omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Light-emitting electrochemical cell. A light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC or LEEC) is a solid-state device that generates light from an electric current (electroluminescence).  LECs are usually composed of two metal electrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an organic semiconductor containing mobile ions.  Aside from the mobile ions, their structure is very similar to that of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED).

LECs have most of the advantages of OLEDs, as well as additional ones:
 The device is less dependent on the difference in work function of the electrodes.  Consequently, the electrodes can be made of the same material (e.g. gold).  Similarly, the device can still be operated at low voltages.
 Recently developed materials such as graphene or a blend of carbon nanotubes and polymers have been used as electrodes, eliminating the need for using indium tin oxide for a transparent electrode.
 The thickness of the active electroluminescent layer is not critical for the device to operate.  This means that:
LECs can be printed with relatively inexpensive printing processes (where control over film thicknesses can be difficult).
In a planar device configuration, internal device operation can be observed directly.
There are two distinct types of LECs, those based on inorganic transition metal complexes (iTMC) or light emitting polymers. iTMC devices are often more efficient than their LEP based counterparts due to the emission mechanism being phosphorescent rather than fluorescent.

While electroluminescence had been seen previously in similar devices,  the invention of the polymer LEC is attributed to Pei et al.  Since then, numerous research groups and a few companies have worked on improving and commercializing the devices.

In 2012 the first inherently stretchable LEC using an elastomeric emissive material (at room temperature) was reported. Dispersing an ionic transition metal complex into an elastomeric matrix enables the fabrication of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting devices that possess large emission areas (~175 mm2) and tolerate linear strains up to 27% and repetitive cycles of 15% strain. This work demonstrates the suitability of this approach to new applications in conformable lighting that require uniform, diffuse light emission over large areas.

In 2012 fabrication of organic light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using a roll-to-roll compatible process under ambient conditions was reported.

In 2017, a new design approach developed by a team of Swedish researchers promised to deliver substantially higher efficiency: 99.2 cd A−1 at a bright luminance of 1910 cd m−2.

See also
Electrochemical cell
Electrochemiluminescence
Light-emitting diode
Organic light-emitting diode
Photoelectrolysis

References

Display technology
Molecular electronics
Conductive polymers
Lioré et Olivier LeO H-13. The Lioré et Olivier LéO H-13 was a French biplane two-engine flying boat of the 1920s, built in passenger and military variants.

Development
The LeO H-13 was constructed by Lioré et Olivier in Levallois-Perret factory, for an order of the French Aeronavale airlines. The prototype was flown in July 1922. From 1923 23 passenger aircraft were built LeO H-13A.
 
Next, military variants were developed: reconnaissance-bomber LeO H-13B-3 and trainer LeO H-13E. They differed in fuselage configuration, because the H-13B-3 had an open cockpit for a pilot only behind a lower wing, while the H-13E had an open cockpit for a trainee and instructor seating side-by-side, in front of wings. Both had open machine gun positions in the nose and behind the wings. The H-13E could be also used as a reconnaissance aircraft. From late 1923 20 H-13B-3 were built (nos. 1-20) and 10 H-13E (nos. 21-30).

Variants
Data from: - Lioré et Olivier
LéO H-13
Prototype
LeO H-13bis
LéO H-13A
Passenger variant, 3 built
LéO H-13B-3
Reconnaissance-bomber variant, 20 built.
LéO H-13E
Trainer variant, 10 built.
LeO H-1322 built, powered by 2x Hispano-Suiza 8Aa engines.
LeO H-1334 built, powered by 2x  Renault 12F engines.
LeO H-1342 built, powered by 1x  Lorraine 12Eb engines.
LeO H-1357 built, powered by 2x  Hispano-Suiza 8Ab engines.
LeO H-13612 built for Aeronavale
Leo H-14Design studies for a 5-seat version of the H-13, not completed due to lack of interest from airlines.

Service
Passenger H-13A were used over the Mediterranean Sea.

In the French Navy, H-13 were quickly withdrawn for training purpose, because of weak structure and low manufacturing quality.

In 1924-1925 two H-13B3 and two H-13E were sold to Poland and used in Naval Aviation Unit (MDLot) in Puck from mid-1925. One of H-13E was used for a short time in a River Flotilla in Pińsk. The first H-13B-3 no. 1-1 was withdrawn in 1929, next two (nos. 1-2 and 1-3) in 1931, while the last H-13E, no. 1-4, crashed on 29 July 1931 over the land near Puck.

Description
Two-engine biplane flying boat of wooden construction. Wooden framed fuselage, plywood covered, rectangular in cross-section, with a flat bottom with a single step. Two-spar rectangular wings, covered with plywood (in front) and canvas. A lower wing attached to the fuselage, an upper wing above it, mounted on struts, with two engines between wings, driving tractor propellers. Two floats under a lower wing. Conventional braced empennage. Two 150 hp radial engines Hispano-Suiza 8E.

Armament: two twin 7.7 mm Lewis machine guns and 4 bombs up to 25 kg below a lower wing.

Operators

French Navy

Polish Navy

Specifications (LeO H-13B-3)

References

Bibliography

 Sankowski, Wojciech: "Pierwsze Francuzy" in: Lotnictwo z szachownicą nr 20

External links

Lioré et Olivier at Aviafrance

H-013
1920s French bomber aircraft
1920s French airliners
Flying boats
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines. The Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software (NOVAS) is a software library for astrometry-related numerical computations. It is developed by the Astronomical Applications Department, United States Naval Observatory. Currently, NOVAS has three different editions, for C, Fortran, and Python.

Algorithms
The algorithms used by NOVAS are based on vector astrometry theories and the IAU resolutions. Instead of using trigonometric formulae from spherical astrometry, NOVAS uses the matrix and vector formulation which is more rigorous. This version implements the resolutions on astronomical reference systems and Earth rotation models passed at the IAU General Assemblies in 1997, 2000, and 2006. According to the Astronomical Applications Department, the algorithms used in NOVAS are identical to those used in the production of the US part of the Astronomical Almanac.

A detailed description of the algorithms can be found here: Kaplan, et al. (1989) Astron. J. 97, 1197.

Structure 
The NOVAS library provides three levels of subroutines (functions): basic, utility, and supervisory. Basic-level subroutines supply the values of fundamental variables, such as the nutation angles and the heliocentric positions of Solar System bodies for specific epoches. Utility-level subroutines perform transformations, such as those caused by precession, nutation and aberration. Supervisory-level subroutines serve as interfaces to the basic and utility subroutines to compute the coordinates of stars or Solar System bodies for specific dates and times.

Usage 
The NOVAS library can be linked by programs that work with positions of celestial bodies. For example, "Pocket Stars", an astronomy software for Smartphone and PDA platforms, used the NOVAS as its astrometry engine.

The Python edition allows calling the NOVAS functions from Python. It is mostly feature complete with respect to the C edition, with a few exceptions, and shares the C edition's API. The current edition uses Python's foreign function library, ctypes.

Current status

Future versions of the Python interface will add support for passing data via NumPy types (and therefore support vectorized operations), and present a more Pythonic interface.

Forks

SuperNOVAS is a fork of NOVAS C 3.1, maintained by Attila Kovács at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian since 2024. It aims to be a successor of NOVAS for C/C++, providing continued development, bug fixes, new features, improved usability, thread safety, and online documentation. The SuperNOVAS source code and releases are also available at https://github.com/Smithsonian/SuperNOVAS.

See also 

 Standards of Fundamental Astronomy

References

External links 
 SuperNOVAS fork of NOVAS C 3.1.
 jNOVAS Java wrapper for NOVAS library
 Python edition of NOVAS on PyPI

Astrometry
Astronomy software
Beta software
United States Naval Observatory
Eaton-Moulton Mill. The Eaton-Moulton Mill is a historic industrial building at 37 Walnut Street in the Wellesley Lower Falls village of Wellesley, Massachusetts.  The -story granite mill building was built c. 1853 by the firm of Reuben Ware and William Clark, manufacturers of papermaking machinery.  The building is distinctive for its use of stone, a relatively uncommon construction material in this area.  The Lower Falls area of Wellesley and Newton developed as a papermaking center in the 18th century, and began transitioning from handmade methods to machine methods producing rolls of paper in the 1830s.  Ware and Clark were at the forefront of this transition, establishing a machine shop in 1832 where the manufactured equipment for this new process.  This building was built for them in 1853, and continued under Eaton and Moulton and other owners until papermaking declined.  The building now houses commercial office space.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Wellesley, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
4-Methylbenzaldehyde. 4-Methylbenzaldehyde is the aromatic aldehyde with the formula CH3C6H4CHO. It is a colorless liquid. Commercially available, it may be prepared from the Friedel-Crafts formylation of toluene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride under Gattermann-Koch conditions. 4-Methylbenzaldehyde has a cherry-like scent similar to benzaldehyde, and finds some use in the fragrance industry.

4-Methylbenzaldehyde is a precursor to terephthalic acid, which is used to make various plastics.

References

Benzaldehydes
4-Tolyl compounds
Have Doughnut. Have Doughnut was the name of a Defense Intelligence Agency project whose purpose was to evaluate and exploit a MiG-21 "Fishbed-E" that the United States Air Force acquired in 1967 from Israel. Israel acquired the aircraft as the result of its Operation Diamond when, on August 16, 1966, Iraqi Air Force pilot Capt. Munir Redfa, in a defection pre-arranged by the Israeli Mossad intelligence agency, flew it to Israel during a training flight.

In this multi-service project, Air Force and United States Navy pilots evaluated the MiG-21, redesignated as the "YF-110", in a variety of situations. The aircraft was referred to as "The Doughnut" due to the doughnut-shaped intake at the aircraft nose; this led to the project name "Have Doughnut". The inability of the Navy to disseminate the results of this highly classified project to combat pilots was part of the impetus to create the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School. The Have Doughnut tests were conducted at Groom Lake." A similar project occurred a year later known as Have Drill, which used a MiG-17 Fresco acquired in the same manner.

See also
 Constant Peg

Notes and references

United States naval aviation
United States intelligence operations
Non-combat military operations involving the United States
Israel–United States military relations
EcoEléctrica. EcoEléctrica is a Puerto Rican energy corporation headquartered in Peñuelas, Puerto Rico. Since the 2000s, EcoElectrica has the exclusive right to ship liquefied natural gas to Puerto Rico. Its main shareholder is GasNatural Fenosa.

History
In June 2008, EcoEléctrica started the environmental impact assessment of the LNG terminal modification project, including construction and operation of natural gas pipeline facilities.

Activities
It owns and operates a liquefied natural gas regasification terminal with a storage tank of 160,000 cubic meters in Punta Guayanilla, Peñuelas.  The power generated by EcoEléctrica is transmitted to the LUMA Energy operated power grid.  Steam generated by the waste heat from exhaust gasses is used in both a Toshiba-supplied steam turbine and a desalination plant.

See also
 Puerto Rico – Virgin Islands pipeline

References

External links
Corporate website

Electric power companies of Puerto Rico
Natural gas companies of Puerto Rico
Liquefied natural gas terminals
Water supply and sanitation in Puerto Rico
2008 establishments in Puerto Rico
Peñuelas, Puerto Rico
Energy companies established in 2008
DRG Class 99.32. The Class 99.32 engines are standard steam locomotives (Einheitsdampflokomotiven) in service with the Deutsche Reichsbahn in Germany. The three examples built are still working today on the Bäderbahn Molli (Molli Spa Railway) between Bad Doberan and Kühlungsborn-West. A feature of the engines is the tapered driver's cab due to the restricted loading gauge of the upper section of the line. With a top speed of 50 km/h it is one of the fastest narrow gauge locomotive classes in the whole of Germany, however it cannot run at that speed on this particular route.

Together with the DRG Class 99.33s, they are the only steam locomotives on the Bäderbahn Molli. Because the small Wismut engines have a low tractive effort and top speed, the search for alternatives started. As a result,  in 2009 a fourth Einheitslok was built in Dampflokwerk Meiningen. All four are in service at Kühlungsborn West.

See also
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

References 

 
 
 

99.032
2-8-2T locomotives
99.32
Railway locomotives introduced in 1932
900 mm gauge locomotives
1′D1′ h2t locomotives
Orenstein & Koppel locomotives
AWR Corporation. AWR Corporation is an electronic design automation (EDA) software company, formerly known as Applied Wave Research, and then acquired by National Instruments

The company develops, markets, sells and supports engineering software, which provides a computer-based environment for the design of hardware for wireless and high speed digital products. AWR software is used  for radio frequency (RF), microwave and high frequency analog circuit and system design. Typical applications include cellular and satellite communications systems and defense electronics including radar, electronic warfare and guidance systems.

AWR's product portfolio includes Microwave Office, Visual System Simulator (VSS), Analog Office, APLAC, AXIEM and Analyst. AWR's customers include companies involved in the design and development of analog and mixed signal semiconductors, wireless communications equipment, aerospace and defense systems.

History
The company was founded in 1994 by Joseph E. Pekarek, Ted A. Miracco, Stephen A. Maas and Paul Cameron, from Hughes Aircraft,  in Fullerton, California. First established as Applied Wave Research, AWR was founded to improve the design efficiency for radio frequency and microwave circuit and system design. The vision of the company was to provide a modern object-oriented electronic design automation environment that could streamline high frequency electronic design by integrating schematic entry and layout; electromagnetic (EM) and circuit theory; and frequency and time-domain methods.

Investors in AWR included CMEA Ventures, Intel Capital and Synopsys Inc.
In 1998 the company demonstrated the Microwave Office software, which included EM, circuit simulation and schematic capture, at the International Microwave Symposium in Baltimore, Maryland.

Inf 2010, AWR Corporation's major competitors included the EEsof EDA division of Agilent Technologies, Ansoft Corporation, and Cadence Design Systems.

In 1999 AWR acquired ICUCOM Corporation, Troy, New York. Through this acquisition AWR acquired the communication systems simulation software called ACOLADE, for Advanced Communication Link Analysis and Design Environment. AWR re-engineered the software and evolved the technology and libraries into a new tool: Visual System Simulator (VSS), which was introduced in 2002.

In September, 2005 AWR acquired APLAC Solutions, Oy, of Espoo, Finland. AWR acquired APLAC, which developed simulation and analysis software for analog and radio-frequency (RF) design. APLAC's RF design technology was used in mobile phone RF integrated circuits.

In 2008 AWR acquired Simulation Technology and Applied Research (STAAR), in Mequon, Wisconsin. STAAR developed proprietary parallelized 3D FEM EM simulation and analysis capability, marketed as Analyst software.

AWR was acquired by National Instruments in 2011 for about $58 million.

In January 2020  Cadence Design Systems, Inc  completed acquisition of AWR Corporation from National Instruments.

Notes

References

External links
  AWR web site 

Electronic design automation companies
Alan Gelperin. Dr. Alan Gelperin is a scientist and biologist currently at Princeton University. He is an emeritus faculty member at Monell Chemical Senses Center. He specializes in electronic olfaction and computational neuroscience. He received his bachelor's degree in biology from Carleton College in 1962 and went on to get a Ph.D. from University of Pennsylvania.

He is most notable for his efforts in creating robots with electronic noses which can localize odors, and for the invention of a supermarket fruit and vegetable scanner that does not use barcodes but instead scans by scent.

References

External links
Dr. Gelperin's publications
Dr. Gelperin's homepage

Living people
21st-century American biologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scaled Composites Catbird. The Scaled Composites Model 81 Catbird is a high-efficiency five-seat single-engine all-composite general aviation aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. It is unusual in that it incorporates both a small forward wing and a small conventional horizontal stabilizer on the tail.

Design and development
The Catbird was designed by Burt Rutan while his company, Scaled Composites, was owned by Beechcraft. The design was intended to replace the long-produced Bonanza. The financial situation of Beech at the time, and competing projects, prevented consideration of commercial production. In 1988 Beechcraft sold Scaled Composites to the partnership of Rutan and the Wyman-Gordon Company, who also acquired the rights to a number of the designs, including Model 81 Catbird.

The aircraft was stored inverted from the ceiling of Scaled Composites' Mojave hangar until April 2011. The aircraft was restored to flying condition by Zach Reeder, Jim Reed and Mike Melvill. Catbird's second first flight was July 7, 2011.

World records
Catbird holds the world record for speed over a closed circuit of 5,000 km without payload of 334.44 km/h, set in 2014 in Category C-1c, Landplanes with take-off weights from 1000 to 1750 kg.

The aircraft won the CAFE Foundation's 1988 California CAFE 400 race flown by Mike Melvill, in which aircraft compete for performance efficiency, as measured by fuel consumption, speed and payload. Piloted by Dick Rutan, it subsequently won the 1993 CAFE Challenge with a record score and a speed of , fuel consumption of 20.15 mpg (US miles and gallons) and a payload of .

In 2014, the Catbird set another record, for speed over a closed 2,000 km course, from Mojave to EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, with an average speed of 339.50 km/h (211 mph).

Specifications (Model 81 Catbird)

See also

References

External links

 Images of Catbird at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh
 Catbird returns to Oshkosh, JAMES WYNBRAND, 2011
 Burt Rutan's Catbird

Catbird
Three-surface aircraft
Canard aircraft
Rutan aircraft
1980s United States experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Charles B. Stuart. Charles Beebe Stuart (June 4, 1814  – January 4, 1881) was an American engineer, United States Navy and Union Army officer and politician.

Biography
Stuart was born in Chittenango Springs, New York, and was educated in the common schools. He graduated from Union College. Afterwards he was engaged in the construction of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and the Brooklyn dry docks.

He married Frances Maria Welles, daughter of General Henry Welles, and they had three children.

He was New York State Engineer and Surveyor from 1848 to 1849, elected on the Whig ticket. In November 1850, he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief, attached to the Bureau of Construction, Equipment and Repair of the  United States Navy.

During the American Civil War, he raised the 50th New York Engineer Regiment, commanding it from 1861 to 1863. He built fortifications and bridges for the Army of the Potomac.

He died in Cleveland, Ohio on January 4, 1881, of gangrene which developed from a sprained ankle. At the time of his death, he was as Chief Engineer engaged in the construction of the Conotton Valley Railway.

References

External links
Google Books The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 37f; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)

1814 births
1881 deaths
New York State Engineers and Surveyors
People from Chittenango, New York
Union College (New York) alumni
19th-century American railroad executives
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
New York (state) Whigs
Union army colonels
Sediment basin. A sediment basin is a temporary pond built on a construction site to capture eroded or disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the water quality of a nearby stream, river, lake, or bay.  The sediment-laden soil settles in the pond before the runoff is discharged.  Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of  or more, where there is sufficient room.  They are often used in conjunction with erosion controls and other sediment control practices.  On smaller construction sites, where a basin is not practical, sediment traps may be used.

Essential sediment abundance is prevalent in the construction industry which gives insight to future endeavors.

On some construction projects, the sediment basin is cleaned out after the soil disturbance (earth-moving) phase of the project, and modified to function as a permanent stormwater management system for the completed site, either as a detention basin or a retention basin.

Sediment trap 

A sediment trap is a temporary settling basin installed on a construction site to capture eroded or disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the water quality of a nearby stream, river, lake, or bay.  The trap is basically an embankment built along a waterway or low-lying area on the site.  They are typically installed at the perimeter of a site and above storm drain inlets, to keep sediment from entering the drainage system.  Sediment traps are commonly used on small construction sites, where a sediment basin is not practical. Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of  or more, where there is sufficient room.

Sediment traps are installed before land disturbance (earth moving, grading) begins on a construction site.  The traps are often used in conjunction with erosion controls and other sediment control practices.

See also
Erosion control
Sediment control
Sediment transport
Silt fence

References

External links
Erosion Control - a trade magazine for the erosion control and construction industries
International Erosion Control Association - Professional Association, Publications, Training
"Developing Your Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: A Guide for Construction Sites." - U.S. EPA

Environmental soil science
Excavations
Ponds
Stormwater management
Water treatment