omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bimota BB3. The Bimota BB3 is a sport bike produced the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Bimota.

At the EICMA 2012 show, Bimota presented the BB2. First, it is a prototype intended to receive public criticism. The following year, Bimota offered the BB3, the production model.

The engine is four cylinders in line, four stroke, which is found on the BMW S1000RR. It develops 193 hp at 13000 rpm for a torque of 11.2 mkg at 9750 rpm. This engine is enclosed by a frame whose principle is identical to that of the Bimota DB8, namely a tubular trellis on the front part connected to two plates in aluminum on both sides. Braking is ensured by Brembo, thanks to two discs 320 mm in diameter at the front, bitten by four-piston radial calipers, and a simple disc of 220 mm in diameter at the back, clamped by a double piston caliper. The BB3 is equipped with an ABS. The 43 mm inverted telescopic fork and the mono shock are signed by Öhlins. The forged aluminum rim s come from the OZ Racing catalog. The exhaust is supplied by Arrow.

From the end of 2015, Bimota offers the BB3 as a kit, to be assembled. The purchaser must obtain the motor and the electronic wiring from an S1000RR. The parts come from machines intended to certify participation in Superbike in 2014, which could not receive an engine. The BB3 is presented in a white, red and black livery but it can be only white and black or completely black. It can also be covered with white, red, black and green paint on the limited edition T Tropheo wanted by the English importer to celebrate the commitment to the Tourist Trophy.

References

External links

BB3
Motorcycles introduced in 2013
Sport bikes
Carbohydride. Carbohydrides (or carbide hydrides) are solid compounds in one phase composed of a metal with carbon and hydrogen in the form of carbide and hydride ions. The term carbohydride can also refer to a hydrocarbon.

Structure and bonding
Many of the transition metal carbohydrides are non-stochiometric, particularly with respect to the hydrogen that can vary in proportion up to a theoretical balanced proportion. The hydrogen and carbon occupy holes in the metal crystalline lattice. The carbon takes up octahedral sites (surrounded by six metal atoms) and the hydrogen takes up tetrahedral sites in the metal lattice. The hydrogen atoms go to sites away from the carbon atoms, and away from each other, at least 2 Å apart, so there are no covalent bonds between the carbon or hydrogen atoms. Overall the lattice retains a high symmetry of the original metal.

Nomenclature
A carbodeuteride (or carbo-deuteride) is a compound where the hydrogen is of the isotope deuterium.

Properties

Reactions
Metal carbide hydrides give off hydrogen when heated, and are in equilibrium with a partial pressure of hydrogen that depends on the temperature.

When Ca2LiC3H is heated with ammonium chloride, the gas C3H4 (methylacetylene-propadiene) is produced.

Comparisons
There are also metal cluster molecules and ions that contain both carbon and hydrogen. Methylidyne complexes contain the CH group with three bonds to a metal e.g. NiCH+ or PtCH+.

Natural occurrence
Iron carbide hydrides do not appear to be stable at the conditions present in the Earth's inner core, even though carbon or hydrogen have been proposed as alloying light elements in the core.

Applications
Carbohydrides are studied for their ability in hydrogen storage. Carbohydrides may be made when carbides are manufactured by milling, using hydrocarbons as a carbon source. Since the carbohydride is not the desired outcome, other material like graphite is added to try to maximise carbide production.

Preparation
Transition metal carbohydrides can be produced by heating a metal carbide in hydrogen, for example at 2000 °C and 3 bars. This reaction is exothermic, and just needs to be ignited at a much lower temperature. The process is called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis or SHS.
A hydrocarbide may be formed when the metal is milled in a hydrocarbon, for example in the manufacture of titanium carbide.

Rare earth carbohydrides can be prepared by heating a metal hydride with graphite in a closed metal container, with a hydrogen atmosphere.

List

References

Carbides
Hydrides
Mixed anion compounds
Hydridonitride. In chemistry, a hydridonitride (nitridohydride, nitride hydride, or hydride nitride) is a chemical compound that contains both hydride () and nitride () ions. These inorganic compounds are distinct from inorganic amides and imides as the hydrogen does not share a bond with nitrogen, and usually contain a larger proportion of metals.

Structure
The hydride ion  is stabilised by being surrounded by electropositive elements such as alkalis or alkaline earths. Quaternary compounds exist where nitrogen forms a complex with bonds to a transition or main group element. The hydride requires the presence of another alkaline earth element.

Production
Hydridonitrides may be produced by a process called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) where a metal nitride is ignited in a hydrogen atmosphere.

A metal (Ti, Zr, Hf, Y) can also be ignited in an atmosphere mixing hydrogen and nitrogen, and a hydridonitride is formed exothermically.

The molten metal flux technique involves dissolving metal nitrides and hydrides in an excess of molten alkaline earth metal, by heating till everything is molten, and then cooling until crystals form, but the metal is still liquid. Draining the liquid metal (and centrifuging) leaves the crystals of hydridonitride behind. A eutectic molten metal allows it to be cooled more.

If liquid alkali metal is used as a flux to grow a hydridonitride crystal, excess metal can be removed using liquid ammonia.

Properties
Some hydridonitrides are sensitive to water vapour in air. For non-stoichimetric compounds, as the proportion of hydrogen increases, the unit cell dimensions also increase, so hydrogen is not merely filling holes. When heated to a sufficiently high temperature, hydridonitrides lose hydrogen first to form a metallic nitride or alloy.

Room temperature superconductor

One lutetium hydride doped with nitrogen is claimed to be a room-temperature superconductor at up to 21°C at a pressure of 1 GPa, which is considerably lower than for other polyhydrides. This has been called "red matter" as it is red under high pressure, but blue at ambient conditions. The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same team that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022, claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations. First attempts to replicate the results have failed. Ashcroft suggested metallic hydrogen could superconduct in 1968 at great pressures and in 2004 similarly that dense group IVa hydrides (as the new material) could also be superconductors at more accessible pressures.

List

References

Nitrides
Hydrides
Mixed anion compounds
Indian locomotive class WDAP-5. The Indian locomotive class WDAP-5 is a class of diesel-electric dual mode locomotive that was developed in 2019 by Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW), Varanasi for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), Diesel (D), AC Current (A), Passenger (P) and 5000 Horsepower (5). The locomotive can deliver 5500 hp (4.1 MW) in electric mode and 4500 hp (3.4 MW) in diesel mode.

Need for dual mode locomotive

Since 2016, Indian Railways has pushed for greater electrification of the railway network. In this interest, the government, in 2019, approved plans for 100% electrification. So far Indian Railways has electrified 52,247 route kilometers (RKM) that is about 80% of the total broad gauge network of Indian Railways (65,414 RKM, including Konkan Railway) by 31 March 2022. Using electric locomotives allows the railways to save time by giving a faster acceleration and also saves fuel costs. However, these advantages are offset under certain circumstances where the route of the train is partly electrified. In such cases, trains used to run with a diesel locomotive in non-electrified sections and would be switched with an electric locomotive as soon as they enter an electrified section. Instead of the benefits of electrification, Railways observed a loss of punctuality in such trains due to valuable time being lost to switch between diesel and electric locomotives. To counter this, in August 2019, Railways issued a circular, asking all zones to haul trains with a diesel locomotive if their route was not completely electrified. This meant that electrification of railway lines, unless completed end-to-end, did not provide any advantage. This problem had been identified by the Railways, way back in 2016, which is when RDSO was requested to study the feasibility of dual-mode locomotives as a stop-gap until 100% electrification was achieved.

However the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the stoppage of regular trains. The time window was used by Indian Railways to electify the railways. As of 1 April 2024, 97% of the network is electrified. The railways aims to electrify the entire network by the end of this year. Hence there is not much use of this locomotive as its purpose is served mainly by electric locomotives. So no WDAP-5s were produced other than 71000. What was done to this locomotive remains unknown.

Locomotive shed

References

Railway locomotives introduced in 2021
Electro-diesel locomotives of India
Mining Research and Development Establishment. The Mining Research and Development Establishment (MRDE) was a division of the National Coal Board. Its site in Bretby, Derbyshire is now a commercial business park.

History
MRDE's function was research into and testing of mining equipment and procedures.

It was created in 1969 with a merger between the Central Engineering Establishment (CEE) and the Mining Research Establishment (MRE). MRE was set up in 1951 to work on projects in conjunction with National Coal Board (NCB) headquarters divisions such as the Production Department and Scientific Department. It  was based at Isleworth in West London. CEE was created in 1954 to work  on research and development projects in conjunction with other departments, and was based at Bretby. In 1985 the MRDE merged with the Mining Department.

Awards
It won the Queens Award for Technological Achievement in 1991 for its extraction drum for dust and frictional ignition control.

Structure
The site was on the south side of the A511 in the south of Derbyshire.

See also
 National Coal Board

References

Coal mining in the United Kingdom
Engineering research institutes
Mining engineering
Mining organizations
Science and technology in Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District
Stuart Rowley. Stuart Rowley (born 12 May 1967) is a British engineer, and was the head of Ford of Europe between April 2019 and December 2022.

Early life
He was born in Derbyshire. He grew up in a Staffordshire village. He studied Mineral Engineering at the University of Leeds.

Career

Ford
He joined Ford of Britain in 1990.

Personal life
He is married with two sons.

References

1967 births
Alumni of the University of Leeds
British manufacturing chief executives
Ford of Europe
Ford executives
People from Staffordshire
Living people
Charles Ernest Acker. Charles Ernest Acker (1868–1920) was an American electrical engineer and inventor of the "Acker Process" for manufacturing sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of molten salt, for which he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1902.

Life
Acker was born in Bourbon, Indiana, on March 19, 1868, the son of William James Acker, a manufacturer. He studied at Cornell University, graduating in 1888, and worked as an electrical engineer in Chicago until 1893. In 1892 he married Alice Reynolds Beal. They had several children, one of whom was the painter Marjorie Acker Phillips.

Acker set up his own factory in Niagara Falls, New York, under the name Acker Process Company, and eventually held several dozen patents. He claimed to have been the first person in America to manufacture carbon tetrachloride.

He served as director of the American Electrochemical Society and president of the Niagara Falls Country Club.

Acker died in Ossining, New York, on October 18, 1920.

References

1868 births
1920 deaths
Engineers from Indiana
Cornell University alumni
People from Marshall County, Indiana
19th-century American engineers
20th-century American engineers
American electrical engineers
Luis Nunes Vicente. Luis Nunes Vicente (born 1967) is an applied mathematician and optimizer who is known for his research work in Continuous Optimization and particularly in Derivative-Free Optimization. He is the Timothy J. Wilmott '80 Endowed Chair Professor and Department Chair of the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering of Lehigh University.

Education 
Luis Nunes Vicente was born in Coimbra, Portugal in 1967. He obtained a B.S. in Mathematics and Operations Research at the University of Coimbra in 1990. He continued his studies at Rice University, USA, earning a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics in 1996. His Ph.D. dissertation, titled Trust-Region Interior-Point Algorithms for a Class of Nonlinear Programming Problems, was supervised by John Dennis.

Career 
From 1996 to 2018, Luis Nunes Vicente was a faculty member at the Department of Mathematics of the University of Coimbra, Portugal, becoming full professor in 2009. He held several visiting positions, namely at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center and the University of Minnesota in 2002–2003, at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University and the Université Paul Verlaine of Metz in 2009–2010, and at Roma/Sapienza and Rice University in 2016–2017. He was visiting Chercheur Sénior of the Fondation de Coopération Sciences et Technologies pour l'Aéronautique et l'Espace at CERFACS and IPN Toulouse, during 2010–2015.

He has served on numerous editorial boards, including SIAM Journal on Optimization (2009–2017), EURO Journal on Computational Optimization, and Optimization Methods and Software (2010–2018). He was Editor-in-Chief of Portugaliae Mathematica during 2013–2018.

Book 
Luis Nunes Vicente co-authored the book Introduction to Derivative-Free Optimization, MPS-SIAM Series on Optimization, SIAM, Philadelphia, 2009, with Katya Scheinberg and Andrew R. Conn.

Recognition 
Luis Nunes Vicente was awarded the Lagrange Prize of SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) and MOS (Mathematical Optimization Society) for the co-authorship of the book Introduction to Derivative-Free Optimization.

With his Ph.D. dissertation, he received the Ralph Budd Thesis Award from Rice University in 1996 and was one of the three finalists of the 94-96 A. W. Tucker Prize of MOS. He is also the winner of the Lagrange Award.

References

External links 
 Personal web page at Lehigh University
 Personal web page at the University of Coimbra
 Publications form Google Scholar
 Luis Nunes Vicente at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1967 births
Living people
People from Coimbra
21st-century Portuguese mathematicians
American mathematicians
Rice University alumni
20th-century Portuguese mathematicians
Anti Additive Association. The Anti Additive Association (A.A) is a non-profit organization that sets standards, certifies, and labels in order to provide an additive-free food environment. The A.A. also supports and facilitates the work of anti additive and clean label, the concepts which both originated in the Netherlands, Europe.

About
Founded in 2013, the A.A. set its headquarter in Europe and a branch in Asia.

According to the data from the European Union, people are now more concerned with the ingredients of food and the Clean Label marked on the products. Thus, the A.A. is dedicated to building a more sustainable food system by removing the food additives, such as flavor enhancer, food coloring, preservatives, and flour treatment agent. The organization also participated in the program of daily necessities(e.g. detergent).

Certification
A.A. Certification, also named as Food and Beverage Production Certification, evaluates the producing process with Codex Alimentarius recognized standards to ensure the food safety.  The certification program requires the inspection of process of production, and the organization also invites professionals from all fields to be on the advisory panel, consist of industry representatives, nutritionists, food science and technology experts, and other relevant scholars. Recently, the organization participated in the certification mechanism of DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung).

Certification categories:
 Restaurant and Food
 Sugar
 Pet Food 
 Daily Necessities
 Cosmetics
 Residue
 Halal Plus

Awards
Since 2016, A.A. Taste Award is an award presented annually and the winners are honored at annual ceremonies. The jury panel includes professionals of food and beverage industry, Michelin chefs, nutritionists, academics, and food critics.
Superior Taste Award, Monde Selection, Great Taste Awards, and A.A. Taste Award are widely known as the world's premier awards and taste selections.

Award ceremony
 2016's ceremony held at Sydney Opera House, Australia
 2017's ceremony held at Westin Grande Sukhumvit Bangkok, Thailand
 2018's ceremony held at W Hotel HongKong
 2019's ceremony held at Makuhari Messe Chiba, Japan (Cancel)
 2020 and 2021's ceremony is canceled due to pandemic

References

External links
A.A. Taste Awards
Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) website
DIN home page 
Oldways | A Food and Nutrition Nonprofit

Food- and drink-related organizations
Non-profit organisations based in the Netherlands
Food and drink awards
Food and drink
Thunderspy. Thunderspy is a type of security vulnerability, based on the Intel Thunderbolt 3 port, first reported publicly on 10 May 2020, that can result in an evil maid (i.e., attacker of an unattended device) attack gaining full access to a computer's information in about five minutes, and may affect millions of Apple, Linux and Windows computers, as well as any computers manufactured before 2019, and some after that.

According to Björn Ruytenberg, the discoverer of the vulnerability, "All the evil maid needs to do is unscrew the backplate, attach a device momentarily, reprogram the firmware, reattach the backplate, and the evil maid gets full access to the laptop. All of this can be done in under five minutes." The malicious firmware is used to clone device identities which makes classical DMA attack possible.

History 
The Thunderspy security vulnerabilities were first publicly reported by Björn Ruytenberg of Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands on 10 May 2020. Thunderspy is similar to Thunderclap, another security vulnerability, reported in 2019, that also involves access to computer files through the Thunderbolt port.

Impact 

The security vulnerability affects millions of Apple, Linux and Windows computers, as well as all computers manufactured before 2019, and some after that. However, this impact is restricted mainly to how precise a bad actor would have to be to execute the attack. Physical access to a machine with a vulnerable Thunderbolt controller is necessary, as well as a writable ROM chip for the Thunderbolt controller's firmware. Additionally, part of Thunderspy, specifically the portion involving re-writing the firmware of the controller, requires the device to be in sleep, or at least in some sort of powered-on state, to be effective. Machines that force power-off when the case is open may assist in resisting this attack to the extent that the feature (switch) itself resists tampering.

Due to the nature of attacks that require extended physical access to hardware, it's unlikely the attack will affect users outside of a business or government environment.

Mitigation 
The researchers claim there is no easy software solution, and may only be mitigated by disabling the Thunderbolt port altogether. However, the impacts of this attack (reading kernel level memory without the machine needing to be powered off) are largely mitigated by anti-intrusion features provided by many business machines. Intel claims enabling such features would substantially restrict the effectiveness of the attack. Microsoft's official security recommendations recommend disabling sleep mode while using BitLocker. Using hibernation in place of sleep mode turns the device off, mitigating potential risks of attack on encrypted data.

References

External links 
 
 
 

Computer security
2020 in computing
Southern Air Boss. The Southern Air Boss was a 1920s U.S. biplane trainer aircraft. One prototype was built and by 1929 a new factory was ready for its production but this did not follow.

Design and development

The two seat Air Boss was one of many 1920s small U.S. biplanes powered by the aged but cheap and readily available war-surplus  Curtiss OX-5. It was first flown near the start of the Great Depression and only the prototype was completed.

It was a single bay biplane with pairs of parallel interplane struts between the spars.  The lower wings were mounted on the lower fuselage longerons and the upper centre section was held by a cabane formed by pairs of inverted, longitudinal, V-struts to the forward spars and single struts to the rear spars. The wings were both of blunted rectangular plan and had the same chord (), though the upper span was about 5% greater. All leading edges were plywood-covered. Only the lower wings were fitted with ailerons, which were full span and of the Frise type. One advantage of this arrangement was that the control column to aileron connection was very short.

The V-8 OX-5 was nose-mounted with its radiator, equipped with shutters, underneath it. The fuselage was a chrome-molybdenum steel tube structure with the pupil's open cockpit over the wing and the instructor's close behind but with a much better all-round view. Both cockpits had windscreens and streamlined headrests and dual controls were fitted. The tail was conventional, with a tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage and braced to the fin, which carried an angular rudder. Both fin and tailplane were in-flight adjustable.

The mainwheels of the Air Boss were on a split axle providing a track of . There was a long, spring steel tailskid.

The Air Boss prototype was designed by Glenn E. Messer in about 1927 and built by Messer Aeronautical Industries Inc. The date of its first flight is not known but in 1928 Messer founded the Southern Aircraft Co. of Birmingham, Alabama. By mid-1929 they occupied a newly built factory there, complete with construction jigs ready for production, but there is no record of any production aircraft.

Specifications

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s United States civil trainer aircraft
Julia Ratcliffe (engineer). Julia Ratcliffe (born 1971) is a British structural engineer and professional engineer licensed in Connecticut, USA. She was a Director of Expedition Engineering 2011-2018 and then founded Scale Consulting. Julia was the first to be selected for a series of profiles of notable engineers in The Structural Engineer and was project director of the Institution of Structural Engineers new headquarters building. She is a Design Council Built Environment Expert (BEE) and a member of the London Borough of Havering Quality Review Panel. Ratcliffe has also been a judge for the British Constructional Steelwork Association's Structural Steel Design Awards, and the Institution of Structural Engineers International Awards. She advised on the construction of shelters in Pakistan following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake funded by James Caan and is cited in his autobiography. In 2022, Ratcliffe was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Institute of British Architects for her services to architecture.

References 

1971 births
Living people
British structural engineers