omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ARINC 629. The ARINC 629 computer bus was introduced in May 1995 and is used on aircraft such as the Boeing 777, Airbus A330 and Airbus A340 as well as the Airbus A320 series.

The ARINC 629 bus operates as a multiple-source, multiple-sink system; each terminal can transmit data to, and receive data from, every other terminal on the data bus. This allows much more freedom in the exchange of data between units in the avionics system. ARINC 629 has the ability to accommodate up to a total of 128 terminals on a data bus and supports a data rate of 2 Mbit/s. It is available in either current or optic mode, over un-shielded, twisted cables.

Each terminal can send 31 word strings, and each word string can have a total of 256 words.

The ARINC 629 data bus was developed by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) to replace the ARINC 429 bus.
The ARINC 629 data bus was based on the Boeing DATAC bus.

A unique feature of ARINC 629 is it uses inductive couplers to connect the RTs (Remote Terminals) to the bus.

References

Computer buses
Avionics
Computer-related introductions in 1995
ARINC standards
Serial buses
ARINC 717. ARINC 717 defines a digital flight data recorder, with its inputs and outputs. It replaces the older ARINC 573 characteristic, which was based on analog inputs. It allows for more data and real-time recording.

Digital Expandable Flight Data Acquisition and Recording System (DEFDARS) flight recorder output signals include the following: 
 Primary Output – ARINC 717 Harvard biphase encoding
 Auxiliary Output – ARINC 429 (DITS) bi-polar encoding

ARINC 747 defines an alternate solid state recorder that can be used with an ARINC 717 installation.

DEFDARS includes the following component functions
 Digital Flight Acquisition Unit (DFAU)
 Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR)
 Accelerometer
 Flight Data Entry Panel (optional) for entry of flight data

History 

 Started in 1979.
 Last revision, -15, June 6, 2011

References 

ARINC standards
CRCC High-tech Equipment. CRCC High-tech Equipment Corporation Limited known also as CRCCE is a Chinese railway track maintenance machinery manufacturer. It is a subsidiary of China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC), in turn an indirect subsidiary of the Chinese Central Government.

The "foreigner share" (H share) of the company floats in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 2015.

References

External links
  

Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Electronic voting in the European Parliament. The European Parliament uses electronic voting to determine the results of roll call votes held during its plenary sessions. Ordinary votes may also be held electronically if the President is unable to determine the outcome of a vote by show of hands. In the case of a roll call vote, the vote cast by each MEP is recorded in the minutes.

Technology

First implementation 

In 1979, the Italian electronics manufacturer Olivetti S.p.A. won the tender to install the first electronic voting systems in the plenary halls of the European Parliament in Strasbourg and Luxembourg City. They consisted of 420 voting terminals, connected by a custom-designed local area network (LAN) to an Olivetti P6060 minicomputer. The terminals contained an Intel 8748 single-chip microcontroller, which controlled the punched card reader, the voting buttons and the display lights, as well as the serial interface to the LAN. The transmission comprised over  of unshielded twisted pair Category 3 cable—the same cable used for telephone systems—installed inside the benches of the hemicycles.

Intelligent polling unit 
The first system installed in Strasbourg was used only once for a minor vote, during which the polling of the terminals took so long that President Simone Veil apologized to parliament, saying that "the machine must heat" (""). It was concluded that the basic software used by the minicomputer was limiting the polling speed. Therefore, an intelligent polling unit with an Intel 8080 microprocessor was installed between the minicomputer and the network of terminals to achieve the full speed of communication needed to meet the requirements of the European Parliament in terms of system execution time.

This unit was first installed in Luxembourg City, where it was used for the first time in 1980 to approve the budget of the European Union during the 3–6 November plenary session. Over 500 roll call votes were held in just four hours. Using the traditional manual procedure, this would have taken approximately two hours per vote. The electronic voting system in Strasbourg was subsequently upgraded with a similar intelligent unit. The P6060 minicomputer was later replaced with a newer model. 

The intelligent polling unit also served as a firewall: any command coming from the minicomputer was blocked, except for the basic functions "Open secret vote", "Open clear vote", and "Close vote". The vote results were kept in the polling unit's memory, and only total figures were sent to the minicomputer in case of a secret vote.

Further development 

Since 1987, the electronic voting systems in the European Parliament have been regularly upgraded and expanded. In the following systems, the company handling maintenance replaced the custom LAN protocol and intelligent polling unit with various internet protocol implementations.

References 

European Parliament
Electronic voting
M1921 medium tank. The medium tank M1921 was a medium tank built in the United States in the inter-war period. In design, it was similar to earlier World War I era tanks. United States Army engineers worked on the design of the tank, with some influence from British designs of the period, and from the earlier war experience. One example was produced. The tank was an early example of a turreted US tank, less usual at the time, with the turret housing the main gun, with the tank also possessing two machine guns for defense.

Development
The United States Army developed the tank with the idea that the US could produce a locally produced tank, and not rely on British or French technology, who were some of the main producers and exporters of tanks at the time. The tank was produced at the Rock Island Arsenal.
The biggest problem was the engine, which was meant to provide   at 1,200 rpm, but in fact generated less than that. The engine was later replaced with a  Liberty L-12 engine, and then a later a Packard 8-cylinder. The tank had a semi-spherical mounting for its main gun. One MG was mounted coaxially with the gun, and the second was mounted on a second turret on the top of the main turret. The shape of the vehicle was basically a box, with a turret on top, with minimal sloping of armor at the front. The tank was very similar to the British Medium Mark D tank.
The design had a very similar appearance to the M1919, its biggest difference was the removal of the turret for a fixed gun mount, the 57 mm gun mounted in the semi spherical ball-mount in the front hull. Despite the modifications, the US Army still found the design underpowered after the tests concluded in 1923. It was also considered to have poor maneuverability and was found to be mechanically unreliable. Additionally, it was found to have too confined crew space and was made with bad workmanship. The design was totally rejected in 1924. The cost of the tank for the tests were $82,000, not counting the actual cost of the testing process.

Specifications
The tank featured armor of up to  of steel. Its top speed was 30 kilometers per hour. The turret housed a main 57 mm gun, as well as two machine guns for secondary defense. It weighed 23 tons.

History
One tank was made, and the tank was tested, but found wanting in regards to the power train. The second tank from the order with the cable suspension, the medium tank M1922, was produced a year later. The tank was tested until 1926, after which its whereabouts were not known.

Phase 1 medium tank
The M1921 underwent further development in order to solve the problem of insufficient power from the Murray and Tregurtha marine engine. Packard were contracted to produce a  "purpose-built tank engine" for it. This was fitted and the M1921 was known as the "Phase 1 medium tank". This was sufficient for two new tank designs to be approved in 1926. One was a 15-ton tank (medium tank T2) and the other a development of the M1921 which became the medium tank T1.

References

Interwar tanks of the United States
Medium tanks of the United States
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Trial and research tanks of the United States
Airplane scatter. Airplane scattering (or most often reflection) refers to the reflection of a radio signal by the metal structure of a passing aircraft. It is observed on radio waves from high frequency to VHF through to microwaves and, besides back-scattering, yields momentary propagation up to  even in mountainous terrain. The most common back-scatter applications are air-traffic radar, bistatic forward-scatter guided-missile and airplane-detecting trip-wire radar, and the US space radar.

It is also a less common propagation mode used by radio amateurs.

History 
Airplane scatter itself had been discovered in 1930, but radio amateur usage lagged until the late 80s. The advent of inexpensive SDR based and distributed real time flight tracking enabled precise scheduling, increasing feasibility.

Radio amateur usage 

Compared to a single trail of meteor scatter, the time of opening caused by a single airplane is longer it can be from 30 seconds up to a few minutes. Slight asymmetry can sometimes be encountered both in terms of exact timing and the gain of the path.

Range and possible contact lengths are affected by the size of the plane, flight level and the approximate crossing time of the central part of the straight line between the two communicating stations.

Both the onset and decay of the channel is rapid, so to improve success rate, a short contact procedure is used.

Contact opportunities can be predicted based on the precise flight paths of surrounding planes. There exists software for prediction using local (Mode S and ADS-B) or online sources.

Microwave access using high gain antennas needs to consider precise aiming that takes into account elevation angles as well.

See also 
 Meteor burst communications
 Tropospheric scatter

References

External links 
 http://www.qsl.net/g0isw/g0iswair.htm

Radio frequency propagation
Sputnik-1 EMC/EMI lab model. Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI is a class of full-scale laboratory models of the Soviet Sputnik 1 satellite, made to test ground Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The models, manufactured by OKB-1 and NII-885 (headed by Mikhail Ryazansky), were introduced on February 15, 1957.

Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI Lab Model Number 001 
The first testing model Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI – Lab model 001, made on February 15, 1957, is located in Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin, Germany. It comes from the former collections of Russian institute NII-885. The designer of Sputnik Dr. Mikhail Ryazansky was the director back then. In 2007, on the occasion of 50 years since the launch of the first artificial satellite project Sputnik 1, was this first test model exposed to the public in Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin, Germany.

Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI Lab Models Number 002 and 003 

 Sequence numbers of other test models Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI Lab model: 002, 003.
 Date of production: 1957.
 Producer: OKB-1 a NII-885 (the leader of the team: Dr. Mikhail Ryazansky).
 On July 20, 2016, a working Sputnik-1 EMC/EMI model, serial number 003, was sold at Bonhams in New York for US$269,000. It featured a still-operational transmitter and four antennas. Of four known Sputnik-1 test articles, this was the only one known to be functional.
 Serial numbers 002 a 003 are found in private collections, both models were auctioned off by Bonhams, New York.

Two View Mockups Sputnik 1 
Apart from functional laboratory EMC/EMI models 001, 002 and 003 there are two view mockups, which do not contain any active radio or electronics.

Of four known models, two reside in private hands, one is located at the Energia Corporate Museum outside Moscow, and one, lacking internal components, is displayed at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington, US.

References 

Sputnik
Electromagnetic compatibility
Prototypes
Physical models
Mondotrack. Mondotrack is a trademarked synthetic track surface used for Track and field athletics. Mondotrack is developed by Mondo, a world leader in Track and field surfacing. Research was done to achieve the best possible surface for track events that will enhance performance and decrease the chance of injury. All Mondotracks come with a woven top layer and a hexagonal base layer. Unlike other tracks, Mondotracks can be different colors. Mondotracks are very prominent around the world.

History 
In 1980, Mondo, with the help of several biomechanical research laboratories from around the world, began researching new material for an athletic track surface. Mondo's goal was to improve "athletic performance, comfort and safety". The result of their research was the innovative Mondotrack. Since then, Mondotrack has become a staple synthetic track surface used all over the world. Many colleges in the United States and professional track and field venues like the one used in the 2011 IAAF World Championships have had Mondotrack as their surface.

Many international competitions have also elected to use Mondotrack; recent uses have included the 2016 Olympic Games and the 2012 Olympic Games. Over 260 world records have been set on a Mondotrack.

Surface 

Mondotrack comes in several variations: Mondotrack WS (Championship series), Super X Performance, and Super X 720. The surface is a seamless structure that is created through a vulcanized process. Two distinct layers make up the track: The top layer being a rubber-based soft surface and the bottom layer being a hard elongated hexagonal surface. The thickness is 13.5 mm and is available in eight different colors. Mondotrack comes in rolls no longer than 15 meters in length that are then assembled to make the complete track.

Spikes 
Because of the design of the Mondotrack surface, certain spikes for running shoes are required. Compression (Christmas tree) spikes and 6mm (1/4in) pyramid spikes are promoted for use on Mondotracks. These spikes will not damage the track. Needle spikes however, will damage the track. The thin-sharp pointed needle spikes allow the spike to penetrate the surface which can rupture and degrade the track over time.

References

Sport of athletics terminology
IANR Railroad Underpass. The IANR Railroad Underpass is a historic structure located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States.  It carried railroad tracks for  over Ely Road.  The railroad probably built this stone arch bridge, which was completed in 1887.  This kind of structure became more popular in the late 19th century as a railroad bridge because it was more durable than metal truss bridges, and they "projected a refined and sophisticated image."  It features a semi-circular arch, a beltcourse, coursed-ashlar masonry, stepped wing walls that are flared, a parapet with projecting coping, and an elongated keystone with the date "1887" carved on it. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.  It now carries the Cedar River Recreation Trail over the street.

See also
 
 
 
 
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Linn County, Iowa

References

Bridges completed in 1887
Arch bridges in Iowa
Bridges in Linn County, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Stone arch bridges in the United States
NoPhone. NoPhone is a company that manufactures a plastic object that resembles a smartphone. It was created as part of the backlash against smartphone addiction. The company manufactures four different types, the NoPhone, NoPhone Zero, NoPhone Air, and NoPhone Selfie. The solid bricks of plastic are marketed as being "completely toilet-bowl resistant." The NoPhone was created in 2014 by Van Gould, Ingmar Larsen, and Ben Langeveld. Larsen told ABC News:

"We wanted to make people aware of their addiction by creating a product that can be used for their addiction. It works as a placebo."

In 2016, the company pitched the product on the ABC TV program Shark Tank, but was unsuccessful.

The NoPhone was developed by The NoPhone Team from New York. Crowdfunding via the Kickstarter.com site was used to finance the project. The requirement was US$5,000; however, with the participation of 915 people, more than $18,000 was raised within a month.

See also
Brick

References

External links

2014 establishments in the United States
Pz. Sfl. IVc. The Panzer Selbstfahrlafette IV Ausf. C, or Pz. Sfl. IVc. also known as Grille 10, the 8.8cm Flak 37 auf Sonderfahrgestell ("on special chassis"), was a German mobile gun platform for the widespread 8.8 cm anti-aircraft/anti-tank gun, built in 1941. It was a lightly armoured vehicle. Only 3 prototypes were produced.

Development 
A heavy Panzerjäger (tank destroyer) was ordered to be built by the Waffenamt in 1941. The vehicle was originally intended to be a self propelled assault gun, and was developed as such, but part way through development it was realised that with the anti aircraft usefulness of the 8.8 cm gun, it could also be used in the role of an anti-aircraft vehicle. In late 1942, there were 3 prototypes made. In 1944 the gun was replaced with the 8.8 cm Flak 41.
The Pz. Sfl. IVc was manufactured by Krupp.

Specifications 
The vehicle had a crew of 8 and weighed 26 tons. It was  high,  wide and  long. It was powered by the Maybach HL90 engine. The turret was open, with armoured superstructure panels folding down on each side to make a platform level with the hull top and allow full 360° traverse; when raised the panels provided some protection for the vehicle's crew, who were also protected from the front by a shield for the gun. The vehicle was built on a Panzer IV chassis, with extensive modifications. While a number of different guns were considered, the vehicle eventually ended up being armed with the FlaK 41 L/74.

Service 
One example was deployed to the Western front. It served with  in Italy, which was assigned to the 26th Panzer Division.

References

World War II tank destroyers of Germany
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Microhologram. Microholograms are a technology for moving holographic protection to the level of primary material (substrate).

Documents, products, seals or other items can be equipped with a hologram. The hologram is expected to ensure anti-counterfeit protection because it can be neither copied nor imitated (provided that advanced technology has been used for hologram origination).  Holograms are considered the strongest anti-counterfeit measure available. Connecting of a hologram with the protected item is a critical task, and there are many specific technologies for it. 
Microholograms enable to protect material (substrate)l for a production of documents, stamps, products, etc. Tiny metallic particles of the size from 40 micrometers to half a millimeter are blended into plastic, paper, foil, etc. There is a complete hologram on each particle.

Microholograms are always tailored for a particular organization, such as a bank, government, and premium goods producer. The organization decides about their:
Shape (often hexagon or square),
Hologram means visual effects, 
Letters engraved into each particle.
Application machines for production holographic substrates are available in the market. Using such substrate enriched with microholograms enables producers to implement anti-counterfeit protection at several levels.

Microholograms appear as metallic dust to a naked eye. However, an alarmed user can go deeper and inspect a document with a magnifier seeing their regular shape, engraved letters, and holographic surface. If suspicion persists, it is possible to go even deeper and watch microholograms with a microscope, checking complete hologram with all visual effects and perhaps specific forensic features.

Microholograms were invented by the anti-counterfeit research organization, OPTAGLIO,  in 2004.

Sources
Article from holography news
Description of microholograms on OPTAGLIO web site
Technický týdeník (in  Czech)

Money forgery
Mineral jig. In metallurgy, mineral jigs are a type of gravity concentrator, separating materials with different densities. It is widely used in recovering valuable heavy minerals such as gold, platinum, tin, tungsten, as well as gemstones such as diamond and sapphire, from alluvial or placer deposits. Base metals such as iron, manganese, and barite can also be recovered using jigs.

The process begins with flowing a stream of liquid-suspended material over a screen and subjecting the screen to a vertical hydraulic pulsation. This pulsation momentarily expands or dilates the screen bed and allows the heavier materials to work toward the bottom. Heavier material finer than the screen openings will gradually work through the beds and the retention screen into the hutch, or lower compartment. That material, the concentrate, is discharged from this compartment or hutch through a spigot. If the concentrate is coarser than the screen, it will work down to the top of the shot bed, and can be withdrawn either continuously or intermittently. The lighter material, or tailing, will be rejected over the end of the jig.

The mineral jig has certain advantages in placer and hardrock mill flowsheets. In gold recovery, the jigs produce highly concentrated products which can be easily upgraded by methods such as barrel amalgamation, treating across shaking tables or processing through centrifugal concentrators. In other placer operations the heavy minerals being sought are recovered efficiently and cheaply with similar high ratios of concentration. In iron, manganese, and base metal treatment flowsheets, the jigs are operated to produce marketable grades of concentrate, or, as pre-concentration devices, to reject barren gangue prior to the ore entering the fine grinding section of the mill flowsheet.

The construction of the mineral jig results in maximum utilization of floor area and minimum head room requirements, permitting greater capacity per unit of operating floor area than, for example, shaking tables or other devices such as jig concentrators.

See also
 Jig concentrators
 Mineral processing

References

Mining equipment
Panzerkampfwagen Bär. The Panzerkampfwagen Bär, or Bär, was a German military design for a self-propelled gun, devised in WW2.

After the battle of Stalingrad the German army’s interest in developing a heavily armored assault vehicle capable of demolishing well-fortified structures continued into 1943. That year, the manufacturing firm Krupp proposed a design that called for a 30.5cm L/16 siege mortar along with the running gear from a Tiger II. The 120-ton Bär (“bear” in English) never existed beyond blueprints.

Development 
The Bär was only designed on paper and did not reach prototype stage. The concept was to make a formidable Assault gun/or self-propelled gun. Its specifications were very much like that of the Sturmtiger, so it may have been used in that role. The running gear was to be taken from the Tiger tank, but rather than using torsion bar for suspension, it would have used leaf springs.
The gun was very large, so it had limited or no traverse, however, it could elevate.

Specifications 
The vehicle was heavy, weighing up to 120 tons. Overall length was 8.2 metres. The crew consisted of 6 men. The main gun was large, a 30.5 cm calibre H. L/16.

References

Bibliography
 

World War II assault guns