omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Maxwell–Stefan diffusion. The Maxwell–Stefan diffusion (or Stefan–Maxwell diffusion) is a model for describing diffusion in multicomponent systems. The equations that describe these transport processes have been developed independently and in parallel by James Clerk Maxwell for dilute gases and Josef Stefan for liquids. The Maxwell–Stefan equation is

 ∇: vector differential operator
 χ: Mole fraction
 μ: Chemical potential
 a: Activity
 i, j: Indexes for component i and j
 n: Number of components
 : Maxwell–Stefan-diffusion coefficient
 : Diffusion velocity of component i
 : Molar concentration of component i
 c: Total molar concentration
 : Flux of component i

The equation assumes steady state, i.e., the neglect of time derivatives in the velocity.

The basic assumption of the theory is that a deviation from equilibrium between the molecular friction and thermodynamic interactions leads to the diffusion flux. The molecular friction between two components is proportional to their difference in speed and their mole fractions. In the simplest case, the gradient of chemical potential is the driving force of diffusion. For complex systems, such as electrolytic solutions, and other drivers, such as a pressure gradient, the equation must be expanded to include additional terms for interactions.

A major disadvantage of the Maxwell–Stefan theory is that the diffusion coefficients, with the exception of the diffusion of dilute gases, do not correspond to the Fick's diffusion coefficients and are therefore not tabulated. Only the diffusion coefficients for the binary and ternary case can be determined with reasonable effort. In a multicomponent system, a set of approximate formulas exist to predict the Maxwell–Stefan-diffusion coefficient.

The Maxwell–Stefan theory is more comprehensive than the "classical" Fick's diffusion theory, as the former does not exclude the possibility of negative diffusion coefficients. It is possible to derive Fick's theory from the Maxwell–Stefan theory.

See also
 Advanced Simulation Library
 Pervaporation

References 

Diffusion
James Clerk Maxwell
List of CIL instructions. This is a list of the instructions in the instruction set of the Common Intermediate Language bytecode.
  Opcode abbreviated from operation code is the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed.
 Base instructions form a Turing-complete instruction set.
 Object model instructions provide an implementation for the Common Type System.

See also 
 Common Intermediate Language is the assembly language that uses the instruction set.
 Common Language Infrastructure is the standard in which the Common Intermediate Language is defined.
 .NET Framework is a platform and implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure.
 Mono is a cross-platform open-source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure.

References 
 CIL Instruction Set at C# Online.NET (CSharp-Online.NET)
 ECMA - CIL Instruction Set - Page 321 (ECMA-335.pdf)

Common Language Infrastructure
Instruction set listings
Security token service. Security token service (STS) is a cross-platform open standard core component of the OASIS group's WS-Trust web services single sign-on infrastructure framework specification. Within that claims-based identity framework, a secure token service is responsible for issuing, validating, renewing and cancelling security tokens. The tokens issued by security token services can then be used to identify the holder of the token to services that adhere to the WS-Trust standard. Security token service provides the same functionality as OpenID, but unlike OpenID is not patent encumbered. Together with the rest of the WS-Trust standard, the security token service specification was initially developed by employees of IBM, Microsoft, Nortel and VeriSign.

In a typical usage scenario involving a web service that employs WS-Trust, when a client requests access to an application, the application does not authenticate the client directly (for instance, by validating the client's login credentials against an internal database). Instead, the application redirects the client to a security token service, which in turn authenticates the client and grants it a security token. The token consists of a set of XML data records that include multiple elements regarding the identity and group membership of the client, as well as information regarding the lifetime of the token and the issuer of the token. The token is protected from manipulation with strong cryptography. The client then presents the token to an application to gain access to the resources provided by the application. This process is illustrated in the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) use case, demonstrating how single sign-on can be used to access web services.

Software that provides security token services is available from numerous vendors, including the open-source Apache CXF, as well as closed-source solutions from Oracle (for interfacing with authentication services backed by an Oracle Database) and Microsoft (where STS is a core component of Windows Identity Foundation and Active Directory Federation Services). While security token services are themselves typically offered as web services used in conjunction with other web services, software development kits (SDKs) for native applications (such as cloud-storage clients) also exist.

See also
 Access Control Service
 Relying party
 Identity provider

References

Cloud standards
Password authentication
Federated identity
Identity management initiative
Computer access control protocols
Avion MAI F-1. F-1 Favorit () is a light sporting biplane for aerobatics, a modernized version of B2M Mosquit. It was designed and built by the Avion Group together with Moscow Aviation Institute specialists.

Specifications (MAI F-1)

References

External links

 Avion F-1 Favorit at airliners.net

Russian sources
  F-1
  B2M Mosquit
  B2M Mosquit drawing
  F-1

2000s Russian sport aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
Hytort process. The Hytort process is an above-ground shale oil extraction process developed by the Institute of Gas Technology.  It is classified as a reactive fluid process, which produces shale oil by hydrogenation.  

The Hytort process has advantages when processing oil shales containing less hydrogen, such as the eastern United States Devonian oil shales.  In this process, oil shale is processed at controlled heating rates in a high-pressure hydrogen environment, which allows a carbon conversion rate of around 80%.  Hydrogen reacts with coke precursors (a chemical structure in the oil shale that is prone to form char during retorting but has not yet done so). In the case of Eastern US Devonian shales, the reaction roughly doubles the yield of oil, depending on the characteristics of the oil shale and process.

In 1980, the HYCRUDE Corporation was established to commercialize the Hytort technology.  The feasibility study was conducted by HYCRUDE Corporation, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bechtel Group and the Institute of Gas Technology.

See also
 Galoter process
 Alberta Taciuk Process
 Petrosix process
 Kiviter process
 TOSCO II process
 Fushun process
 Paraho process
 Lurgi-Ruhrgas process
 Chevron STB process
 LLNL HRS process
 KENTORT II

References

Oil shale technology
Shell Spher process. The Shell Spher process (Shell Pellet Heat Exchange Retorting) is an above ground fluidization bed retorting technology for shale oil extraction.  It is classified as a hot recycled solids technology.

Raw oil shale is crushed to a fine particles. Heat is transferred to oil shale by heat-carrying ceramic balls of size . Raw oil shale is preheated in fluidized bed at the temperature of  in the case if oxygen is used as fluidizing medium, or at  if non-oxidizing gases are used. Heated ceramic balls fall then through the bed in counter-current direction.  The  preheated oil shale is further heated in the retorting vessel.  The retorted spent shale is cooled in a fast-fluidized bed by the recirculated cool pellets from the preheater; while cooling the spent shale ceramic balls are heated by the spent shale.

See also
 Alberta Taciuk Process
 Kiviter process
 Petrosix process
 Galoter process
 Fushun process
 Paraho process
 Lurgi-Ruhrgas process
 TOSCO II process

References

Oil shale technology
2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene. 2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene is a fluorescent dye used in glow sticks for a blue-green glow.  It is a chlorinated derivative of 9,10-diphenylanthracene.

See also
 2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene

References 

Fluorescent dyes
Anthracenes
Chloroarenes
SIAI-Marchetti S.700 Cormorano. The SIAI-Marchetti S.700 Cormorano was an Italian proposal for a twin-engined amphibian based on the SF.600 Canguro.

Development
The S.700 was designed to use as much of the SF.600 as possible to build a twin-engined amphibian, changes required included a stronger wing due to the increased all-up weight. The S.700 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with the ability to land on water or use a retractable tricycle landing gear. The hull and floats were to be made of composite materials and the engines were to be fitted on the upper surface of the wings to protect against spray. It was planned that the aircraft could use the Italian Alfa Romeo AR-318 turboprop with three-bladed tractor propellers. As well as use as a freighter or general utility aircraft with 12 seats it was also proposed to use it as a water bomber with a capacity for  of water or retardants.

Specifications

See also

Notes

S.700
1980s Italian civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Nanoraphidia. Nanoraphidia is an extinct genus of snakefly in the family Mesoraphidiidae containing the species Nanoraphidia electroburmica and Nanoraphidia lithographica.

The genus name is derived from a combination of the Greek nanos (dwarf) and the snakefly genus Raphidia, and the type species name from the Latin electrum (amber) and Burma, the former name of Myanmar.  The type species is known from the holotype, a single, partial adult, now deposited in the American Museum of Natural History as specimen number Bu-092., and several additional specimens.  The amber specimen is from deposits in  Tanai Village, Kachin State  northwest of Myitkyina, Myanmar. The specimen has a badly disarticulated thorax and abdomen, which are present in the amber as integumental debris, however the head, wings, and anterior legs are in good condition. Nanoraphidia electroburmica is the smallest known Raphidioptera species, living or extinct, the fore wings being only  long. The second species is named after the lithographic limestone of the La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation in Spain where it was found.

The genus is also the first to be described from a specimen of old world amber. Nanoraphidia is separatable from other Mesoraphidiidae genera by the small size of specimens and distinct vein structure of the wings.  The wings have an expanded costal area which is similar in appearance to the costal areas in Cretinocellia and Lugala.  Both of these genera, however, belong to the Baissopteridae family and have many more crossveins and cells between Rs and M veins.  The specimen shows N. electroburmica to have had a brown coloration to the body and a hyaline appearance to the wings.

References

Raphidioptera
Cretaceous insects
Fossil taxa described in 2002
Cretaceous insects of Asia
Burmese amber
Fossils of Myanmar
Taxa named by Michael S. Engel
Slangdraai Dam. Slangdraai Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Sundays River near Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was established in 1986 and serves mainly for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked significant (2).

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa

References 

 List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)

Dams in South Africa
Dams completed in 1984
Taung Dam. Taung Dam is a gravity type dam located on the Harts River in Taung (Cokonyane), North West, South Africa. It was established in 1993 and serves mainly for irrigation purposes. Its hazard potential has been ranked high (3).

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa

References 

 List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)

Dams in South Africa
Dams completed in 1993
Wolwedans Dam. Wolwedans Dam is a concrete dam in South Africa located on the Great Brak River near Mossel Bay, Western Cape, South Africa. The dam is the main source of water for the municipality of Mossel Bay as well as the gas-to-liquids refinery PetroSA. The dam serves mainly for municipal and industrial water supply purposes.

Design

Completed in early 1990, it was the first in the world single center arch-gravity dam made of roller-compacted concrete fully relying on three-dimensional arch action for stability. The 70-m high dam has a vertical upstream face and a stepped downstream face at a slope of 0.5:1 (H:V). It has a constant extrados radius of 135 m and a crest length of 268 m. The non-overflow crest is 5 m wide. The dam was built of 0.25 m thick roller-compacted concrete layers with induced joints at 10 m spacing and de-bounding every 4th layer. The RCC of approximately   was placed in October and November 1988 and between May and November 1989. The induced joints were grouted in winter, between July and November 1993. The reservoir was filled to capacity in 1992.

The RCC mix properties were:
 RCC density: 2,400 kg/m3
 Average 1-year RCC compressive strength:

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa

Notes

References 
 Roller-Compacted Concrete Dams, ICOLD, Bulletin 126
 List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs

Dams in South Africa
Dams completed in 1990
Roller-compacted concrete dams
Port Harcourt bus electrocution. On 13 February 2010 in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, eleven people were killed when a power cable fell on them.

Accident
At approximately 08:00 local time (UTC+1) on 13 February 2010, a road traffic incident in occurred in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, in which eleven people were killed. A 33 kilovolt electric cable snapped, striking two Nissan Urvan buses, and electrocuting many of the occupants. The incident occurred after a severe thunderstorm; the cable was believed to have been brought down by heavy rainfall.

Casualties
The majority of the casualties were bus passengers, though several passers-by were also struck. The death toll is eleven; a further eleven having been hospitalised. Ten of the victims died in the incident or its immediate aftermath; the eleventh died in hospital on 14 February.

Aftermath
There were conflicting reports on the death toll in the immediate aftermath of the incident. Eyewitnesses reported seeing as many as 40 bodies, and several sources initially put the death toll at 20. The Rivers State government released a statement in which it said that no more than 10 people had been killed, while a police spokesperson announced that 12 others had suffered "severe burns".

The state government has ordered a report from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria about why the cable was still live when it broke. The state governor released a statement which stated: "We sympathise with the families of those involved in the tragedy. We pray God to grant the souls of the departed rest and to consolation [sic] to their families. While we are not apportioning blame, we want to say that the tragedy could have been averted if the PHCN had maintained the affected facility."

References

2010 disasters in Nigeria
February 2010 in Nigeria
2010 road incidents in Africa
2010s in Rivers State
Bus electrocution
Accidental deaths by electrocution
Bus incidents in Nigeria

Events in Rivers State
KFM 107. The KFM 107 is a two-cylinder, two-stroke, single ignition, horizontally opposed aircraft engine designed for ultralight aircraft and motor gliders.

The engine was designed and produced by the KFM (Komet Flight Motor) Aircraft Motors Division of Italian American Motor Engineering of Italy and has been out of production since 1986.

Development
The KFM 107 is a conventional twin-cylinder engine that is very compact and light weight at only  in its 107s version. The engine features single capacitor discharge ignition, a single Tillotson butterfly-type carburetor, integral fuel pump, tuned exhaust system and reed valve induction. It was offered with 2:1 belt drive reduction system. Starting is electric starter or recoil starter.

Most versions of the 107 produce  at 6300 rpm for five minutes for take-off and  at 6080 rpm continuous.

Variants
107s
"Standard" version, direct drive, recoil start, , weight 
107e
"Electric" version, direct drive, electric start and alternator , weight 
107rs
"Standard with Reduction" version, reduction drive, , weight 
107er
"Electric & Reduction" version, direct drive, , weight 
107e Maxi
Upgraded version with an OVC carburetor with fixed jets,  stroke, 334 cc (20.38 cu in), 11:1 compression ratio, 2.1:1 or optional 2.55:1 reduction drive. Produces  at 6300 rpm for five minutes for take-off and  at 6080 rpm continuous.

Applications

Specifications (107s)

See also

References

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Two-stroke aircraft piston engines
Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co. Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Company was an American manufacturer of water heaters, water tanks and other sanitation equipment, and later, automobiles.

The company was founded in Newburgh, New York, in 1866. It was known for manufacturing the Root Water Tube Boiler and was noted for supplying the Philadelphia Edison Electric Light Company with 3,500 horsepower of boilers. It entered the automobile business in 1906. Using the name Frontenac, they catered to the upper middle class, featuring large-displacement four-cylinder engines. Only twelve were built in the first year of production.

Annual production peaked at 100 vehicles in 1907, and declined from there until production ended in 1913. Variations of manufactured vehicles included the roundabout, the touring car, the limousine, and a truck named the Model F. As a result of the decline in production, the company abandoned the effort and returned to their original business. The factory was located at the foot of Park Place.

Notes

References

Brass Era vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Manufacturing companies established in 1866
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1913
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1866 establishments in New York (state)
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1906
Obafemi Anibaba. Obafemi Anibaba is a Nigerian civil servant and businessman who was appointed Federal Minister of Works in March 2006 and was redeployed as Minister of Communications in September 2006 during the presidency of Olusegun Obasanjo.

Background

Obafemi Anibaba obtained a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Lagos and went on to obtain a PhD in Engineering from the University of Surrey. He worked for many years for the Lagos State Ministry of Works and Transport.
He has served on the board of several companies, and was Chairman, Ogun-Osun River Basin Development Authority and Chairman, Femo Engineering (Nigeria). He was on the board of First Bank of Nigeria, Jos Steel Rolling Company and Allied Bank of Nigeria, and was  Chairman of the Governing Council of Lagos Polytechnic, Isolo.

Cabinet positions

The Federal Government of Nigeria appointed him Minister of Works in March 2006. He was transferred to become Minister of Communications in September 2006.
He chaired the Nigeria Telecommunications Forum in Abuja on the 19–20 September 2006.
He opened the Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) Consultative Forum on Strategies for Achieving Access in Nigeria in Lagos on October 31, 2006. In his opening remarks he noted that USPF is only a fund to facilitate roll out of services in identified rural areas. The services would be implemented through qualified operating companies.
On 22 November 2006, he attended a ceremony where President Olusegun Obasanjo cut the ribbon to formally open the new Corporate Headquarters of the Nigerian Communications Commission in Abuja.

In January 2007, Olusegun Obasanjo announced the final cabinet reshuffle of his administration. Among other moves, Frank Nweke, Jr was appointed Federal Minister of Communications, while Anibaba stayed on as Minister of State in the Ministry, a position he held until the new administration of President Umaru Yar'Adua came into office in May 2007.

Later career

In November 2009, the Senate ad hoc committee on transport led by Heineken Lokpobiri, submitted a report to the upper house that revealed "alleged serial malpractices" in road contracting over a ten-year period, and recommended that former ministers of works Anthony Anenih, Adeseye Ogunlewe, Obafemi Anibaba, Cornelius Adebayo and others be prosecuted for corruption.
The Senate Ad Hoc Committee charges included awarding contracts without budgetary provision, and for failure to account for profits from a large sale of bitumen. 
Senate discussion of the report was delayed.

References

Living people
Yoruba people
Nigerian businesspeople
Communication ministers of Nigeria
University of Lagos alumni
Alumni of the University of Surrey
Corruption in Nigeria
Federal ministers of Nigeria
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)