omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Artspeak. Artspeak is a computer language conceived by Jacob T. Schwartz at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.  Until 2011, the only known compiler/interpreter was written for the CDC 6600, a mainframe computer.  In order to program in Artspeak on the CDC 6600, one had to use punch cards and utilize batch processing.

Artspeak was a specialized language that worked with a single-color graphical plotter to produce graphical output on a 10-inch by 10-inch sheet of paper.  It used simple, English language-based statements to draw elemental shapes, including circles, points, text, and many types of curves (including lines).

In 2011, Ron Schnell (author of Dunnet) found an old draft manual for the language, and after discovering that the language ceased to exist, wrote it from scratch in Python.

The new version of Artspeak outputs to a computer monitor, as opposed to a plotter, and allows local and server storage of Artspeak programs.  There are other differences from the original Artspeak, all of which are detailed in the reference guide.

General references
 Ron Schnell's 2011 implementation of an Artspeak Interpreter
 Henry Mullish (1974): The art of programming ARTSPEAK: A computer graphics language

References

Educational programming languages
High-level programming languages
Lancefield Coachworks. The Lancefield Coachworks Limited was a builder of bespoke bodies for expensive car chassis always introducing sporting elements into designs. Lancefield operated as coachbuilders from 1921 to 1948 then switched their business to aircraft components which had been their wartime activity. They were based in London at Wrenfield Place, Herries Street, Queen's Park, W10.

Foundation
Initially known as Gaisford & Warboys they worked from Lancefield Street in Queen's Park then on moving to nearby Beethoven Street changed their business's name to Lancefield Coachworks later incorporating a company of that same name.

Personnel
Gaisford brothers, alumni of Grosvenor Carriage Company a part of the Shaw & Kilburn group of General Motors dealers.
Harry, Edwin and Bob Gaisford and George Warboys.

Jock Betteridge, head designer, also from Grosvenor.

Chassis clothed
 Rolls-Royce - more than 150
 Bentley
 Weymann bodies on Stutz chassis
 Isotta Fraschini
 Daimler In both the 1948 and 1949 London Motor Shows Lancefield displayed Daimler Straight-Eight limousines specially equipped with a full length stretcher and extensive medical equipment to carry an invalid and they were awarded a Silver Gilt medal. The vehicles are fully described by Brian E Smith in his book, The Daimler Tradition.

Aircraft components
Exhaust manifolds and other pipework including gas turbine tailpipes; cowlings and other presswork; alloy seats and harnesses.

Sources
Bonham's Auctions accessed 26 March 2013
RM Auctions accessed 26 March 2013

References

External links

 1930 Cadillac V16 by Lancefield
 1930 Stutz by Lancefield
 1938 Buick Special Model 44 Lancefield drophead coupé

Lancefield
Manufacturing companies based in London
Vehicle manufacture in London
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1921
Sheet explosive. Sheet explosives are materials formed by combining an explosive with a "rubberizer" — a flexible binding agent. The resulting compound is cast into a flat sheet which is typically pliable and deformable over a wide range of temperature. Typical products are generally shock-insensitive secondary explosives, requiring a blasting cap or other detonator.

Detonation velocities are frequently very high, which can improve the detonation synchronicity across the area of a tertiary charge with a low detonation velocity. This property makes them suitable for use in detonation trains which require precise timing and homogeneous delivery of force across a complex surface (but see also shaped charge for an orthogonal technique).

Applications: as a main charge

Magnetic flux compression generator
In an explosively pumped flux compression generator, explosives compress a coil that is carrying current. In [a similar device], explosives accelerate the plates of a large capacitor toward each other, while the capacitor has a charge. The result is a colossal spike in amperage that can be used, in a typical application, to fire a railgun for kinetic effects or a transient electromagnetic munition for electronic warfare applications. For maximum amperage, the plates must remain parallel as they accelerate toward each other; high detonation velocity is required. In typical designs, however, the capacitor is not made from two flat plates, but from two concentric cylinders. Therefore, sheet explosives simplify construction. The reference cited for this section demonstrates a railgun design using Detasheet C as the sheet explosive.

 Explosive welding
 Explosive forming

Rocketry

Rocket engines have been created out of a large number of sequentially fired "stages" of sheet explosive discs. (This approach is a rough conventional-explosive analogue to the Project Orion nuclear rocket, although with many more explosions per second.) This differs from a pulsed detonation rocket because the fuel consists solely of pre-positioned solid explosives.

The primary advantages of the technique are reliability, stable long-term storage, and the complete absence of any moving parts or pumps for fuel delivery—the design is merely a set of alternating disks of explosives and delayed primers.

Applications: As a boosting charge

Example materials
 Detasheet (legacy; used in 1980s MFCG/railgun experiments, among others)
 Primasheet (in service as of 2013)
 Durasheet (in service as of 1999)

References

Explosives
Jaguar (microarchitecture). The AMD Jaguar Family 16h is a low-power microarchitecture designed by AMD. It is used in APUs succeeding the Bobcat Family microarchitecture in 2013 and being succeeded by AMD's Puma architecture in 2014. It is two-way superscalar and capable of out-of-order execution. It is used in AMD's Semi-Custom Business Unit as a design for custom processors and is used by AMD in four product families: Kabini aimed at notebooks and mini PCs, Temash aimed at tablets, Kyoto aimed at micro-servers, and the G-Series aimed at embedded applications. Both the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One use SoCs based on the Jaguar microarchitecture, with more powerful GPUs than AMD sells in its own commercially available Jaguar APUs.

Design 

 32 KiB instruction + 32 KiB data L1 cache per core, L1 cache includes parity error detection
 16-way, 1–2 MiB unified L2 cache shared by two or four cores, L2 cache is protected from errors by the use of error correcting code
 Out-of-order execution and speculative execution
 Integrated memory controller
 Two-way integer execution
 Two-way 128-bit wide floating-point and packed integer execution
 Integer hardware divider
 Consumer processors support two DDR3L DIMMs in one channel at frequencies up to 1600 MHz
 Server processors support two DDR3 DIMMs in one channel at frequencies up to 1600 MHz with ECC
 As a SoC (not just an APU) it integrates Fusion controller hub
 Jaguar does not feature clustered multi-thread (CMT), meaning that execution resources are not shared between cores

Instruction-set support 
The Jaguar core has support for the following instruction sets and instructions: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4a, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, F16C, CLMUL, AES, BMI1, MOVBE (Move Big-Endian instruction), XSAVE/XSAVEOPT, ABM (POPCNT/LZCNT), and AMD-V.

Improvements over Bobcat 

 Over 10% increase in clock frequency
 Over 15% improvement in instructions per clock (IPC)
 Added support for SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AES, CLMUL, MOVBE, AVX, F16C, BMI1
 Up to four CPU cores
 L2 cache is shared between cores
 FPU datapath width increased to 128-bit
 Added hardware integer divider
 Enhanced cache prefetchers
 Doubled bandwidth of load–store units
 C6 and CC6 low power states with lower entry and exit latency
 Smaller, 3.1 mm2 area per core
 Integrated Fusion controller hub (FCH)
 Video Coding Engine

Features

Processors

Consoles

Desktop 
SoCs using Socket AM1:

Desktop/Mobile (28 nm)

Server

Opteron X1100-series "Kyoto" (28 nm)

Opteron X2100-series "Kyoto" (28 nm)

Embedded

Jaguar derivative and successor 
In 2017, a derivative of the Jaguar microarchitecture was announced in the APU of Microsoft's Xbox One X (Project Scorpio) revision to the Xbox One. The Project Scorpio APU is described as a 'customized' derivative of the Jaguar microarchitecture, utilizing eight cores clocked at 2.3 GHz.

The Puma successor to Jaguar was released in 2014 and targeting entry level notebooks and tablets.

References 

AMD x86 microprocessors
AMD microarchitectures
X86 microarchitectures
Ain Elzarga Wetland. Ain Elzarga Wetland is a Ramsar-protected wetland of Libya. It was established in 2000 and covers an area of . Ramsar says of it: "A small natural sebkha or depression with at least one natural connection to the sea, wet all year round but with increasing water levels and salinity during summer. The sebkha, with mudflats and salt marsh community, is surrounded by dunes from east to west and rocky hills to the south and east. The site is one of the most important wetlands in the area of the El Kouf National Park for migratory waterbirds. The birdwatching and ecotourism potential is considerable but undeveloped. Unsustainable hunting and destruction of vegetation, especially during summer, are considered threats."

References

Protected areas of Libya
Protected areas established in 2000
Ramsar sites in Libya
2000 establishments in Libya
Pfalz D.VII. The Pfalz D.VII was a German biplane fighter aircraft from World War I. It was not put into production.

Design and development
The D.VII was a single-bay biplane with staggered, parallel-chord wings. It had simple parallel interplane struts; the upper centre section was supported on each side by a three-sided rectangular frame, open at the bottom where it was mounted on the upper fuselage.  There were externally connected ailerons on both upper and lower planes.

Behind the D.VII's rotary engine its fuselage was of rounded cross-section, with the single-seat, open cockpit just below the upper wing's trailing edge, where there was a small cut-out for better upward vision.  The horizontal tail was mounted at mid-fuselage; the fin was straight-edged and carried a full, rounded and horn balanced rudder.  The D.VII had a simple fixed conventional undercarriage, with mainwheels on a single axle supported at each end by a thin V-form pair of struts. There was a generous tailskid.  The D.VII had a pair of fixed LMG 08/15 machine guns, the standard German single-seat fighter armament of the time.

Beginning its flying programme near the end of 1917, the Pfalz was fitted with three types of rotary engines in testing: the  Oberursel U.III, the Goebel Goe.III and the Siemens-Halske Sh.III, the last two both producing .  These drove both two and four blade propellers.  Both balanced and unbalanced ailerons were tried.

The D.VII was one of three Pfalz aircraft which competed at the first D-Type contest held at Adlershof in January and February 1918, the others being the D.VI and the D.VIII. It gained its Type Certificate in February 1918 but did not receive a production order.

Specifications

References

Further reading

 

D.VII
Biplanes
1910s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
OVIK. OVIK was a British company that designed and manufactured specialist and armoured vehicles and chassis systems. It was established in 2008, and based in Dorset. OVIK designs and develops specialist vehicles (and other equipment) for defence, security, emergency services and commercial customers.

History
OVIK was formed by brothers Jez and Duncan Hermer in 2008. OVIK was both a specialist vehicle manufacturer and an engineering consultancy offering support for the design, prototype and test of land-based and amphibious special vehicles. OVIK was involved in the transformation of the Singapore Technologies Kinetics Bronco All Terrain Tracked Carrier vehicle into the UK MOD's WARTHOG vehicle, a vehicle developed as an Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) for Operation Herrick in Afghanistan.

The company went in liquidation in April 2020.

Etymology 
OVIK was based in Dorset, and close to the British Army's Armour Centre at Bovington. The name OVIK was derived from the name of the Swedish town Örnsköldsvik often shortened to OVIK, a town Jez Hermer is associated with through his work with Hägglund & Söner, a company headquartered in the town.

Products
Crossway 4x4 and 6x6 vehicles. Customers included the United Kingdom Thames Valley Police and Dorset Police, UK Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Dorset Police, Thames Valley Police, Kent Police and Essex Police.
Centaur Chassis - Specialist, all terrain chassis and chassis cowls.

Pangolin Armoured Public Order Vehicle, now in its third generation. 193 are in service with the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Merseyside Police.
Meerkat Super Light Tracked Vehicle (SLTV).
OVIK Cameleon IV440 Modular Mission Vehicle

References

External links 

 The Telegraph article on the VIK Crossway
 Sunday Times Article - Back Off - Our Other Armoured Car is a Tank
 Auto Express Article - We Test The Toughest Off Roader 

Armoured vehicles
British companies established in 2008
Companies based in Dorset
Ningbo Center. Ningbo Center is a skyscraper under construction in Ningbo, China. Construction started since the New Year's Eve date on December 31, when the original date of construction was to start in 2018 but got delayed to 2019.

Ningbo Center Building started pile foundation construction since January 2019, and the structure fully topped out in the second half of 2024. Opening of the building is planed for beginning 2025.

References

Skyscrapers in Zhejiang
Buildings and structures under construction in China
Buildings and structures in Ningbo
RF Micropower. RF Micropower is a fabless semiconductor company based in Phoenix, Arizona that sells and licenses the RFuP technology that was initially developed by SJT Micropower, Inc. The company's proprietary technology enables high voltage Si-MESFET transistors to be fabricated on commercial SOI CMOS processes without altering the native process or adding additional fabrication steps which allows high levels of monolithic integration. These power transistors can operate at voltages that are 20 times higher than the baseline CMOS transistors and at several Watts of power. The technology has been implemented in various integrated circuit solutions including RF power amplifiers and power regulation circuits. According to their website, they have demonstrated Si-MESFETs at the 350 nm, 250 nm, 150 nm, 45 nm and 32 nm process nodes. The smallest process node for MESFETs on any type of substrate is currently 32 nm.

Acceptance of Si-MESFETs
Applications of RF Micropower's Si-MESFET (metal-semiconductor field-effect-transistor) technology in linear and switching regulators for radiation environments has been reported by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and was featured in the September 2011 and February 2013 Issues of NASA Tech Briefs. In Chapter 6 of the book Extreme Environment Electronics (edited by John D. Cressler and H. Alan Mantooth), Johnathan A. Pellish from NASA and Lewis M. Cohn from the Naval Research Laboratory state that MESFETs on SOI substrates are suitable for applications from -180 °C and 250 °C and have been demonstrated to operate through 5 Mrad of total ionizing dose. The Si-MESFETs and their corresponding applications were also featured prominently in Chapters 23 and 63 of the book. Most recently, results from the 45 nm process node were published in the book Frontiers in Electronics (edited by Sorin Cristoloveanu and Michael S. Shur).

Origins
SJT Micropower, Inc was founded in 2000 by Dr. Trevor Thornton who has multiple patents in the field of MESFET fabrication and design. In 2013, SJT Micropower, Inc started doing business as RF Micropower. Dr. Thornton continues to serve as the company's president and is concurrently a professor in the School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering at Arizona State University. Dr. Seth J. Wilk currently serves as the CEO.

From 2006 to 2012, the company was awarded a total of $2,782,727 through SBIR/STTR grants and as of 2012 has been published in 24 different peer-reviewed conference and journal proceedings.

Locations
RF Micropower is headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona and has sales offices in Austin, Texas and Morristown, New Jersey.

References

External links
Official RF Micropower website

Semiconductor companies of the United States
Fabless semiconductor companies
Manufacturing companies based in Arizona
Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona
Electronics companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Arizona
Carbon additive. Carbon additive is a product that is added to molten steel. Carbon additive includes calcined petroleum coke, graphite petroleum coke, calcined anthracite coal, electrical calcined anthracite, and natural graphite. For the steel-making industry, the most suitable carbon additive is calcined petroleum coke with fixed carbon of 98.5%min. Sulfur in calcined petroleum coke is a crucial element, for sulfur impacts the quality of steel. The lower the sulfur, the better quality of calcined petroleum coke. The sulfur content of calcined petroleum coke is decided by the sulfur content in petroleum coke. Northeast China is the only source of low sulfur (≤ 0.5) petroleum coke in the world. G-high carbon has been the origin for many trading companies and metallurgical factories when they look for qualified carbon additives.

References

Steelmaking
Regenerator (telecommunications). A regenerator in a telecommunications context is a type of repeater that is used in copper line or optical fibre line transmission systems. The regeneration function involved also appears in other types of systems, e.g. computer networking systems.

A digital signal travelling a significant distance will become weaker and distorted and require periodic help to continue its journey successfully.

A simple amplifier will only increase the amplitude of the signal and will not correct the distortion of the waveform shape.

A threshold detector can be used to correct the amplitude levels although the exact time that the transition occurs may not be in the right place.  This timing inaccuracy is referred to as jitter.

A regenerator includes circuitry to recover the clock timing information, which is then used to determine when the output signal switches its state.  This ensures that the recovered data from the threshold detector is adjusted to provide the correctly timed signal output.

Notes

References
Edis E A & Varrall J E, Newes Telecommunications Pocket Book (Butteworth-Heinemann, 1992)  
Bissell C C & Chapman D A, Digital Signal Transmission (University Press Cambridge, 1992) 

Telecommunications equipment
José Rodríguez Pérez. José Rodríguez Pérez is a Chilean engineer and professor of electrical engineering at the Universidad Andrés Bello.

Early life and education
Rodríguez was born in Valdivia, Chile. He received the degrees of Technician in Electronics and Electrical Engineer at the Federico Santa María Technical University (USM) in 1977 and his doctorate in electrical engineering at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 1985. Since 1977 he is working at USM where he is currently Professor in the Department of Electronical Engineering.

Career
In 1996, during his sabbatical leave, Rodríguez Pérez was responsible for Mining Division of Siemens division in Santiago, Chile. From 2004 to 2005, he was the Vice Rector for Academic Affairs, and since 2005, he has also been the Rector at the Federico Santa María Technical University. From 2005 to 2008 Dr. Rodríguez's research group was recognized as one of the two Centers of Excellence in Engineering in Chile. Since 2002, José Rodríguez Pérez was an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

In 2015, he was appointed rector of the Andrés Bello National University. He was previously professor of electrical engineering at the Federico Santa María Technical University, as well as its rector for the periods 2005-2006 (Interim) and 2006-2010 (voted by the University community).

Honors
In 2014 he received Chile's National Prize for Applied Sciences and Technologies.

The same year, he was also ranked by the World Most Influential Scientific Minds, a Thomson Reuters affiliate, as one of 200 highly cited researchers.

References

External links

Chilean engineers
Living people
Electrical engineers
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
Academic staff of the Andrés Bello National University
People from Valdivia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hewlett-Packard Labs in India. HP created a presence for its research division, HP Labs, in India in 2002. The mission for the new division was to create technology inspired by problems in countries such as India.

The first stated mission of the lab was
 "to generate innovations targeted at the world's emerging economies by understanding relevant social, cultural, economic and technological drivers." The mission morphed over time as follows. 
 In 2006, the mission statement read as: "HP Labs India is focused on  creating new technologies for addressing the IT needs of the next billion customers for HP."
 In 2013, the mission statement read as: "to create break-through innovations that enable HP to lead in the new wave of opportunities from rapidly growing economies."

Technology demonstrators 
The lab created concepts for simplifying computer and Internet interactions. Gesture KeyBoard (GKB)  was an early attempt by the lab to create a pen-based local-language-interaction-support for PCs.

Since low-cost mobile phones without data-plan were being used in higher volume in India, the lab developed a solution that can enable mobile users with only voice and SMS services to access websites. The technology was called SiteOnMobile.

Another hypothesis generated about technology in the Indian market was that many people in India own high-end Television and smart mobile phones, especially with the advent of Google Android phones. A new technology hypothesis was created so that Internet access to a large number of households and small-or-medium enterprises could be realized using a TV-connected broad-band device. The technology that demonstrated the efficacy of the hypothesis was called HP set-top box  and Vayu Internet Device (VIND).

The latest technology demonstrator was in the area of education called 
VideoBook, which aimed to reduce the cognitive load on text-book learning by automatically augmenting text-book content with videos from the Web.

Research Management 
In 2002, research was organized into research areas as follows: 
 Language technology such as speech communication interfaces for computers
 Low cost devices for Internet-access 
 Communication concepts for small towns and rural areas in developing countries
 Socio-economic research
 New models for human interactions

In 2013, research was organized into  research projects as follows: 
 Future school
 Crowd Cloud
 Smart Mobile Services 
 Interaction Technologies

Although the technique for research management changed, the focus of research remained creation of technologies for emerging markets.

References

Hewlett-Packard
Innovation in India
Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies