omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alan G. Thomas (scientist). Alan G. Thomas (1927-2019) was an international authority on the mechanics of rubbery materials, in particular their fracture mechanics properties.  Along with Ronald S. Rivlin, he published the Rupture of Rubber series of articles, beginning in 1953.  He was the first to apply Griffith's energy release rate criterion to the analysis of rubber's strength and fatigue behavior.

Thomas attend Brasenose College, Oxford to study physics, graduating in 1948. He then accepted a position at the British Rubber Producer's Research Association. His research director was Dr Ronald S. Rivlin, who suggested that he study the strength of rubber.

He developed the theories of strength and crack growth in rubber, starting from the work of Alan Arnold Griffith.  He demonstrated that Griffith's strain energy release rate provided a useful way to characterize the conditions at a crack tip, a problem that previously had been thought intractable due to the finite straining and nonlinearly elastic stress-strain behavior of rubber.

Thomas has been recognised with many prizes and medals. Most notable of these are the 1978 Colwyn medal of the Institute of Materials Minerals and Mining and the 1994 Charles Goodyear Medal of the American Chemical Society. His employers MRPRA, received the Prince Philip award in 1990 for his pioneering work on earthquake bearings.

He was a visiting professor in the Materials Department at Queen Mary University of London since 1975.

Prof Alan Thomas died in his sleep on 23 April 2019.

References

External links
QMUL website

British materials scientists
Polymer scientists and engineers
1927 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Project FIRE. Project FIRE (Flight Investigation Reentry Environment) was a United States NASA effort to determine the effects of atmospheric entry on spacecraft materials.

Project FIRE used both ground testing in wind tunnels and flight tests to test the effects of reentry heating on spacecraft materials, using a subscale model of the Apollo Command Module.

Wind tunnel tests 
Wind tunnel testing occurred at the 4-foot Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel, the High-Temperature Tunnel, and the Thermal Structures Tunnel at the  Langley Research Center located in Hampton, Virginia.

Flight tests
Recoverable reentry packages were flight tested using Atlas-D rockets with Antares-2 solid fuel upperstages (also used on the Scout rocket family), launched from LC 12 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, United States.

FIRE 1
The first Project FIRE reentry package was propelled to an altitude of  by an Atlas-D Antares-2 launch vehicle (missile 263D) on 14 April 1964. 

Following a coasting phase that reached an apogee exceeding  the velocity package initiated the reentry vehicle's trajectory, plunging it into a trajectory at a velocity of  with a minus 15 degree trajectory. As the spacecraft descended towards Earth, a solid-fuel Antares II rocket positioned behind the payload ignited for 30 seconds, elevating the descent speed to . Temperature data from the spacecraft's instruments were transmitted to the ground, indicating an estimated exterior temperature of . 

Approximately 32 minutes post-launch, the spacecraft made impact into the Atlantic Ocean.

FIRE 2
During the second trial, a propelled instrumented probe, referred to as a "flying thermometer", was launched into a ballistic trajectory over  high by an Atlas-D Antares-2 booster (missile 264D) on 22 May 1965. 

As the spacecraft initiated its descent after 26 minutes of flight, the Antares II rocket accelerated its fall. The probe entered the atmosphere at a velocity of , generating temperatures of approximately . Ground stations received data on heating throughout the descent. 

Thirty-two minutes post-launch, and a mere six minutes after the Antares ignition, the device impacted in the Atlantic Ocean approximately  southeast of the Cape.

References

NASA programs
Engage Resources. Engage Group is a Thailand-based producer and developer of kenaf products for use in animal feed & pet care, building materials, and industrial fibres. Kenaf is a plant native to South Asia and is characterized by a short growing cycle, high protein content, and strong fiber. The company processes and sells value-added products that are made from natural kenaf fibres, core, and leaves. By developing industrial and household products from natural fibers, the company aims to enhance local communities and the environment.

Products 
Engage produces industrial fibre, animal feed, thermal and sound insulation material, and pet litter and bedding. Kenaf's strong fibre interests car manufacturers and construction companies seeking to enhance or replace more expensive synthetic materials. In addition, the pulp and paper industry sees kenaf as an environmentally friendly alternative to wood pulp.

Distribution 
Engage's products are currently distributed in Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong, United States, and Europe.

External links 
 Engage Group

Agriculture companies of Thailand
2008 establishments in Thailand
Tom Raffield. Tom Raffield is a British lighting and homeware designer.

Career 

Tom Raffield Ltd. was founded by Raffield in 2008. Inspired by his degree in 3D Sustainability and Design undertaken at Falmouth College of Arts, Raffield based his business on the sustainable practice of steam bending. Raffield has taught steam bending practice to his team of workshop makers. Raffield currently designs products for the Tom Raffield range and large-scale bespoke projects, including the Royal Parks kiosks and RHS Chelsea Flower Show and has created new designs through hands-on projects.

Raffield was co-founder of the design company Sixixis, which is known for its environmentally sustainable designs sourced from local wood.

Inspiration 

Tom Raffield grew up in Exmoor, England. Raffield’s designs employ the traditional practice of steam bending.  Raffield's interest in design began while studying at Falmouth College of Arts, where he came to the conclusion that the technique of using a chamber would not be able to create complex 3D bends for projects. Raffield developed a new steaming method to create the 3D bends which was seen in his furniture designs such as the Arc Chair, Loop Chair and lights including the No.1 Pendant, Cage Light.

Awards 

Winner of the Lighting Design Association’s Lighting Design Award 2011.

Winner of the Walpole Brands of Tomorrow Award for Emerging Talent 2017.

Chelsea Flower Show 2019 5 Star Tradestand Award.

Finalist of the RHS Chelsea Flower Show Product of the Year Award 2019, with a steam bent outdoor planter.

Darc Award Winner 2019 -  Arame Wall Light, sustainable design and manufacture.

References

External links 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Falmouth University
Artists from Devon
British woodworkers
Carbon hexoxide. Carbon hexoxide or carbon hexaoxide is an oxide of carbon with an unusually large quantity of oxygen. The molecule has been produced and studied at cryogenic temperatures. The molecule is important in atmospheric chemistry and in the study of cold ices in the outer solar system and interstellar space. The substance could form and be present on Ganymede or Triton, moons in the outer solar system. The molecule consists of a six membered ring with five oxygen and one carbon atom, and one oxygen with a double bond with the carbon.

Shape
The molecule that has been observed has a Cs symmetry.  The ring is not a flat hexagon but puckered with slightly different side lengths and angles (120°) from the regular hexagon. Going around the ring starting at the carbon to oxygen bond the interatomic distances are C–O: 1.362 Å O–O 1.491 Å, O–O 1.391 Å, O–O 1.391 Å, O–O 1.491 Å, and O–C 1.362 Å. The angles between the bonds are: O–C–O 120.4 °, C–O–O 115.7°, O–O–O 105.9°, and the opposite from carbon O–O–O 104.1°.  For the double carbon to oxygen bond, the length is 1.185 Å and the angle from the single bonds is 119.6°.

Formation
In an experiment, carbon hexoxide was formed by irradiating solid carbon dioxide with electrons at an energy of 5000 eV at 10 K in a vacuum. The reaction proceeds by breaking atomic oxygen from carbon dioxide:

CO2 → CO + O

The atomic oxygen then reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbon trioxide, and similar reactions occur to generate the series of ring oxides carbon tetroxide and carbon pentoxide, ultimately leading to the formation of carbon hexoxide in an exothermic reaction.

CO2 + O → O2CO
O2CO + O → O3CO
O3CO + O → O4CO
O4CO + O → O5CO ΔH = −145.2 kJ mol−1

Properties
Carbon hexoxide is stable up to 60 K. Vibrational infrared wavenumbers include the most prominent ν1 = 1876 cm−1 for the most common isotopologue 12C16O6.

Other isomers
Other possible isomers of carbon hexoxide are the C2 form with a five and three membered ring, and the D2d with two four membered rings. The D2d O3CO3 isomer has a calculated C–O bond length of 1.391 Å, and an O–O length of 1.469 Å. The O–C–O bond angle is 94.1°.  However these two isomers have not been observed.

The equivalent carbon hexasulfide is also known from inert gas matrix study. It has C2 symmetry with the same atomic arrangement as the hexoxide.

References

Oxocarbons
Applied Logic Corporation. Applied Logic Corporation (AL/COM) was a time-sharing company in the 1960s and 70s.

Headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, AL/COM started in 1962 working on "mathematical techniques and their applications to problem-solving."

Seeing the need for in-house time sharing the company bought a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-6 and developed its time sharing service, which came on-line in 1966. In 1968 the company began development of "Mathematics Park" in Montgomery Township, New Jersey, "designed to provide tenants with a computer-serviced and mathematically-oriented environment," adjacent to the Princeton Airport. Also in 1968 the company registered AL/COM as a trademark for its service.  

The system involved both custom software and custom hardware, and the service was marketed nationally by a network of associates.

In the late 1960s, the company developed a system called SAM (Semi-Automated Mathematics) for proving mathematical theories without human intervention. A theorem proved by the system, "SAM's lemma", was "widely hailed as the first contribution of automated reasoning systems to mathematics." The SAM series was one of the first interactive theorem provers and had an influence on subsequent theorem provers.

In 1965 Applied logic acquired a DEC PDP-6 computer system, which became operation in January 1966. By 1969 the company had four DEC PDP-10 dual systems with plans for a fifth, and had expanded nationwide with offices in San Jose, San Diego, and San Francisco.  The company also planned to market its time sharing systems in addition to providing services.  The company reported sales of $1,200,995, with an operational loss of $63,456.

By 1972 AL/COM had local dial-up facilities in ten cities: Boston, Massachusetts, Buffalo, New York, Chicago, Illinois, Indianapolis, Indiana, Montclair, New Jersey, New York, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Princeton, New Jersey, Washington, DC, and Wilmington, Delaware.  The computer center was located in Mathematics Park in Princeton.

By late 1969 AL/COM had definite plans for CIT Leasing to leaseback $2.73 million USD of their equipment at Mathematics Park and was considering an additional $7.5 million more. By 1970 the company was in financial difficulty and negotiated an agreement to defer $1,300,000 of debt.  Applied Logic filed for Chapter XI bankruptcy in 1975.

References

External links
 A woman adjusting an Applied Logic Corporation (AL/COM) time sharing AL-10 computer system (photo at Getty Images)
 CRT-AIDED SEMI-AUTOMATED MATHEMATICS SAM Final Report
 Applied Logic Publications at Bitsavers
 Photos of computer room and staff

American companies established in 1962
American companies disestablished in 1975
Companies based in Princeton, New Jersey
Computer companies established in 1962
Computer companies disestablished in 1975
Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Time-sharing companies
Pilz (company). Pilz GmbH & Co. KG is a German automation technology company headquartered in Ostfildern, Germany, with 42 subsidiaries and branches on all continents.

The company was founded as a glass-blowing business by Hermann Pilz in Esslingen in 1948. Initial products included glass apparatus for medical technology and mercury relays for industrial applications.

In the 1960s control passed to Pilz' son Peter, who developed the company into a supplier of electronic control and monitoring devices and programmable logic controllers. In 1987 he launched safety relay PNOZ, an emergency stop system. PSS control systems were developed in the 1990s. Other products and services include sensor technology, bus and industrial wireless systems, risk assessments and machinery 
safety training courses.

References

External links 
 Official website

Electronics companies of Germany
Electronics companies established in 1948
1948 establishments in Germany
Lourdes Mount College of Engineering & Technology. Lourdes Mount College of Engineering & Technology ()  is a 
self-financing engineering college set up by the Chellammal Educational Trust in 2013 and located close to Marthandam near the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The college is approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.

Affiliation
The college is affiliated to the Anna University, Chennai and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and Government of Tamil Nadu.

Academic programs
Lourdes Mount College of Engineering & Technology offers following Under-Graduate Programs.

Under Graduate Degree Programs
 B.E. - Civil Engineering
 B.E. - Mechanical Engineering
 B.E. - Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 B.E. - Electronics & Communication Engineering
 B.E. - Computer Science & Engineering

Location

It is located midway between Marthandam and Karungal in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. It is  away from Trivandrum International Airport.

Gallery

About the Trust
Chellammal Educational Trust is headquartered in Chennai and has trustees owning companies and has business partnership with MNCs. 

Trust Office 
No. 26, Dr. Ambedkar Road, 
Kodambakkam, 
Chennai – 600 024, Tamil Nadu

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Universities and colleges in Kanyakumari district
Educational institutions established in 2013
2013 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Demikhovo Machinebuilding Plant. Demikhovo Machinebuilding Plant or Demikhovsky Engineering Plant (, abbreviated DMZ) is a major Russian rail vehicle manufacturer. It is organised as an open joint-stock company.

History 

The site was a silk weaving factory originally owned by the Vetrov family and expropriated by the Soviet government. 

Since its inception in May 1935, the profile of Demikhov changed several times. There were activities in chemical engineering and the peat industry. But since 1992, the main products manufactured are electric multiple unit trains on 3000 V DC and 25 kV VAC at 50 Hz. During its life, Demikhov has produced seventeen different types of trains and produced over 3,000 examples, operated in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

On the occasion of its 50th anniversary in 1985, the factory has been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

In 1992, the Russian government decided to expand the production of suburban electric multiple units (EMU) at Demikhovo and substantially expanded the plant. In 1993, the first Russian fully formed EMU saw the light of day. 

The company became part of Transmashholding in accordance with the Decree of the Governor of Moscow Region Boris Gromov of 20 July 2001, submitted to the departmental submission to the Committee on Transport, Moscow region.

In 2006 Demikhovsky produced and sold 571 trains of types ED4M, ED9M, and ED4MK). Various spare parts sold for nearly $40 million. In 2006 the company presented its new development, the ED4MKM.

In 2007 Demikhovsky produced and sold 630 electric trains of types ED4M, ED9M, and ED9MK.

In 2008 the electric intermodal passenger transport train ED4MKM-AERO was certified.

Product line 
ED2T Electric (Electric Demikhovsky, version 2):  a series of Russian electric direct current, commercially available from 1993 to 1999 
ED9T (Electric Demikhovsky, 9th class): a series of alternating electric trainsets, produced since 1995 until 2000
ED9M: the upgraded version of the electric trainsets ED9T, produced since 2000 until 2012
ED9E: an upgrade with energy-efficient electrical equipment, produced since 2012 until 2016
ED4 (Electric Demikhovsky, version 4): a series of Russian electric trainsets, produced since 1996 until 1998 
ED4M: the upgraded version of the electric trainsets ED4, produced since 1997 until 2016
ED4MKU: the upgraded version of the electric trainsets ED4M, produced in 2005
ED4MKM: the upgraded version of the electric trainsets ED4MKU, produced since 2006 until 2009
EP2D: a series of Russian electric trainsets, produced since 2015
EP2DM the upgraded version of the electric trainsets EP2D, produced since 2023
EP3D: a series of alternating electric trainsets, produced since 2016

Gallery

References

External links 
Official website  

Rail vehicle manufacturers of Russia
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Manufacturing companies established in 1935
1935 establishments in the Soviet Union
Transmashholding
Lévy-Biche LB.2. The Levy Biche LB.2 was a single seat French sesquiplane fighter aircraft designed to be used from aircraft carriers. With a watertight fuselage, jettisonable wheeled undercarriage and small under-wing floats, it could survive emergency sea touchdowns; it could also be fitted with seaplane type floats.

Development
The LB.2 was designed as a shipboard fighter.  It was a single bay sesquiplane, with outward leaning parallel pairs of interplane struts and wire cross bracing.  The wings were strictly rectangular in plan, the lower plane smaller in both span and chord. The upper wing carried full span ailerons. Its flat sided fuselage was watertight and its belly deep; in emergency touchdowns at sea the undercarriage could be jettisoned with the aircraft stabilised with two small rectangular cross section, planing floats mounted on the lower wing underside below the interplane struts.

The LB 2 was powered by a  Hispano-Suiza 8Fe upright water-cooled V-8 engine. The upper wing was high above the fuselage on cabane struts and had a rounded cut-out in the trailing edge over the pilot's open cockpit to enhance his view. He had a short, faired headrest.  The fuselage tapered aft and had  distinct narrow keel to enhance its water surface behaviour.  The braced tailplane was wide chord and triangular in plan, carrying split elevators; the fin was also broad and triangular, with a deep, curved rudder that reached down to the bottom of the extreme keel, where there was a very small tailskid. The jettisonable main fixed conventional undercarriage structure had two short V-struts, supporting a wire cross braced single axle and mainwheels.  Armament consisted of a pair of 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Vickers machine guns.

The first flight was in 1927 and by October that year it had also flown with seaplane style floats. Soon after, Constructions Aéronautiques J Levy became bankrupt and production rights were purchased by Etablissements P. Levasseur.  The latter built twenty production aircraft during 1928-9, designated LB.2 AMBC.1, which served on the experimental French aircraft carrier Béarn, commissioned in May 1927, as well as from shore bases. The LB.2 remained in service with French Naval Aviation until 1932, when they were replaced by Wibault 74 fighters.

Variants
LB.2 Prototype.
LB.2 AMBC.1Production by Levasseur (20 built).

Units using this aircraft

Aéronautique Navale
Fighter units aboard the Béarn
Shore units.

Specifications

References

Bibliography
 

Sesquiplanes
1920s French fighter aircraft
Harold Grad. Harold Grad (January 23, 1923 in New York City – November 17, 1986) was an American applied mathematician. His work specialized in the application of statistical mechanics to plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics.

Work 
In statistical mechanics he had developed in his thesis new methods for the solution of the Boltzmann equation. He derived the Boltzmann equation from Liouville equation using BBGKY hierarchy under certain limits, known as Boltzmann–Grad limit. Harold Grad was the founder of the Magneto-fluid Dynamics Division of the Courant Institute and served as its head until shortly before his death  From 1964 to 1967 and 1974 to 1977 he was a member of the Advisory Committee for Fusion Energy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Grad was a critic and supporter of many early fusion schemes including picket fences, magnetic mirrors and Biconic cusps.

Recognition 
In 1970, Grad became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice in 1970 and in Stockholm in 1962.

In 1981, Grad was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1982, he was awarded the Eringen Medal from the Society of Engineering Science, and in 1986, he received the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics from the American Physical Society.

The Courant Institute offers the Harold Grad Memorial Prize to outstanding performance and promise as a graduate student.

Life 
Dr. Grad received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Cooper Union in 1943 and his masters at New York University in 1945.  Grad did his doctoral work under Richard Courant and graduated in 1948.  His thesis was on the approximation of the Boltzmann Equation by torque.  He was then at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University from 1948 as associate professor and from 1957 until his death. Dr. Grad conducted research in magnetohydrodynamics, the mathematical formulation of plasma physics and applications of plasma physics to nuclear fusion.  He led the magnetohydrodynamics department from 1956 until 1980.

References 

20th-century American mathematicians
Scientists from New York City
New York University alumni
1923 births
1986 deaths
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Cooper Union alumni
Bautek Skycruiser. The Bautek Skycruiser is a German ultralight trike, designed and produced by Bautek of Kenn, Germany. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Skycruiser was Bautek's first trike design and was designed to comply with the German 120 kg microlight category.  The aircraft features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit, tricycle landing gear with finned wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span Bautek Pico L wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a specially modified and tuned twin cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke,  Briggs & Stratton Vanguard 1000 engine. This engine provides good fuel economy with a low noise level of 55 dB and produces a cruise speed of .

The aircraft has an empty weight of  without the wing fitted and a gross weight of . The fuel tank holds  of fuel.

The Skycruiser is German DULV certified.

Specifications (Skycruiser)

References

External links

2000s German sport aircraft
2000s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Aircraft first flown in 2009