omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ghadir International Industries and Mines Development Company. Ghadir International Industries and Mines Development Company () is an Iranian holding company that operates in the mining investment field. It is a subsidiary of Ghadir Investment Company, which was established in 2011 with registration number 408192 to specialize in investment and economic activity in mining and mining engineering.

History
This company was established in 2011 with a capital of 13,000 billion Iranian rials as a holding company wholly owned by Ghadir Investment Company, with the aim of investing in the mining industry sectors.

Scope of Activity
This company is active in the areas of exploration, extraction, and processing of metallic and non-metallic minerals, non-mining industries, and investment in the chain of mining and metal industries. Most of these holdings' subsidiaries are active in producing electric motors and sponge iron.

Presence in the Stock Market
Ghadir International Industries and Mines Development Company was accepted as the 597th company on the Tehran Stock Exchange. One billion and 295 million shares, equivalent to 7 percent of this company's shares, were offered on the Tehran Stock Exchange under the symbol "TMGD1".

See also
Mining in Iran
Ghadir Investment Company

Notes

Mining companies of Iran
Iranian companies established in 2011
Daniel Nilsson (academic). Daniel Nilsson is a Swedish fire safety engineer and academic, currently serving as a Professor in Fire Engineering at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Nilsson has been a member of the ISO TC 92/SC4, developing standards for fire safety engineering since 2014. Nilsson has made contributions to the field of fire safety through his research, teaching, and leadership in the industry, focusing on evacuation dynamics and debunking the myth of panic. His work focuses on human behaviour in fire, evacuation modelling, and the design of fire safety systems using Affordancies.

Early life and education
Nilsson is originally from Lund (Sweden), where he spent most of his life before moving to New Zealand in 2018. Nilsson completed his education at Lund University in Sweden. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Fire Protection Engineering in January 2002, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy in Fire Safety Engineering in May 2009. In April 2013, he attained the title of Docent in Fire Safety Engineering from Lund University.

Career
Nilsson has held several key positions at prestigious institutions. He was the Head of the Department of Civil and Natural Resources at the University of Canterbury, from 2021 to 2024. Prior to this, he became a Professor in Fire Engineering at the same university in 2018. Before his time in New Zealand, Nilsson was closely associated with Lund University in Sweden, where he served as the Program Director for the Fire Safety Engineering program from 2013 to 2018. He also held senior academic positions at Lund University, including Senior Lecturer from 2011 to 2018 and Associate Senior Lecturer from 2009 to 2011.

Nilsson has been involved in numerous high-profile projects, including leading the "Changing evacuation behaviour to meet densified housing needs for our current and future population" BRANZ project from 2023 to 2025. He is contributing to the "Extreme Wildfire: Our new reality – are we ready?" MBIE project from 2021 to 2026 and a NIST wildfire evacuation research project using GPS data. 

He has served as the Convenor of ISO TC 92/SC 4 WG11 – Human Behaviour in Fire since 2023 and as the Chair of ISO TC 92/SC 4 - Fire Safety Engineering from 2014 to 2022.

Reference

Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Shooter Squadron PAF. The Shooter squadron is a Lead In Fighter Trainer (LIFT) unit of the Pakistan Air Force which operates F-7P Skybolts from Mianwali Airbase. It is the only PAF squadron without a numerical designation.

History 
The Shooter squadron was established in November 2017 however it's formal inauguration occurred on 11 December 2017 at PAF Base Mianwali. Various LIFT platforms were evaluated to equip the squadron which included the KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, Hongdu L-15B, Leonardo M-346 and Aero L-159 ALCA out of which the T-50 was initially favored however due to expensive operating costs, the PAF dropped the idea of acquiring it and started talks with AVIC for L-15s. Though no deal has materialized yet, the PAF Chief at the time Sohail Aman hinted the idea of using dual seat JF-17Bs but eventually F-7Ps and FT-7Ps drawn from the No. 18 OCU were allotted to the squadron.

Operational history 
As of today, the squadron participates in all major operational exercises of the air force besides conducting its primary LIFT role. It has participated in Exercise Saffron Bandit and Exercise Yalghar on various occasions. Moreover, it has also took part in the Republic day parade fly-past in 2022.

See also 
 List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons

References 

Pakistan Air Force
Military units and formations established in 2017
Pakistan Air Force squadrons
Cross-cockpit collimated display. A cross-cockpit collimated display (CCCD) is a display system used in full flight simulators (FFS) to provide the crew with a high-fidelity out-the-window (OTW) view of the simulated environment around the aircraft. It is called cross-cockpit collimated because the light from a projected distant object is composed of rays that remain parallel or near-parallel across the cockpit (which typically sits two  pilots side-by-side). Therefore, the projected object appears to both pilots to be realistically located in the distance, where the real object would be.

The technology was developed in the early 1980s by the British electronics company Rediffusion, and has since become the industry standard for FFS visual systems.

Design 

In the real world, the rays of light emitted by a distant source are virtually parallel to each other when they reach two observers standing side-by-side (Figure 1). This also means that the same observer moving around from one position to the other, or simply moving their head, will see the distant object as stationary within their field of view, with its light always coming from the same direction.

Early digital visual systems for flight simulators consisted in one or more translucent screens, directly illuminated by one or more projectors from the opposite side to the observer (Figure 2). From the observer's point of view, it is as if the source of light lay on the screen, much like what happens with a TV screen. Since the screen is only a few meters away from the observer, the light from the image of the distant object will appear to come from different directions as the observer moves around, giving the impression that the object is close by instead of far away.

In a typical CCCD, instead, the screen is replaced by a curved mirror, which reflects the image from the translucent back-projection screen, now placed above the cockpit (Figure 3). Thank to the properties of parabolic mirrors, the rays of light from the screen are reflected by the mirror largely all in the same direction; that is they become collimated, and will give the observer the  impression that the object represented is indeed distant.

History 

The cross-cockpit collimated display was first developed by British firm Rediffusion in Crawley, West Sussex, under the direction of development manager Stuart Anderson. Launched in 1981, the system was patented under the name WIDE – Wide-angle Infinity Display Equipment. After the patent expired, it was adopted by full flight simulator manufacturers worldwide, and remains to this day the standard for FFS visual systems.

References

External links 

 

Display technology
1870 in animation. Events in 1870 in animation.

Events
February 5: The Philadelphia-based engineer Henry Renno Heyl presented his Phasmatrope to 1500 persons at a church entertainment evening at the Philadelphia Academy of Music. This modified magic lantern had a wheel that could hold 16 photographic slides and a shutter. The wheel was rotated in front of the light source by an intermittent mechanism to project the slides successively, probably with a speed of 3 fps. The program contained three subjects: All Right (a popular Japanese acrobat), Brother Jonathan, and a waltzing couple. Brother Jonathan addressed the audience with a voice actor behind the screen and professed that "this art will rapidly develop into one of the greatest merit for instruction and enjoyment." The pictures of the waltzing couple survived and consist of four shots of costumed dancers (Heyl and a female dancing partner) that were repeated four times in the wheel. The pictures were posed. The waltzing animations were screened with an appropriate musical accompaniment by a 40-person orchestra. Heyl's only known other show was a screening on 16 March 1870 at the Franklin Institute.
Specific date unknown: 
The board game manufacturing company Milton Bradley and Co. had gained patents for the construction of the animation device zoetrope since 1867. The London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company was licensed as the British publisher, and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations. In 1870, the Stereoscopic & Photographic Company made its own addition to the available zoetrope products. It added a set of twelve animations by the famous British illustrator George Cruikshank.
The French entertainer François Dominique Séraphin had popularised shadow plays in France during the 18th century. Séraphin died in 1800 but his shadow play shows continued, initially under the direction of his nephew. The shadow play theatre which Séraphin had established closed in 1870. The shadow play tradition is considered a precursor of silhouette animation.
Around 1870, the first demonstration of the Kaleidotrope took place at the Royal Polytechnic Institution: a slide with a single perforated metal or cardboard disc suspended on a spiral spring. The holes can be tinted with colored pieces of gelatin. When struck, the disc's vibration and rotation sends the colored dots of light swirling around in all sorts of shapes and patterns. It was dubbed "Kaleidotrope" when commercial versions were marketed.

Deaths

October
October 9: John Barnes Linnett, British lithograph printer, (the first person to patent the flip book, a type of small book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge), dies at an unknown age. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier animation devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.

References

Sources 
 

1870 in mass media
1870 in the arts
1870s in animation
Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach. Project LOLA, or Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach, was a simulator built at the NASA's Langley Research Center to study landing on the lunar surface. Built to aid the Apollo astronauts, it aimed to provide a detailed visual encounter with the Moon's landscape, costing nearly $2 million.

Construction and design 
The simulator's primary components included a cockpit, a closed-circuit television system, and four large-scale models depicting various altitudes of the lunar surface. Artists used paintbrushes and airbrushes to create the models. The four models created:

 A 6-meter diameter sphere that simulated the lunar surface seen from an altitude of 322 kilometers, with a scale of 1 centimeter per 5.7 kilometers
 Three smaller models, each approximately 4.5 meters by 12 meters in size; scaled sections of the large model
 A scaled-up section of the Crater Alphonsus, with a scale of 1 centimeter per 61 meters

The models were mounted on tracks to simulate the spacecraft's movement over the lunar surface. The pilot, positioned in the cockpit, could control the cameras moving along these tracks, switching between models to simulate the descent to the Moon.

Training 

A training mission began with the pilot on Model 1, simulating the translunar approach and orbit establishment. As the descent progressed, the scene would switch to Model 2, and subsequently to Models 3. The simulation aimed to provide visual cues for controlling a spacecraft near the Moon. The lunar module cabin offered a 45-degree field of view through its windows, while the simulator's projection screens provided a broader 65-degree field of view. Four Schmidt television projectors rear-projected the lunar surface, while a starfield generator, mounted above the cabin, front-projected the stars.

Evaluation and decommissioning 

Project LOLA was deemed impractical for the actual flight in lunar orbit, as it did not simulate the rendezvous with the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM). The simulator was used by Apollo astronauts starting in 1964, but after Apollo 11 it became evident that the simulator was not necessary. Project LOLA was decommissioned shortly after the end of the Apollo missions and was completely dismantled by 1978.

According to the NASA statement from 1964, "LOLA was not built as a training device for astronauts but as 'a research tool with which NASA scientists can establish a fundamental understanding in the laboratory of the problems associated with the complex task of approaching the Moon and preparing for a landing on its surface.'"

Further reading 

 White, Ellis J. "Discussion of Three Typical Langley Research Center Simulation Programs," Paper presented at the Eastern Simulation Council (EAI's Princeton Computation Center), Princeton, NJ, October 20, 1966.

See also 
 Reduced Gravity Walking Simulator
 Lunar Landing Research Facility

References 

Apollo program
Langley Research Center
Dilek Hakkani-Tür. Dilek Z. Hakkani-Tür is a Turkish-American computer scientist focusing on speech processing, speech recognition, and dialogue systems. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Education and career
Hakkani-Tür is a 1994 graduate of Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. She continued her studies at Bilkent University, also in Ankara, where she earned a master's degree in 1996 and completed her Ph.D. in 2000.

She worked as a researcher at AT&T Labs from 2001 to 2005, at the International Computer Science Institute from 2006 to 2010, at Microsoft Research from 2010 to 2016, at Google Research from 2016 to 2018, and at Amazon Alexa from 2018 to 2023. At Microsoft, she was a project scientist for the Cortana virtual assistant. While working for Amazon Alexa, she also taught at the University of California, Santa Cruz as a distinguished visiting instructor. She joined the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty in 2023.

She was editor-in-chief of IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing from 2019 to 2021, and is president of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue of the Association for Computational Linguistics for the 2023–2025 term.

Recognition
In 2014, Hakkani-Tür was elected as an IEEE Fellow "for contributions to spoken language processing", and as a Fellow of the International Speech Communication Association "for contributions to advancing the state-of-the-art in spoken language processing, especially for human/human and human/machine conversational understanding".

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Turkish computer scientists
Turkish women computer scientists
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Natural language processing researchers
Middle East Technical University alumni
Bilkent University alumni
AT&T people
Microsoft Research people
Amazon (company) people
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
Ravin Jain. Ravin Jain is a British engineer with Indian origin. He currently serves as head of strategy for Scuderia Ferrari.

Biography
As an Indian descent, Jain graduated from King Edward's School, Birmingham. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Physics and a master's degree in Mathematical physics, both from University of Oxford.

Jain had several summer placement experiences with multiple Formula team, including Caterham and Williams. He joined Scuderia Ferrari as a mathematical modelling engineer in , and worked as that title for six months before moving to a new role as race strategy engineer in . He was appointed as the head of strategy by the team principal Frédéric Vasseur in , replacing Iñaki Rueda, who would take on a new role back in the Maranello factory.

References

Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British people of Indian descent
Ferrari people
Formula One engineers
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
Year of birth missing (living people)
List of x86 virtualization instructions. Instruction set extensions that have been added to the x86 instruction set in order to support hardware virtualization. These extensions provide instructions for entering and leaving a virtualized execution context and for loading virtual-machine control structures (VMCSs), which hold the state of the guest and host, along with fields which control processor behavior within the virtual machine.

AMD-V instructions

Intel VT-x instructions 
Intel virtualization instructions. VT-x is also supported on some processors from VIA and Zhaoxin.

References

X86 instructions
Hardware virtualization
Thermo-acoustic instability. Thermo-acoustic instability refers to an instabiltiy arising due to acoustics field and unsteady heat release process. This instability is very relevant in combustion instabilities in systems such as rocket engines, etc.

Rayleigh criterion
A very simple mechanism of acoustic amplification was first identified by Lord Rayleigh in 1878. In simple terms, Rayleigh criterion states that amplification results if, on the average, heat addition occurs in phase with the pressure increases during the oscillation.. That is, if  is the pressure perturbation (with respect to its mean value ) and  is the rate of heat release per unit volume (with respect to its mean value ), then the Rayleigh criterion says that acoustic amplification occurs if 

Rayleigh criterion is used to many explain phenomena such as singing flames in tubes, sound amplification in Rijke tube and others. In complex systems, Rayleigh criterion, may not ne strictly valid, as there exists many damping factors such as viscous/wall/nozzle/relaxation/homogeneous/particle damping, mean-flow effects, et, that are not accounted in Rayleigh's analysis.

See also

Darrieus–Landau instability
Diffusive–thermal instability
Rijke tube

References

Fluid dynamics
Combustion
Fluid dynamic instabilities
Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm. The Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm is a close-in weapon system designed by Rheinmetall Air Defence AG for mounting on ships. It is based on the KCE30 30 mm revolver cannon, and was designed by a request of the German Navy. It is capable of employment of air burst ammunition (ABM). The launch customer of the system is the Brazilian Navy with the Tamandaré-class frigates.

Users

  frigate

Future operators

References 

Oerlikon-Contraves
30
Close-in weapon systems
Autocannon
30 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Koysha Dam. Koysha Hydroelectric Power is a hydropower gravity dam built in Omo River in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region and currently under construction since 2016. Owned by the Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP), the dam produces up to 6,460 Giga watt-hours (GWh) of electricity. In May 2016, the Italian firm Salini Impregilo contracted with EEP to build 170 meter high rolled compacted concrete (RCC) and the reservoir volume is 6000 million cubic to produce 6,460 GWh power generation capacity annually. Once completed, the dam will be the second-largest dam in Ethiopia after the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD).

According to the Project Deputy Manager Abayneh Getnet, the dam reached 60% completion in September 2023 and expected to generate 1,800MW electric power. Overall, the dam deployed six turbines, each generating 300 megawatts with turbine and ventilation houses. After its completion, an artificial lake creation in the region was proposed.

History 
Koysha Hydroelectric Project a 2.16 gigawatt hydroelectric gravity dam built on 28 March 2016 in Omo River, South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region. It is owned by the Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) with an estimated investment of  £1.93bn ($2.80bn). In May 2016, the Italian firm Salini Impregilo sign contract to build the dam with €2.5 billion. Salini predicted that the dam would be a 170 meter high roller compacted concrete (RCC) and the reservoir volume is 6000 million cubic to produce 6,460 GWh power generation capacity annually. Once completed, the hydroelectric dam will be the second-largest dam in Ethiopia after the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) generate up to 6,460 Giga watt-hours (GWh) of electricity, while counterbalancing approximately one million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 annually. It has 201 meters height and 1012 meters length. On 28 September 2023, the dam reached 60% of completion. According to the project  Deputy Manager Abayneh Getnet, the dam expected to generate 1,800MW electric power.

The hydropower reservoir capacity is 9,000 million cubic meter with total number of pipes and long channels running water to the turbines is expected to be 3 in number. The project deployed six turbines, each generating 300 megawatts with turbine and ventilation houses. Getnet added that after completion of the project, an artificial lake with 130 kilometers long and 200 square kilometers will be created. According to the project main engineer Eugenio Zoppis, the project created with considerable knowledge and technology. Addis Fortune reported in 2024 that the dam construction was postponed in several occasions due to recurrent forex crisis in the country.

References 

Dams in Ethiopia
Gravity dams
Roller-compacted concrete dams
2016 establishments in Ethiopia
Lin Shangyang. Lin Shangyang (; 16 March 1932 – 20 July 2024) was a Chinese welding engineer, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Biography 
Lin was born in Siming County (now Xiamen), Fujian, on 16 March 1932. He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in June 1951, and served until June 1955. In September 1956, he was accepted to Harbin Institute of Technology, where he majored in welding process and equipment.

After graduation in 1961, Lin was despatched to the Institute of New Technical Physics, Heilongjiang Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In January 1978, he moved to Harbin Welding Institute, where he was promoted to deputy chief engineer in January 1982 and director of the Technical Committee in January 1995. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in March 1981.

On 20 July 2024, Lin died in Suzhou, Jiangsu, at the age of 92.

Honours and awards 
 1980 State Technological Invention Award (Third Class)
 1990 State Technological Invention Award (Third Class)
 1992 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)
 1995 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class)
 May 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)

References 

1932 births
2024 deaths
People from Xiamen
Engineers from Fujian
Harbin Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers
Legionnaire E33k UAV. The Legionnaire E33k is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) currently in testing with the Russian ground forces. It is made by Tikhiye Krylya (Quiet Wings) Group, a subsidiary of Russian joint-stock arms manufacturing company Kalashnikov Concern.

Operational history
The drone was successfully tested on July 17th 2024. The drone will be used to transport supplies according to reports.

Specifications 
The Legionnaire E33k weighs 29.9 kilograms and has a wingspan of four meters. It has a range of 200 kilometers with a payload of three kilograms and 50 kilometers with a payload of 10 kilograms. It can fly for up to 150 minutes (two and a half hours).

References

Unmanned military aircraft of Russia
Russian military transport aircraft
2020s Russian military aircraft