omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Iowa Wetland Management District. The Iowa Wetland Management District is part of Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge but is very different from other wetland management districts. Under a Memorandum of Understanding with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the State manages many of the waterfowl production areas (WPAs) in the district. This is a partnership that has been very beneficial to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Together, the State and the Service have been able to develop large complexes of habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife species.

Although the Wetland Management District encompasses 35 counties, at this date, there are WPAs in 16 counties. Most acquisitions are intended to increase habitat at existing wetland complexes, so it is unlikely that tracts will be acquired in the entire 35-county area.

Most WPAs are small, from 100 to , but several have grown considerably. Union Hills WPA in Cerro Gordo County is the largest in Iowa at over . Spring Run, a large complex of State and Federal lands in Dickinson County, is the second largest WPA. Dugout Creek WPA in Dickinson County and Lower Morse Lake in Wright County are also among the larger restored tracts in the Iowa Wetland Management District.

References
Area website

National Wildlife Refuges in Iowa
Protected areas of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
Protected areas of Dickinson County, Iowa
Protected areas of Wright County, Iowa
Wetlands of Iowa
Landforms of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
Landforms of Dickinson County, Iowa
Landforms of Wright County, Iowa
Jennifer S. Light. Jennifer S. Light is Professor of Science, Technology and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.    Light's research investigates the work of technical experts in the political process, with special interest in these figures' influences on US urban history.  Light serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Communication and the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

An essay by Light from 1999, "When Computers Were Women", discusses an aspect of the history of computers — specifically that women were not credited for their work on the ENIAC computer, which was America's first electronic computer to automate ballistics computations during World War II. The women built the machine which replaced them, yet their contributions to it were kept out of history.

Education
PhD   History of Science, Harvard University
MPhil History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University (Lionel de Jersey Harvard Scholar)
AB History and Literature, Harvard College

Works and publications
The Nature of Cities: Ecological Visions and the American Urban Professions, 1920-1960 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)
From Warfare to Welfare: Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003; 2005)
Articles appearing in New Media and Society; Technology and Culture; Journal of Urban History; Harvard Educational Review; Ecumene; Environment and Planning D: Society and Space; Journal of the American Planning Association; New Directions for Evaluation; International Journal of Urban and Regional Research; and Gender, Place, and Culture.
When Computers were Women (Technology and Culture, 1999)

Awards and honors
Honorable Mention, Lewis Mumford Prize, 2009
Derek Brewer Visiting Fellow, Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, 2005

References

Living people
Northwestern University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Historians of technology
American women historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Cirebon Steam Power Plant. The Cirebon Steam Power Plant () is a 660 MW coal-fired power plant developed by PT Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) in the Kanci area to the southeast of Cirebon, Indonesia.

History 
The first unit of the plant was launched in mid October 2012. The reported cost of the plant was around $US 850 million. Construction began in 2008 and was substantially completed, a little behind time, in mid-2012. Sales from the plant to the Indonesian state-owned electricity company Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) began on 27 July 2012.

Like other IPPs in Indonesia, the plant will sell the electricity produced to the PLN at an agreed feed-in tariff price. The initial agreed rate was reported to be US 4.43 cents per kWh (USD 0.0443/kWh) although, because of high coal prices, it was reported that the PLN would adjust the purchase price upwards to US 5.2 cents per kWh (USD 0.052/kWh).

It is reported that there are tentative plans to extend the Cirebon plant later with the installation of another 1,000 MW costing around $US 1.2 - 1.3 billion.

In 2015, South Korean companies Hyundai Engineering & Construction and Hyundai Engineering won the contract for the Cirebon 2 1,000MW CFPP (USC) project worth $727 million. The main contents of the project are to build a 1,000MW coal-fired power plant and a 500kV transmission line along the coastline of Java, and expand the substation. As the construction supervisor, Hyundai Engineering & Construction was responsible for installing supplementary equipment and boilers, and civil engineering works.

On November 14, 2022, the Asian Development Bank signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly explore the early retirement of the Cirebon Unit 1. This agreement was reached at the 2022 G20 Bali summit alongside the Indonesia Just Energy Transition Partnership.

Share structure 
The CEP is one of the various independent power producers (IPPs) in Java. It is a joint venture of four companies: Japan-owned Marubeni Corporation which owns the largest stake (32.5%), Korea Midland Power Co (27.5%), South Korean company Samtan Co Ltd (20%) and the Indonesian listed firm PT Indika Energy (20%).

Function 
The first unit of the plant consists of 1 x 660 MW coal-fired power system having one turbine generator, one steam turbine and a balance of plants. Its boiler is sliding pressure operation, and is the first plant to use supercritical boiler technology in Indonesia. The plant will use coal with a sulfur content of less than 0.2% sourced from Kalimantan. Consumption will be 7,240 tonnes per day and around 2.8 million tonnes per year. The plant is expected to produce around 5.5 TWh per year (around 4% of the electricity supply in the region).

References

Coal-fired power stations in Indonesia
Buildings and structures in West Java
TeST Gliders. TeST Gliders was a manufacturer of ultralight sailplanes and motorgliders based in Brno, Czech Republic.

Aircraft produced
 TeST TST-1 Alpin
 TeST TST-3 Alpin T
 TeST TST-5 Variant
 TeST TST-6 Duo
 TeST TST-7 Junior
 TeST TST-9 Junior
 TeST TST-10 Atlas single seat glider (variants M,MB)
 TeST TST-13 Junior single seat touring motorglider
 TeST TST-14 Bonus 2 seat glider (variants M, MB)
 TeST TST-14J BonusJet 2 seat jet powered self-launching sailplane

References

External links

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
2010 disestablishments in the Czech Republic
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2010
TeST TST-10 Atlas. The TeST TST-10 Atlas is a single-seat, standard class sailplane, with a 15 m (49 ft 3 in) wingspan, manufactured by TeST Gliders in The Czech Republic. It is available both as a pure glider (TST-10) and self-launching glider (TST-10M).

Design and development

The TST-10M Atlas was designed for recreational, club-class flying, enhanced by the convenience of self-launching. It is made mostly of composite structure. The fuselage is made in the negative mould together with the fin. The wings also use composite material and have no ribs within the wing. Early iterations of the Atlas utilized a wooden spar of built-up construction; current versions utilize a carbon fiber spar. The typical sailplane monowheel landing gear is fixed; a castering tailwheel and wingtip wheels assist powered taxiing.

Assembly of the glider is typical of modern gliders, with forked wing spars joined by two steel pins. The wings each weigh only  32 kg (71 lb).

The self-launching version is powered by a 30 kW (40 hp) Rotax 447 engine externally mounted on a retractable mast which drives a two-bladed wooden propeller. Engine extension and retraction is performed by an electric motor.

The published glide ratio of the Atlas is 40:1. Best glide speed is 88 km/h (55 mph, 48 kn); VNE is low for a contemporary glider at 180 km/h (110 mph, 97 kn).

An improved variant, the TST-10MB was released in spring 2008. It differences from the original TST-10M in having a retractable undercarriage, automatic connection of controls for wing to fuselage assembly, a new seat shape, a larger fuel tank and optimized winglets.

Operational history
There are roughly 40 TST 10M Atlases flying, two of which are in the United States, where they have been registered with the FAA in the Experimental E-LSA category.

In mid-2010 15 TST-10s appeared on civil aircraft registers of European countries west of Russia.

Specifications (TST-10M)

See also

References

TST-10
2000s Czech sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
SAM Colombia Flight 501. SAM Colombia Flight 501 was a Boeing 727-46 that crashed on 19 May 1993, killing all 132 on board. The aircraft collided with a mountain while on approach to Medellín, Colombia.

Aircraft and crew 
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 727-46, registered as HK-2422X (factory no. 18876, serial no. 217), which was built in 1965 and had its maiden flight on December 30 of that year. The aircraft was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7A turbofan engines. The aircraft was delivered to Japan Airlines on January 7, 1966, and was registered as JA8309. On November 16, 1972, the airliner was leased to Korean Air, where it was re-registered as HL7309. On November 9, 1980, Korean Air sold the aircraft to SAM Colombia, where it was re-registered as HK-2422X.

The captain was 31-year-old Mauricio Oswaldo Vacca Mejía, qualified in May 1992 as a Boeing 727 commander, he had clocked a total of 3,943 flying hours. His first officer, 29-year-old Julio César Andrade Granados, had a total of 1,651 flying hours, and worked as a flight engineer prior to qualifying as a co-pilot in February 1993. And 45-year-old Flight Engineer Jaime Eduardo Martínez Basallo had a total of 553 hours with SAM Colombia ever since he was employed in mid-1992.

Accident 
At 14:18, Flight 501 took off from Panama City, Panama, bound for Bogotá, Colombia, with a stopover in Medellín. The aircraft climbed to flight level 160 (about ). On board were 7 crew members and 125 passengers, including several Panamanian dentists on their way to a convention.

Thunderstorm activity in the area made automatic direction finder (ADF) navigation more difficult, and the Medellín VOR/DME was unusable, having been attacked by terrorists. The crew reported over the Abejorral NDB beacon at FL160, as they were approaching Medellín. The flight was then cleared to descend to FL120 (about ), after which communication was lost. After multiple failed attempts to contact the flight, Medellín ATC declared an emergency.

Because the radio beacon was unserviceable, the crew made navigational errors. The 727 had actually not yet reached the beacon and descended into mountainous terrain. The flight then struck the  Mount Paramo Frontino.

References

External links

Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by air traffic controller error
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993
Aviation accidents and incidents in Colombia
SAM Colombia accidents and incidents
1993 in Colombia
May 1993 in South America
John Grue. John Grue (born 1957) is a Norwegian applied mathematician noted for his contributions to marine hydrodynamics and internal waves.

He took the cand.real. degree in 1982 and the dr.philos. degree in 1987, both at the University of Oslo. He stayed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1987 to 1988, and was appointed associate professor at the University of Oslo in 1990. In 1994 he was promoted to professor. He has later served as guest professor at Harbin Engineering University in China. He was Chair of the Abel Board 2018-2022 of the Abel Prize in mathematics.

He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

References

1957 births
Living people
Norwegian mathematicians
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Norwegian expatriates in China
A Web of Air. A Web of Air is a young adult post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by British writer Philip Reeve. It is the second book in the Fever Crumb series, a prequel series to the Mortal Engines Quartet. It was published on 5 April 2010.

Synopsis
The clever young engineer, Fever Crumb, is swept up in a race to build a flying machine. Her mysterious companion is a boy who talks to Angels. Powerful enemies will kill to possess their new technology-or to destroy it.

A Web of Air is the sequel to Fever Crumb, the story set centuries before Mortal Engines that tells how great cities begin to build giant engines to make their first predatory journeys across the wastelands. It is set in Mayda, a city established in an atomic bomb crater off of mainland Portugal.

Reception 
On Goodreads, the book has a 3.9 out of 5.

Kirkus Reviews called the book "Imaginative, inventive and exciting."

References

External links

Mortal Engines
2010 British novels
Novels by Philip Reeve
Children's science fiction novels
2010 science fiction novels
British children's novels
British science fiction novels
Predator Cities
Aviation novels
2010 children's books
Scholastic Corporation books
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commonly abbreviated BADGE or DGEBA) is an organic compound and is a liquid epoxy resin.  The compound is a colorless viscous liquid (commercial samples can appear pale straw-coloured). It is a key component of many epoxy resin formulations. Addition of further Bisphenol A and a catalyst and heat can produce Bisphenol A glycidyl ether epoxy resins of higher molecular weight that are solid.

Preparation and reactions
It is prepared by O-alkylation of bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin.  This reaction mainly affords bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, as well as some oligomer. The degree of polymerization may be as low as 0.1.  The epoxide content of such epoxy resins is of interest.  This parameter is commonly expressed as the epoxide number, which is the number of epoxide equivalents in 1 kg of resin (Eq./kg), or as the equivalent weight, which is the weight in grams of resin containing 1 mole equivalent of epoxide (g/mol).  Since unsymmetrical epoxides are chiral, the bis epoxide consists of three stereoisomers, although these are not separated.

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether slowly hydrolyzes to 2,2-bis[4(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl)propane (bis-HPPP).

Similarly, DGEBA reacts with acrylic acid to give vinyl ester resins.  The reaction results in opening of the epoxide ring, generating unsaturated esters at each terminus of the molecule.  Such materials are often diluted with styrene and converted to resin.

Epoxy resins are thermosetting polymers, which are crosslinked using hardeners (curing agents). The most common curing agents for epoxy resins are polyamines, aminoamides, and phenolic compounds.

Safety
BADGE is highly reactive and forms a number of species upon exposure to water or HCl and many of these compounds (including BADGE) are suspected endocrine disruptors. Hydrolysis of the ether bonds liberates bisphenol A, which is also strongly suspected of being an endocrine disruptor. 
From the 1990s onward, concern has been raised over the use of BADGE-based epoxy resins in the lining of some cans for foodstuffs, with the chemical being found to leach into foods. Bisphenol A Diglycidyl ether-based epoxy coatings are extensively used for coating the inside of cans which come into contact with food and are thus food contact materials. The materials and analogues and conjugates have been extensively tested for and analytical methods developed.

See also
 Bisphenol AF (BPAF)
 Bisphenol S (BPS)
 EPI-001

References

Glycidyl ethers
IARC Group 3 carcinogens
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens
Phenol ethers
PPAR agonists
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanes
Trickle-bed reactor. A trickle-bed reactor (TBR) is a  chemical reactor that uses the downward movement of a liquid and the downward (co-current) or upward (counter-current) movement of gas over a packed bed of (catalyst) particles. It is considered to be the simplest reactor type for performing catalytic reactions where a gas and liquid (normally both reagents) are present in the reactor and accordingly it is extensively used in processing plants. Typical examples are liquid-phase hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation in refineries (three phase hydrotreater) and oxidation of harmful chemical compounds in wastewater streams or of cumene in the cumene process.
Also in the treatment of waste water trickle bed reactors are used where the required biomass resides on the packed bed surface.

Kinetics
Although the physical reactor is relatively simple, the hydrodynamics in the reactor are extremely complex. It is for this reason that TBRs have been extensively studied over the past five decades and currently the amount of open literature publications on TBRs is increasing, hinting that the understanding of the hydrodynamics is still limited.

A good introduction to the hydrodynamics of TBR can be found in the classic article by Satterfield. Rate of reaction and mass transfer equations are derived by Fogler.

See also 
 Trickling filter

References

Chemical reactors
TCG Osmangazi. TCG Osmangazi (NL-125) is an amphibious warfare ship of type landing craft tank  that was built for the Turkish Navy in the early 1990s. The ship remains in service.

History 
The landing ship was laid down at the Taşkızak Naval Shipyard in Istanbul, Turkey on 24 July 1990. After completion, she was  handed over to the Turkish Navy, and commissioned on 27 July 1994 . She was named Osmangazi after Osman I (), the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and the full transliteration of Osman Gazi is Osman, the Veteran.

Characteristics 
Osmangazi is propelled by two MTU Diesel engines producing a total power of . The -long landing ship can carry up to 3,773 tons, which includes 900 armed troops as well as 15 Main battle tanks and also four LCVP's. It has a crew of 109, including nine officers. The ship is armed with 2x Bofors 40 mm/70 twin autocannon, 1x Oerlikon 35 mm/90 twin anti-aircraft gun and 2x Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon. This ship also has a large space for a 10-ton class helicopter to land. The vessel is capable of deploying naval mines.

Modernization 
The vessel underwent extensive modernization works at the Alaybey Naval Shipyard of the Turkish Navy in İzmir in 2011. Within this project, the two Bofors 40 mm/70 twin autocannons in the ship's bow, which can be handloaded only, were replaced by two Oerlikon 35 mm/90 twin anti-aircraft guns. The  Oerlikon 35 mm gun at the ship's stem was removed, and a Mk-15 Phalanx CIWS was integrated. A SLQ-32 electronic warfare suite was installed on  the shipboard of Osmangazi, as being the first Turkish landing vessel having an electronic warfare system.

Earthquake relief operation 
The vessel transported heavy construction equipment from Port of İzmir to be used in the disaster region of the 2023 earthquake in southern Turkey.

References

External links 
Unofficial homepage of the Turkish Navy

Amphibious warfare vessels of the Turkish Navy
Landing craft
1990s ships
Ships built in Istanbul
Oryx GTL. ORYX GTL (Arabic: أوريكس جي تي إل) is a synthetic fuel plant based in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar, owned by QatarEnergy (51%) and Sasol (49%). It uses gas to liquids (GTL) technology for converting natural gas into liquid petroleum products. The capacity of Oryx GTL in 2007 was  of oil.

History
Construction of the plant started in 2003. The plant began production in 2007.

References

External links

 Official website

Natural gas plants
Petroleum production
Energy infrastructure in Qatar
Natural gas in Qatar
Synthetic fuel facilities
Energy infrastructure completed in 2007
2007 establishments in Qatar
AB-25-class patrol craft. The AB-25 class (''Türk'' type) is a class of large patrol craft that was built for the Turkish Navy in the late 1960s and early 1970s. One craft was transferred to Georgia in 1998, two were transferred to Kazakhstan in 1999 and 2001, one was transferred to Azerbaijan in 2000 and the remainder are in service.

Units
 AB-25 (P-125) - out of service in 2000
 AB-26 (P-126) - transferred to Kazakhstan in 1999
 AB-27 (P-127)
 AB-28 (P-128)
 AB-29 (P-129)
 AB-30 (P-130) - transferred to Georgia in 1998
 AB-31 (P-131)
 AB-32 (P-132) - transferred to Kazakhstan in 2001
 AB-33 (P-133) - out of service in 2002
 AB-34 (P-134) - transferred to Azerbaijan in 2000
 AB-35 (P-135)
 AB-36 (P-136)

Sources

Patrol vessels of the Turkish Navy
Patrol boat classes
Dispersion stability. Dispersions are unstable from the thermodynamic point of view; however, they can be kinetically stable over a large period of time, which determines their shelf life. This time span needs to be measured in order to ensure the best product quality to the final consumer. 
“Dispersion stability refers to the ability of a dispersion to resist change in its properties over time.” D.J. McClements.

Destabilisation phenomena of a dispersion

These destabilisations can be classified into two major processes:
 Migration phenomena : whereby the difference in density between the continuous and dispersed phase, leads to gravitational phase separation:
Creaming, when the dispersed phase is less dense than the continuous phase (e.g. milk, cosmetic cream, soft drinks, etc.)
Sedimentation, when the dispersed phase is denser than the continuous phase (e.g. ink, CMP slurries, paint, etc.)
 Particle size increase phenomena: whereby the size of the dispersed phase (drops, particles, bubbles) increases
reversibly (flocculation)
irreversibly (aggregation, coalescence, Ostwald ripening)

Technique monitoring physical stability
Multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning is one of many techniques monitor the dispersion state of a product, identifying and quantifying destabilisation phenomena. It works on concentrated dispersions without dilution. When light is sent through the sample, it is backscattered by the particles / droplets. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Therefore, local changes in concentration (creaming and sedimentation) and global changes in size (flocculation, coalescence) are detected and monitored.

Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or even years for some products) and it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods in order to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and consist in increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase inversion or chemical degradation). Temperature affects not only the viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interaction forces inside the system. Storing a dispersion at high temperatures may accelerate some instability processes.

Mechanical acceleration, including vibration, centrifugation, and agitation, can also be used.

References

Laboratory techniques