omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gasuden Koken. The Gasuden Koken (also known as the ) was a Japanese long-range research aircraft of the 1930s. It was designed by the Aeronautical Research Institute of Tokyo Imperial University and built by the Tokyo Gas and Electric Industry (also known as Gasuden), to break the world record for longest flight, setting a closed circuit world record of 11,651.011 km (7,240 mi) in March 1938.

Development and design
In 1931, the Aeronautical Research Institute of the Tokyo Imperial University commenced studies to design an aircraft to break the world closed-circuit distance record, gaining a grant from the Japanese Diet or parliament to finance the project. Initial design was completed in August 1934, and the Tokyo Gas and Electric Company (also known as Gasuden) was selected to build the aircraft, despite the fact that it had only limited resources, and had previously only built small numbers of wooden light aircraft. The design produced by the Aeronautical Research Institute and Gasuden was a single-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane with retractable undercarriage. It was of all-metal construction, with fabric-covered outer wings and control surfaces. While it was originally intended to be powered by a diesel engine, this proved impracticable, and in the end a modified version of the German BMW VIII gasoline-fuelled engine, license-built by Kawasaki, was chosen.

Construction was slow, and the aircraft was not completed until March 1937. It was first flown on 25 May 1937, piloted by Major Yuzo Fujita of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Operational history
The first two attempts at breaking the record, on 13 November 1937 and 10 May 1938 were unsuccessful, owing to undercarriage problems and an autopilot failure respectively. The Koken-Ki took off for a third attempt from Kisarazu, Chiba at 04:55 on 13 May 1938, flying a four-sided course of 402 km (249 mi). After 29 laps of the circuit, at 19:21 on 15 May, it landed at Kisarazu, having flown a distance of 11,651.011 km (7,239 mi), a new world closed-circuit distance record. This record, which remains the only aviation record ever set by Japan that was recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the world governing body for aviation records, remained standing until August 1939, when it was broken by an Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 which flew 12,936 km (8,038 mi).
 
The Koken-ki was used for occasional test flights, last flying in 1939, and survived World War II only to be burned following the end of the war.

A full-scale replica of the Koken-ki is on display at the Misawa Aviation & Science Museum in Misawa, Aomori.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 航研機の紹介および各種展示-【山本峰雄サイバー・ミュージアム】Mineo Yamamoto Cyber Museum 
Tag Archives: Gasuden Koken-ki / Important Dates in Aviation History / This Day in Aviation

1930s Japanese experimental aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Raemian. Raemian (Korean: 래미안, Hanja: 來美安) is a brand of Samsung C&T Engineering & Construction Div. for apartments. Raemian has been ranked No.1 on NCSI (National Customer Satisfaction Index) for apartment construction since 2000.

See also
 Samsung C&T Corporation

Notes and references

External links
 Official Website of Samsung C&T Corporation 
 Samsung C&T Engineering & Construction Div. 
 Official Website of Raemian 

Samsung C&T Corporation
Construction and civil engineering companies of South Korea
Net Optics. Net Optics is a manufacturer of network monitoring and intelligent access solutions for physical and virtual networks. The company was established in 1996 by Eldad Matityahu.  Ixia announced the purchase of Net Optics[11] on October 29, 2013.

Net Optics’ line of passive network monitoring access devices includes taps, bypass switches, regeneration taps, aggregators, data monitoring switches, and media converters. Products are designed and manufactured in the United States.  Net Optics' Network Performance Monitoring and Application Flow Monitoring solutions extend visibility and control into the application layer.

Ixia was then purchased by Keysight formerly Agilent, formerly HP.

History 
Net Optics was founded in 1996 by Eldad Matityahu.  The company’s original focus was producing network taps - hardware devices that monitor network traffic.  Net Optics now offers a range of network monitoring solutions for telecommunications, banking, finance, government and large enterprise.
  
In January 2012, Net Optics acquired Triplelayer, a private Australia-based distributor, and its sister company, nMetrics, which specializes in network and application analysis software.   The company’s Network Performance Monitoring products provide statistics/analysis using deep packet inspection.

References

Manufacturing companies of the United States
Networking hardware
Companies established in 1996
Secondary spill containment. Secondary spill containment  is the containment of hazardous liquids in order to prevent pollution of soil and water. Common techniques include the use of spill berms to contain oil-filled equipment, fuel tanks, truck washing decks, or any other places or items that may leak hazardous liquids.

Definition
Secondary spill containment involves the sequestration of hazardous waste to prevent the contamination of local soils and water.

In the electrical utility industry

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) guidelines require that facilities that store large quantities of petroleum (products) must have a plan in place to contain a spill. The purpose of the SPCC rule is to establish requirements for facilities to prevent a discharge of oil into navigable waters or adjoining shorelines. Within the electric utility industry, oil-filled transformers are often in need of secondary containment. Outdated secondary containment techniques such as concrete catch-basins are quickly losing ground to solutions that offer more cost-effective cleanup in case of a spill or leak. One example of a more cost-effective method involves placing a geotextile boom filled with oil solidifying polymers around a transformer. These geotextile barriers allow for flow of water, but completely solidify oil in the event of a leak and effectively seal the spill. Many electrical utility companies are switching to this method because it saves them significant amounts of money when a spill occurs, because there is no need to employ vac-trucks afterwards to clean up a spill inside a catch-basin.

Portable spill containment

Portable containment berms are essentially a basin that can catch many different types of hazardous liquids and chemicals. They are a form of secondary spill containment useful for containing mobile equipment such as oil drums, trucks, tankers and trailers. Unlike geotextile berms, portable berms usually do not solidify oil.
Many companies involved in fracking use spill containment berms to capture contaminated water that is a by-product of the operation. Each well site has multiple trucks that transport water used in deep well drilling procedure.

See also
 Bunding

References

External links
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)

External links

United States Environmental Protection Agency
Chemical safety
Environmental protection
NSFC. NSFC may refer to:

 National Natural Science Foundation of China
 National Society of Film Critics
 Newham Sixth Form College
 Newtongrange Star F.C.
 Njube Sundowns F.C.
 Northampton Spencer F.C.
 Northern Saints Football Club
 North Shields F.C.
 Northern Sydney Freight Corridor, a program of works designed to improve the passage of rail freight between the Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle.
Fairey N.4. The Fairey N.4 was a 1920s British five-seat long range reconnaissance flying boat. Designed and built by the Fairey Aviation Company to meet an Admiralty requirement for a very large four-engined reconnaissance aircraft, it was the world's biggest flying boat when it first flew in 1923.

Development
Following an increase in experience with flying boats in 1917 the Admiralty issued Specification N.4. The specification called for a four-engined long-range reconnaissance flying boat. The Admiralty ordered two aircraft from Fairey and one from Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company. Fairey sub-contracted the building of the second to Dick, Kerr & Co. of Lytham St. Annes.

Not unusual for the era, the design was a biplane, with the engines mounted as two push-pull pairs between the upper and lower wing, each driving a four-bladed propeller.

The first N.4 (named Atalanta) was that assembled by Phoenix Dynamo with a hull designed by Charles Nicholson, built by the Gosport Aircraft Company was also transported to the Isle of Grain, but never flown and scrapped as the service lost interest in large flying boats. During April 1919 when the hull was complete, Flight reported the aircraft would be even larger than the Felixstowe Fury.

The second N.4 (also named Atalanta) completed in 1921, first flew on 4 July 1923 powered by four 650 hp (485 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor IA piston engines. The hull built in Hythe by May, Harden & May and delivered to Lytham St. Annes for assembly. The complete aircraft was then dismantled, taken by road to the Isle of Grain and stored before for its first flight.

The third N.4 Mk.II (named Titania) included improvements and later variant Condor III engines. The hull designed by Linton Hope, built on the Clyde by yacht builders Fyffes and delivered to The Fairey Aviation Company at Hamble, Southampton for assembly and transport to the Isle of Grain. Titania was not flown straight away and stored, first flying on 24 July 1925.

Specifications (Mk II Titania)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 An artist's impression

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
N.4
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Stanford Digital Library Project. The Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP) (also called The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project and The Stanford Digital Library Technologies Project) was a research program run by Hector Garcia-Molina, Terry Winograd, Dan Boneh, and Andreas Paepcke at Stanford University in the mid-1990s to 2004.  The team also included librarians Rebecca Wesley and Vicky Reich.  The primary goal of the SDLP project was to "provide an infrastructure that affords interoperability among heterogeneous, and autonomous digital library services." and described elsewhere as "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and "universal" library, proving uniform access to the large number of emerging networked information sources and collections."

The SDLP is notable in the history of Google as a primary source of funding for Larry Page and Sergey Brin (Brin was also supported by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship) during the period they developed the precursors and initial versions of the Google search engine prior to the incorporation of Google as a private entity.  It was also while at Stanford working under the SDLP that Larry Page filed his patent for PageRank.

The SDLP itself was funded by coalition of federal agencies including the National Science Foundation as well as donations from industry sponsors.

References

Google
Google
Fairey N.9. The Fairey N.9 (also known as the F.127) was a British experimental floatplane of the First World War; only one was built. It carried out the first shipborne catapult launches from Royal Navy ships, and was later sold to Norway.

Development and design
In 1917 Fairey Aviation produced two separate designs to meet Admiralty Specification N.2(a) for a two-seat carrier-based seaplane for the Royal Naval Air Service, one powered by a Rolls-Royce Falcon engine, and a larger aircraft powered by a more powerful Sunbeam Maori. The smaller aircraft, usually known by its serial number N.9, but also by its constructor's number F.127, flew first on 5 July 1917, with the larger aircraft (serial number N.10), the prototype Fairey III, flying in September.

N.9 was a compact biplane with single-bay wings of unequal span that folded back for shipboard stowage.  It was fitted with trailing edge flaps on both the upper and lower wings. Power was from a 200 hp (149 kW) Rolls-Royce Falcon engine with radiators on each side of the engine.

Its performance was below the requirements of the specification, and no production followed.

Operational history

Although not chosen for production, N.9 was chosen for trials of catapult launching.  After strengthening, it was sent to the Port Victoria Marine Experimental Aircraft Depot for tests with the catapult trials ship, HMS Slinger in June 1918, carrying out the first catapult launches of a seaplane from a Royal Navy ship.

N.9 was bought back from the Royal Navy and fitted with a Maori engine and equal span wings. It was sold to the Royal Norwegian Navy in May 1920, then sold for civil use in 1927, and wrecked in a crash on 12 June 1928.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Bruce, J. M. British Aircraft 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957.
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam, 1994. .
 Taylor, H. A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. .

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
N.9
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Cell ablation. Cell ablation (from Latin Cellula "small chamber" and Ablatio "removal"). Also known as tissue ablation, cell ablation is a biotechnological tool for studying cell lineage. The process consists of selectively destroying or removing cells in an organism.

For example, a laser beam or controllable gene promoter for a toxin gene can be used to destroy a selected amount of cells.

Cell ablation can also be used as a tool to produce transgenic organisms lacking a cell type, and as a cure for certain diseases such as cancer.

The term is not to be confused with genetic ablation: a method of modifying DNA in order to disrupt the production of a specific gene.

There are multiple different techniques of cell ablation (laser ablation, thermal ablation, etc...). Many of which are being utilized in biomedical sciences to study cell functions

Laser cell ablation 
Laser was used during the early stages of cell ablation, utilizing the flexibility, precision and heat generated from concentrated light waves (laser). Laser ablation was extremely effective in destroying cells in vitro, as intensity of light was easily manipulated to injure cells. Laser ablation is not recommended for in vivo, as the potential damage from laser was too high. High cost of operation, and extensive operating time narrowed its accessibility for cell studies.

Recently, laser ablation was applied with ICP-MS to develop LA-ICP-MS analysis technique. In which utilizes the precision and ability to change laser intensity to determine elemental distribution of biological samples.

Thermal cell ablation 
Thermal ablation is widely used in biomedical science as a form of heat therapy for cancer. Extreme heat are applied to tumors, damaging the tissues to eliminate the tumors from eligible patients. Similarly, cryoablation can also be used as a potential treatment. Sudden drop to freezing temperature can cause crystal formation, puncturing membranes and causing cell death.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) utilizes high frequency sound waves to produce heat as a mean to destroy cells. RFA is frequently used as a minimally-evasive treatment for small tumors.

References

Genetics experiments
Nicholas F. Maxemchuk. Nicholas F. Maxemchuk is an American electrical engineer.

Biography
Maxemchuk graduated from the City College of New York in 1968 with a Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical), he received his master's degree in 1970 from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, and obtained his Doctor of Philosophy in Systems Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975.

He served as a member of the technical staff at the David Sarnoff Research Center from 1968–1976, and Bell Labs from 1976–1984, where he subsequently served as head of distributed systems research Department (1984–1996) and technology leader (1996–2001). In 2001 he became full professor at Columbia University, and chief of research at IMDEA Networks Institute from 2008.

Maxemchuk was named IEEE Fellow in 1989 for contributions to Metropolitan and Local Area Networks, and received the 2006 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award.

References

Fellows of the IEEE
Living people
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Research Institute of Atomic Reactors. The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (; RIAR) is an institute for nuclear reactor research in Dimitrovgrad in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. The institute houses eight nuclear research reactors: SM, Arbus (ACT-1), MIR.M1, RBT-6, RBT-10 / 1, RBT-10 / 2, BOR-60 and VK-50.

A senior president of General Atomics said in May 2015 that the world's best reactor for "developing new materials that will be able to endure the much higher temperatures, and endure the more energetic and neutron rich radiation environment inside the reactor", is the BOR-60. BOR-60 had its operating license extended to 2020.

Airborne ruthenium-106 traces measured in September and October 2017 by several European countries have been thought to originate from the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors.

References

External links
 RIAR homepage
 RIAR homepage (Russian)

Research institutes in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Nuclear research institutes in Russia
1956 establishments in the Soviet Union
Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union
Huangya Pass. Huangyaguan or Huangya Pass () is a small section of the Great Wall of China located in the north of Jizhou District, Tianjin municipality, approximately  north of urban Tianjin city. The site lies on a steep and abrupt mountain ridge.

Huangyaguan was originally built over 1400 years ago in the Northern Qi dynasty and reinforced with brick walls during the Ming dynasty. In 1984, major repair work was performed on over 3 kilometres of the wall including on 20 water towers and 1 water pass. The pass is a major tourist attraction within Tianjin and was listed as a site of relics protection in 1986. Recently found drawings on the walls showed the builders of the wall smoked cones for every metre of the wall they completed.

References

Buildings and structures in Tianjin
Great Wall of China
North–South Corridor Project. The North–South Corridor Project is a major proposal to upgrade and extend land transport links (road and rail) in Southern Africa.

Projects

Rail 

 TAZARA – rehabilitation
 Kapiri Mposhi – Chingola – rehabilitation
 Bulawayo – Victoria Falls – rehabilitation

See also

 AfricaRail
 East African Railway Master Plan

References

Transport in South Africa
Proposed rail infrastructure in Africa
Komatsu D475A. The Komatsu D475A is the second largest bulldozer in the Komatsu line after the D575A, the world's largest production bulldozer. The current version is the ,  D475A-8 Tier 4. There are several versions of the D475A that are  used in surface mining, open-pit mining, quarries and construction worldwide.

The  D475A-1 was introduced in 1986 as a replacement for the  D455A.

See also
 Komatsu D575A
 Caterpillar D10
 Caterpillar D11

References

Further reading

External links
 Komatsu America Corp. D475A-5 Tier 2 product page (archived on 2010-10-26)
 Komatsu D475A-5 With Tier 2 Engine Product Brochure AESS724-00 04/06 (EV-1) (archived on 2010-10-26)
 Dozer's Guide

Komatsu vehicles
Komatsu bulldozers
Tracked vehicles
Bulldozers over 100 tonne
Bulldozers with powerplants larger than 500kW
RAF Henley-on-Thames. Royal Air Force Henley-on-Thames or more simply RAF Henley-on-Thames is a former Royal Air Force relief landing ground in Henley-on-Thames, Berkshire, England. It was also known by a variety of other names: Cockpole Green, Upper Culham Farm, Crazies Hill, or Crazies Hill Farm.

History
The site was used to assemble and test Supermarine Spitfires (produced locally by dispersed manufacturers in the Reading area), and as a Relief Landing Ground for RAF White Waltham and RAF Woodley. It was built in late 1939 and closed in October 1945. On 18 August 1944 No. 529 Squadron RAF moved to RAF Henley-on-Thames from RAF Halton in Buckinghamshire. This squadron was initially equipped with autogyros but during April 1945 they took delivery of the new American Sikorsky R-4 helicopter (known as the 'Hoverfly I' in British service), RAF Henley-on-Thames becoming the first RAF air base to host an operational helicopter squadron.

The following units were also here at some point:
 Relief Landing Ground for No. 8 Elementary Flying Training School RAF (February 1941 - September 1942)
 Relief Landing Ground for No. 10 Flying Instructors School (Elementary) RAF (July 1944 - May 1946)
 Relief Landing Ground for No. 13 Elementary Flying Training School RAF (July - December 1940)

Current use
As well as agricultural land, there is now a business park at the Upper Culham Farm site, off Culham Lane. There is currently little to indicate on satellite imagery that an airfield once existed here as the runways were grass. The only extant building from the aerodrome is a round defensive pillbox (F.C. Type, Mushroom Type or Oakington Type) in the middle of a field close to Ashley Hill Place, at coordinates 51.5293384 N 0.8524861 W.

See also
 List of former Royal Air Force stations

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Notes on Spitfire production

1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
1945 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Henley-On-Thames
Henley-on-Thames
Arsenal Design Bureau. Arsenal Design Bureau () is an engineering company active in the fields of space technology, ship artillery and civilian machine building. The company was founded in 1711 and is located in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Federation. Its full name is Arsenal Design Bureau named after Mikhail Vasil’evich Frunze Federal State Unitary Enterprise.

Overview 
The company's main purpose is development and operation of space complexes and spacecraft for various purposes, and development and creation of navy artillery mounts and launchers. KB Arsenal is the developer of Liana electronic reconnaissance program, intended to replace the EORSATS and Tselina 2.

History 
KB Arsenal was founded in 1711 by Tsar Peter I of Russia as a cannon foundry. Renamed to TsBK-7, the company created ICBMs between 1960 and 1980, after which it switched its focus to space research. It is the developer of over 80 spacecraft in the COSMOS series, including Russia's first nuclear power system satellites, the Kosmos 1818 and Kosmos 1867. It is the oldest Russian/Soviet design bureau connected to space research.

References

External links 
Company website
Archived Old Company website

Spacecraft manufacturers
Soviet and Russian space institutions
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Manufacturing companies established in 1711
1711 establishments in Russia
Federal State Unitary Enterprises of Russia
Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries
Companies based in Saint Petersburg
Ministry of the Defense Industry (Soviet Union)
Design bureaus
Research institutes in the Soviet Union