omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
American Eagle A-251 Phaeton. The American Eagle Phaeton was an American three seat, single engine sports biplane produced from 1929 until American Eagle failed financially in 1932. About 34 were built.

Design and development

The Phaeton was designed for the sports pilot rather than for commercial use but was able to carry two passengers. It was an equal span, single bay biplane with interchangeable upper and lower wings joined by N-form interplane struts. Shorter N-struts from the upper fuselage provided a central cabane. The wings were strongly staggered by about half chord They were built around twin spars, with plywood covering from the forward spar forming a torsion-resistant D-box. There were externally interconnected slotted ailerons on both wings. 

The first batch of eight Phaetons, produced in 1929, had  Wright R-540 Whirlwind five cylinder radial engines in the nose with cylinders exposed for cooling. Behind the engine mounting the fuselage was a chrome-molybdenum steel tube structure with fabric covering. The passengers sat side by side in an open cockpit midway over the lower wing, with the pilot well behind the upper trailing edge. Dual controls could be rapidly fitted in the forward cockpit.

Its blunted tip, triangular tailplane was mounted at mid-fuselage height and was in-flight adjustable, with rounded rectangular elevators separated by a gap for rudder movement. The tailplane was strut-braced to a low, ground-adjustable fin with a curved leading edge that carried a blunted rectangular, balanced rudder. 

The Phaeton's fixed, split axle undercarriage was conventional with wheels on V-struts from the lower fuselage longerons. long, specially made Rosco ring type shock absorber legs reached from the wheels to the upper longerons.

The Phaeton's engine mountings were designed to accept a variety of engines including the newer nine cylinder,  Wright R-790 Whirlwind  and the old but cheap, water-cooled Hispano A and B. In 1929 one clipped-wing Phaeton was tested as a racer, then fitted with  nine cylinder R-790 Whirlwind engine. Piloted by Jack Foster, this competed in the 1930 National Air Races, resulting in the sale of another 24 similarly-powered, though full span, Phaetons. 

American Eagle ceased trading in 1932.

Variants
Data from aerofiles
A-251 1929 production with  R-540 Whirlwinds. 8 built.
A-251 1930 production with  R-790 Whirlwinds. 2 built but refitted with R-540s. After the clipped winged Phaeton's appearance in the 1930 Nationals, 24 more R-790-powered but full span Phaetons were built.

Specifications (1929)

References

High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s United States sport aircraft
GreenWave. GreenWave is a North American nonprofit focused on the development of regenerative farming  techniques for aquaculture,  called "3D ocean farming", to create blue carbon. Their focus is on developing polyculture practices for farming shellfish and seaweeds and kelps. These practices include using many layers of the water column, emulating high activity water ecosystems like reefs, to increase productivity and biomass.

The organization focuses on developing globally accessible techniques for this kind of farming. As of 2019, they had a waitlist of over 4,000 farmers in 20 countries needing support in starting such farms. Starting such a farm usually costs between US$20,000–50,000. The nonprofit was created by Bren Smith to spread methods first developed on his Thimble Island Ocean Farm in Long Island Sound. Emily Stengal is the co-founder and deputy director of the non-profit.

In 2015, the organization's 3D ocean farming method won the Buckminster Fuller Institute's Fuller Challenge. The organization also won a 2017 The Index Project prize.

See also 
Algaculture
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

References

External links 

 

Non-profit organizations based in the United States
Sustainable agriculture
Aquaculture
501(c)(3) organizations

Blue carbon
Space in Africa. Space in Africa is a media, analytics and consulting company focusing on the African space and satellite industry with its headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria.

History 
The company was founded by Temidayo Isaiah Oniosun in 2018. Space in Africa was a finalist in the Fall 2018 NewSpace Business Plan Competition in Austin, TX.

In June 2019, the company released the African Space Industry Annual Report 2019 Edition which estimated the worth of the African space industry to be more than US$7 billion, projecting that it is likely to grow over 40% in the next five years, exceeding US$10 billion by 2024. 

In July 2019, Space in Africa received seed funding from AC Ventures. 

In October 2019, the company published the NewSpace Africa Industry Report, 2019 Edition which was an overview of 34 companies in the African space industry, with an emphasis on their size, financial and investment history, and their products and services, as they exist and interact with other elements in the global space ecosystem.

In August 2020, Space in Africa released the 2020 Edition of the African Space Industry Annual Report, which showed that the African space industry is still growing, with African government doubling their national space program operating budgets to an estimated USD 490 million compared to USD 250 million in 2019. The report also estimated that African countries will have launched at least 110 Satellites by 2024, compared to the total of 41 launched so far.

African Space Industry Top 10 Under 30 
Space in Africa curates the African Space Industry top 10-Under-30 award, which started in 2019. The list features engineers, scientists, business developers, researchers and academicians from all corners of Africa who have contributed not only developing their nation’s space industry, but also expanding knowledge in Africa’s evolving space sector. The 2020 award recipients are Angola, Ethiopia, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa.

References

External links 

 
 

2018 establishments in Nigeria
Companies based in Lagos
Synthetic paper. Synthetic paper is a material made out of synthetic resin which is made to have properties similar to regular paper.

Synthetic paper is usually made out of either biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The applications include paper for labels (thus that can bond with ink) and non-label paper. The products can be highly water resistant, flexible, durable and tear resistant.

To the polypropylene resin can be added calcium carbonate.

The market for synthetic paper includes packaged food and beverage consumption and cosmetics industries.

Notable manufacturers 
 MGX
 PPG Industries
 Yupo Corporation
 DuPont
 Seiko Epson Corporation
 AGFA-Gevaert N.V. Corporation
Cosmo Synthetic Paper

References 

 
Chemical industry
Plastics industry
Packaging materials
Α-Isomethyl ionone. α-Isomethyl ionone, also known as α-cetone, is a synthetically made and naturally occurring organic compound found in Brewer's yeasts or the species known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The compound is an isomer of methyl ionone. Alpha-isomethyl ionone can be colorless or pale-straw coloured liquid. Its primary scent is flowery and secondary scent is violet. It may also have a woody or orris-like scent. and is often used in flavouring and cosmetic industries for example, aftershave lotions, bath products, hair care products, moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos and skin care products. It is also an ingredient used in Chanel No. 5, and other branded products such as Fidji by Guy Laroche. Perfume fragrances that α-isomethyl ionone is used in are for example, amber, chypre, violet, mimosa, reseda, iris, orris, cyclamen, chypre, berries, woody notes, ylang-ylang, leather, orange, nut, pistachio, muscatel, and tobacco.

Properties 

α-Isomethyl ionone would be classified as a norsesquiterpenoid, having 14 carbon atoms (1 less than the 15 of three consecutive isoprene units). It is an extremely weak base, the calculated pKa values within the molecule being 19.7 (strongest acidic) and -4.8 (strongest basic). The percentage of α-isomethyl ionone used in perfumes is approximately ranging from 0.1% to 11.9%, with an average of 1.1%. For example, it is usually used in conjunction with hydroxycitronellal, woody notes, copaiba, N-methyl ionone, ionone, or Vetiver.

Synthesis 
The synthesis of α-isomethyl ionone involves a cross-aldol condensation of citral with methyl ethyl ketone A high temperature and strong alkali is used. The ratio between the n-form and iso-form is controlled in order to obtain methyl pseudo-ionone and allow ring formation to occur. Iso-forms is then synthesized consequently.

References 

Perfume ingredients
Flavors
Enones
Cyclohexenes
The Road (Saba). The Road is the unofficial name for the cement road that connects the villages of Saba, Netherlands, a Caribbean island. It is nicknamed as "The Road That Couldn't Be Built."  It is the primary road on the island, spanning 8.7 miles (14 km). It was constructed by local Sabans between 1938 and 1963, without the use of machines.

History 

For most of its history Saba had no road, only footpaths and stone steps. Experts had expressed the opinion that it was impossible to build a cement road on the island. In the 1930s, a self-educated local engineer, Josephus Lambert "Lambee" Hassell (1906-1983)., dedicated himself to the idea of creating a road. 

Phase 1: In 1938, cementing of the road's first section began: from Fort Bay and The Bottom. Until then, this path had been a stone path was made of 200 uneven stone steps. Construction was carried out by local Sabans under the leadership of Erroll Hassell. In 1943, this first section of the road was completed and inaugurated. It was 0.7 miles (1.15 m) long and 13 ft (4 m) wide, and covered an elevation change, or slope, of 653 ft (5 m).

Phase 2: By 1951, the road was extended to St. John's and then to Windwardside. This involved the removal of stone steps and cementation of the paths. 

Phase 3: In 1958, The Road was completed. Under the direction of Lambee Hassell, the road had been extended all the way to Hell's Gate, the village futhest from Fort Bay. In 1963, the road was extended to Saba's new airport at Flat Point.

In 1963, The Road covered 6.5 miles (10 km) from Fort Bay to the airport in Flat Point. Since then, branches have been added to the road, including branches to Well's Bay, to the Mount Scenery hiking trail, to the Sulphur Mine trail, and to Cove Bay. The road now covers about 8.7 miles (14 km).

Route 
There are no official documents about the exact route of The Road. After matching several sources, The Road is believed to go from Well's Bay Beach to Cove Bay Beach with a branch to Fort Bay after The Bottom, in the direction of Well's Bay. The Road connects the island with the airport at Flat Point as well.

References 

Transport in Saba (island)
Roads in the Caribbean
Taer 2. The Taer 2 (, meaning "bird") is an Iranian mid-range radar guided solid fueled surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to defend against aerial threats at altitudes of up to 25–27 km (75000 ft) and distances of up to 50 km. It is meant for use as part of the Ra'ad air defense system, and was revealed during a military parade in Tehran on 21 September 2012. It shows similarities to the Soviet 9M317 missile just as the Raad air defense system does to the Buk missile system.

History
During Velayat 91 maneuvers in December 2012 the Iranian Navy successfully tested the Raad Air Defense System but it is not clear if the Raad missile tested in Iranian Navy is the same one as the Taer-2 missile of Raad system designed by the IRGC Aerospace Force.

References 

Surface-to-air missiles of Iran
21st-century surface-to-air missiles
Guided missiles of Iran
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Darra (clipper). Darra was a barque-rigged clipper, built at Aberdeen and launched in 1865.

Construction 
Darra's hull was of a composite construction, wooden planking on a wrought iron frame. It was built by Hall and Company, Aberdeen. Its displacement was 999 tons, length 190 feet, beam 33 feet, and draft 21 feet.

Voyages and notable incidents

Early voyages 
Darra was built for the Orient Line. Its maiden voyage was between Aberdeen and India in 1866. 

Darra seems to have made only one voyage to India. As early as October 1866, one year after being launched, Darra was reported in London loading passengers for Australia. This was the first of many voyages between London and Adelaide, with passengers being taken to Australia, and goods from the colony being carried on the return voyage to London.

In 1887, Darra broke the record for a passage between London and Adelaide, completing the voyage in 70 days.

'The Darra Outrage' 
On 26 November 1887, Darra, returning to London carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, Australia, put in to port in San Diego. The captain hired three seamen from the dock informally, to help trim ballast before sailing. That night, approximately 20 men from the Coast Seamen's Union boarded the vessel and forcibly removed the hired seamen, objecting to their having been hired. The boarders found the hired men, and carried them back to shore in their boats despite the captain having confronted the boarders with a revolver. The San Diego Union newspaper reported on the incident on 28 November, under the headline 'It Smacks of Piracy'.

New Zealand 
In 1899, Darra was extensively damaged by fire while in Sydney Harbour. The remains of the vessel were purchased by the Westport Coal Company for use in New Zealand. Darra was towed to Dunedin where it was refitted, before being towed to Lyttelton. The dismasted hull was used as a coal hulk for the next fifty years, serving steam vessels in the Port of Lyttelton.

Beaching 
In December 1950, Darra was temporarily rigged and painted to resemble the Charlotte Jane, as part of the Christchurch centenary celebrations. As soon as the celebrations were over, the rigging and fittings were dismantled, the hull was cut down and the vessel sold as scrap.

In 1951, Darra was beached in the ships graveyard on Quail Island, beside the Mullogh and other wrecks, including the wrecks of two other former coal hulks. In April 1953, the army attempted to destroy the remains of Darra with explosives, but the explosion only blew a hole in the side of the hull. The wreck is still visible on the island.

References 

Shipwrecks of Banks Peninsula
Lyttelton, New Zealand
Clippers
Aberdeen
Ernst Lauda. Ernst Ritter von Lauda (born Ernst Philipp Johann Lauda, 15 August 18593 July 1932), was an Austrian hydraulic and bridge engineer who was an adviser to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He was awarded the Order of Franz Joseph and the second class of the Order of the Iron Crown and was given his own coat of arms.

Personal life
Lauda was born on 15 August 1859 in Linz, Austria. His father Adolf Lauda, was a director of the Empress Elisabeth Railway. From 1876 to 1882, Lauda studied engineering at the Vienna University of Technology. He was the father of physician  and industrialist Hans Lauda, and the great-grandfather of Formula One world champion Niki Lauda. Lauda died in 1932 in Vienna, Austria.

Career

Lauda worked as a civil servant. From 1881 to 1884, he worked on civil engineering and bridge construction. He started out repairing the Stein-Mautern bridge that crosses the Danube river, as well as bridges across the Vltava river.

In 1895, Lauda was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Hydrographic Central Office in Vienna. In 1909, Lauda became head of the hydraulic engineering department at the Ministry of Public Works. In his role, he helped regulate the Danube river, which was prone to flooding. Lauda blamed the flooding on increased deforestation around the Danube river, and the issue of deforestation around the Danube and the Seine were discussed at the 1909 International Congress of Navigation. Ernst's great-grandson Niki Lauda said that Ernst's work on the Danube was the main reason why he was given heraldic honours.

From 1915 to 1916, Lauda was President of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects, and from 1917 to 1918, he focused on repairing buildings damaged during the First World War. Lauda retired as an engineer in 1918, although he still gave occasional lectures at the Vienna University of Technology in the 1920s.

Honours
In 1892, Lauda became a knight of the Order of Franz Joseph. In 1914, he was awarded the second class of the Order of the Iron Crown. In May 1916, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria promised Lauda his own coat of arms. Franz Joseph I died a few months later, so the coat of arms was signed off by his successor, Charles I of Austria. In 1917, Lauda also received a knighthood, and an honorary doctorate from the Vienna University of Technology.

References

Knights of the Order of Franz Joseph
People from Linz
1859 births
1932 deaths
Lauda family
TU Wien alumni
People from Austria-Hungary
Device for Connection of Luminaires. Device for Connection of Luminaires (DCL) is a European standard for ceiling light fixtures introduced in 2005 and refined in 2009. It uses 6 ampere. DCL must carry the CE marking as per the Low Voltage Directive. DCL is only allowed to be installed with ground.

Adoption

External links 
 

2005 introductions
Electrical power connectors
EN standards
European Union technology policy
61995
Tabas (air defense system). The Tabas () missile system is an Iranian medium range road-mobile aerial defense system that was first revealed on 11 May 2014. It is believed to be another version of the Ra'ad air defense system along with Sevom Khordad. The name of the air defense system refers to Operation Eagle Claw which took place at Tabas and hence the name of the missile system.

Characteristics
The missile system resembles the Soviet Buk-M1 missile system due to its lets sophisticated radar system. The speed of its TELAR is estimated to be 65 km/h; each vehicle can carry 3 missiles. It is also likely that the system can intercept ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-radiation missiles, smart bombs and UAVs. Each Tabas battery consists of one TELAR and two TELs hence each battery carries 9 missiles. Each battalion consists of four batteries and hence can engage multiple targets simultaneously. Each battalion is also equipped with a Bashir S-band 3-D Phased array radar that extends its detection range up to 350 km.

References 

Surface-to-air missiles of Iran
21st-century surface-to-air missiles
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2014
Guided missiles of Iran
Elac. ELAC is a German loudspeaker manufacturer. It was founded in 1926 as "Electroacustic GmbH".

During World War II, it built electroacoustic devices for the Kriegsmarine and other nautical applications, and the company reached a peak of 5,000 staff.

After the war, the company transitioned to mainly producing consumer goods, initially building sewing machines and later transitioning into consumer electronics, though it maintained its nautical division. It also distributed goods from foreign firms such as Sony, Fisher Electronics, and Nakamichi within Germany.

In 1978, the firm filed for bankruptcy and the nautical division was sold to the American firm Honeywell and renamed to 'Honeywell-ELAC'. The nautical side of the business would be sold again to L3 Technologies in 1998, Wärtsilä in 2015, and Cohort PLC in 2019.

In 2016, ELAC acquired the American audio company Audio Alchemy.

References

Electronics companies established in 1926
Audio equipment manufacturers of Germany
1926 establishments in Germany
Companies based in Schleswig-Holstein
German brands
Harshvardhan Joshi. Harshvardhan Joshi (known as Harsh Joshi) is an Indian adventure sports athlete and sustainability advocate from Vasai, Maharashtra.

Biography
Joshi was born in Vasai, and was schooled in his native village. He graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in IT from Mumbai University. He completed mountaineering and outdoor courses at the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, and NOLS. He has climbed six mountains of 6000 meters and above in his mountaineering career which started in 2016. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, he organized and finished an Ironman 70.3 distance triathlon on World Mental Health Day to raise awareness about mental health issues. He is an MBA candidate at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan and founder of Elev8 Expeditions.

Mountaineering expeditions
Joshi climbed Stok Kangri (20,187 ft) in 2016. In October 2019, Joshi embarked on an expedition to Himlung Himal (23,379 ft), in the Nar-Phu region of Nepal.

On 23 May 2021, Joshi reached the summit of Mount Everest in a carbon neutral effort by installing solar panels to offset his climb. During his climb, he contracted COVID-19 and encountered two cyclones on his way to the summit.

Honors and recognition 

 Fit India Champion, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
 International Advertising Association (IAA) Olive Crown Awards - Young Green Crusader of the Year 2022
 Dow Sustainability Fellow at the University of Michigan
 Community Impact Scholar at the Ross School of Business
 TEDx talks - Scaling your Symbolic Summit and The Power of Grit

See also
Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise
List of Mount Everest records of India

References

External links
 
 

Indian mountain climbers
1995 births
University of Mumbai alumni
Living people
21st-century Indian people
Nico van der Vegt. Nico van der Vegt (born 1970 in Raalte) is a Dutch chemist and a professor for computational physical chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Academic career 
Van der Vegt studied chemical engineering and received his PhD from the University of Twente in 1998 on a study of methods for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of small molecules in polymer membranes based on computer simulations. From 1998 to 2002, he was a lecturer at the University of Twente. Following this, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at ETH Zürich with Wilfred F. van Gunsteren from 2002 to 2003. He then led a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. In 2009, he was appointed as a full professor for computational physical chemistry at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Research 
His main research interests center on the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of liquids and soft matter systems. His work includes studies on the physical fundamentals and thermodynamics of aqueous solvation, including cosolvent and salt effects on the water solubility of macromolecules and the stability of proteins. To this end, he works on the development of intermolecular potential models and computational methods for atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of liquids, polymers, and biological materials. (ResearcherID: B-3441-2010).

References

External links 
 Website Van der Vegt Group
 Website Department of Chemistry TU Darmstadt
 

Living people
1970 births
People from Raalte
Dutch physical chemists
21st-century Dutch chemists
20th-century Dutch chemists
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dutch expatriates in Germany
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research people
Computational chemists
Dutch expatriates in Switzerland
University of Twente alumni