omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmotrope. An ophthalmotrope is an apparatus for demonstrating the movements of the eye and the action of the different muscles which produce them, consisting essentially of a model eyeball to which are attached strings and pulleys to duplicate the line force of the muscles.
Movements of the eye are kinematically complex and can be described as a combination of rotations about changing rotation centers. But even when ocular mechanics are simplified to pure rotations about a head-fixed rotation center, their noncommutative property makes them difficult to visualize. Ruete, Listing, Donders, Helmholtz, von Graefe, Volkmann and many others have provided the broad outline of an answer to the question how the eye rotates during eye movements.

History 

Historically, mechanical representations of oculomotor mechanics have been used for visualization of eye movements and their interaction with visual geometry. Many mechanical models of eye movements have been constructed and studied in the nineteenth century. The first ophthalmotrope was made by Christian Georg Theodor Ruete in 1845  and it was he who gave it the name “ophthalmotrope”. Ruete's first version ophthalmotrope had the eye mounted in nested gimbals, and his second model, which emulated Listing's law, mounted the rotation axis in a rotatable ring. Ruete’s second model of 1857 was an altogether more sophisticated model that demonstrates both the movements of the eye and, importantly, the action of the ocular muscles. Both Donders’s and Listing’s laws can be demonstrated on this model. The degree of muscle contraction or extension can be measured on a scale at the back of the model.
Other ophthalmotropes were designed later by Landolt, Knapp, Donders, Snellen, Wundt, and others. Recently, Schreiber and Schor  have published a modern software version of ophthalmotrope. They presented a virtual gimbaled model of the oculomotor system, which provides accurate visualization of the kinematics of the three major oculomotor coordinate systems and qualitative estimates of the effects of the different coordinate systems on ocular torsion.
The virtual ophthalmotrope presented by Schreiber and Schor is a modification and extension of Donders' design, by adding Listing's extended law and displacement plane geometry to its basic visualization capabilities.

References

Further reading

External links

 

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Aviation Beauport. Aviation Beauport (Gama Aviation (Beauport) Limited) is a Jersey-based aviation company offering private aircraft charter, aircraft management, hangarage and handling services. The company is the only executive jet charter company in the Channel Islands to hold an Air Operators Certificate (AOC), and is the only fixed-base operator (FBO) in Jersey.

History 

The company was established in 1969 by chairman, Tom Clarke and managing director, Patrick Harrison. Its first aircraft was a twin-engined six-seater Piper Aztec D. The company was so named because Tom Clarke lived directly opposite Beauport Nursing Home in Jersey.

Aviation Beauport changed hands in 1972 and in the years that followed underwent several changes of ownership until 1985. At that time Greg Graham was the managing director of the air taxi division of Air Atlantique. When Air Atlantique decided to sell that part of the operation, and coincidentally Aviation Beauport came on to the market, Greg Graham approached local businessman, Mike Bell, with a plan for buying both businesses. After the purchase of the two businesses, Greg Graham was appointed managing director of the newly structured Aviation Beauport, and the scope of the company widened to include freight and handling as well as the management of private and corporate aircraft.

The company originally operated from the terminal building at Jersey Airport and moved to its purpose built FBO in 1995. Since that time the premises have been extended and upgraded considerably, with a suite of rental offices (Heron House) and a new state of the art executive passenger lounge, the design of which was highly commended by the AJADA. The standard and range of facilities and services on offer resulted in Aviation Beauport being named as one of Europe's top FBOs.
In 2002 the decision was made to concentrate operations on the jet market and for many years the company owned and operated Cessna Citation Excels. In 2009 the company extended its operations by acquiring its Dassault Falcon 2000LX and a worldwide AOC. In response to the needs of the Jersey market, a Cessna Citation Mustang was added to the fleet shortly afterwards.

In January 2016 Gama Aviation plc, one of the world's largest business aviation service providers, announced a conditional acquisition of Aviation Beauport Ltd. The conditional acquisition was approved on 16 February by the Channel Island's Competition Authority [CICRA].

Key people 

The Group is now owned by Gama Aviation and operates under the leadership of Group Chief Executive Officer, Marwan Khalek and the Plc Board headed by Chairman Sir Ralph Robbins.

Fleet 

, Aviation Beauport manages and operates the following aircraft:
2x Cessna Citation Mustang
1x Cessna Citation XLS 
2x Cessna Citation XLS+

References

External links 

Airlines of Jersey
Airlines established in 1969
Charter airlines
Fixed-base operators
Sunair Sunlight. The Sunair Sunlight is a German ultralight trike electric aircraft, designed and produced by Sunair UG of Scheidegg, Bavaria. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The Sunlight was designed as an electric powered, self-launching motorglider for the German  class. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit with the pilot accommodated in recumbent position fabric zip-up pod, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. The wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a  Elektromotor electric motor, recharged in flight by small solar cells.

Specifications (Sunlight)

See also
Sunair Magic

References

External links

Sunlight
2010s German sport aircraft
2010s German ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Electric aircraft
Ultralight trikes
SEATEST II. SEATEST II, an acronym for  Space Environment Analog for Testing EVA Systems and Training (number two), is a NASA underwater mission, formerly known as NEEMO XVII,  in the Aquarius underwater laboratory in preparation for future space exploration. The objectives for this exercise are largely focused on the evolution of EVA (extravehicular activity) tools, and maturing some technologies that could have implications for the ISS and future exploration missions (MED and JITT delivery.)

However, the SEATEST II mission will be very short, focused on engineering evaluations, and will not have time for the educational and public outreach that has been typical of NEEMO missions.  The different name is a way of indicating a mission with somewhat different expectations than NEEMO missions have come to be known for. Before NEEMO 1, a short saturation mission was conducted to evaluate the Aquarius facility and capabilities. This mission was called SEATEST 1.

Crew 

At the time of the mission, Acaba and Noguchi were experienced astronauts with two spaceflights each, whereas Rubins and Mogensen were selected in 2009 and had not flown to space yet. All four crewmembers are qualified on the NASA EMU spacesuit, with Acaba and Noguchi having had on-orbit EVA experience before this mission. Mogensen and Noguchi are additionally qualified on the Russian Orlan EVA spacesuit.

External links 

 
 NEEMO missions
 Behind the Scenes: NEEMO
 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

References 

Controlled ecological life support systems
Péniche (barge). A péniche (or spits in Dutch) is a steel motorised inland waterway barge of up to 350 tonnes' capacity. Péniche barges were built to fit the post-1880s French waterways and the locks of Freycinet gauge. They are visually similar to a Dutch barge, but built to different specifications.

Dimensions
The critical detail for the péniche is the dimension, a maximum of 38.50 m (126 ft) long, 1.60 m draft and  wide. They were especially designed for the Belgian and French canal locks, and as a result of the wish to maximise space for freight, the barges tend to be flat-sided, with short, rounded bows and sterns. Nowadays the specification is still applied for commercial navigation as Class I in the Classification of European Inland Waterways.

History
The péniche originated in Belgium, as a wooden vessel for inland navigation. A pointy bow was added and this version was also called a 'pointu' in Wallonia, a 'spits' in Flanders and a 'péniche flamande' in France. When ships came to be built of steel this type became a 'dumb' barge that had to be towed by a towboat. In the 1910s this barge became a motor ship and a popular one at that. In the 1920s about 950 péniches were built in Belgium.

In the early 1940s many Belgian péniches were claimed by the Germans to take part in the invasion of Great Britain. To make them seaworthy they were welded together in pairs, side by side.

The last spits was built in the Netherlands in 1973. Many former freight péniches have been converted into living, hotel or pleasure craft.

Types
The Belgian péniche is the standard version, built for the Belgian and French canal locks. Some of them have been lengthened by about 9 m or were originally built at  or . These were constructed for transport on the Meuse river, which has larger locks, especially between Verdun and Givet.

A French péniche has even less sheer than a Belgian one and a very round stern with the rudder attached to the rear end rather than under the stern. After World War II a great number of them were built in Germany and sent to France as war reparation.

The Dutch péniche has a less round stern and a bit more sheer than the Belgian one.

A wet péniche has to take on water as ballast when navigating unladen. Especially in the Belgian and French types, the péniche's full stern provides a higher buoyancy and insufficient water around the propeller when empty.

Trivia
 Because it is a displacement barge, a péniche is not a fast vessel. A popular saying among owners is that it will hardly move forward when laden or backwards when empty.

Further reading 
  Bernard Le Sueur; Mariniers, Histoire et mémoire de la batellerie artisanale (first volume 2004, second volume 2005)

See also
 Luxe motor
 Hotel barge

References

External links
 Article on use of old Spits barges
 Hotel barges (introduction to hotel barging in France)

Barges
Aviator Shershen'. The Aviator Shershen' (; ) is a Russian two seat biplane, sold in kit form.  It first flew in 2005 and several variants have been produced, with a choice of engines.

Design and development
The Shershen' is a development of the company's earlier Retro.  It is a kit built tandem seat single bay biplane; the prototype, Shershen'-3 and -14 have V-form interplane struts, their forward members in broad chord fairings, but the Shershen'-2 has more slender, N-form struts. All have diagonal flying wire bracing and an upper wing 8° of quarter-chord sweep, with an unswept lower wing. The -2 is rigged with 3° of dihedral (aircraft) on the upper wing and 2.33° on the lower one. The upper wing is held well above the fuselage, above the forward open cockpit, by a pair of N-form cabane struts; the wing has a trailing edge cut-out to improve the upward vision from this cockpit.  The prototype had flaperons on the lower wings only but later versions have separate flaps and ailerons on both planes, the latter externally rod connected.

The Shershen' has a fabric covered flat sided fuselage with a steel tube frame. Rounded decking is cut away locally for the two cockpits.  Both have windscreens and the rear cockpit has a prominent headrest.  The Shershen's tailplane is mounted at mid-fuselage height, with an angle of incidence that can be adjusted for trimming. Additionally, there is a port elevator trim tab. The rudder is broad and rounded, extending down to the keel on all models, though two styles of fin have been used. The prototype and the -14 variant have fins with a full rounded leading edge but those of the -2 and -3 are straight edged and vertical.  A fixed, conventional undercarriage with a small tailwheel has mainwheels on faired V struts hinged on the lower fuselage. On all but the -3, half-axles with bungee cord shock absorbers run to a central compression frame.  The -3 variant has instead oleo legs attached to the outside of the V struts and to the mid fuselage sides.

Two different engine types have been used.  The prototype and the -2 variant have the  Subaru EJ25 flat-four, driving a three blade, ground adjustable pitch propeller, whereas the -3 has a  Walter Minor III inline, inverted four cylinder unit driving a wooden, fixed pitch, two blade propeller.

Variants
Shershen' Prototype. Subaru engine, 3 blade propeller, round fin,  span, bungee undercarriage.  Airfoil RII, thickness/chord ratio 12%.  First flown 2005.
Shershen'-2 Subaru engine, 3 blade propeller, straight fin, bungee undercarriage. As specifications. Airfoil NACA 23012, thickness/chord 12%. First flown 2007.
Shershen'-3 Walter engine, 2 blade propeller, straight fin, oleo undercarriage. First flown 2008.
Shershen'-14 Subaru engine, round fin, bungee undercarriage. First flown 2009.

Specifications (Shershen'-2)

References

External links
NACA 23012 airfoil

Homebuilt aircraft
Biplanes
2000s Russian sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2005
Optical space. Optical spaces are mathematical coordinate systems that facilitate the modelling of optical systems as mathematical transformations.  An optical space is a mathematical coordinate system such as a Cartesian coordinate system associated with a refractive index.  The analysis of optical systems is greatly simplified by the use of optical spaces which enable designers to place the origin of a coordinate system at any of several convenient locations.  In the design of optical systems two optical spaces, object space and image space, are always employed. Additional intermediate spaces are often used as well.

Optical spaces extend to infinity in all directions. The object space does not exist only on the "input" side of the system, nor the image space only on the "output" side. Spaces in this sense can be considered points of view. All optical spaces thus overlap completely to infinity in all directions. Typically, the origin and at least some of the coordinate axes of each space are different, providing different perspectives to the designer. It may not be possible to discern from an illustration to which space a point, ray, or plane belongs unless some convention is adopted. A common convention uses capital letters like X, Y, or Z to label points and lower case letters like a, b, and c to indicate distances. Unprimed letters like t or v indicate object space and primed letters like t′ or v′ indicate image space. Intermediate spaces are indicated by additional primes such as r″, z″, or q″.  The same letter is used to indicate points or distances that share a conjugate relationship. The only exception is the use of F and F′ to indicate respectively object and image space focal points (which are not conjugate).  The term "object point" does not necessarily refer to a point on a specific object but rather to a point in object space; similarly for "image point".

One may wonder how an object point can exist on the "output" side of an optical system or conversely how an image point could be located on the "input" side of an optical system. The answer in both cases is that the points are virtual; they do not physically exist. Optical spaces are divided into real and virtual parts. Thus, an object point on the "output" side of the system is in the virtual part of object space and is referred to as a virtual object point. Object points on the "input" side are in the real part of object space and are real object points. The situation is reversed for image points.

It is common practice to designate the horizontal axis of an optical space as the z-axis with the positive direction left to right.  Similarly, the y-axis is vertical with the positive direction upward.

Geometrical optics
High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor. The High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO; ) is a 30 MW multi-purpose research reactor located at Daejeon, Republic of Korea. It was designed by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) as a facility for research and development on the neutron science and its applications.

HANARO has been playing a significant role as a national facility in the area of neutron science, the production of key radioisotopes, material testing for power reactor application, neutron transmutation doping (NTD), neutron activation analysis, and neutron radiography. After the installation of a cold neutron source in 2010, it has been also serving as a regional and international facility for neutron science.

External links 
  
 https://www.kaeri.re.kr/mpse Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
 http://www.neutron.or.kr/  The Korean Neutron Beam User's Association
 http://www.icns2017.org/ The International Conference on Neutron Scattering in 2017

References 

 High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO)
 General Information
 Current Status and the Future of the Irradiation Services in the HANARO Reactor

Science and technology in South Korea
Neutron facilities
Nuclear research reactors
Blackman–Tukey transformation. The Blackman–Tukey transformation (or Blackman–Tukey method) is a digital signal processing method to transform data from the time domain to the frequency domain. It was originally programmed around 1953 by James Cooley for John Tukey at John von Neumann's Institute for Advanced Study as a way to get "good smoothed statistical estimates of power spectra without requiring large Fourier transforms." It was published by Ralph Beebe Blackman and John Tukey in 1958.

Background

Transformation 

In signal processing, transformation from the time domain to another domain, such as the frequency domain, is used to focus on the details of a waveform. Many of the waveform's details can be analyzed much more easily in a domain other than the original. Different methods exist to do transformation from time domain to frequency domain; the most prominent is the Fourier transform, which the Blackman–Tukey method uses. Prior to the advent of fast computers and the 1965 rediscovery of the fast Fourier transform, the large number of computations necessary for the discrete Fourier Transform motivated researchers to reduce the number of calculations required, resulting in the (now obsolete) Blackman–Tukey method based on the Wiener-Khinchin theorem.

Statistical estimation 
Statistical estimation is used to determine the expected value(s) of statistical expected values of statistical quantities. Statistical estimation also tries to find the expected values. The expected values are those values that we expect among the random values, derived from samples of the population in probability (group of subset). In time series analysis, discrete data obtained as a function of time is usually the only type of data available, instead of samples of population or group of subsets taken simultaneously.

Difficulty is commonly avoided using an ergodic process, that changes with time and probability gets involved with it, and it's not always periodic at all portions of time.

Blackman–Tukey transformation method 
The method is fully described in Blackman and Tukey's 1958 journal publications republished as their 1959 book "The measurement of power spectra, from the point of view of communications engineering" and is outlined by the following procedures:
 Calculate the autocorrelation function with the data
 Apply a suitable window function, and finally
 Compute a discrete Fourier transform (now done with FFT) of the data to obtain the power density spectrum

Autocorrelation makes the wave smoothed rather than averaging several waveforms. This function is set to window, the corresponding waveform toward its extremes.
Computation gets faster if more data is correlated and if memory capacity of the system increases then overlap save sectioning technique would be applied. If the autocorrelation function in Blackman–Tukey is computed using FFT, then it will name fast correlation method for spectral estimation.

References

External links

Electrical engineering
Bulletin of Materials Science. The Bulletin of Materials Science is a bimonthly peer-viewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles, review articles and rapid communications in all areas of materials science. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Indian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Materials Research Society of India and the Indian National Science Academy. The editor-in-chief is Prof. Giridhar U Kulkarni (JNCASR).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.8.

References

External links 
 

Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Materials science journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1979
English-language journals
KAAF University College. KAAF University College is an engineering, business administration, law and nursing college in Budumburam, Gomoa East District, Ghana.

Background
KAAF University College is the first private university in Ghana accredited by the National Accreditation Board to run degree programmes in: Civil Engineering Construction Technology and Geomatic (Geodetic) Engineering and BSc. Mechanical Engineering. It was founded by Michael Aidoo.

At its 20th meeting held on 13 September 2007, the Accreditation Committee of the National Accreditation Board decided to grant three years' authorization to the KAAF University College, Gomoa with effect from September 1, 2007, to commence and, or continue its preparation for accreditation of the institution. It is affiliated to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the main campus is at Buduburam.

There are also programmes leading to the award of Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Business Administration with options in Banking and Finance, Accounting, Human Resource Management, Insurance, Marketing and Entrepreneurship.

Program
The programs offered by the college fall under Four main faculties: Engineering, Business Administration, Health Science and Law.

Faculty of Engineering
 Bsc. Construction Technology
 Bsc. Mechanical Engineering
 Bsc. Electrical / Electronics Engineering
 Bsc. Civil Engineering
 Bsc. Geomatic Engineering
Bsc. Computer Science

Faculty of Business Administration
 Accounting
 Banking & Finance
 Human Resource Management
 Marketing

Faculty of Law
Bachelor Of Laws (LL.B) Program: 
 4 - Year LL.B Program  
 3 - Year LL.B Program

Health and Allied Science
 Bsc. Nursing
Bsc. Midwifery
Bsc. Public Health Nursing
Bsc. Physician Assistant Studies
Bsc. Medical Laboratory Science

Affiliations
KAAF University College runs its programs in affiliation to:
 GIMPA
 University for Development Studies
 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

See also
 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
 National Accreditation Board
 Education in Ghana

External links
 Official website
 Ghana University Courses

References

Universities in Ghana
Scientific organisations based in Ghana
Central Region (Ghana)
2007 establishments in Ghana
Universities and colleges established in 2007
State Highway RC-20 (Puducherry). RC-20 or Thavalakuppam–Embalam Road branches out from National Highways 45A at Thavalakuppam and ends at Embalam.

It is passing through the following villages:
 Abishegapakkam
 Karikalampakkam

References

External links
 Official website of Public Works Department, Puducherry UT

State highways in Puducherry
Transport in Puducherry