omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
USNS Captain Arlo L. Olson. USNS Capt. Arlo L. Olson (T-AK-245) was a United States Maritime Administration C1-M-AV1 type coastal cargo ship constructed as Bell Ringer for the Administration, completed in August 1945 and placed in operation by the War Shipping Administration under its agent, Waterman Steamship Company, until August 1946. The ship was then transferred to the Army under bareboat charter, The Army renamed the ship Capt. Arlo L. Olson, for Captain Arlo L. Olson who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II. The ship was among the Army ships transferred to the Navy in 1950 and then operated by the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS Capt. Arlo L. Olson with hull number T-AK-245 until 1958.

Construction and WSA operation
Bell Ringer was constructed as MC hull 2478 for the Administration by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia, completed 11 August 1945 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration for operation by its agent Waterman Steamship Company under a general agency agreement the same day.

U.S. Army service
On 13 August 1946 to the U.S. War Department for operation by the U.S. Army as USAT Capt. Arlo I. Olson under bareboat charter. On 1 March 1950 she was one of the Army ships transferred to the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service and title was transferred to Navy at that time.

U.S. Navy service
The ship was immediately placed in service as USNS Captain Arlo L. Olson (T-AK-245) serving until she was placed out of service on 25 October 1956. She was stricken from the Navy List on 22 May 1958 and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Olympia, Washington until she was sold to American Ship Dismantlers on 4 March 1971, delivered 26 March and subsequently scrapped.

Honors and awards
Qualified vessel personnel were authorized the National Defense Service Medal.

References

Bibliography

Type C1-M ships
Ships built in Brunswick, Georgia
1945 ships
World War II merchant ships of the United States
Type C1-M ships of the United States Army
Type C1-M ships of the United States Navy
Lebed XI. 

Lebed XI was the designation applied to a number of reconnaissance aircraft supplied to the Imperial Russian Air Force by the Lebed factory of St Petersburg during World War I. Rather than representing any one particular type of aircraft, or even aircraft of Lebed's own design, the designation covered a variety of different German Albatros aircraft that had been brought down behind Russian lines and captured.

History 
The St Petersburg Aviation Company began manufacturing Lebed XI based on aircraft captured by the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1915.  Lebed repaired or rebuilt these machines and returned them to service on the Russian side. A prototype was successfully air tested on December 28, 1915. While 225 aircraft were ordered, only ten Lebed XI aircraft were built and entered service for the Imperial Russian army air service. These were designed as reconnaissance and artillery airplanes and resembled the Albatros B-category biplane. 

Several Russian aircraft were built based on the Lebed XI. These include the Lebed-LM1, Lebed XII, and Lebed XIII. 

Subtypes from A1 through A8 were assigned to identify different Albatros designs supplied. As replacements for the damaged water-cooled engines used on the German aircraft were hard to come by, Lebed eventually fitted Salmson radial engines to some airframes.

Operators

Imperial Russian Air Force

References

 
 Russian Aviation Museum
 Уголок неба

1910s Russian military reconnaissance aircraft
Lebed aircraft
Signal transfer function. The signal transfer function (SiTF) is a measure of the signal output versus the signal input of a system such as an infrared system or sensor. There are many general applications of the SiTF. Specifically, in the field of image analysis, it gives a measure of the noise of an imaging system, and thus yields one assessment of its performance.

SiTF evaluation 

In evaluating the SiTF curve, the signal input and signal output are measured differentially; meaning, the differential of the input signal and differential of the output signal are calculated and plotted against each other. An operator, using computer software, defines an arbitrary area, with a given set of data points, within the signal and background regions of the output image of the infrared sensor, i.e. of the unit under test (UUT), (see "Half Moon" image below). The average signal and background are calculated by averaging the data of each arbitrarily defined region. A second order polynomial curve is fitted to the data of each line. Then, the polynomial is subtracted from the average signal and background data to yield the new signal and background. The difference of the new signal and background data is taken to yield the net signal. Finally, the net signal is plotted versus the signal input. The signal input of the UUT is within its own spectral response. (e.g. color-correlated temperature, pixel intensity, etc.). The slope of the linear portion of this curve is then found using the method of least squares.

SiTF curve 

The net signal is calculated from the average signal and background, as in signal to noise ratio (imaging)#Calculations.
The SiTF curve is then given by the signal output data, (net signal data), plotted against the signal input data (see graph of SiTF to the right). All the data points in the linear region of the SiTF curve can be used in the method of least squares to find a linear approximation.  Given  data points  a best fit line parameterized as  is given by:

See also 
 Optical transfer function
 Distortion
 Minimum resolvable temperature difference
 Noise equivalent temperature difference
 Power spectral density
 Minimum resolvable contrast
 Signal to noise ratio (imaging)

References

External links 
 http://www.electro-optical.com

Signal processing
Image processing
Infrared imaging
Berliner-Joyce. Berliner-Joyce Aircraft was an American aircraft manufacturer.

History 
The company was founded on the February 4, 1929, when Henry Berliner and his 1922 company, Berliner Aircraft Company of Alexandria, Virginia, joined with Maryland Aviation Commission leader Captain Temple Nach Joyce.

Berliner-Joyce hired William H. Miller as chief designer, and opened a 58,000 square foot factory in Dundalk, Maryland, near Logan Field. The facility operated one of the largest private Wind tunnel operations of the time. The Great Depression ended the civil aircraft production market, so Berliner-Joyce concentrated on designing aircraft for the USAAC and US Navy.

In May 1929 the company received its first order, for the Berliner-Joyce XFJ. Other projects, the P-16 and OJ-2, also received orders. A merger between the Douglas Aircraft Company and Berliner Joyce was proposed in early 1930, but fell through. Later that same year, North American Aviation bought the company. Later, in 1933, the since renamed B-J Corporation became a subsidiary of a subsidiary when North American Aviation was purchased by General Motors Corporation. In January 1934 Joyce left the company to join Bellanca Aircraft, and soon after Berliner left for Engineering and Research Corporation. The company was then moved from Maryland to Inglewood, California.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography
 

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1929
North American Aviation
Aviation in Maryland
1929 establishments in Maryland
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1933
1933 disestablishments in Maryland
Berliner-Joyce XF3J. The Berliner-Joyce XF3J was an American biplane fighter, built by Berliner-Joyce Aircraft. It was submitted to the United States Navy for their request for a single-seat carrier-based fighter powered by a  Wright R-1510-26 engine.

Development and design
The XF3J had elliptical fabric covered wings which gave it the appearance of a butterfly. The fuselage was semimonocoque metallic with an aluminum skin. The undercarriage was fixed, and would be the last biplane fighter without a retractable gear that the U.S. Navy would test. The aircraft performed satisfactorily in testing, but more promising aircraft had been developed and, in September 1935, the program was terminated.

Specifications (XF3J)

References

Citations

Bibliography

F3J
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Southern Martlet. The Southern Martlet was a single-engined, single-seat  biplane sports aircraft.  Six were built, including the rather different and unsuccessful Metal Martlet.

Design and development
The Southern Martlet was the first aircraft designed by teams led Frederick George Miles, whose company was Southern Aircraft of Shoreham. It was a modified Avro Baby, differing in the tail unit, undercarriage and engine, the 85 hp A.B.C. Hornet air-cooled flat four. Like the Baby, it was a single-bay staggered tractor biplane, with fixed two-wheel main and tail-skid undercarriage. The undercarriage was a combination of "oleo and coil-spring shock absorbing gear" designed by Basil Henderson of Hendy Aircraft, Shoreham. The prototype G-AAII made its first public appearance on 30 August 1929 at London Air Park, Hanworth, and proved to be a very manoeuvrable sports machine.

Operational history
Five production aircraft were built at Shoreham, differing chiefly in the choice of engine.  Three of them had 80 hp Armstrong Siddeley Genet II and one a 100 hp Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major.  These were five-cylinder uncowled radials. One aircraft had, at different times, a de Havilland Gipsy I or II (100 hp and 120 hp respectively), upright in-line air-cooled engines.

The Martlets were not very successful as racers but served a succession of private owners as aerobatic mounts.

Only one Martlet, the Genet Major engined G-AAYX survived the war. This aircraft was owned for a number of years by F G Miles who used it as a personal mount while based at Woodley near Reading. The aircraft is now part of The Shuttleworth Collection based at Old Warden Aerodrome and underwent an extensive restoration, with return to flight in September 2000. The aircraft is now on permanent display as part of The Collection and is flown at home air displays during the summer months.

Variants
Data from: British civil aircraft, 1919-1972 Volume III
200 (G-AAII)
Prototype first flew with an ABC Hornet later fitted with an 85 hp Armstrong-Siddeley Genet II engine.
201 (G-AAVD)
First production aircraft with a Genet II engine.
202 (G-AAYX)
Second production aircraft with an Armstrong-Siddeley Genet Major engine and untapered ailerons. Later operated by Butlins and now remains airworthy with the Shuttleworth Trust.
203 (G-AAYZ)
Third Production aircraft with a de Havilland Gipsy II engine built for F.E. Guest.
204 (G-ABBN)
Fourth production aircraft with a Genet II engine built for the Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale.
205 (G-ABIF)
Fifth production aircraft with a Genet II engine for Miss Maxine Freeman-Thomas (who later became Mrs F.G. Miles).
Metal Martlet
The Metal Martlet, despite its name had little in common with the Martlet.  One completed, not a success and a second aircraft was not completed.

Specifications (Genet II)

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

The Shuttleworth Collection: Southern Martlet
Martlet in Flight magazine 1930

1930s British sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Martlet
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Runway Awareness and Advisory System. The Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS) is an electronic detection system that notifies aircraft flight crews on the ground of their position relative to their allocated runway. It is a type of Runway Situation Awareness Tool (RSAT).

Overview

According to Honeywell Aerospace, who developed the original RAAS, runway incursions are a leading cause of aviation accidents and fatalities, costing approximately $1 billion annually.

RAAS functions by providing audible alerts to confirm runway identification, and also provides an aural alarm if it detects undue acceleration (indicating an attempt to take off) while the aircraft is on any taxiway instead of a designated runway.  Its function is possible by a software enhancement to the aircraft's terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS) or enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS).

Entrance into service
Alaska Airlines announced in September 2008 that its entire airline fleet of Boeing 737s will be equipped with RAAS by the end of September.  That will be the first airline fleet to be completely equipped with this system. Ryanair was the first European airline to introduce RAAS. In 2016 Ryanair committed to equip all its fleet with RAAS, which was mostly complete by 2019.

Boeing 737 MAXs are equipped with Boeing's version of RAAS, as part of its Runway Situational Awareness Tools (RSAT).

Honeywell also offer systems called SmartRunway and SmartLanding, which are software options for the enhanced ground proximity warning system.

See also
Airborne collision avoidance system
Voice warning system

References

External links
 The Safety Impact of RAAS

Avionics
Runway safety
Airport infrastructure
Germanium dichloride. Germanium dichloride is a chemical compound of germanium and chlorine with the formula . It is a yellow solid.  Germanium dichloride is an example of a compound featuring germanium in the +2 oxidation state.

Preparation
Solid germanium dichloride can be produced by comproportionation by passing germanium tetrachloride, , over germanium metal at 300 °C and reduced pressure (0.1 mmHg).

Germanium dichloride is also formed from the decomposition of trichlorogermane, , at 70 °C. Trichlorogermane is generated when germanium reacts with hydrogen chloride. This reaction involves dehydrohalogenation.

Another route to germanium dichloride is the reduction of germanium tetrachloride with hydrogen at 800 °C.

Reactions
 is hydrolysed to give yellow germanium(II) hydroxide, which on warming gives brown germanium monoxide:

Alkalizing a solution containing germanium(II) ions:

Germanium oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric.
Solutions of  in HCl are strongly reducing. With chloride ion, ionic compounds containing the pyramidal  ion have been characterised, for example  With rubidium and caesium chloride compounds, e.g.  are produced; these have distorted perovskite structures.

Germanium dichloride reacts with tetraethylammonium chloride to give the trichlorogermanate:

Dichlorogermylene
Molecular  is often called dichlorogermylene, highlighting its resemblance to a carbene. The structure of gas-phase molecular  shows that it is a bent molecule, as predicted by VSEPR theory. The dioxane complex, , has been used as a source of molecular  for reaction syntheses, as has the in situ reaction of   and Ge metal.  is quite reactive and inserts into many types of chemical bonds.  Usually, germanium dichloride is generated from germanium dichloride dioxane.

References

Germanium(II) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Nonmetal halides
Bittern-class sloop. The Bittern-class sloop was a three-ship class of long-range escort vessels used in the Second World War by the Royal Navy.

Design
The Bittern class were built as light, long-range escort ships with limited anti-air capability. They were fitted with Denny-Brown fin stabilisers and a HACS fire control system.

Three ships were built:  (originally called Bittern, but renamed before launching in 1934),  and . Enchantress was the first in the class, and was built as an armed Admiral's yacht. The as-completed armament was two single 4.7-inch guns forward and four 3-pounder saluting guns. Anti-aircraft armament and a third, aft, 4.7-inch gun was installed at the outbreak of war.

Stork was unarmed on completion, but with provision for six 4-inch guns, plus AA and ASW weaponry; she served as a survey vessel in the Far East. Her main armament was added at the outbreak of war.
 
Bittern completed as designed, with the same armament as Stork

The design served as the basis for the  and s.

Ships in class

Service history
Enchantress served as convoy escort throughout the war, and was credited with the destruction of an Italian submarine. She survived the war and was sold into civilian service in 1946, being renamed Lady Enchantress. She was broken up in 1952.
Stork was completed as an unarmed survey vessel, and was only armed after the outbreak of war. She also served as a convoy escort, and was senior ship in 36th Escort Group under Cdr. FJ Walker. She was credited with the destruction of four U-boats. Stork remained in service until being broken up in 1958. 
The third ship in the class was launched as Bittern, and completed as designed. She was involved in the Norwegian campaign, but was lost to air attacks at Namsos in 1940.

Notes

References

External links

 
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Sloops of the Royal Navy
Maritime Awareness Global Network. Maritime Awareness Global Network (MAGNET) is an intelligence tool for the collection, correlation, fusion, and dissemination of maritime information via web-enabled user interfaces to specific user groups in support of maritime domain awareness (MDA).

The United States Coast Guard, an agency of the Department of Homeland Security, developed the Maritime Awareness Global Network (MAGNET) system to use information relating to vessels and activities within the maritime environment to accomplish the Coast Guard's missions in the areas of Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, Maritime Mobility, National Defense, and Protection of Natural Resources. MAGNET replaces the Joint Maritime Information Element (JMIE) Support System (JSS).

MAGNET provides awareness to the field as well as to strategic planners by aggregating data from existing sources internal and external to the Coast Guard or the Department of Homeland Security.  MAGNET correlates data and provides the medium to display information such as ship registry, current ship position, crew background, passenger lists, port history, cargo, known criminal vessels, and suspect lists. MAGNET processes personally identifiable information (PII).

Coast Guard Intelligence serves as MAGNET's executive agent and shares appropriate aggregated data on a need to know basis with other law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

MAGNET provides access to the database via workstations located throughout the world. The system will be accessible on multiple networks at different classification levels. The workstations are equipped to access the appropriate networks with current browser technology.

See also
U.S. Coast Guard Legal Division
U.S. Coast Guard Investigative Service
Coast Guard Intelligence

References

United States Coast Guard
Tupolev ANT-16. The Tupolev ANT-16 (also known as the TB-4;  – Heavy Bomber) was an experimental heavy bomber aircraft designed and tested in the Soviet Union in the early 1930s.

Design and development
Conceptually representing evolution of the TB-3 bomber, the ANT-16 was designed under the doctrine that size and payload were more important for a bomber than speed because it would be able to protect itself with defensive armament. The twin  bomb bays were the largest in the world at that time and presented many design challenges in order to preserve structural rigidity of the airframe.

The sole prototype first flew on 3 July 1933 with M. M. Gromov at the controls. The test flight program was completed by 29 September 1933 with disappointing results. The two top-mounted engines performed poorly and a significant portion of thrust generated by the wing-mounted engines was absorbed by the two meter-thick (6 ft 7 in) wing. A proposal to re-equip the aircraft with Mikulin AM-35 engines of 933 kW (1,250 hp) was not implemented. A second prototype was under construction, but was never finished (construction stopped 2 July 1933); some of its parts were used in the ANT-20.

Specifications (ANT-16)

See also

References

ANT-16
1930s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Six-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Letov Š-19. The Letov Š-19 was an airliner produced in small numbers in Czechoslovakia during the 1920s.

Design and development
Following tests with an Š-6 bomber over domestic passenger routes, ČSA requested that a passenger-carrying version be developed. While retaining the basic layout of the Š-6, the Š-19 added a fully enclosed passenger cabin within the fuselage, with seating for four. The pilot had an open cockpit behind the cabin.

Three machines were built with the same Maybach engine that had powered the bomber version, but these were found to have poor flying characteristics, and for the other four examples produced, a Walter powerplant was used instead, along with making some refinements to the ailerons and wing bracing.

Put into service on the Prague-Košice route, the type was not a success. The passenger cabin was very noisy, since it was placed immediately behind the engine. Furthermore, this placement made boarding and disembarking awkward, and visibility for the passengers was poor. Besides this, the Š-19 could not match the performance offered by foreign aircraft, and no further production was undertaken.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 

Letov aircraft
1920s Czechoslovak airliners
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Malmö MFI-10 Vipan. The Malmö MFI-10 Vipan (en: Peewit) was a four-seat light utility monoplane designed and built in Sweden by Malmö Flygindustri. Only three aircraft were built and the type did not enter quantity production.

Design and development
Designed to meet a requirement for both a civil and military utility aircraft the MFI-10 was a braced high-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and a cabin for a pilot and three passengers. The aircraft made extensive use of aluminum honeycomb structure, with the wings, tail and rear fuselage made of honeycomb and the forward fuselage of welded steel tubes. The prototype was powered by a nose-mounted 160 hp (119 kW) Lycoming O-320 engine and first flew in 1961. It was followed by two military prototypes for the Swedish Army designated MFI-10B. The MFI-10B had a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming O-360-A1A engine and first flew on 27 June 1962. Plans to produce a variant with a more powerful engine did not proceed and the aircraft did not enter quantity production.

The German company Rhein-Flugzeugbau (RFB) proposed new versions of the MFI-10 in 1993, with either tailwheel or tricycle landing gears.

Variants
MFI-10 Vipan
Civil prototype with a 160hp (119kW) Lycoming O-320 engine, one built.
MFI-10B Vipan
Military prototype with a 180hp (134kW) Lycoming O-360-A1A engine, two built, designated MFI Fpl54.
MFI-10C Vipan
Proposed by RFB - military version with tailwheel undercarriage and powered by  O-360-A engine.
MFI-10D Phönix
Proposed by RFB - civil version with nosewheel undercarriage.

Operators

Swedish Army

Specifications (MFI-10B)

Notes

References
 

 

1960s Swedish military utility aircraft
MFI-10
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1961
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft