omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Oxophilicity. Oxophilicity is the tendency of certain chemical compounds to form oxides by hydrolysis or abstraction of an oxygen atom from another molecule, often from organic compounds. The term is often used to describe metal centers, commonly the early transition metals such as titanium, niobium, and tungsten. Oxophilicity is often stated to be related to the hardness of the element, within the HSAB theory (hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases), but it has been shown that oxophilicity depends more on the electronegativity and effective nuclear charge of the element than on its hardness. This explains why the early transition metals, whose electronegativities and effective nuclear charges are low, are very oxophilic. Many main group compounds are also oxophilic, such as derivatives of aluminium, silicon, and phosphorus(III). The handling of oxophilic compounds often requires air-free techniques.

Examples
Complexes of oxophilic metals typically are prone to hydrolysis. For example, the high valent chlorides hydrolyze rapidly to give oxides:
TiCl4 + 2 H2O  →  TiO2  +  4 HCl
These reactions proceed via oxychloride intermediates.  For example, WOCl4 results from the partial hydrolysis of tungsten hexachloride. Hydroxide-containing intermediates are rarely observed for oxophilic metals. In contrast, the anhydrous halides of the later metals tend to hydrate, not hydrolyze, and they often form hydroxides.

Reduced complexes of oxophilic metals tend to generate oxides by reaction with oxygen. Typically the oxide-ligand is bridging, e.g.
2 (C5H5)2TiCl  +  1/2 O2   →   {(C5H5)2TiCl}2O
Only in rare cases do the products of oxygenation feature terminal oxo ligands.

Applications of oxophilicity in synthesis
Oxophilic reagents are often used to extract or exchange oxygen centers in organic substrates, especially carbonyls (esters, ketones, amides) and epoxides. The highly oxophilic reagent generated from tungsten hexachloride and butyl lithium is useful for the deoxygenation of epoxides. Such conversions are sometimes valuable in organic synthesis. In the McMurry reaction, ketones are converted into alkenes using oxophilic reagents:
2 R2CO + Ti → R2C=CR2 + TiO2
Similarly, Tebbe's reagent is used in olefination reactions:
 Cp2TiCH2AlCl(CH3)2 + R2C=O → Cp2TiO + 0.5 (AlCl(CH3)2)2 + R2C=CH2

Oxophilic main group compounds are also well known and useful. The highly oxophilic reagent Si2Cl6 stereospecifically deoxygenates phosphine oxides. Phosphorus pentasulfide and the related Lawesson's reagent convert certain organic carbonyls to the corresponding sulfur derivatives:
P4S10 + n R2C=O → P4S10−nOn + n R2C=S

Owing to the high stability of carbon dioxide, many carbon compounds such as phosgene are oxophilic.  This reactivity is used for recycling of triphenylphosphine oxide:
OPPh3 + COCl2 → Cl2PPh3 + CO2

References

Acid–base chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
GMD GF6C. The GF6C was an electric locomotive for freight duties built by General Motors Diesel in collaboration with ASEA of Sweden. 

Seven of these locomotives were built in 1983 and 1984, for use on the BC Rail's electrified Tumbler Ridge subdivision.

Similar to EMD's GM6C testbed locomotive, the GF6C used a frame and running gear that was identical to that of EMD's popular SD40-2 diesel-electric locomotive, but had a wide cab and carbody similar to that of GMD's SD40-2F.

BC Rail chose electrification for the Tumbler Subdivision because the line had long, non-ventilated tunnels, as well as steep grades and sharp curves. The line served the Quintette and Bull-Moose coal mines, and hauled coal from said mines to an interchange with CN, where diesel power took over to haul the coal to Prince Rupert where it was loaded onto deep-sea coal carrier ships.

A combination of the declining coal market, and lack of coal being produced from the Quintette mine led to the electric system being shut down due to low traffic, and high maintenance costs. The system transferred over to diesel hauled trains after the last electrically hauled train left the Teck loadout (Bull-moose mine) on October 1, 2000. Towards the later years of operation, the GF6C units were de-rated due to the high amount of traction motor failures during operation. It is not known what their horsepower rating was after this modification, however loaded trains leaving the east side of the subdivision typically saw the use of 3 leading units, and 3 helper units per train. Previously, each loaded train would typically have 2 leading units, and 2 helper units. The helper units would be cut from the train upon reaching the summit.

In 2004, the Roy family purchased locomotive 6001 and donated it to the Prince George Railway and Forestry Museum in Prince George; the remaining six locomotives were scrapped. 6001 is currently preserved and in remarkable condition, and, according to the museum's curator and park manager, is still operable if provided with 50 kV of electricity.

References

See also 
List of GMD Locomotives

GF6C
C-C locomotives
50 kV AC locomotives
Electric locomotives of Canada
Railway locomotives introduced in 1983
ASEA locomotives
Preserved electric locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Freight locomotives
St. Louis Car Company "Doodlebug". The St. Louis Car Company "Doodlebug" was a model of lightweight, streamlined diesel-electric railcars built by the St. Louis Car Company in 1936 for the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. Electromotive Corporation supplied the , eight-cylinder Winton 8-201A prime mover and electric transmission components, though unit 2028 would be rebuilt in 1948 with a more modern EMD 567 prime mover. The units had a B-2 wheel arrangement, mounted atop a pair of road trucks. The aft section was divided into two separate compartments: one was used to transport baggage and the other served as a small railway post office, or RPO (the forward door, located just behind the radiator louvers, was equipped with a mail hook).

Two units were manufactured for the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL) and were numbered 2027 and 2028. Unit 2027 was destroyed in a collision with a gas tanker truck at Arcadia, Florida in 1956. Unit 2028 remained in service, and was primarily used on the Silver Meteor between Tampa, Florida and Venice, Florida through the 1950s and 60s. Unit 2028 was renumbered to 4900 after the Seaboard Coast Line merger in 1967 between the SAL and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL). Unit 2028, now numbered 4900, was reassigned to operate the Champion between Lakeland, Florida and Naples, Florida. Unit 2028 was removed from service and scrapped after Amtrak took over national passenger service in 1971.

See also
 List of GM-EMD locomotives
 Doodlebug (rail car)
 FM OP800, similar St. Louis Car Company built railcars, powered by Fairbanks-Morse

References

External links

B-2 locomotives
Electro-Motive Division locomotives
North American streamliner trains
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Streamlined diesel locomotives
John Stuart Archer. John Stuart Archer  (15 June 1943 – 9 December 2007) was Vice-Chancellor and Principal of Heriot-Watt University from 1997 to 2006.

Life
Archer was born in London on 15 June 1943 and went to Chiswick County Grammar School.  He obtained a BSc in Industrial Chemistry from City University London in 1965 and a PhD from Imperial College London.  In 1969 he emigrated to Canada with his wife Lesley and got a job as a Petroleum Engineer.  He returned to the UK in 1973, and worked in the European gas fields.

He entered academia as a Reader in Petroleum Engineering at Imperial College in 1980, becoming a Professor in 1986, then head of the Department of Mineral Resources Engineering in 1987.  After further senior positions at Imperial College, including two years as Dean of the Royal School of Mines in 1989–91, he joined Heriot-Watt University in 1997 as Vice-Chancellor and Principal, until his retirement in July 2006.  He died 9 December 2007 of cancer, survived by his wife and their son and daughter.

Honours and professional affiliations
Archer was appointed a CBE in 2002 for services to Higher Education.  He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He served as President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers for 2005–2006, which included responsibility for the World Congress in Chemical Engineering, held in Glasgow in 2005.  He received honorary degrees from the University of Edinburgh, Imperial College, City University and Heriot-Watt University.

References

1943 births
2007 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British chemical engineers
Engineering academics
Alumni of City, University of London
Alumni of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Academics of Imperial College London
Academics of Heriot-Watt University
Deans of the Royal School of Mines
Alumni of Chiswick School
List of Chilly Beach episodes. A list of episodes of the Chilly Beach series.

Season 1: 2003–2004

Season 2: 2004-2005 
TBD

Season 3: 2005-2006 
TBD

Film: The World is Hot Enough
Dale wonders why no one ever visits Chilly Beach, and realizes that it's due to the cold climate. Thus, Frank invents a super heater to warm Chilly Beach up. When the U.S. learns about it, they steal it and accidentally use it to destroy the planet. Frank and Dale must travel back through time to undo the damage.

Film: The Canadian President 
Following the take-over of Canada by the United States through "asking nicely", Dale is forced into the position of President of the United States by the scheming Hangelberg Group. However, the incompetent Dale proves harder to control than intended, and he and Frank work to defeat the Group's efforts to brainwash all of Canada through micro-chipping.

References

Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes
Lists of Canadian adult animated television series episodes
Petroleum resin. A hydrocarbon resin is a C5/C9 aromatic hydrocarbon that is used in industrial applications. It has a tackifying effect and is suitable for use in paint, printing ink, adhesives, rubber and other areas where tackiness is required.

Generally, the petroleum resins are not used independently, but have to be used together with other types of resins as promoters, adjusting agents and modifiers in hot-melt adhesive, pressure-sensitive adhesive, hot melt road marking paint, rubber tires etc.

There are various types of hydrocarbon resins, including C5 Resins, C9 Resins, C5/C9 copolymer resins and hydrogenated resins. C5 Resins are produced from aliphatic crackers like piperylene and isoprene, the current major catalyst is AlCl3. C9 Resins are produced from aromatic crackers like vinyltoluenes, Indene, alpha-methylstyrene, styrene, methylidenes, etc. The current major catalyst is BF3. C5/C9 copolymer resins are produced from both aliphatic crackers and aromatic crackers.  There are some additional processes like hydrogenated (use hydrogen) for hydrocarbon resins. By this way, the double bond is neutralized and light colors, even water white resins, are produced. There are some different types, including hydrogenated C5 Resins, hydrogenated C9 Resins, hydrogenated C5/C9 resins, and hydrogenated DCPD resins.

References

External links 
 Brief technical specification of synthetic petroleum resin "Sibplast"

Petroleum products
Kambarata-1 Dam. The Kambar-Ata Dam (also known as Kambar-Ata 1 or Kambaratinsk Dam) is a proposed dam on the Naryn River in central Kyrgyzstan. One of six planned to be built on the river, it will become one of the largest dams in the world at approximately  high and containing about 370 million cubic metres (480 million cu yd) of rock and earth. The Kambar-Ati-1 Hydro Power Plant at the base of the dam will have the capacity to generate around 2,000 megawatts of electricity. The project will be constructed jointly with Russia and possibly Kazakhstan as well.

The dam will be created by using about 440,000 metric tonnes of explosives to blast the canyon walls, causing landslides that will block the Naryn River. This strategy will save time and money over conventional embankment building methods. The hydroelectric power plant, spillway and other associated structures will be completed separately.

The first attempt to build a dam at this site was in 1986, but construction stopped due to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The project was reinstated in 2008 and will be largely funded by US$2 billion in Russian aid, promised in return for "enhanced economic and security cooperation" with Russia. It is hoped that this dam and others on the Naryn will help Kyrgyzstan become a major electricity exporter, helping the country's fragile economy. Test drilling work at the dam site began in August 2013.

Downstream Uzbekistan opposes the project, as the initial filling of the reservoir, and annual evaporation henceforth, would reduce the flow available in the Syr Darya for irrigation. Power generated by the dam, if exported to southern countries such as Afghanistan, could also hurt Uzbekistan's market for electricity export. According to the Uzbek government in Tashkent, Kambarata-I will also cause water shortages, as well as environmental and economic damage to Uzbekistan, and is being proposed in breach of international law.

Experts interviewed by the International Crisis Group have indicated that in spite of Uzbekistan's ire regarding the project, Kambarata-I and other such projects could improve water management in the region since the dams will collect and store water that could later be released for irrigation. However, water specialists have also stated that there is a lack of political will to solve this issue.

On January 6, 2023, the energy ministers of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed a roadmap for the project. Height of the dam was reduced to 256 m, capacity was reduced to 1,860 MW. Preparations for the construction of the hydroelectric power station have already begun: roads, bridges, power lines, construction sites are being built.

See also

Kambar-Ata-2 Hydroelectric Power Station – built downstream

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Kyrgyzstan
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Dams in Kyrgyzstan
Dams on the Naryn River
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Kyrgyzstan
Breccia pipe. A breccia pipe, also referred to as a chimney, is a mass of breccia (rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix), often in an irregular and cylindrical shape.

Characteristics
When exposed at the surface, a breccia pipe may appear as an iron-stained knob, from several feet to several hundred feet in diameter. Breccia pipes may or may not be silicified. They usually consist of fragments of the host rock (the rock layer they are contained in) cemented together by silica. They can also be cemented by finely ground host rock called rock flour. These formations are often hosts for ore deposition especially in copper and uranium mining districts. They are sensitive to oxidation, and due to their porous nature, may be oxidized to depths far below the ground surface. Breccia pipes that have never reached the Earth's surface are referred to as "blind".

Origin
Although the origin of breccia pipes is disputed, the most commonly accepted theory is that they formed at intersections of fractures. In these areas, hydrothermal solutions forced their way to the surface. However, there are some breccia pipes that are a result of limestone collapse by acidic water or other soluble rock types.

Occurrence
Areas that contains many examples of breccia pipes include Copper Creek, Arizona, which contains approximately 500 mineralized breccia pipes, and the gold mining area of Cripple Creek, Colorado which contains breccia pipe ore deposits associated with a volcanic diatreme.

See also

References

Igneous petrology
Economic geology
Isomorphism (crystallography). In chemistry, isomorphism has meanings both at the level of crystallography and at a molecular level.  In crystallography, crystals are isomorphous if they have identical symmetry and if the atomic positions can be described with a set of parameters (unit cell dimensions and fractional coordinates) whose numerical values differ only slightly.

Molecules are isomorphous if they have similar shapes.  The coordination complexes tris(acetylacetonato)iron (Fe(acac)3) and tris(acetylacetonato)aluminium (Al(acac)3) are isomorphous.  These compounds, both of D3 symmetry have very similar shapes, as determined by bond lengths and bond angles.  Isomorphous compounds give rise to isomorphous crystals and form solid solutions. Historically, crystal shape was defined by measuring the angles between crystal faces with a goniometer. Whereas crystals of Fe(acac)3 are deep red and crystals of Al(acac)3 are colorless, a solid solution of the two, i.e. Fe1−xAlx(acac)3 will be deep or pale pink depending on the Fe/Al ratio, x.

Double sulfates, such as Tutton's salt, with the generic formula MI2MII(SO4)2.6H2O, where MI is an alkali metal and MII is a divalent ion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn, form a series of isomorphous compounds which were important in the nineteenth century in establishing the correct atomic weights of the transition elements. Alums, such as KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, are another series of isomorphous compounds, though there are three series of alums with similar external structures, but slightly different internal structures. Many spinels are also isomorphous.

In order to form isomorphous crystals two substances must have the same chemical formulation (i.e., atoms in the same ratio), they must contain atoms which have corresponding chemical properties and the sizes of corresponding atoms should be similar. These requirements ensure that the forces within and between molecules and ions are approximately similar and result in crystals that have the same internal structure. Even though the space group is the same, the unit cell dimensions will be slightly different because of the different sizes of the atoms involved.

Mitscherlich's law
Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, or the law of isomorphism, is an approximate law suggesting that crystals composed of the same number of similar elements tend to demonstrate isomorphism.

Mitscherlich's law is named for German chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich, who formulated the law and published it between 1819 and 1823.

According to Ferenc Szabadváry, one of the clues that helped Berzelius determine the atomic weights of the elements was "the discovery of Mitscherlich that compounds which contain the same number of atoms and have similar structures, exhibit similar crystal forms (isomorphism)."

See also
Asterism (gemology)
Polymorphism (materials science)
Goldschmidt tolerance factor
Solid solution
Vegard's law

References 

Crystallography
Mineralogy concepts
Philips NMS-1205. The Philips NMS-1205 was a MSX AUDIO cartridge (without BIOS) using the Yamaha Y8950 chip (released in 1984).
NMS-1205 was only sold in Europe for the MSX Personal Computer.

This cartridge featured FM sound synthesizer, Sound sampler (ADPCM with 32 kB sample RAM), MIDI interface, audio & MIDI I/O connectors, and also built-in software (Music-BOX, CALL MUSICBOX).

Features

FM sound synthesizer : OPL (FM Operator Type-L) compatible
 2  RCA mono Audio-out connectors
 Volume adjuster (Sample volume)

Sound sampler : 32kB sampleRAM for the ADPCM unit
 Audio-in connector (mono, RCA, to sample from a line-level source)
 External microphone connector (mono)
 Built-in microphone (mono) When an external microphone or line-level source is connected, the internal microphone is automatically disabled.

MIDI interface : In/Out/Thru
 Connector for music keyboard (NMS-1160)

Built-in software : Music-BOX, CALL MUSICBOX

References

Synthesizers
Sound cards
MSX hardware
Karl Gustav Brescius. Karl Gustav (Guido) Brescius (25 March 1824 – 4 December 1864) was a German railway engineer.

He was born in Bautzen, in eastern Saxony, Germany, on 25 March 1824 and studied at the Dresden University of Technology in Saxony. Amongst his lecturers were Professor Andreas Schubert. 

Brescius gained his first practical experience as a railway engineer during the construction of the Saxon-Silesian Railway (Sächsisch-Schlesische Eisenbahn) from Dresden to Görlitz. For the construction of the Saxon-Bohemian Railway from Dresden to Bodenbach in 1847 Brescius was already the departmental engineer responsible for the section of the route in the area of Königstein.

Albert Railway 
In 1853 Guido Brescius signed an employment contract as a master machinist and construction engineer with the Albert Railway (Albertsbahn AG). As a result, he was responsible for planning and overseeing the construction of the railway line from Dresden to Tharandt, the Niederhermsdorf and Hänichen coal branch lines.

Windberg Railway 
In planning the Hänichen coal line, Brescius took a risk with a route that was artificially long in order to overcome the height difference between Plauenscher Grund and the Gittersee plateau, with inclines of 1:40 on an adhesion railway and with curves of as little as 85 m radius on a standard gauge main line. In 1856 it was completed; the first mountain railway in Germany and only the second to be built in Europe after the Semmering Railway (Semmeringbahn) in Austria. For this reason King John of Saxony gave the coal line the nickname The Saxon Semmering Railway (Sächsische Semmeringbahn) and rightly so. The Hänichen coal branch still partially exists today as a technical monument, the Windberg Railway (Windbergbahn).

End of his life 
His arguments with the supervisory board of the Albert Railway and his study trips to England had a detrimental effect on the health of Guido Brescius. He died prematurely on 4 December 1864 in the mental home at Sonnenstein in Pirna.

See also 
 List of railway pioneers

Sources 
:de:Karl Gustav Brescius

1824 births
1864 deaths
People from Bautzen
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German railway pioneers
German railway mechanical engineers
TU Dresden alumni
Engineers from Saxony