omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aluminium(I) oxide. Aluminium(I) oxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O. It can be prepared by heating the stable oxide Al2O3 with elemental silicon at 1800 °C under vacuum.

Formation and occurrence
Al2O commonly exists as a gas, since the solid state is not stable at room temperature and is only stable between 1050 and 1600 °C. Aluminium(I) oxide is formed by heating Al and Al2O3 in a vacuum while in the presence of SiO2 and C, and only by condensing the products. Information is not commonly available on this compound; it is unstable, has complex high-temperature spectra, and is difficult to detect and identify. In reduction, Al2O is a major component of vapors of Al2O3. There are also 12 valence electrons in Al2O. Al2O molecules can be detected by mass spectrometry, infrared emission, and ultraviolet absorption and emission in the gas phase. The molecule is linear at equilibrium in the ground state. In term of valence bond theory, these molecules can be described as adopting sp2 orbital hybridisation, featuring one sigma and two pi bonds. The corresponding ground state for the valence electrons is 1σ2 1σ*2 2σ2 1π4 1π*2, where the 1σ and 1σ* orbitals cancel, and the 1π and 1π* partially cancel. The overall configuration yields a divalent triplet molecule, with one lone electron focused on the oxygen atom and the other focused equally between the aluminium atoms.

Infrared measurements
Prominent absorptions are observed at 990.7 and 946.6 cm−1, which indicates the presence of a doublet. After diffusion absorptions are observed at 714.8 and 700 cm−1, which indicates a doublet and also at 689.4 cm−1, characteristics of a triplet system with two equivalent oxygen atoms. In a more concentrated matrix, both doublet and triplet systems are detected at 715 cm−1. However, after diffusion, the triplet system enhances and the double system decreases.
The diffusion implies that Al2O is an aggregate species, since it only appears in concentrated matrices, which may be due to polymerization. The triplet may be due to the presence of a dimer, (Al2O)2, however this should be viewed as relative, since the vapor pressure of Al2O is uncertain.

Uses
Aluminium as a metal fuel with oxidizers creates highly exothermic reactions. When Al2O3 is added to a pressure system, the reaction goes from steady, to accelerating, to unstable. This reaction indicates that unstable intermediates such as AlO or Al2O condense or do not form, which prevent acceleration and convection down the pressure system.

See also
Aluminium oxide
Aluminium(II) oxide
Oxide

References

Aluminium(I) compounds
Oxides
Ranken dart. The Ranken Dart was an anti-Zeppelin weapon developed during the First World War. It was an air-dropped  explosive flechette-type of missile-shaped bomb which was  long and  wide while being of a steel and wood construction.

It was developed for use against German Zeppelin airships by Engineer Lieutenant Commander Francis Ranken, initially as a Royal Naval Air Service weapon but was also adopted by the Royal Flying Corps in 1916.

Usually carried in packs of 24; the darts could be dropped individually or all at once. Aircraft equipped with Ranken darts had to climb above their targets,  before dropping them. It entered service in . Ranken Darts became obsolete with the advent of the combination of explosive Pomeroy bullets and incendiary ammunition fired from .303 Vickers and Lewis guns mounted on fighter aircraft.

Design
The Ranken dart consisted of a tinplate tube 23cm long, with a cast iron pointed nose at one end, and a plug and three spring loaded arms at the other. The arms were kept closed in storage by means of a cap, either tin or rubber, which acted as a buffer when the dart was in its dropping tube. When released, the arms opened up and locked in place to act as a grapnel, thus ensuring that the body entered the fabric. The Dart contained high explosive, black powder and phosphorus which were ignited when the head penetrated the airship's outer skin.

References

Further reading

External links
Sectioned Ranken Dart in the Imperial War Museum collection

Aerial bombs of the United Kingdom
Incendiary weapons
World War I weapons of the United Kingdom
Anti-aircraft weapons
Vialle. Vialle Autogas Systems B.V. is a Netherlands-based alternative fuels technology company specializing in autogas equipment.

Vialle started as an importer of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) equipment in 1967.

Vialle was the first company to invent and patent liquid propane injection in the 1980s. The solution was patented and released to the market in 1993 as the "LPI" product.

Liquid propane injection (LPI) for MPI engines

This allows the controlled liquid injection of autogas, resulting in better performance and better combustion. LPI-LPG systems can be applied to the modern direct injection, lean burn and turbocharged engines, while keeping all the original characteristics of the engine completely preserved. Because the LPI-LPG system uses the original petrol computer, all the original features are retained while being less harmful to the environment.

The Vialle LPI liquid injection system delivers propane autogas to the cylinder in a liquid form, capturing the phase change from liquid to gas in an intercooler effect. The resultant increase in air mass and decrease in temperature benefits the combustion cycle with higher output efficiencies when compared to older vapor-based technologies.

Vialle LPI liquid injection systems are certified for operation at −40 °C and operate without a reducer or vaporizer. This enables use of the systems without "warming up" the engine as in vapor-based systems.

Liquid Propane Direct Injection (LPDI)

LPDI was developed and released to the market in 2006. The Vialle LPDI system is designed for modern direct injection engines like the Ford EcoBoost, Volkswagen FSI, TSI and Hyundai GDI engines. The LPDI system utilizes the OEM high-pressure fuel pump and injectors to deliver either gasoline or autogas to the engine. The solution works on lean-burn, turbo boosted and standard direct injection engines. Direct Injection engines will become more prevalent in the market due to tighter emissions standards for greenhouse gases and particulates and the desire for further fuel savings.

References

Technology companies of the Netherlands
Fuel production
MANTIS Air Defence System. MANTIS Air Defence System (Modular, Automatic and Network Capable Targeting and Interception System), formerly titled NBS-C-RAM ( Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar), is a very short range air defence protection system of the German Air Force, intended for base-protection. It is produced by Rheinmetall Air Defence, a subsidiary of Rheinmetall of Germany. It is a part of the air force's future SysFla air-defence project.

System
The MANTIS system is intended to detect, track and shoot down incoming projectiles before they can reach their target within very close range. The system itself is based on Oerlikon Contraves' Skyshield air defence gun system. A MANTIS system consists of six 35 mm automatic guns (capable of firing 1,000 rounds per minute), a ground control unit and two sensor units. The guns fire programmable AHEAD ammunition, developed by Rheinmetall Weapons and Munitions - Switzerland (formerly Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec). The ammunition carries a payload of 152 tungsten projectiles weighing 3.3 g (51 gr) each.

The MANTIS radar can acquire a target within two seconds, then engage it with one of the guns firing a 36-round burst. Two guns directed by one radar each can engage multiple targets. After being manually activated, the system operates fully automatically.

Originally, the German Army ordered a first batch of two systems in 2009, to be delivered in 2013, with two more systems planned to follow later but these were never bought. Both MANTIS systems were transferred to the German Air Force, which is responsible for all air defence tasks. The German Air Force took possession of the first MANTIS system on January 1, 2011. It was first deployed to Mali at the end of 2017, although without the guns. 
The first two systems cost around €110.8 million, plus another €20 million for training and documentation purposes. In a follow-on contract, worth around €13.4 million, Rheinmetall would also deliver the corresponding ammunition to the Bundeswehr.

On 7 February 2023, Germany announced it would be donating the two MANTIS systems to Slovakia to strengthen Slovak air defences permanently.

On 24 October 2023, The Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojené sily Slovenskej republiky) took over the Mantis air defence system from the German Air Force at the 11th Air Force Brigade in Nitra. Their task will be to strengthen the protection of the eastern border with Ukraine.

Operators

Former operators
 : 2 Systems donated to Slovakia in 2023

Current operators
 : 2 Donated by Germany in 2023

See also
 CIWS
 LFK NG—the new air-defence missile of the German Army within the "SysFla" project
 Phalanx CIWS—In 2004 the United States began to develop a land-based standalone model of its Phalanx Weapon System called the Centurion CRAM which was deployed to the Middle East in 2008
 Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun—Naval CIWS by Rheinmetall using same gun

References

35 mm artillery
Anti-aircraft guns of Germany
Anti-aircraft guns
Anti-aircraft weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Missile defense
Post–Cold War weapons of Germany
Rheinmetall
ASTM A992. ASTM A992 steel is a structural steel alloy often used in the US for steel wide-flange and I beams.  Like other carbon steels, the density of ASTM A992 steel is approximately 7850 kg/m3 (0.2836 lb/in3). ASTM A992 steel has the following minimum mechanical properties, according to ASTM specification A992/A992M. Tensile yield strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile ultimate strength, 450 MPa (65 ksi); strain to rupture (sometimes called elongation) in a 200-mm-long test specimen, 18%; strain to rupture in a 50-mm-long test specimen, 21%.

ASTM A992 is currently the most available steel type for structural wide-flange beams. The industry's technical institute describes the standard thus: "ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi) is the preferred material specification for wide-flange shapes, having replaced ASTM A36 and A572 grade 50. There are a couple of noteworthy enhancements with ASTM A992. Material ductility is well defined since a maximum yield-to-tensile strength ratio of 0.85 is specified. Additionally, weldability is improved since a maximum carbon equivalent value of 0.45 (0.47 for Group 4 and 5 shapes) is required. ASTM A992 is written to cover all hot-rolled shapes."

See also
 Structural steel

Further information
 Do you 992? - AISC Steel Solutions Center

References 

ASTM standards
Steels
Thomas S. Lundgren. Thomas S. Lundgren is an American fluid dynamicist and Professor Emeritus of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Minnesota He is known for his work in the field of theoretical fluid dynamics. In 2006, Lundgren received Fluid Dynamics Prize by the American Physical Society "for his insightful theoretical contributions to numerous areas of fluid mechanics, most notably in the fields of turbulence and vortex dynamics"

Lundgren received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from University of Minnesota in 1954 and 1956 respectively. He then received his Ph.D. in fluid mechanics from the same institute in 1960. Lundgren is a Fellow of American Physical Society since 1994.

See also
Probability density function methods for turbulence

References

Aeronautical engineering academics
American fluid dynamicists
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of C Sharp software. C# is a programming language. The following is a list of software programmed in it:

Banshee, a cross-platform open-source media player.
Beagle, a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems.
Colectica, a suite of programs for use in managing official statistics and statistical surveys using open standards.
Chocolatey, an open source package manager for Windows.
Docky, a free and open-source application launcher for Linux.
FlashDevelop, an integrated development environment (IDE) for development of Adobe Flash websites, web applications, desktop applications and video games.
GameMaker Studio 2, a game engine with an editor written in C#
HandBrake, a free and open-source transcoder for digital video files.
KeePass, a free and open-source password manager primarily for Windows.
Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC), an open-source network stress testing and denial-of-service attack application.
Lphant, a peer-to-peer file sharing client.
MonoDevelop, an open source integrated development environment.
NMath, a numerical package for the Microsoft .NET Framework.
Open Dental, a dental practice management software.
OpenRA, a free remake of the classic Command & Conquer game.
osu!, a free and open-source (before freeware) Indie rhythm game with 4 modes for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS.
Paint.NET, a freeware raster graphics editor program for Microsoft Windows, developed on the .NET Framework..
Pinta, an open-source, cross-platform bitmap image drawing and editing program.
SharpDevelop, a free and open source integrated development environment (IDE) for the .NET Framework.
Windows Installer XML (WiX), a free software toolset that builds Windows Installer packages from XML.
WorldWide Telescope, an astronomical data visualization tool.
 
 
C Sharp
No. 525 Squadron RAF. No. 525 Squadron was a Royal Air Force transport aircraft squadron that operated during the Second World War.

History
The squadron was formed on 1 September 1943 at RAF Weston Zoyland to operate the Vickers Warwick in the transport role.  It first operated on the routes from England to Gibraltar and North Africa, but the Warwick was not the best aircraft for the role and it was withdrawn in 1944. The Warwick was replaced with the Douglas Dakota and one example of the Mark III transport version of the former four-engined heavy bomber, the Short Stirling.  The squadron soon operated on routes throughout Europe and also became mainly manned by Canadian personnel.
By the end of the war it was mainly operating routes to India. The Canadians withdrew at the end of the war, but the squadron continued with trooping flights.  On 1 December 1946 the squadron was disbanded at RAF Abingdon, when it was re-numbered to 238 Squadron.

Aircraft operated

Squadron airfields

Commanding officers

See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 No. 525 Squadron history at old MOD site
 No. 525 Squadron history at new MOD site
 Squadron histories for nos. 521–540 squadron at RafWeb's Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation

Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
525
Military units and formations established in 1943
Transport units and formations of the Royal Air Force
Civil drawing. A civil drawing, or site drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information about grading, landscaping, or other site details. These drawings are intended to give a clear picture of all things in a construction site to a civil engineer.

Civil drafters work with civil engineers and other industry professionals to prepare models and drawings for civil engineering projects. Examples of civil engineering projects are bridges, building sites, canals, dams, harbors, roadways, railroads, pipelines, public utility systems, and waterworks. Civil drafters create maps, plans, cross sections, profiles, and detail drawings.

Process 
The very early stages of a civil drawing start with surveying. Surveyors provide a map file of the job site from which civil designers and drafters develop drawings. After the surveying, other departments in the engineering firm start to work on other things such as draining, grading, foundation, and site preparation. Other projects such as electrical, piping, and sewage treatment might require another type of engineering or a specialized design. Final stages of a project may involve finished site preparation and landscape design. This aspect of a project may be contracted to landscape architects.

Standards 

There are different sets of standards for each company, client, government, or professional organizations. For example, the Pakistan Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) standards might not be the same standards that a client has. But there are also some standards that can be used in any field such as ASME Y14.2 Line Conventions and Lettering. Companies often times use standards that published by a professional organization but will add their own standards. Some examples of these standards can be having a different method of saving CADD data or plotting procedures. Government standards are city, county, or federal codes. These standards must always be followed even if the company or professional organization standards are available. Government standards apply even when the government is not the client. Project Standards are the final documents that are used when designing and building a project. These standards can include a combination of different standards from a company, client, or government. Before the drawings get released for bids or construction permitting they must get checked to see if they have all the appropriate standards, this is called standard checking. This process is usually done by a software.

See also 
 Architectural drawing
 Site plan
 Structural drawing
 Working drawing

References 

Technical drawing
Structural drawing. A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans and details for how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by registered professional engineers, and based on information provided by architectural drawings. The structural drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the size and types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The structural drawings communicate the design of the building's structure to the building authority for review. Structural drawings are also included with a proposed building's contract documents, which guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.

The structural drawings set has different subsets: General Notes, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details

General Notes are part of structural drawings and they cover the codes used in design and the by-laws of the building. Typically there are no details on these drawings. Structural notes provide information regarding general material properties (steel or wood grade, concrete strength, etc)  or construction requirements (soil compaction, weld procedures, etc). The structural notes also provide information about design criteria (gravity, seismic, and wind loading).

The structural plan drawings show the foundation, floor, and roof plan of the building. These plans provide information like size and location of the structural elements present in the respective plans.

Elevations show the exterior walls of a building or structure. In elevation drawings you can find the height of building (floors and roof elevations) and structural properties of elements present in the walls and that cannot be seen in plan drawings.

Sections plans are referenced in the plan view drawings and provide information about elements that cannot be seen in plan drawings. The sections usually are cut through walls or structural elements that are not typical and the constructor needs to be aware of.

The details drawings provide particular information on how to construct or connect the structural elements. The details can be reference in plans, elevations and sections.

See also 
 Architectural drawing
 Working drawing
 Engineering drawing

References

Technical drawing
Electrical drawing. An electrical drawing is a type of technical drawing that shows information about power, lighting, and communication for an engineering or architectural project. Any electrical working drawing consists of "lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations to accurately convey an engineering's design to the workers, who install the electrical system on the job".

A complete set of working drawings for the average electrical system in large projects usually consists of:
 A plot plan showing the building's location and outside electrical wiring
 Floor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor
 Power-riser diagrams showing panel boards.
Single-line diagrams
General arrangement diagrams
 Control wiring diagrams
 Schedules and other information in combination with construction drawings.

Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication centers, power plants, electrical distribution systems, and buildings.

See also 
 One-line diagram
 Architectural drawing
 Electronic schematic
 Engineering drawing
 Mechanical drawing
 Structural drawing
 Working drawing

References 

Technical drawing
Electrical engineering
Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project. The Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project is an underground hydroelectric power plant located the Terengganu, Malaysia. It was built from 2010 to 2015 by Tenaga Nasional Berhad, the largest electricity utility company in Malaysia.

Location
The project is located about 50 km West of Kuala Terengganu upstream of Tasik Kenyir reservoir involving dams on both the Terengganu and Tembat rivers.

Issues
World Wide Fund for Nature are questioning the need to clearfell an area three times larger than the size of the dam reservoir.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has deemed 94 plant and animal species in the region threatened by extinction. Environmentalists are concerned that the project will kill endangered wildlife.

See also

List of power stations in Malaysia
Environmental concerns with electricity generation
Environmental issues in Malaysia

References

External links
WWF - Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment for Public Review

2015 establishments in Malaysia
Buildings and structures in Terengganu
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
Hydroelectric power stations in Malaysia