omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Schreder HP-14. The HP-14 is a Richard Schreder-designed all-metal glider aircraft that was offered as a kit for homebuilding during the 1960s and 1970s. It was originally developed by retrofitting improved wings to the fuselage and tail of the HP-13, and first flew in 1966. Schreder won the 1966 US national soaring championship in the prototype HP-14.

The HP-14 features a folding V-tail and 90-degree flaps for glidepath control. The fuselage and wings are of all-aluminum riveted construction.

Development
Development of the HP-14 was carried out by several parties but the biggest modifications to the design were carried out by Slingsby Aviation at Kirkbymoorside, North Yorkshire, England, where a 20-metre wing was fitted on the prototype HP-14C, along with an enlarged V-tail. Later Slingsby production aircraft had a conventional cruciform tail. Slingsby production and sales were hampered by certification problems, particularly with flap actuation at high speed, and the disastrous fire at Kirbymoorside on 18 November 1968. Slingsby produced only three aircraft. Other homebuilders incorporated their own modifications but none achieved production status.

Variants
HP-14
Developed from a modified HP-13 fuselage, with V-tail, using the Wortmann section wings of the Schreder HP-12
HP-14C
An 18-meter span HP-14 produced by Slingsby with a conventional cruciform tail, flown by Nicholas Goodhart at the 1968 World Championships at Leszno in Poland. The initial prototype used an enlarged V-tail.
HP-14T
The HP-14 fitted with the 18-meter 'C' wing and a T-tail.
Krutchkoff SHP-1
An HP-14 with a new fuselage designed by Andre Krutchkoff.
Zauner OZ-4
Modified version with a  wingspan and a  gross weight.

Specifications (Slingsby HP-14C)

References

Schreder Designs webpage
Simons, Martin. "Slingsby Sailplanes". Shrewsbury, Airlife. 1996. 
Sailplane Directory website
Coates, Andrew. "Jane's World Sailplanes & Motor Gliders new edition". London, Jane's. 1980. 

1960s United States sailplanes
1960s British sailplanes
HP-14C
Schreder aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1966
Evgeniy Gabrilovich. Evgeniy Gabrilovich is a research director at Facebook Reality Labs where he conducts research on neuromotor interfaces. Prior to that, he was a  principal scientist and director at Google, specializing in information retrieval, machine learning, and computational linguistics, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an ACM Fellow. In 2010, he received the Karen Spärck Jones Award from the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group.

Career 

In 2002, Gabrilovich published a research paper documenting the possibility of an IDN homograph attack, with fellow researcher Alex Gontmakher. In 2005, Gabrilovich earned his Ph.D. degree in computer science from the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology. In his Ph.D. thesis, he developed a methodology for using large-scale repositories of world knowledge, such as Wikipedia, as a basis for the improvement of text representations.

Publications

 "Computing Semantic Relatedness using Wikipedia-based Explicit Semantic Analysis", The 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 1606–1611, Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Shaul Markovitch, Hyderabad, India, January 2007
 "Harnessing the Expertise of 70,000 Human Editors: Knowledge-Based Feature Generation for Text Categorization", Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Shaul Markovitch, Journal of Machine Learning Research 8 (Oct), pp. 2297–2345, 2007
 "Robust Classification of Rare Queries Using Web Knowledge", The 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 2007
 The Homograph Attack , Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Alex Gontmakher, Communications of the ACM, 45(2):128, February 2002

References 

Living people
American computer scientists
Writers about computer security
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Facebook employees
Fellows of the IEEE
2021 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Sulfur inlay. Sulfur inlay is a rarely used technique for decorative surface inlay in wooden cabinetmaking.

The technique originates in the 18th century, but was only used for a short period. Between 1765 and around 1820, German immigrant cabinetmakers in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, used it to decorate the surface of chests. The Deitrich chest of 1783 is now in the Smithsonian.

Commercial reproducers of such chests may rarely re-create this inlay technique as well.

Technique 
The inlay technique is simple. A small groove is carved into the surface of the wood, then molten sulfur is poured into the groove. Once cooled and hard, the surface may easily be scraped flush.

Sulfur is used as it has a low melting point, easily achieved on a hotplate. This also reduces the risk of charring the wood with a hotter liquid inlay material. On cooling, sulfur also expands slightly, locking it into place.

The colour of the sulfur inlay is a pale yellow or off-white. Overheating the sulfur causes it to darken to brown, and also produces noxious fumes and a risk of fire.

Antiquarians unfamiliar with sulfur inlay have mistaken old examples for varieties of beeswax or white lead.

Related techniques 
 Pewter may be inlaid by a similar process, albeit rather hotter, giving a silvery metallic inlay. Wood's metal has also been used as a low-temperature alternative.
 Sulfur has also been used as a historical hot-melt glue for setting ironwork into stone, or for bonding stone together.
 Niello uses the darkening effect of sulfur compounds on silver.

References

External links
The Worst Way to Inlay, a 2005 replication of the technique by Theodore Gray
Surface decorative techniques in woodworking
BCDMOS. BCDMOS is a complex circuit composed of bipolar, CMOS and DMOS devices.

BCDMOS technology allows to drive discrete high voltage components (several hundred of operating voltage) at high frequency while keeping high integration with technology nodes down to 40 nm or 22 nm. Many applications still use process node of 0.35μm in 2023.

Application of this type of circuits are find in automotive, audio amplifier, RF, industry, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM).

History
SGS (now STmicroelectronics) invented the BCD (bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) technology - revolutionary at the time - in 1985 and has continually developed it ever since. BCD is a family of silicon processes, each of which combines the strengths of three different process technologies onto a single chip.

Features
According to Maxim website, it is an innovative process characteristics that provides the following features:
 high break-down voltage but small transistors,
 quite low on-resistance, which is important for the integration of multiple power FETs of low resistivity,
 double-metal-layer to support hi-current
 combining thin film and poly-poly caps (in silicon). High-accuracy references can be integrated.
According to Dongbu HiTek's news, it claims to launch the first 0.18-micrometre BCDMOS process in industry. The new process integrates logic, analog and hi-voltage functions to reduce size.

References

https://kabarluwuraya.com

Logic families
Lariat chain. A lariat chain is a loop of chain that hangs off, and is spun by a wheel. It is often used as a science exhibit or a toy. 

The original lariat chain was created in 1986 by Norman Tuck, as an artist-in-residence project at the Exploratorium in San Francisco. 

The lariat chain was developed from an earlier Tuck piece entitled Chain Reaction (1984). Chain Reaction was hand cranked, and utilized a heavy chain attached by magnets onto an iron flywheel. As in the lariat chain, Chain Reaction used a brush to disrupt the motion of the traveling chain.  

The speed of the chain is arranged to equal the wave speed of transverse waves, so that waves moving against the motion of the chain appear to be standing still.

See also
Belt (mechanical)
Foucault pendulum
Launch loop has similar potential instabilities

References

External links

Coilgun info: Lariat Chain Introduction
Kinetic Chain sculpture built from a bicycle
Instructables how-to
Simulation of a Lariat chain

Physics experiments
J. David Irwin. J. David Irwin (born August 9, 1939 in Minneapolis, Minnesota)  is an American engineering educator and author of popular textbooks in electrical engineering and related areas.  He is the Earle C. Williams Eminent Scholar and former Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Head at Auburn University.  Irwin is one of the longest serving Department Heads of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) in the world, having been appointed to lead the (then Electrical Engineering) Department at Auburn in 1973.  He had also served as President of the ECE honor society Eta Kappa Nu; President of the US National Electrical Engineering Department Head Association; and President of two IEEE technical societies, on Industrial Electronics and on Education.

Biography
Irwin received a B.E.E. degree from Auburn University (1961), and earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 1962 and 1967, respectively.  He joined Auburn University in 1969 as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering. Currently he is the Earle C. Williams Eminent Scholar and ECE Department Head at Auburn.

He is Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “for contributing to industrial electronics, control instrumentation, and engineering education,” and Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).  Among his notable awards is the IEEE’s Richard M. Emberson Award (2000) “for a long and distinguished record of service to the IEEE in the educational, technical and publication areas.”

Authorship
Irwin is widely known in the ECE and engineering education communities for his undergraduate university-level textbooks in electrical engineering and related areas.

Of special significance are his books Electric Circuit Analysis and Introduction to Electrical Engineering, which are being used in hundreds of colleges of engineering worldwide.  He has also written on multimedia computer communications, digital logic circuits, microcontrollers, industrial electronics, industrial vibration and control, and learning and career planning for undergraduate engineering students.

Leadership
During his long career, Irwin served in leadership positions in several major engineering and engineering education professional associations.  Table 2 provides a list of key positions.

Entrepreneurship
Irwin was associated with several start-up companies, including Aunigma Network Solutions.  Aunigma is an IT company based in Atlanta, Georgia US, addressing new generation Internet Protocol (IP) connections. Aunigma’s products are based on intellectual property (IP) created by the ECE Department at Auburn University.

References

Living people
1939 births
Writers from Minneapolis
People from Auburn, Alabama
Auburn University alumni
University of Tennessee alumni
Auburn University faculty
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
Fellows of the American Society for Engineering Education
Space Based Space Surveillance. The Space Based Space Surveillance (SBSS) system is a planned United States Space Force constellation of satellites and supporting ground infrastructure that will improve the ability of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) to detect and track space objects in orbit around the Earth.

The SBSS development work is being conducted in coordination with the Space Situational Awareness Group in the Space Superiority Systems Wing of the Space and Missile Systems Center.

Pathfinder satellite 

The first "pathfinder" satellite of the SBSS system (SBSS 1, aka USA 216, COSPAR 2010-048A, SATCAT 37168) was successfully placed into orbit on board a Minotaur IV rocket on 26 September 2010 (UTC). Originally, the launch was scheduled for December 2008 but was rescheduled for Spring of 2009, and again delayed until 22 October 2009. The launch delays were caused by problems with the booster, and not the satellite itself. A launch expected for 8 July 2010  was also postponed. The program cost US$823 million, including satellite, payload, launch, and ground support. The satellite and payload contracts to Ball Aerospace & Technologies are approximately 40% of the total. It is designed to examine every spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit at least once a day.

The SBSS pathfinder satellite has a 30 cm telescope on a two axis gimbal with a 2.4 megapixel image sensor and has a projected mission duration of five and a half years.

See also 
 Air Force Space Surveillance System
 MiTEx

References 

Reconnaissance satellites
Spacecraft launched by Delta IV rockets
Equipment of the United States Space Force
Space Superiority Systems Directorate. The Space Superiority Systems Directorate at Los Angeles Air Force Base includes the "Space Situational Awareness Group" and the "Counterspace Group".

Mission
Their mission is to "develop, deliver, and sustain"  capabilities that "ensure space superiority" for the United States. "The visible sensor on the SBSS satellite will be used to provide critical information vital to the protection of US military and civilian satellites," said Lt Col Robert Erickson, squadron commander for Space Based Space Surveillance within the Space Superiority Systems Wing.

History
The Air Force has proposed to cut in half funding for Counterspace and Space Control programs in its 2011 budget request, while increasing the budget for space tracking.

Squadrons assigned

Bases stationed
 Los Angeles AFB, California

List of directors
Col Arnold H. Streland
Col Mark Baird, July 2012 – September 2014
Col Philip A. Garrant, May 2014 – June 2017
Col Stephen G. Purdy Jr., 2 August 2017 – March 2020

References

External links
 SSSW Fact Sheet

Military units and formations in California
Units and formations of the United States Space Force
Transformers Animated: The Game. Transformers Animated: The Game is a 2008 video game for the Nintendo DS handheld based on Transformers: Animated, a television series in the Transformers franchise.

Plot 
The story is centered on the rogue factory robots and Space Bridge episodes that can be found in the animated series. The first half would have the player fighting the rogue security bots running amok in the Sumdac factories while the second half would have the Autobots follow Megatron through the Space Bridge and into Cybertron. The voice actors in the animated series also lent their voices to the characters in the video game.

Gameplay 
While this game features three-dimensional characters and environments, it mostly plays on a two-dimensional plane where the characters move from left to right or up and down. Unlike other games based on the Transformers franchise, this one is mainly a puzzle game.

There are 25 levels in total that can be found in the game, and it has two main modes: race mode and mission mode. In race mode, the player can use either Bumblebee, Optimus Prime or Prowl to race against the enemies or transform to robot mode in order to throw projectiles into an enemy to destroy them.

Mission mode 
There are the standard four Autobots that the player can use: Optimus Prime, Bulkhead, Prowl and Bumblebee. The player will guide them through several different stages while solving puzzles along the way. Each Autobot has a special skill that is only unique to them. Optimus Prime can use his axe to throw at his enemies and can use his grappling hook to climb the red steel girders scattered around the game. Bumblebee has his stingers that shoots electric bolts against enemies as well charge up generators to activate certain devices. He is also the only one among them that can jump and scale walls on his own. Bulkhead has his wrecking ball that he uses to throw against enemies and, being the heaviest of the three, is the only one heavy enough to step onto platform switches that open doors and turn on other devices. Using their own unique skills to solve the different puzzle rooms is the core gameplay, which is similar to The Lost Vikings. There are boss fights in this game where the player is sent to stop Lockdown and Megatron. Stopping Megatron however involves a bit of puzzle solving as well wherein the player needs to utilize all three Autobots to defeat him.

Playable characters 
For the most part, the Autobots Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Bulkhead, and Prowl are fully playable.

Reception 

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links 
 

2008 video games
Activision games
Behaviour Interactive games
Cartoon Network video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Single-player video games
Animated: The Game
Video games based on animated television series
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Rod Abernethy
Video games set in the future
Video games set in the United States
Mark J. Ablowitz. Mark Jay Ablowitz (born 1945) is a professor in the department of Applied Mathematics at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado.

Education
Ablowitz was born on June 5, 1945, in New York City. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Rochester in 1967, and completed his Ph.D. in mathematics under the supervision of David Benney at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1971.

Career and research
Ablowitz was an assistant professor of Mathematics at Clarkson University during 1971–1975 and an associate professor during 1975–1976. He visited the Program in Applied Mathematics founded by Ahmed Cemal Eringen at Princeton University during 1977–1978. He was a professor of Mathematics at Clarkson during 1976-1985 where he became the Chairman of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science in 1979. On July 1, 1985, he was appointed as the Dean of Science of Clarkson University and served there until he joined to the department of Applied Mathematics (APPM) at University of Colorado Boulder on June 30, 1989.

Awards and honors
Sloan Fellowship, 1975–1977.
Clarkson Graham Research Award, 1976.
John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, 1984.
SIAM Fellow, 2011.
National Academy of Sciences Symposium on Soliton Theory Kiev, USSR 1979.
Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, 2012.

Publications
Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Transform, M.J. Ablowitz and H. Segur, (SIAM Studies in Applied Mathematics) 1981
Topics in Soliton Theory and Exactly Solvable Nonlinear Equations, Eds. M.J. Ablowitz, B. Fuchssteiner and M. D. Kruskal, (World Scientific) 1987
Solitons, Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Inverse Scattering, M.J. Ablowitz and P.A. Clarkson, (London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes Series, 516 pages, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1991)
Complex Variables: Introduction and Applications, Mark J. Ablowitz and A. S. Fokas, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997)
Nonlinear Physics: Theory and Experiment. II, M.J. Ablowitz, M. Boiti, F. Pempinelli and B. Prinari, (World Scientific 2003)
Discrete and Continuous Nonlinear Schrödinger Systems, Mark J. Ablowitz, B. Prinari and D. Trubatch, 258 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004)
Nonlinear Dispersive Waves: Asymptotic Analysis and Solitons, Mark J. Ablowitz, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2011)

References

Living people
University of Rochester alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Clarkson University faculty
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
1945 births
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Aéroport du Grand Ouest. The Grand Ouest Airport, or Aéroport du Grand Ouest Project was a project for a new airport, to be situated  to the north-west of the French city of Nantes in the commune of Notre-Dame-des-Landes. It was intended for the new airport to replace Nantes Atlantique Airport as the airport for Nantes, but also to serve as an international gateway for western France.

History 

The €580 million project was approved in February 2008, with construction expected to start in 2014 and an opening date in 2017. Initially the airport was planned to have a capacity of four million passengers a year, increasing to nine million by 2050. This compares with the current capacity at Nantes Atlantique of three million passengers a year, a capacity that it is claimed cannot be increased because of the proximity of the airport to the city centre (a distance of only ). Opponents claimed that Nantes Atlantique can increase its capacity to 4 million passengers a year.

The new airport was planned to have two runways, and to be linked to the French motorway and rail networks.

The airport was met with strong opposition, notably led by The Greens, Ségolène Royal and Arnaud Montebourg, even though the French Socialist Party supported it. Also various groups have set up numerous protest camps and squats around the area that will be built upon known as the "ZAD" (acronym of "Zone to Defend").

Consultation 

A consultation was organised 26 June 2016 at the request of the French government. The population of Loire-Atlantique approved the transfer of Nantes Atlantique Airport in the town of Notre-Dame-des-Landes. Official results (communicated by the prefecture of Loire-Atlantique):

Cancellation 
On 17 January 2018, prime minister Édouard Philippe announced that the airport project was definitively cancelled.

References

External links
  Official site of the Aéroport du Grand Ouest project
  Official local opponents website
  ZAD website

Cancelled projects in France
Projects disestablished in 2018
Grand Ouest
Cancelled airports
Transport in Nantes
Unbuilt buildings and structures in France
Bavarian C II. The Bavarian C II was a class of early German steam locomotives operated by the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn).

Articulated variant (Stütztender) 

The first C IIs were built experimentally as articulated locomotives. The concept was based on an idea that had been developed by Wilhelm von Engerth (c.f. the Engerth locomotive), whereby the boiler barrel was supported by the tender - sometimes called a Stütztender or 'supported tender'. Because the engines did not ride smoothly however, they were converted in 1870. Initially the Stütztender was removed and, in order to balance out the uneven weight distribution on the axles, the first axle was uncoupled, so that the locomotives had a 1B axle arrangement. When, after a few years, the boiler had to be replaced, it was positioned further forward to enable a better distribution of weight. As a result, the former articulated locomotives were then the same as the standard C II locomotives and became six-coupled again. A total of five were built by Maffei, which were named HERCULES, HECTOR, ACHILLES, AJAX and THESEUS.

Standard variant 

The C II locomotives were needed to handle the growth in goods traffic. The standard variant of the C II series was built as an 0-6-0 engine with a 4-wheeled tender. It was derived from the Bavarian C I class and was given an external locomotive frame, horizontal outside cylinders, an internal Stephenson valve gear and a 'long-necked crank' (Langhalskurbel). The transition from boiler barrel to outer firebox had been tapered so that it could fit between the rear axle. Instead of a driver's cab, these locos were given a weather shield (Wetterschirm), similar to those on present-day motorbikes. Their retirement began in 1891 and was complete by the end of the 1920s. Several examples went as wartime reparations to France and Belgium.

They were equipped with a Bavarian 2 T 9,25 tender.

See also
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References

 
 

0-6-6 locomotives
C II
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Krauss locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1857
Freight locomotives