omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
USS Louis H. Wilson Jr.. USS Louis H. Wilson Jr. (DDG-126) will be an  of the United States Navy. She is the second of the Flight III variants and 76th overall in the class. She is named after U.S. Marine Corps General Louis H. Wilson Jr., recipient of the Medal of Honor. On 17 September 2016 she was named by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus.

Bath Iron Works began fabrication of the vessel on 3 March 2020.

References

External links

Arleigh Burke-class destroyers
Leipzig Freight Ring. The Leipzig Freight Ring (Leipziger Güterring) is a network of railways in Saxony and consists of several individual lines. As a bypass for freight trains in the Leipzig railway node, it links all approach lines and thus enables the separation of passenger and freight operations.

History
The construction of the Leipzig Freight Ring was closely linked to the extensive reconstruction of the Leipzig rail yards in the years preceding the First World War. At that time the associated railway infrastructure of the Royal Saxon State Railways and the Prussian state railways was no longer up to date and was not able to meet demand.

Most of the line was built by the Prussian state railways to the north and west of the Leipzig urban area. The Royal Saxon State Railways built some connecting lines east of Leipzig, which in particular served to integrate the new Leipzig-Engelsdorf marshalling yard. The Saxon link, previously operated only as a secondary line, the Plagwitz-Lindenau–Gaschwitz railway was upgraded to be a single-track main line.

The line between the Wahren marshalling yard and Leipzig-Schönefeld was wired with an electric catenary in 1914. This was one of the first electrified lines in Germany. Due to the two world wars and the resulting dismantling of the catenary in or after both wars, the complete electrification of the freight ring could not be completed until 1963.

The Leipzig-Plagwitz–Gaschwitz link was developed as line A of the first Leipzig S-Bahn and opened in 1969. With the political and economic changes with the end of Communism, traffic fell at the turn of the 21st century and falling patronage led to the closure of the passenger service in 2002.

The Freight Ring still carries most freight traffic in the Leipzig railway node. Scheduled passenger services no longer operate on it, except during diversions as a result of construction projects. Nevertheless, on all lines there are authorised routes; the eastern part of the Freight Ring is, for example, used occasionally for diverted long-distance traffic between Berlin and Dresden. They were used regularly in the past for special services from the Leipzig Trade Fair to the Bayerischen Bahnhof. With the commissioning of the City Tunnel on 15 December 2013, the section between Stötteritz and Paunsdorf was integrated in the network of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland.

Lines

Built by Prussian State Railways:

 Leipzig-Leutzsch–Leipzig-Wahren (initiated 9 April 1905)
 Leipzig-Wahren–Leipzig-Schönefeld (1 May 1906)

Built by Royal Saxon State Railways:

 Leipzig-Plagwitz–Markkleeberg-Gaschwitz (1 September 1879 as a secondary railway; upgraded to main-line standard in 1907)
 Leipzig-Schönefeld–Leipzig-Engelsdorf (1 May 1906)
 Leipzig-Engelsdorf–Leipzig-Stötteritz (1 May 1906)

References

 

Railway lines in Saxony
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1905
Transport in Leipzig
Debug Project. Debug Project is an ongoing project by Alphabet Inc. subsidiary Verily in California to reduce the numbers of mosquitoes in a given area through interruption of the reproductive cycle.  Through laboratory methods naturally-occurring bacteria Wolbachia infect healthy male mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti. Subsequently these mosquitoes are released into the wild with the intent to mate with female mosquitoes and by virtue of the Wolbachia infection lay non-producing eggs.  It is believed that through this process the overall population of mosquitoes will be reduced by interrupting the reproductive cycle.  The hope is that if successful, these might be released in more endemic areas of the world where mosquitoes pose a health risk through the diseases they carry.

References

Alphabet Inc.
Malaria
Henry Christopher Mance. Sir Henry Christopher Mance,  (6 September 1840 – 21 April 1926) was a British electrical engineer and a former president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He was knighted for developing the heliograph.

Career
Born in Exeter, he was educated privately.

He joined the Persian Gulf Telegraph Department in 1863, and was employed on the laying of the first Persian Gulf submarine communications cable. In 1879, he was appointed electrician to the Department, which position he held throughout his working life. An inventive man, he was responsible for a number of important developments in the field of cable laying, testing and usage.

In 1869 he invented the heliograph, a wireless solar telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight using Morse code reflected by a mirror. The flashes were produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror. Frustrated by Government lack of interest, he sent a number of his instruments to Lord Roberts for use during the second Afghan War, where the practical value of the invention was realised. It was subsequently adopted by military services worldwide and was still being used in World War II.

He was Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers from 1892 to 1896 and elected President in 1897. He was also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Physical Society.

Later life, death and family
He retired in 1885 but continued his interest in Electrical Engineering as Chairman of the Oxford Electric Company and board member of several other electrical companies. Practically blind for the last 10 years of his life, he learned to read Braille.

He died in 1926 and is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. He had married Annie Sayer in 1874, and had three sons and two daughters. One son was Brigadier-General Henry Osborne Mance.

Recognition
He was created a C.I.E. in 1883 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1885.

References

1840 births
1926 deaths
19th-century British engineers
20th-century British engineers
Engineers from Exeter
British electrical engineers
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Bachelor
Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery
Martin Walter of Folkestone. Martin-Walter was a long established, 1773, firm of harness makers in Folkestone, Kent which switched to building bespoke bodies for motor cars when horse-drawn vehicles began to disappear. As well as bespoke bodies they built short runs for various motor manufacturers. In the Great Depression  of the 1930s they made very distinctive Wingham cabriolet bodies which were fitted to a range of chassis from large Vauxhall to Rolls-Royce. After the Second World War they built ambulance bodies and in particular conversions of Bedford vans, "a bedroom on wheels", and other Vauxhall products as well as Austin and Volkswagen Kombi vans.

Martin Walter was distributor of Vauxhall and Bedford Vehicles for East Kent. 

A separate coachbuilding company was incorporated in 1969 and named Dormobile after its best-known postwar product.

Martin Walter's business was subsumed in Chatfields-Martin Walter motor group.

References

External links

Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom
Folkestone
Dormobile
Recreational vehicle manufacturers
Scott Ferson (professor). Scott David Ferson is Chair of Uncertainty in Engineering at University of Liverpool, Professor in its School of Engineering, and director of the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty there. Before joining the University of Liverpool, Ferson taught as an adjunct professor at Stony Brook University and did research at Applied Biomathematics, a small think tank on Long Island, New York.   He was named a Fellow of the Society for Risk Analysis and received its Distinguished Educator Award in 2017.  From Shelbyville, Indiana, Ferson received a PhD from Stony Brook University and an A.B. from Wabash College.

Ferson published several books and over 250 other scholarly publications, mostly in methods for analyzing risks and uncertainty for environmental and engineering problems.  He developed the notion of the probability box and probability bounds analysis, a technique for distribution-free risk analysis or sensitivity analysis for probabilistic assessments. He authored a series of reports that have been influential in uncertainty quantification for engineering risk assessment and design problems.

References

Academics of the University of Liverpool
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Stony Brook University alumni
Wabash College alumni
People from Shelbyville, Indiana
Living people
1958 births
Glyn Johns discography. This is a discography of records (primarily albums) produced, engineered, and/or mixed by Glyn Johns for various acts.  Though Johns is best known for his work as an engineer and producer for other artists, he recorded several singles as a solo act in the 1960s.  At the end of this article, there is a brief section devoted to Johns' work as a solo artist.

Albums (as producer, recording engineer, and/or mixing engineer)

Most information presented in this section is sourced and cited in the various connecting articles.  However, as a minimum overriding baseline of verification, all selections presented here are also (unless otherwise indicated) listed in the discography compiled by Andrew Alburn on pp. 291–300 in Glyn Johns' autobiography, Sound Man and/or "Glyn Johns Credits" (AllMusic).

Discography as a solo artist
In the 1960s Johns recorded several singles as a solo artist.  The information in this section is taken from Johns' autobiography and from 45Cat.  Johns did not produce or engineer any of his solo records.

Notes

References

On web

Bibliography

Johns, Glyn
Yakovlev AIR-11. The Yakovlev AIR-11, also known as Yakovlev LT-1, was a 3-seat low-wing touring cabin monoplane designed by A.S. Yakovlev in the USSR, circa 1936.

Design and development
Reportedly inspired by the Percival Gull, Yakovlev designed and built a similar aircraft using his tried and tested structural formulae of wooden wings, fabric covered steel tube fuselage with fabric covered D1 (Duralumin) tail section and control surfaces. The fixed tail-wheel undercarriage was spatted and fitted with trousers, with a spring steel tail-skid, or, alternatively, on skis.

Pilot and first passenger sat side by side under an upward-folding hood with the second passenger in a seat to the rear.

Operational history
First flown in late 1936, the AIR-11 took part in sporting air races held on 24 July 1937 winning second place in the two-seat section.

After Sergei Ilyushin expressed his interest in the aircraft Yakovlev presented the aircraft to him, for commuting from Moscow to Voronezh. The aircraft crashed some time later, at the hands of Ilyushin, after a mechanic neglected to fill the oil tank, causing the engine to fail in flight.

Specifications

References

1930s Soviet civil aircraft
AIR-11
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
FOSDIC. FOSDIC (Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers) is a family of optical scanners for converting data on microfilm to computer-readable magnetic tape. FOSDIC was designed and built by the United States National Bureau of Standards for use by the United States Census Bureau and other government agencies.

Although the Census Bureau entered the computer age with the introduction of UNIVAC I in 1951, its data processing speed was hampered by the continued reliance upon punched cards. Transferring questionnaire data to punch cards that UNIVAC "read" and stored on magnetic tape was a time-consuming process that remained relatively unchanged since the late nineteenth century.

To take advantage of UNIVAC's speed, National Bureau of Standards scientists and Census Bureau engineers began development of FOSDIC. Completed in 1954, the first generation of FOSDIC read the position of pencil-filled circles on questionnaires and translated the responses to computer code stored on magnetic computer tape.

The Census Bureau first used FOSDIC to process a decennial census in 1960. Enumerators transferred data collected on questionnaires to a "FOSDIC-readable schedule" on which questionnaire responses were recorded as pencilled-in circles. At the Census Bureau, technicians used extremely sensitive photography equipment to convert these forms into microfilm. In 1970 and later censuses, all questionnaires were FOSDIC readable, eliminating the need to have enumerators transfer data from questionnaires to FOSDIC schedules.

The shaded circles appeared as light dots on the microfilm. When the microfilm passed through the Census Bureau's new fleet of FOSDIC III machines (FOSDIC II had been designed for the Weather Bureau), they read the placement of the bright marks on the microfilm and translated them into computer code.

The Census Bureau used updated versions of FOSDIC for the 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses. FOSDIC proved so successful that it was not replaced until the introduction of optical character recognition for the 2000 Census.

Technology
A series of systems were developed for use in the 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 U.S. census. The first system, delivered in 1954 used vacuum tubes and analog processing. Later versions used software control with a PDP-11 minicomputer. FOSDIC used a flying-spot scanner to detect marks on forms that had previously been photographed on microfilm.  Other applications included digitizing unemployment data, EPA Pollutant charts, NOAA Underwater current meter records and . The U.S. Postal Research Laboratory used a surplus FOSDIC system to make high-resolution images of dead-letter mail to create a data base for evaluating character-recognition techniques

The FOSDIC system was also use by the National Archives to digitize the images of Army enlistment records on punched card that were stored on 1,586 rolls of microfilm.

Sources

References

National Institute of Standards and Technology
Plastic colorant. Plastic colorants are chemical compounds used to color plastic. Those compounds come in a form of dyes and pigments. The type of a colorant is chosen based on the type of a polymeric resin, that needs to be colored.  Dyes are usually used with polycarbonates, polystyrene and acrylic polymers. Pigments are better suited for use with polyolefins.

The colorant must satisfy various constraints, for example, the compound must be chemically compatible with the base resin, be a suitable match with a color standard (see e.g. International Color Consortium), be chemically stable, which in this case means being able to survive the stresses and processing temperature (heat stability) in the fabrication process and be durable enough to match the life duration of the product.

The parameters of the compound vary with a desired effect, which may include the final product being pearlescent, metallic, fluorescent, phosphorescent, thermochromic or photochromic.

The exact chemical formula will furthermore depend on the type of application: general purpose, food contact item, toy, package subject to CONEG, etc.

Different methods for delivering colorants in molding plastics include masterbatches (concentrates), a method which involves a concentrate being separated into resin,  cube blends ("salt & pepper mixes" - dry blending) which are natural polymers, already sprayed into natural polymers, surface coating, and precolored resins, which involve using precolored materials to make manufacturing cheaper.

Examples

See also
Liquid color
Vinyl dye
Fuel dyes

References

Plastics additives
Dyes
Pigments
Stanford Compression Forum. The Stanford Compression Forum (SCF) is a partnership between academic and industrial leaders in the fields of data compression . The Forum's mission is to facilitate research and collaborations, to expedite the transfer of academic research into technology, to supply academia with timely research problems, and to support learning and training in the field of compression.

References

External links
https://compression.stanford.edu

Data compression
Digital television
Film and video technology
Video compression
Videotelephony
Sigiri Bridge. The Sigiri Bridge is a three span bridge which collapsed while under construction over the Nzoia River, Budalangi, Busia in
Kenya.

Structural design 
Sigiri Bridge is a multi span deck-type plate girder bridge. 
The bridge is supported by two abutments 100m apart and two piers located 25m from the abutments.
The bridge deck is divided into three spans with each of the two flank spans extending beyond the piers by 9m resulting in a mid-span length of 32m.
The three deck spans are designed as composite steel and reinforced concrete decks consisting of 12 steel I-beams which together with the concrete above act as composite T-beams.

Collapse during construction 
The mid-span section of the bridge collapsed on . At the time, the flank span on the southern side of the river had been concreted and the placing of concrete to the mid-span deck had been completed the weekend before while the northern span had not been cast.

Reconstruction launched 
The contractor of the bridge COVEC accepted responsibility for the collapse of the bridge and the Kenyan Government have launched reconstruction of the works.

Reconstructed bridge opened to the public 
Government authorities cleared Sigiri Bridge for use to the public on .

References 

https://qz.com/africa/1015554/a-chinese-built-bridge-collapsed-in-kenya-two-weeks-after-it-was-inspected-by-the-president/

https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/03/africa/kenya-bridge-collapse/index.html
 http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/06/govt-launches-probe-into-cause-of-sigiri-bridge-collapse/ Government launches probe into cause of Sigiri bridge collapse
 http://bac-engineering.com/2015/index.php/portfolio-items/sigiri-bridge-and-approach-roads-project/?portfolioCats=31
 https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001287700/uhuru-to-open-sh992-million-sigiri-bridge

Bridges in Kenya
China–Kenya relations
Andrew Soward. Andrew Michael Soward  (born 20 October 1943) is a British fluid dynamicist. He is an emeritus professor at the Department of Mathematics of the University of Exeter.

Education
Soward was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge. He earned his PhD in 1969, under the supervision of Keith Moffatt.

Research  
Soward is known for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and especially dynamo theory, and also for his contributions to linear and nonlinear stability theory. He used asymptotic analysis to solve a number of outstanding problems in applied mathematics. By a new pseudo-Lagrangian technique for studying lightly damped fluid systems, he elucidated previously inexplicable features of Braginskii's geodynamo. Soward has provided explicit examples of steady fast dynamo action, thus disproving a conjecture that such dynamos did not exist.

He identified new rotating modes of nonlinear convection in rotating systems, and in collaboration with Steven Childress, established an MHD dynamo model in a rapidly rotating Bénard layer; he also gave the first demonstration that situations exist where oscillatory MHD dynamos generate magnetic fields more readily than steady flows can. He collaborated with Eric Priest to provide the first mathematically consistent account of the Petschek mechanism of magnetic field line reconnection. Soward also gave the first complete solution of the Stefan (freezing) problem in cylindrical geometry; with C.A. Jones, he provided the first completely correct solution of the spherical Taylor problem.

Awards and honours 
Soward was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991.

References 

1943 births
Living people
British mathematicians
British fluid dynamicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of the University of Exeter
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Int-Ball. The Int-Ball, also known as the JEM Internal Ball Camera, is a series of experimental, autonomous, self-propelled, and maneuverable ball cameras, deployed in the Japanese Kibō module of the International Space Station. The devices are intended to perform some of the photo-video documentation tasks aboard the ISS, reducing the workload of the station's crew.  there have been two different Int-Ball cameras delivered to the station.

Internal Ball Camera 
The first ball camera was delivered aboard SpaceX CRS-11 on June 4, 2017.  The Int-Ball was designed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and is controlled and monitored by a team of JAXA ground controllers.

The Int-Ball naturally floats in the station's zero-gravity environment, allowing it to maneuver freely within the ISS. It weighs , and is  in diameter. The device contains 3 reaction wheels and an array of 12 small electric fans mounted on the ball's outer surface. The unit shares many similarities with Earth-based drone motion control and drone camera systems. The Int-Ball's motion control system is capable of executing a rotation on any axis, and is also capable of overall movement in any general direction.  The internal structural elements and outer body of the Int-Ball system were produced using 3D printing.  The simulated "eyes", consisting of two blue light rings mounted on the exterior of the ball, represent the direction of the "gaze" of the Int-Ball, which is in fact a single camera lens situated in the approximate center of the two "eyes". The lights serve as a visual indicator that the camera is recording, and can also indicate errors by turning red. The device can be recharged via USB.

The Int-Ball system was designed with the hope of reducing or eliminating the amount of time spent by astronauts aboard the ISS in photo-video documentation activities, which have been estimated to consume approximately 10% of the astronauts' work time.  The robotic photo-video documentation duties that the Int-Ball performs have been likened by some to the types of responsibilities that the fictional R2-D2 of the Star Wars movie series appeared to undertake.

Internal Ball Camera 2 

The Int-Ball 2 is an updated version of the device. In addition to the floating camera ball, this system features a docking station.

See also
 CIMON, floating robot deployed on the ISS by Airbus
 Kirobo, interactive humanoid robot deployed on the ISS by JAXA
 Robonaut2, semi-humanoid robot deployed on the ISS by NASA

References

JAXA
International Space Station
Space photography and videography
2017 robots