omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Black-oil equations. The black-oil equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir, constituting the mathematical framework for a black-oil reservoir simulator. The term black-oil refers to the fluid model, in which water is modeled explicitly together with two hydrocarbon components, one (pseudo) oil phase and one (pseudo-)gas phase. This is in contrast with a compositional formulation, in which each hydrocarbon component (arbitrary number) is handled separately.

The equations of an extended black-oil model are:

where
 is a porosity of the porous medium, 
 is a water saturation,
 are saturations of liquid ("oil") 
and vapor ("gas") phases in the reservoir,
 are 
Darcy velocities of the liquid phase, water phase and vapor phase in the reservoir.
The oil and gas at the surface (standard conditions) could be produced from both liquid and vapor phases existing at high pressure and temperature of reservoir conditions. This is characterized by the following quantities:  

 is an oil  
formation volume factor
(ratio of some volume of reservoir liquid
to the volume of oil at standard conditions
obtained from the same volume of reservoir liquid),

 is a water formation volume factor 
(ratio of volume of water at reservoir conditions to volume of water at standard conditions),

 is a gas formation volume factor 
(ratio of some volume of reservoir vapor
to the volume of gas at standard conditions obtained from the same volume of reservoir vapor),

 is a solution of gas in oil phase 
(ratio of volume of gas to the volume of oil at standard conditions
obtained from some amount of liquid phase at reservoir conditions),  

 is a vaporized oil in gas phase
(ratio of volume of oil to the volume of gas at standard conditions
obtained from some amount of vapor phase at reservoir conditions).

See also
Porous medium
Darcy's law
Relative permeability
Petroleum
Hydrocarbon

References

Partial differential equations
Equations of fluid dynamics

Last updated by Jesse Gabriel, June 2021
Koma Kange
Geoffrey Yeh. Geoffrey Yeh Meou-tsen (; 17 April 1931 – 16 October 2016) was a Hong Kong–based businessman who served as Chairman of the Hsin Chong Construction Group Ltd.

Education and career
Yeh obtained a BSc degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1953 and subsequently an MSc degree from the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Harvard University in 1954.

Yeh served as Chair of the Hong Kong Futures Exchange Limited, until its merger into the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. Furthermore, he was Independent Non Executive Director of Hysan Development Co. Ltd. between 1979 and 2001 and as Independent Non-executive Director of China Travel International Investment Hong Kong Ltd. from January 2001 to July 15, 2007. Yeh was Chairman of the Hsin Chong Construction Group Ltd., founded by Godfrey Yeh, the family patriarch.

Family
Yeh was married to Helen; they had a son, V-nee, and a daughter, Yvette. V-nee and his wife, Mira Yeh, a socialite, had a daughter, Nadya.

Legacy

 M.T. Geoffrey Yeh Student Center, Newmark Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
In 2012, Yeh was inducted into the Engineering at Illinois Hall of Fame.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Hong Kong businesspeople
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Panel edge staining. Panel edge staining is a naturally occurring problem that occurs to anodized aluminium and stainless steel panelling and façades.  It is semi-permanent staining that dulls the panel or façade's surface (in particular the edges of the panelling), reducing the natural lustre and shine produced by the anodizing processes used on the aluminium.  Panel edge staining may also appear on powder coated aluminium, painted aluminium, stainless steel and titanium surfaces.

Causes

Panel edge staining is the by-product of the build-up of dirt and pollution.  It is especially more noticeable on buildings using metallic façades in Asia, and regions close to the equator (such as Florida or South East Asia), as higher rates of air pollution, high levels of humidity and consistent rainfall encourage panel edge staining to develop. 

The unique top-to-bottom stain pattern of panel edge staining is caused when the build-up of dirt and pollution is washed from the higher panels to the lower panels of a surface by natural precipitation.

Notes

References

Staining of facades By Michael Y. L. Chew, Tan Phay Ping
Maintenance and Restoration of Architectural Aluminum By Service One, Inc. Technical Paper

Aluminium
Corrosion
Stainless steel
Lotus Ethos. The Lotus Ethos is a fully plug-in hybrid concept car that was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as the "Lotus CityCar". The vehicle was developed by Lotus Engineering, a separate division from Lotus Cars. The CityCar has a lithium battery pack with an all-electric range of , and after the battery is depleted the 1.2-litre petrol engine kicks in to help with charging, allowing the car to run more than . The concept car is designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol, or methanol as well as regular petrol.

Specifications
The Ethos concept is an urban electric car with a 14.8 kWh lithium battery pack that delivers a range of up to  in electric-only mode. The internal combustion engine is a flex-fuel-capable 47 hp, 1.2-litre three-cylinder petrol engine that acts as a generator charging the battery pack up to . The concept car weighs less than 1400 kg, and Lotus claims it will reach  from rest in 9 seconds. Top speed is , with a charge-sustaining top speed of  and the drivetrain has CO2 emissions rating below of 60 g/km on the ECE-R101 test.

Naming and production plans
In 2011 Lotus named the concept the Lotus Ethos. It is based on the EMAS from its parent company Proton and was to be assembled in Malaysia alongside the EMAS for an estimated cost in the UK of "£30,000 plus" but never entered production .

See also
Chevrolet Volt
Proton EMAS

References

External links 
 Ethos City Car at Lotus Cars site

Ethos
Concept cars
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Cars introduced in 2010
Reference implementation. In the software development process, a reference implementation (or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation) is a program that implements all requirements from a corresponding specification. The reference implementation often accompanies a technical standard, and demonstrates what should be considered the "correct" behavior of any other implementation of it.

Characteristics and examples 
Reference implementations of algorithms, for instance cryptographic algorithms, are often the result or the input of standardization processes. In this function they are often dedicated to the public domain with their source code as public domain software. Examples are the first CERN's httpd, Serpent cipher, base64 variants, and SHA-3. The Openwall Project maintains a list of several algorithms with their reference source code in the public domain.

A reference implementation may or may not be production quality. For example, the Fraunhofer reference implementation of the MP3 standard usually does not compare favorably to other common implementations, such as LAME, in listening tests that determine sound quality. In contrast, CPython, the reference implementation of the Python programming language, is also the implementation most widely used in production.

Testing 
Testing the implementation-vs-specification relationship further enhances the production's inter-process efficiencies:

References 

Test items
Software engineering terminology
HMS Swinger (1872). HMS Swinger was an  composite gunboat of the Royal Navy, built at Pembroke Dockyard and launched on 7 February 1872. She served at first on the China Station and from 1883 on the Australia Station. She was hulked in 1895 sold for breaking in 1924.

Design and construction
Designed by Sir Edward Reed, Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, the Ariel-class gunboats were the first gunboats of composite construction.  Swinger was engined by Humphrys, Tennant & Co. with a horizontal single-expansion steam engine (the rest of the class had compound-expansion engines) developing an indicated horsepower of .  She was armed with two  64-pounder (56 cwt) muzzle-loading rifles and two  20-pounder Armstrong breech loaders.  All four guns were mounted on traversing carriages.  Some of the class were re-armed in the 1880s with two 5-inch and two 4-inch breech loaders.  All the ships of the class carried a three-masted barquentine rig.

Operational service
Swinger served at first on the China Station and since it was Royal Navy policy to ship entire crews out to the far-flung stations, she recommissioned at Hong Kong on 18 February 1877.

She commissioned at Devonport on 2 October 1883 for service on the Australia Station.  She arrived in Australia in 1884 under the command of Lieutenant Marx and was employed in preventing the blackbirding trade.  Soon he fell in with the Forest King to the east of New Guinea, and sent Mr. Millman, the civil magistrate, on board to investigate.  On finding 60 illegally taken islanders in the Forest King, he told the master that he would be taken into port the following day, and that he would be sunk if he tried to escape.  That night Swingers quartermaster reported to Marx that the Forest King was throwing coconuts overboard.  Rushing to the deck, Marx could see through binoculars that the blackbirders were throwing their human cargo over the side in order to be rid of the incriminating evidence. Still half naked from their hammocks, Swingers seamen manned the boats and rescued 18 men from the water; about 20 men had drowned. In the morning Marx boarded the Forest King and carried her into Brisbane, where the master was tried by the Vice Admiralty Court of Inquiry.  Marx was warned not to walk the streets in uniform since considerable vested interests were affected.  Nevertheless, after three days the court convicted the master of Forest King and vindicated Lieutenant Marx.

In 1886 at St. Agnau Swinger had been trading with some natives, and considering them friendly, Marx decided to go ashore.  He was attacked and described the assault:

Swinger recommissioned in Sydney on 4 May 1887. She left the Australia Station in August 1891.

Fate
She was hulked in 1895 and the outbreak of World War I saw her attached to  as a store ship.  She was sold to Rogers & Company, Plymouth for breaking in June 1924.

Notes

References
Bastock, John (1988), Ships on the Australia Station, Child & Associates Publishing Pty Ltd; Frenchs Forest, Australia. 

1872 ships
Ships built in Pembroke Dock
Ariel-class gunboats
Victorian-era gunboats of the United Kingdom
AXIS Flight Training Systems. AXIS Flight Training Systems GmbH supplies EASA- and FAA-compliant flight training equipment, from flat panel trainers to full flight simulators. It was founded in 2004 in Graz/Austria. Their first design was a level D full flight simulator. In 2005 they produced a level D full flight simulator with an Equipe collimated visual system and a Rexroth hydraulic motion base. 

They currently manufacture full flight simulators and flight training devices for all types and configurations of aircraft, including business jets, turboprop commuters and passenger jetliners.

In 2010 their engineering and production departments moved to a new facility in Lebring.

References

Aerospace companies
Austrian companies established in 2004
Aviation in Austria
Manufacturing companies established in 2004
Simulation
Crime-lite. The Crime-lite is a handheld, high-intensity alternative light source used primarily by forensic investigators to detect evidence such as fingerprints, bodily fluids and latent evidence from crime scenes.

The Crime-lite was one of the first commercially available alternative light sources to benefit from LED technology. LED light sources offer many advantages over previous technologies including durability and lifespan.

There are several models of Crime-lite currently available including the Crime-lite 2, 82, ML, XL, and 8x4.

Recent advances in the power and spread of light from LED bulbs means that LED light sources are now able to offer a valid alternative to Laser and Xenon Arc products.

Crime-lites are used by police, security and military forces worldwide.

References

External links 
 Foster + Freeman, manufacturers of the Crime-lite 

Forensic equipment
Nissan Townpod. The Nissan Townpod is an electric concept car presented by the Japanese car manufacturer Nissan at the 2010 Paris Motor Show.

Overview

The Townpod was developed focusing on the versatility, so that it could adapt to different and peculiar needs.

With the Townpod concept Nissan is offering the chance of using proprietary as well as third-party sourced accessories so that customers can customize the interior specifications of their vehicle.

By doing so everyone can adapt the car to their individual needs or daily usage. For example, a musician transporting its kit between gigs, a delicatessen proprietor distributing their wares or an architect carrying drawings to a client musician.

Design
The Townpod design features several familiar visual elements from other Nissan cars. The drivetrain featured in the concept car is the same zero emission technology that is fitted on the Nissan Leaf. As in the Leaf, the charging points are located in the nose behind an automatically retracting cover.

The headlights on the Townpod serve as position markers when the blue "petals" are closed and headlights when open, while the external location of the pods eases basic maintenance.

Thanks to the position of the headlights, the Townpod gets a bonnet line which can recall the Nissan 370Z, which ends up in a blue tinted glass house, which resembles the Nissan Cube.

References

External links
 Nissan Global 

Electric cars
Townpod
RS Integrator. The RS Integrator is a series of analog modular synthesizer systems made by British company Analogue Systems, which had previously manufactured the TH48 step sequencer and FB3 Filterbank. 

As with Doepfer's similar A-100 system, modules are designed to be mounted in a standard 19-inch rack enclosure, each module measuring 3U in height.  Modules are patched using standard mono miniature (3.5 mm) leads.

Various controller keyboards are available within the RS Integrator series, including the Sorceror (sic), which can house modules inside its wooden enclosure.

External links 

 Analogue Systems' homepage
 Sound On Sound's RS Integrator review
 Vintage Synth Explorer's Sorcerer entry
 ByteNoise's RS Integrator entry
 Review of TH48 step sequencer

Modular synthesizers
Prescott Pusher. The Prescott Pusher is an American, four-seat, pusher configuration homebuilt aircraft, with a large cockpit, retractable or fixed gear, and a T-tail. The pilot and passengers enter the aircraft through a large left-side clamshell door.

Design and development
Company founder, Tom Prescott, worked for Sikorsky Aircraft, Piper Aircraft, and Learjet. He left Learjet in 1983 to produce the Prescott Pusher. It was tested using a 1/5 scale model in the Wichita State University wind tunnel in 1983. Flying scale models were tested in 1984, which led to the development of the drooped wing tips for better low speed handling and reduced drag. The aircraft was modeled using CAD/CAM software for creating drawings and defining machine cuts on the fuselage steel, becoming the first CAD/CAM designed homebuilt aircraft. The AVIA Products Co. rwas purchased to develop an electrically controlled variable pitch fiberglass pusher propeller.

The Prescott Pusher was designed to FAR Part 23 certification standards of the time. It uses aluminum construction for the wings and tail surfaces. The fiberglass landing gear and flaps are hydraulically activated. The nosegear steering is also hydraulic with electric controls. The fuselage uses a 4130 steel welded square steel tube frame with composite skin covering. Every component can be installed prior to skin installation, and in theory, could even be flown without the skins. The wing skins are formed cold using dry ice, then age hardened to T-42 standards. The engine is mounted far aft with a 12-inch propeller extension.

Operational history
Prescott Aeronautical Corporation was founded by Tom Prescott in 1983. Prescott, who also served as company president, worked alongside Linden Blue investor and CEO, Les Jordan, head of marketing, and Steve Cain, head of public relations. The Prescott Pusher was first displayed at the Experimental Aircraft Association airshow in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1985. In 1989, having produced 68 kits, Prescott Aeronautical Corporation went out of business. By 1991, there were approximately 25–35 builders completing their aircraft in various configurations.

Aircraft on display
Kansas Aviation Museum

Specifications

References

External links

Pusher
1980s United States sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1985
Mechanisms and Robotics Award. The Mechanisms and Robotics Award is an honor that is given annually by the Mechanisms and Robotics Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), to engineers known for a lifelong contribution to the field of mechanism design or theory. This prestigious honor can only be given once to any individual. 

The award was established in 1974 and was awarded in even years at the ASME Biennial Mechanisms & Robotics Conference, until 2005 when the conference was made an annual event. The award is under the direction of the Design Engineering Division of ASME.

Past Award Recipients
Source: ASME

 2021: Qiaode (Jeffery) Ge
 2016: Sunil K. Agrawal
 2015: Jian S. Dai
 2014: Gregory S. Chirikjian
 2013: Steven Dubowsky
 2012: Vijay Kumar (roboticist) 
 2011: J. Michael McCarthy
 2009: Larry L. Howell 
 2008: C. Gosselin
 2007: C. W. Wampler, II
 2006: K. Kazerounian
 2005: J. K. Davidson
 2004: John J. Uicker
 2002: K.C. Gupta
 2000: J. Angeles
 1998: A. Midha
 1996: A. T. Yang
 1994: A. Soni
 1992: J. Duffy
 1990: K. J. Waldron
 1988: A. G. Erdman
 1986: K. H. Hunt
 1984: G. G. Lowen
 1982: B. Roth
 1980: G. N. Sandor
 1978: F. Freudenstein
 1976: F. R. E. Crossley
 1974: A. S. Hall, Jr., R. S. Hartenberg, and J. E. Shigley

See also

 List of mechanical engineering awards

References

Awards of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Robotics events
Awards established in 1974
IRILL. The Innovation and research initiative for free software (, IRILL) is a French research center.
This centre was created in September 2010 by INRIA with Pierre and Marie Curie University and Paris Diderot University and is located on the Jussieu Campus in Paris. Roberto Di Cosmo was the initial director of IRILL, Emmanuel Chailloux is the current director.

IRILL aims to provide resources to FLOSS actors like researchers, developers or industrials. It will also help technology transfer toward small and medium enterprises and improves the way FLOSS developments are currently taught.

Three projects are hosted by IRILL at time of its creation:
 MANCOOSI (MANaging the COmplexity of the Open Source Infrastructure)
 Coccinelle (software) - a framework for refactoring of C source code
 Ocsigen/Eliom

The Debsources (sources.debian.org) project to index source code from all Debian packages was initially developed by IRILL.

References

External links 
 IRILL website
 Announce of the creation of IRILL 

Research institutes in France
Mercury (metadata search system). Mercury is a distributed metadata management, data discovery and access system. It is a scientific data search system to capture and manage biogeochemical and ecological data in support of the Earth science programs funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and United States Geological Survey (USGS) - Department of Interior (DOI). Mercury was originally developed for NASA, but the consortium is now supported by USGS and the DOE.  Ongoing development of Mercury is done through an informal consortium at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Mercury is a part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) and a contributor to the Climate Change Science Institute (CCSI).

Technical features 
Mercury supports data archiving, data discovery through various search strategies (text string, fielded, spatial, temporal), data reuse, and longer-term scientific digital data stewardship, and supports a range of recognized data exchange and interoperability protocols and supports various metadata standards including XML, Z39.50, FGDC, Dublin Core, Darwin Core, Ecological Metadata Language, and ISO. Mercury also uses OAI-PMH to index metadata records from Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) and redistribute them other data providers.

References

External links 
USGS Science Data Catalog - powered by Mercury
USGS Mercury Metadata Editor

Metadata
Data management software
United States Geological Survey
United States Department of Energy
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
LeVier Cosmic Wind. The LeVier Cosmic Wind is a small single engine, single seat racing monoplane designed and built by staff of the Lockheed Corporation in 1947.  It did not race successfully in the US but one won the premier cross-country competition in the UK in 1964.  It still flies today.

Design and development
The Cosmic Wind was designed and built by Lockheed's chief test pilot, Tony LeVier, and a group of Lockheed engineers. A very small single-seat racer, it was aimed at the Goodyear Trophy for Formula 1 class racers initiated in the US soon after World War II.

It is an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane. Wings and tail surfaces are all straight-edged and tapered.  The ailerons are full span and carry trim tabs, as does the full-fin-depth rudder. The undercarriage is fixed, with streamlined main legs and wheels in long fairings.  The roller tailwheel is tucked into the rear corner of the fuselage forward of the rudder.  The cockpit is enclosed with a small, single-piece, perspex canopy. The first aircraft were powered by 85 hp (63 kW) Continental C-85 horizontally opposed engines but more recently at least four have used the 100 hp (75 kW) Continental O-200-A.  The engine installation includes a large pointed spinner and long, bulbous cylinder head/exhaust fairings.

Operational history

Three Cosmic Winds were built at Lockheed's between 1947 and 1948 and a fourth rather later.  A fifth was also built in the US by amateur constructors.  The last example was built in the UK as late as 1972.  The type was not particularly successful in competitions in the 1940s, coming only 3rd and 4th in the 1947 Goodyear Trophy races. One example of the first three, named Ballerina and exported to the UK as G-ARUL, won the King's Cup Race of 1964;  it remains active in the UK, and is a regular participant in air displays.  The UK-built Cosmic Wind remains on the civil aircraft register as G-BAER, but currently (2010-10) lacks a Permit to Fly.

In the US, the amateur-built example is now in the EAA AirVenture Museum, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.  Another Cosmic Wind, built or modified with a shoulder rather than low wing, is in the Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California.

Specifications (85 hp engine)

References

External links

 Flight International article on the Cosmic Wind from 1963

1940s United States sport aircraft
Racing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft