omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joe F. Thompson. Joe F. Thompson is an American aerospace engineer. Thompson is the William L. Giles Distinguished Professor at the Mississippi State University and Director, DoD Programming Environment & Training Center. He is known for his contributions to the fields of computational fluid dynamics, especially in the area of grid generation. He, with Z. U. A. Warsi and C. Wayne Mastin, wrote the classic book on grid generation titled Numerical Grid Generation: Foundations and Applications.

Education and career
A native of Grenada, Thompson received his Bachelor's degree in Physics in 1961 and his Master's degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1963 from Mississippi State University. He received his Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1971.

Honors and awards
During his career Thompson has received many prizes and awards, including
ASEE Southeastern Research Unit Award for Research, 1975
Outstanding faculty Award, College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, 1998
HEADWAE Award from Mississippi Legislature, 1989
Commanders Award for Public Service, Department of the Army, 1992
AIAA Aerodynamics Award, 1992
Faculty Achievement Award for Service, Mississippi State University, 1996

Thompson is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics since 2004. He is also a member of SIAM, the IEEE Computer Society, and the Mississippi Academy of Sciences.

Books
Thompson has authored and edited several books on grid generation:
Thompson, J. F. (Ed.), Numerical Grid Generation, North-Holland, 1982.
Thompson, J. F., Warsi, Z. U. A., Mastin, C. W., Numerical Grid Generation: Foundations and Applications, North-Holland, 1985.
Sengupta, S., Hauser, J., Eisenman, P. R. Thompson, J. F., (Eds.), Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Fluid Dynamics '88, Pineridge Press, 1988.
Thompson, J. F., Soni, B. K., Weatherhill, N. (Eds.) Handbook for Grid Generation, CRC Press, 1999.

References 

Mississippi State University alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Computational fluid dynamicists
American aerospace engineers
Mississippi State University faculty
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Grenada, Mississippi
Engineers from Mississippi
Synthetic environment. A synthetic environment is a computer simulation that represents activities at a high level of realism, from simulation of theaters of war to factories and manufacturing processes. These environments may be created within a single computer or a vast distributed network connected by local and wide area networks and augmented by super-realistic special effects and accurate behavioral models. SE allows visualization of and immersion into the environment being simulated.

A synthetic environment can be divided into the following:

 Synthetic natural environment – Representation of climate, weather, terrain, oceans, space, etc.
 Synthetic human-made environment – Representation of human-made structures like buildings, bridges, and roads
 Synthetic psychological environment  – Representation of psychological influences on individuals and/or groups based on demography and other cultural factors.

See also
 Modeling and simulation
 Glossary of military modeling and simulation

References

Further reading
 Braudaway, Wesley Ph.D., "Chapter 3 Synthetic Natural Environments Representation", University of Central Florida,
Steglich esterification. The Steglich esterification is a variation of an esterification with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling reagent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was first described by Wolfgang Steglich in 1978. It is an adaptation of an older method for the formation of amides by means of DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT).
 

This reaction generally takes place at room temperature. A variety of polar aprotic solvents can be used. Because the reaction is mild, esters can be obtained that are inaccessible through other methods for instance esters of the sensitive 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A characteristic is the formal uptake of water generated in the reaction by DCC, forming the urea compound dicyclohexylurea (DCU).

Reaction mechanism 
The reaction mechanism is described as follows:

With amines, the reaction proceeds without problems to the corresponding amides because amines are more nucleophilic. If the esterification is slow, a side-reaction occurs, diminishing the final yield or complicating purification of the product. This side-reaction is a 1,3-rearrangement of the O-acyl intermediate to an N-acylurea which is unable to further react with the alcohol. DMAP suppresses this side reaction, acting as an acyl transfer-reagent in the following manner:

References

Further reading
 
 J. Otera: Esterification. 1. Auflage, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003,

External links
 Mechanism for the Steglich esterification

Name reactions
Esterification reactions
BOSS (molecular mechanics). Biochemical and Organic Simulation System (BOSS) is a general-purpose molecular modeling program that performs molecular mechanics calculations, Metropolis Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations, and semiempirical Austin Model 1 (AM1), PM3, and PDDG/PM3 quantum mechanics calculations. The molecular mechanics calculations cover energy minimizations, normal mode analysis and conformational searching with the Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations (OPLS) force fields. BOSS is developed by Prof. William L. Jorgensen at Yale University, and distributed commercially by Cemcomco, LLC and Schrödinger, Inc.

Key features 
 OPLS force field inventor
 Geometry optimization
 Semiempirical quantum chemistry
 MC simulations for pure liquids, solutions, clusters or gas-phase systems
 Free energies are computed from statistical perturbation (free energy perturbation (FEP)) theory
 TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP5P water models

See also

References

External links 
 

Molecular modelling software
Monte Carlo molecular modelling software
Holger H. Hoos. Holger H. Hoos is a German-Canadian computer scientist and a Alexander von Humboldt-professor of artificial intelligence at RWTH Aachen University. He also holds a part-time appointment as a professor of machine learning at Leiden University, and he is an adjunct professor at the Computer Science Department of the University of British Columbia, where he held a full-time professorial appointment from 2000 until 2016. His research interests are focused on artificial intelligence, at the intersection of machine learning, automated reasoning and optimization, with applications in empirical algorithmics, bioinformatics and operations research.
In particular, he works on automated algorithm design and on stochastic local search algorithms. Since 2015, he is a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and since 2020 a Fellow of the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI) as well as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

He wrote the book Stochastic Local Search: Foundations and Applications (with Thomas Stützle), and his research is published widely in internationally leading journals and conference proceedings. In 2023 he received the ACM SIGKDD test-of-time award for his work on Auto-WEKA, together with Chris Thornton, Frank Hutter and Kevin Leyton-Brown. He also works in computer music, where he created the SALIERI music programming language and computer music system (with Thomas Helbich, Jürgen Kilian and Kai Renz) as well as GUIDO music notation (with Keith Hamel).

Hoos studied computer science at Department of Computer Science of the Technische Universität Darmstadt and received his doctorate there in 1998.

References

External links
 Holger H. Hoos homepage
 Holger H. Hoos's research group at the Leiden University
 Holger H. Hoos homepage at UBC

Year of birth missing (living people)
Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Canadian computer scientists
German computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Canadian people of German descent
Living people
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
PAC611. Socket PAC611 is a 611 pin microprocessor socket designed to interface an Intel Itanium 2 processor to the rest of the computer (usually via the motherboard). It provides both an electrical interface as well as physical support. This socket is designed to support a microprocessor module.

Technical specifications
Socket PAC611 was introduced with Intel's second generation Itanium in 2002. It supported bus speeds up to 200 MHz double-pumped.

Socket PAC611 processors reach speeds up to 1.66 GHz.

See also
 List of Intel microprocessors

References

Socket 604
Post-combustion capture. Post-combustion capture refers to the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a power station flue gas prior to its compression, transportation and storage in suitable geological formations, as part of carbon capture and storage. A number of different techniques are applicable, almost all of which are adaptations of acid gas removal processes used in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Many of these techniques existed before World War II and, consequently, post-combustion capture is the most developed of the various carbon-capture methodologies.

Post-combustion capture plant should aim to maximise the capture of CO2 emissions from combustion plant and delivery it to secure sequestration in geological strata. Typically, a plant will aim to achieve a CO2 capture rate of >95%. To meet the required specification, the following should be monitored:

 CO2 mass balance
 CO2 in fuel combusted
 Total CO2 capture level (as a percentage)
 CO2 released to the environment
 CO2 quality

CO2 can be transported either as gas phase at about 35 barg or as dense phase at 100 barg. The CO2 stream should meet or exceed gas quality standards.

CO2 absorbents include primary amines which require more heat for regeneration than secondary amines However, secondary amines may form nitrosamines with Nitrogen oxides NOx in the flue gases. All non-solvent constituents must be removed from the solvent. Pilot or full-scale tests using actual flue gases and solvents may be performed.

Calcium looping is a promising second generation post-combustion capture technology in which calcium oxide, often referred to as the "sorbent", is used to separate CO2 from the flue gas. The ANICA project focuses on developing a novel indirectly heated carbonate lopping process for lowering the energy penalty and CO2 avoidance costs for CO2 capture from lime and cement plants.

References

External links 
 

Combustion
Chemical processes
DFS 332. The DFS 332 was an experimental aircraft, built by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS).

Development
It was designed to evaluate new wing profiles in flight. For this purpose, the DFS 332 was given twin fuselages, of a long and slender shape with flat sides. The front of the left fuselage contained a cockpit for the pilot, and the right fuselage a seat for an engineer who would operate the measurement instrumentation. The wing section to study would be attached between the fuselages, with fittings that allowed an easy exchange. The short outer wing panels were fixed, with slightly swept leading edges and straight trailing edges with full-span ailerons. Each fuselage had its own tailfin, with a tailplane and elevator between them.

The DFS 332 was a glider, a configuration that presumably had advantages for aerodynamic testing because the airflow over the wing would not be disturbed by a propeller. The design of the fuselages, with flat wall sides and noses that extended well in front of the wing, must also have been chosen to achieve undisturbed flow over the test section.

After being towed to altitude, the crew would make a series of dives at different speeds. However, to be able to perform tests at higher speeds, the aircraft was also fitted with two Walter HWK-R II/203 rocket engines, delivering 750 kg of thrust each. They were installed in the fuselages with rocket nozzles under the lower fuselage, aligned 10 degrees down.

Operational history
The only documented flight of the DFS 332 occurred on 14 February 1945, when the second prototype was towed behind a Heinkel He 111. It probably it never made any free flights or fired its engines. Although construction of the first prototype was completed in November 1944, it is not known to have been flown, perhaps because the rocket engines were not installed. The end of the war also ended the career of the aircraft.

Specifications (variant)

References

 Vom Höhenaufklärer bis zum Raumgleiter 1935-1945 - Geheimprojekte der DFS, Horst Lommel, Motorbuch Verlag, 2000. 

1940s German experimental aircraft
DFS 332
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Santiago (1856 ship). The Santiago was a 455-ton barque launched in 1856.  It was built by Henry Balfour of Methil, Fife for the Liverpool shipping company Balfour Williamson.  It sailed mainly between Liverpool and Chile, but also to Australia. Its remnant hull, which lies in a ships' graveyard in South Australia, was considered 'the oldest intact iron hull sailing vessel in the world', until part of the central section collapsed in January 2023.

Career

After service with Balfour Williamson, she was sold in 1888 to a German company, and in 1890 to Norwegians. In 1901, the Adelaide Steamtug Company purchased the ship and  sailed it from Newcastle, New South Wales to Port Adelaide with a cargo of coal.  She was subsequently dismasted and used as a lighter.  On 21 December 1907, she was used by Adelaide Steamtug Company in association with other vessels to recover the steamer Jessie Darling, which had collided with and sunk on top of the unmarked wreck of the barque Norma on 21 April 1907.  Norma had been sunk after a collision with the ship Ardencraig, several hours earlier at the Semaphore Anchorage.    In 1918 she was sold to the Adelaide Steam Co. and was used for occasional salvage work and lightering until 1945, when she was abandoned.

Fate

On 19 August 1945, she was towed to  the eastern extent of the Port River's North Arm, and became the last vessel to be abandoned in what is now known as the Garden Island Ships' Graveyard.  In 1982, the Santiago was declared as an historic shipwreck under the South Australian Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981.  The wreck is officially located at .  She has been the subject of study by various parties including the Society for Underwater Historical Research in 1978 and by the Department of Environment and Heritage on an ongoing basis since 1981, and more recently by Flinders University in conjunction with the South Australian Maritime Museum.  In 1991, she was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

See also
List of shipwrecks of Australia

References

Further Information
 Mary A. Reilly, Methil Heritage - Santiago retrieved 08/07/2012.
 'Ships' Graveyards of SA – Santiago – Garden Island' brochure, retrieved 08/07/2012.

Barques of Australia
Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Coal hulks
1856 ships
Shipwrecks of South Australia
Ships built in Scotland
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Depot (Iowa City, Iowa). The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States.  Built in 1898 for passenger use, it was the second depot in the city.  The first one was built by the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (CRI&P), in 1855. This one was built through the efforts of Harry Breene, the local Rock Island agent. W.K. McFarlin, CRI&P's superintendent of maintenance and construction oversaw the building's construction. Architecturally, it is a combination of the Richardsonian Romanesque and Victorian Romanesque.  The depot was built to similar designs of stations in Ottawa, Illinois, and Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Service included the CRI&P's Corn Belt Rocket and Rocky Mountain Rocket passenger lines. In the trains' final year there, the route was shortened to Chicago to Council Bluffs.

The depot ceased operations in 1970, although the railroad continued to maintain offices here. In 1982 (two years after the Rock Island ceased operations) it was acquired by a couple of attorneys for their offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same year.  The building sits adjacent to the Iowa Interstate Railroad lines, and the railroad has operated occasional excursion trains that have stopped at the former depot.

References

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1898
National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Iowa City
Former railway stations in Iowa
Transportation buildings and structures in Johnson County, Iowa
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1970
Perfluorooctanesulfonamide. Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) is a synthetic organofluorine compound. It is a fluorocarbon derivative and a perfluorinated compound, having an eight-carbon chain and a terminal sulfonamide functional group. PFOSA, a persistent organic pollutant, was an ingredient in 3M's former Scotchgard formulation from 1956 until 2003, and the compound was used to repel grease and water in food packaging along with other consumer applications. It breaks down to form perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride-based chemistry that was used to make sulfonamides like PFOSA was phased out by 3M in the United States (US) during 2000–2002 but it has grown in China by other producers.

PFOSA can be synthesized from perfluorooctanesulfonyl halides by reaction with liquid ammonia or by a two step reaction via an azide followed by reduction with Zn and HCl. PFOSA is also a metabolic by-product of N-alkylated perfluorooctanesulfonamides. For example, N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (N-EtFOSE), which was primarily used on paper,
and N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (N-MeFOSE), which was primarily used on carpets and textiles, both metabolize via acetates to PFOSA.

In addition, PFOSA is thought to be the biologically active form of the insecticide Sulfluramid (N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide)
as it is an extremely potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation
with an IC50 of about 1 micromolar (≈500 nanograms per milliliter or parts per billion). PFOSA was the most toxic perfluorinated compound in a study with PC12 cells. Concentrations ranged from 10 to 250 micromolar in the study (or 5000 to 125,000 parts per billion).

Wildlife biomonitoring studies have found the highest level of PFOSA in the liver of common dolphin (Mediterranean Sea, Italy) with a concentration of 878 parts per billion; the liver of mink from Illinois, US, contained 590 parts per billion. In fish, the highest levels detected were in the liver of Norway Pike (91 parts per billion) and homogenates of slimy sculpin (150 parts per billion) from Lake Ontario. Differences in biotransformation across species could explain some of its presence. In humans, PFOSA has been detected in sub- to low-parts per billion levels; for example, in 1999–2000 US serum samples, the 95th percentile (or value where only 5% of the population was higher) was 1.4 parts per billion while in 2003–2004 the 95th percentile fell to 0.2 parts per billion. However, whole-blood concentrations are about five times higher than those in blood plasma or serum.

See also
Fluorosurfactant
Ionophore

References

External links
Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances (PFAS) in the European Nordic Environment

Perfluorinated compounds
Sulfonamides
New India Assurance Building. The New India Assurance Building is an Art Deco office building made of reinforced concrete and designed by Master, Sathe and Bhuta, with artistic designer N. G. Pansare. It was constructed in 1937 in Mumbai, India  for New India Assurance Co. Ltd., an Indian insurance company which was founded by Sir Dorabji Tata in 1919.

Architecture 
The New India Assurance building's design has been described as Indo-Deco, an architecture style that combines Indian design elements with Art Deco. The building's architectural style combines modern art deco features with a modified classicism, evidenced in the strong vertical ribs of the façade that give the building a monumental appearance, making it seem larger than it is in reality. 

The entrance is flanked by bas-reliefs featuring women in saris and men in traditional dhoti and turbans, working in fields and in factories.

Included in the design was a modern forced air-cooling system with centralized duct work. Projecting surfaces on the eastern and western sides protect windows from the sun. To deal with potential power failures, the windows were constructed to open and close.

Notes

External links

Art Deco architecture in India
Office buildings in Mumbai
Office buildings completed in 1936
F. M. Howell and Company. F.M. Howell and Company is a late nineteenth-century manufacturing complex located on the banks of the Chemung River in Elmira, New York. F.M. Howell & Company was founded in 1883 in Elmira, New York by Fred M. Howell and John Aldrich. In its early years the company started out by producing wood and strawboard cigar and shoe boxes for other manufacturing companies. As this continued, they also added rigid paperboard boxes, and printing of box wraps and labels. Subsequently, this all led into the carton manufacturing, and plastic thermoforming for packaging. Later, on Howell got help from his cousin to help expand the company's horizons. 
 
Of the five contributing buildings, four are located on the east side of Pennsylvania Avenue (Buildings 1, 2, 3 & 5), while only the Brand Building is located on the west side of the street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
F.M. Howell and & Company was the oldest independent manufacturer for the 19th century.

Gallery

References

http://www.chemungvalleymuseum.org/

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Elmira, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Chemung County, New York