omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bismuth tribromide. Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr3.

Preparation
It may be formed by the reaction of bismuth oxide and hydrobromic acid.

Bismuth tribromide can also be produced by the direct oxidation of bismuth in bromine.

Structure
Bismuth tribromide adopts two different structures in the solid state: a low-temperature polymorph α-BiBr3 that is stable below 158 °C and a high-temperature polymorph β-BiBr3 that is stable above this temperature. Both polymorphs are monoclinic, but α-BiBr3 is in space group P21/a whereas β-BiBr3 is in C2/m. α-BiBr3 consists of pyramidal molecules whereas β-BiBr3 is polymeric and adopts the AlCl3 structure. BiBr3 is the only group 15 trihalide that can adopt both molecular and polymeric structures.

Reactivity
Bismuth bromide is highly water-soluble. It is a Lewis acid and accepts bromide ions to form monomeric and oligomeric anionic complexes (bromobismuthates), e.g. [BiBr6]3−, [Bi2Br10]4−, ()n and ()n.

References

Bismuth compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
Michel Alcan. Michel Alcan (21 May 1810 – 26 January 1877) was a French engineer, politician, and author; born at Donnelay, in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, died at Paris. During his youth his merits as a mechanical engineer were recognized by the Society of the Friends of Labor, which awarded to him its silver medal. In Paris he took part in the political events connected with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. In the latter year he was elected to the National Assembly, and voted with the advanced political party called "The Mountain." After his political career, he resumed his early studies and graduated from the École Centrale as engineer. In 1845 he was appointed professor of the arts of spinning and weaving in the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, which position he occupied until his death. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Jewish Consistory of Paris; in 1867, a member of the Central Consistory in place of Salomon Munk.

Among his works are: Essai sur l'Industrie des Matières Textiles, 1847; 2d ed., 1859; La Fabrication des Étoffes, Traité Complet de la Filature du Coton, 1864; Traité du Travail des Laines, 1866; Traité du Travail des Laines Peignées, 1873, etc.

References

1801 births
1877 deaths
People from Meurthe-et-Moselle
19th-century French Jews
French republicans
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of Parliament for Eure
19th-century French engineers
École Centrale Paris alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Tala Hydroelectric Power Station. Tala Hydroelectric Power Station is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Wangchu River in Chukha District, Bhutan. The station consists of a  tall gravity dam which diverts water through a  long headrace tunnel to the power station () which contains six 170 MW Pelton turbine-generators. The difference in elevation between the dam and the power station affords the project a hydraulic head of .

Preliminary construction on the project began in 1997 and major works were underway by 1999. The power equipments viz. turbines, generators etc. were designed and manufactured by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), at their various factories in India. The first generator was commissioned on 31 July 2006 and the final on 30 March 2007. The project cost was about US$900 million and was financed by India through grants. All of the electricity generated is exported to India through three 400kV transmission lines.

The power station is the country's biggest hydropower project and the fourth after the Chuka project (336 MW) in 1988, followed by Kurichhu (60 MW) in 2001, and Basochho (40 MW) in 2005. Electricity revenue was expected to provide no less than 60% of the government's entire revenue in 2009. In 2017, 97.7% of Bhutanese households had access to electricity.

See also

 Raidāk River

References 

Dams completed in 2006
Energy infrastructure completed in 2006
Energy infrastructure completed in 2007
Hydroelectric power stations in Bhutan
Bhutan–India relations
Dams in Bhutan
Run-of-the-river power stations
Economy of Bhutan
2007 establishments in Bhutan
Pucca housing. Pucca housing (or pukka or pacca) refers to dwellings that are designed to be solid and permanent. This term is applied to housing in South Asia built of substantial material such as stone, brick, cement, concrete, or timber.

The term pucca means "solid" and "permanent", from Hindustani / pakkā, . It is contrasted with kutcha housing (/ kaččā ), referring to buildings of flimsy construction. Pucca homes are typically made of concrete, stone, clay tiles and/or metal, in contrast to older homes made of mud and organic material.  These building methods are more costly and labor-intensive than the more traditional building methods.

In India, there is currently a large-scale effort to build pucca houses for people. As of 10th June 2024, under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U), 83.67 lakh pucca houses have been completed out of the total of 1.18 Crore houses sanctioned for construction.

Pucca houses are sometimes built to replace homes damaged by natural disasters. The permanency of pucca materials and techniques inevitably makes it less easy to adjust the house to the needs and habits of the occupants, and the relationship between house and occupants becomes more rigid, more fixed.

References

Housing in India
NetWars. NetWars (originally called LiteYear) is an IPX-based 3D vector-graphics computer game released by Novell in 1993 for DOS to demonstrate NetWare capabilities. It was written by Edward N. Hill, Jr., one of Novell's engineers in its European Development Centre (EDC) in Hungerford, UK. Development started in 1989.

Release
NetWars 2.06 came bundled with Novell DOS 7 and Personal NetWare 1.0 in form of a single executable named NETWARS.EXE. It replaced the text-based game NLSNIPES.EXE that came with NetWare Lite 1.1 since 1991, a newer implementation of the original Snipes, that traditionally came with Novell NetWare.

Legacy
Since 1997, a much improved version 3 named Advanced NetWars shipped with Caldera OpenDOS 7.01, DR-DOS 7.02 and DR-DOS 7.03. It added support for SoundBlaster sound, joystick control, up to six players in multi-player mode, missiles and computer-controlled ships in multi-player mode, and it featured a new multi-player shoot-out mode, an improved single-player mode, an external view mode, as well as a shape editor NWDRAW to design own space-ships. Despite all these additions, the executable maintained a file size of less than 77 KB.

NetWars and Advanced NetWars inspired the development of clones such as Ingmar Frank's NetWarsGL for Win32 platforms with OpenGL in 2002 to 2004, or the Botolib-based NetWorst.

References

External links
 
 A video of Advanced NetWars gameplay
 NetWars clone NetWarsGL for Win32/OpenGL
 Advanced NetWars clone NetWorst

1993 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Multiplayer online games
Novell software
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
David J. Mooney. David James Mooney (born November 1, 1964) is Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He is also a founding core faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.

Research
Born in Madison, Wisconsin, he earned his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with advisor Robert Langer. He did his post-doctoral studies at Harvard University under the supervision of Joseph Vacanti and Donald Ingber.  David Mooney started his career as an Assistant Professor at The University of Michigan and he stayed there until 2004 when he moved to Harvard University. Mooney is a member of both the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Medicine. Mooney is best known for his work in the use of biomaterials for regenerative and tissue engineering particularly alginate hydrogels. The Mooney group is also focused on mechanotransduction and immunoengineering. 

He was elected into the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for contributions to the fields of tissue engineering and regeneration. In addition, David Mooney is a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.

References

American bioengineers
Living people
Harvard University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1964 births
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
 University of Michigan faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
De Volharding, Jislum. De Volharding () is a smock mill in Jislum, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1872. The mill has been restored to working order and designated as being held in reserve in times of emergency. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 15632.

History

De Volharding was built in 1872. It drained the Ald Piip Polder, which has an area of . The mill can pump water into the polder as well as draining water from the polder. The mill worked until 1955, after which it became derelict.  On 28 December 1971, it was the first mill bought by Stichting De Fryske Mole (). The mill was restored by millwright Tacoma of Stiens in 1973. A further restoration was undertaken in 1994. In 2000, a new Archimedes' screw was fitted by millwright H Kloosterman. In 2006, the mill was officially designated by Wetterskap Fryslân as being held in reserve for use in times of emergency.

Description

De Volharding is what the Dutch describe as an grondzeiler. It is a two-storey smock mill on a low brick base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to the ground. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap arecovered in vertical boards. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of . The sails are carried on a wooden windshaft. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 32 cogs. This drives the wallower (17 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the crown wheel, which has 28 cogs drives a gearwheel with 25 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw. The axle of the Archimedes' screw is  diameter. The screw is  diameter and  long. It is inclined at 19°. Each revolution of the screw lifts  of water.

Public access
De Volharding is open by appointment.

References

Windmills in Friesland
Windmills completed in 1872
Smock mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland
Octagonal buildings in the Netherlands
Plastics 2020 Challenge. The Plastics 2020 Challenge is a campaign to reduce the quantity of plastic waste sent to landfill. In 2009, the plastics industry, PlasticsEurope, the Packaging and Films Association (PAFA) and the British Plastics Federation (BPF), launched its Plastics 2020 Challenge campaign in the UK to challenge itself, consumers and government to step up resource efficiency and stop sending plastic materials to landfill. The Plastics 2020 Challenge was named runner-up "Campaign of the Year" for 2009 by Packaging News.

Pledges
The industry is pledging several commitments including to help double the recycling rate of plastic packaging in the UK by the year 2020 and the diversion of plastics from landfill.

Plastic recycling
Plastics are too valuable a resource to send to landfill at their end of life. Industry wants these materials back to recycle whenever possible. When plastics cannot be sustainably recycled such non-recyclable plastics provides a valuable energy resource for thermal process, contributing to energy security and displacing virgin fossil fuels.

Call for action
The plastics industry cannot achieve this alone, and calls on policy makers and the value chain to work with them in achieving its goal, thereby increasing the UK's resource efficiency and creating new jobs in the Green sector.

Sponsors
The Plastics 2020 Challenge is sponsored by three organisations:
 PlasticsEurope
 British Plastics Federation (BPF)
 Packaging and Films Association (PAFA)

See also
 Plastic recycling
 Reuse of water bottles
 Waste Implementation Programme
 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

References

External links
 

2009 in the environment
Recycling in the United Kingdom
Plastic recycling
MATSim. MATSim (the Multi-Agent Transport Simulation Toolkit) is an open source software development project developing agent-based software modules intended for use with transportation planning models.

History
"The MATSim project started with Kai Nagel, then at ETH Zurich, and his interest in
improving his work with, and for, the TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System (TRANSIMS)
project; he also wanted to make the resulting code open-source. After
Kai Nagel’s departure to TU Berlin in 2004, Kay Axhausen joined the team, bringing a different approach
and experience."

Areas of Application
MATSim has been applied to various areas: road transport, public transport, freight transport, regional evacuation etc.

References

External links

 http://www.matsim.org/

Models of computation
Complex systems theory
Agent-based model
Traffic simulation
Duisburg Canals. The Duisburg Canals are part of the master plan developed by Foster and Partners for the reconstruction of the Duisburg Inner Harbour. They are part of the Duisburg: Town and Harbour section of the Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail.

An eastern port area was created separated from the rest of the port by the forming an artificial lake 26 m above sea level.  The water level is maintained by ensuring that rainwater is channeled into the basin. Excess water is drained to the north side onto a bed of gravel. In case of drought a solar-powered fountain with an annual capacity of 90,000 m³ has been installed by the Hanse canal. Pre-treatment of the water supply is provided by small biotopes at the southern end of the canal.

The area includes housing, some of which is low price.

References

Buildings and structures in Duisburg
Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in Germany
Canals in Germany
Ball and Roller Bearing Company. The Ball and Roller Bearing Company, also known as American Family Crafts and the Joseph Nutt House and Machine Shop, is a historic industrial complex at 20-22 Maple Avenue in Danbury, Connecticut.  Developed mainly in the early 20th century, the factory is most notable as the location where Lewis Heim invented the modern grinding machine, which revolutionized the manufacture of machine parts.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1989.  It now houses a church and social service agencies.

Description and history
The former Ball and Roller Bearing Company plant is located in a mainly industrial area east of downtown Danbury, on the west side of Maple Street just south of its crossing of railroad tracks.  The complex includes three buildings, two of which are wood frame, and one of which is brick.  The two wood-frame buildings include the Queen Anne-style former home of Joseph Nutt, who established a machine shop providing services to Danbury's hat making industry in 1886.  Nutt's home also served as his company's office, and is attached to a single-story monitor-roofed brick structure.  Connected to these is the main three-story wood-frame factory building.  The latter building used to have a series of additions extending further north; these were heavily damaged by fire in 1987, and demolished.

The Nutt factory was purchased by Lewis and Alfred Heim in 1904.  Lewis Heim had worked in Danbury's hat factories, and had by that time already patented several inventions, including improvements to hatmaking machinery.  The Heim brothers branched out into the manufacture of ball and roller bearings in 1909, parts which were in high demand for the burgeoning automotive industry.  Their success resulted in the repeated expansion of the factory, and it was here that Lewis Heim developed and improved the centerless grinding machine, which enabled the precision shaping of cylindrical parts. Heim sold most of his patent rights in 1922 and the plant in 1928.  His Ball and Roller Bearing Company continues to operate in New Milford, Connecticut.  The buildings have since been repurposed to other non-industrial uses, with some loss of historic integrity.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfield County, Connecticut

References

Industrial buildings completed in 1917
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Danbury, Connecticut
Rolling-element bearings
Companies based in Danbury, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
1917 establishments in Connecticut
Radioplane Q-1. The Radioplane Q-1 was an American target drone, developed in the early 1950s for the United States Air Force by the Radioplane Company. Originally powered by a pulsejet engine, then later developed as an improved turbojet-powered aircraft, the Q-1 failed to win the favor of the USAF. However, the aircraft provided the basis of the GAM-67 Crossbow anti-radar missile.

Design and development
Shortly after its formation in 1948, the United States Air Force issued a specification calling for a new type of high-speed target drone. Required to be jet-powered to provide the most realistic training, the contract for the development of the drone was given to the Radioplane Company, later a division of Northrop.

Powered by a single Giannini PJ39 pulsejet engine, the drone, given the designation RP-26 by the company and XQ-1 by the USAF, was a high-wing, rocket sled launched aircraft. Originally fitted with a large single vertical stabiliser, the design was modified to a twin tail configuration to provide additional clearance of its carrier aircraft. Recovery, following the conclusion of the drone's flight, was by parachute.

Operational history
The first flight of the XQ-1 prototype took place in 1950; 28 aircraft of the type were built. Although the aircraft proved to be mostly satisfactory, the thirsty nature of the pulsejet engine limited the drone's endurance to a mere 60 minutes. In an attempt to increase the potential flight time of the aircraft, one XQ-1 was re-engined with a Continental YJ69 turbojet replacing the pulsejet, becoming the XQ-1A; however it was determined that further improvements were needed, and so a major redesign of the type was undertaken.

Known by the company as RP-50 and designated by the USAF as YQ-1B, the revised drone flew for the first time during 1953, being evaluated by the Air Force later that year. Using the YJ69 engine, the air intake for the jet was relocated to the nose of the aircraft, while the airframe overall was modified to increase the streamlining of the craft. The rocket-sled launch was abandoned in favor of air launching, with the Douglas DB-26 being the most common carrier aircraft.

Six YQ-1Bs were built for evaluation; they proved trouble-free, no production order for the type was undertaken, the competing Ryan Q-2 drone having been selected for operational service instead; as a result, the Q-1 program was terminated. However, the YQ-1B airframe was used by Radioplane as the start of development of a new anti-radar missile, which would be tested by the U.S. Air Force as the GAM-67 Crossbow.

Variants
XQ-1 Initial pulsejet-powered prototype with single tail; later refitted with twin tails. 28 built.
XQ-1A Turbojet-powered version. One modified from XQ-1.
YQ-1B Definitive turbojet-powered version, six built.
XQ-3 Variant planned to be constructed of fiberglass, none built.

Specifications (YQ-1B)

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography

Q-1
1950s United States special-purpose aircraft
Target drones of the United States
Single-engined jet aircraft
Pulsejet-powered aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1950
Christian Edward Detmold. Christian Edward Detmold (2 February 1810 Hanover – 2 July 1887 New York City) was a civil engineer.

Biography
He was educated at the military academy in Hanover, and came to New York in 1826, with the intention of entering the Brazilian army. Unfavorable accounts of the conditions in Brazil induced him to remain in the United States, and he became well known as an engineer. In 1827 he made many surveys in Charleston, South Carolina, and vicinity for the Charleston & Hamburg Railroad and Canal Co., and in 1828 made the drawings for the first locomotive built by the Kembles in New York. His survey work was completed in 1830. 1833-1834 he was in the employ of the U. S. War Department, and superintended the laying of the foundations of Fort Sumter during the illness of the engineer in charge of the work.

After making surveys for railroads in various parts of the country, he became interested in the manufacture of iron, and introduced several improvements, including the utilization of the waste gases from blast and other furnaces. 1845-1852 he engaged in this manufacture in Lonaconing, Maryland. He was named chief architect and engineer of the New York Crystal Palace, but clashed repeatedly with the two architects who actually designed the building, Georg Carstensen and Karl Gildemeister, ultimately depriving them of credit for their work.   Detmold hired Horatio Allen, an associate during his surveying work, as consulting engineer. Afterward, he spent some years traveling in Europe. He then became president of the New Jersey Zinc Company, built their works at Newark, and originated and successfully developed the manufacture of “spiegel” iron from the residue of the zinc ore. He then engaged in coal mining.

Failing health forced him to go to Europe, where he lived, most of the time in Paris, until his return to New York in 1885. He published a translation of the principal historical, political, and diplomatic writings of Machiavelli (4 vols., Boston, 1882). He also collected art.

Family
He married Phoebe Crary and had two daughters. His brother, William Ludwig Detmold, was a noted surgeon who introduced orthopedic surgery into the United States.

See also
 Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company

Notes

References

External links
 

1810 births
1887 deaths
American civil engineers
19th-century American engineers
Emigrants from the Kingdom of Hanover to the United States
People from Lonaconing, Maryland
19th-century American translators
Molecular communication. Molecular communications systems use the presence or absence of a selected type of molecule to digitally encode messages. The molecules are delivered into communications media such as air and water for transmission. The technique also is not subject to the requirement of using antennas that are sized to a specific ratio of the wavelength of the signal. Molecular communication signals can be made biocompatible and require very little energy.

Nature
Molecular signaling is used by plants and animals, such as the pheromones that insects use for long-range signaling.

Alcohol
In 2016 researchers demonstrated the use of evaporated alcohol molecules to carry messages across several meters of open space and successfully decoded the message on the other side. The presence of molecules encoded to digital 1 and their absence encoded to 0. The hardware cost around 100 US dollars.

Chemical systems
A Russian patent for a wireless network that uses a chemical system as the physical medium for data transmission, instead of the environment, was granted in 2018. The signals representing electronic messages transmitted through the wireless communication channel of this hypothetical wireless computer network would be changes of the chemical system's chemical composition.

References

Telecommunications techniques
Pheromones