omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mandra–Chakwal Road. Mandra–Chakwal Road (Punjabi, ) is a provincially maintained highway in Punjab that extends from Mandra to Chakwal. The route is generally rural, passing near several communities including Dhudial, Jatli and Syed Kasran. The route is  long with a speed limit of , except within towns, where the speed limit is reduced to . The northern terminus at Mandra merges with the N-5 National Highway while the southern terminus ends at Tehsil Chowk in Chakwal with Talagang-Chakwal Road, Sohawa Chakwal Road and Chakwal-Jhelum Road. On 6 September 2012, Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf laid the foundation for the reconstruction of the Mandra–Chakwal Road. The contract was hastily awarded to the National Logistics Cell (NLC). The project is complete in 2019.

See also
 Provincial Highways of Punjab
 Roads in Pakistan

References

External links
 National Highway Authority

Highways in Punjab
Roads in Punjab, Pakistan
Chakwal District
2012 Amazon Sky An-26 crash. On 17 December 2012, an Antonov AN-26 cargo aircraft operated by Amazon Sky was flying from Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima to Las Malvinas Airport in the Cuzco Province, Peru with 4 crew when it experienced a dual engine failure due to icing and crashed into mountainous terrain in the Tomas District of Yauyos Province, Peru, killing all occupants.

Aircraft & Crew 
The aircraft was a twin-turboprop Antonov An-26 built in 1978.  It was delivered to Amazon Sky around December 2006 when was registered UR-VIG and re-registered OB-1887-P in April 2008.

The captain of the flight had 13,145 hours total flight experience, of which 3,025 hours were in Antonov An-24 or An-26 aircraft.   The first officer had 1,373 hours total, of which 20 hours were in the Antonov aircraft.  The flight engineer had 2,185 hours total, all in the Antonov An-26.   The navigator had a total of 657 hours experience, of which 643 were in the An-26.

Accident 
The aircraft had been flying from Peru's capital of Lima to an airfield of the Argentinian company Pluspetrol in the Cusco Region and was carrying a crew of 4 people. The accident occurred at about 15:42 local time as the aircraft firstly touched a mountain peak, then crashed in steep terrain. The site of the accident was only found the day after the crash.

Investigation 
The investigation commission found that failure of both engines due to ice had caused the crash. The crew had failed to properly use the anti-icing.  

The report of the investigation commission also found other contributory factors all focused on the crew's mistakes which are specifically poor planning and lack of an appropriate procedure in the checklist (Failure and re-ignition of two engines) also bad weather condition is contributed.

References

External links
 Final report 

Aviation accidents and incidents in Peru
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-26
Vision City (Rwanda). Vision City is multi-phase housing development in Kigali, Rwanda currently being built by Ultimate Developers LTD for the Rwanda Social Security Board. At 4500 units and a total cost of 150 million USD it is the largest residential housing project in the country's history. The first 500 units were completed in 2017.

History
In 2011, Ultimate Develops formed and the same year announced Vision City to be their first project. The project, which is being financed by the Rwanda Social Security Board(RSSB), is designed to be built in 4 phases over 8 years and provide housing for 22,000 people. The project is located in Gaculiro, Kinyiya sector in Kigali's Gasabo District. The tract of land for the entire project is 158 hectares. Before work could begin, 3000 residents were relocated, some of whom had to be forcibly removed.
ate
Work began on the project in November 2013. The first phase consists of 504 units aimed at high-income earners. This has caused some criticism due to the Kigali's need for low-income housing. After missing the original completion date of mid-August 2016, the first phase was finished by July 2017 with around 30% initial occupancy. Shortly after completion of phase one, the developers dramatically reduced prices on all units, citing cost savings due to government incentives and infrastructure support.

According to the developers, the next planned construction phase is a "Town Centre" including of stores, restaurants, banking, and educational services.

References

Kigali
Joanneumite. Joanneumite, confirmed as a new mineral in 2012, is the first recognized isocyanurate mineral, with the formula Cu(C3N3O3H2)2(NH3)2. It is also an ammine-containing mineral, a feature shared with ammineite, chanabayaite and shilovite. All the minerals are very rare and were found in a guano deposit in Pabellón de Pica, Chile.

See also
Copper(II) cyanurate

References

Copper(II) minerals
Organic minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Minerals described in 2017
Davisite. Davisite is an exceedingly rare mineral of the pyroxene group, with formula CaScAlSiO6. It is the scandium-dominant member. It stands for scandium-analogue of other pyroxene-group members, esseneite, grossmanite and kushiroite. Davisite is one of scarce minerals containing essential scandium.

It is named for Andrew M. Davis, an American meteoriticist and professor of astronomy and geoscience at the University of Chicago.

Based on a synthesized sample, the mineral likely crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group C2/c.

References

Pyroxene group
Inosilicates
Calcium minerals
Scandium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Grossmanite. Grossmanite is a very rare mineral of the pyroxene group, with formula CaTi3+AlSiO6. It is the titanium-dominant member. Grossmanite is unique in being a mineral with trivalent titanium, a feature shared with tistarite, Ti2O3. Titanium in minerals is almost exclusively tetravalent. Grossmanite stands for titanium-analogue of davisite, esseneite and kushiroite – other members of the pyroxene group. Both grossmanite and tistarite come from the famous Allende meteorite.

References

Pyroxene group
Inosilicates
Calcium minerals
Titanium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Tistarite. Tistarite is an exceedingly rare mineral with the formula Ti2O3, thus being the natural analogue of titanium(III) oxide. In terms of chemistry it is the titanium-analogue of hematite, corundum, eskolaite, and karelianite. Other minerals with the general formula A2O3 are arsenolite, avicennite, claudetite, bismite, bixbyite, kangite, sphaerobismoite, yttriaite-(Y) and valentinite. Tistarite and grossmanite – both found in the famous Allende meteorite (so is kangite) – are the only currently known minerals with trivalent titanium. Titanium in minerals is almost exclusively tetravalent. The only known terrestrial occurrence of tistarite was found during minerals exploration by Shefa Yamim Ltd. in the upper mantle beneath Mount Carmel, Israel.

References

Oxide minerals
Titanium minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167
BR-369 (Brazil highway). BR-369 is a Brazilian federal highway that begins in Oliveira, Minas Gerais and ends in Cascavel in the state of Paraná. The highway also serves the municipalities of Campo Belo, Boa Esperança, and Campos Gerais in Minas Gerais; Pirassununga, Jaú, Bauru, and Ourinhos in the state of São Paulo; and Londrina and Campo Mourão in Paraná.

Duplications

The highway is duplicated in a few parts.

BR-369, as well as BRs 277 and 376, which form a triangle within the state of Paraná, were granted to private companies in 1997, at the beginning of the era of road concessions in Brazil. The contracts are valid until 2021. Initially, 995 km of roads in Paraná should be duplicated, and the population was promised that the State would have First World highways, strongly boosting economic growth. But additions were soon signed that removed duplications and other works from the contracts. The duplication commitment fell from 995 to 616 km. To make matters worse, in 2019, what had been doubled was no more than 300 km, even with toll rates rising every year. The MPF (Federal Public Ministry) then carried out Operation Integration, which showed that the changes made to the contracts are part of a millionaire kickback scheme. The companies paid at least R $ 35 million in fees to achieve these changes in contracts. The estimated diversion of money in the toll system amounts to R $ 8.4 billion. Some of those cited by the MPF to receive these fees are: Jaime Lerner, Roberto Requião and Beto Richa, all former governors of the State of Paraná, and the concessionaires Rodonorte, Econorte, Ecovia, Ecocataratas, Caminhos do Paraná and Viapar. 

For the next concession, to take place in 2021, the Federal Government, under the command of Jair Bolsonaro, and the Government of the State of Paraná, under the command of Ratinho Jr., intend, together, adopt a model with lower tariffs, ensure that duplications occur quickly, and also ensure transparency in spending.

History 
The Grain Highway was created to dispose of the immense agricultural production of Paraná, and in 1963 the sections Maringá - Ourinhos and Uraí - Cornélio Procópio were delivered.

Economic importance 

The highway is extremely important to transport products from agriculture, livestock and industry from the states of Paraná to São Paulo and vice versa. As some examples, we have soy, corn, coffee, beef, paper and cellulose, wood, furniture and other important products in the region. 

The highway also connects the western states of Paraná and São Paulo with Paraguay. Paraguay imports most of the products it consumes from Brazil (one of the main promoters of the Paraguayan economy). Therefore, trade and tourism with Paraguay are strong in the region. Foz do Iguaçu and Ciudad del Este benefit directly from the highway.

Gallery

References

Federal highways in Brazil
5D optical data storage. 5D optical data storage (also branded as Superman memory crystal, a reference to the Kryptonian memory crystals from the Superman franchise) is an experimental nanostructured glass for permanently recording digital data using a femtosecond laser writing process. Discs using this technology could be capable of storing up to  worth of data (at the largest size, 12 cm discs) for billions of years. The concept was experimentally demonstrated in 2013. Hitachi and Microsoft have researched glass-based optical storage techniques, the latter under the name Project Silica.

The "5-dimensional" descriptor is because, unlike marking only on the surface of a 2D piece of paper or magnetic tape, this method of encoding uses two optical dimensions and three spatial co-ordinates to write throughout the material, which suggested the name '5D data crystal'. No exotic higher dimensional properties are involved. The size, orientation and three-dimensional position of the nanostructures comprise the so-called five dimensions.

Technical design 
The concept is to store data optically in non-photosensitive transparent materials such as fused quartz, which has high chemical stability. Recording data using a femtosecond-laser was first proposed and demonstrated in 1996. The storage medium consists of fused quartz, where the spatial dimensions, intensity, polarization, and wavelength are used to modulate data. By introducing gold or silver nanoparticles embedded in the material, their plasmonic properties can be exploited.

According to the University of Southampton:

Recorded data can be read with a combination of an optical microscope and a polarizer.

The technique was first demonstrated in 2009 by researchers at the Swinburne University of Technology and in 2010 by Kazuyuki Hirao's laboratory at the Kyoto University, and developed further by Peter Kazansky's research group at the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton. Discs recorded from that time have been tested for 3100 hours at 100°C and shown to still work "perfectly" ten years later.

Uses 

In 2018, Professor Peter Kazansky used the technology to store a copy of Isaac Asimov's Foundation trilogy, which was launched into space aboard Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster in association with the Arch Mission Foundation.

In 2024, Kazansky's group encoded the three billion character human genome and etched it onto a coin-sized 5D disc. It includes a visual key explaining how to use it, in homage to the Pioneer plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecrafts. It is stored in the Memory of Mankind archive, located in the world's oldest salt mine in Hallstatt, Austria.

See also

References

External links 
 Marketing website of the Southampton research team

Big data
Solid-state computer storage media
Non-volatile memory
Digital preservation
Yttriaite-(Y). Yttriaite-(Y) is an exceedingly rare mineral, a natural form of yttrium oxide, Y2O3. In terms of chemistry it is yttrium-analogue of kangite, arsenolite, avicennite and senarmontite (isometric minerals). Other minerals with the general formula A2O3 include corundum, bismite, bixbyite, eskolaite, hematite, karelianite, sphaerobismoite, tistarite, and valentinite. Yttriaite-(Y) forms tiny inclusions in native tungsten.

References

Oxide minerals
Yttrium minerals
Cubic minerals
Bob Grigg. Robert Edward Grigg (23 June 1924 – February 2002) was a British aerospace engineer, and was the chief designer of the highly-successful British Aerospace 146 (Hawker Siddeley).

Early life
He was born in Great Yarmouth on the Norfolk coast. He was the son of Robert Grigg and Emily Rudderham.

Career

British Aerospace 146
394 of the BAe 146 were produced, making it the most successful British airliner. Production started in 1983 and ended in 2002. It began as the De Havilland DH123, then the DH126 which was a scaled-up version of the DH125 which had been built at Hatfield. As Hawker Siddeley it became the HS131. Woodford (former Avro site) was designing the HS860 and it was proposed to merge this design team with that of the HS136 in Hertfordshire. A similar concurrent design was the proposed four-engined Armstrong Whitworth AW.681. By 1969 the design had rear engines. On 29 August 1973 the HS146 project at Hatfield (former de Havilland) was approved by Hawker Siddeley, with plans for a first flight by December 1975. On 21 October 1974 the project was deferred. As British Aerospace, the project was restarted on 10 July 1978, with the first flight of G-SSSH taking place on 3 September 1981 piloted by Mike Goodfellow with Peter Sedgwick, another British Aerospace test pilot.

The aircraft type is now supplied by BAE Systems Regional Aircraft. The aircraft is known by airlines for its excellent STOL characteristics. On 27 November 2001, BAE closed its Regional Jets programme. The last delivered was from Woodford on 25 November 2003 when OH-SAP, a BAe RJ-85, was delivered for Blue1; this was also shortly before the last commercial flight of Concorde.

The BAC One-Eleven, a slightly earlier small airliner, sold 244.

Other projects

He also worked on the de Havilland Comet, the Hawker Siddely Trident and the Airbus wing.

Personal life
He married Patricia Williams in 1947. They had two sons in 1950 and 1957. He died in Luton in 2002, having lived previously in Harpenden in Hertfordshire.

References

 Hawker Siddeley Aviation and Dynamics: 1960-77

External links
 BAE Systems Regional Aircraft BAe 146
 Design of the BAe 146

1924 births
2002 deaths
Aircraft designers
British aerospace engineers
Hawker Siddeley
People from Great Yarmouth
People from Harpenden
National Aeronautical Research Institute. The National Aeronautical Research Institute (, FFA), was a former Swedish state governmental authority under the Ministry of Defence with the aim to conduct research, development and experimentation in the aeronautical field. The FFA was located in Ulvsunda industrial park in Bromma, Stockholm.

History
The large facility at Ranhammarsvägen was designed by architect Erik and Lars-Erik Lallerstedt (father and son). The FFA was established in 1940 and its first director was Professor Ivar Malmer. Its task was, in accordance with its instruction, to promote the development of aviation technology in Sweden and remunerated conduct aeronautical research and experimentation. Operations were focused on aerodynamic research and testing activities related to the design of the lifting and controlling elements in aircraft and missiles, and partly to the strength of materials research and testing activities mainly relating to so called high-strength lightweight structures.

Initially the agency sorted under the Ministry of Trade, but was transferred in 1963 to the Ministry of Defence. The agency was led by a board of directors. Members of this was the head of the FFA, who was the chairman, and six other members which were appointed by the King in Council. The head of the FFA was a Director General. It was organized in an office and four departments, namely the Aerodynamic Department, Strength of Materials Department, Metrology Department and the Operation Department.

The FFA was disbanded on 31 December 2000, when it together with the National Defence Research Institute (FOA) on 1 January 2001 formed the Defence Research Agency (FOI). Later cutbacks in the Swedish defense research subsequently led to the reduction within the FOI and several parts of the former FFA activities, which after a few years ceased to be operated as a separate department. Operations in experimental aerodynamics, primarily based on wind tunnel testing, which formed a large part of FFA activities both before and immediately after the incorporation of the FOI, was taken over 1 July 2008 by the consulting firm Sjöland & Thyselius AB. A new company, Sjöland & Thyselius Aerodynamic Research Centre AB (STARCS), was formed to continue this business. It ceased its operations in 2011.

Heads
1940–1948: Ivar Malmer, Deputy Director-General (acting 1940-1942)
1948–1967: Bo Lundberg, Deputy Director-General 1948-1962 (acting 1947-1948), Director General 1962-1967
1967–1981: Åke Sundén, Director General
1981–1986: Sven-Olof Olin, Director General
1986–1996: Lars-Bertil Persson, Director General
1996–2000: Hans Dellner, Director General

Gallery

References

Further reading

Swedish Air Force
Defunct government agencies of Sweden
Government agencies established in 1940
Government agencies disestablished in 2000
Aviation research institutes
Military research of Sweden
Wiggleboard. Wiggleboard is a special kind of plywood-like wood that is designed to be bent along one of its two axes, also known as "bendable plywood" or "bending plywood".

Unlike regular plywood that has the grains running at right angles to each other in each layer, wiggleboard has all the grains running the same way, and is designed to be easily rolled up or bent along one axis, and stiff along another axis that is at right angles to that one axis.

It can be used to quickly make any developable surface.

References

Noyes, Nick. Easy Composters You Can Build: Storey's Country Wisdom Bulletin A-139. Storey Publishing, 1995.
Garber, Richard, and Wassim Jabi. "Control and Collaboration: digital fabrication strategies in academia and practice." International Journal of Architectural Computing 4, no. 2 (2006): 121-143.
Brown, Glen D. "Plywood garden container." U.S. Patent Application 13/875,134, filed May 1, 2013.

Wood products
Seedwings Europe Vertigo. The Seedwings Europe Vertigo is an Austrian high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Seedwings Europe of Schlitters. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Design and development
The Vertigo was designed as a high performance competition hang glider with a topless design, lacking a kingpost and upper rigging. It is made from aluminum tubing, with the cross bar optionally available in carbon fibre for increased strength and reduced weight. The double-surface wing is covered in Dacron sailcloth on the bottom and Mylar on the top, with a special inward-pulled leading edge design sail.

The models are each named for their rough wing area in square metres.

Variants
Vertigo 13
Small-sized model for lighter pilots. Its  span wing has a nose angle of 133° and the wing area is . The pilot hook-in weight range is . The glider model is DHV 2-3 certified.
Vertigo 15
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing, the nose angle is 133° and the wing area is . The pilot hook-in weight range is . The glider model is DHV 2-3 certified.

Specifications (Vertigo 13)

References

Vertigo
Hang gliders
Water Consulting East Africa. Water Consulting East Africa (WC EA) is a multidisciplinary consultancy with headquarters in Kigali, Rwanda. It provides water and civil engineering, management and construction services in Rwanda East Africa and further afield. WC EA is East Africa’s premier water engineering consultancy.

It was established in 2014 by the founder Jean-Paul Skoczylas. WC EA has provided services to Bechtel Corporation, USAID, UNICEF, IFC, Rwanda Cricket Stadium Foundation and Howard G. Buffet Foundation and on projects funded by DFID and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

History
Water Consulting East Africa was formed in 2014 to primarily serve the water and civil engineering market in Rwanda, East and Central Africa

Operations
Water Consulting East Africa has experience of working in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. WC EA's key employees have experience of working across North America, Europe, Middle East and Africa.

Projects
 Rugari Water Supply, DRC – Virunga National Park/Howard G Buffet Foundation
 Private Sector Agriculture Development, Rwanda - IF
 Nasho II Irrigation Project, Rwanda – Rwandan Ministry of Agriculture/Howard G Buffet Foundation
 Rwandan Water Sector Study, Rwanda - USAID
 CBEHPP National Action Plan, Rwanda - UNICEF
 Rwanda Cricket Stadium Water Supply, Rwanda - RCSF
 Cactus Green Park, Rwanda - FONERWA
 CHAN 2016, Bechtel - Rwanda

External links
Water Consulting East Africa

Companies of Rwanda
Engineering companies of Africa
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2014
2014 establishments in Rwanda
Fontarnauite. Fontarnauite is a relatively recently described, rare sulfate, borate mineral with the chemical formula . It is found in an evaporite boron deposit. It coexists with other evaporite boron minerals, especially probertite. It is monoclinic, crystallizing in the space group P21/c.

It was named for Ramon Fontarnau i Griera, a materials scientist of the University of Barcelona.

References

Borate minerals
Sulfate minerals
Sodium minerals
Strontium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Borate sulfates
Minerals in space group 14
Seedwings Europe. Seedwings Europe (formally Seedwings Airsports GmbH) was an Austrian aircraft manufacturer based in Schlitters and founded in 1987. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of hang gliders in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft as well as hang glider harnesses.

The company was organized as a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), a limited liability company.

By October 2017 the company's website domain was up for sale and the company seems to gone out of business.

Seedwings Europe produced a wide range of hang gliders, including the intermediate Crossover XC, and Crossover XCS models, the beginner Funky, the high performance Skyrunner XR and Skyrunner XRS and the early intermediate level Space. In the 2000s the company produced the intermediate level Kestrel and Merlin, as well as the competition level topless Vertigo model.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Austria
Hang gliders
Manufacturing companies established in 1987
Austrian companies established in 1987