omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Chip (GUI). A chip is an interactive graphical user interface element showing a mostly textual entity in a concise and manageable format. It mixes editable and read-only properties. Chips, also known as tags, pills, lozenges, and by some other names, are utilized in various software applications and web interfaces to display discrete pieces of information such as filters, categories, names of people or documents, or other user input.

Characteristics 

Chips are designed to be small, interactive components that provide users with a way to display, select, or manage information efficiently.

Chips often appear in single-line or multi-line text boxes. They are compact and include text of the same or similar size as the rest of the text box, but the text in the chip is framed in a rectangular box, often with rounded corners. This design allows them to fit neatly into the rest of the text and, at the same time, show that the text is a single, distinct element.

In addition to the text, the chip usually includes an interactive element, such as a button, that allows its removal. It may also contain an icon or an avatar. For example, a chip with a user tag might include the user's name and a profile picture, or a filter chip might include a label and a small "x" to remove it.

Chips can be interactive, enabling users to click, drag, select, or delete them. This makes them useful for applications such as email clients (to display email recipients), search filters, and tagging systems.

History 

The concept of chips in GUI design emerged as part of a broader trend towards minimalist and functional design elements that enhance usability and information management.

Chips were introduced as a formalized design element in the first version of Google's Material Design language in 2014. Material Design provided guidelines for chips, describing them as components that "represent complex entities in small blocks, such as a contact". Prior to Material Design, similar concepts existed in various forms for web development and software applications to manage discrete items or selections, such as "tags" in the Carbon Design System, "pills" in Salesforce's Lightning design system, and "lozenges" in the Atlassian design system.

Use cases 

Chips are commonly used in the following scenarios:

Labels
Represent categories or metadata in blog posts, emails, or social media platforms.
Filters
Allow users to apply or remove filters in query and search interfaces, enhancing their functionality.
Input
Facilitate user input by displaying selected options, such as chosen skills on a job application form or selected items in a multi-select dropdown menu or email recipients, allowing users to add or remove them with ease.
Hyperlinks with enhanced functionality
In Google Docs, links to another document or user account may be automatically converted to a chip.

Implementation 

Chips are implemented using a combination of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for web interfaces. In mobile app development, chips are often part of standard component libraries available in frameworks like Android’s Material Components or Apple’s Cocoa Touch.

References 

Graphical control elements
Helen Diemer. Helen Diemer is an architectural lighting designer and the former president of The Lighting Practice, a lighting design firm based in Philadelphia. Diemer graduated from Pennsylvania State University with a degree in architectural engineering. She worked as an electrical engineer before joining The Lighting Practice in 1994.

Diemer previously served as President of the International Association of Lighting Designers. She contributed to the lighting industry through her involvement as chair of the International Association of Lighting Designers' Energy Committee and played a role in developing the lighting energy requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1. Additionally, she was recognized with the inaugural SMPS Philadelphia Honoring Legends Award, which acknowledged her influential role in the industry. Diemer has also supported educational initiatives for students in architectural engineering, including contributions to the creation of student support funds.

In 2023, Diemer retired from her role as president of The Lighting Practice.

Notable Projects 

 Avenue of the Arts
 Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Roberts Center for Pediatric Research

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pennsylvania State University alumni
21st-century American engineers
Electrical engineers
Isabel Trancoso. Isabel Maria Martins Trancoso is a retired Portuguese computer scientist specializing in speech processing. She is a professor in the Instituto Superior Técnico, a former president of the scientific council of INESC-ID, the former editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, and a former president of the International Speech Communication Association.

Education and career
Trancoso studied electrical and computer engineering at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), earning a licenciatura in 1979, master's degree in 1984, and PhD in 1987. Her doctoral dissertation, High Quality Medium-To-Low Bit Rate Speech Coding, was supervised by José Tribolet.

She continued at IST as an assistant professor from 1987 to 1993, associate professor from 1993 to 2005, and full professor since 2005. From 2007 to 2011, she was president of the International Speech Communication Association. She retired in 2022.

Recognition
Trancoso was elected as an IEEE Fellow in 2011, "for sustained contributions to speech technology, especially in the provision of research in and resources for the Portuguese language". She was named as a Fellow of the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) in 2014, and in 2024 received the ISCA Medal for Scientific Achievement, "for pioneering contributions to speech coding and resources for the Portuguese language, and sustained service to the speech community".

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Portuguese computer scientists
Portuguese women computer scientists
Speech processing researchers
University of Lisbon alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lisbon
Fellows of the IEEE
Praefurnium. In Ancient Rome, the praefurnium designated the room and the furnace that ensured the heating of the hot or warm premises of the thermae.

Description 
The praefurnium contains the wood-fired furnaces of the Roman baths and is generally placed at a lower level of the premises to be heated, in order to facilitate the diffusion of heat. The water is heated in copper or bronze tanks above the furnace combustion chamber. There may be one single or several heating rooms, depending on the number of premises and baths to be heated. 

A fire under the furnace arch provides warm air, conducted to the hypocaust, an underfloor heating system to distribute heat to the caldarium, the tepidarium, the laconicum and the sudatorium. Vitruvius describes this system and its operation in his work De architectura. The heating of the premises is also done by hot air distribution ducts called tubuli. These are elements of terracotta ducts of different shapes, allowing the circulation of hot air from the hypocaust to the upper parts of the thermal baths.

The heating room has an opening on the ignition and fuel reserve side, as well as for the supply of fresh air and another opening on the side of the hypocaust, for the exit of smoke and gas as well as hot air. The walls are made up of stone or brick and the ceiling is often vaulted. An adjoining room allowes the storage of fuel, wood or charcoal. This service room opens directly onto the outside, to facilitate fuel supply.

See also
 Ancient Roman bathing

References

Ancient Roman baths
Residential heating
1950 Myrtle Beach USAF C-46D crash. The 1950 Myrtle Beach USAF C-46D crash was an aviation accident involving a Curtiss C-46 Commando of the United States Air Force, which occurred on Sunday, July 23, 1950, near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, resulting in the deaths of 39 people.

It was the deadliest aviation accident in South Carolina.

Aircraft 
The Curtiss C-46D-10-CU Commando with the aircraft registration number 44-77577 had been delivered to the United States Air Force on December 14, 1944. According to some sources, in July 1949, it underwent a conversion, which effectively changed the aircraft model to TC-46D.

Accident 
Military training maneuvers involving National Guard Air Forces from various states were being conducted in Myrtle Beach prior to the crash, and the military personnel were returning home. Among them was a group of 30 servicemen from the Tennessee Air National Guard, who were heading to Nashville (state of Tennessee). The aircraft was 44–77577, and the crew consisted of four people.

However, just a few minutes after takeoff, the aircraft crashed to the ground  northwest of Myrtle Beach and was completely destroyed, causing a large fire at the site. All individuals on board perished.

A total of 39 bodies were recovered from the wreckage, which meant there were actually 5 more people on board than officially listed. It is possible these were military personnel who had boarded the aircraft as a form of transportation. Thus, officially, 39 people were confirmed dead in the crash. It was the deadliest aviation accident in the history of the state of South Carolina.

Investigation 
Parts of the wing were discovered a  from where the fuselage fell, which immediately led to speculation of an onboard explosion. However, upon closer examination, it was determined that shortly after takeoff, the left aileron broke apart in its central section, causing it to detach. The aircraft, having climbed to 1,000–2,000 feet (300–600 m), went out of the crew's control, and the resulting excessive stress led to the detachment of both wings. Unable to continue flying, the C-46 plummeted to the ground.

References 

1950 in South Carolina
July 1950
Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1950
Aviation accidents and incidents in South Carolina
Accidents and incidents involving the Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando
María Cecilia Rivara. María Cecilia Rivara Zúñiga is a Chilean computer scientist known for her research in mesh refinement for the finite element method. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Chile, where she was the first woman to earn an engineer's degree in mathematics.

Education and career
Rivara earned an engineer's degree in mathematics in 1973 from the University of Chile, the first woman to do so. She went to the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium for graduate study, earning a master's degree in 1980 and completing her Ph.D. in 1984, supervised by Robert Piessens. She is a full professor at the University of Chile.

Research
In the study of mesh refinement, subdividing selected triangles of a triangular finite element mesh by bisecting their longest edges is also known as Rivara refinement, after Rivara's pioneering work on this method.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chilean computer scientists
Chilean women academics
Women computer scientists
Researchers in geometric algorithms
University of Chile alumni
Université catholique de Louvain alumni
Academic staff of the University of Chile
Helen Klaassen. Helen Gertrude Klaassen (fl. 1893–1919) was an English physicist.

She was the daughter of Hendericus Klaassen, a geologist who had emigrated from Prussia in the 1840s. Her sister was botanist Henderina Scott.

She attended the University of Cambridge, carrying out electrochemical experiments at the Cavendish Laboratory in the late 1880s and 1890s. At the suggestion of J. J. Thompson, she studied electric resistance curves in sulphuric acid.

She worked as lecturer in physics at Newnham College, Cambridge, and as a demonstrator in physics at the Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women in 1891–1901.

Her most notable work was a collaboration with Alfred Ewing on the magnetic properties of iron, published by the Royal Society of London in 1893.

Klaassen was a member of the National Union of Scientific Workers and also took an interest in nursing.

Select publications 

 (with James Alfred Ewing) 'Magnetic qualities of iron,' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 184 (1893) 985–1039
 'Change of phase on reflexion at the surface of highly-absorbing media,' London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 44 (1897) 349–355

References 

19th-century English women scientists
19th-century women physicists
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Separation and Purification Technology. Separation and Purification Technology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier, covering methods for separation and purification in chemical and environmental engineering, including research on the separation and purification of liquids, vapors, and gases, as well as carbon capture and separation, excluding methods intended for analytical purposes, soil science, polymer science, and metallurgy. The editor-in-chief is Bart Van der Bruggen (KU Leuven). According to the Journal Citation Reports the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 8.1.

References

External links

Chemistry journals
Saleh Hasan Naqib. Saleh Hasan Naqib is a Bangladeshi professor, researcher and the 25th Vice-Chancellor of the University of Rajshahi.

Early life and education 
Naqib was born on August 3, 1970 in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. He completed his secondary education in 1987 from Rajshahi University School and higher secondary education in 1989 from Rajshahi College. He pursued his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) and Master of Science (M.Sc.) degrees in physics at the Rajshahi University. He later earned his Ph.D. in cuprate superconductivity from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, where he studied as a Commonwealth Scholar.

Career 
Naqib joined the University of Rajshahi as a lecturer in the Department of Physics in 1998, currently serving as professor of the department. His main research interests are superconductivity and computational physics.

Naqib is a member of the Institute of Physics, American Physical Society, Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge Commonwealth Trust, Bangladesh Physical Society, Asian Council of Science Editors, Advisory Board and Section Editor of the Journal of Scientific Research and Editorial Board of the Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. He is a Fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Science (BAS)

References

External links
 

Living people
Rajshahi College alumni
University of Rajshahi alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Rajshahi
Bangladeshi physicists
Vice-chancellors of the University of Rajshahi
Place of birth missing (living people)
1970 births
Birulia Bridge. Birulia Bridge is a bridge on Turag River which connects Birulia, Savar Upazila with Mirpur Road, Dhaka.

Its construction was started in 2002, but halted after half of the work was done. Later its construction was resumed in 2014 with additional  budget. Obaidul Quader, minister of Road Transport and Bridges, assured that the bridge would be completed in December 2014. However, as of January 2015, 60% work was done and the deadline was extended to June 2015. On 14 July 2015, the bridge was inaugurated with newly-built National Highway 511. The total cost for the bridge was . As of 2016, The Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority had written to the Local Government Engineering Department seeking a solution as the pillars of the bridge falls in the middle of Turag river, fearing that boat movement on the waterway would be hampered. But they did not take any measures to solve the issue. According to the draft of Detailed Area Plan finalized in 2021, the bridge was proposed to be demolished and rebuilt to implement a circular waterway around Dhaka.

References

Bridges in Dhaka
Transport in Uttara
Savar Upazila
Bridges completed in 2015
2015 establishments in Bangladesh
Garden owl. A garden owl is a scarecrow resembling a Horned owl, commonly employed as a method to deter the presence of pests, particularly birds or rodents, in agricultural and urban environments.

Manufacture and design
Modern garden owls are commonly constructed from plastic blow molds. There are many manufactures of Garden Owls. A swiveling head and wind-powered wings are features that are often used to mimic a living owls behavior, and increase the garden owl's ability to deter pests. Many technological updates to the garden owl have been made including solar motors, motion sensors, and hidden cameras.

Effectiveness
The presence of a garden owl may temporarily mitigate pests, but will gradually loose its effectiveness with time.  Moving the decoy, adding a sound element, or surrounding the decoy with reflective materials are methods known to increase the longevity of the garden owl's effectiveness.

History
Hunting decoys are the early predecessors of garden owls. Both Native Americans and Europeans used bird decoys in strategic hunting practices. European records show efforts to reducing bird damage to crops though usage of decoys dating back to the 1400s. Books on pest control that mention using decoys were written in the 1600s. American owl decoys date back to the 1900's and were made of materials such as balsa wood, papier-mâché, and leather.

References 

Owls
Pest control techniques
Decoys
Gardening aids
Osaka Municipal Subway 20 series. The  was a rapid transit electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Osaka Municipal Subway (now Osaka Metro) in Japan between 1984 and 2024.

Design 
The trains have aluminium bodies. The 20 series was the first Japanese train type powered by a third rail to use variable-frequency drive (VVVF) technology from new, the second overall in Japan (after the  LRV and only the third such train type in the world (the HKL Class M100 for Helsinki Metro being the first overall). The VVVF technology used on the 20 series was developed jointly by Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric and Toshiba. They were also the first trains on the Chuo and Tanimachi lines to include air-conditioning from new.

History 
The first set, 2601, was built on 25 March 1984, entering revenue service on the Chuo Line on 24 December of the same year. Four additional sets were built in 1985 to complement the opening of the Chuo Line extension to . In 1989, eleven more sets were built of which nine of them were allocated to the Tanimachi Line.

From 2004, in preparation for the opening of the Keihanna Line extension to  in 2006, all 20 series sets were retrofitted with IGBT-based traction control systems and the maximum speed of all trains was increased from  to . In addition, all Tanimachi Line sets were transferred to the Chuo Line in March 2006 in exchange for nine 24 series sets which were redeployed on the Tanimachi Line.

Withdrawal 
Retirement of the 20 series fleet began in 2014 with the first set being removed from service on 21 August. It was replaced by a 24 series set that was transferred from the Yotsubashi Line. With the introduction of new 30000A series and 400 series EMUs, withdrawals of 20 series sets continued in August 2022. The last run took place on 20 March 2024.

Gallery

References 

Electric multiple units of Japan
20 series
20 series
Hitachi multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1984
750 V DC multiple units

ja:大阪市交通局20系電車#20系
Director General Project Seabird. The Director General of Project Seabird (DG Seabird) is a senior appointment in the Indian Navy with the rank of Vice Admiral. The DG heads the Seabird Project with a charter to oversee the largest defence infrastructure project progressing at the Karwar Naval Base.

Background
In the early 1980s, then Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson conceived of a naval base sandwiched between the hills of the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea near Karwar in Karnataka state. Located south of the naval bases in Mumbai and Goa and north of Kochi, the location had advantages as being very close to the world's busiest shipping route between the Persian Gulf and east Asia and out of range of most strike aircraft from neighbouring countries. It offered a natural deep-water harbour and significant land area for expansion, allowing larger aircraft carriers to berth. However, due to a variety of reasons, including the 1991 economic crisis, development was delayed.

Project Seabird
In 1999, following Pokhran-II, then Defence Minister George Fernandes approved Project Seabird to pursue the construction of the new naval base at Karwar. Larsen & Toubro was the lead contractor for the marine works on the harbour, in partnership with Hochtief, Ballast Nadem Dredging of the Netherlands, Radisson of Australia and Nedeco of The Netherlands. Over  of breakwater was constructed using over 4.4 million cubic metres of rock to protect the harbour. The Binaga Bay was dredged and its rock outcrops blasted to allow even large aircraft carriers to turn inside the bay. Anjadip Island is one of the two islands to which the breakwaters are linked for reinforcement. A second channel will be added to the base to allow warships to simultaneously enter and exit the port .

List of Directors General

See also
 INS Kadamba

References

Indian military appointments
Indian Navy appointments
Mohammad Ismail (academic). Mohammad Ismail (born 1 November 1978) is a Bangladeshi academic. He is a professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the University of Dhaka and currently serves as the Vice-Chancellor of Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU).

Early life and education
Ismail was born on 1 November 1978 in Chittagong, Bangladesh. He completed his Secondary School Certificate (SSC) in 1994 from Kalauzan Dr. Yakub Bazlur Rahman Sikder High School and his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) in 1996 from Chittagong College.

Ismail went on to study at the University of Dhaka, where he earned a bachelor's degree in applied chemistry and chemical technology in 2001, graduating second in his class with first-class honors. He completed his master's degree in the same discipline in 2002, securing first position in first class. In 2016, he earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge, UK.

Career
Mohammad Ismail began his professional career as a scientific officer at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), where he worked from 2006 to 2008. Although selected for the Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) Administration Cadre in 2008, he chose to pursue academia and joined the University of Dhaka as a lecturer in the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He was promoted to assistant professor in 2010, associate professor in 2018, and full professor in 2023.

In addition to his role at the University of Dhaka, Ismail has taught at several other institutions, including the Bangladesh Petroleum Institute, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), East West University, United International University (UIU), and Daffodil International University. He has also served as a consultant for various national and international organizations.

On 5 September 2024, Ismail was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Noakhali Science and Technology University and assumed office on 6 September 2024.

Research and publications
Ismail has published over fifty research papers in both national and international peer-reviewed journals. He has also served as a reviewer for several academic journals.

References

1978 births
Living people
University of Dhaka alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka