omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Crompton (inventor). William Crompton (10 September 1806 in Preston, England – 1 May 1891 in Windsor, Connecticut) was an American inventor in the field of loom technology.

Crompton was brought up as a hand loom cotton weaver and, at an early age, learned the trade of a machinist. While superintendent of a cotton mill in Ramsbottom he made many experiments on cotton looms. He went to Taunton, Massachusetts, in 1836 and devised a loom for the manufacture of fancy cotton goods, receiving a patent on 23 November 1837 (U.S. Patent 491). In this loom one part of the warp was depressed while the other was lifted, instead of allowing one part to remain stationary, thus securing more room for the passage of the shuttle. Another feature of it was an endless loop pattern chain, which, with its peculiar apparatus, operated the warp. This allowed many more pattern sequences and made them much easier to change.

Crompton went back to England in 1838 and, after patenting his loom there, returned with his family to America in 1839. In 1840, he adapted his loom to the weaving of fancy woolens for Middlesex Mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, where he worked for two years. Late in his career, he divided his time between manufacturing cotton and woolen goods in Millbury, Massachusetts, and touring New England teaching operators how to use his looms.

Crompton retired from active business in 1849, on account of failing health. His son, George Crompton, continued improving the loom. In 1900, at least three fourths of all the woolen goods made in the United States were woven on the Crompton loom, or on looms embodying its principles.

Notes

References
 

1806 births
1891 deaths
English emigrants to the United States
19th-century American inventors
Chemtura
Pepita glass engraving. Pepita glass engraving (Spanish: grabado de pepita en vidrio) is a technique of engraving on glass used by artisans of Mexico, in which an aluminum oxide grinding stone or wheel is used in a grinding machine to manually carve out patterns of small, decorative pepita-like shapes in glass objects.  Machine-made, molded glass products are also manufactured in a style that mimics the artisanal technique.

History
According to studio glass craftsman José Cruz Guillén, the tradition first began in the Netherlands in the 15th century (most glass historians trace it to Venice instead, though the Netherlands were important later). It was then brought to Germany and Spain, and then to Mexico in 1524 when Rodrigo de Espinoza opened Mexico's first glass factory, in Puebla. De Espinoza brought a group of Spanish artisans to teach the natives, who began to blend their own pre-Hispanic designs with the introduced glass blowing techniques, evolving the style now recognized as pepita.

References 

Glass art
Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate. The Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (or I2WD) is a component of the US Army Communications-Electronics RD&E Center, based out of Aberdeen Proving Ground.  Consisting of five primary divisions, I2WD forms a Research and Development (R&D) enterprise.

Operations previously resided at Fort Monmouth, NJ.  However, due to the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure act, the majority of I2WD activities were transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, September 2011.

Core capabilities
 Radar/combat identification
 Electronic warfare air/ground survivability equipment
 Information and network operations
 Signals intelligence (SIGINT)
 Modeling and simulation
 Information fusion
 Measurement and signatures intelligence
 Electronic warfare countermeasures
 Intelligence dissemination

References

Research installations of the United States Army
Military installations in New Jersey
Military communications of the United States
Monmouth County, New Jersey
Military simulation
Wilson Private Explorer. The Wilson Private Explorer is an American-built recreational aircraft of the late 1990s.

Development

The Private Explorer was designed by Hubert de Chevigny as a scaled-down single-engine version of his twin-engined Wilson Global Explorer. The Private Explorer is a strut braced high wing aircraft which utilises a tubular steel frame covered in fabric. The interior has four passenger seats in the front section and a rear accommodation compartment which contains a double bed and two armchairs.

The tricycle undercarriage is fixed and can be quickly removed for attachment of floats for operations off water. Various Lycoming engines have been fitted ranging from . The aircraft has an excellent short-field performance and an endurance of up to 8 hours.  The aircraft is supplied to amateur constructors in kit form. The type has been tested with a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboprop engine.

Operational history
The Private Explorer is used by individuals as an "airborne recreational vehicle" from both land and water bases. Two aircraft are currently (2010) registered in the United States.

Specifications (variant)

Notes

References

External links

Photographs of the Private Explorer

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Andorite. Andorite is a sulfosalt mineral with the chemical formula PbAgSb3S6.

It was first described in 1892 for an occurrence in the Baia Sprie mine, Baia Sprie, in what is now Maramureș County, Romania, and named for Hungarian amateur mineralogist Andor von Semsey (1833–1923). Andorite occurs in low-temperature polymetallic hydrothermal veins. It occurs associated with stibnite, sphalerite, baryte, fluorite, siderite, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, stannite, zinkenite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, alunite, quartz, pyrargyrite, stephanite and rhodochrosite.

References

Silver minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 33
Walter Keller (researcher). John Walter Keller Jr. is a mathematician, physicist, researcher, designer, and inventor.  He designed and holds the patent on the first implantable atrial synchronous heart pacemaker; he designed a demand circuit critical to the controls of the artificial heart; and he pioneered the first remotely programmable computer implantable prosthesis.

References
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Arkansas alumni
University of Arkansas at Little Rock alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
De Gans, Ezumazijl. De Gans (English: The Goose) is a smock mill in Ezumazijl, Friesland, Netherlands which has been restored to working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 31571.

History

De Gans was built  in 1850 by farmer Martinus Aukes Wierda who owned the Guozzepôle farm. The mill drained the Ganzenpolder. It drained  of land, depositing the drainage water into the Zuider Ee.

By 1962, it was uneconomic to work the mill and it was replaced by an electric motor. It had been sold to the local authority by 1965. In 1970, the mill was restored by millwright De Roos of Leeuwarden. During this restoration the Patent sails were replaced with Common sails. The mill retained its wooden windshaft after this restoration. In 1988, the mill was again restored, this time by Thijs Jellema of Birdaard. A new cast-iron windshaft was fitted. The old wooden windshaft is preserved in De Zwaluw, Birdaard. De Gans is the sole survivor of six windmills which formerly drained the Ganzenpolder.

Description

De Gans is what the Dutch describe as an achtkante grondzeiler - a smock mill whose  sails reach almost to the ground. It is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock is covered in vertical wooden boards. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 32 cogs. This drives the wallower (18 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel, which has 28 cogs drives a gearwheel with 26 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw. The axle of the screw is 210 millimetres (2¼ inches) diameter and the screw is  diameter and  long. The screw is inclined at 24°. Each revolution of the screw lifts  of water.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1850
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
PEPS effect. The PEPS Effect (Photoelectochemical Photocurrent Switching) is a phenomenon seen in semiconducting electrodes. It is defined as switching of photocurrent polarity on changes in photoelectrode potential and/or incident light wavelength.

Konrad Szaciłowski and Wojciech Macyk were the first to describe it in their publication in 2006. The discovered phenomenon opens a wide variety of applications in construction of switches, logic gates and sensors based on chemical systems.

References

Bibliography 
 S. Gawęda, A. Podborska, W. Macyk and K. Szaciowski, Nanoscale optoelectronic switches and logic devices, Nanoscale, 2009, 1, 299 

Solar cells
Semiconductors
North Star BASIC. North Star BASIC was a dialect of the BASIC programming language for the Intel 8080 microprocessor used on the North Star Horizon and available for purchase on other S-100 bus machines of the late 1970s.

Overview
The BASIC interpreter was implemented by Dr. Charles A. Grant and Dr. Mark Greenberg, of North Star Computers, Inc.

One notable difference with other dialects of BASIC of the time was the way in which substrings were addressed using an array-like syntax, a concept sometimes referred to as "slicing". For example,  in North Star BASIC corresponded to  in Microsoft BASIC-derived dialects. This slicing technique is analogous to the one used in Fortran, and was introduced to BASIC with HP Time-Shared BASIC and later used on Atari BASIC and Sinclair BASIC, among others. Strings could be of any length, limited only by available memory, but had to be "ensioned" before use.

While the language was very similar to other BASICs overall, one interesting addition was the addition of an  keyword to pop out of a  loop. Different dialects of BASIC handled this in different ways, the equivalent in Integer BASIC and Atari BASIC was .  could be used to fill a block of memory with a given value.

Most other differences were minor.  was supported, but the alternate form  was not. Computed-gotos,  did not support .  allowed a prompt; .  worked identically to , but suppressed the following question-mark.  became atch,  became , and  became . The language used the backslash (\) instead of a colon (:) to delimit statements on a single line.

The language also added a number of direct-mode commands like  to exit BASIC and return to DOS,  to renumber the lines in the program, and  which defined how many nulls to print after pressing return, to use as fill characters.

Version 5 was assembled for 8-digit floating-point precision. North Star would re-assemble the interpreter for customers with a different precision, up to 14 digits.

Some other dialects of BASIC were created that were based on and inspired by North Star BASIC, such as BaZic (a rewrite of North Star BASIC, taking advantage of the faster Zilog Z80 instructions), Megabasic and S.A.I.L.B.O.A.T. (a basic optimized for Z80 and X86 MS-DOS). Some of these were available for other hardware and operating systems, including Unix, CP/M and DOS.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
North Star BASIC manual, Version 5
The User's Guide to North Star BASIC

BASIC programming language family
Watercat M14-class landing craft. The Watercat M14 landing craft is a Jurmo-class type of military transport in use by the Royal Malaysia Police. The manufacturer is Marine Alutech Oy Ab, Finland. It is related to the Watercat M12 of the Finnish Navy.

History
The Jurmo was the result of modernisation in the Finnish Navy in the late 1990s. It was designed to replace the existing Uisko class landing craft. Its main purpose is landing and transportation operations for the Finnish Coastal Jaegers in all weather conditions. It has good maneuverability and can come to a full stop in only one ship length from top speed. Low draft makes it suitable for amphibious assault even in shallow waters.

The Watercat M14 can transport 5 tons of cargo or 16 men.

Operators 
Royal Malaysia Police: 10 vessels of the Watercat M14 version.

Related development
G class landing craft
Uisko class landing craft
Jurmo class landing craft

References

External links
Finnish Defence Forces Website of The Finnish Defence Forces
Marine Alutech Website of Marine Alutech
 Video in Youtube

Ships built in Finland
Landing craft
Military boats
M69 incendiary. The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II, including the firebombing of Tokyo in 1945. It was created by the Standard Oil Development Company, whose work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. They were nicknamed "Tokyo calling cards". The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section  in diameter and  long. It weighed about .

The bomblet used napalm as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish. In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb. Over Japan they were used in clusters of 38 as part of the finned E-46 'aimable cluster', which opened up at about . After separation, each of the 38 M69s released a 3-foot (1 m) cotton streamer to orient its fuze downward. Upon hitting a building or the ground, the timing fuze burned for three to five seconds and then a small explosive charge (black powder in the standard M-69 type deployed operationally during WW2, white phosphorus in a later modification, the M-69X, which did not see wide use) ignited and propelled the incendiary filling up to 100 feet (30 m) in several flaming globs, instantly starting intense fires.

It was tested against typical German and Japanese residential structures at Japanese Village and German Village, constructed at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in 1943. The M69 was the most successful incendiary in the tests.

Against Japan, the M69 was carried in the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with a typical load containing 40 cluster bombs, a total of 1520 M69 bomblets. As they were very useful in China at Hankou, the bombs were very effective in setting fire to Japanese civilian structures in mass firebombing raids starting in February 1945 against Kobe. In the first ten days of March 1945, raids with the M69 and M47, extensive damage was done to Tokyo, to Nagoya, to Osaka, and to Kobe.

See also
Mark 77 bomb

References

Cluster munitions
Incendiary weapons
World War II aerial bombs of the United States
Type U 81 submarine. Type 81 was a class of U-boats built during World War I by the Kaiserliche Marine.

Design
Type 81 U-boats carried 12 torpedoes and had various arrangements of deck guns. U 81 to U 83 had one  deck gun with 140-240 rounds. U 84 - U 86 were constructed with two  deck guns. In 1917, U 84 - U 86 were converted to a carry one 10.5 cm and one 8.8 cm deck gun and carried 240 rounds.

They carried a crew of four officers and 31 men and had excellent seagoing abilities with a cruising range of around . Many arrangements from the Type 81 and the next two types were also seen on the World War II Type IX U-boats when their design work took place 20 years later.

Compared to the previous type 63, the 81s were  longer, while the pressure hull remained the same. They were  faster on the surface, and  faster submerged and increased range by  to 11,200  nmi at 8 knots. They carried 12 torpedoes instead of 6, and by 1917 all type 87s had the larger 10.5 cm deck gun versus the twin 8.8 cm on the 63s. Crew size was decreased by 1 to 35.

Compared to the following type 87, the 81s were  longer, yet 5 tons lighter. Their range was 180 miles shorter, but speed was  faster on the surface and  faster submerged. The most significant difference was the addition of 4 more torpedoes and 2 additional bow tubes on the type 87. Type 87 also got the additional crew member back and numbered 36 again.

Service history
Type 81 boats were responsible for sinking 3.537% of all Allied shipping sunk during the war, accounting for a total of 427,247 combined tons. They also damaged 89,522 combined tons, and captured 3,462 combined tons.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links 

Submarine classes
World War I submarines of Germany
German Type U 81 submarines
Delta Valley and Southern 50. Delta Valley and Southern 50 is a standard gauge diesel-electric locomotive built by General Electric in May, 1954, GE #32129 for the Delta Valley and Southern Railway. It replaced a small steam locomotive. It is of the type designated as a 45-ton, although the actual weight may be different from that.  It is powered by two Cummins HBI-600 six-cylinder diesel prime movers, each of which drives a generator which, in turn, drives a single electric traction motor, one on each truck. The second axle on each truck is driven by a side rod.

The Delta Valley and Southern Railway, "DVS", in 1996 operated two miles of track from Delpro to Elkins, Arkansas, carrying about 600 cars a year. The line originally operated over 18.1 miles of track from Delpro to Tyronza, but was cut back in 1947. It was part of the St. Louis – San Francisco Railway (Frisco) for most of its life.

DV&S 50 was the only locomotive used on the railroad from 1954 until sold to Edwin Kessler. Burlington Northern Santa Fe accepted payment for delivery to Oklahoma City, but attempted to auctioned it there over a delivery dispute on May 6, 2009. Bidding closed May 26 without a winner. The locomotive was last seen running in Omaha, Nebraska on November 5, 2009. It is not known where the locomotive is now.

The locomotive was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 as Delta Valley & Southern Railway Locomotive #50.

Nomenclature
General Electric made a wide variety of small diesel electric locomotives for industrial and railroad use.  These included:
44 ton.  These were specifically designed to weigh less than 90,000 pounds and therefore could be operated by a single engineer, without a fireman, under the labor contracts of the time.  They had two Caterpillar diesels, two four-wheel trucks, four traction motors, 400 horsepower, top speed of 35 mph, minimum radius of 125 feet, and were designed for use on branch lines of major railroads.
45 ton. These were designed for light industrial use.  They had two Cummins diesels, two four-wheel trucks, one traction motor per truck, 300 horsepower, top speed of 20 mph, minimum radius of 50 feet, and were designed for industrial use with tight curves and clearances.
50 ton. These were a two-axle (four-wheel) configuration with a traction motor on each of the two axles. They had the same prime movers as the 45 ton, but a much lower and narrower body, designed to operate in steel mills and other very tight places at a top speed of 15 mph.  The extra weight was ballast.

References

Railway locomotives on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
B-B locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Transportation in Mississippi County, Arkansas
General Electric locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1954
National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi County, Arkansas
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
E-Material. E-Material, also called E Material, is a metal matrix composite consisting of beryllium matrix with beryllium oxide particles. It has high thermal conductivity (210-230 W/m K), and its thermal expansion can be adjusted to match other materials, e.g. silicon and gallium arsenide chips and various ceramics. It is chiefly used in microelectronics as substrate for power semiconductor devices and high density multi-chip modules, where it aids with removal of waste heat. E-materials have low weight and high strength, making them especially suitable for aerospace technology. Their high elastic modulus is favorable for absorbing vibrations and lowering material fatigue of attached modules and wire bonds.

Several variants exist:

 E-20, containing 80 vol.% of beryllium and 20 vol.% (25.8-32.25 w.%) beryllium oxide. Its thermal conductivity is 210 W/(m·K). Its thermal expansion coefficient is 8.7. Its density at 25 °C is 2.045 g/cm3.
 E-40, containing 60 vol.% of beryllium and 40 vol.% (49.5-54.8 w.%) beryllium oxide. Its thermal conductivity is 220 W/(m·K). Its thermal expansion coefficient is 7.5. Its density at 25 °C is 2.277 g/cm3.
 E-60, containing 40 vol.% of beryllium and 60 vol.% (69.4-73.2 w.%) beryllium oxide. Its thermal conductivity is 230 W/(m·K). Its thermal expansion coefficient is 6.1. Its density at 25 °C is 2.513 g/cm3.

E-materials are prepared by impact grinding and then hot isostatic pressing into a block. The block is then sliced to cards, sawn to required shape, polished, machined, and optionally plated with e.g. nickel, cadmium, chrome, silver, copper, or gold. Without coatings, the corrosion resistance of E-materials is similar to aluminium.

E-materials are used in aerospace technology, e.g. as laminated multi-chip modules in Iridium and Globalstar satellites, as heat sinks, and in avionics of F-22 Raptor, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F/A-18 Hornet, and the Joint Strike Fighter. It is also used in SEM-E modules and printed wiring boards.

Care has to be taken during machining and handling of E-materials, as beryllium and its compounds are toxic.

Gold-tin and gold-germanium alloys can be used for brazing with kovar or CuMo and other electronics packaging alloys.

A similar material is Dymalloy, with copper-silver alloy instead of beryllium and diamond instead of beryllium oxide, or AlSiC, aluminium with silicon carbide. Other materials are copper reinforced with carbon fiber, diamond-reinforced aluminium, reinforced carbon-carbon, and pyrolytic graphite.

Another similar material is AlBeMet®, a metal-matrix composite of aluminium and beryllium.

References 

Beryllium alloys
Metal matrix composites
Chip carriers