omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Hans Gaffron. Dr. Hans Gaffron (May 17, 1902 – August 18, 1979), was a son of the German physician Eduard Gaffron and his wife Hedwig von Gevekot.

He was one of the earlier researchers trying to elucidate the mechanistic and biochemical details of photosynthesis and plant metabolism. His most notable finding was the discovery of a process whereby unicellular green algae can produce molecular Hydrogen (H2) in the presence of light, and that the precursors were derived from photosynthetic water-splitting. Applications based on his work have led to many efforts to develop H2 as a renewable biofuel.

Works
Research in Photosynthesis. New York, Interscience Publ., 1957. 
Photosynthesis. Boston, Heath, 1965.

Notes

References
"Hydrogen metabolism of green algae: discovery and early research a tribute to Hans Gaffron"; Govindjee, J.T. Beatty, H. Gest, J.F. Allen. Discoveries in Photosynthesis Springer, 2006. , pp. 119–129
"Hans Gaffron" in Reinhard Rürup, Schicksale und Karrieren: Gedenkbuch für die von den Nationalsozialisten aus der Kaiser-wilhelm-gesellschaft Vertriebenen Forscherinnen und Forscher, Wallstein Verlag, 2008. 

1902 births
1979 deaths
Peruvian emigrants to the United States
Train Dispatcher (computer simulation). Train Dispatcher is a train simulator of centralized traffic control (CTC) systems. It was originally developed in the 1980s as a training tool for a commercial railroad and was then made available to the public. The software is currently produced by SoftRail (formerly Signal Computer Consultants) for Windows-based computers.

The simulator is operated from the perspective of a CTC dispatcher. Track diagrams similar to actual CTC displays are provided, and train operations run according to a timetable. Operations can be run in real time or adjusted fast or slow.

Version 2 of the software was released in 1997 and supported multiple track territories. The manufacturer provided five territory files in the initial package, and offered additional territories for sale on its website. It also provided companion software called "Track Builder" which allows users to create and share files for additional railroad territories. Users have created territory files for many locations, including North America, Australia and Europe, and some of these files are available for free downloading on the company's website. The version 2 software is available as a free download from the manufacturer.

The current version of the software is 3.5, and is provided with five US territories, and one each for Canada and Australia. Additional for-sale and free territory files are available.

In April 2012 Softrail announced that it would discontinue Train Dispatcher 3 as of April 30, 2012.

References

External links
 Softrail - official site
 Train Dispatcher 3 - Free download
 Train Dispatcher 2 - Free download

Train simulation video games
Windows games
Railway signalling
Han card. The Han card (汉卡) or Lianxiang Han card (联想汉卡) was a type of ISA hardware card for the PC in the 1980s in the People's Republic of China.  The card allowed the input of Chinese characters into computers.

History
The inventor of the card was Ni Guangnan (倪光南) at the Chinese Academy of Engineering.  The product was invented under company Lianxiang (联想集团), which is today's Lenovo.  The first generation of the card was released in 1985.

Model names
 LX-80 Lianxiang Han Card

See also
 Chinese language card
 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)

External links
 Hudong Han card

References

Chinese inventions
William Carron, Baron Carron. William John Carron, Baron Carron, KSG, FRSA (19 November 1902 – 3 December 1969) was a British trade unionist and activist, who served as President of the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU) from 1956 until 1967.

Early life
Carron was born in Kingston upon Hull in 1902, the son of John Carron and Frances Ann Richardson. He attended St Mary's Roman Catholic Primary School, Hull Technical College, and he earned a Master of Arts degree from Oxford University.

Career
Beginning in 1918 Carron was apprenticed to a turner, Messrs Rose, at Downs and Thompson Ltd. until he became a journeyman in 1923. In 1935 he moved to the maintenance department of Reckitt and Coleman and became a shop steward of the AEU.

Carron joined the AEU in 1924. He was a Branch Secretary from 1932 to 1945. He later became District President. In 1950 he was elected to the post of Divisional Organizer and in 1956 he became an Executive Councillor. Finally, he was elected President in 1956, a position he held until 1967. He also served as a member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress from 1954 to 1968.

Carron became a Director of the Bank of England in 1963 and in 1967 he became a Director of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.

Honours and awards
In October 1959, the Catholic Church appointed him a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, and he became a Knight Bachelor in 1963.

He became Baron Carron, of the City and County of Kingston upon Hull, on 11 July 1967.

Personal life
He married Mary Emma McGuire on 5 August 1931, with whom he had two daughters, Hilary Mary Carron and  Patricia Anne Carron.

He retired to Forest Hill, London, where he died in 1969, aged 67.

References

Sources
 
Lord Carron's papers at Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge
 Peerage.com site

1902 births
1969 deaths
Trade unionists from Kingston upon Hull
Knights Bachelor
Life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
People associated with the Bank of England
People from Forest Hill, London
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
Presidents of the Amalgamated Engineering Union
20th-century English businesspeople
Belleville Nuclear Power Plant. The Belleville Nuclear Power Plant is located in Belleville-sur-Loire (Cher) near Léré, along the river Loire between Nevers ( upstream) and Orléans (  downstream).  It employs approximately 620 people and consists of two large 1,300 MW P4 nuclear reactors.  Its cooling water comes from the Loire River.

Key information

The site spans 170 hectares and is located on a flood-safe, 4.6-meter-high platform. Each year it produces an average of 19 billion kilowatt hours fed to the electricity grid, and thus covers about four percent of French electricity production.

With the construction of the first reactor was started on 1 May 1980, and it began operation 14 October 1987.  The second unit started construction 1 August 1980 and began operation 6 July 1988.  The shutdown of the reactors is planned for the years 2028 and 2029 for unit 1 and 2 respectively.

Safety

In May 2001 construction-related defects were observed in this plant, along with four other sites.

The emergency cooling system of the two-phase nuclear power plant has a reserve water tank at the bottom of the reactor building.  In the event of a defect in the primary cooling circuit that causes it to no longer contribute to cooling, the water from the reserve tank is automatically fed into the cooling system. Inspections in May 2001 showed, however, that this automatic feeding of the water was unreliable, because under some circumstances the pressure of the heated water may block the water slide.

The French nuclear regulatory authority ASN initially classified this disruption of the emergency cooling systems as stage 1 on the international scale of nuclear events (INES), but later assigned it the stage 2 classification. The operating company EDF then built the slider so that excess pressure can no longer lead to a blockage.

In 2017 the French nuclear regulator Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN) placed Belleville under increased supervision because of "several failures by the operator in identifying and analysing the consequences of anomalies affecting certain safety-critical equipment". Belleville  has had eight Level 1 events on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

On 2 December 2021, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)'s Operational Safety Review Team (OSART), concluded an 18-day mission to Belleville and concluded the plant's operators had demonstrated a commitment to safety by introducing additional methods to prepare for accident management and using innovative approaches in the training of plant staff. OSART also identified areas for further enhancement, for example in operation, maintenance and operating experience. The mission was carried out at the request of the Government of France.

References

External links

 EDF site operator Belleville
 Centrale de Belleville - site de l'ASN Central Belleville - site of the ASN
 History of Central Belleville by the "green of Burgundy"
 Vue satellite sur Wikimapia : WikiMapia satellite view: The power of Belleville-sur-Loire
 Belleville 1 : INSC
 Belleville 2 : INSC
 Rapport 2007 Report 2007 under the Law of 13 June 2006 on transparency and nuclear safety

Nuclear power stations in France
Edgar Beck. Sir Edgar Charles Beck CBE (11 May 1911 – 29 July 2000) was a British civil engineer. He was managing director, chairman then president of Mowlem, one of the largest construction and civil engineering companies in the United Kingdom.

He was educated at Lancing College and then Jesus College, Cambridge before joining Mowlem in 1933. During World War II he helped with the construction of 10 airfields, and the Mulberry harbours used during the D-Day landings.

During Beck's chairmanship of Mowlem, the company reconstructed the 18th-century building at 10 Downing Street (1963), built the new London Bridge (1967), and built the NatWest Tower (1979, now Tower 42).

Beck was chairman of the Export Group for the Constructional Industries (1959–1963), and Chairman of the Council, then President, of the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors. He was appointed a CBE in 1967 and was knighted in 1975.

Edgar Beck died in July 2000 and was survived by his wife, three sons and two daughters.

References

Sir Edgar Beck: Obituary The Independent, 14 September 2000
Sir Edgar Beck: Obituary The Daily Telegraph, 23 August 2001

External links

1911 births
2000 deaths
People from the London Borough of Hackney
People educated at Lancing College
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
20th-century British businesspeople
British civil engineers
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Romer arm. A ROMER Arm is a term for a portable coordinate measuring machine ROMER, a company Acquired by the Hexagon AB group, and part of the Manufacturing Intelligence division, designed the ROMER arm in the 1980s to solve the problem of how to measure large objects such as airplanes and car bodies without moving them to a dedicated measuring laboratory. A coordinate measuring machine precisely measures an object in a 3D coordinate system, often in comparison to a computer aided design (CAD) model.  A portable coordinate measuring machine is usually a manual measuring device, which indicates that it requires a person to operate it.  

The arm has 6 or 7 joints and operate in the 3D world - It has 6 degree of freedoms- 3 for rotation and 3 for translation.   The physical arrangement of the arm is much like a human arm, with a wrist, forearm, elbow, and so on.  

ROMER arms are used for industrial measuring tasks where the part to be measured is too large or inconvenient to be moved. The measuring arm is brought to the part, which is possible because of the light weight of the system (less than 20 pounds).

History 

The original design for the ROMER arm is based on US patent 3,944,798, filed in 1974 by Homer Eaton, one of ROMER's founders, while working at Eaton Leonard.   At that time, the measuring arm was intended solely for the measurement of bent tube geometry.  Later, Eaton teamed up with colleague Romain Granger to create ROMER SARL (France) to create portable measuring arms for general purpose industrial measuring applications.  

The word ROMER comes from a combination of the two founders' names: Romain Granger and Homer Eaton.   

The ROMER companies today are part of Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence.

In August 2018 Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence renamed the product to the Absolute Arm consigning the name ROMER to the history books.

References 
Patent 3,944,798 Patent Text
 

Measuring instruments
Instance-based learning. In machine learning, instance-based learning (sometimes called memory-based learning) is a family of learning algorithms that, instead of performing explicit generalization, compare new problem instances with instances seen in training, which have been stored in memory. Because computation is postponed until a new instance is observed, these algorithms are sometimes referred to as "lazy."

It is called instance-based because it constructs hypotheses directly from the training instances themselves.
This means that the hypothesis complexity can grow with the data: in the worst case, a hypothesis is a list of n training items and the computational complexity of classifying a single new instance is O(n). One advantage that instance-based learning has over other methods of machine learning is its ability to adapt its model to previously unseen data. Instance-based learners may simply store a new instance or throw an old instance away.

Examples of instance-based learning algorithms are the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, kernel machines and RBF networks. These store (a subset of) their training set; when predicting a value/class for a new instance, they compute distances or similarities between this instance and the training instances to make a decision.

To battle the memory complexity of storing all training instances, as well as the risk of overfitting to noise in the training set, instance reduction algorithms have been proposed.

See also
Analogical modeling

References

Machine learning
Synthetic human-made environment. In a synthetic environment, the synthetic human-made environment (SHME) is the representation (i.e. modeling) of buildings, bridges, roads, and other man-made structures.

See also
 Glossary of military modeling and simulation

Further reading
 Braudaway, Wesley Ph.D., "Chapter 3 Synthetic Natural Environments Representation", University of Central Florida,  
 Sheldon, Beth, "M&S Quiz ANSWERS: Synthetic Natural Environment", SISO, 1999 
 "Department of Defense Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Master Plan", DoD 5000.59-P, DoD, 1995  Note: See Cultural Features term.

 
Synthetic environment
Master builder. A master builder or master mason is a central figure leading construction projects in pre-modern times (a combination of a modern expert carpenter, construction site supervisor, and architect / engineer).

Historically, the term has generally referred to "the head of a construction project in the Middle Ages or Renaissance period", with an 1887 source describing the status as follows:

The term has also been applied to more broadly include "designers and builders of large-scale construction work who learned their trade in a more formal way than the builders of primitive forms in pre-technological societies... from the times of the Egyptians and Sumerians until (and in some cases beyond) the Industrial Revolution". The phrase has been in use since at least 1610, when William Camden wrote in his  of "those Wings in Architecture, which the great Master builders tearme Peroma". Later in the same work, Camden writes:

Like other trades, master builders were initially trained through lengthy apprenticeships to persons already having that status, often beginning in boyhood, and the "secrets of the Master Builders were often jealously guarded, and treated as sacred knowledge". A 1926 source stated:

References

Construction and extraction occupations
LM-700. The LM-700 is a satellite bus which was built by Lockheed Martin between the mid-1990s and early 2000s. Typically used for low Earth orbit communications satellites, ninety nine were built, all but one for Iridium Satellite LLC. The exception was a technology development satellite for the United States Air Force, which was never launched. In addition, two boilerplate satellites were launched on a test flight of the Chinese Long March 2C rocket.

Overview
Two variants of the LM-700 were built. The ninety eight Iridium satellites used the LM-700A configuration, specialised for communications. Of these ninety five were launched, whilst three were retained as spares. One of the spare satellites is now displayed in the US National Air and Space Museum.

The LM-700B, designed for other missions, was also offered. One was built as the SBIRS-LADS demonstration satellite for the US Air Force's Space Based Infrared System, however its launch was cancelled after the satellite had been completed and delivered to the customer.

The LM-700A Iridium satellites were launched in clusters between 1997 and 2002. Satellites were launched in groups of five on Delta II 7920-10C rockets, groups of seven on Proton-K/DM2 rockets, pairs on the Long March 2C and on the last launch, two satellites on a Rockot. The cancelled SBIRS-LADS satellite would have used an Athena II.

An LM-700A, Iridium 33 was one of the satellites destroyed in the 2009 satellite collision. Most of the Iridium satellites currently in orbit have already exceeded their design life, whilst others are approaching the end of it, however at least enough satellites are still operating to maintain the network, which requires sixty six.

Satellites

See also
Orbcomm (satellite)

References

Satellite buses
AILU. The Association of Industrial Laser Users (AILU) was established in 1995 as an independent, non-profit organisation run by and for laser users involved in activities including manufacturing, healthcare, academic and industrial research; as well as suppliers of laser-related products and services.

The association promotes many activities surrounding laser use, such as the fostering of co-operation and collaboration and the dissemination of information, experience and expertise relating to industrial laser technology, laser materials processing; its applications and related technologies.

Organisation 
The organisation of AILU is under the direction of an elected standing committee made up of representatives from the UK industrial laser community. Elections are held annually at the Annual General Meeting.

AILU provides a wide range of general services to laser users and suppliers and hosts a number of special interest groups (SIGs) to better support members who have particular interests in common. These include a Job Shop SIG (established in 1995, with 86 members) for subcontract laser-based engineering companies; a Market Development SIG (established in 2005, with 240 members) for suppliers of laser-related products and services; a Medical SIG (established in 2007, with 55 members) for clinicians, manufacturers using lasers for manufacture of medical devices and suppliers of laser-related products and services; and the Micro:Nano SIG, AILU's newest, launched in mid 2008 at AILU's 10th microprocessing workshop.”

Activities 
The current activities of AILU include:

The AILU magazine - a quarterly magazine
Workshops of topics of laser technology and applications.
A Product and Services Directory
Forums.
Consultancy services.
Surveys

AILU’s Membership 
Application for membership of AILU is open to the industrial laser community worldwide. AILU currently has over 300 members, which make up (by sector) manufacturing industry including laser job shops (40%), suppliers of laser-related products and services (30%) and research and consultancy organisations (25%).

The AILU Award 
The AILU award recognises those individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to the industrial use of lasers in the UK. The AILU Award is presented to an individual for significant contribution to laser materials processing and that preferably has wider benefit for the industrial laser user community.

References 
https://www.ailu.org.uk Association of Industrial Laser Users (AILU) website

Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Laser awards and associations
Cadmium cyanide. Cadmium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(CN)2.  It is a white crystalline compound that is used in electroplating. It is very toxic, along with other cadmium and cyanide compounds.



Preparation and structure
Cadmium cyanide is prepared commercially by treating cadmium hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide:
 Cd(OH)2 + 2 HCN → Cd(CN)2 + 2 H2O
It can also be generated from tetracyanocadmate:
[Cd(CN)4]2−  +  CdCl2  →  2 Cd(CN)2  +  2 Cl−

Cadmium cyanide and zinc cyanide adopt similar structures.  As such, each metal has tetrahedral coordination sphere.  Cyanide ligands interconnect pairs of metal centers.  Two of the resulting diamondoid structures are interpenetrated.  The structure is related to that of cristobalite, a polymorphs of SiO2.  This structural similarity of cadmium dicyanide and cristobalite was foundational in the development of mineralomimetic chemistry: "the build-up of mineral-like structures using materials that never give stable minerals."

Reactions and uses
It is used as an electrolyte for electrodeposition of thin metallic cadmium coatings on metal to protect against corrosion.

Like zinc cyanide, cadmium cyanide is fairly soluble in water, which is unusual for transition metal cyanides.  The solubility increases with the additional cyanide, this reaction proceeding via "[Cd(CN)3]−" and [Cd(CN)4]2−. With acids, its solutions evolve hydrogen cyanide.  When it is crystallizes in the presence of certain small molecules, it forms clathrates.

References

Cadmium compounds
Cyanides
Khwarizmi Science Society. The Khwarizmi Science Society (KSS)  () is a Pakistan based non-profit science association aimed at furthering a science culture in Pakistan’s educational insitiutions and in the general public.

History
The Khwarizmi Science Society was founded in 1997 by a group of students at the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, under the guidance of Prof. Saadat Anwar Siddiqi. Initially started as a university-wide science club, the KSS has gradually evolved into one of the most active science societies in Pakistan. The KSS rose to prominence with its range of activities planned around and after International Year of Astronomy 2009  and an international symposium on Science and the Muslim Civilisation in 2007 with Prof. George Saliba as the keynote speaker. Since 2017, it has started annual science show, formally known as Lahore Science Mela, attracting thousands of school children and members of the general public.

Campaigns
One of its main focus areas is to partner with national and international organizations and institutions to run on-ground science awareness and motivation campaigns. Activities organized around the International Year of Astronomy inspired thousands of students around the country and the impact was acknowledged both home and abroad. Currently it is running a nationwide science awareness movement in partnership with Alif Ailaan reaching out to public and private schools in remote areas of Pakistan.

Lahore Science Mela
The Lahore Science Mela (LSM) is an annual event of KSS organized in Lahore, featuring science exhibits, live experiments, science games, and technological demonstrations for children and students of all ages and general public.
In addition to the demonstrations and stalls by the society volunteers, many national and international scientific and technological organizations bring their public engaging exhibits. Lahore Astronomical Society, Isfahan Mathematics House, and CERN Media Lab are among the organization which have participated.

See also
 Science and technology in Pakistan
 Alif Ailaan

References

Scientific societies based in Pakistan