Bulk Carrier from Greek Shipping Company, Marmaras Navigation in August 2004. After its first delivery in January 2007, Sungdong has delivered more than 250 vessels without dry-dock until 2018. Considering the Drydocking system taking the 24 hours to launching the ship, Gripper Translift System takes only 4 hours for launching the vessel.

In 2006, Sungdong Shipbuilding joined the global list of the top 20 shipyards, by opening their own shipbuilding facility.

In April 2018, Sungdong entered court receivership. In 2019, the company entered an agreement to be acquired by HSG Heavy Industries, with a shift from shipbuilding to hull block assembly at the facility. In March 2020, according to the company's SEC filing, a consortium of investors led by HSG Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. and Curious Partners Investment, which formed the HSG-Curious Consortium, acquired Sungdong Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering for 200 billion won ($US170 million). In April 2020, the yard became HSG Sungdong Shipbuilding.

In 2023, HSG Sungdong won a contract from Danish utility Ørsted to supply it with offshore wind power substructures for its planned power complex in Changhua, Taiwan.

References

External links

Shipbuilding companies of South Korea
Companies established in 2001
South Korean brands
Technology for Autonomous Operational Survivability. Technology for Autonomous Operational Survivability (TAOS) (also known as Space Test Experiment Platform 0 (STEP 0) and USA101) was a satellite developed by the US Air Force's Phillips Laboratory (now part of the Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate) to test technology for autonomous operation of spacecraft.

The TAOS mission was operated by heritage Space Test and Development Wing and the 1st Space Operations Squadron.

References 

Spacecraft launched in 1994
Satellites of the United States Air Force
Comparison of domestic robots. Domestic robots can vary widely in their capabilities and tasks. Sensors include: cliff or stair sensors, motion sensors, ultrasonic object sensors, dirt sensors, IR sensors, and more. Intelligence varies also. Some have none while others can map out their environment and maneuver using complex algorithms.

See also

 Adaptable robotics
 Android
 Artificial intelligence
 Autonomous robot
 Disability robot
 Floor plans and house navigation system
 Gerontotechnology
 Home automation
 Home automation for the elderly and disabled
 Humanoid robot
 List of vacuum cleaners
 Mobile robot
 Personal Robot
 RoboSapien
 Robot kit
 Robotic arm
 Robotic mapping
 Robotics suite
 Service robot

References

 Comparison
Home automation
Technological comparisons