omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vibratory shear-enhanced process. Vibratory shear enhanced process (VSEP) is a membrane separation technology platform invented in 1987 and patented in 1989 by Dr. J. Brad Culkin. VSEP's vibration system was designed to prevent membrane fouling, or the build-up of solid particles on the surface of the membrane. VSEP systems have been applied in a variety of industrial environments.

History and technology development 

After earning his PhD in chemical engineering from Northwestern University Dr. Culkin spent his early professional career with Dorr–Oliver, Inc., a pioneering company in the area of separation processes. Culkin contributed to six Dorr–Oliver patent applications in 1985 and 1986.
 
While at Dorr–Oliver, Dr. Culkin was exposed to the advantages of membrane separation technology as well as its failings. The membrane's Achilles' heel, Culkin decided, was fouling.
 
Concurrent with his membrane work, Culkin was helping to develop a mechanically resonating loudspeaker with the founders of Velodyne Acoustics. Culkin married these two areas of expertise and struck out to overcome membrane fouling through the use of vibration.

The first VSEP prototype Culkin developed was a literal combination of loudspeaker and membrane technology  as the photo shows below.

Principle of operation 

A VSEP filter uses oscillatory vibration to create high shear at the surface of the filter membrane. This high shear force significantly improves the filter's resistance to fouling thereby enabling high throughputs and minimizing reject volumes. VSEP feed stream are split into two products—a permeate stream with little or no solids and a concentrate stream with a solids concentration much higher than that of the original feed stream.

Industrial applications 

VSEP has been applied in a variety of industrial application areas including pulp and paper, chemical processing, landfill leachate, oil and gas, RO Reject and a variety of industrial wastewaters.

Awards 
A VSEP system was recognized in 2009 as part of the WateReuse Foundation's Desalination Project of the Year. The system was installed to minimize the brine from an electrodialysis reversal (EDR) system.

References

External links 
 vsep.com

Filtration
Membrane technology
Metastate. In statistical mechanics, the metastate is a probability measure on the
space of all thermodynamic states for a system with quenched randomness. The term metastate, in this context, was first used in by Charles M. Newman and Daniel L. Stein in 1996.. 

Two different versions have been proposed:

1) The Aizenman-Wehr construction, a canonical ensemble approach,
constructs the metastate through an ensemble of states obtained by varying
the random parameters in the Hamiltonian outside of the volume being
considered.

2) The Newman-Stein metastate, a microcanonical ensemble approach,
constructs an empirical average from a deterministic (i.e., chosen
independently of the randomness) subsequence of finite-volume Gibbs distributions.

It was proved for Euclidean lattices that there always
exists a deterministic subsequence along which the Newman-Stein and
Aizenman-Wehr constructions result in the same metastate.  The metastate is
especially useful in systems where deterministic sequences of volumes fail
to converge to a thermodynamic state, and/or there are many competing
observable thermodynamic states.

As an alternative usage, "metastate" can refer to thermodynamic states, where the system is in a metastable state (for example  superheated or undercooled liquids, when the actual temperature of the liquid is above or below the boiling or freezing temperature, but the material is still in a liquid state).

References

Statistical mechanics
Condensed matter physics
Pennsylvania Railroad class E2. The Pennsylvania Railroad's class E2, E3, E7 steam locomotives were of the  "Atlantic" passenger type, frequently called light Atlantics after the introduction of the heavier E6 Atlantics. All were similar in size and boiler capacity but differed in firebox type, valves and valve gear and cylinder diameter. Classes E2 and E3 were built simultaneously. 

Starting in 1916 a rebuilding program converted ninety class E2a, b, and c to class E7s by replacing slide valves with piston valves and increasing cylinder diameter from . Fourteen class E2 were similarly converted to class E7sa. Ninety class E2a,d, E3a,d were converted to class E3sd. These improvements allowed many of the engines to remain in active service into the 1930s.

The sub-classes differed as follows:

In the first decade of the twentieth century classes E2 and E3 handled all of the fast passenger trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. As train weights increased due to the switch to steel passenger cars and more cars per train, the “light” Atlantics were usually doubleheaded. Eventually, as Pacific class K2 and K3 became available, they were relegated to secondary service

Engine #7002

This engine was built for the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1902 as Class E2 No. 7002. On the first westward run of the Pennsylvania Special (renamed the Broadway Limited in 1912) in June 1905 the conductor clocked the train over three miles just west of Lima, Ohio in 85 seconds, at a record speed of  (the claim is dubious, as the train averaged about  from Crestline to Fort Wayne). No. 7002 was rebuilt to class E7sa in August 1916 and scrapped in 1935. 

When the PRR was looking for an E7 class locomotive for preservation, they refurbished No. 8063 (an E2a from the PRR) and substituted No. 7002’s engine number and builder’s plate. No. 8063 is a PRR E2a built in 1905. The engine was donated to Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in 1979 and put into operating order by Strasburg Rail Road where it ran for until December 20, 1989, sometimes doubleheading with PRR D16 No. 1223.

References

Steam locomotives of the United States
4-4-2 locomotives
ALCO locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Lima locomotives
E2
Railway locomotives introduced in 1916
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
International Space Education Institute. The International Space Education Institute was established in Leipzig, Germany by Ralf Heckel and 6 more members of the society including Prof. Dr. Jesco von Puttkamer as councilor in October 2005 to support high school and college students in international space competitions (Amtsgericht Leipzig, VR 4401, non-profit, benefit accepted by Finanzamt Leipzig).    
They bring professional astronauts, including Chen Dong, to their programs for students to learn from.

References

External links
  international Website
 German Website
 Artemis 1 diary, raumfahrt-concret.de

supportive companies (internal)
Space Hotel Leipzig

Space organizations
Organisations based in Germany
Journal of Interconnection Networks. The Journal of Interconnection Networks was established in 2000 and is published by World Scientific. It covers the field of interconnection networks from theory and analysis to design and implementation, as well as corresponding issues of communication, computing and function. This includes topics structures and functions in biological systems and neural networks.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Inspec, DBLP Bibliography Server, and io-port.net.

References

External links 
 

English-language journals
Computer science journals
Academic journals established in 2000
World Scientific academic journals
Continuous filament winding machine. A continuous filament winding machine (CFW Machine / CW Machine) is a machine for laying filament windings continuously over a cylindrical steel band.  The steel band is carried on a forward moving mandrel which is able to collapse and return to the beginning of the travel.  The steel band is released after the mandrel collapses and is continuously fed back to the start of the travel where it is again wound on to the mandrel.

This machine is mainly used to manufacture fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) pipes and couplings, especially glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipes. They are used for the manufacture of large diameter pipes and there is a minimum diameter below which the technique becomes unrealistic. Machines are available for diameters from .

A raw material storage and mixing areas for resins, catalysts, etc. is needed to feed the machine. This will usually involve heating of the chemical mix. The raw material is fed on a continuous steel band. The steel band moves forward a distance equal to its width for each turn. The mandrel does not move forward and there is no collapsable mandrel in the process. The process of Continuous filament winding is also known as the Drostholm Process. In addition to the continuous advancing band, many alternative methods of filament winding also exist.

While the process is innovative in many ways, the work performed on the machines proved to carry HS&E risks caused by fumes, emissions, fire risks and mechanical pinch points.

History 

The first winding machine for production of GRP-pipes was invented in 1965 - 1967 by Danish and Norwegian engineers: Peder Ulrik Poulsen, Tage Debess and Agnar Gilbu in cooperation between two companies, the Norwegian Vera Fabrikker (later, Flowtite Technology AS) and the Danish Drostholm Ltd. The Danish engineers mainly focused on the invention of the winding machine, whereas the Norwegian ones were responsible for the development of the process enabling this machine to produce GRP pipes and tanks.

Peder Ulrik Poulsen invented the rotating mandrel with an endless steel band (strip) in 1967, which made the continuous filament winding process possible. The corresponding patent application was filed in August 1968, and the patent granted in 1969. At the time, Poulsen worked with Drostholm Ltd., the company that acquired all the rights to utilize his inventions. That is where the continuous winding process derives its “Drostholm Process” name from. The first winder was built in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1968 and shipped to Vera Fabrikker in Sandefjord, Norway for the production of GRP-pipes.

References
Michael G. Bader, Leif A. Carlsson, John W. Gillespie, Delaware composites design encyclopedia: Processing and fabrication technology,pp. 197–198, CRC Press, 1990 .
Leonard Hollaway, Handbook of polymer composites for engineers, p. 98, Woodhead Publishing, 1994 .
J. G. Teng, FRP-strengthened RC structures, p. 149, John Wiley and Sons, 2002 .

Industrial machinery
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. The Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 2001 and is published by World Scientific. It covers research in the field of mechanics as applied to medicine and biology.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

 Academic OneFile
 Academic Search Complete/ Elite/ Premier
 Baidu
 CNKI Scholar
 CnpLINKer
 Compendex
 CrossRef
 CSA Physical Education Abstracts
 Ebsco Discovery Service
 Ebsco Electronic Journal Service (EJS)
 ExLibris Primo Central
 Google Scholar
 Health Reference Center Academic (Gale)
 J-Gate
 Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
 Naver
 NSTL - National Science and Technology Libraries
 OCLC WorldCat®
 ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection
 Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)
 Scopus
 The Summon® Service
 WanFang Data

The journal has a 2020 SCI impact factor of 0.897.

References

External links 
 

English-language journals
Biomedical engineering journals
General medical journals
Academic journals established in 2001
World Scientific academic journals
Development and Application Systems Conference. The International Conference on DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION SYSTEMS (DAS) is a regional leading international academic conference organized every two years by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania, attracting every edition more than 150 participants from more than 15 countries. It is normally held in May.

The aim of the Conference is to bring together scientists, engineers, manufacturers and users from all over the world in order to provide and exchange information on recent developments and future trends in systems, process control and automation, communications and computer networks, electronics and computer aided engineering, software engineering and information technology. All papers are written in English using the template provided on the website. Papers are peer reviewed by an international scientific committee using the OpenConf web-based conference management software system. All presented papers are published on-line and in the Conference Proceedings. Hard copies are distributed to authors upon arrival. Selected papers are also published in Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering an ISI Thomson Web of Science Indexed Journal.

The International Computers Contest for Students Hard&Soft is organized in the same period as the Conference. The competition task is focused on topical areas of engineering that require a close collaboration between hardware and software designers and enable teams to demonstrate a broad spectrum of skills from hardware construction to high level software programming.

History 
The first DAS Conference was held in 1992, in Suceava, Romania.

External links
 
 DAS Photo Albums 
 Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Hard&Soft International Computers Contest for Students

Conference Participants Pages

Academic conferences
International conferences in Romania
Albion process. The Albion process is an atmospheric leaching process for processing zinc concentrate, refractory copper and refractory gold. The process is important because it is the most cost-effective method currently in use for extracting both the zinc and lead from concentrates that contain high lead levels (7% or greater). Zinc and lead often occur together and large remaining zinc deposits contain levels of lead that exceed what can be economically extracted through other techniques. The Albion process is not sensitive to the concentration grade and gives favorable recovery with both low grade and dirty concentrates. Environmental impact is also claimed to be mitigated using this technology because in contrast to other methods, sulfur dioxide is not emitted and less energy is consumed over all.

History
Development of the Albion process started during the early nineties led by Mount Isa Mines. It was first patented in 1993. Several pilot plant projects were conducted in 1994 and 1995 which tested the feasibility of using the technology to process high arsenic gold and copper ore. 

The Albion Process has been successfully installed in seven projects globally:

 GPM Gold Project (Gold, Armenia)
 Las Lagunas Tailings (Gold, Dominican Republic)
 Sable Copper Project (Copper, Chalcopyrite, Zambia)
 Asturiana de Zinc (Zinc, Spain)
 Nordenham Zinc Refinery (Zinc, Germany)
 McArthur River (Zinc, Australia)

Process
The ore concentrate is first introduced into an IsaMill. This comminution step places a high degree of strain on the mineral lattice and causes an increase in the number of grain boundary fractures and lattice defects of several orders of magnitude. The increase in the number of defects within the mineral lattice "activates" the mineral, facilitating leaching. The rate of leaching is also enhanced, due to the increase in the mineral surface area.

The oxidative leaching stage is carried out in agitated tanks operating at atmospheric pressure. Oxygen is introduced to the leach slurry to assist the oxidation. Leaching is autothermal, not requiring any external heat. Temperature is controlled by the rate of addition of oxygen, and by the leach slurry density.

Chemistry
The general reaction for the leaching process is:

References

Metallurgical processes
Ferguson monoplane. 

The Ferguson monoplane was the first  Irish heavier-than-air craft to fly. The monoplane was designed by Harry Ferguson and built by his brother's company J.B. Ferguson & Company in Belfast.

Development
Harry Ferguson started as an Irish mechanic and while working with his brother Joe became interested in aircraft. Ferguson first flew his monoplane on 31 December 1909, the first flight of an Irish heavier-than-air craft. The monoplane was flown during 1910, including one flight of 2.5 miles (4 km), but was badly damaged in a heavy landing in December 1910.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1900s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1909
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Fiat BGA. The Fiat BGA (Bombardiere di Grande Autonomia) was an aircraft designed by Aldo Guglielmetti of the Italian Air Force.

It was built at Pisa by the Fiat subsidiary Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche SA (CMASA), hence it was also called the CMASA BGA. It was not ordered into production, and only one was built.

Development
The BGA was designed by Aldo Guglielmetti to meet a 1934 Italian Air Force requirement for a medium bomber. It first flew in 1936, powered by two Fiat A.80 radial engines. It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear, with the main gear retracting into the engine nacelles. It had twin elliptical fins and rudders, and had a cut-down fuselage to the rear of its ventral and dorsal gun positions.

It did not perform well during testing, was removed from the contest, and only the prototype was produced.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

BGA
1930s Italian bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Fisher Barnstormer. The Fisher Barnstormer is a single-seat tricycle landing gear, reverse-staggered biplane ultralight aircraft designed by Michael Fisher and introduced in mid-1982.

Development
The Barnstormer was intended to meet the requirements of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, including that category's maximum  empty weight.

The aircraft is a single-seat ultralight with an unusual reverse-stagger on its biplane wings, the top wing being behind the bottom wing. The airfoil used is a NACA 2305 section. The control system is a conventional three-axis type with ailerons, elevators and rudder. The airframe structure is of 6061T6 and 2024T3 aluminum tube, covered with Stits Polyfibre aircraft fabric. The landing gear is of a fixed tricycle configuration with bungee-suspension,  main wheels and brakes.

The Barnstormer is fitted with a  Kawasaki 440A engine with a reduction drive system. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

The aircraft was not successful commercially and was quickly replaced in the Fisher line by newer designs. Reviewer Andre Cliche stated "This ultralight is handicapped by its awkward and cluttered appearance."

Specifications (Barnstormer)

See also

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Biplanes with negative stagger
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Fisher aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Fisher Boomerang. The Fisher Boomerang is a single-seat conventional landing gear, high-winged monoplane ultralight aircraft designed by Michael Fisher and introduced in mid-1982.

Development
The Boomerang was intended to meet the requirements of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category, including that category's maximum  empty weight. The aircraft has a standard empty weight of .

The aircraft is a single-seat ultralight with a high wing and a conventional three-axis type with ailerons, elevators and rudder. The airframe structure is of 6061T6 and 2024T3 aluminum tube, covered with Stits Polyfibre aircraft fabric. The landing gear is of a fixed taildragger configuration without suspension on the  main wheels. Wings were available in several spans, from , the longer span being used for the two seat variant.

The Boomerang is fitted with a  Kawasaki 340 engine as standard equipment or optionally a  Kawasaki 440A engine, both with a reduction drive system. The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

The aircraft was discontinued due to poor sales.

Specifications (Boomerang)

See also

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Boomerang
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Thermal bar. A thermal bar is a hydrodynamic feature that forms around the edges of holomictic lakes during the seasonal transition to stratified conditions, due to the shorter amount of time required for shallow areas of the lake to stratify.

Description 
During the process of lake stratification, shallow areas generally become stratified before deeper areas. In large lakes this condition may persist for weeks, during which a temperature front known as a thermal bar forms between the stratified and unstratified areas of the lake. The thermal bar generally forms parallel to shore and moves toward the lake center as deeper areas of the lake stratify. While thermal bars can form in both fall and spring, most studies of the thermal bar have investigated aspects of the feature in the spring, when the lake is warming up and the summer thermocline is beginning to form.

At the lake surface, the thermal bar may be visible as a foam line between the stratified water shoreward of the thermal bar and unstratified water on the offshore side. At this convergence, waters mix and sink when they reach the temperature of maximum density, roughly 4 degrees Celsius for freshwater, a process known as cabbeling.

The downwelling of dense water at the thermal bar acts as a barrier to horizontal mixing. In spring, this concentrates warm water and suspended materials in the near shore waters around the edge of the lake. Satellite imagery has been used to identify thermal bars using their thermal characteristics as well as the concentration of suspended materials on their shoreward side, typically due to surface runoff to the lake.

Isotherms on the stratified side of the thermal bar slope away from the bar, producing a pressure gradient force that when balanced by the Coriolis force produces a cyclonic coastal geostrophic current that transports water and suspended matter along the shore.

The thermal bar phenomena was first described by François-Alphonse Forel in his study of Lac Leman. Additional studies have been carried out in Lake Ladoga, Lake Baikal and the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Ecological significance 
Although a temporary seasonal feature, the thermal bar plays an important role in lake ecology by restricting mixing between coastal and offshore waters. This role is particularly evident during the spring runoff period when the retention of coastal waters may benefit aquatic organisms by providing warmer water temperatures and elevated nutrient concentrations, or may threaten coastal environments by retaining pollutants in coastal waters.

See also
 Water (molecule)#Density of water and ice
 Limnology
 Water
 Aquatic ecology

Notes

Additional references 
 Paul R. Holland and Anthony Kay, “A review of the physics and ecological implications of the thermal bar circulation,” Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters 33, no. 3 (September 2003): 153–162.
 C. H. Mortimer, “Lake hydrodynamics." Mitt. Int, Ver. Limnol 20 (1974): 124–197.
 F. Peeters and R. Kipfer, “Currents in Stratified Water Bodies 1: Density-Driven Flows,” in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (Oxford: Academic Press, 2009), 530–538.

External links

Limnology
Fluid dynamics