omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Magni M-24 Orion. The Magni M-24 Orion is an Italian sport autogyro, seating two side-by-side in an enclosed cabin. It was designed and produced by Magni Gyro srl of Besnate.

Design and development
Magni Gyro currently produces five sport autogyro models, all with similar pod and low boom, pusher engine layouts and the M-24 Orion have side by side seating and an enclosed cabin. It has a steel airframe with a carbon fibre cabin and engine-enclosing pod.  Transparent, top hinged doors on either side give access to the two seats, which are slightly staggered to make the most of the cabin width.  The 2-bladed rotor, mounted on a mast above the pod, is of composite construction.

An 85 kW (114 hp) Rotax 914ULS flat four engine is mounted at cabin-top height and drives a 3-bladed pusher propeller. Below it, the slender flat-sided boom carries the fibreglass empennage, which consists of a swept horizontal stabilizer with end-plate fins and a larger, central, fin and rudder.  The Orion has a tricycle undercarriage with the faired mainwheels, fitted with brakes, on spring cantilever legs.  The nosewheel is unfaired.

The Orion's immediate precursor is the XM-23 Orion, which first flew on 1 February 2007, but both share many components with the tandem, open cockpit M-16 and M-22.

Operational history
 
The Orion was first seen in public in August 2008 and a pre-production run of 10 aircraft was initiated that autumn, with full-scale production starting in 2009.

By mid-2010 there were 11 Orions on the mainland European (Russian excluded) registers, the majority in France. UK type approval was reached in 2010, 4 aircraft are currently (November 2010) on the UK register, and at least one on the Canadian register.

Operators

ЦСП Центр специальной подготовки (STC special training center) – at least one labeled EW-458SL Training of special forces and counterterrorism.

Variants
M-16 Tandem Trainer
tandem open two seat autogyro
M-22 Voyager
touring version of the M-16
M-23 Orion
one-off enclosed side-by-side development of the M-16 series

M-24 Orion
production version of the M-23 Orion
M-26
incremental development of the M-16 series

Specifications

References

External links

M-24 Orion
Single-engined pusher autogyros
2000s Italian sport aircraft
Navy lighterage pontoon. The Navy Lighterage pontoon (NLP) was a type of pontoon developed in World War II by Capt. John N. Laycock Civil Engineer Corps (CEC) and used by United States Navy Construction Battalions (Seabees) on invasion beaches and shallow harbors or harbors where the facilities had been destroyed or did not exist.  It was referred to as the Seabee's "magic box".  It was Lego-like system of pre-cut pre-drilled angle iron and steel plate.  It was first assembled into individual boxes that were joined in multiples to construct docks, causeways,  barges, dry docks, floating cranes, marine railways or whatever was needed.

Capt. Carl A. Carlson CEC of the War Plans Office came up with the concept of NLPs in 1935, but it was in 1940 that the US Navy looked at the idea more seriously. Development, with testing, began just before the US entered World War II.  The Dieppe Raid in early 1942 showed that the idea of seizing a port in the face of modern coastal defences was either costly or impossible. The US Navy saw the vital importance of being able to build their own port facilities and to deploy naval construction units trained and dedicated for just that role.  Creating the Seabees addressed that issue.  Four battalions were tasked as pontoon battalions and five Pontoon Assembly Detachments (PADs) were formed. The US Army soon followed with their own units.

The Navy Pontoon opened new avenues of attack.  The 2'x 175' sections could be carried on sides of LST's and could land on shallow water beaches.  They also were used to form an easy to assemble "in theater" dry dock.  The sections LSTs transported hanging on their sides could be used to form the bottom and sides of a dry dock.  They were modified to be filled or pumped
dry to sink or float as needed.    

Pontoons were used to make support barges for waterfront cranes.  

Other barges were motorized, in whatever length and width needed and called Rhinos.  The assemblies were nearly unsinkable with the multiple compartments interlocked together. Because they were assembled from standardized pieces they were simple to repair.

Seabees could not do their job until they had equipment ashore.  Pontoons were run in front of a LCT or LST or they could ferry from offshore.

Construction
The NLPs were constructed of welded steel flotation units that were assembled like Legos, connected by special angle-iron pieces, called stringers. The flotation boxes and stringers were held together by special iron wedge pins. The flotation boxes came in two types: a rectangular basic unit measuring . The majority of NLPs were constructed using these. The second type had one side that was curved or angled to make a bow on the front of NLP barges or a ramp as needed.

See also
 Float (nautical)
 Rhino ferry

References 

 "Navy's pin-up Boxes", February 1946, Popular Science illustrations of NPL units
 "Navy Lighterage", Global Security

World War II military equipment of the United States
Military bridging equipment
Pontoon bridges in the United States
Coastal construction
Amphibious warfare
Logistics
Seabees
Frem F1. The Frem F1, designed by David Frem in 2008, is claimed to be the first "supercar" made in Lebanon and the Middle East. It was his senior project for the faculty of engineering in the American University of Science and Technology. The first iteration F1 was powered by a Volkswagen made 2.0-liter inline four-cylinder engine and an Audi transmission. The next version (called the Beirut Edition) unveiled in 2011, has a Chevrolet 5.6-liter engine. The company claims the F1 can reach a top speed of .

References

Luxury vehicles
Concept cars
Mercedes-Benz M266 engine. The M266 is a Mercedes-Benz inline-4 engine manufactured in Stuttgart and is used solely in vehicles like the A-class and B-class. The most powerful engine in the family is the 2.0 turbo, found in the Mercedes-Benz B200 Turbo.

See also
 List of Mercedes-Benz engines

External links 

 M266.920 1.5
 M266.960* 2.0
 M266.980 2.0 turbo

M266
Sherborne Sensors. Sherborne Sensors is a designer and manufacturer of precision inclinometers, accelerometers and load cells. Technologies utilized include mechanical servo, solid state and strain gauge.  These precision measurement tools are available as both off-the-shelf and bespoke for use in military, aerospace, civil and industrial engineering applications.

Sherborne Sensors is based in ‘transducer valley’ in Hampshire, UK, and supplies its products to over 50 countries across the world.

Many of the inertial products currently offered have evolved from the Schaevitz brand that innovated sensor design during the 1940s and 1950s. The current LSOC/LSOP range of Linear Servo Inclinometers originate from the genuine Schaevitz units. The Force Transducers have their roots with the Maywood brand founded in the 1970s.

History 

Sherborne Sensors began life in 1945 as Schaevitz Engineering, a New Jersey–based manufacturer of LVDTs and other precision sensors. The business operated solely in the United States until an association formed with Electro-Mechanisms (EM) in 1963. This allowed their products to be distributed in the UK and also to be manufactured under licence.

Prompted by the success overseas, Schaevitz Engineering acquired the majority shareholding in EM and began manufacturing a UK range of inertial products in 1974.

The Schaevitz name traded until 1986 when the company was acquired by Lucas who changed the name of the business to Lucas Control Systems.

In 1997 the company became Lucas Varty  and in 1999 was acquired by TRW. Throughout all of this time the Schaevitz brand remained strong and at the cutting edge of sensors technologies.

This business model continued until August 2000 when the Schaevitz Sensors and Components division of TRW was acquired by Measurement Specialities Inc (MSI). In 2002 the Measurement Specialties UK group was put into financial receivership and its assets sold. A group of former Schaevitz employees purchased the Inertial Products Division from MSI and formed the Sherborne Sensors Limited Company in July 2002 thus continuing the design, development and manufacture of precision sensors.

In 2007, Sherborne Sensors extended its product range beyond inertial sensors by obtaining the former Maywood Instruments force transducer product lines and intellectual property from FTSA Holdings Limited.

Following this expansion, Sherborne Sensors has extended its operation globally, establishing a sales and stocking location in North American in 2009.

2012 NOVA METRIX LLC, Woburn MA, acquires Sherborne Sensors Ltd.

References

External links 
 Sherborne Sensor’s Web Site

Sensors
Measuring instruments
Manufacturing companies of England
Companies based in Hampshire
British companies established in 2003
Manufacturing companies established in 2003
2003 establishments in England
IBM PCPG. IBM Personal Computer Picture Graphics System (PCPG) is a software developed in BASIC by Eugene Ying in the 1980s, for the IBM PC operating system.

This software is used to draw figures, add images from several libraries and include text. It has functions to digitize and print pictures.

Technical 
PCPG is designed to work on IBM PCs and compatible, running MS-DOS (and MS Windows). It actually runs in a NTVDM upon all versions of Windows. It can be stored and loaded from a 360K 5"1/4 floppy disk. Operates with keyboard. No mouse driver is required.

Type PCPG in Command Prompt to run PCPG.EXE. Other files (PCPG.DOC, .FT1, .FT2, .FT3, .FT4, .FT5, .HLP, .PAK, .PIC, .SYM) are system files (info file, fonts, help, unpacking system, startup picture, symbol library)

Features

Geometry 
Allows to draw Polygons, Involutes, Hypocycloid, Epicycloid, Rose, Sinusoid from %1 data.

Symbols 

The program features libraries of pictures, drawn using the BASIC statement DRAW.

Text 

5 fonts are available to insert text.  Both monospaced and proportional fonts were available, all of them drawn using the BASIC statement DRAW.

See also 
 Computer graphics (computer science)
 Digital imaging
 Computer representation of surfaces
 Glossary of computer graphics

References 

Graphics software
Bellanca CF. The Bellanca CF is an early enclosed high-wing monoplane designed by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca that led to a successful series of Bellanca aircraft. Bellanca was nominated for the Collier Trophy in 1922 for the CF design.

Development

Bellanca had previously designed his own parasol aircraft in Sicily, bringing the examples to New York to test fly. The Bellanca Aeroplane Company and Flying School was formed in 1911 at Mineola Long Island New York, where Bellanca taught the Mayor, Fiorello LaGuardia. Bellanca built a series of biplanes for the Maryland Pressed Steel Company, which folded shortly after World War I. Bellanca moved west to Omaha, Nebraska to found the Roos-Bellanca Aircraft Company with Victor H. Roos and A.H. Fetters. The short lived company produced only one Bellanca CF, but the enclosed cabin aircraft was ahead of its time before mail contracts made aircraft production profitable, and was an important step in a series of record setting aircraft developed by Bellanca afterward.

Design
Bellanca started the CF design in 1921. The CF had a mahogany plywood wooden fuselage and fabric covered tail, wing and strut surfaces. The aircraft featured a fully enclosed cabin, with small windows. The fuselage was reinforced with steel wires. The landing gear was ash wood laminate with birch veneer. The wing struts, made of Port Orford cedar, had functional airfoil shapes to assist with lift.

The New York-based Yellow Air Cab Company purchased the CF in 1924 and modified it with an updated forward cockpit, more windows, and a 110 hp Anzani engine. In 1928 it was modified with a 55-gallon fuel tank and a modified vertical tail.

Operational history
Bellanca met his landlord's daughter Dorothy Brown in Nebraska. She then helped in the building of the only CF. They married on November 18, 1922.

The Bellanca CF was test flown by airmail pilot Harry G. Smith June 8, 1922 at Fort Crook, Nebraska. The aircraft performed loops and rolls. The CF was flown around the country to garner publicity for sales. The CF was demonstrated at the Midwestern Flying Meet at Monmouth, Illinois, winning four performance awards. Airmail pilot Bill Hobson flew the CF at the Tarkio Aero Meet, the Interstate Aero Meet, and the 1923 National Air Races, winning the efficiency contest. Two marriage ceremonies were performed in the cabin as well. Bellanca left the short lived production company in 1924, joining Wright Aeronautical as a consultant.

The Yellow Air Cab Company and Continental Aircraft Corporation bought the aircraft for passenger use and fell into bankruptcy. The aircraft passed into private ownership, and was modified for more range. The famous pilot Bert Acosta took the plane up for its test flight before the intended test pilot, Paul Koltze did.

The sole CF was displayed at the Roosevelt Field Air Museum, then was owned by the Bellanca family before being donated to Smithsonian collection of the National Air and Space Museum in 1960.

Variants
The Wright-Bellanca WB-1, was Bellanca's next advancement in wooden aircraft.

Specifications Bellanca CF

Notes

Further reading

History of Omaha, Nebraska
Lidia Brito. Lidia Arthur Brito (born 13 March 1961) is a Mozambiquan forestry expert and engineer. She was the first Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology of Mozambique. Arthur Brito is an international civil servant since 2009 and was appointed UNESCO Assistant Director General for Natural Sciences in November 2023.

Bibliography 
Lidia Arthur Brito is a Mozambiquan forestry expert and engineer and university lecturer, researcher and consultant for Eduardo Mondlane University. Born in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, Dr Brito has over three decades of professional experience in Science Policy, STI development plans, monitoring and assessment of STI policies and instruments, forestry, traditional energy (Biomass and Charcoal), Higher Education management, Technical-Vocational Education, ICT for Development, as a university professor, researcher, consultant, and senior management at national, regional, and international institutions blending academic and practical experience to advance sustainable development.

Brito holds an undergraduate degree in Forest Engineering by Eduardo Mondlane University (Mozambique) and received M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Forest Sciences from Colorado State University (USA). She served as the first Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology of Mozambique (2000–2005) and was Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Eduardo Mondlane University (1998–2000). Brito has served as Advisor of the Mayor of Maputo for Strategic Planning and External Relations in the capital of Maputo (2005–2008) . Internationally, she is a recognized academic promoting sustainable development, and community–based management in Africa in general. Brito is the director of science policy and capacity building at UNESCO and a co-chairman of the conference, titled Planet Under Pressure.

She is also an active participant and speaker in many international summits and conferences.

UNESCO career
Joining UNESCO in November 2009, she became the Director for Science Policy and Sustainable Development at the Natural Science Sector in Paris, then she was designated as the UNESCO Regional Director for Sciences in the Latin America and Caribbean region (UNESCO Montevideo Office) in 2014. Over the period of 2018 to 2021, she helmed the organizing committee for the Open Science Forum for Latin America and the Caribbean (CILAC), a crucial regional platform that facilitates discussions and interactions aimed at fostering sustainable policies across the fields of science, technology, and innovation. Brito assumed office as UNESCO Regional Director for Southern Africa based in Harare in 2022.

Lidia Arthur Brito was appointed UNESCO Assistant Director General for Natural Sciences in November 2023.

References

Living people
Mozambican engineers
Mozambican ecologists
Government ministers of Mozambique
Women government ministers of Mozambique
Colorado State University alumni
21st-century Mozambican women politicians
21st-century Mozambican politicians
1961 births
AttentionTracking. AttentionTracking is an attention measurement procedure. In contrast to classical machine-based eye tracking, during AttentionTracking the attention is measured with a computer mouse or a comparable pointing device. The attention data occurs in the form of mouse clicks.

Development 

The basic idea for AttentionTracking emerged during a research project at the California Institute of Technology. During this project the correspondence of eye tracking and clicking data was found by accident.  In general the procedure is based on the fact that attention does not only control the view but also other motoric systems. After a short introduction and training, respondents can follow their attention with the mouse.

In comparative studies with classical machine-based procedures significant correlations (r>0.92) were found between the data gained with the machine-based procedure and the data gained with AttentionTracking.

Measurement process 

The measurement starts with a small training during which the respondent is gradually introduced and accustomed to the desired click behavior. The training ensures that only respondents with sufficient mouse competence and speed take part in the test – simply put, hand and eye movement are synchronized. Directly after the training the actual measurement starts. The trained click behavior is then continued on the presented visual stimuli. In the same time point-and-click is recorded. The click data are interpreted as points of attention (Fixation (visual)) and can be analyzed and visualized analogously to the classical eye tracking.

Fields of application 

The AttentionTracking procedure can generally be used for all areas of application in which classical eye movement tracking can be used. The procedure is used in basic research as well as in applied research.

Since 2003 the procedure is commercially used in market research especially advertising research and marketing research to analyze the effect of advertising material. Through the online realization of the procedure the attention measurement can be included in target group-specific, supra-regional surveys.

See also 
Eye tracking

References

External links 
Article on AttentionTracking in advertising research (650 kB)
Video: view measurement with AttentionTracking

Attention
Market research
Promotion and marketing communications
Rigid line inclusion. A rigid line inclusion, also called stiffener, is a mathematical model used in solid mechanics to describe a narrow hard phase, dispersed within a matrix material. This inclusion is idealised as an infinitely rigid and thin reinforcement, so that it represents a sort of ‘inverse’ crack, from which the nomenclature ‘anticrack’ derives.

From the mechanical point of view, a stiffener introduces a kinematical constraint, imposing that it may only suffer a rigid body motion along its line.

Theoretical model
The stiffener model has been used to investigate different mechanical problems in classical elasticity (load diffusion, inclusion at bi material interface ).

The main characteristics of the theoretical solutions are basically the following.
 Similarly to a fracture, a square-root singularity in the stress/strain fields is present at the tip of the inclusion.
 In a homogeneous matrix subject to uniform stress at infinity, such singularity only arises when a normal stress acts parallel or orthogonal to the inclusion line, while  a stiffener parallel to a simple shear does not disturb the ambient field.

Experimental validation

The characteristics of the elastic solution have been experimentally confirmed through  photoelastic transmission experiments.

Interaction of rigid line inclusions
The interaction of rigid line inclusions in parallel, collinear and radial configurations have been studied using the boundary element method (BEM) and validated using photoelasticity.

Shear bands emerging at the stiffener tip

Analytical solutions obtained in prestressed elasticity show the possibility of the emergence of shear bands at the tip of the stiffener.

References

External links
Laboratory for Physical Modeling of Structures and Photoelasticity (University of Trento, Italy)

Solid mechanics
Rigid bodies mechanics
Tension (geology). In geology, the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction. One important result of tensile stress is jointing in rocks. However, tensile stress is rare because most subsurface stress is compressive, due to the weight of the overburden.

Jointing

Tensile stress forms joints in rocks. A joint is a fracture that forms within a rock, whose movement to open the fracture is greater than the lateral movement that takes place. Joints are formed in the direction perpendicular to the least principal stress, meaning that they are formed perpendicular to the tensile stress. One way in particular that joints can be formed is due to fluid pressure, as well as at the crest of folds in rocks. This occurs at the peak of the fold or due to the fluid pressure because a localized tensile stress forms, eventually leading to jointing. Another way in which joints form is due to the change in the weight of the overburden. Since rocks lay under a great deal of overburden, they undergo high temperatures and high pressures. Over time, the rocks are eroded and the weight of the overburden is lifted, so the rocks cool and are under less pressure, which causes the rock to change shape, often forming breaks. As the compression is lifted from the rocks, they are able to react to the tension on them by forming these breaks, or joints.

Divergent boundaries

Geologic tension is also found in the tectonic regions of divergent boundaries.  Here, a magma chamber forms underneath oceanic crust and causes sea-floor spreading in the creation of new oceanic crust.  Some of the force that pushes the two plates apart is due to ridge push force of the magma chamber. Tension, however, accounts for most of the "opposite directions" pull on the plates.  As the separating oceanic crust cools over time, it becomes more dense and sinks farther and farther away from the ridge axis.  The cooling and sinking ocean crust causes a tensile stress that also helps drive the pulling apart of the plates at the ridge axis.

References

Structural geology
Geological processes
Mouse flow. In computer networking, a mouse flow is a short (in total bytes) flow set up by a TCP (or other protocol) flow measured over a network link.

A mouse is a flow with fewer than C packets. An elephant flow is a flow with at least C packets.  The constant C is left as a degree of freedom in the analysis. C is chosen depending on the
target application.

See also 
Pareto principle
Elephant flow

References 

Network performance