omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Petascale computing. Petascale computing refers to computing systems capable of performing at least 1 quadrillion (10^15) floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). These systems are often called petaflops systems and represent a significant leap from traditional supercomputers in terms of raw performance, enabling them to handle vast datasets and complex computations.

Definition

Floating point operations per second (FLOPS) are one measure of computer performance. FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, however the standard measure (used by the TOP500 supercomputer list) uses 64 bit (double-precision floating-point format) operations per second using the High Performance LINPACK (HPLinpack) benchmark.

The metric typically refers to single computing systems, although can be used to measure distributed computing systems for comparison. It can be noted that there are alternative precision measures using the LINPACK benchmarks which are not part of the standard metric/definition. It has been recognized that HPLinpack may not be a good general measure of supercomputer utility in real world application, however it is the common standard for performance measurement.

History
The petaFLOPS barrier was first broken on 16 September 2007 by the distributed computing Folding@home project. The first single petascale system, the Roadrunner, entered operation in 2008. The Roadrunner, built by IBM, had a sustained performance of 1.026 petaFLOPS. The Jaguar became the second computer to break the petaFLOPS milestone, later in 2008, and reached a performance of 1.759 petaFLOPS after a 2009 update.

In 2020, Fugaku became the fastest supercomputer in the world, reaching 415 petaFLOPS in June 2020. Fugaku later achieved an Rmax of 442 petaFLOPS in November of the same year.

By 2022, exascale computing had been reached with the development of Frontier, surpassing Fugaku with an Rmax of 1.102 exaFLOPS in June 2022.

Artificial intelligence 
Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems require large amounts of computational power to train model parameters. OpenAI employed 25,000 Nvidia A100 GPUs to train GPT-4, using a total of 133 septillion floating-point operations.

See also 
 Exascale computing
 Computer performance by orders of magnitude
 :Category:Petascale computers
 Zettascale computing

References

External links 
Petascale computers: the next supercomputing wave
National Science Board Approves Funds for Petascale Computing Systems
Massive $208 million petascale computer gets green light
Much Ado About Petascale
Petascale Climate Modeling Heats Up

Supercomputing
Vertebra (software). Vertebra is a framework that aims to simplify writing applications in The Cloud written by Engine Yard.

Release 
It was released under the GNU Lesser General Public License 3 at the end of 2008.

Technologies 
Vertebra is written in a combination of Ruby and Erlang.

Public reception 
It has been characterized as a Service-Oriented-Architecture for the cloud, an application deployment platform, and an evolution in the architecture for cloud computing.  For its part, Engine Yard simply classifies it as "A Platform for the Cloud."

References

External links 
 
 Support site

Cloud platforms
Beta software
Recording thermometer. A recording thermometer is a type of thermometer that records temperature changes over a period of time. A digital recording thermometer is often called a temperature data logger.

Analog temperature recorders
A type of chart recorder, one end of a bi-metallic strip is attached to a long, light metal lever that holds a special pen. Tiny movements of the bimetallic strip cause much larger movements of the free end of the lever and the pen. The pen traces a rising and falling line on a strip of paper attached to a slowly turning drum. The drum usually makes one turn every seven or so days, so afterward each strip of paper contains a complete and accurate record of temperature changes for a whole week. The bimetallic strip is usually made from steel and copper. Because these metals expand and contract at different rates. When one of these metals expand it curls tighter, when one contracts it uncurls slightly.  When it curls or uncurls, the data is converted into electric signals, which record the temperature change.

Digital temperature recorders
Thermocouple or thermistors sensors coupled with data loggers are now more often used to sense and record temperatures and record them in a digital format easily used by computers. They are widely available and come in a variety of types and varying probes.

References

External links
 Introduction to Temperature Data Logging Omega Engineering, Inc. Retrieved 15 August 2020

Thermometers
Disney Research. Disney Research is a network of research labs supporting The Walt Disney Company. Its purpose is to pursue scientific and technological innovation to advance the company's broad media and entertainment efforts.

It has facilities in Los Angeles, Zurich and Edinburgh. Research topics include computer graphics, video processing, computer vision, robotics, radio and antennas, wireless communications, human-computer interaction, displays, data mining, machine learning, and behavioral sciences. The lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts was closed in January 2016.

Disney Research is managed by an internal Disney Research Council co-chaired by Disney-Pixar's Ed Catmull and including the directors of the individual labs.

Notable works
BB-8 was a physical prop developed by Disney Research, created by special effects artist Neal Scanlan.

See also

Walt Disney Imagineering

References

External links
 
 

Carnegie Mellon University
Disney technology
Research organizations in the United States
Fairchild J44. The Fairchild J44  was a small turbojet developed in the 1940s by the Fairchild Engine Division.

Design and development

The Fairchild Engine Division (previously the Ranger Aircraft Engine Division of the Fairchild Engine & Aircraft Corporation) began development of the J44 in 1947. It was used in target drones, missiles, and as jet boosters on several aircraft types.

Applications
 Ryan AQM-34 Firebee (B/C)
 Fairchild AQM-41 Petrel
 Bell Model 65
 Fairchild C-123 Provider
 Fairchild C-82 Packet

Variants
Data from: Aircraft engines of the World 1953, Flight 20 March 1959 :AERO ENGINES 1959 . . ., Aircraft engines of the World 1957
XJ44 Prototypes of the J44
J44-R-1United States Air Force (USAF) engine, similar to the United States Navy (USN) -6, .
J44-R-2Same as -6 but with different installation.
J44-R-3 Longer life - Fairchild C-123 Provider wing-tip boosters.
J44-R-6 USN version, .
J44-R-12 expendable.
J44-R-20BRyan Firebee.
J44-R-24Fairchild Petrel.
J44-R-26  company sponsored variant.
FT-101ECommercial version of -3.
FT-101-GCommercial version with return oil system.

Specifications(J44-R-3)

See also

References

Further reading

 

1940s turbojet engines
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Prismatic joint. A prismatic joint is a one-degree-of-freedom kinematic pair which constrains the motion of two bodies to sliding along a common axis, without rotation; for this reason it is often called a slider (as in the slider-crank linkage) or a sliding pair. They are often utilized in hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders. 

A prismatic joint can be formed with a polygonal cross-section to resist rotation. Examples of this include the dovetail joint and linear bearings.

See also

 Cylindrical joint
 Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
 Kinematic pair
 Kinematics
 Mechanical joint
 Revolute joint

References 

Kinematics
Rigid bodies
Limiting oxygen index. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) is the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a percentage, that will support combustion of a polymer. It is measured by passing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen over a burning specimen, and reducing the oxygen level until a critical level is reached.

LOI values for different plastics are determined by standardized tests, such as the ISO 4589 and ASTM D2863.

The LOI value is also dependent on the surrounding temperature of the sample. The percent of oxygen required for combustion reduces as the surrounding temperature is increased.

Plastics and cable material is tested for its LOI value at both ambient temperature and elevated temperature to understand its oxygen requirement under actual fire conditions.

Materials with an LOI greater than the atmospheric oxygen concentration are called fire retardant materials.

See also
 Fire-resistance rating

References

Passive fire protection
Opal Storage Specification. The Opal Storage Specification is a set of specifications for features of data storage devices (such as hard disk drives and solid state drives) that enhance their security.  For example, it defines a way of encrypting the stored data so that an unauthorized person who gains possession of the device cannot see the data.  That is, it is a specification for self-encrypting drives (SED).

The specification is published by the Trusted Computing Group Storage Workgroup.

Overview

The Opal SSC (Security Subsystem Class) is an implementation profile for Storage Devices built to:
 Protect the confidentiality of stored user data against unauthorized access once it leaves the owner's control (involving a power cycle and subsequent deauthentication).
 Enable interoperability between multiple SD vendors.

Functions 

The Opal SSC encompasses these functions:
 Security provider support
 Interface communication protocol
 Cryptographic features
 Authentication
 Table management
 Access control and personalization
 Issuance
 SSC discovery

Features 

 Security Protocol 1 support
 Security Protocol 2 support
 Communications
 Protocol stack reset commands

Security 

Radboud University researchers indicated in November 2018 that some hardware-encrypted SSDs, including some Opal implementations, had security vulnerabilities.

Implementers of SSC

Device companies 
 Hitachi
 Intel Corporation
 Kingston Technology
 Lenovo
 Micron Technology
 Samsung
 SanDisk
 Seagate Technology as "Seagate Secure"
 Toshiba

Storage controller companies 
 Marvell
 Avago/LSI SandForce flash controllers

Software companies
 Absolute Software
 Check Point Software Technologies
 Dell Data Protection
 Cryptomill
 McAfee
 Secude 
 Softex Incorporated
 Sophos
 Symantec (Symantec supports OPAL drives, but does not support hardware-based encryption.)
 Trend Micro
 WinMagic
 OpalLock(OpalLock support Self-Encrypt-Drive capable SSD and HDD. Develop by Fidelity Height LLC)

Computer OEMs
 Dell
 HP
 Lenovo
 Fujitsu
 Panasonic
 Getac

References

External links
 Storage Work Group Storage Security Subsystem Class: Opal
Computer storage technologies
Cybersecurity engineering
George C. Martin. George Coleman Martin (May 16, 1910, Everett, Washington - May 21, 2003) was a project engineer on the Boeing B-47 and chief project engineer of the Boeing B-52.

Education
After graduating from Everett High School, Martin enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he majored in aeronautical engineering.  While a student at Washington, he was inducted into the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society, and became a brother of the Alpha Kappa Lambda social fraternity.  He graduated from Washington in 1931.

References

1910 births
2003 deaths
Boeing people
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Maynard Pennell. Maynard L. Pennell (April 12, 1910 – November 22, 1994) was a Boeing executive and aircraft designer.

Born in Skowhegan, Maine, his family moved to Seattle in 1920. Pennell studied aeronautical engineering, graduating from the University of Washington in 1931.  While a student at Washington, he was inducted into the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society and became a brother of the Pi Kappa Phi social fraternity.

After working for the Douglas Aircraft Company for six years, he joined Boeing in 1940. He became assistant manager for the B-29 Superfortress program in 1942 and was involved in the development of the B-52 Stratofortress, later joining the commercial development division, where he was involved in the creation of the Boeing 707 and Boeing 727, a keen advocate of the development of jet-powered civil aircraft.

Boeing SST
In the 1960s, Pennell managed the Boeing 2707 supersonic transport program, in a contest against the Lockheed L-2000 for the right to manufacture the airframe. In 1966, Boeing unveiled a model of a 300-passenger, 330-foot-long aircraft meant to fly at almost three times the speed of sound. Although Boeing won the contest, the SST project ran into objections from various groups and the plane was never built, leaving Concorde to become the first SST aircraft, making its first test flight in 1969.

Awards
In 1965, Pennell was awarded the Elmer A. Sperry Award for distinguished engineering and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 2007, he was a co-recipient of the Distinguished Group achievement Diamond Award from the University of Washington for his work on the development of the passenger jet. Since 1989, Boeing has endowed a research professorship in structural analysis in his honor at the University of Washington.

Pennell retired from Boeing in 1974, and died in Seattle in 1994 from Parkinson's disease.

References

 After 60 Years, B-52s Still Dominate U.S. Fleet, New York Times, December 5, 2015  https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/us/b-52s-us-air-force-bombers.html?_r=0

External links

1910 births
1994 deaths
Boeing people
People from Skowhegan, Maine
Neurological disease deaths in Washington (state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease in the United States
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Water in fuel sensor. A water in fuel sensor, or WiF sensor, is an electronic sensor used to indicate the presence of water in fuel. It is installed in a fuel filter. When the water level in the water separator reaches the warning level, the WiF sends an electrical signal to the ECU or to dashboard (lamp). The WiF is often used in common rail engines to avoid fuel injector damage.

The WiF sensor uses the difference of electric conductivity of water compared to diesel and gasoline to determine the presence of water. The WiF sensor can consist of two electrodes that reads the level of resistance in the fluid or between the ground and the electrode.

First generation WiF sensors use a potting resin to isolate the electronic circuit, while the latest generation of WiF sensors (the WS3 sensor in surface-mount technology) are made totally without leakage using an innovative co-molding process.

The latest generation of WiF sensors have a high resistance to vibrations and to thermal excursion cycles.

The main automotive WiF designer and producer is SMP Poland.

References

Auto parts
Controlled Ground Water Area. A controlled ground water area (CGWA) is a category defined by the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC) of the state of Montana. A CGWA must satisfy a set of criteria, including ground water withdrawals in excess of recharge; excessive declines in ground water levels or pressures; possibility of contaminant migration; or the existence of significant disputes within the area concerning priority of rights, amounts of water being used, or priority of type of use.

Once a CGWA is established, anyone wishing to drill a well must first apply for and receive a Permit for Beneficial Water Use from the DNRC. Some CGWAs have additional restrictions.

External links
 State of Montana web site
CGWA-guidelines-for-flow-meter-and-telemetry-system installation

Environment of Montana
Neural Networks (journal). Neural Networks is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal and an official journal of the International Neural Network Society, European Neural Network Society, and Japanese Neural Network Society.

History 
The journal was established in 1988 and is published by Elsevier. It covers all aspects of research on artificial neural networks. The founding editor-in-chief was Stephen Grossberg (Boston University).

The current editors-in-chief are DeLiang Wang (Ohio State University) and Taro Toyoizumi (RIKEN Center for Brain Science).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 7.8.

References

External links 
 

Artificial neural networks
Artificial intelligence journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1988
Monthly journals
English-language journals
SimFiT. Simfit is a free open-source Windows package for simulation, curve fitting, statistics, and plotting, using a library of models or user-defined mathematical equations. Simfit has been developed by Bill Bardsley of the University of Manchester. Although it is written for Windows, it can easily be installed and used on Linux machines via WINE.

Simfit is developed using Silverfrost Limited's FTN95 Fortran Compiler and is currently featured on their website as a showcased application. The graphical functionality in Simfit has been released as a Fortran library called Simdem which allows the programmer to produce charts and graphs with just a few lines of Fortran. A version of Simdem is shipped with the Windows version of the NAG Fortran Builder.

A Spanish-language version of Simfit is maintained by a team in Salamanca.

At Version 8.1.1 a simplified version of simfit called sv_simfit designed for first-time users is bundled with the main simfit package.

References

External links 
 Main Website
 Website of the Silverfrost version
 Website of the Spanish version

Free statistical software
Regression and curve fitting software
Time of concentration. Time of concentration is a concept used in hydrology to measure the response of a watershed to a rain event.  It is defined as the time needed for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet.  It is a function of the topography, geology, and land use within the watershed. A number of methods can be used to calculate time of concentration, including the Kirpich (1940) and NRCS (1997) methods.

Time of concentration is useful in predicting flow rates that would result from hypothetical storms, which are based on statistically derived return periods through IDF curves.  For many (often economic) reasons, it is important for engineers and hydrologists to be able to accurately predict the response of a watershed to a given rain event.  This can be important for  infrastructure development (design of bridges, culverts, etc.) and management, as well as to assess flood risk such as the ARkStorm-scenario.

Example

This image shows the basic principle which leads to determination of the time of concentration.  Much like a topographic map showing lines of equal elevation, a map with isolines can be constructed to show locations with the same travel time to the watershed outlet.  In this simplified example, the watershed outlet is located at the bottom of the picture with a stream flowing through it.  Moving up the map, we can say that rainfall which lands on all of the places along the first yellow line will reach the watershed outlet at exactly the same time.  This is true for every yellow line, with each line further away from the outlet corresponding to a greater travel time for runoff traveling to the outlet.

Furthermore, as this image shows, the spatial representation of travel time can be transformed into a cumulative distribution plot detailing how travel times are distributed throughout the area of the watershed.

References

External links
Time of Concentration

Hydrology
Skeptik.ee. skeptik.ee is the website and primary communication outlet of MTÜ Eesti Skeptik, a non-profit organisation established in 2007 and dedicated to the study of paranormal phenomena and claims, and coordination of communication between skeptics. It aims to popularize science among students and promote skeptical thought in Estonia.

Research
In September 2007, skeptik.ee reported of a simple experiment analysing the visual qualities of electrolysis of various solutions of salts in water, trying to explain the apparent pollution of footbathwater caused by a product called Ionic-Detox. The elegant results and related conclusions regarding unnecessarily to insert polluted person's feet into footbath water to develop appearance of "extraction of pollutants from human body" has become the canonical study of "detoxification" footbath studies, commonly cited in discussions regarding this form of alternative health services.

Abort.ee 
In spring of 2008, the newly established Institute of Culture of Life (), a Catholic-connected anti-abortion organisation, set up abort.ee, a website supposedly "helping expectant mothers in pregnancy crisis to decide" but actually dedicated to convincing people about evils of abortion through photos of supposed remains of aborted fœtuses. skeptik.ee published several articles critical of the material and claims thereof, as well as the fact that EI had successfully applied for a grant for developing the website from Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. EI responded by threatening to sue MTÜ Eesti Skeptik and Martin Vällik over defamation via mail and various public channels.

Umbluu award 
MTÜ Eesti Skeptik gives out a yearly Umbluu award, published every 31 April on the website, for the year's most striking activities in the field of propagating pseudoscience. The award comes with the sculpture of Skewed Pendulum ().

In 2008, the award was given to Estonian Rescue Board for its procurement, continued usage and vocal defence of Sniffex, an extremely expensive dowsing rod. Notoriously, the Rescue Service was reported to have been using Sniffex for "bomb detection" during George W. Bush's state visit to Republic of Estonia.

References

External links 
 

Skeptic organizations in Estonia
2007 establishments in Estonia
Mass media in Estonia
Consumer relationship system. Consumer relationship systems (CRS) are specialized customer relationship management (CRM) software applications that are used to handle a company's dealings with its customers.

Current consumer relationship systems integrate the software with telephone and call recording systems as well as with corporate systems for input and reporting. Customers can provide input from the company's website directly into the CRS. These systems are popular because they can deliver the 'voice of the consumer' that contributes to product quality improvement and that ultimately increases corporate profits.

Consumer relationship systems that provide automated support as well as advanced systems may have artificial intelligence (AI) interfaces that can extract and analyse data collected, or handle basic questions and complaints.

History
The first CRS was developed in the 1980s. In 1981 Michael Wilke and Robert Thornton founded Wilke/Thornton, Inc in Columbus, Ohio, to develop new CRS software.

See also
 ECRM
 Business intelligence
 Clienteling
 Customer experience
 Customer intelligence
 Customer service – contains ISO standards
 Customer value maximization
 Sales force management system
 Sales process engineering

References 

Customer relationship management
Data management