omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Moumita Dutta. Moumita Dutta is an Indian Physicist working at the Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) - Ahmedabad, as a scientist/engineer. She has expertise in the development and testing of the  Optical and IR sensors/instruments/payloads (i.e. cameras and imaging spectrometers). She was part of the team Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) to put a probe into orbit around Mars in 2014. She contributed significantly in the development of one of the five payloads of MOM.

Life, education and career
Dutta was raised in Kolkata. She read about the Chandrayaan mission as a student and became interested in joining the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 2004. Dutta's interest in physics, started in the ninth grade, led to her career as an engineer. Dutta currently works as a Project Manager for the Mars Mission. Dutta obtained her M Tech degree in Applied Physics from the Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta. She joined the Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad in 2006. Since then she has been involved in many prestigious projects like Oceansat, Resourcesat, HySAT, Chandrayan I and Mars Orbiter Mission. She was chosen to work as Project Manager for the Methane Sensor for Mars and was given the responsibility for the development of the complete optical system, optimisation and characterisation and calibration of the sensor. Presently she is also leading a team in the indigenous development of optical instruments (i.e. imaging spectrometers) and working towards the realisation of the ‘Make in India’ concept. Her research area includes miniaturisation of gas sensors which involves state-of-the-art technologies in the field of optics.

Awards
She is a recipient of the ISRO Team of Excellence Award for the Mangalyaan.

Interests
Besides being a space scientist, she is interested in literature, creative writing, recitation and music.

References  

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bengali physicists
Indian Space Research Organisation people
20th-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian engineers
21st-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian women scientists
Indian women physicists
Indian space scientists
21st-century Indian women engineers
Planetary scientists
Women planetary scientists
Women scientists from West Bengal
20th-century Indian women engineers
Fluorophosphoric acid. Fluorophosphoric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a colorless viscous liquid that solidifies to a rigid glass upon cooling at .

Preparation
Fluorophosphoric acid is produced commercially by treating phosphorus pentoxide with hydrogen fluoride. A less pure product can also be prepared by hydrolysis of phosphorus oxyfluoride, a reaction that first produces difluorophosphoric acid: 

The next steps give monofluorophosphoric acid:

Reactions
Fluorophosphoric acid is a dibasic acid, with pKa1 of 5.5 and pKa2 of around 8.5. The conjugate bases are the monofluorophosphates, which are hydrolytically robust. When fluorophosphoric acid is diluted with water, it hydrolyzes, producing phosphoric acid. Fluorophosphoric acid is not flammable.

Uses
Fluorophosphoric acid is used to make protective coatings on metal surfaces, as a metal cleaner and as an electrolytic or chemical polishing agent. The sodium salt of this acid, sodium monofluorophosphate, is the most used dentifrice additive for the reduction of tooth decay.

Safety
Fluorophosphoric acid is corrosive to living tissue. It can cause severe skin burns and permanent eye damage. Ingestion can cause severe burns and permanent damage to gastrointestinal system. Inhalation of this acid may cause severe burns to respiratory system and chemical pneumonia. Inhalation, ingestion or contact with skin with this acid may cause severe injury or death. Symptoms from contact or inhalation may be delayed.

References

Oxohalides
Phosphorus halides
Fluoro complexes
Aeromarine K-6. The Aeromarine K-6 is an aircraft engine built by the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company in 1915. It is an Aeromarine 90hp with a .571 reduction gear. The addition of the reduction gear allowed the engine to produce more power by operating at a higher RPM. This engine made its peak power of 100 hp at 2000 rpm

Specifications

References

Further reading
 
 

1910s aircraft piston engines
Solaristor. A solaristor (from SOLAR cell transISTOR) is a compact two-terminal self-powered phototransistor. The two-in-one transistor plus solar cell achieves the high-low current modulation by a memresistive effect in the flow of photogenerated carriers. The term was coined by Dr Amador Perez-Tomas working in collaboration with other ICN2 researchers in 2018 when they demonstrated the concept in a ferroelectric-oxide/organic bulk heterojunction solar cell.

Principle of operation
In a basic solaristor embodiment, the self-powered transistor effect is achieved by the integration of a light absorber layer (a material that absorbs photon energy) in series with a functional semiconductor transport layer, which internal conductivity or contact resistance can be modified externally.

Light absorber (solar cell element)
In general, the light absorber is a semiconductor p–n junction that:
 Efficiently harvests photons at various visible wavelengths by the photoelectric effect.
 Splits photo-generated excitons into free electrons and holes.
 Brings these free electrons and holes toward their respective outer electrodes by means of an internal field.

Additionally, in thin-film solar cells, buffer electron and hole semiconductor transport layers are introduced at the respective metal electrodes to avoid electron-hole recombination and to remove the metal/absorber Schottky barrier.

Conductivity modulator (transistor element)
A solaristor effect is achieved by modifying the internal field properties or the overall conductivity of the solar cell.

Ferroelectric solaristors. One possibility is the use of ferroelectric semiconductors as transport layers. A ferroelectric layer can be seen as a semiconductor with switchable surface charge polarity. Because of this tuneable dipole effect, ferroelectrics bend their electronic band structure and offsets with respect to adjacent metals and/or semiconductors when switching the ferroelectric polarization so that the overall conductivity can be tuned orders of magnitude.

Two-terminal phototransistors
Conventional photodiodes or photodetectors do not switch as a phototransistor does when biased through its third terminal (gate). An additional advantage of a solaristor is, therefore, the potential reduction of the standard phototransistor's area and interconnection complexity. By using solaristors, it would be possible in theory to replace the in-plane three-electrode architecture by a vertical, two-electrode photodiode-like architecture in systems like photo-sensors, cameras, or displays.

See also

 Anomalous photovoltaic effect
 Digital electronics
 Energy harvesting
 Third-generation photovoltaic cell
 Very Large Scale Integration

References

Transistors
Photovoltaics
Electrical components
Semiconductor devices
Difluorophosphoric acid. Difluorophosphoric acid is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a mobile colorless strongly fuming liquid. The acid has limited applications, in part because it is thermally and hydrolytically unstable. Difluorophosphoric acid is corrosive to glass, fabric, metals and living tissue.

A method to make pure difluorphosphoric acid involves heating phosphoryl fluoride with fluorophosphoric acid and separating the product by distillation:

It is prepared by hydrolysis of phosphoryl fluoride:

Further hydrolysis gives fluorophosphoric acid:

Complete hydrolysis gives phosphoric acid:

The salts of difluorophosphoric acid are known as difluorophosphates.

References

Oxohalides
Phosphorus halides
Fluoro complexes
Cast saw. A  cast saw is an oscillating saw used to remove orthopedic casts. Instead of a rotating blade, cast saws use a sharp, small-toothed blade rapidly oscillating or vibrating back and forth over a minimal angle to cut material and are therefore not circular saws. This device is often used with a cast spreader.

The patient's skin frequently comes into contact with the cast saw blade without cutting although it can cause lacerations when used over bony prominences. The design enables the saw to cut rigid materials such as plaster or fiberglass. In contrast, soft tissues such as skin move back and forth with the blade, dissipating the shear forces, and preventing injury. 

Modern cast saws date back to the plaster cast cutting saw which was submitted for a patent on April 2, 1945, by Homer H. Stryker, an orthopedic surgeon from Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Cast removal procedures result in complications in less than 1% of patients. These complications include skin abrasions or thermal injuries from friction between the saw and cast. Temperatures exceeding  have been recorded during the removal of fiberglass casts. The proper use of the saw is to perforate (instead of cutting) the cast, which can then be separated using a cast spreader.

Alternatives include cast cutting shears which were patented in 1950 by Neil McKay.

See also
Multi-tool (power tool)

References

External links
Demonstration of a cast saw on:
bare skin 
plaster material 

Power tools
Orthopedic treatment
Saws
Aeromarine B-45. The Aeromarine B-45 is an aircraft engine built by the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company in 1915. The B-45 shares the same bore, stroke and valve configuration as the B-90, except in a 45° Vee configuration. The other primary difference are cast aluminum cylinders in place of the B-90's cast iron resulting in a  weight savings.

Specifications

References 

1910s aircraft piston engines
Diesel-Zarlatti locomotive. The Diesel-Zarlatti locomotive was a prototype railway locomotive, built in Italy in 1929, which adopted a hybrid diesel-steam transmission system.

History
In the 1920s, there was a search for alternatives to the steam locomotive for railway traction, to reduce cost and improve efficiency. The main alternatives were railway electrification or the use of an internal combustion engine, such as the diesel engine.

A disadvantage of the internal combustion engine was the need for a transmission system. One option to be explored was the conversion of an existing steam locomotive by fitting a diesel engine and an air compressor to supply compressed air to the existing steam cylinders.  This was the constructive principle on which the Zarlatti locomotive was based. It may be seen as a development of the earlier Mekarski system.

Between 1928 and 1929 FS steam locomotive number 910.042 was modified at the Royal Arsenal of La Spezia to test the system, which was based on  the patents of the inventors Fausto Zarlatti and Umberto Simoni.  If the system had been a success, it could have led to the modification of a large number of FS steam locomotives and the avoidance of the need to build new locomotives.

The tests took place on the Rome–Lido railway from 6 April to 25 April 1929 with 16 round-trip pairs. The maximum speed reached with a tail load of 101 tonnes was 74 km/h. The experiment had some  success but there were problems: On 17 April, the piston of the engine water circulation pump broke and on 23 April a pipe attached to the Westinghouse brake compressor became detached. The experiment, for these reasons, was not pursued.

Technical features
The boiler and superstructure were removed from the locomotive in the arsenal workshop at La Spezia but the original compound expansion steam cylinders were left in place.  A six-cylinder, two-stroke, diesel engine built by Fiat-San Giorgio was installed. This engine produced 325 hp at 450 rpm and drove a rotary compressor, built by a Swiss company in Winterthur, which delivered compressed air at 8 bar pressure. A small naphtha-fired boiler with a heating surface of 52 square metres was also installed for the production of steam. Cooling water from the engine and compressor was fed into the boiler at about 70 °C.  For cold starting, the boiler was used to preheat the diesel engine. When the locomotive started from rest, the original steam cylinders were fed with steam alone, but when running they were powered by a mixture of steam and compressed air. The steam was needed to prevent the cylinders icing up, because compressed air cools when it expands.

See also
 Steam diesel hybrid locomotive

References

Experimental locomotives
Hybrid locomotives
Italian inventions
Scrapped locomotives
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited (HPSEBL) is a (state government undertaking) electricity board operating within the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, that generates and supplies power through a network of transmission, sub- transmission, and distribution lines. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board which was constituted on 1 September 1971 in accordance with the provisions of Electricity Supply Act (1948) and has been reorganized as Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited from 2010 under company act 1956.

Restructuring 
The Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board has been re-organized as Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. w.e.f. 14.06.2010 under Company Act.1956.

Functions 
HPSEBL is responsible for the supply of Uninterrupted & Quality power to all consumers in Himachal Pradesh. Power is being supplied through a network of Transmission, Sub-Transmission & Distribution lines laid in the state. Since its inception, Board has made long strides in executing the targets entrusted to it

Himachal Pradesh Area Load Despatch Centre (HPALDC) 
Himachal Pradesh Area Load Despatch Center has been established to ensure integrated operation of the power system of HPSEBL with the Northern Region Load Dispatch Center of India to Monitor system parameters and security, System studies, planning and contingency analysis, Analysis of tripping and facilitating remedial measures, Daily scheduling and operational planning, Facilitating bilateral exchanges, Computation of energy dispatch and drawal values using SEMs, Augmentation of telemetry, computing and communication facilities.

Generation

Notable Achievements  

 Himachal Pradesh achieved 100 percent Electrification in to all its census villages in the year 1988.
 Ensured 24 x 7 uninterrupted Power Supply.
 Himachal Pradesh has the honor of providing electricity at lowest tariff in the country.
 Himachal Pradesh achieved unique distinction of 100% metering, billing and collection.
 Achieved highest household/consumer coverage ratio in the country i.e. about 98% as per REC's survey & they have been adjudged one of the best Board's in the country.
 Installed and commissioned a power house at the highest altitude in the world (Rongtong Power House at an altitude of approx. 12,000 ft.).
 Installed and commissioned a totally underground power House which is unique in Asia (Bhaba Power House – 120 MW).
 Introduced Hassle-free online Utility Bill Payments Systems.
 Started 128-bit SSL encryption – secure e-commerce systems.
 Ensured safe and timely Energy bills payments using Credit/Debit cards or Net-banking

References

External links 
 Official Website  
 http://portal.hpseb.in/irj/go/km/docs/internet/New_Website/Pages/Home.html 
 Electricity Supply Act (1948) 
 Indian Electricity Act

State agencies of Himachal Pradesh
Energy in Himachal Pradesh
State electricity agencies of India
Energy companies established in 1971
1971 establishments in Himachal Pradesh
Sidekiq. Sidekiq is an open source background job framework written in Ruby.

Architecture
Sidekiq uses Redis for its persistent data store. Each job is stored as a map of key/value pairs, serialized using JSON. Developers can use any programming language to create jobs by constructing the necessary JSON and pushing it into the queue in Redis. A Sidekiq process reads jobs from that Redis queue, using the First In First Out (FIFO) model, and executes the corresponding Ruby code. Job processing is asynchronous, allowing a web-serving thread to continue serving new requests rather than be blocked processing slower tasks.

Sidekiq can be used standalone, or integrated with a Ruby on Rails web application. Sidekiq is multithreaded so multiple jobs can execute concurrently within one process. A large scale application may have dozens or hundreds of Sidekiq processes executing thousands of jobs per second.

Sidekiq comes with a graphical web interface for inspecting and managing job data.

Business model

Sidekiq uses an Open Core business model to provide sustainability for the open source project. The company behind Sidekiq, Contributed Systems, sells closed-source commercial versions, Sidekiq Pro and Sidekiq Enterprise, which contain additional features not included in the open source version.

Reception and use
Sidekiq is described as “well-known queue processing software”.

It's used by Ruby applications like Mastodon, Diaspora, GitLab and Discourse, that need to run tasks in the background, without making web requests wait. Sidekiq is also used to submit threads to the PHASTER phage search tool.

References

Message-oriented middleware
Free software programmed in Ruby
Tara AI. Tara AI is a platform designed to help modern software teams manage and deliver across their product development lifecycle.

Tara AI is reinventing the slow, antiquated and completely manual product development process that causes enterprises to lose billions of dollars annually through inefficiencies in project scoping. F500 companies have significant data in their project management systems, git version control and workforce directories. Tara AI connects to this data via an API, and using ML models, predicts how to build their software (technical tasks), how long projects should take (timeline) and who will execute (team) when starting a new project.

Founded by Iba Masood and Syed Ahmed, Tara AI is based in San Jose, California. It was originally Gradberry, a recruiting platform that connected technical workers to employers, and was part of Y Combinator Winter 2015 class. In 2016, the company evolved into Tara AI, a product management platform that uses machine learning to predict the technical tasks, engineering resources and timelines needed for new software projects.

Tara AI has raised $13 million in investment from a number of notable venture capital firms and angel investors including Aspect Ventures, Y Combinator, Slack Fund, Jaan Tallinn of Skype and Di-Ann Eisnor of Waze.

In October 2017, Tara AI won a $500,000 prize at the fourth annual 43North business plan competition.

References 

Y Combinator companies
Hercules Engine Company. Hercules Engine Corporation was an American engine manufacturer located in Canton, Ohio.

History
The company was founded in 1915, known at first as Hercules Motor Manufacturing Company, to build industrial engines, especially for trucks. The company reincorporated and reorganized in 1923, emerging as Hercules Motors Corporation. Hercules expanded greatly in the interwar period, developing gas and diesel engines, serving the needs for truck, tractor and a plethora of equipment operators.

During World War II the company produced about 750,000 gasoline and diesel engines for Allied military vehicles, ships, and various equipment. But Hercules could not respond effectively to changes in the post-WWII engine market, so WWII remained its high water mark in terms of output, earnings and profits.

In 1961 Cleveland-based Hupp Corp. purchased Hercules but failed to grow it substantially. But it did turn the focus to building engines for military applications as a means to keep the doors open. White Truck Corp., also based in Cleveland, purchased Hupp in 1967. White Truck was a huge and growing firm at the time (about $1 billion in sales) and it laid out ambitious plans for Hercules expansion, beginning product development and construction of a new plant in Canton. Hercules became known as White Engine at this point. This new trajectory for Hercules was short lived, however, with a rapid decline in White's fortunes, leaving Hercules little changed. White sold Hercules to Wedtech in 1986, which held the engine maker only briefly, before selling to a group of investors the next year. Significant here with the new owners was the recovery of its old name – Hercules. Kept afloat by securing a string of contracts for military trucks at home and abroad, plus a limited number of engine sales to equipment makers (such as lift trucks), Hercules Engine limped along, posting uneven financial numbers. By the 1990s its cash flow was precarious and military contracts dried up, leading to speculation for years that the company would fold. At the time of its closure in 1999, the company occupied a 26-acre site at 101 Eleventh St. SE in Canton, with over 600,000 square feet of industrial space.

Engines

References

Engine manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Canton, Ohio
Diesel engine manufacturers
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Companies established in 1915
1915 establishments in Ohio
Companies disestablished in 1999
1999 disestablishments in Ohio
Atominform. Atominform (Central Research and Development Institute for Management, Economics and Information of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the Russian Federation) was a research and development institute that existed from 1967 to 2010 in Moscow, Russian Federation.

Activities 
The institute provided a range of consultancy services in the areas of management, economic and information to the central Russian government, companies related to nuclear energy, industrial holdings, federal subjects of the Russian Federation and state companies.

The institute played a crucial role in the course of major reforms of the nuclear energy sector from 2005 to 2009. In particular, Atominform was responsible for the methodological and organisational support of the restructuring of the industry, foundation of Atomenergoprom holding and Rosatom state corporation. It developed the ERP system of Rosatom (powered by Oracle Database software).

History 
Atominform (then known as Central Research and Development Institute for Information and Technoeconomic Studies in Nuclear Science and Technology [TsNIIatominform]) of the Ministry of Medium Machine-building Industry of the USSR was founded in 1967 by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers.

In 1991 Atominform was reorganised as Central Research and Development Institute for Management, Economy and Information of the Ministry of Nuclear Energy and Industry of the USSR in order to assist the nuclear sector in its adaptation to market economy.

In 2007 the Institute developed and supervised a model pilot project that aimed to radically increase the economic efficiency of the sector and created a plan for the accelerated reorganisation of the industry as a part of the reform.

Also, in 2007 the Institute organised the first industrial conference for the representatives of the nuclear energy industry and its suppliers.

In March 2009 as a result of ongoing reorganisation the functions of the Institute were reassigned to newly created independent organisations. Its building at 2 Dmitrovskoye Highway in Moscow was assigned to the Engineering company “Atomstroiexport” - nuclear power equipment and service exporter, division of Rosatom.

Awards 
In 2008 Atominform achieved top positions in 5 nominations according to Expert Rating Agency: Strategy and Business Development Consultancy, Financial Management Consultancy, Legal Consultancy, Goods and Services Production Consultancy, Marketing and PR Consultancy.

Directors 
Vladimir Fyodorovich Semyonov (1967–1977)
Igor Alekseyevich Arkhangelsky (1977–1989)
Vladimir Georgievich Terentyev (1989–1999)
Nikolai Egorovich Yakovlev (1999–2004)
Pyotr Georgievich Shchedrovitsky (2004–2006)
Mikhail Vasilyevich Pozdeyev (2006–2007)
Eldar Muratovich Urmancheyev (2007–2009)

References 

Ministry of Medium Machine Building
1967 establishments in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Nuclear research institutes
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Research institutes established in 1967