omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cao Jianyou. Cao Jianyou (; July 19, 1917 – September 19, 1997) was a Chinese electrical engineer. He was one of the earliest contributors to Chinese railway electrification, a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and an expert in electric power system.

Biography 
Cao Jianyou was born on July 19, 1917, in Changsha, Hunan, Republic of China. He was admitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1936. After graduation in 1940, he joined the School of Engineering of Southwest Associated University as a faculty member. In 1945 he went to the U.S. to further his study, and got his Ph.D. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1950 with his graduation paper Betatron characteristics of the MIT Synchrotron. He joined City College of New York after graduation, as a guest lecturer. After returning to China in 1951, he joined Department of Electrical Engineering of Tangshan Institute of Technology (now Southwest Jiaotong University), where he became the dean of department later. In 1978, he was appointed as Vice Chancellor of Southwest Jiaotong University.  In 1980, he was elected to be a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

References

1917 births
1997 deaths
Chinese electrical engineers
Engineers from Hunan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the National Southwestern Associated University
People from Changsha
Scientists from Hunan
National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni
Academic staff of the Southwest Jiaotong University
Chinese expatriates in the United States
List of spacecraft with electric propulsion. In chronological order, spacecraft are listed equipped with electric space propulsion. This includes both cruise engines and/or thrusters for attitude and orbit control. It is not specified whether the given engine is the sole means of propulsion or whether other types of engine are also used on a spacecraft. The list does not claim to be comprehensive.

Chronological overview

Planned missions

See also
 Lists of spacecraft

References

Spacecraft propulsion
Electric motors 
Electric propulsion
Eurofly Flash Light. The Eurofly Flash Light (sometimes styled by the manufacturer as FLASHlight) is an Italian ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Eurofly Srl, of Galliera Veneta. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing, with the wing made from aluminum tubing, all covered in heat-shrunk Dacron aircraft fabric. Its  span wing has an area of  and is supported by V-struts with jury struts. The standard engine available is the  Rotax 582 two-stroke, which gives a cruising speed of , with the  Rotax 912UL four-stroke powerplant optional, which gives a cruising speed of .

Specifications (Flash Light)

References

External links

Flash Light
2000s Italian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
2-Nitropropane. 2-Nitropropane (2-NP) is an organic compound with the formula .  It is used as a solvent.  It is a colorless liquid and is classified as a nitro compound.

Preparation
2-Nitropropane is produced by the high-temperature vapor-phase nitration of propane, usually with impurities of 1-nitropropane. 2-Nitropropane is also produced as a volatile by-product that can be captured during Leonard's ring-closure hydantoin preparation.

Uses
2-Nitropropane is used as a solvent or additive in inks, paints, adhesives, varnishes, polymers, resins, fuel, and coatings. It is also used as a feedstock for other industrial chemicals, and also in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals such as phentermine, chlorphentermine, and teclozan. It serves as an oxidant in the Hass–Bender oxidation process.

Safety
2-Nitropropane  is a constituent of tobacco smoke. Based on studies in animals, it is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and it is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen.

References

Nitroalkanes
Nitro solvents
Isopropyl compounds
Flight Simulation (Psion software). Flight Simulation is a flight simulation program written by Psion and marketed by Sinclair Research for the ZX Spectrum and ZX81 home computers.

In the United States, Timex Sinclair marketed the ZX81 version as The Flight Simulator for the American version of the ZX81, the Timex Sinclair 1000. It was also marketed as Flug-Simulation in Germany and Simulador De Vuelo in Spain.

Gameplay
The program simulated the essential aspects of "a highly-manoeuvrable light aircraft" in flight. Despite the limitations of the ZX81, it offered a basic graphical view of the instrumentation and view through the front window, as well as navigational aids and a full-perspective moving view of the final runway approach.

Reception
The ZX81 version received positive reviews. Popular Computing Weekly said "No words can do justice to this most elegant of programs ... You will not see a better computer game till Psion produce one for the Spectrum". ZX Computing called the program "superb", stating that it made "very good use of the power and the graphics of the ZX81".

The ZX Spectrum version also received good reviews at the time of its release in early 1983. Tony Bridge of Popular Computing Weekly said the program "the best of its type" and that the Spectrum version was even more stunning than the original. Malcolm Jay of ZX Computing said the program was superb but complained about the limited instructions, suggesting "would-be Spectrum pilots should obtain a book on flying from their local library". Eight years later Your Sinclair magazine considered that it had not dated well.

Both versions of Flight Simulation became the best selling program for their respective machines with the ZX81 version reaching number 1 in February 1983 and the Spectrum version reaching the top of the Spectrum charts in May. Both versions were still in their machine's top ten chart over a year later. David Potter, Psion's managing director, stated the game had sold around 250,000 copies in an interview in the January 1984 issue of Your Spectrum.

References

External links
 
 Flight Simulation ZX81 Collection entry with the original inlay scan and program listing.  An emulator is available on the site to play the game online.

1982 video games
General flight simulators
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX81 games
Psion (company) games
Minneapolis Municipal Waterworks Railway. The Minneapolis Municipal Waterworks Railway, originally known as the Minneapolis Filtration Plant Railway was an electric railway operated by the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota to serve a water purification plant in Columbia Heights, Minnesota.

History and Purpose

After building a new water filtration plant in Columbia Heights, the city of Minneapolis  decided to build an electric railway connecting the plant to an interchange with the Soo Line Railroad ~1 ½ miles away in order to haul chemicals to the plant, replacing the trucks that had previously performed this task. The railway was built by a combination of day labor from the Waterworks Department and Minneapolis Street Railway Company employees, who performed the specialized work of laying track and hanging wire. The route was used mainly to haul chemicals such as coal, powdered alum, chlorine, ammonia, and sand . Originally, passenger service was limited to plant employees but it was later extended to the general public.

Route

With a length of only one and a half miles, the Filtration Plant Railway was one of the shortest railroads in the country. The line traveled from an interchange with the Soo Line Railroad near the intersection of Central Avenue (Minnesota State Highway 65) and 36th Ave NE in Northeast Minneapolis. From there, the line traveled up Central Avenue to 37th street, where it turned right and ran on the north side of Reservoir Blvd to the filtration plant located at Reservoir Blvd and 45th Ave NE in Columbia Heights. The line climbed steep grades, ranging from 2-5%, and it gained 123.4 feet in elevation in only ~8000 feet of track.

Equipment

The railway's equipment consisted of a single car, known as car 1. It was designed by a Minneapolis city engineer and built by the McGuire-Cummings Manufacturing Company in 1917. Due to the steep grades, car no. 1 could only take one loaded freight car up the hill at a time.

Abandonment

May 1, 1948 marked the end of passenger service on the line. Freight service was discontinued on May 15, 1953 after the Minneapolis Street Railway decided to abandon its line on Central Avenue, and thus stop selling electricity to the filtration plant railway. Service to the filtration plant was continued through the use of trucks. Car no. 1 was sent to a scrap yard on August 20, 1953.

References

Defunct Minnesota railroads
Interurban railways in Minnesota
Railway lines closed in 1953
Transportation in Anoka County, Minnesota
Transportation in Minneapolis
Flight simulator (disambiguation). A flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and various aspects of the flight environment.  Those not for flight training or aircraft development may be referred to as amateur flight simulators.

Flight simulator or flight simulation may also refer to:

 Specific flight simulation programs

 FS1 Flight Simulator, Sublogic, 1980
 Flight Simulation (Psion software), 1982, for ZX81, TS-1000, and ZX Spectrum computers (sold as The Flight Simulator in the US)

 Several video games in the Microsoft Flight Simulator series:
 Microsoft Flight Simulator (1982 video game)
 Microsoft Flight Simulator 2.0, 1984
 Microsoft Flight Simulator (1986 video game)
 Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0, 1988
 Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game), 2020

 Types of flight simulation software
 Combat flight simulation game, a video game used to simulate military aircraft and their operations
 RC flight simulator, a computer program that allows pilots of radio-controlled aircraft to practice on a computer
 Space flight simulation game, a genre of flight simulator video games that lets players experience space flight

 Other
 Full flight simulator, a term used by National (civil) Aviation Authorities (NAA) for a high technical level of Flight simulator

See also 
 List of free flight simulators
 List of flight simulation games
Poly diamond powder. Poly diamond powder is a kind of synthetic diamond which is synthesized through detonation. Compared to mono diamond, poly diamond powder has more crystal edges and grinding surface, where every crystal edge has grinding force. During the polishing process, big grit can fall into small pieces so it can keep the sustaining grinding force without scratches.

Production method 

Poly diamond powder is synthesised first through detonation. It is purified and then shaped by crushing, often through the use of a ball mill or jet mill, then it is graded.

Application 
Poly diamond powder mainly is used in sapphire substrate, diaphragm, and LED chips.

References

Abrasives
Synthetic diamond
Lumière–Barbier method. The Lumière–Barbier method is a method of acetylating aromatic amines in aqueous solutions. Illustrative is the acetylation of aniline.  First aniline is dissolved in water using one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. This solution is subsequently treated, sequentially, with acetic anhydride and aqueous sodium acetate. Aniline attacks acetic anhydride followed by deprotonation of the ammonium ion:

Acetate then acts as a leaving group:

The acetanilide product is insoluble in water and can therefore be filtered off as crystals.

See also
 Schotten–Baumann reaction

References 

Organic reactions
Name reactions
Amide synthesis reactions
PLCopen. PLCopen is an independent organisation providing efficiency in industrial automation based on the needs of users. PLCopen members have concentrated on technical specifications around IEC 61131-3, creating specifications and implementations in order to reduce cost in industrial engineering. The outcome for example is standardized libraries for different application fields, harmonized language conformity levels and engineering interfaces for exchange. Experts of the PLCopen members are organized in technical committees and together with end users define such open standards.

PLCopen was founded in 1992 just after the world wide programming standard IEC 61131-3 was published. The controls market at that time was a very heterogeneous market with different types of programming methods for many different PLCs. The IEC 61131-3 is a standard defining the programming languages for PLCs, embedded controls, and industrial PCs, harmonizing applications independent from specific dialects, but still based on known methods such as the textual programming languages Instruction List, and Structured Text, the graphical programming languages Function Block Diagram and Ladder Diagram (a.k.a. Ladder logic), and the structuring tool Sequential Function Chart.

Today, IEC 61131-3 is a highly accepted programming standard and many industrial software and hardware companies offer products based on this standard, which in the end are used in many different machinery and other application fields.

Current topics are:
 Motion control and
 Safety functionality
 XML data exchange format standardizing the base data of IEC projects in software systems, as used for instance by AutomationML
 Benchmarking projects in order to have a good sophisticated benchmark standard.
 And in the field of communication PLCopen has developed together with OPC Foundation the mapping of the IEC 61131-3 software model to the OPC Unified Architecture information model.

External links
 

Industrial automation
Programmable logic controllers
Organizations established in 1992
NOTT-202. NOTT-202 is a two-part chemical compound that is capable of selectively absorbing carbon dioxide.  It is a metal–organic framework (MOF) that functions like a sponge, adsorbing selected gases at high pressures. Its creation was announced by scientists in 2012. The researchers claimed this structure was an entirely new class of porous material.

References

Carbon capture and storage
Metal-organic frameworks
Indium compounds
Metabolic Engineering (journal). Metabolic Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on production of fuels and chemicals using microorganisms and other biological systems. The journal specialises in quantitative analyses of metabolic pathways and their relationship to cell physiology in industrial and medical contexts.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Biotechnology Citation Index, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Clinical Medicine, EMBASE, EMBiology, MEDLINE, and Scopus.

External links 
 

Elsevier academic journals
Biotechnology journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1999
Bimonthly journals
Tom Innes. Thomas Judson Innes, known as Tom or Tinnes from Bristol, (1944-2019) was an American computer scientist who was one of first employees at Intel. He is best known as the designer of the Intel 4040 processor.  

Innes also set up Intel's microprocessor design center in Haifa, Israel and eventually became the General Manager of Intel's Embedded Microprocessor business.

Innes retired from Intel on December 31, 1998.  In retirement, he served as a  board Director at Primarion, Inc, a board member of the AZ Technology Incubator (1992-1995), and trustee and chairman of the board for the Arizona Science Center.

Innes died on April 7, 2019, after a long illness.

References

20th-century births
2019 deaths
Intel people
American electrical engineers
Year of birth missing
CER-11. CER-11 was a portable digital military computer, developed at Institute Mihajlo Pupin, located in Serbia, in a period between 1965 and 1966.

Overview
CER-11 was designed by Prof. Dr. Tihomir Aleksic and Prof. Dr Nedeljko Parezanovic, along with their associates ( M. Momcilovic, D. Hristovic, M. Maric, M. Hruska, P. Vrbavac et al.). .
The computer was based on the transistor-diode logic circuitry and the paper tape equipments.
This digital computer was used in SFRY's Army JNA until 1988.

See also
 Tihomir Aleksic
 CER Computers
 Institute Mihajlo Pupin
 History of computer hardware in the SFRY

Further reading
 Dragana Becejski-Vujaklija, Nikola Markovic(Ed): "50 Years of Computing in Serbia (HRONIKA  DIGITALNIH  DECENIJA)", pp. 38, 56 and 76, DIS, IMP and PC Press, Belgrade 2011.
 Jelica Protic, D.Ristanovic: "Building Computers in Serbia", ComSYS, vol.8, No 3, pp 549–571, June 2011.
 V.Paunovic, D.Hristovic, "Review and analysis of  the CER computers", Proc.of the ETRAN-2000 Conference, pp. 79–82, Sokobanja June 2000. (In Serbian).
 Dusan Hristovic: "Razvoj računarstva u Srbiji" (Computing technology in Serbia), PHLOGISTON journal, No 18/19, pp. 89–105,  Museum MNT/SANU, Belgrade, 2010/2011.

CER computers
One-of-a-kind computers
Electric Raceabout. The Electric Raceabout (ERA) is an all-electric sports car developed by the Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. It contains lithium-titanate batteries, four direct-drive electric motors, and a carbon fiber monocoque chassis with steel sub-frames.

The ERA has an operational range of . Its total weight is  with a  battery pack. The power output of its engines is  with a peak output of  / 10 seconds. The engine's nominal torque is 1000 Nm with a peak torque of 3200 Nm. The ERA has a top speed of  with  acceleration in 6.0 seconds.

The ERA was introduced in the summer of 2009 with a target to reach low-volume production.

The ERA took part in the Automotive X Prize competition and came in second in its class. ERA made a new road-legal electric vehicle lap record in Nürburgring Nordschleife in September 2011.

In the winter of 2011–2012, the ERA had its inverters, aerodynamics, and power steering upgraded – after improvements, ERA's total motor power of  was measured on the dynamometer. In March 2012, the ERA topped a speed of  while driving on the ice at Lake Ukonjärvi, Inari. With an average speed of 252 km/h, the ERA is the fastest EV on ice. The ERA was parked outside in freezing temperatures before the event, proving that an EV can operate in freezing temperatures.

Chinese car manufacturer AET is planning to produce electric cars based on ERA technology.

References

External links
 

Electric sports cars
Science and technology in Finland
Vehicles of Finland
Cars introduced in 2009
El Mirage Field. El Mirage Field is a private airport located 3 miles west of El Mirage, California.  It is leased by General Atomics of San Diego.  Its primary use is the development and testing of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the United States military and US Government.

El Mirage Field, has a sister site located at Grey Butte Field Airport.

History 

During World War II, the airport was designated as Mirage Auxiliary Airfield (No 3), and was an auxiliary training airfield for Victorville Army Airfield, California.

The wartime runways are abandoned and now used by General Atomics for their UAV testing.

See also

 California World War II Army Airfields

References 

  Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California - Southern Palmdale area

External links 

Airports in San Bernardino County, California
Grey Butte Field Airport. Gray Butte Field Airport is a private airport located 25 miles east of Palmdale, California.  It is owned by General Atomics of San Diego.  Its primary use is the development and testing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for the United States Military and the United States Government.

Gray Butte Field Airport, has a sister site located at El Mirage Field.

Aircraft known to have been operated and developed at this facility include:
 General Atomics Avenger
 General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
 Predator B
 Predator XP
 Gray Eagle
 Gray Eagle Extended Range (GE-ER)
 MQ-9B
 General Atomics XQ-67A

History 

During World War II, the airport was designated as Gray Butte Auxiliary Airfield (No 4), and was an auxiliary training airfield for Victorville Army Airfield, California.

The wartime runways are abandoned and now used by General Atomics for their UAV testing.

The airfield was assigned the FAA location identifier GVM, but on July 26, 2012, the airport's location identifier was changed to 04CA..

See also

 California World War II Army Airfields

References 

  Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California - Southern Palmdale area

Airports in Los Angeles County, California
Airports in San Bernardino County, California
(Z)-9-Tricosene. (Z)-9-Tricosene, known as muscalure, is an insect pheromone found in dipteran flies such as the housefly. Females produce it to attract males to mate. It is used as a pesticide, as in Maxforce Quickbayt by Bayer, luring males to traps to prevent them from reproducing.

Biological functions
(Z)-9-Tricosene is a sex pheromone produced by female house flies (Musca domestica) to attract males.  In bees, it is one of the communication pheromones released during the waggle dance.

Uses
As a pesticide, (Z)-9-tricosene is used in fly paper and other traps to lure male flies, trap them, and prevent them from reproducing.

Biosynthesis
(Z)-9-Tricosene is biosynthesized in house flies from nervonic acid.  The acid is converted into the acyl-CoA derivative and then reduced to the aldehyde (Z)-15-tetracosenal.  Through a decarboxylation reaction, the aldehyde is converted to (Z)-9-tricosene.  The process is mediated by a cytochrome P450 enzyme and requires oxygen (O) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).

Safety 
Products containing (Z)-9-tricosene are considered safe for humans, wildlife, and the environment.

References 

Insect pheromones
Pesticides
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons
Edward S. Shaw. Edward Sargent Shaw (October 26, 1853 – October 3, 1919) was a prominent civil engineer who lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Born on October 26, 1853, he spent most of his life in Cambridge, and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in the class of 1874; his thesis being a design for a Murphy-Whipple truss bridge. Immediately following graduation he continued his studies in some non-degree capacity at his alma mater. During his professional career, his office was located in Boston, Massachusetts. He died of heart failure at the age of 65, on October 3, 1919.

Shaw was responsible for a number of bridges in New England, including:
Bennett's Meadow Bridge, Northfield, Massachusetts
Schell Bridge, Northfield, Massachusetts
Shelburne Falls Bridge, Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
Willimansett Bridge, Willimansett, Chicopee, Massachusetts

Shaw also held at least 3 patents, including one for the draw bridge, one for a railway superstructure design, and even a design for an electric locomotive. It is unknown if these designs were implemented in any capacity in his work.

References

American bridge engineers
1853 births
1919 deaths
American inventors
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
MIT School of Engineering alumni