omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alexander Davydov. Alexander Sergeevich Davydov (, )  (26 December 1912 – 19 February 1993) was a Soviet and Ukrainian physicist. Davydov graduated from Moscow State University in 1939. In 1963-1990 he was Director of Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

His main contributions were in theory of absorption, scattering and dispersion of the light in molecular crystals. In 1948, he predicted the phenomenon that is known as Davydov splitting or factor-group splitting, "the splitting of bands in the electronic or vibrational spectra of crystals due to the presence of more than one (interacting) equivalent molecular entity in the unit cell." In the period 1958–1960 he developed the theory of collective excited states in spherical and non-spherical nuclei, known as Davydov-Filippov Model and Davydov-Chaban Model.

In 1973, Davydov applied the concept of molecular solitons in order to explain the mechanism of muscle contraction in animals. He studied theoretically the interaction of intramolecular excitations or excess electrons with autolocal breaking of the translational symmetry. These excitations are now known as Davydov solitons. In 1979, Davydov published the first textbook on quantum biology entitled "Biology and Quantum Mechanics" in Russian, which was then translated in English three years later.

Publications
 Theory of Absorption of Light by Molecular Crystals, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1951)
 Theory of Atomic Nuclei, Nauka, Moscow (1958)
 Theory of Molecular Excitons, McGraw-Hill, New York (1962)
 Quantum Mechanics, Pergamon Press (1965)
 Theory of Molecular Excitons, Plenum Press, New York (1971)
 Theory of Solids, Nauka, Moscow (1980)
 Biology and Quantum Mechanics, Pergamon Press (1982)
 Solitons in Molecular Systems, D. Reidel (1985)
 Solitons in Bioenergetics, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1986)
 The Theoretical Investigation of High-Temperature Superconductivity, Physics Reports, vol. 190, no. 4–5, pp. 191–306 (1990)
 High-Temperature Superconducitvity, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1990).

See also
Metal–semiconductor junction

References

1912 births
1993 deaths
People from Yevpatoria
People from Yevpatoriysky Uyezd
20th-century Ukrainian physicists
Quantum biology
Members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Science.ie. The Science.ie portal provides all sorts of information about careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

Overview 

Science.ie is an initiative of the Irish Government’s Discover Science & Engineering (DSE) awareness programme in Ireland.  DSE is managed by Forfás on behalf of the Office of Science and Technology at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment.

The careers-related information on Science.ie has been moved to a new DSE website, which was launched in early October 2009. On MyScienceCareer.ie is:

Profiles of people currently working in STEM in Ireland 
Information on famous Irish scientists 
Links to many other career resources

A redeveloped Science.ie was also launched in October 2009. The site has been redesigned and includes social media bookmarking and RSS feeds.

Science.ie provides more general information on science in Ireland. This includes listings of science links, news and events. Its "Resources" section gives information on activities and visitor centres where you can learn about science.

The site also provides a free newsletter relating to Irish science, technology and innovation news, events, research and facts which is issued monthly by email.

DSE runs numerous other initiatives, including My Science Career, Project Blogger, Science Week Ireland and Discover Primary Science.

References

External links
 Science.ie website
 My Science Career website from DSE
 Information about Science.ie on Discover-Science.ie

Science education
Science and technology in the Republic of Ireland
Sub-irrigated planter. Sub-irrigated planter (SIP) is a generic name for a special type of planting box used in container gardening and commercial landscaping. A SIP is any method of watering plants where the water is introduced from the bottom, allowing the water to soak upwards to the plant through capillary action. It is possible to automate the watering and thus SIPs are popular with professional landscapers in buildings or urban settings. Commercialized versions of a Sub-irrigated planter condenses humidity from the environment and feed it directly into the plants' roots. SIPs are available as commercial products or as do-it-yourself projects made from plastic buckets, boxes or storage totes. One of the disadvantages of such closed systems  is that soluble salts cannot be flushed into the lower soil profile and build up over time.

See also
 Subirrigation
 Wicking bed

Notes

Irrigation
Gardening aids
Garden vases
Urban agriculture
Water conservation tools
ESourcing Capability Model. The eSourcing Capability Models (eSCMs) are a framework developed by ITSqc at Carnegie Mellon University in order to improve the relationship between IT service providers and their customers.

These services can be very different: IT outsourcing, IT hosting, application development and maintenance outsourcing, networking services, business process outsourcing.  

The eSCM framework is twofold: eSCM-CL for client organizations and eSCM-SP for service providers. These two models are consistent, symmetrical and complementary for each side of the client-provider relationship and this is the strength and the uniqueness of this framework.

See also 

 eSCM-CL
 eSCM-SP
 Capability Maturity Model

External links 
  from ITSqc, Carnegie Mellon University
 What is eSourcing?

Information technology management
Gerardus J. Sizoo. Gerardus Johannes Sizoo (8 November 1900 – 4 January 1994) was the first professor of physics at the Vrije Universiteit. He is notable for the establishment and development of the applied physics laboratory in 1930 and the establishment of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Vrije Universiteit.

Education
His doctoral research explored the phenomenon of superconductivity at the University of Leiden, following the lead of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Wander Johannes de Haas. He completed his PhD in 1926, with a thesis entitled: Onderzoekingen over den suprageleidenden toestand van metalen, under Wander Johannes de Haas.

Career
In as early as 1929, it was decided that Sizoo act as professor at the newly established Faculty of Mathematics and Physics.  Despite his young age he was the only candidate who met the scientific requirements, the right beliefs, and had agreed to the task. Sizoo promoted the then emerging field of radioactivity, partly because there were no other laboratories in the Netherlands exploring this area depth.  His own research focused on natural radioactive substances.

Sizoo faced a difficult relationship between the reformed religion and science, in the 1930s. He wrote many publications on this relationship.  In 1943 the Vrije Universiteit closed its doors, and scientific work in the ensuing time was much more difficult, despite efforts by Sizoo to keep the laboratory equipment from the hands of German occupiers.

Shortly after 1945 Sizoo was one of the initiators of the creation of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter.  In addition, he held numerous positions in scientific institutes and committees. In 1965, at 65 years of age, Sizoo became an emeritus professor, and he continued writing on physics, the relationship between faith and science, and the significance of the science for the Christian foundation of the Vrije Universiteit.

References

Ab Flipse, Hier leert de natuur ons zelf den weg: Een geschiedenis van Natuurkunde en Sterrenkunde aan de VU, Uitgeverij Meinema, Zoetermeer, 2005, 
Ab Flipse, Natuurkunde en geloof: Gerardus Johannes Sizoo en de VU, In de Marge, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 40–46 (2006).
 Abraham C. Flipse, 'Against the Science-Religion Conflict: the Genesis of a Calvinist Science Faculty in the Netherlands in the Early Twentieth Century', Annals of Science, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 363–391 (2008).

External links
 

1900 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Dutch physicists
People from Woerden
Greenwave. Greenwave is a mass science experiment involving primary schools across Ireland. It examines and records how spring arrives in Ireland. This is an educational and science initiative of the Irish Government’s Discover Science & Engineering (DSE) awareness programme.

Irish students observe and record when certain plants and animals react to the longer days and warmer temperatures, in order to find out whether the "green wave" of spring moves from south to north across Ireland or inland from the coast to the centre of the country.

Taking part in Greenwave is a practical way to support the teaching of Social Environmental and Scientific Education (SESE) part of the Irish Primary School Curriculum. The students develop their skills in:
Observing
Classifying
Recognising patterns
Estimating and measuring
Recording and communicating

Schools registered in the Discover Primary Science programme, another initiative of DSE, can also earn credit towards their Award of Science Excellence by taking part in Greenwave.

DSE runs numerous other initiatives, including Science Week Ireland, Discover Primary Science and Science.ie.

References

External links
 Greenwave website
 Information about Greenwave on Discover-Science.ie

Science education in Ireland
Science and technology in the Republic of Ireland
Environmental education
Du Qinghua. Du Qinghua (; April 14, 1919 – 2006), also known as Q.H. DU, was a Chinese physicist. He was a pioneer of aeronautic and astronautic material engineering in China. and a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Life
On April 14, 1919, Du was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. in the 1930s, Du studied in Hangzhou Middle School. In 1936, he graduated from Hangzhou High School. In 1937, Du studied at Zhejiang University. In 1940, he graduated from the Department of Mechanics, National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University).

In 1947, Du went to study in the United States. He entered Stanford University and majored in solid state physics. In June 1948, Du obtained a master's degree of aeronautic engineering from Stanford. In September 1948, Du turned to Harvard University and studied hydrodynamics under the academic advice of Richard von Mises. In June 1949, Du earned another master of aeronautics from Harvard. In September 1949, Du went back to Stanford and did research on aeronautic light structure with Stephen Timoshenko and Goodier. He received his doctorate in April 1951.

In June 1951, Du went back to China and taught at Peking University. In 1952, Du was transferred to Tsinghua University and became a teaching and research leader of mechanics. In 1958, Du was one of the founders of the Department of Engineering Mechanics of Tsinghua University. From 1983 to 1987, Du was also a part-time professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, and Zhejiang University, and he was an honorary professor at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Du was a founder of Chinese modern aeronautic and astronautic material engineering. He was also a founder of the teaching and research of mechanics and material engineering at Tsinghua University. In 1997, Du was elected academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE).

Works
Du wrote more than 130 papers and also several popular textbooks and handbooks, including:
 Material Mechanics ()
 Theory for Elasticity ()
 Handbook for Engineering Mechanics ()

Family
Du's daughter Du Xian is a former news anchor of China Central Television and the wife of actor Chen Daoming.

References

External links
 Obituary from Tsinghua University (Chinese)
 Du Qinghua's works at Chaoxing Library (Chinese website)
 Du Qinghua's biography at Chinese Academy of Engineering

1919 births
2006 deaths
Educators from Hangzhou
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Academic staff of Peking University
20th-century Chinese science writers
Physicists from Zhejiang
Scientists from Hangzhou
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Stanford University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Zhejiang University alumni
Chinese expatriates in the United States
PKP class ST40. PKP Class ST40 is a new class of cargo diesel-electric locomotives used by the PKP LHS broad-gauge division and various Polish private operators, designated 311D (standard gauge) or 311Da (broad gauge) by its manufacturer, Newag. The class is a heavily reconstructed Soviet M62 (PKP ST44), using only the underframe. The body is new, the main engine is a General Electric GE 7FDL12. Original engines were also modernised, as ED118 A GE. The class is much more economical and modern than a basic M62. The body has external walkways instead of an internal passage connecting the cabs.
The first locomotive was modernised in 2007. As of January 2009, there were 20 class 311D completed (15 for PCC Rail and five for the Baltic Railways) and six 311Da for PKP LHS, where they are designated ST40.

Specification

The locomotive is a modernisation of the popular Soviet locomotive M62 (ST44), which can be noticed by the chassis structure and carriages. The drive unit has been completely changed by installing a more efficient engine by the General Electric company which is placed in one place together with the main generator, compressor and fan. The most visible change is the complete change of the structure, the internal passageway between the cabins, having a driver's cab at each end and that the train has transitions outside with the jetties. By using the graft this has improved access to the engine. The front of the locomotive has been changed, giving a new look. The cabin has a new design and provides better working conditions.

Sources

External links
, Diesel freight locomotive 311D
, Locomotives series ST40S / 311Da

5 ft gauge locomotives
Polish State Railways diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2007
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Diesel–electric locomotives of Poland
Hexaphenylbenzene. Hexaphenylbenzene is an aromatic compound composed of a benzene ring substituted with six phenyl rings.  It is a colorless solid.  The compound is the parent member of a wider class of hexaarylbenzenes, which are mainly of theoretical interest.

Preparation
It is prepared by heating tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and diphenylacetylene in benzophenone or other high-temperature solvent. The reaction proceeds via a Diels-Alder reaction to give the hexaphenyldienone, which then eliminates carbon monoxide.

Together with 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene, hexaphenylbenzene forms by the chromium-catalyzed oligomerization of diphenylacetylene. It may also be prepared by the dicobalt octacarbonyl-catalyzed alkyne trimerisation of diphenylacetylene.

Structure

The stable conformation of this molecule has the phenyl rings rotated out of the plane of the central benzene ring. The molecule adopts a propeller-like conformation in which the phenyl rings are rotated about 65°, while in the gas phase, they are perpendicular with some slight oscillations.

References

Benzene derivatives
Hydrocarbons
Phenyl compounds
DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives. In 1922, the Deutsche Reichsbahn began to develop a renumbering plan to standardize the numbering of steam locomotives that had been taken over from the state railways (Länderbahnen). Its basis was the corresponding DRG classification system.

The first renumbering plan in 1922 envisaged more class numbers than the later plans. The development of this scheme was discontinued because it was seen that there would be problems in practically adopting it.

The second, provisional, renumbering plan of 25 July 1923 was very like the final version of 1925 in its basic structure. It incorporated space for the new standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) that were planned. The third and final renumbering plan of 1925 differed from its predecessor primarily in that all the locomotives retired up to that point – in some cases entire classes – were deleted; in addition several mistakes in the numbering were corrected.

With the exception of Bavarian classes, new locomotives built after 1923 were delivered from the outset with their new operating numbers. The actual renumbering of older engines did not begin until 1926.

Locomotives that were seen as obsolete and which would therefore soon be retired, were given serial numbers from 7001 after their class number.

Express train locomotives

Passenger train locomotives

Goods train locomotives

Passenger train tank locomotives

Goods train tank locomotives

Cog locomotives

Branch line locomotives

Narrow gauge locomotives

1000 mm Gauge

900 mm Gauge

785 mm Gauge

750 mm Gauge

Literature 

 Helmut Griebl, Fr. Schadow: Verzeichnis der deutschen Lokomotiven 1923 - 1965; Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen Berlin, Verlag Josef Otto Slezak Wien 1967
 Valtin, Wolfgang: Verzeichnis aller Lokomotiven und Triebwagen - Band 2; Transpress Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Berlin 1992; 
 Herbert Rauter, Dr. Günter Scheingraber, Manfred Weisbrod: Preußen-Report, Bände 3 - 8; Herrmann Merker Verlag Fürstenfeldbruck 1991 - 1994

See also 
History of rail transport in Germany
Deutsche Reichsbahn
Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft
UIC classification

Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft locomotives
Steam locomotives of Germany
Locomotive classification systems
German railway-related lists
Saxon XII H2. The Saxon Class XII H2 steam locomotives (also nicknamed Sächsischer Rollwagen or 'Saxon rollers') were bought by the Royal Saxon State Railways (Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen) specifically for the mountainous areas of Saxony. They were built by Hartmann between 1910 and 1927 in Chemnitz. The design of this passenger train locomotive was carried out in parallel with that of the express train classes, the Saxon X H1 and Saxon XII H. A total of 159 examples of this powerful locomotive were built by 1922. 

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over 124 of these engines as the DRG Class 38.2-3 (the others had been lost during the First World War or had to be given away as reparations) and gave them operating numbers 38 201 to 38 324. In 1927, ten more were built. These were given operating numbers 38 325 to 38 334. 

During the Second World War 15 of the Class XII H2s that had been given to France returned to Germany and were stationed again in the Reichsbahn division of Dresden. From 1938, however, the majority of these locomotives were working out of locomotive depots (Bahnbetriebswerken or Bw) in the Sudetenland. As a result, after the war only about a half the original fleet of these engines was left in Germany. Five of the locomotives returned from France went into the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn where they were allocated operating numbers 38 204 and 38 351 to 38 354. The last ones had been withdrawn by 1971. 

Even the surviving museum locomotive, number 38 205 is currently not working. This engine is owned by the DB Museum at Nuremberg and has been loaned to the Saxon Railway Museum in Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf. 

The first 15 vehicles were originally equipped with Saxon sä 2'2' T 16 tenders. Later they ran with Saxon sä 2'2' T 21 tenders as did all the subsequent locomotives.

See also
Royal Saxon State Railways
List of Saxon locomotives and railbuses

References 

 
 
 
 
 

4-6-0 locomotives
12 H2
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′C h2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
USS Interceptor. USS Interceptor (AGR-8/YAGR-8) was a  acquired by the US Navy in 1955, from the "mothballed" reserve fleet. She was reconfigured as a radar picket ship and assigned to radar picket duty in the North Pacific Ocean as part of the Distant Early Warning Line.

Construction
Interceptor (YAGR-8) was laid down on 10 July  1945, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 3147, as the Liberty Ship Edward W. Burton, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida. She was launched 12 September 1945; sponsored by Miss Juanita M. Kaylor; and delivered to T. J. Stevenson & Company, Inc., 8 November 1945.

Service history
She served several lines as a cargo ship until being placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Wilmington, North Carolina, 20 June 1948.

Acquired by the Navy, 28 June 1955, the ship was converted to a radar picket ship at Charleston Naval Shipyard, Charleston, South Carolina, and commissioned Interceptor (YAGR-8), 15 February 1956.

Interceptor was designed to carry the latest in long-range radar and communications equipment and to act as an ocean radar station ship. Following shakedown training she sailed from Charleston, 17 March 1956, en route to her new home port, San Francisco, California.

Arriving via the Panama Canal, 11 April, the ship began a regular cycle of 3– to 4–week at–sea periods as a picket ship under the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD). Operating with search aircraft, Interceptor could detect, track, and report aircraft at great distances as well as control interceptor aircraft in the event of an air attack on the United States.

Patrolling off the coast of Canada, she formed an integral part of North America's air early warning system. Reclassified AGR-8, radar picket ship, 28 September 1958, Interceptor, for the next 7 years, operated with NORAD, in forming an important link in the nation's defenses.

Decommissioning
Interceptor was struck from the Navy List 1 September 1965, and placed in the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet, Suisun BayCalifornia, where she remained until sold for scrapping, 16 February 1978.

See also 
 United States Navy
 Radar picket

References

Bibliography

External links
 

Liberty ships
Ships built in Panama City, Florida
1945 ships
World War II merchant ships of the United States
Guardian-class radar picket ships
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Wilmington Reserve Fleet
Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet