omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
3,3',4,4'-Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. 3,3’,4,4’-Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) is chemically, an aromatic organic acid dianhydride. It may be used to cure epoxy-based powder coatings. It has the CAS Registry Number of 2421-28-5 and a European Community number 219-348-1. It is REACH and TSCA registered. The formula is C17H6O7 with a molecular weight of 322.3.

Uses
Its use in epoxy powder coatings is slightly unusual in that many epoxy coatings are designed to be fairly close to a stoichiometric curing ratio. BDTA cured materials benefit from having the stoichiometry closer to 0.65 rather than 1. It is also used to synthesize polyimides. These have good flexibility because of the carbonyl and keto groups which increase the molecular distancing between the imide rings. This improves the solubility. The resultant product when combined with nano-technology produces composites with enhanced heat stability properties. BTDA has also been used to synthesize other molecules and is thus a reactive ingredient in its own right.

References 

Carboxylic anhydrides
Benzophenones
Christina Bloebaum. Christina Lynne Bloebaum is an American systems engineer focusing on multidisciplinary design optimization. She is the dean of the College of Aeronautics and Engineering at Kent State University.

Education and career
Bloebaum majored in aerospace engineering at the University of Florida, graduating in 1986. She continued there for a master's degree in 1987 and a Ph.D. in 1991. Her doctoral dissertation, Formal and Heuristic System Decomposition Methods in Multidisciplinary Synthesis, was supervised by Prabhat Hajela.

She joined the University at Buffalo in 1991, became associate professor in 1996, and was named University at Buffalo Professor for Competitive Product and Process Design in 2000. There, she chaired the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from 1998 to 2001 and became director of the New York State Center for Engineering Design and Industrial Innovation in 2000.

From 2009 to 2012, Bloebaum was a program director at the National Science Foundation, in the programs for Engineering and Systems Design and for System Science. Returning to academia, she became a professor at Iowa State University in 2012, where she directed the Iowa Space Grant Consortium and became Dennis and Rebecca Muilenburg Professor of Aerospace Engineering, and interim chair of the Department of Aerospace Engineering. In 2018, she moved to Kent State University as dean of the College of Aeronautics and Engineering.

Recognition
Bloebaum was the 2012 recipient of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Award. She was named a Fellow of the AIAA in 2013.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Systems engineers
Women systems engineers
American women engineers
University of Florida alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
United States National Science Foundation officials
Iowa State University faculty
Kent State University faculty
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Evolution Space. Evolution Space is an American private spaceflight aerospace company providing solid propulsion systems and small launch. The company is run by CEO and founder Steve Heller, and is currently based in Mojave, California.

History 
Founded in 2018, the company began under the brand name Sugarhouse Aerospace with cofounders Steve Heller and Riley Meik. The initial mission of the company was to be a provider of low cost access to space and suborbital launch with commercial launches from Spaceport America. In 2021, the company rebranded to Evolution Space under CEO and founder Steve Heller, with its first launch as Evolution Space in November of 2021. 

Evolution Space performed their first successful space launch passing the Kármán line on April 22, 2023 with the Gold Chain Cowboy sounding rocket.

Propulsion 
Evolution Space specializes in designing and manufacturing solid-propellant systems and launch vehicles for both defense and space applications.

In October 2022, Evolution Space performed a launch vehicle system test of their propulsion system for the Gold Chain Cowboy mission. The motor performed with 20,000 pounds of peak thrust, a maximum chamber pressure of 1,630 psi and achieved 15 seconds burn time.

In May 2023, Evolution Space formally includes providing solid propulsion systems along-side launch services and vehicles. The company conducted their first commercial spaceflight partnership as a propulsion provider with The Spaceport Company, as they performed test launches on their floating offshore launch platform in the Gulf of Mexico. This test also marked the first commercial launch from US territorial waters.

Launch 
Evolution Space held its first full-scale solid-propellant rocket mission, Too Busy Chasing Stars, in November 2021, reaching a max altitude of 188,444 feet with a max velocity of Mach 3.95.

The company conducted two sub-scale missions, No More Questions in May 2022, and Expressionless in February 2023, validating its upgraded systems and solutions.

Evolution Space completed its first space mission, Gold Chain Cowboy, on April 22, 2023, reaching apogee at 408,456 feet (124.5 km) and reached a max speed of Mach 5.2. The test launch included a payload from Uplift Aerospace of two 3D printed silver figurines, representing Venus and Mars, created by artist Chad Knight. A drogue parachute anomaly was reported resulting in a higher than expected landing velocity.

References 

Rocket engine manufacturers of the United States
Private spaceflight companies
Aerospace companies of the United States
American companies established in 2018
Manufacturing companies based in California
PlugShare. PlugShare is a mobile and web application which provides information on the location and details of charging stations for electric automobiles. The application was developed and continues to be maintained by Recargo, Inc. - which has been a part of EVgo Inc. since mid-2021.

About
PlugShare was introduced in 2009, the same year its developer, Recargo, Inc., was founded.

The application and its developer, Recargo, Inc., were acquired by Innogy in October 2018. They were then acquired by EVgo Inc. in July 2021 for US$25 million.

The number of charging stations available via the application grew by 50% from June 2021 to June 2022 to approximately 600,000 stations. By this time, the application had 2.5 million registered users who had collectively checked in on the application over 5 million times.

Overview 
PlugShare utilizes the user's location or a provided address to show a map or list charging stations for electric automobiles. The application provides basic information on the station's specifications and fees. It also provides information on amenities nearby the station, such as hotels, parks, restaurants, or retail.

The application utilizes the databases of numerous electric vehicle charging networks as well user submissions - including home chargers available for public usage.

, PlugShare is available in 29 languages. It is available for free, but users may pay to upgrade and avoid seeing advertisements within the application. The application is available on its website and as a mobile application on iOS and Android.

Users may register to check into charging stations, track which stations they have used, and enter information about their electric vehicle to help filter results to show stations compatible with the user's vehicle. Registered users may also submit new stations, update information on existing stations, add notes for other drivers, and add photographs.

PlugShare also facilitates payment for fees at the charging stations of certain electric vehicle charging networks.

See also 

 Charging station
 Electric vehicle charging network

References

External links 
 

Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Mobile applications
Web applications
2009 software
Internet properties established in 2009
Freeware
Electric vehicles
Microtubular membrane. A microtubular membrane is a type of membrane made up of small tubular structures. Microtubular associated membranes are found in various cell types and are essential for maintaining cell structure and function. Synthetic membranes are used in chemical separation processes and in flow batteries.

Biology 

Cytoskeletal proteins interact with lipid bilayer membranes via interaction with peripheral or integral membrane proteins or through specific domains of cytoskeletal proteins with the lipid bilayer. A characteristic feature of protozoan parasites is an ordered layer of microtubules beneath the cell membrane.

The interaction between microtubules and the plasma membrane provide support, shape, and stability to the cell, as well as act as tracks for transporting materials within the cell. Overall, microtubular membranes are vital components of cellular organization and function. Animal cells (and some filamentous fungi are thought to rely upon the microtubule cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Although plants, algae and fungi transport depends on myosins, which move along the actin cytoskeleton, certain organelles can move along microtubules in plant cells.

Applications

Flow battery 
Sub-millimeter, bundled microtubular (SBMT) membrane mitigate membrane pressure, which allows ions to pass through without additional support infrastructure This reduces the cost and size of the battery. A demonstration cells displayed higher peak charge and discharge power densities of 1,322 W/Lcell and 306.1 W/Lcell, respectively, compared with <60 W/Lcell and 45 W/Lcell, for conventional (planar) flow cells. SBMT's reduced the inter=membrane distance by ~100-fold and eliminated bulky flow distributors. The battery architecture is compatible with multiple chemistries, including zinc- oxide, zinc–bromide, quinone–bromide, and vanadium.

See also 
 Nanotube membrane

References 

Rechargeable batteries
Cell biology
Kac ring. In statistical mechanics, the Kac ring is a toy model introduced by Mark Kac in 1956 to explain how the second law of thermodynamics emerges from time-symmetric interactions between molecules (see reversibility paradox). Although artificial, the model is notable as a mathematically transparent example of coarse-graining and is used as a didactic tool in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Formulation 

The Kac ring consists of  equidistant points in a circle. Some of these points are marked. The number of marked points is , where  . Each point represents a site occupied by a ball, which is black or white. After a unit of time, each ball moves to a neighboring point counterclockwise. Whenever a ball leaves a marked site, it switches color from black to white and vice versa. (If, however, the starting point is not marked, the ball completes its move without changing color.)

An imagined observer can only measure coarse-grained (or macroscopic) quantities: the ratio
 
and the overall color
 
where ,  denote the total number of black and white balls respectively. Without the knowledge of detailed (microscopic) configuration, any distribution of  marks is considered equally likely. This assumption of equiprobability is comparable to Stosszahlansatz, which leads to Boltzmann equation.

Detailed evolution 
Let  denote the color of a ball at point  and time  with a convention
 
The microscopic dynamics can be mathematically formulated as
 
where 
 
and  is taken modulo . In analogy to molecular motion, the system is time-reversible. Indeed, if balls would move clockwise (instead of counterclockwise) and marked points changed color upon entering them (instead of leaving), the motion would be equivalent, except going backward in time. Moreover, the evolution of  is periodic, where the period is at most . (After  steps, each ball visits all  marked points and changes color by a factor .) Periodicity of the Kac ring is a manifestation of more general Poincaré recurrence.

Coarse-graining  

Assuming that all balls are initially white,

where  is the number of times the ball will leave a marked point during its journey. When marked locations are unknown (and all possibilities equally likely),  becomes a random variable. Considering the limit when  approaches infinity but , , and  remain constant, the random variable  converges to the binomial distribution, i.e.: 

Hence, the overall color after  steps will be
 
Since  the overall color will, on average, converge monotonically and exponentially to 50% grey (a state that is analogical to thermodynamic equilibrium). An identical result is obtained for a ring rotating clockwise. Consequently, the coarse-grained evolution of the Kac ring is irreversible.

It is also possible to show that the variance approaches zero:
 
Therefore, when  is huge (of order 1023), the observer has to be extremely lucky (or patient) to detect any significant deviation from the ensemble averaged behavior.

See also 
 Ehrenfest model

References 

Statistical mechanics
Robert S. Ryan. Robert "Bob" S. Ryan is an American engineer who worked for NASA designing launch vehicles and coordinating technical training.

Career 
During his career at NASA, Ryan worked on launch vehicle and space systems design and technology development, and as a Technical Training Coordinator. He retired from NASA in 1996.

Ryan has also worked as an aerospace consultant for The Boeing Company on the Space Station design, and for Lockheed Martin Corporation in Huntsville on the Space Shuttle Super Light Weight tank design. He has consulted with NASA on the Space Launch Initiative, the Next Generation Launch Technology, Orbital Space Plane, the Exploration Program's Crew Launch Vehicle and Cargo Launch Vehicle, NASA NESC Smart Buyer Activity, Nuclear Propulsion Technology, MLAS Alternate Abort System test program and flight, Constellation Program, Commercial Launch Vehicles and Robust and Reliable Human Spacecraft System. In addition, he served as chairman of the X-33 Composite Fuel Tank Failure investigation, a member of the Air Force IUS failure team, and member of the Joint NASA and Air Force Launch Vehicle Integration 120 Day Study Team.

Publications 
He is a contributing editor on the text book "Textbook for Space Transportation System Design" and "System Engineering".  He is a co-author on the NASA TP "Launch Vehicle Design Process"; NASA CR "Lessons Learned in Engineering"; NASA CR "Engineering the System"; and is in the process of writing two additional NASA CR's: 1. "Coaching and Mentoring" and 2. "Engineering Excellence".  He wrote a chapter in "50 Years of Shock and Vibration" and in "Systems Engineering" and an Agard Book, "Winds and Launch Vehicle Response".

Awards 
Ryan was a NASA Flight Honoree for the Space Shuttle 100th flight and received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal and three Exceptional Service Medals.  His was an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) was named the Mississippi/Alabama Section AIAA Engineer of the Year, was honored with the AIAA Herman Oberth Award by the Mississippi/Alabama Section, received the AIAA Structural Dynamics and Materials Medal, and was awarded the first AIAA Crichlow Trust Prize ($100,000).

He is a 150 Distinguished Faculty Fellow of the University of Alabama, member of the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame, University of North Alabama Alumni of the Year, and Morgan County Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.

References 

NASA people
American scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Silver Nova. Silver Nova is a luxury cruise ship, the 12th ship in service with Silversea Cruises. She was ordered in 2018 and completed in 2023. Nova is the first ship in the company's new Evolution-class, and designed with the intent of environmentally friendly cruising. It is the first hybrid luxury cruise ship, powered by a combination of liquefied natural gas (LNG), fuel cell system, and batteries, enabling it to be emissions free when in port. The ship was built at a Meyer Werft in Germany, featuring a unique asymmetrical design.

Design and construction 
The Silver Nova was ordered in October 2018 from the Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany, under the name Project Evolution, the first of two ships. It was part of a new ship order under Royal Caribbean, who had acquired a two-thirds stake in the company from Manfredi Lefebvre D’Ovidio earlier in the year. The final ship design dimensions came to a gross tonnage: 54,700, length of 243 meters and 30 meters wide.

The ship features hybrid technology that enables the ship to achieve a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions,  and is projected to achieve an Energy Efficiency Design Index rating approximately 25% better than applicable International Maritime Organization requirements. The Silver Nova is designed to operate emission-free in ports, with 4-megawatt fuel cell system as well as batteries. The fuel cells and batteries are designed to supply enough electricity in port to power the hotel operations when the ship is not using shore power.

The public space layout and design was primarily completed by notable cruise ship designers Wilson Butler Architects of Boston and GEM of Genoa. The layout features a unique asymmetrical design, offsetting the engine casing, and allowing for wider connected views to the ocean on the open decks and in public venues. The final ship design has accommodations for 728 passengers in 364 suites and has a crew of 556.

Construction on Silver Nova began in 2021, with the traditional steel cutting ceremony on November 18 in Papenburg at the Meyer Werft shipyard. The ship was floated out on April 28, 2023, and transited the Ems river for final fit out at Eemshaven, Netherlands, on 5 June. In the same month, she wraps up for her sea trials.

Service history 
The Silver Nova was delivered to Silversea cruises on July 20, 2023, at the 12th ship in the Silversea fleet. A preview press cruise was held beginning in Trieste, Italy, with the official maiden voyage schedule for August 14, 2023.   The ship was officially christened in Ft Lauderdale, Florida on January 4, 2024, by godmother Chef Nina Compton. The christening was conducted in the Venetian Lounge, and began with the Royal Caribbean Group tradition of bagpipes, along with Broadway actress/singer Rachel York performed the national anthem. The event also coincided with Silversea's 30th Anniversary.

Sister ship 
The sister ship of the Silver Nova, the Silver Ray, was launched in February 2024. She was delivered in May and christened on 12 June in Lisbon.

External Links 
 Meyer Werft: Silver Nova
 Silversea Cruises: Silver Nova

References

Cruise ships
Ships built in Papenburg
2023 ships
Lana Couch. Lana Murphy Couch (1941–2007) was an American aeronautical engineer who headed the National Aero-Space Plane program at the Langley Research Center of NASA.

Early life and education
Couch was born on November 27, 1941, in Smiths Grove, Kentucky, and moved as a child with her family to Martinsville, Indiana. She describes herself as a high school student as interested in mathematics, science, and science fiction. She majored in aeronautical engineering at Purdue University, graduating in 1963 as one of only two women in the major for that year.

Career and later life
On graduating, Couch became a research engineer at the Langley Research Center of NASA; she remained at NASA for the rest of her career, shifting between Langley and NASA's headquarters. In 1975 she became head of the Structural Tunnels Section, part of a program to develop wind tunnels to test hypersonic aircraft. She became program manager for Fluid and Thermal Physics in 1980, manager for Spacecraft Systems Technology and In-Space Technology Experiments in 1983, manager in the National Aero-Space Plane program in 1985, and acting director of the Space Research and Technology Program in 1988. In 1990 she became the director of the National Aero-Space Plane Office at Langley.

She retired in 2003, as Langley's Associate Director for Business Management, and died on April 22, 2007.

Recognition
Couch was a recipient of the 1986 NASA Exceptional Service Medal, the 1986 and 1988 Women in Aviation Award of the National Aeronautic Association, the 1989 Apollo 20th Anniversary Award of Women in Aerospace, the 1992 NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal, the 1993 Lifetime Achievement Award of Women in Aerospace, and the 1993 Senior Executive Service Presidential Rank Award.

She was named a distinguished engineering alumna of Purdue University in 1994, and a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1997.

References

1941 births
2007 deaths
People from Warren County, Kentucky
American aerospace engineers
20th-century American women engineers
20th-century American engineers
Women aerospace engineers
Purdue University alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
Sodium ammonium tartrate. Sodium ammonium tartrate (NAT) is an organic compound with the formula . The salt is derived from tartaric acid by neutralizing with ammonia and with sodium hydroxide. Louis Pasteur obtained enantiopure crystals of the tetrahydrate of NAT, via the process of spontaneous resolution. His discovery led to increased study of optical activity, which eventually was shown to have broad implications. Many modifications of this salt have been investigated by X-ray crystallography, including the racemate, which crystallizes as the monohydrate.

Related compounds
, known as Rochelle salt, was the first ferroelectric material discovered.

References

Organic sodium salts
Ferroelectric materials
Tartrates
Double salts
Ammonium compounds