omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Saab 340 AEW&C. The Saab 340 AEW&C is a Swedish airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft. A variant of the Saab 340 aircraft is designated S 100B Argus by the Swedish Air Force.

Radar 
Compared to the traditional circular radar on AWACS planes, such as the E-3 Sentry, the Saab 340 has a non-movable PS-890 AESA radar made with the Erieye system. It offers lower drag, but has a dead zone directly behind and in front of the plane, with a 120 degree zone of scan on either side of the airframe. The mounted radar is capable of tracking ships, planes and missiles up to 190-250 mi (300-400 km), while at an altitude of .

Operational history 
Six S 100B Argus aircraft were produced for the Swedish Air Force. Four are permanently equipped with the Erieye active electronically scanned array (AESA) early warning radar. Two are fitted for transport missions during peacetime.

Two modified planes were loaned to Greece prior to the delivery of EMB-145 Erieye systems, which commenced in 2003.

In July 2006, Saab was awarded a contract to upgrade two of the Swedish Air Force's S 100B aircraft for surveillance missions, and for deployment in multi-national operations. The upgraded Saab 340 AEW-300 aircraft, entered service in 2009.

In November 2007, Thailand announced the intention to buy two S 100B AEW aircraft from the Swedish Air Force.

On May 29th, 2024, the Swedish Ministry of Defense announced that two Airborne Surveillance and Control aircraft (ASC 890) will be sent to Ukraine, in the 16th military support package.

Variants 
Saab 340B AEW / S 100B Argus (FSR-890) Erieye, for the Thai Air Force.
Saab 340B AEW-200 (IS-340) Erieye
Saab 340B AEW-300 / S 100D Argus  (ASC-890) Erieye

Operators 

Current

 Swedish Air Force operates two aircraft (2 S100D / ASC890). SAAB GlobalEye was ordered as replacements in June 2022.

 Royal Thai Air Force operates two aircraft delivered completely in October 2012.

 Polish Air Force - Purchased two used (ex-UAE) Saab 340 AEW early warning and control aircraft in July 2023, with deliveries planned to start in 2024. The first plane was delivered in March 2024. The second aircraft was delivered in June 2024.

Former operators

 Hellenic Air Force formerly loaned two aircraft.

 United Arab Emirates Air Force - 2 operated. Retired in 2020 after replacement by GlobalEye (Bombardier 6000).

Future Operators

 Ukrainian Air Force - 2 pledged by Sweden.

Saab 2000 AEW&C operators
In December 1988, Saab decided to build a stretched derivative of its Saab 340, called Saab 2000.

 Pakistan Air Force operates 9 aircraft.
 
 Royal Saudi Air Force operates 2 aircraft.

Specifications (Saab 340 AEW&C)

See also

References

External links 

340
AWACS aircraft
1990s Swedish command and control aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Benzo(ghi)perylene. Benzo[ghi]perylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C22H12.

Occurrence and safety 
Benzo[ghi]perylene occurs naturally in crude oil and coal tar. It is a product of incomplete combustion and is found in tobacco smoke, automobile exhausts, industrial emissions, grilled meat products and edible oils. In the atmosphere, it is adsorbed to particles and is deposited into the soil and water.

The compound accumulates strongly in organisms and the environment, and is suspected to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. It is one of 16 PAHs included in the EPA list of priority pollutants.

, a natural crystalline mineral of this compound, is found in Hokkaido, Japan.

See also
Hokkaidoite

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PBT substances
Hexacyclic compounds
Bromocyclohexane. Bromocyclohexane (also called cyclohexyl bromide, abbreviated CXB) is an organic compound with the chemical formula .

Uses and reactions
It is used to match the refractive index of PMMA for example in confocal microscopy of colloids. A mixture of cis-decalin and CXB can simultaneously match optical index and density of PMMA. Due to the moderate dielectric constant of CXB (ε = 7.9 ), PMMA acquires charges that can be screened by the addition of salt (e.g. tetrabutyl ammonium bromide), leading to a very good approximation of colloidal hard sphere. A drawback is that CXB is a good solvent for PMMA, causing it to swell over time, which may lead to a poor determination of particle radii and determination of solid volume fraction.

It is a standard coupling partner of cross coupling reactions.  Similarly, cyclohexyl bromide is a standard alkylating agent.

Synthesis 
Bromocyclohexane can be prepared by the free radical bromination of cyclohexane.

Safety
Bromocyclohexane is an alkylating agent.

References 

Organobromides
Cyclohexyl compounds
Bromine compounds
Software license manager. A software license manager is a software management tool used by independent software vendors or by end-user organizations to control where and how software products are able to run. License managers protect software vendors from losses due to software piracy and enable end-user organizations to comply with software license agreements. License managers enable software vendors to offer a wide range of usage-centric software licensing models, such as product activation, trial licenses, subscription licenses, feature-based licenses, and floating licensing from the same software package they provide to all users.

A license manager is different from a software asset management tool, which end-user organizations employ to manage the software they have licensed from many software vendors. However, some software asset management tools include license manager functions. These are used to reconcile software licenses and installed software, and generally include device discovery, software inventory, license compliance, and reporting functions.

An additional benefit of these software management tools are that they reduce the difficulty, cost, and time required for reporting and can increase operational transparency in order to prevent litigation costs associated with software misuse, as set forth by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

License management solutions provided by non-vendor companies are more valuable to the end-users, since most vendors do not provide enough license usage information. A vendor license manager provides limited information, while non-vendor license management solutions are developed for end-users in order to maximally optimize the licenses they have.

Most license managers can cover different software licensing models as license dongles or license USB keys, floating licenses, network licenses, concurrent license etc.

References

External links 
 Floating License Management
 License4J Floating License Server User Guide
 Cloud Software Licensing
 OpenLM Software License Management
 

System administration
Manager
Butyryl chloride. Butyryl chloride is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2C(O)Cl.  It is a colorless liquid with a unpleasant odor. Butyryl chloride is soluble in organic solvents, but it reacts readily with water and alcohols.  It is usually produced by chlorination of butyric acid.

Reactions
Like related acyl chlorides, butyryl chloride hydrolyzes readily:
CH3CH2CH2C(O)Cl  +  H2O  →  CH3CH2CH2CO2H  +  HCl
Alcohols react to give esters:
CH3CH2CH2C(O)Cl  +  ROH  →  CH3CH2CH2CO2R  +  HCl
Amines react to give amides:
CH3CH2CH2C(O)Cl  +  R2NH  →  CH3CH2CH2C(O)NR2  +  HCl

Derivatives of butyryl chloride are used in manufacturing pesticides, pharmaceuticals, perfume fixative, polymerization catalyst, and dyestuffs. Butyryl chloride is also commonly used as an intermediate for organic synthesis for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, esters, and peroxide compounds.

Safety
Butyryl chloride is flammable and fumes in air, releasing hydrogen chloride.

References

Acyl chlorides
Deekay Knight. 

The Deekay Knight was a British two-seat cabin monoplane designed by S.C.Hart-Still and built in 1937 by the Deekay Aircraft Corporation at Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England. It was built to test methods of wing construction that would later be suitable for plastic skinning.

Development
The Knight was a conventional looking low-wing monoplane, with a fixed tailwheel landing gear, the main legs housed in trouser fairings and powered by a nose-mounted 90 hp (67 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Minor piston engine. It had an enclosed cabin with side-by-side seating for two. It had an unusual wing construction which used four spars and interspars instead of ribs.  Though the wing was made of wood throughout, with a stressed plywood skin, the purpose of its novel construction was to explore methods suitable for later use with plastic materials.  The wing was tested at the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough and the root fittings but not the wing failed at 12.3 times the weight of the aircraft, well beyond the target load factor of 9. Only one aircraft, registered G-AFBA, was built which was scrapped sometime during the Second World War.

Specifications

References

Works cited
 

1930s British civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Flame projector. In pyrotechnics, a flame projector is a special effects device that projects a column of flame upwards, for a short, determined and controllable, period, usually on the order of a few seconds.  The simplest form of flame projector is simply a vertical tube mounted on a base, containing powder and a hole for an electric match.

Flame projectors can produce flames of different colours by simply adding a colouring agent. Potassium compounds make purple compounds, for instance. Lithium and strontium are red, sodium is bright yellow, copper and boron compounds are blue or green.

References 

Pyrotechnics
Comparison of data-serialization formats. This is a comparison of data serialization formats, various ways to convert complex objects to sequences of bits. It does not include markup languages used exclusively as document file formats.

Overview

Syntax comparison of human-readable formats

Comparison of binary formats

See also
Comparison of document-markup languages

References

External links
XML-QL Proposal discussing XML benefits
Daring to Do Less with XML

Data serialization formats
Persistence
Data-serialization formats
4CAPS. 4CAPS (Cortical Capacity-Constrained Concurrent Activation-based Production System) is a cognitive architecture developed by Marcel A. Just and Sashank Varma at Carnegie Mellon University.  It is the successor of the CAPS and 3CAPS  cognitive architectures.

Overview and Assumptions
In 4CAPS computations are distributed and dynamically balanced among independent processing centers.  Like in other cognitive architectures (e.g., ACT-R), these processing centers have been identified with corresponding cortical regions in the human brain.  Performing specific task, such as reading or driving, requires the simultaneous contribution of many of such regions.

Notably, 4CAPS differs from other architectures for its stress on the capacity constraints (that is, limited computational power), and the dynamic collaboration between different centers.  In particular, according to Just and Varma, 4CAPS is based on four characteristic assumptions:

 Each cortical area can perform multiple cognitive functions.
 Each cortical area has a limited capacity for computational resources.
 The cortical network of regions that is responsible for carrying out a particular task changes dynamically as the regions' capacity resources are saturated.
 Communications between cortical regions are also subject to specific constraints, similar to bandwidth limitations along information channels.

Implementation and Applications
Like other cognitive architectures (such as ACT-R, EPIC, and Soar), 4CAPS is implemented as a production system. It is written in the Common Lisp programming language.  This system has been used to create computational models for a variety of phenomena, especially in the field of cognitive neuroscience.  In particular, 4CAPS models have been created and used to fit behavioral and imaging data for tasks such as the Tower of London, mental rotation, and dual-tasking.

References
 Just, M. A., & Varma, S. (2007). The organization of thinking: What functional brain imaging reveals about the neuroarchitecture of complex cognition. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(3), 153-191.

External links
 http://www.ccbi.cmu.edu/4CAPS/index.html, The 4CAPS page at Marcel Just's laboratory website.

Notes

Common Lisp (programming language) software
Cognitive architecture
SZD-20X Wampir II. The SZD-20x Wampir II (Szybowcowy Zakład Doświadczalny - Glider Experimental Works)  was a single-seat tail-less research glider designed and built in Poland from 1959.

Development 
The SZD-20X Wampir II (vampire II) was designed to compare a flying wing designed to Standard class rules with a more conventional standard class glider. Main designer was Jan Dyrek. Based on experience with the earlier SZD-6X Nietoperz  and SZD-13 Wampir tail-less gliders, the SZD-20X was an all wood flying wing, with the pilot sitting in a pod extending aft of the trailing edge on the centreline, and large swept fins & rudders at approx 2/3 span on each wing.

The SZD-20X was associated with the number 15, having a 15m span, aspect ratio of 15 and wing area of 15m², whether this was by design or accident is not known.
Early flight trials commenced with hops towed behind a car to test control responses, followed by an aero-tow launch on 9 September 1959, piloted by Adam Zientek. Flight trials revealed a marked sensitivity to turbulence resulting in flutter, and during trials at stalling speed, the SZD-20X entered a spin, which the rudders were unable to recover the aircraft from, only when the pilot shifted his weight as far forward as he could, did the SZD-20X recover from the spin. Flying in the SZD-20X continued until 6 October 1959, when turbulence-induced flutter tore the aircraft apart, the pilot escaping with parachute.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

Further reading
  Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links

 http://www.vintagesailplanes.de/SZD_20.htm

SZD-20
1950s Polish experimental aircraft
Tailless aircraft
SZD-20
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Mid-wing aircraft
Grounding kit. A grounding kit  (or earthing kit) can be described as a kind of lightning protector which avoids lightning punctures on cables. It is used for grounding /earthing coaxial cables of copper or aluminium on antenna installations for telecommunication (mobile communications).

Construction

Grounding kits / Earthing kits are composed of two main components, a clamp and a cable. The clamp will be screwed on a coaxial cable and in case of lightning strokes in the antenna installation, the voltage will be diverted over a ripple in the clamp with the combined cable and will be earthed / grounded by this way.

The clamps of the grounding kits / earthing kits are composed of an ozone- and UV-resistant rubber coat with a device where the ripple can be lodged. The tin-plated ripple with a special alloying enables the bridging over big tolerances between kit and coaxial cable which is important for a best possible voltage transmission. The ripple to the skinned coaxial cable has a low contact resistance between 0.10 and 0.15 mΩ. It also enables a better length compensation as well as even and low contact pressures, which avoids damages on the coaxial cable. These characteristics  are known as relaxation behaviour.

Assembly
For assembling a grounding kit / earthing kit with integrated cable lug the coaxial cable is skinned, the grounding kit / earthing kit is set and tightened by a screw.

References
 Wiesinger, Johannes; Blitzforschung und Blitzschutz (Lightning Research and Lightning Protection) / Johannes Wiesinger. - München [u.a.] : Oldenbourg [u.a.], 1972. - 87 S. : Ill., graph. Darst. - (Abhandlungen und Berichte / Deutsches Museum ; 1972,1/2) 
 Hasse, Peter; Wiesinger, Johannes; Handbuch für Blitzschutz und Erdung (Handbook for Lighting Protection and Earthing) (4.Auflage, 4 Edition): Pflaum Verlag, 1993 
 Hasse, Peter; Wiesinger, Johannes; EMV Blitzschutzzonenkonzept (EMC Concept for Lighting Protection Areas) : Pflaum Verlag, 1994

Telecommunications infrastructure
Journal of Nanoparticle Research. The Journal of Nanoparticle Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, part of Springer-Nature (springernature.com). It focuses mainly on physical, chemical, and biological phenomena and processes in structures of sizes comparable to a few nanometers. It was established in 1999 and the editor-in-chief is Mihail C. Roco (National Science Foundation). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.253.

References

External links 
 
 JNR website for readers: https://www.springer.com/materials/nanotechnology/journal/11051
 JNR Editorial Manager for paper submissions: https://www.editorialmanager.com/nano/default.aspx

English-language journals
Nanotechnology journals
Academic journals established in 1999
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Monthly journals
Algebraic Petri net. An algebraic Petri net (APN) is an evolution of the well known Petri net in which elements of user defined data types (called algebraic abstract data types (AADT)) replace black tokens. This formalism can be compared to coloured Petri nets (CPN) in many aspects. However, in the APN case, the semantics of the data types is given by an axiomatization enabling proofs and computations on it.

Algebraic Petri nets were invented by Jacques Vautherin in 1985 in his PhD thesis and later improved by Wolfang Reisig.

The formalism has two aspects :
 The control part which is handled by a Petri net.
 The data part which is handled by one or many AADTs.

AADT can be themselves split in two parts: 
 The signature (Sort and Ops in the example below) which gives the valid constants and operations of the term algebra.
 The axiomatization (Axioms in the example below) which gives the semantics of the operations described in the signature part.

The following picture describes an algebraic Petri net model of the "dining philosophers problem". There are two AADT in this model, one for the forks algebra, one for the philosophers algebra. Please note that the philosophers AADT uses the fork AADT. Since all philosophers can take their left fork without taking their right fork, executing this model can result in a deadlock.

The control part is composed of :
Places contain multiset (bags) of tokens. Those tokens are elements of a term algebra built upon the signature of the AADT (in the example, terms that represent either a philosopher or a fork). Each place contains one and only one multiset of terms, the place is typed by its multiset.
Arcs can be labeled with multisets of either closed or free terms. Again terms are built from the AADT signature.
Transitions are events that can be fired whenever there are enough resources (namely enough tokens in the input places to satisfy all the input arcs) and the guard (firing conditions) of the transition holds. Then the produced tokens are put in the target places of the output arcs. Usually term rewriting is used for the operational semantics in order to check if conditions hold and to compute output terms.

In the example below only transition goEat is firable at the beginning. One goEat has been fired, takeL and takeR are also enabled and thus can also be fired.

Algebraic Petri nets are the basic formalism of more advanced ones such as CO-OPN.

References

Further reading

External links 

 An Introduction to the Algebraic Specification of Abstract Data Types

Specification languages
Petri nets
Avro Lancaster PA474. Avro Lancaster PA474 is a four-engined, Second World War era, Avro Lancaster heavy bomber operated by the Royal Air Force Battle of Britain Memorial Flight as a tribute to all members of Bomber Command during the Second World War.

PA474 is one of only two Lancasters in flying condition in the world, the other being owned and flown by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.

History

PA474 was built as a B Mk 1 (B1) by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd at its Broughton factory near Chester in 1945 and was to be part of the British Tiger Force for strategic bombing in the Far East. Following the end of the war with Japan the aircraft was not needed and PA474 entered storage. With gun turrets removed it was assigned to Photographic Reconnaissance duties with 82 Squadron in East and South Africa.

On return from squadron service PA474 was loaned to Flight Refuelling Limited to be used as a pilotless drone. Flight Refuelling used an Avro Lincoln instead and PA474 was then transferred to the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield, Bedfordshire to be used for trials on the Handley Page laminar flow wing. The test wings were mounted vertically above the rear fuselage.

In 1964 PA474 came under the control of the Air Historical Branch for possible display in the proposed RAF Museum. During this time the aircraft appeared in two films: Operation Crossbow and The Guns of Navarone. PA474 was stored first at Wroughton and then at Henlow then, after a request in 1965 from 44 Squadron, the Lancaster moved to RAF Waddington for restoration back to wartime standard including refitting the front and rear turrets.

PA474 was transferred to the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight in 1973. In 1975 a mid-upper turret was found in Argentina and fitted. During the winter of 1995 the Lancaster was fitted with a new main spar to extend the flying life.

On 7 May 2015, the aircraft suffered a fire in its starboard outer engine. A safe landing was made at RAF Coningsby. It flew again on 12 October 2015 after extensive work to fix the damage caused by the fire to number four engine. It was later announced that with the ongoing maintenance, PA474 should still be airworthy until 2065.

Minor and Major maintenance and overhauls are completed by Duxford based Aircraft Restoration Company (ARCo), most recently in 2021 where PA474 was with the historic aircraft specialists for 10 months.

See also
 List of surviving Avro Lancasters

References

External links

 Battle Of Britain Memorial Flight page
 Lincolnshire's Lancaster Association page

History of the Royal Air Force
PA474
Individual aircraft
Birds of Prey (video game). Birds of Prey is a flight simulator for the Amiga and IBM PC compatibles developed by Argonaut Software and published in 1992 by Electronic Arts. It includes a wide variety of NATO and Warsaw Pact aircraft and their respective ordnance as well as 12 different mission profiles. The game takes place on a large map consisting of several land areas separated by the sea. The plot revolves around a military conflict between two sides that have three air bases and two aircraft carriers each.

Reception
Computer Gaming World offered two opinions of Birds of Prey. One criticized the game's lack of realism and flawed targeting, while the other favorably cited the wide variety of aircraft and recommended it to action-oriented flight gamers. In a 1994 survey of wargames, the magazine gave the title two stars out of five, saying "the various aircraft have suspiciously similar flight characteristics and instrumentation".

References

1991 video games
Amiga games
Argonaut Games games
Cold War video games
Combat flight simulators
DOS games
Electronic Arts games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom