omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marjorie Townsend. Marjorie Trees Townsend ( Rhodes; March 12, 1930 – April 4, 2015) was an American electrical engineer, and the first woman to manage a spacecraft launch for NASA.

Early life and education
Marjorie Trees Rhodes was born in Washington, D. C.  At age 15 she started college, and was the first woman to earn an engineering degree from George Washington University when she graduated in 1951.

Career
Early in her career, Townsend worked for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and at the Naval Research Laboratory.  She joined NASA in 1959. Her early work there involved weather satellites such as TIROS-1 and Nimbus. In time she was the first woman to become a spacecraft project manager at Goddard Spaceflight Center, responsible for Uhuru, the first satellite designed for x-ray astronomy. It was also the first American spacecraft to be launched from outside the United States, in 1970.

She worked with Bruno Rossi and Nobel laureate Riccardo Giacconi on the Small Astronomy Satellite program, and went to Kenya when Uhuru was launched by the Italian space program from the San Marco platform there.

Townsend retired from NASA in 1980, having received the Exceptional Service Medal and Outstanding Leadership Medal for her work. After that, she served as director of space systems engineering for BDM International, and was vice president at Space America.  She retired from her private-sector work in 1996.

Townsend was co-inventor of a digital telemetry system, patented in 1968, which was part of the Nimbus program weather satellite.

Honors and professional service
Marjorie Townsend was president of the Washington Academy of Sciences.  She was a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and chaired a local chapter of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.  In 1972 she was named a Knight of the Italian Republic Order for her work on Uhuru.  She was named a Distinguished Alumnus of George Washington University in 1976. In 2006 she was inducted into the Engineering Hall of Fame at her alma mater.

Personal life and legacy
Marjorie Rhodes married Charles E. Townsend Sr., a medical student, in 1948.  The couple had four sons together, and lived in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington DC.  Marjorie was widowed in 2001.

The Marjorie Rhodes Townsend Papers are held in the Special Collections library at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

References

American aerospace engineers
Women aerospace engineers
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women engineers
20th-century American women scientists
American women engineers
American women scientists
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
NASA people
People from Cleveland Park
1930 births
2015 deaths
Graduate Women in Science members
PC-1 (computer). The Parametron Computer 1 (PC-1) was a binary, single-address computer developed at Professor Hidetosi Takahasi's Laboratory at the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, and was one of the first general purpose computers that used parametron components and dual frequency magnetic-core memory. Construction started in September 1957 and was completed on March 26, 1958. The PC-1 was used at Takahasi's Laboratory for research related both to hardware and software and the researchers in the Faculty of Science also used it for scientific computing. The PC-1 was retired in May 1964.

The arithmetic and control circuits of the PC–1 consisted of 4200 parametrons. Binary numbers were coded using the two's complement representation; a short number was coded using 18 bits and a long one using 36. The single-address instructions were 18 bits long and there were about 20 of them. The memory consisted of 512 short words. The clock frequency was 15 kHz. One addition or subtraction required 4 clock cycles; one multiplication 26 cycles for a short multiplier, or 44 cycles for a long multiplier. Division consumed 161 cycles and a store operation 8. The power consumption was 3 kW and the floor area required was 8 square meters. The input was done using a photoelectric paper tape reader; the output was provided by a teletype.

References

Notes

Further reading
 
 
"TOSEC: University of Tokyo PC-1 (2012-04-23)" PC-1 Simulator. Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

Early computers
One-of-a-kind computers
A3 coupling reaction. The A3 coupling (also known as A3 coupling reaction or the aldehyde-alkyne-amine reaction), coined by Prof. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University, is a type of multicomponent reaction involving an aldehyde, an alkyne and an amine which react to give a propargylamine.

The reaction proceeds via direct dehydrative condensation and requires a metal catalyst, typically based on ruthenium/copper, gold or silver. Chiral catalyst can be used to give an enantioselective reaction, yielding a chiral amine.  The solvent can be water. In the catalytic cycle the metal activates the alkyne to a metal acetylide, the amine and aldehyde combine to form an imine which then reacts with the acetylide in a nucleophilic addition. The reaction type was independently reported by three research groups in 2001 -2002; one report on a similar reaction dates back to 1953.

If the amine substituents have an alpha hydrogen present and provided a suitable zinc or copper catalyst is used, the A3 coupling product may undergo a further internal hydride transfer and fragmentation to give an allene in a Crabbé reaction.

Decarboxylative A3 reaction
One variation is called the decarboxylative A3 coupling. In this reaction the amine is replaced by an amino acid. The imine can isomerise and the alkyne group is placed at the other available nitrogen alpha position. This reaction requires a copper catalyst. The redox A3 coupling has the same product outcome but the reactants are again an aldehyde, an amine and an alkyne as in the regular A3 coupling.

References 

Organic reactions
Multiple component reactions
Viper Aircraft Viperfan. The Viper Aircraft Viperfan was an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Viper Aircraft of Kennewick, Washington, introduced in the late 1990s. It was intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction, but only one was ever built.

Design and development
The  Viperfan was designed to resemble a military jet trainer, but powered by a pusher piston engine. It featured a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft was made from composite materials. Its  span wing-mounted flaps and had a wing area of . The cabin width was . The acceptable power range was  and the standard engines envisioned to be used were the  Continental IO-520 and TSIO-520, or the  Continental TSIOL-550 powerplant, driving the tail-mounted propeller through an extension shaft.

The Viperfan had a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot, passenger and baggage was . The aircraft was fully aerobatic and stressed to +/-6g.

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine was  and the landing roll was .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the planned kit to be 2000 hours.

The aircraft was not a success due to problems with vibrations in the engine-to-propeller extension shaft and so the aircraft was converted to turbojet power. Eventually it was completely redesigned to become the Viper Aircraft ViperJet MKII.

Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that one aircraft had been completed and was flying.

In May 2015 no examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and it is unlikely any exist anymore.

Specifications (Viperfan)

See also
List of aerobatic aircraft

References

External links

Viperfan
1990s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Ocean Bird. The Ocean Bird is a class of trimaran sailboat designed by John Westell and produced by Honnor Marine Ltd. at Totnes, Teignmouth in the 1970s, featuring fold-in lateral floats on a webless steel-beam frame chosen to provide stability against heeling, yet allow a compact footprint in harbour.

Overview
David Owen provided an overview in a 1970 review of the sailing craft. He noted the following:
 Multihulls owe their stability to their wide stance, which provides less yielding of the rig to heeling and thereby requires stronger support of the mast and rigging, but allows a much shallower draft than for a monohull. The vessel has a centreboard, instead of a fixed keel to minimize leeway.
 Ocean Bird trimarans are configured as "a monohull with two smaller, sleeker wing hulls mounted as outriggers". The outriggers fold in toward the main hull, when needed to save space when in harbour—a configuration that allows for motoring, but not sailing.
 The vessel has two berths forward, a marine toilet, washbasin, sail locker, and hanging locker in the center. The main cabin accommodates a dining area and galley.
 Owen quoted designer, Westell, as saying, "If a trimaran is properly built to stand up to bad weather stresses, it's just about the safest thing afloat. It's light enough and buoyant enough to use as its own life raft if all else fails."

See also
 List of multihulls

References

Trimarans
Boats designed by Lock Crowther
Vanderlande. Vanderlande is a material handling and logistics automation company based in Veghel, Netherlands and a subsidiary of Toyota Industries.

History
Eddie van der Lande established Machinefabriek Van der Lande in 1949. The company was based in the Veghel canal and produced unloading equipment including conveyors and cranes for various purposes. In 1963, the company entered into a partnership with the American company Rapistan which, in exchange of a stakeholding, licensed to the Dutch company automated material handling systems. The Van der Lande company was renamed Rapistan Lande. In 1988, the Rapistan Lande company was acquired by the Dutch company leadership and private investors through a management buy-out. In 1989, it adopted the Vanderlande name. 

From the late 1980s onwards, airports increased security, especially after the 9/11 attacks, with Vanderlande focusing most of its operations on selling equipment to them. 

In March 2017, it was announced that the company would be acquired by the Japanese conglomerate Toyota Industries. Toyota Industries agreed to pay , almost  at the time. The transaction was completed on May 20, 2017.

In April 2023, Vanderlande announced that Andrew Manship would replace Remo Brunschwiler as chief executive officer, effective January 1, 2024.

Operations

In 2022, the company reported revenues of , making it the world's fourth-largest materials handling systems supplier.

Vanderlande supplies material handling systems for airports, warehousing and the parcel distribution industry. , more than 600 airports in the world used Vanderlande's baggage handling systems, including 17 of the 25 largest airports in the world at that time.

Apart from its headquarters and "innovation centre" in Veghel, Vanderlande has additional production and service locations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, China, India, South Africa, and the United States.

References

External links
 Official website

Toyota Group
Material-handling equipment
Industrial machine manufacturers
Business services companies established in 1949
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
Dutch companies established in 1949
Dutch brands
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
Companies of the Netherlands
Organisations based in Meierijstad
Henry Charles Stanley. Henry Charles Stanley (1840–1921) was the chief engineer of the railways in Queensland, Australia.

Early life
Henry Charles Stanley was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1840, the son of Montague Talbot Stanley and his wife Mary née Eyre. His brother Francis Drummond Greville Stanley was a Queensland Colonial Architect.

Stanley studied for 2 years at Edinburgh University before being articled to Messrs B. and E. Blyth, civil engineers who acted as consultants to the Scottish railways.

In 1863 Stanley emigrated to Queensland.

Engineering career
On arrival in Queensland, Stanley was employed by the railway department of the Queensland Government. In 1872, he was put in charge of engineering for the southern and western railways. In 1886, the central railways also became his responsibility. In 1891, he was formally appointed the Chief Engineer for the entire Queensland network.

He also spent a year as engineer for the railways in Marlborough, New Zealand.

His major designs included:
 circa 1883: Dickabram Bridge over the Mary River at Miva
 circa 1883: Lockyer Creek Railway Bridge at Clarendon
 1885: Angellala Rail Bridge near Charleville
 1893: the second Albert Railway Bridge over the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly, Brisbane. This was a replacement for the first, which had just been destroyed in the 1893 Brisbane flood)
 circa 1895: Burdekin River Rail Bridge in Macrossan near Charters Towers
 1898: the Alexandra Railway Bridge at Rockhampton

Later life
Stanley died at his residence in the New Farm district of Brisbane, on 23 February 1921.

References

Australian engineers
1840 births
Colony of Queensland people
Engineers from Edinburgh
1921 deaths
British emigrants to Australia
Marcelo Coelho. Marcelo Coelho is a Brazilian American computation artist and designer. His work focuses on the boundaries between matter and computation, and includes interactive installations, photography, wearables, and robotics. Coelho is currently Head of Design at Formlabs, a Lecturer at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning and Principal Investigator at MIT's Design Intelligence Lab, a research lab inventing new forms of expression and collaboration between human and machine intelligence.

Marcelo Coelho graduated from Concordia University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Design and Computation Arts, and received a Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy from the MIT Media Lab.

Works
Coelho makes objects, installations, and live experiences that challenges people's perception of material properties and behaviors. Many of his works use techniques and concepts from composites, digital fabrication and programmable matter.

Six-Forty by Four-Eighty, a 2010 installation by Coelho, uses interactive physical pixels and body communication to convey an immersive digital graffiti experience.

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony, Coelho created an audiovisual performance of 400 dancers equipped with illuminated walking sticks to form a large-scale 2.5-dimensional display.

In Sandcastles, Coelho collaborated with artist Vik Muniz to etch drawings of castles originally created with a camera lucida onto grains of sand, using a focused ion beam and scanning electron microscope.

In Hyperform, Coelho developed a chandelier that is assembled from a single 3D printed chain, and where the assembly information is encoded in the material itself.

Awards and Exhibits
Coelho's work has been exhibited at Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Design Miami in Basel, Switzerland, and the Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire, England.

Coelho's work has won awards including the Vida 16 award from Fundacion Telefónica, the Designer of the Future Award from Design Miami, an Honorary Mention for Interactive Art  and [the next idea] voestalpine Art and Technology Grant from Ars Electronica.

References

External links

 Marcelo Coelho Studio

Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Human–computer interaction
Brazilian contemporary artists
Brazilian digital artists
Brazilian designers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol. The Department of Computer Science of the University of Bristol, is the computer science department of the University of Bristol and is based in the Merchant Venturers building on Woodland Road, close to Bristol city centre.  the department is home to 145 academic staff, researchers, and PhD students.

Research
Research in the department is organised around 10 research groups, which focus on cryptography, algorithms, Human–computer interaction (HCI), computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), verification, computational neuroscience, cybersecurity, robotics, high-performance computing, and programming languages.

History

The Department of Computer Science was formally established around 1984. Its heads of department include
 Professor Mike Rogers (1984-1995)
 Professor David May (1995-2006)
 Professor Nigel Smart (2006-2008)
 Professor Nishan Canagarajah (2008- ?)
 Dr Neill Campbell (?-2011)
 Dr Ian Holyer (2011-?)
 Professor Andrew Calway (?-2016)
 Professor Seth Bullock (2016-2020)
 Professor Christian Allen (2020-2021)
 Dr. Aisling O'Kane (2021-)

Notable faculty members
 the department employs fourteen Professors, shown below:

 Professor Awais Rashid
 Professor Dave Cliff
 Professor Peter Flach
 Professor Majid Mirmehdi
 Professor Seth Bullock
 Professor Kerstin Eder
 Professor Walterio Mayol-Cuevas
 Professor Simon McIntosh-Smith
 Professor Andrew Calway
 Professor Kirsten Cater
 Professor Ian Nabney
 Professor Chris Preist
 Professor Bogdan Warinschi
 Professor Dima Damen

References

University of Bristol
Bristol
John Baillieul. John Baillieul (born May 13, 1945) is an American control theorist and distinguished professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Boston University.

Baillieul is a fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. He served as president of the IEEE Control Systems Society in 2006, and was editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control from 1992 to 1998 and editor-in-chief of the SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization from 2006 to 2011.

He graduated from Harvard University with a PhD in 1975.

References

Living people
1945 births
American control theorists
American mechanical engineers
Boston University faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Harvard University alumni
Small Arms Weapons Effects Simulator. The Small Arms Weapons Effect Simulator (SAWES) was a training device used by the British Army during the 1980s. It consisted of an infrared projector mounted on the L1A1 self-loading rifle and later the SA80, and a harness with receptors to receive the beams to simulate hits. The sight had a similar reticle as the SUSAT and a cable attached to the trigger that activated the device when using blank ammunition. An unusual 'Umpire gun' existed made from L1A1 components was used by range staff.

Users

References

See also
Deployable Tactical Engagement System
Realistic Engagement And Combat Training System
MilSim
Airsoft
Quasar
Military exercise
Paintball
Opposing force

Military lasers
Laser tag
British Army equipment
History of the British Army
Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
Military simulation
Energy in Guam. The pattern of energy production and use in Guam is shaped by its location, a remote island. Almost all energy is reliant on imports of petroleum products for use in transport and electricity. Guam has no domestic production of conventional fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal. Its economy is dependent on the import of gasoline and jet fuel for transport and residual fuel oil for electricity. One third of electricity produced is used in commercial settings including the leading industry of tourism. Despite making up about one-tenth of the islands population, the U.S. military uses one-fifth of the island's energy.

Rising fuel costs and environmental concerns have led to major plans to alter the electrical industry in Guam. Renewables and cleaner burning natural gas and diesel power are planned.

Electricity

Conventional
Guam has a rated generating capacity of 560 MW, more than twice its historical highest load. This is supplied by several plants burning residual fuel oil operated for the Guam Power Authority by independent power providers. In 2015 electricity cost 2.5 times as much on Guam as on the U.S. mainland. A new plant was proposed in 2014 which would replace all of these generators and run on either diesel or on liquified natural gas. This new plant would comply with U.S. EPA Clean Air Act requirements.

Renewable energy
Until 2015, only a few off-grid photovoltaic systems (PV) and some distributed generation PV and small wind turbines are in use on the island. Plans for several large solar farms have been announced. Guam has adopted a renewables policy that requires the reduction of fossil fuel consumption by 2020 to 20% less than the rate in 2010. Another requirement is for 5% of electricity in 2015 to be from renewables, increasing to 25% by 2035. A net metering program began in 2009.

A 25.6MW Dan Dan solar farm at Inarajan came online in late 2015.  It would reduce fuel oil consumption by almost 2 million barrels a year. The U.S. military has proposed to lease land for a 44 MW solar farm. Proposals for a second solar farm of up to 40MW were requested in 2015 to include details on incorporating battery storage.

A single 0.275MW wind turbine is expected to be online in 2015 as part of a pilot program in wind energy.

A 10MW waste to energy plant has been proposed but, in 2015, has met resistance due to cost and air pollution concerns.

References

Guam
Energy in Oceania
TeST TST-5 Variant. The TeST TST-5 Variant is a Czech homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by TeST Gliders of Brno, introduced c. 1998. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a completely assembled aircraft, without engine or instruments, and also as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The TST-5 Variant features a cantilever shoulder-wing, a single seat in enclosed cockpit under a plexiglass canopy, fixed tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is of all-wood construction. Its constant-chord wing with a NACA 4415 airfoil is intended to give docile handling and is supported by "V"-struts. The standard engine used is the M-125 powerplant.

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied "express-built" kit as 250 hours.

Variants
TST-5 Variant
Original model with constant chord, strut-braced wing
TST-5 Variant Duo
Model with tapered cantilever wing

Specifications (TST-5 Variant)

References

External links

TST-5
1990s Czech and Czechoslovak sport aircraft
1990s Czech and Czechoslovak civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1998