omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
German submarine U-776. German submarine U-776 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was ordered on 21 November 1940, and was laid down on 4 March 1943, at Kriegsmarinewerft, Wilhelmshaven, as yard number 159. She was launched on 4 March 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Lothar Martin on 13 April 1944.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-776 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-776 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one  SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one  Flak M42 and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.

Service history
U-776 participated in one war patrol that yielded no ships sunk or damaged.

On 16 May 1945, U-776 surrendered at Portland, UK. For a brief time she was designated N-65, a British N-class submarine, and toured the British coast and used for tests.  She was later transferred to Loch Ryan, Scotland. Of the 156 U-boats that eventually surrendered to the Allied forces at the end of the war, U-776 was one of 116 selected to take part in Operation Deadlight. U-776 was towed out on 3 December 1945, but sank after foundering on the way to the designated area. She was one of 56 U-boats that sank before reaching the scuttling areas.

The wreck now lies at .

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Wilhelmshaven
1943 ships
Maritime incidents in December 1945
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Operation Deadlight
Tox (Python testing wrapper). tox is a command-line driven automated testing tool for Python, based on the use of virtualenv. It can be used for both manually-invoked testing from the desktop, or continuous testing within continuous integration frameworks such as Jenkins or Travis CI. Its use began to become popular in the Python community from around 2015.

tox acts a wrapper for both virtual environments and test automation tools, to simplify the consistent testing of Python code across a range of environments. It integrates the use of a virtualisation tool, such as virtualenv, with a test script such as Imprimatur. This gives a consistent container-based testing environment on both desktops and integration servers. It also allows testing in a range of Python environments, such as Python 2 or Python 3 specific contexts.

Tox is configured through a simple tox.ini file in  INI format.

Smoke testing 
tox is also convenient as a simple smoke test on a newly installed, or freshly-updated system. It is also useful before beginning a refactoring exercise.

References 

Continuous integration
Python (programming language) development tools
Python (programming language) software
William Martin Haddow. William Martin Haddow (29 March 1865 – 19 January 1945) was a Scottish socialist activist.

Born in Glasgow, Haddow was educated up to the age of fourteen, then became a pupil teacher, but resigned before completing his apprenticeship to work at the Post Office.  There, he was trained in electronics to work at the National Telephone Company, and in 1884 began working as an electrician at a shipyard, followed by time at sea, then at a power station.  By the start of the 1890s, he had saved enough money to found his own company, Haddow & Co, which generated and distributed electricity.  Concerned that his workers did not have a trade union to join, he founded one in 1890, and became its first secretary.

Haddow became interested in socialism in the late 1880s, and built a friendship with Keir Hardie.  He was a founder member of the Scottish Labour Party in 1888, and later of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1893.  The ILP was a founder constituent of the Labour Representation Committee, and Haddow was elected as its first Glasgow chairman.  In 1900, he stood for Glasgow City Council as an ILP candidate in the Gorbals, but was not elected.  In 1903, he was elected to the Glasgow School Board, on which he championed Socialist Sunday Schools, and campaigned for the introduction of school meals and medical checks on children's health.

In 1906, Haddow was one of the founding directors of Forward, a socialist newspaper based in Glasgow.  He was involved in a range of artistic ventures, including becoming a governor of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music, founding the Glasgow Music Festival, the Socialist Music Festival, and the Socialist Art Circle.  He opposed World War I, but did not participate in the Red Clydeside protests; instead, in 1915, he resigned from the School Board to become Deputy Master of Works, and later served on Glasgow City Council's Educational Committee.

When the ILP split from the Labour Party, Haddow left the ILP, retaining membership of the Labour Party until his death in 1945.

References

1865 births
1945 deaths
Independent Labour Party politicians
Politicians from Glasgow
General Electric X353-5. The General Electric X353-5 was an unusual, high bypass ratio, liftfan system developed for the Ryan XV-5 Vertifan V/STOL research aircraft  (known earlier as the VZ-11). Two General Electric J85-5 turbojets were used for propulsion in wing-borne flight. During lift, the exhaust from these turbojets was diverted through ducting to a pair of vertically mounted turbine/fan units buried in the aircraft wings (one in the starboard wing, the other in the port wing). These turbine/fan units were similar in concept to the aft fan units on the General Electric CJ805 -23, the main difference being that the turbine blades of the X353-5 were outboard of the fan, rather than inboard. Each engine supplied half the exhaust gas needed to drive each fan unit. A cross-over duct kept both fans turning uniformly in the event of either engine failing. The aircraft also had a smaller turbine/fan mounted in the aircraft nose, which was used to control pitch. This pitch fan was similar in design to the main fan units and utilised 10.5% of the gas generator exhaust gas flow. Beneath each fan was a series of spanwise exit louvres, ganged together, which were used to vector the fan thrust in lift mode. Effectively, the bypass ratio was 12.16:1 in lift mode.

See also

References

General Electric aircraft engines
Ryan aircraft
Journey to the Safest Place on Earth. Journey to the Safest Place on Earth is a 2013 documentary film written and directed by Edgar Hagen. It discusses the huge quantity of radioactive waste and spent fuel rods being stored at various locations on the planet.

Charles McCombie is a Swiss-based nuclear physicist with 35 years of experience in this field, and he accompanies Hagen on a worldwide search for the best location.  One disposal site in Texas is adjacent to a location where oil drilling is in progress. A proposed disposal site in Nevada is adjacent to the young volcano Yucca Mountain.

See also

High-level radioactive waste management
List of films about nuclear issues

References

External links
 

2013 films
2013 in the environment
Documentary films about nuclear technology
Swiss documentary films
Luigi Pascale. Luigi Pascale (1923 – 14 March 2017) was an Italian engineer designer of light aircraft.  He was the founder of the aircraft manufacturers Partenavia and Tecnam, the latter a company he started with his brother Giovanni.

Biography
Luigi "Gino" Pascale was born in Naples, Italy in 1923. He teamed with his brother Giovanni to design and construct several light aircraft. The first completed design was the Partenavia Astore in 1948.

In 1951 Pascale received a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, after which he became an instructor at Naples University. He was elevated to rank of Professor by 1957, when he founded the Italian aircraft design/manufacturing firm Partenavia.

In 1986 the two Pascale brothers founded the Italian aircraft design/manufacturing firm Tecnam.

Pascale died on 14 March 2017 in his house in Naples, aged 93.

Designs
Partenavia P.68
Partenavia Oscar
Partenavia Astore
Tecnam P2006T
Tecnam P92
Tecnam P2012 Traveller

References

Sources

1923 births
2017 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Naples Federico II
Engineers from Naples
Aircraft designers
John Henry Holmes. John Henry Holmes (1857 – 1935) was an English electrical engineer, inventor, Quaker and pioneer of electric lighting who invented the quick break light switch, the technology behind which remains the basis for modern wall mounted light switches.

Career 

In 1880, Holmes attended a public demonstration of Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulb. This seemed to spark his interest in electric lighting, and he approached Swan on multiple occasions in hopes of becoming his apprentice.

John Henry Holmes and his brother Theodore, also a Quaker, founded J. H. Holmes & Co. in Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne in 1883, their manufacturing company specializing in early motors, dynamos, switches, and lighting. The company was very active in the early proliferation of electric lighting, having installed Newcastle's first domestic electrical lighting into their father's house, and supplied installations throughout Europe and the British colonies, making deals in the United States as well.

John Henry Holmes invented the quick break light switch in 1884. which was patented in Great Britain and the United States that year. The technology radically improved the prior  switch technology by ensuring the internal contacts moved apart quickly enough to deter the electric arcing that would create a fire hazard and otherwise invariably shorten the switch's lifespan. The quick break technology invented by Holmes remains in use in billions of domestic and industrial electrical switches across the globe to this day.

References 

1857 births
1935 deaths
English inventors
English electrical engineers
People associated with electricity
English Quakers
Lighting engineers
Leaky dam. Leaky dams are a flooding prevention measure, moderating the flow of water downstream. Barriers are added to a stream/river to prevent soil and silt escaping and allowing water to escape at a slower rate.

History 
With the regular flooding of settlements in the UK, a rethink on flood risk management was initiated. One of the proposals put forward was containing flood waters at source to prevent large volumes of water flowing downstream causing soil erosion and flooding of properties.

A variety of solutions was put forward including using naturally occurring composting materials in path of flow to hold valuable fertile silt and dam up waters over many small dams. A leaky dam was added to the arsenal of flood prevention tools. This type of structure is what nature uses for similar events. Logs from fallen trees are placed at intervals down the stream acting as a barrier, holding the silt and small debris back and allowing just the water that overflows the structure to continue the course of the stream.

Benefits 
The area surrounding the leaky dams have many benefits including better quality of water to life behind the barrier, prevention of soil erosion, available nutrients for wildlife, stabilisation of river banks, spawning ground for aquatic life, rooting habitat, place of nesting birds, areas of growth for microbes, algae and fungi, efficient temporary storage of water and a slow release of water into surrounding area.

Soil erosion 
After a heavy downpour, soil, gravel, silt and valuable nutrients are lost when the rains wash away the top soil. This animation of a side view of a mountain embankment shows how bad soil management contributes to tonnes of topsoil ending up in flood areas and river beds. It costs a fortune to collect the soil from river beds, estuaries and river mouths, decontaminate, transport and physically replace the reclaimed sand.

Examples 

Theses are types of barriers used by organisations in UK to prevent soil erosion and flooding downstream.

The following are possible approaches:

Observations 
Many county bodies have initiated their own trials and photographic and video recordings show positive results.

A well known project in Pickering, North Yorkshire, UK showed how effective leaky dams can be when there projected flooding risk assessment dropped from a 25% probability to about 4%.

Artificial leaky dams constructed from injection molded plastic have also been tried in some areas. Some of the benefit derived from this method is the wall doesn't corrode or compost over time requiring less management.

These are deemed soft defenses as opposed to hard defenses that include solid concrete retaining walls that cost a fortune and are unsightly to local people.

It would seem local residents, environmental agencies, local councils and budget managers are more open to a natural flow system that mimics nature and holds large volumes of water back for later draining. The biggest motivator is this method costs a fraction of the hard defenses that professional government agencies have been promoting.

References

Dams by type
Flood barriers
Swift 007.i. The Swift 007.i was the first CART chassis designed and built by Swift Engineering. Newman-Haas Racing entered two cars during the 1997 CART season.

History
Swift Engineering co-founder David Bruns designed the 007.i (i indicating IndyCar, the rival series to CART). The first foundations of designing a Champ Car were laid in 1993 when Swift Engineering built a $5 million windtunnel. Designing the car started in 1994 and the first car was completed in early 1997. The car was advertised as costing $450.000.

Newman-Haas Racing driver Michael Andretti conducted the first tests at Phoenix International Raceway. After the PIR test testing continued at Firebird International Raceway with Andretti and Christian Fittipaldi. In 1997 the Swift 007.i was the only CART chassis constructed in the United States. The Reynard, Lola and Penske chassis were all constructed in England. Newman-Haas Racing fitted the chassis with Ford-Cosworth engines.

Michael Andretti had a spectacular debut during the 1997 Grand Prix of Miami. Andretti won the race and set the fastest lap. It turned out to be the only win for the Swift chassis. Another four podium finishes were scored by Andretti. However, a number of retirements prevented him to be a championship contender. Andretti finished eighth in the championship standings. Teammate Christian Fittipaldi missed six races, his best finish were two fourth places. Roberto Moreno replaced Fittipaldi during six events score a best result of fifth.

BOSS SuperCup Series
One of the Swift 007.i chassis later appeared in historic racing events. Mike Biangardi drove the car at Road Atlanta in the 2004 season.

Complete CART results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

American Championship racing cars
Swift Engineering vehicles
1997 in CART
German Nasty-class patrol boat. For other ship classes of the same name see Nasty-type patrol boat

The German Nasty class, also known as the Hugin class, were a set of two fast patrol boats built for the post-war German Navy to a Norwegian design and purchased in the 1960s for evaluation purposes. 
In 1964, they were transferred to Turkey.

Service history
Following the end of World War II and during German re-armament in the Cold War era, the German Navy (Bundesmarine) had built a number of fast attack craft classes, mostly developments of the war-time Schnellboot design. However, in the 1960s, the German Navy was interested in the possibilities of a different hull shape, for use in narrow coastal waters. To this end, they ordered two vessels from the Norwegian company Båtservice Verft, of Mandal, which had already designed a hard-chined planing hull for its prototype fast patrol boat, the Nasty. 

The two boats were built in 1960 and commissioned under the names Hugin and Munin, after the ravens of Norse mythology. They were designated the Nasty-Klasse & SchnellbootTyp 152.

The two vessels remained in service for four years, but the design/experiment was not a success, so the Bundesmarine disposed of the boats by transferring them to the Turkish Navy in 1964.

List of vessels

Notes

References
 Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 (1995) Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 

Torpedo boats of the German Navy
Napier Deltic
Ships built in Mandal, Norway
Patrol boat classes
Circuit Value Problem. The Circuit Value Problem (or Circuit Evaluation Problem) is the computational problem of computing the output of a given Boolean circuit on a given input.

The problem is complete for P under uniform AC reductions. Note that, in terms of time complexity, it can be solved in linear time simply by a topological sort.

The Boolean Formula Value Problem (or Boolean Formula Evaluation Problem) is the special case of the problem when the circuit is a tree. The Boolean Formula Value Problem is complete for NC.

The problem is closely related to the Boolean Satisfiability Problem which is complete for NP and its complement, the Propositional Tautology Problem, which is complete for co-NP.

See also 

 Circuit satisfiability
 Switching lemma

References

  

Polynomial-time problems
Computational problems
Theoretical computer science
Redox (disambiguation). Redox (reduction–oxidation reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

Redox may also refer to:

 Redox (operating system), an operating system written in the Rust programming language
 Redox Brands, a former company established in Ohio, US

See also
 Redox titration, a type of titration based on a redox reaction between the analyte and titrant
594th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment. The 594th Boat and Shore Regiment was a military engineer unit in the United States Army. The regiment served during World War II and was also known as the 594th Engineer Amphibian Regiment.

History
The 594th Boat and Shore Regiment was activated as the 594th Engineer Amphibian Regiment at Fort Devens, Massachusetts on 1 February 1943, as part of the 4th Engineer Special Brigade.

References

594th Eng Boat & Shore Regt at www.armyamphibs.com (archive link)

594
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1943 establishments in Massachusetts
1946 disestablishments in the United States
Alexander Wissner-Gross. Alexander D. Wissner-Gross is an American research scientist and entrepreneur. He is a fellow at the Institute for Applied Computational Science at Harvard University.

Education
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he researched nanotechnology, Wissner-Gross triple-majored in physics, electrical engineering and mathematics. He was awarded the Marshall Scholarship, and was the last student to triple-major at MIT before the option was discontinued. Wissner-Gross also has a Ph.D in physics from Harvard University.

Entrepreneurship
In 2007, Wissner-Gross founded the technology company CO2Stats, which measures the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by using a website. CO2Stats is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and received funding from the seed venture capital firm Y Combinator. The company attracted controversy when Wissner-Gross was reported to have claimed that a single Google search emitted seven grams of , which Google disputed. Wissner-Gross denied making the claim.

Activities
Wissner-Gross co-authored a paper with mathematician Cameron Freer describing a "biophysical model for explaining sophisticated intelligent behavior in human and nonhuman animals", published in the journal Physical Review Letters, which he expected would be useful for artificial intelligence. Researcher Gary Marcus wrote an article in The New Yorker criticizing the paper, saying they were "essentially promising a television set that walks your dog".

References

External links
 Personal website
 
 Alexander Wissner-Gross on hmolpedia

Living people
21st-century American physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Yaron Oz. Yaron Oz (Hebrew: ירון עוז; born August 10, 1964, in Haifa) is full Professor of the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University.

Biography

Oz completed summa cum laude his two B.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering and physics in 1987, his M.Sc. degree in 1989, and his Ph.D. degree in 1991 in physics at the Technion.
He served as a research officer at the IDF in the years 1990-1995.
After post-doctoral studies at University of California in Berkeley during 1996 - 1998, he joined CERN in Switzerland as staff member.

In 2001 he joined the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University as Professor. Recipient of the Alon Fellowship, he became incumbent of the Sackler Chair for Young Distinguished Scientists. He served as head of the School from 2006 until 2011, as Dean of the Faculty of Exact Sciences from 2011 until 2015 and as Rector of Tel Aviv University from 2015 until 2020.

His fields of research include high energy particle physics, quantum field theories and supersymmetry, classical and quantum gravity, superstrings, quantum information and computation.
Currently, Oz has published more than 160 scientific articles.  He is the incumbent of the Yuval Neeman Chair of Physics, won the Alexander von Humboldt Prize for Research and headed the Centre for Excellence in Research of the National Science Foundation.  He has been the recipient of numerous competitive research funds, and is a member of the high energy I-Core Center. He has been a visiting professor at numerous universities and research institutes, such as College de France, École normale supérieure of Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Texas at Austin, and Simons institute in USA.

Oz was the vice president of the Israel Physics Society in the years 2010-2013 and the president in the years 2013-2016; he is the scientific director of the Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) and a scientific editor of the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (JCAP); he is head of the National Committee of Pure and Applied Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences; and is a member of the National Committee of High Energy Physics. Oz is an external scientific  member of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute in Potsdam and Hannover) and the Max Planck Society. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the head of Tel Aviv university Center for Quantum Science and Technology.

Married, with 5 children, he lives in Ramat Hasharon.

References

External links
 Yaron Oz at Tel Aviv University
 Yaron Oz at Google Scholar

Israeli physicists
1964 births
Living people
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
People associated with CERN