omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LSAT (oxide). LSAT is the most common name for the inorganic compound lanthanum aluminate - strontium aluminium tantalate, which has the chemical formula  (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 or its less common alternative: (La0.18Sr0.82)(Al0.59Ta0.41)O3. LSAT is a hard, optically transparent oxide of the elements lanthanum, aluminium, strontium and tantalum. LSAT has the perovskite crystal structure, and its most common use is as a single crystal substrate for the growth of epitaxial thin films.

Background
LSAT was originally developed as a substrate for the growth of high Tc cuprate superconductors thin films, mostly of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), for microwave device applications. The motivation for its development was to create a lattice-matched substrate with a similar thermal expansion coefficient and no structural phase transition over a wide temperature range, spanning from the high temperatures used for the growth of cuprates, to the cryogenic temperatures where they are superconducting.

Properties
LSAT has a Mohs hardness of 6.5, placing it between quartz and the mineral feldspar. Its relative dielectric constant is ~22 and it has a thermal expansion coefficient of 8~10×10−6/K. The thermal conductivity of LSAT is 5.1 Wm−1K−1. LSAT's (cubic) lattice parameter of 3.868 Å makes it compatible for the growth of a wide range of perovskite oxides with a relatively low strain.

LSAT's melting temperature of 1,840C is lower compared to similar alternative substrates, such as LaAlO3. This property enables the growth of LSAT single crystals using the Czochralski process (CZ), which has commercial advantages.

Uses

LSAT is primarily used in its single crystal form, typically as thin (≤1 mm) wafers. These wafers are used as a common substrate for epitaxial growth of thin films. LSAT substrates are popular for epitaxial oxides and their heterostructures, often in the study of electron correlation phenomena. Typical materials grown on LSAT substrates include strontium titanate (SrTiO3), cuprate superconductors (such as YBCO), iron-based superconductors (iron-pnictides), rare-earth manganites, rare-earth nickelates and others. Semiconductors such as gallium nitride can also be grown on LSAT.

LSAT's usefulness as a substrate for the growth of such films stems from its high chemical and thermal stability, and very low electrical conductivity. The growth conditions for such epitaxial layers can cause some substrates to form high densities of defects that can alter their properties. One example is the tendency of strontium titanate to form oxygen vacancy defects under high temperatures in high vacuum. These defects result in considerable variations of its properties, including the increase of electrical conductivity and optical opacity. LSAT on the other hand, is stable in both oxidizing and fairly reducing environments in high temperatures, thus enabling a larger window for the processing and growth conditions.

See also
 Epitaxial growth
 Electron correlation
 Strontium titanate
 Lanthanum aluminate

References

Lanthanum compounds
Aluminium compounds
Aluminates
Inorganic compounds
Perovskites
Opduwer. An opduwer or opdrukker is a small tug- or towboat that was used in the Low Countries to push barges on inland waterways. Opduwers were predominantly in use in the first half of the twentieth century. During that time the internal combustion engine got adapted for inland shipping. Earlier, barges were propelled either by sail or by towing from shore by horse or manpower. Fitting an engine and propeller to an existing barge was found cumbersome however. It was easier to construct a small tugboat and use this to propel the existing barge.
Opduwers were built between about 1910 to 1940.  A large number survive as pleasure craft.

Usage
The skipper of the barge was commonly also the owner of the opduwer so barge and tugboat formed a working pair. The barge was sometimes towed but most commonly pushed by the opduwer. The word opduwer literally translates to 'on-pusher' in English. When used as a pusher the opduwer was lashed to the stern of the barge and often controlled from the barge using a string or the boat hook. 
The opduwer offered additional advantages to the skipper as it could be used as a handy motorboat for various tasks and there was no noise or vibration from the engine in the barge itself.

Construction 
The first opduwers of around 1910 were simple wooden rowing boats that had an engine fitted. Later opduwers were built on shipyards, often from material that was left over from the construction of large ships. Early opduwers were made of either wood or steel but later only steel was used. Common sizes were from 4.5 to 6 meters long and 1.5 meters wide, weighing between 1 and 3 ton. Some were completely open boats while other opduwers featured decks and a roof to protect the engine from the weather. Common engines came from automobiles, often including the gear box. Having an engine of around 6hp the opduwer could reach about 7 to 10 km/h.

Sources

 R. Martens & F. Loomeijer. Binnenvaartschepen. Uitgeverij de Alk, Alkmaar, 1977. 

Tugboats
Boat types
Advanced Optical Materials. Advanced Optical Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-VCH. It was established in 2013, after a section with the same name had been published since March 2012 in Advanced Materials. It covers all aspects of light-matter interactions. The founding editor-in-chief is Peter Gregory.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 10.050, ranking it 52nd out of 345 journals in the category "Materials Science, Multidisciplinary" and 9th out of 101 journals in the category "Optics".

References

External links

Materials science journals
Optics journals
Academic journals established in 2013
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
ACS Photonics. ACS Photonics is a monthly, peer-reviewed, scientific journal, first published in January 2014 by the American Chemical Society. The current editor in chief is Romain Quidant (ETH Zurich). The interdisciplinary journal publishes original research articles, letters, comments, reviews and perspectives.

Scope
The focus of ACS Photonics is the science of photonics and light-matter interactions. The areas of research reported in the journal are:

Nanophotonics, including plasmonics and polaritonics
Optical materials, including quantum/topological materials, 2D materials and phase change materials
AI for photonics (e.g. Inverse design) and photonics for AI (e.g. optical computing)
Integrated photonics
Light sources, including new classes of lasing devices and LED with improved performance and new integration strategies
Photodetection, including new device principles, device physics and device architectures
Nonlinear optics
Quantum photonics
Photonics-based wearables
Virtual and augmented reality
Photonics for energy, including photonic enhancement to solar energy harvesting, waste heat harvesting (thermophotovoltaics), and wireless photonic energy transmission
Biophotonics, advanced optical imaging, photonics-based biosensing
Optical trapping and optical manipulation
Optomechanics
Fundamentals of light-matter interaction
Electron-beam spectroscopies and ultrafast electron microscopy
Terahertz photonics, including devices, imaging and spectroscopy

Abstracting and indexing
ACS Photonics is indexed in the following databases:

Chemical Abstracts Service – CASSI
Chemistry Citation Index
Science Citation Index Expanded 
Current Contents – Engineering, Computing & Technology
Current Contents - Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Scopus
MEDLINE/PubMed

According to the 2015 Journal Citation Reports published by Thomson Reuters on June 13, 2016, ACS Photonics has received its first impact factor of 5.404.  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.5.

References

External links
 

Photonics
Optics journals
Nanotechnology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United States
Photonics
Fred Brown (Alaska politician). Frederic Emil "Fred" Brown (July 9, 1943 – June 27, 2014) was an American attorney, electrical engineer, and politician.

Fred Brown was born in Anchorage, Alaska on July 9, 1943.  He moved with his family to Fairbanks, Alaska while still an infant, where he resided for the remainder of his life. Brown graduated from Lathrop High School. He then received his bachelor's degree from the University of Alaska and his master's degree from Stanford University, both in electrical engineering. In 1969, Brown received his law degree from Columbia University School of Law and practiced law in Fairbanks, Alaska. Brown served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1975 to 1983 as a Democrat. He was married to Helen Brown. He died in Fairbanks at age 70.

References

External links
 Fred Brown at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature

1943 births
2014 deaths
Alaska lawyers
American electrical engineers
Columbia Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives
Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska
Politicians from Fairbanks, Alaska
Stanford University alumni
University of Alaska Fairbanks alumni
Lawyers from Fairbanks, Alaska
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century members of the Alaska Legislature
Know Labs. Know Labs, Inc is a US-based medical device company that creates non-invasive health monitoring systems using radio-microwave spectroscopy to identify and measure molecules in vivo, its first commercial-bound product being sensor technology optimized for blood glucose measurement. Know Labs is a public company whose shares trade under the stock symbol KNW.

History
Visualant was founded in 1998 by  Ron Erickson. The technology was originally developed by Tom Furness and Brian Showengerdt over a period of seven years at Furness's private research lab 'RATLab'.

Visualant acquired TransTech Systems of Aurora, Oregon in 2010. TransTech distributes security products and systems to security and law enforcement industries.

In May 2012, Visualant entered into a joint development contract, and licensing agreement with Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd. focusing on the commercialization of the SPM technology. The following year, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted its sixth Visualant a patent titled "Method, apparatus, and article to facilitate distributed evaluation of objects using electromagnetic energy." Later in 2013, Visualant partnered with Intellectual Ventures to further the development of intellectual property through Intellectual Venture's 'Inventor Network'.

In 2018, Visualant, Incorporated announced a name change to Know Labs, Inc.

Awards and recognition
In February 2013, Visualant won the Green Photonics category of the 2013 Prism Awards for Photonics Innovation for its ChromaID technology.

References

Companies based in Seattle
Companies established in 1988
Technology companies of the United States
Integrated Global System Model. The Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) is an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. The IGSM couples the MIT Earth System Model (MESM), an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, to the Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA), a human activity model that represents the world's economy. It has been used to understand the interactions between humans and the global climate system.

History

IGSM was introduced in 1999 in a paper by Ronald Prinn et al. in a paper in Climatic Change Version 2 was released in 2005.

Reception

Academic reception

The IGSM has been referenced by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The IGSM has also been referenced in academic literature on climate systems, human activity, and policy implications. Version 1 was used by the model creators for an analysis of the Kyoto Protocol in a 1999 paper for Nature. Version 2.2 was used by the creators of the model in a study published as a working paper in 2008. A modified version was published in Climatic Change in 2011. A 2012 working paper did an analysis of climate policy targets under uncertainty. The strategy for investigating the impacts of climate change on Earth’s physical, biological and human resources and links to their socio-economic consequences in the MIT IGSM is discussed in an article published in Climatic Change in 2013. A demonstration of the IGSM capabilities for multi-sectoral assessment of climate impacts under a range of consistent and integrated economic and climate scenarios that are responsive to new policies and business expectations was published in Nature Communications in 2018.

Independent authors have also referenced the IGSM.

See also

 DICE model

References

External links

Climate change assessment and attribution
Shanghai Polytechnic University. Shanghai Polytechnic University (), also known as the Shanghai Second Polytechnic University, is a public university in Shanghai. It was founded in 1960.

Founded in 1960, SSPU is an institution of higher education featured by engineering as its main discipline, with synchronized development of multi-disciplines, including Economics, Management Science, Literature and Natural Sciences. The university provides education of undergraduates, higher vocational students, master, international students and students of adult and further education..

In 2010 SSPU was granted the qualification to enroll international students. 

In 2011 the university was approved by Academic Degree Committee of the State Council as the Engineering master's degree pilot work unit. 

In 2013,  SSPU was listed in the institutions to administer "Shanghai Government Scholarships for International Students". The university offers 20 categories under 6 disciplines, with 33 undergraduate programs and 30 higher vocational programs. Its staff totals about 1,100. Currently about 17,000 students are registered at SSPU. 

Over the years, SSPU has established cooperative relationship with universities and institutions in the US, the UK, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, etc. and also with Hong Kong and Taiwan. 

Through channels such as international cooperation and bilateral exchanges, educational concepts at home and abroad and experience in education are introduced and integrated. Innovation and deepening of educational reform is promoted. Internationalization of education and educational level of the university are increased gradually.

External links
Shanghai Polytechnic University 

Shanghai Polytechnic University 

Universities and colleges in Shanghai
1960 establishments in Shanghai
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule. The Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) is a rule by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that requires member states of the United States to reduce power plant emissions that contribute to ozone and/or fine particle pollution in other states. The EPA describes this rule as one that "protects the health of millions of Americans by helping states reduce air pollution and attain clean air standards."

Details
The CSAPR requires 23 United States states to reduce their annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to help downwind states attain the 24-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and 25 states to reduce ozone season nitrogen oxide emissions to help downwind states attain the 8-hour NAAQS.

The states that are required to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions are divided into two groups, both of which must reduce their emissions in 2012. Group 1 is required to make additional emissions reductions by 2014.

History

Reception
The CSAPR has been defended by environmental groups such as the Environmental Defense Fund, progressive think tanks such as ThinkProgress, and publications such as the Huffington Post.

References

External links
 Official ruling

Air pollution in the United States
United States federal environmental legislation
Nanotechnology Law & Business. Nanotechnology Law & Business is a quarterly peer-reviewed law journal covering all legal, business, and policy aspects of nanotechnology. It was established in 2004 and the editors-in-chief are Don Featherstone (Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox) and Douglas Jamison (Harris & Harris Group).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus.

References

External links
 

Nanotechnology journals
Quarterly journals
American law journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2004
Cheay Areng Dam. Cheay Areng Dam was a proposed 108 MW hydroelectric dam on Areng river in Koh Kong Province, southwest of Cambodia (coordinate: ).

China Guodian Corporation once intended to build the dam. Sinohydro Resources Ltd, a holding company for Sinohydro Group, was granted approval in February 2014 for six months of extensive drilling, geological mapping and prospecting in the dam concession. 

The project was shelved in 2017 by Prime Minister Hun Sen due to a strong local opposition to the dam. A new coal plant will be constructed in Preah Sihanouk as a compensation.

Environmental and social concerns 
Cheay Areng Dam was to be built in the Central Cardamom Protected Forest (CCPF), largest unbroken tract of woodland in Southeast Asia, covering 4,013 km2. This area, made up of a series of adjoining national parks, hosts a high biodiversity including 31 endangered animal species, among which the world’s second-largest population of wild Siamese crocodile. 

Furthermore, the dam would flow a 20 km2 area from which 1500 Chong indigenous people would have to be relocated. Buddhist monks and villagers are against the project. , local residents continue to oppose construction of the dam, which would provide power principally to neighboring countries.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Cambodia
Dams in Cambodia
Koh Kong province
Cancelled hydroelectric power stations
Dam controversies
Saviem J. The Saviem J was a range of medium-duty trucks manufactured by the French manufacturers Saviem and Renault Véhicules Industriels between 1975 and 1980.

History
In the early 1970s, DAF, Magirus-Deutz, Volvo and Saviem formed the Club of Four to develop and manufacture a medium-duty truck. In order to do this, the company European Truck Development (ETD) was established in the Netherlands.

The Saviem version of this new truck range, the J, entered into production in 1975 and was fitted with MAN engines assembled under licence at Saviem's Limoges factory. Later, the range incorporated other engines. It went on sale in Britain in 1979, shortly before the name was changed to Renault.

Characteristics

Dimensions
The range was originally composed of three models: JN 90, JP 11 and JP 13, with the latter being subdivided into 13A, B and C.

The JN 90 was a 9-ton GVW (gross vehicle weight) truck with various wheelbases from . The JP 11s were 11-ton GVW models with wheelbases from . The JP 13 had various combinations of engine and dimensions available.

Later, the company introduced the lighter, four-cylinder JK range: JK 60 (6-ton GVW), JK 65 (6.5-ton GVW) and JK 75 (7.5-ton GVW). Wheelbases ranged from . The six-cylinder JN added various version between 7.5 and 8.5-ton GVW. Saviem also introduced the JR/JX range for trucks over 19-ton GVW.

Engines
The first engines of the J range were two 5.49L straight-six engines (the 597 and the 598) which had been fitted previously to the Saviems SM7 and SM8.  The 597 was an atmospheric with a power output of  at 2,900 rpm and a torque of  at 1,700 rpm. The 598 was turbocharged and had a maximum power output of  and a torque of . The JK range added the 720 straight-four MAN-licensed engines, producing  at 3,000 rpm and  at 1,680 rpm.

Transmission
A single gearbox, the S 5.35 type from ZF, was used on all the range. It was a fully synchronized five-speed unit. Later were incorporated the S 5.25 (for the JK models) and a Saviem-made unit.

Suspension
The J range had a suspension of leaf springs with dampers and anti-roll bars at the front and rear. The steering is a worm and sector setup.

References and sources

Vehicles introduced in 1975
Renault trucks
J
Lanthanum aluminate. Lanthanum aluminate is an inorganic compound with the formula LaAlO3, often abbreviated as LAO. It is an optically transparent ceramic oxide with a distorted perovskite structure.

Properties
Crystalline LaAlO3 has a relatively high relative dielectric constant of ~25. LAO's crystal structure is a rhombohedral distorted perovskite with a pseudocubic lattice parameter of 3.787 angstroms at room temperature (although one source claims the lattice parameter is 3.82). Polished single crystal LAO surfaces show twin defects visible to the naked eye.

Uses

Epitaxial thin films
Epitaxially grown thin films of LAO can serve various purposes for correlated electrons heterostructures and devices. LAO is sometimes used as an epitaxial insulator between two conductive layers. Epitaxial LAO films can be grown by several methods, most commonly by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

LAO-STO interfaces

The most important and common use for epitaxial LAO is at the lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface. In 2004, it was discovered that when 4 or more unit cells of LAO are epitaxially grown on strontium titanate (SrTiO3, STO), a conductive 2-dimensional layer is formed at their interface. Individually, LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 are non-magnetic insulators, yet LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces exhibit electrical conductivity, superconductivity,
ferromagnetism, large negative in-plane magnetoresistance, and giant persistent photoconductivity.  The study of how these properties emerge at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is a growing area of research in condensed matter physics.

Substrates
Single crystals of lanthanum aluminate are commercially available as a substrate for the epitaxial growth of perovskites, and particularly for cuprate superconductors.

Non-epitaxial thin films
Thin films of lanthanum aluminate were considered as candidate materials for high-k dielectrics in the early-mid 2000s. Despite their attractive relative dielectric constant of ~25, they were not stable enough in contact with silicon at the relevant temperatures (~1000 °C).

See also
 Lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface
 High-k dielectrics
 LSAT (oxide)
 Perovskite structure

References

Lanthanum compounds
Aluminates
Inorganic compounds
Perovskites
Engineering Staff College of India. The Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI) (established 1982) is an autonomous organ of The Institution of Engineers (India) and imparts continuing education to engineers and managers in the engineering profession. ESCI anchors consultancy services to government agencies and industry. It is certified for quality under ISO 9001:2008. ESCI is located in Hyderabad, Telangana. ESCI has formal linkages with several eminent engineers, managers, and academics who serve as adjunct faculty and consultants and has been recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education. Dr L. V. Muralikrishna Reddy is the Chairman of the Board of Management and Brig A. Umar Farook, VSM serves as the director of the ESCI.

References

External links
 Official site of Engineering Staff College of India
 IT Division, Engineering Staff College of India

Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India
Indian engineering organisations
Professional associations based in India
1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh