omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Falling-film column. A falling-film column (or wetted-wall column) is a kind of laboratory equipment used to achieve mass and heat transfer between two fluid phases (in general one gas phase and one liquid phase).

It consists of a vertical tube-shaped vessel: the liquid stream flows downwards through the inner wall of the tube and the gas stream flows up through of the centre of the tube.

Description 

In the most common case, the column contains one liquid stream and one gas stream. The liquid forms a thin film that covers the inner surface of the vessel; the gas stream is normally injected from the bottom of the column, so the two fluids are subjected to a counter-current exchange of matter and heat, that happens through the gas-liquid interface.

Sometimes, the same equipment is used to achieve the co-current mass and heat transfer between two immiscible liquids.

Applications 

Because they are easy to model, falling-film columns are generally used as laboratory equipment, for example to measure experimentally the values of transport coefficients. A significant experiment was carried out in 1934 by Edwin R. Gilliland and Thomas Kilgore Sherwood that used a falling-film column to study the mass transfer phenomenon between a liquid phase and a gas phase, obtaining an experimental correlation between the Sherwood number, Reynolds number and Schmidt number.

Falling-film columns are not used at industrial scales, because they have a low surface area and liquid hold-up compared to other gas-liquid contactors (e.g. a packed column or a plate column).

References 

Chemical equipment
National Institute of Technology (Indonesia). The National Institute of Technology (, abbreviated as ITENAS), is a private, technology-oriented university located in Bandung, Indonesia.

ITENAS was established in 1972 as the National Academy of Technology (, abbreviated as ATENAS) by the Dayang Sumbi Educational Foundation with R. Mansoer Wiratmadja as its first rector. ATENAS originally had four faculties, which focused on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, respectively.

ATENAS was renamed the National Institute of Technology (NIT) in 1984, which currently has three faculties, namely the faculties of industrial technology, civil engineering, planning, and art and design.

References

External links
 

Universities in Bandung
Universities and colleges established in 1972
1972 establishments in Indonesia
Private universities and colleges in Indonesia
Puma (microarchitecture). The Puma Family 16h is a low-power microarchitecture by AMD for its APUs. It succeeds the Jaguar as a second-generation version, targets the same market, and belongs to the same AMD architecture Family 16h. The Beema line of processors are aimed at low-power notebooks, and Mullins are targeting the tablet sector.

Design 
The Puma cores use the same microarchitecture as Jaguar, and inherits the design:
 Out-of-order execution and Speculative execution, up to 4 CPU cores
 Two-way integer execution
 Two-way 128-bit wide floating-point and packed integer execution
 Integer hardware divider
 Puma does not feature clustered multi-thread (CMT), meaning that there are no "modules"
 Puma does not feature Heterogeneous System Architecture or zero-copy
 32 KiB instruction + 32 KiB data L1 cache per core
 1–2 MiB unified L2 cache shared by two or four cores
 Integrated single channel memory controller supporting 64bit DDR3L
 3.1 mm2 area per core

Instruction set support 
Like Jaguar, the Puma core has support for the following instruction sets and instructions: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4a, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, F16C, CLMUL, AES, BMI1, MOVBE (Move Big-Endian instruction), XSAVE/XSAVEOPT, ABM (POPCNT/LZCNT), and AMD-V.

Improvements over Jaguar 
 19% CPU core leakage reduction at 1.2V 
 38% GPU leakage reduction
 500 mW reduction in memory controller power
 200 mW reduction in display interface power
 Chassis temperature aware turbo boost 
 Selective boosting according to application needs (intelligent boost)
 Support for ARM TrustZone via integrated Cortex-A5 processor
 Support for DDR3L-1866 memory

Puma+ 
AMD released a revision of the Puma microarchitecture, Puma+, which is integrated into the Carrizo-L APU platform.

Features  
APU features table

Processors

Desktop/Mobile (Beema)

Tablet (Mullins)

References

External links 
 Software Optimization Guide for Family 16h Processors
 2014 AMD Low-Power Mobile APUs 
 Jaguar presentation (video) at ISSCC 2013 
 Discussion initiated on RWT forums by Jeff Rupley, Chief Architect of the Jaguar core
 BKDG for Family 16h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
 Revision Guide for Family 16h Models 00h-0Fh Processors (Jaguar)
 Revision Guide for Family 16h Models 30h-3Fh Processors (Puma)

AMD x86 microprocessors
AMD microarchitectures
Underwater Dreams. Underwater Dreams is a documentary film written, directed, and produced by Mary Mazzio. The film chronicles the story of how the sons of undocumented Mexican immigrants learned how to build underwater robots, and go up against MIT in the process.

Synopsis
Underwater Dreams is the true story of a team of undocumented Mexican high school students, who under the tutelage of two of their teachers, enter the Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center's annual International ROV competition, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Marine Technology Society, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and NASA. The four boys from Carl Hayden High School  in Phoenix competed against college teams all across the United States including MIT.

Another film, Spare Parts about the Carl Hayden team was released January 16, 2015.  It stars George Lopez and Marisa Tomei.

References

External links
 Official movie website
 
 

2014 films
2014 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about education in the United States
Documentary films about adolescence
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films
Gudmund Sundby. Gudmund Sundby (18 January 1878 – 16 February 1973) was a Norwegian hydroelectric engineer and university professor.

Biography
Sundby was born at Ullensaker in Akershus, Norway.  He was a son of  Halvor Gudmundsen Sundby and Gina Jakobsdatter. He was a student at Kristiania Technical School (today a part of Oslo University College) and  took the mechanical engineering exam in 1898, after which he was employed by Kværner. He went on a study trip to the United States from 1904 and completed a course of study during 1907 in  Switzerland and Italy. Sundby developed an automatic turbine regulator that was patented in 1909. He served as chief engineer for the turbine department at Kværner from 1905 to 1912.

He was appointed professor of hydroelectricity at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1911 to 1952. He was also managing director the Hydroelectric Laboratory at the university which was completed in 1917.

Sundby was a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1928. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1949. A portrait of Sundby, painted by Jean Heiberg, is located at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

References

1878 births
1973 deaths
People from Ullensaker
Oslo University College alumni
Norwegian engineers
Hydroelectric engineers
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Mancotal Dam. The Mancotal Dam is an embankment dam on the Tuma River near Asturias in Jinotega Department, Nicaragua. It forms Lake Apanás, the largest reservoir in the country. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports the 50 MW Centro América Plant. The dam was completed and its first generator commissioned in 1964. The second generator was commissioned a year later on 18 March 1965. To generate power, water from the southwestern end of the Lake Apanás flows along a  long channel before it enters a series of headrace pipes and a penstock. About  to the south west the penstock meets Centro América Plant where it turns two 25 MW Francis turbines. After generating power the water is then discharged into the Viejo River. To supplement levels in the Lake Apanás, the El Dorado Dam was completed in 1985 and forms Lake Asturias just downstream of the Mancotal Dam. Water from Lake Asturias can be pumped into Lake Apanás. In 1998 heavy rains from Hurricane Mitch severely damaged the Mancotal and El Dorado Dams, over-topping their spillways and nearly destroying the dams. The Virgen Dam downstream on the Viejo River was destroyed but later rebuilt.

See also

Virgen Dam – on the Viejo River.

References

Dams in Nicaragua
Hydroelectric power stations in Nicaragua
Dams completed in 1964
Energy infrastructure completed in 1965
Jinotega Department
Donald F. Carpenter. Donald F. Carpenter (1899–1985) was an American businessman who served as the first civilian Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, Deputy to United States Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal on atomic energy matters, and Chairman of the U.S. Munitions Board.

In 1922, Carpenter graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science in engineering degree and entered industry, rising through key managerial positions with the Dupont Viscoloid Company from 1927 through 1933, and the Remington Arms Company from 1933 through 1947. As vice president and assistant general manager of the Remington Arms Company during World War II, he guided the company's expansion to meet the Allied Forces' ammunition needs.

In 1947, he was appointed a member of the Industrial Advisory Group to the Atomic Energy Commission, where he advocated wider industrial participation in the developing atomic energy enterprise.  In 1948 he was appointed by U.S. President Harry S. Truman as the first civilian chairman of the Military Liaison Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, where he strengthened the committee status as a civilian-military enterprise inclusive of Army, Navy and Air Force nuclear activities. Later in 1948 Carpenter was appointed by Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal as his deputy "in atomic energy matters".

In 1948, Carpenter was appointed by President Truman to chair the national Munitions Board, succeeding Thomas J. Hargrave, the seat was established by the National Security Act of 1947 to coordinate industrial matters affecting the National Military Establishment, including procurement, production, and distribution functions.  His work as chairman was recognized with letters of appreciation from James Forrestal, Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Carpenter returned to DuPont as general manager of the Film Department in 1949, and worked there until his retirement in 1963.

The Donald F. Carpenter Collection at the Hagley Museum and Library documents his life and career through photographs, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, pamphlets and letters.

Personal
Carpenter was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on September 24, 1899. He was a first cousin of Walter S. Carpenter Jr., and Robert Ruliph Morgan Carpenter., Manuscripts and Archives Department.

References

1899 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Alberto B. Gutiérrez. General Alberto B. Gutiérrez was a Cristero officer who participated in the Cristero War. He held the rank of general. General Alberto B. Gutierrez was given by the night of May 23, in the morning, to fly dynamite in the Black Bridge and Tunnel railway that runs from Colima, Colima to Manzanillo, Colima, plus trash the railroad to prevent federal forces under General Heliodorus Charis from entering Manzanillo to defend the place. To achieve his mission, he was given a mule with a bomb in Camotlán de Miraflores. Gutierrez missed the train and did not solitary confine to Manzanillo.

See also
 Primary Chiefs and Officers Cristero

References

Cristero War
Antonio Medina Comas. Antonio Luis Medina Comas (born c. 1968) is a licensed industrial engineer, a business executive, and the current president and founder of Convergent Strategies, an advisory firm that helps companies accelerate their growth. Medina has a bachelor's and a master's degree in industrial engineering from  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and an MBA in finance from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as the executive director of the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company, PRIDCO, between 2013 and 2016.  Before joining PRIDCO, Medina spent 20 years at Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) where he rose from being an industrial engineer to become the chief financial officer (CFO) of Merck's operations in Brazil. He also served as the Senior Finance Director for Merck's manufacturing division in Puerto Rico and as regional finance director for Merck's operations in Central America and the Caribbean.

Medina was also instrumental in establishing the first MRO business unit of Lufthansa in the western hemisphere, the United States, and Puerto Rico in 2014 while heading PRIDCO.

References

External links
 Convergent Strategies

Chief financial officers
Wharton School alumni
Living people
1960s births
Officials of Puerto Rico
21st-century Puerto Rican engineers
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Plate column. A plate column (or tray column) is equipment used in chemistry to carry out unit operations where it is necessary to transfer mass between a liquid phase and a gas phase. In other words, it is a particular gas-liquid contactor. The peculiarity of this gas-liquid contactor is that the gas comes in contact with liquid through different stages; each stage is delimited by two plates (except the stage at the top of the column and the stage at the bottom of the column).

Some common applications of plate columns are distillation, gas-liquid absorption and liquid-liquid extraction. In general, plate columns are suitable for both continuous and batch operations.

Fluid dynamics 

The feed to the column can be liquid, gas or gas and liquid at equilibrium. Inside the column there are  always two phases: one gas phase and one liquid phase. The liquid phase flows downward through the column via gravity, while the gas phase flows upward. These two phases come in contact in correspondence of holes, valves or bubble caps that fill the area of the plates. Gas moves to the higher plate through these devices, while the liquid moves to the lower plate through a downcomer.

The liquid is collected to the bottom of the column and it undergoes evaporation through a reboiler, while the gas is collected to the top and it undergoes condensation through a condenser. The liquid and gas produced at the top and at the bottom are in general recirculated.

In the simplest case, there are just one feed stream and two product streams. In the case of the fractionating column, there are instead many product streams.

Notes

Bibliography 
 Robert Perry, Don W. Green, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007.

See also 

Distillation
Packed bed
Fractionating column

Chemical equipment
Distillation
Amir Yacoby. Amir Yacoby is a condensed matter physicist and professor at Harvard University.

Education
Yacoby got bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering and a master’s degree in theoretical physics. In 1994, he obtained his PhD at Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Professor Moty Heiblum.

Career
In 2006, Yacoby started teaching at Harvard. He was appointed as the Lazaridis Chair in Physics of the Institute for Quantum Computing in 2013. In March 2014, his group developed a magnetic resonance imaging technology by which nanoscale images can be provided, that could enable researchers to peer into the atomic structure of individual molecules. In 2014, Yacoby was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

References

External links

20th-century births
Living people
American physicists
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
Harvard University faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Jerzy Langer. Jerzy Marian Langer (born 18 July 1947, Łódź, Poland) is a Polish physicist specializing in condensed matter physics. He is a professor at the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Langer is currently an Ambassador for the European Innovation Council for the years 2021-2027.

Awards and honors
Langer became a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1989 "for contributions in the area of defects and recombination phenomena in semiconductors and ionic solids." He is also a fellow of the Warsaw Scientific Society, and Academia Europaea.

References

1947 births
Living people
20th-century Polish physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of Academia Europaea
21st-century Polish physicists
Gas–liquid contactor. A gas–liquid contactor is a particular chemical equipment used to realize the mass and heat transfer between a gas phase and a liquid phase. Gas–liquid contactors can be used in separation processes (e.g. distillation, absorption) or as gas–liquid reactors or to achieve both purposes within the same device (e.g. reactive distillation).

Typologies 

They are divided into two main categories:
 differential gas–liquid contactors: the mass transfer happens within the entire length of the contactor and the vapor–liquid equilibrium is not reached in any point of the equipment; 
 stagewise gas–liquid contactors: the vapor–liquid equilibrium is reached within each stage of the equipment and mass transfer happens in a part only of the volume of each stage.

Examples of differential gas–liquid contactors are:
 falling-film column
 packed column
 bubble column
 spray tower
 gas–liquid agitated vessel.

Examples of stagewise gas–liquid contactors are:
 plate column
 rotating disc contactor
 Venturi tube.

Pro and cons 

Some important factors to take into account to choice the typology of gas–liquid contactor more suitable for a particular application are:
 liquid hold-up
 surface area of the gas–liquid interface.

In particular heat and mass transfer velocity is higher for equipment with higher values of gas–liquid interface surface area, so gas–liquid contactors with high surface area (e.g. packed column, spray tower) are often preferred when it is important to lower the cost of the equipment.

Liquid hold-up is also an important factor for the economy of the process, because for low values of liquid hold-up a bigger equipment is needed to have the same heat and mass transfer velocity. For this reason, gas–liquid contactors with low liquid-hold-up (e.g. falling-film column) in general are not used at industrial scale.

Notes

Bibliography 
 Robert Perry, Don W. Green, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007. 
 

Chemical equipment
Quasi-crystals (supramolecular). Quasi-crystals are supramolecular aggregates exhibiting both crystalline (solid) properties as well as amorphous, liquid-like properties.
 
Self-organized structures termed "quasi-crystals" were originally described in 1978 by the Israeli scientist Valeri A. Krongauz of the Weizmann Institute of Science, in the Nature paper, Quasi-crystals from irradiated photochromic dyes in an applied electric field. In his 1978 paper Krongauz coined the term “Quasi-Crystals” for the new self-organized colloidal particles . The Quasi-crystals are supramolecular aggregates manifesting both crystalline properties e.g. Bragg scattering, as well as amorphous, liquid-like properties i.e.  drop-like shapes, fluidity, extensibility and elasticity in electric field. The supramolecular Quasi-crystals  are produced in photochemical reaction by exposing solutions of photochromic spiropyran molecules to UV radiation. The ultraviolet light induces the conversion of the spiropyrans to merocyanine molecules that manifest electric dipole moments. (see Scheme 1).  The quasi-crystals have external shape of submicron globules and their internal structure consists of crystals enveloped by an amorphous matter (see Fig. 1). The crystals are formed by self-assembled stacks of the merocyanine molecular dipoles aligning themselves in a parallel manner, while amorphous envelopes consist of the same merocyanine dipoles aligned in an anti-parallel manner (Fig. 1, Scheme 2). In an applied electrostatic field, quasi-crystals form macroscopic threads that show linear optical dichroism.

Later Krongauz described unusual phase transitions of molecules composed of mesogenic and spiropyran moieties, which he named "quasi-liquid crystals." A micrograph of their mesophase appeared on the cover of Nature ''in a 1984 paper, “Quasi-Liquid Crystals.” The investigation of spiropyran-merocyanine self-organized systems, including macromolecules (see, for example, Fig. 2), has continued over the years.  
 

These studies have resulted in discoveries of unusual and practically significant phenomena. Thus, in the electrostatic field, quasi-crystals and quasi-liquid crystals have exhibited 2nd order non-linear optical properties.

Potential applications of these fascinating materials have been described and patented.

Work on spiropyran-merocyanine self-assemblies currently continues in several laboratories.

References

Condensed matter physics
Liquid crystals
Supramolecular chemistry
Self-organization
SkyCraft Airplanes. SkyCraft Airplanes was a Light Sport Aircraft manufacturing company based in Orem, Utah.  The company only built one product, the SkyCraft SD-1 Minisport, a single-seat low-wing plane designed in the Czech Republic.

The company debuted the aircraft at 2013 EAA Airventure Oshkosh as a ready-to-fly, S-LSA Certified aircraft. Production of the aircraft began two months prior in May 2013 and was intended to have a revised cockpit, including Dynon SkyView instrumentation.

At the end of May 2014 Skycraft announced that light-sport flight testing had been completed. However, as of 7 August 2017 the SD-1 was still not on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of accepted light-sport aircraft and by the end of 2017 the company had gone out of businesses.

Aircraft
SkyCraft SD-1 Minisport

References

External links
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
American companies established in 2012
Companies based in Orem, Utah
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Utah
2012 establishments in Utah
Manufacturing companies based in Utah
Manufacturing companies established in 2012
Aircraft manufacturers