omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
History of Volkswagen in Ireland. Volkswagen began its involvement in Ireland when in 1949, Motor Distributors Limited, founded by Stephen O'Flaherty secured the franchise for the country at that year's Paris Motor Show.

Volkswagen assembly
Motor Distributors' began to handle Volkswagen in Ireland in 1950, when Volkswagen Beetles started arriving into Dublin packed in crates in what was termed 'completely knocked down' (CKD) form ready to be assembled. The vehicles were assembled in a former tram depot at 162 Shelbourne Road in Ballsbridge. As of 2021, this is the premises for Ballsbridge Motors who are a Mercedes-Benz dealer. The first Volkswagen ever built outside Germany was assembled here. This vehicle is now on display at the Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg. Irish-assembled Beetles rose from an output of 46 units in 1950 to 2,155 units in 1952.  This necessitated a move in 1955 to a new factory premises on the Naas Road.  Assembly of the Beetle continued there until 1977 when production of the car ceased in Europe. Volkswagen vehicle assembly continued in Dublin until the mid-1980s. During the same period, the Volkswagen Transporter van was also assembled at these premises.  This premises remained as the headquarters for Motor Distributors Ltd.

Volkswagen sales
Between 1950 and 1980, Beetle sales in Ireland averaged at 3,000 - 4,000 units per annum peaking in 1972 when 5,288 units were sold. In 1953, O'Flaherty acquired the Volkswagen franchise for the United Kingdom, which he sold to the Thomas Tilling group in 1957.  In 1956, Volkswagen sales were high enough to cause concern in Dáil Éireann that it was adversely affecting the balance of payments. The Volkswagen Golf Mk1 was introduced in 1975 and the Beetle ceased to be sold in 1980.

Addition of other Volkswagen Group brands
The rights to distribute the Audi brand were acquired in 1967 and the rights for Skoda acquired in 1993.

Transfer back to manufacturer control
In 2007, it was announced that Volkswagen AG would take direct control over its operations in Ireland from October 2008. This took effect on 10 October 2008 when the distribution business became Volkswagen Group Ireland. This came about as result of the lifting of block exemption regulations in 2003. Headquarter were moved from its premises on the Naas Road to Liffey Valley.

In November 2009, Volkswagen Group Ireland also took control of the distribution business of SEAT in Ireland, another Volkswagen Group Brand.

References

External links
 History of VW manufacturing in Ireland
 Volkswagen Ireland - History
 History of Ballsbridge Motors - Original Site of Assembly for VW in Ireland

Volkswagen Group
Automotive companies of Ireland
Economic history of Ireland
Retail companies of Ireland
Companies of the Republic of Ireland
Black Rock Tunnel. The Black Rock Tunnel is an active rail road tunnel of the old Reading Railroad.  The 1835 tunnel was the third rail tunnel constructed in the United States, and is the third oldest still in use.  The tunnel is also notable as being the first for which shafts were sunk during construction.  The tunnel is cut through a hill in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, United States. The tunnel and line are now owned by Norfolk Southern as part of its Harrisburg Line.

The Black Rock Tunnel was constructed between 1835 and 1837 and opened in 1838.  W. Hasell Wilson was the resident engineer in charge.  The tunnel was originally  long,  wide, and  high.  The tunnel passes  below the top of the hill.  A then-unique feature of the tunnel's construction was the sinking of six,  diameter shafts, tangent to the tunnel cross section.  These shafts were spaced at  intervals to correct errors in the tunnel alignment.  Construction of the tunnel cost an estimated $178,992, equal to $ today.

Noted local miner, geologist and paleontologist Charles M. Wheatley examined the rock excavated from the tunnel and identified many previously unknown fossilized species, some of which now bear his name.

In 1858 and 1859 the Black Rock and Flat Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch.  The spacing between the tracks was increased from  to .  The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric detonation of multiple explosive charges.

The northern end of the tunnel is high on a steep bank of the Schuylkill River so the rail line makes a dramatic transition from tunnel to bridge.  The ends of the Black Rock Tunnel are located at  and .

See also
List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Phoenixville Tunnel

References

External links

Black Rock Tunnel stereo image pair at the New York Public Library
Black Rock Tunnel on RailPictures.net

Railroad tunnels in Pennsylvania
Reading Railroad tunnels
Norfolk Southern Railway tunnels
Transportation buildings and structures in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
U. V. Patel College of Engineering. Ganpat University - U. V. Patel College of Engineering (GUNI-UVPCE) is an Institute situated inside Ganpat University campus at Ganpat Vidyanagar, Kherva,  Mehsana in the state of Gujarat, India. UVPCE, which was named in honor of Gujarat industrialist Ugarchandbhai Vanarasibhai Patel who donated Rs. 12.5 million to its foundation, was established in September 1997. Approved by the All India Council for Technical Education, UVPCE is a self-financed component of Ganpat University situated on .

Campus
UVPCE is situated on the Ganpat Vidyanagar education campus, about  away from Mehsana and  from Gandhinagar. UVPCE is named in honour of industrialist Shri Ugarchandbhai Vanarsidas Patel, who donated Rs. 115 million towards its construction. While UVPCE is on , the entire education campus contains more than . The campus holds separate hostels for male and female students and offers dining and shopping facilities. The campus features green spaces and solar powered street lights.

Academics
Since 1997, UVPCE has offered courses in Computer Engineering and Information Technology. In 1998 and 1999, it added Electronics & Communication Engineering and Mechatronics Engineering and has subsequently expanded with several additional courses: Mechanical Engineering (2001), Biomedical Engineering (2001) and Civil Engineering (2008), Marine Engineering (2012), Computer Science and Business Systems(2021). In addition, it offers Master of Technology degrees in Mechanical Engineering — Advanced Manufacturing Techniques (2006) and CAD/CAM (2007). Also offers Masters in Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Civil Engineering, Electronics & Co. and Electrical Engineering.

Student body
The school accepts students who have achieved acceptable scores on the Science Stream of the Higher Secondary Examination (45% open category; 40% reserved category) and who have completed necessary subject work.

External links
Official website of Ganpat University - U. V. Patel College of Engineering.

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Gujarat
Mehsana district
Boolean flag. A Boolean flag, truth bit or truth flag in computer science is a Boolean value represented as one or more bits, which encodes a state variable with two possible values.

Memory usage
A single byte can contain up to 8 separate Boolean flags by mapping one Boolean flag to each bit, making it a very economical and dense method of data storage. This is known as a packed representation or bit-packing, and the opposite encoding with only one Boolean flag per byte used is known as a sparse representation. For byte-addressable memory the packed representation requires a bit mask and bit-shift to access individual flags in each byte, which can require additional instructions, whereas the sparse representation requires no bit masking. Packed representations are more commonly found in hardware and processor registers as bit fields whereas sparse representations are more commonly found in software as variables of one or more bytes in width, although packed representations can also be supported.

Efficiency
Most computer languages support the setting and testing of single or multiple bits in combination for use as truth indicators and usually up to 256 different combinations of conditions can be tested for with just a single instruction on one byte using bitwise operations. Advancements in processor design and parallel computing mean even more Boolean algebra operations on Boolean flags can be done with just a single instruction using SIMD technology, often implemented in programming languages as compiler intrinsic functions.

Usage
Sometimes, programs are written to simply set flags when certain conditions are detected, rather than have multiple nested conditional statements (e.g. ifs) that can get quite complex. When all the conditions are tested for and all flags set on or off appropriately, testing can commence on various combinations of conditions - by reference to the flags instead of the variables themselves. This can simplify processing considerably and allows decision tables to be implemented by mapping to their binary representations in memory.

See also
Boolean function

References

Logic in computer science
Computer programming
Conditional constructs
SETU. SETU may refer to:

Acronyms 
South East Technological University, a technological university in the south east of Ireland
Teniente Coronel Luis A. Mantilla International Airport, an airport in Tulcán, Ecuador, with the ICAO code SETU

Places 
Setu means bridge in Sanskrit and other Indian languages and may refer to the following bridges constructed in India:

Assam 
 Dhola–Sadiya Bridge or Bhupen Hazarika Setu, between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
 Kolia Bhomora Setu
 Naranarayan Setu

Bihar 
 Arrah–Chhapra Bridge or Veer Kunwar Singh Setu
 Digha–Sonpur Bridge or J.P. Setu
 Mahatma Gandhi Setu
 Rajendra Setu
 Vikramshila Setu

Gujarat 
 Morarji Desai Setu
 Sudama Setu

West Bengal 
 Bijon Setu, Kolkata
 Farakka Setu
 Howrah Bridge or Rabindra Setu, Kolkata
 Ishwar Gupta Setu
 Jangalkanya Setu
 Joyee Setu
 Maitri Setu, between India and Bangladesh
 Matla Setu
 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu
 Vidyasagar Setu
 Vivekananda Setu, Kolkata
 Second Vivekananda Bridge or Second Vivekananda Setu, Kolkata
 Tala Bridge or Tala Setu, Kolkata

Others 
 Adam's Bridge or Rama's Setu, chain of shoals off the coast of India and Sri Lanka, identified with the bridge in Ramayana
 Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project or Setu Samudram, proposed canal at the above
 Atal Setu, Goa
 Atal Setu, Jammu and Kashmir
 Atal Setu, Sikkim
 Bandra–Worli Sea Link or Rajiv Gandhi Setu, Mumbai
 Kaman Aman Setu, Jammu and Kashmir, between India and Pakistan
 Utkal Gourab Madhusudan Setu, Odisha

Others 
Aarogya Setu, COVID-19 contact tracing mobile application in India
Bijon Setu massacre, 1982 murder of monks and a nun in Kolkata, India
Setu Bandha Sarvangasana, inverted back-bending posture in yoga
Setu Bharatam, Indian highway project
Setu coins, ancient coinage from India and Sri Lanka
Sethu Lakshmi Bayi or Setu Lakshmi Bayi (r. 1924–1931), Indian queen, maharani of Travancore
Setumadhavarao Pagadi or Setu Madhavrao Pagdi, Indian historian
Rama Setu (Ramayana), a bridge built by Rama as described in the Ramayana
Sethubandhanam, another term for the above

See also 
 Sethu (disambiguation)
 Sethubandhanam (disambiguation)
 Sethupathi (disambiguation)
 Adams Bridge (disambiguation)
Technocrane. Technocrane is a telescopic camera crane widely utilised in the film industry and in television production. Originally commissioned, manufactured, named and marketed by Technovision Ltd. in London, United Kingdom, the first TechnoCrane was exhibited by Technovision during Photokina Expo in Cologne, Germany in September 1986.

Today, TechnoCrane derivatives are available from several different manufacturers, such SuperTechno,Filmotechnic, MovieBird, Servicevision among others, and come in many different sizes and various specifications, from  to .

The camera is mounted on the remote head on the end of the crane and is remote controlled by a camera operator at a control desk. The Technocrane can telescope at variable speeds on demand. It allows camera moves that cannot be achieved using a jib arm crane and camera dolly, and the telescoping can be used to compensate for the camera moving in an arc called "arc compensation".

History 
The Technocrane was first introduced to Hollywood by Simon Jayes in the late 1980s who was one of the first Technovision trained crane technicians in London. Similar camera crane technology was also introduced to the Soviet film industry by Ukrainian Academy Award winning  cinema engineer Anatoliy Kokush ( Filmotechnic ) at the same period of time. 

In 1999, the Society of Camera Operators (S.O.C.) presented their technical achievement award to Technovision, Gyula Mester and Keith Edwards for the "First Telescopic Camera Crane" and for their significant contributions to the Art, Craft and Safety of the Camera Operator.
 
In 2005, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards to Horst Burbulla, Gyula Mester and Keith Edwards for the invention and development of the Technocrane.

Usage 
Productions that have used the Technocrane or the later SuperTechnocrane include Titanic, the Harry Potter films, the Lord of the Rings films, and all the James Bond films of the late 1990s and 2000s, among many others.

Gallery

See also
 Crane shot

References

External links
 1st Technocrane related Patent - 1988 - by Gyula Mester / Technovision
 Maker of MovieBird telescopic cranes
 Maker of Super Technocranes 
 Maker of the Scorpio telescopic cranes

Film and video technology
Cranes (machines)
Flat Rock Tunnel. The Flat Rock Tunnel is an active railroad tunnel located on Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line near Manayunk, Pennsylvania, United States.  The tunnel was built by the Reading Railroad for its line along the Schuylkill River.

Construction of the tunnel started in 1836 and it opened in 1840.  In 1858-9 the Flat Rock and Black Rock Tunnels were widened to accommodate the wider rolling stock from the Lebanon Valley Branch.  The spacing between the tracks was increased from  to . The widening of the tunnel was the first project to employ electric detonation of multiple explosive charges.

See also
 List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania

References

External links

Transportation buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
Norfolk Southern Railway tunnels
Railroad tunnels in Pennsylvania
Reading Railroad tunnels
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
William S. Murray. William Spencer Murray, Sr. (August 4, 1873 – January 9, 1942) was an American engineer. Lake Murray in South Carolina is named after him.

Biography
He was born August 4, 1873, in Annapolis, Maryland. He was the fourth child of Elizabeth Murray Spencer and James Daniel Murray. Murray graduated from Lehigh University in 1895 with a degree in electrical engineering. While at Lehigh, Murray was a member of Chi Phi, Sword and Crescent (senior honorary society), and E. E. Society.

Murray began his career as an apprentice at the Westinghouse Electric plant in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He rose through the positions of testing room engineer, construction engineer on the road, district engineer of New England, and sales engineer before becoming an independent electrical engineering consultant based out of Boston from 1902 to 1905. As a consulting engineer, he was the chief engineer for the electrification of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.

He married Ella Day Rush on May 26, 1905, in Catskill, New York, and they had three sons, Richard Murray, John Murray, and William Spencer Murray, Jr.
He formed the engineering firm McHenry & Murray with E.H. McHenry in 1913 and in 1915 completed the New Haven electrification, then became involved in hydroelectric development on the Housatonic River in Connecticut. Murray entered the Housatonic Power Co. as assistant to the president, afterward becoming president himself. When the company merged into the Connecticut Light & Power Company, Murray became the new corporation's chief engineer.

By 1921, he was a senior member of the engineering firm Murray & Flood with Henry Flood, Jr. Murray & Flood were retained by T.C. Williams in 1923 to develop hydroelectric power plants in South Carolina, which resulted in the Saluda Dam. The lake created by the dam was named Lake Murray after him.

Murray died January 9, 1942. His widow died in 1943.

Published works
Electrification Analyzed, and its practical application to trunk line roads, inclusive of freight and passenger operation (; American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1911)
A Superpower System for the Region Between Boston and Washington (US Government Print Office, 1921)
Government Owned and Controlled Compared with Privately Owned and Regulated Electric Utilities in Canada & the United States with Henry Flood, Jr. (National Electric Light Association, 1922)
Superpower: Its Genesis and Future (; McGraw-Hill, 1925)

Awards and honors
Murray held memberships in the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Engineers' Club of New York.
1916: Howard N. Potts Medal, for his work in main line electricity

References

1873 births
1942 deaths
American electrical engineers
Lehigh University alumni
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
Caproni Ca.355. The Caproni Ca.355 Tuffo was a low-wing single-engine dive bomber, designed and built by the Italian Caproni company in 1941, which never proceeded beyond a single prototype. Derived from Ca.335 Mistral, the Ca.355 was proposed to equip the Regia Aeronautica, but it was found to offer little advantage over the German Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" and the project was abandoned.

Development
In 1939 the Ministry of Aeronautics issued a specification for the supply of an aircraft of the same class as the Junkers Ju 87 to be allocated to the bomber divisions of the Regia Aeronautica.

Caproni chose to participate with a project entrusted to engineer Cesare Pallavicino and developed by his subsidiary, Cantieri Aeronautici Bergamaschi (CAB). Pallavicino exploited the experience gained in the development of the previous Ca.335 Maestrale, proposing a simplified development with slightly smaller dimensions and with minor modifications to make it suitable for the new role. 

The fuselage was reduced in diameter and the second cockpit was eliminated as being unnecessary, leaving only a single enclosed cockpit with a rearward sliding canopy. Air brakes were added to the wing and, as with the Stuka, a tubular trapeze was included to hold the bomb and ensure it cleared the propeller when dropped during a vertical dive. The Isotta Fraschini Delta engine developed by another company in the Caproni group was chosen to power it.

The prototype, serial MM.470 and now designated Ca.355 Tuffo, was flown by test pilot Ettore Wengi on 14 January 1941 from the company airfield at Ponte San Pietro. After initial trials in which no major problems were found, it was delivered to the Regia Aeronautica. While satisfying the original requirements, the military were not satisfied with its performance and it only carried out a few test flights. The Regia Aeronautica chose to continue operating the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka", in addition to converting obsolete fighters such as the Fiat CR.42, Fiat G.50 Freccia and the Macchi MC.200 to the dive bombing role. The fate of the sole Ca.355 built is unknown.

Variants

Ca.355
Main variant, one prototype built.

Ca.355 Twin-tail

A proposed variant with two engines in a push-pull configuration, the rear engine mounted between twin tail booms. The Daimler-Benz DB 601 or Isotta Fraschini Delta were proposed as powerplants.

Caproni Ca.357

Proposed variant with Daimler-Benz DB601 engine

Caproni Ca.358

Proposed variant with Isotta Fraschini Zeta engine

Specifications

References

Ca.355
1940s Italian attack aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Caproni Ca.356. The Caproni Ca.356 was a proposed reconnaissance aircraft developed by the Italian company IMAM in the early forties. It was intended to replace the IMAM Ro.37, and would have been powered by two 1,250 hp Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C.42 engines, with a wingspan of 65.6 feet (20 meters).

References

Ca.356
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Friedrichshafen FF.27. The Friedrichshafen FF.27 was a reconnaissance floatplane built in Germany during World War I.

Design and development
The FF.27 was a two-seat floatplane of mixed construction which had a single NAG 6-cyl 135hp piston engine mounted in the center nacelle. The tail empennage extended out from the fuselage via twin metal booms and the FF.27 had of pair of floats mounted under the center wing section.

The first flight of the FF.27 took place in 1914, occurring in response to the Baltic Ostsee-Wettbewerb 1914 aviation contest. After the outbreak of WWI, the FF.27 was delivered to the Imperial German Navy and given the serial 62, being used for reconnaissance duties.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Floatplanes
FF.27
Aircraft first flown in 1914
Friedrichshafen FF.71. The Friedrichshafen FF.71 was a German biplane floatplane produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen.

Design and development
The FF.71 was a four-seat biplane powered by a Benz Bz.IV straight-six engine. The prototype first flew in April 1919; despite the fact that the aircraft was intended for civilian buyers, it was painted in military rhombic camouflage. Initially, passengers were located in an open cockpit, but after an accident the aircraft was rebuilt with an enclosed passenger cabin.

In 1921, five more slightly modified aircraft were produced by LFG, receiving the designation FF.71a.

Specifications (FF.71a)

See also

References

Bibliography

FF.71
1910s German civil aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Microchip (disambiguation). A microchip or silicon chip or integrated circuit is a set of electronic components on a single unit.

Microchip implant (animal), a microchip implanted into animals
Microchip implant (human), a microchip implanted into a human being

Microchip can also refer to:
Microchip Technology, a company that makes 8, 16 and 32-bit microcontroller lines
Microchip (comics), a supporting character in the Punisher comics
Micro Chips, a Mexican children's rock band

See also
Microprocessor