omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joceline Lega. Joceline Claude Lega is a French physicist and applied mathematician, interested in nonlinear dynamics. She is a professor in the departments of mathematics, applied mathematics, and epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of Arizona,
and editor-in-chief of Physica D.

Education and career
After studying physics at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1984 to 1988,
and earning licentiate and maîtrise degrees in physics through Pierre and Marie Curie University in 1985, Lega earned a diplôme d'études approfondies in 1986 and a doctorate in theoretical physics in 1989, both at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. Her dissertation was Topological defects associated with the breaking of time translation invariance.

She joined the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in 1989, and took a leave from CNRS to join the University of Arizona in 1997.
At Arizona, she was the director of the Program in Integrated Science (from 2008 to 2011), and the Institute for Mathematics & Education (from 2009 to 2013). Since 2016 she is the associate head for the Postdoctoral Program in Mathematics.

Recognition
Lega became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2004.
In 2017 she was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Selected publications

References

External links
Home page

Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
21st-century American physicists
French mathematicians
French physicists
French women physicists
University of Arizona faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
University of Paris alumni
Academic journal editors
French expatriates in the United States
21st-century American women mathematicians
Ministry of the Automotive Industry. The Ministry of the Automotive Industry (Minavtoprom; ) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union.

The Ministry of the Automotive industry operated about 300 plants and numerous research and development organizations. Most key facilities belonged to a production association, and most associations consisted of a lead final assembly plant and numerous satellite plants. Eight production associations produced nearly all trucks and about one-half of all buses; four produced almost all Soviet passenger cars. In the mid-1980s the ministry produced about 250 truck, 60 automobile, and 35 bus models and modifications and 50 types of trailers and attachments. The ministry also maintained its own internal R&D base for vehicle design and production technology development.

History
Before 1965 the automotive industry was subordinate to several different administrative organizations including: the Central Administration of State Automotive Plants (1922-1941); the People's Commissariat for Medium Machine Building (1941-1945); the Ministry of the Automobile industry (1945-1947); the Ministry of the Automobile and Tractor Industry (1947-1953); the Ministry of Machine Building (1953-1954); and the Ministry of the Automobile Industry (1955-1957). In 1957 most industrial ministries were abolished and replaced with regional economic councils. In 1965 the present ministerial structure was introduced.

Production associations were introduced in the mid-1960s to increase manufacturing efficiency through a unified administrative structure that usually brings together in a single enterprise a major manufacturer and its principal suppliers. This structure is supposed to provide coordinated production programs among cooperating plants, more efficient use of resources, and more rapid assimilation of technological advances.

In November 1991 the Ministry became the Open Joint-Stock Company Avtoselkhozmash Holding.

List of ministers
Source:
 Stepan Akopov (17.2.1946–18.4.1950)
 Ivan Khlamov (18.4.1950–15.3.1953)
 Stepan Akopov (19.4.1954–23.7.1955)
 G. Strokin (23.7.1955–10.5.1957)
  (2.10.1965–28.6.1975)
 Viktor Poljakov (17.7.1975–18.10.1986)
 Nikolai Pugin (26.10.1986–2.10.1988)

See also
 Automotive industry in the Soviet Union

References

Automotive industry
Russian Gyroplanes. Russian Gyroplanes () is a Russian aircraft manufacturer based in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft, as well as and hovercraft. The company was founded in 2007.

The company has two autogyros in their product line, the single-seat Gyros-1 Farmer and the two-seat Gyros-2 Smartflier, both aimed at the aerial work market, with roles including aerial application, courier, forestry patrol, search and rescue, geological survey, air taxi and flight training.

The company has also developed a two-seat hovercraft design, the Gerris, powered by a German Hirth 3701ES two-stroke aircraft engine and capable of .

There is a different design ethos between Russian and European autogyro designs: Europeans are sleek and lightweight, with modest size engines using pusher propellers (or ducted fans); Russian gyroplanes are by contrast agricultural and heavy-duty, with large engines driving tractor propellers.

Aircraft
Summary of vehicles built by Russian Gyroplanes:

Autogyros
Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-1 Farmer
Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier

Hovercraft
Russian Gyroplanes Gerris

European competitors
 AutoGyro Cavalon
 AutoGyro Calidus
 RotorSport UK Calidus
Niki Lightning
 Niki Kallithea
 Sport Copter Lightning

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Autogyros
Hovercraft
2007 establishments in Russia
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
SS John Hay. SS John Hay was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after John Hay, private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln, the 12th United States Assistant Secretary of State, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, and United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.

Construction
John Hay was laid down on 5 January 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1525, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; she was sponsored by Mrs. L.R. Sanford, wife MARCOM regional director ship construction Gulf-Coast, and launched on 31 May 1943.

History
She was allocated to A.H. Bull & Co., Inc., on 30 June 1943. On 12 February 1946, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in the Suisun Bay Group. On 16 May 1955, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain under the "Grain Program 1955", she transferred, loaded with grain, to the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in Olympia, Washington, on 29 June 1955. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 23 June 1957, to have the grain unloaded, she returned empty on 28 June 1957. On 15 December 1960, she was sold for $54,031.33 to Commercial Metals Co., for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet on 11 January 1960.

References

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1943 ships
Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet
Olympia Reserve Fleet
Olympia Reserve Fleet Grain Program
IEC 61851. IEC 61851 is an international standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems, parts of which are currently still under development(written 2017). IEC 61851 is one of the International Electrotechnical Commission's group of standards for electric road vehicles and electric industrial trucks and is the responsibility of IEC Technical Committee 69 (TC69).

Standard documents 
IEC 61851 consists of the following parts, detailed in separate IEC 61851 standard documents:

 IEC 61851-1: General requirements
 IEC 61851-21-1: Electric vehicle on-board charger EMC requirements for conductive connection to AC/DC supply
IEC 61851-21-2: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an AC/DC supply - EMC requirements for off board electric vehicle charging systems
 IEC 61851-23: DC electric vehicle charging station
 IEC 61851-24: Digital communication between a DC EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of DC charging
 IEC 61851-25: DC EV supply equipment where protection relies on electrical separation

IEC 61851-1 
IEC 61851-1 defines four modes of charging:

References

See also 
 ISO 15118 - Standard defining a vehicle to grid (V2G) communication interface for bi-directional charging/discharging of electric vehicles
 IEC 61850 - Communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations
 IEC 61851 - Standard for electric vehicle conductive charging systems
 IEC 62196 - A series of international standards that define requirements and tests for plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets
 IEC 63110 - Protocol for the management of electric vehicles charging and discharging infrastructure
 OpenEVSE

Electric vehicles
61851
Sanying line. The Sanying or Light Blue line (; code LB) is a light metro line under construction in New Taipei, Taiwan. Approval for the construction of the line was given by the central government on 2 June 2015. Constructed on elevated tracks, the line will be 14.3 km long and will have 12 stations and one depot. It will run from Dingpu Station on the Bannan line along Zhongyang Road to Sanxia and then cross National Freeway No. 3 to Yingge. A turnkey contract was signed with Hitachi Rail STS and Hitachi Rail Italy as members of the ARH consortium on 21 June 2016. As leader of the consortium, Hitachi Rail STS's scope of work included the supply of train control technology and all the electromechanical systems for an equivalent value of €219.8 million (VAT excluded). Hitachi's scope of work included the design and manufacture of 29 two-car trains. The main project started construction on 21 July 2016 and is expected to be completed and opened to the public by 2025. In addition to the main line, there is also a plan to extend the line to Bade District, Taoyuan. This 3.9 km extension would connect to the Green Line of the Taoyuan Metro.

Construction progress
As of the beginning of February 2025, construction is 81.2% complete according to the Department of Rapid Transit Systems, New Taipei City Government.

Controversy
In August 2017, residents of Sanxia District protested against the planned station at Mazutian, citing controversy over land usage.

Stations

See also
 Rail transport in Taiwan
 List of railway stations in Taiwan
 Ankeng light rail
 Danhai light rail

Notes

References 

Proposed public transportation in Taiwan
Standard gauge railways in Taiwan
New Taipei Metro
Dresselhaus effect. The Dresselhaus effect is a phenomenon in solid-state physics in which spin–orbit interaction causes energy bands to split. It is usually present in crystal systems lacking inversion symmetry. The effect is named after Gene Dresselhaus, who discovered this splitting in 1955.

Spin–orbit interaction is a relativistic coupling between the electric field produced by an ion-core and the resulting dipole moment arising from the relative motion of the electron, and its intrinsic magnetic dipole proportional to the electron spin. In an atom, the coupling weakly splits an orbital energy state into two states: one state with the spin aligned to the orbital field and one anti-aligned. In a solid crystalline material, the motion of the conduction electrons in the lattice can be altered by a complementary effect due to the coupling between the potential of the lattice and the electron spin. If the crystalline material is not centro-symmetric, the asymmetry in the potential can favour one spin orientation over the opposite and split the energy bands into spin aligned and anti-aligned subbands.

The Rashba spin–orbit coupling   has a similar energy band splitting, but the asymmetry comes either from the bulk asymmetry of uniaxial crystals (e.g. of wurtzite type) or the spatial inhomogeneity of an interface or surface. Dresselhaus and Rashba effects are often of similar strength in the band splitting of GaAs nanostructures.

Zincblende Hamiltonian 
Materials with zincblende structure are non-centrosymmetric (i.e., they lack inversion symmetry). This bulk inversion asymmetry (BIA) forces the perturbative Hamiltonian to contain only odd powers of the linear momentum. The bulk Dresselhaus Hamiltonian or BIA term is usually written in this form:

where ,  and  are the Pauli matrices related to the spin  of the electrons as  (here  is the reduced Planck constant), and ,  and  are the components of the momentum in the crystallographic directions [100], [010] and [001], respectively.

When treating 2D nanostructures where the width direction  or [001] is finite, the Dresselhaus Hamiltonian can be separated into a linear and a cubic term. The linear Dresselhaus Hamiltonian  is usually written as

where  is a coupling constant.

The cubic Dresselhaus term  is written as

where  is the width of the material.

The Hamiltonian is generally derived using a combination of the k·p perturbation theory alongside the Kane model.

See also 
Fine electronic structure
Electric dipole spin resonance
Spin–orbit interaction

References 

Semiconductors
Quantum magnetism
Spintronics
Physical phenomena
Gavin Wood. Gavin James Wood is an English computer scientist, a co-founder of Ethereum, and creator of Polkadot and Kusama.

Early life
Wood was born in Lancaster, England, United Kingdom. He attended the Lancaster Royal Grammar School. He graduated from the University of York with a Master of Engineering (MEng) in Computer Systems and Software Engineering in 2002 and completed his PhD entitled "Content-based visualization to aid common navigation of musical audio" in 2005.

Career
Before working on Ethereum, Wood was a research scientist at Microsoft. He was one of the founders of the Ethereum blockchain, which he has described as "one computer for the entire planet," with Vitalik Buterin, Charles Hoskinson, Anthony Di Iorio, and Joseph Lubin during 2013–2014. Wood proposed and helped develop Solidity, a programming language for writing smart contracts. He also released the paper defining the Ethereum Virtual Machine, the runtime system for smart contracts in Ethereum, in 2014. He also served as the Ethereum Foundation's first chief technology officer. Wood left the Ethereum Foundation in January 2016.

Wood founded Parity Technologies (formerly Ethcore), which developed a client for the Ethereum network and creates software for companies using blockchain technology, with Jutta Steiner, who also previously worked at the Ethereum Foundation. The company released the Parity Ethereum software client, written in Rust, in early 2016. He held the title of chief web officer at Parity in 2018.

He founded the Web3 Foundation, a nonprofit organization focusing on decentralized internet infrastructure and technology, starting with the Polkadot network.

Charity
Amid 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wood donated $5.8 million in cryptocurrency to support Ukraine.

Publications
Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger
Polkadot: Vision for a Heterogenous Multi-Chain Framework

References

Living people
British technology company founders
People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School
Alumni of the University of York
People associated with Ethereum
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
British chief technology officers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Shaanxi Baojii Special Vehicles Lie Ying Falcon. The Shaanxi Baojii Specialty Vehicles Lie Ying (猎鹰, lit. "Falcon"), otherwise known as Falcon Strike Gyrocopter, is a Chinese autogyro that was designed and produced by the Shaanxi Baojii Special Vehicles Manufacturing Company of Baoji in Shaanxi province. The aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

The manufacturer is a well-known builder of armoured vehicles for police and military use and the aircraft was reportedly flying in 2015, but the original website was taken down in late 2016. However, there is a new company website.

The aircraft gained media attention when it appears as part of 2019 China National Day military parade. Nicknamed "air tricycle". In 2022 the aircraft reportedly costs approximately 40,000 Chinese Yuan (approximately 5,500 USD).

Design and development
The Falcon was designed for police and military use as a surveillance aircraft. It features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in tandem open cockpit with a windshield, tricycle landing gear and a Rotax 914 engine in pusher configuration. The Rotax engine is an Austrian-made, four-cylinder, liquid- and air-cooled, four stroke turbocharged  unit.

The aircraft has a two-bladed rotor with a diameter of . It has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the crew and mission equipment is .

The basic model of the aircraft is a two-seater. An upgraded three-seater version of the aircraft also exists. The three-seat variant feature a  engine, a larger fuel tank made from different materials, to give greater range, and allow the transportation of more cargo, as well as for parachuting operations.

The aircraft can be armed with anti-tank guided missiles. The two-seater version can carry four missiles on hardpoints.

Specifications (Falcon)

See also
List of rotorcraft
Celier CA-22
Kamov A-7 – Autogyro armed with dumb rockets, bombs and machine guns
Kayaba Ka-1 – Autogyro armed with depth charges
Trixy Eye

References

Lie
2010s Chinese civil utility aircraft
2010s Chinese military utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros
Conductive anodic filament. Conductive anodic filament, also called CAF, is a metallic filament that forms from an electrochemical migration process and is known to cause printed circuit board (PCB) failures.

Mechanism
CAF formation is a process involving the transport of conductive chemistries across a nonmetallic substrate under the influence of an applied electric field. CAF is influenced by electric field strength, temperature (including soldering temperatures), humidity, laminate material, and the presence of manufacturing defects. The occurrence of CAF failures has been primarily driven by the electronics industry pushing for higher density circuit boards and the use of electronics in harsher environments for high reliability applications.

Failure modes and detection
CAF commonly occurs between adjacent vias (i.e. plated through holes) inside a PCB, as the copper migrates along the glass/resin interface from anode to cathode. CAF failures can manifest as current leakage, intermittent electrical shorts, and even dielectric breakdown between conductors in printed circuit boards. This often makes CAF very difficult to detect, especially when it occurs as an intermittent issue. There are a few things that can be done to isolate the fault location and confirm CAF as a root cause of a failure. If the issue is intermittent then putting the sample of interest under combined temperature-humidity-bias (THB) may help recreate the failure mode. In addition, techniques such as cross sectioning or superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) can be used to identify the failure.

Considerations and mitigation
There are several design considerations and mitigation techniques that can be used to reduce the susceptibility to CAF. Certain material selection (i.e. laminate) and design rules (i.e. via spacing) can help reduce CAF risk. Poor adhesion between the resin and glass fibers in the PCB can create a path for CAF to occur. This may depend on parameters of the silane finish applied to the glass fibers, which is used to promote adhesion to the resin. There are also testing standards that can be performed to assess CAF risk. IPC TM-650 2.6.25 provides a test method to assess CAF susceptibility. Additionally, IPC TM-650 2.6.16 provides a pressure vessel test method to rapidly evaluate glass epoxy laminate integrity. This is helpful but it may often be better to use design rules and proper material selection to proactively mitigate the issue.

See also
Whisker (metallurgy)

External links
Material & Process Influences on CAF
Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation

References

Electrochemistry
Semiconductor device defects
Margaret W. Burcham. Margaret Williams Burcham is a retired brigadier general of the United States Army. She was the first female brigadier general in the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

Military career
Burcham attended the United States Military Academy at West Point where she studied civil engineering and was commissioned into the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1982. She holds a master's degree in computer science from Kansas State University and an M.S. degree in national security strategy from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Burcham attended the Engineer Officer Basic and Advanced Courses and also studied at the Combined Arms Services Staff School, the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the Senior Service College.

Burcham has been chief of the Joint Capabilities Division of the Resources, Assessments and Force Management Directorate at the Pentagon and commander of the USACE North Engineer District in Iraq and the Europe Engineer District. She was appointed commander of the USACE Great Lakes and Ohio River Division in September 2011, the first woman to command a USACE division. In this role, Burcham commanded 4,800 personnel in seven engineering districts covering 17 states and including the waters within the Great Lakes and Ohio River basins. Her annual budget was $2 billion and the division's responsibilities included the maintenance of navigational aids, flood defense projects, water conservation schemes, hydro-electric power and environmental restoration projects of an asset value of over $80 billion. She was promoted to brigadier general on January 27, 2012 at the USACE headquarters in Washington and became the first female general of the USACE. She was appointed to the Mississippi River Commission on May 28, 2013 by President Barack Obama.

Burcham was appointed Director of Manpower and Personnel for the Joint Chiefs of Staff by June 2015. She retired from active duty in August 2016.

Personal
Burcham is married to Jay M. Burcham,currently Chief of Staff of Department of Defense Dependents Schools, and previously in senior DOD Civilian roles after a career as U.S. Army commissioned officer in the Armor Branch.  She has a daughter and a son from a previous marriage to William C. "Bill" Tubesing.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
American civil engineers
Women in the Iraq War
Kansas State University alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Female generals of the United States Army
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
21st-century American women