omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Texas Instruments Explorer. The Texas Instruments Explorer is a family of Lisp machine computers. These computers were sold by Texas Instruments (TI) in the 1980s. The Explorer is based on a design from Lisp Machines Incorporated, which is based on the MIT Lisp machine. The Explorer was used to develop and deploy artificial intelligence software.

Notable is also the early use of the NuBus as the system bus for the Explorer computer family.

History
The Explorer was used to develop and deploy artificial intelligence software. Later models were based on a special 32-bit microprocessor developed by TI, which hardware had enhanced support for executing Lisp software.

Operating system
The operating system of the Explorer was written in Lisp Machine Lisp and also supported Common Lisp.

Use
A notable application is SPIKE, the scheduling system for the Hubble Space Telescope. SPIKE was developed on Texas Instruments Explorer workstations.

Models
 Explorer
 Explorer II, based on the Lisp microprocessor
 Explorer LX, which combines the Explorer with a co-processor running a version of Unix (TI System V)
 MicroExplorer, a NuBus board for the Apple Macintosh based on the Lisp microprocessor

References

Publications
 Software innovations for the Texas Instruments Explorer computer, Tennant, H.R.; Bate, R.R.; Corey, S.M.; Davis, L.; Kline, P.; Oren, L.G.; Rajinikanth, M.; Saenz, R.; Stenger, D.; Thompson, C.W., Proceedings of the IEEE Volume 73, Issue 12, Dec. 1985 Page(s): 1771 - 1790
 Artificial intelligence hardware architectures for the Space Station era: The Texas Instruments Explorer and Compact LISP Machine, Krueger, S. ; Manuel, G. ; Matthews, G. ; Ott, G. ; Watkins, C., Opt. Eng. ; Vol/Issue: 25:11
 Dussud, P. H. 1988. Lisp hardware architecture: the Explorer II and beyond. SIGPLAN Lisp Pointers 1, 6 (Apr. 1988), 13–18. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1317224.1317226
 P.H. Dussud, TICLOS: An implementation of CLOS for the Explorer Family, In Proc. OOPSLA'89, International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications, 1989, pp. 215–219.
 Zeitgeist: Database Support for Object-Oriented Programming (1988), by S Ford, J Joseph, D Langworthy, D Lively, G Pathak, E Perez, R. Peterson, D. Sparacin, S. Thatte, D. Wells, S. Agarwal, In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems (Zeitgeist was an OODBMS developed by Texas Instruments for the Explorer)

External links
 TI MicroExplorer documentation
 TI Explorer documentation
 Texas Instruments history, In search for a market
 TI Explorer Lisp Machine Source Code (1991)
 TI Explorer Lisp Code: The Stanford Knowledge Systems Lab's set of Explorer patches and tools.
 Emulators

Lisp (programming language)
Computer workstations
Explorer
Event segment. A segment of a system variable in computing shows a homogenous status of system dynamics over a time period.  Here, a homogenous status of a variable is a state which can be described by a set of coefficients of a formula. For example, of  homogenous statuses, we can bring status of constant ('ON' of a switch) and linear (60 miles or 96 km per hour for speed). Mathematically, a segment is a function mapping from a set of times which can be defined by a real interval, to the set  [Zeigler76], [ZPK00], [Hwang13]. A trajectory of a system variable is a sequence of segments concatenated. We call a trajectory constant (respectively linear) if its concatenating segments are constant (respectively linear).

An event segment is a special class of the constant segment with a constraint in which the constant segment is either one of a timed event or a null-segment. The event segments are used to define Timed Event Systems such as DEVS, timed automata, and timed petri nets.

Event segments

Time base 
The time base of the concerning systems is denoted by , and defined

as the set of non-negative real numbers.

Event and null event 
An event is a label that abstracts a change. Given an event set , the null event denoted by  stands for nothing change.

Timed event 
A timed event is a pair  where   and  denotes that an event  occurs at time .

Null segment 
The null segment over time interval  is denoted by  which means nothing in  occurs over .

Unit event segment 
A unit event segment is either a null event segment or a timed event.

Concatenation 
Given an event set , concatenation of two unit event segments   over  and  over  is denoted by  whose time interval is , and implies .

Event trajectory 
An event trajectory
 over an event set  and a time interval  is concatenation of unit event segments  and  where
.

Mathematically, an event trajectory is a mapping  a time period  to an event set . So we can write it in a function form :

Timed language 
The universal timed language  over an event set  and a time interval , is the set of all event trajectories over  and .

A timed language  over an event set  and a timed interval
 is a set of event trajectories over  and  if .

See also 
 Outline of computing

References 
 [Zeigler76] 
 [ZKP00] 
 [Giambiasi01] Giambiasi N., Escude B. Ghosh S. “Generalized Discrete Event Simulation of Dynamic Systems”, in: Issue 4 of SCS Transactions: Recent Advances in DEVS Methodology-part II, Vol. 18, pp. 216–229, dec 2001
 [Hwang13] M.H. Hwang, ``Revisit of system variable trajectories``, Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling & Simulation - DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium ,  San Diego, CA, USA, April 7–10, 2013

Automata (computation)
Formal specification languages
Timed event system. The General System has been described in [Zeigler76] and [ZPK00] with the standpoints to define (1) the time base, (2) the admissible input segments, (3) the system states, (4) the state trajectory with an admissible input segment, (5) the output for a given state.

A Timed Event System defining the state trajectory associated with the current and event segments came from the class of General System to allows non-deterministic behaviors in it [Hwang2012]. Since the behaviors of DEVS can be described by Timed Event System, DEVS and RTDEVS is a sub-class or an equivalent class of Timed Event System.

Timed Event Systems 
A timed event system is a structure
 
where
  is the set of events;
  is the set of states;
  is the set of initial states;
  is the set of accepting states;
  is the set of state trajectories in which  indicates that a state  can change into  along with an event segment . If two state trajectories  and  are called contiguous if , and two event trajectories  and  are contiguous. Two contiguous state trajectories  and  implies .

Behaviors and Languages of Timed Event System 
Given a timed event system , the set of its behaviors is called its language depending on the
observation time length. Let  be the observation time length.
If , -length observation language of
 is denoted by , and defined as
 
We call an event segment  a -length behavior of , if .

By sending the observation time length  to infinity, we define infinite length observation language of 
is denoted by , and defined as
 
We call an event segment  an infinite-length behavior of , if .

See also 
State Transition System

References 
 [Zeigler76] 
 [ZKP00] 
 [Hwang2012] 

Automata (computation)
Formal specification languages
BFW M.31. The BFW M.31, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M.27, was a radial-engined German two-seat sports plane from 1932, with a low, cantilever wing, open cockpits and fixed undercarriage. Only one was built.

Development
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Willy Messerschmitt, working at Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) produced a series of low-wing sports monoplanes with either one or two seats. These were the M.19, M.23, M.27, M.31 and M.35 with the M.23 the only one with sales of much over double figures. The M, of course, stood for Messerschmitt.

Like the M.27, the M.31 had the same wingspan as the M.23c. Like the M.23b and M.27, it was a tandem two-seat open cockpit monoplane machine, with a low cantilever wing and braced tailplane. The fuselage below the decking was more rounded than on the earlier aircraft, being built out of two longitudinal panels per side rather than one, with the lower one angled inwards. The fixed undercarriage was without the spats of the M.27. It was powered by a neatly cowled radial engine driving the usual two-blade airscrew. Some considered it to be the most elegant of the series.

The first flight was in 1932, and it was on display at the German Aerosport exhibition of 1933. No orders were placed and only the prototype was built.

Specifications

References

Citations

Cited sources

1930s German sport aircraft
M 31
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Potez IX. The Potez IX was an early airliner produced in France in the 1920s, a further development of the SEA IV that Henry Potez had co-designed during the First World War.

Design and development
The design mated an entirely new fuselage to the wing and tail structures of the earlier military aircraft. This fuselage was very deep, nearly filling the interplane gap, and carried within it a fully enclosed cabin with seating for four passengers. The nose area was carefully streamlined with curved aluminium, but other aspects of the construction were conventional for the day; wooden structures skinned in plywood (the passenger cabin) or fabric (the rest of the aircraft). The pilot sat in an open cockpit aft of the cabin.

The prototype flew in 1920, and was followed by around thirty production examples that differed from it in having a larger tail fin and rudder. The Compagnie générale transaérienne operated Potez IXs on cross-channel air services between Paris and London. The Compagnie Franco-Roumaine de Navigation Aérienne flew these on routes linking Paris to Warsaw via Strasbourg and Prague, and from Paris to Budapest via Strasbourg and Vienna, later extending its services to Bucharest and Constantinople. Franco-Roumaine, and its successor airline CIDNA operated the Potez IX until 1928.

The Potez IX S, a one-off modified version with wings of larger area, flew in the Grand Prix de l'Aéro Club de France in June 1921 with Gustave Douchy at the controls. Douchy was disqualified in the third stage of the competition.

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

R09
1920s French airliners
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Dudley Willis Rockwell. Dudley Willis Rockwell was born June 20, 1913, in New Britain, Connecticut. Dud was the son of Ruth Gowdy Rockwell and Stanley Pickett Rockwell, inventor of the Rockwell hardness test. Dud graduated from Yale University Sheffield Scientific School in 1935 with a bachelor of science degree. He was a member of the Sheff School secret society, St. Elmo. In 1959, he was elected president of the Stanley P. Rockwell Co., a heat treating shop in Hartford, CT, a position he held until retiring in 1974.

He was chairman of the ASM Hartford Chapter in 1963-64, and president of the Metal Treating Institute in 1967-68. During his career as a metallurgist, Dud served on the ASM National Committee, was a popular lecturer, and authored numerous articles about heat treating.

Rockwell died October 1, 2006, peacefully at his home in Cushing, Maine.

References 

American metallurgists
Yale University alumni
1913 births
2006 deaths
People from New Britain, Connecticut
People from Cushing, Maine
Williams F112. The Williams F112 is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International designed to power cruise missiles. It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missile and the AGM-86B advanced cruise missile, as well as the experimental X-36 and X-50.

Design and development

Although Williams originally designed these small turbofans to power target drones while aiming for a contract in the Subsonic Cruise Armed Decoy (SCAD) program, it quickly became apparent that these were valuable tools to be used in the future to power advanced cruise missiles. Originally designated the F107-WR-14A6, then designated the F107-WR-103 by Williams then designated the F112-WR-100 by the USAF.

Though the true benefits that the F112 brought to the AGM-129 are classified, it has been said that the F112 increased the range of the AGM-129 to four times that of the AGM-86B.  Another benefit is that the infrared heat signature has also been reduced or nearly eliminated, aiding the stealthiness of the AGM-129. This was accomplished with the use of high tech materials and coatings.

Applications
 AGM-129 ACM
 Boeing X-50
 McDonnell Douglas X-36

Specifications

See also

References

External links

 National Museum of the USAF F112 fact sheet
 Archived "Aviation Gas Turbine Forecast" sample, 2009 by Forecast International
 F112 on LeteckeMotory.cz (cs)

Low-bypass turbofan engines
1970s turbofan engines
F112
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Code Camp. Code Camp is a type of unconference that was initially established to assist software developers who were unable to participate in professional activities during standard working hours. The content of these classes ranges from certification and coding interviews training to data structures and algorithms that pertain to the project the company is working on.

The initiative, which began in Boston under the leadership of Thom Robbins and other local developer community leaders, offers technical presentations and access to specialized technical content. The concept of Code Camps has been influential in the genesis of similar 'Camp' style events, such as BarCamp. 

Originally, Code Camps were more closely associated with Microsoft Windows or .NET platforms, with the first-ever Code Camp being held at the Microsoft Northeast Region office in Waltham, Massachusetts.  They have since broadened their scope. There are now online programs like FreeCodeCamp, which offer a similar style of learning.  There are also many programs designed for beginners, with some being held for children.  

These camps are known for being free and are typically held outside normal work hours. Like most unconferences, Code Camps focus on the local or regional development community. Community members contribute by suggesting topics and often act as presenters, fostering a collaborative and participatory atmosphere among peers.

References

External links
 List of Code Camps across US
 Chicago Code Camp

Unconferences
Software development events
21st-century introductions
Spykee. Spykee is a robotic toy made by Erector/Meccano. It contains a USB webcam, microphone and speakers. Controlled by computer locally or over the internet, the owner can move the robot to various locations within range of the local router, take pictures and video, listen to surroundings with the on-board microphone and play sounds/music or various built-in recordings (Robot laugh, laser guns, etc.) through the speaker. Spykee has a WiFi connectivity to let him access the Internet using both ad hoc and infrastructure modes.
The electronics inside Spykee were built by a French start-up called WaveStorm.

Introduction 
The Spykee robot was conceived in 2006  and began shipping in the United States in late 2008.

Assembly 
Spykee is marketed for children ages 8 and up and claims to require 1.5 hours installation time. A review of Amazon.com product reviews indicates the actual assembly time is longer.

Modifications 
Spykee is compatible with other Meccano set parts.

At least one owner has modified Spykee to be able to move its "head" (and thus its webcam) up and down. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN_9rkovW6s

It is advertised as an open-source robot, although no API or SDK has been officially released. However, http://spykee.duskofsolace.com is an unofficial wiki containing information on how to access Linux on Spykee. There is information on how the hardware works and new unofficial firmware, that mainly addresses issues on accessing linux and has the capability of mounting network or USB partitions in linux.

As of May 2010 (possibly earlier), the full source code for the robot firmware, as well as documentation, has been made available, see: http://www.spykeeworld.com/spykee/US/freeSoftware.html

A home made robot daemon open source project (named Phobos Daemon) is available on spykeewiki as well. The aftermarket daemon supports all the basic functionality of Spykee and has additional features.

As of October 2010, there exists an application to control Spykee from an Android Smartphone. http://www.aspykee.com .  There is also a perl application to control Spykee from for example Linux.  https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/libspykee-perl .

References 

 Online review on robotreviews.com
 Online review on tech.spotcoolstuff.com

External links 
  
 Perl library

Entertainment robots
2000s toys
Toy robots
Rolling robots
Robots of the United Kingdom
2006 robots
Butaritari Airport. Butaritari Airport  is an airport on Butaritari in the Pacific Ocean island nation of Kiribati.

History
Butaritari Atoll Airport was built in Kiribati during World War II by the United States after seizing the island from the Japanese. Construction lasted approximately one month, from November 20 to mid-December, of 1943. During the war, the airport was known as Makin Airfield, Butaritari Airfield, Antakana Airfield, or Starmann Field.

The airfield was the base of operations for the United States Army Air Forces Seventh Air Force 41st Bombardment Group which flew four squadrons of B-25 Mitchell medium bombers. Missions from the airfield were flown against Japanese shipping, bypassing islands in the Marshalls and Caroline Islands. In addition to the 41st, the 43d Fighter Squadron (15th Fighter Group) flew P-39 Airacobras and the 531st Bomb Squadron (380th Bombardment Group) flew A-24 Dauntless light attack aircraft from the airfield in late 1943 and early 1944.

The Americans pulled out at the end of 1944, abandoning the airfield.  After the war, the airfield was turned into a commercial airport.

Airlines and destinations

See also
 USAAF in the Central Pacific
Naval Base Gilbert Islands

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

External links

Airports in Kiribati
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
Louisiana Midland Railway. The Louisiana Midland Railway, was a Class III railroad operating in the US state of Louisiana. The branch of the Louisiana & Arkansas Railway that would become the Louisiana Midland fell under different names those names and time line were:

 Louisiana and Arkansas Railway (L&A) 1903 to 1946 owned by William Buchanan
 Louisiana Midland Railway (LM) 1946 to 1967 owned by H.H. Holloway, Sr.
 Illinois Central Gulf Railroad (ICG) 1967 to 1974 owned by ICG
 Louisiana Midland Railway (LOAM) 1974 to 1987 owned by Craig Burroughs

History 
The First Louisiana Midland (LM) was formed on January 1, 1946, by H.H. Holloway, Sr. Mr. Holloway owned a gravel pit at Rhinehart, Louisiana, on the Louisiana & Arkansas Railway's (L&A) main line. When the L&A made plans to dispose of the branch Mr. Holloway knowing without the railroad his gravel pit operations would ultimately fail. The LM consisted of a 76.7-mile branch line from Packton, Louisiana, to Vidalia, Louisiana, from the Louisiana and Arkansas Railway.  Passenger service was discontinued in 1953.  On April 28, 1967, the Illinois Central Railroad absorbed the Louisiana Midland as part of its absorption of the Mississippi Central Railroad. On April 28, 1974, the Louisiana Midland resumed independent operations, being controlled by Craig Burroughs' Joliet-based Trans-Action Associates, Inc.  The Louisiana Midland operated first with three ALCO RS-1 locomotives and later with three ALCO RS-3 locomotives.

In the 1980s, through freight service was discontinued between Packton and Ferriday, Louisiana, because of poor track conditions and lack of demand, reducing the Louisiana Midland's operations to switching service at Packton and Ferriday.  Traffic at the time included pulpwood, wood products and general commodities.

Operations ceased in July 1985.  On July 1, 1986, the property was sold at a sheriff's sale.

Current 
The bridge over Little River at Georgetown, Louisiana, still exists while most of the others are gone.

References 

Defunct Louisiana railroads
Railway companies established in 1974
Railway companies disestablished in 1987
American companies established in 1974
Technical performance measure. Technical performance measures (TPM) is a term used by the US military to refer to key technical goals that needed to be met, where the technical goals were vital for the functioning of a system in its environment.

Definitions
TPM is defined as "the continuing prediction and demonstration of the degree of anticipated or actual  achievement of selected technical objectives."

A definition given by Dr. Norman Waks, formerly Director of Defense Research and Engineering in the Office of the Secretary of Defense is as follows:

References

External links
 A series of documents on TPM, from 1997-1998
 Technical Performance Measurement Handbook, 1984

Human resource management
RIPR. The RIPRNet (Releasable Internet Protocol Router Network) is a TCP/IP based computer network for joint Republic of Korea Armed Forces–United States Department of Defense access, analogous to the SIPRNet.

Whereas SIPRNet is the de facto SECRET-level TCP/IP network for U.S.-only use, RIPR is for information classified as Releasable to the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and US Secret. In other words, RIPR is a secure coalition network for joint ROK-US usage. RIPRNet's architecture is based on a multi-layered approach. Utilizing state-of-the-art encryption, the network facilitates communication among pre-vetted and authorized users. The network's design is said to borrow heavily from earlier network model, but with enhanced features that focus on specific features.

Like SIPR and NIPR, it is commonly pronounced "ripper".

See also 
 NIPRNet
 SIPRNet
 JWICS

Notes and references

Military computer systems of the U.S. Department of Defense
Wide area networks
Hany Mahfouz Helal. Hany Mahfouz Helal was the Egyptian Minister of Higher Education and State Minister for Scientific Research. Helal served as the Cultural and Scientific Chancellor in the Egyptian embassy in Paris.

Helal worked as professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University (1993), and the Head of Singor University, Alexandria (October 2004). He was as an expert in Earth Sciences Programs of the UNESCO's regional office in Cairo (1993), and the UNESCO consultant of International Laboratory for Scantron, Jordan (2002).

Helal graduated from the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University with a B.Sc. in Engineering (with honors) in 1974, and he holds a PhD degree in Earth Sciences (Rock Mechanics and Engineering).

References

Living people
Cairo University alumni
Academic staff of Cairo University
Higher education ministers of Egypt
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany