omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marine Unsaturated Model. The Marine Unsaturated Model (MARUN model) is a two-dimensional (vertical slice) finite element model capable of simulating the migration of water and solutes in saturated-unsaturated porous media while accounting for the impact of solute concentration on water density and viscosity, as saltwater is heaving and more viscous than freshwater.  The detailed formulation of the MARUN model is found in (Boufadel et al. 1998) and (Boufadel et al. 1999).  The model was used to investigate seepage flow in trenches and dams (Boufadel et al. 1999, Naba et al. 2002  ), the migration of brine following evaporation (Boufadel et al. 1999)  and (Geng and M.C. 2015), submarine groundwater discharge (Li et al. 2008), and beach hydrodynamics to explain the persistence of some of the Exxon Valdez oil in Alaska beaches (Li and Boufadel 2010).

Model formulation

In the absence of source/sink terms, the equation for the conservation of the fluid mass (water + salt) is: 

where  is the porosity of the medium() and S is the water saturation ratio of soil moisture with a value of 1 implying fully saturated soil,

In the absence of source/sink terms, the equation for the conservation of the solute equation is expressed as:

BIOMARUN
The model BIO-MARUN resulted from combining the model BIOB (for biodegradation in a block) with the MARUN model.  The BIOB model (Geng et al. 2012) and (Geng et al. 2014) requires the concentration of hydrocarbons, the microbial density, and oxygen and nutrient concentrations.  It uses Monod kinetics to predict microbial growth, oxygen consumption, and  production.  An implementation of the model was also conducted by (Torlapati and Boufadel 2014). The BIOB model can also revert to using default values.

The BIOMARUN model allows tracking of two substrates (or food), two microbial communities, and up to 8 solutes, and it was used to predict oil biodegradation under natural conditions (Geng et al. 2015)  and with amendments (i.e., bioremediation) (Geng et al. 2016).  The BIOMARUN model was also used to investigate the biodegradation of benzene in tidally influenced beaches (Geng et al. 2016)

TMARUN
To account for heat transfer through liquid and vapor transport, the model MARUN was coupled with equations for the migration of heat through conduction and vapor transport as documented closely in (Geng and M.C. 2015, Geng et al. 2016 ). The TMARUN model was used to explain the presence of high salinity (100 g/L more than 3 times that of seawater) in the intertidal zone of beaches.

Notes and references

Finite element method
Caspar C 17. The Caspar C 17 was a mid-1920s German, low power, two seat ultralight aircraft with a cantilever wing of unusually high aspect ratio, flexibly attached to the fuselage to moderate gust effects.

Design and development

The chief aim of Ernst Ritter von Loessel, the C 17's designer, was to produce a light two-seater with just enough power to be useful as a touring, sports or training aircraft whilst being economical to fly. Fuel economy further was enhanced by its clean, low wing, cantilever monoplane layout.

Each wing had an unswept inner part with constant chord and a constant, thick section. The outer panels, which carried the ailerons, were slightly tapered in plan and strongly thinned outwards to angled tips. The aspect ratio  of 9.2 was high for the time, lowering the low speed induced drag. Each was built around two box section spars, longitudinally cross-braced with steel tubes and plywood-skinned. The most unusual feature was that the wing root mounting allowed spring-restrained variations of the angle of attack. The wings could pivot around a horizontal, span-wise axis just behind the forward spar, with a spring-loaded bolt at the rear spar. This was intended to make the lightweight C 17 less sensitive to gusts and also to exploit the Knoller-Betz effect by which some gust energy is converted into thrust and lift by a plunging wing. Von Loessel had earlier designed a glider incorporating flexible wings to use this effect but the C 17 developed the idea with an elevator-wing cross-connection to maintain trim.

The fuselage was based on a steel tube, rectangular section inner structure, covered by plywood fastened to stringers. Its ABC Scorpion flat twin, simply cowled with its cylinder heads exposed for cooling, produced a maximum power of  at 3,200 rpm. Behind the engine there were two cockpits in tandem, one near the wing leading edge and the other just aft of the trailing edge. The empennage was unusual, as both horizontal and vertical surfaces were all-moving. Both were polygonal in plan, with the elevator mounted at mid-fuselage height and the rudder tall and narrow above it.

The C 17 had a fixed, tailskid undercarriage with the mainwheels  apart on a faired axle. The axle was mounted on V-struts from the outer, lower tubes of the fuselage frame, one transversely to its centre and two longitudinal pairs to its ends.

The exact date of the C 17's first flight is not known but it was reported in November 1924 that the aircraft was completed "some while ago" and that it "flew quite well with its small British engine". Level flight could be maintained at an engine speed of 2,200 rpm which produced . Despite this, little more was heard about it and it was not one of the several Caspar aircraft to take part in the 1925 Round-Germany Flight.

Specifications

References

Caspar aircraft
1920s German sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
MV Akra Aktion. The cargo ship Akra Aktion (prior name Steven) was built in 1957 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands with following features : 
Length 91,40 m, 
Wide 12,54 m, 
Draught 6,75 m, 
Capacity 3851 tdw, 
Engine 1600 CP 

The cargo ship had sailed under a Greek flag and started its journey from Brăila with 3575,52 tons steel laminate to Alexandria, Egypt. On 19.02.1981 the ship got into a storm and was stranded several hundred meters from Vama Veche beach. The water was only a few meters deep.

The crew was saved, but the ship was not salvageable. The cargo was recovered 20 years later. Now due the decay from rust and waves, only a small part of the wreck, the bow is sometimes visible over the water.

See also
MV E Evangelia

References

External links

Shipwrecks in the Black Sea
Shipwrecks of Romania
Maritime incidents in 1981
1957 ships
Central Taiwan Innovation Campus. The Central Taiwan Innovation Campus () is a research center in Zhongxing New Village, Nantou City, Nantou County, Taiwan.

History
In April 2010, Bio Architecture Formosana and Noiz joined the design competition of the building and won first prize. During the development stage, the site for the building was relocated once. The construction of the building was completed and opened on 15 September 2014. In August 2017, the building received the Diamond Class Green Building and Intelligent Building rating by the Ministry of the Interior based on several indicators.

Architecture
The building total surface covers an area of 42,700 m2 on a 2.47 hectares of land. The building was constructed entirely by metal-framed curtain wall. The shape of the building resembles a sliced open of a ground layer. It also features a greenhouse at its southern-east side. The building is covered by 3,358 sunshade panels and 140kW photovoltaic system.

See also
 Education in Taiwan
 Industrial Technology Research Institute

References

External links

  

2014 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures completed in 2014
Buildings and structures in Nantou County
Research institutes in Taiwan
Curran Steels. Curran Steels was a manufacturing company in Cardiff, Wales, founded as the Edward Curran Engineering Co and known locally as Curran's.

The factory was located on the east bank of the River Taff, near to Cardiff Docks. It was served by the Riverside branch railway.

History

The Edward Curran Engineering Co. was founded in Cardiff in 1903 by Edward Curran, whose father Charles was an Irish stonemason who had settled in Cardiff, then a thriving coal port. Edward Curran was also a stonemason. The company opened a foundry in Hurman Street, Butetown, in or adjacent to the site of the former Bute Shipbuilding and Engineering Works . The firm initially specialised in producing furnaces for annealing metals, one of which was built for Mountstuart Dry Docks in Cardiff in 1909.

Immediately before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Curran's supplied several annealing furnaces to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, London, and had built a major munitions factory in Ward End, Birmingham. In 1915 Curran's converted a building next to their iron foundry into a plant for manufacturing shell casings. Production of  brass howitzer shell casings started in 1916, continuing until the end of the war with over seven million  shell casings produced.

After the First World War the business diversified and it products included enamelled metalware, including cups and plates. These were manufactured using the staff and equipment previously used for shell casing production, and Curran's maintained their capability to manufacture munitions.

By the 1930s Curran's was virtually the only British company with significant munitions manufacturing capability, and it took a leading role in the British re-armament before the Second World War. During the war Curran's continued to produce munitions. The factory was damaged several times in German Bombing raids.

After the Second World War the factory resumed the production of enamelware. In 1961 they started production of pressed steel baths, and acrylic baths in 1972.

In 1973 the company was acquired by the Building Products division of Reed International, adding Curran's steel and acrylic bath products to the toilets and washbasins of Twyford, which Reed had acquired in 1971. In 1985 Caradon Ltd acquired Reed International's Building Products division, including Curran.

Curran's factory in Cardiff closed in 2005. The buildings were demolished and the site used for housing.

Dame Shirley Bassey worked packing chamber pots in Curran's packing department in 1951, before her career as a singer.

References

History of Cardiff
Economy of Cardiff
Butetown
1903 establishments in Wales
Industrial history of Wales
Defunct manufacturing companies of Wales
British companies established in 1903
Manufacturing companies established in 1903
Engineering companies of Wales
Amable Liñán. Amable Liñán Martínez (born 1934 in Noceda de Cabrera, Castrillo de Cabrera, León, Spain) is a Spanish aeronautical engineer working in the field of combustion.

Biography 
He holds a PhD in Aeronautical Engineering from the Technical University of Madrid, advised by Gregorio Millán Barbany and Degree of Aeronautical Engineer from the Caltech advised by Frank E. Marble.

He is currently Professor of Fluid Mechanics and professor emeritus at the Higher Technical School of Aeronautical Engineers of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (attached to the Department of Motorcycle and Thermofluidodynamics of said school). He has taught at universities in California, Michigan and Princeton University in the United States and in Marseilles in France, among others. Since 1997 he is an adjunct professor at Yale University.

Research

He has focused his research studies on the basic problems of combustion, both reactor and planetary probe dynamics, in the latter case working directly for NASA and the European Space Agency.

The diffusion flame structure in counterflow wa analyzed by him in 1974 through activation-energy asymptotics.

Publications

He is the author of several books and scientific research.

Honors

In 1989 he was elected member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences. He is also a member of the Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain, France and Mexico. He is also a member of the scientific board of the IMDEA Energy Institute. He is also an elected foreign member of National Academy of Engineering for discoveries using asymptotic analyses in combustion and for contributions to advance engineering science. In 2007 he received the "Miguel Catalán" Research Award from the Community of Madrid and was awarded in 1993 with the Prince of Asturias Award for Scientific and Technical Research. A workshop in honor of Liñán's work was conducted in 2004 and the workshop papers are published in a book titled Simplicity, rigor and relevance in fluid mechanics : a volume in honor of Amable Liñán, CIMNE, (2004).

See also

References

External links
 

Spanish engineers
Fluid dynamicists
1934 births
Living people
California Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Combustion Institute
Punalur Suspension Bridge. The Punalur Suspension Bridge, located in Punalur, India is the 19th century motorable Bridge in Kerala, which was built by Travancore Government and is now a historical attraction. The bridge has a length of . The suspension bridge was built to prevent wild animals from crossing into the town from the forest area.

History and construction 

The Punalur Suspension Bridge is the first motorable bridge in South India. The suspension bridge crossing the river is the only suspended-deck type in south India. The construction started under Walthew Clarence Barton and completed in 1877 by Albert Henry chief engineers of Travancore across the Kallada River. This huge bridge was suspended by two spans and was used for vehicular movement. Construction took more than six years. It is said that after completion of the bridge people hesitated to walk over the bridge. In order to prove the strength of the bridge the engineer and his family passed under the bridge in a country boat while six elephants were walking over it. Now the bridge is of historical interest and is a major tourist attraction.

Reason for the construction 

The main concept behind the construction of this bridge was that areas on the other side of the river Kallada was dense forest. A bridge was necessary. It was also built to prevent wild animals from getting to the populated side, a bridge which shakes when someone gets on it was built, this shaking scared off the animals and they would not cross the bridge.

Method of construction 

The bridge is connected to four wells. The iron rods of the bridge is connected to the clips, situated in the wells. Each well is about 100 feet deep and no one since knows the engineering behind the construction of this bridge. It still remains a mystery.

Replacement for the suspension bridge 

A new concrete bridge was built near to the Punalur Suspension Bridge in 1972 due to heavy traffic on the National Highway 208, a new strong bridge was built.

Renovation 

The bridge was recently repaired and renovated by the government of Kerala. The structure was strengthened, new wood panels of the same tree (Kambakom) which was first used in the construction were fit, the steel armrests and the stone columns were painted, night lamps were installed and a new park and resting place were made near the bridge.

References

External links 

 SketchUp Model of the Bridge

Bridges in Kerala
Buildings and structures in Kollam district
1877 establishments in India
Bridges completed in 1877
Suspension bridges in India
Transport in Kollam district
PD AeroSpace. , often abbreviated PDAS, is a Japanese space tourism company based in Nagoya founded in 2007 by Shuji Ogawa. The "PD" in the company's name stands for "pulse detonation". PDAS is developing a suborbital spaceplane to carry two pilots and six passengers using a hybrid of jet and rocket power. Initial tickets are planned for ¥ 14,000,000 (about $125,000 USD as of April 2017) eventually lowering to ¥400,000 (about $3,600).

PDAS plans to develop a hybrid engine that produces jet and rocket thrust, using pulse detonation jet and pulse combustion rocket modes. To reduce the cost of development and keep the vehicle low-cost, PDAS plans to use commercially available hardware, instead of custom-designed parts. H.I.S. and ANA own 10% and 7% of the company, respectively.

See also

 Blue Origin
 Interstellar Technologies, a Japanese rocket startup
 Virgin Galactic

References

External links

Airlines established in 2007
Transport companies established in 2007
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2007
Japanese companies established in 2007
Companies based in Nagoya
Travel and holiday companies of Japan
Commercial spaceflight
Human spaceflight programs
Private spaceflight companies
Space tourism
Aerospace companies of Japan
TCG Oruçreis (F 245). TCG Oruçreis (F 245), is a   frigate of the Turkish Navy, the second ship of that class. She was named for Oruç Reis (c. 1474–1518), the Ottoman Beylerbeyi of the West Mediterranean. The submarine TCG Oruç Reis was the first ship of that name in the Turkish Navy.

Design and description
The vessel is  long, has a beam of  and a draft of . She has a displacement of 3,380 t at full load. She has CODOG machinery, with two controllable-pitch propellers powered by four GE LM2500 gas turbines, which generate , and two MTU 20V 1163 Diesel engines generating . Ship's service speed is  while top speeds are  on gas turbine and  on diesel only. The service range reaches  at . She carries a helicopter of type S-70B Seahawk or Agusta-Bell AB-212 ASW. Personnel on duty are 21 officers, 92 petty officers, 11 specialized sergeants and 46 privates.

Ship sensors, radars and processing systems are Decca 2040 BT, AWS-9, HSA D08, HSA STIR −24, HSA STIR 18 and SQS-56. Electronic warfare and decoys installed on board are Racal Cutlass, Racal Scorpion and Mk 36 decoy. The frigate's armament include two MK 141 quad-cell launchers for eight RGM-84 Harpoond, one Mk 41 Mod 8 VLS for 16 RIM-162 ESSM Sea Sparrow PDMS (surface-to-air missile), one  5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, three Oerlikon-Contraves Sea Zenith 25mm CIWS gun systems and two Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes.

Construction and career
The ship was built at Gölcük Naval Shipyard. She was launched on 28 July 1994 and commissioned on 23 May 1997.

As part of the "Barbaros Turkish Navy Task Group", she sailed along with the frigate , the corvette  and the support ship  to Lagos, Nigeria in April 2014. Members of the Turkish Task Group provided training to the Nigerian Navy and the Nigerian Coast Guard personnel on fighting against piracy, ship board safety and explosives.

References

External links

Barbaros-class frigates of the Turkish Navy
Ships built at Gölcük Naval Shipyard
1994 ships
Frigates of Turkey
Australasian Corrosion Association. The Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) is a non-profit membership association, headquartered in the state of Victoria, Australia and active in the Australasian region (mainly Australia and New Zealand), which disseminates information on corrosion and its prevention or control, by providing training, seminars, conferences, publications and other activities.

The ACA has branches and committees in main centers around Australia and New Zealand.

The ACA has strategic partnerships with The Association for Materials Protection and Performance offering these organizations' training courses in Australasia and Southeast Asia.

The Association proactively promotes corrosion awareness in Australia and New Zealand, and holds annual conferences on the topic.

References

External links

NACE International Website 

Engineering societies based in Australia
Organisations based in Victoria (state)
Corrosion prevention
Clara Pit. The Clara Pit () or Clara Mine is a working mine in Oberwolfach in the Black Forest in Germany in which the industrial minerals, baryte and fluorspar are mined.

Importance 
The pit is well known because, to date, over 375 different minerals have been found here (as at November 2004), including several that are very rare. The portal of the mine is located in the upper part of the Rankach valley. The processing plant is near Wolfach-Kirnbach in the Kinzig valley. Since 1898, the Clara Pit has mined over 3 million tonnes of baryte and over 2 million tonnes of fluorspar. Baryte is used inter alia in sound attenuation, radiation protection and the deep mining industry. Fluorspar or fluorite is used in the metal industry as a plasticiser (e.g. in welding electrodes) in the glass and ceramics industry and in the chemical industry for the production of  hydrofluoric acid.

The pit, which is operated by the firm of Sachtleben Bergbau is the last active mine of the many that were once worked in the Black Forest.

Its most common minerals are azurite, baryte, chrysocolla, claraite, cornwallite, fluorite, goethite, clinoclase, copper, malachite, pyrite, pyromorphite, mimetite, stolzite, silver und scorodite.

Mineral tailings 
On the mineral tailings site of the Clara Pit in Wolfach-Kirnbach the various minerals may be looked for in separate raw mineral ore spoil heaps.

Museum 
In the Oberwolfach Mining and Mineral Museum in the village of Kirche over 200 minerals from the pit are displayed.

Geology 
The fissures in the mine are part of the Friedrich Christian Herrensegen Fault Zone in the Black Forest Gneiss Complex.

Type localities 
The Clara Pit has given its name to the mineral, claraite and is also the type locality for the following minerals:
agardite-(Ce), arsenbrackebuschite, arsenocrandallite, arsenogorceixite, arsenogoyazite, bariopharmacosiderite, benauite, bismutostibiconite, claraite, cualstibite, phosphofibrite, phyllotungstite, rankachite, rhabdophane-(Ce), tungstibite, uranotungstite.

References

External links 

Grube Clara at Mineralienatlas.de
Grube Clara at Mindat.org
Oberwolfach Mining and Mineral Museum
Photograph of the mine portal
Grube Clara at Clara-Mineralien.de Information on the pit, minerals and geology
Grube Clara at Mineralienhalde.de

Mines in Germany
Black Forest
Geological type localities
100ft Robot Golf. 100ft Robot Golf is a 2016 sports video game developed and published by No Goblin. In the game, players control mechas and must race to shoot a golf ball into a hole. 100ft Robot Golf was released in October 2016 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR and in March 2017 for Windows. The game was met with a mixed reception.

Gameplay

Players choose from a number of mechas to play through golf courses with. Each mecha has different abilities and gameplay mechanics for hitting the ball. As opposed to traditional golf, all players play at the same time, with the goal of getting their ball into the hole first. Players can demolish buildings, block opposing shots with their mecha, and attack other competitors. In-game commentators (Justin, Griffin, and Travis McElroy) spectate the players' actions.

Development and release
Indie studio No Goblin previously developed Roundabout in 2014. During a Let's Play of Neo Turf Masters, a member of No Goblin mentioned that a game having mechas play golf in space was never made before.

According to the co-founder of No Goblin, Dan Teasdale, the studio took anime from the 1970s and 1980s and "overdubbed it". Teasdale helped to develop Rock Band and Destroy All Humans!. No Goblin initially produced the in-game commentary themselves; however, they ultimately decided to commission the McElroy brothers because they needed people "way funnier than [them]".

Sony requested the studio to port 100ft Robot Golf to the PlayStation VR (PS VR). During the PlayStation Experience 2015 opening keynote, 100ft Robot Golf was announced for the PS VR and PlayStation 4 (PS4), stating that the game would be published by 2016. No Goblin released 100ft Robot Golf for PS4 on October 10, 2016, and for PS VR on October 13. After the studio improved the graphics and writing, the game was released for Microsoft Windows on March 16, 2017.

Reception
The game has received "mixed or average" reviews, holding an aggregated score of 56 on Metacritic. On OpenCritic, the game has a "weak" approval rating of 0%.

References

External links

2016 video games
Golf video games
Indie games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation VR games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games about mecha
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games