omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1,1-Diphenylacetone. 1,1-Diphenylacetone is an organic compound composed of a benzhydryl group and a methyl group attached to a central carbonyl group.

Preparation
One method is where phenylacetone is dissolved in benzene, reacted with bromine to effect an α-keto bromination and stirred for 3-6 hours. Then this mixture is slowly added to a solution of anhydrous aluminium chloride in benzene to catalyze a Friedel-Crafts alkylation. A lengthy workup of the reaction mixture ends in recrystallization of the product 1,1-diphenylacetone from petroleum ether.

References

Aromatic ketones
Benzhydryl compounds
Joginder Lal. Joginder Lal (2 July 1923 – 2 September 1998) was a Goodyear Polymer Research Manager and expert in the synthesis and mechanism of the formation of high polymers.

Education 

Lal was born in 1923 in Amritsar, India.  He completed his undergraduate education at Hindu College, Amritsar.  In 1946, he won a scholarship to pursue graduate education in the United States.  In 1951, he married Ardyce Lundenburg, a music student, and completed his doctorate in polymer chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.

Career 

Following completion of the requirements for his doctorate, he worked briefly for the Polaroid Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  His scholarship contract required that he return to India, however, so following graduation he took up a teaching position at Hindu College in Amritsar.  He held that position for a year before returning to the United States and his wife.  They moved to Philadelphia, where he headed polymer-organic research for H.D. Justi and Son, a manufacturer of dental materials.  In 1956, he joined Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio as a research scientist where he worked on synthesis and properties of rubber, plastics and coating materials.  His team developed Hexsyn, a highly flexible and durable polymer in 1967. Hexsyn was applied for medical applications including a heart pump diaphragm at the Cleveland Clinic in 1976, and a prothesis for finger joint replacement in cases of arthritis or injury.  Lal chaired the Gordon Conference on Elastomers in 1983. He published a widely used text with James E. Mark on the topic of rubber elasticity. He headed the Polymer Research group at Goodyear from 1975 to 1982, and retired with the titled of Senior Research Associate in 1985. Lal was inducted into the Goodyear Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1987, he joined the University of Akron as an adjunct professor in the Institute of Biomedical Engineering.

He served as science counselor to congressman John F. Seiberling from 1974 to 1986.

Awards and recognitions

1989 Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award
1990 Distinguished Award of Council, ACESS
1996 Harry and Carol Mosher Award recognizing outstanding work in chemistry

References 

1923 births
1998 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
20th-century American engineers
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company people
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. Journal of Materials Processing Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on all aspects of processing techniques used in manufacturing components from various materials. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is J. Cao (Northwestern University).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, Metadex, and Inspec. The journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.162.

References

External links
 

Materials science journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. The Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research, theory, and practice concerning the properties of materials. The journal was established in 1952 by Rodney Hill and is published by Elsevier. As of October 2022, the editor-in-chief is Huajian Gao (Nanyang Technological University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.3.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

See also
Solid mechanics
Materials science

References

External links

Materials science journals
Elsevier academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1952
English-language journals
Monorackbahn. Monorackbahn is a small monorail rack railway manufactured by the Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group. Its style is derived from industrial monorails used in 1960s vineyards. There are more than 650  Monorackbahn systems installed across Switzerland, Germany and Italy.

History 
The idea for the development of the Monorackbahn started in the 1960's and came from Japan in the form of slope cars which were used on orchards. The original manufacturer Yoneyama Industry named them "Monorack" (モノラック, Monorakku) by 1966. The first models were primarily used for transporting bags of fruit in the beginning. Garaventa designed similar systems for usage in vineyards in the 1960s which could also carry workers. It did pick up the brand name Monorack by 1976. The main difference between the Japanese and European systems was the type of rail being used for tracks with the Japanese systems using 4 cm and the European systems using 6 cm square tubing. The cooperation between Nikkari in Japan and Habegger in Switzerland started in 1975, so the Monorack tractors are mostly identical.

The Garaventa system is designed for loads up to  and 100% (45°) slopes. In the newest system (as of 2021) an 48 Volt Li ion battery pack is used with a 6 kW motor. The base size of 3.6 kWh allows for 60 min of operation. Connector pads for the charging stations can be attached to the rail so that recharging starts automatically at the end points. The system is so prevalent in vineyards along the Rhine that it is also named Vinayard rail (German ). This is ambiguous as Feldbahn system are also used for agricultural transportation including vineyards. Apart from usage in vineyards, Monorackbahn systems are also found at complex construction sites in Europe.

Types

References

External links 
 https://www.doppelmayr.com/de/systeme/monorack/ - home site at the Manufacturer
 
 https://www.vinitorum-quaterni.de/index.php?lang=de&page=monorack for a new vineyard

Monorails in Germany
Vertical transport devices
Jie Shan. Jie Shan is a Chinese-American scientist who is Professor of Physics and Head of Graduate Studies at Cornell University. Her research considers the advanced characterization of two dimensional materials. She was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2013.

Early life and education 
Shan grew up in Zhejiang.  At school she liked mathematics and chemistry. She earned her undergraduate diploma at Moscow State University. She moved to Columbia University for graduate studies, where she worked with Tony Heinz on optical spectroscopy, and developed a table-top coherent terahertz technology.

Research and career 

In 2002, Shan joined Case Western Reserve University as an assistant professor in the physics department. She joined Pennsylvania State University in 2014, where she was promoted to professor. She moved to Cornell University in 2018. Shan studies the optoelectronic properties of single-layer materials. She is particularly interested in Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene. She develops linear and non linear spectroscopies and advanced microscopies to understand their steady-state and dynamic phenomena.

Awards and honors 
 2010 Scialog Award for Science Advancement
 2013 Fellow of the American Physical Society
 2021 Mildred Dresselhaus Prize

Selected publications

Personal life 
Shan runs a joint research group with her husband Kin Fai Mak.

References 

Living people
Physicists from Zhejiang
American condensed matter physicists
Moscow State University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Karen Smilowitz. Karen Renee Smilowitz is an American transportation scientist and operations researcher whose research concerns humanitarian logistics, including vehicle routing for disaster relief efforts, as well as safety and emergency preparedness for large public events such as marathons. She is  James N. and Margie M. Krebs Professor in Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at Northwestern University, and editor-in-chief of the journal Transportation Science.

Education and career
Smilowitz majored in civil engineering and operations research at Princeton University, graduating in 1995. She went to the University of California, Berkeley for graduate study in civil and environmental engineering, specializing in transportation, earning a master's degree in 1998 and completing her Ph.D. in 2001. Her dissertation, Design and operation of multimode, multi-service logistics systems, was supervised by Carlos F. Daganzo.

She has been a faculty member in industrial engineering and management sciences at Northwestern University since 2001. She became a full professor in 2015, was named Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence in 2015 and Krebs Professor in 2018, and added an affiliation with the Kellogg School of Management in 2019.

As well as serving as editor-in-chief of Transportation Science, she has been president of the INFORMS Transportation Science & Logistics Society, for a three-year term from 2015 to 2018.

Recognition
Smilowitz was the 2016 winner of the WORMS Award for the Advancement of Women in OR/MS of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). In 2022 she was named a Fellow of INFORMS, "for outstanding research in transportation, logistics and nonprofit operations, significant contributions to the practice of OR for social good and advancing equity and diversity".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American civil engineers
American women engineers
American operations researchers
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Edmund Schneider. Edmund Schneider (26 July 1901 - 5 July 1968) was a German aircraft designer and owner of a glider factory.

Career

Early life
Schnieder was born in Ravensburg on 26 July 1902 and completed an apprenticeship in Memmingen as a carpenter. Towards the end of the First World War he applied to the German air force but was found unfit to fly. He found employment as a carpenter in the Schleissheim aircraft hangar, where military aircraft were repaired. He was able to study the design of fighter aircraft such as the Pfalz Albatros Flugzeugwerke, LFG, Fokker and Junkers.

Bavaria
At end of the war he moved to the Wasserkuppe mountain gliding site in the spring of 1923.. He met Gottlob Espenlaub  and helped him with the completion of gliders he designed with Alexander Lippischa for the Rhön competition in the summer of 1923.

Grunau 
In autumn 1923 he went together with Espenlaub at the invitation of a local group of the German Flying club  to Grunau near Hirschberg Silesia (now Poland). In the winter in Grunau, the construction of an easy-to-build and easy-to-fly, stable training glider was developed, which after a few modifications finally led to the Espenlaub-Schneider ESG-9 - a basic training glider. While Espenlaub later went to Kassel, Schneider settled down in Grunau and started his own business in 1928 with the Segelflugzeugbau Edmund Schneider. His most famous construction was the Schneider Grunau Baby. By about 1931 some 3000 examples had been produced by his company in  Grunau. 

In addition to the company's own aircraft, the gliders Wiesenbaude 1 and Wiesenbaude 2 were also commissioned for Eugen Bönsch, and the fuselage of the Moazagotl by Schneider ESG 31 Schlesierland for Eugen Bönsch who during 1931–1932 was  principal of the Grunau gliding school.

World War II
Due to the increasing demand from the National Socialist Flyers Corps, Schneider employed more than 350 people in two plants when war broke out in 1939. At the end of World War II, Schneider left his business and fled with his family to Mühlhofen on Lake Constance.

Australia
The result was the draft ES-49 "Wallaby" design, of which a copy has been preserved on the Wasserkuppe. The Schneider family emigrated to Australia in 1951 at the invitation of the Adelaide Aero Club in which city he established the Edmund Schneider Pty Ltd. Other well-known gliders such as the Schneider ES-52 Kookaburra and the Schneider ES-60 Boomerang were built in Australia at Schneider's new factory in Adelaide. A licensed version of the Schleicher Ka 6 was also built in Australia.

Death
Schneider died on 5 July 1968 in Rottach-Egern in Germany aged 67.

References

1901 births
1968 deaths
German aerospace engineers
 
People from Ravensburg
Glider manufacturers
Berna Dengiz. Berna Dengiz is a Turkish industrial engineer, the dean of engineering and professor of industrial engineering at Başkent University. Her research involves the heuristic optimization of complex systems.

Education and career
Dengiz studied civil engineering as an undergraduate student at Gazi University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in 1974. She earned a master's degree in statistics in 1978 at Gazi University. In 1987 she earned both a second master's degree in statistics from Middle East Technical University, and a Ph.D. in industrial engineering from Gazi University.

She began working as an instructor in industrial engineering at Gazi University in 1985, and on completing her Ph.D. in 1987 was appointed as an assistant professor. She became associate professor in 1992 and full professor in 1998. In 2005 she moved to Başkent University as professor and chair of industrial engineering, and she became dean of engineering there in 2007.

Recognition
Dengiz  was the 2011 winner of the WORMS Award for the Advancement of Women in Operations Research and Management Science of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS).

References

External links
Personal home page
Home page at Başkent University

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Turkish industrial engineers
Turkish women academics
Gazi University alumni
Middle East Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Gazi University
Academic staff of Başkent University
Punch needle. A punch needle is a manual tool used for embroidery or rug making that creates a field of tightly-packed loops of thread or yarn on a woven fabric substrate. The tool generally consists of a hollow needle with an angled opening attached to a wooden or plastic handle. The needle's eye is drilled just above its tip, rather than at its base, as with most sewing needles. Yarn is threaded through the hollow needle via an opening at the top of its handle, and out through the eye. 

A punch needle stitch is made by forcing the needle through the weave of the fabric, creating a loop that is kept in place by friction. The tool is held so that the eye of the needle stays on the opposite side of the direction of the stitch. Punch needle embroidery is typically worked from the front of the fabric. On the other hand, punch needle rug making is usually worked from the back. 

Examples of traditional crafting techniques that use punch needles include "New England Style" rug hooking, Russian punch needle embroidery, and Japanese bunka shishu. Mechanical rug tufting, often achieved with a tufting gun, also creates a similar effect to manual punch needling. In 2022, sportswear company Nike announced they would be using punch needle technology to create a more sustainable alternative to fleece.

References

Rugs and carpets
Textile arts
Embroidery equipment
Rubicene. Rubicene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon  that consists of two benzene and an anthracene. They are each linked by two carbon–carbon bonds. Dilute solutions of rubicene emit strong yellow fluorescence. It's synthesized from fluorenone by reduction of calcium or magnesium, or it can be obtained by reacting with dihalogenated diphenylanthracene as raw material. It can also be obtained by reacting 9,10-diphenylanthracene and 3 parts of DDQ in dichloromethane in the presence of triflic acid.

References

Further reading
 Pragst, Fritz; Stoesser, Reinhard. Use of bis(1,2,4,6-tetramethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-pyridinyl) as a reducing agent for the generation of organic anion radicals in EPR spectroscopy . Zeitschrift fuer Chemie, 1985. 25 (6): 222. .
 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Ryad Mezzour. Ryad Mezzour (born 1971) is the Moroccan Minister of Industry and Trade. He was appointed as minister on 7 October 2021.

Education 
Mezzour received his baccalaureate (1989) from the Lycée Lyautey. He holds a Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (1996) and a Master in Business Management (2000) from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

Career 
From 1996 until 1998, Mezzour worked at ABB in Switzerland as a research and development engineer.

After finishing his master's degree, he worked as a financial services consultant for Deloitte from 2000 until 2003. In 2003, he returned to Morocco and was the general manager of Budget Rent a Car.

Between 2006 and 2009, Mezzour held several management positions at SOMED.

He was appointed General Manager of Suzuki Morocco in 2009.

From 2013 until 2019, Mezzour served as director of the cabinet of the president for the Moroccan Economic, Social and Environmental Council (CESE). In 2019, he was appointed chief of cabinet of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, Green and Digital Economy.

Since 7 October 2021, Mezzour has been Morocco's Minister of Industry and Trade.

References 

1971 births
21st-century Moroccan politicians
ETH Zurich alumni
Industry ministers of Morocco
Living people
Mohamed Abdeljalil. Mohammed Abdeljalil (born 4 August 1968) is a Moroccan politician. Previously, he had served as Minister of Transport & Logistics from 7 October 2021 until 23 October 2024.

Education 
Abdeljalil holds a Bachelor of Engineering (1991) from the École des ponts ParisTech and a Master of Business Administration (2001) from the Hassania School of Public Works.

Career 
From 1991 until 1993, Abdeljalil worked at the American company Arthur Andersen in Paris as an auditor.

In 1993, he returned to Morocco to work for Bymaro as manager for the pretreatment station of El Hank and later as commercial director.

In 2003, Abdeljalil was appointed director of programs and studies at the Ministry of Equipment and Transport.

Between 2005 and 2021, he worked at the Office for Port Operations (ODEP), which became Marsa Maroc in 2006. He was Director General of the Office of Port Operations and then chairman of the board of directors of Marsa Maroc.

Between 7 October 2021 and 23 October 2024, Abdeljalil had been the Minister of Transport and Logistics.

References 

1968 births
Living people
21st-century Moroccan politicians
Transport ministers of Morocco
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Inverse lithography. In semiconductor device fabrication, the inverse lithography technology (ILT) is an approach to photomask design. It is basically an approach to solve an inverse imaging problem: to calculate the shapes of the openings in a photomask ("source") so that the passing light produces a good approximation of the desired pattern ("target") on the illuminated material, typically a photoresist. As such, it is treated as a mathematical optimization problem of a special kind, because usually an analytical solution does not exist. In conventional approaches known as the optical proximity correction (OPC) a "target" shape is augmented with carefully tuned rectangles to produce a "Manhattan shape" for the "source", as shown in the illustration. The ILT approach generates curvilinear shapes for the "source", which deliver better approximations for the "target".

The ILT was proposed in 1980s, however at that time it was impractical due to the huge required computational power and complicated "source" shapes, which presented difficulties for verification (design rule checking) and manufacturing. However in late 2000s developers started reconsidering ILT due to significant increases in computational power.

References 

Lithography (microfabrication)
Inverse problems
Julie Swann. Julie LeAnne Swann is an American systems engineer and operations researcher who studies optimization-based improvements to supply chains, logistics, health care, the mathematical modelling of infectious disease, and disaster relief. She is A. Doug Allison Distinguished Professor and head of the Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at North Carolina State University. She was elected President-Elect of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences in 2023.

Education and career
Swann majored in industrial engineering at Georgia Tech, graduating in 1996. She went to Northwestern University for graduate study in industrial engineering and management, earning a master's degree in 1998 and completing her Ph.D. in 2001.

After completing her doctorate, Swann returned to Georgia Tech as a faculty member in industrial and systems engineering, in 2002. There, she became the Harold R. and Mary Anne Nash Professor in the Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, and co-founded the Center for Health and Humanitarian Logistics. She moved to her present position at North Carolina State University in 2017. She continues to hold an adjunct position at Georgia Tech, and has also taught at the Università della Svizzera italiana in Switzerland.

Recognition
Swann became a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial Systems Engineers in 2020. In 2022 she was named a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, "for contributions to delivery of effective and equitable healthcare to populations with limited resources and improved systems for humanitarian response", and of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), "for her significant research and impact on health and humanitarian systems, outstanding educational contributions, excellence in service and academic leadership, and distinguished contributions in advocacy of the profession to the public".

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American industrial engineers
American women engineers
Systems engineers
Women systems engineers
American operations researchers
Georgia Tech alumni
Northeastern University alumni
Georgia Tech faculty
North Carolina State University faculty
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences