omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Fulvenes. Fulvenes are the class of hydrocarbon obtained by formally cross-conjugating one ring and methylidene through a common exocyclic double bond.

The name is derived from fulvene, which has one pentagonal ring. Other examples include methylenecyclopropene (triafulvene) and heptafulvene.

Fulvenes are generally named based on the number of ring atoms. Thus methylenecyclopropene is "triafulvene", methylenecyclopentadiene is "pentafulvene", etc.

Preparation
Fulvenes are readily prepared by the condensation of  cyclopentadiene and aldehydes and ketones:
C5H6  +  R2C=O  →  C4H4C=CR2  +  H2O
Johannes Thiele is credited with discovering this reaction.

Modern synthesis of fulvenes employ buffer systems.

Properties
The cross-conjugation generally destabilizes the exocyclic double bond, as (per Hückel's rules) polarization of the π electrons would lead to an aromatic ring ion.  Consequently, fulvenes add nucleo- and electrophiles easily.  They also have a small HOMO-LUMO gap, typically leading to the eponymous visible coloration ("fulvus" is Latin for "yellow").

Ligand in organometallic chemistry
Fulvenes are common ligands and ligand precursors in organometallic chemistry.  2,3,4,5-Tetramethylfulvene, abbreviated Me4Fv, results from the deprotonation of cationic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complexes. Some Me4Fv complexes are called tuck-in complexes.

References

Cycloalkenes
William Fisher Cassie. Prof William Fisher Cassie (usually referred to simply as Fisher Cassie in his field and as Bill Cassie by his friends) FRSE CBE LLD (1905 – 1985) was a British civil engineer and academic. He was a noteworthy author on building structure. He was an expert on soil mechanics and a strong advocate of underground transport systems.

Life
He was born in Monifieth in Angus on 29 June 1905, the son of William Cassie.

His early education was at the Grove Academy in Dundee. He then studied engineering at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1925. He continued as a postgraduate, earning a PhD in 1930 before spending a year in the USA in Illinois.

From 1943 until 1970, he was Professor of Civil Engineering at Durham University. In 1965, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Advisory Council on Road Research under Prof F.E.Jones.
Dundee University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1972 (LLD).

Cassie was also a noted collector of the traditional dances of Northeast England and the Rapper Sword tradition in particular. He was instrumental in starting Newcastle Kingsmen Sword Team in 1949 who continue to be associated with Newcastle University. His archive of dance notations were gifted to the Morris Ring in his later life.

He died on 20 April 1985.

Publications
The Torsional Stiffness of Structural Sections (1948)
Structural Analysis (1954)
Northumbria: A Selection of Photographs (1958) (foreword only)
Structure in Building (1966)
Fundamental Foundations (1968)

Family
He married Mary Robertson Reid in 1933. They had no children.

Recognition
The Cassie Building in Newcastle University is named after him.

His portrait is held by the National Portrait Gallery, London.

References

1905 births
1985 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British civil engineers
People from Monifieth
Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Men's 200 metres. The men's 200 metres event at the 2015 African Games was held on 16 and 17 September.

Medalists

Results

Heats
Qualification: First 3 in each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) advanced to the semifinals.

Wind:Heat 1: -0.1 m/s, Heat 2: -0.6 m/s, Heat 3: +0.2 m/s, Heat 4: +0.8 m/s, Heat 5: -0.3 m/s, Heat 6: +0.8 m/s, Heat 7: +0.4 m/s

Semifinals
Qualification: First 2 in each semifinal (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) advanced to the final.

Wind:Heat 1: 0.0 m/s, Heat 2: 0.0 m/s, Heat 3: +0.1 m/s

Final
Wind: -1.2 m/s

References

200
Wrobel Vroby 2. The Wrobel Vroby 2 is a French powered parachute that was designed by Gerard Wrobel and produced by Wrobel of Beynes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The  Vroby 2 was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of . The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of . It features a  parachute-style wing, two-seats-in-tandem accommodation in an open-frame structure, tricycle landing gear and a single cylinder  Zanzottera MZ 34 engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft carriage is built from 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via handles that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The main landing gear incorporates triangulated spring rod suspension.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for crew and baggage is .

Reviewer Jean-Pierre le Camus, writing in 2003, described the design as "carefully constructed".

Specifications (Vroby 2)

References

Vroby 2
2000s French sport aircraft
2000s French ultralight aircraft
Powered parachutes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
SECAT VI La Mouette. The S.E.C.A.T.-VI La Mouette or S.E.C.A.T. 60T La Mouette () was a French two seat tourer built shortly before the outbreak of World War II.

Design 
SECAT (Société d'Etudes et de Construction d'Avions de Tourisme) were established in Boulogne in 1938. During that year they produced the Type VI, a low powered, high wing cabin monoplane with side-by-side seating for two.

Its one piece cantilever wing had spruce plywood box  spars and ribs and was okoumé plywood covered.  It was attached to the upper fuselage longerons at six points and had a  centre section of constant chord and thickness. Beyond, the wing thinned from its underside, creating positive dihedral and became semi-elliptical in plan. Long (, more than 60% of the half-span) ailerons, unusually mounted inboard and gently decreasing in chord outboard, produced an overall wing plan close to the ideal ellipse.

Like the wing, the rectangular section fuselage had a wooden frame and was ply covered. It had a , six cylinder, inverted, air cooled,  Train 6T inline engine in the nose, driving a two blade propeller and fed from a  tank in  the wing. The two side-by-side seats, provided with dual control, were in an enclosed cabin under the wing leading edge with glazing ahead, in the two side doors sides and above, with a panel in the wing centre section.  The fuselage tapered to the rear to a tall vertical tail which had a straight edged fin and a straight edged, round topped balanced rudder which reached down to the keel. The curved edged tailplane, mounted low on the fuselage, carried unbalanced elevators cut away centrally for rudder movement.  Like the rest of the aircraft the empennage was wood framed and ply covered.

La Mouette had a steel tube tailskid undercarriage with a track of . The mainwheels, enclosed by fairings were on a split axle from the fuselage centre, joined through rubber shock absorbers to faired-in V-struts from the lower fuselage longerons.

Development

The date of the first flight of the S.E.C.A.T. VI is not known.  It first came to public attention in December 1938 with an attempt on the world distance record for aircraft with engines of less than  capacity, which ended with a mechanical failure. It gained its Certificate of Airworthiness (CoA) in June 1939.

By July, production of a series of five was under way, though it is not known how many were completed.  Airframe no.2, initially registered F-W134, became F-PAAM on receiving its CoA and survived the war. No. 3, F-PEAB, was registered post-war as a SECAT S.4 La Mouette and the post-war SECAT S.5 was a development. Both the S.5 and the SECAT RG-75  were very similar to the S.4 apart from having Régnier 4D.2  engines.

Specifications

References

1930s French civil aircraft
SECAT aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Martindale (unit). The Martindale is a unit for quantifying the abrasion resistance of textiles, especially when used for upholstery.

The Martindale method, also known as the Martindale rub test, simulates natural wear of a seat cover, in which the textile sample is rubbed against a standard abrasive surface with a specified force. The test equipment works in intervals of 5000 cycles, totalling the wear number (unit: Martindale) of abrasion cycles that leads to the material being worn to a specified degree. The higher the value, the more resistant the material is to abrasion.

The national German textile institute specifies a minimum requirement for various applications, and here are some examples:

Material for use by police or emergency services may require values of 200,000 to 500,000.

In the US, the Wyzenbeek test is often used instead of the Martindale.

The Martindale machine also tests for fabric pilling.

References

External links 

 Table of contents of DIN EN ISO 12947-1:2007-04 by Beuth-Verlag

Units of quality
Textile engineering
Simon Marlow. Simon Marlow is a British computer scientist, programmer, author, and co-developer of the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) for the programming language Haskell. He and Simon Peyton Jones won the SIGPLAN Programming Languages Software Award in 2011 for their work on GHC. Marlow's book Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell was published in July 2013.

Formerly of Microsoft Research, Marlow has worked at Facebook since March 2013. The "noted Haskell guru" is part of the team behind Facebook's open source Haxl project, a Haskell library that simplifies access to remote data.

Honours and awards 

In 2011, he and Simon Peyton Jones were awarded the SIGPLAN Programming Languages Software Award for their work on GHC. In 2019, Marlow was awarded the Most Influential ICFP Paper award for "Runtime Support for Multicore Haskell".

References

British computer scientists
Facebook employees
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Institute for Research into Aquatic Habitats. The National Institute for Research into Aquatic Habitats (commonly abbreviated as NIRAH) was a planned freshwater public aquarium in Stewartby, Bedfordshire. Originally sited at a 100 hectare (250 acre) location, with an expected cost of £350 million, the project failed to meet its planned completion date in 2012. The site of the aquarium was sold in 2015, with an expected loss of £4 million.

History 
The project was granted planning permission in 2007, with estimated costs ranging from £350 million to £600 million. The proposed site was a 100 hectare (250 acre) site of a former brickworks in Stewartby, Bedfordshire, with completion expected during 2012. This was not met, with the project hampered by a number of delays and "a lack of investment"  until planning permission expired in 2014. The site was sold in June 2015 for an "undisclosed amount".

Public investment
The project had been supported by public money, including more than £1.2 million from the former Bedfordshire County Council and £2 million from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The BBC noted in March 2014 that "[n]either the government, nor the councils, are currently seeking to recover the debt, much of which is secured against the value of the land." Administrators involved in the sale of the land confirmed in June 2015 that there would be "minimal recovery" of the then-£5 million debt.

References 

Aquaria in England
Public sphere
Rotax 535. The Rotax 535 is an Austrian aircraft engine, that was designed and produced by Rotax of Gunskirchen for use in motor gliders.

The first application for type certification to JAR 22, Appendix H, was made on 29 June 1982 and the first certification was granted on 27 April 1983. It is out of production and is no longer offered for sale by Rotax.

Design and development
The Rotax 535 is a twin cylinder two-stroke, in-line,  displacement, liquid-cooled, gasoline engine design, with a 3:1 belt reduction drive. It employs dual Bosch or Ducati magnetic high-voltage condenser ignition systems, one or two carburetors and produces a maximum of  at 7200 rpm. It runs on 96 octane automotive gasoline or 100LL avgas. Lubrication is 50:1 super two stroke oil premixed with the fuel.

Variants
535A
Equipped with twin Tillotson HR or Mikuni BN 38 diaphragm carburetors and a Mikuni DF 44 diaphragm fuel pump. Produces  at 7200 rpm. First certified on 27 April 1983.
535B
Equipped with twin Tillotson HR or Mikuni BN 38 diaphragm carburetors and a Mikuni DF 44 diaphragm fuel pump. Produces  at 7200 rpm. First certified on 27 April 1983.
535C
Equipped with  one Mikuni BN 38 diaphragm carburetor and a Mikuni DF 44 diaphragm fuel pump. Produces  at 7200 rpm. First certified on 12 June 1987.

Applications
Glaser-Dirks DG-500M
Rolladen-Schneider LS9 - prototype
Schempp-Hirth Janus
Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4
Schleicher ASH 25

Specifications (535A)

See also

References

External links
Photo of a Rotax 535 engine

Rotax engines
Two-stroke aircraft piston engines
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
1980s aircraft piston engines
Great Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society. The Great Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society was a short-lived preservation scheme, based in Starbeck, North Yorkshire in England. It was formed in 1980 with the aim of restoring part of the Leeds-Northallerton Railway and based at the former  loco shed, then owned by Octavius Atkinson steel works. The steel works closed in 1989, and the group moved to the Yorkshire Museum of Farming at Murton, near York, where they went on to successfully restore part of the former Derwent Valley Light Railway.

References

Heritage railways in Yorkshire
List of Australian Army engineer units in World War I. The Australian Imperial Force included a range of different engineer units including field units, signals, mining, works, railway, survey and training units.

Field units
 1st Division Engineers 
 1st Field Company
2nd Field Company
3rd Field Company
 2nd Divisional Engineers
 5th Field Company
 6th Field Company
 7th Field Company
 3rd Divisional Engineers 
 9th Field Company
 10th Field Company
11th Field Company
 4th Divisional Engineers
 4th Field Company
 12th Field Company
 13th Field Company
 5th Divisional Engineers
 8th Field Company
 14th Field Company
15th Field Company
 6th Division Engineers (disbanded following formation in 1917)
 16th Field Company
 17th Field Company
 ANZAC Mounted Division Engineers
 1st Field Squadron
 Australian Mounted Divisional Engineers
 2nd Field Squadron
 Desert Mounted Corps Troops Engineers
 'D' Field Troop and Bridging Train

Signal units
 1st Division Signal Company
 2nd Divisional Signal Company
 3rd Divisional Signal Company
 4th Division Signal Company
 5th Divisional Signal Company
 Australian Corps Signal Company
 1st Signal Squadron
 2nd Signal Squadron
 Australian Pack Wireless Section
 1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron
 Cavalry Divisional Signal Squadron

Mining units
 1st Tunnelling Company
 2nd Tunnelling Company
 3rd Tunnelling Company
 4th Tunnelling Company (absorbed by 1st Tunneling Company)
 5th Tunnelling Company (absorbed by 2nd Tunneling Company)
 6th Tunnelling Company (absorbed by 3rd Tunneling Company)
Australian Electrical and Mechanical Mining and Boring Company

Works units
 1st Army Troops Company
 Australian Corps RE Workshops

Railway units
 Headquarters Australian Railway Group
 1st Light Railway Operating Company
 2nd Light Railway Operating Company
 3rd Light Railway Operating Company
 4th Broad Gauge Railway Operating Company
 5th Broad Gauge Railway Operating Company
 6th Broad Gauge Railway Operating Company

Survey units
 Australian Corps Topographical Section

Training units
 Engineer Training Depot
 Signal Section, Engineer Training Depot
 Australian Railway Operating Division Depot
 Engineer Training Depot

Notes

References
 

Military units and formations of Australia in World War I
Engineering units and formations of Australia
Innerexile. Taer Innovation is a company that manufactures accessories that protect mobile devices from cracks and scratches.

Before the designed mobile accessories are sold to the public, the company offers a mock up to establish the suitability of the product to potential customers.

History
Before 2013,  self-healing protective cases were made using the in-mold decoration, IMD process. The application of this technology was costly since it necessitated the use of a membrane that was attached to a film. The film was placed on the phone's screen to protect the screen. Therefore, buying protective cases was expensive at that time.

In 2013, a new technology was discovered that provided panel coating for both screen and back panel protection. This technology enabled protective cases to withstand a scratching force of up to 750 grams, with the cases self-healing in just three minutes. In 2014, spray coating technology was discovered and further developed to create a transparent coat that prevented scratches. This breakthrough led to the invention of the instant self-repair case.

Honors and awards 
Taer Innovation has won design awards, leading to a market footprint in more than thirty countries worldwide. Awards include the Good Design award from 2012 to 2014, Golden Pin Design award, Taiwan Excellence award in 2014 and Computex d&I award in 2014 for their products.

References 

Mobile phone companies of China
Mobile phone culture
Jieh-Haur Chen. Jieh-Haur Chen is a professor. Chen (陳介豪) is a Distinguished Professor of National Central University (NCU), Taiwan, where he teaches and performs research related to construction management, computational intelligence, and engineering finance. He is currently the Chairman of Institute of Construction Engineering and Management and the Director of Center of Alumni Relations in NCU.

Education and career
He received his B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from National Central University. His master's degree is in Project Management from the Northwestern University and Ph.D. degree is in Civil Engineering (construction) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

References

External links
 Bibliography

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of the National Central University
2-Methylnaphthalene. 2-Methylnaphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

On February 22, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for detecting and monitoring PAHs, including 2-methylnaphthalene, in the universe. According to NASA scientists, over 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are abundant in the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.

Several enzymes biodegrade 2-methyhlnaphthalene in anaerobic conditions.

See also 
 1-Methylnaphthalene

References

2-Naphthyl compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Ian McPhee (computer scientist). Ian McPhee is a Canadian computer scientist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.  He earned a Bachelor of Mathematics in 1973, and his Masters of Mathematics in 1979.

When McPhee was an undergraduate at the University of Waterloo he was a protege of influential professor Wes Graham.  Graham assigned McPhee to work on Watfor, a Fortran compiler optimized for efficiently compiling the typical student program.  McPhee continued to work for Graham, until 1981 when he co-founded Watcom with other associates of Graham.  Watcom is characterized as the first spin-off company to come from Waterloo.

McPhee became Watcom's President, in 1986.

McPhee became an executive at Sybase when it acquired Watcom.

In 1995 McPhee became the first recipient of the annual J.W. Graham Medal, named after his mentor.  Later he would chair the medal's annual selection committee.

McPhee would serve as an executive or director of several more successful software companies, currently being a director at NexJ Systems Inc.  He is also a member of the University of Waterloo's Board of Governors, as well as making notable donations.

References 

J.W. Graham Medal awardees
University of Waterloo alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IRONCAD. IRONCAD is a software product for 3D and 2D CAD (computer-aided-design) design focused mainly on the mechanical design market that runs on Microsoft Windows. It is developed by Atlanta, GA based IronCAD LLC.

History
IRONCAD was originally developed by Visionary Design Systems (VDS) based in Santa Clara, CA. The product launched in 1998. In 2001 the development team led by Dr. Tao-Yan Han split from VDS (now known as Alventive) to form IronCAD LLC to continue the development of the IRONCAD product.

IronCAD descended from a product called Trispectives, developed by 3D Eye, an Atlanta-based company that was acquired by VDS.

Release History

Solid Modeling Methodology
IRONCAD primary focus is on 3D CAD design using solid modeling technology. IRONCAD uses both Parasolid and ACIS modeling kernels to provide computational methods for solving geometric calculations such as calculating blends and shells. Users create designs in 3D using a drag and drop design methodology by dragging and dropping shapes and components from 3D catalogs to build parts and assemblies. They then use those designs to communicate with other users in the design process using both 3D models and 2D drawings. The drawings remain associative to the 3D model so as the model is updated the drawings reflect the changes. IRONCAD also employs the use of direct face editing and allows the combination of features and direct face edits within the same part.

To assist people in learning products many users have written books on IronCAD's products to assist customers in training of the software.

References

External links

Computer-aided design software
Windows-only proprietary software
Computer-aided engineering software
Solid mechanics
Product design
Computer-aided design software for Windows