omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Arlington Mills Historic District. The Arlington Mills Historic District encompasses a major 19th century textile manufacturing complex in Lawrence and Methuen, Massachusetts. Developed between 1865 and 1925, it was one of the state's largest textile operations at its height.  At the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, the mill complex was owned by Malden Mills.

Description and history

The Arlington Mills occupy  of land straddling the boundary between Lawrence and Methuen.  It is bounded on the east by Broadway, a historic post road, and on the west by the Spicket River, which originally supplied it with power.  The complex has 23 buildings, most of which are of brick construction.  The largest is the 1896 wool-combing mill, which is  long, while the 1906 worsted weaving mill is  long.

The first industrial use of this site was about 1820, when Abiel Stevens built a wood-frame factory in which piano cases were built.  Stevens' first mill burned in 1855, and he rebuilt the following year.  The Arlington Mills Company began operation in 1865, after purchasing this location; its investors were owners of Lawrence's other mill operations.   In 1880 their 1865 building was demolished and replaced by a new brick structure, now termed the worsted-weave shed which is one of the surviving buildings.  The complex grew over the years, and was by 1925 one of the largest textile factories in the state.  During World War I it supplied large quantities of flannel and wool shirting to the United States Army.  The Arlington Mills Company suffered financial reverses during the Great Depression, and closed its doors in 1952.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Methuen, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence, Massachusetts
Methuen, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bilal M. Ayyub. Bilal M. Ayyub (born 5 January 1958, Tulkarm, Palestine) is a researcher in risk analysis and reliability engineering. He has been a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) since 1983, and is also the director of the Center for Technology and Systems Management at its  A. James Clark School of Engineering.

Biography 
Ayyub was born in Tulkarm, Palestine, 5 January 1958 and moved to Kuwait in 1961. He was K12 schooled in Kuwait, and  earned a Bachelors of Science in Civil Engineering from Kuwait University in 1980. He received both  a Masters of Science in Civil Engineering (1981) and a Doctorate of Philosophy (1983) from  the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Career 
He works in the areas of risk analysis, uncertainty modeling, decision analysis, and systems engineering. His specialty is  risk and uncertainty analysis for decision and policy making including climate adaptation.

Ayyub is a distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), an honorary member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and a fellow of the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA), the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) and the ASCE Structural Engineering Institute.

Ayyub provides advisory services as needed through BMA Engineering, Inc., a Bethesda, Maryland-based engineering consulting firm that works with infrastructure and defense systems.

Publications 
Ayyub is the founding editor-in-chief of the ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems in its two parts: Part A. Civil Engineering and Part B. Mechanical Engineering.
He is also on the editorial board of the Journal of Risk Analysis and the Journal of Ship Research of the SNAME. He is the author or co-author of more than 600 publications in journals and conference proceedings, and reports. He is author,  editor, co-author, or co-editor    of 20  books, including:
 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure: Prediction, Risks and Solutions, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2011 (edited with Kearney).
 Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk: Analysis, Modeling, and Management, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2011 (editor).
 Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis for Engineers and Scientists, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Press Boca Raton, Florida, 2006 (with Klir).
 Risk Analysis in Engineering and Economics, First Edition (2003), Second Edition (2014), Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, 2014.
 Elicitation of Expert Opinions for Uncertainty and Risks, CRC Press, 2002.

Notes

Living people
American civil engineers
Georgia Tech alumni
People from Tulkarm
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
1958 births
Parahawking. Parahawking is an activity that combines paragliding with falconry. Birds of prey are trained to fly with paragliders, guiding them to thermals.

History 
The roots of parahawking can be traced to aviators of the late 20th century such as naturalist Bill Lishman who in 1988 became the first person to lead the flight of geese with a light aircraft, and inspired the 1996 Columbia Pictures film Fly Away Home.

In 2002 Italian aviator Angelo d'Arrigo crossed the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea accompanied by an eagle, in an attempt to learn from them their techniques for migratory flight, by taking advantage of thermal air currents for long distance flight with low energy consumption.

The term 'parahawking' was coined by British falconer Scott Mason, who documented his endeavours in a film entitled Parahawking. Parahawking won the 'Air' category at the 5th Hory a Mesto International Festival of Mountain Films in Slovakia.

Other noted parahawkers include Danish, two-time paragliding world champion, Louise Crandall, whose film Flying with Eagles won first prize at the 2007 Coupe Icare film festival in St Hilaire, France.

Controversy
In 2010 the Nepalese government announced that Scott Mason's Himalayan Raptor Rescue Centre in Pokhara was to be closed following allegations that it was illegally holding endangered birds and that its practice of parahawking amounted to cruelty. Despite these allegations, Mason continued to practice parahawking in Nepal until at least 2017, when the Nepalese government confiscated a number of endangered birds of prey.

See also
 Birds of prey
 Falconry
 Paragliding

References

Air sports
Falconry
Hybrid sports
Individual sports
Paragliding
Programmable load. A programmable load is a type of test equipment or instrument which emulates DC or AC resistance loads normally required to perform functional tests of batteries, power supplies or solar cells. By virtue of being programmable, tests like load regulation, battery discharge curve measurement and transient tests can be fully automated and load changes for these tests can be made without introducing switching transient that might change the measurement or operation of the power source under test.

Implementation 
Programmable loads most commonly use one transistor/FET, or an array of parallel connected transistors/FETs for more current handling, to act as a variable resistor. Internal circuitry in the equipment monitors the actual current through the transistor/FET, compares it to a user-programmed desired current, and through an error amplifier changes the drive voltage to the transistor/FET to dynamically change its resistance. This 'negative feedback' results in the actual current always matching the programmed desired current, regardless of other changes in the supplied voltage or other variables. Of course, if the power source is not able to supply the desired amount of current, the DC load equipment cannot furnish the difference; it can restrict current to a level, but it cannot boost current to a higher level. Most commercial DC loads are equipped with microprocessor front end circuits that allow the user to not only program a desired current through the load ('constant current' or CC), but the user can alternatively program the load to have a constant resistance (CR) or constant power dissipation (CP).

Electronic test equipment
Hardware testing
Electronic engineering
Air combat maneuvering instrumentation. Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) systems record an aircraft's in-flight data.
They are often used by the military for aerial combat training and analysis.

Subsystems 

ACMI usually includes 4 major subsystems.

 Control and Computation
 The Control and Computation Subsystem (CCS) is usually a rack-mounted personal computer running applications that calculate Time-Space-Position-Information (TSPI).

 Transmission Instrumentation
 The Transmission Instrumentation Subsystem (TIS) is firmware running at or near a communications tower on the range the aircraft are flying around. The TIS will have 1–9 interrogators (remotes) scattered throughout the range. One of these remotes is at the TIS, and is referred to as the "remote at Master". Each remote interrogates an AIS pod (see below) loaded on each aircraft flying on range, and receives the response and relays it to the TIS.

 Airborne Instrumentation
 Antiquated ACMI systems triangulated each pod's position and relayed that TSPI back to the CCS. Modern ACMI systems no longer triangulate; instead, a GPS unit is installed in each Airborne Instrumentation Subsystem (AIS) pod to calculate its own position, thereby relieving the CCS of the triangulation algorithm. The CCS now gets a complete TSPI message from the AIS pod via the TIS, and forwards this data to a display system.

 Advanced Display and Debriefing or Individual Combat Aircrew Display
 Advanced Display and Debriefing Subsystems (ADDS) are quickly vanishing and being replaced by Individual Combat Aircrew Display Systems (ICADS) because the ICADS software can run on any compatible personal computer. ICADS is the display software that receives data from the CCS and displays it in a three-dimensional graphical user interface.

Autonomous air combat maneuvering instrumentation  
Autonomous air combat maneuvering instrumentation (AACMI) are second-generation GPS-based ACMI systems.

Unlike first-generation ACMI systems, which use ground radars to track and record the position of the aircraft on the range, AACMI systems use aircraft-mounted satellite navigation systems such as the US NAVSTAR GPS system. Recording of aircraft tracks can therefore be independent of ground-based radar, and are sometimes called range-less or autonomous. Radio transmissions from the aircraft report its position in three dimensions to other aircraft on the range and also to ground control.  This enables real-time air-to-air exercises to be carried out and also complex ground debriefs (after-action review or AAR) based on data recorded at the time.  Such de-briefs involve the use of modern graphics and display techniques that can bring out training and other points to aircrew and ground staff.  Newer AACMI systems are hand-held units that can be mounted to the dash of any aircraft, vehicle, vessel, or person, and can perform all the functions of legacy ACMI systems.

See also

 Arotech Corporation
 Cubic Corporation

References

External links 
 A Comparative Analysis of Internal and External Solutions to Provide Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) Functionality

Military aviation
Beamz. The Beamz is a laser-based music device. It is a W-shaped table-top optical control device with several laser beams. Users operate the device by using their hands to interrupt the beams.

History
The product was created by musician and record producer Jerry Riopelle, who began working on the device in 2001. Riopelle built the original prototype with PVC pipe and lasers, and later refined it with Todor Fay and Melissa Jordan Grey. to develop the software that controls the device.

How it works
The Beamz system connects to a computer via USB.  Each laser beam corresponds to an instrument or sound that the user plays by interrupting the beam.  When the player removes his or her hand the sound stops.  Even though the player’s interaction with the lasers is random, the device ensures that the music will always be harmonious. Six laser triggers and two button-controlled triggers activate up to 64 independently controlled sequences of musical notes or events. When a laser beam is broken, the software program plays a musical note, event, or musical phrase that is always harmonious to the other sounds being played at that time. The Beamz product line is now in its third generation with a smaller footprint controller with four laser beams cross-platform compatible with PC, MAC and iOS devices.

Users
In August 2010, Beamz was listed among the Best Tools for Schools by School Band and Orchestra Magazine, during the NAMM Show with the note that using Beamz was fun and a "great way to involve special ed students in music making."

See also
  System designed to enable remote, synthesized music play

References

External links
 

Electronic musical instruments
Essex Company Machine Shop. Essex Company Machine Shop, also known as Stone Mill or the Lawrence Machine Shop, is a historic machine shop on Union Street in Lawrence, Massachusetts.  It was built in 1846 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

History
The Essex Company was incorporated on March 20, 1845, for the purpose of creating a manufacturing town on the Merrimack River.  The town eventually became Lawrence.

To attract manufacturers, the Essex Company dammed the river with the Great Stone Dam and created a canal to provide a power source for future businesses.  The machine shop was created at the head of the canal as part of a foundry to service the Essex Company and tenant manufacturers.  The facility consisted of the machine shop, a foundry, a forge shop containing 32 forges, and a chimney connected via an underground flue to the forges. The entire complex was warmed by steam and had power provided by two Fourneyron water turbines.

A branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad encircled the complex to allow for delivery of raw materials and coal.

In 1850, the complex employed 400 but was designed with the capacity to employ 800-1000 workers.

Description of the building
The machine shop building is one of the few remaining structures from the original Essex Company site.  It is  long and  wide.  It is four stories high and was designed to allow access to steam locomotives.  The other surviving structure is the 142' (43 m) high chimney.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Lawrence, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Carapelli Computers. Carapelli Computers was a Taiwanese company founded in 1983 with the goal of linking manufacturers based in South East Asia to the world's merchandise trading markets.

By 1986 Carapelli was exporting various computer parts to Canada and India including computer casings, power supplies, motherboards & additional add-on peripherals and by 1991 the company had started exporting notebooks from every OEM manufacturer under the Impulse brand moniker to Canada.  At that time Impulse was ranked 3rd in notebook sales nationwide.

In 1987 Carapelli expanded its operations to Hong Kong and Bangkok in a move to expand the company's market share in general merchandise and computers. By 1997 the group's turnover had exceeded USD 50 Million and was still growing.

In 1994 Carapelli further expanded its operations to the United Arab Emirates by opening two import facilities. Carapelli Computers was started in Dubai, United Arab Emirates with both a retail and wholesale strategy.

In the year 2001, Carapelli again expanded its operations by establishing a large retail and wholesale presence in the U.A.E.'s trade capital Dubai and subsequently in the year 2002 Carapelli created two more branch locations at the Jebel Ali freezone port and in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. The former was created to increase Carapelli's distribution abilities to the whole of the Middle East and Africa, and the latter was established in order to gain a larger retail and wholesale presence within the capital of the nation.

In the year 2006, Carapelli invested in a manufacturing presence in mainland China, producing media products and GPS systems and in 2008 the focus shifted to the manufacturing of laptop computers for the masses.

World's Cheapest Laptop 
In 2008 Carapelli launched the Impulse NPX-9000, which is claimed to be the world's cheapest notebook, at a wholesale price of U.S. $129.00.

References 
ITP Review of the Impulse NPX-9000

Computer World Announcement of Impulse NPX-9000 Launch

OLPC News Announcement of Impulse NPX-9000 Launch

External links 
 Impulse NPX-9000 Official Home Page

Electronics companies of Taiwan
Eli Ruckenstein. Eli Ruckenstein (August 13, 1925 – September 30, 2020) was an American distinguished professor at the department of chemical and biological engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo. His main research areas were catalysis, surface science, colloids and emulsions, and bio-compatible surfaces and materials.

Biography
Ruckenstein received his PhD from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest in 1949 and started his academic career as an assistant professor there. In 1969, he was invited to spend six weeks in London at University College and Imperial College. After that he received an invitation as a National Science Foundation senior scientist at Clarkson College. Subsequently, he joined the University of Delaware in 1970 and the University at Buffalo in 1973 as a full professor. He continued to work as a full-time member of the UB faculty and to conduct original research, published in peer-reviewed journal articles, until his death at the age of 95.

Awards
Ruckenstein was the recipient of many awards. The most prominent honors are his induction into the National Academy of Engineering in 1990, and his award of the National Medal of Science in 1998, which is the highest scientific honor bestowed by the United States.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
National Medal of Science laureates
American physical chemists
University at Buffalo faculty
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Whegs. Whegs (wheel-legs or wing-legs) are mechanisms for robot locomotion.  Whegs use a strategy of locomotion that combines the simplicity of the wheel with the obstacle-clearing advantages of the foot.

Whegs were pioneered at the Biologically Inspired Robotics Laboratory at Case Western Reserve University. The development of the whegs concept has been done in collaboration with the Ritzmann lab in the Biology department at Case Western Reserve University. The system is inspired by and based on studies of cockroach climbing behavior.

Whegs robots were inspired by the Prolero robot, designed in 1996 at the European Space Agency, and the RHex robot, developed by a multiuniversity effort funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Wing-legs are found on flying robots and are wings dual-purposed as legs for locomotion when the robot is on the ground.

References

Hexapod robots
Robots of the United States
Biorobotics
2000s robots
Econ group (Greece). ECON (not to be confused with companies in other countries with the same name) was a Greek conglomerate, named after its founder Christos Economides. It was founded in 1950 as an engineering company but it progressively diversified in other areas including defence equipment, focusing during the 1980s on electronics and electro-optical system development and production. By 1995 it had rapidly evolved into a major defence group with four factories involved in high-tech constructions, including mechanical engineering, optics, electronics, digital imaging equipment, explosives etc. However, this growth was followed by an equally rapid collapse only a few years later, leading to one more dark page in the history of Greek defence industry. Parts of the company were reorganized into Thalis sensors (later Theon sensors).

External links/References 
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
1995 Interview of Mr. D. Economides (in Greek)
Theon sensors company site

Defence companies of Greece
Greek brands
German state railway norms. In German railway engineering, norms (Normalien) are standards for the design and production of railway vehicles. In the 1880s and 1890s, Prussian norms were developed for the locomotives, tenders and wagons of the Prussian state railways under the direction of the railway director responsible for railway engineering, Moritz Stambke. Later, these were largely adopted by the other state railways (Länderbahnen) in Germany.

Engineering drawings
These norms are defined by engineering drawings to 1:40 scale on individual sheets and show the locomotives and wagons as full design drawings, referred to by their sheet (Musterblatt) numbers. The first drawings date from 1878. In 1885 the Minister for Public Works tasked the Hütte Academic Institute with the publication of the norms. The drawings were regularly updated as technical developments occurred. The last Prussian  drawings were issued in 1923.

Goods wagons
The design drawings for goods wagons were of special importance. The wagons built to these specifications appeared in large numbers and formed the bulk of the German wagon fleet until well after the Second World War. The 1973 DR Goods Wagon Handbook still contained most of the DSV wagon classes as well as the former Prussian Class IId wagons. The most important types are listed in the following table. Note that group IIb are goods wagons based on old designs, IIc goods wagons under 15 ton maximum load and IId goods wagons with at least 15 tons maximum load. A-group wagons are those built to the standard drawings of the DSV. Wagons according to sheets with other nos. are special designs, of which some were also built in large numbers.

Other examples
Other examples of Prussian norms are:

See also
 History of rail transport in Germany

Literature and sources 

Multiple authors (1974). Güterwagen Handbuch, Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin 
Behrends, H.; Hensel, W.; Wiedau, G. (1989). Güterwagen-Archiv (Band 1), Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin
Carstens, S.; Ossig, R. (1989). Güterwagen. Band 1. Gedeckte Wagen, W. Tümmels, Nuremberg 
Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1989). Güterwagen. Band 2. Gedeckte Wagen – Sonderbauarten, W. Tümmels, Nuremberg 
Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1996). Güterwagen. Band 3. Offene Wagen, Eigenverlag, Hasloh 
Carstens, S. (2003). Güterwagen. Band 4. Offene Wagen in Sonderbauart, MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg 
Carstens, S. (2008). Güterwagen. Band 5. Rungen-, Schienen- und Flachwagen, MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg 
Deutsche Bundesbahn, EZA Minden (1951). Handbuch für Umzeichnung der Güterwagen, Minden 
Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, Reichsbahn-Zentralamt (1928) Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Reichsbahn. IV. Wagen (Regelspur). 1928 edition, Berlin 
Königl. Eisenbahn Zentralamt (1915). Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Preußisch-Hessischen Staatseisenbahnverwaltung. 1915 edition, Berlin 
Troche, H. (1992) Die preußischen Normal-Güterzuglokomotiven der Gattungen G 3 und G 4. Kap. 17. Die Normalien-Güterwagen, EK-Verlag, Freiburg

Standards of Germany
Rail technologies
Rolling stock of Germany
Rail transport in Germany
Rail freight transport in Germany