omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Polycarboxylates. Polycarboxylates are organic compounds with several carboxylic acid groups.  Butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate is one example.  Often, polycarboxylate refers to linear polymers with a high molecular mass (Mr ≤ 100 000) and with many carboxylate groups. They are polymers of acrylic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid. The polymer is used as the sodium salt (see: sodium polyacrylate).

Use 

Polycarboxylates are used as builders in detergents. Their high chelating power, even at low concentrations, reduces deposits on the laundry and inhibits the crystal growth of calcite.

Polycarboxylate ethers (PCE) are used as superplasticizers in concrete production.

Safety 
Polycarboxylates are poorly biodegradable but have a low ecotoxicity. In the sewage treatment plant, the polymer remains largely in the sludge and is separated from the wastewater.

Polyamino acids like polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid have better biodegradability but lower chelating performance than polyacrylates. They are also less stable towards heat and alkali. Since they contain nitrogen, they contribute to eutrophication.

See also
tricarboxylic acids

References 

Polymers
Salts and esters of carboxylic acids
Bailey peptide synthesis. The Bailey peptide synthesis is a name reaction in organic chemistry developed 1949 by J. L. Bailey. It is a method for the synthesis of a peptide from α-amino acid-N-carboxylic acid anhydrides (NCAs) and amino acids or peptide esters. The reaction is characterized by short reaction times and a high yield of the target peptide.

The reaction can be carried out at low temperatures in organic solvents. The residues R1 and R2 can be organic groups or hydrogen atoms, R3 is the used amino acid or peptide ester:

Reaction mechanism 
The reaction mechanism is not known in detail. Supposedly, the reaction begins with a nucleophilic attack of the amino group on the carbonyl carbon of the anhydride group of the N-carboxylic acid anhydride (1). After an intramolecular proton migration, a 1,4-proton shift and the cleavage of carbon dioxide follows, resulting in the peptide bond in the final product (2):

Atom economy 
The advantage in atom economy of using NCAs for peptide formation is that there is no need for a protecting group on the functional group reacted with the amino acid. For example, the Merrifield synthesis depends on the use of Boc and Bzl protecting groups, which need be removed after the reaction. In the case of Bailey peptide synthesis, the free peptide is directly obtained after the reaction. However, unwanted and difficult to remove by-products may be formed. An N-substitution of the NCA (for example, by an o-nitrophenylsulfenyl group) can simplify the subsequent purification process, but on the other hand deteriorates the atom economy of the reaction.  The synthesis of NCAs can be carried out by the Leuchs reaction or by the reaction of N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-amino acids with oxalyl chloride. In the latter case, again the procedure is less efficient in the sense of atom economy.

Synthesized peptides 
The following peptides were synthesized using this method by 1949: 
 DL-Ala-Gly
 L-Tyr-Gly
 DL-Tyr-Tyr
 DL-Ala-DL-Ala-Gly
 DL-di-Ala-L-cystinyl-di-Gly
 DL-Ala-L-Tyr-Gly
 DL-Ala-L-Tyr-Gly-Gly
 DL-Ala-DL-Ala-L-Tyr-Gly-Gly
 L-Tyr-L-Tyr-L-Tyr
 L-Cystinyl-di-Gly

Literature 
 P. Katsoyannis: The Chemistry of Polypeptides. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, , S. 129.

References 

Biochemistry
Name reactions
Aries Telecoms. Aries Telecoms (M) Berhad is a computer supplier founded in 1996 in Malaysia.

History 

It expanded into the field of system integration for small businesses, predominantly involving the design, deployment and maintenance of LAN solutions deploying Ethernet networking technologies. This gave them a platform to specialise in Ethernet network technology. By 2005, the business focus was changed to networking technologies and associated services. The company signed a contract with the Malaysian state of Malacca to implement a statewide wireless network project linking all government offices and facilities within the state of Malacca. This project was successfully launched on 3 October 2002 by the then Chief Minister of the State of Malacca, Datuk Seri Haji Mohd Ali Bin Mohd Rustam.

Growth 
The company began in 2004 to build Malaysia's first carrier class Metro Ethernet fiber optic border-to- border network spanning Peninsular Malaysia. Through a partnership with Fiberail Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Telecom Malaysia Berhad, which had deployed fiber optic cable along various of Malaysia's railways and pipelines, the Group capitalised on this existing network of unutilized dark fiber running from Padang Besar on the Thailand-Malaysia border to Johor Bahru on the Singapore-Malaysia border. Through various tech partnerships, the Group installed its current network switching technology and, following huge investment, the first phase of this nationwide Metro Ethernet network was completed and commissioned in December 2006. The company also installed its NOC in Kuala Lumpur at this time and network services to customers commenced in March 2007. Between 2006 and 2014, it continued to upgrade its national network to meet anticipated further growth of bandwidth demand in Peninsular Malaysia as well as preparing itself for expansion within the wider South East Asia region. The company constructed a further two cross-border networks spanning Peninsular Malaysia in 2012 and 2013; and three networks were built between 2006 and 2014 supporting the Klang Valley area.

References

External links 
 

Mobile phone companies of Malaysia
Telecommunications companies of Malaysia
Companies based in Kuala Lumpur
Telecommunications companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Malaysia
Malaysian brands
Companies listed on Bursa Malaysia
Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)
Natural rope. A natural rope is a rope that is made from natural fibers. These fibers are obtained from organic material (such as materials produced by plants). Natural ropes suffer from many problems including susceptibility to rotting, degradation, mildew and wear out very quickly.

Materials 
Cotton, sisal, manila, coir, and papyrus are materials that can be used to create a natural rope.

Disadvantages compared to synthetic ropes 
Natural ropes suffer from many problems when compared to synthetic ropes. Natural ropes have a susceptibility to rot, degrade, and mildew. Natural ropes also wear out very quickly  and lose much of their strength when placed in water.

See also 
 Synthetic rope
 Fiber rope
 Wire rope

References

Materials
ARRL Numbered Radiogram. An ARRL Numbered Radiogram is a brevity code used in composing ARRL Radiograms during times of radio congestion.

The code is used to transmit standard messages, sometimes with customized text, very quickly by experienced ARRL National Traffic System (NTS) message traffic handlers.

In use, ARRL Numbered Radiograms are messages encoded as one or two numbers. The numbers are always written down as words, and are always preceded by the procedure word "ARL". Throughout their transit in the Amateur radio National Traffic System, they retain this format and are only expanded to their plain-English meaning when delivered by a Ham. For example, "ARL FORTY-SIX" would be typed in a letter or spoken over the phone to the addressee as "Greetings on your birthday and best wishes for many more to come." For those codes where customized text can be added, the customized text is added immediately following the number code word. For example, "ARL SIXTY TWO CHRISTMAS" is expanded upon delivery outside of the NTS System as "Greetings and best wishes to you for a pleasant Christmas holiday season.".

See also
 Amateur radio
 American Radio Relay League
 ARRL Radiogram
 National Traffic System

References

Brevity codes
Amateur radio
Rise of the Robots (disambiguation). Rise of the Robots is a 1994 video game. 

Rise of the Robots may also refer to:

Rise of the Robots (book), 2015 book by Martin Ford
Rise 2: Resurrection, also known as Rise of the Robots 2, sequel to the 1994 video game
"Rise of the Robots", a lecture by Kevin Warwick
"Hey! (Rise of the Robots)", a song by The Stranglers from Black and White

See also
Rise Robots Rise, experimental hip hop group
Rise of the Machines (disambiguation)
AI takeover, a hypothetical scenario in which artificial intelligence takes over human intelligence
WS-124A Flying Cloud. Weapon System 124A, given the codename Flying Cloud, was a project of the United States Air Force to use high-altitude balloons to deliver bombs and weapons of mass destruction on enemy targets. Tested in late 1954, the project was found to be unfeasible from the standpoint of accuracy, and the project was terminated the following year.

Design and development
Alongside the WS-119L program to develop long-distance, high-altitude balloons for aerial reconnaissance, the United States Air Force initiated WS-124A in early 1953 to develop a method of delivering weaponry to targets in the Soviet Union using hydrogen balloons; such a capability was considered potentially valuable in the event of a limited nuclear conflict, or in a "broken-back" scenario following a massive nuclear exchange.

The WS-124A balloons were intended to fly at altitudes of roughly , within the jet stream; as weather forecasts were considered to be sufficiently accurate to forecast approximately three days of wind patterns, the design flight duration was for 60 hours, in which they were expected to cover a distance of . The WS-124A balloon was designed to be capable of launching in wind speeds of up to .

It was accepted that there would be an inherent inaccuracy in the concept; the expected target area was  by , which was considered acceptable as the designed payloads involved chemical and biological weaponry, although incendiary bombs, for starting forest fires, were also considered as a payload. It was believed that releasing chemical or biological agents from the balloons could contaminate an area "comparable in size to that affected by a low-yield nuclear weapon". Some sources claim that dirty bombs were also considered for carriage by WS-124A. In addition, the ability of the balloons to spread propaganda leaflets across enemy territory was considered useful.

Operational history
Flight tests of the WS-124A balloon system started on 8 October 1954; by 13 December, 41 balloons had been launched, 25 of which were fully operational test flights. Even allowing for the expected inaccuracy, however, only six of the balloons reached their intended target area, while five more were considered to be close enough. This was not considered an acceptable level of accuracy, and in August 1955 the WS-124A program was cancelled, the conclusion being that the weather forecasts were simply not accurate enough for the system to be operationally feasible. In addition, the advent of thermonuclear weapons had made the "broken-back war" scenario WS-124A was intended for appear an impossibility.

See also
Fire balloon
Bat bomb

References

Citations

Bibliography

Chemical weapon delivery systems
Biological weapon delivery systems
Balloon weaponry
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1954
United States biological weapons program
Chemical weapons of the United States
Naval Research Laboratory Flyrt. The Naval Research Laboratory Flyrt, or Flying Radar Target, was a small electric-powered unmanned aerial vehicle developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory to serve as an expendable radar decoy for the defense of United States Navy ships. Tested in the fall of 1993, it was considered successful but was not ordered into production.

Design and development
Begun in 1991, the Flyrt program was intended to produce an expendable decoy drone, not requiring any new aboardship infrastructure, for the defense of warships against radar-guided antiship missiles. It produced a drone that was of conventional configuration, having a low-mounted, folding wing and a cruciform tail section; an electric motor was mounted in the nose of the aircraft. Launch was via a rocket booster, providing 1.6 seconds of thrust, from the Mark 137 launcher of the Mark 36 SRBOC system; the use of the Mark 36 launcher put a constraint on the possible size of the drone, which was designed to compact into a package the size of a standard NATO Mark 36 chaff rocket. The tail fins would unfold immediately on launch, while the wing would deploy and motor start after burnout as the aircraft coasted to the apogee of a ballistic trajectory. The expendable Flyrt carried a radio repeater with two antennae for spoofing enemy radar signals.

Operational history
Following a series of ballistic tests to verify compatibility of the launcher, the Flyrt trial program moved to full-scale tests of the vehicle, with the drone's first flight coming on 9 September 1993. Thirteen drones were constructed for the program, conducted at the NRL's Chesapeake Bay Detachment, which was considered successful; however, no production was undertaken.

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

FLYRT
1990s United States special-purpose aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Electric aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Decoy missiles of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1993
X-tail aircraft
Sphere Fluidics. Sphere Fluidics is a Cambridge(UK)-based Life Sciences R&D company that specializes in biopharmaceutical discovery and development, cell therapy engineering, bioproduction and synthetic biology, analysis and isolation. The company is reported to own 25 patented products that include instruments, biochips, and specialist chemicals.

Overview 
Sphere Fluidics was originally established in 2010, by two chemistry professors of Cambridge University, namely, Professor Chris Abell and Professor Wilhelm Huck, Dr. Frank F. Craig, an entrepreneur, and Dr. Maher Khaled, a Cambridge University Enterprise executive, as founders.

Funding 
November 2021: Sphere Fluidics raised $40M led by Paris-based Sofinnova Partners and San Francisco-based Redmile Group.

The total funds raised by Sphere Fluidics as of 2021, is reported to be, £46.7 million through various funding rounds, loans and grants.

Cyto-Mine Technology 
Cyto-Mine is a patented single cell analysis and characterisation system by Sphere Fluidics. This technology is said to aid the development of biotherapeutics for treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases and vaccine generation. Cyto-Mine is said to be an integrated device which can automatically perform single cell analysis, sorting, imaging and dispensing into individual wells of microtiter plates in a single compact system.

Developments and Partnerships 
In 2019, Sphere Fluidics in partnership with Peak Analysis and Automation (PAA) introduced Integrated Microplate Handling and Single Cell Analysis Capabilities. The addition of S-LAB to the Cyto-Mine provides researchers with a further streamlined solution for single cell analysis in biopharmaceutical workflows.

On 10 November 2021, Sphere Fluidics in partnership with ClexBio gave away 10 CYTRIX microfluidic hydrogel kits containing the novel CYTRIX hydrogel, Pico-Surf™ surfactant and Sphere Fluidics’ Pico-Gen™ double aqueous biochip, giving a plug-and-play system for microfluidic single-cell hydrogel encapsulation, marking the celebration of World Science Day for Peace and Development.

Awards 
2013 : ACES Life Science Award

2015: UK's top 50 disruptive SMEs by Real Business

2017:  European Product Innovation Award

2020: Queen's Award for Enterprise for Innovation

References 

Biopharmaceutical companies
Companies based in Cambridge
John Shewchuk. John Shewchuk is an American technologist and executive. Shewchuk is a Microsoft Technical Fellow, a position which he was chosen for by Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates. He is the Host of the Decoded Show. Shewchuk is the founder of the .NET Services team and he was responsible for creating Azure AD.

Career
In 1993 Shewchuk joined Microsoft as Group Program Manager, and he then served as Software Engineer and Distinguished Engineer. Today he serves as the Head of Commercial Software Engineering team at Microsoft, focusing on building a third-party application ecosystem

Education
Shewchuk received his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Union College and his master's degree in Computer Science from Brown University.

Decoded Show
In 2016 host John Shewchuk and Executive Producer David Mendlen introduced the Decoded Show. The show offers regular insight into developer focused topics with interesting people from the industry. The Decoded Show has hosted speakers including actor Kevin Hart

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
American technology executives
Living people
Microsoft employees
Microsoft technical fellows
Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics. The Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics (SECED) was founded in 1969 to promote the study and practice of earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, including blast, impact and other vibration problems. It also supports study of societal and economic ramifications of major earthquakes.

It is the British branch of both the International Association (IAEE) and the European Association of Earthquake Engineering (EAEE). It is an Associated Society of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), and is sponsored by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) and the Geological Society.

SECED has organised conferences and lectures (see below). It hosted a 2002 European conference on earthquake engineering in London, and in July 2015 hosted a two-day conference at Homerton College, Cambridge titled Earthquake Risk and Engineering towards a Resilient World. It also organises regular meetings and has published a newsletter since 1987.

Mallet–Milne lectures
It organises the biennial Mallet–Milne Lecture, named after Robert Mallet and John Milne, regarded as the founding fathers of engineering seismology. The inaugural lecture was given at the ICE in London on 27 May 1987.

See also

 Named lectures

References

1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
Earthquake engineering organizations
Dynali. The Dynali Helicopter Company is a Belgian aircraft manufacturer. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of microlight helicopters in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft.

The  production plant is located 30 km south of Brussels, in the Thines district of Nivelles.

The company chairman is Thierry Blanchart.

History

The company was founded in the early 1980s as just Dynali. It started as a fixed wing ultralight aircraft builder, constructing over 1000 Dynali Chickinox aircraft.

As new materials became available, such as carbon fibre, the company raised the capital from a shareholder to branch out into helicopter design and the name was changed to the Dynali Helicopter Company. New European microlight helicopter regulations introduced in 2011 allowed production to start and the company produced the H2 and later the H3. The H3 became the sole product in the mid 2010s, superseding the H2 in production.

Dynali helicopters have been sold in France and South Korea.

Aircraft 
Summary of aircraft built by Dynali:
Dynali Chickinox
Dynali H2S
Dynali H3

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Belgium
Ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Companies based in Walloon Brabant
Belgian brands
Umberto Puppini. Umberto Puppini (16 August 1884, Bologna – 21 May 1946, Bologna) was a minister of the Italian government in the 1930s and a professor of hydraulic engineering.

Puppini grew up as an orphan in poverty, but thanks to financial support from the city of Bologna he was able to study engineering and received his laurea in 1908 from the University of Bologna. There he became in the school of hydraulic engineering an assistant in 1908 and a libero docente in 1912. During WW I he was an officer in the artillery corps. After the war, he returned to the University of Bologna and became in hydraulic engineering a professor extraordinarius in 1920 and a professor ordinarius in 1923.  From 1927 to 1932 he was director of the school of engineering (Scuola di Applicazione). After the fascist rise to power he was elected as a pro-fascist mayor of Bologna, before the fascist law of 4 February 1926 replaced the elected office of mayor with a fascist-appointed office of mayor. Replacing Costanzo Ciano, he was Undersecretary at the Ministry of Agriculture from 20 June to 30 August 1943. He was then the Minister of Communications from 30 April 1934 to 23 January 1935. He was also president of Agip. During WW II he withdrew from politics and devoted himself to research. He died of a heart attack in 1949 on his way to give a lecture at the University of Bologna.

He is best known his hydraulics research, which was important in construction for drainage projects. He studied groundwater flow both theoretically and in electrical models and developed the method of "fluid inclusion volume" when calculating flood discharge by means of drainage ditches. In structural hydraulic engineering he studied the effects of heat on dams and high pressure pipes.

Puppini won the Prix Boileau  [Prix Boileau de l'Académie des sciences (Boileau Prize of the French Academy of Sciences)] for the year 1915. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1924 at Toronto and a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1928 at Bologna.

Selected publications
I fondamenti scientifici dell'idraulica, 1912
Idraulica, 1947 (published posthumously)

References

1884 births
1946 deaths
Engineers from Bologna
National Fascist Party politicians
Government ministers of Italy
Mussolini Cabinet
Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy
Members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
Mayors of Bologna
University of Bologna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bologna
Italian military personnel of World War I
20th-century Italian engineers