omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
China Railways HXN5. The GE ES59ACi, also known as the HXN5 () or China Mainline Locomotive, is a type of diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation and CRRC Qishuyan for use on freight trains from Harbin to Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in China.

In October 2005, China Railway ordered 700 ES59ACi Evolution Series locomotives from GE Transportation and CRRC Qishuyan for delivery in 2008–2009. Two have been built at Erie, Pennsylvania, in 2008; the rest were assembled by Qishuyan at Changzhou in 2008–2010. The first Chinese made loco was unveiled on 25 November 2008. The initial order was reduced from 700 to an actual 300 units produced.

The locomotive is equipped with a GE GEVO-16 engine, with an output of .

Gallery

See also
 C38Emi - variant of GE Dash 9-44CW operating in Brazil
 GE C36-7 - operated by CR as ND5 locomotives
 China Railways NJ2
 China Railways HXN3
 China Railways HXN5B

References

HXN5
Co′Co′ locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2008
Qishuyan locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of China
Zinc oxide nanorod sensor. A zinc oxide nanorod sensor or ZnO nanorod sensor is an electronic or optical device detecting presence of certain gas or liquid molecules (e.g. humidity, NO, hydrogen, etc.) in the ambient atmosphere. The sensor exploits enhanced surface area (and thus surface activity) intrinsic to all nano-sized materials, including ZnO nanorods. Adsorption of molecules on the nanorods can be detected through variation of the nanorods' properties, such as photoluminescence, electrical conductivity, vibration frequency, mass, etc. The simplest and thus most popular way is to pass electrical current through the nanorods and observe its changes upon exposure to gas.
Synthesis can be obtained by a hydrothermal method using 1:1 Molar solution of hexamine and Zinc nitrate solution kept together for 56 hours in an autoclave at 60-70 degree Celsius.

See also
Hydrogen safety
List of sensors
Nanoelectromechanical systems

References

Reviews

External links
For the future hydrogen economy, a tiny, self-powered sensor

Gas sensors
Nanoelectronics
Joseph Poon. Joseph S. Poon is William Barton Rogers Professor of Physics at the University of Virginia. His research applies physics principles to design, synthesize, and investigate amorphous metals, nano-structured materials, and inter-metallic compounds. For his advances in research on Amorphous metal, he was cited in the "Scientific American 50 Leaders" in 2004. He is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society.

In 2020, he was awarded the  for research by the Southeastern section of the American Physical Society.

Poon received his education at the California Institute of Technology, where he got a B.S. and Ph.D. degree in Applied physics.

He has acquired multi-million dollars grants from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for the applications of amorphous metals in defense industry.

References

Living people
University of Virginia faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Piezoelectric coefficient. The piezoelectric coefficient or piezoelectric modulus, usually written d33, quantifies the volume change when a piezoelectric material is subject to an electric field, or the polarization on the application of  stress. In general, piezoelectricity is described by a tensor of coefficients ; see  for further details.

See also
List of piezoelectric materials

External links
Table of properties for lead zirconate titanate
Piezoelectric terminology
Piezoelectric Constant (or coefficient); a simple explanation

Electrical phenomena
Grand Canyon Water Reclamation Plant. The Grand Canyon Water Reclamation Plant in Grand Canyon National Park was one of the first water reclamation plants in the United States, pioneering operating principles that are in use in modern facilities. It is located on the South Rim in Grand Canyon Village, the center of tourist development in the park.

The scarcity of water and the high demand for fresh water in the developed areas of the park encouraged the development of a system to treat wastewater so that it could be used for non-potable purposes such as flushing toilets, supplying steam locomotive boilers, irrigation and similar uses. The Grand Canyon water plant was completed in May 1926, producing water that was claimed to be potable (but never used for drinking) at a cost that was one-sixth of the cost for new water. The plant was expanded in 1934 to serve the Bright Angel Lodge.

Description
The treatment plant consists of a set of bar-screen boxes, a sedimentation tank, three aeration tanks, two clarifiers, one secondary tank, two filters, an approximately  holding tank, and a water tank for backwashing filters. The mechanical systems are housed in a two-story frame structure on a concrete base that contains filters, aeration generators and the chlorination system, as well as an office, laboratory and shop.

The treatment process passed wastewater through the bar screen, which filtered out large solids, then to a measuring followed by a finer bar screen flume. Solids from the bar screens went to a sludge pond, while coarsely filtered water went to a pre-sedimentation tank, which separated grease and additional solids. An aeration stage allowed aerobic bacteria to work, followed by a pass through clarifier tanks. Filters used anthracite coal to give final clarity, followed by chlorination and storage. The plant operated with its original equipment until it closed. Most of the equipment is original.

Historic designation
The historic land embraced in this site is a rectangle formed by using the aeration tanks as a center and extending lines 100 yards to the north, 200 yards to the east, 200 yards to the west, and 400 yards to the south.
 The treatment plant was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1974.

References

External links

Sewage treatment plants in the United States
Buildings and structures in Grand Canyon National Park
Buildings and structures in Coconino County, Arizona
Grand Canyon history
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona
1926 establishments in Arizona
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Water supply infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Grand Canyon National Park
Carbon-based fuel. Carbon-based fuel is any fuel   principally from the oxidation or burning of carbon.   Carbon-based fuels are of two main kinds, biofuels  and fossil fuels. Whereas biofuels are derived from recent-growth organic matter and are typically harvested, as with logging of forests and cutting of corn, fossil fuels are of prehistoric origin and are extracted from the ground, the principal fossil fuels being oil, coal, and natural gas.

From an economic policy perspective, an important distinction between biofuels and fossil fuels is that only the former is sustainable or renewable.

Whereas we can continue to obtain energy from biofuels indefinitely in principle, the Earth's reserves of fossil fuels was determined millions of years ago and is therefore fixed as far as our foreseeable future is concerned.  The great variability in the ease of extraction of fossil fuels however makes its endgame scenario one of increasing prices over one or more centuries rather than of abrupt exhaustion.

From the perspective of climate and ecology, biofuels and fossil fuels have in common that they contribute to the production of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has emerged in recent decades as the fastest-changing greenhouse gas, whose principal impacts are global warming and ocean acidification.  However biofuels actively participate in the carbon cycle today by photosynthesizing carbon dioxide, unlike fossil fuels whose participation was long ago, and can therefore in principle bring atmospheric CO2 into an equilibrium not possible with the continued use of fossil fuel.  But in practice photosynthesis is a slow process, and the additional fuel produced by artificial methods of accelerating it such as application of fertilizer tends to be offset by the energy consumed by the accelerating processes, to a degree currently under active debate.  In contrast the speed of photosynthesis is immaterial for fossil fuels because they had millions of years in which to accumulate. Burning of both fossil fuels and biofuels usually also produces carbon monoxide, which is toxic and can kill a person after mixing with the haemoglobin of the blood, increasing its concentration in the body. Biofuels and fossil fuels may also produce many other air pollutants depending on the contents of the fuel.

References

External links
 The Report of the National Advisory Panel on Sustainable Energy Science and Technology, Chapter 5, Carbon-Based Fuels
 "The Coming Energy Crisis?"  - essay by James L. Williams of WTRG Economics and A. F. Alhajji of Ohio Northern University
 "Powering the Future" - Michael Parfit (National Geographic)
 "Federal Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
 Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Europe
 Alternative Fueling Station Locator (EERE).
 How Much Water Does It Take to Make Electricity?—Natural gas requires the least water to produce energy, some biofuels the most, according to a new study.
 International Conference on Biofuels Standards - European Union Biofuels Standardization
International Energy Agency: Biofuels for Transport - An International Perspective

Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Energy economics
Biomachining. Biomachining is the machining process of using lithotropic bacteria to remove material from metal parts, contrasted with chemical machining methods such as chemical milling and physical machining methods such as milling. Certain bacteria, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans, which are also used in the mineral refinement process of bioleaching, utilize the chemical energy from oxidation of iron or copper to fix carbon dioxide from the air. A metal object, when placed in a culture fluid containing these metal-metabolizing bacteria, will have material removed from its surface over time.

Biomachining is ideal for micromachining due to its very low material removal rate. In addition, biomachining is less likely to leave an undesirable surface finish; neither chemical nor physical energy is concentrated on the cutting area, so the possibility of a damaged or burned surface is slim.

This process has been successfully used to cut both pure iron and pure copper.

Process
Biomachining is performed in a manner similar to chemical milling: the area to be cut is marked out as a negative image with an inert maskant, used to protect the areas that are not to be cut. The part is then dipped into a bath of culture fluid, which is kept at a precise temperature and stirred throughout the process. Laboratory experiments on the subject have determined that the depth of any cuts produced increases as the stirring rate increases; this depth is also affected by the temperature of the process.

Sources

Machining
Nimonic. Nimonic is now a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation that refers to a family of nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloys. Nimonic alloys typically consist of more than 50% nickel and 20% chromium with additives such as titanium and aluminium. 

The main use is in gas turbine components and extremely high performance reciprocating internal combustion engines. The Nimonic family of alloys was first developed in the 1940s by research teams at the Wiggin Works in Hereford, England, in support of the development of the Whittle jet engine.

Development

Working at Inco-Mond's Wiggin facility at Birmingham in the United Kingdom, Leonard Bessemer Pfeil is credited with the development of Nimonic alloy 80 in 1941, and used in the Power Jets W.2B. Four years later, Nimonic alloy 80A followed, an alloy widely used in engine valves today. Progressively stronger alloys were subsequently developed: Nimonic alloy 90 (1945), Nimonic alloy 100 (1955), and Nimonic alloys 105 (1960) and 115 (1964 - Prof John Gittus FREng. DSc. D Tech 1986.).

Properties and uses
Due to its ability to withstand very high temperatures, Nimonic is ideal for use in aircraft parts and gas turbine components such as turbine blades and exhaust nozzles on jet engines, for instance, where the pressure and heat are extreme. It is available in different grades, including Nimonic 75, Nimonic 80A, and Nimonic 90. Nimonic 80a was used for the turbine blades on the Rolls-Royce Nene and de Havilland Ghost, Nimonic 90 on the Bristol Proteus, and Nimonic 105 on the Rolls-Royce Spey aviation gas turbines. Nimonic 263 was used in the combustion chambers of the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 used on the Concorde supersonic airliner. The heads of the exhaust valves as well as the turbine wheel of its Rajay turbocharger for the Corvair Spyder turbo engine were made of Nimonic 80A. Most Saab cars with high output turbos use exhaust valves made of Nimonic 80A as well.

Nimonic 75 has been certified by the European Union as a standard creep reference material.

See also
 Brightray

References

External links
  ... and now Nimonic 90 - a 1951 Flight advertisement for Nimonic 90
 Nimonic Alloys - a 1952 Flight advertisement for Nimonic Alloys by Henry Wiggin and Company
 Nimonic Creep-Resisting Alloys - a 1960 Flight advertisement

Nickel alloys
Superalloys
Chromium alloys
Aerospace materials
British inventions
Nickel–chromium alloys
Nieuport-Delage NiD 39. The Nieuport-Delage NiD 39 was an airliner produced in France in the late 1920s, developed from the NiD 38.

History
The airline Compagnie Aérienne Française had purchased four examples of the previous aircraft and ordered an improved version with greater passenger capacity from the manufacturer. Like its predecessor, the NiD 39 was a single-bay biplane of conventional design with an enclosed cabin its passengers and an open cockpit for the pilot. However, while the NiD 38 could only carry two passengers, the NiD 39 could carry four. CAF also specified the engine to be used – the Armstrong Siddeley Lynx – although the first eight examples produced flew with the same Hispano-Suiza engine that had powered the NiD 38. The airline operated around thirty examples on routes between western European cities until 1932.

Variants
 NiD 390 - initial version with Hispano-Suiza 8Ac engine (8 built)
 NiD 391 - main production version with Armstrong Siddeley Lynx IVC engine (20 built, plus 2 converted from NiD 390)
 NiD 391/2 - NiD 391 with 30 cm (12 inch) fuselage stretch (7 built)
 NiD 393 - version with Lorraine 7Ma engine (1 converted from NiD 391)

Operators
 France
 Compagnie Aérienne Française

Specifications (NiD 391)

Notes

References

 
 
 

 039
1920s French airliners
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Kalypso (software). Kalypso is an open source modelling program. It focuses on numerical simulations in water management and ecology such as the generation of inundation and flood risk maps by hydrologic and hydrodynamic models and GIS functionality. 

The Kalypso software system has been collaboratively developed in a joint project by the company Björnsen Consulting Engineers (BCE) and the department for river and coastal engineering at Hamburg University of Technology, Germany. It is available for download at SourceForge.net under the GNU LGPL.

Kalypso Modules 
Kalypso is currently (November 2010) divided into six modules: three numerical simulation modules, two tools for complex flood and risk mapping and an evacuation tool. 

Kalypso Hydrology (rainfall-runoff simulation)
Kalypso WSPM (one-dimensional steady hydrodynamic simulation)
Kalypso 1D/2D (coupled one- and two-dimensional unsteady hydrodynamic simulation)
Kalypso Flood (flood mapping tool)
Kalypso Risk (flood risk assessment tool)
Kalypso Evacuation (evacuation strategy tool)

The modules are based on a common modelling framework called KalypsoBASE and are published as open source software under the LGPL license. KalypsoBASE itself is a collection of Eclipse plug-ins and can be easily extended to provide new and independent modules.

Projects 

A few software projects are using KalypsoBASE.

nofdp IDSS 
nofdp (nature-oriented flood damage prevention) is a decision support system designed by the Hessian Ministry for Environment, Rural Areas and Consumer Protection (Germany) in the context of the EU INTERREG III B program in order to provide means for environmentally-oriented flood protection measures.

The nofdp IDSS has been designed as a tool for planners and decision makers in water resources engineering allowing them to have an integrative view on river catchment areas. This is used to improve flood damage protection taking into account aspects of spatial planning, water resources management and ecology.

References 
 "A GIS-based Platform for Environmental and Water Resources Modeling - Kalypso Open Source", Publication in GEO Informatics magazine, March 2009.

Notes 
This article incorporates text from the Kalypso article at GISWiki, where the content is licensed under the GFDL.

External links 

Free science software
Integrated hydrologic modelling
Amiga Walker. The Amiga Walker, sometimes incorrectly known as the Mind Walker, is a prototype of an Amiga computer developed and shown by Amiga Technologies, a subsidiary of Escom, in late 1995/early 1996. Walker was planned as a replacement for the  A1200 with a faster CPU, better expansion capabilities, and a built-in CD-ROM. The Walker was never released; Escom and Amiga Technologies went bankrupt, and only two (three) prototypes were made.

The case is unique and radically different from computers before it. The intention was also to make the motherboard available without the case so users could put it into a standard PC case. There were a number of other potential case designs of different sizes, the Walker motherboard could fit all of them; this allowed for expandability tailored to the user's requirements.

When the Walker was announced, it was the subject of much discussion (and ridicule) within the Amiga user community, centering on the unconventional case design.

Technical information

Specifications

CPU:
Motorola  68030/33 MHz (in the prototype version)
Motorola 68030/40 MHz (compared to  68020/14 MHz in A1200)
Chipset: AGA
Memory:
1 MB Kickstart ROM (compared to 512 kB in the original Amiga 1200)
2 MB Chip RAM
4 MB Fast RAM (only in the production version)
Drives:
internal CD-ROM
1.44 MB internal floppy drive
Realtime clock onboard
Additional:
Amiga keyboard

See also

 Power A5000
 Amiga models and variants

References

External links 
 Short video of an Amiga Walker prototype on YouTube

Amiga
Vaporware
Pyrotol catalyst. Pyrotol is a catalyst used in the industrial production of benzene through a process known as pyrolysis.  It is a proprietary chromium-alumina catalyst manufactured by Clariant International (formerly known as Sud-Chemie) and licensed exclusively to CB&I Lummus Technology, Inc.  It is completely unrelated to the explosive pyrotol.

External links
 Clariant - Catalysis and Energy
 Detol, Litol, and Pyrotol Hydrodealkylation

Catalysts
WD Austerity 2-8-0 79257. War Department "Austerity" 2-8-0, WD No. 79257 is a preserved British steam locomotive. It is the only survivor of its type. Originally built by the Vulcan Foundry in 1945, works No. 5200, it was given the WD No. 79257. During the liberation of Europe, it was transferred to mainland Europe with the British Army.

Post-war service
After the war, it was sold to Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS, Dutch Railways), where it became part of the NS 4300 class number 4464. NS in turn sold it to Statens Järnvägar (SJ, Swedish State Railways) where it became Class G11 1931. Also sold to SJ at the same time was 4383 ex WD 78259 which became SJ 1930.

Preservation
No. 1931 was preserved by the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway, who ran it in SJ condition for several years. In 1993 work began on restoring the locomotive to more or less original condition, as "British Railways No. 90733", one higher than the last BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0, 90732 Vulcan. Incidentally, one engine did very briefly carry the BR number 90733 as ex-WD Stanier Class 8F No. 48773 (also preserved) was incorrectly numbered that upon entering BR stock in 1957, after being mistaken for an Austerity 2-8-0 type. As of July 2018, it is being stripped for an overhaul.

Gallery

References

External links 

 K&WVR steam locos
 K&WVR diesel locos

Preserved steam locomotives of Great Britain
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
2-8-0 locomotives
T43-class minesweeper. The T43 (Projet 254) were a class of open-ocean minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy from 1948 to 1957. It was exported to client states; the People's Republic of China and Poland produced additional ships. Some hulls were converted to other uses by various users. Examples remained in service in 2015.

Design
The hull is made of steel.

Early ships were  long with a straight-up bridge structure.

Later ships were  long with a double-level bridge structure and added 25 mm guns.

Operators
 / 
Albania received 3 from the Soviet Union in 1960. One retired in 2011, and the second had retired by 2015.

 / 
Algeria received two from the Soviet Union in 1968. One was cannibalized for parts by 1989. The last was retired by 2009.

Bangladesh ordered a new ship from China in 1993, based on the Chinese T43 variant, which entered service in 1996. The Tamir-II sonar was replaced by a C-Tech sonar in 1998. It was used mainly as a patrol ship. An order for three more ships was not fulfilled.

 / 
Bulgaria received three short-hulled ships from the Soviet Union in 1953. By 1989, one was cannibalized for parts and another was used as a spy ship. All were retired by 2009.

The People's Republic of China received about four short-hulled ships from the Soviet Union in the 1950s. China constructed over 60 of a variant called Type 6610 or Type 010, most of which were of the long-hull type. Production began in 1956 and continued to at least the early 1990s. Some were converted for other roles, including patrol, surveying, submarine rescue, and civilian research.

 Federation of Arab Republics (1972-1984) / 
Egypt received seven ships from the Soviet Union in the 1970s. By 2015, three were in service with the remainder disposed of.

Indonesia received six ships from the Soviet Union, four in 1962 and two in 1964. None were in service by 1989.

 / 
Iraq received two ships from the Soviet Union in 1969. None were in service by 2009.

 / 
Poland built 12 ships from 1957 to 1962, including four short hulls. Of the short hulls, one was converted into a spy ship, one was retired in 1987, and another was retired in 1988. None were in service by 2009.

The Soviet Union built over 200 hulls, including those converted to other uses included diving ships, tenders, and KGB patrol ships. They were being phased out in 1989 when only 35 remained in service.

References

Sources

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
 
Minesweepers of the Albanian Naval Force
Minesweepers of the Algerian National Navy
Minesweepers of the Bulgarian Navy
Minesweepers of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Minesweepers of the Cuban Navy
Minesweepers of the Egyptian Navy
Minesweepers of the Indonesian Navy
Minesweepers of the Iraqi Navy
Minesweepers of the Polish Navy