omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CVT M-300. The CVT M-300 was a single-seat glider designed and built in Italy from 1967.

Development 
Designed by Alberto Morelli, this single-seat high-performance standard class glider was intended for competition flying, record breaking and club use. Advanced constructional techniques used for the plywood skinned, aluminium alloy sparred, M-300 wings ensured accurate surfaces with high-quality surface finish. The fuselage was conventionally built using wooden frames, plywood skinning with a glass-fibre nose cone, and integral swept fin which supported the narrow chord all-flying tailplane. Two prototypes were built with the first flight taking place in April 1968.

Specifications

See also

References

 Coates, Andrew. “Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders new edition”. London, Jane's. 1980. 
 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070608195616/http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?planeID=459

Glider aircraft
Unisys OS 2200 databases. The OS 2200 database managers are all part of the Universal Data System (UDS). UDS provides a common control structure for multiple different data models. Flat files (sequential, multi-keyed indexed sequential, MSAM, and fixed-block), network, and relational data models all share a common locking, recovery, and clustering mechanism. OS 2200 applications can use any mixture of these data models along with the high-volume transaction file system within the same program while retaining a single common recovery mechanism.

The database managers are implemented as a protected subsystem and are called procedures in user programs and other subsystems. The database managers support access using many common distributed data access protocols and APIs, including JDBC, OLE DB, and ODBC.

The heart of the database and transaction system is Integrated Recovery. "Integrated" implies the integration of all data models, the transaction file manager, the transaction scheduler, and the message queues. All activity in all of these areas is journaled (written on the audit trail). The audit trail is managed by Exec which ensures synchronization for all users. The Integrated Recovery Utility (IRU) provides database backup synchronized with executing transactions and audit trails.

References 

Unisys software
Unisys OS 2200 communications. The OS 2200 communications management system includes CPComm and MCB along with many programs that provide communications related functions such as file transfer, e-mail, and distributed transaction processing protocols.

CPComm 

CPComm executes as a real time program in a background run.  CPComm implements the protocol stacks.

CPComm communicates with the CIOP (Communications I/O Processor) to connect to networks.  CPcommOS is a variant for 2200 Series systems implemented on Intel architectures.  In the most recent systems only various speeds of Ethernet communications are supported.  Previous systems supported ATM and FDDI but these were dropped through lack of interest.
 
CPComm and the Exec jointly handle authentication of connection requests and authorization for users and terminals to connect to time-sharing, and the various transaction application groups.  SSL is supported for every connection.  CPComm has software implementations of the encryption algorithms required for SSL.

CPComm includes the protocols and connections to time-sharing and transaction message queues.  One of the most heavily used legacy protocols is INT1 which is a TCP/IP variant of the UNISCOPE/UTS green-screen terminal protocol.

TCP/IP v4 and TCP/IP v6 along with SNMP v1 and v3 are supported by CPComm.

MCB 

The Message Control Bank (MCB) is a protected subsystem that implements the message queues for transaction processing.  It communicates with the transaction scheduler in the Exec.  It also provides the APIs for applications to send and receive messages from the queues.

COMAPI 

COMAPI is a sockets implementation for OS2200.  It is a protected subsystem that provides APIs for programs that wish to communicate directly with the network.  In addition to all the traditional sockets APIs for C, APIs are provided for all the other programming languages.

cpFTP 

cpFTP is a program that provides both client and server FTP capability for OS 2200.

WebTS 

WebTS, the OS 2200 Web Transaction Server, is a full implementation of the HTTP and HTTPS protocol stacks.  Server scripting using Java applets is supported, but the primary usage of WebTS is its full integration with OS 2200 including all security and transaction processing.

Transactions initiated via WebTS are subject to the same authentication as any other transaction and run with the same performance, scaling, and recovery.  Such transactions may use the CGI APIs for communications with the client.  Transactions developed for OS 2200 using the DPS display manager, typically require no changes or even recompilation to be fully operational with Web interfaces concurrently with terminals.  Changes to DPS combined with client-side Java applets make everything transparent to the transaction program.

References 

Unisys software
Unisys OS 2200 distributed processing. OS 2200 supports all commonly used, and many not so commonly used, distributed processing protocols, APIs, and development technology.

The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing model and standards are the basis for much of the OS 2200 capability.  Full support for the X/Open XA APIs including two-phase commit are built into transaction middleware, the database managers, and even clustering.

The J2EE model is also fully supported.  It uses the XA capabilities of the system but provides the J2EE APIs and protocols.

IBM WebSphere MQ (AKA MQSeries), MSMQ, and others are all fully integrated into the system taking advantage of the XA and integrated recovery facilities.

Distributed Transactions

Distributed Data Access 

Access to OS 2200 data can be made from virtually any platform and technology.

Similarly, OS 2200 applications can access data on almost any other platform.

Composite Applications 

It is rare to find an application that is written completely in one language with one set of middleware.  The languages and middleware continue to evolve and applications adopt new technologies when they best fit the business requirements.  That is often dictated by the need to integrate with applications written by partners, clients, suppliers, and third-party software providers.  They do not all make the same choices and are in any case evolving as well.

A composite application may be created by combining existing transaction logic with different middleware or a front-end written for a specific purpose.  Unisys supports the X/Open DTP model (also implemented in Tuxedo) as Open DTP and J2EE.  They fully interoperate with each other and with the rest of the system.  Two-phase commit processing is supported within the database managers including clustered environments.  Connectors are available to other common distributed transaction processing environments.

References 

Unisys software
COVESA. Connected Vehicle Systems Alliance (COVESA), formerly known as GENIVI Alliance is a non-profit automotive industry alliance that develops reference approaches for integrating operating systems and middleware present in connected vehicles and the associated cloud services. The alliance was founded as GENIVI Alliance on March 2, 2009, by BMW Group, Delphi, GM, Intel, Magneti-Marelli, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Visteon, and Wind River Systems. It rebranded as COVESA in October 2021.

Overview 
The industry alliance develops a common hardware and software architecture for system providers for the automotive industry. This includes Linux-based services, middleware and open application layer interfaces.

History
GENIVI was announced at CeBit 2009 as a new Open Source development platform for the auto industry. Its founding members included BMW, Delphi, General Motors, Intel, Magneti Marelli, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Visteon and Wind River, and its goal was to jointly develop Linux-based infotainment software. It was incorporated as a 501(c)(6) nonprofit organization. The name GENIVI was a portmanteau of Geneva and IVI, which stood for in-vehicle infotainment. In January 2016, the organization released an Automotive Grade Linux Unified Code Base distribution featuring GENIVI components, and announced new members including Ford, Subaru, Mazda and Mitsubishi Motors. In October 2021, the organization renamed itself as the Connected Vehicle Systems Alliance (COVESA), to add an emphasis on the group's work with cloud computing and data exchange.  In October 2022, the group's work with vehicle operating systems and software platforms was reviewed, categorized and presented by researchers at the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC).

Projects
The group's projects are divided into groups including the Common Vehicle Interface Initiative (CVII), the Android Automotive Special Interest Group (SIG), the Vehicle Payments Special Interest Group (SIG) and the Automotive Cybersecurity Team. Notable projects include the development of vehicle signal specifications (VSS) including related APIs for vehicle signals and service catalogs, as well as using service-oriented architecture to accelerate integration of new features into automotive systems. The group also works with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Automotive Working Group, consisting of experts from vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, solution providers and researchers.

References 

Automotive software
Embedded Linux
Richard Leroy Walters. Richard Leroy Walters (May 3, 1931 – August 19, 2007) was a jet propulsion engineer who died homeless in Phoenix, Arizona and left a bequest of $4 million to charities, including National Public Radio and the Mission of Mercy, in Phoenix.

During the Korean War he served in the Marines. According to the 1959 Purdue University yearbook, his hometown was Huntington, Indiana and he was a member of the honorary engineering societies Pi Tau Sigma, Tau Beta Pi, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He earned a bachelor's degree with honors in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1959 and a master's degree in teaching from Ball State University. He never married, had no children, and was estranged from his two brothers.

After 23 years of working at Allied Signal Aerospace he was forced into early retirement, and began living on the streets. While living on the streets, he was always neat and clean and wore a baseball cap and small backpack, but was very reserved and lacked social skills.  He did not own a car. Rita Belle, a volunteer nurse with the mission, befriended Walters for nine years and helped him find temporary housing after she learned that he slept behind a local senior center.  Nevertheless, he chose to leave the housing after a short time. He used the telephone in the center's billiards room to make his investments, and he completed his own income tax forms.

During his last years he suffered from severe diabetes and high blood pressure.  He had two operations on his legs to improve his circulation, two operations on his eyes, and a quadruple bypass heart operation.  After suffering a stroke he contacted Belle, but at first resisted hospitalization because he felt he hadn't benefited from previous medical treatments.  In the hospital he suffered another stroke and died.

He was an avowed atheist but converted to Catholicism on his deathbed, with the aid of Belle. He was buried with full military honors at the Military Cemetery in Phoenix.
Belle was the executor of the estate, as well as a beneficiary.  Several charities received about $400,000 each from the estate, including National Public Radio and the Mission of Mercy. NPR announces on air: "Support for NPR comes from the estate of Richard Leroy Walters, whose life was enriched by NPR, and whose bequest seeks to encourage others to discover public radio."

See also
Albert Lexie
Robert Morin (librarian)
Ronald Read (philanthropist)
Dale Schroeder
Chuck Feeney

References

                   

1931 births
2007 deaths
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Ball State University alumni
American homeless people
American aerospace engineers
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Military personnel from Phoenix, Arizona
American Christians
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
People from Huntington, Indiana
Anatra Anadis. The Anatra Anadis was developed in 1916 as a single-seat fighter variant of the Anatra Anasal reconnaissance biplane. The main difference between the two aircraft was the streamlined fuselage, the lack of a rear seat in the Anadis, plans for a forward-firing gun (not implemented) and a different engine.

Development
In the spring of 1916, Elisee Alfred Descamps, a French designer and chief engineer of the Anatra company of Odessa was ordered to build a single-seat fighter based on the Anasal two-seat reconnaissance biplane. Retaining the Anasal's two-bay configuration and fabric-covered wooden construction, the fighter, dubbed the Anadis, differed in having a streamlined fuselage, the rear cockpit removed, provision made for forward-firing armament and the 150 hp Salmson water-cooled radial engine replaced by a similarly-rated Hispano-Suiza V8 water-cooled engine.

The prototype Anadis was flown on 23 October 1916 by the factory test pilot, another Frenchman, Jean Robinet. The test pilot and designer modified the fighter to recover the second seat and carry extra fuel tanks, the idea being to use it to escape Russia in the event of the impending revolution. Their plan was discovered by one Lieutenant Kononenko, an Imperial Army acceptance pilot attached to Anatra, and the modifications were reverted. Testing continued until 11 November 1916, the official report to the Imperial Army stating that it was "... not inferior to any German aircraft of the same type and with greater power".

Nevertheless, no further examples were ordered and the tested aircraft remained at the factory until the autumn of 1917. In September 1917, Staff Captain N.A. Makarov applied for permission to fly the aircraft on a long-distance propaganda flight along the route Odessa-Thessaloniki-Rome-Marseille-Paris with a subsequent return to Russia in order "to visit the fronts and factories, to see the Allied aviation... so that the Allies would supply us better". The flight was authorized. On 14 October, the Anadis was tested with a load of 500 kg. Interestingly, in addition to the identifying Russian cockades, the Anadis was painted very picturesquely: a two-headed eagle with the flags of the Entente countries were drawn on the fuselage and half-naked girls on the wings.

In November 1917, Makarov went on the flight, but he crashed near the city of Iași in Romania due to an engine failure. The subsequent history of the aircraft is unknown.

Specifications

References

Anadis
1910s Russian fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
EXPORT. EXPORT is an exobiology project led by the European Space Agency, that deployed an external module to the International Space Station to study the photo-processing of organic molecules and the survival of some micro-organisms, as well as the effect of solar UV on unshielded organic molecules and micro-organisms while exposed to outer space.

Payload
The payload originally consisted of two independent modules, EXPOSE and Sky Polarization Observatory (SPOrt).
EXPOSE was a facility holding multiple exobiology experiments that study the photo-processing of organic molecules and the survival of micro-organisms in space, as well as the effect of solar UV on unshielded organic molecules and micro-organisms. The EXPOSE experiment had 12 sample compartments; each held a sample carrier. EXPOSE was placed in 2008 on an external platform on the Columbus – External Payload Facility where it remained for 1.5 years.
The second instrument, Sky Polarization Observatory, was an Italian astrophysical instrument to measure celestial polarisation range of 20–90 GHz. SPOrt goals included the first polarisation map of the Milky Way galaxy at the unexplored microwave frequencies of 22, 32 & 60 GHz and all-sky measurements in the cosmological window (90 GHz) with unprecedented sensitivity.  However, due to the project's reliance on the Space Shuttle, and the setback of the Columbia disaster, the observatory was canceled in 2005.

See also
Bion
BIOPAN
Biosatellite program
O/OREOS
Scientific research on the ISS

References

External links
 SPOrt Homepage
 SPOrt page at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics

Components of the International Space Station
Chafing fuel. Chafing fuel is a fuel used for heating food, typically placed under a chafing dish. It is usually sold in a small canister and burned directly within that canister, with or without a wick.

The fuel often contains methanol, ethanol, or diethylene glycol, as these may be burned safely indoors, and produce minimal soot or odour.  These fuels are also used for emergency heating, outdoor cooking, and fondue.

Types of fuel

The first two fuels are similar with regard to consistency (both having a gel form though viscosities can vary with brand), operating procedures, and product design. The common gel methanol or ethanol chafing fuel is contained in a steel can with a resealable plug lid in sizes based on burn times. Two-, four-, and six-hour burn times are the most common sizes of methanol and ethanol chafing fuels available. The colour of the fuel being used can also vary among manufacturers.

Both ethanol and methanol have low flash points, 11–17 °C, making them highly flammable; diethylene glycol, with a flash point of 154 °C, is considered safer because spilled DEG fuel will not combust; it needs a wick to burn. The fuel is in a liquid form and thus the canister in which it is contained usually differs by having a more leak resistant screw cap rather than a plug.

Comparison of energy yield
Ethanol has a heat of combustion of 22.28 kJ/mL, similar to the 22.7 kJ/mL energy yield of diethylene glycol. Methanol is slightly less energetic, yielding 17.94 kJ/mL.

See also
Sterno

References

Alcohols
Liquid fuels
Nautam Bhatt. Nautam Bhagwanlal Bhatt (10 April 1909 – 6 July 2005) was an Indian physicist born in Jamnagar, Gujarat. He was the founding Director Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi. Nautam was a recipient of Padma Shri Award for his contributions to "Science and Engineering".

Education and career
Bhatt had his schooling in Bhavnagar and early college education at Samaldas College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat. He received his B.A. degree from the Gujarat College in Ahmedabad. He then received his MSc degree in physics under the Nobel Laureate, C. V. Raman, at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. Following a year of teaching at Samaldas College, Bhatt was awarded a fellowship by the Maharaja of Bhavnagar to pursue the doctorate program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he earned his Ph.D. degree in physics in 1939.

He has started his career under Dr. CV Raman in Indian Institute of Science as Scholar of Physics. After Indian Independence he started to work for country and founded "Defense Science Laboratory" and worked for development of defense technologies.

His Major Contributions for science and technology are:

 Development and deployment of the VT Fuse for the Department of Defense in the mid-1960s.
 He designed the acoustics of several moderate sized concert halls specifically for Indian Classical Music for a more natural sound.
 He established the Solid State Physics Laboratory in Delhi and was its founding Director.
 He established the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani.
 He founded the Electrical Communications Engineering Department at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
 He was a founding member of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE).

In 1969 he was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri Award by Indian President Zakir Husain for his great work in the field of "Science and Engineering".

Dr. Bhatt designed the acoustics for several theatres and auditoriums in India, including the Odeon and Sheila Cinemas in New Delhi and the Legislative Assembly Hall in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.  He was also a founding member of the Bharatiya Kala Kendra, New Delhi.

References 

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090131221505/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php
 http://www.princeton.edu/~sondhi/nonphysics/writings/Nautam%20Bhagwanlal%20Bhatt.pdf
 http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102005/895.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005627/http://www.iiscalumni.com/downloads/Alumni_Reminiscences_Prof-Balaram.doc
 http://nahar.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/scientist-dr-nautam-bhatt

Indian Institute of Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
2005 deaths
People from Jamnagar
1909 births
Helical extrusion. Helical extrusion technology is applied in the plastic pipe industry. Basically the production process is a direct extrusion. During the pipe production several different materials - depending on the desired final pipe - are mixed in the extrusion unit according to a special formula depending. The production machine is fed with granule material (PE or PP for structured wall gravity pipes and PE, glass fiber and bonding agent for pressure pipes). During the complex extrusion and mixing process a homogeneous profile is helically extruded on a preheated rotating mandrel. In the case that a gravity pipe is being produced the profile is a structured wall and in the case of pressure pipe the profile is a solid wall. The production is a discontinuous procedure.

References

Forming processes