omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fortuna Dam. The Fortuna Dam, officially known as Edwin Fabrega Dam, is an embankment dam in western Panama. The original  tall dam was completed in 1984 but it was raised to  by 1994 to increase power generation.

It is the single largest energy source in Panama, providing 30% of the country's electricity.  The Canadian public utility Hydro-Québec was an initial investor in the project, which was completed in 1984.

See also

 List of power stations in Panama

References

Dams completed in 1984
Energy infrastructure completed in 1984
Energy infrastructure completed in 1985
Hydroelectric power stations in Panama
Reservoirs in Panama
Buildings and structures in Chiriquí Province
Samuel M. Vauclain. Samuel Matthews Vauclain (May 18, 1856 – February 4, 1940) was an American engineer, inventor of the Vauclain compound locomotive, and president of the Baldwin Locomotive Works.  He was awarded the John Scott Award and the Elliott Cresson Medal by The Franklin Institute in 1891. He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for arming the United States Army during World War I. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1899.

Railroads
Vauclain served an apprenticeship in the machine shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad.  When he was 24, he was sent to inspect locomotives at the Baldwin Locomotive Works.  In those days, machining was a manual job with the machining done by hammers, files and chisels with the men's own hands. Vauclain's hands were left in a permanent clutching position from endless hours of chipping and filing metal. He became general foreman of Baldwin's 17th Street Shops in 1883, and quickly moved up through the company, as plant superintendent in 1886, then general superintendent.  He joined the board of directors in 1896, became vice-president in 1911, senior vice-president in 1917, president from 1919 to 1929, and chairman of the board from then until his death.  He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal by The Franklin Institute in 1891. At the same time, the Franklin Institute selected Vauclain for the John Scott Award funded by the City of Philadelphia.

During World War I, Vauclain helped organize the Munitions Standards Board. He then served as chairman of the special advisory subcommittee on plants and munitions for the War Industries Board. In 1919, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the War Department.

He helped professor Thomas Garrigue Masaryk legions especially in Russia in 1918.

Personal life
Samuel Vauclain was born in Port Richmond, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Andrew Constant Vauclain and Mary Ann Campbell Vauclain.  In 1879, he married Annie Kearney; they had six children.

Vauclain was a Republican, and served as a delegate from Pennsylvania's 7th District to the 1920 Republican National Convention, which nominated Warren G. Harding for president.

In 1923, he and several Baldwin officials took a trip around the Middle West in which he gave eight speeches in eight different cities.
Vauclain died following a heart attack, in Broadlawn, his home at Rosemont, Pennsylvania.

See also
 Baldwin Locomotive Works
 Vauclain compound
 Compound locomotive

References

External links
 Samuel M. Vauclain papers at the University of Texas
 TIME Magazine cover photo of Samuel M. Vauclain, April 21, 1923
 Photograph of Samuel Vauclain at the Library of Congress
 Samuel M. Vauclain in 20th Century American Leaders, Harvard Business School
 

1856 births
1940 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
20th-century American railroad executives
American railroad mechanical engineers
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Northeast Electric Power University. Northeast Electric Power University (NEEPU; ) is a provincial public university in Jilin City, Jilin, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Jilin and sponsored by the provincial government.

The university was formed in 1949 in Changchun and was moved to Jilin in 1955. It focuses on engineering and has about 19,000 full-time students.

History 
In 1949, NEEPU was founded in Changchun, it grew out of Changchun Electrical Machinery Advanced Professional School, which was the first school of Electrical Engineering set up by the new Republic of China.

In 1955, NEEPU moved to Jilin from Changchun.

In 1958, NEEPU became an undergraduate institute of higher learning, named Jilin Electric Power Institute.

In 1978, its name was changed to Northeast China Institute of Electric Power Engineering. Originally, the university had been under leadership of Ministry of Electric Power of the People's Republic of China.

From 2000, NEEPU has been under the management model of joint-building by the central and local governments.

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China in December 2005, its name was changed to Northeast Dianli University.

In 2016, the university changed its English name to Northeast Electric Power University.

External links
Official web-site in Chinese
Official web-site in English

Universities and colleges in Jilin
James Serrin. James Burton Serrin (1 November 1926, Chicago, Illinois – 23 August 2012, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was an American mathematician, and a professor at University of Minnesota.

Life
He graduated from Evanston Township High School in 1944. He then studied engineering and science at Northwestern University in 1944 to 1946 before transferring Western Michigan College, where he a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1947. He received his doctorate from Indiana University Bloomington in 1951 under the supervision of David Gilbarg. From 1954 till 1995, he was on the faculty of the University of Minnesota.

Work
He is known for his contributions to continuum mechanics, nonlinear analysis, and partial differential equations.

Awards and honors
He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1980.

Selected works
.
.
.

References

External links
Donald G. Aronson and Hans F. Weinberger, "James B. Serrin", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)

See also
American mathematicians

1926 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
People from Chicago
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Partial differential equation theorists
Mathematicians from Illinois
American fluid dynamicists
Northwestern University alumni
Western Michigan University alumni
Evanston Township High School alumni
Extrapolation domain analysis. Extrapolation domain analysis (EDA) is a methodology for identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovative ecosystem management practices on the basis of sites exhibiting similarity in conditions such as climatic, land use and socioeconomic indicators. Whilst it has been applied to water research projects in nine pilot basins, the concept is generic and can be applied to any project where accelerating change being considered as a central development objective.

The outputs of the method thus far have been used to quantify the global economic impact of implementing particular innovations together with its effect on water resources. The research has stimulated members of several of the Challenge Program for Water and Food projects to explore potential areas for scaling out. Such is the case of the Quesungual agroforestry system in Honduras, which is moving towards new areas in parallel with areas identified by the EDA method.

EDA is a combined approach that incorporates a number of spatial analysis techniques. It was first investigated in 2006, when it was applied to assess how similarity analysis can be used to scale out research findings within seven Andes pilot systems of basins. The method developed further the research around Jones' 'Homologue' analysis by incorporating socio-economic variables in the search for similar sites around the Tropics. It has since been used to evaluate ‘Impact pathways’ and Global Impact Analysis. 'Homologue' was developed to determine the similarity of climatic conditions across a geographical area to those exhibited by the pilot site; the pixel resolution at which this is processed is 2.43 arc minutes, or 4.5 km at the equator.

To derive the extrapolation domains, Bayesian and frequentist statistical modelling techniques are used. The weights-of-evidence (WofE) methodology is applied; this is based largely on the concepts of Bayesian probabilistic reasoning. In essence, statistical inference is based on determining the probability of target sites adopting the change demonstrated in pilot areas. The assumption is that a collection of training points will, in aggregate, have common characteristics that will allow their presence in other similar sites to be predicted. It is based on the collection of factors (used to create evidential theme data layers) that prove to be consistent with successful implementation at pilot sites and assumes that if target sites exhibit similar socio-economic, together with climatic and landscapes attributes to pilot sites, then there is strong evidence to suggest that out-scaling to these sites will succeed.

References

Jorge E. Rubiano M., Simon Cook, Maya Rajasekharan & Boru Douthwaite (2016). A Bayesian method to support global out-scaling of water-efficient rice technologies from pilot project areas. Water International

Ecosystems
Bayesian statistics
Powder painting. Powder painting, also called Frit painting, is the art of using ground glass in powdered form to create kilnformed glass art. The process differs from enameling in many respects. Firstly, the powder is actually ground glass typically from a single manufacturer who supplies an extensive color palette. Large jars can be purchased which are fairly inexpensive compared to enamels, making large scale paintings possible.

This technique is one variation of many ways to create images on glass using glass bits (frits), and in this case powder.

The process
The process is fairly simple whereby the dry powders are arranged on sheet glass in any desired pattern or design. The glass is then fired in a kiln only to the point of making the powder stick to the glass, leaving the powder in what appears to be a soft powdery form as opposed fully fusing the powders into the glass.

Advantages
Many factors give this technique considerable advantages:

Powders applied thickly can be textured with brush strokes and other tools, and lines patterns drawn into the powder.

Since large scale images are possible the artist's hand can be seen in the application of the powders as drizzles, smears, sprays much like an actual painting.

There is no chemical reaction between the glasses since the powder does not go to full fuse. This makes it possible for any color to 'touch' any other color without there being a chemical reaction between colors which often results in muddy colors.

Powders can be mixed to form whole new hues, tints, shades and gradations. This expands the artists palette infinitely, bringing the glass artists closer to actual painting.

Powders can go on wet if mixed with water and then allowed to dry. This adds to the texturing possibilities depending on what tools are used to apply the wet media.

The powders can be applied in layers and subsequently selectively removed in layers using a small vacuum creating interesting patterns.

Glass can be prefired with a base colors or patterns, then powders applied on top giving the opportunity to have both shiny areas and soft powdery areas in the finished piece.

The powders can be applied thinly or thick to opacity. If applied thinly then what is underneath (a prefire) can show through yielding an added dimension.

Another dimension is the addition of reverse side effects. The opposite side of the glass can be prefired with colors, painted with normal oils or acrylics, or gold- or silver-plated. Depending on the opacity level of the font's powders the color or reflection of light from gold leafing can add an interesting inner glow.

See also
Fritography
Powder coating on glass

References

Glass art
Painting techniques
Painting
Solvothermal synthesis. Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions, enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading to new compounds or polymorphs. Solvothermal synthesis is very similar to the hydrothermal route; both are typically conducted in a stainless steel autoclave. The only difference being that the precursor solution is usually non-aqueous.  

Solvothermal synthesis has been used prepare MOFs, titanium dioxide, and graphene, carbon spheres, chalcogenides and other materials.

Solvents 
Besides water (hydrothermal synthesis), solvothermal syntheses make use of a large range of solvents, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, dimethylformamide, and various alcohols such as methanol, or glycols such as hexane-1,6-diol.

Formic acid as reaction medium 
Formic acid decomposes at high temperatures to carbon dioxide and hydrogen or carbon monoxide and water. This property allows formic acid to be used as a reducing and carbon dioxide-rich reaction medium in which it is possible to form various oxides and carbonates.

Ammonia as reaction medium 
The critical temperature and pressure of ammonia are 132.2°C and 111bar. In these conditions, it is possible to obtain a range of amides, imides, and nitrides. Although its dielectric constant is lower than that of water, ammonia behaves as a polar solvent especially at high pressures.

References

Chemical synthesis
Titanium compounds
Rights Object Acquisition Protocol. Rights Object Acquisition Protocol is a suite of XML-based digital rights management (DRM) security protocols which enables Open Mobile Alliance-conformant user devices to request and acquire viewing and/or editing rights, permissions, privileges and other attributes from a Rights Issuer. This protocol has been specified in the OMA DRM Specification v2.0.

The ROAP protocol suite enables communication between a Rights Issuing (RI) entity and a DRM Agent resident in the user device. Rights, permissions, privileges and other attributes are encapsulated into object oriented (OO) entities called Rights Objects (RO).

The basic functionalities enabled by ROAP include:
Registration of user devices (4-pass Registration Protocol)
Request and Acquisition of RO (2-pass Rights Object Acquisition Protocol, 1-pass ROAP)
Joining and leaving of domain (2-pass Join Domain Protocol, 2-pass Leave Domain Protocol)

All protocols included in the ROAP protocol suite except the 1-pass ROAP are initialized when the user device receives a ROAP Trigger XML document. The MIME type of the ROAP Trigger document is "application/vnd.oma.drm.roap-trigger+xml".

References

External links
 Open Mobile Alliance
 Open Mobile Alliance Digital Rights Management
 OMA DRM Specification v2.0
 Introduction of Basic Concepts of OMA DRM

Digital rights management standards
Bristol Type 148. The Bristol Type 148 was a two-seat, single-engine low-wing monoplane built in 1937 to an Air Ministry specification for an army cooperation aircraft. It lost in the competition to the Westland Lysander and did not progress past the two prototypes that were built.

Development
The Bristol 148 was built by Bristol to an Air Ministry order for two prototypes of an army cooperation aircraft meeting Air Ministry specification A.39/34. The successful aircraft was to replace the Hawker Audax and Hector in a wide range of tasks. By 1935 Bristol had gained experience in the design of cantilever low-wing monoplanes powered by radial engines with the Types 133 and 146, and the Type 148 followed this layout, but had seating for two.

The stressed-skin wings were of constant chord with rounded tips, and the fuselage was entirely of monocoque construction. The horizontal tail was set at the top of the fuselage and carried horn-balanced elevators; the rudder was large and pointed. All flying surfaces were fabric-covered. The wing also carried split flaps and connected wingtip slots to improve handling at the low speeds required by the specification. The wide-track main undercarriage retracted inwards into the centre-section but the tailwheel was fixed and spatted. The pilot and observer/gunner/bomb aimer sat in tandem cockpits under a continuous canopy, the rear part of which was modified when the .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun mounting was changed from Scarff ring to a pillar type. The observer could also access a prone aiming position on the floor to drop bombs from the external racks. Two .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns were mounted in the port wing.

The intended engine for the Type 148 was the Bristol Perseus, but the aircraft made its first flight on 15 October 1937 with a Mercury IX. It was re-engined with a Perseus XII after a landing accident during comparative trials with the Westland Lysander. Both aircraft met the specification, including the demanding low-speed requirements but the visibility offered by the Lysander's high wing and the security of its fixed undercarriage made it the competition winner. The second prototype, labelled the Type 148B flew in May 1938, powered by a Bristol Taurus II engine and the two machines were used to compare and evaluate the two engine types.

Specifications (Type 148B)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British military utility aircraft
Type 148
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Discotic liquid crystal. Discotic liquid crystals are mesophases formed from disc-shaped molecules known as "discotic mesogens". These phases are often also referred to as columnar phases.  Discotic mesogens are typically composed of an aromatic core surrounded by flexible alkyl chains. The aromatic cores allow charge transfer in the stacking direction through the π conjugate systems. The charge transfer allows the discotic liquid crystals to be electrically semiconductive along the stacking direction.  Applications have been focusing on using these systems in photovoltaic devices, organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and molecular wires. Discotics have also been suggested for use in compensation films, for LCD displays. Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar who first discovered these systems, did lots of important work on liquid crystals, and founded the International Liquid Crystal Society. He was Sir C V Raman's nephew, and brother of Pancharatnam of the geometric phase fame, and cousin of Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar.

Photovoltaic devices
Discotic liquid crystals have similar potential to the conducting polymers for their use in photovoltaic cells, they have the same technical challenges of low conductivity and sensitivity to UV damage as the polymer designs. However one advantage is the self-healing properties of the discotic mesogens. So far the photovoltaic applications have been limited, using a perylene and hexabenzocoronene mesogens in a simple two layer systems has only resulted in ~2% power efficiency.

Organic light emitting diodes
So far the study into discotic liquid crystals for light emitting diodes are still in its infancy, but there have been some examples produced; a triphenylene and perylene-mesogen combination can be used to make a red LED. The self-assembly properties make them more desirable for manufacturing purposes when producing commercial electronics, than the currently used small molecule crystals in Sony’s new OLED displays. Also they have the added benefit of the self-healing properties that both the small molecule and the polymers lack as conductors, potentially being beneficial for longevity OLED products.

References

Solar energy
Liquid crystals
Bristol T.T.A.. The Bristol Type 6 T.T.A was a British two-seat, twin-engine biplane, designed in 1915 as a defence fighter. Two prototypes were built, but the T.T.A. did not go into production.

Development
The Bristol T.T.A was designed in 1915 to a War Office requirement for a local defence aircraft. The T.T.A was a two-seat, twin-engine biplane with T.T. standing for twin tractor; the Bristol Type number 6 was added retrospectively in 1923. The guiding principles in the design were compactness and a wide field of fire from both cockpits.

The T.T.A was an unswept biplane with slight stagger, the wings having constant chord and carrying long ailerons on the upper planes. The wings were of three-bay construction, the inner interplane struts supporting the engines in rectangular nacelles midway between the wings. Twin-wheeled undercarriage units were mounted below each engine, with a tailskid and a noseskid to prevent nosing over. The large area tailplane was the same shape as that of the Scout D, with the same unbalanced elevators, but the finless rudder was balanced. The gunner sat in a cockpit in the nose of the aircraft, armed with two free-mounted 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns. The pilot, sitting behind the wing trailing edge, had a rear-pointing Lewis gun.

The original design, (the Bristol T.T.), envisaged the use of two 150 hp (110 kW) R.A.F. 4a engines, but the B.E.12 and R.E.8 aircraft had been given priority for these engines and Bristol were advised to use 120 hp (90 kW) Beardmore engines. With these engines, the aircraft was designated T.T.A, two prototypes were ordered and the first completed on 26 April 1916. The second followed in May, and both aircraft flew to Upavon for service tests. Top speed and climb rate were better than the T.T.'s higher powered but larger competitor, the F.E.4, but the aircraft was not liked and gained no production orders.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1910s British fighter aircraft
T.T.A
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Static discipline. In a digital circuit or system, static discipline is a guarantee on logical elements that "if inputs meet valid input thresholds, then the system guarantees outputs will meet valid output thresholds", named by Stephen A. Ward and Robert H. Halstead in 1990, but practiced for decades earlier.

The valid output thresholds voltages VOH (output high) and VOL (output low), and valid input thresholds VIH (input high) and VIL (input low), satisfy a robustness principle such that

VOL < VIL < VIH <  VOH

with sufficient noise margins in the inequalities.

References

External links
 MIT course 6002x section on static discipline

Digital electronics