omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Junitoite. Junitoite is a mineral with formula CaZn2Si2O7·H2O. It was discovered at the Christmas mine in Christmas, Arizona, and described in 1976. The mineral is named for mineral chemist Jun Ito (1926–1978).

Description and occurrence
Junitoite is transparent to translucent and is colorless, milk-white, or colored due to alteration. Crystals grow up to  and have high quality faces.

Junitoite occurs in fractures through pods of sphalerite. It formed by retrograde metamorphism and oxidation of tactite, also resulting in kinoite. The mineral is known from  New Jersey and the type locality in Arizona. Junitoite occurs in association with apophyllite, calcite, kinoite, smectite, and xonotlite.

Crystal structure

In 1968, Jun Ito published the results of synthesis of various lead calcium zinc silicates. The formula of one phase, designated X3, was identified as probably CaZnSi2O6·H2O. When he described junitoite, Sidney Williams identified the mineral's formula as CaZn2Si2O7·H2O, based on communications with Ito.

The mineral's crystal structure was first determined in 1985 and refined in 2012. The mineral crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. The structure is formed by chains of corner-sharing ZnO4 tetrahedra linked together by Si2O7 tetrahedral pairs. Calcium ions occupy vacancies and coordinate to five oxygen atoms and one water molecule.

History
The first known specimen of junitoite was collected from the Christmas mine at Christmas, Arizona, and entered the collection of Joe Ana Ruiz. Geologist Robert A. Jenkins noticed the mineral in kinoite specimens, submitting Ruiz's sample to Sidney A. Williams for study. Further samples came from the collections of Ruiz and Raymond Diaz.

Williams identified the specimens as a new mineral and described it in the journal American Mineralogist in 1976. He named it junitoite in honor of Jun Ito, the mineral chemist who noted the compound of which the mineral is composed. The International Mineralogical Association approved the mineral as IMA 1975-042. The type material is housed in the University of Arizona, Harvard University, the National Museum of Natural History, the University of Paris, the National School of Mines, and The Natural History Museum.

References

Bibliography

External links

Images of junitoite from mindat.org

Calcium minerals
Zinc minerals
Hydrates
Sorosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 40

Minerals described in 1976
Concrete (perfumery). Concrete, in perfumery, is a waxy mass obtained by solvent extraction of fresh plant material. It is usually used for the production of absolutes.

Sources 
Concretes are produced from natural plant materials, mainly flowers. Some of the most popular natural flowers used are rose and lavender.

Production 

A semi-solid residue of essential oils, waxes, resins and other oil-soluble plant chemicals remains. 

The solvent used for extraction must be chosen carefully regarding its polarity and boiling point. If the boiling point is too high, compounds that are readily deactivated by heat might be destroyed, leading to a loss of certain fragrance ingredients during evaporation.

The resulting residue after evaporation consists mostly of heavier nonvolatile substances, which give concrete its "waxy" properties.

Putting the plant materials under high pressure before treating it with solvents has been found to greatly increase the yield of the concrete. This is because high pressure causes the cells to burst, which allows the glucoside and diastase in the plants to react more freely.

Applications 
The main use of concrete is for producing absolutes. The general process of producing absolutes includes extracting the concrete with ethanol, using cold filtration to remove residue, then distilling off the ethanol. 

Absolutes are highly concentrated and aromatic oily mixtures. They are similar to essential oils, but are more soluble and have longer lasting odours. Absolutes are completely soluble in ethanol and can be used as perfume ingredients. In contrast to this, concretes are only partially soluble in ethanol due its composition of heavier substances. Therefore, they cannot directly produce perfume without being made into an absolute first. Because of their insoluble character, they are also used in soap perfumery.

Issues 
The first issue with using concretes in perfumery is that their extracts can become rancid after several months, especially if the containers are exposed to strong light.

The second issue is regarding residual pesticides in concretes. Cultivation of natural raw materials for producing concretes is often done by using monoculture techniques that use pesticides. The international regulation of pesticides in use for natural raw materials is not consistent yet. In Europe, the Regulation no. 396/2005/CE and Regulation no. 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and the European Council set a target maximum pesticide residue limit as 0.01 mg kg−1. However, currently, there is no universal method for analyzing the amount of residual pesticides in concretes that could show if the amount of residual pesticide in a concrete sample is safe. Previous analyses that used gas chromatography were heavily affected by the different components of the complex mixture of concrete samples. Therefore, it is likely that their analyses of the amount of pesticide in concrete was inaccurate. This is a concern, as a level of pesticide in concrete that is above the safe limit could lead to health risks.

References 

Perfumery
Chemical mixtures
SolidOx. SolidOx  was the brand name for welding equipment produced by Cleanweld Products for do-it-yourself welding enthusiasts
from 1965 until at least the early 1980s; the SOLIDOX name was registered as a trademark in 1968.

SolidOx commonly refers to SolidOx Pellets or SolidOx Sticks used to supply the oxygen for the welding equipment. The SolidOx Pellets were made of sodium chlorate and were burned to produce oxygen.

SolidOx products are no longer produced. They apparently continued production until at least 1983. In 1984, Cleanweld Products (or at least a portion of the company) was sold to Cooper Industries to be part of their tool division, including the SolidOx product line.

See also
Oxygen storage
Chemical oxygen generator

References

External links
 Armory.com
 Youtube.com - SolidOx Welder - Uploaded on 24 Aug 2011
 Youtube.com - SolidOx Burning - Uploaded on 23 May 2006
 Ytforums.ytmag.com

Welding
Luo Yang (aircraft designer). Luo Yang (1961November 25, 2012) was a Chinese aircraft designer. He was the head of production and designer for the Shenyang J-15 fighter jet. He was also the chairman and general manager of Shenyang Aircraft Corporation.

Career
In 1982, after graduating from Beihang University with a bachelor's degree, where he studied high-altitude equipment, Luo Yang joined the Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute. After some time there, he was promoted to deputy director of the institute.

Death
On November 25, 2012, Luo suffered a sudden heart attack and subsequently died in hospital. Luo was under pressure to make the J-15 fighter jet land on aircraft carrier Liaoning successfully. A memorial service for him was held in Shenyang, his birthplace.

References

1961 births
2012 deaths
Thaden Metal Aircraft Company. The Thaden Metal Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer based in San Francisco, California in the late 1920s.

History
The company was founded by Herbert von Thaden in 1928 to design and build a series of all-metal cabin monoplanes.

In 1929 the company was renamed the Pittsburgh Metal Airplane Company when it was bought by the Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation for $100,000. The company failed to break into the commercial market and collapsed, PAIC sold the company to the General Aviation Corporation in 1930 and it was renamed the Metalair Corporation.

Aircraft
Thaden T-1 (1928)
Thaden T-2 (1928)
Thaden T-4 (1930)

See also
Louise Thaden - Herbert Thaden's wife and a pioneer female aviator.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Pipistrel Apis-Bee. The Pipistrel Apis-Bee, also called the Apis/Bee, (Apis means bee in Latin) is a Slovenian mid-wing, single-seat glider and motor glider that was designed and produced by Pipistrel.

By October 2018, it was listed as a "legacy" product and production had ended.

Design and development
The Apis-Bee is a second generation derivation of the original Pipistrel Apis design. The company explains the name of this version, "In some countries, the name 'Apis' is trademarked, so we are unable to use it. These countries are, as far as we know, the following: Germany, Austria, Switzerland and some Scandinavian countries. There, the aircraft is marketed as 'Bee'. We chose this because 'Apis' in Latin means a bee."

The aircraft is made from composites, predominately carbon fibre and fibreglass with some portions in sandwich configuration and some as shells. The tailplane is a T-tail configuration. The wing is the same as the wing used on the Pipistrel Sinus and Taurus. Its  span wing employs a 17.01% IMD 029 airfoil, has an area of , an aspect ratio of 18.33 and mounts flaperons as well as Schempp-Hirth style airbrakes. The powered version has a pylon-mounted, retractable Hirth F33 BS two-stroke single cylinder engine.

The Apis-Bee differs from the early Apis by the incorporation of 133 improvements, including: retractable landing gear, steerable tailwheel, ballistic parachute, enlarged  cockpit, new lighter Hirth F33BS engine that can be removed quickly and has faster engine extension and retraction, a redesigned propeller, lower vibration levels and better cooling, standard wing-mounted  fuel tank replacing the former  tank, new instrument panel, cockpit control ergonomics, the engine management system from the Taurus, re-balanced and lighter flight control feel, optional 5.00 × 5 main wheel, leather interior, solar panels to run the on-board electrical system, improved cockpit ventilation and canopy defog and a new firewall between the cockpit and the engine compartment.

Operational history
The Apis-Bee holds many Fédération Aéronautique Internationale world records in the under  class:

Free out and return distance: , Tanja Pristavec, DU feminine
Free distance using up to 3 turn points: , Tanja Pristavec, DU feminine
Free distance: , (Tanja Pristavec, DU feminine) 
Free distance using up to 3 turn points: , Boštjan Pristavec
Speed over a triangular course of : , Tanja Pristavec, DU feminine
Out-and-return distance: , Andrej Kolar, DU general
Speed over an out-and-return course of : , Andrej Kolar, DU general 
Free Three Turn Points Distance: , Andrej Kolar, DU general
Free out-and-return distance: , Andrej Kolar, DU general
Speed record over a triangular course: , Boštjan Pristavec

Specifications (Apis-Bee motorglider)

See also

References

External links
Official website archive on archive.org

2010s Slovenian sailplanes
Apis-Bee
Motor gliders
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear
Negro (lead pencil). Negro is the name of an artist's drawing medium, consisting of black pencil lead often encased in a wooden or paper tool. Its history and uses are common knowledge among illustrators and historians interested in illustrative art. The word "Negro", translates to "black" in Spanish and Italian, and is a term commonly used to describe artists' media and pigments that are black or dark in color.

History 
Negro lead was originally composed of a mixture of wax and charcoal and was often used in combination with heavily textured coquille paper. The intention was to create sturdy pencil line art which was dark enough to be reproduced with early photographic technology. It was used as a replacement for lithographic printmaking, just as pen and ink line art essentially took the place of intaglio in late 19th-century illustration.

While the name is used in the artistic sense, referring to the literal shade of the pencil, stylized depictions of Black Africans have been used in marketing campaigns and product packaging. 

One of the original producers of negro pencils was the Koh-i-Noor company; however, those manufactured by the company today are composed of lead that is slightly less dark and waxy than the originals. Cretacolor produces what they call Nero pencils, which are similar in composition. Prismacolor also manufactures a lead-based black pencil that is very close in composition.

References 

Pencils
Writing implements
Waxes
Art history
Charcoal
AN/ARC-34. The AN/ARC-34 is a UHF aircraft radio transceiver that was used in many U.S. aircraft of the 1950s and 1960s, such as the A-37, B-52, B-57, F-5, F-86, F-100, F-101, F-102, C-130, C-135, C-137, C-140, CH-3, H-43, H-53, T-38, T-39 and U-2.

System Description
The ARC-34 was a military UHF AM radio that operated between 225.0-399.9 MHz and transmitted at 8 watts. It featured a separate guard receiver for monitoring 243 MHz, while simultaneously monitoring the active channel selected.  The unit was unpressurized, but a pressurized version, designated AN/ARC-133, could operate at altitudes up to 50,000 feet. The radio system was designed by RCA, but Magnavox built some models.

See also

List of military electronics of the United States

References

External links
 AN/ARC Technical Manual
U.S. Military Equipment

Equipment of the United States Air Force
Military radio systems of the United States
Military electronics of the United States
Goods manufactured in the United States
Aircraft stations
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Telecommunications equipment of the Cold War
Mitchell Wing B-10. The Mitchell Wing B-10 is an American high-wing, open cockpit, single-seat, tailless, ultralight aircraft and motor glider designed by Don Mitchell and based on his Mitchell Wing hang-glider. It has been produced by a variety of companies in the form of kits and plans for amateur construction. It first flew in 1980.

In 2012 the aircraft was still available in the form of plans and some materials, offered by US Pacific of Fresno, California.

Design and development
The Mitchell Wing started off as a foot-launched hang glider with good soaring performance. Mitchell later modified the design into a powered ultralight aircraft with  wheeled tricycle landing gear, known as the B-10. The B-10F is a foot-launched variant with only two wheels. The B-10 was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of .

The B-10's fuselage is made from aluminum tubing while the wing has a birch plywood D-cell leading edge and foam ribs, covered with Dacron sailcloth or doped aircraft fabric. The tailless wing is common to all three variants. It is of tapered and lightly-swept form, employing a NACA 23015 airfoil. It has a span of  span wing, area of , aspect ratio of 8:1. The  outboard wing panels have 6 degrees of dihedral and the wing overall has 12 degrees of sweep. The controls are conventional three axis, comprising trailing elevons and wing tip mounted vertical rudders, and operated via a top-mounted centre stick.

Power is provided by a single engine in pusher configuration, mounted behind the pilot's seat. Small engines in the  range can be used: The prototype was fitted with a  McCulloch MC101, with Chrysler West Bend and McCulloch two-strokes being recommended. and the Zenoah G-25 of  has been fitted.

Construction time for the supplied plans is estimated at 500 hours.

The B-10 can be quickly disassembled for ground transport or storage. The outer wing panels fold or can be removed, the fuselage cage is detachable and the tip rudders are quickly removed.

The B-10 was subsequently developed into the A-10 and two-seat T-10 and the mid-wing Mitchell U-2 Superwing.

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum

Specifications (B-10)

See also

References

External links

1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Don Mitchell aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1980
Motor gliders
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Computación y Sistemas. Computación y Sistemas is a  peer-reviewed on Artificial Intelligence and Computing Science research providing a recognized forum for research in the area of computer science at Latin America. It was established in 1997 by Professor Adolfo Guzmán Arenas and it is published by Instituto Politécnico Nacional with the support of CONACyT.

Abstracting and indexing 

The journal is abstracted and indexed in DBLP, Scielo, and Scopus.

Computación y Sistemas is included in the CONACyT   until 2017.

Open Access Policy 

Computación y Sistemas provides immediate open access to its peer-reviewed content.

Former Editors in Chief 

 Juan Humberto Sosa Azuela (IPN), Isaac Scherson (University of California, Irvine) & Ulises Cortés (KEMLg-UPC) (2009–2012)
 Juan Luis Díaz de León (IPN), Jean Paul Frédéric Serra (Centre de Morphologie Mathématique) & Gerhard X. Ritter (University of Florida)  (2004–2009)
 George A. Bekey (USC), Juan Luis Díaz de León (IPN), Jean Paul Frédéric Serra (Centre de Morphologie Mathématique), Gerhard X. Ritter (University of Florida) & Adolfo Steiger Garçao (New University of Lisbon) (2003–2004)
 George A. Bekey (USC), Adolfo Guzmán Arenas (IPN), Ramón López de Mántaras (CSIC) & Adolfo Steiger Garçao (New University of Lisbon) (1997 -2003)

References

External links 

  CONACyT registry of excellence magazinesEvaluation Criteria 
 http://scielo.unam.mx/scielo.php/script_sci_serial/pid_1405-5546/lng_en/nrm_iso

Computación y Sistemas 

English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Optogalvanic effect. The Optogalvanic effect is the change in the conductivity of a gas discharge induced by a light source (typically a laser). This effect has found many applications in atomic spectroscopy and laser stabilization.

Introduction

In general, neutral atoms/molecules are generated in a gas discharge, and some of these neutral particles will be subsequently ionized, thereby creating a plasma. Incoming light will excite electronic transitions if the energy difference between pairs of atomic/molecular levels is in resonance with a frequency component of this light. Now, the probability and the cross-section to ionize one neutral particle depends on its initial energetic state. This means that light can change the rate at which neutral particles are ionised. Since the medium contains charged particles, it is not surprising that also the electrical properties of the gas discharge can change.

References

Physical phenomena
Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology. Field-induced polymer electroluminescent (FIPEL) technology is a low power electroluminescent light source. Three layers of moldable light-emitting polymer blended with a small amount of carbon nanotubes glow when an alternating current is passed through them. The technology can produce white light similar to that of the Sun, or other tints if desired. It is also more efficient than compact fluorescent lamps in terms of the energy required to produce light. As cited from the Carroll Research Group at Wake Forest University, "To date our brightest device – without output couplers – exceeds 18,000 cd/m2." This confirms that FIPEL technology is a viable solution for area lighting.

FIPEL lights are different from LED lighting, in that there is no junction. Instead, the light emitting component is a layer of polymer containing an iridium compound which is doped with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. This planar light emitting structure is energized by an AC field from insulated electrodes. The lights can be shaped into many different forms, from mimicking conventional light bulbs to unusual forms such as 2-foot-by-4-foot flat sheets and straight or bent tubes. The technology was developed by a team headed by Dr. David Carroll of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

See also

Notes

Energy-saving lighting
Electrical engineering
Nanoelectronics
Luminescence
Dip reader. A DIP reader (Document Insertion Processor) is an electronic device for reading an electronically encoded card that is inserted and then removed from the device.

A typical dip reader is used for reading credit cards where the data are either encoded on a magnetic stripe or an internal computer chip. The magnetic stripe on a card is typically read as the card is extracted. If the card is a smart card, then the data transfer typically takes place when the card is fully inserted. In this case, the card is held while data transfer is taking place.

References

Smart cards
Willis Whitfield. Willis Whitfield (December 6, 1919 – November 12, 2012) was an American physicist and inventor of the modern cleanroom, a room with a low level of pollutants used in manufacturing or scientific research. His invention earned him the nickname, "Mr. Clean," from Time Magazine.

Whitfield was born in Rosedale, Oklahoma, the son of a cotton farmer. Between 1942 and 1944, he served as a ground radar crew chief in the Signal Corps, later serving in the Navy until the end of World War 2. He would graduate from Hardin-Simmons University in 1952 with a Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics, later pursuing graduate studies at George Washington University.

An employee of the Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, Whitfield created the initial plans for the cleanroom in 1960. Prior to Whitfield's invention, earlier cleanrooms often had problems with particles and unpredictable airflows. Whitfield solved this problem by designing his cleanrooms with a constant, highly filtered air flow to flush out impurities in the air. Within a few years of its invention, sales of Whitfield's modern cleanroom had generated more than $50 billion in sales worldwide.

Whitfield retired from Sandia in 1984.

Whitfield died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on November 12, 2012, at the age of 92. His death was announced by officials at Sandia National Laboratories. Two years after his death, he would be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

References

2012 deaths
American physicists
American inventors
1919 births
Cleanroom technology
Sandia National Laboratories people
Hardin–Simmons University alumni