omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Samuel Alfred Varley. Samuel Alfred Varley (1832–1921) was an English electrical engineer. He was one of ten children born to Cornelius Varley and Elizabeth Livermore Straker.

Career
In 1852, Samuel started work for the Electric Telegraph Company in Manchester.  His brother, C. F. Varley, had been employed by the same company since 1849. During the 1850s, Samuel was involved in supervising field telegraphs in the Crimean War.  He also published papers on cable signalling. In 1861, Samuel took over the running of a telegraph factory in London, owned by his father.

Inventions
In 1866, he was among the first to make a self-excited dynamo. Other contenders were Charles Wheatstone and Werner von Siemens. He also invented compound winding for dynamos.

In 1873, he read a paper at the Society of Engineers. The subject was "Railway Train Intercommunication" and he described a system fitted to the London and North Western Railway Royal Train.

Family
In 1860, Samuel married Emily Andrews and the couple had seven children.

Death
Samuel died at Abbottsacre Lodge, Abbott's Road, Winchester on 4 August 1921. His estate passed to his son Telford Varley (1866–1938).

References

1832 births
1921 deaths
English electrical engineers
English inventors
Continuous Liquid Interface Production. Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP; originally Continuous Liquid Interphase Printing) is a proprietary method of 3D printing that uses photo polymerization to create smooth-sided solid objects of a wide variety of shapes using resins. It was invented by Joseph DeSimone, Alexander and Nikita Ermoshkin and Edward T. Samulski and was originally owned by EiPi Systems, but is now being developed by Carbon.

Process 

The continuous process begins with a pool of liquid photopolymer resin. Part of the pool bottom is transparent to ultraviolet light (the "window"). An ultraviolet light beam shines through the window, illuminating the precise cross-section of the object. The light causes the resin to solidify. The object rises slowly enough to allow the resin to flow under and maintain contact with the bottom of the object. An oxygen-permeable membrane lies below the resin, which creates a “dead zone” (persistent liquid interface) preventing the resin from attaching to the window (photopolymerization is inhibited between the window and the polymerizer).

Unlike stereolithography, the printing process is continuous. The inventors claim that it can create objects up to 100 times faster than commercial three dimensional (3D) printing methods.

Applications 
CLIP objects have smooth sides, unlike 2015 commercial 3D printers, whose sides are typically rough to the touch. Some resins produce objects that are rubbery and flexible, that could not be produced with earlier methods.

History

Patents and trademarks 

CLIP was, at the time the original patent was filed, an acronym for Continuous Liquid Interphase Printing, described in two patents, titled 'Continuous liquid interphase printing' and 'Method and apparatus for three-dimensional fabrication with feed through carrier'. Both patents were filed February 10, 2014, by EiPi Systems, Inc as Applicant with the following individuals titled as 'inventors': Joseph DeSimone, Alexander Ermoshkin, Nikita Ermoshkin, and Edward T. Samulski.

According to data in the California Secretary of State's office database, Carbon is listed as of September 6, 2014. A trademark was filed on September 10, for the 'CARBON3D' trademark.

Public release

A journal article was published in Science detailing the groups' findings. At a TED talk in March 2015, DeSimone demonstrated a 3D-printer prototype using CLIP technology and produced a relatively complex object in less than 10 minutes, 100 times faster than other 3D printing techniques. DeSimone cited a scene in the 1992 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, where the T-1000 machine reforms itself from a metallic pool, as an inspiration for the technology's development.

See also
 Magnetically assisted slip casting
 Projection micro-stereolithography

References

External links
 
 

3D printing processes
Computer-related introductions in 2015
Projects established in 2015
2015 introductions
Airsport Sonata. The Airsport Sonata is a Czech ultralight motor glider with retractable propeller, designed and produced by Airsport of Zbraslavice.

Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a T-tail, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, electric flaps, a retractable landing gear, and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The Sonata is made from composites. Its polyhedral wing is . Standard engines available are the  Rotax 582 two-stroke and the  Hirth F34 powerplant.

Specifications

References

External links

2000s Czech ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Airsport aircraft
Orient Electric. Orient Electric Limited is an Indian multinational electrical equipment manufacturer, based in New Delhi and part of CK Birla Group. It makes fans, lighting, home appliances and switchgears. Orient Electric has manufacturing facilities in Kolkata, Faridabad, Hyderabad and Noida. It exports fans from India to over 30 international markets.

Orient Electric was a division of Orient Paper & Industries, until its demerger in 2018.

History 
On 14 July 2023, Orient Electric announced the resignation of Managing Director and CEO Rajan Gupta. On 15 July 2023, Desh Deepak Khetrapal was appointed as the new Managing Director.

On 31 May 2024, Orient Electric appointed Ravindra Singh Negi as its Managing Director and CEO, succeeding Deepak Khetrapal.

References

External links
 How Orient Electric is reinventing itself
 Scheme of arrangement
 Orient Electric enters Health Applainces space, launches UV Sanitech, a UVC light based sanitisation chamber

Electronics companies of India
Home appliance manufacturers of India
Manufacturing companies based in Delhi
Companies based in New Delhi
Electronics companies established in 1954
Manufacturing companies established in 1954
Indian companies established in 1954
CK Birla Group
Indian brands
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
David Marshall (academic). David Marshall  (born 13 July 1968) is Professor of Physical Oceanography at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Hugh's College, Oxford.

Career 
He was head of the sub-department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics from 2014 to 2018.  From 2008 to 2012 he was co-director of the 21st Century Ocean Institute within the Oxford Martin School.  He was awarded the 2014 Appleton Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics for "fundamental contributions to understanding the fluid dynamics of the global ocean circulation", and was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Physics the same year. 

Marshall studied at Imperial College London and then spent three years as a post-doctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He returned to the UK to establish the Physical Oceanography Group at the University of Reading, before moving to the University of Oxford in 2007. In 2014 he won the Institute of Physics Edward Appleton Medal and Prize. In 2017 he was elected a member of Academia Europaea.

External links 
 David Marshall's website

References 

Living people
British oceanographers
Fellows of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Alumni of Imperial College London
1968 births
Linda Macaulay. Linda Ann Macaulay is the Emeritus Professor of System Design at the University of Manchester, specialising in Human–computer interaction, Requirements engineering and Service science, management and engineering.

Education 
Linda Macaulay obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics at the University of Sheffield in 1972, and a Research master's degree in Computational Science from the University of St Andrews in 1976. She later obtained her Doctor of Philosophy in Computation from the University of Manchester, becoming a Fellow of the British Computer Society.

Research

Human Computer Interaction 
Professor Macaulay's 1995 book Human Computer Interaction for Software Designers, served presents a number of techniques for use by System Designers to help them take account of user needs within the design process. The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council recognised her HCI research through the award "Human Factors in the Design of Electronic Service Delivery Systems for use in Complex Environments".

Requirements Engineering 
Her book on requirements engineering focussed on techniques for involving users in the early stages of requirements in the software design process led to an EPSRC award for "Co-operative Requirements Capture", and a number of articles including USTM: A New Approach to Requirements Specification, Requirements as a Co-operative Activity, A Seven Layer Model of the Role of the Facilitator in Requirements Engineering. She won the Economic and Social Research Council award for "Human Issues in Security and Privacy in e-Commerce".

Service System Design
Macaulay's contributed to one of the earliest publications recognising the need for more flexible software, known as "software as a service", and to be co-investigator in the Interdisciplinary Software Engineering Network. She later founded the EPSRC UK network in Service Science, to develop and promote UK capability in service sciences. Her book Case Studies in Service Innovation presents a study of how service innovation occurs in practice.

Career 
In 1999 Linda was the first female Professor to be appointed to the Department of Computation at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. She is now at Manchester Business School.

Awards
IBM Faculty Award for research in service science

Personal life
Professor Macaulay is married to Patrick Macaulay, they have three children Jon-Sebastian, Theresa and Christine.

References

Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Academics of the University of Manchester
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Anna Jaquez. Anna Jaquez (born 1953) is an American artist, art professor and metalsmith. She lives and works in El Paso, Texas.  Jaquez is an art professor at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). She has work in the permanent collection of the El Paso Museum of Art.

Early life 
Jaquez' father was a builder who added onto their house frequently. Jaquez later attended the University of Texas at El Paso.

Jaquez still draws inspiration from the use of odd materials that her father incorporated into his building.

Work 
Jaquez' work explores the interplay of small, detailed items within larger scale structures.  Gaspar Enriquez, who Jaquez met as a graduate student at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) in the late 1980s, was an influence on her as a teacher. She also interprets the poetry of Pat Mora in her metal work. Other influences include using her own life and childhood as inspiration, including her Mexican-American culture in her art. Jaquez feels that her work in art helped her to become "proud of her Mexican heritage."

Jaquez made art jewelry for many years before becoming a large-scale sculptor. She "started out working at her kitchen table where she could carve out a place for her creative expression in the context of her domestic responsibilities."

References

Citations

External links 
 Profile page
 Original UTEP Pickaxe Art: Anna Jaquez
 Creativity Salon: An Interview With Metal Artist Anna Jaquez

1953 births
Living people
American artists of Mexican descent
American women artists
Artists from El Paso, Texas
University of Texas at El Paso faculty
20th-century American sculptors
American women academics
21st-century American women
21st-century American sculptors
GM 8L transmission. All 8L transmissions are based on the same globally patented gearset concept as the ZF 8HP from 2008. While fully retaining the same gearset logic, they differ from this only in the patented arrangement of the components with gearsets 1 and 3 swapped.

The 8L 90 is the first 8-speed automatic transmission built by General Motors. It was debuting in 2014 and is designed for use in longitudinal engine applications either attached to the front-located engine with a standard bell housing or in the rear of the car adjacent to the differential (as in the Corvette). It is a hydraulic (hydramatic) design.

The 8L 45 is the smaller variant and was debuting in 2015 in the 2016 Cadillac CT6. It is designed for use in longitudinal engine applications attached to the front-located engine with a standard bell housing. It is a hydraulic (hydramatic) design sharing much with the 8L 90 transmission. Estimated weight savings over the heavier duty 8L 90 is .

The ZF 8HP became the new benchmark for automatic transmissions.

Specifications

Layout (Gearset Concept) Progress 

The main objective in replacing the predecessor model was to improve vehicle fuel economy with extra speeds and a wider gear span to allow the engine speed level to be lowered (downspeeding). The layout brings the ability to shift in a non-sequential manner – going from gear 8 to gear 2 in extreme situations simply by changing one shift element (actuating break B and releasing clutch D).

Progress Quality 

In order to increase the number of ratios, ZF and consequently GM have abandoned the conventional design method of limiting themselves to pure in-line epicyclic gearing and extended it to a combination with parallel epicyclic gearing. This was only possible thanks to computer-aided design and has resulted in a globally patented gearset concept. The resulting progress is reflected in a better ratio of the number of gears to the number of components used compared to existing layouts. The ZF 8HP has become the new reference standard (benchmark) for automatic transmissions.

Layout Quality 

The ratios of the 8 gears are relatively unevenly distributed in all versions. Particularly noticeable are the too small step between 3rd and 4th gear and the too large one between 7th and 8th gear. This cannot be eliminated without affecting all other gear ratios. On the other hand the selected gearset concept offers 2 to 3 gears more than conventional transmissions of comparable manufacturing costs, which more than compensates for the weaknesses.

Applications

Lawsuits

The 8L 90 is the subject of a class-action lawsuit filed in December 2018 that alleges the transmission suffers from persistent "shudder" issues and that GM has known about the problems since its introduction and has failed to provide a solution, instead choosing to wait until the unit is out of warranty.

See also 

 List of GM transmissions

References

External links 

General Motors Powertrain Division
https://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-transmissions/m5n/
https://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-transmissions/m5u/

Automatic transmission tradenames
8L
Institute for Medical Engineering and Science. The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science or IMES is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that aims to combine engineering, medicine, and science to solve challenges in human health. The institute was established in 2012 and is currently directed by Alex K. Shalek. Thomas Heldt is the associate director and some core faculty members include Elazer Edelman, Emery Brown, and Ellen Roche.

IMES serves to bring together scientific advances with clinical medicine by serving as the point of intersection with major hospitals and industry partners. IMES is also the MIT home for the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.

References

External links
 

Engineering research institutes
Massachusetts Institute of Technology research institutes
Biotechnology organizations
Laboratories in the United States
Medical research institutes in Massachusetts
Multidisciplinary research institutes
Research institutes established in 2012
2012 establishments in Massachusetts
L class. L class or Class L may refer to:

Rail transport
 Barry Railway Class L, 0-6-4T steam tank locomotives
 Highland Railway L Class, 4-4-0 steam locomotives 
 Maine Central class L 4-4-0, steam locomotives 
 NBR Class L,  4-4-2T  steam locomotives
 NZR L class, 2-4-0T steam locomotives
 LB&SCR L class, 4-6-4 steam tank locomotives 
 Victorian Railways L class, electric locomotives
 WAGR L class, light axle load steam locomotives
 WAGR L class (diesel)
 L-class Melbourne tram
 L-class Sydney tram

Ship types
 L-class destroyer (disambiguation), several classes
 L-class submarine (disambiguation), several classes

Other uses
 L-class blimp, airships built for the U.S. Navy
 L-class star, a type of brown dwarves
 L (complexity), a complexity class in computational complexity theory
 L class, indicates "Miscellaneous" when used in the fifth letter notation on the NYSE ticker symbol.

See also

 
 
 
 
 Class 1 (disambiguation)
 Class I (disambiguation)
 I class (disambiguation)
 L (disambiguation)
 L type (disambiguation) or Type-L
Caesium bisulfate. Caesium bisulfate or cesium hydrogen sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula CsHSO4. The caesium salt of bisulfate, it is a colorless solid obtained by combining Cs2SO4 and H2SO4.

Properties
Above 141 °C, CsHSO4 is a superionic conductor. The rapid ionic conductivity arise especially in the range of these temperatures due to the high activity of protons.

Based on the results of X-ray crystallography, the structure consists of tetrahedral sulfate centers that bridge caesium ions.  The proton is associated with the oxygen on sulfate.

CsHSO4 goes through three crystalline phases that are referred to as phase III, II, and I. CsHSO4 is initially existing in phase III at a room temperature of 21 °C. Phase III ranges from 21 °C to 90 °C with a transition temperature of 90 °C to 100 °C between phase III and phase II. Phase II ranges from 90 °C to 140 °C. At 140 °C, CsHSO4 undergoes a phase shift from phase II to phase I.

Phase III (21 °C to 90 °C) and Phase II (90 °C to 140 °C) are referred to as the monoclinic phases, in which CsHSO4 exhibits its lowest proton conductivity. As the crystalline structure's temperature is raised, it will show variations in the unit cell volume and the arrangement of its hydrogen bonds, which will alter the ability of a CsHSO4 crystalline structure to allow the displacement of protons.

At 141 °C, the CsHSO4 crystal structure experiences a structural change from monoclinic phase II to a tetragonal phase, becoming phase I. Phase I has more elevated crystal symmetry and widened lattice dimensions. Phase I is noted as the superprotonic phase (strong conducting phase), which triggers an extreme growth in proton conductivity by four orders of magnitude, reaching 10 mS/cm. This makes the conductivity of CsHSO4 ten-fold stronger than the conductivity of a sodium chloride aqueous solution. In the superprotonic phase, the movement of an SO4 tetrahedron generates a disruption of the hydrogen bond network, which accelerates proton transfer. The tetragonal anions available in the structure are accountable for the arrangement of the hydrogen bonds with the moving protons.

Potential applications
The maximum conductivity of pure CsHSO4 is 10 mS/cm, which is too low for practical applications. In composites with SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3), the proton conductivity below the phase transition temperature is enhanced by a few orders of magnitude.

Unlike hydrated protonic conductors, the absence of water in CsHSO4 provides thermal and electrochemical stability. Electromotive force (EMF) measurements in a humidified oxygen concentration cell verified the high ionic nature of CsHSO4 in its superprotonic phase. Based on heat rotation, the voltage stayed the same for over 85 hours during the measurement, particularly at the high temperature. These results, demonstrate the thermal independence from humidity-type environments. Additionally, the crystal structure of CsHSO4 allows for quick transport of smaller charged ions, resulting in efficient energy transfer in electrochemical devices.

References

Caesium compounds
Butterley Gangroad. The Butterley Gangroad was an early tramway in Derbyshire of approximately  gauge, which linked Hilt's Quarry and other limestone quarries at Crich with the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge. The first railway project of Derbyshire civil engineer Benjamin Outram (1764–1805), the line was originally a horse-drawn and gravity-driven plateway, a form of tramway that Outram popularised. Unlike modern edgeways, where flanges on the wheel guide it along the track, plateways used L-shaped rails where a flange on the rail guided the wheels. 

The line was constructed in 1793, with the construction of Fritchley Tunnel, now believed to be the world's oldest railway tunnel, being required to go under a road junction at Fritchley. 

A steam locomotive using a walking mechanism, known as the Steam Horse locomotive, was trialled on the line in 1813. In the 1840s, upgrading took place to accommodate steam locomotives, and part of the original line was moved. 

The railway remained in use until 1933.

See also 
 Butterley Company
 Peak Forest Tramway
 Steam Horse locomotive

References

External links 
 http://www.butterleygangroad.co.uk/

3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Closed railway lines in the East Midlands
Railway lines opened in 1793
Horse-drawn railways
1793 establishments in England
1933 disestablishments in England
Martin Sweeting. Sir Martin Nicholas Sweeting (born 12 March 1951) is the founder and executive chairman of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL). SSTL is a corporate spin-off from the University of Surrey, where Sweeting is a Distinguished Professor who founded and chairs the Surrey Space Centre.

Education
Sweeting was educated at Aldenham School and the University of Surrey, completing a Bachelor of Science degree in 1974 followed by a PhD in 1979 on shortwave antennas.

Career and research
With a team he created UoSAT-1, the first modern  'microsatellite,' which he convinced the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to launch, as a secondary piggyback payload into Low Earth orbit alongside a larger primary payload in 1981. This satellite and its successors used amateur radio bands to communicate with a ground station on the University campus. During the 1980s Sweeting took research funding to develop this new small-satellite concept further to cover possible applications such as remote sensing, and grew a small satellites research group that launched a number of later satellites. This led to the formation of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd in 1985, with four employees and a starting capital of just £100, and to a know-how technology transfer program, introducing space technologies to other countries. SSTL was later spun off from the University and sold to Astrium in 2009 for a larger sum.

Awards and honours
In 2000 Sweeting was awarded the Mullard Award by the Royal Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in the same year. In recognition of his pioneering work on cost-effective spacecraft engineering, Sweeting was knighted in 2002. In 2006 he received the Times Higher Education Supplement Award for Innovation for the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC).  In 2008 he was awarded the Royal Institute of Navigation Gold Medal for the successful GIOVE-A mission for the European Galileo system, awarded the Sir Arthur Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award, and named as one of the "Top Ten Great Britons." In 2009 he was awarded the Faraday Medal by the Institute of Engineering and Technology, and an Elektra Lifetime Achievement Award by the European Electronics Industry. In 2014, the Chinese Academy of Sciences award. In 2021 he was a guest on BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific.

References

1951 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Surrey
Academics of the University of Surrey
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the IEEE
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British electronics engineers