omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Segment architecture. Segment architecture is a detailed, formal description of areas within an enterprise, used at the program or portfolio level to organize and align change activity.

It defines a simple roadmap for a core mission area, business service, or enterprise service. Segment architecture is driven by business management and delivers products that improve the delivery of services to citizens and agency staff. From an investment perspective, segment architecture drives decisions for a business case or group of business cases supporting a core mission area or common or shared service. The primary stakeholders for segment architecture are business owners and managers. Segment architecture is related to  Enterprise architecture (EA) through three principles:

 Structure: segment architecture inherits the framework used by the EA, although it may be extended and specialized to meet the specific needs of a core mission area or common or shared service.
 Reuse: segment architecture reuses important assets defined at the enterprise level including: data; common business processes and investments; and applications and technologies.
 Alignment: segment architecture aligns with elements defined at the enterprise level, such as business strategies, mandates, standards, and performance measures.

See also
 Enterprise architecture
 Solution architecture

References

External links
 Federal Segment Architecture Methodology

Strategic management
Enterprise architecture
CLASP (British Rail). The CLASP (Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme) system was a scheme developed in the 1950s by English local authorities to devise a method of designing and assembling prefabricated buildings for use in the public sector.  The former Southern Region of British Rail, the state-owned railway operator, adopted the system in the 1960s and 1970s and used it for signalboxes and station buildings.  The Western Region also rebuilt some stations using the same methods.

History
After the Second World War, many stations and signalboxes on the Southern Region's large and busy network required renewal or replacement, but funds were limited: several electrification schemes had to be paid for, new trains were required and other modernisation work was taking place.  By the 1960s, the need for immediate action became so great that the Region's management had to abandon traditional individual rebuilding projects in favour of a mass-produced solution using factory-made parts.

The CLASP method, used since the 1950s by local authorities for schools and other public buildings, was chosen.  The prefabricated buildings were made of steel and concrete, and had several distinctive characteristics: a steel-framed, flat-roofed "box", usually one storey high (although some two-storey versions were produced), with a large water tank mounted on the roof.  Windows were small and placed high on the building, immediately below the roof.  Evenly spaced wooden or metal pillars held up canopies which were usually wood-panelled underneath.  Pre-formed panels of aggregate-coated concrete formed the outer walls.

The first CLASP signalboxes were built in 1964; in 1965, the scope was widened to include stations.  The structures were cheaply built and quickly decayed; several were soon replaced by new buildings.  The Southern Region abandoned the scheme in 1973, although the Western Region adopted it at three locations between 1971 and 1977.

List of stations rebuilt using CLASP methods

SCOLA
The SCOLA (Second Consortium of Local Authorities) scheme, similar to CLASP, was also developed for use by schools.  Its buildings made use of brick and timber instead of concrete.  British Rail used it twice on the Southern Region, when Newington and Teynham stations were rebuilt in the late 1970s to suit one-man operation.

Post-1970s developments
From 1980 and throughout the next ten years and into the 1990s, British Rail adopted a new system of brick buildings with apex roofs, smaller examples resembling a 'chalet'. These include Headcorn, Staplehurst and Marden.

References

Notes

Bibliography

British Rail infrastructure
Architecture in England
Prefabricated buildings
Hedonometer. A hedonometer or hedonimeter is a device used to gauge happiness or pleasure. Conceived of at least as early as 1880, the term was used in 1881 by the economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth to describe "an ideally perfect instrument, a psychophysical machine, continually registering the height of pleasure experienced by an individual." 

More recently, it has been used to refer to a tool developed by Peter Dodds and Chris Danforth to gauge the valence of various corpora, including historical State of the Union addresses, song lyrics, and online tweets and blogs. It is operated out of the University of Vermont (UVM), and has been in use since 2008. A version of the tool is available at hedonometer.org, which they call a sort of "Dow Jones Index of Happiness", and hope will be used by government officials in conjunction with other metrics as a gauge of the population's well-being. 

Computer scientists trained the hedonometer to recognize the emotion behind data as tweets with sentiment analysis techniques. Danforth preferred a lexicon approach, that measures the weight of a word, due to the energy required for neural nets.

As of 2020, the hedonometer at UVM scrapes about 50 million tweets each day. Using sentiment analysis, the hedonometer takes the emotional temperature of the words published by users of various platforms.

See also
 Hedonimetry

External links
 Hedonometer.org
 If you're happy, then we know it: Scientists build 'hedonometer' (July 24, 2009)
 Temporal Patterns of Happiness and Information in a Global Social Network: Hedonometrics and Twitter
 Great Hedonometer, Story Grid Podcast, airing August 25, 2016

References

Happiness
Measuring instruments
Shigeru Uehara. is a Japanese automotive engineer. He was the project leader of the Honda NSX.

Career
Shigeru Uehara began his career at Honda R&D Co., Ltd in 1971, and went on to become the company's specialist in vehicle stability and handling performance. In 1985 he was appointed Large Project Leader for the mid-ship research project that led to the NSX project in 1990. Amongst his many contributions to the company, Uehara led Honda’s sports car development projects of three very important projects at Honda R&D, and saw them from conception to ending culminating in the S2000, Honda Integra Type-R (DC2/DC5) and the NSX-R. He is also known for his close friendship with the late Ayrton Senna.

Shigeru Uehara completed the S2000 CR as his last project before retirement, as his pride and joy. The color (Apex Blue) is his favorite color, the tires are made with the same tread design as the NSX-R's Potenza's (which he helped design), and the purpose built body kit produces much rear-end down-force at speed. Also, the shocks and springs are stiffer than the standard S2000. Uehara called the S2000 CR his final gift before retirement.

References

1947 births
Living people
Japanese automotive engineers
Honda people
Engineers from Tokyo
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology alumni
Ahmedabad (Hunza). Ahmedabad (Urdu: ), is a village in the Hunza valley of the Gilgit Baltistan province of Pakistan with a population of approximately 1500. Old Name of Ahmedabad is "Thani Das"

People 
Ahmedabad's total population is approx 1500 and the literacy rate is 98%. Income of people was mainly from agriculture but now people have moved to big cities in the country and abroad. Most people of Ahmedabad are financially stable.

Hydroelectric power station 
The village has a total of two power stations which produce a combined 800 kW of electricity, enough to cover energy demands in Ahmedabad, Altit, Faizabad and Salmanabad; The first power plant project was completed in July 2008 and was inaugurated by, Federal Minister for Finance at that time. The second  hydroelectricity power plant was constructed and inaugurated in 2015. The people of Ahmedabad have shares in the power projects, meaning that when it generates profit each shareholder will get his share in the profit.

Education 
There is one school, Diamond Jubilee community based (D.J.C.B.) High School. This school was in the past until 8th standard, meaning students had to travel to neighboring villages for further education. The people of Ahmedabad decided to extend the school's capacity to matriculation level and they did so but on their own. In the recent past the community of Ahmedabad has started an Early childhood development school system to improve the standard of education.

See also
 Former State of Hunza
 Baltit Fort
 Altit Fort
 Northern Areas
 Karakoram Highway
 Karakoram Mountains
 Nagar Valley
 Burusho
 Ganish Village
 Hunza Valley
 Karimabad
 Khizerabad
 Aliabad
 Nasirabad
 Hussainabad
 Murtazaabad
 Sikandarabad
 Jafarabad
 Hunza–Nagar District

Hunza
Populated places in Hunza District
Drawworks. A drawworks is the primary hoisting machinery component of a rotary drilling rig.  Its main function is to provide a means of raising and lowering the traveling block.  The wire-rope drill line winds on the drawworks drum and over the crown block to the traveling block, allowing the drill string to be moved up and down as the drum turns. The segment of drill line from the drawworks to the crown block is called the "fast line".  The drill line then enters the first sheave of the crown block and makes typically 6 to 12 passes between the crown block and traveling block pulleys for mechanical advantage.  The line then exits the last sheave on the crown block and is fastened to a derrick leg on the other side of the rig floor.  This section of drill line is called the "dead line."

A modern drawworks consists of five main parts: the drum, the power source, the reduction gear, the brake, and the auxiliary brake. The apparatus can be powered by electricity (AC or DC), or the drawworks may be connected directly to internal combustion engines using metal chain-like belts. The number of gears could be one, two or three speed combinations. The main brake, usually operated manually by a long handle, may be a friction band brake, a disc brake or a modified clutch. It serves as a parking brake when no motion is desired.  The auxiliary brake is connected to the drum, and absorbs the energy released as heavy loads are lowered.  This brake may use eddy current rotors or water-turbine-like apparatus to convert the kinetic energy of the moving load to heat and dissipate it. 

Power catheads (winches) located on each side provide the means of actuating the tongs used to couple and uncouple threaded pipe members. Outboard catheads can be used manually with ropes for various small hoisting jobs around the rig.

The drawworks often has a pulley drive arrangement on the front side to provide turning power to the rotary table, although on many rigs the rotary table is independently powered. 

The drawworks is used to hoist or lower several hundred thousand pounds of weight and comes in AC, DC or mechanical power units. Horsepower ratings for drawworks can also have a wide range, often ranging from 1000 HP to over 9000 HP.

References

External links
 drawworks -  Oilfield Glossary by Schlumberger

Drilling technology
Canadian Vickers Vigil. The Canadian Vickers Vigil was a single-seat patrol aircraft designed to meet a Royal Canadian Air Force requirement for a forest fire patrol aircraft.

Design and development
In 1926, the RCAF issued specifications for an aircraft to replace the Airco DH.4 aircraft used at the time. Canadian Vickers designed the Vigil which had steel-structured wings with aluminum skin throughout, and was a strut-braced sesquiplane. The aircraft was overweight, which impacted the aircraft service ceiling and performance, which in turn made it unsuitable for its role. Only one was ever built.

Operational history
Unfit for its intended role, the aircraft was sent to Rockcliffe Air Station in Ottawa, Ontario. It was used by pilots stationed there for proficiency flying. The aircraft was used for airmail deliveries to Maritime Canada between January 1929 until February 1929. About a year later, the need for repair and overhaul became necessary and after assessment it was determined this was not cost effective, so the aircraft was scrapped.

Specifications

References

External links

1920s Canadian patrol aircraft
Vigil
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Samuel Jefferson Mason. Samuel Jefferson Mason (1921–1974) was an American electronics engineer.  Mason's invariant and Mason's rule are named after him.

He was born in New York City, but he grew up in a small town in New Jersey. It was so small, in fact, that it only had a population of 26. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Rutgers University in 1942, and after graduation, he joined the Antenna Group of MIT Radiation Laboratory as a staff member. Mason went on to earn his S.M. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT in 1947 and 1952, respectively.  After World War II, the Radiation Laboratory was renamed the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, where he became the associate director in 1967. Mason served on the faculty of MIT from 1949 until his death in 1974 – as an assistant professor in 1949, associate professor in 1954, and full professor in 1959. Mason unexpectedly died in 1974 due to a cerebral hemorrhage.

Mason's doctoral dissertation, supervised by Ernst Guillemin, was on signal-flow graphs and he is often credited with inventing them. Another one of his contributions to the field of control systems theory was a method to find the transfer function of a system, now known as Mason's rule. Mason was an expert in optical scanning systems for printed materials. He was the leader of the Cognitive Information Processing Group of the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, and he created systems that scanned printed materials and read them out loud for blind people. Similarly, he developed tactile devices powered by photocells that enabled blind people to sense light.

While at MIT, Mason was also responsible for revisions to the undergraduate curriculum in electrical engineering. He implemented innovations in the teaching of electric circuit theory by co-authoring a textbook on the subject, and he introduced digital signal analysis to undergraduates, which led to a textbook as well. Mason was also known to get students heavily involved in research, and he often had six or more doctoral candidates under his care. Mason also served his community as the chairman of the Faculty Committee on Student Environment, a member of the Faculty Committee on Education in the Face of Poverty and Segregation, and a leader of underprivileged youth in the Upward Bound program.

Notes and references 

20th-century American engineers
20th-century American educators
American electronics engineers
Great Society programs
MIT School of Engineering alumni
1921 births
1974 deaths
Engineers from New Jersey
Rutgers University alumni
RAF-977. The RAF-977 was a Soviet cabover van made by Riga Autobus Factory (RAF) based on components from the GAZ-21 Volga. It was introduced in 1958 and was manufactured in two main styles: a 10-seater minibus and an ambulance. In 1961, an updated version called the RAF-977D was put into production; this had a one-piece windshield, instead of the split, and Volga steering wheel among its other detail changes. Variants included the 977I ambulance and a special Intourist model, which had better seats, roof lights, and sunroof.  

The RAF-983, based on the 977, was a fire department vehicle.  

The shortened RAF-978, powered by the Moskvitch 407's   engine, was not a success, in part because the engine lacked torque, and ride quality suffered due to the shortened wheelbase. 

 In 1969, it was replaced by the improved RAF-977DM. This had a wider passenger door and fewer but longer side windows (three on driver's side and two on passenger's, rather than five and three before). The ambulance now had the same number of windows, rather than fewer; it was now the RAF-977IM, and the tourist variant was the RAF-977EM.

A one-ton cargo panel van, the RAF-977K, was also developed, but due to insufficient assembly capacity (only 3000 units a year) at the RAF plant (which still used trolleys, rather than a modern assembly line), its production started at the ErAZ factory in Yerevan, Armenia, 1 May 1966 as ErAZ-762. This was nicknamed Yeraz (Armenian for "dream"). By 1973, ErAZ's production reached 6,500 per year; with the innovation of overhead carriage, capacity almost doubled, to 12,000 a year. The 977 was also produced under licence by Lugansk Avto Remontnyi Zavod (LARZ).

In 1969, an improved ErAZ-762A also appeared.

Production of the RAF-977 ceased in 1975, when it was replaced by RAF-2203 Latvia.

The RAF-977 was never promoted for export nor made available except to state groups.

References

1950s cars
1960s cars
1970s cars
Riga Autobus Factory vehicles
Vans
Minibuses
Ambulances
Cab over vehicles
Buses of the Soviet Union
Motor vehicles manufactured in Latvia
Cars introduced in 1958
International Electrical Exhibition of 1884. Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia's Franklin Institute was often the organizer of American-held international exhibitions that showcased the achievements of industrial civilization.  For example, it played a key role in organizing and hosting the International Electrical Exhibition of 1884 in Philadelphia.  This, the first great electrical exposition in the United States, was held from September 2 to October 11, 1884.

Franklin and Morse
The show featured the displays of 196 commercial exhibitors and 1,500 exhibits, including a historical exhibit that featured devices used by Benjamin Franklin and the first Morse telegraph instrument.  The novel application of electricity to the running of a railroad train, printing presses, sewing machines was demonstrated, as was an electrical searchlight, which had never been seen before.

Edison
Many of Thomas Edison's companies had display booths at the exhibition. The Edison Electric Light Company showed in operation their system of house lighting as supplied from a central station. The Edison Company for Isolated Lighting exhibited their system of lighting factories, hotels, hospitals, and other places situated beyond the reach of a central lighting station. A full assortment of Edison light bulbs (including experimental ones demonstrating the Edison effect) and dynamos also made up parts of other exhibits, as well as a quarter-length bust of Edison made of bronzed plaster by Rupert Schmid.

Landmarks
More than 285,000 people attended the International Electrical Exhibition of 1884, which was held in a large building built for this purpose at 32nd Street and Lancaster Avenue.  The landmark exposition resulted in the formation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, an ancestor of today's Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

During the International Electrical Exhibition, the National Conference of Electricians was convened on September 8–13, 1884, at the Franklin Institute.  This was the first national convention of electricians in the nation.  The summit was authorized and organized by the United States Electrical Commission, which President Chester A. Arthur had formed earlier that year under an act of Congress.  It was funded to the amount of $7,500 by the federal government.

References

External links
 Smithsonian Museum, EXPOSITIONS AND EXHIBITIONS - Details expositions held at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries

History of Philadelphia
History of electrical engineering
1884 in Pennsylvania
19th century in technology
Technology events
Exhibitions
Scheibe Bergfalke. The Scheibe Bergfalke (German: "mountain hawk") is a German glider designed by Egon Scheibe as a post-World War II development of the Akaflieg München Mü13 produced before and during the war.

Design and development
The prototype flew on 5 August 1951 as the Akaflieg München Mü13E Bergfalke I and by the end of the year, Scheibe had established his own works at the Munich-Riem Airport to produce the type as the Bergfalke II. It was a mid-wing sailplane of conventional design with a non-retractable monowheel undercarriage and a tailskid. The fuselage was a welded steel structure covered in fabric and enclosed two seats in tandem. The wings had a single wooden spar and were covered in plywood.

Subsequent versions introduced forward sweep to the wings, a more aerodynamic canopy, airbrakes, and a tailwheel in place of the tailskid. By 1982, Scheibe had built over 300 of these aircraft, and Stark Ibérica built a number of the Bergfalke III version under license in Spain. Scheibe also developed a motorglider version as the Bergfalke IVM but this did not enter production.

In 1976, two Bergfalke motorgliders participated in the Sixth German Motor Glider Competition. Later, one of these aircraft set a world 300 km triangle record.

Variants
Mü13E Bergfalke I
Prototype
Bergfalke II
First production version, 4° forward sweep on wings
Bergfalke II/55
Skopil Bergfalke II/55
Motorglider conversion done by Arnold Skopil of Aberdeen, Washington, United States in 1957. One converted.
Bergfalke III
Streamlined canopy, taller fin and rudder, Schempp-Hirth airbrakes, 2° forward sweep on wings
Bergfalke IV
Wing of Wortmann section with 60-cm (2-ft) greater span
Bergfalke IVM
Motorglider version with 39-kW (52-hp) Hirth O-28 engine mounted on retractable pylon behind cockpit.

Specifications (Bergfalke II/55)

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Bergfalke described on sailplanedirectory.com

1950s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Bergfalke
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951