omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Andrew Reynolds Smith. Andrew Reynolds Smith (born May 1966) is a British business executive. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Smiths Group from September 2015 to May 2021. He succeeded Philip Bowman, who retired after eight years in charge.

Early life
Andrew Reynolds Smith was born in May 1966. He worked as an apprentice at Texas Instruments. He has a PhD in mechanical engineering.
In his late teens he was an avid cyclist, competing in tournaments across Europe.  He grew up sailing in southwest England.

Career
Smith joined GKN in 2002, rising to CEO of GKN Automotive. He became a main board director in June 2007.

Other roles
Reynolds Smith is a former chairman of the CBI Manufacturing Council, and a former member of the Ministerial Advisory Group for Manufacturing. He is a former non-executive director of Morgan Advanced Materials.

He is a supporter of the Macmillan cancer research charity.

References

1966 births
British chief executives
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Cornwall
Decapping. Decapping (decapsulation) or delidding of an integrated circuit (IC) is the process of removing the protective cover or integrated heat spreader (IHS) of an integrated circuit so that the contained die is revealed for visual inspection of the micro circuitry imprinted on the die. This process is typically done in order to debug a manufacturing problem with the chip, or possibly to copy information from the device, to check for counterfeit chips or to reverse engineer it. Companies such as TechInsights and ChipRebel decap, take die shots of, and reverse engineer chips for customers. Modern integrated circuits can be encapsulated in plastic, ceramic, or epoxy packages.

Delidding may also be done to test the chip for radiation-tolerance with a heavy-ion beam or in an effort to reduce the operating temperatures of an integrated circuit such as a processor, by replacing the thermal interface material (TIM) between the die and the IHS with a higher-quality TIM. With care, it's possible to decap a device and still leave it functional.

Method 
Decapping is usually carried out by chemical etching of the covering, laser cutting, laser evaporation of the covering, plasma etching or mechanical removal of the cover using a milling machine, saw blade, using hot air or by desoldering and cutting. The process can be either destructive or non-destructive of the internal die.

Chemical etching usually involves subjecting the (if made of plastic) IC package to concentrated or fuming nitric acid, heated concentrated sulfuric acid, white fuming nitric acid or a mixture of the two for some time, possibly while applying heat externally with a hot plate or hot air gun, which dissolve the package while leaving the die intact. The acids are dangerous, so protective equipment such as appropriate gloves, full face respirator with appropriate acid cartridges, a lab coat and a fume hood are required.

Laser decapping scans a high power laser beam across the plastic IC package to vaporize it, while avoiding the actual silicon die.

In a common version of non-destructive, mechanical delidding, one removes the IHS of an IC such as a computer processor using an oven to soften the solder (if present) between the IHS and the die(s) and using a knife to cut the adhesive in the periphery of the IHS, which joins the IHS with the processor package substrate, which is often a specialized printed circuit board often only called a substrate or sometimes an interposer. In many processors the dies are also soldered to the IHS which can still be removed by applying heat until the solder melts, and removing the IHS while the solder is still liquid. The die(s) are mounted on the substrate using flip chip.

Gallery

See also 
Die shot
Reverse engineering
Sample preparation equipment

References

Integrated circuits
Kaitek. Kaitek (alternatively Kaitek Labs) is a Chilean biotech company focused on the development of bacterial sensors for environmental monitoring. It was founded in 2013 by Emilia Díaz. Current partners are: Emilia Díaz, Cristóbal Aller and Felipe Varea.

Origins
Even though Kaitek was founded in July 2013, the company's first project "Red Tide Detection Kit" started its development in 2012, where it was chosen as one of the winners of a nationwide entrepreneurship competition. During the project's pre-development phase, Emilia was joined by Cristóbal Aller and Felipe Varea as partners of Kaitek. In December 2013, the company received a development grant from Corfo, the Chilean Economic Development Agency, to complete the research and development of their proposed project. The project has been awarded many prizes both in national and international contests, including BYU’s “IBMC” (USA, 2015), AAAS’s “GIST” (Morocco, 2014), Copec-UC’s “Aplica tu idea” (Chile, 2014), Emprende UC’s “Jump” (Chile, 2012) totaling over U$D 50K in prize money in three years.

References

Biotechnology companies established in 2013
Technology companies of Chile
Cellular dewetting. Cellular dewetting refers to the process of nucleation and enlargement of transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels in endothelial cells (Figure 1). This phenomenon is analogous to the nucleation and growth of dry patches in viscous liquids spreading on a non-wettable substrate (Figure 2). Cellular dewetting is triggered by several protein toxins from pathogenic bacteria, notably the EDIN-like factors from Staphylococcus aureus and from Clostridium botulinum, as well as edema toxin from Bacillus anthracis. TEMs form in response to the rupture of cytoskeleton physical connections through the cytoplasm due to inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway or to induction of the flux of cyclic-AMP (cAMP) broad signaling molecule.

Physics behind cellular dewetting 

The phenomenon of cellular dewetting can be interpreted by physical modeling (Figure 2). The driving force responsible for the spontaneous formation of TEM tunnels and their opening is the membrane tension that results from the spreading of cells due to actomyosin relaxation. Opposite to liquid dewetting, TEMs reach a maximum diameter, at which the driving force is balanced by a resisting force that develops along TEM edges (Figure 2).  This resisting force is referred to as line tension and is uncharacterized at the molecular level.

Physical parameters 
Driving forces pulling on a tunnel of radius R, as depicted in Figure 2. Here, pulling is due to the tensioning of the cell membrane (σ) that is partly counteracted by a line tension around the tunnel (T). In these conditions, the net driving force (FD) consists of two contributions:

Dewetting proceeds if FD>0.

Membrane tension (σ) depends on the tunnel radius R. A  tunnel increase in size relaxes the membrane, inducing a decrease in membrane tension, as described by Helfrich’s law.

Line tension (T) corresponds to the resisting force along the edge of the tunnel that opposes membrane tension and limits dewetting. This line tension can have physical and molecular components.

References 

Cell biology
Biophysics
Pyramidal inversion. In chemistry, pyramidal inversion (also umbrella inversion) is a fluxional process in compounds with a pyramidal molecule, such as ammonia (NH3) "turns inside out". It is a rapid oscillation of the atom and substituents, the molecule or ion passing through a planar transition state. For a compound that would otherwise be chiral due to a stereocenter, pyramidal inversion allows its enantiomers to racemize. The general phenomenon of pyramidal inversion applies to many types of molecules, including carbanions, amines, phosphines, arsines, stibines, and sulfoxides.

Energy barrier

The identity of the inverting atom has a dominating influence on the barrier. Inversion of ammonia is rapid at room temperature, inverting 30 billion times per second. Three factors contribute to the rapidity of the inversion: a low energy barrier (24.2 kJ/mol; 5.8 kcal/mol), a narrow barrier width (distance between geometries), and the low mass of hydrogen atoms, which combine to give a further 80-fold rate enhancement due to quantum tunnelling. In contrast, phosphine (PH3) inverts very slowly at room temperature (energy barrier: 132 kJ/mol). Consequently, amines of the type RR′R"N usually are not optically stable (enantiomers racemize rapidly at room temperature), but P-chiral phosphines are. Appropriately substituted sulfonium salts, sulfoxides, arsines, etc. are also optically stable near room temperature. Steric effects can also influence the barrier.

Nitrogen inversion

Pyramidal inversion in nitrogen and amines is known as nitrogen inversion. It is a rapid oscillation of the nitrogen atom and substituents, the nitrogen "moving" through the plane formed by the substituents (although the substituents also move - in the other direction); the molecule passing through a planar transition state. For a compound that would otherwise be chiral due to a nitrogen stereocenter, nitrogen inversion provides a low energy pathway for racemization, usually making chiral resolution impossible.

Quantum effects
Ammonia exhibits a quantum tunnelling due to a narrow tunneling barrier, and not due to thermal excitation. Superposition of two states leads to energy level splitting, which is used in ammonia masers.

Examples
The inversion of ammonia was first detected by microwave spectroscopy in 1934.

In one study the inversion in an aziridine was slowed by a factor of 50 by placing the nitrogen atom in the vicinity of a phenolic alcohol group compared to the oxidized hydroquinone.

The system interconverts by oxidation by oxygen and reduction by sodium dithionite.

Exceptions
Conformational strain and structural rigidity can effectively prevent the inversion of amine groups. Tröger's base analogs (including the Hünlich's base) are examples of compounds whose nitrogen atoms are chirally stable stereocenters and therefore have significant optical activity.

References

Physical chemistry
Stereochemistry
Organic chemistry
Client hypervisor. In computing, a client hypervisor is a hypervisor that is designed for use on client computers such as laptops, desktops or workstations, rather than on a server. It is a technique of host virtualization which enables the parallel execution of multiple operating systems (or virtual machines) on shared hardware. These guest systems may be used for a wide variety of tasks normally performed by dedicated physical computer systems. Client hypervisors are included in cloud computing and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) designs. Some well-known client hypervisors are VMware Workstation, VirtualBox and VirtualPC. Client hypervisors are categorized in two types:

 Type 1 (Bare metal): this type of client hypervisor runs directly on the host machine's hardware and serves as the host operating system, providing hardware access to guests via its own drivers. Also, it create a layer above the layer for allocate system resources to all installed virtual machines.
 Type 2 (Virtualized): this type of client hypervisor operates inside the host operating system as a stand-alone application and invokes the master operating system for access to the physical computer's resources.

References

Virtualization software
Edel Ace. The Edel Ace is a South Korean single-place, paraglider that was designed and produced by Edel Paragliders of Gwangju. It is now out of production.

Design and development
The Ace was designed as an advanced and competition glider. It can be fitted with thin cross-section lines to reduce drag for competition flying.

The models are each named for their relative size.

Variants
Ace M
Mid-sized model for medium-weight pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 75 cells and the aspect ratio is 6.1:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is AFNOR Competition certified.
Ace L
Large-sized model for heavier pilots. Its  span wing has a wing area of , 75 cells and the aspect ratio is 6.1:1. The pilot weight range is . The glider model is AFNOR Competition certified.

Specifications (Ace L)

References

Ace
Paragliders
Edel Paragliders. Edel Paragliders was a South Korean aircraft manufacturer based in Gwangju and headed by Sung Heon Song. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of paragliders and paramotor wings in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft.

The company seems to have been founded in the 1990s and went out of business in about 2007.

The company was a subsidiary of the Hispo Company, Limited, which manufactured parachutes for military use and was established in 1982. Hispo also appears to be out of business.

Edel produced a very large range of paragliders and at one time was one of the world's largest manufacturers of them. In the mid-2000s they had 39 paraglider models in production, plus additional wings for paramotoring. Aircraft included the competition level Edel Ace, Excel and Millennium as well as the beginner's Be All and the intermediate level Live. The company also produced two-place gliders, like the Prime Bi.

Aircraft 

Summary of paragliders built by Edel:
Edel 8000
Edel Ace
Edel Aerotik
Edel Apollo
Edel Atlas
Edel Be All
Edel Confidence
Edel Control
Edel Corvette
Edel Course
Edel Crazy
Edel Energy
Edel EQ
Edel Excel
Edel Galazy
Edel Genious
Edel Infinity
Edel Jupiter
Edel Live
Edel Manta
Edel Mercury
Edel Millenium
Edel Millennium
Edel Mountain
Edel Mustang
Edel New
Edel Orion
Edel Peacock
Edel Populair
Edel Power Atlas
Edel Prime
Edel Prime Bi
Edel Promise
Edel Quantum
Edel Racer
Edel Rainbow
Edel Response
Edel Saber
Edel Sector
Edel Sector TX
Edel Solo
Edel Space
Edel Stardust
Edel Superspace
Edel Wisdom
Edel Weekend
Edel ZX
Edel ZX Bi

References

External links
Company website archives on Archive.org

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of South Korea
Paragliders
Fan Lichu. Fan Lichu (; 8 June 1933 – 3 May 2016) was a Chinese structural engineer, bridge specialist, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE).

Biography
Fan was born in Shanghai on 8 June 1933. He obtained a bachelor's degree of bridge and tunnel engineering from Tongji University in 1955. He became a teaching assistant in Tongji University after his graduation. Working under Li Guohao, Fan's research was mainly in the field of bridge structural engineer. He provided aseismic design and analysis for bridges such as Nanpu Bridge, Yangpu Bridge, Donghai Bridge, Sutong Yangtze River Bridge, Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge, viaduct and overpass in Shanghai.

Fan was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering for his achievements in the aseismic design and analysis for bridges in 2001.

Fan died on 3 May 2016 at the age of 82 in Shanghai.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Engineers from Shanghai
Tongji University alumni
Academic staff of Tongji University
Coala (software). coala is a free and open-source language independent analysis toolkit, written in Python. The primary goal of coala is to make it easier for developers to create rules which a project's code should conform to. coala emphasizes on reusability and pluggability of analysis routines, and the principle of don't repeat yourself (DRY).

On 6 May, it was featured on SDTimes.com as GitHub Project of the Week. coala was also featured in the hackerpublicradio. On 9 May 2016, an article was published on Medium by Gitter regarding its community.

Features

Bears 

Bears in coala are the equivalent plugins or extensions which provide some analysis routines. Bears can be language dependent as well as language independent. The language dependent bears supported by the coala community provide analysis routines for more than 30 languages.

Integrations 

Integrations with a few editors/IDEs have been supported. This includes:

 Atom
 Sublime Text 3
 Vim
 gedit
 Emacs
 Eclipse

There are also interfaces with different visualizations provided like the web interface, command-line, D-Bus, and JSON.

Version History

External links
 
 coala Official documentation

References

Free software programmed in Python
Static program analysis tools
Software using the GNU Affero General Public License
Software quality
Continuous monitoring and adaptive control (stormwater management). Continuous monitoring and adaptive control (CMAC) is a category of stormwater best management practice that allows for a wider range of operation of detention and retention ponds. CMAC systems typically consist of a water level sensor, an actuated valve, and an internet connection.

Specific applications of CMAC include flood protection, water quality treatment, water reuse, and channel protection.

See also
Urban runoff

References

External links
Chesapeake Bay Urban Stormwater Work Group

Flood control
Environmental engineering
Stormwater management
Water and the environment
Ning Jizhe. Ning Jizhe (; born December 1956) is a Chinese economist and senior official currently serving as the director of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and Vice Chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission (minister-level rank). Ning is a Non-Executive Director of the Board of Directors of China Investment Corporation.

Education 
Ning Jizhe received a Bachelor of Engineering with a major in electric machinery from the Hefei University of Technology in 1982 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics from the Renmin University of China in 1988.

Biography
Ning was born in Hefei, Anhui province, and traces his ancestry to Xia County, Shanxi province. During the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, Ning worked as a production team leader at a local commune. After economics reforms began in 1978, Ning went back to school, studying engineering at the Hefei University of Technology. After spending a year working as a technician, he began pursuing graduate degrees at Renmin University.

Ning joined the Chinese Communist Party in June 1985. He earned his doctorate in economics in 1988, after which he joined the National Planning Commission, a central economic planning agency. In November 1998, he joined the planning department of the National Development and Reform Commission. Beginning in 2001, Ning began specializing in the development strategy of China's far western regions. In April 2007, he joined the State Council Research Office, rising to become its director in August 2013. In August 2015, Ning was transferred laterally back to the NDRC, heading up work in economic planning and the use of foreign capital. In March 2016, he also took over the role of the director of the National Bureau of Statistics, whose previous director, Wang Bao'an, had been sacked for corruption. In March 2022, he was appointed vice chairman of the Committee for Economic Affairs of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

References

1956 births
Political office-holders in Beijing
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Anhui
Living people
People's Republic of China politicians from Anhui
Politicians from Hefei
Hefei University of Technology alumni
Delegates to the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
Alternate members of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the 13th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chrysler ETV-1. The Chrysler ETV-1 was a passenger car glider produced by Chrysler as a test bed for motor and drive controls. With a motor produced by General Electric, it was claimed to be the "first ground up modern day electric vehicle design."

Two vehicles were produced: ETV-1 and ETV-1-2. While the original is in private hands, the second is in the Boyertown Museum of Historic Vehicles in Boyertown, Pennsylvania.

Specifications

Powertrain
The ETV-1  uses one  separately excited electric motor, front-mounted driving the front axle. Chrysler's ETV-1 has claimed acceleration of  in 9.0 seconds and a claimed top speed of .

Battery
ETV-1 utilises a removable T-shaped battery pack of 18 6V Globe-Union EV2-13 batteries. The electric vehicle battery pack has a total capacity of approximately 12.7 kWh based on load-leveled test of the production Globe EV-1000 version of the EV2-13 hand-built batteries used in the ETV-1 pack.

References

Chrysler
Electric cars
Electric vehicles
ETV-1
Cars introduced in 1979
Cars discontinued in 1979
Perfluorocycloalkene. A perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA) fluorocarbon structure with a cycloalkene core. PFCAs have shown reactivity with a wide variety of nucleophiles including phenoxides, alkoxides, organometallic, amines, thiols, and azoles. They or their derivatives are reported to have nonlinear optical activity, and be useful as lubricants, etching agents, components of fuel cells, low-dielectric materials, and superhydrophobic and oleophobic coatings.

Reactivity
Derivatization of these PFCA rings via displacement of fluorine atoms with nucleophiles occurs through an addition-elimination reaction in the presence of a base. Attack of the nucleophile on the PFCA ring generates a carbanion which can eliminate a fluoride ion, resulting in vinyl substituted and allyl substituted products (Scheme 1). The ratio of vinylic to allylic products depends on the ring size, reaction conditions, and nucleophile.

Under favorable conditions, a good nucleophile can replace all the fluorine atoms on PFCA ring (Scheme 2).

PFCAs have a huge potential to be used as a monomer to produce a variety of polymers. The first time, Smith et al. showed the polycondensation of bisphenols with PFCAs. A unique class of aromatic ether polymers containing perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) enchainment was prepared from the simple step-growth polycondensation of commercial available bisphenols and octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP) in the presence of triethylamine (Scheme 3 and 4).

Smith et al. further extended his recently published work on perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers and perfuorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers, and reported the synthesis of a new class of fluoropolymers, namely, perfluorocyclohexenyl (PFCH) aryl ether polymers, via step-growth polycondensation of commercial bisphenols and decafluorocycloalkene (DFCH) in the presence of triethylamine (Scheme 5).

References

Cycloalkenes
Fluorocarbons
Automotive industry in Hungary. Hungary significantly decreased the manufacturing of buses but found a large assembly capacities of foreign brands (such as Mercedes-Benz, Suzuki, Audi, BMW, Skoda, SEAT, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford, Chevrolet, Citroën, Peugeot, Renault and Opel) with annual production of more than 800 000 cars.

History
Some original Hungarian car production at the beginning of the 20th century was lost. Hungary widely imported cars and trucks from the Soviet Union and some other countries of the Eastern Bloc under the Cold War. At the same time Hungary produced a small number of heavy trucks (Rába) and had strong specialisation in the Eastern block in manufacturing of buses (Ikarus), that made it one of the largest bus producers and exporters (including outside of the Eastern Bloc and Europe). The Ganz Works, also a long lived Hungarian company, has been manufacturing engines and wagons that are specialised for electric railway equipment.

Active manufacturers
Audi Hungaria Zrt.
Csepel Holding (manufacturer of electric buses and EV Ready Series hybrid buses)
Csepel Automobile Factory (manufacturer of industrial trucks)
 Credobus (for example Credo BC 11)
Ikarus Bus (bus manufacturer)
 Magyar Suzuki (automobile manufacturing plant, subsidiary of Suzuki)
 Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing Hungary in Kecskemét
 Rába (company) (public limited company, produce military trucks, trucks, rail cars, trains, bridges steel structures)

Defunct manufacturers

Astra Arad
Csonka
Fejes
Hódgép
MÁG

Gallery

References

Hungary
Industry in Hungary