omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ikarus Kurir. The Ikarus Kurir () is a single-engined high-wing monoplane designed in Yugoslavia for army liaison and air ambulance work from small airfields. Built in large numbers, it served with the Yugoslav Air Force (JRV) until 1972, when it entered civilian use.

Design and development

The Kurir was built in a new factory at the old Ikarus site in Zemun, Belgrade, though like all Yugoslav aircraft of the period it was a product of the centralised national design centre.  It is sometimes referred to as the Cijan Kurir after one of its designers.

The Kurir has the high wing and tall undercarriage typical of single-engined STOL aircraft and is similar in appearance to the Fieseler Storch. Unlike the Storch, the Kurir has an all-metal, cantilever wing. There are short ailerons outboard, with the rest of the trailing edge filled with electrically operated Fowler flaps.  Leading edge slots are fitted ahead of the ailerons. The combination of flaps and slots enables the Kurir to reach 15 m (50 ft) altitude in a distance of 220 m (720 ft) and to land from the same height in 100 m (330 ft).

The fuselage is also all-metal and rectangular in cross section. The tail unit has a metal frame but is fabric covered. The tall fin carries an inset, tabbed, rudder and is braced to the horizontal tail, which is set on top of the fuselage. The glazed cabin, placed under the wing, normally seats two, but a third seat can be added or both rear seats removed to make room for two stretchers. The Kurir was originally powered by a 155 hp (116 kW) DM-6R six-cylinder inverted air-cooled engine. Geared, this drives a two-bladed constant-speed propeller. The DM-6R, otherwise known as the Walter/DMB DM-6R was a Yugolav-modified Walter Minor 6-III. It proved to have vibration problems so later Kurirs were fitted with a Lycoming O-435-1 engine and are usually known as Kurir L.

The Kurir has a fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The two tall, long-stroke, shock-absorbing main legs mounted on the upper fuselage sides just forward of the cabin have supplementary bracing; each carries a wheel fitted with brakes. Alternatively, skis can be fitted. At least one was configured as a floatplane.

Operational history
About 145 Kurirs were built, serving with the Yugoslav Air Force until 1972. Many were then released for civilian use, mostly appearing on the Yugoslav register and serving in flying clubs. As of July 2010 one Kurir L was registered in the US, one in Slovenia and one in Croatia.

Variants
 Kurir DM-6R: standard production model with DM-6R engine for Yugoslav Air Force.
 Kurir H: floatplane version.
 Kurir L: second series with Lycoming O-435-1.

Operators

Yugoslav Air Force
Letalski center Maribor

Aircraft on display
Two Kurirs, one a Kurir L, are on display in the Museum of Aviation (Belgrade), Serbia. Another is in the Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum, Sinsheim, Germany, painted as a Storch.

Specifications (DM-6R)

Notable appearances in media

References

1950s Yugoslav military aircraft
Kurir
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
STOL aircraft
Glider tugs
Aircraft first flown in 1955
List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations. The following page lists hydroelectric power stations that generate power using the run-of-the-river method. This list includes most power stations that are larger than  in maximum net capacity, which are currently operational or under construction. Those power stations that are smaller than , and those that are only at a planning/proposal stage, may be found in regional lists, are listed at the end of the page.

Hydroelectric power stations 

This table lists currently operational power stations. Some of these may have additional units under construction, but only current net capacity is listed.

Under construction 
This table lists stations under construction or operational stations with under-construction and current net capacity over 100 MW.

See also

 List of largest power stations in the world
 List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
 List of hydroelectric power station failures

References

Hydroelectric
Run of the river
Circuit breaker design pattern. The Circuit Breaker is a design pattern commonly used in software development to improve system resilience and fault tolerance. Circuit breaker pattern can prevent cascading failures particularly in distributed systems. In distributed systems, the Circuit Breaker pattern can be used to monitor service health and can detect failures dynamically. Unlike timeout-based methods, which can lead to delayed error responses or the premature failure of healthy requests, the Circuit Breaker pattern can proactively identify unresponsive services and can prevent repeated attempts. This approach can enhance the user experience. 

The circuit breaker pattern can be used in conjunction with other patterns, such as retry, fallback, and timeout, to enhance fault tolerance in systems.

Challenges

According to Marc Brooker, circuit breakers can misinterpret a partial failure as total system failure and inadvertently bring down the entire system. In particular, sharded systems and cell-based architectures are vulnerable to this issue. A workaround is that the server indicates to the client which specific part is overloaded and the client uses a corresponding mini circuit breaker. However, this workaround can be complex and expensive.

Different states of circuit breaker 

 Closed
 Open
 Half-open

Closed state 

When everything is normal, the circuit breakers remain closed, and all the request passes through to the services. If the number of failures increases beyond the threshold, the circuit breaker trips and goes into an open state.

Open state 

In this state circuit breaker returns an error immediately without even invoking the services. The Circuit breakers move into the half-open state after a timeout period elapses. Usually, it will have a monitoring system where the timeout will be specified.

Half-open state 

In this state, the circuit breaker allows a limited number of requests from the service to pass through and invoke the operation. If the requests are successful, then the circuit breaker will go to the closed state. However, if the requests continue to fail, then it goes back to open state.

References

External links
Example of PHP implementation with diagrams
Example of Retry Pattern with Polly using C#
Example of C# implementation from Anders Lybeckers using Polly
Polly NuGet package
Example of C# implementation from Alexandr Nikitin
Implementation in Python
Stability patterns applied in a RESTful architecture
Martin Fowler Bliki

Software design patterns
Articles with example PHP code
Mechanical network. A mechanical network is an abstract interconnection of mechanical elements along the lines of an electrical circuit diagram.  Elements include rigid bodies, springs, dampers, transmissions, and actuators.

Network symbols

The symbols from left to right are: stiffness element (e.g. spring), mass (rigid body), mechanical resistance (e.g. damper), force generator, velocity generator.  The symbols for generators depend on which mechanical–electrical analogy is being used.  The symbols shown relate to the impedance analogy.  In the mobility analogy the symbols are reversed, being respectively velocity and force generators.

See also
 Multibody system

Machines
Soleau envelope. The Soleau envelope (), named after its French inventor, , is a sealed envelope serving as proof of priority for inventions valid in France, exclusively to precisely ascertain the date of an invention, idea or creation of a work. It can be applied for at the French National Institute of Industrial Property (). The working principles were defined in the ruling of May 9, 1986, published in the official gazette of June 6, 1986 (Journal officiel de la République française or JORF), although the institution of the Soleau envelope dates back to 1915.

The envelope has two compartments which must each contain the identical version of the element for which registration is sought. The INPI laser-marks some parts of the envelope for the sake of delivery date authentication and sends one of the compartments back to the original depositary who submitted the envelope.

The originator must keep their part of the envelope sealed except in case of litigation. The deposit can be made at the INPI, by airmail, or at the INPI's regional subsidiaries. The envelope is kept for a period of five years, and the term can be renewed once.

The envelope may not contain any hard element such as cardboard, rubber, computer disks, leather, staples, or pins. Each compartment can only contain up to seven A4-size paper sheets, with a maximum of  thickness. If the envelope is deemed inadmissible, it is sent back to the depositary at their own expense.

Unlike a patent or utility model, the depositor has no exclusivity right over the claimed element. The Soleau envelope, as compared to a later patent, only allows use of the technique, rather than ownership, and multiple people might submit envelopes to support separate similar use, before a patent is later granted to restrict application.

See also 
Poor man's copyright

Reference list

External links 
The envelope Soleau on the French IP institute website 

Envelopes
French intellectual property law
Nordsee-Ost offshore wind farm. Nordsee-Ost offshore wind farm is an offshore wind farm in operation in the eastern part of the North Sea German sector. The project was developed by RWE Innogy, a subsidiary of RWE.

The wind farm consists of 48 turbines with a total capacity of 295 MW. The 6.15 MW turbines were provided by REpower.  Steel foundations for generators were supplied by Aker Verdal. Power converters were supplied by Woodward Governor Company. A consortium of Siemens and Prysmian built the high-voltage direct current submarine cable from the wind farm to the German transmission system operated by Transpower, a subsidiary of TenneT.

Delays in power line construction by Dutch TenneT delayed its operational start.

On 11 May 2015 the wind farm was officially put into operation.

See also

 Wind power in Germany

References

Wind farms in Germany
Offshore wind farms in the North Sea
RWE
Energy infrastructure completed in 2015
2015 establishments in Germany
Bukit Merah Lake Railway Bridge. The Bukit Merah Lake Railway Bridge or Bukit Merah Marine Viaduct is a double track railway bridge across Bukit Merah Lake in the state of Perak, Malaysia. Completed in 2013, the 3.45 km double track railway bridge replaced the single track railway causeway crossing the lake.

References

Bridges completed in 2013
2013 establishments in Malaysia
Bridges in Perak
Rail transport in Perak
Railway bridges in Malaysia
Service capability interaction manager. In computer networks, a service capability interaction manager (or SCIM) orchestrates service delivery among application server platforms within the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) architecture.

A key requirement for the Service Broker functionality is to be able to bridge between the existing legacy networks, and the next-generation networks.  For example, if the operator has a service platform that provides freephone (or reverse charging)-type services to its GSM subscriber, the service broker will enable the operator to extend this to the IMS environment without modifying the service platform or the service application. The service broker will also enable the Centrex-type services to be combined with existing GSM services, such as ringback tones or VPN.

References

Service-oriented (business computing)
PDP-8 4K Disk Monitor System. The PDP-8 Disk Monitor is a discontinued operating system released by Digital Equipment Corporation for their PDP-8 line of mini-computers. The minimum hardware requirements consisted of a ASR 33 teletype,
 3 cycle data break (an option on the PDP-8/S model), and a mass storage option of a DF32 disk sub-system or a TC01 DECtape unit, with later releases the additional option of using a RF08 disk drive. The distribution media was on paper tape, a common means of data storage for computers of that era. The included user programs consisted mainly of modified versions of the paper tape software library distributed by DEC for their PDP-8 family of small computers, much of this was exported to the TSS-8 and MS/8 operating systems.

A modified version of this monitor was used on "8K or larger PDP 8/E" systems, with one of its claimed benefits being that it made better use of additional DECtape drives than OS/8.

References

 DEC DEC-08-SBAB-D PDP-8 Disk System Builder, October 27, 1967
 DEC DEC-08-ODSMA-AD 4K Disk Monitor System, 2ed Revision, February, 1974
 DEC DEC-D8-SDAB-D PDP-8/I Disk Monitor System Programmer's Reference Manual, Revised July, 1969
 DEC DEC-08-AJBB-DL Advanced FOCAL Technical Specification, 1st Printing April, 1970

External links
 http://www.faqs.org/faqs/dec-faq/pdp8/

DEC operating systems
Bernardini (company). The Bernardini S/A Industria e Comercio (Bernardini Industrial and Commerce Company), of São Paulo, Brazil, was a safe manufacturer which operated from 1912 to 1992. During its later years it branched out into vehicle production.

Products

 Bernardini X1A1 Light Tank and X1 based XLF missile launcher

 Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo tank
 Bernardini Xingu BT25 and BT50 (4 x 4) light vehicles (Brazil), Jeep like vehicles based closely on the Toyota Bandeirante

References
 D. Hanel "The Defence Industry of Latin America" Military Technology 3/2010 ISSN 0722-3226

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Brazil
Defence companies of Brazil
Defunct defence companies of Brazil
Manufacturing companies based in São Paulo
Victorian Railways V class (diesel-hydraulic). The Victorian Railways V class was a single locomotive class that consisted of only V56. It was built as the shunter for the Jolimont Workshops to move the suburban sets through the washdocks. It had a top speed of 16 km/h although it was limited to 1 km/h when shunting through the washdock. Other moves were made at 3 - 5 km/h. The speed limit of 16 km/h did not pose a problem in operation. 

The locomotive features a 40 hp Fordson tractor engine which drove four hydraulic motors. It was the smallest locomotive owned by the VR and later the Metropolitan Transit Authority.

Buffers and autocouplers were fitted to allow it to couple up to screw coupled stock (Swing Door trains or Tait trains) or Knuckle coupled stock (Harris trains, Hitachi trains). For coupling to the Comeng trains, a conversion coupler was required. This attached to the Comeng 'multi function' coupler and converted it to a temporary knuckle coupling.

The locomotive was originally painted in a bright red with a black under frame, before receiving the Victorian railways blue and yellow paint scheme. In the early 80s it would repainted into Metropolitan Transit Authority green and gold livery which it currently remains in.

Locomotives

Preservation
V56 was retired by the early 1980s with the closure of Jolimont Workshops. during the late 1990s, V 56 was used at the Steamrail Depot, Newport for small shunting moves. Currently V56 is on static display at Newport Railway Museum.

References

V class
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Australia
Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1959
Shunting locomotives
John Coates (naval architect). John Francis Coates, OBE (30 March 1922 – 10 July 2010) was a British naval architect best known for his work on the study of construction of the Ancient Greek trireme. His research led to the construction of the first working replica of triremes, the fastest and most devastating warship of Classical Mediterranean empires, and gave a greater understanding of how they were built and used. He also carried out research into the use of shipping in Northern Europe during the Bronze Age, in particular the Ferriby Bronze Age boat and the Dover Boat.

Career
Coates was born and raised in Swansea, the son of chemists Ada and Joseph E. Coates, Professor of Chemistry at the University College of Swansea. He was educated at Clifton College and took Engineering Science at The Queen's College, Oxford.  He joined the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors and in 1943 saw sea service on the Arctic convoys.  After the war, he continued to work in the Admiralty.  An early project was the design of new inflatable life jackets and life rafts for which he was appointed OBE in 1955.  He was the leading ship design architect for the County-class destroyers. Coates remained in Admiralty service until 1979 when he retired from the post of Chief Naval Architect.

Trireme Reconstruction

In 1982 he was approached by Professor John Morrison of Wolfson College, Cambridge to assist with research into the design of the trireme. Together they and others founded the Trireme Trust, and created a series of scale models and a full scale cross section based on historical records, archaeological evidence and the science of naval architecture. Coates developed a complete design, encompassing more than 40 sheets of plans and 100 pages of specifications, which enabled the construction of a full-scale replica, the Olympias, funded by the Greek government's Ministries of Defense and Tourism in 1987. John F. Coates actively oversaw the accuracy of the construction, including the manner in which the hull shell was held together by 20,000 pinned mortise and tenon joints. In 1989, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath. He also researched the archaeological remains of Bronze Age seagoing ships in Northern Europe, exploring their seaworthiness.

Personal life
Coates married Jane Waymouth in 1954, she predeceased him in 2008. He died on 10 July 2010, leaving two sons and five granddaughters. Coates' elder brother, chemist Geoffrey E. Coates, died in Laramie, Wyoming, in 2013.

References

1922 births
People educated at Clifton College
Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford
British naval historians
2010 deaths
British naval architects
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Swansea
Victorian Railways M class (diesel-hydraulic). The Victorian Railways M class are a diesel-hydraulic powered railway shunting locomotive, constructed at Newport workshops of the Victorian Railways in Victoria, Australia and used between 1959 and 1987.

History 
In the 1950s the Victorian Railways were looking for alternative locomotive power to replace the aging fleet of steam locomotive which were used for shunting duties. To aid in the replacement of the steam locomotives, in 1959, two shunting locomotives were built by the Victorian Railways at their Newport Workshops. These locomotives featured an Ellison TC 500 diesel-hydraulic transmission powered by an  EMD power unit. The two engines were given class M and the numbers 231 and 232. When introduced, both locomotives wore a plain, dark red livery with black under frame, similar to the Victorian Railways V class. Both locomotives later in their life would be repainted into the traditional Victorian Railways blue and gold livery. The two M class locomotives would almost exclusively operate in the Newport Workshops compound under the ownership of the Victorian railways.

Private ownership 
M231 was sold to Steamrail Victoria on 17 December 1981, where it would continue to be operated in the Newport workshop compound.

M232 was sold to Brunswick Plaster Mills, a subsidiary of CSR Limited, on 9 February 1981. M232 would haul gypsum trains from Nowingi, to a gypsum loader on the former Millewa South line. After the closure of the Nowingi gypsum operation in 1987, M232 would fall under the ownership of Steamrail Victoria and would be transferred back to Newport workshops in 1988.

As of 2024, M231 is operational as a shunting locomotive for Steamrail Victoria and is currently painted in its original red paint scheme with a black under-frame. It is notable that M231 has worked its entire life in the Newport Workshops compound. M232 is currently stored in Newport Workshops West block.

Locomotives

References

 Peter J. Vincent: M class
 VICSIG M class
 Vicrailways – M class

Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of Australia
M class
C locomotives
Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
Shunting locomotives
Marine Technology Society. The Marine Technology Society (MTS) is a professional society that serves an international community of approximately 2,000 ocean engineers, technologists, policy-makers, and educators. The goal of the society, which was founded in 1963, is to promote awareness, understanding, advancement and application of marine technology. The association is based in Washington, District of Columbia, United States.

Background
The society consists of 29 technical disciplines and presently has 17 sections, including overseas sections in Japan, Korea and Norway. In addition, MTS has 23 student sections at colleges and universities with related fields of study.

The flagship publication of the society is the MTS Journal. The journal is published 4 times annually and primarily features themed issues consisting of invited papers. The journal has a current Scopus Cite Score of 1.6.

MTS sponsors several conferences of note, including the OCEANS Conference (co-sponsosed with IEEE/OES), Underwater Intervention (co-sponsored with ADCI), Dynamic Positioning Conference, biennial Buoy Workshop (co-sponsored with the Office of Naval Research), and the hot-topic workshop series TechSurge.

In 1969 the group held its annual convention in Miami Beach. The convention was addressed by Spiro Agnew, who was then Vice President of the United States.

In 1993 the laser line scan, a U.S. Navy photography secret, made its debut at the society sponsored trade show in New Orleans.

In 2023 the MATE Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Competition joined MTS as a fully integrated program within the Society. For more than 20 years, the MATE ROV Competition has given children, youth, and young adults an inclusive platform to think critically about real-world problems in a way that strengthens communication, builds peer-to-peer community, and inspires entrepreneurship. Since its inauguration, the annual competition has reached more than 20,000 students in 46 regions around the world.

References

External links 
 

Engineering societies based in the United States
Marine engineering organizations
Organizations based in Maryland
Oceanography
Annealing by short circuit. Annealing by short circuit is a method of efficiently annealing copper wire which employs a controlled electrical short circuit.  It can be advantageous because it does not require a temperature-regulated furnace like other methods of annealing.

Process

The process consists of two conductive pulleys (step pulleys) which the wire passes across after it is drawn.  The two pulleys have an electrical potential across them, which causes the wire to form a short circuit.  The Joule effect causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 °C.  This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys, the ambient temperature, and the voltage applied.  Where  is the temperature of the wire,  is a constant,  is the voltage applied,  is the number of rotations of the pulleys per minute, and  is the ambient temperature:
 

The constant  depends on the diameter of the pulleys and the resistivity of the copper.

Purely in terms of the temperature of the copper wire, an increase in the speed with which the wire passes through the pulley system has the same effect as a decrease in resistance.  Therefore, the speed with which the wire can be drawn through varies quadratically as the voltage applied.

See also
Annealing (metallurgy)
Short circuit

References
 Thesis of Degree, Cable Manufacture and Tests of General Use and Energy. -  Jorge Luis Pedraz (1994), UNI, Files, Peru.
 Dynamic annealing of the Copper wire by using a Controlled Short circuit. = Jorge Luis Pedraz (1999), Peru: Lima, CONIMERA 1999, INTERCON 99,

Metal heat treatments