omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jagdbombergeschwader 32. Jagdbombergeschwader 32 (Fighter-Bomber Wing 32; abbreviated as: JaBoG 32) was a fighter-bomber wing of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe). The wing was based in the south of Germany at Lechfeld Airbase and flew Tornado IDS and Tornado ECR planes in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses role.

History 

The wing was raised in 1957 at Lechfeld Air Base and was officially activated on 22 July 1958, initially equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreak fighters. On 14 September 1961, two of its planes mistakenly crossed into East German airspace and were forced to land at the French West Berlin Air Base while being hunted by Soviet fighters. This was a serious diplomatic incident at a time of high tensions, and in answer to the question of what to do with the aircraft, the French secretly buried them on the airfield, a fact not discovered until 1970. 

The wing began to receive Lockheed F-104 Starfighters during 1965 and the last Thunderstreak left Lechfeld Air Base on 13 July 1966. In 1984 the wing began its conversion to Panavia Tornado IDS strike fighters. In 1991 the wing was equipped with 35 new Tornado ECR fighters and began its new mission as Germany's only suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) capable wing.

On 17 July 1995 Tornado ECRs of JaBoG 32 transferred to San Damiano Air Base in Italy, from where they flew SEAD missions in support of NATOs Operation Deliberate Force over Bosnia and Herzegovina. These were the first combat operations for the German Armed Forces since World War II.

From 24 March to 11 June 1999 JaBoG 32 participated in NATOs Operation Allied Force against Yugoslavia. The Tornado ECRs carrying AGM-88 HARM missiles escorted allied aircraft over Yugoslavian territory to neutralize hostile air defense threats. A total of 236 HARM missiles were fired by JaBoG 32 during the campaign.

In 2008 the first German female combat pilot, Ulrike Flender, joined JaBoG 32. In October 2011 the German Federal Ministry of Defence announced a reorganisation/reduction of the German Armed Forces. As a result of this reorganisation, the wing was disbanded on 31 March 2013, with personnel and planes joining the 1st Squadron of Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 (Reconnaissance Wing 51).

References

Jagdbombergeschwader 032
Military units and formations established in 1958
Military units and formations disestablished in 2013
1958 establishments in West Germany
Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33. Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 33 (Tactical Air Force Wing 33; abbreviated as: TaktLwG 33), formerly known as Jagdbombergeschwader 33 (Fighter-Bomber Wing 33; abbreviated as: JaBoG 33) is a fighter-bomber wing of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe). The wing is based in west Germany at Büchel Air Base. Its role are Air Interdiction, Offensive Counter Air and Close Air Support. The wing flies the Panavia Tornado IDS.

The Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader rondle and patch display a top down view of the Tornado IDS.

The unit was renamed on 1 October 2013 in the course of the restructuring of the German Air Force.

History 

On 13 November 1956 the Luftwaffe raised its first flying school at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base under Major Walter Krupinski. The unit was named Waffenschule der Luftwaffe 30 (Air Force Weapons School 30) and flew Republic F-84F Thunderstreak fighters. At the end of October 1957 the unit began its transfer to Büchel Air Base, where on 1 July 1958 the School was officially reformed as Jagdbombergeschwader 33.

In May 1959 the wing transferred for a month-long training exercise to Bandirma air Base in Turkey. Since the end of 1960 JaboG 33 regularly visits Decimomannu Air Base on Sardinia to participate in NATO Dissimilar Air Combat Training exercises. Beginning in August 1962 the wing began transition to Lockheed F-104 Starfighters. On 30 May 1985 the wing had completed its transition to the Panavia Tornado IDS.

The German Air Force intends to keep 46 Tornado IDS of JaBoG 33 in service until at least 2025 to ensure Germany's participation in NATO's nuclear sharing concept.

Nuclear sharing 

Jagdbombergeschwader 33 is the only remaining unit in the German Air Force capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In bunkers at Büchel Air Base the United States Air Force can store up to 44 B61 nuclear bombs for use on the German Tornados. The number of currently stored bombs at Büchel is classified, but estimated to be between 10 and 20 bombs. The bombs are serviced, guarded and in case of war activated by the US Air Force's 702nd Munitions Support Squadron of the 52d Munitions Maintenance Group/52d Fighter Wing.

Due to the Büchel air base having a special mandate to ensure the safety of its nuclear weapons, the wing is the only flying unit of the Air Force to have an attached security squadron, the Luftwaffensicherungsstaffel "S". It is equipped with 429 soldiers, the largest squadron of the Air Force. On 1 April 2013 it was reclassified into two sections.

References

Jagdbombergeschwader 033
Military units and formations established in 1958
1958 establishments in West Germany
Torque ripple. Torque ripple is an effect seen in many electric motor designs, referring to a periodic increase or decrease in output torque as the motor shaft rotates. It is measured as the difference in maximum and minimum torque over one complete revolution, generally expressed as a percentage.

Examples
A common example is "cogging torque" due to slight asymmetries in the magnetic field generated by the motor windings, which causes variations in the reluctance depending on the rotor position. This effect can be reduced by careful selection of the winding layout of the motor, or through the use of realtime controls to the power delivery.

References
"Torque ripple", Emetor.

External links

Electric motors
Torsional vibration
Ripple
Kohl Mythos. The Kohl Mythos (myth or story) is a German observation ultralight aircraft, designed by Stefan Kohl, and produced by S.A.I. Aeronautica, later by German Aircraft GmbH and most recently by Officine Meccaniche Mingarelli (OMM). When it was available the aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or complete and ready-to-fly.

The Mythos started out as the S.A.I. Aeronautica G97 Spotter. Later, production was moved to German Aircraft GmbH and the design sold as the German Aircraft Sky-Maxx. After unsuccessful marketing, the designer decided to have the aircraft produced himself under contract in Italy by Officine Meccaniche Mingarelli and it was then sold as the OMM M-7 Servator.

The Mythos is intended for the observation role and in particular agricultural research, forestry, law enforcement, flight training, sightseeing, aerial photography and cattle mustering.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a cantilever high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft has extensive glazing to allow maximum visibility.

The aircraft is made from aluminum sheet. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts effective flaps to allow low-speed flight and loitering. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912ULS and the  ULPower UL260i four-stroke powerplants.

OMM completed French and German ultralight certification in the middle of 2012. The company seems to have gone out of business in 2013, though.

Operational history
Reviewer Marino Boric described the design in a 2015 review as having, "slow flying capabilities and excellent cockpit visibility that is among the best of all aircraft in its category especially with the legendary transparent nose section".

Specifications (Mythos)

References

External links

2000s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Flex-Foot Cheetah. The Flex-Foot Cheetah is a prosthetic human foot replacement developed by biomedical engineer Van Phillips, who had lost a leg below the knee at age 21; the deficiencies of existing prostheses led him to invent this new prosthesis.

The Flex-Foot Cheetah and similar models are worn by Oscar Pistorius and other amputee athletes in the Paralympics and elsewhere. It is made from carbon fibre, and unlike all previous foot prostheses, it stores kinetic energy from the wearer's steps as potential energy, like a spring, allowing the wearer to run and jump. It is now (as of September 2012) made by Össur.

Carbon fibre is actually a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, and is a strong, light-weight material used in a number of applications, including sporting goods like baseball bats, car parts, helmets, sailboats, bicycles and other equipment where rigidity and high strength-to-weight ratio is important. The polymer used for this equipment is normally epoxy, but other polymers are also used, depending on the application, and other reinforcing fibers may also be included. In the blade manufacturing process, sheets of impregnated material are cut into square sheets and pressed onto a form to produce the final shape. From 30 to 90 sheets may be layered, depending on the expected weight of the athlete, and the mold is then autoclaved to fuse the sheets into a solid plate. This method reduces air bubbles that can cause breaks. Once the result is cooled, it is cut into the shape of the blades, each of which costs between $15,000 and $18,000.

About 90 percent of amputee Paralympics runners use a variation of the original Flex-Foot design, as well as thousands of athletes around the world. "Bladerunners" seen at the Paralympics who have lost both feet run in the T43 class, but runners with one blade and a natural foot run in the T44 class.

In popular culture

In the 2015 film Kingsman: The Secret Service, one of the villains, Gazelle, is seen wearing a pair of bladed Flex-Foot Cheetah.
In Half-Life 2 and the subsequent episodes, Dr. Eli Vance has a Flex-Foot Cheetah prosthetic.
 In the second season of Alice in Borderland, the character Akane Heiya uses a Flex-Foot Cheetah after having her leg amputated.
 In Titanfall 2, the robotic stim pilots use prosthetics inspired by the Flex-Foot Cheetah.

See also
The Mechanics of Running Blades

References

External links
Manufacturer's description

Prosthetics
The Works (science museum). The Works is an interactive children's museum in Bloomington, Minnesota that focuses on technology and engineering.

The museum was conceived by Rebecca Schatz, a software engineer who was inspired by a visit to the Exploratorium in San Francisco, and by the hands-on technical education for children that she observed during a year as a Luce Scholar in Japan in 1984.  The Works first opened as a gallery exhibition within the  Bell Museum of Natural History at the University of Minnesota in 1995, then moved to a series of temporary locations in shopping centers and to the community center in Edina (Ridgedale - 1995–1997, Eden Prairie Center 1997–1999, Southdale 1999–2002, and Edina Cmty. Center 2003–2011),  before finding a larger, permanent home with 40,000 square feet of space in Bloomington in 2011. In 2011 the museum reported annual attendance of 50,000 visitors. Since 2003, The Works has sponsored an annual "Tech Fest".

References

External links
 Official website
 Rebecca Schatz, "Focus and Balance for the Small Museum", in 
 http://www.inventingtheworks.org/2015/02/welcome-to-history-of-works.html

Museums established in 1995
Science museums in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Bloomington, Minnesota
Museums in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Slepcev Storch. The Slepcev Storch () is a Serbian type-certified, kit and ultralight STOL aircraft, designed by Yugoslavian-Australian Nestor Slepcev and currently produced by Storch Aircraft Serbia in several different versions. The ultralight version is a 3/4 scale replica of the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch of the Second World War and is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The aircraft was first flown in 1994. It was originally manufactured by Slepcev's company, Slepcev Aircraft Industry of Beechwood, New South Wales, Australia. The company was later renamed  Storch Aviation Australia. The aircraft was type-certified in 1999 to the Joint Airworthiness Requirements - Very Light Aircraft (JAR-VLA) standard, with contributions from aeronautical engineer C. W. "Bill" Whitney.  Production then moved to Serbia where a Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category model was developed.

Like the original Fi 156, the Slepcev Storch features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit, with extensive glazing, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. It is made from welded steel tubing with its flying surfaces fashioned from sheet aluminium and covered in doped aircraft fabric. The ultralight version has a  span wing with an area of , large flaps and leading edge slots. The wings are supported by V-struts and jury struts. Engines fitted vary by model.

Operational history

The designer has a keen interest in Second World War history and wanted to use an example of his Storch design to re-enact the 12 September 1943 rescue of Benito Mussolini by Otto Skorzeny and his SS commandos from his imprisonment by Italian Carabinieri guards on the Gran Sasso mountain. It took Slepcev a year to gain Italian approvals for the flight and on 24 August 1996, he landed a Storch Mk 4 at the site, 53 years after the original dramatic rescue had taken place.

Variants
Storch/Storch Mk 4
Homebuilt kit version, powered by a  Rotax 912ULS or  Rotax 914, with a gross weight of . Certification includes Australian and Spanish JAR-VLA. Available as a kit or as ready-to-fly.
Storch Microlight
FAI compliant microlight 3/4 sized version, powered by a  Rotax 912ULS, with a gross weight of . Available as a kit or as ready-to-fly.
Super Storch
Full scale homebuilt kit version, powered by a  Lycoming O-360, with a gross weight of . Available as a kit only.
Storch Moose
Full scale homebuilt kit version, powered by a  Vedeneyev M14P, with a gross weight of . Available as a kit only.

Specifications (Microlight)

See also

References

External links

Official website archives on Archive.org 

1990s Serbian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
STOL aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Daning River Bridge. The Daning River Bridge is an arch bridge near Wushan, Chongqing, China. The bridge opened in 2009 carrying traffic on the G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway across the Daning River. The bridge spans  making it one of the longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is also among the highest in the world however the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the river below the bridge and the full  clearance is no longer visible.

See also
List of longest arch bridge spans
List of highest bridges in the world

External links
Daninghe Bridge Hurong - highestbridges.com

References

Bridges in Chongqing
Arch bridges in China
Bridges completed in 2009
German submarine U-385. German submarine U-385 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She carried out two patrols. She did not sink or damage any ships.

She was sunk by a British warship and an Australian aircraft in the Bay of Biscay on 11 August 1944.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-385 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-385 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The submarine was laid down on 16 May 1941 at the Howaldtswerke yard at Kiel as yard number 16, launched on 8 July 1942 and commissioned on 29 August under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans-Guido Valenter.

She served with the 5th U-boat Flotilla from 29 August 1942 and the 6th flotilla from 1 March 1944.

The boat was moved from Kiel to Marviken in March 1944.

First patrol
U-385s first patrol took her from Marviken to St. Nazaire, in occupied France via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

Second patrol and loss
The boat left St. Nazaire on 9 August 1944. On the 11th, whilst still in the Bay of Biscay, she was sunk by depth charges dropped by an Australian Sunderland flying boat of No. 461 Squadron RAAF (captained by pilot officer Ivan Southall) and the British sloop  captained by Cdr. NW Duck.

One man died in the U-boat; there were 42 survivors.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by Australian aircraft
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk by depth charges
1942 ships
Ships built in Kiel
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in August 1944
German submarine U-389. German submarine U-389 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She carried out one patrol. She did not sink or damage any ships.

She was sunk by a British aircraft southwest of Iceland on 4 October 1943.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-389 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-389 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The submarine was laid down on 3 December 1941 at the Howaldtswerke (yard) at Flensburg as yard number 20, launched on 19 December 1942 and commissioned on 6 February 1943 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Siegfried Heilmann.

The boat was a member of one wolfpack.

She served with the 5th U-boat Flotilla from 6 February 1943 and the 9th flotilla from 1 August of the same year.

Patrol and loss
After moving briefly between Kiel, Bergen and Trondheim, U-389 set-off from the latter on 18 September 1943. Passing through the gap that separates Iceland and the Faroe Islands, she was attacked and sunk by depth charges dropped from a British Liberator of No. 120 Squadron RAF on 4 October 1943.

50 men died in the U-boat; there were no survivors.

Previously recorded fate
U-389 was noted as sunk on 5 October 1943 southwest of Iceland in the Denmark Strait by a RAF Liberator of 269 Squadron. This attack accounted for .

Wolfpacks
U-389 took part in one wolfpack, namely:
 Rossbach (24 September – 4 October 1943)

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
U-boats sunk in 1943
1942 ships
Ships built in Kiel
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Arctic Ocean
World War II submarines of Germany
Maritime incidents in October 1943
Kavli Medal. The Kavli Medal is the name of two medals awarded biennially by the Royal Society.

Royal Society Kavli Medal
The Royal Society Kavli Medal is awarded biennially, in odd years, for outstanding achievement in science and engineering in the fields of environment or energy. It is aimed at career stage scientists who have undertaken no more than 15 years of research work since gaining their PhD. 

The recipient should be a citizen of a Commonwealth country or of the Irish Republic or who have lived and worked there for a minimum of three years immediately prior to their nomination. The winner of the award receives a medal of bronze gilt and a personal gift of £500. The winner is invited to deliver a public lecture on their research at the Society. 

The recipient is chosen by the Council of the Royal Society on the recommendation of the Joint Physical and Biological Sciences Awards Committee. Nominations are valid for five years after which the candidate cannot be re-nominated until a year after the nomination has expired.

Winners
 2011: Clare Grey, Solid state NMR uses in the field of lithium-ion batteries  
 2013: Neil Greenham, In recognition of his exceptional work on hybrid materials combining polymer semiconductors with inorganic nanoparticles, and their use in printable solar cells 
2015: Matt King, for his research in field glaciology leading to the first reconciled estimate of ice sheet contribution to sea level
2017: Henry Snaith, for his discovery and development of highly efficient perovskite solar cells 
2019: Ed Hawkins, for his significant contributions to understanding and quantifying natural climate variability and long-term climate change, and for actively communicating climate science and its various implications with broad audiences.
2020 Ian Chapman, for his scientific insight that has illuminated the complex physics of confined plasmas and prepared the way for fusion burn
2021: Magdalena Titirici, for her outstanding contributions to advancing the sustainability of energy storage and conversion technologies by performing interdisciplinary research at the interface between electrochemistry, materials science and chemical engineering

Kavli Education Medal
The Kavli Education Medal is awarded biennially, in even years, to 'an individual who has made a significant impact on science or mathematics education within the UK'.

Laureates
2010: Celia Hoyles in recognition of her outstanding contribution to research in mathematics education
2012: Margaret Brown  in recognition of her significant impact on mathematics education within the UK
2014: Sir John Holman  in recognition of his significant impact on science education within the UK
2016: Becky Parker,  for founding the Langton Star Centre for school children
2018: Alice Rogers,  for her outstanding contributions to mathematics education
2020: Simon Humphreys, for his transformative contribution to computing education, influencing both national policy and the lives of thousands of practicing school teachers

References

Awards of the Royal Society