omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
XTAR-EUR. The XTAR-EUR is a communication satellite developed by Spain and the United States and in order to provide a secure channel over the Indian Ocean. It was originally operated by XTAR and Hisdesat. In year 2020 Hisdesat bought 100% stake on the satellite. Its launch short after the Spainsat is part of an effort to strengthen Spain's communication ties with allied countries around the globe, particularly in maters of national security (defense, disaster relief...).

Body 
The satellite is based on the Space Systems/Loral LS-1300 model. Consequently, it is shaped like a box (5.4 x 2.9 x 2.2 m) with a total weight of 1412 kg (3631 kg at launch). The sides of the box contain two retractable solar panels (providing up to 3.6 kW of power) while the lower base (facing anti-radial direction) holds the communication module. This module operates on the X band (compatible with SATCOM systems employed by NATO) and consists of 12 X-band transponders of 72 MHz broadband each (reserving 4 for usage by the Spanish Ministry of Defense while offering the other 8 for potential partners) and a 2.4 diameter antenna. The system allows both RHCP and LHCP polarization while covering an area of 6,3095 m2 RCS (2 global beams from Eastern Brazil and the Atlantic Ocean, across all of Africa and the Middle East to as far east as Singapore, 1 beam across the Mediterranean Sea and 4 steerable beams with the possibility of overlapping). Additional systems provide 3-axis inflight stability.

Launch 
The satellite was officially launched the 12th of February 2005 at 21:03 UT on board an Ariane-5 ECA rocket from the Guyana Space Center.

Its orbit is geostationary (GEO) 29º East, around 35,800 km high (35,782.6 km of perigee and 35,803.7 km of apogee) with 0º of inclination, a period of 1,436.1 minutes and a semi-major axis of 42,164 km.

During its operation life, the XTAR-EUR is being monitored from Arganda del Rey and Maspalomas Station. While the operating companies are based on Washington, D.C., Madrid and Palo Alto.

It is expected that the satellite will achieve an operational life exceeding 15 years until its planned decommission in 2023.

See also 
 XTAR
 Spainsat

References 

 Spacecraft launched in 2005
 Satellites of Spain
Indian locomotive class WCM-6. The Indian locomotive class WCM-6 is a class of 1.5 kV DC electric locomotives that was developed in 1995 by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), Direct Current (C), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 6th generation (6). They entered service in 1996. A total of 2 WCM-6 locomotives was built at CLW in 1995. Currently they are used on departmental trains and shunting duties.

History 
The history of WCM-6 begins in the early 1990s with the stated aim of the Indian Railways (IR) to remove the aging fleet of WCM class locomotives working in the Central Railway zone (CR). So IR to procure two 1,500 V DC electric locomotives from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), who also previously supplied the WCM-5 class. They had high adhesion bogies used in the WAG-7 class AC locomotive.

The two WCM-6s were manufactured in India in 1995. Not counting the dual-voltage WCAM/WCAG series, they were one of only two classes of DC locomotives to have a "boxcab" body style, the other being the WCG-2 class of 1970.

On 28 August 2008, both WCM-6s were converted to work on 25 kV AC by the Electric Locomotives Works of Bhusuwal. Both locomotives are based at Kalyan depot, and are in service as of 2023.

Locomotive shed

Former sheds 
 Ajni
Bhusuwal (BSL)

See also 

 
 Indian Railways
 Locomotives of India
 Rail transport in India

References

External links 

 http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WCM-6
 
 India railway fan club

Electric locomotives of India
1500 V DC locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1995
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives
Indian locomotive class WCM-5. The Indian locomotive class WCM-5 is a class of 1.5 kV DC electric locomotives that was developed in 1961 by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), Direct Current (C), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 5th generation (5). The WCM-5 was the first locomotive of any type to be fully developed and built in India, entering service in 1961. A total of 21 WCM-5 locomotives were built at CLW between 1961 and 1963.

The WCM-5 served both passenger and freight trains for nearly 40 years. In 1998, the last WCM-5 locomotive ran with the Indrayani Express. With the introduction of more modern locomotives and 25 KV AC electrification, all were withdrawn in the early 2000s after repeated failures. After withdrawal, one locomotive was put on display at the Kolkata Rail Museum, while the rest of the locomotives have been scrapped.

History
The history of WCM-5 began in the early 1960s with the stated aim of the Indian Railways (IR) to remove the ageing fleet of WCG-1 and WCP-1 class locomotives working on Central Railways (CR). So IR to procure 21 1500 V DC electric locomotives from Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), who also previously supplied steam locomotives to India during 1954–1955. They were the last "nosed" locomotives of any type to be manufactured.

The WCM-5 locomotives were used on many express trains such as the Deccan Queen, and the Indrayani Express, as well as freight trains. The Deccan Queen had WCM-5 with a matching livery until the 1990s. In the mid-1990s, the ageing WCM-5 began to fail regularly, disrupting train services. So Central Railways decided to withdraw these locomotives from service and by 2000, all units were withdrawn.

Preserved examples

Former sheds
 Pune
 Kalyan (KYN)

See also
 Rail transport in India#History
 Indian Railways
 Locomotives of India
 Rail transport in India

References

External links

 Electric Locomotive Classes – AC Electrics from the India Railways Fan Club (IRFC)

Electric locomotives of India
1500 V DC locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1961
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives
Indian locomotive class WCM-4. The Indian locomotive class WCM-4 was a class of 1.5 kV DC electric locomotives developed in the late 1950s by Hitachi for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), Direct Current (C), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 4th generation (4). A total of 7 WCM-4 locomotives were built in Japan in 1959 for Central Railways.

History
Indian Railways decided to procure seven locomotives from Hitachi. They were manufactured in Japan and shipped to India in 1959. These locomotives had now-common Co-Co wheel arrangement.  Initially the WCM-4 class were known as EM/4 class.

See also

Indian Railways
Locomotives of India
Rail transport in India

References

External links

http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WCM-4

India railway fan club

Electric locomotives of India
1500 V DC locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1959
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Hitachi locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Indian locomotive class WCM-1. The Indian locomotive class WCM-1 is a class of 1.5 kV DC electric locomotives that was developed in 1954 by Vulcan Foundry and English Electric for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), Direct Current (C), Mixed traffic (M) engine, 1st generation (1). They entered service in 1955. A total of 7 WCM-1 locomotives were built in England between 1954 and 1955.

The WCM-1 served both passenger and freight trains for over 45 years. With the introduction of more modern types of locomotives and 25 KV AC electrification, all were withdrawn by the early 2000s after repeated failures. One locomotive has been preserved, with the rest being scrapped.

History 

The WCM-1 were designed in the mid-1950s with the intent for the Indian Railways (IR) to remove the aging fleet of WCP-1, WCP-2, WCP-3 and WCP-4 class locomotives working on the Central Railway (CR). Thus IR purchased seven 1500 V DC electric locomotives from English Electric and Vulcan Foundry, the latter having previously supplied steam locomotives to India. They were manufactured in England and shipped to India in 1954-1955.

These locomotives were the first mixed class electric locomotive to roam India as well as the first electric locomotive with the Co-Co wheel arrangement. They were also the longest serving non-steam locomotives in India until the arrival of the WCG-2, WCAM-1, WCAM-2, WCM-6, WCAM-3 and WCAG-1 class. Initially the WCM-1 class were known as EM/1 class. They had a distinct appearance, with their large size and round noses. They had their cab doors placed in the middle of the body instead of being near the cab.

The WCM-1 locomotives were used on many express trains such as the Deccan Queen and the Indrayani Express, and as well as on freight duties. In 1968, the placement of the entry doors were moved to near the cab for . The Deccan Queen had WCM-1 with a matching livery until the 1990s. During that period, the aging WCM-1s began to fail regularly, causing disruption on train services. Thus Central Railways decided to withdraw these locomotives from service by 2000, with only one being preserved.

Preserved Examples

Former sheds 

 Pune
 Kalyan (KYN)
All the locomotives of this class has been withdrawn from service.

See also

Rail transport in India#History
Indian Railways
Locomotives of India
Rail transport in India

References

External links

http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WCM-1

India railway fan club

Electric locomotives of India
1500 V DC locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1955
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
English Electric locomotives
IHuman (film). iHuman is a documentary about artificial intelligence, social control and power. The film shows how this technology is changing our lives, our society and our future. Such experts as Ilya Sutskever and Jürgen Schmidhuber give interviews about AI and how it is developed and implemented. It also features people working in the field like Max Tegmark, Kara Swisher, Michal Kosinski, Stuart Russell, Ben Wizner, Hao Li, Ben Goertzel and Philip Alston. The documentary features its own character representing AI that develops through the film. This character has an abstract VFX form done by Theodor Groeneboom. The constant surveillance through phones, internet, systems in society and through surveillance cameras is discussed as a topic crucial for development of AI. The question is posed, if we already are governed by algorithms that are created by big tech corporations, governments and the military industry. It mentions Palantir Technologies and Cambridge Analytica.

The film premiered at the 2019 International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam on 23 November.

See also 
 Lo and Behold, Reveries of the Connected World
 Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
 Regulation of algorithms
 Social Credit System

References

External links 
 
 

2019 documentary films
2019 films
Norwegian documentary films
Films about artificial intelligence
Fiction about government by algorithm
2010s English-language films
English-language documentary films
NC10 phylum. NC10 is a bacterial phylum with candidate status, meaning its members remain uncultured to date. The difficulty in producing lab cultures may be linked to low growth rates and other limiting growth factors.

Methylomirabilis oxyfera, a member of the NC10 phylum, is the first organism discovered to couple methane oxidation to the reduction of nitrite to dinitrogen (N2).  This is significant for several reasons. First, there are only three other biological pathways known to produce oxygen (photosynthesis, chlorate respiration, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species). Second, anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) coupled to nitrite reduction links the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, and thus denitrifying methanotrophs in the NC10 phylum may influence methane content in the atmosphere. Third, this finding opens the possibility that oxygen was available in the atmosphere prior to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the Great Oxidation Event, which challenges certain aspects of modern theories regarding the evolution of early life on Earth.

The NC10 phylum was first proposed in 2003 on the basis of highly divergent 16S rRNA gene sequences from aquatic microbial formations in flooded caves (Nullarbor caves, Australia).  The first genome insights for the phylum were published in 2010. Members of the NC10 phylum have been detected in environments including the Brunssummerheide peatlands (Limburg, Netherlands), the deep stratified Lake Zug (Central Switzerland), and a paddy field with long-term fertilization (Hangzhou, China)

NC10 species proposed to date include Methylomirabilis oxyfera and Methylomirabilis lanthanidiphila

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are taken from the Genome Taxonomy Database release 06-RS202.

 Class "Methylomirabilia"
 Order "Rokubacteriales" (CSP1-6)
 Order "Methylomirabilales" Cabrol et al. 2020 (NC10)
 Family "Methylomirabilaceae"
 Genus "Candidatus Methylomirabilis" Ettwig et al. 2010
 "Ca. M. lanthanidiphila" Versantvoort et al. 2018
 "Ca. M. limnetica" Graf et al. 2018
 "Ca. M. oxygeniifera" corrig. Ettwig et al. 2010
 "Ca. M. sinica" He et al. 2016

See also 
 List of bacterial orders
 List of bacteria genera

References

Bacteria phyla
Candidatus taxa
Jeff Glickman. Jeff Glickman is an American computer scientist and entrepreneur. He specializes in artificial intelligence, image processing and stochastic computation. He designed and built an AI driven investment advisor for the company J4 Capital which he founded in 2017. The AI is reportedly performing better than any other known AI-advised technology with a success rate of 60% i.e. for every trade it is correct 60% of the time.

In 2010, Glickman spotted an Amelia Earhart-related anomaly in a tiny 75 year-old black-and-white photo giving a possible clue to her fate. A 2019 search of the island suggests that the object in the photo resembles local rocks.

References

External links
"Squashing the Market with Bill Ullman", interview of Jeff Glickman, February 2020

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American computer scientists
American businesspeople
Alexander Richardson (MP). Sir Alexander Richardson (27 March 1864 – 30 March 1928) was Conservative MP for Gravesend.

Before becoming an MP, he was a journalist and editor who specialised in engineering subjects. He was a long-time editor of Engineering magazine. He also wrote numerous historical works about engineering and engineering firm histories.

He was first elected at a by-election in 1918 during the war, was re-elected in the general elections of 1918 and 1922, but lost the seat to Labour in 1923. He was knighted in 1922.

Sources

Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
1864 births
1928 deaths
People from Dumbarton
British editors
British non-fiction writers
British engineers
Olatokunbo Somolu. Olatokunbo Arinola Somolu (born 1950) is a Nigerian structural engineer. She was the first Nigerian woman to gain a PhD in any engineering field.

Early life and education
Olatokunbo Somolu was born in Lagos State on 11 October 1950. She received primary education at the Anglican Girls' School, Lagos, and secondary schooling at Queen's College, Lagos. She studied Civil Engineering at the University of Lagos, graduating top of her class with a B.Sc. degree in 1973. In 1978 she gained her PhD in Civil Engineering (Structures).

Career
Somolu became.a Pupil Engineer with Sokoto Waterworks in 1973. She lectured at Yaba College of Technology from 1977 to 1982. In 1982 she joined the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) as Assistant Chief Civil Engineer. In 2005 she became the first woman to head the Engineering and Technology Division of NNPC as the Group General Manager. She retired in 2009.

In 2007 Somolu was inducted into the Nigerian Women Hall of Fame. In 2017 she was honoured for her pioneering professional achievement by the Professional Excellence Foundation of Nigeria (PEFON). She is a fellow of several professional bodies like Nigerian Academy of Engineering, Nigerian Society of Engineers and member, Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM).

References

1950 births
Living people
Nigerian women engineers
University of Lagos alumni
Academic staff of Yaba College of Technology
20th-century women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Queen's College, Lagos alumni
Moreland M-1. The Moreland M-1 was a 1929 American three-seat civil aircraft. Only four were built.

Design and development

The M-1 was the first aircraft built by Moreland aircraft, founded in 1928 and based at El Segundo, California. Led by G.E.Moreland and Orrin Moe, the design also contained Ed Heinemann's first contributions. It was a parasol wing aircraft with wings of rectangular plan apart from rounded tips and a central, trailing edge cut-out to enhance the pilot's field of view. They had wooden structures with spruce box-spars and ribs, were plywood-covered and braced to the fuselage by pairs of outward-leaning N-form struts between the mid- and lower longerons and the wing spars. These struts were quite short, reaching the wings at about 25% span. A cabane provided central wing support.

The M-1's nine cylinder Wright J-5 Whirlwind radial engine was nose-mounted, flown with or without a ring type engine cowling. The fuselage of the M-1 had a welded chrome-molybdenum steel tube structure, like many designs of the time, and was fabric-covered. Zips provided easy access to the rear control connections.  Two passengers sat side-by-side close to the wing underside at about mid-chord. They were protected by a large, V-shaped windscreen which projected forward of the leading edge to the engine mounting and rearwards to the hinge of a large access door. The pilot's well-instrumented cockpit was under the trailing edge cut-out, providing views both above and below the wing.

The M-1's vertical rear control surfaces were rather straight and upright, though the balanced rudder was round-tipped. Its tailplane, mounted on top of the fuselage, was adjustable and wire-braced to the fin.

The undercarriage was a split axle design, with the axles hinged from the fuselage central underside. Near-vertical Aerol shock absorber legs were fuselage-mounted at the base of the forward wing struts and drag struts reached rearwards to the lower fuselage.

Operational history

The M-1 first flew in 1929, though the exact date is not known, and received its type certificate in September. It featured at the Cleveland Air Show held in the autumn of 1929. Only four were built.

Specifications

References

Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States aircraft
United States sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Indian locomotive class WDG-5. The Indian locomotive class WDG-5 (EMD GT50AC) is a class of heavy haul Diesel–electric locomotive built by Banaras Locomotive Works, Varanasi in collaboration with Electro-Motive Diesel. At a rated power output of , it is the second most powerful diesel locomotive class on Indian Railways, just out-powered by the  WDG-6G. Derived from the EMD SD80MAC, it was meant as a direct upgrade to the WDG-4 aka GT46MAC (an SD70MAC derivative). The locomotive series is named Bheem, after the strong Pandav brother from epic Mahabharata. The loco has the two-stroke Turbocharged EMD 20N-710G3B-EC (20 cylinder engine) of the EMD SD80MAC and an AC-AC transmission. Since the loco has been developed by installing a v20-710 prime mover and replacing the standard v16 in the WDG4 GT46MAC locomotive, the model was re-designated by adding 4 to the predecessor model, with GT-46 becoming GT-50, owing to the number of cylinders going from 16 to 20, thereby making it the First EMD locomotive in the GT-series to use a v20-710 engine.

The class was stopped only with seven units due to poor tractive effortit provided only 560 kilonewtons, which is just 20 kilonewtons more than the WDG-4. Also, the v20-710 powerpack having high fuel consumption, similar to why the original SD80MAC were discontinued and were ultimately scrapped. Compounding the issue was Indian Railways aiming for complete network electrification as part of the Net Zero-Carbon Emission programme, during which it discontinued building EMD 710 locomotives and transitioned to greener diesel locomotives based on General Electric (GE)'s GEvo Evolution Series platform. Examples of such are the 4,500 hp (3.4 MW) WDG-4G (GE ES43ACmi) that uses the 12-cylinder version of the GEvo Prime Mover, and the 6,000 hp (4.5 MW) WDG-6G (GE ES57ACi) that uses the 16-cylinder version of the same engine.

Locomotive shed

See also
EMD SD80MAC
List of diesel locomotives of India
Indian locomotive class WDG-4
Indian Railways
Rail transport in India

References

G-5
Co-Co locomotives
Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Harry Wright (RAAF officer). Harold John Alfred Wright ,  (28 December 1919 – 29 January 1991) was an Australian air force officer and activist.

Wright was born in New Farm to artist Harold John Austin Wright and Kathleen May, née Bohan. He attended St Columban's College in Brisbane before working as a cadet draughtsman for the Queensland Irrigation and Water Supply Commission (QI&WSC). After serving briefly in the Citizen Military Force, he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 26 April 1941 and trained as a navigator. In September 1942 he was posted to the Royal Air Force's No. 103 Squadron and in April 1943 to No. 156 Squadron. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal and then the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), both in 1943, and was also commissioned a pilot officer.

In April 1944, having volunteered for another tour, Wright was posted to No. 582 Squadron, where he flew twenty-one sorties in four months. He was awarded a Bar to his DFC in 1944, and in September was promoted to flight lieutenant. In October 1944 he returned to Australia, and in March 1945 transferred to the RAAF Reserve, working as a navigator for Qantas. He returned to work as a draughtsman after the death of his brother in April 1946.

Wright married Pauline Ruby Pike on 4 September 1948. He resigned from the QI&WSC in 1956, selling whitegoods before returning in the 1960s. He joined the Democratic Labour Party, which reflected his Catholic and anti-communist views, and passionately supported Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, forming Citizens for Freedom to support this cause. The Republic of China awarded him the Order of Brilliant Star (grade 5) for his activism supporting its diplomatic recognition. In 1979, he completed the degree he had abandoned to serve in the war, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Queensland. In 1983 he published a novel, Pathfinders – Light the Way, which drew on his war experiences. Wright retired in 1984 and died of pneumonia in 1991 at Repatriation General Hospital, Greenslopes.

References

1919 births
1991 deaths
Australian World War II pilots
Australian recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)