omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Shanghai Corniche. The Shanghai West Bund -  Corniche is the riverside of the Shanghai 'West Bund' redevelopment area in Shanghai along a formerly industrial 8.5 kilometre frontage on the northern bank of the Huangpu River in Shanghai’s Xuhui District. The redevelopment is part of a re-urbanisation of the Xuhui river frontage as part of a broader strategy for the banks of the Huangpu River as it passes through the centre of the city, including the Bund, Pudong and the site for the World Expo. The municipality held an international design competition, won  in 2008 by Peter Verity the international urbanist and architect of PDRc Ltd ifor which he was awarded the special Shanghai Expo Achievement Award.

The plan as proposed by Verity calls for a mixed-use development with residential, employment, commercial, culture and recreation areas. A primary objective to re-establish the natural ecology of the area through urban greening and the re-establishment of wildlife habitats. The Shanghai Corniche  forms part of Shanghai's Expo legacy and will be a pedestrian oriented area of rich urban places with a low energy public transport systems and low energy and low carbon buildings. The realisation of the riverfront public realm was recognised by the Government of China as model of best urban design practice.

References

Sources
 
Jeremie Descamps, West Bund,Tale of Urban China, Modu Magazine, 08/06/2012

Xuhui District
Spread tow fabric. Spread tow fabric (stf) is a type of lightweight fabric. Its production involves the steps of spreading a tow in thin and flat uni-directional tape (Spread Tow Tape, STT), and weaving the tapes to a Spread Tow Fabric. This technique increases the mechanical properties of the material and is also used to reduce weight on composites. Manufacturers of Spread Tow Tapes include Oxeon AB, Teknomax Corp., Harmoni Industry Inc., Sakaiovex.

Technique 
The spread tow technique, to weave with tapes instead of tows, tape weaving technology, was invented by Dr. Nandan Khokar in 1995. The theory behind Spread Tow Fabric is quite simple, by arranging the fibres in the woven structure in the straightest orientation possible the fibre properties are used in the most effective way to carry load, both in tensile and compression.

STF offers high versatility as it overcomes the limitations of traditional woven fabrics produced using tows. The flatness of STF, which comes from near absence of crimp, significantly reduces accumulation of matrix at the interlacing points and thereby the dead weight of the final composite material. This not only reduces the weight of the final composite material product but also eliminates the print-through defects associated with post curing of the undesired matrix accumulation.

Although the technique is based on the same principles, the spreading of the tow can be made in different way, for example using water or air.

Uses 
Spread Tow Fabric offers the advantages of relatively lower crimp, increased smoothness and less-pronounced crossover defects. As a greater number of filaments are exposed in STF they also present correspondingly improved wetting ability.

Additionally, the STF offers improved mechanical performance, thinness, draping ability and even different aesthetics compared with those produced using 1k – 6k tows.

Spread Tow Fabric is often produced with carbon fiber and is widely used in the composites industry in a  number of applications.

Spread tow reinforcements (str) are reinforcements made using spread tow material, fabric or UD tapes, which is new category of composite reinforcements.

References 

Textiles
Fibre-reinforced composites
Seifertite. Seifertite is a silicate mineral with the formula SiO2 and is one of the densest polymorphs of silica. It has only been found in Martian and lunar meteorites, where it is presumably formed from either tridymite or cristobalite – other polymorphs of quartz – as a result of heating during the atmospheric entry and impact to the Earth, at an estimated minimal pressure of 35 GPa. It can also be produced in the laboratory by compressing cristobalite in a diamond anvil cell to pressures above 40 GPa. The mineral is named after Friedrich Seifert (born 1941), the founder of the Bayerisches Geoinstitut at University of Bayreuth, Germany, and is officially recognized by the International Mineralogical Association.

Seifertite forms micrometre-sized crystalline lamellae embedded into a glassy SiO2 matrix. The lamellae are rather difficult to analyze, as they vitrify within seconds under laser or electron beams used for standard Raman spectroscopy or electron-beam microanalysis, even at much reduced beam intensities. Nevertheless, it was possible to verify that it is mainly composed of SiO2 with minor inclusions of Na2O (0.40 wt.%) and Al2O3 (1.14 wt.%). X-ray diffraction reveals that the mineral has scrutinyite (α-PbO2) type structure with an orthorhombic symmetry and Pbcn or Pb2n space group. Its lattice constants a = 4.097, b = 5.0462, c = 4.4946, Z = 4 correspond to the density of 4.294 g/cm3, which is among the highest for any forms of silica (for example, the density of quartz is 2.65 g/cm3). Only stishovite has a comparable density of about 4.287 g/cm3.

See also
 Coesite
 Stishovite

References 

Silicate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
Silica polymorphs
Meteorite minerals
Obudu Dam. The Obudu Dam is in Obudu local government area of Cross River State in the south east of Nigeria. It is an earth-fill structure with a height of 15 m and a total crest length of 425 m, and has a capacity of 4.2 million m3.
The dam is located within the Obudu crystalline basement plateau, a low-lying undulating region of low seismic activity.
The dam was commissioned in 1999 for use in farm irrigation, fishing, and also for recreational and tourism purposes.
In September 2000, the paramount ruler of Obudu local government area, Uti Agba, promised that his community would protect the facilities installed at the dam.

A massive rainstorm in July 2003, combined with release of excess water from the Lagdo Dam in Cameroon, damaged the spillway and caused flooding that destroyed over 200 houses. The estimated cost of repairing the damage and also completing the irrigation works was estimated at N350 million.
A 2004 safety review reported that immediate work was required to restore the spillway, at an estimated cost of N272 million.
In July 2009, the Federal government issued a tender for engineering supervision of remedial work on the dam including refurbishing or replacing hydro-mechanical parts, electrical installation and civil engineering infrastructure.
The dam has reduced downstream water volumes in Obudu town, causing acute scarcity of drinking water in the dry season.

References

Dams in Nigeria
Cross River State
Dams completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Nigeria
20th-century architecture in Nigeria
GPS aircraft tracking. GPS aircraft tracking is a means of tracking the position of an aircraft fitted with a satellite navigation device. By communication with navigation satellites, detailed real-time data on flight variables can be passed to a server on the ground. This server stores the flight data, which can then be transmitted via telecommunications networks to organizations wishing to interpret it.

Networks
The different kinds of telecommunication networks used are:
ACARS - a hybrid of the VHF, satellite and HF network
The transponder "Mode S" (ADS-B) network
Satellite networks (Globalstar, Inmarsat, IRIDIUM, Thuraya)
The GSM network

Equipment
Some devices are avionics components like ACARS and ADS-B. In these cases the receiving and transmitting antenna are usually located outside of the airframe.

When devices are not installed as avionics components they have to be completely independent from the aircraft. They are typically placed inside of the airframe in a location where the GPS and communication satellites are directly visible to the device, for example through the cockpit window. The output signal must also be able to penetrate the aircraft - most civil aviation authorities require compliance with DO-160 for audio frequency conducted susceptibility and induced signal susceptibility.

Authorities classify non-installed components as "transmitting portable electronic devices" (T-PEDS) and as such require them to be switched off during the critical phases of flight.

Applications
Accurate real-time data provided by GPS aircraft tracking may be offered to air traffic control using ADS-B technology. This can safely reduce airspace separation of aircraft. GPS aircraft tracking also enables airlines to track their fleet of aircraft over the ACARS system, and allows aircraft to be more easily located in the event of an accident. The data is processed to gather "OOOI" information about movements within the airport and to compute flight time. Finally, GPS aircraft tracking permits a flight school to track a trainee pilot and debrief his/her flight path afterwards.

Active aircraft tracking 
There are several active aircraft tracking systems available on the market that use the "bread-crumb approach" to SAR. Rather than relying on an emergency locator transmitter to transmit upon impact, the next generation of emergency locating devices are active tracking devices that send position reports at regular time intervals. If the unit stops transmitting upon impact, the historical transmissions will give the last known location of the aircraft, its speed, direction and altitude. Tracking as an alternative or complement to current technology has recently been encouraged by the Coroner in New Zealand.

See also 

Index of aviation articles
Flight tracking
Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
Spidertracks

References 

Satellite navigation
Aviation communications
Navigational equipment
Radio geopositioning
SES-1. SES-1 is a geostationary communications satellite which is operated by SES World Skies, then by SES

History 
It was originally ordered by SES Americom as a ground spare for AMC-5R, however in April 2008 a decision was made to launch it, and it was named AMC-1R. It was subsequently renamed AMC-4R, and finally SES-1 after SES Americom merged with SES New Skies to form SES World Skies. It was the third SES World Skies satellite to be launched following the merger, but the first to carry the new SES designation. SES-1 operates in geostationary orbit, and is intended to be located at a longitude of 101° West, where it will replace the AMC-2 and AMC-4 satellites. SES-1 enables high-definition television signals to very small aperture terminals in the United States.

Spacecraft 
SES-1 was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC), and is based on the Star-2.4 satellite bus. It is equipped with 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders. At launch, the satellite had a mass of . SES-1 has a design life of fifteen years; however, the spacecraft was launched with enough fuel to operate for at least sixteen years, if all systems remain functional.

Launch 
The launch of SES-1 was conducted by International Launch Services (ILS), using a Proton-M launch vehicle with a Briz-M upper stage. The launch occurred from Site 200/39 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, at 11:19:00 UTC on 24 April 2010. The launch successfully placed SES-1 into a subsynchronous orbit close to geostationary altitude.

Mission 
In May and June 2010, SES-1 was positioned close to 131° West to temporarily provide backup to the AMC-11 satellite in the event that AMC-11 could not continue broadcasting whilst it is moved out of the way of the failed Galaxy 15 satellite, which passed close to it at the end of May 2010. In the end, services provided by AMC-11 were not interrupted.

See also 

 2010 in spaceflight

References 

Spacecraft launched in 2010
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
SES satellites
Satellites using the GEOStar bus
Satellites of Luxembourg
Automated Flight Following. Automated Flight Following (AFF) is GPS aircraft tracking that is mandated by a government agency (or other governing body) for its contractors. The following criteria must be met:
 The GPS device must transmit position reports every two minutes;
 The position reports must be pushed into the third-party database (where they are automatically tracked by dispatchers).

A common use for AFF devices is to track planes flying for the USDA or utility companies during fire season.

References 

Global Positioning System
2002 introductions
Jibiya Dam. The Jibiya Dam is in Jibiya local government area of Katsina State in the north of Nigeria. It is an earth-fill structure with a geomembrane liner, with a height of 23.5 m and a total length of 3,660 m, and has a capacity of 142 million m3.
The dam was designed in 1987 and completed in 1989, and was built to support irrigation and water supply.
The landscape at the dam site is sub-desertic except in the rainy season.
The Gada river flows for only about four months each year, with a catchment area at Jibiya of over 400 km2.
Due to the loose sandy nature of the surface soil, a flexible impervious liner was used that could adapt to settling or deformation of the embankment.

An assessment of the dam in 2004 rated its condition "good" but noted that no instrument readings had been made since 1994 due to lack of training of the operators.
As of 2007, the dam was not being used for irrigation due to lack of fuel to run the pumps.
The Gada River flows from Nigeria into Niger and then back into Nigeria. In the past, it was dry for eight months of the year. There is now a regulated flow throughout the year, which has improved the water supply in Niger.

References

Dams in Nigeria
Sokoto State
Earth-filled dams
Dams completed in 1989
20th-century architecture in Nigeria
National Research Associates, Inc. In 1958 Melville W. Beardsley founded National Research Associates company. NRA developed and tested over 30 air cushion vehicles, with the Air Gem Air cushion vehicle produced as their first product.  NRA also sold Disney's Flying Saucers attraction under license. The Company went out of business in 1963.

 National Research Associates, Inc  was a United States of America aircraft manufacturer...

NRA Developed Air Cushion Vehicles for the Army and Marines. In 1959 The Marine Corps signed a $40,000 contract for a 14x3 ft demonstration vehicle.  NRA's development facilities were located in College Park, Maryland and Laurel, Maryland. After moving on from NRA, Beardsley spent several years contesting who had the rights to the patent of the Hovercraft concept with Christopher Cockerell.

Aircraft

References

Aerospace companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Maryland
Dispersit. Dispersit SPC 1000 or Dispersit is a dispersant used for oil spills, produced by U.S. Polychemical Corporation.

Composition
It combines a predominantly oil-soluble surfactant (such as polyethylene glycol mono-oleate) with a predominantly water-soluble surfactant (such as cocoamide) and a co-solvent for coupling a mixture of the predominantly oil-soluble surfactant and the oil.

Alternatives
Alternative dispersants which are approved by the EPA are listed on the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule and rated for their toxicity and effectiveness.

Deployments

2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill
Dispersit is unique among U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-rated dispersants in being the only one rated as 100% effective against South Louisiana crude oil, and it is among the least toxic, according to EPA tests.  By comparison,  Corexit, the oil dispersant used in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, is rated at 54.7% effective against South Louisiana crude oil and three times as lethal to silverfish and more than twice as lethal to shrimp.

On May 20, US Polychemical Corporation was reported to have received an order from BP for Dispersit SPC 1000. US Polychemical reportedly stated it was able to produce  a day in the first few days and increasing up to  a day thereafter.

See also
 Corexit
 Sea Brat 4

References

Oil spill remediation technologies
Solvents
Gelatine (airship). Gelatine was an airship operated by the United States Army Signal Corps. Gelatine was built by Thomas Scott Baldwin's company Baldwin's Airships, Balloons, Aeroplanes of New York City. On the morning of September 19, 1905, the Gelatine, piloted by Lincoln J. Beachey, ascended from the grounds of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition on the shores of Guild's Lake in Portland, Oregon, landing 40 minutes later at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington. The flight is considered as the first aerial crossing of the Columbia River and the first account of controlled powered flight in Washington.

References

Airships of the United States
History of transportation in Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
History of transportation in Washington (state)
Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition
Crossings of the Columbia River
Air India Flight. Air India Flight or Air India Crash or variants may refer to:

Air India

 Air India Flight 245, 3 November 1950 crash into Mont Blanc in France
 Air India Flight 101, 24 January 1966 crash into Mont Blanc in France
 Air India Flight 855, 1 January 1978 crash into the Arabian Sea, near India
 Air India Flight 403, 21 June 1982 crash at Bombay, India
 Air India Flight 182, 23 June 1985 mid-air bombing near Ireland, over the Atlantic

Air India Express

 Air India Express Flight 812, 22 May 2010 aircrash at Mangalore, India
 Air India Express Flight 1344, 7 August 2020 aircrash at Kozhikode, India

Indian Airlines

 Indian Airlines Flight 814, 24 December 1999 hijacking
 Indian Airlines Flight 491, 26 April 1993 crash at Aurangabad, India
 Indian Airlines Flight 113, 19 October 1988 crash at Ahmedabad, India

Flight number disambiguation pages
Sivan Design Group. Sivan Design Group, also known as C1 Design Group, is an Iranian car design firm and product development company in Tehran, Iran.
Founded in 2006 by Alireza Mohammadzadeh & Mohammad Hossein Amini Yekta.
SIVAN Group has grown from a two-person design and engineering company to a product development firm.

Group Companies
 Sivan design co.
 Vira design co.
 Pishro fan Ajand co.

Work

Production & prototype models
Sivan Design Group has been credited for the design of a variety of concept as well as production cars since the firm's founding in 2006 such as:

Notable car designs
Samand Facelift
Samand Ambulance
Saipa Diesel New Budsun NB8
Mercedes-Benz O309 facelift (O511)
Iran Khodro Diesel Bus O457 facelift (FLO 457)

Cooperation with universities
Sharif University of Technology in designing Electric car in electric car competition 2008

Design Contest & Automotive design exhibition
Sivan design group has been held design contest in automotive filed every 2 Year. First contest held from 24 April to 24 September 2009 and the first collective concept car design exhibition titled "From Dream to Reality" took place from 18 to 23 April 2009 at the Kamal Aldin Behzad Gallery in Teheran, Iran.

Gallery

References

External links 

 

Vehicle design
Car manufacturers of Iran
Companies based in Tehran
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2006
Iranian companies established in 2006
Fiat 6640A. The Fiat 6640A is an Italian wheeled amphibious armoured vehicle produced from the early 1950s to the 1980s for the Italian government. The 6640A carries a crew of two, protected by  thick armour, and is powered by a six-cylinder diesel engine providing a top speed of .

6640A
Wheeled amphibious vehicles
1980s cars
Amphibious military vehicles
List of dams and reservoirs in Nigeria. Dams and reservoirs in Nigeria are used for irrigation, water supply, hydro - electric power generation or a combination of these. They are of particular importance in the northern part of the country, where there is low rainfall. 

]

The Niger Dams Project, is a series of three dams and reservoirs built in the second half of the 20th century in Kwara, Niger, and Kebbi states, northwestern Nigeria, on the Niger and Kaduna rivers. The first of the dams was built at Kainji in the year 1969. Its reservoir, Kainji Lake, supports irrigation and fishing projects in the states in which it lies. On its western shore, Lake Kainji National Park, including the Borgu and Zugurma game reserves, has promoted the tourism industry. The dam and hydroelectric power plant at Jebba,  from the Kainji Dam, were completed in 1984, and the dam at Shiroro Gorge on the Kaduna River, west of Bida in Niger state, began operations in 1990.

The study revealed that there are 323 large, medium and small dams, which have been constructed and are being operational in Nigeria. They have a total storage capacity of more than 30×109 m3. Eighty-five percent of the larger dams are located in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of the country.

Seventy-nine percent have domestic and industrial water supply components, while 33% have irrigation as a major use to which the stored water is put; 29% are for fisheries, 16% for recreation and 4% are also for hydro-electric power generation (HEP). The three largest hydropower dams are under operation and control the flow of the Niger and Kaduna rivers. Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro dams are with total active capacity of  and total power capacity of 1920 MW. Dams in Nigeria can be classified into various categories, such as structure, age, purpose, etc. The common dams are small dams to be followed by medium dams with very few large dams. This can be attributed to their cost, demand and availability of land. The order of location of dams in Nigeria based on the district is north west, north east, north central, south west, south east and south. Some of these dams have failed (operational, functional and structural) in the past years due to lack of proper maintenance. It was concluded that citing of dams in Nigeria is based on many factors, such as land availability, purpose, water need, ecological factors and government policy.

The table below shows some of the large dams in the country.

Purpose of Dams

Dams serve various purposes, such as flood control, hydroelectric power generation, irrigation for agriculture, navigation, and recreation.

Benefit of Dams

Dams offer many benefits, which includes providing renewable energy sources and preventing floods in low-lying areas, they can also negatively impact ecosystems by disrupting the natural habitats of aquatic species.

References

Sources

Nigeria
Economy of Nigeria-related lists

Lists of landforms of Nigeria
Lists of buildings and structures in Nigeria