omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Inverse dynamics-based static optimization. Inverse dynamics-based static optimization is a method for estimating muscle-tendon forces from the measured (e.g. through gait analysis) kinematics of a given body part. It exploits the concepts of inverse dynamics and static optimization (in opposition to dynamic programming). Joint moments are obtained by inverse dynamics and then, knowing muscular moment arms, a static optimization process is carried on to evaluate optimal single-muscle forces for the system

which is an underdetermined system.

General concepts 
We can solve the inverse dynamics of a system to obtain joint torques and nonetheless be unable to estimate the forces exerted by single muscles even knowing the exact geometry of our joints and muscles due to the redundancy of our system. Through an optimization approach we could find a way to understand how our central nervous system chooses its control strategies so as to optimize some aspects of movement production (e.g. minimizing metabolic cost).

Dynamic equations of motion 
We use here the matricial form of the equations of motion

in which we are considering a body part with  joints and  muscles. Then
  are the vectors of generalized coordinates, general velocities and general accelerations ();
  is the mass matrix ();
  is the vector of centrifugal and Coriolis forces ();
  is the vector of gravitational forces ();
  is the vector of external forces ();
  is the vector of muscle-tendon torques ().
The vector of muscle-tendon torques can be further decomposed as follows

in which
  is the muscle-arm matrix ();
  is the vector of muscle-tendon forces ().

The static optimization process 
Once we obtain , suppose  known from anatomo-physiological studies and that we can't obtain analytically muscle-tendon forces due to the redundancy of the system. Then we hypothesize that the actual muscle forces minimize a given cost function, , subject to equality and inequality constraints. We have then to solve

Usually this is written as

in which
  is the maximum isometric force.

The choice of the cost function 
Our choice of the cost function is based on the supposed optimization mechanisms carried on by our CNS. It needs to be clinically validated, especially in unhealthy patients. In [Erdemir, 2007] a list of possible cost functions with a brief rationale and the suggested model validation technique is available.

Clarification on the use of the maximum isometric force 
Muscle contraction can be eccentric (velocity of contraction ), concentric () or isometric (). From muscle force-velocity characteristic we notice that muscle force in an eccentric contraction is higher than the maximum isometric force, why then do we use it as a constraint on muscle force? Mainly for two reasons:
 Rarely do muscle contraction occur with total activation (), then eccentric contraction force is lowered proportionally to the value of activation;
 The maximum isometric force is a remarkable and fixed value of force given the physiological cross-sectional area of a muscle (they are linked by the concept of specific tension of a muscle).

Bibliography 

Dynamics (mechanics)
Candere. Candere was founded in 2012 by Rupesh Jain and Ashish Bajaj as an Indian online portal for Gold, Diamond, Gemstone, Platinum jewellery and gold coins. Candere is a Latin word which means to glow or shine.

History 

Rupesh Jain, raised in a family of retail jewellers; is an IT engineer from Mumbai. He served as the Company President at Ornet Technology and as a software engineer at L&T Infotech. His fascination in integrating retail jewellery with technology piqued his interest in creating this online portal which led to his collaboration with Ashish Bajaj, the then Vice President at Miles Software Solutions, to form Candere. Ashish exit the company in 2016.

Funding 

An initial investment of 2.5 crore was made by Singularity Strategic, a Hyderabad based company, owned by Brijesh Chandwani and Subram Kapoor, which later rose to a total of 4.2 crores.

Mergers and acquisitions 
In 2017 Kalyan Jewellers, an Indian jewellery store chain owned by the Kalyan Group invested in Candere forming a partnership between both. Kalyan Group purchased the stakes and the equity held by Singularity Strategic in Candere and some part held by its founder, for a sum of 40 crores.

Operations and alliance 
Candere operates with a team of 110 employees which includes in house manufacturing of products. 
The company has partnered with e-stores like Amazon.com, Zivame, Yatra, Kotak, ICICI and HDFC.

References 

 Women's Day video campaign Launch adgully.com 07-03-2019
 Launch of first Valentine's Day video indiantelevision.com 12-02-2019 Retrieved 07-03-2019
 Online Store Candere Celebrates Launch of Stunning Miracle Plate Collection Just in Time for Valentine's Day techcircle.vccircle.com 18-01-2017 Retrieved 03-05-2017
 Candere creates customization canvas for Valentine’s Day The Telegraph India. 27-01-2017 Retrieved 03-05-2017
 This Akshay Tritiya, Candere.com revamps its Diamond Jewellery website news.webindia123.com 05-06-2016 Retrieved 03-05-2017
 Kalyan Jewellers buys online firm Candere for about Rs.40 crore economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 26-04-2017.
 Kalyan Jewellers acquires online jewellery firm Business Standard. Retrieved 26-04-2017.
 Kalyan Jewellers acquires online jewellery retailer Candere Hindustan Times Retrieved 26-04-2017.
 Kalyan buys online jewellery firm for about 40 cr India Today. Retrieved 26-04-2017.
 Candere.com Site Info Hype Stat. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
 Candere.com  Site Info Alexa Internet. Retrieved 3 May 2017.

External links 
 Official Website: 
 Official Blog Page: 

Jewellery companies of India
Sikorsky S-18. The Sikorsky S-18 was a Russian twin engine aircraft designed by Igor Sikorsky and built by the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works aviation division at Petrograd during World War I.

Design and development
The S-18 was a large three bay biplane fighter/interceptor powered by two  Sunbeam Crusader V-8  water-cooled engines mounted on the lower wing in a pusher configuration. The aircraft featured armor protection for both crew members with the gunner/observer seated in the nose and armed with a single machine gun. The aircraft was very heavy and with the less than reliable Sunbeam engines neither example built was able to leave the ground.

Specifications

References

S-18
Biplanes
S-18
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Dugald Cameron. Dugald Cameron, OBE, FCSD, FRSA (born 1939) is a Scottish artist and industrial designer.

Cameron was born in Glasgow in 1939 and raised near Clydebank, attending the High School of Glasgow. He obtained both a DA and a Postgraduate Diploma from Glasgow School of Art. He subsequently worked as a freelance industrial designer, during which time he designed a prototype medical ultrasound machine, the Lund machine (aka the Sundén machine, after Bertil Sundén of Lund University, who commissioned it), and the production version, the Diasonograph, working with medical physicist Tom Brown.

He also worked as an artist, specialising in aviation subjects. As an aviation and railway historian, he has published books on both topics.

Appointed a visiting lecturer at Glasgow School of Art in 1963, he became Senior Lecturer in Product Design there in 1970, and subsequently rose to be Governor, Head of Design and finally, from 1991 to his retirement in 1999, Director.

He is an honorary professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Glasgow and a visiting professor at the Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management at the University of Strathclyde. He was a member of the academic advisory panel on the development of displays at Glasgow's Riverside Museum, but criticised the final arrangements, saying "The building itself and its historic setting is splendid, but I think that the exhibition, and the way it has been handled, is a bit dumbed-down. I don’t think the exhibition design is satisfactory at all - it seems to be [more] visual effect than scholarly effort. It seems to me to be an incoherent exhibition."

He was awarded the Lord Provost of Glasgow's Gold Medal for Education in 1998 and appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours, "for services to Art and Design". The same year, he was made an honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Strathclyde. A Companion of the Royal Aeronautical Society, he was granted the Baird of Bute Society's aviation award in 2013. His paintings are in the collections of the National Museum of Flight, the Royal Navy Submarine Museum and the Fleet Air Arm Museum.

References

External links 

 
  - conducted by Professor Tilli Tansey, for the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, 28 May 2014 (eleven parts)
 Transcripts of the above

Scottish industrial designers
Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art
1939 births
People educated at the High School of Glasgow
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British art educators
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Living people
Directors of the Glasgow School of Art
Turkish regional jet project. The Turkish Regional Jet (TRJ) was a project to produce Turkey's first regional airplane. The project would use a modified version of the Dornier 328, the TRJ-328 and TRJ-628. The project was cancelled in 2017 because it was “economically unfeasible”.

TRJ-328
The TRJ-328 was to be used as a test bed for the TRJ-628. Capacity was to be limited to 32 seats. The  aircraft would fill direct and frequent flights to and from small cities in Turkey which were not then possible with larger aircraft.

TRJ-628
The TRJ-628 was to feature 60 to 70 seats and would be an overall larger airplane.

References

Airliners
Turkish civil aircraft
Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project. The Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project captures and stores underground 1m tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. Between 2015 and 2019, 5m tonnes were captured, but the facility emitted 7.5m, more than offsetting any carbon saving. The capture unit is located at the Scotford Upgrader in Alberta, Canada, where hydrogen is produced to upgrade bitumen from oil sands into synthetic crude oil.

Technology 
Mined bitumen extracted from Alberta's oil sands is a heavy oil that needs an upgrading process before being delivered to refineries and transformed into marketable products. The upgrading process is energy intensive and requires hydrogen that is produced from a steam methane reformer. Making hydrogen creates carbon dioxide that at Quest is captured and separated from nitrogen through an absorption amine technology process. Captured CO2 is subsequently compressed and transported for 64 km where CO2 is stored two kilometers underground into a saline aquifer.

Current status 
The project began capturing CO2 on August 23, 2015. Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project at Scotford has the capacity to capture approximately one-third of the CO2 emissions from the Scotford Upgrader. The cumulative stored volume is expected to be greater than 27 million tonnes of CO2 over the anticipated 25 year life of the Scotford Upgrader.

See also 
 Korea Carbon Capture & Sequestration R&D Center
 Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project

References

Carbon capture and storage
White Rose Project. The White Rose Carbon Capture and Storage project was a proposed oxy-fuel coal-fired power plant near the Drax power station in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. It was proposed in 2012 by Capture Power Limited (in partnership with National Grid). This project would have been the first coal-fired power plant to demonstrate the use of oxy-fuel technology for low-carbon electricity at a competitive cost. The proposed 426 MW plant was expected to send 2 Mt CO2/year to an offshore saline aquifer, achieving 90% capture. The Development Consent Order application submitted to the Department of Energy and Climate Change, now Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, was rejected in April 2016. The rejection was on the basis that the project had no route to funding, following the UK government cancelling a carbon capture and storage competition in November 2015.

History
During the early 2010s, there was interest in the White Rose project taking part of the new governmental subsidies, most especially the CCS Commercialisation Programme and the EU New Entrant Reserve (NER) 300, both of which aimed at funding low-carbon energy projects to scale commercially. In 2014, the CCS Commercialisation Programme awarded the White Rose project with a 2-year Front End Engineering Design (FEED) Programme contract, which would finalize the engineering and financials of the project Also at this time, the White Rose project also received EUR 300 million from the European Commission. However, in November 2015, six months before the funding was supposed to be received, the UK government announced the end of the CCS commercialization Programme due to the UK Treasury’s concerns of high consumer costs and taxpayer money funding CCS before it reached its cost-efficiency. The Treasury cites the fact that no examples of the technology working after attempting to fund the idea in 2011 and in 2012. Unfortunately, since the cancellation, there have been no new updates from the White Rose project, even though the operation was expected to start in 2020.

Industrial Collaborations
Capture Power Limited is composed of three major European companies: Alstom, Drax Group, and The BOC Group. Due to reduced renewable energy subsidies from the UK government, Drax announced the withdrawal of its investments to begin after the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) studies were completed in 2015, but promised to continue providing land as well as site services and infrastructure. The BOC Group would be responsible for the delivery and maintenance of the air separation unit for the coal-fired power plant. Finally, National Grid would construct the carbon capture pipeline and storage facilities in a collaborate effort to provide infrastructure for surrounding carbon capture projects.

References

Fuel technology
Proposed coal-fired power stations
Proposed power stations in England
Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (United Kingdom)
David Miller (engineer). David W. Miller is an American aerospace engineer who is the current Jerome Hunsaker Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an elected Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics since 2015. He is currently on a leave of absence from MIT to be a VP and the Chief Technology Officer to The Aerospace Corporation. He has worked on multiple NASA projects and served as NASA Chief Technologist.

Early life and education
Dr. Miller received both undergraduate and graduate degrees in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at MIT.

MIT Professor
After graduation in 1988, Dr. Miller became a Research Associate for MIT's Aero/Astro. He was promoted to Principal Research Scientist and Assistant Professor before becoming an Associate Professor in 1997.

He flew experiments on the Space Shuttle, including STS-48, STS-62, and STS-67 missions.

He is faculty for and the former director of the Space Systems Laboratory (MIT). Much of the research has focused on reconfigurable spacecraft concepts and on-orbit operations.

The laboratory has many research projects, include the SPHERES testbed on the International Space Station. The projects have also been on the  JWST Product Integrity Team, and the NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative.

He worked with the United States Air Force to create fully funded graduate scholarships for graduates of the USAF Academy's FalconSAT program.

NASA career
He served as the NASA Chief Technologist from 2014- 2017.

He was the principal investigator for the Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission, which launched in 2016.

He has been an advisor to or on steering committees for a variety of NASA projects:
Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope (SPIRIT) of GFSC
In-Space Assembled Telescope (iSAT) Study of JPL

Industry Positions

Dr. Miller was selected in 2018 to be the vice president and chief technology officer (CTO) of The Aerospace Corporation.

He spent five years on the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, two of them as the Vice Chair.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American aerospace engineers
Sanjeev Shroff. Sanjeev Shroff is an American bioengineer currently the Distinguished Professor of and Gerald E. McGinnis Chair in Bioengineering at University of Pittsburgh and an Elected Fellow of the American Physiological Society, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Society.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Pittsburgh faculty
American bioengineers
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Fellows of the Biomedical Engineering Society
Harvard brick. Harvard brick is a technique for building brick facades in imitation of much older ones. It was originated by architect Charles McKim in conjunction with the construction (1889) of the Johnston Gate, the "oldest and grandest" of the gates surrounding Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. "McKim made the gate harmonious with the Yard's older buildings... To convey a sense of age, he looked for 'culls', bricks that had been turned green, tan, or black by excessive heat. He laid them out in a sophisticated pattern called Flemish bond",
thus achieving "just the variegated color and texture of the weathered walls of neighboring Massachusetts and Harvard Halls."

References

Bricks
ISeeYou. iSeeYou is a security bug affecting iSight cameras in some Apple laptops.

Discovery 
The researchers' decision to study webcam indicator lights resulted from the widely reported WebcamGate case, in which a remote access tool installed on  school-issued laptops took photographs of unconsenting students. The study demonstrated that the webcam indicator light could be turned off while the camera itself was turned on by bypassing the standby state of the signal. This was performed by changing the RESET register in the device's firmware to a value of 0x00c8.

Impact 
The security flaw was reported internationally.

This vulnerability was used in the extortion of Miss Teen USA, Cassidy Wolf, when she received emails containing nude photos of herself, taken without her knowledge, from an unknown man. Wolf claimed she never knew she was being recorded and that her webcam light never turned on. The FBI arrested Jared Abrahams in relation to this crime as well as the sextortion of other female victims. Abrahams admitted he had infected victims' computers with malware and was able to record victims undress without the webcam light alerting them.

Journalists observed that Apple had sold their laptops as having a "hardware interlock" that was supposed to prevent such an attack, and called on Apple to implement hardware switches or other strong privacy protections.

Mitigation 
The laptops affected are capable of running a variety of operating systems, and mitigations against the vulnerability vary by operating system. The researchers who found the bug released a macOS kernel extension named iSightDefender to reduce the attack surface under macOS.

References 

Software bugs
2013 in computing
Charles Hill Morgan. Charles Hill Morgan (January 8, 1831 – January 10, 1911) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, industrialist and President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1900–01. He is known for his contributions to Worcester and to the steel industry, especially to rod rolling.

Biography 
Morgan was born in Rochester, New York in 1831, the son of Hiram and Clarissa L. (Rich) Morgan. He father was a mechanic of such limited means, that Morgan had to start working in a factory at the age of 12. Three years later he became an apprentice in the machine shop the Clinton Mill of his uncle in Clinton, Massachusetts.

At the age of 17 he was taught mechanical drawing by John C. Hoadley, civil engineer of the machine shop, and in 1852 by the age of 21 he was put in charge of the Clinton Mills dye-house. Here he started to study the basics of chemistry. In 1855 he moved to the Lawrence Machine Company of Erastus Brigham Bigelow, where he was mechanical draftsman for five years.

In 1860 he started his own manufacturing company with his brother Francis H. Morgan, that produced and supplied paper bags in Philadelphia. Four years later he became superintendent of manufacturing at the machine factory of Ichabod Washburn, where after another four years he became general superintendent at Washburn and Moen Manufacturing Company.

In 1881 Morgan founded a steel company for the manufacturings of springs, the Morgan Spring Co, and in 1891 another company for the manufacturing of rolling-mills and wire-drawing machinery, Morgan Construction Co. In the year 1900-01 he was President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

The Morgan Construction Company stayed in business, and was sold in 2008 to Siemens for approximately $130 million. By then the company employed about 1.000 people worldwide, and had installed over 400 mills in the steel industry.

Publications 
 C. H. Morgan, "Some Landmarks in the History of the Rolling Mill." Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 22 (1901): 31-64

Patents
 Patent US203346 - Improvement in processes of wire-drawing, 1878
 Patent US224829 - Art of wire-drawing, 1879.

Publications about Charles Hill Morgan, his family, live and work
 Charles G. Washburn. Industrial Worcester, 1917.
 Philip M. Morgan, The Morgans of Worcester, Nummer 497, 1951.
 Morgan Construction, Morgan milestones: from Worcester to the world: 100 years of progress. 1988.
 Allison Chisolm. The Inventive Life of Charles Hill Morgan: The Power of Improvement In Industry, Education and Civic Life, 2015.

References

External links 
 Charles Hill Morgan Biography – His Life in Words and Pictures
 Charles Hill Morgan, by Eric Butterman at ASME.org, June 2012.
 Charles Hill Morgan at gracesguide.co.uk
 Morgan Construction Collection at Worcester Polytechnic Institute

1831 births
1911 deaths
American mechanical engineers
People from Ulster County, New York
Engineers from New York (state)