omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sharla Boehm. Sharla Boehm (née Perrine; December 4, 1929 – April 14, 2023) was an American computer scientist who carried out pioneering work in packet switching while working for the RAND Corporation in the 1960s.

Biography
Born in Seattle on December 4, 1929, Sharla Perrine moved to Santa Monica three years later. After graduating in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles, she taught mathematics and science in Santa Monica schools. She began to work at RAND in 1959 where she met her husband to be, Barry Boehm.

In 1964, together with her colleague Paul Baran, she published a paper titled "On Distributed Communications: II. Digital Simulation of Hot-Potato Routing in a Broadband Distributed Communications Network". As her name appears first in the original paper, she seems to have been the one who was behind the simulation programmed in Fortran, showing that packet switching (or "hot-potato routing" as it was called) could indeed work.

In an earlier paper from May 1960, where only Paul Baran is credited as an author, he directly credits "Miss Sharla Perrine" as the person who wrote a program to perform a Monte Carlo Simulation, further lending credibility to her also writing the code in the 1964 paper. In the 1960 paper the programming language is unnamed.

In RAND and the Information Evolution, Baran describes how Boehm carried out various simulations under different conditions, demonstrating that the protocol routed traffic efficiently. In particular, it was discovered that if half the network was destroyed, the remainder reorganized and began routing again in less than a second.

In a 1996 paper on "An Early Application Generator and Other Recollections", Barry Boehm notes that Sharla Boehm "had developed the original packet-switched network simulation with Paul Baran", a development which led him to become involved in the pioneering ARPAnet Working Group. It seems likely he is referring to the May-1960 paper "Reliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes" described and referenced above.

Sharla Boehm died in Santa Monica on April 14, 2023, at the age of 93.

References

1929 births
2023 deaths
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
RAND Corporation people
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Scientists from Seattle
E-NABLE. e-NABLE is a distributed, open source community that creates and shares open source designs for assistive devices. It is known for creating the first 3D printable prosthetic hand and sharing the designs and code for bioelectric limbs.

History 
In 2011, Ivan Owen created a metal, functional puppet hand for a Steampunk costume. After posting a video of the hand on YouTube, he was contacted by South African carpenter Richard Van As who had lost his fingers in a woodworking accident. Owen and Van As worked on prototypes of a prosthetic hand, before Owen decided to incorporate 3D printing into the design process. This led to the creation of the first 3D printed mechanical hand. The sharing of the design of this hand on an Open License led to the creation of the community.

The e-NABLE community "started with around 100 or so people who were simply offering to print the files that were already in existence".

Chapters of the organisation exist in many countries, and each works in different ways. For example, one Canadian chapter recycles excess plastic waste to create the prosthetics. A chapter in Aden, Yemen, is producing prosthetic hands for people injured in Yemen's civil war.

The Open Source nature of the project is enabling diverse groups around the world to create prosthetics for people within their own communities. A Colombian engineer called Christian Silva has created superhero-themed prosthetic arms for children. In 2016, an Iron Man-themed arm created by Albert Menero was given to a child by Iron Man actor Robert Downey Jr.

How it works 
The E-nable website contains a tool called the “Handomatic,” which is used to fit prosthetic hands according to the measurements of the individual recipient. The tool then creates a custom design which can then be downloaded.

Categories of design 

 Body powered arms and hands
 Functional lower legs
 Myoelectric upper limbs
 Upper limb exoskeleton
 Tools
 Devices for people with vision impairment
 Teaching manipulatives

References 

Robotic manipulators
Prosthetics
Biological engineering
Biomedical engineering
HIBARI (satellite). HIBARI is a space mission by Japan for a microsatellite that would test a new attitude control (orientation) method to achieve high accuracy pointing for its small telescope, and was launched on 9 November 2021 by an Epsilon launch vehicle as part of the Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program-2 mission. The key technology to be tested on HIBARI is called "Variable Shape Attitude Control" (VSAC), and it is based on reaction torque by rotating its four solar array paddles.

Conceptual design 
HIBARI is a space mission by the Japanese scientists from the Tokyo Institute of Technology to develop high pointing stability and agile maneuvering of a small satellite by using reaction torque of the satellite's structure. This technology, first presented in 2016, is hoped to substitute the use of reaction wheels and control moment gyroscopes (CMG), which arguably have difficulty achieving both agility and stability simultaneously. This capability would be useful for a very fast response to observe in the direction of gravitational waves or other transient astrophysical phenomena.

The spacecraft is a  microsatellite configured in a  cube, where half of it would carry a small ultraviolet telescope to verify the pointing stability (< 10 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐2) and accuracy of the VSAC system. The orientation high accuracy would be achieved by rotating the arms of its four solar arrays in an orthogonal axis. Solar cells would be mounted on both sides of each of four solar array paddles.

References 

Satellites of Japan
Space telescopes
Ultraviolet telescopes
2021 in Japan
Spacecraft launched in 2021
Hunter 20. The Hunter 20 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Cortland Steck as daysailer and small cruiser and first built in 1983.

Production
The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States between 1983-1984, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Hunter 20 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller, a "pop-up" companionway hatch and a retractable centerboard. It displaces  and carries  of ballast.

The boat has a draft of  with the centreboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

Standard equipment includes a stove and cooler, toilet, life jackets and an anchor.

The design has sleeping accommodation for five people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a straight settee in the main cabin and a dinette table that drops down to form a double berth on the starboard side. The galley slides under the cockpit when not in use. Cabin headroom is .

The boat is normally fitted with a small  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 282 with a high of 274 and low of 288. It has a hull speed of .

Operational history
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "best features: Compared to her comp[etitor]s, the Hunter 20 is small. She is shortest on LOD, has the lowest ballast and the highest D/L (with by far the shortest waterline), and ties for lowest displacement. Nevertheless the accommodations, while not spacious, are cleverly arranged to include a dinette, complete with table and facing seats. A galley slides forward from under the cockpit when needed. Worst features: The forward V-berth does not provide adequate room for two adults to share."

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Buccaneer 220
Cal 20
Core Sound 20 Mark 3
Flicka 20
Halman 20
Mistral T-21
Nordica 16
Paceship 20
San Juan 21
Sirius 22

References

External links
Official brochure

Keelboats
1980s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Cortland Steck
Sailboat types built by Hunter Marine
Leigh Royden. Leigh "Wiki" H. Royden is an American Geologist.

Early life 
Royden was born in Palo Alto, California. Royden's father was Halsey Royden, a mathematician.

Education 
Royden received an A.B. degree in physics from Harvard University and a PhD in geology and geophysics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Career 
Royden became a member of the faculty at MIT in 1988. She is director of MIT's Experimental Study Group.

Royden has published important papers on thermal subsidence at the northeastern continental margin of North America and on retreating subduction boundaries formed during the collision of continental tectonic plates.

In 1990, she was awarded the Donath Medal (Young Scientist Award) by the Geological Society of America. Royden was named a fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2004. In 2011, she received the George P. Woollard Award. In 2013, she was awarded the Stephan Mueller Medal by the European Geosciences Union. In 2018, she was named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 1994, Royden was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American geophysicists
Women geophysicists
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Asperity (faults). An asperity is an area on an active fault where there is increased friction, such that the fault may become locked, rather than continuously slipping as in aseismic creep. Earthquake rupture generally begins with the failure of an asperity, allowing the fault to move.

See also
 Asperity (materials science)
 Asperity (geotechnical engineering)
 Earthquake
 Fault friction
 Fault mechanics

References

External links
 IRIS page on fault asperities with simple cartoon video of an asperity on an active fault
 IRIS page on "Modeling Asperities on a Strike-Slip Fault with Spaghetti"

Seismology
National Space Development Program (Philippines). The National Space Promotion, Awareness, and Capabilities Enhancement (SPACE) Development Program, simply known as the National SPACE Development Program (NSDP) is a government program of the Philippines set up to craft a policy for the country's space program and lay the foundation of a future dedicated space agency. The program is made under the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) of the Department of Science and Technology.

The NSDP was created in September 2015 but preliminary work of the team behind the National SPACE Development Program began in 2013 where it was determined that a dedicated space agency needs to be set up to manage the country's space program. Currently the space-related activities of the government are managed and maintained by several government agencies. In 2016, information regarding activities of the NSDP became more available to the public. A cost-benefited study has been conducted by the NSDP regarding the a long-term Philippine space program and has identified potential return of investment (ROI) and investment from such program.

The NSDP scope includes:
National Space Research and Development Agenda
Satellite Development Roadmap
Satellite Data Sharing and Management Policy
Space Industry Development Roadmap

See also
Rogel Mari Sese,  astrophysicist who served as head of the National Space Development Program

References

Space program of the Philippines
2015 establishments in the Philippines
Thomas Studer. Thomas Studer (born April 4, 1972), is Professor at the Computer Science Institute at the University of Bern. He is a specialist in logic and theoretical computer science.

He has a degree in mathematics, computer science, and philosophy from the University of Bern; he earned his PhD in 2011. He was the senior software engineer at Crosspoint Informatik before joining the faculty at the university.

He is elected presidium member of the Platform Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics of the Swiss Academy of Science.

Since 2014 he is president of the Swiss Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science.

Bibliography 

 Relationale Datenbanken - Von den theoretischen Grundlagen zu Anwendungen mit PostgreSQL (2016, Springer Vieweg)
 Kahle, Reinhard, Strahm, Thomas, Studer, Thomas (eds.): Advances in Proof Theory (2016, Birkhäuser)
 Guram Bezhanishvili, Giovanna D'Agostino, George Metcalfe and Thomas Studer (eds.): Advances in Modal Logic - Volume 12 (2018 College Publication)

References 

Living people
Computer science writers
1972 births
Micree Zhan. Micree Zhan or Zhan Ketuan (; born 29 January 1979) is a Chinese electronics engineer and businessman. He is the co-founder and CEO  (with Wu Jihan) of Bitmain, the world's largest computer chip company for cryptocurrency mining. In 2018, Hurun Report named him the richest cryptocurrency billionaire in the world. In 2019, Bloomberg ranked Zhan as the world's 9th richest self-made billionaire aged 40 or younger, with a net worth of US$5.2 billion.

Early life and education
Zhan Ketuan was born on 29 January 1979 in Minhou County, Fujian, China.

After graduating from Minhou No. 1 High School, he entered Shandong University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in electronics engineering in 2001. He then earned his master's degree in microelectronics engineering from the Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2004.

Career
After earning his master's degree, Zhan worked as an engineer at the Information Technology Research Institute at Tsinghua University. He later started his own business making set-top boxes for television.

In 2013, Zhan met up with Wu Jihan, an enthusiast for cryptocurrency. After hours of discussion and research, Zhan agreed to start Bitmain with Wu. The company quickly grew into the world's largest computer chip company for bitcoin mining, reporting US$2.5 billion in revenue in 2017. As of 2018, Zhan owns 36% of Bitmain, and Wu 20%.

In Hurun Report's inaugural Blockchain Rich List 2018, Zhan was named the richest cryptocurrency entrepreneur in the world, with an estimated net worth of 29.5 billion yuan (US$4.3 billion), while Wu was ranked second. In February 2019, Bloomberg ranked Zhan as the world's 9th richest self-made billionaire aged 40 or younger, with a net worth of US$5.2 billion. As of June 2019, he is listed as the world's 311th richest person in the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, with $5.42 billion.

Personal life 
As of 2019, Zhan is single and has no children. He lives in Beijing.

References

1979 births
Living people
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Billionaires from Fujian
Businesspeople from Fuzhou
Chinese chief executives
Chinese electronics engineers
Chinese technology company founders
Engineers from Fujian
People associated with Bitcoin
Shandong University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Eric Openshaw Taylor. Prof Eric Openshaw Taylor FRSE PRSSA FIEE (c.1900–1987) was a 20th century British electrical engineer and scientific author. He was an early advocate of the use of nuclear power to create electricity.

Life
He studied Electrical Engineering at the University of London graduating BSc.

He became Professor of Electrical engineering at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh.

In 1944 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Maurice Say, James Cameron Smail, Nicholas Lightfoot and James Sandilands.

In 1956 he succeeded Robert Waldron Plenderleith as President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.

He died at Furze Hill in southern England on 16 October 1987.

Publications

Power Systems Economics
Utilisation of Electric Energy
Performance and Design of A/C Commutator Motors
Watt, Faraday and Parsons
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Direct Current Machines (with Maurice George Say)
Nuclear Reactors for Power Generation
Electric Power Distribution
Nuclear Power Plant

References

1987 deaths
British electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4-Chlorobenzoic acid. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula ClC6H4CO2H.  It is a white solid that is soluble in some organic solvents and in aqueous base. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid is prepared by oxidation of 4-chlorotoluene.

References

Benzoic acids
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Human drug metabolites
Lead Industries Association. The Lead Industries Association (LIA) was a trade organization that in 1925 made it possible for tetraethyllead to be an additive of commercial gasoline and later incorporated in 1928 to promote the interests of the lead industry. The National Lead Institute was a predecessor of the Lead Industries Association. The association lobbied to lift bans on, and promote the use of, lead pipes. The association also promoted lead-based paints, which became the subject of a poisoning lawsuit filed against paint manufacturers. In 1958, the LIA and the American Zinc Institute founded an organization with a similar mission that outlasted the LIA, the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO). In 2002, the Lead Industries Association of Sparta, NJ, went bankrupt and defunct citing that they were unable to get insurance to cover the litigation against them.

Richard Schweiker's 1972 testimony in the US Congressional record includes a transcript of a segment that aired January 28, 1972, on the NBC Chronolog program concerning lead poisoning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1972-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1972-pt3-3-1.pdf |title=Congressional Record -- Senate |last=Schweiker |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schweiker |date=February 7, 1972 |publisher=US Government Publish Office |pages=2813–2817 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |quote=My interest in this matter was stimulated further by a recent NBC television program, Chronolog," which did a special report on the hazards of lead to humans from these products.}}</ref>  The ILZRO wrote a memo refuting information presented in that show.

The LIA unsuccessfully attempted to make Ronald G. Stevens of Long Island Film Studios remove statements about lead in gasoline and from industrial pollution affecting children regardless of socioeconomic status from a 10-minute film titled Lead Poisoning, The Hidden Epidemic'' that won a 1972 Silver Medal from the New York Film Festival.

References

Trade associations based in the United States
Colette Heald. Colette L. Heald is a Canadian-born professor at ETH Zurich who is an expert in atmospheric chemistry.

She received a BSc in engineering physics from Queen's University and a PhD in Earth and Planetary Science from Harvard University. From 2006 to 2007, she held the NOAA Climate and Global Change postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2008, she became an Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University. She moved to MIT in 2012, where she held positions in both the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. She was head of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Composition Research group at MIT. In 2024, Heald moved to ETH Zurich to lead the Atmospheric Chemistry group in the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science. 

Her research interests include atmospheric gases and particles and their impacts on air quality, ecosystem health and climate. She is an expert on integrating global models and observations from all scales to investigate atmospheric composition. Early research by Heald demonstrated that there was limited understanding of the sources of organic aerosols in the atmosphere which led to considerable scientific investigation in this area, including her own work on reactive organic carbon in the atmosphere. She is also known for her work on natural aerosol sources (bioaerosol, sulfate from DMS, smoke from fires) and how land use change impacts atmospheric chemistry.

In 2015, she received the James B. Macelwane Medal and become a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Women planetary scientists
Planetary scientists
Florence Gschwend. Florence Gschwend is a Swiss chemical engineer and Royal Academy of Engineering Enterprise Fellow at Imperial College London. She is the founder and CEO of Lixea (formerly Chrysalix Technologies), a spin-out company that commercialises wood fractionation to enable a circular bioeconomy.

Education and early career 
Gschwend was born in Switzerland. She attended the Gymnasium Bäumlihof in Basel and was awarded the Novartis Maturanden Prize. She studied chemistry at the University of Basel, graduating in 2011. She was an intern in Syngenta and West Pomeranian University of Technology. She joined Imperial College London to complete a Masters of Research in Green Chemistry, looking at ionic liquid droplets for nanoreactors. She remained there for her doctoral studies, and was a member of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working with Jason Hallett and Paul Fennell. Her PhD looked at how chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood could be used as a raw material for bio-refining using ionic liquids. During her research she worked at the Joint BioEnergy Institute at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory working on hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. She was a runner-up at the 2016 Althea Imperial program for women entrepreneurs, securing £10,000 funding to develop her PhD project into a business.

Career 
Gschwend is interested in how we can turn waste wood into renewable chemicals and fuels. She was awarded the European Institute of Innovation and Technology Change Award (€15,000) for her research project, conditioning biomass to use it to produce bioethanol and bioplastics. Gschwend was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering Enterprise Fellowship in 2017. She was awarded a Future in Engineering Award. She was named in Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2017. She was featured in the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Pioneer showcase. She joined Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot to apply for the Lean Launchpad for Synthetic Biology. In May 2018 Gschwend was selected as one of Information Age's Future Stars of Tech. She has discussed her work on the podcast The Sustainable Jungle.

Lixea 
Alongside Jason Hallett and Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Gschwend is part of Lixea, formerly Chrysalix Technologies. In 2017 Chrysalix Technologies was awarded the Royal Society Translation Award to scale-up their research into the ways that ionic liquids can be used to treat wood biomass. They formally founded Chrysalix Technologies in June 2017. The technology is protected by three patents, including BioFlex and Ionosolv, which can separate lignin and hemicellulose from wood. The Chief Scientific Officer, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, is an Imperial College London Research Fellow working on lignin. They have secured funding from Climate-KIC and the European Investment Bank. They are carrying out work at the Biobase Europe plant in Ghent.

References 

21st-century Swiss inventors
1991 births
Swiss chemists
University of Basel alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
Academics of Imperial College London
Environmental scientists
Living people
Swiss women chemists