omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Klimov M-120. The Klimov M-120 was a Soviet prototype 18-cylinder liquid-cooled inline aircraft engine designed during the early years of World War II. Testing did not go well and it was cancelled in 1942.

Development
The M-120 was developed by arranging three Klimov M-103A cylinder blocks in an inverted 'Y' configuration, driving a common crankshaft. It began development in 1938 and manufacture of five prototypes began in late 1939. The first prototype was completed on 30 October 1939 and began bench tests the next year. Two M-120TKs were flown in a prototype Ilyushin DB-4 bomber in November 1940. It was submitted for its State acceptance trials in August 1941, but the main connecting rod and the supercharger both broke down and the tests were not completed. The project was cancelled in 1942.

Variants
M-120
, weight of .
M-120TK
1600 hp, weight of , fitted with turbo-supercharger.
M-120UV
. Version with a long shaft to the remote reduction gear.
M-120UV-TK
A 1940 project to combine the two variants.

Specifications (M-120TK)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  

1940s aircraft piston engines
M-120
Shipboard Integrated Communications System. The Shipboard Integrated Communications System (SHINCOM)  is a naval intraship and external communication system manufactured by DRS Technology Canada (DRS TCL). It was developed for the Royal Canadian Navy's (RCN) s. It also became part of the United States Navy's (USN) Aegis Combat System, through which it was exported to other foreign navies.

By 2017, SHINCOM had been installed on over 150 warships.

Versions
SHINCOM
Original version installed on RCN Halifax-class frigates.

SHINCOM II
Developmental version using commercial off-the-shelf standard programming language and interfaces, instead of proprietary standard. Developed in the late-1990s by DRS TCL with the Canadian Department of National Defence.

SHINCOM 2100
Production version developed from SHINCOM II and deployed by the RCN.

SHINCOM 3100

Variants
The first version of SHINCOM won sales to the United States military at the same time it was installed on the Halifax-class frigates.

The underlying technology of SHINCOM 2100 contributed to the AN/ON-568 Secure Voice System, which was a part of the USN Aegis Combat System. SHINCOM 2100 was exported to navies that also bought Aegis. In USN service, SHINCOM is known as the Integrated Voice Communications Systems (IVCS).

Operators

References

Bibliography

Military electronics
Westinghouse Farm Engine. The Westinghouse Farm Engine was a small, vertical-boiler steam engine built by the Westinghouse Company that emerged in the late 19th century. In the transition from horses to machinery, small portable engines were hauled by horses from farm to farm to give power where it was needed. It provided power to agricultural machines such as sawmills, threshing machines, and corn shellers. Many small workshops used them as well.

The farm engine was developed by George Westinghouse Sr., father of the famous inventor and industrialist George Westinghouse Jr.  The cylinder, steam chest, cross-head guide, and the boxes for the crankshaft bearings were all cast in a single piece to assure mechanical exactness and perfect alignment of piston and crank. The engine was made of brass and steel.  The machine helped American farms transition from horse to machines. It came in 6, 10, and 15 horsepower sizes. The Westinghouse Farm engine was said to have a short, quick stroke to make it lighter. This design helped to make sure that the engine did not roll over. The engines were equipped with an adjustable governor, pop safety valve, steam gauge, feedwater heater, direct-acting pump, whistle, blower, brake, and a full supply of wrenches and fire tools. This helped keep the engine efficient, durable, and convenient. The engines were produced from 1886 to 1917 when larger, standard farm engines superseded them.

References

External links 
When Westinghouse Meant Steam, Not Electric

Steam engines
Engine technology
Gymnasticon. The Gymnasticon was an early exercise machine resembling a stationary bicycle, invented in 1796 by Francis Lowndes.  Its function was to exercise the joints, either "in all parts of the body at once, or partially."

Background
The Gymnasticon emerged from the newly developed science of orthopedics, originated by Nicolas Andry in 1741.  It was an early example of a series of new technologies in gymnastics that would lead to the development of physical therapy in the nineteenth century.

Lowndes, the device's inventor, had previously established himself as an authority on medical electricity, the use of electricity as a therapy for both disease and injury.  His book Observations on Medical Electricity, published in 1787, contained descriptions of a number of cases "in which electricity has either cured the disease, or given great relief."

Mechanism

The Gymnasticon depended on a set of flywheels that connected the wooden treadles for the feet to cranks for the hands, which could drive each other or operate independently.  The figure on the right shows the inner workings of the machines.  Labels A, B, C, and D show the structural frame.  The treadles are marked E, and are connected to the frame by metal brackets or cocks (F), derived from clockmaking.  "Each treadle has two, and the centered Screws which pass through them embrace the cross, or lower extremities of the treadle-lifters, GG, so as to admit of easy motion."  The lower cranks, labeled I, are adjustable, to suit the needs of the patient, as are the upper cranks, K.  The upper cranks are connected to the lower by means of two flywheels (M); a band fixing the motion of the two together can be attached or removed as needed. Figures 2 and 3 represent the means of connecting the treadles and handles, respectively, to the central system.  O is the treadle's "divided head, with the upper division or cap screwed down. P is a spring or a spring-board, destined to give action to the joints and muscles of the feet. The front or toe extremities of these spring-boards are held by springs, or cocks and centered points, fixed to each of the treadle-boards E E; their back or heel extremities are left loose, to admit of elevation, when the springs are compressed (by the floor or any other means employed) by the descent of the treadles E E".  N is a crank allowing external operation.

Uses
In his patent, Lowndes described the machine as intended simply "to give and apply motion and exercise, voluntary or involuntary, to the limbs, joints, and muscles of the human body.  A magazine article at the time noted, however, that Lowndes had claimed success in using the machine to treat "gout, palsy, rheumatism, debility, contraction, etc."  It was specifically designed for the sick, with an external crank that could be used to force involuntary motion in the joints of a person too disabled to work the machine alone.  However, its ability to provide exercise for people forced to be sedentary by circumstances (such as students) made it useful for the healthy as well.

References

Exercise equipment
Junkers EF 126. The Junkers EF 126 was an experimental fighter proposed by the German  of 1944–1945, for a cheap and simple fighter powered by a pulsejet engine. No examples were built during the war, but the Soviet Union completed both unpowered and powered prototypes.

The design of the Ju EF 126 was developed into the Junkers EF 127, a rocket-powered version.

During 1944, the  programme for the simplest, cheapest fighter possible was launched by the  (RLM), the German Ministry of Aviation.  In order to minimise cost and complexity, it was to be powered by a pulse jet, as used by the V-1 flying bomb and its manned version, the Fieseler Fi 103R (Reichenberg). Designs were produced by Heinkel, with a pulse jet powered version of their Heinkel He 162, Blohm & Voss (the P213) and Junkers.

Ef 126
Junker's design, the EF 126, was of similar layout to the V-1, with the single Argus 109-044, rated at , mounted above the aft fuselage and fin. The fuselage was of metal construction while the wings were wooden. A retractable nosewheel undercarriage was to be fitted. As the pulse-jet's power would reduce at altitude, the aircraft was intended for low-altitude use, and had a secondary ground attack role. Armament consisted of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon while up to  of bombs could be carried under the wings.

Variants
EF 126 V1
First prototype, towed into the air by a captured Junkers Ju 88G-6 in the post war period. Later, it crashed.

EF 126 V2
Second prototype, also constructed but never completed.

EF 126 V3,V5
Complete prototypes with Argus pulse jet.

EF 126 V4
Completed and tested by the Soviets in 1947, with a running engine.

Specifications (Ju EF 126)

See also

References

External links

 Junkers EF 126 Image
 German aircraft projects (in German)

EF 126
Pulsejet-powered aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
De Mearmin. De Mearmin, formerly also known as Geestermermeermolen, is a smock mill in Damwâld, Friesland, Netherlands, which was built in 1968 at Dokkum. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 467708. Between 2014 and 2016, the mill was dismantled, restored and moved to a new site in Damwâld.

History

The Mearmin was built between 1968 and 1970 by millwright Auke de Roos of Leeuwarden for the former owner Pier Prins in a privately owned little nature reserve called Geestmermeer. It incorporated parts of a drainage mill which stood at Readtsjerk, and also parts from various other demolished mills in Friesland. The windmill received monument status because of these historic parts in 1990, but only after a lengthy dispute. In later years, the windmill fell into disrepair. It was in a derelict condition by 2009 and under threat of disappearing completely. However, in March 2014 the mill was moved to the workshop of Hiemstra millwrights to be restored to working order. After restoration it was rebuilt at De Sûkerei open-air museum in Damwâld.

Description

De Mearmin is what the Dutch describe as a "grondzeiler" . It is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. There is no stage, the sail reaching almost to the ground. The smock and cap boarded. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft, which was cast by Koning of Foxham, Groningen in 1903. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 50 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel, which has 37 cogs drives a gearwheel with 34 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw. The wooden screw has a  diameter.

Public Access
The windmill is part of an open-air museum "De Sûkerei" and can be visited during opening hours of the museum.

References

External links
Website museum "De Sûkerei"

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 2016
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Former Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Caproni Ca.70. The Caproni Ca.70 was a two-seat night fighter and ground attack biplane produced in Italy in 1925. It was the only Italian aircraft designed from the outset as a night fighter.

Design
The Caproni company designed the Ca.70 to ensure good low-speed handling and good visibility from both cockpits, without any of the aircrafts structural elements obstructing the view of either crewman. Its two wings were of unequal span, and it had tailskid landing gear, an unusual feature of which was an oleo-pneumatic shock absorber on the main landing gear which allowed the wheels to travel forward in their linkage while the plane was taxiing. The 9-cylinder, 313-kilowatt (420-horsepower) Bristol Jupiter radial engine gave the Ca.70 a top speed of  per hour. Armament consisted of two fixed forward-firing 7.7-millimeter Vickers machine guns and a flexible 7.7-millimeter Lewis machine gun on a Scarff ring in the rear cockpit.

Operational history
The Ca.70 first flew in 1925. After the Caproni company finished its tests, it turned the aircraft over to the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force), which tested it at Guidonia Montecelio in 1926, and the Ca.70 performed well, with good handling and performance. However, the Regia Aeronautica had little interest in procuring a two-seat night fighter, and no further examples were built.

Caproni used the design of the Ca.70 for as the basis for a derivative, the Caproni Ca.71 prototype of 1927.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ca.70)

See also
Caproni Ca.71

Notes

References

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .
 "The Caproni “Ca 70” Biplane". Flight, 18 February 1926. pp. 95–96.

Ca.070
1920s Italian fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Sesquiplanes
Caproni Ca.71. The Caproni Ca.71, originally Ca.70L, was a two-seat biplane night fighter produced in Italy in 1927. It was derived from the Caproni Ca.70 of 1925.

Design
Undaunted by the lack of interest the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) had displayed in the Caproni Ca.70-night fighter after official tests in 1926, the Caproni company designed a derivative. It was initially designated the Ca.70L and then redesignated the Ca.71. Like the Ca.70, the Ca.71 was designed to ensure good low-speed handling and good visibility from both cockpits, without any of the aircrafts structural elements obstructing the view of either crewman. Its two wings were of unequal span, and it had tailskid landing gear, an unusual feature of which was an oleo-pneumatic shock absorber on the main landing gear, which allowed the wheels to travel forward in their linkage while the plane was taxiing.  The armament consisted of two fixed forward-firing 7.7-millimeter Vickers machine guns and a flexible 7.7-millimeter Lewis machine gun on a Scarff ring in the rear cockpit.

The Ca.71 differed from the Ca.70 in engine installation. A pusher configuration replaced the Ca.70s tractor-mounted Bristol Jupiter engine, and the Ca.71 was designed to operate with various engines ranging from 298 to 373 kilowatts (400 to 500 horsepower). The lone Ca.71 built had a 298-kW (400-hp) 12-cylinder Lorraine-Dietrich Vee-type engine and was slightly heavier than the Ca.70, but otherwise was identical to the Ca.70.

Operational history
The Ca.71 first flew in 1927. It was slightly slower and had a slightly lower rate of climb than the Ca.70, although its capacity to accommodate a more powerful engine may have allowed it to overcome this. At any rate, the Regia Aeronautica had no more interest in procuring the Ca.71 than it had in the Ca.70, and no further examples were built.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ca.71)

See also
Caproni Ca.70

Notes

References

Green, William, and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Every Fighter Aircraft Built and Flown. New York: SMITHMARK Publishers, 1994. .

1920s Italian fighter aircraft
Ca.071
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Sesquiplanes
Biplanes
Nano and Micro Devices Center. The Nano and Micro Devices Center (NMDC) is a research center located at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. The center forms the backbone of nanotechnology research in the university. It operates a level 4 clean room as well as several other lab facilities.

Objectives 
The objective of the center is to effectively integrate the expertise in electrical, chemical, and materials engineering, biology, chemistry and physics towards the development and research in the fields of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology.

Facilities 

The center operates a clean room that is equipped with microfabrication machines that perform thin film deposition, photolithography, dry and wet etching, and metrology measurements. It also operates a dark room for wet etching, electroplating  and porous silicon fabrication.  The facilities are utilized by organizations based in north Alabama.  The processes performed in such a clean room level may be classified into:
 Lithography: the processes under this category include the conventional UV-lithographic techniques, Electron Beam lithography, and Projection lithography.
 Material Deposition processes: under this category fall the processes of Sputtering, thermal vapor deposition, and electroplating, other techniques to deposit biological molecules and bilayer membranes include the Langmuir- Blodgett technique.
 Material Removal Processes: these include dry etching such as reactive ion etching, or wet etching such as anisotropic etching of silicon in a KOH bath.
 Surface Analysis and Characterization: such as Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Confocal Microsocopy, Ellipsometry, UV, IR, and Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Spectroscopy, and other techniques.
 Computing

References 

University of Alabama in Huntsville
Nanotechnology institutions
Buildings and structures in Huntsville, Alabama
Andrew Fisher (physicist). Andrew James Fisher is Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University College London. His team is part of the Condensed Matter and Materials Physics group, and based in the London Centre for Nanotechnology (a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College, London).

Research
His research area is in understanding the behaviour of electrons in nanostructures. Predicting the behaviour of electrons using quantum mechanics theory, to compare with experimental data. Current funded project topics include:
 Quantum de-coherence and computation in condensed-phase systems
 Electrons in atomic-scale quantum wires
 Formation of molecules on interstellar dust grains
 Theory of scanning tunnelling microscopy in liquids
 Development of techniques to study coherent inelastic transport
 Organic molecules on semiconductor surfaces

Awards
 Maxwell Medal and Prize, Institute of Physics, 1998

Education and career
He was educated at Abingdon School from 1976 until 1983 before going to Clare College, Cambridge. Fisher lectured at UCL from October 1995. Previously he lectured at Durham University (1993–1995).

He was a Junior Research Fellow at St John's College Oxford, working in the Clarendon Laboratory of the Oxford Physics Department (1989–1993). During this period he spent a year at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory (1991–1992).

Personal life
Fisher is a violinist and is married to Alison Smart, a classical singer. He has two sons, Thomas and Hugh.

Bibliography

Selected articles

See also
 List of Old Abingdonians

References

External links

British physicists
Academics of Durham University
Academics of University College London
Living people
People educated at Abingdon School
1965 births
Wuhan Institute of Technology. The Wuhan Institute of Technology (WIT; ) is a provincial public university in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Hubei, and sponsored by the provincial government.

The school was founded in 1972 as Hubei Chemical Engineering and Petroleum College (). The college changed its name to Wuhan Chemical Engineering College () in 1980 and to the current name in 2006.

Organization and administration
WIT has 15 schools:
  School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
  School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering
  School of Material Science and engineering
  School of Environment and Civil Engineering
  School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  School of Economic management
  School of Law & Business
  School of computer science and engineering
  School of Science
  School of Foreign Languages
  School of Arts
  School of Adult Education
  International School
  Department of P.E.
  School of Telecommunication & Information Engineering

References

External links

Official website (English version)
Official website (简体中文版)
Official BBS (简体中文)
Wuhan Institute of Technology Alumni Network

1972 establishments in China
Universities and colleges in Wuhan
Universities and colleges established in 1972
1972 in Wuhan
Avogadrite. Avogadrite ((K,Cs)BF4) is a potassium-caesium tetrafluoroborate in the halide class. Avogadrite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group Pnma) with cell parameters a 8.66 Å, b 5.48 Å and c Å 7.03.

History

The mineral was discovered by the Italian mineralogist Ferruccio Zambonini
in 1926. He analyzed several samples from the volcanic fumaroles close to Mount Vesuvius and from the Lipari islands. In nature, it can only be found as a sublimation product around volcanic fumaroles.  He named it after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856).

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 97-98.

References

Caesium minerals
Potassium minerals
Tetrafluoroborates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Emerson Bainbridge. Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge (5 December 1845 – 12 May 1911) was an English mining consulting engineer,  philanthropist and Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1895 to 1900.

Life
Bainbridge was born in the village of Eastgate and educated at Doncaster and at Durham University. He was articled to mining engineering with the Marquess of Londonderry in Durham College. In 1870 he became  manager of the Sheffield and Tinsley Collieries, and soon afterwards he was in charge of the Nunnery pits on behalf of the Duke of Norfolk. These  were turned into a limited company in 1874, and he then became managing director with a controlling interest. In 1873 was awarded the Hermon prize for an essay on the prevention of mine explosions. He was head of a noted firm of mining consulting engineers. In 1889 Bainbridge, obtained  a lease from the Duke of Portland for the Tophard or Barnsley coal, under areas of land in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. He then founded the Bolsover Colliery Company to take over the lease, and to mine the coal. He was entirely responsible for the development of Bolsover with regard to both the colliery and the New Bolsover model village.  Bainbridge was also interested in local railways, and held many directorships including the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway of which he was Chairman of the Board, the Sheffield District Railway, Hardy Patent Pick Co., New Hucknall Colliery, Yorkshire Engine Co.  and Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery. He was a great supporter of the project for an East to West railway from Sutton-on-Sea to Liverpool, of which only the eastern portion was completed He also supported the Sheffield Canal, and in 1889 lectured in the town on the possibility of bringing large vessels up the canal into Sheffield.

Bainbridge was known as a philanthropist. He provided money for the Y.M.C.A. scheme at Sheffield,  leading to the establishment of the Association Buildings Co. Ltd. and the headquarters buildings. In 1881 he entertained all the members at Chatsworth.  He built and founded the Jeffie Bainbridge Home for Waifs and Strays at the corner of Norfolk Street and Surrey Street in Sheffield in memory of his wife, the building being opened by the Duke and Duchess of Portland.

At the 1895 general election Bainbridge was elected as Member of Parliament for Gainsborough, but lost the seat in 1900.

Bainbridge was a fine shot and a notable sportsman. He owned a large deer forest at Auchnashellach  Ross-shire, of , with much red deer. In 1905 he built a villa, Roquebrune, between Menton and Monte Carlo, as a potential home for his later days. However he made little use of it before his death  at the age of 65.

A daughter, Eva Jeffie Bainbridge, married Brigadier General William Darell. Another, Patricia Merryweather Bainbridge, married Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie on 28 November 1938.

References

External links 

1845 births
1911 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1895–1900
English philanthropists