omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Etchplain. An etchplain is a plain where the bedrock has been subject to considerable "etching" or subsurface weathering. Etchplanation is the process forming etchplains. Contrary to what the name might suggest, etchplains are seldom completely flat and usually display some relief, as weathering of the bedrock does not advance uniformly. This means that weathering is unrelated to the flatness which might be derivative of various other processes of planation including peneplanation and pediplanation. Erosion of etchplains can result in the exposure of inselbergs such as bornhardt and tors. Generally the topography exposed at a stripped etchplain, that is an etch surface, after erosion of regolith is one with many irregularities as result of structurally defined areas of rock strength.

A distinction can be made between etchplains and etch surfaces as the latter may or may not be flat and can represent the landform arising from the stripping of an etchplain.

As climate changes, arid and semi-arid periods of pediplanation may alternate with more humid periods of etchplanation resulting in the formation of flattish surfaces (peneplains) of mixed origin (polygenetic).

During wet seasons deep weathering is more pronounced producing regolith which is then stripped away by erosion during subsequent dry seasons. The rate of stripping must exceed that of regolith production by deep weathering, otherwise deep-seated basal surfaces would not be revealed.

The African Surface formed 70–40 million years ago is an example of an etchplain.

History of the concept

The term 'etchplain' or 'etched peneplain' was originally coined to describe surfaces in East Africa by E. J. Wayland in 1934 and Bailey Willis in 1936. This last geologist applied the term etched peneplain to the Tanganyika Plateau. Julius Büdel developed the concept further in the second half of the 20th century, but never did use the term 'etchplain'. The term came for a long time to be associated with landscapes in the tropics or with a tropical climate but since the 1980s it has also been used to describe flat weathered landscapes at higher latitudes.

See also

References

Weathering landforms
Pink Line (Kolkata Metro). Line 5 () is a planned rapid transit metro line of the Kolkata Metro in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The line will run from Baranagar to Barrackpore, with a length of . It was sanctioned in 2009, at a cost of Rs.2070 crore, to enable a quicker commuter service from the northern suburbs to Kolkata.

Route

Map

Stations (South to North) 
The stations in this line are:

Proposed realignment 
State government proposed for realigning the line via Kalyani Expressway, instead of B.T. Road, due to the presence of arterial water pipelines, that supply water to the city, below BT Road. The construction might create huge traffic jam along the road and also damage the water pipelines, which will cutoff the city's water supply. This will increase the length to .  . This proposal is not feasible as fresh sanctioned from rail way board was required . It would provide the eassy movement to the residents near by BT Road which is huge traffic congesent .  There are 6 nos pipe lines of 64'', 72'', 42'',60'' 48'' & 62''  diameter  have been laid in the year 2012, 1957–61, 1868–84, 1922–36, 1888-93 1971-96 respectively.  Arrangement of pipe lines are east to west sidesunder BT road.  ROW  of BT Road is average 40–42 m. KMC'S Engineers views that constructions of  central pier system metro stations like others metro cities is possible. on diverting the flow of existing  48'', 60'', & 42''  pipelines on laying one by one new pipe line.

Accordingly Project implemeting agency  RVNL has submitted the revised sequence of construction as under .

      1. Laying an additional 60 inches diameter pipe line between Baranagar (Dunlop Bridge) to Barrackpore (Chiriamore) and installation of connection of newly laid 60 inch diameter (MS welded pipe line by Micro Tunneling Method) with existing old 60 inch diameter pipe line and existing 48 inch diameter old pipe line by means of butterfly valve arrangement after taking shut down in stages to suit the site requirements.

        2. On diverting flow of existing 48 inches pipeline through the newly laid 60 inches pipe line, the work along this pipe line (Casting of pile and realignment of 48 inches pipe line by DI pipe) will be taken up.

          3. On completing the mentioned work along existing 48 inches pipeline,  the flow of this pipe line will be restored as earlier and the flow of existing   60 inches pipeline will be diverted through the newly laid 60 inches diameter pipe line to defunct this pipe line. The casting of pipe, pile cap and other structural work will be taken up along this 60 inches diameter pipeline on defunct condition without disturbing the 42 inch diameter pipe line as it is not infringing / influencing Metro construction and installation. It is also proposed that the entire work will be done in two phase ie. 1st phase Baranagar to Gandhi Ashram Metro station and 2nd phase remaining portion.

See also
List of Kolkata Metro stations
Kolkata Metro rolling stock
Lists of rapid transit systems
Trams in Kolkata
Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kolkata Monorail
Kolkata Suburban Railway

References

Kolkata Metro lines
Kolkata Metro
750 V DC railway electrification
RFX. RFX may refer to:
Reversed-Field eXperiment, a reversed field pinch nuclear fusion device
The collective term for a request for information (RFI), request for proposal (RFP), or request for quotation (RFQ)
 J P Hunt Air Carriers (ICAO airline code: RFX) aka REFLEX, U.S. airline: see List of airline codes (J)
The regulatory factor X (RFX) gene and protein family:
 RFX1 gene and protein
 RFX2 gene and protein
 RFX3 gene and protein
 RFX4 gene and protein
 RFX5 gene and protein
 RFX6 gene and protein
International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency. Petri Nets, the International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency is an academic conference organized annually by the Petri net community. The conference was first organized in 1980 Strasbourg, France

Since then the conference has been organized annually. The Petri Nets Steering Committee is responsible for the conference, including selection of organisers, PC members, invited speakers, tutorials and workshops, etc.

History 

 1980 Strasbourg, France
 1981 Bad Honnef, Germany
 1982 Varenna, Italy
 1983 Toulouse, France
 1984 Aarhus, Denmark
 1985 Espoo, Finland
 1986 Oxford, UK
 1987 Zaragoza, Spain
 1988 Venice, Italy
 1989 Bonn, Germany
 1990 Paris, France
 1991 Aarhus, Denmark
 1992 Sheffield, UK	
 1993 Chicago, USA
 1994 Zaragoza, Spain
 1995 Torino, Italy
 1996 Osaka, Japan
 1997 Toulouse, France
 1998 Lisbon, Portugal
 1999 Williamsburg, USA
 2000 Aarhus, Denmark
 2001 Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
 2002 Adelaide, Australia
 2003 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
 2004 Bologna, Italy
 2005 Miami, USA
 2006 Turku, Finland
 2007 Siedlce, Poland
 2008 Xi'an, China
 2009 Paris, France
 2010 Braga, Portugal
 2011 Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
 2012 Hamburg, Germany
 2013 Milano, Italy
 2014 Tunis, Tunisia
 2015 Brussels, Belgium
 2016 Toruń, Poland
 2017 Zaragoza, Spain
 2018 Bratislava, Slovakia
 2019 Aachen, Germany
 2020 Paris (online), France
 2021 Paris, France

See also 
 The list of computer science conferences contains other academic conferences in computer science.
 The topics of the conference cover the field of theoretical computer science.

References

External links 
 Petri Nets World
 Petri Nets Steering Committee
 38th Annual International Petri Nets Conference, Zaragoza, Spain, June 2017
 40th Annual International Petri Nets Conference, Aachen, Germany, June 2019
 42nd Annual International Petri Nets Conference, Paris, France, June 2020
 LNCS Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency (ToPNoC)

Theoretical computer science conferences
Recurring events established in 1980
HMS Partridge (1916). HMS Partridge was a Royal Navy Admiralty M-class destroyer constructed and then operational in the First World War, later being sunk by enemy action in 1917. The destroyer was the sixth Royal Navy vessel to carry the name .

Design and construction
The Admiralty M class were improved and faster versions of the preceding . They displaced . The ships had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Partridge was powered by three Brown-Curtis direct-drive impulse steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, with geared cruising turbines, using steam provided by three Yarrow boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The ships carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave them a range of  at . The ships' complement was 76 officers and ratings.

The ships were armed with three single QF  Mark IV guns and two QF 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns. The ships were also fitted with two above water twin mounts for  torpedoes.

The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 resulted in the Admiralty placing a series of large orders for destroyers, to the design of the existing M-class to speed production. Partridge was one of 16 Admiralty M-class destroyers ordered as part of the Fourth War Construction Programme in February 1915. She was laid down at Swan Hunter's Wallsend shipyard in July 1915, launched on 4 March 1916 and completed in June that year.

Service
The vessel was assigned to the Fourteenth Destroyer Flotilla by July 1916. On 14 February 1917, Partridge, together with the destroyers ,  and , was ordered to patrol between Peterhead and Aberdeen to counter the German submarine , which had been attacking trawlers. UC-44 completed her patrol unharmed.

On 11 December 1917 the destroyer left from Lerwick in the Shetland Islands, along with  and several armed trawlers to escort six merchant ships to Bergen, in Norway. The convoy was spotted by a flotilla of German destroyers and they unsuccessfully fought an engagement with the attacking destroyers, with Partridge being hit repeatedly by shells and torpedoes. The destroyer subsequently sank in the North Sea on 12 December 1917. Reports indicate that 97 of the crew were killed and only 24 were rescued. The wreck is believed to be off the Norwegian coast. One incident of reported heroism in the sinking, in which a Lieutenant Grey sacrificed a place in a life-raft for another officer resulted in the award of the Stanhope Gold Medal by the Royal Humane Society.

References

Bibliography

World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
Admiralty M-class destroyers
1916 ships
Maritime incidents in 1917
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
James Carswell. James Carswell (1830–1897) was a Scottish railway engineer largely remembered for his design of glazed roof on Queen Street Station, Glasgow and the huge approaches to the Forth Bridge.

Life
He was born in Bonhill, Dunbartonshire in 1830 the son of Anne and Thomas P. Carswell. His father was an iron-founder and merchant and it is likely that he was initially apprenticed as an iron-founder. His depth and understanding of iron construction shows both a practical knowledge and a strong design understanding.
In 1851 he moved with his family to 106 South Portland Street in the Gorbals in Glasgow. At this time James is described as a mining and land engineer. Here he began working as Resident Engineer for the Monklands Railways. Through amalgamation this then became the Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway before finally becoming the North British Railway in 1865.

In 1861 he was living with his wife and family in Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire doing project work in northern England.
In 1879 he became Chief Engineer to the North British Railway. From 1882 he spent most of his time working on the huge engineering task of designing the approach structures to the Forth Rail Bridge. However, unlike the engineers of the bridge itself, he received no knighthood or indeed any other civil recognition.

In later life he lived at 7 Western Terrace in western Edinburgh.

He  died aged 66 on 20 January 1897 at his son’s house, Killin House on St Thomas Road in the Grange, Edinburgh. His son James Smith Carswell (1862–1942) is described as a "steel manufacturer".

James senior is buried in the Dean Cemetery on the west side of the city in the northern Victorian extension. His wife and children lie with him. His father lies two plots to the west.

Known works
Rebuilding of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Station (now known as Glasgow Queen Street railway station) (1878)
Springburn railway station (1875)
Approach bridges and engineering supporting the Forth Rail Bridge (1882–1890)
Inverkeithing railway station (1890)
Covered platforms at Haymarket railway station, Edinburgh (1894)
Railway Workers Houses, Fort William (1895)
Helensburgh Central railway station (1897) completed after his death

Family
He was married to Annie Porter (1835–1897) who died a few months after he did.

References

1830 births
1897 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
British railway civil engineers
People from Bonhill
Burials at the Dean Cemetery
British bridge engineers
Rocket 22. The Rocket 22 is a Canadian trailerable sailboat, that was designed by American Gary Mull and Canadian Don Martin as a racer and first built in 2002.

The Rocket 22 is a development of Mull's 1983 Laminex Pocket Rocket design.

Production
The boat was built by Rocket Boats in Canada, with 15 boats completed. The design is now out of production.

Design
The Rocket 22 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, an transom-hung rudder and a retractable bulb fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the bulb keel down and  with the keel retracted. It also features a retractable bowsprit for the large asymmetrical spinnaker.

The boat has a PHRF racing average handicap of 108 with a high of 138 and low of 93. It has a hull speed of .

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Laminex Pocket Rocket

References

Keelboats
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Gary Mull
Sailboat type designs by Don Martin
Sailboat types built by Rocket Boats
Chen Da (scientist). Chen Da (; 22 March 1937 – 22 July 2016) was a Chinese nuclear physicist, educator and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

Biography
Chen graduated from Tsinghua University in 1963, majoring in engineering physics. He was assigned work at Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology for Chinese nuclear program, taking part in the atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test. Chen built China's first military level uranium hydrogen zirconium pulsed reactor. He was awarded Major General by the People's Liberation Army for his contribution in 1993 and was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2001. Chen retired in 2001 and accepted the invitation to be a professor at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. His research area turned to nuclear technology application project.

Chen died on 22 July 2016 at the age of 79 in Nanjing.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Chinese nuclear physicists
Educators from Nantong
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Nantong
Tsinghua University alumni
Sarah Hainsworth. Sarah Victoria Hainsworth  (born 5 October 1967 in Leeds) is Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Research) at the University of Bath. Previously she was Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Aston University, Professor of Materials and Forensic Engineering, and Head of the Department of Engineering, at the University of Leicester.

Education 
Hainsworth studied at Richmond School. She was later educated at the University of Newcastle where she was awarded BEng and PhD degrees.

Career 
Hainsworth came to public attention for her analysis of the wounds found on the skeleton of Richard III.  This related the tool marks to possible weapons. Her work has also included engineering a safe drinking glass by examining how the design and manufacture of glasses influences the way in which they fracture.  She has also done research on automotive materials, is Director of the Advanced Microscopy Centre and heads the Materials Technology Integration Centre (MaTIC).  In 2016 she succeeded Professor Helen Atkinson  as Head of the Department of Engineering at the University of Leicester. She has acted as an expert witness and actively encourages young women to take up engineering as a career. From 2017, Hainsworth worked at Aston University as their Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science. Hainsworth joined the University of Bath as Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Research) in December 2021.

Awards and honours 
Hainsworth was awarded the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Tribology Bronze Medal in 1995, the Rosenhain Medal of the Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining in 2008, and was nominated as one of the Women's Engineering Society's Outstanding Technical Women in 2009.  In 2015, she received the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Engineering Sciences Section Andrew H. Payne Jr. Special Achievement Award in recognition of her contributions to forensic engineering sciences. In 2016 she was elected to the Royal Academy of Engineering. She became a Trustee of the Academy in September 2023. Hainsworth was awarded an OBE in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to engineering and to forensic science.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Academics from Leeds
Alumni of Newcastle University
Academics of Aston University
Academics of the University of Bath
British women engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century women engineers
Engineers from Yorkshire
Code First Girls. Code First Girls is a social enterprise that provides free coding courses to women and non-binary people across the UK, Ireland, the USA, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The organization helps companies recruit more women into the tech sector by connecting them with newly trained female developers. Their community of coders, instructors, and mentors is one of the largest in the UK. According to the organisation, as of 2022 they've trained over 50,000 women.

The organisation's stated goal is to "promote gender diversity and female participation in the technology sector by offering free courses for students and professional women who are wanting to re-train." They also support businesses to train staff and encourage levelling-up for female staff within organisations.

As of 2020, Code First Girls is reported to have provided in excess of £10 million worth of free coding courses to more than 18,000 women since 2013.

In 2017, Code First Girls announced the launch of the "Code First: Girls 20:20 campaign" with the aim to "train 20,000 women to code for free by the end of 2020". As of 2018, Code First: Girls have announced "2020 campaign partnerships" with the following companies: Bank of America Merrill Lynch; Goldman Sachs; KKR; Trainline; and OVH. The organisation announced Baroness Martha Lane-Fox and Dame Stephanie Shirley as supporting the campaign as ambassadors.

History 
Code First Girls began in late 2012 as "a nine-week, free, part-time course to get female graduates from all walks of life not only interested in coding, but also better equipped to contribute to technical discussions in high-tech businesses".

Founded by Alice Bentinck and Matt Clifford, Code First: Girls was created when Bentinck and Clifford recognised a lack of female applications for their pre-seed investment programme Entrepreneur First (EF).

Bentinck claims that of the first cohort to complete Code First: Girls training, more than half of the women participants self-identified as "technical" or working in software-development roles.

Amali de Alwis was announced as first Chief Executive Officer of the organisation on Wednesday 8 April 2015, taking over from Bentinck and Clifford.  Anna Brailsford succeeded Aamil de Alwis as CEO in 2019.

Awards 
In 2016 Code First: Girls was nominated for a National Diversity Award.

References 

British companies established in 2012
Companies based in London
Coding schools
Women in computing
Technology companies based in London
Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Community interest companies
Margaret Marrs. Margaret Marrs (née Lewin; 1929-2022) was an English computer programmer who was the Senior Operator of the original Electronic delay storage automatic computer (EDSAC). EDSAC was an early British computer constructed at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England, and the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service.

Education 
Born in Lancashire, Marrs grew up in a village called Simonstone. She attended the Clitheroe Royal Grammar School where she completed maths, Latin, and French as her Higher School Certificate subjects. She studied maths at Girton College, Cambridge, graduating in 1951.

Career 
In 1951, Marrs worked as a computer programmer for Ferranti, a UK electrical engineering and equipment firm based in Manchester. Her work focused on adapting 39 differential equations for automatic computers. She accomplished this by working from a paper published in the late 1940s by Stanley Gill, adapting the Runge–Kutta method of solving differential equations for automatic computers.

In 1952, Marrs returned to Cambridge where she was employed by University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory as the Senior Operator for EDSAC. Her job included punching tape into the computer to run programs.

In 2016, Marrs and other former EDSAC computer scientists, including Joyce Wheeler and Liz Howe, assisted the National Museum of Computing's efforts to recreate the EDSAC by providing information on the EDSAC's machinery. Marrs and other EDSAC veterans visited the reconstruction team to celebrate the 70th anniversary of EDSAC.

Legacy 
Marrs left generous legacies to the Fitzwilliam Museum and Girton College.

References

Further reading
 Transcript of an interview with Margaret Marrs conducted by Janet Abbate for the IEEE History Center, 9 April 2001.

 Short video of an interview with Margaret Marrs for the archive of Cambridge University's Computer Laboratory.

1929 births
2022 deaths
People educated at Clitheroe Royal Grammar School
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
British women computer scientists
20th-century English women scientists
English computer scientists
Bangladesh Water Development Board. Bangladesh Water Development Board is a government agency which is responsible for flood control, drainage and irrigation i.e.  water management in Bangladesh and its headquarters is located in Pani Bhaban, Dhaka. Muhammad Amirul Haque Bhuya is the running Director General of the board since 7 March 2024.

History
In 1954 to 1956 there were a series of consecutive floods in East Pakistan. J A Crug, US state department official lead a mission to investigate and recommend solutions. On their recommendation East Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (EPWAPDA) was formed for water management. After the Independence of Bangladesh, the authority was split into Bangladesh Water Development Board and Bangladesh Power Development Board. It is under the Ministry of Water Resources. It manages irrigation, flood control and drainage system.

See also 
 Char Development and Settlement Project

References

1972 establishments in Bangladesh
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Water organizations
Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh
Water management authorities in Bangladesh