omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Dennis Allison. Dennis Allison is a lecturer at Stanford University, a position he has held since 1976.

Allison was a founding member of the People's Computer Company.

Allison in 1975 wrote a specification for a microcomputer interpreter for the BASIC programming language which became known as Tiny Basic. Allison was urged to create the standard by Bob Albrecht of the Homebrew Computer Club who had seen BASIC on minicomputers and felt it would be the perfect match for new machines like the MITS Altair 8800, which had been released in January 1975.  This design did not support text strings or floating point arithmetic, thus only using integer arithmetic. The goal was for the program to fit in 2 to 3 kilobytes of memory.

Allison published his work in the People's Computer Company newsletter in 1975.  The Tiny BASIC contents of the newsletter soon became Dr. Dobb's Journal of Tiny BASIC with a subtitle of "Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Running Light Without Overbyte." By the middle of 1976, Tiny BASIC interpreters were available for the Intel 8080, the Motorola 6800 and MOS Technology 6502 processors. This was a forerunner of the free software community's collaborative development before the internet allowed easy transfer of files, and was an example of a free software project before the free software movement.

From 1989 to 2004 Allison and microprocessor architect John H. Wharton coordinated Stanford University's EE-380 Computer Systems Colloquium.

References

External links 
 Personal web page

Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Material Design. Material Design (codenamed Quantum Paper) is a design language developed by Google in 2014. Expanding on the "cards" that debuted in Google Now, Material Design uses more grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, padding, and depth effects such as lighting and shadows. Google announced Material Design on June 25, 2014, at the 2014 Google I/O conference.

The main purpose of Material Design is the creation of a new visual language that combines principles of good design with technical and scientific innovation. Designer Matías Duarte explained that, "unlike real paper, our digital material can expand and reform intelligently. Material has physical surfaces and edges. Seams and shadows provide meaning about what you can touch." Google states that their new design language is based on paper and ink but implementation takes place in an advanced manner.

In 2018, Google detailed a revamp of the language, with a focus on providing more flexibility for designers to create custom "themes" with varying geometry, colors, and typography. In 2021, a further evolution of the design language, titled Material You, was unveiled.

Implementation 
Material Design was to be gradually extended throughout Google's array of web and mobile products, providing a consistent experience across all platforms and applications. Google has also released application programming interfaces (APIs) for third-party developers to incorporate the design language into their applications.

The canonical open source implementation of Material Design for web application user interfaces is called Material Web.

Updates

Material Design 2 
After the 2018 revamp, Google began redesigning most of their apps based on an updated set of principles and guidelines dubbed "Material Design 2",  which appeared on Android Pie. It provided a larger focus on customization of the basic Material Design components to adapt to the branding of the products in which it is being used. The updated guidelines further heavily emphasizes white space, rounded corners, colorful icons, and bottom navigation bars. Google began utilizing a special size-optimized version of their proprietary Product Sans font called Google Sans.

Material Design 3 (Material You) 
At Google I/O in May 2021, Google announced a new concept on Android 12 known as "Material You" (also known as "Material Design 3"), emphasizing increased animation, larger buttons, and the ability for custom UI themes to be generated from the user's wallpaper. Material You was gradually rolled out to various Google apps on older Android versions in the following months, and acted as a major focus on the Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro smartphone series.

See also 
 Flat design
 Fluent Design System
 Human interface guidelines
 Metro (design language)
 Corporate Memphis

References

External links 

 
 Material Design 1
 Material Design 2
 Material Design 3

2014 software
Design language
Google
Graphical user interfaces
Touch user interfaces
Ivy Parker. Ivy May Parker (September 11, 1907 – September 7, 1985) was an American chemist and engineer. She earned a doctorate in organic chemistry in 1935 and worked in the oil industry as a specialist on the causes and prevention of corrosion of pipelines.

Early life and education
Born on September 11, 1907, in Quay County, New Mexico, Parker was educated at West Texas State Teachers College, where she won the Garvan Essay prize of $500 in her sophomore year. She went on to attain her master's degree and PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Texas in 1931 and 1935 respectively, becoming the first woman to receive a PhD in chemistry at the university.

Career
Following her work as an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Mary Hardin–Baylor from 1934 to 1935, Parker was employed by Shell Oil Company as an analytical chemist from 1936 to 1943, and held the position of senior research chemist for the J.S. Abercrombie Company for one year. In 1945 she began a 27-year career at the Plantation Pipeline Company as a field technologist, research engineer, and senior engineer.

Parker used her knowledge of chemistry to contribute to the development of pipeline technology as it evolved and expanded post-World War II. She published numerous papers on the issue of pipeline corrosion, and made innovations in both water- and oil-soluble inhibitors.

In 1944 the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) appointed her as the first editor of their official publication, Corrosion, a position she occupied until 1965. She was a specialist in research on the cause and prevention of corrosion of pipeline technology.

She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Chemical Society, the Electrochemical Society, and a fellow of the American Institute of Chemists.

Legacy
An Ivy Parker Memorial Scholarship was established by the Society of Women Engineers for female engineering students.

References

External links
 

1907 births
1985 deaths
People from Quay County, New Mexico
University of Texas alumni
West Texas A&M University alumni
American women chemists
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American chemists
Chemists from New Mexico
Tunnel problem. The tunnel problem is a philosophical thought experiment first introduced by Jason Millar in 2014. It is a variation on the classic trolley problem designed to focus on the ethics of autonomous vehicles, as well as the question of who gets to decide how they react in life-and-death scenarios.

Original formulation
The tunnel problem is intended to draw one's attention to a specific issue in design/engineering ethics, and was first presented as follows:

Tunnel Problem: You are travelling along a single lane mountain road in an autonomous car that is fast approaching a narrow tunnel. Just before entering the tunnel a child attempts to run across the road but trips in the center of the lane, effectively blocking the entrance to the tunnel. The car has but two options: hit and kill the child, or swerve into the wall on either side of the tunnel, thus killing you. How should the car react?

Similar thought experiments have been brought forth by other philosophers focusing on the topic of autonomous cars. The premise of these thought experiments is that even with highly sophisticated self-driving-car technologies, the cars will face situations where harm cannot be avoided.

Purpose
The tunnel problem is meant to focus one's attention on two questions that it raises for designers and users of autonomous cars:
 How should the car react?
 Who should decide how the car reacts?

In its original formulation, the tunnel problem is discussed as an "end-of-life" decision for the passenger of the car: depending on the way the car reacts, the passenger either lives or dies. Because of that feature, Millar argues that the tunnel problem forces us to question whether designers/engineers have the legitimate moral authority to make the decision on behalf of autonomous car users. Indeed, the second question is meant to challenge the standard notion that all design decisions are just technical in nature. Where design features provide "material answers to moral questions" in the use context, Millar argues that designers must find ways to incorporate user preferences in order to avoid unjustifiable paternalistic relationships between technology and the user.

Because the tunnel problem focuses on ethical design issues in semi-autonomous technologies, it is considered a problem in roboethics.

Public response
Roger Crisp featured the tunnel problem on the Oxford University Practical Ethics blog. The entry contains a critique of the problem as presented by Millar.

The tunnel problem was the focus of a poll conducted by the Open Roboethics Initiative (ORi). In response, 64% of participants said the car should continue straight and kill the child, while 36% said it should swerve and kill the passenger. In addition, 48% of respondents reported that the decision was "easy", while 28% and 24% claimed it was "moderately difficult" and "difficult" respectively. When asked who should make the decision, only 12% felt the designer/manufacturer should make it, 44% felt the passenger should make it, and 33% thought it should be left to lawmakers.

References

Thought experiments in ethics

Ethics of science and technology
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison. The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) is a program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. Livermore is in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States. It is funded by the Regional and Global Climate Modeling Group (RGCM) and the Atmospheric System Research (ASR) programs of the Climate and Environment Sciences Division of the United States Department of Energy.

Main activities
The main goal of PCMDI is to develop improved methods and tools for the diagnosis and intercomparison of general circulation models (GCMs). PCMDI is the canonical resource for a number of model intercomparison projects, including the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), Seasonal Prediction Model Intercomparison Project (SMIP), Aqua-Planet Experimental Project (APE), and Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). PCMDI is also developing the Cloud-Associated Parameterizations Testbed (CAPT) and is involved with other research and innovations that will help with the diagnosis, tweaking, and intercomparison of models.

Reception
The model intercomparisons run by PCMDI are used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, such as in Chapter 8 of the Working Group I report for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

On April 6, 2009, the American Meteorological Society held a meeting in Bethesda, Maryland to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the operation of the PCMDI. The meeting summary was published in the Journal of the American Meteorological Society in May 2011.

References

External links

Climate modeling
Tower climber. A tower climber specializes in maintenance, installation, and decommissioning of cellular and radio tower components such as coaxial cable, antennas, radios, fiber-optic cable and broadcast equipment for cell phones, television, radio, etc.

Description
Tower climbers perform routine inspections and tests on broadcasting towers, and may also be called upon to perform repairs and to provide input when plans for new equipment are being developed.

Along with the installers of the tower antennas, other crews climb the towers to perform condition checks of the towers, guy lines and lighting systems. One of the most demanding aspects of many tower climber jobs is hauling materials and tools up to the proper installation height on the tower. In most cases, the climber scales the tower to the desired height and lowers a rope to a ground crew member who then ties it to a needed part on the ground. The tower worker then pulls the piece up and secures the rope before installing the part onto the tower.

Hazards
Tower climbers may be injured or killed by falling objects, structural collapses and equipment failures. Some of the more frequently encountered hazards include falls from great heights; electrical hazards; hazards associated with hoisting personnel and equipment with base-mounted drum hoists; inclement weather; and structural collapse of towers.

United States
Working on cellphone towers is the deadliest job in the United States, according to a trade publication, and it has been claimed that the tower climbing industry experiences 10 times more death casualties than the construction workers. There were 50 - 100 deaths from falls from communication towers between 2003 and 2011. The head of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) once called tower climbing “the most dangerous job in America.”

References

Construction trades workers
Wireless technology people
Type 37. Type 37 may refer to:
 Bristol Type 37, British steam-powered passenger and airmail transport aircraft
 Bugatti Type 37, motor vehicle produced by the auto-maker Bugatti
 Peugeot Type 37, motor vehicle produced by the auto-maker Peugeot
 Type 037-II-class missile boat, missile equipped corvette built for the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Type 37 torpedo boat, class of warships built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine
American Sportscopter Ultrasport 331. The American Sportscopter Ultrasport 331 is an American helicopter that was designed and produced by American Sportscopter of Newport News, Virginia. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Ultrasport 331 is a development of the Ultrasport 254 and, like that model, is named for its empty weight in pounds. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with doors, skid-type landing gear and a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition  Hirth 2706 engine.

The aircraft fuselage is made from composites. Its  diameter two-bladed rotor has a chord of  and employs an ATI 012 (VR-7 mod) airfoil at the blade root, transitioning to an ATI 008 (VR-7 mod) airfoil at the tip. The ring-mounted tail rotor has a  diameter and a chord of . The cyclic control is mounted from the cockpit ceiling, but otherwise is conventional. The horizontal tailplane mounts end-fins for directional stability.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 60 hours.

Operational history
By June 2014 three examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, although a total of six had been registered at one time.

Specifications (Ultrasport 331)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

External links
Photo of an American Sportscopter Ultrasport 331

Ultrasport 331
2000s United States sport aircraft
2000s United States helicopters
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined piston helicopters
The Greening of Planet Earth. The Greening of Planet Earth is a half-hour-long documentary. It was produced by the coal industry, which argues that rising  levels will be beneficial to agriculture, that the scientific consensus on climate change is wrong, and that policies intending to reduce CO2 levels are therefore misguided. The video argues that rising CO2 levels both directly stimulate plant growth and, as a result of their warming properties, cause winter temperatures to rise, thereby indirectly stimulating plant growth. It was produced in 1991 and released the following year. A sequel, entitled, The Greening of Planet Earth Continues, was released in 1998. The video was narrated by Sherwood Idso. After the video was made, it was distributed to thousands of journalists by a coal industry group. The video became very popular viewing in the George H. W. Bush White House and elsewhere in Washington, where it was promoted before the 1992 Earth Summit, and, according to some reports, became especially popular with then-chief of staff John H. Sununu.

Many of the claims made in the documentary were controversial at the time, but recent research does show the Earth has greened significantly between 1992 (when the film was produced) and 2020, and this greening has had a strong cooling effect on land temperature.

Funding
Funding for the video was provided by the Western Fuels Association, which paid $250,000 to produce it. It was produced by the Greening Earth Society, which was created by the Western Fuels Association and with which the Association shared a business address.

See also
CO2 fertilization effect
Greenwashing

References

1992 films
1992 in the environment
Documentary films about global warming
Environmentally skeptical films
Climate change denial
F-89 Scorpion units of the United States Air Force. The Northrop F-89 Scorpion was a subsonic second-generation jet interceptor of the United States Air Force.  After a long development during the postwar era of the late 1940s, it began reaching operational units in the early 1950s.  A stablemate of the North American F-86D Sabre Interceptor, the F-89 replaced the first-generation Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor, primarily in the Air Defense Command (ADC).   It was phased out of active service in the late 1950s, being replaced by supersonic McDonnell F-101B Voodoos and Convair F-102A Delta Dagger interceptors.

Models and service life
 F-89B Scorpion, First production model, 40 produced; first assigned to the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Hamilton AFB, California in June 1951. All transferred to Air National Guard by the end of 1954.
 F-89C Scorpion, Second production model, 164 produced.  First assigned to the 74th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Presque Isle AFB, Maine in January 1952.  All transferred to Air National Guard by the end of 1954.
 F-89D Scorpion, Third (and major) production model, 682 produced. First assigned to the 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Ladd AFB, Alaska in January 1954. All transferred to Air National Guard by the end of 1961.
 F-89H Scorpion, Fourth (and last) production model; adaptation of the missile-armed F-89D to carry the new AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile, 156 produced. First assigned to the 445th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan in March 1956. All transferred to Air National Guard by September 1959.
 F-89J Scorpion, F-89Ds modified to carry Douglas MB-1 (later AIR-2) Genie nuclear-tipped unguided air-to-air rocket, 350 modified. First assigned to the 54th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Ellsowrth AFB, South Dakota in July 1957

The last active-duty USAF F-89J was transferred to Air National Guard service by the 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Keflavik Airport, Iceland in July, 1962.

The Wisconsin Air National Guard 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was federalized during the Korean War, receiving F-89Cs in February 1952-while on active duty.  It was returned to state control in November 1952.   Two squadrons of the Wisconsin Air National Guard, the 126th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee and the 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Truax Field, Madison were the first ANG units to be equipped with a mixture of F-89B/Cs in September 1954.

The Northrop F-89 Scorpion reached the end of the line of US military service in July 1969 when the Iowa Air National Guard 124th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron retired its last F-89Js.

Squadrons

References

External links

Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force
United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations of the United States Air Force by equipment
Factory automation infrastructure. Factory automation infrastructure describes the process of incorporating automation into the manufacturing environment and processing input goods into final products. Factory automation intends to decrease risks associated with laborious and dangerous work faced by human workers. 

The manufacturing environment is defined by its ability to manufacture and/or assemble goods by machines, integrated assembly lines, and robotic arms. Automated environments are also defined by their coordination with (and usually their systematic integration with) the required automatic equipment to form a complete system.

Automation
Automation has produced sophisticated parts with similar or higher output qualities with minor quality fluctuation. It also can help cut overall manufacturing costs and create safer working environments for workers.The use of automation in manufacturing started by using technologies such as pneumatic and hydraulic systems in applications where their mechanical advantages could be used to raise output quality and efficiency in production. Complex and highly integrated systems have since evolved, composed of procedures with sophisticated operation drivers. These drivers often are running languages that support 6, 7, and 8-axis controls for sophisticated robotics.

Robotic arm
A robotic arm is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with functions similar to a human arm; the arm may be the total of the mechanism or may be part of a more complex robot. The links of such a manipulator are connected by joints allowing either rotational motion (such as in an articulated robot) or transnational (linear) displacement. The links of the manipulator can be considered to form a kinematic chain. The terminus of the kinematic chain of the manipulator is called the end effector and is analogous to the human hand.

References

Industrial automation