omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Michael Dickinson (biologist). Michael H. Dickinson (born 1963) is an American fly bioengineer and neuroscientist, and Zarem Professor of Biology and Bioengineering at the California Institute of Technology. He studies Drosophila flight control systems and sensory processing and was dubbed the Fly Guy by The Scientist.

Early life and education
Dickinson was born in Seaford, Delaware, in 1963 but grew up in Baltimore before moving to Philadelphia. He graduated from Brown University with a B.S. in 1984, and from University of Washington with a Ph.D. in 1989. He did his postdoctoral work with Karl Georg Götz at the University of Tübingen.

Career and Research
He was an assistant professor at the University of Chicago in 1991, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1996. He was at California Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2011 before moving to the University of Washington for 2010 to 2014. He is now back at Caltech.

He is a Monitoring Editor at the Journal of Experimental Biology. He was a course director of the Neural Systems and Behavior course at the Marine Biological Laboratory.

Awards
 1990 Larry Sandler Memorial Award 
 2001 MacArthur Fellows Program
 2008 American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Sources
"Micro Warfare", Popular Mechanics, Feb 2001
"Flyorama", Popular Science, Dec 2002

References

External links
"Focusing on Fruit Flies, Curiosity Takes Flight", New York Times
"Flies In Danger Escape With Safety Dance", NPR, Joe Palca
"Fly Flight Simulators", ScienCentral
"Michael H. Dickson", Scientific Commons
"How a fly flies" (TED conference)

1963 births
American bioengineers
Brown University alumni
University of Washington alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Cosmetotextile. Cosmetotextiles or cosmetic textiles merge cosmetics and textiles through the process of micro-encapsulation. According to the Bureau de Normalisation des Industries Textiles et de l'Habillement (BNITH), “a cosmetotextile is a textile consumer article containing durably a cosmetic product which is released over time.”  Cosmetic textiles currently offered on the market claim to be moisturizing, perfumed (through cyclodextrins), cellulite reducing and body slimming.

Cosmetotextiles are impregnated with a finish composed of solid microcapsules, each holding a specific amount of cosmetic substance meant to be released totally and instantly on the human body. Cosmetotextiles currently offered on the market claim to be moisturising, perfumed, cellulite reducing or body slimming.

The release pattern of the microcapsules on cosmetotextiles is triggered by an impact, most likely friction or pressure between the body and fabric, breaking the capsules into fragments and liberating the cosmetic properties. The release can also be triggered by sweat, temperature, and rubbing.

Recent studies have started to question the nature of the microcapsules’ shells and their toxicity impact or possible allergy reactions on humans. Because shell residues and excessive irregular amounts of substance are left on the skin surface after liberation, micro-encapsulation is more and more preferred for applications that are not in direct contact with human body, while the dermotextile technology, using natural based micro-particles as cosmetic carriers instead of microcapsules, is slowly taking over the skincare field.

Nevertheless, micro-encapsulation is still widely used in the smart textiles area and offers optimal results when applied to diffuse a substance in the environment like perfume or to act as a protective barrier against external elements.

References

Textiles
Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate is  the lithium salt of the weakly coordinating anion (B(C6F5)4)−.  Because of its weakly coordinating abilities, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate makes it commercially valuable in the salt form in the catalyst composition for olefin polymerization reactions and in electrochemistry. It is a water-soluble compound. Its anion is closely related to the non-coordinating anion known as BARF. The tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borates have the advantage of operating on a one-to-one stoichiometric basis with Group IV transition metal polyolefin catalysts, unlike methylaluminoxane (MAO) which may be used in large excess.

Structure and properties
The anion is tetrahedral with B-C bond lengths of approximately 1.65 Angstroms. The salt has only been obtained as the etherate, and the crystallography confirms that four ether (OEt2) molecules are bound to the lithium cation, with Li-O bond lengths of approximately 1.95 Å.  The [Li(OEt2)4]+ complex is tetrahedral.

Preparation
The salt was first produced in studies on tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, a well known Lewis acidic compound.  Combining equimolar ether solutions of pentafluorophenyllithium and tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron gives the lithium salt of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, which precipitates the etherate as a white solid:

(C6F5)3B + Li(C6F5)  → [Li(OEt2)3][B(C6F5)4]

Since its discovery, many revised syntheses have been described.

Reactions
Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate is primarily used to prepare cationic transition metal complexes:
LiB(C6F5)4)  +  MLnCl  →   LiCl  +  [MLn]B(C6F5)4

LiB(C6F5)4 is converted to the trityl reagent [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], which is useful activator of Lewis-acid catalysts.

Safety
Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate will deflagrate on melting (ca. 265 °C) giving thick black smoke, even under nitrogen. The mechanism is unknown. Metal tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borates of K and Na decompose vigorously as well.

See also
 Tetraphenylborate

References

Lithium salts
Organoboron compounds
Pentafluorophenyl compounds
Perfluorinated compounds
Catalysts
Dermotextile. Dermotextile is a natural and visual alternative to cosmetotextile in merging selected skincare active ingredients to different types of support like textiles. With the dermotextile technology, textiles are printed with a continuous controlled release system composed of bio-based microparticles carrying dispersed skincare actives intended for cosmetic, therapeutic, pharmaceutical or medical use. The continuous release system imprinted creates a visual pattern that, with use, will slowly disappear, communicating the efficacy of the transfer onto the skin.

Natural body movements, surface’s Ph, temperature or humidity can serve as trigger elements  to liberate the skincare actives confined into the microparticles. As they slowly dissolve in reaction to the organism’s needs, the content is released homogeneously and in the required quantity on the body’s surface. The biomimetic ingredients forming the microparticles promotes an efficient absorption of the active ingredients by the skin.

Developed to clean, protect, preserve or modify the external aspect of the human body like skin or hair, dermotextiles confer a uniform and deep penetration into the tissues’ surface, leaving no residues.

References

Textiles
Sorrell Hiperbipe. The Sorrell SNS-7 Hiperbipe is a two-seat, negative stagger, conventional landing gear-equipped cabin biplane designed for amateur construction that was produced in kit form by Sorrell Aviation of Tenino, Washington and since 2015 by Thunderbird Aviation.

Design and development
The SNS-7 (Sorrell Negative Stagger, Model 7) was intended to give full unlimited aerobatic performance without sacrificing the comforts of a cabin-style aircraft.

The Sorrell family originated from the state of Oregon, which was the last state to ban homebuilt aircraft. Hobie Sorrell petitioned congress for experimental aircraft regulations, and his son Tim designed the Hiperbipe in a series of family designed homebuilt aircraft. The design is of mixed construction. The fuselage, tail, engine mount, landing gear mounts, interplane struts and flight controls are all built from welded 4130 steel. The wings are made from wood, with wooden stressed skin. The landing gear is sprung steel tube. The engine cowling and wheel pants are fibreglass. The whole airframe is covered in doped aircraft fabric, including the plywood-covered wings. The airfoil is a custom symmetrical design.

The SNS-7 is capable of advanced aerobatics, including vertical eight point rolls and inside and outside vertical eights.

The tooling and manufacturing rights were acquired by Thunderbird Aviation in 2015, who began making parts and basic kits.

Operational history
In April 2010 there were 22 Hiperbipes registered in the United States, two in Canada, and one in the United Kingdom.

Specifications (SNS-7)

See also

References

External links

Photo of the sole UK Hiperbipe on Airliners.net

Biplanes with negative stagger
Homebuilt aircraft
Hiperbipe
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
1970s United States sport aircraft
Allyl acetate. Allyl acetate is an organic compound with formula C3H5OC(O)CH3.  This colourless liquid is a precursor to especially allyl alcohol, which is a useful industrial intermediate.  It is the acetate ester of allyl alcohol.

Preparation
Allyl acetate is produced industrially by the gas phase reaction of propene in the presence of acetic acid using a palladium catalyst:

C3H6 + CH3COOH + ½ O2 → CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O

This method is advantageous because propene is inexpensive and a green chemical. Allyl alcohol is also produced primarily from allyl chloride, but production via the hydrolysis of allyl acetate route avoids the use of chlorine, and so is increasing in use.

Vinyl acetate is produced similarly, using ethylene in place of propene.  These reactions are examples of acetoxylation. The palladium center is then re-oxidized by the O2 present.  The mechanism for the acetoxylation follows a similar pathway, with propene forming a π-allyl bond on the palladium.

Reactions and applications
Allyl acetate can be hydrolyzed to allyl alcohol:
CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O → CH2=CHCH2OH + CH3COOH
Allyl alcohol is a precursor for some specialty polymers, mainly for drying oils.  Allyl alcohol is also a precursor to synthetic glycerol.  Epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide produces glycidol, which undergoes hydrolysis to glycerol.  
CH2=CHCH2OH + HOOH → CH2OCHCH2OH + H2O
CH2OCHCH2OH + H2O → C3H5(OH)3

Synthetic glycerol tends to be used in cosmetics and toiletries whereas glycerol from the hydrolysis of fats is used in food.

Substitution reactions
Substitution of the acetate group in allyl acetate using hydrogen chloride yields allyl chloride. Reaction with hydrogen cyanide over copper catalyst yields allyl cyanide.
CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + HCl → CH2=CHCH2Cl + CH3COOH
CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + HCN → CH2=CHCH2CN + CH3COOH

Allyl chloride is generally produced directly by the chlorination of propene.

References

Acetate esters
Allyl compounds
Roos Instruments. Roos Instruments is a company based in Santa Clara, CA that designs and manufactures Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) for the semiconductor industry. Founded in 1989 from a DARPA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant, the company specializes in mixed-signal, microwave and millimeter wave test of precision consumer and industrial-grade integrated circuits.

Products

RI7100A - Introduced in 1989, the RI7100 offered the industry's first, RF ATE solution designed for test applications up to 24 GHz. Still in use today, the RI7100 tests analog and RF ICs such as low noise amplifiers, mixers, tuners, and transceiver subsystems for consumer products and military applications.

CASSINI - Introduced in 2005, the Cassini ATE platform offers a completely redesigned architecture with modular instruments, a configurable test head, and an integrated device interface environment. Cassini test systems provide the ATE industry's widest measurement range, spanning from DC and high-speed digital to over 110 GHz. The configurable instrument architecture combined with a unique graphical programming environment enables flexible application design and expansion, rapid test development, and high-performance measurement capability.

Standards
SEMI Standards Implemented:
 SEMI S2-0709 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Guideline for Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
 SEMI E122-0703 - Standard for Tester Equipment Specific Equipment Model (TSEM)
 SEMI E183 - Specification for Rich Interactive Test Database (RITdb) 

CAST Participant

References

External links 
 roos.com - Corporate Website

Automatic test equipment
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
SuperDot. SuperDot was the electronic system used by the New York Stock Exchange to route market orders and limit orders from investors or their agents to a specialist located on the floor of the exchange. SuperDot was the upgraded form of the previous electronic system used to route orders, known as the Designated Order Turnaround (DOT) system. Since 1976, most of the orders in NYSE had been transmitting electronically to specialists screens over the DOT or via the upgraded SuperDot. In 2009, SuperDOT was replaced by the new NYSE Super Display Book system (SDBK) for processing orders. In 2012, Display Book was replaced by Universal Trading Platform (UTP).

The user, either an investor or a broker, used to enter the order into the system, which immediately reached the specialist to be executed. The users received a confirmation report of the transaction in real time, once the order was executed. Most individual investors never had direct access to the SuperDot system. However, they indirectly utilized the system through software or online services offered by brokerages that in turn placed the client orders into the SuperDot.

See also
 Electronic communication network
 Electronic trading

References

External links
 Investopedia Definition

New York Stock Exchange
Former electronic trading platforms
Rustavi Steel. Rustavi Steel LLC is a Georgian company that was established in 2011 to acquire the assets of the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. The Rustavi Metallurgical Plant industrial enterprise is situated 30 kilometres to the south of Georgia's capital, Tbilisi.

The Rustavi Metallurgical Plant was founded in 1948 as a metallurgical complex in the South Caucasus and produced various products made of pig iron, aluminium or iron. The plant produced seamless pipes for the needs of oil fields in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. The plant exports to the European Union, the United States, Middle Eastern, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey markets.

The plant manufactures reinforcing bars, seamless pipes, square billets, pig-iron castings, mechanical parts, shaped castings, granulated slag, silicon-manganese, lime and limestone.

Ownership
The Rustavi Metallurgical Plant was acquired by Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili via auction in 2005 for $35.5 million and was managed by Badri Patarkatsishvili with the assistance of his employee and distant relative, Joseph Kay. Following Badri's death in February 2008, Kay attempted to misappropriate various assets that belonged to Badri's widow, Inna Gudavadze and her family, including the Rustavi Steel plant, using a falsified will.

Under the government of Mikheil Saakashvili, Kay was able to obtain a judgement at the Tbilisi court that prevented the Patarkatsishvili family from taking control of Badri's Georgian assets, including Rustavi. In December 2008, Inna Gudavadze launched an international arbitration claim against the Georgian government, seeking the return of Rustavi and other assets, including the TV station Imedi, that had been seized by the government.

In July 2011, the Patarkatsishvili family reached a settlement with the government that saw the return of Rustavi to the family. Rustavi was subsequently sold, and it is now managed by Hunnewell Partners.

References

External links 
 Rustavi Steel website

Steel companies of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Manufacturing companies of Georgia (country)
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
1940s establishments in Georgia (country)
1948 establishments in the Soviet Union
Rustavi
Brands of Georgia (country)
Peel-Raam Line. The Peel-Raam Line (Dutch: Peel-Raamstelling) was a Dutch defence line built in 1939 and attacked and conquered on 10 May 1940 by the German forces.

The defence line was behind the Maas Line (about 9 km to 21 km away) and started at Grave, where a barrack complex was built as part of the Peel-Raam line. From there, the line passed by Mill, Peel along the Zuid-Willemsvaart until the Belgium border nearby Weert. In the north, the defence line was connected to the Grebbe Line. The line could profit from the natural protection of the swamps, rivers and canals in the area. In the north, an artificial barrier was made, the Defensiekanaal, which was a canal. The line was made of casemates (200 m apart) and barbwire obstructions. The railway bridge on the Defensiekanaal near Mill, also had a spargel-obstruction (precursor of the Rommelspargel which the German Army used from 1943 onwards). On the first day of the German invasion, 10 May 1940, a German train crashed into this spargel-obstruction.

There were not many communication lines between the casemates and the main force of the infantry was far behind the line of casemates.

The Dutch would like to have connected their defence line with the one along the Albert Canal, in Belgium, but the Belgian army wanted a new defence line (the Orange Line (Dutch Oranjelinie) along the line Tilburg-Waalwijk and the Bergsche Maas. That meant the line was vulnerable, and the enemy could go around the line to cross into Belgian soil.

The Peel-Raam Line is, for most part, intact; particularly the northern part. The stretch between Griendtsveen and De Peel Air Base and the spot nearby Mill features several visible remains. The fortifications and the casemates in the municipalities of Deurne, Venray and Mill en Sint Hubert are protected as national monuments.

See also
Defense Line of Amsterdam
Dutch Water Line
Grebbe Line
IJssel Line
Defense lines of the Netherlands

References

articles on TracesOfWar.com by Wilco Vermeer, copyright STIWOT
article on waroverholland.com copyright Stichting de Greb / Stichting Kennispunt Mei 1940''

Military history of the Netherlands
World War II defensive lines
World War II sites in the Netherlands
History of Limburg (Netherlands)
History of North Brabant
Georgios N. Yannakakis. Georgios N. Yannakakis is Director and Professor at the Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta and Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Games. He is one of the leading researchers within player affective modelling and adaptive content generation for games. He is considered one of the most accomplished experts at the intersection of games and AI.

Career 
Yannakakis received his Diploma in Production Engineering from the Technical University of Crete, Greece, and in 2006 his PhD from the Department of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK. He was an Assistant and then Associate Professor at the IT University of Copenhagen from 2007 to 2012, and from 2012 he has been an Associate Professor and then a Full Professor at the University of Malta.

Research
Yannakakis has pioneered the use of preference learning algorithms in combination with player questionnaires to create statistical models of player's experiences when playing computer games.

Additionally, Yannakakis has made significant contributions to procedural content generation in games, in particular the Search-based Procedural Content Generation and Experience-driven Procedural Content Generation frameworks. In Search-based Procedural Content Generation, evolutionary algorithms are used to create content through search in content space. In Experience-driven Procedural Content Generation, a model of player experience is used as an objective function to create game content that is adapted to the player's preference and/or behavior.

Another area which Yannakakis has contributed to is computational creativity. In particular, he has co-invented the DeLeNoX algorithm for automatic transformational creativity through combining deep learning with novelty search, and the surprise search algorithm, which is an algorithm related to novelty search but based on a model of the psychological notion of surprise. Some of his research on computational creativity has also focused on how to create content across multiple facets of games.

Yannakakis' research has attracted attention from Danish newspapers and TV. It has also attracted attention from games press such as Kotaku.

In 2018, Yannakakis (together with Julian Togelius) co-authored a textbook on artificial intelligence and games, simply called Artificial Intelligence and Games and published by Springer Nature. Together with Togelius, he also organized a summer school on the topics of the book. He has also co-edited a book on Emotion in Games.

References

External links
 Georgios N. Yannakakis' homepage

Living people
Video game researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of the University of Malta
Maltese academics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Windglider. For the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, the Olympic board choice was between the original Windsurfer One Design manufactured by Hoyle Schweitzer and the Windglider designed by Fred Ostermann and made in Europe by Dufour. The Windglider was chosen late in 1983 based on it being more 'one design' as the Windsurfer was made of polyethylene and its rocker could be easily changed with heat and weight on a daily basis.

Description
The Windglider used a  sail but the use of a harness was not permitted. The daggerboard weighed around  and was carried over the sailor's shoulder during the downwind legs. The 1984 Olympic course of nine nautical miles put a premium on the competitors strength and fitness.

The supplied equipment was rotated daily (except for the rigs).

The Windglider was designed by the German Fred Osterman

References

See also
Windsurfing
Sailing at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Windglider Male

 
Olympic sailing classes
Windsurfing boards
Windsurfing equipment
Former classes of World Sailing
Hermann Dorner. Hermann Dorner (23 May 1882 – 6 February 1963) was a German pioneer of aviation  During the First World War he designed two-seat combat aircraft for Hannoversche Waggonfabrik, most notably the Hannover CL.II through Hannover CL.IV designs.

References
"Im Schatten von Hans Grade: Hermann Dorner, der Einzelkämpfer," In Fliegermagazin, 2003, 5/96

1882 births
1963 deaths
German aviation pioneers
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Division II (windsurf board). The 1988 Olympics, saw the introduction of Lechner Division II boards. The Division II class used a 6.5 m sail and were round bottomed boards designed for upwind sailing in light to moderate winds.

Although they were difficult to sail downwind and a technical board to sail upwind, they are still the fastest  board upwind in up to  of breeze. The contest for the Olympic board had been between the Davidson (a Swedish design) and the Lechner built in Austria. The final Olympic rig was available less than a year before the Olympics. 

Like in 1984, the supplied equipment was rotated daily (except for the rigs).

References 

 
Olympic sailing classes
Windsurfing equipment