omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Gilbert Roberts. Sir Gilbert Roberts (18 February 1899 – 1 January 1978) was a British civil engineer who designed many famous bridges worldwide.

Education
Roberts was born in Hampstead, north London, to Henry William Roberts, a pharmacist, and was educated at Bromley High School. He then went to Gresham College to study engineering but on the outbreak of WWI he joined the Royal Flying Corps.

Career
After being shot in the knee in 1918 on a bombing raid, Roberts was invalided back to England and awarded an Army Scholarship to attend City and Guilds College of Imperial College, where he obtained his degree in 1923. He became a civil engineer and worked on the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) and Otto Beit suspension bridge (1938) across the Zambezi River.

As a senior partner with the British firm Freeman Fox & Partners he designed, in collaboration with William Brown, the Volta River Bridge (1957), the Auckland Harbour Bridge (1959–71), the Forth Road Bridge (1964), the Severn Bridge (1966), the Bosphorus Bridge (1973) and the Humber Bridge (1981). Roberts was also the designer of the ill-fated West Gate Bridge in Melbourne which collapsed on October 15, 1970, killing 35 workers and injuring 18 others.

Awards
Roberts was knighted in 1965. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 18 March 1965. His application citation read: "Distinguished for his contributions to civil engineering by advancing the design of structures, particularly long span bridges. Designer of Severn Bridge, Forth Bridge, Volta Bridge, Maidenhead Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge. Also contributed designs of other unusual structures, such as C.S.I.R.O. Radio Telescope, High Marnham Power Station, the Dome of Discovery at the Festival of Britain Exhibition, crane structures including 500 tons goliath crane for Babcock & Wilcox." He was awarded their Royal Medal in 1968.

Personal life
Roberts married Elizabeth Nada Hora in London in 1935.  He died in St Stephen's Hospital, London on 1 January 1978.

References

1899 births
1978 deaths
English civil engineers
Royal Medal winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British bridge engineers
Engineers from London
People from Hampstead
Unitized regenerative fuel cell. A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is a fuel cell based on the proton exchange membrane which can do the electrolysis of water in regenerative mode and function in the other mode as a fuel cell recombining oxygen and hydrogen gas to produce electricity. Both modes are done with the same fuel cell stack

By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are purpose-built to do so as in high pressure electrolyzers, unitized regenerative fuel cells and regenerative fuel cells.

History
Livermore physicist Fred Mitlitsky studied the possibilities of reversible technology.  In the mid-1990s  Mitlitsky received some funding from NASA for development of Helios and from the Department of Energy for leveling peak and intermittent power usage with sources such as solar cells or wind turbines. By 1996 he produced a 50-watt prototype single proton-exchange membrane cell which operated for 1,700 ten-minute charge-discharge cycles, and degradation was less than a few percent at the highest current densities. A rated power of 18.5 kW URFC  was installed in the Helios and was tested on-board during test flights in 2003. The aircraft unfortunately crashed on its second URFC test flight June 26, 2003.

See also

 Glossary of fuel cell terms
 Hydrogen technologies

References

External links
 2003-Unitized regenerative fuel cell system development
 2005-Development of an oxygen electrode for a URFC

Fuel cells
Electrolysis
Hydrogen production
Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University. Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University (; abbreviated MAEU) is a specialized public university of aerospace engineering, located in Meiktila, Myanmar. The university offers undergraduate diploma, bachelor's degree and post-graduate diploma programs in several aerospace engineering specializations and technologies.

History
Prior to MAEU's founding in 2002, Yangon Technological University was the only institution in Myanmar that offered studies in aerospace engineering. YTU began a Bachelor of Engineering degree program in Aeronautical Engineering in 1991, and in 1997 upgraded the program to Aerospace Engineering, ostensibly to "study the space technology and application". In 2002, the military government established a specialized university for aerospace engineering in Meiktila, home of the central command of Myanmar Air Force, possibly with Russian and Chinese technical assistance.

On 14 February 2020, in the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, 20 soldiers raided the MAEU campus, in relation to the campus faculty's and student body's participation in the ongoing civil disobedience movement.

Campus
The university is on a 45.5-hectare (112.5-acre) campus, located on the Yangon-Mandalay highway, next to the Ground Training Base of Myanmar Air Force.

Programs
MAEU offers six-year Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree programs and one-year post-graduate diplomas in various specializations of aerospace engineering.

Bachelor's
 Propulsion and Flight Vehicles (စက်နှင့်ပျံသန်းယာဉ်)
 Avionics (လေကြောင်း အီလက်ထရောနစ် စနစ်)
 Electrical Systems and Instrumentation (လျှပ်စစ်နှင့်တိုင်းတာပစ္စည်း)
 Fuel and Propellant Engineering (လောင်စာနှင့်တွန်းကန်ပစ္စည်း)
 Space Systems Engineering (အာကာသစနစ် အင်ဂျင်နီယာ)

Post-graduate diploma
 Airport Management (Dip.A.M.)

Faculty

Main departments

 Department of Propulsion and Flight Vehicles
 Department of Avionics
 Department of Electrical System & Instrumentation
 Department of Fuel & Propellant Engineering
 Department of Space Systems Engineering

Supporting departments
 Department of Myanmar
 Department of English
 Department of Engineering Mathematics
 Department of Engineering Chemistry
 Department of Engineering Physics
 Department of Computer Science
 Department of Workshop Technology

Research departments
 Department of UAV Research (မောင်းသူမဲ့လေယာဉ်သုတေသနဌာန)

References

Universities and colleges in Meiktila
Universities and colleges in Mandalay Region
Technological universities in Myanmar
Universities and colleges in Myanmar
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in Myanmar
Klann linkage. The  Klann linkage is a planar mechanism designed to simulate the gait of legged animal and function as a wheel replacement, a leg mechanism. The linkage consists of the frame, a crank, two grounded rockers, and two couplers all connected by pivot joints.  It was developed by Joe Klann in 1994 as an expansion of Burmester curves which are used to develop four-bar double-rocker linkages such as harbor crane booms. It is categorized as a modified Stephenson type III kinematic chain.

The proportions of each of the links in the mechanism are defined to optimize the linearity of the foot for one-half of the rotation of the crank. The remaining rotation of the crank allows the foot to be raised to a predetermined height before returning to the starting position and repeating the cycle. Two of these linkages coupled together at the crank and one-half cycle out of phase with each other will allow the frame of a vehicle to travel parallel to the ground.

The Klann linkage is supposed to provide many of the benefits of more advanced walking vehicles without some of their limitations. It can step over curbs, climb stairs, or travel into areas that are currently not accessible with wheels but does not require microprocessor control or multitudes of actuator mechanisms. It fits into the technological space between these walking devices and axle-driven wheels.

Mechanism 
Klann linkage work on the basis of kinematics where all links gives relative motion with each other. It converts the rotatory motion to linear motion, and looks like an animal walking. 

This animation shows the working of a klann mechanism.

Comparison with Jansen's linkage 

The Klann mechanism uses six links per leg, whereas the Jansen's linkage developed by Theo Jansen uses eight links per leg, with one degree of freedom.

Example leg 

In  there is a set of coordinates for an example leg:

See also
Wheel
Linkage (mechanical)
Leg mechanism
Mondo Spider
Jansen's linkage
Chebyshev linkage and Chebyshev's Lambda Mechanism

References

External links

 Animation of the linkage's climbing ability
 Clear side-on view of linkage in motion

Mechanicalspider
Mechanisms101 
Mondo Spider
Walking Beast
Crabfu

Linkages (mechanical)
Walking vehicles
Robot kinematics
1994 in robotics
U61000. U61000 was the first 1-Mbit DRAM microchip produced in the German Democratic Republic by Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden in September 1988 based on CMOS technology.

 size: 12.60 mm x 4.53 mm
 DRAM organisation: 1024k x 1 Bit
 access time: 100 ns - 120 ns

The first step in the project was to develop the chip, this was called U61000-1. After the design and technology were optimized, the U61000-2.1 was created. The final version for production was called U61000-2.2.

References 

Computer memory
Science and technology in East Germany
Goods manufactured in East Germany
Hans Grade. Hans Grade (May 17, 1879 – October 22, 1946) was a German aviation pioneer.

Hans Grade was born in Köslin, Pomerania. On 28 October 1908 he successfully conducted the first motor-flight over German soil in a motorised triplane aircraft of his own construction at Magdeburg.

A year later, on 30 October 1909, flying a new monoplane design he won the 40.000 Reichsmark "Lanz-Preis der Lufte", for the first German to fly a flat "8" in a German aircraft with German engine around two pylons 1000 meters apart.

In 1910 he established the first aviation school in Germany.

A Grade monoplane carried Germany's first air mail, when pilot Pentz made a flight from Bork to Bruck in February 1912 with a small sack of mail in his lap. Although successful, Grade monoplanes did not become as famous as many contemporary European designs, and for this reason comparatively few were built.

In 1921 he established an automobile company called "Grade Automobilwerke AG", which produced small, 2 seater personal cars.

The small aircraft company, founded with this money, did not survived the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. His extraordinary construction of driving a car with no use of a gear-box did not stand against the established constructions.

The Grade Automobilwerke AG was closed in 1927 owing to financial difficulties. After the Nazi takeover in 1933 Grade tried, without success, to develop a new Volksflugzeug and in 1934 he undertook research projects for the German aircraft manufacturers.

On May 14, 1939 he re-flew his original monoplane from 1909, then 30 years old, at Berlin Tempelhof Airport for about 550 metres to celebrate his sixtieth birthday.

Hans Grade died in 1946 at the age of 67  in Borkheide.

References

External links 

 
 http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/grade.html
 
 Biography of Hans Grade 
 Hans Grade Museum
 Hans Grade - 1909 flight course and timeline from Hans-Grade-Oberschule, Berlin (German)

1879 births
1946 deaths
German aviation pioneers
People from Koszalin
People from the Province of Pomerania
Failure semantics. In distributed computing, failure semantics is used  to describe and classify errors that distributed systems can experience.

Types of errors
A list of types of errors that can occur:
 An omission error is when one or more responses fails.
 A crash error is when nothing happens. A crash is a special case of omission when all responses fail.
 A Timing error is when one or more responses arrive outside the time interval specified. Timing errors can be early or late. An omission error is a timing error when a response has infinite timing error.
 An arbitrary error is any error, (i.e. a wrong value or a timing error).
 When a client uses a server it can cope with different type errors from the server.
 If it can manage a crash at the server it is said to assume the server to have crash failure semantics.
 If it can manage a service omission it is said to assume the server to have omission failure semantics.
 Failure semantics are the type of errors that are expected to appear.
 Should another type of error appear it will lead to a service failure because it cannot be managed.

References

Failure
Distributed computing problems
Ralph Hammeras. Ralph Hammeras (March 24, 1894 – February 3, 1970) was an American special effects designer, cinematographer and art director. He was nominated for three Academy Awards. He created a large-scale miniature of the city of London for the film The Sky Hawk, he also created special mechanical effects for it. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and died in Los Angeles, California.

Awards 
 1929: Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Engineering Effects.
 1931: Just Imagine - Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction.
 1949: Deep Waters - Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Special Effects.

References

External links

1894 births
1970 deaths
American special effects people
American cinematographers
American art directors
Artists from Minneapolis
Esslingen railbus. The Esslingen railbus (German: Esslinger Triebwagen) is a diesel railbus first delivered in 1951 for private railways (Nichtbundeseigene Eisenbahn) in Germany.

History 
The Esslingen railbus, sometimes shortened in German to Esslinger, had been developed during the 1950s by the  Maschinenfabrik Esslingen for small branch lines and private railways. Fifty examples were built in three variants: power coaches (Triebwagen) or VT, trailer coaches (Beiwagen) or VB and driving coaches (Steuerwagen) or VS.

Of the first series, 25 VT, 6 VB and 4 VS were delivered into service, of the second series (from 1959) 6 VT, 4 VB and 5 VS.

Gallery

Sources 
 Thomas Estler: Esslinger Triebwagen. Transpress Verlag, Stuttgart 2002,

External links 
 Verbleib des VT 103 bei der Chiemgauer Lokalbahn (Bad Endorf–Obing)
 historisches zur Regentalbahn - Heimat der Esslinger 
 Esslinger Triebwagen bei der Regentalbahn

Diesel multiple units of Germany
German railbuses
Train-related introductions in 1951
Controlled and Harmonised Aeronautical Information Network. The Controlled and Harmonised Aeronautical Information Network (abbreviated: CHAIN) is a concept developed by EUROCONTROL to improve the quality, integrity, accuracy and interoperability of aeronautical data in kind of a digital data chain avoiding changes in medium in the whole data process.

Using CHAIN regulators of aeronautical information as well as service providers (ANSPs) can be supported implementing and maintaining traceable, controlled and auditable processes in compliance with ICAO Annex 15 requirements for data quality with a focus on data integrity.

The scope of CHAIN covers flight critical and essential navigational aeronautical data (e.g. a runway threshold coordinates and heights) as established in ICAO Annex 15, supplemented by the industry standards EUROCAE ED-76 and ED-77.

External links 
 CHAIN - Data Integrity 

Air traffic control in Europe
Aviation safety
ECIP. The European Convergence and Implementation Plan (ECIP) is a plan developed by EUROCONTROL with common actions to be implemented by the participated states in order to improve Air Traffic Management (ATM) services within the period stipulated. Activities relate to all aspects of the ATM domain such as airspace organization and management, aeronautical information systems (AIM), safety regulation and environment.

The ECIP document is used as a medium-term planning tool for the stakeholders that focuses on necessary changes over the next five to seven years.

The ECIP has been replaced by ESSIP.

External links 
 Content of the European Convergence and Implementation Plan (ECIP)
 Content of the ESSIP Plan
 Content of the ESSIP Report

Air traffic control in Europe
DVTk. DVTk is an open-source project for testing, validating and diagnosing communication protocols and scenarios in medical environments. It supports DICOM, HL7 and IHE integration profiles.

History
The history of DVTk goes back to 1997. Within the ARC group (Architecture Re-use and Communications) of Philips, the first version of the Validation Test Suite (VTS) was developed. This was a DICOM Validation tool with a command line interface. Based on this, later on, the ADVT (Agfa DICOM Validation Tool) was created. This was the first tool with a graphical user interface that made DICOM validation more pleasant.

Because Philips and Agfa wanted to join forces, in 2001 their cooperation became a fact and the first version of DVT (1.2) was born in 2002.

After major redesign and improvements, DVT 2.1 was released in June 2005. This version was the transition of the application from the Philips-AGFA cooperation project to the open-source community.

In 2006, ICT Automatisering joined the DVTk open-source project as the third participating company next to Philips and Agfa.

In 2007, DVTk started participating in the IHE Gazelle project by supplying an External Validation Service (DICOM Validation Web Service).

In 2008, Services for the DVTk open-source project was introduced.

DVTk based DICOM application 
 DICOM Anonymizer
 DICOM Compare
 DICOM Editor
 DICOM Network Analyzer
 DICOM Viewer and Validator
 DVT
 Modality Emulator
 Query Retrieve SCP Emulator
 RIS Emulator
 Storage SCP Emulator
 Storage SCU Emulator

External links 
 Main page of the DVTk website
 Download page of DVTk based DICOM applications
 The DVTk library and DVTk based applications hosted on SourceForge
 Article "Mastering DICOM with DVTk" on Journal of Digital Imaging

Medical imaging
Norwegian Air Traffic Control System. NATCON (Norwegian Air Traffic Control System) is a nationwide Air Traffic Management system which is used by air traffic controllers in control towers (TWR), approach centres (APP) and area control centres (ACC) in Norway.  The system is based on Auto Trac Air Traffic Management System from Raytheon (US) which also includes a flight data processing system originally developed by Indra (Spain). 

The latest major step forward was taken 22 November 2008 when all units belonging to Bodø AoR were upgraded from a fairly old legacy system (NARDS) to the latest NATCON version. A huge number of people in the Avinor organisation as well as external suppliers have contributed to this project. Avinor's System Development Unit has been in charge of the upgrade and development activities required in order to make the system ready for its deployment at Bodø ACC/APP as well as 35 other TWR and Approach units from mid to northern Norway.

References

Air traffic control in Norway
Al Meyers. Allen H. Meyers (September 4, 1908 – March 15, 1976) was an American pioneer aviator.

Biography 
He was a 20th-century aircraft designer. He was born in Allenhurst, New Jersey on September 4, 1908. After graduating from college as a mechanical engineer he worked for Chance Vought, Glenn Martin and Stinson Aircraft Company. He then moved to Michigan and started his own aircraft company. His first design was called the Meyers OTW which stood for Out To Win. It was a biplane with a metal fuselage and a metal, wood and fabric wing. It was designed specifically as a primary trainer, and first flew in 1936.  It was certified by the CAA in 1939, and was produced for the Civilian Pilot Training Program during the 1930s to 1940s.

After World War II he designed the two-seat mono-wing Meyers MAC-145, an all-metal, retractable geared aircraft. In the late 1950s he designed and built the Meyers 200 which was a four-seat, all-metal aircraft. Both these aircraft had a steel structure and then covered in aluminum. Meyers built the model 200 until 1965 when he sold the company to Aero Commander. He then retired from aircraft building. In 1974, Meyers was elected to the Pioneer Aviation Hall of Fame.

Meyers died on March 15, 1976.

External links
 Meyers Aircraft Home Page
 Meyers Aircraft Owners Community | Meyers Movement 
 Meyers owner enthusiast site
 Aviation Journalist Bud Davisson's review of the Meyers 200D
 Meyers Aircraft Owners Home Page
 Meyers Foundation
 Fastest Plane Built in Michigan – Newspapers.com

1908 births
1976 deaths
American aviators
People from Allenhurst, New Jersey
High-intensity radiated field. A high-intensity radiated field (HIRF) is radio-frequency energy of a strength sufficient to adversely affect either a living organism or the performance of a device subjected to it.  A microwave oven is an example of this principle put to controlled, safe use.  Radio-frequency (RF) energy is non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation – its effects on tissue are through heating.
Electronic components are affected via rectification of the RF and a corresponding shift in the bias points of the components in the field.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set limits for the amounts of RF energy exposure permitted in a standard work-day.

History
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and industry EMC leaders have periodically met to define the adequacy of protection requirements for civil avionics from outside interference since 1980. In 1986 The FAA Technical Center contracted for a definition of the electromagnetic environment for civil aviation. This study was performed by the Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center (ECAC). The study has shown levels of exposure to this threat as high as four orders of magnitude (10000 times) higher than the then current civil aircraft EMC susceptibility test certification standards of 1 volt/meter (DO-160). This environment was also two orders of magnitude higher (100 times) than the then prevailing military avionics systems test standards (MIL-STD 461/462).

Units of measurement
An RF electromagnetic wave has both an electric and a magnetic component (electric field and magnetic field), and it is often convenient to express the intensity of the RF environment at a given location in terms of units specific to each component. For example, the unit "volts per meter" (V/m) is used to express the strength of the electric field (electric "field strength"), and the unit "amperes per meter" (A/m) is used to express the strength of the magnetic field (magnetic "field strength").  Another commonly used unit for characterizing the total electromagnetic field is "power density."  Power density is most appropriately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from an antenna to be located in the "far-field" zone of the antenna.

See also
Radiation
Radio frequency

References

Bibliography
 
 

Radiation effects
And All the Pieces Matter. And All the Pieces Matter - Five Years of Music from The Wire is a soundtrack album for the HBO television show The Wire, that was released on January 8, 2008.

Track listing

Personnel 

Ivan Ashford – vocals
Avery Bargasse – vocals
Karina Benznicki – production supervisor
James Bevelle – engineer, mixing
David Bither – executive producer
Cameron Brown – vocals
Andre Burke – violin
Greg Calbi – mastering
Eli Cane – production coordination
Milton Davis – producer
Michael Franti – producer
Ronen Givony – editorial coordinator
Loren Hill – producer
Andy Kris – mixing
Rod Lee – producer
Blake Leyh – mixing, producer
James Mbah – producer
Ivan Neville – producer
Nina K. Noble – producer
Mike Potter – engineer
Richard Shelton – producer
David Simon – executive producer
Karen L. Thorson – producer
Louis Tineo – producer
Jamal Roberts - producer
Juan Donovan - producer
Doreen Vail – arranger, producer

References

External links 
 Page on Nonsuch records

Television soundtracks
2008 soundtrack albums
Nonesuch Records soundtracks