omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Al-Tammuz. The Al-Tammuz missile was an Iraqi project to design a surface-to-surface missile (SSM) based on scud technology that could deliver a payload of at least 1,000 kg to a distance of 1,200 km. The missile was a potential delivery system that could have helped Iraq to deliver nuclear payloads.

History
Iraq had been planning to produce a liquid propelled surface-to-surface missile having a range of 1,200-2,000 km based on current scud technology. The Iraqis had started Project 144 for the production and modification of missile systems and designated it to the Al Qaya state establishment. The Iraqis also assigned project 1729 to Nassr State Enterprise, Research and Development Center, Taji-Baghdad. The Iraqis also started Project 1728 for indigenous scud engine development and production. Practical work on this missile, however, did not start until April 1989, according to Iraqi suggestions the nuclear capable version  would not have been ready by 1993, two years after the first Iraqi nuclear weapon was to be produced.

The Al-Tammuz missile program received help from foreign expertise especially from the Brazilian scientist Major General Hugo de Oliveira Piva.

Characteristics
The missile was to be liquid propelled with a range of 1,200-2,000 km and a payload capacity of at least one ton. The engine was to be based on the Second stage of Al-Abid LV. Note that some sources also designate the al-Abid LV as Tammuz-2.

See also
Al-Hussein (missile)
Badr-2000

References 

Military history of Iraq
Medium-range ballistic missiles of Iraq
Surface-to-surface missiles of Iraq
Scud missiles
Fieseler F 3. The Fieseler F 3 Wespe ("Wasp") was a German aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch as the Delta IV and built by Fieseler. Lippisch later redesignated its variants as the Delta IVa and b, with the c variant being built as the DFS 39.<ref>Lippisch, Alexander M. "Tailless Tailpiece", Air Enthusiast. September 1972. pp.136-8, 150.</ref>

Little history of the aircraft remains due in part to destruction of records and documents during World War II.

Design and development
The aircraft was of canard layout, having a broad and lightly tapered delta wing with small foreplanes immediately in front of the leading edge. Twin endplate fins were attached to the wing tips. Power was provided by two radial engines in push-pull configuration. The seven cylinder Pobjoy R engines each provided 75-85 horsepower. A two-bladed propeller manufactured by Gustav Schwarz can be seen in some of the few remaining photos. The design featured folding wings. Different versions of the aircraft had either a fully enclosed "greenhouse" style canopy or two open cockpits. After determining the aircraft to be generally uncontrollable, the project was transitioned to the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft (RRG). The design was further evolved into the Lippisch Delta IVc.

References

Further readingFieseler F 3 "Wespe" (RRG "Delta IV")'', Gunter Frost, JET+PROP No. 3, 2004.

1930s German experimental aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Fieseler aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Tso-Ping Ma. Tso-Ping Ma (; November 13, 1945 – April 6, 2021)  was a Chinese-American electronic engineer and professor of electrical engineering and applied physics at Yale University, USA.

Early life
Tso-Ping Ma was born in Lanzhou, China in 1945, but relocated to Taiwan to escape the Chinese Civil War. After graduating from National Taiwan University in 1968, he moved to live and study in the United States. He completed his Ph.D. degree from Yale University in 1974.

Career
Ma joined IBM from 1975 to 1977. In 1977, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University as a faculty member. In 1985, he became a professor. His research focused on semiconductor devices, logic and memory technologies. At Yale, Ma held the Raymond John Wean Professorship of Electrical Engineering from 2002 and chaired the Electrical Engineering Department.

Awards
Ma become an IEEE Fellow in 1994. He received the Paul Rapport Award of the IEEE Electronic Device Society in 1998. In 2003, he was elected to the US National Academy of Engineering. In 2005, he received the IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award.  In 2008, he received the Connecticut Medal of Technology award. In 2009, he was elected a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2012, he was elected a member of Taiwan's Academia Sinica. In 2016, he received an honorary doctorate from National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan.

Death
Ma died on April 6, 2021, at the age of 75, after a brief battle with cancer.

References 

Chinese Civil War refugees
National Taiwan University alumni
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty
IBM employees
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1945 births
2022 deaths
Members of Academia Sinica
Chinese electrical engineers
American electrical engineers
People from Lanzhou
Engineers from Gansu
Richard Hiscocks. Richard Duncan Hiscocks MBE (4 June 1914 – 13 December 1996) was a Canadian aerodynamicist and aviation engineer, responsible for many well-known aircraft of Canadian origin.

Early life
He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He went to school in Toronto and studied Engineering Physics at the University of Toronto, where he graduated in 1938. Over the summer at university he had worked at de Havilland Canada (DHC).

Career

National Research Council
From 1940 he worked at the National Research Council (NRC), being sent to Germany to interview German aerospace scientists. He worked at the NRC later from 1968-76.

de Havilland Canada
He helped to design the DHC-3 Otter. Later designs he would work on at DHC, from 1976-79, were the Dash 7 and Dash 8.

Publications
 Design of Light Aircraft, 1 December 1995,

Personal life
For his work at NRC, he was awarded the MBE in 1947.

He died aged 82. He is buried in St Mary's Anglican Church. He married the naturalist Bettie Jacobs (1915-2007).

See also
 Leslie Frise of the Bristol Aeroplane Company
 Prof Richard Hiscocks (1907-98), English political scientist, Professor of International Relations from 1964 at the University of Sussex

References

1914 births
1996 deaths
Aerodynamicists
Canadian aerospace engineers
Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire
de Havilland Canada
De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
National Research Council (Canada)
Engineers from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Metallization pressure. Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough. Some of these pressures are beyond the reach of diamond anvil cells, and are thus theoretical predictions. Neon has the highest metallization pressure for any element.

The value for phosphorus refers to pressurizing black phosphorus. The value for arsenic refers to pressurizing metastable black arsenic; grey arsenic, the standard state, is already a metallic conductor at standard conditions. No value is known or theoretically predicted for radon. Astatine is calculated to already be a metal at standard conditions, although its extreme radioactivity means that this has never been tested experimentally.

See also
Metal–insulator transition
Metallic hydrogen
Nonmetallic material

References

Physical chemistry
Allotropes
Nefise Akçelik. Nefise Akçelik (b. 1955, Muratlı - d. 5 October 2003) was a Turkish civil engineer who specialised in building tunnels. The Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel is named in her honour.

Early life and education 
Akçelik was born in the Muratlı district of Tekirdağ in Turkey in 1955. She completed her secondary education at Erenköy Kız Lisesi’ the Erenköy Girls' High School in Istanbul.

Age 16, Akçelik enrolled in the civil engineering department of Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi (KTÜ) where she was the only female student in her department. Akçelik graduated from university in 1976 at the age of 20, having learned English and French as well as civil engineering.

In 1989, Akçelik earned a master's degree from the Department of Geotechnics in the Institute of Science at Gazi University in Ankara and received the title of technical chief.

Career 
In 1978, she started working at the General Directorate of Highways Technical Research Department, in the Ground Mechanics and Tunnels Branch Directorate. She was appointed as chief of tunnel and structures, then promoted to become deputy branch manager and branch manager.

Akçelik worked on over 200 tunnel and geotechnical projects in her career. She prepared specifications for tunnel projects, construction and road engineering services. Akçelik wrote two books on problems in tunnel construction and weak ground problems and precautions on highways and authored 21 articles which were published in national and international conference proceedings.

Akçelik spoke at the conference on the Use of Underground Structures organised by the International Tunneling and Underground Space Association in Istanbul in October 2002 and contributed to the organisation's international working groups.

She was known for helping to support other women engineers.

Nefise Akçelik retired in September 2003.

Personal life 
Nefise Akçelik, married her colleague İbrahim Ethem Akçelik in 1978. The couple had a daughter, Oya, in 1979 and a son, Oğuz, in 1989.

According to her husband, Akçelik was a socialist, anti-capitalist, anti-militarist and internationalist.

She died on October 5, 2003, of complications from cancer.

Commemoration 
The Hapan Tunnel, which Akçelik was involved in building but did not live to see completed was renamed the Ordu Nefise Akçelik Tunnel in her honour in 2007. The highway tunnel is in Ordu Province, northern Turkey. At a length of 3,825 m (12,549 ft), it was the country's longest tunnel at the time of its opening.

Nefise Akçelik was commemorated at the 31st International Tunneling and Underground Space Association World Tunneling Congress in 2005.

References 

2003 deaths
1955 births
Turkish civil engineers
Erenköy Girls High School alumni
People from Istanbul
People from Tekirdağ
Gazi University alumni
Turkish women
Turkish women engineers
Schleicher AS 33. The Schleicher AS 33 is a German glider manufactured by Alexander Schleicher. The prototype had its maiden flight from Huhnrain Airport, Poppenhausen near Frankfurt on 23 January 2020. The design can be flown in the 18 metre class or in the 15 metre class.

Design and development 
The AS 33 is based upon the ASG 29, with a totally new wing with an  span and  area, which optimizes the airflow around the fuselage/wing transition as well as at the wingtips. The AS 33 is a single-seat, mid-wing sailplane of composite construction, with a T-tail. To fly in the FAI 15m class, a second pair of outer wings is available. The separation point for the outer wings is at 5.1m along the span.

The glider has upward extending three-tier air-brakes and independently switchable electrical valves for the water ballast tanks in the inner and outer wings. The main wheel has a disc brake. The main wheel and the tail-wheel are retractable.

Schleicher no longer includes the designer's initial in the glider's designation.

Variants 
AS 33:	Pure sailplane, without any engine.
AS 33 Es: with SOLO 2350 engine with an electric starter
AS 33 Me: Electric self-launcher

Specifications (with 18m wings)

See also

References

External links 

2020s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
Motor gliders
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2020
Ann Strickler Zweig. Ann Strickler Zweig is a scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz's Jack Baskin School of Engineering.

Zweig is a senior program manager with the UCSC Genome Browser project. Zweig was one of the Web of Science Group's 2019 recipients of the highly-cited-researchers designation under biology and biochemistry. The designation "identifies scientists and social scientists who produced multiple papers ranking in the top 1% by citations for their field and year of publication, demonstrating significant research influence among their peers."

Zweig is also involved in the UCSC SARS-CoV-2 Genome Browser, a research tool for the virus that causes COVID-19.

Previous work
Zweig co-founded and was the president and chief operating officer of Omni-Vista, Inc., a corporation in Colorado.

Zweig holds a patent for a "method for providing bi-directional propagation among data within spreadsheets."

Zweig was a writer in The Wiley Guide to Project Technology, Supply Chain, and Procurement Management.

References

Living people
American geneticists
University of California, Santa Cruz staff
American women geneticists
University of Kansas alumni
University of Colorado alumni
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American inventors
British Rail Class 805. The British Rail Class 805 Evero is a type of bi-mode multiple unit built by Hitachi Rail for Avanti West Coast. Based on the Hitachi A-train design, 13 five-car units were built to replace s on services between ,  and stations on the North Wales Coast lines. Their introduction allowed the elimination of long-distance diesel working on electrified routes.


History
In December 2019, Avanti West Coast placed an order for 13 five-car bi-mode units to replace its  fleet, along with 10  electric units, as part of £350million contract with Hitachi Rail.  All were originally scheduled to be in service by 2023. Financing of this rolling stock was handled by Rock Rail West Coast, a joint venture between Rock Rail and Standard Life Aberdeen.
The trains will be maintained by a joint team of Alstom and Hitachi staff, alongside the Class 807, at Oxley depot near Wolverhampton.

Passenger facilities promised include free Wi-Fi, at-seat wireless inductive charging for electronic devices, 230V sockets and USB sockets, a catering offer and a real-time passenger information system that can advise of connecting rail services.

In June 2022, static testing commenced at Newton Aycliffe and dynamic testing followed in November. Main line testing of the Class 805 commenced in February 2023, while the type's introduction into service originally planned for later that same year. However, this was put back to Summer 2024. On 2 June 2024, the Class 805 entered regular service.

In August 2024, the Office of Road and Rail (ORR) issued an improvement notice to Avanti West Coast regarding the operation of the newly-introduced Class 805 fleet, having determined its lack of an automatic speed supervision system (which was present on the preceding Class 221 fleet) to be in breach of legislation. Compliance with the improvement notice would require all Class 805s to be retrofitted with some manner of continuous speed supervision; if this functionality necessitates the installation of additional hardware, such work could be quite costly to implement. In response, Avanti West Coast filed an appeal against the improvement notice.

The Class 805 replaces the diesel-only Class 221 Voyager trains on the West Coast route. The Voyagers finished service in December 2024, and were transferred to CrossCountry.

Fleet details

References

High-speed trains of the United Kingdom
Hitachi multiple units
Hybrid multiple units of Great Britain
25 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2024
Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations
British Rail Class 807. The British Rail Class 807 Evero is a type of electric multiple unit being built by Hitachi Rail for train operator Avanti West Coast. Based on the Hitachi A-train design, a total of 10 seven-car units will be produced.

History

In December 2019, Avanti West Coast placed an order for 10 seven-car electric units which will replace its Class 221 fleet, along with 13 Class 805 bi-mode units as part of £350 million contract with Hitachi Rail.  All units were scheduled to be in service by 2023, but were later pushed back to 2024, then were expected in traffic in 2025, although the first unit entered service in late 2024.
The trains are financed by rolling stock company Rock Rail West Coast, a joint venture between Rock Rail and Standard Life Aberdeen.
The trains will be maintained by a joint team of Alstom and Hitachi staff, alongside the Class 805, at Oxley depot near Wolverhampton.

Customer service features promised include free Wi-Fi, at-seat wireless inductive charging for electronic devices, 230V sockets and USB sockets, a catering offer and a real-time passenger information system that can advise of connecting rail services.

In July 2024 Avanti West Coast accepted the first two Class 807s.

The first train entered service on 26 October 2024 as a soft launch. In November 2024, Avanti West Coast ran the Class 807s first passenger service between Liverpool Lime Street and London Euston.

Construction 
Construction of the Class 807 in the UK commenced on 7 July 2020. The aluminium shells arrived  after being shipped from Hitachi's Kasado plant in Japan. Final production commenced at Hitachi's Newton Aycliffe facility. Out of the 135 bodyshells, 56 are being manufactured in the UK.

Static testing began in June 2022. The trains were planned to enter service in 2023, but this did not occur.

Fleet details

References

High-speed trains of the United Kingdom
Hitachi multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 2025
Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations
Klaus-Dieter Liss. Klaus-Dieter Liss, , (born 10 June 1962) is a German-Australian physicist working in the field of experimental X-ray and neutron scattering and their applications. Liss research is on in-situ and real-time experiments with synchrotron and neutron radiation for the characterization of thermo-mechanical processes in metals; the investigation of phase transformations; the evolution of microstructures; and the kinetics of defects. His experimental achievements are the development of the Materials oscilloscope and the realization of the X-ray photon storage. 

Liss has majored in physics at the Technical University of Munich (diploma in 1990, institute E21 under Wolfgang Gläser and Anton Zeilinger) and received his doctorate at RWTH Aachen in 1995 under Tasso Springer and Dieter Richter, while he prepared his thesis on neutron and X-rays optics at the Laue-Langevin Institute in Grenoble. After a short postdoc he became the   responsible scientist and manager of the high-energy beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, senior scientist at DESY, at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht – Center for Materials and Coastal research and the Hamburg University of Technology. He is honorary professor at the University of Wollongong and has been working at a senior research fellow and principal scientist at the Bragg Institute of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation in New South Wales (2004–2017). He has been one of the instrument scientists at the Wombat neutron diffractometer and the Dingo neutron radiography station.

In October 2017, Liss became a full professor at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology to act as one of the first fully employed research professors at the faculty of the Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT) in Shantou, China.

He has authored over 100 scientific publications.

References

External links 
Webseite von Liss, private
Website of Liss at GTIIT
Website of Liss's group

Pioneering techniques advance understanding of metals under extreme conditions, ANSTO, 2015
Liss, Kai Chen, Synchrotron Radiation Research in Material Science, MRS Bulletin, Band 41, Heft 6, 2016

21st-century Australian physicists
21st-century German physicists
Living people
1962 births
Lithium selenide. 

Properties 
Lithium selenide is an inorganic compound that formed by selenium and lithium. It is a selenide with a chemical formula Li2Se. Lithium selenide has the same crystal form as other selenides, which is cubic, belonging to the anti-fluorite structure, the space group is , each unit cell has 4 units.

Synthesis 
Lithium Selenide can be synthesized via the reaction between 1.0 equivalents of grey elemental selenium and 2.1 equivalents of lithium trialkylborohydride. The reaction takes place in a solution of THF (tetrahydrofuran) under  with stirring (minimum of 20 minutes) at room temperature according to the reaction below: To increase yields and harmful byproducts, naphthalene can be added to the reaction as a catalyst.

Se + 2Li(C2H5)3BH → Li2Se + 2(C2H5)3B + H2

Another method of synthesis involves the reduction of selenium with lithium in liquid ammonia. The Li2Se can be extracted after evaporation of the ammonia.

Uses 
One of the most contemporary uses of Li2Se compounds is in the creation of high-density capacitors and batteries. Lithium selenide can act as an excellent prelithiation agent, which helps to prevent the loss of capacity and efficiency during the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Additionally, the high relative conductivity and solubility of the products of lithium selenide decomposition makes it an ideal prelithiation agent. No harmful byproducts or gases are created during this decomposition of Li2Se. One potential drawback to the use of Li2Se is the dissolution and shuttle problems inherent to the transition metals like selenide. To avoid this problem, evolving heterostructure materials can be used to inhibit the dissolution and shuttle effects of Li2Se.

References 

Lithium compounds
Selenides
Fluorite crystal structure
OpenSC (company). OpenSC is a company and digital platform that tracks individual products throughout their supply chain. It uses the data to verify companies' sustainable production claims. Consumers can then view the product's history by scanning a QR code with their mobile device. OpenSC was launched in 2019 as a joint venture by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Australia and BCG Digital Ventures.

History

Pilot and launch
In 2017, WWF Australia ran a small-scale pilot program tracing tuna from fisheries in the Pacific Ocean as part of the WWF's Panda Labs program. Using data and experience from that project, WWF Australia collaborated with BCG Digital Ventures on the blockchain tracking platform, OpenSC. The platform was designed to verify sustainable production claims and track food through its supply chain, and planned to start out tracking fish and beef before broadening its scope.

OpenSC was officially launched on 17 January 2019. OpenSC-tracked food was served at the company's launch event in Sydney and later at a meeting of the World Economic Forum in Switzerland. Markus Mutz has been OpenSC's CEO since its outset.

Initial business partners and investors
Austral Fisheries, which is a part of the global Japanese seafood company Maruha Nichiro, was one of the initial companies to adopt the OpenSC platform to track their fish and prawns. In July 2019, it was announced that Nestlé would start a pilot program to track food using the OpenSC platform. As part of the program, Nestlé will trace its milk from producers in New Zealand to its own Middle East-based factories and warehouses. It also plans to use OpenSC to trace its palm oil supply chains in the Americas at a future date. 

In September 2019, it was announced that OpenSC had raised $4 million (USD) in funding to assist with the further development of its platform. Investors included Working Capital and Swiss angel investor, Christian Wenger.

Platform 
The OpenSC platform uses real-time data to verify a product was produced in an ethical or sustainable way, and then tracks it throughout its entire supply chain. OpenSC focuses on improving supply chain transparency for commodities with "significant" known environmental or human rights risks, and its tracking data is designed to help companies and consumers ensure that products are ethically and sustainably sourced. Consumers can scan a QR code a menu or on the product itself to view the data, which is stored on an open blockchain.

References 

Australian companies established in 2019
Companies based in Sydney