omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Patrick J. Hanratty. Patrick J. Hanratty was an American computer scientist and businessperson, commonly referred to as the "Father of CAD/CAM"—computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. Up to 2013, he was president and CEO of Manufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS) of Scottsdale, Arizona, a company he founded. According to MCS, "70 percent of all 3-D mechanical CAD/CAM systems available today trace their roots back to Hanratty’s original code," although that statistic is not substantiated elsewhere.

Early career

Hanratty earned a PhD from the University of California, Irvine. He worked for General Electric, where in 1957 he wrote Pronto, an early commercial numerical control (NC) programming language. Then he moved in 1961 to General Motors Research Laboratories, where his projects focused on NC software and taking complex surfaces and producing toolpath data for NC machines.

Banking standard
Around the mid-1950s Hanratty and a team from the Stanford Research Institute using equipment built by the General Electric Computer Laboratory developed standardized machine-readable characters for use on bank checks. Adopted by the American Bankers Association in 1958, their characters are still in use and magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) and the E-13B font became standard in the industry.

Business
In 1970 he cofounded the company Integrated Computer Systems (ICS) with seven of his coworkers from Astronautics Corporation, which had been acquired by McDonnell Douglas. Hanratty later said, "Never generate anything closely coupled to a specific architecture. And make sure you keep things open to communicate with other systems, even your competitors." ICS failed because its product, a CAD/CAM drafting system, was tied to a computer that few people had available, and because its product was written in TPL, an unfamiliar language for most people.

In 1971 Hanratty founded Manufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS), applying what he had learned at ICS. All the software was written in Fortran and it ran on almost any computer. His product was named Automated Drafting and Machining (ADAM), later AD-2000, and still later Anvil-4000.

Among well-known customers of MCS were Computervision who licensed Adam for CADDS, Gerber Scientific for IDS 3, and McDonnell Douglas who licensed it for Unigraphics. Several well-known CAD/CAM packages were developed from MCS products. Among them were Auto-Grapl, Autosnap 3D, Anvil-5000, and Intelligent Modeler.

Auto-Grapl in particular demonstrates what Hanratty had learned: "the computer writes the program for you".

Personal life
Hanratty was married to Sandra and they had 3 children and 13 grandchildren. He died July 28, 2019.

Notes

References

External links
 MCS ReAnsys
 “Patrick Hanratty Oral History.” UCI Stories Video Oral Histories Collection. UCI Libraries Special Collections and Archives. 2015

1931 births
2019 deaths
American computer programmers
American technology company founders
University of California, Irvine alumni
People from Scottsdale, Arizona
Valeriy Sharapov. Valeriy Sharapov is a Habil. doctor (doctor of engineering sciences), professor, head of department of computer-assisted and informative technologies in the instrument-making of the Cherkassy State Technological University.

He graduated from Chemical Technological College at Shostkа (explosives production) in 1962, from a branch of Moscow Engineering and Physical Institute (MEPHI)  in 1969 (automatics and electronics of nuclear facilities).

He received PhD degree (candidate’s degree) at Tomsk Institute of Automatics, Electronics and Control Systems. He received Doctorate degree at Odesa National Polytechnic University (Ukraine).

He worked at the nuclear center in Russian Federation, scientific and industrial complex of “Photopribor”, research institute of “Chimanalyt” and the scientific production association  “Phonon”

He is the author of more than 900 scientific publications, inclusive 19 monographs and manuals  and more than 500 patents for inventions.

Publications

Sharapov V. Piezoceramic sensors. – Springer Verlag, 2011. – 498 p. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 241  libraries 
Sharapov V.M. et al. Piezoelectric sensors. - Moscow: Technosphera, 2006.- 632p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Sensors. - Moscow: Technosphera, 2012. - 616 p.
Sharapov V.M. Baybakov F.B. Control of admixtures in compressed gases. - Moscow: Chemistry, 1989. – 160 p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Piezoceramic transducers of physical sizes.- Cherkasy: ChGTU, 2005.– 631p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Automatic control theory. Manual. Cherkasy: CHSTU, 2005. - 200 p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Piezoceramic transformers and sensors. – Cherkasy: Vertical, 2010. – 278 p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Capacitive sensors. – Cherkasy: Brama-Ukraine, 2010.–184p.
Sharapov V.M., Sotula Zh.V., Kunitskaya L.G. Piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers. – Cherkasy: Vertical, 2012.-255p.
Sharapov V.M., Sharapova E.V. Universal technologies of management. Moscow: Technosphera, 2006. - 496 p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Piezoelectric transducers. The handbook. - Cherkasy: ChGTU, 2004. – 435 p.
Sharapov V.M. et al. Programmed logic controllers in the automatic control systems: the manual. -2-е The edition. – Stavropol: АGRUS, 2010. – 128p.
Sharapov V.M., Sharapova E.V. Technologies of management: Practical management. – Cherkasy: ChGTU, 2005.- 563p.
Sharapov V.M. and others. Technologies of instrument-making.–Cherkasy: Brama, 2009.–320p.
Sharapov V.M., Sheinov V.P. Technologies of projects management. - Cherkasy: Vertical, 2010. – 520 p.
Sharapov v.M. et al. Programmed logic controllers in the automated control systems. - Stavropol: АGRUS, 2013. – 128р.
Sharapov V., Sotula Zh., Kunitskaya L. Piezoelectric Electroacoustic Transducers. – Springer Verlag. Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, 2013. – 240 p. 
Sharapov V.М., Minaev I.G., Sotula Zh.V., Kunitskaya L.G. Electroacoustic Transducers. – Moscow: Technosphera, 2013. - 280 p.

References

20th-century Ukrainian engineers
Living people
Odesa National Polytechnic University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rolled Alloys. Rolled Alloys is a private company headquartered in Temperance, Michigan, in the United States. Rolled Alloys is a supplier in the metal industry for both heat resistant and corrosion resistant alloys. The company has between 201-500 employees throughout the world.  Rolled Alloys' key markets are Aerospace, Chemical Processing, Medical, Oil and Gas, Power Generation, and Thermal Processing. Rolled Alloys Canada also deals in the Pulp / Paper and Mining markets.

Rolled Alloys has expanded through acquisitions of other companies: Harvey Titanium,  Weaver Steel, Super Alloys, SMS London, Clasma Trade, and RA® Materials (formerly Weir Materials and Foundry).

History 
Rolled Alloys was founded in 1953 on the introduction of wrought RA330 alloy as a replacement for cast HT alloy. Prior to 1953, Rolled Alloys was a subsidiary of MISCO - Michigan Steel Casting Company, and wasn't officially incorporated as the new company, until January 1953.

In 2012, Rolled Alloys expanded to Richburg, South Carolina with a new bar facility. Rolled Alloys also built a new facility for their Windsor, CT location.

In 2013, NeoNickel was formed, and is the exclusive representative of Rolled Alloys in Europe.

Locations

United States

Toledo, Ohio
Fairfield, Ohio
Hawthorne, California
Houston, Texas
 Richburg, South Carolina
Streamwood, Illinois
Tulsa, Oklahoma
 Windsor, Connecticut

Canada

Mississauga, Ontario
Laval, Quebec
Edmonton, Alberta

Asia

 Singapore
 Suzhou, China

Alloy Categories 
Nickel, Duplex Stainless Steel, Super Duplex Stainless Steel, Stainless Steel, Titanium, Cobalt, and Aluminum.

Proprietary Grades 
 RA330 
 RA333
 RA 602 CA
 AL-6XN
 Zeron 100
 RA 253 MA

References

External links

Steel companies of the United States
Steel companies of Canada
Steel companies of China
MOWAG Roland. The MOWAG Roland is an armoured personnel carrier of Swiss origin. The vehicle was developed in 1960 and the prototype was tested in 1963. The Roland production was from 1964 to 1980.

Design 
The Roland was designed for a variety of tasks: ambulance, reconnaissance, armoured troop carriers, riot /protests control and as rocket launcher.

There is a searchlight mounted on the front, directly behind it is a rotary roof section for a machine gun (MG) or a tower for a heavy machine gun MG, which is operated by the commander. The engine is in the rear, on the left side of the vehicle. On the right side, in the rear and on the left side of the vehicle are doors fitted for the vehicle occupants to enter or exit.

Some African operators have their MOWAG Roland equipped with multiple rocket launchers for 5 unguided rockets.  MOWAG Roland vehicles for police units typically do not have a gun, but are equipped with a siren, blue light, searchlight, loud speakers and a V-shaped dozer blade.

Variants 
 Versions: armoured ambulance, standard Army APC, riot and crowd control vehicle, SANDF variant with rockets
 Armament: Customer Specific assault rifle or machine gun like cal.50 HMG or a cal.30 Browning, or M60, GMPG light machine guns

Operators 
Over 500 Mowag Rolands were produced and shipped to countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Greece (army and police), Mexico, Peru and in various Police Departments in Switzerland.

Operators list 
 (30) 

 25 APCOrdered in 1976, with a turret equipped with a FN MAG 7.62×51mm NATO 
 5 MLRS ATATLOrder in 1976

On display 
The Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full has a display of a Roland MOWAG from the Bern Cantonal Police. This model is exhibited with a plow attached and was in use until 1997.

See also

Comparable vehicles

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links 

Wheeled armoured fighting vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of Switzerland
Military vehicles of Switzerland
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War
Erbium hexaboride. Erbium hexaboride (ErB6) is a rare-earth hexaboride compound containing the element erbium, which has a calcium hexaboride crystal structure.

It is one of the fundamental compounds formed in reactions between erbium and boron. The compound is isostructural with all other reported rare-earth hexaboride compounds including lanthanum hexaboride, samarium hexaboride, and cerium hexaboride. Due to the isostructural nature of the rare-earth hexaborides and the strong interaction of boron octahedra within the crystal, these compounds show a high degree of lattice matching which suggests the possibility of doping by substituting one rare earth metal within the crystal with another.  Until recently, it had been hypothesized that erbium hexaboride was unstable due to the small size of the Er3+ cation within the crystal structure when compared to the ionic radii of other rare-earth elements that form known rare-earth hexaboride compounds.  It has now been demonstrated, however, that new nanoscale synthetic methods are capable of producing high-purity, stable erbium hexaboride nanowires. These wires, produced using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have a reported lattice constant of 4.1 Å.

References 

Erbium compounds
Borides
Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer. Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT) are MEMS-based piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. Unlike bulk piezoelectric transducers which use the thickness-mode motion of a plate of piezoelectric ceramic such as PZT or single-crystal PMN-PT, PMUT are based on the flexural motion of a thin membrane coupled with a thin piezoelectric film, such as PVDF. 

In comparison with bulk piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, PMUT can offer advantages such as increased bandwidth, flexible geometries, natural acoustic impedance match with water, reduced voltage requirements, mixing of different resonant frequencies and potential for integration with supporting electronic circuits especially for miniaturized high frequency applications.

References

See also 
 CMUT, a similar technology based on capacitance

Ultrasound
Transducers
Smart fixture. A smart fixture is an advanced test fixture which combines a fixture with sensors to collect data and provide feedback. They are a subset of cyber-physical systems. Sensors and/or instrumentation embedded in the fixture are connected to a programmable logic controller or computer which apply algorithms to determine if required criteria are met i.e. functional testing.

A smart fixture can be a manufacturing fixture or simply a test fixture. The smart aspect is fully realised in the use of the data collected via IIoT/ Industry 4.0. machine learning, artificial intelligence and other big data tools can be applied to perform real time analysis and predictive decision making to improve operational efficiencies.

Electronics
Circuit boards, are held in place and subjected to controlled electronic test signals.

Examples of fixtures:
 Uploading a software into a microcontroller and testing the functionality of the PCBA
 Checking the correct parameters of a LED light

See also 
 Device under test
 Bed of nails tester

References

SmartFixture of 6TL, by David Batet.
SmartFixture of Columbia
Smartfixture from Romex BV, by Peter van Oostrom (Dutch Language)

Unit testing
Tests
Robert Sinclair MacKay. Robert Sinclair MacKay  (born 1956) is a British mathematician and professor at the University of Warwick. He researches dynamical systems, the calculus of variations, Hamiltonian dynamics and applications to complex systems in physics, engineering, chemistry, biology and economics.

Education
MacKay was educated at Newcastle High School, leaving in 1974. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree with first class honours in mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1977, and completed Part III of the tripos with distinction in 1978. He obtained his PhD in astrophysical sciences in 1982 from the Plasma Physics Laboratory at Princeton University for research supervised by John M. Greene and Martin David Kruskal.

Career and research
Between 1982 and 1995, MacKay held postdoctoral research positions at Queen Mary College, London, the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, and the University of Warwick. From 1995 to 2000 he was Professor of Nonlinear Dynamics in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, Director of the Nonlinear Centre, and Fellow of Trinity College. In 2000 he returned to Warwick as Professor of Mathematics and Director of Mathematical Interdisciplinary Research.

Awards and honours
MacKay was awarded the Stefanos Pnevmatikos International Award in 1992. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2000. In 2012 he was elected President of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications.

Personal life
MacKay was born to Donald MacCrimmon MacKay and Valerie MacKay (née Wood) in 1956. His younger brother David J. C. MacKay FRS was the Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Cambridge.

References

Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
People educated at Newcastle-under-Lyme School
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Princeton University alumni
1956 births
NAVi5. The "New Advanced Vehicle with Intelligence 5-speed" (NAVi5, also sometimes written "NAVI5" or "NAVI-5") was an automated manual transmission developed by Isuzu Motors Ltd. of Japan, and introduced in August 1984. It was initially developed for use in trucks, but was first made available in Isuzu's Aska sedan and subsequently the Gemini and their other Japanese domestic market vehicles. It preceded the likes of Alfa Romeo’s Selespeed and Opel’s Easytronic by more than a decade. It was superseded by the Smoother transmission in newer trucks.

Models
The NAVi5 was used in the following Isuzu vehicles:

Isuzu added the NAVi6, a six-speed version, to the following trucks:

Features

Unlike "traditional" automatic gearboxes with a torque converter and planetary gears, the mechanical aspects of the NAVi5 are identical to those of a conventional five-speed manual transmission with a dry-clutch. The shifting and clutch operations though, are done automatically by two hydraulic actuators connected to an electronic computer (an 8-bit unit with 8 KB ROM and 192 KB RAM).

The early version of the NAVi5 only had an automatic mode with an ability to lock out certain gears, thus operating in a manner similar to a traditional automatic. The later version added a manual mode, enabling the driver to select specific gears. The NAVi5 also came with autocruise and Hill-Start Aid as standard features.

A Japanese television commercial for the Aska heralded NAVi5 as “Not a manual, not a torque converter.”

Reception
The customer reactions toward the NAVi5 were mixed. Some liked the more “direct” feel and better fuel economy it offered compared to those of typical automatic gearboxes. Others, however, were turned off by what they felt as awkward shifting program and the acceleration gap during shifting. The NAVi5 also required gentle throttle operations when accelerating from standstill since it didn't offer creep function.

It was outsold by the conventional manual and automatic gearboxes in both the Aska and Gemini and subsequently dropped in the next generation Gemini. (Isuzu stopped manufacturing the Aska in-house after the first generation.)

References

1984 introductions
1984 establishments in Japan
NAVi5
Automotive technology tradenames
Automobile transmissions
Automotive transmission technologies
Airbridge Cruiser Suzuki. The Airbridge Cruiser Suzuki is a Russian ultralight trike, designed and produced by Airbridge of Moscow. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Cruiser Suzuki was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The Cruiser Suzuki is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a modified liquid-cooled, four-stroke,  Suzuki automotive engine. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Specifications (Cruiser Suzuki)

References

External links

2000s Russian sport aircraft
2000s Russian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Airbridge aircraft
Crepe rubber. Crepe rubber is coagulated latex that is rolled out in crinkled sheets and commonly used to make soles for shoes and boots but also a raw material for further processed rubber products.

Processing
After the collection of the latex milk, sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) or ammonia is added to prevent coagulation.

When the latex arrives in the factory, sodium bisulphite (NaHSO3) or sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O3) are added to prevent enzymatic reactions and discoloring.
 
Sodium para toluene thiophenate (an aromatic mercaptan) is often added as a bleaching agent.

Colloidal latex is then mixed with formic acid to cause it to coagulate. The coagulum is processed in a "creping battery", a series of machines that crush, press, and roll the coagula. The sheets are then hung in a heated drying shed and, after drying, sorted by grade and packed for shipping.

Types
There are several types and grades of rubber crepe, mainly distinguished by the grade and pre-processing of the latex used in their manufacture.
Pale latex crepe (PLC) is a premium grade, made from raw field latex.
Estate brown crepe (EBC) is made from "cup lump" (raw, naturally coagulated rubber from the collection cup) and other coagula.
Re-milled crepe is made from "wet slab coagulum" (cured latex, still wet from the coagulation tanks), latex sheets (unsmoked) and cup lump.
Smoked blanket crepe is made from thick sheets of latex that have been processed in a smoker.
Flat bark crepe is made from scraps and other poor quality raw product.

Gallery

References

Rubber
Airbridge Fregat-Hydro. The Airbridge Fregat-Hydro is a Russian seaplane ultralight trike, designed and produced by Airbridge of Moscow. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Fregat-Hydro was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, twin inflatable floats and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The Fregat-Hydro is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. On the more recent models the powerplant is a modified liquid-cooled, four-stroke,  Suzuki automotive engine. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload is .

Specifications (Fregat-Hydro)

References

External links

2000s Russian sport aircraft
2000s Russian ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Airbridge aircraft
Hydroelectricity in Bulgaria. In 2021, hydroelectricity generated 11% of Bulgaria’s electricity. As of 2020, the country's total installed electricity capacity was approximately 12,839 MW, with hydropower contributing 25%, or 3,213 MW.

Future plans 

In Bulgaria, the development of Small Hydropower Plants (SHP) is supported by various factors, including open electricity and financial markets, higher Feed-in Tariffs (FITs) for SHP compared to large hydropower, and diverse financing options such as bank credit, direct private investments, and public-private partnerships. Additionally, opportunities for financing through special trust funds and EU-supported programs are available.

The government 2030 energy plan calls for an additional 870MW of hydro capacity.

The possibility of two hydro dams on the Danube river, built and shared in conjunction with Romania are under consideration in 2023.

Two pumped hydro plants are also planned using the existing Dospat Reservoir and the reservoir at Batak, each would generate 800MW capacity and provide a means to use excess wind and solar energy by pumping the water back up to the dams. Completion could be by 2032.

Current facilities 

The 15 largest HEP stations, all owned by the state-run National Electricity Company, account for most of the country's HEP installed capacity and HEP power.(p. 12, p. 32) They are arranged in four series, or "cascades", of between 3 and 5 reservoirs, and all are located in the Rhodope mountains in Southwestern Bulgaria. Three of the stations are pumped-storage stations ("PS-HPP").(p. 14) Some analysts say that further modernization, such as of its pumped storage hydro, could be profitable.

Largest power plants 

NEK also owns and looks after several large dams which are either used for providing fresh water only, to store water for HPPs downriver, or else have provided HEP power in the past but have ceased to do so.(p. 15-17) These include –

There is also a project for an "Upper Arda Cascade", which has been delayed due to complications. This cascade should include three HPPs at Madan, Ardino and Kitnitsa.

See also 

Wind power in Bulgaria
Solar power in Bulgaria
Renewable energy by country

References