omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Agent.BTZ. Agent.BTZ, also named Autorun, is a computer worm that infects USB flash drives with spyware. A variant of the SillyFDC worm, it was used in a massive 2008 cyberattack on the US military, infecting 300,000 computers.

Technical description 
The Agent.BTZ worm is a DLL file, written in assembler (x86-32 bit). It spreads by creating an AUTORUN.INF file to the root of each drive with the DLL file. It has the ability "to scan computers for data, open backdoors, and send through those backdoors to a remote command and control server."

History 

In 2008, at a US military base in the Middle East, a USB flash drive infected with Agent.BTZ was inserted into a laptop attached to United States Central Command. From there it spread undetected to other systems, both classified and unclassified. In order to try and stop the spread of the worm, the Pentagon banned USB drives and removable media devices. They also disabled the Windows autorun feature on their computers. The Pentagon spent nearly 14 months cleaning the worm from military networks.

Attribution 
Chinese hackers were thought to be behind the attack because they had used the same code that made up Agent.BTZ in previous attacks. According to an article in The Economist, "it is not clear that agent.btz was designed specifically to target military networks, or indeed that it comes from either Russia or China." An article in the Los Angeles Times reported that US defense officials described the malicious software as "apparently designed specifically to target military networks." It's "thought to be from inside Russia", although it was not clear "whether the destructive program was created by an individual hacker or whether the Russian government may have had some involvement."

In 2010, American journalist Noah Shachtman wrote an article to investigate the theory that the worm was written by a single hacker. Later analyses by Kaspersky Lab found relations to other spyware, including Red October, Turla, and Flame.

In December 2016, the United States FBI and DHS issued a Joint Analysis Report which included attribution of Agent.BTZ to one or more "Russian civilian and military intelligence Services (RIS)."

References 

Spyware
Computer worms
Volvo Concept Estate. The Volvo Concept Estate is a concept car which was first unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show. The Volvo Concept Estate was the last of three concept cars designed by the head of design of Volvo, Thomas Ingenlath, which was intending to point the way for the future design direction of Volvo. 

The basic design was shared with the preceding Volvo Concept Coupe and Volvo Concept XC Coupe, while the Concept Estate is a shooting brake like the 1800 ES of the 1970s. The Concept Estate is based on the new platform by Volvo the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) which currently provides the technical foundation for all future models of Volvo, which started with the second generation XC90 in May 2014.

References

External links 

 
 

Concept Estate
Cars introduced in 2014
Alex Kamenev. Alex Kamenev is a theoretical physicist, at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, specializing in condensed matter. Kamenev's current research focuses on theoretical condensed matter physics, disordered systems and glasses, field-theoretical treatment of many-body systems, mesoscopic systems, out of equilibrium systems. Kamenev earned his M.Sci. degree theoretical physics, in 1987 from Moscow State University and a Ph.D. in solid-state physics, in 1996 from Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.

Honors and awards  
Kamenev was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2013; elected an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow from 2004 to 2008; and was awarded the McKnight Land-Grant Professorship for the years of 2005–2007.

Publications 
He is the author of a book, Field Theory of Non-Equilibrium Systems, Cambridge University Press (2011) and a   number of journal articles. His most cited article, cited 589 times according to Google Scholar    is Boris L. Altshuler, Yuval Gefen, Alex Kamenev, and Leonid S. Levitov "Quasiparticle Lifetime in a Finite System: A Nonperturbative Approach" published in 2003 in vol. 78 of  Physical Review Letters

References 

Theoretical physicists
Living people
Russian physicists
Moscow State University alumni
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Thomas Hall (railway engineer). Richard Thomas Hall (31 May 1823 – 21 August 1889) was a British railway engineer.

Early life
In 1839 he became pupil of his uncle, civil engineer Richard Thomas. After his pupilage in 1844 Thomas Hall was employed by civil engineer Joseph Locke.

Railway career 
In 1848 he was appointed engineer and superintendent of the  gauge Redruth and Chasewater Railway in Cornwall for the next 20 years.

South Africa 
In 1868, the Cape Copper Mining Company hired Thomas Hall to survey and construct the  narrow gauge Namaqualand Railway in the Cape Colony. In March 1875, one year before the completion of the railway, Thomas Hall accepted the appointment of railway engineer to the South African Republic and started surveying the  gauge Pretoria to Delagoa Bay railway of the Netherlands-South African Railway Company.

When the South African Republic became British territory in 1878, he became maintenance engineer and retired from government service in 1886. He died on 21 August 1889.

Other narrow gauge pioneers 
 Abraham Fitzgibbon
 Carl Abraham Pihl
 Everard Calthrop
 Paul Decauville
 Robert Fairlie

References

British railway civil engineers
History of rail transport in South Africa
1823 births
1889 deaths
Don Hahs. Don Hahs (born 17 December 1942) was president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET), a railway workers' union in the United States.

Early career

Don Hahs was born on 17 December 1942 in Cape Girardeau, Missouri.
His father, E.D. Hahs, was a member of BLE Division 442.
Don Hahs joined the St. Louis Southwestern Railway as a clerk in 1961, and advanced to manager of special services in the traffic department.
In 1974 he was promoted to locomotive engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad.
He joined BLE Division 366 in 1975.

Hahs was local chairman of BLE Division 366 in Del Rio, Texas, from 1977 to 1980, when he was elected BLE general chairman of the Southern Pacific Railroad-Eastern Lines General Committee of Adjustment.
In 1986 he became a member of the BLE Constitution & Bylaws Committee.
He was elected vice president of the union in 1996.
In this role he helped with the merger of Union Pacific and Southern Pacific.

Union President

On 27 September 2001 Hahs was elected BLE President at the union's convention in Miami Beach, Florida. 
He defeated the incumbent, Edward Dubroski, in a run-off election by 417 to 211 votes.
In 2003 the members of the BLE ratified a national contract that Hahs had helped to negotiate.
Hahs worked with James P. Hoffa of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) to merge the two unions, which took effect on 1 January 2004.
The BLE changed its name to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET) on that date.
Hahs was reelected president on 21 June 2006.

In September 2007 a Teamsters oversight board accused Hahs of embezzling $58,000 of union funds.
The board alleged that he had used the money to buy tickets to matches of the Cleveland Cavaliers, a basketball team, and to pay for his wife's travel expenses.
Hahs was suspended from the union for a year, and was barred from holding IBT office or employment until 2010.
He was replaced as president by Edward Rodzwicz.

References
Citations

Sources

 

1942 births
Living people
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen people
People from Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Trade unionists from Missouri
American locomotive engineers
Henri A. Levy. Henri A. Levy (September 12, 1913 – March 25, 2003) was an American physicist and crystallographer who made contributions in the field of neutron scattering by crystalline materials.

Early life and education
Levy was born in Oxnard, California and gained both his bachelor's degree and PhD at Caltech, in 1935 and 1938 respectively. His PhD was supervised by Linus Pauling.

Career
Following a postdoctoral position with Pauling, Levy moved to Clinton Laboratories (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) where he spent the rest of his career. He built on the work of Ernest O. Wollan and Clifford G. Shull in determining the structure of crystalline solids such as Xenon tetrafluoride, sucrose and glucose using neutron diffraction. His work particularly focused on determining the positions of hydrogen atoms in crystals, something that neutron diffraction can do with higher precision than X-ray diffraction. He pioneered automated methodology for neutron diffraction studies, along with several computer programs for analysis of crystallographic data.
He was president of the American Crystallographic Association in 1965.
In his later life, Levy worked on electron tomography of large biological complexes, particularly those transcribing DNA.

Legacy
Levy Island, in Crystal Sound, Antarctica, is named in honor of Levy's 1957 work with SW Peterson determining the position of hydrogen atoms in an ice crystal using neutrons.

References

1913 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Oak Ridge National Laboratory people
Presidents of the American Crystallographic Association
Rowley P-40F. The Rowley P-40F was an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Richard J Rowley and marketed by his company 76th Fighter Squadron Inc, of Meadow Lake Airport, Colorado, first flown in 1986. When it was available the aircraft was supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction.

The Rowley P-40F was a 3/4 scale replica of the Second World War Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.

The company, 76th Fighter Squadron Inc, was named for the 76th Fighter Squadron, formerly a Flying Tigers unit flying P-40s.

Design and development
The P-40F featured a cantilever low wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a sliding canopy, conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft was capable of aerobatics.

The aircraft fuselage was made from welded 4130 steel tubing, covered in sheet 2024-T3 aluminum. The  span wings were made with a spruce wood box spar, with an aluminum front shear and had a wing area of . The acceptable power range was  and the original engine used was a  2si 808, later replaced with a Rotax powerplant.

The P-40F prototype had an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage was .

The standard day, sea level, no-wind takeoff with a  engine was  and the landing roll was .

Operational history
On Sunday, 2 July 2000 in Peyton, Colorado the prototype and sole example, registered N42915, crashed, killing the designer/builder of the aircraft. The National Transportation Safety Board summarized the events: "The pilot was performing a low fly-by over runway 33, and as the airplane reached the departure end, the engine lost power. Witnesses said that the pilot made a left turn back towards runway 15. Subsequently the airplane hit wires, impacted terrain, cart wheeled, came to rest against a transmission pole, and burned. Post accident examination of the engine revealed that the gear reduction assembly had failed. The pilot had designed and built the airplane in 1986." The NTSB assigned cause factors: "the pilot's inadequate decision to turn back (low altitude) towards the runway for a forced landing. A contributing factor was the total loss of engine power due to a reduction gear failure."

The sole example's Federal Aviation Administration registration in the United States expired on 30 September 2013.

Specifications (P-40F)

See also
List of aerobatic aircraft

References

External links
Photo of the sole Rowley P-40F

P-40F
1980s United States sport aircraft
1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Replica aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1986
Organovo. Organovo Holdings, Inc. is an early-stage medical laboratory and research company which designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue (also known as 3D bioprinting technology) for medical research and therapeutic applications. Organovo was established in 2007 and is headquartered in San Diego, California. The company uses its internally developed NovoGen MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting.

Operations 
The company bioprints and markets human tissues as a means of accelerating the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost, and without immediate risks to living test subjects. Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation. Organovo also partners with biopharmaceutical companies and academic medical centers to design, build, and validate more predictive in vitro tissues for disease modeling and toxicology. The living test tissues provide researchers the opportunity to test drugs before administering the drug to a living person; this bridges the gap between preclinical testing and clinical trials.

Organovo is actively developing its technology with the intention of eventually being able to replicate entire human organs for transplant.

, the company's executive vice-president of commercial operations was Mike Renard.

In 2015, Organovo signed an agreement to provide processes and technology to produce 3D printed human skin to L'Oreal for use in testing the safety and efficacy of cosmetic products.

3D bioprinting process 
The human body is made up of different cell types and many technologies for printing these cells vary in their ability to ensure stability and viability of the cells during the manufacturing process. The methods used for 3D bioprinting of cells are photolithography, magnetic 3D bioprinting, stereolithography, and direct cell extrusion. In each process, a physical biopsy of an organ is required. Certain cells from the biopsy are isolated and multiplied. These cells are then mixed with a liquefied material that provides oxygen and other nutrients to keep them alive outside of the human body. The mixture is then placed in a printer cartridge and structured using the patients’ medical scans.

Financing 
Organovo went public on OTC markets in 2012 via a reverse merger with shell company Real Estate Restoration and Rental, Inc. In July 2013, Organovo uplisted to the NYSE MKT. The company hit of market cap high of $700m in 2013. At the time of listing, Organovo had 22.4 million shares outstanding. Today there are over 130 million.

Public Awareness 
Gabor Forgacs, the scientific founder of Organovo, promoted medical bioprinting in a TEDMED presentation in 2011. He discussed how bioprinting may solve problems that pertain to organ shortages and high medical costs.

References

Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Health care companies based in California
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Companies based in San Diego
American companies established in 2007
Belgian Railways Classical twin EMUs. NMBS/SNCB Classical twin EMUs (also referred by their construction year - AM39 for "Automotrice 1939" up to AM79 for the last units from 1979; or MS39 to MS79 for the Dutch-language equivalent "Motorstel") were electric multiple unit trains operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB). They were the standard equipment for local trains under the Belgian standard 3000 Volts DC overhead lines, until they gradually replaced by the Class 08 Desiro Mainline EMU's starting from the early 21st century.

Classical EMUs were originally painted in dark green, with small yellow stripes surrounding the front lights. As those were considered insufficiently visible, the front door was also painted in yellow and the stripes were enlarged.

A subset of 22 EMUs was built with stainless steel body instead of (regular) carbon steel. This remains a one shot trial as the next generations were built with carbon steel bodies.

Another subset of 6 EMUs, built in 1970, were specifically adapted for airport service, with more space between seats and a huge luggage compartment. Although they were operated by railways staff, access was restricted to travellers holding valid SABENA airline tickets with a dedicated platform provided at Brussels Central Station. A blue paint scheme was also chosen to identify those EMUs. These units were retired in 2013.

In 1984, the Belgian Railways introduced a new transportation plan based on fixed-interval timetables (and the closure of many secondary passenger lines) called "Plan IC-IR." A new paint scheme was applied, based on a burgundy red color with a large white line surrounding the entire coaches or EMUs below the windows.

In 1999, classical EMUs built in the seventies were extensively refurbished, the program included comfort upgrade (interior replacement, sound system, closed circuit toilets) and repainting in the light gray livery with blue and red lines under the windows. Few units were still in the older green delivery when refurbished. The last 40 to be refurbished units received extra features (LED information displays, multi-service compartments for bicycles or standing passengers) for suburban "CityRail" (predecessor of the Brussels S Train) services.

Withdrawal

The first withdrawals of the classical EMUs took place at the end of the 1970s.

In 2013, a hundred non-refurbished units were scrapped, after many of the Desiro Mainline Class 08 entered into revenue service.

The last unit was retired in a farewell run held on 14 December 2014. Unit 660, which was part of the farewell run, will be preserved at Train World in Schaerbeek.

Technical specifications

These EMUs are driven by four 185 kW 1500 Volts DC motors. Units built before 1970 were driven by a  camshaft controller. After 1970, Thyristor drive were used instead.

References

External links 

 Belgian EMUs

SNCB multiple units
Electric multiple units of Belgium
3000 V DC multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1939
GLL-8 (Gll-VK) Igla. GLL-8 (GLL-VK), nicknamed "Igla" (eng. needle), is a Russian hypersonic flight flying laboratory. It saw its first flight in 2005. It is part of Russia's ongoing ORYOL-2-1 research programme. Under ORYOL-2-1, the Gromov Flight Research Institute in Moscow has developed two possible Igla designs, and is leading an SSTO spaceplane effort and a two-stage-to-orbit design conceived to build a "Mir-2" space station.

Purpose
The purpose of this "flying laboratory" is technical data study of hypersonic speeds, which cannot be done with average engines, and other crewed experimental flight-craft. This study includes the following:

 Aerodynamic properties at hyper sonic speeds
 Maneuverability at different speeds
 G-force effects on fuselage at high speeds
 Scramjet studies

Vehicles associated with the GLL-8

References

Russian Spaceweb "Igla" (Russian)
"Testpilot" page (Russian)

Hypersonic aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Russia
Experimental aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Russia
Old Stone Arch (Marshall, Illinois). The Old Stone Arch is a stone arch bridge along the former route of the National Road in Marshall, Illinois. The limestone bridge is  high and  across. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built the bridge between 1828 and 1837, the period in which the Corps rebuilt much of the National Road. The National Road, the most-traveled U.S. road in the early 1800s and the first built by the U.S. government, connected Illinois to the Eastern United States and helped bring settlers and goods to the state during its early years. The bridge has served road traffic continuously since its construction and was part of U.S. Route 40 from the route's creation to 1953.

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 20, 1975.

See also
Old Stone Arch Bridge (Clark Center, Illinois), also on the National Road, also NRHP-listed
 
 
 
 
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Illinois

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Clark County, Illinois
National Road
U.S. Route 40
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Illinois
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Clarence V. Monin. Clarence V. Monin (born c. 1941) was President of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE), a railway workers' union in the United States.

Early years

Clarence V. Monin was born around 1941 in Louisville, Kentucky.
He became a trainman on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) in 1964.
He was promoted to L&N Locomotive Engineer in 1966, and joined the BLE that year.

In 1977 Monin became Senior Vice-General Chairman and in 1978 General Chairman of the BLE General Committee of Adjustment for the L&N, holding office until 1985.
He was BLE International Vice President from 1985 to 1991.
In 1991 Monin was elected First Vice President & Alternate President, the second position in the union's leadership.
In this role he was U.S. national chairman of the BLE Safety Task Force, where he helped the National Transportation Safety Board investigate major train accidents. 
He was also vice-chairman of the BLE U.S. National Legislative Board and director of the BLE Education & Training Department.

Union head

Monin was elected International President of the 55,000-member BLE in July 1996, at the age of 55.
He replaced Ronald P. McLaughlin, who had led the union from 1991.
The same year Monin was elected Vice Chairman of the Railway Labor Executives Association. 
He also became a member of the Executive Committee of the Transportation Trades Department of the AFL–CIO.
Edward Dubroski became the first vice president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers when Monin was elected president.

On 17 September 1998 President Bill Clinton named Monin a member of the Amtrak Reform Council. The council would evaluate the performance of the Amtrak Reform Board and make recommendations for further improvements to productivity and the financial health of Amtrak.
Monin was involved in negotiations to merge the BLE with the United Transportation Union, which represented switchmen, brakemen, and conductors and some engineers.
In November 1998 the leaders of the two unions agreed to a merger in principle.

Recall

Under Monin's leadership the union was reportedly in financial difficulties.
A move to recall Monin began in May 1999, initiated by Division 782 in Tennessee. 
Reasons included alleged financial mismanagement and failure to inform members about the UTU negotiations.
In August 1999 Monin left office after losing a recall vote by a narrow margin.
In a separate ballot Dubroski was elected to succeed Monin as head of the 55,000-member union by about 80% of the vote.

References
Citations

Sources

1941 births
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen people
Living people
Activists from Louisville, Kentucky
Trade unionists from Kentucky