omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Harry Edward Jones. Harry Edward Jones (1843 – 24 March 1925) was a British civil engineer.

Jones was born the son of gasworks engineer Robert Jones in Chester in 1843 and educated at the City of London School and Stepney Grammar School.

In 1859 he was apprenticed to Joseph Hamilton Beattie, the locomotive engineer of the London and South Western Railway, and in 1862 obtained a position at the Harlow Gas Works, Essex. From 1863 to 1869 he was engineer to the Wandsworth Gas Company and then became chief engineer to the Ratcliff Gas Light Company. In 1875, he was joint engineer with his father at the Commercial Gas Co, becoming Chief Engineer in 1880 when his father retired and a Director of the company in 1902. He also acted as a consulting engineer both at home and abroad.

He was awarded the Telford Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1875 for his paper on The Construction of Gasworks. He also received their Watt Medal and George Stephenson Medal.

He served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1917 to November 1918.  In this capacity, he proposed that senior, experienced civil engineers should be brought in at early stages of discussion regarding high value government engineering projects and that their involvement should extend beyond their usual technical role to that of finance and management.  David Lloyd George, then prime minister, agreed to consider this but no further action was taken.  Jones died in 1925.

Footnotes

References

        
        
        
        
        
        

1843 births
1925 deaths
People from Chester
British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Precipitated silica. Precipitated silica is an amorphous form of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2); it is a white, powdery material. Precipitated silica is produced by precipitation from a solution containing silicate salts.

The three main classes of amorphous silica are pyrogenic silica, precipitated silica and silica gel. Among them, precipitated silica has the greatest commercial significance. In 1999, more than one million tons were produced, half of it is used in tires and shoe soles.

Like pyrogenic silica, precipitated silica is essentially not microporous (unless prepared by the Stöber process).

Production
The production of precipitated silica starts with the reaction of a basic silicate solution with a mineral acid. Sulfuric acid and sodium silicate solutions are added simultaneously with agitation to water. Precipitation is carried out under acidic or basic conditions. The choice of agitation, duration of precipitation, the addition rate of reactants, their temperature and concentration and pH can vary the properties of the resulting silica. The formation of a gel stage is avoided by stirring at elevated temperatures.  The resulting white precipitate is filtered, washed and dried in the manufacturing process in order to wash out the produced salts.

 Na2(SiO2)7  +  H2SO4 + O →   7 SiO2  +  Na2SO4  +  H2O
 Na2SiO3 +  H2SO4 →   SiO2  +  Na2SO4  +  H2O

Properties
The particles are porous. Primary structures typically have a diameter of 5 - 100 nm, and specific surface area 5–100 m2/g. Agglomerate size is 1 - 40 μm with average pore size is > 30 nm. Density: 1.9 - 2.1 g/cm3.

Applications
Filler, softener and performance improvement in rubber and plastics
Cleaning, thickening and polishing agent in toothpastes for oral health care
Food processing and pharmaceuticals additive as anti-caking, thickening agent, absorbent to make liquids into powders.
Food rheology modifier
Defoamer

See related companies
 Fujian Sanming Zheng Yuan Chemical Co., Ltd. 
 Anten Chemical Co., Ltd.
 PPG Industries Co.
 Evonik Industries AG
 Pak Chromical Ltd., (PCL)

See also
Colloidal silica
Fumed silica
Hydrophobic silica
Silica gel

References

Silicon dioxide
Plasticizers

ru:Белая сажа
Products Finishing. Products Finishing is a monthly American trade magazine and web site focused on reporting on the use of organic and inorganic finishings and the technologies used to deliver them.

The Publisher is Todd Luciano, the Editor is Scott Francis. Editorial offices are located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Products Finishing is published 12 times per year.

No-charge subscriptions are offered by qualification and are BPA-audited. As of June 2012, monthly circulation was 30,000+ subscribers.

History
The magazine was launched in 1936 by Donald Gardner of Gardner Publications, Inc., the publisher of Modern Machine Shop. In the introductory letter of the first issue, Gardner noted that due to rapid advancements in the engineering and production of metal products at that time, "the most important factor in the merchandising of metal products today is appearances". As stated in that issue, the magazine's staff would undertake the task of "searching out and disseminating the newest and best information available concerning metal finishing methods...including cleaning, polishing, buffing, plating, [and] lacquering".

References

External links
 Products Finishing | The Voice of the Finishing Industry

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1936
Professional and trade magazines
Magazines published in Cincinnati
Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E. The Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E was a radial aircraft engine developed in the United States by Pratt & Whitney. It had two rows of seven cylinders each. Its only production application was on the post-World War II Saab 90 Scandia airliner.

Design and development

The R-2180-E is effectively a fourteen-cylinder simplification of the twenty-eight cylinder R-4360 Wasp Major engine; its cylinders are the same size and displacement as those of the Wasp Major.

The R-2180-E Twin Wasp E was available in a "power-egg" installation certificated in 1945 for use as an engine upgrade for the Douglas DC-4.

Applications
 Piasecki XH/YH-16 Transporter
 Saab 90 Scandia

Specifications (R-2180-E1)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Aerofiles Reciprocating Engines page
 

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
R-2180
1930s aircraft piston engines
Zinc arsenide. Zinc arsenide (Zn3As2) is a binary compound of zinc with arsenic which forms gray tetragonal crystals. It is an inorganic semiconductor with a band gap of 1.0 eV.

Synthesis and reactions
Zinc arsenide can be prepared by the reaction of zinc with arsenic
3 Zn  +  2 As   →   Zn3As2

Structure
Zn3As2 has a room-temperature tetragonal form that converts to a different tetragonal phase at 190 °C and to a third phase at 651 °C. In the room-temperature form, the zinc atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated and the arsenic atoms are surrounded by six zinc atoms at the vertices of a distorted cube. The crystalline structure of zinc arsenide is very similar to that of cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) and cadmium phosphide (Cd3P2). These compounds of the Zn-Cd-P-As quaternary system exhibit full continuous solid-solution.

Electronic structure 
Its lowest direct and indirect bandgaps are within 30 meV of each other.

References

arsenide
zinc
II-V semiconductors
II-V compounds
Soviet chemical weapons program
Frank E. Kirby. Frank E. Kirby (July 1, 1849 – August 25, 1929) was a naval architect in the Detroit, Michigan (United States) area in the early 20th century. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval architects in American history.

Biography 
Kirby was a marine engineer and architech. "He prepared plans and specifications for the refitting of the Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Logan, and Thomas, and [was] a consulting engineer... of the transport branch of the Quartermaster's Department."

Kirby mostly specialized in paddle-wheel and steamship design. Perhaps his most famous vessel, Tashmoo, was a paddle-wheeler launched on New Year's Eve, 1899. She was constructed by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company in Wyandotte, Mich., for the White Star Steamship Co. of Detroit. The 306-foot vessel made her maiden voyage on June 9, 1900. She would become one of the best known - and most beloved - excursion steamers on the Great Lakes.

Kirby also is well-renowned for his design of the "Bob-Lo boats" - the Columbia and the Ste. Claire. Boblo Island was a major amusement park destination for residents of southeast Michigan (and southern Ontario, Canada) throughout most of the twentieth century. He is also considered the father of modern ice-breaking technology. He designed the D&C Navigation Co.’s armada of stately night boats, including the City of Detroit III.

Kirby designs 
 Steamer Canadiana
 Steamer Chief Wawatam
 Steamer City of Detroit III
 Steamer City of Erie
 Steamer Columbia
 Steamer 
 Steamer Greater Detroit (1924)
 Steamer Greater Buffalo (1924) - rebuilt in 1942 as a training aircraft carrier, , which trained a future US President, George H. W. Bush
 Steamer Put-In-Bay
 Steamer Ste. Claire 
 Steamer Tashmoo
 Steamer Seeandbee - The largest and most expensive lake cruiser at the time, later transformed into the , a training aircraft carrier that served in tandem with the USS Sable.
 Steamer Washington Irving

References

External links 

 Frank E. Kirby (Michigan Transportation History)

Boat and ship designers
1849 births
1929 deaths
Architects from Detroit
Green Propulsion. Green Propulsion is a Belgian research and development centre specialising in battery electric and hybrid vehicles. Founded in 2001, it had gone bankrupt in 2015 and was refunded by investors to become Green Propulsion Engineering (GPE) as of 2016.

Vehicles 
In the early 2000s, the prototyping business focused on busses and multi purpose vehicles for municipalities. A collaboration with Lamborghini opened perspectives for further developments in the premium hybrid sport cars market. A daughter company was launched in 2008, with the rebirth of the Belgian brand Impéria Automobiles.

Imperia GP  
Imperia GP was a neo retro hybrid electric vehicle concept planned to be sold from 2011. The motorisation of the Imperia GP roadster relies on the so-called PowerHybrid propulsion technology (both thermic and battery powered electric propulsion). Preorders were open in 2008, but many design changes and re-prototyping, with concomitant rescheduling were announced between 2009 and 2015, when the company's illiquidity was brought to the commercial court. A takeover proposal of luxury cars converter Carat-Duchatelet was refused by the court which declared the bankruptcy. Surprisingly, the website of the brand, with many details about the evolution of the project, is still online in 2023.

Other vehicles 
Other Green Propulsion vehicles includes:
 Electric kart, with Li-ion batteries.
 Electric motorcycle, with a 100 km  range and  top speed.
 Plug-in Hybrid Volkswagen Lupo, with Na NiCl batteries  and 40 km in only-electric mode.
 Hybrid Renault Kangoo, with Li-ion batteries and more than 40 km in only-electric mode.
 Series Hybrid urban bus for max 18 passengers, Ni-Cd batteries and over 25 km in only-electric mode or unlimited range in hybrid mode (diesel).
 Electric upgrade of historic touristic tramways used at the grottes de Han.
 Hybrid Marine  propulsors.

References

External links
Green Propulsion
 Its partner Breuer Technical Development.

Hybrid electric vehicles
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Component (UML). A component
in the Unified Modeling Language represents a modular part of a system that encapsulates the state and behavior of a number of classifiers.
Its behavior is defined in terms of provided and required interfaces, is self-contained, and substitutable. A number of UML standard stereotypes exist that apply to components.

A component has an external and internal view, also known as "black-box" and "white-box", respectively. In its external view, there are public properties and operations. For its internal view, there are private properties and realizing classifiers and shows how external behavior is realized internally.

A component may be replaced at design time or run-time by another if and only if their provided and required interfaces are identical. This idea is the underpinning for the plug-and-play capability of component-based systems and promotes software reuse. Larger pieces of a system's functionality may be assembled by reusing components as parts in an encompassing component or assembly of components, and wiring together their required and provided interfaces.

A component acts like a package for all model elements that are involved in or related to its definition, which should be either owned or imported explicitly. Typically the classifiers related to a component are owned by it.

Components of a system are modeled by means of component diagrams throughout the development life cycle and successively refined into deployment and run-time.

In diagrams, components are shown as a rectangle with the keyword «component». Optionally, in the right hand corner a component icon can be displayed. This is a rectangle with two smaller rectangles protruding from its left hand side. If the icon symbol is shown, the keyword «component» may be hidden as seen to the side.

See also 

 Package (UML)

References

External links
 Component in UML2
 Component Diagram in UML2

Unified Modeling Language
Technosol. A Technosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources is a Reference Soil Group that combines soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain either a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), some sort of geotechnical liner, or are sealed by technic hard material (hard material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials. Transported natural soil material does not qualify as Technosol and is described with the Transportic qualifier in WRB. Technosols are often referred to as urban or mine soils. They are recognized in the new Russian soil classification system as Technogenic Superficial Formations.

Technosols are developed on all kinds of materials made or exposed by human activity that otherwise would not occur at the Earth’s surface. They occur mostly in urban and industrial areas, usually in small areas, and can be associated with other soil groups in a complex pattern. They are closely related to Anthrosols, which are soils created by long-term measures to enhance fertility for agricultural use, like the intensive addition of organic matter to a soil, such as an old urban garden.

Most of the research on anthropogenic soils describe specific aspects of their biology, chemistry or physical properties, cultural heritage and human geography, erosion, wastes, pollution, fertilizer management, taxonomy. Very few of them, try to answer to the question: How fast do they start pedogenesis (viz., differentiating horizons)? A Technosol could differentiate A and O horizons at rates of more than one centimeter per year.
Technosols are found throughout the world, e.g. at or near cities, roads, mines, refuse dumps, oil spills and coal fly ash deposits.

These soils are more likely to be contaminated than other soils. Many Technosols have to be treated with care as they may contain toxic substances resulting from industrial processes.

See also 
Anthrosol
Constructed soil
Pedogenesis
Pedology (soil study)
Soil classification

References
 IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022.  ().

Further reading
 W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 12.3.3. 
 P. Schad: Technosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources – history and definitions. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 64(2), 138–144, Tokyo 2018.

External links 
 profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
 profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils

Pedology
Types of soil
Rakatu Wetlands. The Rakatu Wetlands is a 270 ha wetland restoration project on the South Island of New Zealand. They officially opened on 18 March 2006.

It is administered by the Waiau Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Trust.  The Trust was set up in 1996 to address the environmental effects of the construction of the Manapouri Power Station. Since much of the natural flow of the Waiau River was diverted through the power station and out to sea, the ecological characteristics of the river and the wetlands were changed due to lower river levels.

The Trust has constructed walkways and interpretation panels at the wetland.

See also
Wetlands of New Zealand
Conservation in New Zealand

References

External links
Waiau Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Trust

Wetlands of the Southland Region
Protected areas of the Southland Region
Protected areas established in 2006
Fiordland
MATHLAB. MATHLAB is a computer algebra system created in 1964 by Carl Engelman at MITRE and written in  Lisp.

"MATHLAB 68" was introduced in 1967 and became rather popular in university environments running on DECs PDP-6 and PDP-10 under TOPS-10 or TENEX. In 1969 this version was included in the DECUS user group's library (as 10-142) as royalty-free software.

Carl Engelman left MITRE for Symbolics where he contributed his expert knowledge in the development of Macsyma.

Features 

Abstract from DECUS Library Catalog:
MATHLAB is an on-line system providing machine aid for the mechanical symbolic processes encountered in analysis. It is capable of performing, automatically and symbolically, such common procedures as simplification, substitution, differentiation, polynomial factorization, indefinite integration, direct and inverse Laplace transforms, the solution of linear differential equations with constant coefficients, the solution of simultaneous linear equations, and the inversion of matrices. It also supplies fairly elaborate bookkeeping facilities appropriate to its on-line operation.

Applications 

MATHLAB 68 has been used to solve electrical linear circuits using an acausal modeling approach for symbolic circuit analysis. This application was developed as a plug-in for MATHLAB 68 (open-source), building on MATHLAB's linear algebra facilities (Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms and linear algebra manipulation).

Print publications

References 

Computer algebra systems
Notebook interface
HOOPS Visualize. HOOPS Visualize is a 3D computer graphics software designed to render graphics across both mobile and desktop platforms. HOOPS Visualize provides 3D Graphics API to render CAD models. It's part of the HOOPS 3D Application Framework SDK. Since June 2018 it's licensed via Siemens PLM Software.

History
The HOOPS 3D Graphics System was originally developed in the mid-1980s in the CADIF Lab at Cornell University. Ithaca Software later formed to commercialize the technology. Subsequently, HOOPS was widely adopted for Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) software.

In 1993, Autodesk, Inc. acquired Ithaca Software.  In 1996, HOOPS was spun out of Autodesk by Tech Soft 3D, Inc., which continues to develop and sell the HOOPS 3D Graphics System under the name HOOPS Visualize. The software is made available free of charge to educational institutions.

Overview
The program features a unified API that allows users to add interactive 3D visualization to both desktop and mobile applications. HOOPS Visualize provides a hierarchical scene management engine capable of handling a range of graphics entities, together with a graphics pipeline and interaction handling algorithms. It includes clash detection, multi-plane sectioning, and large model visualization, along with many other features.

Features include:
 Retained-mode graphics system with a supporting database
 Data is structured hierarchically in a scene graph
 Able to use many different contexts for rendering, including DirectX, OpenGL, as well as software and hardcopy
 Interfaces with C, C++, C#, and Java
 Out-of-core rendering mode for visualizing large point-cloud datasets
 Integrates with other engineering SDKs like ACIS, Parasolid, RealDWG, and HOOPS Exchange, as well as industry standard CAD formats
 PMI support, mark-up, model trees, point clouds
 Compatible with all major graphical user interfaces
 Platform independent input architecture

Technical Overview 
Internally it uses OpenGL or DirectX (Windows). Tech Soft 3D has developed its own framework for event handling.

The graphics kernel (Core Graphics) is based on the hierarchichal scene graph data structures.

File formats

References 

Application programming interfaces
3D scenegraph APIs
C++ libraries
Mix automation. In music recording, mix automation allows the mixing console to remember the audio engineer's adjustment of faders during the post-production editing process. A timecode is necessary for the synchronization of automation. Modern mixing consoles and digital audio workstations use comprehensive mix automation. 

The need for mix automation originates from the 1970s and the changeover from studios mostly using eight-track tape machines to multiple, synchronized 24-track recorders. Mixing could be laborious and require up to four people, and the results could be almost impossible to reproduce. Manufacturers such as Solid State Logic and AMS Neve developed systems that enabled one engineer to oversee every detail of a complex mix, although the computers required to power these desks remained a rarity into the late 1970s.

According to record producer Roy Thomas Baker, Queen's 1975 single "Bohemian Rhapsody" was one of the first mixes to be done with automation.

Types 
Voltage Controlled Automation  fader levels are regulated by voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCA). VCAs control the audio level and not the actual fader.
Moving Fader Automation  a motor is attached to the fader, which then can be controlled by the console, digital audio workstation (DAW), or user.
Software Controlled Automation  the software can be internal to the console, or external as part of a DAW. The virtual fader can be adjusted in the software by the user.
MIDI Automation  the communications protocol MIDI can be used to send messages to the console to control automation.

Modes 
Auto Write  used the first time automation is created or when writing over existing automation
Auto Touch  writes automation data only while a fader is touched/faders return to any previously automated position after release
Auto Latch  starts writing automation data when a fader is touched/stays in position after release
Auto Read  digital Audio Workstation performs the written automation
Auto Off  automation is temporarily disabled

All of these include the mute button. If mute is pressed during writing of automation, the audio track will be muted during playback of that automation.
Depending on software, other parameters such as panning, sends, and plug-in controls can be automated as well.  In some cases, automation can be written using a digital potentiometer instead of a fader.

See also
 Collaborative real-time editor

References

 Stanley R. Alten. Audio in Media, sixth edition. Wadsworth, 2002.
 David Miles Huber and Robert Runstein. Modern Recording Techniques, sixth edition. Oxford: Focal Press, 2005.

External links
Free open source Mix automation software

Automation
Audio mixing