omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leachim (Robot). Leachim was an early example of Diphone synthetic speech and demonstrated how voice branching could be done quickly via computer discs to create understandable speech (i.e. verbal output). This method combined phonemes, words, and sentences to form verbal responsive messages when prompted by the computer. The device received attention on a world-wide basis because hundreds of articles were written about it.

History 
The device was developed by Michael J. Freeman and installed in robot form in a New York City School in a Fourth grade class, as a teacher's assistant. The computer had biographical information of those students whom it was programmed to teach in addition to curriculum data. Leachim could teach a number of students simultaneously through the use of headsets.

Leachim remained active for three years from 1972 to 1975.

On June 12, 1975, Leachim was stolen while being trucked back to NY from a 1-hour appearance on the Phil Donahue Show and despite an FBI investigation and a reward from Lloyd's of London, it was not recovered.

After it was stolen, Leachim built another more advanced version.

Hardware 
The computer part of the robot was built from RCA Spectra 70 series of computers. Leachim could simultaneously interact with multiple students and keep track of their progress individually. Its body was made of wood and there were internal mechanics so parts such as the arms and head could move.

2-XL 
Later a toy inspired version of Leachim called "2-XL Robot" was introduced. The toy was mass-produced in many countries by Mego Corporation in the 1980s and later by Tiger Electronics in the 1990s.

References 

Robots
Robotics
Speech processing software
Scheppach (company). Scheppach is a German manufacturer of cement mixers and building machinery, and also a manufacturer of woodworking machinery. Scheppach products are designed in Germany and made in China.

History
The company was founded in 1927 in Niederraunau by Josef Scheppach (1887-1974). The company turned over 106 million euros in 2015/16.

Once known for its agricultural machines, firewood circular saws, and other woodworking tools. Josef Scheppach founded the company during the Weimar Republic era, when the economic conditions were challenging. He started by manufacturing firewood circular saws, malt mills, and providing repairs for agricultural machines. 

Scheppach moved from Krumback, Niederraunau to a new location in Ichenhausen in 1961. By the mid-70s, Scheppach departed from the area of agricultural machinery and focussed on developing and producing woodworking machines. By honing in on woodworking machines, Scheppach was able to establish itself as a specialist in this niche segment and expand its product range to include a variety of machines and accessories catering to woodworking enthusiasts, professionals, and industries.

Expanding the product range, in 2009-10, to include construction machinery and heavy trade equipment by introducing plate vibrators, concrete mixers, hand-held agitators, dumpers, demolition equipment and battery-powered devices, Scheppach extended its offerings beyond woodworking and entered the construction equipment market.

Since 2014, the range of gardening machinery and tools has become a part of Scheppach’s portfolio.  

Founding of Woodster GmbH

With the introduction of the Woodster range in 2005, Scheppach aimed to tap into the consumer DIY market.

Genpower and Scheppach

In 2023, Genpower secured the UK & Ireland distribution for Scheppach battery-powered devices and electrical tools such as bandsaws, pillar drills, dust extractors, bench grinders, fret saws and more. 

Today it mainly sells under the Scheppach label, but no longer produces products in Germany. With the founding of the 100% subsidiary Woodster GmbH, sales activities in the DIY and discount sectors started and the portfolio was continuously expanded. In 2016 the construction of the new administration building in Ichenhausen began, where new office space of around 1000 m2 was to be created.

Structure
It is situated in Ichenhausen, in Günzburg, in western Bavaria, close to Baden-Württemberg. The company consists of Scheppach GmbH and Woodster GmbH.

The UK Distribution is managed by Genpower Ltd, under Scheppach.uk. The headquarters are in Pembroke Dock, Wales.

Products

 Bandsaws
 Chainsaws
 Riding mower
 Cement mixers
 Garden electrical equipment
 Hedge trimmer
 Table saws
 Log splitter
 Scroll saws

See also
 Einhell and Stihl, also from Bavaria

References

1927 establishments in Germany
Chainsaws
Companies based in Bavaria
Construction equipment manufacturers of Germany
Garden tool manufacturers
German brands
Günzburg (district)
Manufacturing companies established in 1927
Power tool manufacturers
Tool manufacturing companies of Germany
Woodworking machines
Angela Slavova. Angela Slavova is a Bulgarian applied mathematician. She heads the Department of Mathematical Physics in the Institute of Mathematics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
and is former chair of the Bulgarian section of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Education
Slavova graduated from the University of Ruse with M.S. in computer engineering in 1986. From 1992 to 1993 she was a Fulbright scholar at the Florida Institute of Technology, but returned to Bulgaria to obtain her Ph.D. in mathematics in 1995 from her alma mater and in 2005 became Doctor of Science at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Career
From 2004 to 2011 Slavova was a head of the Department of Mathematical Physics of the Institute of Mathematics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Since 2007 she has been a full professor at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.  Since 2011 she is a head of the Department of Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics at the Institute of Mathematics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

She chaired the Bulgarian section Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics for 2013–2014.

Books
Slavova is the author of the textbook Cellular neural networks: dynamics and modelling (Kluwer, 2003}. With Petar Popivanov, she wrote Nonlinear waves: An introduction (World Scientific, 2011)  and Nonlinear waves: A geometrical approach (World Scientific, 2019).

References

1960s births
Living people
Bulgarian mathematicians
Bulgarian women mathematicians
Academic staff of Ariel University
Academic staff of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
Academic staff of the University of Catania
Academic staff of the University of Ferrara
Academic staff of the University of Florence
Academic staff of the University of Turin
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Finale Doshi-Velez. Finale Doshi-Velez is a computer scientist and the John L. Loeb Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University. She works on machine learning, computational statistics and healthcare.

Early life and education 
After graduating from the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies, Doshi-Velez studied aerospace engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She earned her master's degree in 2007. In 2007 Doshi-Velez was awarded a Marshall Scholarship to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, where she earned her second master's degree on the Indian Buffet Process. She was supervised by Zoubin Ghahramani. She was a postgraduate student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked on Bayesian nonparametric statistics with Nicholas Roy. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship in bioinformatics at Harvard Medical School, and is the John L. Loeb Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences professor at Harvard University's John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Research and career 
Doshi-Velez uses big data for medical applications, including diagnosis of disease. She joined Harvard University in 2014. Medical doctors make diagnoses based on the symptoms experienced by their patients. Clinical data can be combined with latent variable models to make predictions about hidden diseases. Doshi-Velez has continued to use Bayesian nonparametric statistics to model latent variables. She develops data-based phenotypes for autism spectrum disorder, irritable bowel syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Using cluster analysis, Doshi-Velez identified that certain people with autism spectrum disorder, a subgroup, would be more susceptible for major psychiatric disorders. She is interested in personalised medicine for patients suffering with HIV and depression. Doshi-Velez is interested in making her algorithms interpretable to physicians.

Doshi-Velez has delivered many popular science talks, including two TED Talks The Possibility of Explanation and AI for Understanding Disease. She spoke about accountability in artificial intelligence at Google in 2017.

Awards and honours 
Her awards and honours include;

 2013 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Top 10 in Artificial Intelligence
 2016 Air Force Research Laboratory Young Investigator Award
 2018 Sloan Research Fellowship
 2019 Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award
 2019 J. P. Morgan Faculty Award Recipient

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
American women academics
21st-century American women
Flux (machine-learning framework). Flux is an open-source machine-learning software library and ecosystem written in Julia. Its current stable release is v. It has a layer-stacking-based interface for simpler models, and has a strong support on interoperability with other Julia packages instead of a monolithic design. For example, GPU support is implemented transparently by CuArrays.jl. This is in contrast to some other machine learning frameworks which are implemented in other languages with Julia bindings, such as TensorFlow.jl (the unofficial wrapper, now deprecated), and thus are more limited by the functionality present in the underlying implementation, which is often in C or C++. Flux joined NumFOCUS as an affiliated project in December of 2021.

Flux's focus on interoperability has enabled, for example, support for Neural Differential Equations, by fusing Flux.jl and DifferentialEquations.jl into DiffEqFlux.jl.

Flux supports recurrent and convolutional networks. It is also capable of differentiable programming through its source-to-source automatic differentiation package, Zygote.jl.

Julia is a popular language in machine-learning and Flux.jl is its most highly regarded machine-learning repository (Lux.jl is another more recent, that shares a lot of code with Flux.jl). A demonstration compiling Julia code to run in Google's tensor processing unit (TPU) received praise from Google Brain AI lead Jeff Dean.

Flux has been used as a framework to build neural networks that work with homomorphic encrypted data without ever decrypting it. This kind of application is envisioned to be central for privacy to future API using machine-learning models.

Flux.jl is an intermediate representation for running high level programs on CUDA hardware. It was the predecessor to CUDAnative.jl which is also a GPU programming language.

See also 
 Differentiable programming
 Comparison of deep-learning software

References 

Machine learning
Free software programmed in Julia
Software using the MIT license
Naval Aircraft Factory N-1. The Naval Aircraft Factory N-1 or Davis Gun Carrier was a 1918 maritime patrol aircraft built by the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF), the in-house aircraft production arm of the United States Navy. A floatplane of biplane configuration with a single Liberty L-12 engine driving a pusher propeller, it was the first aircraft to be both designed and built by the NAF, and was designed to carry the Davis gun, the first recoilless gun. The first prototype crashed during its maiden flight due to poorly designed floats but was rebuilt. However, the aircraft's performance did not meet expectations, and navy leaders canceled the program after 2 of the 4 prototypes were subsequently damaged in serious crashes.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

External links

1910s United States patrol aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Naval Aircraft Factory aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Single-engined piston aircraft
Resolute Eagle. Resolute Eagle is a long-endurance Group 3 unmanned aircraft system (UAS) manufactured and operated by Resolute ISR, Inc. in Howell MI. Resolute Eagle is equipped with a 33 hp multi-fuel engine manufactured by XRDi. 

The Resolute Eagle is one platform, two configurations. Configuration can be changed in less than 30 minutes. It uses an Applied Navigation Quattro autopilot.

The Standard Fixed Wing configuration launches on a low-pressure Pneumatic launcher and recovers via a Belly-skid landing utilizing a Kevlar skid plate. The Resolute Eagle Hybrid VTOL features two battery-powered booms with four propellers. 

In August 2020, AATI sold the Resolute Eagle UAS Intellectual Property (IP) and assets to Resolute ISR, Inc. Resolute Eagle is equipped with a 33 hp multi-fuel engine manufactured by XRDi. XRDi and Resolute ISR are wholly owned by the Heligroup, Inc.

Payloads

Resolute Eagle is designed with Modular Open Systems Architecture (MOSA) principals and is a long-endurance, multi-intelligence platform.
 
Current payloads include the Trillium HD-80/95 cameras, IMSAR NSP (3,5 and 7), Arkeus HSOR, Silvus StreamCaster SC4200-SC4400 MN-MIMO Radio, Bandit 2x, GETSAT SATCOM and LEOS communication links, and MPU5 mobile ad hoc network (MANET) radios.

Other hybrid VTOL UAS

 Textron Systems Aerosonde HQ SUAS
 IAI/Hankuk Carbon Panther FE
 Arcturus JUMP-20
 KWT-350 VTOL Fixed-wing UAV

References

Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Restricted random waypoint model. In mobility management, the restricted random waypoint model is a random model for the movement of mobile users, similar to the random waypoint model, but where the waypoints are restricted to fall within one of a finite set of sub-domains. It was originally introduced by Blaževic et al. in order to model intercity examples and later defined in a more general setting by Le Boudec et al.

Definition 

The restricted random waypoint models the trajectory of a mobile user in a connected domain . Given a sequence of locations  in , called waypoints, the trajectory of the mobile is defined by traveling from one waypoint  to the next  along the shortest path in  between them. In the restricted setting, the waypoints are restricted to fall within one of a finite set of subdomains .

On the trip between  and , the mobile moves at constant speed  which is sampled from some distribution, usually a uniform distribution. The duration of the -th trip is thus:

where  is the length of the shortest path in  between  and .

The mobile may also pause at a waypoint, in which case the -th trip is a pause at the location of the -th waypoint, i.e. . A duration  is drawn from some distribution  to indicate the end of the pause.

The transition instants  are the time at which the mobile reaches the -th waypoint. They are defined as follow:

The sampling algorithm for the waypoints depends on the phase of the simulation.

An initial phase  is chosen according to some initialization rule.

  is the index of the current sub-domain .
  is the remaining number of waypoints to sample from this sub-domain .
  is the index of the next sub-domain.
 And  indicates whether the -th trip is a pause.

Given phase , the next phase  is chosen as follows. If  then  is sampled from some distribution and . Otherwise, a new sub-domain  is sampled and a number  of trip to undergo in sub-domain  is sampled. The new phase is: .

Given a phase  the waypoint  is set to  if . Otherwise, it is sampled from sub-domain  if  and from sub-domain  if .

Transient and stationary period 

In a typical simulation models, when the condition for stability is satisfied, simulation runs go through a transient period and converge to the stationary regime. It is important to remove the transients for performing meaningful comparisons of, for example, different mobility regimes. A standard method for avoiding such a bias is to (i) make sure the used model has a stationary regime and (ii) remove the beginning of all simulation runs in the hope that long runs converge to stationary regime. However the length of transients may be prohibitively long for even simple mobility models and a major difficulty is to know when the transient ends.  An alternative, called "perfect simulation", is to sample the initial simulation state from the stationary regime.

There exists algorithms for perfect simulation of the general restricted random waypoint. They are described in Perfect simulation and stationarity of a class of mobility models (2005) and a Python implementation is available on GitHub.

References 

Wireless networking
GSM standard
Intercity 2. Intercity 2, abbreviated as IC2, refers to DB Intercity trains formed of double-deck rolling stock. Such trains were first introduced by Deutsche Bahn Fernverkehr in December 2015 to replace its aging IC coaches.

Rolling Stock

Bombardier Twindexx 

To modernize old Intercity cars and to increase the vehicle reserve of the long-distance traffic, Bombardier Twindexx double-deck coaches are used in inter-city rail traffic with a maximum speed (Vmax) of 160 km/h. The locomotive is a DBAG Class 146.

These kinds of coaches are used in German Regional-Express trains, for Intercity services the coaches will get a more comfortable interior than in regional train double-decker coaches. In both classes only open coaches are provided, there will be no dining car. The double-decker coaches have been in service since 2015. Unlike most previous IC stock the new trains, marketed as "InterCity 2" by DB have a top speed of 160 km/h and are mainly intended for routes where higher speeds aren't possible or would offer little or no benefit with the ICE 4 to take over routes with maximum speeds between 160 km/h and 250 km/h. The IC2 is also intended to expand the Intercity network to cities that had lost their long-distance service upon withdrawal of the Interregio.

Stadler KISS 

In 2020, 17 used Stadler KISS EMUs were purchased from WESTbahn. These trains are able to operate at 200 km/h. 4-car units are denoted Class 4110, 6-car units are denoted Class 4010.

A first batch of 4-car units started operating on the Dresden-Berlin-Rostock line in March 2020. 6-car units started operating on the Stuttgart-Singen-Zurich line in December 2022. These latter units replaced the loco-hauled IC2 consists that had been intended to operate Stuttgart-Singen-Zurich. Loco-hauled IC2 units were only able to operate Stuttgart-Singen but could not continue on to Switzerland as the manufacturer had failed to achieve approval for the ETCS safety system that is required for Switzerland.

At the beginning of 2025, all 17 trainsets were put up for sale.

References

External links

Railway coaches of Germany
Deutsche Bahn
Double-decker rail vehicles

InterCity
Krishnaswamy Nandakumar. Krishnaswamy Nandakumar is the Cain Endowed Chair and Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Louisiana State University, USA.

Early life 
He received his Bachelor of Engineering degree from National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli in 1973, Master of Science from the University of Saskatchewan in 1975 and PhD from Princeton University in 1979 all in Chemical Engineering.

Career 
Previously he served as the GASCO Chair Professor of The Petroleum Institute in UAE, Visiting Professor of Indian Institute of Science and National University of Singapore, Visiting Scientist of Defence Science and Technology Group in Australia, Chair Professor of South China University of Technology in Guangzhou, China and Editor-in-Chief of  The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering and International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences & Numerical Simulation. He is also the Elected Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada, The Engineering Institute of Canada and the Canadian Academy of Engineering. He received $5.4 million worth research grants.

Awards 
He received numerous awards. Some of them are:

 Albright & Wilson Americas Award - 1991
 ESTAC Award for Meritorious Research, 2000
 The AC Rutherford Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 2001
 RS Jane Memorial Award from the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering,  October 2008
 Distinguished Alumni Award from Alma Mater National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli May 2009

References 

Louisiana State University faculty
American people of Indian descent
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni
American chemical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
John W. Negele. John William Negele (born 18 April 1944 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American theoretical nuclear physicist.

Negele studied electrical engineering at Purdue University with a bachelor's degree in 1965. He received his PhD in theoretical physics from Cornell University in 1969, under the supervision of Hans Bethe, with the dissertation The Structure of Finite Nuclei in the Local Density Approximation. He was a postdoc at the Niels Bohr Institute of the University of Copenhagen. From 1970, he was at MIT, first as a visiting assistant professor, and then from 1979 as a professor (becoming, in 1991, "W.A. Coolidge Professor"). He was the director of the Center for Theoretical Physics at MIT from 1989 to 1998 and is the director of the Atomic Science Institute at MIT (Laboratory of Nuclear Science, LNS).

Negele's research deals with many-body theory in nuclear physics (including local density approximation, time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) methods, and path integral methods) and also with many-body theory in spin systems. He originated the first density functional theory of finite nuclei starting from realistic (experimentally justified) nucleon-nucleon interactions. In doing so, he and his colleagues calculated the binding energies of nuclei, single-particle excitation energies, charge distributions, and nuclear matter properties in neutron stars. Since the 1980s, he has dealt with lattice QCD. He was also involved in the design of special computer clusters for such calculations.

He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1982–1983 and received the Humboldt Research Award. He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1978 and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1987. In 2014, he received the Herman Feshbach Prize in Theoretical Nuclear Physics for "lifetime contributions to nuclear many-body theory including identifying mechanisms for saturation and relating the Skyrme interaction to fundamental nuclear forces; and for initiating and leading efforts to understand the nucleon using lattice QCD."

He served as the first chair of the APS committee Computational Physics.

Selected publications

References

20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Nuclear physicists
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Physical Society
1944 births
Living people
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics faculty