omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NIAI LK. The LK (Leningradskii Komsomolyets – Leningrad young communist) was a two-seat cabin aircraft designed and built in the USSR from April 1936.

Development 
In 1930 the LIIPS ( – Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( – training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot – scientific research aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osoboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).
One of the most prolific designers at NIAI was Grigorii Ivanovich Bakshayev, who was assigned the lead in the design of the LK two-seat sport aircraft in 1936. Constructed from welded steel truss fuselage and wooden wings, the low-wing LK had a fixed tail-wheel undercarriage, a tandem two-seat greenhouse cockpit,  and was powered by a single M-11 radial engine. Innovations on the LK included relatively large end-plates on the wings and interceptor spoiler type roll controls extending over the top surface of the wings.
The sole prototype LK was completed in July 1936, flight tests began in August 1936, and the LK also carried out a long-range flight to Moscow.

Variants 
 LIG-8 – The LIG-8 was derived from the LK with a re-stressed structure, a 300 hp (223.7 kW) MG-31 engine and a five-seat cabin. Flight testing began in 1937, and a small number were produced. Specifications for the LIG-8 were very similar to the LK but showed a marked increase in maximum speed, (245 km/h / 152 mph).

Specifications (LK)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1930s Soviet civil utility aircraft
NIAI aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
NIAI RK. The RK (Razdvizhnoye Krylo – extending wing) (a.k.a. LIG-7) was a two-seat cabin aircraft designed and built in the USSR from April 1936.

Development 
In 1930 the LIIPS ( - Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF ( - training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

Along with contemporary aircraft designers, in the USSR and abroad, Grigorii Ivanovich Bakshayev was interested in the concept of variable geometry aircraft, where the size and/or shape of wings are altered according to the stage of flight, or desired characteristics. One methods of achieving this was with a telescopic wing, where wing sections of bigger aerofoil section and area are telescoped out over the original wing. He designed the RK to use a telescopic wing  with six sections, of gradually increasing size, extending outwards from the fuselage to the demands of the pilot.

The airframe of the RK was a simple structure of steel tube fuselage and a wire braced monoplane wing of constant M-6 section constructed of wood. The extending wing sections were each 460 mm wide and were extended by the observer in the rear cockpit operating a hand-crank connected to cables via a pulley system to pull each section out in turn, with each section pulling the next behind it. Successful flight tests starting in 1937 led to authorisation for a fighter with telescopic wings to be designed and built; The RK-I (Razdvizhnoye Krylo - Istrebitel – extending wing fighter).

Specifications (RK)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

NIAI aircraft
1930s Soviet experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Real-time simulation. Real-time simulation refers to a computer model of a physical system that can execute at the same rate as actual "wall clock" time. In other words, the computer model runs at the same rate as the actual physical system. For example, if a tank takes 10 minutes to fill in the real world, it would take 10 minutes to fill in the simulation as well.

Real-time simulation occurs commonly in computer gaming, but also is important in the industrial market for operator training and off-line controller tuning. Computer languages like LabVIEW, VisSim and Simulink allow quick creation of such real-time simulations and have connections to industrial displays and programmable logic controllers via OLE for process control or digital and analog I/O cards. Several real-time simulators are available on the market including xPC Target and RT-LAB for mechatronic systems, Simulink for power electronic simulation, and RTDS for power grid simulation.

Definition 
In a real-time simulation, the simulation is performed in discrete time with a constant step (also known as fixed step) simulation as time moves forward in an equal duration of time. Other techniques having variable step are used for high frequency transients but are unsuitable for real time simulation. In a real time simulation, the time required to solve the internal state equations and functions representing the system must be less than the fixed step. If calculation time exceeds the time of the fixed step, an over run is said to have occurred and the simulation now lags behind the actual time. In simple words, real-time simulation must produce the internal variables and output within the same length of time as its physical counterpart would. 

Configuring models to run in real-time enables one to use hardware-in-the-loop simulation to test controllers. It's possible to make design changes earlier in the development process, reducing costs and shortening the design cycle.

In academic curricula 
Real-time simulators are used extensively in many engineering fields. As a result, the inclusion of simulation applications in academic curricula can provide great value to the student. Statistical power grid protection tests, aircraft design and simulation, motor drive controller design methods and space robot integration are a few examples of real-time simulator technology applications.

See also 
Human-in-the-loop
Simulated Real Time, a literary method unrelated to the type of computer models described on this page.

References

External links 
 The What, Where and Why of Real-Time Simulation
 HYPERSIM | The Power System Simulator of Tomorrow
 From Offline Simulation to Real-Time Testing
NIAI RK-I. The RK-I (Razdvizhnoye Krylo - Istrebitel – extending wing - fighter) (a.k.a. RK-2) was a two-seat cabin aircraft designed and built in the USSR from October 1938.

Development 
In 1930 the LIIPS (Leningrad institute for sail and communications engineers) formed a UK GVF (training centre for civil air fleet), in turn the UK GVF formed the NIAI (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Aero-Institoot - scientific test aero-institute) which became the focus of several good design engineers who were given command of individual OKB (Osboye Konstrooktorskoye Byuro – personal design/construction bureau).

Along with contemporary aircraft designers, in Russia and abroad, Grigorii Ivanovich Bakshayev was interested in the concept of variable geometry aircraft, where the size and/or shape of wings are altered according to the stage of flight, or desired characteristics. There are many methods of achieving this but one of the simplest is the telescopic wing, where wing sections of bigger area and, possibly, aerofoil section, are telescoped out over the original wing. Bakshayev designed the RK-I to use a telescopic wing with fifteen sections, of gradually increasing size, extending outwards from the fuselage to the demands of the pilot.

The RK-I fuselage was of light-alloy semi-monocoque construction with a conventional tail unit. The retractable tail-wheel undercarriage was attached to the fuselage, giving the aircraft a very narrow track, retracting into the fuselage and covered by doors. To reduce drag the engine sat in the nose, under a closely fitting cowling, and cooling radiators sat in ducts either side of the rear fuselage fed by long pipework.

The wings of the RK-I were very unusual in having tandem main-planes, used as guide tracks and supports for the hydraulically extending wing sections, which more than doubled the wing area when fully extended. The wings were of light-alloy and steel structure with 30KhGSA steel skins, only the rear wing having flaps and ailerons.

Unfortunately for the RK-I Joseph Stalin was very interested in the project and insisted that the most powerful engine then available was used in the aircraft. This was the death-knell for the RK-I as the most powerful engine then available was the M-106 which was, unfortunately, a complete failure, not progressing further than bench testing. Construction of the RK-I was complete by 1940, but the aircraft remained un-flown in the workshop due to the unreliable engine.

Specifications (RK-I)

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. 

1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
NIAI aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Tandem-wing aircraft
Aichi AB-4. The Aichi AB-4 was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s. A single engined biplane, the AB-4 was intended to carry out night reconnaissance for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Six were built and accepted into service as the Experimental 6-Shi Night Reconnaissance Flying boat, three of which were converted to civil transports.

Development and design
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Navy instructed the Aichi Tokei Denki Seizo KK. (Aichi Watch and Electric Machinery Company, Ltd), who had been involved in aircraft manufacture, particularly for the Navy, since 1920, to design a small catapult-launched night reconnaissance aircraft, intended to observe nocturnal shipping movements, spot naval gunfire during night engagements and to direct friendly submarines.  The resulting design, designated AB-4 ("Aichi Biplane") by Aichi was a single-engined pusher biplane flying boat of all-metal construction.  Its single-bay wings folded backwards for storage aboard ship, while its crew of three were housed in open cockpits. It was powered by a single Gasuden Urakaze water-cooled six-cylinder inline engine driving a two blade propeller.

The first prototype flew in May 1932, and while handling was generally good, it had poor control during take-off and landing, and a poor view for the pilot. Despite this, a further five prototypes were ordered for evaluation.

Operational history
The six prototypes, designated Experimental 6-Shi Night Reconnaissance Flying Boat were subject to extensive testing and evaluation by the Japanese Navy.  While the Navy decided not to order further production of the AB-4, it had a continued requirement for a dedicated night reconnaissance aircraft, which resulted in the Specification that led to the Aichi E10A, which entered service in 1936.

In 1935, three of the six AB-4s were sold to the Japanese Airline Nippon Koku Yuso Kenkyusho, (NKYK).  The first aircraft was converted to a cargo transport, while the second and third aircraft were converted to passenger airliners, with the pilot's cockpit moved to the extreme nose (replacing the existing gunners position) and an enclosed passenger cabin, for five and six passengers respectively, added. The third prototype replaced the Gasuden engine with a more powerful Napier Lion.

The three AB-4s were used by NKYK in scheduled services from Osaka, and for sightseeing flights.  One crashed into a factory chimney on 27 May 1937, killing all five aboard.

Specifications (Experimental 6-Shi Night Reconnaissance Flying boat)

See also

References

Mikesh, Robert and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

External links
Aichi AB-4 Transport Flying boat (Japanese Language)

1930s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
1930s Japanese airliners
Flying boats
AB-4
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi. Ferdinando (Sandro) Mussa-Ivaldi is an Italian born professor at Northwestern University. He is known for his contributions to the fields of motor control, motor learning and computational neuroscience.

Biography
Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi obtained a degree (Laurea) in Physics from the University of Torino (1978) and
a PhD in biomedical engineering from the Politecnico di Milano (1987). He was a postdoctoral fellow and principal research scientist in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the MIT.

He is now Professor of Physiology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern University. He is the founder and director of the Robotics Laboratory in the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago.

Scientific contributions
Mussa-Ivaldi’s research combines experimental methods with the application of computational principles. His experimental
work has been influential for the study of arm biomechanics and, in particular, motor learning in human subjects. He has
also studied motor primitives in the frog's spinal cord that are a central issue in many theories of motor control.
Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi's theoretical work has focused on the analysis of redundant kinematics in human subjects. He has asked
how a variety of movement patterns and control strategies can be constructed from the superposition of a set of basis fields. Of particular theoretical importance is his discovery of how pseudoinverses of 
Jacobians can be computed so that integrability is always a given. In some more recent work, Sandro Mussa-Ivaldi has applied computational ideas to the design of brain machine interfaces. He and his collaborators have developed the first neurorobotic system in which a neural preparation in-vitro - the brainstem of a Lamprey - controls the behavior of a mobile-robot through a closed-loop interaction. Recent research in the lab of Dr. Mussa-Ivaldi addresses clinical questions where computational insights can be used to better the lives of persons with disabilities.

External links
 The robotics lab at the rehabilitation institute of Chicago

Italian emigrants to the United States
Northwestern University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
WINLAB (Rutgers University). WINLAB is the Wireless Information Network Laboratory, a research laboratory at Rutgers University, that is dedicated to research in a number of disciplines related to wireless communications. It consists of a number of faculty members from the Computer Science and Electrical & Computer Engineering departments at Rutgers University and research scientists. It is housed on a separate facility, away from the main engineering campus of Rutgers University (Busch Campus). The lab is famous for a pioneering early work during the development of cellular networks. It also houses the ORBIT testbed, the largest indoor wireless testbed of its kind in the world, housing more than 1200 radio nodes in a single room. The laboratory has approximately 40 PhD students, 20 MS students, and 2 Undergraduate students advised by approximately 20 full-time professors. WINLAB is funded by grants from its industry sponsors, the National Science Foundation, as well as Rutgers University and other agencies.

Evolution of Research in WINLAB
WINLAB was founded by Prof. David Goodman in 1989 as an industry-university cooperative research center focusing on wireless technology. During the founding years of WINLAB, analog cellular telephony was the leading technology in the market. The research addressed fundamental issues in mobility due to switching, signaling and effects of power control and coding in CDMA systems. WINLAB researchers were one of the earliest to work on issues related to packet transmission in  cellular wireless networks. Over the years, research in WINLAB has evolved to meet the challenges in wireless, in both theoretical and practical aspects. The research projects in WINLAB are mainly driven by sponsors companies and the wireless industry in general. In the year 2001, Prof. Dipankar Raychaudhuri took over as the director of WINLAB.

Industry Advisory Board research reviews
The Industry Advisory Board (IAB) research reviews are a regular bi-annual feature in WINLAB research schedule. Each research review session is based on a theme of research. WINLAB faculty and students showcase their work in these meetings. The program includes overview talks, guest lectures, student talks, demonstrations and poster sessions. The sponsor companies are given status updates on the various research projects going on in WINLAB.

References

External links
Official website
Rutgers University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department (ECE)
Rutgers University, Computer Science Department (CS)

Rutgers University
University and college laboratories in the United States
Wireless
Wireless network organizations
Aichi E10A. The Aichi E10A was a Japanese night reconnaissance flying boat of the 1930s.  A single-engined biplane, 15 were built for the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Night Reconnaissance Seaplane, serving from 1936 but were retired in 1941 before the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Development and design
In 1934, based on experience of testing the Experimental 6-Shi Night Reconnaissance Flying boat, the Imperial Japanese Navy drew up a specification for a new night reconnaissance aircraft, intended to shadow enemy fleets during the cover of darkness, with orders being placed with Aichi and with Kawanishi.

Aichi's design, with the company designation AB-12, was a single-engined biplane flying boat of all-metal construction.  Its two-bay wings folded rearwards to save space on board ship, while its crew of three were accommodated in an enclosed cabin. It was powered by a pusher water-cooled Aichi Type 91 engine, driving a four-blade wooden propeller.

The first prototype flew in December 1934, and when tested proved to have superior stability to the competing Kawanishi E10K, and so was ordered into production.

Operational history
The AB-12 entered service in August 1936 with the Japanese Navy as the Type 96 Night Reconnaissance Seaplane, with the short designation E10A.  Fifteen aircraft were built, remaining in service until 1941, being phased out before the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. Despite this, it was assigned the Allied code name Hank.

Specifications (E10A)

See also

References

Francillon, R.J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London:Putnam, 1970. .
Mikesh, Robert and Abe, Shorzoe. Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London:Putnam, 1990. .

External links

Aichi E10A

E10A
1930s Japanese military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Gold universe. A Gold universe is a cosmological model of the universe.  In these models, the universe starts with a Big Bang and expands for some time, with increasing entropy and a  thermodynamic arrow of time pointing in the direction of the expansion.  After the universe reaches a low-density state, it recontracts, but entropy now decreases, pointing the thermodynamic arrow of time in the opposite direction, until the universe ends in a low-entropy, high-density Big Crunch. 
There are two models of the universe which support the possibility of a reversed direction of time. The first begins with a state of low entropy at the Big Bang which continually increases until the Big Crunch. The second, a Gold Universe, posits that entropy will increase only until a moment of contraction, then gradually decrease. This latter model suggests the universe will become more orderly after the moment of contraction. The Gold model has been linked to the possibility of retrocausal change, questions concerning the preservation of information in a time-reversed universe (states of decreasing entropy), and causation in general.  The Gold Universe is named after the cosmologist Thomas Gold, who proposed the model in the 1960s.

References

Physical cosmology
JustSystems. is a Japanese software development house. The company's main products were a word processor, Ichitaro ("JohnnyOne"), a Japanese input method, ATOK. In 2010s, they focus on correspondence education and enterprise software.

Description
JustSystems is based in Tokushima on Shikoku island in Japan.  Its most recent business has focused on Java and XML-themed technology development. As of 2012, JustSystems is the only Japanese full member of the Unicode Consortium.

History
JustSystems was founded in 1979 by Hatsuko and Kazunori Ukigawa, and was incorporated in June 1981.  Early in the company's history, it created one of the first computer input methods for Japanese users, creating compatibility between QWERTY keyboards and Kanji characters.  In the mid-1990s, JustSystems founded the Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center near Carnegie Mellon University.  In 1996, JustSystems purchased Claritech, a Carnegie Mellon startup run by David Evans, and renamed it JustSystems Evans Research (JSERI).  In 1997, JustSystems went public and was listed on the JASDAQ Securities Exchange.

In 2006, JustSystems purchased the XMetaL XML authoring suite from Blast Radius to complement its xfy XML development platform.  In 2009, Keyence Corporation became the largest shareholder of JustSystems.  Later that year, Kazunori and Hatsuko Ukigawa resigned from the company.

See also
 Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center

References

External links
 JustSystems 
 JustSystems 
 Ticker of the company in Google Finance 

Software companies of Japan
Companies based in Tokushima Prefecture
Software companies established in 1979
Japanese brands
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese companies established in 1979
Lindgren oxidation. Lindgren oxidation  is a selective method for oxidizing aldehydes to carboxylic acids. The reaction is named after Bengt O. Lindgren.

The oxidation takes place in water containing solvent mixtures under slightly acidic conditions (pH 3–5) with sodium chlorite as oxidizer. To avoid complicated oxidation reactions the hypochlorite, which is formed in the reaction, has to be removed from the reaction mixture by scavengers. In the original publication, sulfamic acid and resorcinol were used. George A. Kraus and co-workers were the first to use 2-methyl-2-butene as scavenger under buffered conditions for the oxidation of an aliphatic and an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Later hydrogen peroxide also proved to work to remove the hypochlorite.

See also
 Pinnick oxidation

References

Organic oxidation reactions
Organic redox reactions
Name reactions
Hip Hing Construction. Hip Hing Construction Group Ltd. () is a general contractor based in Hong Kong, engaging in various types of construction and civil engineering projects serving the Government of Hong Kong and various other domestic and foreign entities in the public and private sector, e.g. Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong and highways. The Company has a strategic partnership with leading international oilfield services company Schlumberger Limited.

History
Hip Hing Construction Ltd., the Company's predecessor, was founded in British Hong Kong in March 1961 by Dr. Cheng Yu-tung, Dr. David Sin and Mr. Yan Kao. In 1973, the Company was restructured to become an affiliate of New World Development. In 1997, the Company was acquired by NWS Holdings Ltd., the service operations flagship of New World Development.

Link
Hip Hing Construction Company Limited

References

NWS Holdings
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1961
Construction and civil engineering companies of Hong Kong
1961 establishments in Hong Kong
Market requirements document. A market requirements document (MRD) in project management and systems engineering, is a document that expresses the customer's wants and needs for the product or service. It is typically written as a part of product marketing or product management. The document should explain:
 What (new) product is being discussed
 Who the target customers are
 What products are in competition with the proposed one
 Why customers are likely to want this product.
 What holds the customers back from purchasing the product.

See also 
 Product requirements document
 Requirements management
 User requirements document

References

Product management