omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Spasatel. Spasatel ( "Rescuer", "Lifesaver", Project 9038) is a ground-effect vehicle, originally planned by the Soviet Ministry of Defense. The vehicle was intended to serve as the missile carrier of the project Lun-class ekranoplan, but was then converted into an ambulance craft. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, construction was halted and the vehicle was never completed. 

By 2018, Russia had revived the  project, with plans to use it for search and rescue operations in the Arctic and Pacific, as well as cargo and troop delivery (up to 550 troops) to remote military bases.

Goals 

A military advantage of ground-effect vehicles over ships and submarines was that they did not have draft during operation, and therefore could not be detected by sonar and could not be hit by torpedoes. Advantages over aircraft include operation at low altitude, which makes radar acquisition difficult, and a larger payload. This was particularly interesting during the Cold War as a way to inconspicuously and quickly transport many people or large cargo over long distances.

History 
The Spasatel was originally built as a second Lun-class anti-ship missile-carrying ekranoplan. After the Soviet nuclear submarine K-278 Komsomolets sank in 1989, killing 42 people, the Spasatel was repurposed to be deployed in the maritime search and rescue mission, and seating for up to 500 passengers was planned.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the project was cancelled for financial reasons. Military operations at sea were also greatly reduced, so the intended use became less important. The unfinished Spasatel is stored in an old industrial complex in Nizhny Novgorod as of 2020.

Potential resumption 

According to press reports in December 2017, the development of the Spasatel might be resumed, for use mainly in Arctic waters, with production beginning as early as 2025. According to Russian media, , the project was included in the arms budget for the years 2018 to 2025.

See also 
 Lun-class ekranoplan (military variant, basis of Spasatel)
 TTS-IS

External links 
 Presentation of Ekranoplans  Spasatel  at  International Institute for Advanced Aerospace Technologies 
 Les Ekranoplanes: Le Spasatel (French)

References 

Ekranoplans
Proposed aircraft of Russia
Spasatel
Eight-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
А-080-752. А-080-752 is a project by JSC Alekseyev Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau for a passenger ekranoplan with a maximum takeoff weight of 100 metric tons and a payload of 20 metric tons over 5000 km.

References

Ekranoplans
Proposed aircraft of Russia
A-080-752
Sesquiplanes
Twinjets
Twin-tail aircraft
T-tail aircraft
А-300-538. А-300-538 is a project by Russian aviation company, JSC Alekseyev Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau, for a double decker ekranoplan with a maximum takeoff weight of 350 metric tons and a payload of 64 metric tons or 550 passengers over 3000 km.

References

Ekranoplans
Proposed aircraft of Russia
A-300-538
Seven-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Hunter 456. The Hunter 456 is an American sailboat that was designed by the Hunter Design Team as a cruiser and first built in 2003.

Production
The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Hunter 456 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a masthead sloop B&R rig, a raked stem, a walk-through reverse transom with a swimming platform and folding ladder, a center cockpit, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or optional wing keel. With the fin keel it displaces  and carries  of lead ballast. With the wing keel it displaces  and carries  of lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel and  with the optional shoal draft wing keel.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of . The fuel tank holds  and the fresh water tank has a capacity of . The hot water tank has a capacity of  and the waste  water holding tank holds .

Factory standard equipment included a 110% roller furling genoa, three two-speed self-tailing winches (one for rigging and two for the jib sheets), an electric self-tailing halyard winch, anodized spars, marine VHF radio, knotmeter, depth sounder, AM/FM radio and CD player with eight speakers, dual offset anchor rollers, hot and cold water transom shower, integral solar panel, sealed teak and holly cabin sole, two fully enclosed heads with showers, aft head bathtub, private forward and aft cabins, a dinette table that converts to a berth, complete set of kitchen dishes for six people and bedding, microwave oven, dual sinks, three-burner gimbaled liquid petroleum gas stove and oven, a fog bell and six life jackets. Factory options included in-mast mainsail furling, an asymmetrical spinnaker and rigging, a double aft cabin, air conditioning, clothing washer and drier, GPS and a Bimini top. Below decks the headroom is .

The design has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
C&C 45
Hunter 45
Hunter 45 DS
Hunter 460
Hunter 466
Hunter Passage 450

References

External links
Official brochure

Keelboats
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Sailboat type designs by Hunter Design Team
Sailboat types built by Hunter Marine
Type 10 and Type 3 rocket boosters. The Type 10 and Type 3 rocket boosters were rocket artillery systems used by garrison troops of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the late stages of World War II in defense of island bases in the Pacific.

Design 
Instead of being a conventional piece of rocket artillery with motor and warhead enclosed within a body both types were detachable solid-propellant boosters that could be attached to a  Type 97 No.6 Land Bomb or Type 99 No.6 Ordinary Bomb.  The bombs were launched from single wooden or metal inclined V-shaped troughs.  These troughs could either be laid against earthen embankments or mounted on bipod or monopod launch frames.  Elevation for the Type 10 could be varied by adjusting the guide wires on the base between +30° and +50°.

The rocket boosters consisted of a nose cone, propellant chamber, butt plate, tail fins, and a single venturi. The propellant chamber held three sticks of solid-propellant and was closed at the front by a nose cap.  In the center of the nose cap, there was a socket for a blasting cap that was electrically ignited by an umbilical cord attached to the booster.  The bombs and the booster were placed at the end of the trough and a wooden spacer was placed between the booster and the bomb.  After a few seconds, the booster burnt out and dropped away while the bomb continued on its course.  The Type 10's range was limited to .  There was also a slightly longer rocket booster, the Type 3, that had a range up to  and accuracy for both was poor.  They were not weapons that could be fired at a specific target but were instead fired towards a target.  Due to its limited range, the launchers were vulnerable to counter-battery fire and their poor accuracy made them more useful in siege operations than in defense.

Rocket Boosters

Bombs 
Since two different types of bombs and boosters were used the overall weight should be considered as approximate because the weight of each bomb without its tail cone is not known.  Both the Type 97 No.6 Land Bomb or the Type 99 No.6 Ordinary Bomb could be used.

Photo gallery

References

Notes

World War II artillery of Japan
Rocket artillery
190 mm artillery
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944
Amali de Alwis. Amali Chivanthi de Alwis (born April 1980) MBE FRSA was the CEO of Code First: Girls. Replaced by Anna Brailsford. She is currently UK Managing Director of Microsoft for Startups. She is a board member of Ada, the National College for Digital Skills, and the Institute of Coding.

Early life and education 
De Alwis attended Nonsuch High School for Girls and graduated in 1998. She studied manufacturing engineering at the University of Birmingham. In 2002 she completed a foundation course at Camberwell College of Arts, before studying product development at the University of the Arts London. She enrolled in the graduate program at Clarks Shoes, which she left to become a consultant at Kantar TNS. At TNS Alwis advised organisations on stakeholder management and digital strategies.

Career 
De Alwis spent two years at Kantar TNS before joining PricewaterhouseCoopers as a thought leadership manager. During her time at PricewaterhouseCoopers she took a secondment to the World Economic Forum. She delivered a report on resilience and risk, and the correlation between operational performance and societal value. She worked at Startup Direct as a mentor, advising London and Birmingham based start-up businesses. She started working with Entrepreneur First in 2015 and has worked simultaneously worked as a commissioner for the Doncaster Education and Skills Commission. De Alwis has written for The Daily Telegraph the Evening Standard and The Times, and is Chair of the BIMA Diversity Council. De Alwis is a mentor for June Angelides, an employee of Silicon Valley Bank who launched the start-up Mums in Technology. She has been part of Debating Matters.

Code First: Girls 
De Alwis has spoken extensively about the need for more women in technology and the lack of computer science teachers in school education. She joined Code First: Girls in 2015. Under her leadership, Code First: Girls has taught more UK women to code than the British university system, providing £2.5 million worth of free technology education. She has described Stephanie Shirley as one of her role models. She launched a campaign in December 2018 to teach 20,000 women to code for free by the end of 2020. The program will need £1.5 million funding, and is supported by Martha Lane Fox. De Alwis is a board member of Ada, the National College for Digital Skills and the Institute of Coding.

Awards and honours 
She has been recognised the WISE Campaign for her "significant impact in encouraging girls to code". She won the 2017 Women in IT award for her services to electronic skills. She was selected as Computer Weekly's Most Influential Women in IT in 2018, after being in the top ten in 2017. She was awarded an MBE in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to diversity in technology.

References 

British women chief executives
English business executives
Alumni of the University of the Arts London
1980 births
Living people
John William Willans. John William Willans (c.1843-1895) was a British mechanical and electrical engineer, most known for his role as Chief Engineer of the Liverpool Overhead Railway.

Early life 
Willans was born in 1844 in Hunslet, near Leeds to Benjamin and Ann Willans. He trained as a locomotive fitter and engineer with the Leeds company of Kitson.

Early career 
Around 1865, Willans moved to Middlesbrough to join the engineering firm of Cochrane, Grove, & Company. He later moved to Hopkins, Gilkes, & Company. In 1872, he received a patent iron ore smelting, along with Stanhope Baynes Smith.

He then moved to Manchester where he set up as a general engineer and contractor.

In April 1871, in Birmingham he married Constance Amelia Smith the daughter of Stanhope Baynes Smith. In 1879, he re-married to Mary Louisa Nicholson.

Electric railways 
Willans specialized in electrical engineering, especially for railways. He was the primary contractor for the construction of the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and made a handsome profit from his work. He was later appointed that railway's Chief Engineer.

Willans supplied ironwork for the City and Southwark Subway in the late 1880s. He was the primary contractor for the Great Northern and City Railway from Finsbury Park to Moorgate. He received a patent for an electric motor used for that line.

He was also a Director of the Guiseley, Yeadon & Rawdon Railway.

Retirement 
In 1894, Willans purchased Dolforgan Hall from the executors of James Walton. He moved there with his wife Mary Louisa and son John Bancroft Willans. He was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for Montgomeryshire. He was selected to stand as the Liberal candidate for the Montgomery Boroughs constituency in the 1895 election, but died before the vote.

Death 
Willans died on 7 March 1895, in London, after a bout of influenza. His wife inherited Dolforgan Hall, and his son lived there until his death in 1957.

References 

1840s births
1895 deaths
19th-century British engineers
People from Hunslet
Electric railways in the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Dolforgan Estate
Hering & Richard. The Deutsche Automobil-Industrie Hering & Richard was a German company which produced motor vehicles in its factory in Gera-Untermhaus. From 1904 the company headquarters was in Ronneburg (Thuringia). Models were produced under the brand names Rex and Rex-Simplex between 1901 and 1923, using engines from De Dion-Bouton and/or Fafnir. Rex-Simplex models were produced under licence elsewhere, e.g. by Russo-Balt.

History
The company was founded in 1902 as the company Deutsche Automobil-Industrie Friedrich Hering. As early as 1888, Friedrich Hering had already operated a supplier of bicycle and auto parts as well as axles and chassis frames. Hering began producing voiturettes under licence from De Dion-Bouton. Ball bearing axles were produced for Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie., and steel disc wheels with removable hard rubber tires for Michelin, which were still built in large numbers in the new plant.

The company, with approximately 300 employees, immediately became known in 1902 in the automotive and commercial vehicle industry, because it produced a particularly modern solidly built light truck under the brand "Rex-Simplex". With modifications this was also built as a robust passenger car. This light commercial vehicle was one of the best-known trucks until the First World War.

In 1904, the entrepreneur Carl Richard, who owned a factory in Ronneburg, became a new shareholder. The company now traded as Hering & Richard.

In 1913, the wheel department of Hering was spun off, which was very successful until (and after) the Second World War. During the First World War, the standard 3-ton truck was made by about 600 employees. After the war, the three-tonner was further developed; in this form the Rex simplex has been exported all over the world. Nevertheless, Hering and Richard did not manage to raise the necessary capital to survive on their own: in 1922, the factory was taken over by Elite-Werke AG in Brand-Erbisdorf. The bodywork factory at Ronneburg was spun off. The German automobile company of Hering & Richard and the brand Rex Simplex ceased to trade.

Company names

(1901 - 1904); Deutsche Automobil-Industrie Friedrich Hering; Ronneburg; Germany

(1904 - 1908); Deutsche Automobil-Industrie Hering & Richard; Ronneburg; Germany

(1908 - 1921); Automobilwerk Richard & Hering; Ronneburg; Germany

(1921 - 1923); Elitewagen AG; Ronneburg; Germany

The wheel-making part of the company continues to the present day.

References

Literature
 Die Geschichte des deutschen LKW-Baus. Band 1 (The history of German truck construction. part 1), Weltbild Verlag, 1994, , Pages 57–59.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
companies based in Thuringia
Bloch MB.60. The Bloch MB.60, initially known as the MB.VI (continuing the SEA number series), was a tri-motor mailplane designed and built in France from 1930 to 1931 to an order for an aircraft suitable for use as a postal, commercial or medical transport.

Design and development
Marcel bloch formed Société des Avions Marcel Bloch in 1929, the company's first project was the MB.60 3-engined commercial transport aircraft. Built entirely of light alloys with steel for high strength fittings, the MB.60 introduced several new techniques, including rivetting external stringers and longerons to skin sheets before attachment to ribs and frames; delivering a robust light structure that was also easy to manufacture.

Powered by three  Salmson 9AC in the nose of the fuselage and wing mounted nacelles, the sole MB.60 was a high wing cantilever monoplane with wings in three sections, the outer sections having moderate dihedral. The square section fuselage had a constant-section cabin with rear fuselage tapering to the all metal tail unit constructed using the same external stringer method. The undercarriage consisted of tall, strut braced oleo-pneumatic main-legs, attached at the outer engine nacelles, with a light alloy steerable tail-wheel at the end of the fuselage.

A second aircraft, built as the MB.61 powered by three  Lorraine 5Pc, first flew in February 1931. Neither the MB.60 or MB.61 garnered any production orders.

Operational history
Constructed at Buc by a sub-contractor, under close supervision by Bloch and his team, the MB.60 was first flown on 12 September 1930, piloted by René Delmotte. Testing at Buc and Villacoublay revealed satisfactory flight characteristics and performance. 

After a modification programme the MB.61 crashed in April 1931 due to inversion of the controls during re-assembly; after repair the MB.61 continued flight tests from 1 May 1931.

Variants
Data from: Dassault Aviation: MB 60-61: origins, characteristics and performance data
MB.VIInitial designation of the MB.60 at the project stage, powered by three  Salmson 9AC engines;not built.
MB.60 The first prototype, an enlarged version of the MB.VI, powered by three  Salmson 9AC engines; one built.
MB.61 A second aircraft powered by three  Lorraine 5Pc engines; one built.
MB.62 ET4 A four seat military trainer version; not built

Specifications (MB.61)

References

Bloch aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930
Three-engined aircraft
Yakovlev Yak-201. The Yakovlev Yak-201 was a planned Russian vertical takeoff and landing stealth fighter/interceptor aircraft for the Russian Navy, as a follow-up to the Yak-141 and Yak-43 aircraft. The design was carried out in the mid-1990s Yakovlev Design Bureau. The project was cancelled and no prototype was built due to a lack of funds and interest by the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Development 
The design was started on an initiative basis by the Yakovlev bureau officers in the mid-1990s to allow the Russian Navy aircraft carriers to operate state-of-the-art vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.

After the Yak-141 and Yak-43 were developed, the engineers from the Yakovlev Design Bureau proceeded to the Yak-201.

In 1996–1997, the aircraft was offered to the customer, but the project remained unclaimed, primarily for financial reasons, and also due to the lack of certainty of the Russian Ministry of Defense under the LFI program. No full size mock-up nor prototype were built.

On 23 November 2017, it was reported that Yakovlev would be the designer to build a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft to be used on the future Russian aircraft carrier, such as the Project 2300 Shtorm or Project 11430E Lamantin carrier proposals. It may or may not be based on the Yak-201. Yakolvev might built a new vertical takeoff and landing fighter for the two 44,000-ton Project 23900 Ivan Rogov amphibious assault ships currently under construction.

Design 
The aircraft was supposed to differ from Yak-141 / Yak-43 by an increased range, a single engine and stealth characteristics. The aircraft is made according to the traditional scheme with two-tails, and a large angle of inclination. The plane is relatively stealthy, as it is made unobtrusive with few right angles. According to preliminary data from the bureau, the interceptor fighter was supposed to have only one pilot.

The design was for a single lift-propulsion motor with a mechanical drive to a lifting fan installed behind the cockpit. The nozzle of the main engine was supposed to be vectorable. Flat and round nozzle options were considered. The ability to change the thrust vector makes the aircraft supermanoeuvrable. The armament was to be placed in an internal weapon bay inside the fuselage.

The aircraft was expected to reach a speed of 1,250 km/h near the ground, and 1,800 km/h at altitude. The practical ceiling for the Yak-201 is 15,000 m. Among the armament, it was decided to use a GSh-301 rifle cannon with 120 rounds of ammunition, and to install air-to-air type R-77 long-range or medium-range at four points of suspension. The installation of short-range missiles R-73 and R-60 and NAR units with a caliber of up to 240 mm were worked out.

Specifications (Yak-201)

See also

References

Yakovlev aircraft
VTOL aircraft
1990s Russian fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Russia
Karin Jacobs. Karin Jacobs is a German physicist specializing in micro-fluidics and adhesion at micro- and nanometer scales. She is a professor at the Saarland University.

Life and career 
Jacobs was born in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and completed her Abitur at  in 1986. She then went on to study physics at the University of Konstanz, where she also received her doctorate in 1997. After completing her doctorate, Jacobs went on to perform postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces. She subsequently became a research assistant in the Department of Applied Physics at the University of Ulm, after which she worked as a project manager at Bayer in their polymers division. In 2003, Jacobs became a professor at Saarland University. She became a fellow of the Leibniz Institute for New Materials in 2014. She is active in the Scientists for Future movement combating human-induced climate change.

Research 
Jacobs' research focuses on micro-fluidics, (bio-) adhesion at micro- and nano-scales, and functional materials.

Science Outreach 
In addition to her scientific research, Jacobs initiated a science outreach project, Lab in a Box. Through this initiative, students are introduced to fundamental concepts of physics through simple experiments that they can do at home or in the classroom.

Awards and memberships 
Jacobs is a member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. In 1996, she was given the Byk Prize from Altana through their Herbert-Quandt-Stiftung. In the following year, she received the Schloeßmann Prize from the Max Planck Society. She gave the Beller Lecture, awarded to distinguished scientists from outside of the United States, of the American Physical Society in 2015. She has been a member of the German Council of Science and Humanities since 2016.

References 

21st-century German physicists
German women physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century German women scientists
Ithai Barrage. The Ithai Barrage impounds the Manipur River just below the confluence of the Imphal River and the Khuga River. It is part of the Loktak Hydroelectric project.

Its primary objective is to regulate water levels in the Loktak Lake, effectively converting it into a reservoir. Initiated by the Ministry of Irrigation and Power in 1971, the project was overseen by the National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation and completed in 1983, with an estimated expenditure of .

Functionally, the barrage comprises three units, each capable of generating 35 MW, totaling 105 MW of power generation capacity. Additionally, it provides irrigation services to approximately 24,000 hectares of land, enhancing agricultural activities in the region. Notably, the Imphal River serves as the primary outlet for draining water from Manipur's central valley. Given that all watercourses in the valley are intricately linked, with the Loktak Lake acting as a nexus, the Ithai barrage assumes a pivotal role in regulating the region's water dynamics.

References 

Dams on the Manipur River
Barrages in India