omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Barbaros-class frigate. The Barbaros-class frigates are among the most modern frigates in the Turkish Navy. They were designed in Germany and are part of the MEKO group of modular warships, in this case the MEKO 200 design. Two ships were built in Germany and two in Turkey with German assistance. They are larger than the previous s and are also faster due to using CODOG machinery rather than pure diesels.

The first two vessels (F 244 and F 245) are defined as the Barbaros class (MEKO 200 TN Track II-A) while the last two vessels (F 246 and F 247) are defined as the Salih Reis class (MEKO 200 TN Track II-B) by the Turkish Navy. 

Salih Reis subclass ships are built with 8-cell Mk. 41 VLS and longer than Barbaros class vessels to accommodate 16-cell Mk. 41 VLS upgrade in the future while Barbaros-class vessels built with  Mk.29 Sea Sparrow launchers that planned to be replaced by 8-cell Mk. 41 VLS.

Modernization projects
Barbaros-class vessels (F 244, F 245) have received an 8-cell Mk41 vertical launcher system (VLS) module, which replaced the obsolete Mk.29 Sea Sparrow launcher, while Salihreis-class vessels (F 246, F 247) have received a second 8-cell Mk 41 VLS module which brings the total number of cells to 16. Additionally the old DA-08 air search radars in all 4 vessels has been replaced by modern Thales SMART-S Mk2 3D radars.

On 3 April 2018 a contract was signed between ASELSAN–HAVELSAN Joint Venture and the secretariat for Defense Industry (SSM) regarding the Barbaros Class Frigate mid-life upgrade project. Project includes a heavy upgrade which including new weapons systems, a new combat management system, new radars and sensors, replacing current mast with an integrated mast and various upgrades. All 4 ships are included in this project. Expected finish year for project is 2025.

The mid-life modernization program projects to replace the radars and sonars, enhance EW capabilities, double the number of anti-ship missiles that the vessel is equipped with while also replacing it by locally designed and produced Atmaca anti-ship missiles, substitution of the Oerlikon Sea Zenith CIWS systems with 1 Phalanx and 1 Aselsan Gokdeniz CIWS, change the existing TACTICOS combat management system with Havelsan "B-SYS Combat Management System" and adopt a 127mm main gun to the frigates. Finally against asymmetric threats that the vessels may face 2x2 L/UMTAS launchers are planned to be integrated to the frigates.

Ships of the class

References

External links

 The First Upgraded MEKO 200 Frigate Of Turkish Navy
 BARBAROS CLASS ( MEKO 200 Track II) (Turkey) 

Frigate classes
 
Frigates of Turkey
Iron River station (Michigan). The Iron River depot was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad—better known as the Milwaukee Road—in 1913. Located in Iron River, Michigan, the brick depot has a modified Neoclassical design and is rectangular in shape. The depot has a covered porch on one end that connected to the waiting room. The station agent's office was located in the middle of the building, and a freight room was on the other end.

The CNW railroad came to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to serve the local iron mines and timber industry, and built a branch line that terminated in Iron River in 1913. Passenger service connected to the main line at Channing, Michigan until it ended in 1945; the railroad provided bus service between Sagola, Michigan and Iron River until 1956. The railroad ceased bus service in 1956. The depot was sold to a local produce company for use as a warehouse. The depot was subsequently sold to an equipment company. In 1993, the depot was sold again. The new owners rehabilitated the depot and turned it into a restaurant and bakery. The new owners also bought two old ex-Long Island Railroad passenger coaches and added them to the depot as part of a railroad-themed restaurant, but has since closed after the death of one owner.

The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its architecture and also because of its association with the development of Iron River. It is also significant as the last remaining railway station in Iron River.

References
Christensen, Robert O. Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway Iron River Depot (Iron County, Michigan). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form on file at the National Park Service, Washington, DC, 2007.
 National Park Service, Washington, DC.

External links 
Timetable: Milwaukee Road - Iron River Sub - Kelso Junction to Iron River – Michigan Railroad History

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Iron River, Michigan
Former railway stations in Michigan
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1914
National Register of Historic Places in Iron County, Michigan
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1956
Microjet 200. The Microjet 200 was a French jet trainer designed and built by Microjet SA.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed by Microjet SA as a vehicle for the small gas turbine engines produced by Microturbo and as a two-seat lightweight jet trainer. The 200 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear and a v-tail. It is powered by two Microturbo TRS 18-1 turbojets. It had side-by-side seating for an instructor and student. The all-wood prototype 200 first flew on 24 June 1980. Three pre-production aircraft designated 200B were built of mixed construction and the first flew on 19 May 1983.  The third had small winglets on the tail. The project failed to gain any interest and no production aircraft were built.

Variants
200
Prototype, one built.
200B
Pre-production, three built.

Specifications (200B)

References

Further reading

External links

Minijets - Microjet 200

1980s French military trainer aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Microjet 200
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
Klaas de Groot. Klaas de Groot (3 November 1940 – 15 January 2024) was a Dutch bioengineer. He worked as professor at Leiden University and the University of Twente.

Early life
De Groot was born on 3 November 1940 in Bergen, Limburg. He obtained his PhD at the University of Groningen in 1968 with a thesis titled:"Photoionization of aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid solutions".

Career
In 1988 de Groot became professor of biomaterials at Leiden University. He later became professor at the Tissue Engineering Group at the University of Twente. 

De Groot also worked as a visiting scientist at the UCLA bone research laboratory. His work focused on the research and development of bioceramics that resemble the composition of bone. He developed two types of bioceramic, namely bulk ceramics (dense, porous, large and small) for mechanically unloaded bone fillers, and coatings for improving the bone bonding of strong, but less biocompatible, metallic orthopedic and dental implants. His group also studied the incorporation of drugs and growth factors such as Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) into such ceramics and coatings, as well as the use of calciumphosphate particles for plastic surgery, i.e. filling and augmenting soft and hard tissues for cosmetic reasons).

CAM Implants
De Groot's research products are being marketed by CAM Implants (now Cam Bioceramics), IsoTis and Stryker (USA).

Prior to his present appointment he worked at Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam (until 1988) and Leiden University (until 2001), at both places as head of the department of biomaterials.

De Groot was a co-founder of CAM Implants BV (now Cam Bioceramics), and IsoTis. He published more than 350 articles and he was the co-inventor of about 10 patents.

Death
De Groot died in Heemstede on 15 January 2024, at the age of 83.

References

1940 births
2024 deaths
Academic staff of Leiden University
Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Academic staff of the University of Twente
Dutch bioengineers
People from Bergen, Limburg
University of Groningen alumni
Maikäfer. Maikäfer was the nickname of an automobile prototype, built in 1931 by German engineer Josef Ganz at Adler.

History
Josef Ganz, an independent engineer and editor-in-chief of Motor-Kritik magazine, was assigned by Adler in December 1930 as a consultant engineer. In the first months of 1931, Ganz constructed a lightweight "volkswagen" ("people's car") prototype at Adler with a tubular chassis, a mid-mounted engine, and swing axle independent rear suspension. After completion in May 1931, Ganz nicknamed his new prototype Maikäfer (German for cockchafer).

After a shift in management, further development of the Maikäfer was stopped towards the end of 1931 and Adler concentrated on new car models with front-wheel drive. Josef Ganz was allowed to keep the Maikäfer prototype and kept on using it as his personal car and demonstration model for his patented Volkswagen design until around 1950.

The Maikäfer today
In the 1990s, the original Maikäfer prototype was discovered in Switzerland by a German collector and restored to its original condition.

The Volkswagen Beetle connection
With the Ardie-Ganz, Adler Maikäfer and Standard Superior cars, as well as his progressive writings and promotion of the concept of a "volkswagen" in Motor-Kritik magazine since the 1920s, Josef Ganz is claimed by some to be the inspiration behind the Volkswagen Beetle. This is partly due to the name Maikäfer, that is, "May Beetle", deriving from its shape. However, those contesting that inspiration derives from patents of Josef Ganz point especially to the Standard Superior. Not only is the resemblance to the classic "Beetle" shape obvious, particularly the second design iteration (model 1934),  but so are many of the technical details including the rear-mounted multi-cylinder engine, special characteristics of the chassis, and suspension. Advertising even named it a "volkswagen", as can be seen in the "History" section for the Standard Superior. One claimed inspiration is the Hanomag 2/10 PS from 1925, but this came ten years earlier than, and did not particularly resemble, the first "Beetle". In the end, however, Ferdinand Porsche (a designer much admired by Hitler) managed to connect his name to the "people's car". Aside from Ganz being Jewish, the régime needed to appease bitter enemies Ganz had made in the industry.

New investigation
While the Volkswagen Beetle was produced in its millions after World War II, the name of Josef Ganz was largely forgotten. In 2004, Dutch journalist Paul Schilperoord started researching the life and work of Josef Ganz. He has unearthed many new facts and has published a new book and is currently working on a documentary.

Tatra sued Ferdinand Porsche for using the designs from the Tatra V570, T87 and T97 to make the Volkswagen Type 1, but the lawsuit was dropped when Hitler said he would "settle the matter".

After the war, the lawsuit was reopened and in 1967, Volkswagen compensated Tatra in the amount of 3,000,000 Deutsche Mark over the dispute.

Notes and references

External links
Joseph Ganz Archive
Joseph Ganz Foundation

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Volkswagen Group
Ardie-Ganz. Ardie-Ganz was the name of an automobile prototype, built in 1930 by German engineer Josef Ganz at the German motorcycle manufacturer Ardie.

History
In 1930, Ardie President Willy Bendit approved German Jewish engineer Josef Ganz to build a prototype of a small Volkswagen according to his (Ganz's) design. This Ardie-Ganz prototype was finished in September 1930 and achieved highly successful road-test results. The car featured a tubular chassis, mid-mounted engine, and independent wheel suspension with swing-axles at the rear.

The Volkswagen Beetle connection
With the Ardie-Ganz, Adler Maikäfer and Standard Superior cars, as well as his progressive writings and promotion of the concept of a Volkswagen in Motor-Kritik magazine since the 1920s, Josef Ganz is claimed by some to be the inspiration behind the Volkswagen Beetle. Another possible inspiration is the Hanomag 2/10 PS from 1925.

New investigation
While the Volkswagen Beetle was produced in its millions after World War Two, the name of Josef Ganz was largely forgotten. In 2004, Dutch journalist Paul Schilperoord started researching the life and work of Josef Ganz. He has unearthed many new facts, and is currently working on a new book and documentary.
The inspiration for the Volkswagen Beetle came from the Tatra V570, T87, and T97. Tatra sued Ferdinand Porsche for it.

Notes

External links
Joseph Ganz Archive
Joseph Ganz Foundation

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Volkswagen Beetle
Winzen Research. Winzen Research Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota, created balloons in the 1950s and 1960s that were used by the United States Navy in its Projects Helios, Skyhook, and Strato-Lab. Balloons were also sold to the United States Air Force for use in Project Manhigh and for a secret reconnaissance mission, called Moby Dick, to overfly the Soviet Union.

Otto C. Winzen developed the use of polyethylene resin for plastic balloons. Polyethylene balloons vastly reduced the weight in comparison with previously used rubber materials. Polyethylene was light, relatively cheap, and unaffected by ultraviolet radiation. Winzen refined the manufacturing techniques to reduce the plastics used in the balloons to less than the thickness of a human hair

The company was created by Otto Winzen and his wife Vera Simons. Vera, eventually an accomplished balloonist herself, borrowed money from her parents to help start Winzen Research. She held over two-thirds ownership of the company and became its vice president. Vera supervised and trained her "balloon girls" to handle polyethylene and build the giant balloons.

Winzen Research also designed and built gondolas. The company supplied both the balloon and gondola that were used for the 1961 Strato-Lab V flight that set current altitude record for manned balloon flights. The balloon was constructed of polyethylene plastic measuring only  thick. At , the balloon envelope was the largest that had ever been successfully launched, expanding to  in diameter when fully inflated. Beneath the balloon hung a large parachute and then the gondola. Winzen Research designed a unique gondola for the flight. To control temperature, the gondola was protected by special venetian blinds, but otherwise open to space. The venetian blinds had light and dark sides. The light side could be turned outwards to cool the cabin while the dark side could be turned outward to warm the cabin. Balloon, parachute, gondola, and a trailing antenna made a craft close to  tall.

References

Balloon manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota
Defunct companies based in Minneapolis
American companies established in 1949
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
1949 establishments in Minnesota
Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District. The Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District (MWCD) is a political subdivision of the State of Ohio organized in 1933 to develop and implement a plan for flood reduction and water conservation in the Muskingum River watershed, the state's largest wholly contained watershed, covering more than . Since the original construction of fourteen reservoirs and dams in the 1930s (two more were built later), more than $7 billion worth of property damage has been saved from flooding.

Projects
After its formation, the MWCD began planning an extensive system of flood-reduction reservoirs and dams in the Muskingum River watershed, which covers all or portion of 27 counties (about 20 percent of the state). By 1938, a network of fourteen reservoirs and dams was constructed. The ten permanent reservoirs attract more than five  million visitors annually.

Atwood Lake
Beach City Lake
Bolivar Dam
Charles Mill Lake
Clendening Lake

Dover Dam
Leesville Lake
Mohawk Dam
Mohicanville Dam
Piedmont Lake

Pleasant Hill Lake
Seneca Lake
Tappan Lake
Wills Creek Lake

Two additional dams and lakes were added at a later date: Dillon Lake (1960) and North Branch Kokosing.

The operation of the lakes and dams, along with the property immediately surrounding the dam sites, was transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, after the approval of the Flood Control Act of 1939 by Congress. The MWCD continues to be responsible for the management of much of the reservoir areas behind the dams, serving as a partner to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood reduction. The reservoirs also serve as sources of public water supply and the MWCD manages about  of water and property, most of which is open for public access. In addition to operating a number of recreation facilities, the MWCD cooperates with the Ohio Division of Wildlife for fishing and hunting management.

References

External links

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District

 
Government of Ohio
Muskingum River
Brunner-Winkle Bird. The Brunner-Winkle Bird was a three-seat taxi and joy-riding aircraft produced in the US from 1928 to 1931.

Design and operation

The Model A version was powered by the ubiquitous Curtiss OX-5, and featured a welded steel-tube truss fuselage with metal and fabric skinning. The wings, constructed of Spruce and plywood were also covered with metal and fabric skinning. The Model A had a reasonable performance for an OX-5 powered aircraft. The Model A's ease of handling led to its entry into the 1929 Guggenheim Safety Airplane contest, where it was awarded the highest ratings for a standard production aircraft.

The Model A was awarded Group 2 approval no 2-33 in January 1929 for the first nine aircraft serial no. 1000 to 1008. Aircraft serial no. 1009 upwards were manufactured under Air Transport Certificate no. 101.

The Model B followed on from the initial Bird design and was fitted with the uncowled Kinner radial engine. Production aircraft were designated BK.

Variants
Data from: aerofiles.com

Model Aoriginal production version with Curtiss OX-5 engine (ca. 80 built)
Model ATversion with Milwaukee Tank engine (2 converted from Model A)
Model Bversion with Kinner K-5 engine (1 prototype)
Model BKproduction version of Model B (84 built)
Model Cversion with Wright J-5 engine (1 built)
Model CCversion with Curtiss R-600 Challenger engine (1 built)
Model CJversion with Jacobs LA-1 engine (6 built)
Model CKversion with Kinner B-5 engine (50 built)
Model RKexport version of Model CK (1 built)
Model E4-5 seat version with enclosed cabin and Kinner B-5 engine (1 built)
Model Fversion with Packard DR-980 (1 built)

Specifications (Bird Model A)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era 
(Partial listing, only covers most numerous types)

Alexander Eaglerock
American Eagle A-101
Buhl-Verville CA-3 Airster
Butler Blackhawk
Command-Aire 3C3
Parks P-1
Pitcairn Mailwing
Spartan C3
Stearman C2 and C3
Swallow New Swallow
Travel Air 2000 and 4000
Waco 10

Related lists 

 List of aircraft
 List of civil aircraft

References

Citations

Bibliography

 
 Photos of Brunner-Winkle Bird 

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Bird
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Rietvlei Dam. The Rietvlei dam is an earth-fill type dam and  is one of a number of dams supplying water to the Pretoria region of South Africa. It supplies around 41 million liters of drinking water daily, about 5.9% of the water requirement of Pretoria. The dam mainly serves for municipal and industrial use. Its hazard potential has been ranked high (3).

Constructed as an earth-fill dam wall with a brick core in 1932/4, it was extended between 1988 and 1990 by raising the dam wall with the addition of a concrete wave wall and a reinforced earth barrier wall, as well as a surfaced roadway, on top of the original wall.

The dam is fed by the Rietvlei, a river of the Crocodile River (Limpopo) basin, as well as by five fountains and five boreholes.

The Rietvlei Nature Reserve occupies the area immediately surrounding the dam.

See also 
 Rietvlei Nature Reserve

References

External links 
Ecological State of the Major Rivers and Streams within the Northern Service Delivery Region of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Rietvlei Dam - A fishing guide

Dams completed in 1934
Dams in South Africa
Crocodile River (Limpopo)
1934 establishments in South Africa
SEEDS-2. The Space Engineering EDucation Satellite 2 (SEEDS-2) is a Japanese amateur CubeSat picosatellite, built and operated by Nihon University. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation, aboard a PSLV rocket, on 28 April 2008. It was built to replace the SEEDS satellite, which was lost in a launch failure on a Dnepr rocket in July 2006.

It carries a number of sensors to investigate the environment of space, and its own status. It also contains a voice transmitter, intended to play back messages to amateur radio operators.

See also
AAUSAT-II
COMPASS-1
CUTE-1.7
Delfi-C3
List of CubeSats

References

External links
 SEEDS II web page

Student satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2008
Satellites of Japan
CubeSats
Picosatellites
Rubin-8. RUBIN-8, also known as RUBIN-AIS (Automatic Identification System), is a German space experiment package, built by OHB-System, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation, aboard a PSLV rocket, on 28 April 2008. Following launch, it remained bolted to the upper stage of the rocket in low Earth orbit, where it is used to conduct experiments regarding the relay of AIS data via the Orbcomm and Iridium communication satellite networks.

See also
AAUSAT-II
COMPASS-1
CUTE-1.7
Delfi-C3
SEEDS-2

References

Spacecraft launched in 2008
XF5. XF5 may refer to:

Aviation 
Grumman XF5F Skyrocket, experimental twin-engined interceptor
IHI Corporation XF5. turbofan jet engine
Northrop F-5 (experimental designation XF5-A), supersonic light fighter
Vought XF5U "Flying Flapjack", experimental disc-winged fighter

Other uses 
The X Factor (British series 5), British TV series
List of tidal barrages. A tidal barrage is an artificial obstruction at the mouth of a tidal watercourse, in contrast to a normal barrage along a river's inland course.

Purpose
The common primary functions of a barrage are:

 Increase the depth of a river (similar to a weir)
 Maintain a separation between fresh and salt water
 Reduce the risk of tidal flooding up the river

Secondary functions may include:

 Tidal power generation
 Artificial whitewater leisure centres
 Form a Coastal reservoir

Notable barrages

 Cardiff Bay Barrage
 Goolwa Barrages
 Marina Barrage
 Prakasham Barrage
 Swansea barrage
 Tees Barrage
 West Sea Barrage

Power Station Barrages
 Rance tidal power plant
 Annapolis Royal Generating Station (Decommissioned)
 Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station
 Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station
 Jiangxia Tidal Power Station

Proposed barrages
 Severn Barrage across the River Severn between Wales and England
 Mersey Barrage across the Mersey Estuary in England

See also
 List of tidal power stations
 Dam
 Floodgate
 Thames Barrier
 Weir

References 

Weirs
Rivers