omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization. Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx) is an electrochemical process consisting on the reactive precipitation of metal ions in solution (or dispersion) with intermediaries produced by the electrochemical reduction of gases (such as oxygen), at gas diffusion electrodes. It can serve for the recovery of metals or metalloids into solid precipitates or for the synthesis of libraries of nanoparticles.

History
The gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was invented in 2014 by Xochitl Dominguez Benetton at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, in Belgium. The patent for the process granted in Europe was filed in 2015 and its expiration is anticipated in 2036.

Process
Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization is a process electrochemically driven at porous gas-diffusion electrodes, in which a triple phase boundary is established between a liquid solution, an oxidizing gas, and an electrically conducting electrode. The liquid solution containing dissolved metal ions (e.g., CuCl2, ZnCl2) flows through an electrochemical cell equipped with a gas diffusion electrode, making contact with its electrically conducting part (typically a porous layer). The oxidizing gas (e.g., pure O2, O2 in air, CO2, etc.) percolates through a hydrophobic layer on the gas diffusion electrode, acting as a cathode. After the gas diffuses to the electrically conducting layer acting as an electrocatalyst (e.g., hydrophilic activated carbon), the gas is electrochemically reduced. For instance, by imposing specific cathodic polarization conditions (e.g., −0.145 VSHE O2 is reduced, to H2O2 in a 2 electron (2 e–) transfer process and H2O in a 4 electron (4 e–) transfer process. OH– are also produced in the process. As this happens, abrupt local pH and local electrolyte redox potential changes arise within the cathode porosity. As the hydroxyl ions spread to the bulk electrolyte, systematic pH increases become consistently manifest in the electrolyte bulk. In due course, low amounts of H2O2 are generated. In steady state, a reaction front is fully developed throughout the hydrodynamic boundary layer. This creates local saturation conditions at the electrochemical interface, where metal ions precipitate in metastable or stable phases depending on the operational variables. When oxygen is the oxidizing gas, the mechanism for gas-diffusion electrocrystallization has been explained as an oxidation-assisted alkaline precipitation using gas-diffusion electrodes.

Honors
In 2020, the gas-diffusion electrocrystallization process was presented as a great EU-funded innovation by the Innovation Radar of the European Commission, for its application on the secondary recovery of platinum group metals.

References 

Electrochemistry
Niels Quack. Niels Quack (born 1980 in Göttingen) is a Swiss and German engineer specialized in optical micro engineering. He is a SNSF professor at EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and director of the Photonic Micro- and Nanosystems Laboratory at its school of engineering.

Career 
Quack studied engineering at EPFL and received his master's degree in 2005. He then joined Jürg Dual's Institute for Mechanical Systems at ETH Zurich as a PhD student and graduated in 2010 with a thesis on "Micromirrors for integrated tunable mid-infrared detectors and emitters." In 2011, he went to work as a postdoctoral researcher at Ming C. Wu's Integrated Photonics Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley. From 2014 to 2015, he was senior microelectromechanical systems engineer with Sercalo Microtechnology Inc.

Since 2015, he has been an SNSF Assistant Professor with the EPFL, and head of the Photonic Micro- and Nanosystems Laboratory at its school of engineering.

Research 
The research interests of Quack's group include photonic micro- and Nanosystems Engineering for integrated transducers. They focus on diamond photonics and silicon photonic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and photonic switches and tunable optical microsystems that find application in information and communication technologies, and emerging fields such as quantum information and artificial intelligence.

Quack's research has been featured in several international news outlet's such as Inside Unmanned Systems, Swissinfo, Phys.org, Bilan, Laser Focus World, and Enerzine. His research is also introduced in online videos such as the OSA stories and the H2020 Morphic Project.

Distinctions 
Quack has been an associate editor Journal of Optical Microsystems, Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS (JM3), and Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. He has been a steering committee member of the IEEE International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN), and served as general chair of the IEEE OMN 2018 and the Latsis Symposium 2019 on Diamond Photonics.

He is a senior member of IEEE, a member of The Optical Society, and a life member of SPIE.

He is the recipient of the Outstanding Paper Award by Nature Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020.

Most cited papers

References

External links 
 
 Website of the Laboratory of Photonic Micro- and Nanosystems

Living people
ETH Zurich alumni
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
1980 births
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne alumni
21st-century Swiss engineers
Itoh Emi 1. The Itoh Emi 1 was Japan's second successful civil aircraft and the first design of Orojiro Itoh.

Design and development

Otijiro Itoh became interested in aviation in his teens, sought guidance from the pioneering Sanji Narahara and joined his group in 1910, age 19. Later he assisted Shigesaburo Torigai, another Japanese pioneer, in the construction of the Torigai Hyabusa-go. This aircraft crashed on its first flight, was repaired and crashed again, though possibly because of its pilot's inexperience. Itoh repaired and redesigned it, making it usable and teaching himself to fly. By early 1915 he had established the Itoh Aeroplane Research Studio and an associated flying school and by that autumn had completed his first design, the Emi 1. The "Emi" was a respectful nod to the district of Osaka where he grew up.

The sole Emi 1 was a three bay biplane with a fabric covered wooden structure. Its wings were of equal span and joined by parallel pairs of interplane struts. The upper wing was well above the fuselage and the lower ones mounted on the lower fuselage longerons.  The Hyabusa-go's French,  Grégoire Gyp four cylinder, water-cooled inline engine powered it. Its pilot had an open cockpit. At a time when there were few prepared airstrips, landing gear needed to be robust and the Emi 1's gear had two wheels on each leg.

Its first flight was on 11 November 1915.

Operational history

On 8 January 1916, not long after the first flight, Itoh flew the Emi 1 from his base at Inage Bay to Tokyo. This took 55 minutes and was the first flight to Tokyo. He later flew it to 58 Japanese cities, partly to advertise his aircraft and partly to raise air-mindedness in Japan. The Emi 1 was the second successful Japanese aircraft, following the Narahara 4 Ohtori-go.

Later the Emi 1 was re-engined at Inage Bay with a  Hino Type, remaining in use with the flying school.

Specifications (Emi 1)

References

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s Japanese civil aircraft
1
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Lutetium phthalocyanine. Lutetium phthalocyanine () is a coordination compound derived from lutetium and two phthalocyanines. It was the first known example of a molecule that is an intrinsic semiconductor. It exhibits electrochromism, changing color when subject to a voltage.

Structure
 is a double-decker sandwich compound consisting of a  ion coordinated to two the conjugate base of two phthalocyanines.  The rings are arranged in a staggered conformation. The extremities of the two ligands are slightly distorted outwards. The complex features a non-innocent ligand, in the sense that the macrocycles carry an extra electron. It is a free radical with the unpaired electron sitting in a half-filled molecular orbital between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals, allowing its electronic properties to be finely tuned.

Properties
, along with many substituted derivatives like the alkoxy-methyl derivative , can be deposited as a thin film with intrinsic semiconductor properties; said properties arise due to its radical nature and its low reduction potential compared to other metal phthalocyanines. This initially green film exhibits electrochromism; the oxidized form  is red, whereas the reduced form  is blue and the next two reduced forms are dark blue and violet, respectively. The green/red oxidation cycle can be repeated over 10,000 times in aqueous solution with dissolved alkali metal halides, before it is degraded by hydroxide ions; the green/blue redox degrades faster in water.

Electrical properties
 and other lanthanide phthalocyanines are of interest in the development of organic thin-film field-effect transistors.

 derivatives can be selected to change color in the presence of certain molecules, such as in gas detectors; for example, the thioether derivative  changes from green to brownish-purple in the presence of NADH.

References

Phthalocyanines
Lutetium complexes
Chemical tests
Organic semiconductors
Sandwich compounds
Free radicals
Kashenyi–Mitooma Road. The Kashenyi–Mitooma Road in the Western Region of Uganda connects the town of Kashenyi in Bushenyi District with the town of Mitooma in Mitooma District. The road measures approximately .

Location
The road starts at Kashenyi, about  south of Ishaka, on the road to Kagamba, along the Ishaka–Kagamba Road. The coordinates of the road, about  out of Mitooma Town are 0°36'47.0"S 30°04'59.0"E (Latitude:-0.613056; Longitude:30.083056).

Upgrading to bitumen
In 2017, the government of Uganda, hired Chongqing International Construction Corporation (CICO), at a contract price of USh49.199 billion (about US$13.5 million) to upgrade the road from gravel surface to class II bitumen surface and the building of bridges and drainage channels. The contract price included tarmacking of the access road to Katabi Seminary in Bushenyi District, measuring 0.8 kilometers, bringing the total length of the contract project to .

Overview
The tarmacked road is expected to ease transport within the  districts of Bushenyi, Mitooma, Rubirizi and Sheema, collectively referred to as Greater Bushenyi. The area is heavily involved in agriculture, both on a subsistence level and increasingly on a commercial level. Agriculture employs nearly 87 percent of the population of the aforementioned districts.

Crops grown in the area on a commercial basis include tea, coffee, matooke, bananas. In addition hybrid cattle are raised in the area for both milk and meat production.

Timeline
Work on the road project started on 31 January 2017. Completion was achieved on 16 January 2019. The one year Defects Liability Period ended in January 2020 and the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) issued a completion certificate to the contractor.

See also

 Economy of Uganda
 Transport in Uganda
 List of roads in Uganda

References

External links
 Compensation Delays Work on Kashenyi-Mitooma Road As of 20 April 2018.
 Uganda National Road Authority Homepage

Roads in Uganda
Bushenyi District
Mitooma District
Western Region, Uganda
Transport infrastructure completed in 2019
2019 establishments in Uganda
Open Robotics. Open Robotics is a nonprofit corporation headquartered in Mountain View, California. It is the primary maintainer of the Robot Operating System, and the Gazebo simulator. Its stated mission is to support "the development, distribution and adoption of open source software for use in robotics research, education, and product development".

Open Robotics funds its operations through the contributions of various public and private organizations, some of whom also engage its services for the development of various robotics applications, robotics R&D and consulting. Notable sources of past and current funding include DARPA, NASA, Amazon, Bosch, Nvidia and the Toyota Research Institute.

History

The beginnings of Open Robotics can be traced to Willow Garage, a robotics research lab and incubator created by Scott Hassan, an early Google engineer and billionaire technology entrepreneur. It was here that the first official Robot Operating System (ROS) distribution was released in May 2010, and quickly gained widespread adoption. Willow Garage was gradually dissolved in the ensuing years into several spin-offs, including the Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF), which was created in May 2012 to continue to shepherd the development of ROS and the Gazebo simulator.

OSRF's initial backers included Willow Garage and DARPA, which awarded OSRF its first contract to support open source simulation software for the DARPA Robotics Challenge. In subsequent years, OSRF also provided support for NASA's Space Robotics challenge and the DARPA Subterranean Challenge.

In September 2016, a taxable subsidiary named the Open Source Robotics Corporation (OSRC) was created to foster greater collaboration with industry. Together with OSRF, these two organizations came to be officially known as Open Robotics in May 2017. In 2018, Open Robotics opened its first overseas office in Singapore, and announced its collaboration with the Singapore Government to work on robotics applications for the healthcare sector.

In December 2022, OSRC and OSRC-SG (the Singapore entity) were acquired by Intrinsic, a subsidiary of Alphabet. OSRF remains an independent non-profit.

In April 15th, 2024 the OSRA (THE OPEN SOURCE Robotics Alliance) replaced the OSRC, the OSRC was sold to Intrinsic before the creation of the OSRA initiative, and both of those things are part of a single long-term plan by the OSRF to provide a stable future for ROS, Gazebo, Open-RMF, and the infrastructure that supports them.

References

External links
 Official website
 Ashlee Vance, Willow Garage's Last Days, Bloomberg Business, February 20, 2014.

 
Robotics companies of the United States
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Non-profit corporations
Heat Death of the Universe. Heat Death of the Universe or variants, may refer to:

 Heat death of the Universe, a theory that suggests the universe would evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy
 The Heat Death of the Universe, a 2003 album by Off Minor, and its title track
 "The Heat Death of the Universe", a 1967 short story by Pamela Zoline
 The Heat Death of the Universe and other Stories, a 1988 anthology by Pamela Zoline
 "Heat Death of the Universe", a short story by Erin McKean and Carly Monardo, published in the 2010 anthology collection Machine of Death

See also

 Heat death (disambiguation)
 Cold death (disambiguation)
Chinese destroyer Tangshan. Tangshan (122) is a Type 052DL destroyer of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was commissioned on 14 August 2020.

Development and design 

The basic ship type and layout of the Type 052D guided-missile destroyer is the same as that of the Type 052C destroyer, but compared to the earlier Type 052C destroyer, the Type 052D superstructure has a larger inclination angle and provides better stealth performance. At the same time, the 052C helicopter hangar is located The left side of the hull axis was changed to the center axis of the ship on Type 052D; a pair of small boat storage compartments were added on both sides of the hangar, similar to the design on the Type 054A frigate. 

The close in weapon system is composed of a H/PJ-12 short-range defense weapon system located in front of the bridge and a 24 Hongqi-10 air defense missile system located on the top of the hangar, which is combined to form a ladder interception. The original 100mm naval gun was replaced by a higher height and better stealth model H/PJ45 naval gun. On May 13, 2019, the extended version of the 052DL was exposed. The hull of the 052DL is basically the same as the 052D, but the helicopter deck is lengthened to prepare for the Zhi-20 to board the ship.

The Type 52D is the first Chinese surface combatant to use canister-based universal VLS, as opposed to the concentric type VLS carried aboard earlier vessels. 64 cells are carried; 32 forward and 32 aft. The VLS is reportedly an implementation of the GJB 5860-2006 standard. The VLS may fire the extended-range variant of the HHQ-9 surface-to-air missile, YJ-18 anti-ship cruise missiles, and CY-5 anti-submarine missiles.

Construction and career 
Tangshan was launched on 7 July 2018 at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai. Commissioned on 14 August 2020.

On 2 March 2021, Huainan, Tangshan, Qiqihar and Zhangjiakou conducted a training exercise in the Yellow Sea.

References 

2018 ships
Ships built in China
Type 052D destroyers
Naia Butler-Craig. Naia Butler-Craig (born September 2, 1997) is an American science communicator and aerospace engineer.

Early life and education 
As of 2022, she is a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research fellow in the High-Power Electric Propulsion Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She joined Georgia Tech to pursue her doctoral research on electric propulsion after graduating from Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University and working in the Space and Science Technology Systems Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center.

Advocacy 
While in high school, Butler-Craig participated in the Tech Sassy Girlz camp, and was highlighted in a later article about fundraising for the project. She is the founder of Black Girls in STEM—an initiative to promote Black girls and women to serve as role models for younger scientists—and serves as the Head of Chapters for the Society of Women in Space Exploration. 

As an advocate to overcome racism in science, Butler-Craig has been highlighted by NowThis News in a 2021 video, and has spoken with the media including articles by The Atlantic, Space.com, and the All Things Aviation podcast about the day the Perseverance rover landed on Mars.  The Organization of Black Aerospace Professionals interviewed her in a 2021 publications sharing careers in aerospace and shared a video of her discussing her career in their Girls Launch program. Butler-Craig has also discussed space propulsion on NPR's Short Wave podcast

Awards and honors
Butler-Craig was named “Executive Member of the Year” by the National Society of Black Engineers, Region III in 2018. In 2019 the Mars Generation program named her on their space award winners. In 2020 she received the Modern-Day Technology Leader Award, part of the Black Engineer of the Year Awards, and Popular Mechanic named her one of ten women to follow on Twitter. She was featured in the 2021 Forbes 30 Under 30 list for Science for her contribution to advancing diversity in STEM.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
American aerospace engineers
Living people
21st-century American women scientists
American science communicators
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American scientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
María Inés Valla. María Inés Valla (born 1956) is an Argentine electronic and power engineer specializing in power electronics and nonlinear control for electric power systems. She is a professor of electrical engineering at the National University of La Plata, affiliated with the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Institute for Research in Electronics, Control and Signal Processing (LEICI).

Education and career
Valla was born in Paraná, Entre Ríos on April 3, 1956. She earned an engineering degree from the National University of La Plata in 1980 and completed a doctorate there in 1994, under the joint supervision of Carlos F. Christiansen and José María Catalfo.

She served as co-editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics from 2013 to 2018.

Book
Valla is the coauthor, with Sergio Alberto González and Santiago Andrés Verne, of the book Multilevel Converters for Industrial Applications (CRC Press, 2014).

Recognition
Valla received the IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000. She was named an IEEE Fellow in 2010 "for contributions to non-linear control of electric drives". In 2019, the National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Argentina gave Valla the Premio Consagración, their highest award.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
People from Paraná, Entre Ríos
National University of La Plata alumni
Academic staff of the National University of La Plata
Argentine engineers
Argentine women engineers
Fellows of the IEEE
INS Himgiri (2020). INS Himgiri is the second ship of the  stealth guided missile frigates being built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers for the Indian Navy. The ship was laid down on 10 November 2018 and it was launched on 14 December 2020. The ship is expected to be delivered by mid 2025 and commissioned in the same year.

See also
 Future of the Indian Navy

References

Nilgiri-class frigates (2019)
2020 ships
List of nuclear power plants in Japan. The following is a list of Japanese nuclear power plants. 
After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, all 17 major plants were shut down. As of 2022, only 6 out of 17 major nuclear power plants operate in the country, operated by the Kyushu Electric Power (Kyuden), Shikoku Electric Power Company (Yonden) and Kansai Electric Power Company (Kanden).

References 

Japan nuclear

Nuclear power stations in Japan
Nuclear reactors
Japan power
Viggen 23. The Viggen 23, also called the Albin Viggen,  is a Swedish trailerable sailboat that was designed by Per Brohäll as a cruiser and first built in 1966.

Production
The design was built by Shipyard Karlskrona in Sweden from 1966 to 1971. It then had its rudder and keel modified and was built by Albin Marine from 1971 until 1977. A total of about 1,450 boats were built, but it is now out of production.

Design

The Viggen 23 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig with aluminum spars, a deck-stepped mast, wire standing rigging and a single set of unswept spreaders. The hull has a spooned raked stem, an angled transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the standard keel.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settees in the main cabin. The galley is located on the port side at the companionway ladder. The galley is equipped with a two-burner stove. A navigation station is opposite the galley, hidden under the starboard side seat. The head is located under the v-berth fill-in. The fresh water tank has a capacity of .

For sailing the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of . It has a hull speed of .

Operational history
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the Albin- och Karlskrona Viggenklubben (English: Albin- and Karlskrona Viggen Club).

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Keelboats
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Per Brohäll
Sailboat types built by Albin Marine
Sailboat types built by Shipyard Karlskrona