omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Isometric exercise device. An isometric exercise device is a device used to exercise most body parts including the wrist and is often used as part of physical therapy or in order to build muscle strength in a low impact manner. Devices can range in size from large bulky machines used by physicians to small hand-held devices that can be used by an individual. Isometric devices have been used for centuries. The first devices did not display the users' output; nowadays there are devices that can digitally output the users force. Before that some devices used an analog format.

Function
Isometric exercise devices perform exercises or strength test using static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. This is reflected in the name; the term "isometric" combines the prefix "iso" (same) with "metric" (distance), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle does not change,  as compared to isotonic contractions ("tonos" means "tension" in Greek) in which the contraction strength does not change but the joint angle does. New isometric exercise devices often used force gauges and a micro processor and then output the force onto an LCD screen or store the information later to be downloaded onto a computer.

Medical uses
Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various heart murmurs; the murmur of mitral regurgitation gets louder as compared to the quieter murmur of aortic stenosis.

Comparison with dynamic exercises
Isometric exercises have some differences in training effect as compared to dynamic exercises. While isometric training increases strength at the specific joint angles of the exercises performed and additional joint angles to a lesser extent, dynamic exercises increase strength throughout the full range of motion. Generally speaking however, people who train isometrically don't train through a full range of motion as the strength gained at the training joint angle is where they require it. While dynamic exercises are slightly better than isometric exercises at enhancing the twitch force of a muscle, isometrics are significantly better than dynamic exercises at increasing maximal strength at the joint angle.
Flexibility may be increased when isometrics are performed at joint range of motion extremes.  These isometric contractions recruit muscle fibers that are often neglected in some dynamic exercises.  For example, gymnasts are extremely strong at great ranges of motion through the practice of isometric holds.

See also
Dynamic tension

References

External links
 Public domain pamphlets on isometric exercises
 Isometric exercises tutorial
 Alexander Zass
 Example of an isometric exercise device

Physical exercise
Bodybuilding
Elapsed real time. In computing, elapsed real time, real time, wall-clock time, wall time, or walltime is the actual time taken from the start of a computer program to the end. In other words, it is the difference between the time at which a task finishes and the time at which the task started.

Wall time is thus different from CPU time, which measures only the time during which the processor is actively working on a certain task or process. The difference between the two can arise from architecture and run-time dependent factors, e.g. programmed delays or waiting for system resources to become available. Consider the example of a mathematical program that reports that it has used "CPU time 0m0.04s, Wall time 6m6.01s". This means that while the program was active for six minutes and one second, during that time the computer's processor spent only 4/100 of a second performing calculations for the program.

Conversely, programs running in parallel on more than one processing unit can spend CPU time many times beyond their elapsed time. Since in concurrent computing the definition of elapsed time is non-trivial, the conceptualization of the elapsed time as measured on a separate, independent wall clock is convenient.

Another definition of "wall time" is the measurement of time via a separate, independent clock as opposed to the local system time (internal), i.e. with regard to the difference between the two.

In simulation 
The term wall-clock time has also found widespread adoption in computer simulation, to distinguish between (1) the (often compressed or expanded) simulation time, and (2) the time as it passes for the user of the simulation tool.

References

Computing terminology
Durations
Atom (programming language). Atom is a domain-specific language (DSL) in Haskell, for designing real-time embedded software.

History 
Originally intended as a high-level hardware description language (HDL), Atom was created in early 2007 and released as free and open-source software (FOSS) of April of that year. Inspired by TRS and Bluespec, Atom compiled circuit descriptions, that were based on guarded atomic operations, or conditional term rewriting, into Verilog netlists for simulation and logic synthesis. As a hardware compiler, Atom's main objective is to maximize the number of operations, or rules, that can execute in a given clock cycle without violating the semantics of atomic operation. By employing the properties of conflict-free and sequentially composable rules, Atom reduced maximizing execution concurrency to a feedback arc set optimization of a rule-data dependency graph. This process was similar to James Hoe's original algorithm.

When Atom's author switched careers in late 2007, from logic design to embedded system software engineering, Atom was redesigned from an HDL to a domain-specific language targeting hard real-time computing embedded applications. As a result, Atom's compiler's main objective changed from maximizing rule concurrency to balancing processing load and minimizing worst case timing latency. In September 2008, Atom was presented at the Commercial Users of Functional Programming (CUFP) conference. In April 2009, in its new form, it was released as FOSS.

Overview 
Atom is a concurrent programming language intended for embedded applications. Atom features compile time task scheduling and generates code with deterministic execution time and memory use, simplifying worst case execution time analysis for applications that need hard realtime performance. Atom's concurrency model is that of guarded atomic actions, which eliminates the need for, and the problems of using, mutex locks.

By removing runtime task scheduling and mutex locking, two services traditionally served by a real-time operating system (RTOS), Atom can eliminate the need and overhead of an RTOS in embedded applications.

Limits 
To provide guarantees of deterministic execution time and memory consumption, Atom places several restrictions on computing. First, Atom designs are always finite state: all variables are global and declared at compile time and dynamic memory allocation is disallowed. Second, Atom provides no function or looping constructs. Instead, state variable updates are pure combinational logic functions of the current state.

References

External links 

Declarative programming languages
Functional languages
Real-time computing
Synchronous programming languages
Statically typed programming languages
Haskell programming language family
Free software programmed in Haskell
Cross-platform free software
Free and open source compilers
Programming languages created in 2007
2007 software
Tufting (composites). In the field of composite materials, tufting is an experimental technology to locally reinforce continuous fibre-reinforced plastics along the z-direction, with the objective of enhancing the shear and delamination resistance of the structure.

It consists of inserting a thread through a layered dry fabric, using a needle that, after insertion, moves back along the same trajectory leaving a loop of the thread on the bottom of the structure. It is a technology developed for and used within the thermoset resin injection manufacturing route, however it is currently being debated whether pre-pregs can also be successfully tufted. Tufting is considered a more economical and flexible method compared to 3D weaving or 3D braiding to include z-fibres in laminated composites. It resembles stitching, but it is different in that tufting only requires access from one side of the preform. Depending on the equipment used, all shapes and forms may potentially be reinforced by tufting. The density of z-fibres inserted can vary according to the expected loading pattern. On the other hand, the increase of z-properties in the dry preform is comparably low because tufting comprises no force-fit. Consequently, before consolidation, tufted preforms are not easier to handle than unreinforced ones. In fact the loops can represent an added complexity for the resin infusion process as they can complicate the consolidation of the structure.

See also 
 Z-pinning
 Plastics

References

External links
 Cranfield University page with tufting unit description

Composite material fabrication techniques
Valery Dudyshev. Valery Dudyshev  (; born July 5, 1948) is a Russian retired scientist. He was a professor at the University of Samara, Russia. He did his PhD on the topic of alternative energy.

Dudyshev was into a family of employees in Samara in 1948. He graduated in 1971 from Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute (currently Samara State Technical University) with honors, majoring in electrical engineering.

He went on to undertake postgraduate and doctoral courses on alternative energy and electrical engineering.  He wrote a thesis on "The autonomous power supply system of objects of special purpose" and proceeded to defend his PhD thesis in Saint Petersburg in 1978.

Notable publications of Dudyshev include the development of a new general electro-physical theory of natural phenomena and a patented publication on the "method for disassociating liquid" as well as other patented publications, including a patented publication on the basis of his discoveries in the physics of combustion.

In his position as head of some regional ecological programs in Russia he published diverse scientific works on ecological themes, such as the improvisation of burning processes.
He worked for the Samara Institute from 1971 and retired in 2008.

References

External links
 Valery Dudyshev's homepage (Russian)
 A list of some of Dudyshev's inventions and papers (English)
 Interview (Russian)
 Works of Dudyshev at SciTecLibrary
 A list of some of Dudyshev's publications (Russian)

Russian environmentalists
1948 births
Living people
Scientists from Samara, Russia
Academic staff of Samara State University
Victor Tatin. Victor Tatin (1843–1913) was a French engineer who created an early airplane, the Aéroplane, in 1879. The craft was the first model airplane to take off using its own power after a run on the ground.

The model had a span of  and weighed . It had twin propellers and was powered by a compressed-air engine. It was flown tethered to a central pole on a circular track at the military facilities of Chalais-Meudon.  Running under its own power it took off at a speed of 8 metres per second.

Between 1890 and 1897 Tatin and Charles Richet experimented with a steam-powered model with a wingspan of  and weighing  with fore and aft propellers.  They succeeded in flying this for a distance of  at a speed of 18 metres per second.  In 1902-3 he collaborated with Maurice Mallet on the construction of the dirigible Ville de Paris for Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe and in 1905 he designed the propeller used by Traian Vuia for his experimental aircraft of 1906-7. In 1908 Tatin designed an unsuccessful pusher monoplane which was exhibited at the 1908 Paris Aéro Salon.  In 1911 he collaborated with Louis Paulhan on the design of the Aéro-Torpille, a monoplane with a remarkably streamlined design.

Works
 Victor Tatin, Elements d'aviation (Paris: Dunod et Pinet, 1908).

See also
Early flying machines

Notes

External links

 The Pioneers: Victor Tatin

19th-century French inventors
Aviation inventors
1913 deaths
1843 births
Knights of the Legion of Honour
People from Paris
George W. Huber. George W. Huber is an American chemical engineer. He is the Richard L. Antoine Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. His research focus is on developing new catalytic processes for the production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals.

Career
In 2015 Thomson Reuters has listed George  as a “highly cited researcher” which indicates that he is “one of the “world’s most influential scientific minds” who rank in the top 1% most cited.  He has authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications including three publications in Science and has over 10 patents.  He has received several awards including the NSF CAREER award, the Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar award, fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the outstanding young faculty award (2010) by the college of engineering at UMass-Amherst.  He has been named one of the top 100 people in bioenergy by Biofuels Digest for the past 4 years. He is co-founder of Anellotech (www.anellotech.com) a biochemical company focused on commercializing, catalytic fast pyrolysis, a technology to produce renewable aromatics from biomass. George serves on the editorial board of Energy and Environmental Science, ChemCatChem, Energy Technology, and The Catalyst Review.  In June 2007, he chaired a NSF and DOE funded workshop entitled: Breaking the Chemical and Engineering Barriers to Lignocellulosic Biofuels (www.ecs.umass.edu/biofuels).  In summer of 2015, George did a sabbatical visit with Professor Tao Zhang at Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.  George did a post-doctoral stay with Avelino Corma at the Technical Chemical Institute at the Polytechnical University of Valencia, Spain (UPV-CSIC).  He obtained his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from University of Wisconsin-Madison (2005).  He obtained his B.S. (1999) and M.S.(2000) degrees in chemical engineering from Brigham Young University.
Huber is a Latter-day Saint.  The July 2009 issue of Scientific American included an article on the potential of grassoline by Huber and Bruce E. Dale.

Sources
NSF article on the work of Huber and others towards plant based fuel
UMass bio of Huber 
Huber's and Dale's Scientific American article
Mormon Times Dec. 2, 2009 article on Huber's work

American chemical engineers
Latter Day Saints from Wisconsin
Brigham Young University alumni
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Latter Day Saints from Massachusetts
Latter Day Saints from California
1975 births
Medroxalol. Medroxalol is a vasodilator beta blocker also classified as a mixed receptor blocker as it blocks both alpha and beta receptors.

Synthesis

For the first step, salicylamide (1) is the subject of a Friedel-Crafts acetylation and then the aromatic methyl ketone is halogenated. in the usual manner. The bromide in 2 is then displaced by the nitrogen in N-benzyl-1-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-butylamine (3), which is itself prepared by reductive amination on the corresponding ketone. The product of the last step (4) is catalytically hydrogenated. This serves the dual purpose both of reducing the ketone and removing the benzyl protecting group affording the product medroxalol (5). Note that a benzyl protecting group is not necessarily used.

See also
 Labetalol

References

Beta blockers
AGO Ao 192. The Ago Ao 192 Kurier (Courier) was a small German twin-engined aircraft designed and built by AGO Flugzeugwerke in the 1930s.  A small production run of six aircraft followed three prototypes, these being used as transports.

Development and design
The AGO Flugzeugwerke was re-established at Oschersleben in 1934, with its first design a multi-purpose light-twin-engined aircraft offered against the same requirement for a light aircraft that produced the Gotha Go 146 and Siebel Fh 104.

AGO's design, the Ao 192, was a low-winged cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction. Its monocoque fuselage accommodated a crew of two pilots who sat side by side in an enclosed flight deck, while there were seats for five passengers in a separate cabin. It was powered by two 179 kW (240 hp) Argus As 10 and had a retractable tailwheel undercarriage.

The first prototype made its maiden flight in mid-1935, soon being followed by a second aircraft, similar to the first.  A third prototype, with a deeper fuselage allowing an additional passenger to be carried, more powerful engines and a revised undercarriage, formed the basis for the planned Ao 192B civil transport, with versions planned to serve as light transports, ambulance aircraft and survey aircraft.  In addition, a number of military variants were proposed, including a light reconnaissance aircraft and a light bomber.

AGO had large orders for licence-built aircraft for the Luftwaffe however, with much of their wartime work involved with Focke-Wulf, and only six AGO production aircraft could be built.

Operational history

The six production aircraft were acquired by the German state, with one being used as the personal transport of Dr Robert Ley, the head of the Reichsarbeitdienst (RAD/Reich Labour Service), while others were used as transports by the Waffen-SS and at the Luftwaffe test-centre at Rechlin.

Variants
Ao 192V1
First prototype. Argus As 10 C engines.
Ao 192V2
Second prototype, revised, braced, tailplane.
Ao 192V3
Third prototype. Argus As 10E engines, revised fuselage and undercarriage.
Ao 192B
Production series based on V3. Six built.

Specifications (Ao 192B)

See also

Notes

References
 

"Plane Facts". Air International, June 1977, Vol 12 No 6. p. 306.
Smith, J.R. and Kay, Antony J. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam, 1990. .

External links

AGO Ao 192
 Ago Ao 192 "Kurier" - In Polish

1930s German civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Ao 192
Horatio Scott Carslaw. Dr Horatio Scott Carslaw FRSE LLD (12 February 1870, Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire, Scotland – 11 November 1954, Burradoo, New South Wales, Australia) was a Scottish-Australian mathematician.  The book he wrote with his colleague John Conrad Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, remains a classic in the field.

Life
He was born in Helensburgh, Scotland, the son of the Rev Dr William Henderson Carslaw (a Free Church minister) and his wife, Elizabeth Lockhead. He was educated at The Glasgow Academy. He went on to study at Cambridge University and then obtained a postgraduate doctorate at Glasgow University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1901. He was a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and worked as a lecturer in Mathematics at Glasgow University, when in late 1902 he moved to Australia.

In 1903, upon the retirement of Theodore Thomas Gurney, Carslaw was appointed Professor and the Chair of Pure and Applied Mathematics in the now School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Sydney. He retired in 1935 to his house in Burradoo where he produced most of his best work.  The Carslaw Building at the University, completed in the 1960s and containing the School, is named after him.

He died at home in Burradoo and was buried in the Anglican section of Bowral Cemetery.

Family
He married Ethel Maude Clarke (daughter of Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet) in 1907 but she died later in the same year.

Works
 An introduction to infinitesimal calculus, 1905
 Introduction to the theory of Fourier's series and integrals and the mathematical theory of the conduction of heat, London 1906, revised 2nd edn. 1921, published under the title Introduction to the mathematical theory of the conduction of heat in solids; revised and enlarged 3rd edn. 1930, published under the title Introduction to the theory of Fourier's series and integrals
 The Elements of Non-Euclidean Plane Geometry and Trigonometry, London 1916
 with John Conrad Jaeger: Operational methods in applied mathematics, 1941, 1948
 with Jaeger: Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford 1947, 1959

See also
Diffusion equation
Heat equation
Horosphere
Thermal diffusivity

References

External links
 
 Horatio Scott Carslaw at the Australian Dictionary of Biography Online
 

1870 births
1954 deaths
People educated at the Glasgow Academy
Australian mathematicians
Scottish mathematicians
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
British emigrants to Australia
Electrostatic pickup. An electrostatic pickup converts mechanical motion to an electrical signal by means of varying electrical capacitance. This type of pickup, in which the moving plate is a vibrating metal reed, is used in some types of electronic pianos and organs as an inexpensive method of generating tones.

Principle of operation
The electrostatic pickup consists of a capacitor with one stationary plate and one moving plate. The moving plate is typically a steel or brass reed, anchored at one end and free to vibrate at the other end. Another fixed plate is suspended near the vibrating reed, but is electrically insulated.
A high voltage is applied between the stationary and moving plates to produce an electric field. The motion of the moving plate induces a varying current through the capacitor formed by the reed and the fixed plate.

The capacitance of the pickup is changed by the motion of the moving plate. As a result of the changing capacitance, a varying current flows into or out of the plates as needed to maintain the proper charge for the new amount of capacitance. This current produces a varying voltage across an external resistor which is amplified to produce a usable output signal.

Variations
The shape, size and position of the fixed plate relative to the reed has an effect on the capacitance change as a function of the reed's instantaneous position during its travel. This allows different combinations of overtones to be generated from a single reed by placing several fixed plates in different locations, as seen in Wurlitzer electrostatic organs.

The electrostatic pickup used in the Hohner Pianet N electric piano has a fixed plate mounted at a 90-degree angle to the reed, while the fixed plates used in Wurlitzer electrostatic organs are parallel to the reed. The position of the fixed plate in the Pianet is such that the capacitance changes most dramatically when the reed is in the upper portion of its travel. The result is a large second-harmonic content in the resulting signal, similar to that produced by a fuzz box distortion pedal.

See also
 Electrostatic reed organ
 Everett Orgatron
 Compton organ
 Wurlitzer electric piano
 Hohner Pianet

References

External links
 Wurlitzer Electrostatic Organs by Eric Larson

Musical instrument parts and accessories
Certified broadcast radio engineer. Certified broadcast radio engineer (CBRE) is a title granted to an individual in the United States who successfully meets the experience and test requirements of the certification, regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE). The CBRE title is protected by copyright laws. Individuals who use this title without consent from the Society of Broadcast Engineers could face legal action.

The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing or Professional Engineering programs. Broadcast Engineering is regulated at the national level and not by individual states.

External links 
 SBE Certified Broadcast Radio Engineer (CBRE) Requirements & Application
 SBE Official Website

Broadcast engineering
Professional certification in engineering