omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Suining–Chongqing railway. Suining–Chongqing railway is a high-speed railway connecting Chongqing and Suining, Sichuan as part of the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway. It is also known as Suiyu railway, following the Chinese practice of combining the shortened version of the terminal city's name. It is a national grade I railway with two electrified lines, with a designed maximum speed of , although maximum operating speed is currently 160 km/h.

Overview
The railway has a total length of ,  of which is in Sichuan Province and  within Chongqing Municipality. It is classed as a national railway grade I, with two electrified lines, designed for maximum speed of 250 kilometers. The second stage of the railway on December 31, 2012 officially launched operations.

History
Suiyu railway commenced with a ground-breaking ceremony on February 25, 2003. Stage one of track laying across the board was completed on April 23, 2005. Stage one was opened on April 1, 2006 after a total investment of 4.925 billion yuan. Suining–Chongqing railway is one of China's high-speed rail project pilot projects, building China 's first track test section for ballastless high-speed trains for a length of . The trial was commenced in September 2004, taking until January 2007 to complete the test.

During May 2005, Suiyu railway trains reached a top speed of  in testing. The railway is part of Chengyu high-speed railway and achieved connection with the railway from Chengdu to Suining. The combined operating distance from Chongqing to Chengdu is only , the entire running time of about 2 hours. On September 26, 2009, at Chongqing North Railway Station started services bound for Chengdu with CRH1 Harmony EMU trainsets, allowing Southwest China to enter the high-speed rail era.

The second stage of the Suining–Chongqing railway line has a length of , of which  is in Sichuan Province,  in Chongqing Municipality. This saw the creation of Suinan South station and a new alignment from Aikawa to Shizhishan. Work on this upgrade commenced on January 18, 2009, with construction lasting for four years. This stage of the project was estimated to need a total investment of 4.81 billion yuan. Chongqing railway new tier on January 24, 2013, officially launched operation.

References

External links

 China Railway Construction slogan "Made in China" s first non-ballasted track winning 
 Suiyu speed train line ran the country first (Xinhua)
 CRH2 be 160 km/h test in non-ballasted track on YouTube
 CRH2 be 220 km/h test in non- ballasted track on YouTube

2006 establishments in China
Railway lines opened in 2006
High-speed railway lines in China
Standard gauge railways in China
Rail transport in Chongqing
Transfer alignment. Transfer alignment is the process of initializing and calibrating a missile or torpedo inertial navigation system using data from the host carrier's navigation system. The inertial navigation systems on missiles and torpedoes are limited by weight, volume and cost. Initialization of such systems must be rapid and accurate. Different matching methods, such as velocity matching and position matching, are designed to improve the speed and accuracy of the alignment.

Different factors will affect the accuracy of the transfer alignment, such as reference information delay, mounting error, sensor measurement error, lever-arm effect and flexure of the carrier body.

References

Navigational equipment
David Richardson Medal. The David Richardson Medal is awarded by the Optical Society (formerly the Optical Society of America) to recognize contributions to optical engineering, primarily in the commercial and industrial sector. The award was first made in 1966 to its namesake David J. Richardson. He received it for distinctive contributions to the ruling and replicating of gratings, used to determine the transfer functions of lenses.  There is a prize associated with the medal.

Richardson received a graduate degree in spectroscopy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the mid-1930s.  He was hired by Bausch and Lomb in 1947 to establish a grating and scale-ruling laboratory that became the world's leader in diffraction gratings. The lab, which was renamed for him in 1966, has since 2004 belonged to the Newport Corporation.

Recipients

See also

 List of physics awards

References 

Awards of Optica (society)
LIA-UFSCar. The Advanced Interaction Laboratory (Portuguese: Laboratório de Interação Avançada) is a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research lab in the Department of Computer Science at UFSCar founded in 2003. Its mission is to research innovative information and communication technologies (ICTs) approaches for designing, developing, and using ICT aiming to overcome the challenges faced in the adoption of ICT considering social, professional, economical, political and cultural context of use.

One of LIA's main projects is Open Mind Common Sense in Brazil (OMCS-Br). The project started in 2005 in partnership with Media Lab from MIT. It is an approach for developing culture-sensitive interactive systems, which relies on using common sense knowledge for developing such systems. That is because individuals communicate with each other by assigning meaning to their messages based on their prior beliefs, attitudes, and values, i.e. based on their common sense. Previous researches developed at the Lab have shown that common sense expresses cultural knowledge. So, providing this kind of knowledge for computers is a way of allowing the development of culture-sensitive computer applications (Anacleto et al., 2006).

Main research areas:

 Natural Interactions
 Culture
 Context Awareness
 Social Networking
 Education
 Sensitive Design
 Common Sense Reasoning
 Games
 Emotions

LIA researchers objectives are on research and development of new concepts and methodologies focused on multidisciplinary issues and the creation of open source tools geared to the promotion, development and sharing of knowledge through the adoption of ICTs.

Human–computer interaction
Squeaky hinge. Squeaky hinges produce a squeaking or rasping noise when they are moved.
Sounds can differ when opened or closed.

Lubrication fixes this. Suitable lubricants include plumber's grease and silicone spray. Oil is not so suitable as it can drip off when in excess.  Graphite is also unsuitable as it spreads to other surfaces and makes a mess. To give complete coverage of lubricant, the hinge pin is removed to be covered in the lubricant, and then reinserted. Oiling a squeaky hinge is considered a masculine behaviour.

Some hinges are designed not to squeak.

Chinese hinges may be designed to make a sounds like a spoken word.

Simulation of the sound of a squeaking hinge is important in virtual reality or games. The friction can be modeled using the bristle model, and the sound produced via an exciter-resonator model.

References

Noise
Terna Engineering College. Terna Engineering College is a private college of engineering in Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, affiliated to the University of Mumbai, operating under Terna Public Charitable Trust. It was established in 1991 and received approval from the All India Council for Technical Education in 1994. It offers bachelor's and master's degrees in various engineering subjects.

References

Engineering colleges in Mumbai
Affiliates of the University of Mumbai
Education in Navi Mumbai
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Maharashtra
Uniform Solar Energy and Hydronics Code. Designated as an American National Standard, the Uniform Solar, Hydronics and Geothermal Code (USHGC) is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of solar energy, hydronic heating/cooling systems, and geothermal energy systems as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.

The USHGC is developed using the American National Standards Institute's consensus development procedures. This process brings together volunteers representing a variety of viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on solar energy, hydronic heating/cooling systems, and geothermal energy practices.

History
Recognizing the necessity for a solar energy code to be adopted by jurisdictions as a means of regulating such systems, IAPMO passed a resolution at its 1975 annual business conference to form a technical committee for the development of such a document.

After several months of work, this committee, composed of individuals representing industry, public utility companies, inspectors, plumbers, and engineers, completed the Uniform Solar Energy Code's (USEC) first edition and in September 1976 this document was adopted by IAPMO.

In December 2011, the Radiant Professionals Alliance joined IAPMO and soon after work began to incorporate hydronic heating/cooling provisions into the USEC to be released in 2015 as the Uniform Solar Energy and Hydronics Code (USEHC).

2018 Edition
Though geothermal energy is not new in the 2018 edition, the title for the 2018 edition was revised to clarify that the code also pertains to geothermal energy systems. The 2018 Uniform Solar, Hydronics and Geothermal Code (USHGC) represents the most current approaches in the solar energy, hydronics and geothermal field.

Content
 Chapter 1 - Administration
 Chapter 2 - Definitions
 Chapter 3 - General Regulations
 Chapter 4 - Hydronics
 Chapter 5 - Solar Thermal Systems
 Chapter 6 - Thermal Storage
 Chapter 7 - Geothermal Energy Systems
 Chapter 8 - Duct Systems
 Chapter 9 - Solar Photovoltaic Systems
 Chapter 10 - Referenced Standards
 Appendix A - Engineered Solar Energy Systems
 Appendix B - Solar Photovoltaic System Installation Guidelines
 Appendix C - Supplemental Checklist for Solar Photovoltaic Systems

See also
 IAPMO
 IAPMO Standards
 IAPMO R&T
 Thermal energy storage
 Uniform Codes
 Uniform Plumbing Code
 Uniform Mechanical Code
 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code
 Building officials
 Building inspection

External links
 Uniform Solar, Hydronics & Geothermal Code Website

References
 1975 Uniform Solar Energy Code Resolution
 1976 Uniform Solar Energy Code Advertisement
 1976 IAPMO Conference Wrap
 1976 San Gabriel Valley Tribune Reprint
 First USEC Technical Committee
 RPA Membership Ratifies Move to IAPMO
 IAPMO Seeking Technical Committee Members

Safety codes
Plumbing
Brutsche Freedom 40. The Brutsche Freedom 40 was an American homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Neal H. Brutsche and produced by Brutsche Aircraft Corporation of Salt Lake City, Utah. The aircraft was intended to be supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction, with a partial kit available.

Design and development
The Freedom 40 featured a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with a door, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft was made from pop rivetted sheet aluminum. Its  span wing had a wing area of  and could be folded for ground transport or storage. The cabin width was . The acceptable power range was  and the standard engine used was the  Hirth 2702 two-stroke powerplant.

The Freedom 40 had a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  in the aircraft's wing tanks the payload for the pilot and baggage was .

To simplify construction, the design had no complex parts to make and no compound curves to form. In 1998 the plans sold for US$250.00. Completion cost for the airframe alone was estimated at US$3000.00 in 1998.

Operational history
In December 2013 there were no examples registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration and it is unlikely that any exist any more.

Specifications (Freedom 40)

References

External links
Photo of a Freedom 40

Freedom 40
1990s United States sport aircraft
1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Antoine Kahn. Antoine Kahn is an American professor of electrical engineering and is a fellow of such societies as the American Vacuum Society since 1999 and American Physical Society to which he was elected in 2002. In 1974 he received a diploma from the Grenoble Institute of Technology in electronic engineering and also has both master's and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University which he obtained in 1976 and 1978 respectively.

References

American electrical engineers
20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Grenoble Institute of Technology alumni
Princeton University alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
Düsseldorf rail freight bypass. The Düsseldorf freight bypass railway (Güterumgehungsbahn Düsseldorf) is a now partly disused railway line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It connects the Düsseldorf-Reisholz freight yard and the Düsseldorf-Derendorf freight yard (near Düsseldorf-Derendorf station), both located on the Cologne–Duisburg railway, via the former Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld freight yard.

The freight bypass allows freight trains to avoid the busy Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof using a separate and direct line.

History 

The Cologne-Minden Railway Company had already established a freight line between the then Lierenfeld junction and Wehrhahn in 1863, but this was closed in 1880. In 1932 the old line was returned to service and connected by a grade-separated junction with the Cologne–Duisburg railway.

Current situation 

The closing of the former Düsseldorf-Derendorf marshalling yard means that the bypass railway has lost most of its purpose. Of the three tracks passing under the main line, only the northernmost track at Rethel junction remains in operation. Concrete pillars have been erected for supporting overhead wire on the western ramp of the southernmost passage under the main line, which gave direct access to Lierenfeld.

References 

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Transport in Düsseldorf
Railway lines opened in 1932
1932 establishments in Germany
Forced outage. In electrical engineering, forced outage is the shutdown condition of a power station, transmission line or distribution line when the generating unit is unavailable to produce power due to unexpected breakdown.

Forced outage can be caused by equipment failures, disruption in the power plant fuel supply chain, operator error etc.

Forced outage rate
Forced outage rate (FOR or FOAR) of a power station unit is the probability that the unit will not be available for service when required.

FOR is defined as the number of hours the unit is on forced outage over the total number of hours in a year (which is the sum of hours the power station is available for service and hours the power station is in forced outage).

Two derivative metrics are also used: 
 equivalent forced outage rate (EFOR, also equipment EFOR, EEFOR) has a different denominator: instead of the total number of hours in the year, only the hours when the unit was needed for load are counted.
 weighted EFOR (WEFOR) is EFOR weighted by the capacity of the unit.

See also
 Power station

References

Power stations
Forced outage rate
2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid. 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(CO2H)2.  This colorless solid is one of several isomers of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid.  It is a precursor to the high performance polyester polyethylene naphthalate (PEN, poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)).  It is also used in the synthesis of some metal-organic frameworks.

Preparation
It was first prepared by Robert Evert and  in 1876 by hydrolysis of 2,6-dicyanonaphthalene.

1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid can be isomerized to 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid via the intermediacy of the dipotassium dicarboxylates.  It is also produced by oxidation of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene.

References

Dicarboxylic acids
Naphthalenes
P. B. Sharma. Pritam Babu Sharma (born April 1948) is an Indian academic and Vice Chancellor of Amity University, Gurgaon and ex Vice Chancellor of Delhi Technological University. Currently he is heading the Association of Indian Universities as the President. Sharma has a career spanning 44 years of experience in teaching and research, which includes 12 years at IIT Delhi, where he was a Professor of mechanical engineering before taking over as Principal of Delhi College of Engineering (now Delhi Technological University) in 1990. He led Delhi College of Engineering till 2009, and was then appointed the founder Vice Chancellor of Delhi Technological University (DTU), when Delhi College of Engineering was upgraded to Delhi Technological University through Delhi Act 6 of 2009. He is also the founding Vice Chancellor of Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Early life and education
Born in April 1948 at Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh, India, in to a Sanadhya Brahmin Family. Sharma graduated in Mechanical Engineering from Samrat Ashok Technological Institute with a Gold Medal of Faculty of Technology of Vikram University in 1969. He was selected as a National Scholar by Govt. of India, and sent to Birmingham, UK for higher studies. Sharma obtained his postgraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering from University of Birmingham (UK) in 1974. He later received his Doctorate Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Birmingham (UK) in 1978. In 2013, Sharma was awarded Honorary Doctorate of Engineering (Honoris Causa) by University of Birmingham, U.K for his distinguished contributions to the advancement of frontiers of knowledge in the areas of Green Energy Technologies and Knowledge and Innovation Management.

Career
Sharma has published over 230 research papers. He has provided industrial consultancy to organizations including Rolls-Royce of the UK and the Gas Turbine Research Establishment in Bangalore. He has addressed professional gatherings across the world. As vice chancellor of Delhi Technological University, he has brought about a significant rise in the growth of the university.

References

External links
 DCE-DTU official website

1948 births
People from Vidisha
Academic staff of IIT Delhi
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Living people
Shift-by-wire. Shift-by-wire is an automotive concept or system that employs electrical or electronic connections that replace the mechanical connection between the driver's gearshift mechanism and the transmission. Since becoming commercially available in 1996, shift-by-wire has been commonly used in automated manual transmission and has later been implemented in semi-automatic transmission and automatic transmission.

Dispensing with gearshift mechanical linkages has several advantages: it reduces complexity and simplifies assembly; reduces the force required to shift gears and allows it to be customized with haptic technology; allows for more interior design freedom in the placement of the gearshift mechanism; allows for automation of the engagement of the parking brake and other functions; reduces cabin noise by eliminating the acoustic linkage between the transmission and the gear shift; and by reducing floor openings it improves the crash behavior of the vehicle.

With a mechanical connection, the gearshift selector always matches the engaged transmission gear. With shift-by-wire, safety mechanisms need to be put in place. The system needs to block incorrect input and "guide" the gearshift back to a position that matches the state of the transmission in case of error. Another solution is to separate the gearshift selector from the gear indicator, meaning the driver has to visually monitor which gear is actually engaged, for instance on a display. Safety considerations require redundancy in the gearshift and transmission sensors and in the vehicle communication network.

Park by wire 

A park by wire system engages the parking pawl of a transmission using electrical means, without the traditional mechanical system which involves linkages between the gear shifter and the transmission. Park-by-wire can be considered a part of a shift by wire system, as it shifts the transmission into park mode. The main components of a park by wire system include the driver interface which could be a lever, switch, or knob; an electronic control unit; and actuators which are capable of driving the parking pawl into and out of the locking position with the parking gear of the transmission.

See also 
Drive by wire
Unsafe at Any Speed § Disaster deferred

References 

Automotive electronics
Vehicle safety technologies
Automotive transmission technologies
William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal. The William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal was first awarded in 1927 and recognizes "distinguished achievement in mining other than coal". The award is funded by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and named for William Lawrence Saunders.

Winners
2022 - Joseph Dick
2019 - Timothy D. Arnold
2018 - John D. Wiebmer
2017 - Phillips S. Baker, Jr.
2016 - Ronald L. Parratt
2015 - William M. Zisch
2014 - Timothy J. Haddon
2013 - Ronald Thiessen
2012 - Ron Guill
2011 - Harry F. Cougher
2010 - Douglas B. Silver
2009 - Patrick J. Ryan (engineer)
2008 - Stanley Dempsey
2006 - James L. Madson
2005 - F. Steven Mooney
2004 - Paul C. Jones (engineer)
2003 - Thomas J. O'Neil
2002 - Robert W. Schafer
2001 - Richard T. Moolick
2000 - Robert N. Hickman
1998 - Donald Vester Fites (born 1934) 
1997 - Hugo T. Dummett
1996 - Leonard Harris (engineer)
1995 - J. Burgess Winter
1994 - T. Peter Philip
1993 - Kenneth J. Barr
1992 - Philip C. Walsh
1991 - G. Frank Joklik
1990 - Milton H. Ward
1989 - Richard J. Stoehr
1988 - Roy Woodall
1987 - Charles L. Pillar
1986 - Richard L. Brittain
1984 - John C. Kinnear, Jr.
1983 - Sir Frank Espie
1982 - John Towers (engineer)
1980 - James S. Westwater
1979 - Henry Thomas Mudd (1913-1990) 
1978 - Russell H. Bennett
1977 - Frank Coolbaugh
1975 - Charles Dixon Clarke
1974 - H. Myles Jacob
1972 - Stanley M. Jarrett
1970 - Elmer A. Jones
1968 - Charles M. Brinckerhoff
1967 - Ralph Douglas Parker
1966 - Wesley P. Goss
1965 - Francis Cameron (engineer)
1964 - Walter C. Lawson (engineer)
1963 - Edward Ignatius Renouard
1962 - Joseph Hugh Reid
1961 - Marcus David Banghart
1960 - Robert J. Linney
1959 - John Ballantine Knaebel
1958 - William Jesse Coulter
1956 - Louis Buchman
1954 - Simeon Stansifer Clarke
1951 - Clyde Evarts Weed
1950 - Howard Nicholas Eavenson
1949 - Stanly Alexander Easton
1947 - LeRoy Salsich
1946 - Fred Searls, Jr.
1944 - George Bates Harrington
1941 - Herman C. Bellinger
1939 - Louis S. Cates (18811959)
1937 - Erskine Ramsay (1864-1953)
1936 - Clinton H. Crane
1935 - James MacNaughton (engineer)
1934 - Pope Yeatman
1933 - Walter Hull Aldridge
1932 - Frederick Worthen Bradley
1930 - Daniel Cowan Jackling (1869–1956)
1929 - John Hays Hammond (1855–1936)
1928 - Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) 
1927 - David William Brunton

See also

 List of engineering awards

Footnotes

Awards of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers