omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Venga TG-10. 

The Venga TG-10 Brushfire was a military trainer aircraft developed in Canada in the late 1980s. The sole prototype was destroyed in a fire without having flown. The TG-10 was a low-wing, single-engine jet with seating in tandem for the pilot and instructor. In general layout, it resembled the Northrop F-5 but had twin, outwardly-canted tail fins. Construction was of composite materials throughout. Announced to the public at the 1987 Paris Air Show, the key selling point of the design was its low cost, offering the performance of competing jet trainers at the cost of a turboprop trainer. Venga Aerospace claimed letters of interest from five countries, involving up to 160 aircraft. A single-seat ground-attack version and a UAV version were also considered.

Venga hoped to be able to enter the design in the USAF's JPATS competition, but this did not transpire. Finance proved an ongoing problem for the project, despite a partnership with Chinese firm Baosteel announced in 1994, as the first prototype was nearing completion. At the time, Venga still claimed "soft orders" for 86 aircraft from five customers.  The aircraft was destroyed in a fire in May 1998, and no further work was undertaken. However, as recently as 2004, Venga hoped to relaunch the project.

Specifications (prototype, as designed)

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Canada
TG-10
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Sindlinger Hawker Hurricane. The Sindlinger HH-1 Hawker Hurricane is a  scale homebuilt design based on the Hawker Hurricane. Designed by Fred Sindlinger for amateur construction, the prototype was built between 1969 and 1972.

Design
Although based on the Hawker Hurricane the design makes some compromises for the amateur construction and the smaller size. It is an all-wood low-wing cantilever monoplane with a manual retractable main landing gear and fixed tail wheel. Designed to take a  Lycoming engine. The cockpit is  out of scale in height and width and the elevators are 12% overscale. It used wooden stringers and fabric to give the appearance of the real Hurricane.

Although originally designed for the Lycoming O-320 a number of people have successfully fitted auto (car) engines. The picture is of one such conversion in New Zealand which has been successfully flying for 900 hours as of March 2020 using a Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 engine driving a Dave Blanton designed cogged belt PSRU. This aircraft is also fitted with electric retractable landing gear.

Specifications (Sindlinger prototype)

See also

References

External links

 Philo Lund Collection

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Replica aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Abingdon Reservoir. The Abingdon Reservoir (also known as the South East Strategic Reservoir Option, or SESRO) is a long-term proposal for fresh water storage for the Home Counties. Located south west of Abingdon, Oxfordshire in the mid-west of the Thames Basin, it is intended to help support water supply provision in the south-east of England. The proposals have been developed with Southern Water and Affinity Water and is intended to serve all three company’s customers.

Proposals
The proposal arose in 2006 by Thames Water. In 2007 the Environment Agency opined that need for this was not proven. Further arguments were put but the near-term-demand case was rejected in 2011. In 2023, following a period of consultation, a revised version increased the proposal to .

This would make Abingdon the second-largest reservoir in England by capacity, exceeded only by Kielder Water at , pushing Rutland Water into third place at . Across the whole of the UK, only seven Scottish lochs have greater freshwater storage by volume.

Additional storage capacity is expected to be needed by 2043 to cater to projected population growth in the Thames Basin.

In early 2025, Thames Water opened discussions with potential contractors about delivery of the reservoir, which would cost up to £2.2bn to build and would then supply water to 15m people across southeast England. Ground investigations were in progress to help inform an application for development consent in 2026. If the consent was granted, construction was expected to start in 2029 for opening in 2040. Chancellor Rachel Reeves expressed her support for the scheme in a January 2025 speech as part of "nine new reservoirs [...] to improve our water infrastructure and provide a foundation for growth."

Reasons for the construction 

The main reason to build is that the South-East is facing significant seasonal water stress. Factors are the rain shadow behind the prevailing westerly winds and western hills. Eastern counties lack the rainfall of the west; their average annual rainfall being 500-750mm. The west receives around 1800-2800mm.

Average population density is higher in the eastern than western counties; London houses 13.5% of the UK's population. This is the greatest concentration of domestic water usage. Roughly 22% of water use is domestic; 75% is from all types of industry.

Counter-arguments 
GARD or the 'Group Against Reservoir Development' have counter-arguments, local, national, and international comparators.
Thames Water have unambitious targets for leakages
The reservoir will be far from potent against long droughts
As there is enough water to supply London now there can be in future using other, sustainable methods.
Impacts on the ecosystem being transformed from supporting many endangered and protected land-based invertebrates, water voles, bats and hedgehogs to more water-based bird life.
Traffic congestion and construction pollution.
Local economic loss of many well-rooted businesses and a solar farm.
A new, low, risk of flooding.

References

External links

 Project homepage by Thames Water

Reservoir
Reservoirs in Oxfordshire
Proposed infrastructure in England
Earl D. Eisenhower. Earl Dewey Eisenhower (February 1, 1898 – December 18, 1968) was an American electrical engineer and  legislator, as well as the younger brother of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life and education
Born in Abilene, Kansas, his brothers included President Dwight D. Eisenhower, attorney Edgar N. Eisenhower, and university president Milton Eisenhower. Eisenhower moved to the state of Washington, where he stayed with his brother Edgar who helped with college expenses. Earl Eisenhower graduated from the University of Washington in 1923 with a degree in electrical engineering. After working on a passenger ship, he worked in Pennsylvania with West Penn Power Company and in Illinois with Suburban Life Newspapers.

Career
The 1960 reapportionment process was stalled in the Illinois General Assembly by partisan gridlock. Subsequently, the Illinois Supreme Court ordered that the 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election be held at-large. Voters were given ballots three feet long and voted for up to 177 candidates. The Republicans found Earl Eisenhower, a La Grange Park resident, to head their ticket of 118 candidates. Though the election was won overwhelmingly by the Democratic Party, Eisenhower himself was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Eisenhower was assigned to the Committees on Agriculture; Motor Vehicles and Traffic Regulation; and Public Utilities, Railroads and Aviation. He also served on the American Heritage Commission.

After a 1965 Illinois Supreme Court order resolved the redistricting issue, Eisenhower's home at 404 Homestead Road was drawn into the 7th district. In 1965, out of frustration of being in the minority party and a general desire to retire, Eisenhower announced he would not run for a second term in the Illinois House of Representatives. However, he developed an interest in running for Cook County Treasurer or Cook County Clerk and asked the Cook County Republican Party to slate him for one of the positions. He then ran for County Clerk of Cook County, Illinois and lost in the 1966 election. The multi-member 7th district elected Republican candidates Joseph G. Sevcik of Berwyn and Henry Klosak of Cicero, and Democratic candidate Gerald W. Shea of Riverside.

Personal life 
He died December 18, 1968, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

References

External links

 Papers of Earl D. Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

1898 births
1968 deaths
People from La Grange Park, Illinois
People from Abilene, Kansas
Politicians from Scottsdale, Arizona
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Eisenhower family
American electrical engineers
20th-century members of the Illinois General Assembly
Neiva B Monitor. The Neiva B Monitor, also designated B-2, is a Brazilian tandem two-seat glider aircraft designed and manufactured by Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva between 1945 and 1955 for primary training and general flying.

Design and development
The B Monitor was designed by Jose Carlos de Barros Neiva after the end of World War II. At that time Brazil was conducting the "Campanha Nacional de Aviação" (National Aviation Campaign), a nationwide program focused on re-equipping and incentivizing Aero clubs and the aeronautical industry. The lack of good performance gliders with good training qualities to replace the ageing and obsolete sailplane training fleet, composed in its majority by German types of the 1930s, was acute.
Jose Carlos de Barros Neiva designed then a glider which conserved the best characteristics of the Grunau Baby, widely used in Brazil at the time. The first prototype, registered PP-PCB had its maiden flight in 1945, and the type certificate was given in 1950.
The “Campanha Nacional de Aviação” bought the first prototype and other 20 aircraft for the aero clubs. A modified version called B-Monitor Modificado was built with a different nose and different materials in the mid-1950s.

Construction
The Monitor is largely a wooden aircraft. Its high wings are built around a single box spar, with a torsion resisting, plywood covered leading edge. Behind the spar the wing is fabric covered. Dihedral is just 0.5°.  The wings are braced to the lower fuselage with a pair of single lift struts. The ailerons are wood framed and fabric covered; spoilers are wooden.

The fuselage is mainly built with wood, a semi-monocoque construction with steel tubes for wing attachments. The two seat cockpit has dual controls. The empennage is conventional, with a braced tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage. The landing gear is a forward skid with elastic dampers and a single, fixed wheel aft of the centre of gravity.

Variants

Neiva B Modificado
In 1959, Neiva produced a version called B-Monitor Modificado with different nose, and cockpit. The fuselage was built with welded steel tubes, but conserving the same wing and tailplane. A single unit was produced (Serial number CTA-02 A-223), for evaluation at the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology of the Brazilian Air Force, and was later donated to CVV-CTA Aeroclub.

Operational history
The B-Monitor were used in many aero clubs and have trained hundreds of pilots. Many Brazilian soaring records were established in the type and it was used as a primary trainer in some of the largest Brazilian aero clubs, including CVV-CTA in São José dos Campos/Ipuã, Rio Claro, Osório, and Tatuí.

Specifications

Notes

References

External links

Neiva’s official site

B Monitor
1940s Brazilian sailplanes
Glider aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
ISO 1745. ISO 1745:1975 Information processing – Basic mode control procedures for data communication systems is an early ISO standard defining a Telex-oriented communications protocol that used the non-printable ASCII transmission control characters SOH (Start of Heading), STX (Start of Text), ETX (End of Text), EOT (End of Transmission), ENQ (Enquiry), ACK (Acknowledge), DLE (Data Link Escape), NAK (Negative Acknowledge), SYN (Synchronous Idle), and ETB (End of Transmission Block).

It also defines a serial data format, consisting of a start bit, 7 bit ASCII (least significant bit first), a parity bit (even for asynchronous networks, odd for synchronous networks), and a stop bit.

The text of ISO 1745:1975 is not currently freely available, but the corresponding ECMA version is. The protocol it defines seems to now be little used.

References

16
01745
Apogee kick motor. An apogee kick motor (AKM) is a rocket motor that is regularly employed on artificial satellites to provide the final impulse to change the trajectory from the transfer orbit into its final orbit (most commonly circular).  For a satellite launched from the Earth, the rocket firing is done at the highest point of the transfer orbit, known as the apogee.

An apogee kick motor is used, for example, for satellites launched into a geostationary orbit. As the vast majority of geostationary satellite launches are carried out from spaceports at a significant distance away from Earth's equator, the carrier rocket often only launches the satellite into an orbit with a non-zero inclination approximately equal to the latitude of the launch site. This orbit is commonly known as a "geostationary transfer orbit" or a "geosynchronous transfer orbit". The satellite must then provide thrust to bring forth the needed delta v to reach a geostationary orbit. This is typically done with a fixed onboard apogee kick motor. When the satellite reaches its orbit's apogee position, the AKM is ignited, transforming the elliptical orbit into a circular orbit, while at the same time bringing the inclination to around zero degrees, thereby accomplishing the insertion into a geostationary orbit. This process is called an "apogee kick".

More generally, firing a rocket engine to place a vehicle into the desired final orbit from a transfer orbit is labelled an "orbital insertion burn" or, if the desired orbit is circular, a circularization burn.  For orbits around bodies other than Earth, it may be referred to as an apoapsis burn.

The amount of fuel carried on board a satellite directly affects its lifetime, therefore it is desirable to make the apogee kick maneuver as efficient as possible. The mass of most geostationary satellites at the beginning of their operational life in geostationary orbit is typically about half that when they separated from their vehicle in geostationary transfer orbit, with the other half having been fuel expended in the apogee kick maneuver.

Use on interplanetary missions
A Star 48 kick motor was used to launch the New Horizons spacecraft towards Pluto.

See also
Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage
Centaur
Hohmann transfer orbit
Liquid apogee engine
List of upper stages
Multistage rocket
Space tug

References 

Rocketry
Rocket engines
AWX antenna. An AWX antenna is an antenna which means that it can be used for All Wave radio frequency and is shaped like X.

It has two V-shaped elements. Two types to place these two elements exist for this antenna. First, one element is placed left side spreading out for left and the other element is placed right side spreading out for right. This is balanced type. Second, one element is placed upper side spreading out for upward and the other element is placed lower side spreading out for downward. This is unbalanced type.

RF energy is fed at two vertices of each element.

It can be used in very wide frequency range whose gain is higher than a dipole antenna. To obtain enough gain, the antenna must be set at enough high place off the ground to avoid the effect of the ground.

The antenna is used by radio stations which need to communicate in wide frequency range such as amateur radios, military radios and maritime mobile services.

References

Radio frequency antenna types
Antennas (radio)
Reichstein process. The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps. This process was devised by Nobel Prize winner Tadeusz Reichstein and his colleagues in 1933 while working in the laboratory of the ETH in Zürich.

Reaction steps 
The reaction steps are:
 hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol, an organic reaction with nickel as a catalyst under high temperature and high pressure.
 Microbial oxidation or fermentation of sorbitol to L-sorbose with acetobacter at pH 4-6 and 30 °C.
 protection of the 4 hydroxyl groups in sorbose by formation of the acetal with acetone and an acid to Diacetone-L-sorbose (2,3:4,6−Diisopropyliden−α−L−sorbose)
 Organic oxidation with potassium permanganate (to Diprogulic acid) followed by heating with water gives the 2-Keto-L-gulonic acid
 The final step is a ring-closing step or gamma lactonization with removal of water.
 Intermediate 5 can also be prepared directly from 3 with oxygen and platinum

The microbial oxidation of sorbitol to sorbose is important because it provides the correct stereochemistry.

Importance 
This process was patented and sold to Hoffmann-La Roche in 1934. The first commercially sold vitamin C product was either Cebion from Merck or Redoxon from Hoffmann-La Roche.

Even today industrial methods for the production of ascorbic acid can be based on the Reichstein process. In modern methods however, sorbose is directly oxidized with a platinum catalyst (developed by Kurt Heyns (1908–2005) in 1942). This method avoids the use of protective groups. A side product with particular modification is 5-Keto-D-gluconic acid.

A shorter biotechnological synthesis of ascorbic acid was announced in 1988 by Genencor International and Eastman Chemical. Glucose is converted to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in two steps (via 2,4-diketo-L-gulonic acid intermediate) as compared to five steps in the traditional process. 

Though many organisms synthesize their own vitamin C, the steps can be different in plants and mammals. Smirnoff concluded that “..little is known about many of the enzymes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis or about the factors controlling flux through the pathways". There is interest in finding alternatives to the Reichstein process. Experiments suggest that genetically modified bacteria might be commercially usable.

References

Literature 
 Boudrant, J. (1990): Microbial processes for ascorbic acid biosynthesis: a review. In: Enzyme Microb Technol. 12(5); 322–9; ; 
 Bremus, C. et al. (2006): The use of microorganisms in L-ascorbic acid production. In: J Biotechnol.'' 124(1); 196–205; ;

External links 
 http://www.chemieunterricht.de/dc2/asch2/a-synthe.htm
 Der Schweizerische Weg zur Viamin-C-Synthese

Organic reactions
EIKON International. EIKON International is located in Montgomery, Alabama, and makes interurban cars, trolley cars and streetcars.  EIKON also restores and manufactures other types of rail cars, including streetcars. EIKON emerged in 2008 as Edwards Rail Car Company ceased production of railcars at the Montgomery location.

Current operations
In production are several railbuses to be sent to Peru for operation, patterned after original Edwards designs dating from the mid-1920s. The propulsion system for these cars uses a diesel-hydraulic design after joint engineering with Parker Hannifin and Cummins.

Peter Witt trolley #754 was restored for McKinney Avenue Transit Authority, as well as an original Edwards Model 10 for a private collector.

See also
Doodlebug
Streetcar

References

External links
 EIKON International, LLC
 Machu Picchu Train Website
 MATA

Rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Railway service companies of the United States
Companies based in Montgomery, Alabama
H&BR Class F3. The H&BR Class F3 (LNER Class N13) was a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotives of the Hull and Barnsley Railway.  They were designed by Matthew Stirling to work goods trains to and from the King George Dock at Hull which opened in 1914.  They were not fitted with vacuum brakes so they were not suitable for passenger work.

Dimensions
Sources disagree about some dimensions. LNER encyclopedia gives boiler pressure as 160 psi and tractive effort as .  Ian Allan gives 175 psi and  respectively.  The locomotives were fitted with new boilers between 1926 and 1934 so it is possible that the boiler pressure was raised at this time.

British Railways
All 10 locomotives survived into British Railways ownership in 1948, but one was scrapped immediately and did not receive a BR number.  The remaining 9 were given BR numbers 69111-69119.

Withdrawal
The N13s were withdrawn between 1952 and 1956. The last N13 to be withdrawn was number 69114 and it was the last H&BR locomotive to remain in service. None are preserved.

References

F3
0-6-2T locomotives
Hawthorn Leslie and Company locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1913
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain

Freight locomotives
Bruce E. Dale. Bruce E. Dale is a professor of chemical engineering at Michigan State University.  He specializes in studies of renewable energy sources, and is currently working on creating methods of turning grass into ethanol for use as fuel.

Dale received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Arizona and his Ph.D. from Purdue University.

Dale is a convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary for the church in the Mexico West Mission.  He has been a bishop and Sunday School teacher in the LDS Church.  From 1999 to 2008 Dale served as stake president of the Lansing Michigan Stake.

Prior to joining the faculty of MSU, Dale was a professor at Colorado State University and at Texas A&M University.

In July, 2009 Dale and George W. Huber co-authored the front-page article for Scientific American about the potential of organic food, specifically non-edible organic fuels.

Sources
MSU faculty bio page
article by Dale on biomass
Huffington Post article on alternative energy sources by Dale
"New Stake Presidents", Church News, November 22, 2008
intro bio about Dale
"New stake presidencies", Church News, October 17, 1999

American chemical engineers
Colorado State University faculty
Converts to Mormonism
Michigan State University faculty
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
University of Arizona alumni
American Mormon missionaries in Mexico
Living people
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Place of birth missing (living people)
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Latter Day Saints from Indiana
Latter Day Saints from Michigan
Latter Day Saints from Colorado
Latter Day Saints from Texas
Year of birth missing (living people)
Apache Jelly. Apache Jelly is a Java and XML based scripting and processing engine for turning XML into executable code. Jelly is a component of Apache Commons.

Custom XML languages are commonly created to perform some kind of processing action. Jelly is intended to provide a simple XML based processing engine that can be extended to support various custom actions.

Usage 
CA Project and Portfolio Management, or CA PPM, formerly known as CA Clarity PPM or just Clarity, is a product of Broadcom. CA PPM uses an extended version of the Jelly tag-language as an automation and integration scripting language in its Process Management engine. CA PPM implementation of Jelly is called GEL (Generic Execution Language) and encompasses a new custom tag library that allows easier connection to CA PPM via its XML Open Gateway (XOG). The following example shows how CA PPM implements the classical "Hello World" application.<gel:script xmlns:j="jelly:core" xmlns:gel="jelly:com.niku.union.gel.GELTagLibrary">
  <j:forEach indexVar="i" begin="1" end="3">
    <gel:out>Hello World ${i}!</gel:out>
  </j:forEach>
</gel:script>

Jelly is also used by the ServiceNow platform, which uses Jelly tag-language for scripting the UI, and by the Jenkins continuous integration server, which uses Jelly to allow plugins to extend its UI.

References

External links 
Apache Jelly
Apache Commons Homepage

Java platform
Jelly
Jelly