omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ruben F. Mettler. Ruben F. Mettler (1924–2006) was an American businessman. He served as chairman and chief executive officer of TRW Inc. from 1977 to 1988.

Biography

Early life
Ruben Mettler was born in Shafter, California on February 23, 1924. He attended Stanford University on a Gamble Scholarship and transferred to the California Institute of Technology, where he received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering in 1944. He served in the Second World War. Back at Caltech, he received a master's degree in 1947 and a PhD in 1949. He played American football for Caltech.

Career

He started his career at Hughes Aircraft. He served as special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration. He worked for the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, later known as TRW Inc., where he served as president and chief operating officer from 1969 to 1977, and as chairman and CEO from 1977 to 1988. He served on its board of directors from 1964 to 1994, and a driveway on TRW's Space Park campus was named in his honor. He worked on the SM-65 Atlas, SM-68 Titan, LGM-30 Minuteman and PGM-17 Thor nuclear missile programs for the United States Air Force and NASA, and the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory.

He sat on the boards of directors of Bank of America, Merck & Co., the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Bechtel. He served as chairman of the Business Roundtable from 1982 to 1984, and as chairman of The Business Council from 1985 to 1986.

Philanthropy
In 1977, he was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to develop a program to promote the hiring of Vietnam veterans. He served as chairman of the United Negro College Fund. He received the Nation's Most Outstanding Electrical Engineer Award from Eta Kappa Nu in 1954, One of Ten Outstanding Young Men of America Award from the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce in 1955, the Meritorious Civilian Service Award from the United States Department of Defense in 1969, the National Relations Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews in 1979, the Roy Wilkins Memorial Award from the L.A. Chapter of the NAACP in 1981, and the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1986. He was a member of the board of trustees of Caltech from 1968 to his death, and served as chairman from 1985 to 1993. He was also a life member of the Caltech Associates, the President's Circle, and the Caltech Alumni Association. The Ruben and Donna Mettler Professorship at Caltech is named for him.

Personal life
He was married to Donna Jeane Smith and resided in Los Angeles. They had two sons: Matthew Frederick Mettler, an engineer at TRW Inc., and Daniel Frederick Mettler, who lives at the Jay Nolan Center in Canyon Country, California for autism. He died on Tuesday, May 23, 2006.

References

1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Kern County, California
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
California Institute of Technology alumni
Directors of Bank of America
Merck Group people
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company people
Bechtel
20th-century American businesspeople
Potassium pentasulfide. Potassium pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a red-orange solid that dissolves in water. The salt decomposes rapidly in air.
It is one of several polysulfide salts with the general formula , where M = Li, Na, K and n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The polysulfide salts of potassium and sodium are similar.

Preparation and reactions
The salt is prepared by the addition of elemental sulfur to potassium sulfide. An idealized equation is shown for potassium hydrosulfide:
4  +  → 2  + 2 

The structure consists of zigzag chains of  paired with  ions.

Occurrence
Various polysulfides  -  are components of liver of sulfur. Polysulfides, like sulfides, can induce stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel and stainless steel.

References

Potassium compounds
Polysulfides
Inorganic compounds
Chalcogenides
Expeditionary Combat Support System. The Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS) was a failed enterprise resource planning software project undertaken by the United States Air Force (USAF) between 2005 and 2012.  The goal of the project was to automate and streamline the USAF's logistics operations by, in part, consolidating and replacing over 200 separate legacy systems.

The project was undertaken to develop a single integrated enterprise resource planning system built using commercial off-the-shelf software, aimed at tracking all of its physical assets and making efficiency savings.

The purpose of the system was to enable the organisation to track all of its physical assets including airplanes, fuel, and even spare parts. The ECSS program was established through two main contracts. The first contract was with the database software company Oracle, to supply the commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software. The second contract was with the Computer Science Corporation (CSC), to amalgamate the COTS software into the existing Air Force infrastructure.

After spending $1.1 billion on its development, the USAF concluded in 2012 that the system, "has not yielded any significant military capability" and estimated that, "it would require an additional $1.1B for about a quarter of the original scope to continue and fielding would not be until 2020."  Based on that conclusion, the USAF canceled the program in November 2012.  United States Senate Committee on Armed Services members Carl Levin and John McCain characterized the failed project as "one of the most egregious examples of mismanagement in recent memory."

References

2005 establishments in the United States
2012 disestablishments in the United States
Projects established in 2005
Projects disestablished in 2012
Military logistics of the United States
Projects of the United States Air Force
United States military scandals
21st-century history of the United States Air Force
Discontinued custom software projects
EZAN. EZAN () is a Russian company that produces a wide range of equipment for science, industry, telecommunications, transport and energy.

History 

Construction of the Experimental Factory of Scientific Engineering of the USSR began in 1970 according to the decision of the Council of Ministers. The plant began work in 1973. Initially, acting director of the organizing EFSE played one of the founders of Chernogolovka F. Dubovitsky.

Managers 
1970 - 1972 F. I. Dubovitsky — director-organizer
1972 - 1986 B. S. Kononov — director
1986 - 1991 L. P. Kokurin — director
1991 - 2019 V. A. Borodin — general manager
2019 - nowadays. A. V. Borodin — general manager

Economic indicators 
In year of 2006.

Business structure

Main engineering units 
Special Design Bureau
Technical department
Department of digital telecommunications equipment
Crystal Growth Laboratory
Central Laboratory
The central laboratory of instrumentation
Quality control department
Service Center

The main types of industries and technologies 
Harvest area
Toolshop
Mechanical workshop
 Welding area
 Foundry
Frame-injection molding workshop
 Area of ceramics and plastics
 Painting area
Electroplating workshop
Installation and assembly workshop

Representative offices

Moscow representative office 
Otkrytoe shosse, 14, office 3/8, Moscow, Russia
Chief: Nikolay Kuznetsov

References

External links
 
Company Profile

Telecommunications companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union
Manufacturing companies established in 1973
Technology companies established in 1973
1973 establishments in the Soviet Union
Federal State Unitary Enterprises of Russia
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Incremental launch. Incremental launch is a method in civil engineering of building a complete bridge deck from one abutment of the bridge only, manufacturing the superstructure of the bridge by sections to the other side. In current applications, the method is highly mechanised and uses pre-stressed concrete.

History
The first bridge to have been incrementally launched appears to have been the Waldshut–Koblenz Rhine Bridge, a wrought iron lattice truss railway bridge, completed in 1859.  The second incrementally launched bridge was the Rhine Bridge, a railway bridge that spanned the Upper Rhine between Kehl, Germany and Strasbourg, France, completed in 1861 and subsequently destroyed and rebuilt on several occasions. 

The first incrementally launched concrete bridge was the  span box girder bridge over the Caroní River, completed in 1964. The second incrementally launched concrete bridge was over the Inn River, Kufstein in Austria, completed in 1965. The structural engineers for both bridges were Professor Dr Fritz Leonhardt and his partner, Willi Baur. 

The usual method of building concrete bridges is the segmental method, one span at a time.

Method
The bridges are mostly of the box girder design and work with straight or constant curve shapes, with a constant radius.  box girder sections of the bridge deck are fabricated at one end of the bridge in factory conditions. Each section is manufactured in around one week.

The first section of the launch, the launching nose, is not made of concrete, but is a stiffened steel plate girder and is around 60% of the length of a bridge span, and reduces the cantilever moment. The sections of bridge deck slide over sliding bearings, which are concrete blocks covered with stainless steel and reinforced elastomeric pads.

Notable examples 

 Katima Mulilo Bridge, 2004
 Redcliffe Bridge, 1986
 Woronora River Bridge, 2001, the largest incrementally-launched bridge when built
 Millau Viaduct, 2004, an example of launching a curved road deck

References

External links
 

Bridges by structural type
Civil engineering
Hydraulics
Program lifecycle phase. Program lifecycle phases are the stages a computer program undergoes, from initial creation to deployment and execution. The phases are edit time, compile time, link time, distribution time, installation time, load time, and run time.

Lifecycle phases do not necessarily happen in a linear order, and they can be intertwined in various ways.  For example, when modifying a program, software developers may need to repeatedly edit, compile, install, and execute it on their own computers to ensure sufficient quality before it can be distributed to users; copies of the modified program are then downloaded, installed, and executed by users on their computers.

Phases
Edit time is when the source code of the program is being edited. This spans initial creation to any bug fix, refactoring, or addition of new features. Editing is typically performed by a person, but automated design tools and metaprogramming systems may also be used.

Compile time is when source code is translated into machine code by a compiler.  Part of this involves language checking, such as ensuring proper use of the type system. The result of a successful compilation is an executable.

Link time connects all of the necessary machine code components of a program, including externals. It is very common for programs to use functions implemented by external libraries, all of which must be properly linked together. There are two types of linking. Static linking is when the connection is made by the compiler, which is always prior to execution. Dynamic linking, however, is performed by the operating system (OS) just before, or even during, execution.

Distribution time is the process of transferring a copy of a program to a user. The distribution format is typically an executable, but may also be source code, especially for a program written in an interpreted language.  The means of distribution can be physical media such as a USB flash drive or a remote download via the Internet.

Installation time gets the distributed program ready for execution on the user's computer, which often includes storing the executable for future loading by the OS.

Load time is when the OS takes the program's executable from storage, such as a hard drive, and places it into active memory, in order to begin execution.

Run time is the execution phase, when the central processing unit executes the program's machine code instructions. Programs may run indefinitely. If execution terminates it will either be normal, expected behavior or an abnormality such as a crash.

Programming language implementation
Uniformat. Uniformat is a standard for classifying building specifications, cost estimating, and cost analysis in the U.S. and Canada. The elements are major components common to most buildings. The system can be used to provide consistency in the economic evaluation of building projects. It was developed through an industry and government consensus and has been widely accepted as an ASTM standard.

History

Hanscomb Associates, a cost consultant, developed a system called MASTERCOST in 1973 for the American Institute of Architects (AIA). The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), which is responsible for government buildings, was also developing a system. The AIA and GSA agreed on a system and named it UNIFORMAT. The AIA included it in their practice on construction management, and the GSA included it in their project estimating requirements. In 1989, ASTM International began developing a standard for classifying building elements, based on UNIFORMAT. It was renamed to UNIFORMAT II. In 1995, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) began to revise Uniformat. UniFormat is now a registered trademark of CSI and CSC and was most recently published in 2010.

A new strategy to classify the built environment, named OmniClass, incorporates the elemental building classification in its Table 21 Elements. The numbering system is changed in OmniClass.

Uniformat level 1 categories

A  SUBSTRUCTURE     
B  SHELL
C  INTERIORS
D  SERVICES
E  EQUIPMENT AND FURNISHINGS
F  SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
G  BUILDING SITEWORK
Z  GENERAL

Uniformat levels 2 and 3 categories
An example of how the numbering system expands to provide additional detail below level 1 is shown for
A SUBSTRUCTURE
   A10 FOUNDATIONS
        A1010 Standard Foundations
        A1020 Special Foundations
   A40 SLABS-ON-GRADE
        A4010 Standard Slabs-on-Grade
        A4020 Structural Slabs-on-Grade
        A4030 Slab Trenches
        A4040 Pits and Bases
        A4090 Slab-on-Grade Supplementary Components

CSI/CSC UniFormat level 1 numbers and titles 
PROJECT DESCRIPTION     
A  SUBSTRUCTURE     
B  SHELL
C  INTERIORS
D  SERVICES
E  EQUIPMENT AND FURNISHINGS
F  SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
G  BUILDING SITEWORK
Z  GENERAL

References

External links
 Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)
 Specifications Institute (CSI)

Construction documents
Continental Aircraft Corporation. Continental Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Amityville, New York. The company also maintained offices at 120 Liberty Street, in New York. Continental's chief engineer was Vincent Burnelli, a future advocate of lifting body aircraft.

The company built the Christmas Bullet scout aircraft for the Cantilever Aero Company. Both prototypes suffered structural failure of their thin cantilevered wings, killing test pilots Cuthbert Mills and Allington Jolly.

Aircraft

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Helix fast-response system. The Helix fast-response system (HFRS) is a deep-sea oil spill response plan licensed by HWCG LLC, a consortium of 16 independent oil companies, to respond to subsea well incidents. Helix Energy Solutions Group designed the Helix fast-response system based on techniques used to contain the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. 
On February 28, 2011 the drilling moratorium imposed as a result of the spill ended when the United States Department of the Interior approved the first drilling permit based on the availability of the HFRS to offshore oil companies.

The HFRS relies on the deployment of Helix ESG's Q4000 multipurpose semisubmersible platform and the Helix Producer 1 floating production unit. Both vessels are based in the Gulf of Mexico and played significant roles in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill response. At full production capacity, the HFRS can handle up to 55,000 barrels of oil per day (70,000 barrels of liquid or 95 million standard cubic feet per day) at 10,000 psi in water depths to 10,000 feet.

Overview 
When deployed, the HFRS is assembled in stages following an ROV inspection of the damaged subsea well head. ROVs then lower a custom-designed well cap onto the blowout preventer (BOP) stack; if the flow of escaping hydrocarbons is not too extreme, the vents inside the well cap can be manually closed one by one to shut in the well. If the pressure is too extreme to shut in the well, ROVs will lower an intervention riser system (IRS) onto the top of the well cap. The hydrocarbons will then be transferred through a marine riser to the Q4000, which will use its gas flare to burn off much of the oil and gas while transferring the rest through a flexible riser to the Helix Producer 1.

The Helix Producer 1 will activate its flare to burn off the gas while it processes the oil and transfers it to a nearby oil tanker through another flexible riser. As the oil and gas is successfully captured, processed or burned and then transferred onto a tanker, drillships will be required to drill a relief well to permanently kill the damaged subsea well.

Developments 
In January 2011 Helix ESG signed an agreement with Clean Gulf Associates, a non-profit industry group, to make the HFRS available for a two-year period to CGA member companies in the event of a future subsea well incident in the Gulf of Mexico. 
In 2012 Helix ESG said it was working develop an additional consortium for the Caribbean and would likely base the system out of Port of Spain Trinidad.

References 

Oil spill remediation technologies
Hassan Younes. Hassan Younes (born 21 February 1943) is an Egyptian engineer and politician, who is the former long-term minister of electricity and energy. He was in office during the Mobarak era and also, in two interim governments of post-Mobarak era.

Early life and education
Younes was born on 21 February 1943. He holds bachelor of science (1965) and master of science degrees (1975) in electrical power engineering. He also obtained a PhD in electrical power engineering in 1985.

Career
Younes started his career working as an engineer from 1965 to 1978. Then he served as the representative of Egypt's electricity authority in the US from 1978 to 1979. Next he began to work at Egypt's national energy control centre in 1979. He was appointed general director of operation system in 1983 and inspector general of the national energy control in 1988. He began to serve as the board chairman of the Electric Holding Company in 2001. In November 2001, he was appointed minister of electricity and energy. From October 2009 to 3 January 2010, he briefly served as acting transport minister when Mohamed Mansour resigned from office on 27 October 2009.

Younes also served as energy minister in the cabinet led by Ahmed Shafik. He was also appointed to the post in the Kamal Ganzouri's interim cabinet in December 2011. His term lasted until July 2012.

References

20th-century Egyptian engineers
21st-century Egyptian politicians
1943 births
Electricity and energy ministers of Egypt
Living people
ŽS series 412. The JŽ class 412/416 is an electric multiple unit built for Yugoslav Railways (JŽ). The units are currently used by Serbian Railways (ŽS), Macedonian Railways (MŽ) and Montenegro Railways (ŽCG).

History
In the early 1980s Yugoslav Railways ordered several passenger electric multiple-unit trains for Belgrade, Novi Sad, Skopje and Titograd sections (ŽTP). At half the price offered by a domestic Yugoslav competitor, JŽ series 410 EMU built by Goša, the Soviet ER31 () built by Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca (RVR) was chosen. The first unit was introduced in traffic at September 25, 1980. According to JŽ classification, the EMU was designated as 412/416.

From 1980 to 1990 and with the breakup of Yugoslavia, 50 EMU train sets were delivered from the Soviet Union to Yugoslav railways. ŽTP Belgrade and ŽTP Novi Sad received 40 sets, ŽTP Titograd received six, and ŽTP Skopje received four sets of 412/416 EMU.

During the 1990s six similar train sets were built for Bulgarian State Railways (BDŽ); these items were more simple in design. EMU for BDŽ was designated by RVR as ER33 (ЭР33), in Bulgaria - BDŽ class 33.

Later, three more sets were built for JŽ, but due to the sanctions on FR Yugoslavia, there were delays with deliveries. These last three train sets 412/416 for Serbia had more powerful traction motors and was designated by RVR as ER35 (ЭР35).

Technical specifications 
The EMU train set consists from four sections: two cab-motor cars (412) and two trailer cars (416). The trains can only be controlled and operated from cab cars (412).

Voltage 
This train set utilises 25 kV/50 Hz AC.

Operators 
After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, class 412/416 EMU train sets continued service with the railways of the three former republics of Yugoslavia: Serbian Railways (ŽS), Macedonian Railways (MŽ) and Montenegro Railways (ŽCG).

Serbia 
Today Serbian Railways are the biggest operator of 412 class of all Yugoslav successor states. The main depot for this class is at Zemun.

In 2019 there are 24 EMU train sets operational. Nine sets were overhauled with help of Belgrade city, being used with BG Voz -  urban rail system that is operated by the public transit system of Belgrade. The rest of EMU train sets traffic on regional lines toward Prijepolje, Šid, Paraćin and Zaječar.

Montenegro 
Montenegro Railways have received six class 412/416 EMU train sets which have been purchased by Yugoslav Railways for ŽTP Titograd in 1985. In 2015, there are five operational train sets, with two recently overhauled. Main depot is at Podgorica. One train set was destroyed in the Bioče disaster in January 23, 2006.

North Macedonia

References

External links 

 Characteristics and description (Serbian)

Electric multiple units of Yugoslavia
Electric multiple units of Serbia
Electric multiple units of Montenegro
Electric multiple units of North Macedonia
25 kV AC multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1980
Phoenix Air Phoenix. The Phoenix Air Phoenix is a Czech shoulder-wing, two-seat motor glider, designed and produced by Phoenix Air and provided as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft.

Design and development
The Phoenix is a derivative of the Urban Air Lambada motorglider, developed by Martin Stepaneck who was formerly with Urban Air before that company's demise. The Phoenix was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a cantilever wing, a T-tail, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from composites. Its  span wing is convertible to , by removing the wing tips and then re-installing shorter tips and the winglets for faster cruising speed when flying as a microlight. With the wing tips removed it has a wingspan of  for storage. Standard engines available are the  Rotax 912UL, the  Rotax 912ULS,  Jabiru 2200 and the  HKS 700E four-stroke powerplants. With the 912S engine the aircraft can be employed as a glider tug. An electric-powered version is under development.

The European version has a gross weight of , while the LSA version has a gross weight of . The design appears on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

Specifications (Phoenix)

See also

References

External links

2010s Czech sailplanes
Electric aircraft
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear