omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Thermophilic digester. A thermophilic digester or thermophilic biodigester is a kind of biodigester that operates in temperatures range 50 °C (122 °F)  to 60 °C (140 °F) producing biogas. It has some advantages: it does not need agitation and is faster in fermentation than a mesophilic digester. In fact, it can be as much as six to ten times faster than a normal biodigester. The problem is that for use in this biodigester, the source must enter at high temperature. Vinasse is produced at more than 70 °C (158 °F) and can be used in this kind of biodigester. For each unit of volume of ethanol, about eight units of vinasse are produced. In Brazil, this kind of biodigester is used to process vinasse as a cheap source of methane.

References

Anaerobic digester types
Mesophilic digester. Mesophilic digester or Mesophilic biodigester is a kind of biodigester that operates in temperatures between 20 °C and about 40°, typically 37 °C. This is the most used kind of biodigester in the world. More than 90% of worldwide biodigesters are of this type. In contrast, thermophilic digesters are less than 10% of digesters in the world, as it's more difficult to maintain the higher temperatures in a treatment plant, and they typically perform worse at separating liquids out of the sludge. Mesophilic digesters are used to produce biogas, biofertilizers, and sanitarization mainly in tropical countries such as India and Brazil.

References

 Science direct
 Mesophilic Digester

Anaerobic digester types
Human dynamics. Human dynamics refer to a branch of complex systems research in statistical physics such as the movement of crowds and queues and other systems of complex human interactions including statistical modelling of human networks, including interactions over communications networks.

Academic research

Human Dynamics as a branch of statistical physics: Its main goal is to understand human behavior using methods originally developed in statistical physics. Research in this area started to gain momentum in 2005 after the publication of A.-L. Barabási's seminal paper The origin of bursts and heavy tails in human dynamics. that introduced a queuing model that was alleged to be capable of explaining the long tailed distribution of inter event times that naturally occur in human activity.

This paper spurred a burst of activity in this new area leading to not only further theoretical development of the Barabasi model, its experimental verification in several different activities  and the beginning of interest in using proxy tools, such as web server logs., cell phone records and even the rate at which registration to a major international conference occurs and the distance and rate people around the globe commute from home to work.

In recent years there has been a growing appetite for access to new data sources that might prove useful in quantifying and understanding human behavior both at the individual and collective scales.

Other usage

The term Human Dynamics or Human Dynamics as Personality Dynamics has also been used to describe a framework for understanding people and is applied in a technique aimed at education and team building. It is pioneered by Sandra Seagal and David Horne. It is a study of the ways in which we process information related to the balance of Physical, Emotional, and Mental components of our experiences.  It has been subject to some skepticism, having been described in a Dutch newspaper as a personality course with esoteric (occult) roots.

See also
Sense Networks

References

External links
Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Understanding Human Dynamics  
Human Dynamics at Notre Dame

Complex systems theory
Population dynamics
Fidalgo City and Anacortes Railway. The Fidalgo City and Anacortes Railway constructed and operated a  long electric railway extending from Anacortes, Washington, to Fidalgo City (now Dewey, Washington) and Dewey Beach (all on Fidalgo Island) in the state of Washington, USA. The company was incorporated June 30, 1890 and operation began March 29, 1891. This is said to have been the first electric railway in Washington.

The company's prospectus indicates an intent to be capitalized at US$250,000. The organizers were Julius S. Potter, C.B. Holman, H.C. Colver, Joshua Pierce. W.A. Potter (? - December 1893) was a trustee. Offices were in Anacortes.

Local lore says that the trolley only ever made one round trip to Fidalgo City, and much of that trip was made behind a horse due to difficulties with or insufficient capacity of the power generator. The line is said to have operated sporadically within Anacortes for the remainder of its lifespan, again, owing to an unreliable power supply system.

Operations continued until the collapse of the land boom in the Panic of 1893, when the road was abandoned and the track was removed.

References

Further reading
 A Guide to the Rod Varney Papers, 1918-1990, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin indicates the existence of the following work:
 Benton, Homer, The Fidalgo City and Anacortes Electric Railway. Volume 2, #3, James D. Johnson, Wheaton, IL, 1964.

Rail transportation in Washington (state)
Railway companies established in 1890
Railway companies disestablished in 1893
Companies based in Anacortes, Washington
Aero Consult Light Aircraft. Aero Consult Light Aircraft (ACLA) is an aircraft manufacturer based in the Netherlands.

In 2007, they acquired the rights to the Aviasud Sirocco from Aériane, who wished to concentrate on the Swift glider and PAS.  ACLA redesigned the tailplane and wings and re-launched the aircraft as the Sirocco nG, first flown in May 2009.

References

External links
 

Aircraft manufacturers of the Netherlands
Dutch brands
Programmer's Day. Programmer's Day, also known as the Day of the Programmer, is an international professional day that is celebrated on the 256th (hexadecimal 100th, or the 28th) day of each year (September 13 during common years and on September 12 in leap years).

The number 256 (28) was chosen because it is the number of distinct values that can be represented with a byte, a value well known to programmers. 256 is also the highest power of two that is less than 365, the number of days in a common year.

Official recognition
This particular day was proposed by Valentin Balt and Michael Cherviakov (aka htonus), employees of Parallel Technologies (a software company). As early as 2002, they tried to gather signatures for a petition to the government of Russia to recognize the day as the official Day of the Programmer.

On July 24, 2009, the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media (Russia) issued a draft of an executive order on a new professional holiday, the Day of the Programmer.

On September 11, 2009, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev signed the decree.

Chinese Programmer's Day

In China, the programmer's day is October 24, which has been established for many years. The date was chosen because it can also be written as 1024, which is equal to 210 and corresponds to the Ki binary prefix. It is also a consistent date regardless of leap years.

References

Sources

See also

World Information Society Day
System Administrator Appreciation Day
Secretary's Day
Pi Day

Recurring events established in 2009
2009 establishments in Russia
Russian inventions
Observances in Russia
September observances
October observances
Autumn events in Russia
Computing culture
Aviasud Engineering. Aviasud Engineering was  a French aviation company that specialized in composite lightweight aircraft.

From 1980, it produced:

The Mistral was chosen by Nicolas Hulot for his first ULM flight at the North Pole, with Hubert de Chevigny .The 1983 Aviasud Sirocco (Cruise speed: 80 km/h, Empty weight: 131 kg); single-seat parasol monoplane.
The 1985 Aviasud Mistral AE 206 (Cruise speed: 72 kt | 83 mph | 133 km/h, Empty weight: 215 kg | 474 lb); biplane (also a twin version).
The Mistral was chosen by Nicolas Hulot for his first ULM flight at the North Pole, with Hubert de Chevigny .
In the meantime, Aviasud has distinguished itself in competitions. The Sirocco won the world championship in its category in 1985, and the Mistral in 1990 ; many international records have been broken by these two devices.
The 1991 Aviasud Albatros AE 209 (Cruise speed: 67 kt | 78 mph | 125 km/h, Empty weight: 230 kg | 507 lb); two-seat ultralight. Three versions with different engines.In 1991, the first flight of the Albatros was made, the wings of which can be folded in one minute.It went into production in September 1992 .Its success is greater than the two previous Aviasud microlights.Shortly after, Aviasud took a 24% stake in the Indian company Raj Hamsa Ultralights (PVT) Ltd.
The first is the XPair, introduced on the market from 1994 . The second is between the XPAIR and the Aviasud range, and was to be put on the market in 1995 . The aim was to cover a large part of the demand.
A joint venture agreement is concluded to have two ranges of low-cost microlights manufactured in India.

Address (1986):  Aviasud Engineering, z.i.la palud-83600, Frejus, France; tel: 94 53 94 00, tx 461172 F aviasud.

In 1994, Aviasud employed 29 employees, including 19 in manufacturing and 10 in management, marketing, management, etc. 65% of production was exported to 27 countries. Following financial difficulties, the Aviasud company had to cease its activity in 2008.

References

Aerospace companies of France
Defunct manufacturing companies of France
Elektronikpraxis. Elektronikpraxis -  Das professionelle Elektronikmagazin (translation Electronic Practice − The professional electronics magazine), also known as Elektronik Praxis, is an industrial electronics magazine. The magazine was launched in 1966 in West Germany as a sister magazine of Elektroteknik.

Elektronik Praxis is published with 24 issues annually (plus special issues) by  Vogel Business Media in Würzburg with a circulation of 46,360 copies (2nd quarter of 2006). It has editorial offices in Munich and Würzburg.

Elektronik Praxis is the publication branch of Fachverbandes Elektronik-Design e.V. (FED). The website of the magazine is intended to complement a so-called "Business Efficiency Portal", with additional information to the printed material.

References

External links
 

1966 establishments in West Germany
Biweekly magazines published in Germany
Engineering magazines
German-language magazines
Magazines established in 1966
Mass media in Würzburg
Professional and trade magazines
MIS capacitor. A MIS capacitor is a capacitor formed from a layer of metal, a layer of insulating material and a layer of semiconductor material. It gets its name from the initials of the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure. As with the MOS field-effect transistor structure, for historical reasons, this layer is also often referred to as a MOS capacitor, but this specifically refers to an oxide insulator material.

The maximum capacitance, CMIS(max) is calculated analogously to the plate capacitor:

 
where :
εr  is the insulator's relative permittivity
ε0  is the permittivity of the vacuum
A is the area
d is the insulator thickness

The production method depends on materials used (it is even possible that polymers can be used as both the insulator or the semiconductor layers). We will consider an example of an inorganic MOS capacitor based on silicon and silicon dioxide. On the semiconductor substrate, a thin layer of oxide (silicon dioxide) is applied (by, for example, thermal oxidation, or chemical vapour deposition) and then coated with a metal.

This structure and thus a capacitor of this type is present in every MIS field-effect transistor, such as MOSFETs. For the steady reduction of the size of structures in microelectronics, the ever thinner insulation layers are required (to keep the same capacitance for smaller area). However, when the oxide thickness falls below ~ 5 nm there arise parasitic leakages due to the tunneling effect. From this reason, the use of so-called high-κ dielectrics as the insulator material is being investigated.

In the MOSFET R&D, the MIS capacitors are extensively used as a relatively simple testing bench, e.g. to examine fabrication process and properties of the novel insulator materials, to measure leakage currents and charge-to-breakdown, to get the trap density value, to verify different models for carrier transport. Furthermore, the capacitors are often included in tutorial courses, particularly to discuss their charge states (inversion, depletion, accumulation) which also occur in the more complex transistor systems.

References

Capacitors
Electronic parking brake. An electronic parking brake (EPB), also known as an electric parking brake or electric park brake, is an electronically controlled parking brake, whereby the driver activates the holding mechanism with a button and the brake pads are electrically applied to the rear wheels. This is accomplished by an electronic control unit (ECU) and an actuator mechanism. There are two mechanisms that are currently in production, Cable puller systems and Caliper integrated systems.  EPB systems can be considered a subset of Brake-by-wire technology.

First installed in the 2001 Lancia Thesis, electronic parking brakes have since appeared in a number of vehicles.

Functionality
Apart from performing the basic vehicle holding function required of park brakes, the EPB systems provide other functions like automatic release of the park brakes when the driver presses the accelerator or slips the clutch, and re-clamping using additional force on detection of vehicle motion. Further, the hill-hold function, which applies brakes to prevent roll-back when pulling away on a gradient, can also be implemented using the EPB.

History
Despite electric parking brake systems being a relatively new characteristic in the preponderance of modern production vehicles, many older concept vehicles have also implemented the feature. During the 1980s, many companies across the industry, such as Mazda, BMW, and Volkswagen, began to truly experiment with the idea of a fully electric, driver actuated parking brake. Volkswagen in particular was able to first realize this in the form of the Volkswagen Futura concept vehicle, which was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in October 1989.

The electric parking brake was first introduced in production vehicles with the emergence of the Lancia Thesis saloon car in 2001. BMW began to make use of EPB technology that same year, offering it as an option in their flagship saloon car, the BMW 7 Series. Other German automakers such as Audi and Volkswagen soon followed suit in the form of the Audi A8 (2006) and Volkswagen Passat (2008). The use of EPBs has only grown in popularity since then, eventually finding its way to all vehicles, class notwithstanding.

Implementation
The implementation of the control logic for the actuators is carried out by either using a stand-alone ECU or by integrating it in the ECU for electronic stability control.

Standards
The design of electric park brakes in the United States should be compliant with:
FMVSS 105
FMVSS 135
ECE 13H

References

Automotive technologies
Vehicle safety technologies
Altisite. Altisite (IMA symbol: Ati) is an exceedingly rare alkaline titanium aluminosilicate chloride mineral with formula Na3K6Ti2Al2Si8O26Cl3, from alkaline pegmatites. It is named after its composition (ALuminium, TItanium, and SIlicon).

The mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group C2/m.

References

Inosilicates
Titanium minerals
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Fossil (software). Fossil is a software configuration management, bug tracking system and wiki software server for use in software development created by D. Richard Hipp.

Features 
Fossil is a cross-platform DVCS that runs on Linux, BSD derivatives, Mac and Windows. It is capable of performing distributed version control, bug tracking, wiki services, and blogging. The software has a built-in web interface, which reduces project tracking complexity and promotes situational awareness. A user may simply type "fossil ui" from within any check-out and Fossil automatically opens the user's web browser to display a page giving detailed history and status information on that project. The fossil executable may be run as a standalone HTTP server, as a CGI application, accessed via SSH, or run interactively from the CLI.

Being distributed, Fossil requires no central server, although collaboration is made easier by using one.

Content is stored using a SQLite database so that transactions are atomic even if interrupted by a power loss or system crash.

Fossil is free software released under a BSD license (relicensed from previously GPL).

Adoption 
Fossil is used for version control by the SQLite project, which is itself a component of Fossil. SQLite transitioned to using Fossil for version control over CVS on 2009-08-12.

Some examples of other projects using Fossil are:

 Tcl/Tk Project
 Pikchr
 MySQL++, a C++ wrapper for the MySQL and MariaDB C APIs
 LuaSQLite3
 libfossil
 fnc, the ncurses-based Fossil UI experience in the terminal
 Androwish, the Tcl implementation for Android
 ObjFW, a cross-platform Objective-C runtime and framework

Source code hosting 
The following websites provide free source code hosting for Fossil repositories:
 Chisel. Original site owner James Turner announced that the site would cease operation on May 1, 2013. After domain ownership was transferred on May 1, 2013, it continued operation.
 SourceForge (unofficially through webpages hosting service)

See also 

 Comparison of revision control software
 List of revision control software

Notes

References

Further reading

External links 
 

Bug and issue tracking software
2006 software
Cross-platform free software
Distributed bug tracking systems
Distributed version control systems
Free software programmed in C
Free version control software
Free wiki software
Software using the BSD license
Version control systems
Baltimore Chrome Works. Baltimore Chrome Works was a chromium ore refinery with its headquarters and main factory located at Fells Point, Baltimore, USA. Isaac Tyson started mining chromite in the area around Baltimore in 1813 and built the Baltimore Chrome Works at Fells Point in 1845. The works became part of Mutual Chemical Company in 1908, and merged into Allied Chemical in 1954. The plant, which was rebuilt in 1951, employed 375 people at peak production.

The factory at Fells Point operated until 1985, when it was closed down. The company had contaminated the  site with hazardous waste, and Honeywell, the successor to Allied Chemical, was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency to perform a cleanup in the 1986. The order was confirmed by a judicial consent decree in 1989. Honeywell completed the remediation in 1999.

References 

Chemical companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Baltimore
Fell's Point, Baltimore
Smelting
Chromium
Metal companies of the United States
Cape class. There are multiple classes of vessels known as Cape class:

 , 95-foot cutters built for the United States Coast Guard circa 1950
 , modified World War II freighters that served in the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Netherlands Navy
 , 47 motor lifeboats first introduced into the Canadian Coast Guard in 1999
 , a class of large patrol boats operated by the Australian Border Force, Royal Australian Navy, and the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard
 Cape class, or capesize, cargo vessels too large to transit the Suez Canal

Ship classes
Reynald Seznec. Reynald Seznec (born May 11, 1953 in Laval, Mayenne, France) is a French engineer and businessman. He was the President and CEO of the Franco-Italian company Thales Alenia Space from 2008 to 2012, succeeding to Pascale Sourisse in the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center.

References

External links
 Thales Alenia Space Official Website

1953 births
École Polytechnique alumni
French chief executives
French aerospace engineers
Living people
Llanwern steelworks. Llanwern steelworks is located in Llanwern, east of the City of Newport, South Wales.

History
Built for Richard Thomas & Baldwins Ltd, the works was originally referred to locally as "The RTB", before being called Spencer Works and later Llanwern under British Steel Corporation. The steelworks site is alongside the South Wales Main Line east of Newport, offering excellent rail transport for the works.

It was the first oxygen-blown integrated steelworks in Britain when it opened in 1962.
The hot strip mill pioneered the first successful use of a computer for complete mill control.

The steelworks were built on grassland and wetland that local schoolchildren used to roam through on their way to the sea, and which provided a varied habitat for reptiles, amphibians, insects, mammals and birds.

Having won an open internal competition in the 1990s with the Ravenscraig steelworks to become British Steel's leading hot strip mill, in the efforts to increase group and site efficiency in 2001 steelmaking ceased at the site with the loss of 1300 jobs. With hot steel slab now imported by rail from the sister Port Talbot steelworks, the mothballed "heavy end" of the Llanwern works was resultantly demolished in 2004.

In January 2009, Corus announced that it was mothballing the hot strip mill, with the loss of over 500 jobs. In August 2009 Corus announced that the hot strip mill would resume operations.
Subsequent problems caused by the eurozone crisis forced the company to once again mothball the hot strip mill commencing 24 November 2011 with plans to re-open during late 2012. This stance was released to the press on 2 December 2011.

Present
Tata's operations at Llanwern include one pickle line, a cold strip mill, a hot dip galvanising line and an automotive finishing line (AFL). The works rolls 1.5 million tonnes of steel coil per annum for automotive, construction and general engineering applications.

Regeneration

A £115m renewal project called Glan Llyn, led by St. Modwen Properties PLC, is currently transforming the former steel-producing part of the Llanwern steelworks site. Started in 2004, the masterplan envisages 1.5m sq ft of employment-generating accommodation hosting 6,000 jobs, 4,000 new dwellings, community facilities and open space including 3 new lakes. Full completion is anticipated by 2026–28.

In 2017 it was announced that the Spanish railway rolling stock construction company Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) would open a factory at Celtic Business Park (near the steelworks) to build trains primarily for the UK market, including Transport for Wales.

References

Literature
, includes description of works c.1964

External links
Tata Steel UK website

Buildings and structures in Newport, Wales
Landmarks in Newport, Wales
Tata Steel Europe
Ironworks and steelworks in Wales
History of Newport, Wales
Response reactions. The theory of response reactions (RERs) was elaborated for systems in which several physico-chemical processes run simultaneously in mutual interaction, with local thermodynamic equilibrium, and in which state variables called extents of reaction are allowed, but thermodynamic equilibrium proper is not required. It is based on  detailed analysis of the Hessian determinant, using either the Gibbs or the De Donder method of analysis. The theory derives the sensitivity coefficient as the sum of the contributions of individual RERs. Thus phenomena which are in contradiction to over-general statements of the Le Chatelier principle can be interpreted. With the help of RERs the equilibrium coupling was defined. RERs could be derived based either on the species, or on the stoichiometrically independent reactions of a parallel system. The set of RERs is unambiguous in a given system; and the number of them (M) is  , where S denotes the number of species and C refers to the number of components. In the case of three-component systems, RERs can be visualized on a triangle diagram.

References

Thermodynamics