omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Artisans Asylum. Artisans Asylum is a non-profit community workshop in Allston, Massachusetts. Artisans Asylum was founded in 2010 by an engineer, an artist, and friends. Artisans was the first makerspace to incorporate in the U.S. in 2012. Today, it holds 52,000 square feet of fabrication space between two buildings. 

Artisans Asylum hosts approximately 600 monthly active members, 160 studios, and 15 workshops. Shops include woodworking, welding, bicycle maintenance and repair, machining, electronics and robotics, jewelry, digital fabrication, a digital photo studio, fiber arts, casting, laser cutting, CNC machines, prop shop, and design lab. The Asylum hosts 30-40 public classes each month, providing hands-on tool training and skill-building courses. As of 2013, the Asylum housed 40 or 50 small manufacturing companies, and raised the number of manufacturing firms in nearby Somerville by 50%. The Asylum is credited with attracting the incubator Greentown Labs to Somerville and contributing to the city's creative economy.

In 2023, it generated $1.4 million dollars in revenue and $2.25 million in expenses.

Location in Allston 
In January of 2023, Artisans relocated from 10 Tyler St. in Somerville to two buildings in Allston, a neighborhood of Boston. This move resulted in a 10,000 square foot expansion of the space.

96 Holton St. 
96 Holton St, referred to as "Holton", is the primary address for Artisans Asylum. It contains the front desk and mail center. All public-facing events, including classes, occur at or require check-in at this address. This building houses several communal workshops, including those dedicated fiber arts, electronics and robotics, jewelry-making,  digital fabrication, screen printing, and metal casting.

55 Antwerp St. 
Referred to as "Antwerp", this building contains a metal shop, machine shop, and wood shop.  SCUL, a bicycle-based "chopper gang", is based in this building as well.

Organizational Structure 
Members at Artisans Asylum have 24/7 access to the space via key fobs distributed at new member orientations. The space is largely member-run, and it relies on volunteers to clean and maintain shops and common areas. The front desk is run by a fleet of volunteers termed "Deskies". Tool testers, who ensure that new users can safely operate machinery, are also volunteers. 

Artisans Asylum has three full-time staff who manage development, facilities, and educational programs.

References

External links
 

Hackerspaces
Hacker culture
Ana P. Barros. Ana Paula Barros is an African-born American civil and environmental engineer currently the Donald Biggar Willett Chair of Engineering and Department Head of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an Elected Fellow of the American Meteorological Society. In 2019 she was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "contributions to understanding and prediction of precipitation dynamics and flood hazards in mountainous terrains". Prior to joining the University of Illinois, Professor Barros was the James L. Meriam Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University.

Education
She earned her diploma in civil engineering at University of Porto in 1985 and an M.Sc. in ocean engineering in 1988 followed by her M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering at OGI School of Science and Engineering in 1990 and then Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Washington in 1993.

Research
Her interests are hydrology and precipitation such as rainfall's effect on mountains and ground. Her highest cited paper is "Decoupling of erosion and precipitation in the Himalayas", which has been referenced over 500 times, according to Google Scholar.

Publications
Barros, AP; Hodes, JL; Arulraj, M, Decadal climate variability and the spatial organization of deep hydrological drought, Environmental Research Letters, vol 12 no. 10 (2017), pp. 104005–104005
Arulraj, M; Barros, AP, Shallow Precipitation Detection and Classification Using Multifrequency Radar Observations and Model Simulations, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol 34 no. 9 (2017), pp. 1963–1983
Understanding How Low-Level Clouds and Fog Modify the Diurnal Cycle of Orographic Precipitation Using In Situ and Satellite Observations, Remote Sensing, vol 9 no. 9 (2017), pp. 920–920
Wilson, AM; Barros, AP, Orographic Land–Atmosphere Interactions and the Diurnal Cycle of Low-Level Clouds and Fog, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol 18 no. 5 (2017), pp. 1513–1533 
Tao, J; Barros, AP, Multi-year atmospheric forcing datasets for hydrologic modeling in regions of complex terrain – Methodology and evaluation over the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment 2014 domain, Journal of Hydrology (2017)

References

Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American civil engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Grainger College of Engineering faculty
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
University of Porto alumni
American women engineers
African-American engineers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Oregon Graduate Institute people
21st-century American women engineers
Fellows of the American Meteorological Society
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
Military Industrial Company. Military Industrial Company LLC (ООО Военно-промышленная компания (ВПК) or Voyenno-promyshlennaya kompaniya VPK) is a Russian industrial company. It was founded in 2006. The headquarters are located in Moscow. Military Industrial Company produces and sells wheeled and tracked all-terrain vehicles for a variety of purposes.

History
The company was founded on July 31, 2006 by Russian Machines. It included the following enterprises:
 Arzamas Machine-Building Plant  (Arzamas),
 Zavolzhsky plant of tracked towing vehicles (Zavolzhye),
 Hull Plant (Vyksa).

In December, 2011 Russian Machines sold its shares in the Military Industrial Company to Arzamas Machine-Building Plant.

Management
The managing company is located in Moscow. Its aims include sales, supplement and general management.

The CEO is Sergey Vasyutin according to the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.

Performance indicators
The company employs 6000 people (2017).

Military Industrial Company supplies various types of multi-purpose wheeled and tracked ATVs for Russian public and private entities.

Production
Military Industrial Company is one of the largest  producers of wheeled armored vehicles in the world. Military Industrial Company produces a wide range of military vehicles, including:

 233115 Tigr—M SpN, special purpose vehicle
 SBM VPK-233136 Tigr, special armored vehicle
 AMN 233114 Tigr—M, multi-purpose vehicle
 BMA Tigr, medical armored vehicle
 SPM-3 VPK-3924 Medved, special police vehicle
 VPK-3927 Volk, multi-purpose armored vehicle
 VPK-Ural, multipurpose vehicle
 BTR-80, combat wheeled amphibious vehicle
 BTR-80A, armored transporter
 BTR-80K, command armored transporter
 BTR-82А, armored transporter
 59037, all-terrain amphibious vehicle
 BREM—K, armored recovery vehicle

References

External links
 Profile VPK 
 Profile VPK 

Defence companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Roads and Highways Department. The Roads and Highways Department () is an agency of the Government of Bangladesh responsible for the construction and maintenance of highways and bridges across Bangladesh. The department is a subsidiary of the Road Transport and Highways Division, a division of the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges.

History
Roads and Highways Department was established in 1962 after the Construction & Building organisation was broken into two, the other being Public Works Department. The department is responsible for the construction of roads, highways, and bridges and their upkeep. It also has a broader plan to replace ferry routes with bridges.

Road length by Zones, Circles and Divisions

References

Transport organisations based in Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Government departments of Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1962 establishments in East Pakistan
Pramod P. Wangikar. Pramod P. Wangikar is an Indian chemical engineer and a professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Known for his studies in the field of bioenergy, Wangikar is a recipient of the Sartorius India Chemcon Distinguished Speaker Award of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2006.

Biography 

Pramod P. Wangikar, born in the Indian state of Maharashtra, graduated in chemical engineering from the  Department of Chemical Technology University of Bombay in 1991 and moved to the US for his doctoral studies at the University of Iowa from where he secured a PhD in 1995. After completing his post-doctoral work in the US, he returned to India in 1997 to join the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay as a faculty member and serves as a professor at the institute.

Wangikar is known to have done advanced research in the fields of  structural bioinformatics and metabolic modeling. At IIT Bombay, the team led by him are exploring the possibilities on Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) using algae and biotransformation using enzyme engineering. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 96 of them.

The Department of Atomic Energy selected Wangikar for the Young Scientist Award in 1997. He received the Career Award for Young Teachers of the All India Council for Technical Education in 1998 and the BOYSCAST fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology in 2003. The year 2005 brought him two awards, the Young Engineer Award of the Indian National Academy of Engineering and the G. R. Manudhane Excellence in Research Award of IIT Bombay. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2006. He received the Sartorius India Chemcon Distinguished Speaker Award of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE) in 2016.

Selected bibliography

See also 
 Modelling biological systems
 Biological network

Notes

References

External links 
 
 

N-BIOS Prize recipients
Living people
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Maharashtra
Indian chemical engineers
Indian bioinformaticians
University of Mumbai alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Academic staff of IIT Bombay
Year of birth missing (living people)
Starsky Robotics. Starsky Robotics was an autonomous truck company founded in 2016. It developed trucks to drive without a person in the vehicle. The company started in 2015 and had raised $21.7 million by 2018. It failed to find further investors in November 2019, and shut down by March 2020.

History 
In 2017, Starsky Robotics announced that it had raised $5 million from Y Combinator, Sam Altman, Trucks VC, and Data Collective to create an autonomous trucking company. In 2018, company closed a $16.5 million Series A, led by Shasta Ventures.

In February 2018, Starsky Robotics completed a 7-mile fully driverless trip in Florida without a single human in the truck. Starsky is the first company to publicly test an empty cabin for autonomous trucks.

In November 2019 over 85% of staff were laid off after the company failed to find further investment, due to concerns over the financial stability of its freight-hauling arm. By March 2020 the company sold off the remaining assets, including patents relating to operating remote vehicles.

Technology 
The company developed proprietary technology that allowed drivers to remotely pilot trucks from a central headquarters. The company successfully completed full deliveries with 85% autonomy. Starsky Robotics’ system worked to solve the issue of final-mile delivery by removing drivers from the cab entirely and putting them in an office where they could remotely operate the truck from terminal to delivery.

See also
Otto
Komatsu Limited

References

External links 
 Starsky Robotics Official Site

Companies based in San Francisco
Robotics companies of the United States
2020 disestablishments in California
American companies disestablished in 2020
James Salzman. James Salzman (born 1963) is the Donald Bren Distinguished Professor of Environmental Law with joint appointments at the UCLA School of Law and the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Salzman graduated from Yale College and Harvard Law School, the first Harvard graduate to earn joint degrees in law and engineering. Prior to joining the University of California in 2015, he taught as a chaired professor with joint appointments to the environment and laws schools at Duke University and American University, and as a visiting professor at Columbia, Harvard, Stanford and Yale and at universities in Australia, China, Israel, Italy, Portugal and Sweden. Publishing twelve books and over 100 articles, he is the fifth most cited scholar in environmental law, with over 110,000 downloads of his articles.

Prior to entering academia, he worked in Paris in the Environment Directorate of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and in London as the European Environmental Manager for Johnson Wax. His honors include election as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, as well as appointments as a McMaster Fellow and Fulbright Senior Scholar in Australia, a Gilbert White Fellow at Resources for the Future, and a Bellagio Fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation, among others. Twice voted Professor of the Year at Duke, he has lectured on every continent.

He is the author of Drinking Water: A History, and a frequent commentator in the media on drinking water issues. He has served on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Drinking Water Advisory Council and on the Environmental Protection Agency/United States Trade Representative's Trade and Environment Policy Advisory Committee. His bestselling book, Mine: How the Hidden Rules of Ownership Control Our Lives, was published in 2021 by Doubleday and positively reviewed in The New Yorker,, New York Times, and the Financial Times  among others.

Selected publications 
 What is the Emperor Wearing? The Secret Lives of Ecosystem Services, Pace Environmental Law Review 2011,
 The Next Generation of Trade and Environment Conflicts: The Rise of Green Industrial Policy, Northwestern University Law Review 2014
 Gaming the Past: The Theory and Practice of Historic Baselines in the Administrative State, Vanderbilt Law Review 2010
 Teaching Policy Instrument Choice in Environmental Law: The Five P's, Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 2013

References

1963 births
Living people
American legal scholars
American University faculty
Duke University faculty
American environmental lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
UCLA School of Law faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Yale College alumni
Klopman–Salem equation. In the theory of chemical reactivity, the Klopman–Salem equation describes the energetic change that occurs when two species approach each other in the course of a reaction and begin to interact, as their associated molecular orbitals begin to overlap with each other and atoms bearing partial charges begin to experience attractive or repulsive electrostatic forces. First described independently by Gilles Klopman and Lionel Salem in 1968, this relationship provides a mathematical basis for the key assumptions of frontier molecular orbital theory (i.e., theory of HOMO–LUMO interactions) and hard soft acid base (HSAB) theory. Conceptually, it highlights the importance of considering both electrostatic interactions and orbital interactions (and weighing the relative significance of each) when rationalizing the selectivity or reactivity of a chemical process.

Formulation and interpretation 
In modern form, the Klopman–Salem equation is commonly given as:,where:  is the electron population in atomic orbital ,,  are the resonance and overlap integrals for the interaction of atomic orbitals  and , is the total charge on atom , is the local dielectric constant, is the distance between the nuclei of atoms  and , is the coefficient of atomic orbital  in molecular orbital , and is the energy of molecular orbital .Broadly speaking, the first term describes the closed-shell repulsion of the occupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (contribution from four-electron filled–filled interactions, exchange interactions or Pauli repulsion). The second term describes the coulombic attraction or repulsion between the atoms of the reactants (contribution from ionic interactions, electrostatic effects or coulombic interactions). Finally, the third term accounts for all possible interactions between the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (contribution from two-electron filled–unfilled interactions, stereoelectronic effects or electron delocalization). Although conceptually useful, the Klopman–Salem equation seldom serves as the basis for energetic analysis in modern quantum chemical calculations.

Because of the difference in MO energies appearing in the denominator of the third term, energetically close orbitals make the biggest contribution. Hence, approximately speaking, analysis can often be simplified by considering only the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (the HOMO–LUMO interaction in frontier molecular orbital theory). The relative contributions of the second (ionic) and third (covalent) terms play an important role in justifying HSAB theory, with hard–hard interactions governed by the ionic term and soft-soft interactions governed by the covalent term.

References 

Quantum chemistry
Organic chemistry
Air Defence Experimental Establishment. The Air Defence Experimental Establishment (ADEE) was a civil agency run by the British War Office, the civilian side of the British Army. It was primarily tasked with developing sound ranging of enemy artillery, and the development of anti-aircraft weapons and techniques, notably searchlights.

It was originally formed as the Searchlight Experimental Establishment (SLEE) at Woolwich in 1917 out of a group within the Experimental Section of the Royal Engineers. In 1923 it moved to RAF Biggin Hill and in 1924 was renamed the Air Defence Experimental Establishment.  In 1939 it moved to Christchurch, Dorset.

In 1941 it was joined by another development group known simply as the "Army Cell" that had been working on radar systems at Bawdsey Manor. The two groups were merged to become the Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE).  The radar groups from the Air Ministry, by this time known as the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), moved to nearby Swanage that same year.

References
 

Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
Radar
Air Defence Research and Development Establishment. The Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE) was a British civilian research organization run by the War Office that primarily studied the development of radar for British Army use. It was formed in 1941 from the merger of the Air Defence Experimental Establishment in Christchurch, Dorset and the "Army Cell" that had previously worked on radar design within the Air Ministry's Telecommunications Research Establishment at Bawdsey Manor.

The ADRDE existed under this name for only a short time; in May 1942 it moved to Malvern and was renamed the Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE). In March 1943, the Signals Research and Development Establishment (SRDE) took over the former ADRDE buildings in Christchurch. Years later, in 1976, the SRDE joined the RRDE in Malvern.

While still known as ADRDE, the group was responsible for the ad hoc development of the SLC radar, as well as GL Mk. II radar and the start of the GL Mk. III radar efforts.

References
 
 

History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Dorset
Radar
Torped 45. The Torped 45 is a lightweight torpedo intended for ASW and surface targets, providing multiple-target active/passive homing combined with wire guidance. It is designed and manufactured by Saab Dynamics and was designed for the Swedish Navy, based on the experience gathered from the well-proven 43-series of torpedoes.

Torpedo 45 can be launched from a variety of platforms including stationary, surface vessels, submarines, and helicopters, specifically designed to operate against shallow-water targets and surface vessels. It is controlled using wire guidance and has a hydro-acoustic homing system for the final phase. The torpedo has features that are unique for lightweight torpedoes.

 It combines wire guidance and homing control
 It can be launched from submarines, surface vessels, and helicopters
 It can be wire-guided from a flying or hovering helicopter (no parachute necessary)
 Its warhead has a main charge large enough to take out any conventional submarine or seriously damage light surface vessels

In exercise torpedo launches, the warhead is replaced by an exercise head carrying identical homing equipment. Instead of explosives, the exercise head has a tape recorder for logging a number of torpedo functions, communication with fire-control and hit indications. After each run, the recordings are analysed and torpedo and fire-control functions are checked.

The Torped 45 is set to be replaced by the newer Torped 47 in Swedish Service fully 2024.

Operators

 
 
 : Tp 45

References

Torpedoes of Sweden
Torped 47. The Torped 47 or SLWT (Saab’s Lightweight Torpedo) is a new lightweight torpedo intended for ASW and surface targets, providing multiple-target active/passive homing combined with wire guidance. It is designed and manufactured by Saab Dynamics as a replacement for the Torped 45.

The torpedo is designed for the Swedish Navy and it will be equipped with both a passive and an active homing device and use wire communication like the Torpedo 45, using a galvanic wire (later also an optical wire).

Torpedo 47 can be launched from a variety of platforms including stationary, surface vessels, submarines and helicopters. It is specifically designed to operate against littoral submarine targets and surface vessels. It is controlled using wire guidance and has a hydro-acoustic homing system for the final phase. The torpedo has features that are unique for lightweight torpedoes.

Torped 47 was selected by the Finnish Navy as part of the Squadron 2020 program and will be installed on the Hamina-class during MLU and the new Pohjanmaa-class corvette.

In October 2022 Saab delivered the first Torped 47 to the Swedish FMV. Torped 47 was officially delivered to the Swedish Navy in December 2022.

In November 2023 Torped 47 was delivered to the Finnish Navy with acceptance firings being performed by two Hamina-class fast attack craft following their mid-life upgrade.

Operators

References

Torpedoes of Sweden
Aerial torpedoes